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You Give Love a Bad Name
You Give Love a Bad Name - wikipedia You Give Love a Bad Name Jump to : navigation , search For the album by GG Allin , see You Give Love a Bad Name ( album ) . `` You Give Love a Bad Name '' Artwork for U.S. vinyl single , also used for the album Slippery When Wet Single by Bon Jovi from the album Slippery When Wet B - side `` Raise Your Hands '' ( US ) `` Let It Rock '' ( UK ) Released July 23 , 1986 Format CD single 7 '' Recorded 1986 Genre Hard rock Length 3 : 42 ( album version ) 4 : 06 ( full version ) Label Mercury Songwriter ( s ) Jon Bon Jovi Richie Sambora Desmond Child Producer ( s ) Bruce Fairbairn Bon Jovi singles chronology `` Silent Night '' ( 1985 ) `` You Give Love a Bad Name '' ( 1986 ) `` Livin ' on a Prayer '' ( 1986 ) `` Silent Night '' ( 1985 ) `` You Give Love a Bad Name '' ( 1986 ) `` Livin ' on a Prayer '' ( 1986 ) Alternative cover `` You Give Love a Bad Name '' is a song by American rock band Bon Jovi , released as the first single from their 1986 album Slippery When Wet . Written by Jon Bon Jovi , Richie Sambora , and Desmond Child about a woman who has jilted her lover , the song reached No. 1 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 on November 29 , 1986 and became the band 's first number one hit . In 2007 , the song reentered the charts at No. 29 after Blake Lewis performed it on American Idol . In 2009 it was named the 20th greatest hard rock song of all time by VH1 . Despite the lyrics of the chorus , the song should not be confused with `` Shot Through the Heart '' , an unrelated song from Bon Jovi 's 1984 self - titled debut album . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition 2 Music video 3 Charts and certifications 3.1 Weekly charts 3.2 Year - end charts 3.3 Sales and certifications 4 References 5 External links Composition ( edit ) `` You Give Love a Bad Name '' was originally written for Bonnie Tyler under the title `` If You Were a Woman ( And I Was a Man ) '' with different lyrics . Dissatisfied with its success in the US and the UK , Desmond Child re-wrote the song with Jon Bon Jovi and Richie Sambora . The song was written with several catchy repeated lines and associated hooks to appeal to mainstream audiences including the chorus as well as several bridges . This song is written in the key of C minor and has a tempo of 123 BPM . The album version of the song ends with the title being repeated until it fades . Music video ( edit ) The music video for the song used all - color concert footage ( the only all - color video song from Slippery When Wet ) and photogenic shots primarily of Jon Bon Jovi , as well as other band members in concert . This video was filmed at the Olympic Auditorium in Los Angeles , California . Bon Jovi was now being managed by Doc McGee , who realized that Bon Jovi needed a video for MTV . Doc hired video director Wayne Isham , who had directed videos for Doc 's other band , Mötley Crüe . The two bands were competitive with each other and Mötley Crüe felt betrayed that Wayne would direct one of Bon Jovi 's videos . Wayne had the band 's name painted on the stage and made sure that the band did not see it until they began shooting . Bon Jovi had been opening for 38 Special , but became a headlining act after the video debuted . Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1986 -- 87 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 32 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 25 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( VRT Top 30 Flanders ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 6 Ireland ( IRMA ) 21 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 5 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 7 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 14 South Africa ( Springbok Radio ) 15 Spain ( AFYVE ) 31 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 14 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 14 US Billboard Hot 100 US Album Rock Tracks ( Billboard ) 9 US Cash Box Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 69 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1986 ) Position Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 69 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 88 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 75 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 46 US Billboard Hot 100 30 US Cash Box 30 Chart ( 1987 ) Position Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 55 Sales and certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Gold 50,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Gold 25,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 200,000 shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Reviews > Singles > Pop > Recommended > Bon Jovi -- You Give Love a Bad Name ( 3 : 53 ) '' . Billboard . Vol. 98 no . 35 . August 30 , 1986 . p. 83 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . ^ Jump up to : `` spreadit.org music '' . Retrieved February 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Allmusic ( Bon Jovi charts & awards ) Billboard singles '' . Jump up ^ Curtis Child ( 15 August 2013 ) . `` Desmond Child Special '' . YouTube . Google Inc . Retrieved 26 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Australian Top 50 ( ARIA ) Singles Chart : Week ending 29th March , 1987 '' . imgur.com . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Bon Jovi -- You Give Love a Bad Name '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Bon Jovi -- You Give Love a Bad Name '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Radio2 top 30 : 13 december 1986 '' ( in Dutch ) . Top 30 . Retrieved 9 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles - December 27 , 1986 '' . RPM . Retrieved 7 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Pennanen , Timo ( 2006 ) . Sisältää hitin - levyt ja esittäjät Suomen musiikkilistoilla vuodesta 1972 ( in Finnish ) ( 1st ed . ) . Helsinki : Tammi . ISBN 978 - 951 - 1 - 21053 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- You Give Love a Bad Name '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved October 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Bon Jovi '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved 9 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Bon Jovi -- You Give Love a Bad Name '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Bon Jovi -- You Give Love a Bad Name '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` South African Rock Lists Website SA Charts 1969 -- 1989 Acts ( B ) '' . Rock.co.za . Retrieved 9 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Salaverri , Fernando ( September 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 -- 2002 ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Bon Jovi -- You Give Love a Bad Name '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Bon Jovi : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Bon Jovi Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Bon Jovi -- Chart history '' . Billboard Mainstream Rock Tracks for Bon Jovi . Retrieved 9 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CASH BOX Top 100 Singles -- Week ending DECEMBER 6 , 1986 '' . Cash Box magazine . Retrieved 9 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 1986 ( Flanders ) '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 13 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Singles of ' 86 '' . RPM . Retrieved 7 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 - Jaaroverzicht van 1986 '' ( in Dutch ) . Retrieved 9 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten -- Single 1986 '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Hung Medien . Retrieved 13 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top Pop Singles '' . Billboard. 27 December 1986 . p . Y - 21 . Retrieved 7 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The CASH BOX Year - End Charts : 1986 -- TOP 100 POP SINGLES ( As published in the December 27 , 1986 , issue ) '' . Cash Box magazine . Retrieved November 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Singles of ' 87 '' . RPM . Retrieved 7 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Bon Jovi -- You Give Love a Bad Name '' . Music Canada . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Bon Jovi -- You Give Love a Bad Name '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Bon Jovi -- You Give Love a Bad Name '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Enter You Give Love a Bad Name in the search field and then press Enter . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` Human '' by The Human League Billboard Hot 100 number - one single ( Bon Jovi version ) November 29 , 1986 ( 1 week ) Succeeded by `` The Next Time I Fall '' by Peter Cetera and Amy Grant ( hide ) Bon Jovi singles discography Bon Jovi `` Runaway '' `` She Do n't Know Me '' `` Burning for Love '' ( Japan only ) `` Breakout '' ( promo single ) 7800 ° Fahrenheit `` Only Lonely '' `` In and Out of Love '' `` The Hardest Part Is the Night '' `` Silent Night '' `` The Price of Love '' ( Japan only ) Slippery When Wet `` You Give Love a Bad Name '' `` Livin ' on a Prayer '' `` Wanted Dead or Alive '' `` Never Say Goodbye '' New Jersey `` Bad Medicine '' `` Born to Be My Baby '' `` I 'll Be There for You '' `` Lay Your Hands on Me '' `` Living in Sin '' Keep the Faith `` Keep the Faith '' `` Bed of Roses '' `` In These Arms '' `` I 'll Sleep When I 'm Dead '' `` I Believe '' `` Dry County '' Cross Road `` Always '' `` Someday I 'll Be Saturday Night '' These Days `` This Ai n't a Love Song '' `` Something for the Pain '' `` Lie to Me '' `` These Days '' `` Hey God '' Crush `` It 's My Life '' `` Say It Is n't So '' `` Thank You For Loving Me '' `` Save the World '' ( promo single ) One Wild Night Live 1985 -- 2001 `` One Wild Night ( 2001 ) '' `` Wanted Dead or Alive ( Live ) '' Bounce `` Everyday '' `` Misunderstood '' `` All About Lovin ' You '' `` Bounce '' ( promo single ) `` The Distance '' ( Japan only ) This Left Feels Right `` It 's My Life ( 2003 ) '' `` Wanted Dead or Alive ( 2003 ) '' ( promo single ) 100,000,000 Bon Jovi Fans Ca n't Be Wrong `` The Radio Saved My Life Tonight '' ( Japan only ) Have a Nice Day `` Have a Nice Day '' `` Who Says You Ca n't Go Home '' ( with Jennifer Nettles ) `` Welcome to Wherever You Are '' `` I Want to Be Loved '' ( promo single ) Lost Highway `` ( You Want To ) Make a Memory '' `` Lost Highway '' `` Till We Ai n't Strangers Anymore '' ( with LeAnn Rimes ) `` Summertime '' ( Canada only ) `` Whole Lot of Leavin ' '' The Circle `` We Were n't Born to Follow '' `` Superman Tonight '' `` When We Were Beautiful '' `` Work for the Working Man '' ( promo single ) Greatest Hits `` What Do You Got ? '' `` No Apologies '' `` This Is Our House '' ( promo single ) What About Now `` Because We Can '' `` What About Now '' Burning Bridges `` We Do n't Run '' `` Saturday Night Gave Me Sunday Morning '' This House Is Not for Sale `` This House Is Not for Sale '' `` Knockout '' `` Labor of Love '' `` Born Again Tomorrow '' `` Roller Coaster '' Other singles `` Edge of a Broken Heart '' ( Disorderlies soundtrack ) `` Good Guys Do n't Always Wear White '' ( `` The Cowboy Way '' soundtrack ) `` Wedding Day '' ( promo single ) `` Please Come Home for Christmas '' `` Real Life '' ( EDtv soundtrack ) Book : Bon Jovi Category : Bon Jovi Portal : Rock music Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You_Give_Love_a_Bad_Name&oldid=822627285 '' Categories : Bon Jovi songs 1986 singles 1986 songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Mandaryna songs Blake Lewis songs Songs written by Desmond Child Songs written by Richie Sambora Songs written by Jon Bon Jovi Music videos directed by Wayne Isham Song recordings produced by Bruce Fairbairn Mercury Records singles Hidden categories : CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for UKchartarchive Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 January 2018 , at 15 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who sings shot through the heart and you're to blame
[ "\"You Give Love a Bad Name\" is a song by American rock band Bon Jovi, released as the first single from their 1986 album Slippery When Wet. Written by Jon Bon Jovi, Richie Sambora, and Desmond Child about a woman who has jilted her lover, the song reached No. 1 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 on November 29, 1986 and became the band's first number one hit.[3] In 2007, the song reentered the charts at No. 29 after Blake Lewis performed it on American Idol. In 2009 it was named the 20th greatest hard rock song of all time by VH1.[2] Despite the lyrics of the chorus, the song should not be confused with \"Shot Through the Heart\", an unrelated song from Bon Jovi's 1984 self-titled debut album." ]
[ "Bon Jovi" ]
-8639697753874011117
Man with a Plan (TV series)
Man with a Plan ( TV series ) - wikipedia Man with a Plan ( TV series ) Man with a Plan Genre Sitcom Created by Jackie Filgo and Jeff Filgo Starring Matt LeBlanc Liza Snyder Jessica Chaffin Matt Cook Grace Kaufman Hala Finley Matthew McCann Diana - Maria Riva Kevin Nealon Stacy Keach Composer ( s ) John Kimbrough Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 43 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Jackie Filgo Jeff Filgo Matt LeBlanc Michael Rotenberg Troy Zien Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 22 minutes Production company ( s ) Double Double Bonus Entertainment 3 Arts Entertainment CBS Television Studios Distributor CBS Television Distribution Release Original network CBS Picture format 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release October 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 24 ) -- present Man with a Plan is an American sitcom series created by Jackie and Jeff Filgo and starring Matt LeBlanc . It was ordered to series on May 13 , 2016 , for the CBS 2016 -- 2017 television season . The series premiered on October 24 , 2016 . On November 14 , 2016 , CBS picked up the series for a full season of 19 episodes . On January 6 , 2017 , CBS ordered three additional episodes , increasing the first season order to 22 . On March 23 , 2017 , CBS renewed the series for a second season which premiered on November 13 , 2017 . On November 27 , 2017 , CBS ordered eight additional episodes for the second season , bringing the total to 21 episodes . On May 12 , 2018 , CBS renewed the series for a third season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Summary 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Episodes 3.1 Series overview 3.2 Season 1 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 3.3 Season 2 ( 2017 -- 18 ) 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Casting 5 Reception 5.1 Seasonal ratings 6 Ratings 6.1 Season 1 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 6.2 Season 2 ( 2017 -- 18 ) 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Summary ( edit ) This section may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia 's quality standards . You can help . The discussion page may contain suggestions . ( July 2018 ) Adam Burns is a newly construction worker living in suburban Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , with wife Andi , daughters Katie and Emme , and son Teddy . He looks forward to spending time with his family and hanging out with his friends , who are also co-educators : Lowell , Marie and Ms. Rodriguez . However , his elder daughter Katie , who was away at middle school ; Teddy is becoming dimwitted child , whose intelligence is often issues ; and youngest daughter Emme is a innocent child who often knows her parents will never let her get away with a lot issues . An old - school father encounters the modern challenges of parenting three school - aged children , marriage and running a general contracting business with his brother after his supportive wife returns to work . He also has to deal with his overbearing parents . The show is about a dad finds out that parenting is harder than he thought after his wife goes back to work and he 's left at home to take care of the kids . Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Matt LeBlanc as Adam Burns : The patriarch of the Burns household . Along with his brother , Don , he owns Burns Brothers Construction . Liza Snyder as Andi Burns : The matriarch of the Burns household . As the series started , Andi went back to work as a medical lab technician . Grace Kaufman as Kate Burns : The eldest Burns child . At the start of the series , Kate is 13 - years - old . She is the sassy , rebellious child , who is often embarrassed by her parents . She 's now 15 in season 2 . Hala Finley as Emme Burns : The youngest child in the Burns family , who is 5 - years - old at the start of the series . Emme is the younger , innocent child , who often knows her parents will never let her get away with a lot . She is 6 - years old as of season 2 . Matthew McCann as Teddy Burns : The middle child in the Burns family , who is 12 - years - old at the start of the series . Teddy is a very dimwitted child , whose intelligence is often ridiculed by the other characters , including his parents . Adam states that Teddy has his Uncle Don 's intelligence . Jessica Chaffin as Marie Faldonado ( episodes 1 -- 13 ) : One of Adam 's fellow room parents , who is a promiscuous divorcee with children in both Emme and Kate 's classes . After episode thirteen , Marie is never seen or mentioned again . Matt Cook as Lowell : The other room parent and the Burns ' friend . Lowell is a stay - at - home dad who relies on statistics and experts to help parent his children . In `` The Three Amigos '' , he begins working with Adam and Don as their tech specialist after helping them land a lucrative job with a video presentation he created . Diana - Maria Riva as Mrs. Rodriguez ( season 1 ) : Emme 's kindergarten teacher and Adam 's enemy . Kevin Nealon as Don Burns : Adam 's older brother , who co-owns Burns Brothers Construction alongside Adam . It is mentioned in `` The Three Amigos '' that Don handles sales for the business . He is very dim - witted like his nephew Teddy . He is married to Marcy , and together they have a son , Mikey , who is an ex-convict living in a studio apartment . Stacy Keach as Joe Burns ( season 2 -- present ; recurring season 1 ) : Adam and Don 's father , who moved his camper into Adam and Andi 's driveway . Recurring ( edit ) Kali Rocha as Marcy Burns , Don 's wife . Swoosie Kurtz as Beverly Burns , Adam and Don 's mother . Christine Woods as Lisa McCaffrey , Adam and Don 's main client on a mall construction project . Sherri Shepherd as Joy , the Burns ' neighbor who is also the building inspector on Adam 's job site . Tim Meadows as Rudy , the Burns ' neighbor and Joy 's husband . Episodes ( edit ) Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 22 October 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 24 ) May 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 15 ) 21 November 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 13 ) May 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 21 ) Season 1 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' James Burrows Jeff Filgo & Jackie Filgo October 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 24 ) 7.42 When her youngest child Emme starts kindergarten , Andi Burns goes back to work , forcing Adam , her contractor husband , to spend more time at home taking care of their three kids . Adam is clearly out of his element , while the kids want their mom back after spending only one day with their father . `` Two Tickets to Paradise '' James Burrows Jeff Filgo & Jackie Filgo October 31 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 31 ) 5.95 When a vendor gives Adam two tickets to a Pittsburgh Steelers game , he offers to take his brother and business partner Don as a thank - you for Don covering him at work while he tends to the kids . Andi later sees the tickets and assumes Adam is taking her to celebrate the anniversary of their first date , which was also at a Steelers game , causing Adam to have to decide whom to disappoint . `` The Puppet Theater '' James Burrows Alex Herschlag November 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 07 ) 6.26 When Mrs. Rodriguez accuses Adam of slacking in his role as Room Parent because he does n't have time to make puppets for Teacher Appreciation Day , Adam threatens to transfer Emme into the other kindergarten class . This does n't sit well with Andi , who considers Mrs. Rodriguez a superior teacher and says she had to do a lot of `` butt kissing '' to get Emme into her class . `` Un-Dressed '' Pamela Fryman Jordan Reddout & Gus Hickey November 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 14 ) 6.18 After repeatedly being forced out of the house by Andi and the kids , Adam and Don want to turn the garage into a `` man cave '' , but there 's a problem -- boxes and boxes of junk that Andi refuses to get rid of because they represent family memories . 5 5 `` Thanksgiving '' James Burrows Mark Gross November 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 21 ) 5.98 Adam brings Emme 's lunch to school and catches Andi secretly meeting with Mrs. Rodriguez about an upcoming Thanksgiving meal for 30 at the school . Andi tells Adam she did n't think he could handle this task , which hurts Adam enough that he wants to prove her wrong . 6 6 `` Holey War '' James Burrows Tommy Johnagin December 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 05 ) 6.18 When the kids put a hole in the wall with their rowdy play , Adam 's and Andi 's different approaches to parenting are put to the test . Each tries to get the kids to turn on each other and identify the culprit , but the resolve of their children is surprisingly strong . 7 7 `` Winter Has Come '' James Burrows Farhan Arshad December 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 12 ) 6.62 To get out of his usual Christmas chores , Adam convinces Andi 's parents to host a family Christmas at their home in Virginia Beach . He orders all of the kids ' gifts online and has them delivered to Virginia Beach , but his plan backfires when they get snowed in on the day of their trip . Forced to improvise , Adam has to pull off a `` Christmas miracle '' to avoid disappointing the kids and angering Andi . 8 8 `` Adam Steps Up '' Pamela Fryman Gregg Mettler December 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 19 ) 6.17 Andi tries to take Emme and Teddy to the zoo , but gets stuck in traffic for hours . This causes Adam to have to deal with Kate getting her first period without Andi 's help . 9 9 `` What About Bob ? '' Pamela Fryman Tommy Johnagin January 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 02 ) 6.55 After Andi confesses that one of her new work friends is a man named Bob ( Gary Anthony Williams ) , she is surprised and a little hurt when Adam does n't exhibit his usual jealousy . She then tells fake stories to enhance Bob 's charm and talents , not knowing that Adam was jealous all along and was just trying to hide it . 10 10 `` A Dinner Gone Wrong '' Pamela Fryman Mark Gross January 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 16 ) 7.70 The Burns ' plans for a couples trip to Las Vegas with Don and Marcy are put in jeopardy when Andi realizes that Marcy is the girl who teased her and gave her an unflattering nickname back in high school . Meanwhile , Teddy stops hanging out with the few friends he has in school to spend all of his free time with his online gaming buddies , making his parents concerned . 11 11 `` The Talk '' Pamela Fryman Alex Herschlag January 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 23 ) 7.69 When Andi and Adam find a topless woman 's photo on Teddy 's tablet , Andi makes Adam have `` the talk '' with his son , saying she took care of it with Kate . After an uncomfortable talk that shocks Teddy , Adam learns that the newly body - conscious Kate was the one looking at the topless photo out of curiosity , and that Kate learned about sex from a school health class , not from Andi . 12 12 `` The Three Amigos '' Phill Lewis Jordan Reddout & Gus Hickey February 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 06 ) 7.25 Adam is less than thrilled when Andi invites Lowell over to watch the hockey game with him and Don , but Adam 's attitude changes when he learns Lowell can make a killer multimedia presentation for a construction client the Burns Brothers are trying to woo . Don takes this as a slap in the face , given that he 's always handled sales his own way . Elsewhere , Mrs. Rodriguez confesses to Andi that she had an erotic dream about Adam . 13 13 `` Valentine 's Day '' James Burrows Gregg Mettler February 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 13 ) 7.20 Adam has every detail for a fancy Valentine 's Day dinner with Andi planned out , except getting a babysitter . After striking out with Marie and Lowell , Kate reminds her dad that she 's 13 and can babysit . This pleases Adam , but Andi is n't so sure that Kate is ready . After Andi reluctantly agrees , she and Adam go to the restaurant and find that Don has stolen Adam 's reservation . 14 14 `` Kate 's First Date '' Pamela Fryman Farhan Arshad February 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 20 ) 6.75 Kate is excited about going on her first date with a classmate named Royce , something that Andi approved without consulting Adam . After Adam checks Royce 's Instagram page and sees that he may be a bit of a `` player '' , he tries to scare the boy away . Meanwhile , Don ca n't think of a good gift for Marcy 's birthday , so he seeks help from Lowell . 15 15 `` Assisted Living '' Pamela Fryman Jeff Filgo & Jackie Filgo February 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 27 ) 6.61 Adam 's parents , Joe ( Stacy Keach ) and Bev ( Swoosie Kurtz ) , stop by in their motor home for a visit . After Joe learns that Adam is now taking care of the kids , he and Bev propose they stay to help , and they begin to live in the Burns ' driveway . 16 16 `` The A Team '' Pamela Fryman Alex Herschlag March 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 13 ) 6.34 Andi and Adam have Lowell and his wife Jen over for dinner , fully expecting Jen to be as lame as Lowell is , but Jen ( Jenna Dewan Tatum ) turns out to be pretty and interesting . Later , after Jen and Lowell appear to make up an excuse to leave , Andi and Adam start to think it is themselves who have become the lame couple . 17 17 `` Doctor No '' Pamela Fryman Gregg Mettler March 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 20 ) 5.32 When Adam discovers that Joe has n't been to the doctor in almost ten years , he urges his father to make an appointment . Andi soon also discovers that the doctor Adam says he 's been going to annually retired five years ago . Joe , Adam and Don all get checkups with a new doctor , and the result is that Joe needs a colonoscopy . Meanwhile , Bev takes advantage of Lowell 's kind nature by asking him to drive her everywhere . 18 18 `` The Blame Game '' James Burrows Tommy Johnagin April 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 10 ) 5.33 Adam and Don learn their wives do n't get as mad at their screw - ups if they simply blame them on each other . Things take a turn for the worse for Adam when Andi finds out their scheme , especially because it dredges up baggage from their past . 19 19 `` Spring Fling '' Pamela Fryman Story by : Mark Gross April 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 17 ) 5.42 A problem arises when Lisa ( Christine Woods ) , the mall construction client , tells Adam that Don is n't professional enough to attend an upcoming meeting with HR and executives , causing Adam to try to find a way to let his brother down easy . With Adam busy , Andi offers to take some time off and be room parent for a while , mainly because she wants to schmooze Mrs. Rodriguez into recommending Emme for the `` good '' first grade class . Andi regrets this when Mrs. Rodriguez asks her to organize the entire Spring Fling for the kindergarteners . 20 20 `` Dirty Money '' James Burrows Story by : Farhan Arshad Teleplay by : Jordan Reddout & Gus Hickey May 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 01 ) 5.36 Adam and Andi regret accepting a loan from Joe after he uses it as an excuse to insert himself into their lives . Bev and Marcy battle over who should host Don 's birthday party . Meanwhile , Don panics when he learns from Lowell that Marcy donated his old laptop to the library . 21 21 `` Operation False Freedom '' Gail Mancuso Story by : Jeff Filgo & Jackie Filgo May 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 08 ) 5.16 Convinced that Kate lied to them about going to the library , but unable to prove it , Adam and Andi activate the GPS tracker on her phone . Kate discovers their ploy and throws them off her trail by planting the phone in Don 's pocket . Andi and Adam find Kate innocently hanging out with friends at a coffee shop . While still mad that she deceived them , the two agree that Kate should have more freedom now that she 's turned 14 . 22 22 `` Buzzer Beater '' Gail Mancuso Story by : Gregg Mettler May 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 15 ) 5.73 Upon seeing Don and Marcy with their new granddaughter , Andi gets the itch to have another child . Adam insists they are too old , but after Emme refuses to kiss him when he drops her off at kindergarten , he also gets on board . When they later see Don and Marcy completely frazzled from spending a couple days with an infant , Adam and Andi regret their decision and have to sweat out the results of a pregnancy test . Season 2 ( 2017 -- 18 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 23 `` The Silver Fox '' Andy Cadiff Mark Gross November 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 13 ) 5.38 To give Kate a break from babysitting , Andi hires a young volunteer from her hospital named Sophia ( Victoria Justice ) to watch the kids . While Adam worries that Sophia will become attracted to a `` silver fox '' like himself , Andi is more jealous that Kate goes to Sophia for advice . Sophia later tells Adam she has the hots for him , but when he tells Andi , she does n't believe him . 24 `` Andi 's Boyfriend '' Andy Cadiff Tommy Johnagin November 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 20 ) 5.44 Adam gets a visit from Pastor Carl ( Jonathan Adams ) , who is making amends for a past gambling addiction . Pastor Carl says he gambled away money that he was supposed to use to renew his license to wed people , meaning Adam and Andi are not legally married . Making matters worse , Pastor Carl was not Andi 's first choice , but the frugal Adam hired him because he was cheaper . Adam tries to set up a renewal of vows with a licensed official , without telling Andi about Carl . 25 `` The Parents Strike Back '' Andy Cadiff Rob Des Hotel November 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 27 ) 5.70 Frustrated by the messes in their kids ' bedrooms , Adam and Andi decide to withhold allowances until the rooms are cleaner . Kate convinces her younger siblings they can break their parents by just letting the filth build up even more , so the kids tell mom and dad they are on strike . Taking a tip from Joe , Adam and Andi decide to retaliate by making things as miserable as possible for their children . 26 `` Into the Weeds '' Gail Mancuso Jeff Filgo & Jackie Filgo December 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 04 ) 6.42 When Adam finds out that a boy Kate is dating was caught by his mother possessing marijuana , he wants to be strict with Kate while Andi opts for a more relaxed approach . Adam learns that Joe , who was always strict with him and Don about drugs , has a pot prescription for his arthritis . Things get interesting when Adam unknowingly eats some of Joe 's `` special '' gummy candy . 27 5 `` Battle of the Sexists '' Andy Cadiff Ethan Sandler & Adrian Wenner December 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 11 ) 5.70 Andi accuses Adam and Don of being sexist when they only interview male candidates for a shop foreman position on the mall project . Adam soon hires a female named Zara ( Lilah Richcreek ) , partly to please Andi but also because she is the most qualified for the job . Andi regrets her accusation against Adam when Don recognizes the pretty new shop foreman as a former dancer at a strip club . Meanwhile , Adam and Andi fight the school to allow Kate to play on the boys soccer team . 28 6 `` Adam Gets Neighborly '' Victor Gonzalez Tommy Johnagin & Farhan Arshad December 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 18 ) 5.61 After Adam has alienated most of the neighbors , Andi suggests they start fresh with new neighbors Joy ( Sherri Shepherd ) and Rudy ( Tim Meadows ) , who have just moved in . But there 's a problem : Adam has already gotten on the bad side of Joy , a building inspector , when she visited his job site . 29 7 `` We Can Be Heroes '' Victor Gonzalez Gregg Mettler January 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 15 ) 6.68 Adam and Andi experience money problems with Teddy needing glasses and Kate needing braces . The two make a budget and decide to give up some luxuries , mainly Adam 's cable sports subscription , which has Don , Joe and Lowell upset because they are always at the house watching games . Adam later forces Andi to give up her expensive hairdresser , after Joe discovers she had it listed as a necessity , not a luxury . 30 8 `` Lice Lice Baby '' Gail Mancuso Farhan Arshad January 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 22 ) 6.74 Adam worries about how Lisa , his boss at the mall job site , will react when he has to bring Teddy and Emme to work . He gets even more worried when the Burns kids are diagnosed with lice , and he later sees Lisa scratching her head at an awards banquet . Meanwhile , Andi realizes how distant she 's become from her kids when she is the only family member to not catch lice from them . 31 9 `` The Gunfight '' Andy Cardiff Gregg Mettler January 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 29 ) 6.64 Joe and Beverly prepare to watch the kids for a few days so that Adam and Andi can take a much - needed trip to Las Vegas . Andi worries a bit when Joe says he plans to teach Teddy to shoot Adam 's old BB gun , then wants to pull the plug on the vacation when she learns that Joe also has real guns in the house . Joe and Adam take Andi to a shooting range to show her that guns are okay in responsible hands , but then it 's Adam who worries when he sees Joe mistake his gun for his cellphone . Elsewhere , Don brings the BB gun to Lowell 's house to help eradicate the woodchuck that is eating Lowell 's tomatoes , but he ends up shooting Lowell . 32 10 `` Adam 's Turtle - y Awesome Valentine 's Day '' Gail Mancuso Jessica Runck February 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 05 ) 6.46 When Andi convinces Adam that she does not want to exchange gifts for Valentine 's Day , Adam takes the gold necklace with pictures of their three children that he 'd already bought for Andi and gives it to Beverly . Unknown to Adam , Andi had just discovered the hidden necklace moments before Adam 's decision , and she is now looking forward to receiving it . Beverly is so giddy about the necklace that Adam is stuck with a difficult decision . 33 11 `` Guess Who 's Coming to Breakfast , Lunch and Dinner '' Victor Gonzalez Ethan Sandler & Adrian Wenner February 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 26 ) 5.92 When Adam gets tired of constantly having to accompany Beverly at bingo , he suggests to Andi that she get his mom a job as a hospital volunteer . Beverly loves the job , only to make Joe feel lonely . To compensate for his loneliness , Joe starts spending his time with Adam and Andi and expects them to wait on him like Beverly used to do . 34 12 `` Everybody 's a Winner '' Joanna Kerns Mark Gross March 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 05 ) 5.90 When a senior asks Kate to the spring dance at school , Adam is staunchly against it while Andi says Kate is mature enough to let her go . While discussing the issue with Joe , Lowell and Don , Adam learns Joe 's `` silent negotiation '' technique . Adam tries it on Andi and , sure enough , she talks herself into realizing it 's a bad idea to let Kate go on the date . But neighbor Joy soon tips off Andi to what Adam did , because her husband uses it on her , and she gives Andi a way to fight back . 35 13 `` The Party Planner '' Ben Weiss Rob DesHotel March 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 12 ) 6.35 Following several years of failed , uninspired gifts for Andi 's birthday , Adam decides to throw her a party with their family members , as well as Lowell and his wife Jen . When Don and Marcy pass on the party because of Marcy 's previous engagement , Adam replaces them with Joy and Rudy , despite Andi 's protest that they should reschedule . While Adam insists that he can handle planning the party , Don and Marcy meet Joy and Rudy at a grocery store , throwing a wrench into Adam 's scheme . 36 14 `` March Madness '' Victor Gonzalez Tommy Johnagin March 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 19 ) 5.45 When their schedules do n't line up and they realize the kids will be alone for two hours after school , Adam and Andi hire Rudy to install security cameras inside and outside the house . Adam and Andi inadvertently make a sex tape , which inspires them to make another . The two then go on a wild chase for the tablet that has the footage when Beverly borrows it because hers broke down , then gives it to Don to give back to Adam . The tablet is subsequently picked up by Lowell , who mistook it for his own when he was at Don 's house . 37 15 `` Out With The In - Laws '' Victor Gonzalez Jackie Filgo & Jeff Filgo March 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 26 ) 5.44 Adam and Andi think they can finally be happily alone for a holiday when their feuding parents each back out of coming to the house on Easter Sunday because the other set of parents will be there . But the plans are threatened when Joe and Bev scheme to take the kids to Disney World for the holiday , while Andi 's parents ( Dan Lauria and Nancy Lenehan ) arrive a day early to claim `` Easter Eve '' for themselves . 38 16 `` April Fools '' Pamela Fryman Ethan Sandler & Adrian Wenner April 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 09 ) 5.48 While Adam , the kids , Don and Joe all enjoy pulling April Fool 's pranks , Andi reminds Adam that she hates pranks due to a traumatic experience with one when she was seven years old . Adam is sure that an unscary , funny prank will change Andi 's mind , but his attempts fail . Adam would have done better to be on his guard , because Andi has a surprise up her sleeve . 39 17 `` King for a Day '' Victor Gonzalez Jessica Runck April 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 16 ) 5.06 After Andi discourages Adam from giving Emme a princess gown because it reinforces undesired female stereotypes , she mentions a lie she told Kate years ago for the same reason . Andi then defends her practice of protecting her children through little white lies , which she calls `` love bubbles '' . Adam seems to accept her explanation , until he realizes that Andi does the same to him , particularly with regard to a recliner he wanted to buy that she said was unsafe . 40 18 `` The Burns System '' Victor Gonzalez Farhan Arshad April 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 30 ) 4.79 Adam is excited when Joe needs a new car and takes him along to learn the `` Burns System '' at the dealership , given that Joe has always had Don accompany him before . But when they get there , Adam is upset to learn that Joe asked Don to arrive at the last minute and be the `` closer '' . Elsewhere , Andi and Marcy try to get rid of a pet snake that Emme brought home . 41 19 `` We Hate Money '' Victor Gonzalez Rob Des Hotel May 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 07 ) 4.91 Mall client Lisa tells Adam and Don that she has to go away to work on herself , and that her replacement wants a different contractor to take over for Burns Brothers . With no other prospects , Adam and Don decide they need to make a commercial , with Lowell 's help . When the filming starts , Don is fine but Adam freezes on camera , leading to his part having to be played by local actor Leif Forrest ( Geoff Stults ) . Meanwhile , as the only current breadwinner , Andi is determined to ask for a raise at her job , only to learn that her department is being gutted and she 's getting laid off . 42 20 `` We Got a Girl '' Pamela Fryman Mark Gross May 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 14 ) 5.46 After Adam and Andi determine that Lisa 's issues stem from her being lonely , they enlist help from Don , Marcy and Lowell to find a man for her in hopes of getting Adam back to work . They ultimately decide to set up Lisa with Leif Forrest , who helped on the Burns Brothers commercial , only to later learn that Leif is Lisa 's ex-husband . 43 21 `` Family Business '' Victor Gonzalez Gregg Mettler May 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 21 ) 5.69 When Andi successfully helps Bev and Joe design their kitchen remodel and Adam builds it , Andi and Adam begin to think they might have a future working together professionally rebuilding and selling old houses . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) On February 3 , 2016 , the production officially received a pilot order and James Burrows would direct the pilot . The pilot was written by Jackie and Jeff Filgo who was also set to executive produce alongside with Michael Rotenberg and Troy Zien . Production companies involved with the pilot include Double Double Bonus Entertainment , CBS Television Studios , and 3 Arts Entertainment . On May 12 , 2016 , it was announced that CBS had given the production , now titled Man with a Plan , a series order . A day after that , it was announced that the series would premiere in the fall of 2016 and air on Mondays at 8 : 30 P.M. On March 23 , 2017 , CBS renewed the series for a second season which premiered on November 13 , 2017 . On November 27 , 2017 , CBS ordered eight additional episodes for the second season , bringing the total to 21 episodes . On May 12 , 2018 , CBS renewed the series for a third season . Casting ( edit ) Casting for the main cast started in February 2016 with Matt LeBlanc and ended the next month with Matt Cook and Grace Kaufman . On May 13 , 2016 , it was reported that Jenna Fischer , who was originally cast to play the female lead opposite LeBlanc in the series , had exited and her role would be recast . On August 1 , it was announced Liza Snyder would replace Fischer in the role . On August 2 , 2016 , it was reported that Kevin Nealon had joined the cast in a main role . Reception ( edit ) Man with a Plan has received generally negative reviews from critics . On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the series has an approval rating of 21 % , based on 28 reviews , with an average rating of 3.5 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Man with a Plan 's flawed , unimaginative writing fails to properly showcase the charm of its unfortunately underperforming lead . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating , the series has a score 36 out of 100 , based on 25 critics , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . Seasonal ratings ( edit ) Season Timeslot ( ET ) Episodes First aired Last aired TV season Rank Avg . viewers ( millions ) 18 -- 49 rating ( average ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Monday 8 : 30 pm 22 October 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 24 ) 7.42 May 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 08 ) 5.73 2016 -- 17 47 7.41 1.5 21 November 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 13 ) 5.38 May 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 21 ) 5.69 2017 -- 18 61 6.78 Ratings ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' October 24 , 2016 1.6 / 5 7.42 `` Two Tickets to Paradise '' October 31 , 2016 1.3 / 5 5.95 `` The Puppet Theatre '' November 7 , 2016 1.4 / 4 6.26 `` Un-Dressed '' November 14 , 2016 1.3 / 5 5.18 5 `` Thanksgiving '' November 21 , 2016 1.3 / 5 5.98 6 `` Holey War '' December 5 , 2016 1.2 / 4 6.18 7 `` Winter Has Come '' December 12 , 2016 1.2 / 4 6.62 8 `` Adam Steps Up '' December 19 , 2016 1.1 / 4 6.17 9 `` What About Bob ? '' January 2 , 2017 1.2 / 4 6.55 10 `` A Dinner Gone Wrong '' January 16 , 2017 1.5 / 5 7.70 11 `` The Talk '' January 23 , 2017 1.6 / 5 7.69 12 `` The Three Amigos '' February 6 , 2017 1.4 / 5 7.25 13 `` Valentine 's Day '' February 13 , 2017 1.4 / 5 7.20 14 `` Kate 's First Date '' February 20 , 2017 1.3 / 5 6.75 15 `` Assisted Living '' February 27 , 2017 1.2 / 4 6.62 16 `` The A Team '' March 13 , 2017 1.1 / 4 6.34 17 `` Doctor No '' March 20 , 2017 1.0 / 4 5.32 18 `` The Blame Game '' April 10 , 2017 1.0 / 4 5.33 19 `` Spring Fling '' April 17 , 2017 1.0 / 4 5.42 20 `` Dirty Money '' May 1 , 2017 1.0 / 4 5.36 21 `` Operation False Freedom '' May 8 , 2017 1.0 / 4 5.16 22 `` Buzzer Beater '' May 15 , 2017 1.1 / 4 5.73 Season 2 ( 2017 -- 18 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) `` The Silver Fox '' November 13 , 2017 1.0 / 4 5.38 `` Andi 's Boyfriend '' November 20 , 2017 1.0 / 4 5.44 `` The Parents Strike Back '' November 27 , 2017 1.1 / 4 5.70 `` Into the Weeds '' December 4 , 2017 1.1 / 4 6.42 5 `` Battle of the Sexists '' December 11 , 2017 1.0 / 4 5.70 6 `` Adam Gets Neighborly '' December 18 , 2017 0.9 / 3 5.61 7 `` We Can Be Heroes '' January 15 , 2018 1.2 / 5 6.68 8 `` Lice Lice Baby '' January 22 , 2018 1.2 / 4 6.74 9 `` The Gunfight '' January 29 , 2018 1.1 / 4 6.64 10 `` Adam 's Turtle - y Awesome Valentine 's Day '' February 5 , 2018 1.1 / 4 6.46 11 `` Guess Who 's Coming to Breakfast , Lunch and Dinner '' February 26 , 2018 1.0 / 4 5.92 12 `` Everybody 's a Winner '' March 5 , 2018 1.0 / 4 5.90 13 `` The Party Planner '' March 12 , 2018 1.0 / 4 6.35 14 `` March Madness '' March 19 , 2018 0.9 / 4 5.45 15 `` Out With the In - Laws '' March 26 , 2018 0.9 / 4 5.44 16 `` April Fools '' April 9 , 2018 0.9 / 4 5.48 17 `` King for a Day '' April 16 , 2018 0.8 / 3 5.06 18 `` The Burns System '' April 30 , 2018 0.8 / 3 4.79 19 `` We Hate Money '' May 7 , 2018 0.9 / 4 4.91 20 `` We Got a Girl '' May 14 , 2018 1.0 / 4 5.46 21 `` Family Business '' May 21 , 2018 1.0 / 4 5.69 See also ( edit ) Kevin Can Wait , another CBS sitcom often compared and partnered with Man with a Plan Friends 8 Simple Rules , an old sitcom also compared with Man with a Plan References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' Training Day ' , ' Bull ' , ' MacGyver ' , ' The Great Indoors ' , Matt LeBlanc Comedy & Jason Katims Drama Picked Up By CBS '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` CBS Sets Fall 2016 Premiere Dates , Slates JonBenet Ramsey Limited Series '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( November 14 , 2016 ) . `` CBS Orders More Episodes Of ' Man With A Plan ' , ' The Great Indoors ' & ' Code Black ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 6 , 2017 ) . `` Freshman Comedies ' Kevin Can Wait ' , ' The Great Indoors ' & ' Man With A Plan ' Get More Episodes At CBS '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` CBS Renews 5 Freshman & 11 Returning Series , Including ' MacGyver ' , ' Superior Donuts ' , ' Life In Pieces ' & ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Me , Myself & I Essentially Cancelled at CBS ; Man With a Plan Called Off Bench '' . TVLine . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gelman , Vlada ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` Man With a Plan , Superior Donuts Get Full - Season Orders at CBS '' . TVLine . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 12 , 2018 ) . `` ' Man With A Plan ' Renewed For Season 3 By CBS , No Word Yet On ' Kevin Can Wait ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.cbs.com/shows/man-with-a-plan/about/ ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2016 ) . `` ' Kevin Can Wait ' adjusts up , ' Timeless , ' ' Supergirl , ' and ' Jane the Virgin ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' Gotham ' adjusts up , CBS shows all adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' ' Odd Couple ' and ' Conviction ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' 2 Broke Girls ' adjusts up , ' Supergirl ' and ' Jane the Virgin ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Supergirl , ' ' Jane the Virgin , ' ' Odd Couple , ' ' Conviction ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 6 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Voice ' and ' 2 Broke Girls ' adjust up , ' Christmas Light Fight ' ' Conviction ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' Timeless ' and ' Great Christmas Light Fight ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 20 , 2016 ) . `` ' Great Christmas Light Fight ' finale adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jimmy Kimmel Live 's ' ' Bachelor ' special adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Howie Mandel Comedy Gala ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Celebrity Apprentice ' adjusts up , ' Quantico ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Bachelor ' and ' Superior Donuts ' adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Bachelor ' adjusts up , ' Quantico ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Quantico ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Scorpion ' adjusted up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Bachelor ' finale down from 2016 : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars ' adjusts up , ' Taken ' and ' Quantico ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' Dancing With the Stars , ' ' Kevin Can Wait ' adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars ' and ' Kevin Can Wait ' adjust up , ' Quantico ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' Scorpion , ' ' Man with a Plan , ' ' Superior Donuts ' all adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Gotham , ' ' Man with a Plan , ' ' Jane the Virgin ' adjust up , ' Quantico ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing with the Stars , ' ' Man with a Plan ' finale adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' Kevin Can Wait , ' ' The Gifted ' adjust up , ' DWTS ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Good Doctor , ' ' Dancing with the Stars , ' ' Kevin Can Wait , ' ' Man with a Plan ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' CMA Country Christmas , ' ' Good Doctor , ' ' Pentatonix Christmas ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` ABC , NBC adjust down with football pre-emptions : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Christmas Light Fight , ' ' Bachelor ' special and ' Better Late than Never ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Christmas Light Fight , ' ' The Year in Memoriam , ' ' Popstar 's Best of 2017 ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Gifted ' finale , ' The Good Doctor ' and all others hold : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Brave ' adjusts up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 30 , 2018 ) . `` ' 9JKL ' adjusts up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Resident , ' ' Man with a Plan , ' ' 9JKL ' and ' Scorpion ' adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Superior Donuts ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' Superior Donuts ' adjusts up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' and ' iZombie ' adjust up , ' Good Girls ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Idol , ' ' Good Girls , ' all others hold : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 27 , 2018 ) . `` American Idol ' and ' The Good Doctor ' adjust up , ' Good Girls ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Idol ' and ' Kevin Can Wait ' adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' and ' American Idol ' adjust up , ' Good Girls ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' adjusts up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' Supergirl , ' ' Man with a Plan ' adjust up , ' The Resident ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Man with a Plan ' adjusts up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Supergirl ' and ' iZombie ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Cite error : Invalid < ref > tag ; name `` 2.21 '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ Prudom , Laura ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` Matt LeBlanc to Star In CBS Comedy Pilot with Series Commitment '' . TVLine . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' Training Day ' , ' Bull ' , ' MacGyver ' , ' The Great Indoors ' , Matt LeBlanc Comedy & Jason Katims Drama Picked Up By CBS '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` CBS Renews 5 Freshman & 11 Returning Series , Including ' MacGyver ' , ' Superior Donuts ' , ' Life In Pieces ' & ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Me , Myself & I Essentially Cancelled at CBS ; Man With a Plan Called Off Bench '' . TVLine . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gelman , Vlada ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` Man With a Plan , Superior Donuts Get Full - Season Orders at CBS '' . TVLine . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 12 , 2018 ) . `` ' Man With A Plan ' Renewed For Season 3 By CBS , No Word Yet On ' Kevin Can Wait ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` Matt Cook Joins CBS ' LeBlanc Filgos Project '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 13 , 2016 ) . `` Matt LeBlanc CBS Series ' Man With A Plan ' : Jenna Fischer Exits In Recasting '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Man with a Plan : Liza Snyder Joins Matt LeBlanc Sitcom - canceled TV shows - TV Series Finale '' . 1 August 2016 . Retrieved 2 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Man With A Plan ' : Kevin Nealon Joins Matt LeBlanc CBS Sitcom '' . 2 August 2016 . Retrieved 2 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Man With a Plan : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Man With a Plan - Season 1 reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Final 2016 - 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 26 , 2017 . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 - 18 TV Series Ratings Rankings : NFL Football , ' Big Bang ' Top Charts '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 22 , 2018 . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . 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My Dad Says ( 2011 ) 2 Broke Girls ( 2012 ) The New Normal ( 2013 ) Super Fun Night ( 2014 ) Jane the Virgin ( 2015 ) Scream Queens ( 2016 ) Man with a Plan ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Man_with_a_Plan_(TV_series)&oldid=850533415 '' Categories : 2010s American sitcoms 2016 American television series debuts CBS network shows American television sitcoms Television series by 3 Arts Entertainment Television series by CBS Television Studios English - language television programs Television shows set in Pittsburgh Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Pages with duplicate reference names Wikipedia articles needing rewrite from July 2018 All articles needing rewrite All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Magyar Norsk Polski Português Русский Українська 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 July 2018 , at 13 : 45 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who played leaf forrest on man with a plan
[ "No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateU.S. viewers(millions)231\"The Silver Fox\"Andy CadiffMark GrossNovember 13, 2017 (2017-11-13)5.38[32]\nTo give Kate a break from babysitting, Andi hires a young volunteer from her hospital named Sophia (Victoria Justice) to watch the kids. While Adam worries that Sophia will become attracted to a \"silver fox\" like himself, Andi is more jealous that Kate goes to Sophia for advice. Sophia later tells Adam she has the hots for him, but when he tells Andi, she doesn't believe him.\n242\"Andi's Boyfriend\"Andy CadiffTommy JohnaginNovember 20, 2017 (2017-11-20)5.44[33]\nAdam gets a visit from Pastor Carl (Jonathan Adams), who is making amends for a past gambling addiction. Pastor Carl says he gambled away money that he was supposed to use to renew his license to wed people, meaning Adam and Andi are not legally married. Making matters worse, Pastor Carl was not Andi's first choice, but the frugal Adam hired him because he was cheaper. Adam tries to set up a renewal of vows with a licensed official, without telling Andi about Carl.\n253\"The Parents Strike Back\"Andy CadiffRob Des HotelNovember 27, 2017 (2017-11-27)5.70[34]\nFrustrated by the messes in their kids' bedrooms, Adam and Andi decide to withhold allowances until the rooms are cleaner. Kate convinces her younger siblings they can break their parents by just letting the filth build up even more, so the kids tell mom and dad they are on strike. Taking a tip from Joe, Adam and Andi decide to retaliate by making things as miserable as possible for their children.\n264\"Into the Weeds\"Gail MancusoJeff Filgo & Jackie FilgoDecember 4, 2017 (2017-12-04)6.42[35]\nWhen Adam finds out that a boy Kate is dating was caught by his mother possessing marijuana, he wants to be strict with Kate while Andi opts for a more relaxed approach. Adam learns that Joe, who was always strict with him and Don about drugs, has a pot prescription for his arthritis. Things get interesting when Adam unknowingly eats some of Joe's \"special\" gummy candy.\n275\"Battle of the Sexists\"Andy CadiffEthan Sandler & Adrian WennerDecember 11, 2017 (2017-12-11)5.70[36]\nAndi accuses Adam and Don of being sexist when they only interview male candidates for a shop foreman position on the mall project. Adam soon hires a female named Zara (Lilah Richcreek), partly to please Andi but also because she is the most qualified for the job. Andi regrets her accusation against Adam when Don recognizes the pretty new shop foreman as a former dancer at a strip club. Meanwhile, Adam and Andi fight the school to allow Kate to play on the boys soccer team.\n286\"Adam Gets Neighborly\"Victor GonzalezTommy Johnagin & Farhan ArshadDecember 18, 2017 (2017-12-18)5.61[37]\nAfter Adam has alienated most of the neighbors, Andi suggests they start fresh with new neighbors Joy (Sherri Shepherd) and Rudy (Tim Meadows), who have just moved in. But there's a problem: Adam has already gotten on the bad side of Joy, a building inspector, when she visited his job site.\n297\"We Can Be Heroes\"Victor GonzalezGregg MettlerJanuary 15, 2018 (2018-01-15)6.68[38]\nAdam and Andi experience money problems with Teddy needing glasses and Kate needing braces. The two make a budget and decide to give up some luxuries, mainly Adam's cable sports subscription, which has Don, Joe and Lowell upset because they are always at the house watching games. Adam later forces Andi to give up her expensive hairdresser, after Joe discovers she had it listed as a necessity, not a luxury.\n308\"Lice Lice Baby\"Gail MancusoFarhan ArshadJanuary 22, 2018 (2018-01-22)6.74[39]\nAdam worries about how Lisa, his boss at the mall job site, will react when he has to bring Teddy and Emme to work. He gets even more worried when the Burns kids are diagnosed with lice, and he later sees Lisa scratching her head at an awards banquet. Meanwhile, Andi realizes how distant she's become from her kids when she is the only family member to not catch lice from them.\n319\"The Gunfight\"Andy CardiffGregg MettlerJanuary 29, 2018 (2018-01-29)6.64[40]\nJoe and Beverly prepare to watch the kids for a few days so that Adam and Andi can take a much-needed trip to Las Vegas. Andi worries a bit when Joe says he plans to teach Teddy to shoot Adam's old BB gun, then wants to pull the plug on the vacation when she learns that Joe also has real guns in the house. Joe and Adam take Andi to a shooting range to show her that guns are okay in responsible hands, but then it's Adam who worries when he sees Joe mistake his gun for his cellphone. Elsewhere, Don brings the BB gun to Lowell's house to help eradicate the woodchuck that is eating Lowell's tomatoes, but he ends up shooting Lowell.\n3210\"Adam's Turtle-y Awesome Valentine's Day\"Gail MancusoJessica RunckFebruary 5, 2018 (2018-02-05)6.46[41]\nWhen Andi convinces Adam that she does not want to exchange gifts for Valentine’s Day, Adam takes the gold necklace with pictures of their three children that he’d already bought for Andi and gives it to Beverly. Unknown to Adam, Andi had just discovered the hidden necklace moments before Adam’s decision, and she is now looking forward to receiving it. Beverly is so giddy about the necklace that Adam is stuck with a difficult decision.\n3311\"Guess Who's Coming to Breakfast, Lunch and Dinner\"Victor GonzalezEthan Sandler & Adrian WennerFebruary 26, 2018 (2018-02-26)5.92[42]\nWhen Adam gets tired of constantly having to accompany Beverly at bingo, he suggests to Andi that she get his mom a job as a hospital volunteer. Beverly loves the job, only to make Joe feel lonely. To compensate for his loneliness, Joe starts spending his time with Adam and Andi and expects them to wait on him like Beverly used to do.\n3412\"Everybody's a Winner\"Joanna KernsMark GrossMarch 5, 2018 (2018-03-05)5.90[43]\nWhen a senior asks Kate to the spring dance at school, Adam is staunchly against it while Andi says Kate is mature enough to let her go. While discussing the issue with Joe, Lowell and Don, Adam learns Joe's \"silent negotiation\" technique. Adam tries it on Andi and, sure enough, she talks herself into realizing it's a bad idea to let Kate go on the date. But neighbor Joy soon tips off Andi to what Adam did, because her husband uses it on her, and she gives Andi a way to fight back.\n3513\"The Party Planner\"Ben WeissRob DesHotelMarch 12, 2018 (2018-03-12)6.35[44]\nFollowing several years of failed, uninspired gifts for Andi's birthday, Adam decides to throw her a party with their family members, as well as Lowell and his wife Jen. When Don and Marcy pass on the party because of Marcy's previous engagement, Adam replaces them with Joy and Rudy, despite Andi's protest that they should reschedule. While Adam insists that he can handle planning the party, Don and Marcy meet Joy and Rudy at a grocery store, throwing a wrench into Adam's scheme.\n3614\"March Madness\"Victor GonzalezTommy JohnaginMarch 19, 2018 (2018-03-19)5.45[45]\nWhen their schedules don't line up and they realize the kids will be alone for two hours after school, Adam and Andi hire Rudy to install security cameras inside and outside the house. Adam and Andi inadvertently make a sex tape, which inspires them to make another. The two then go on a wild chase for the tablet that has the footage when Beverly borrows it because hers broke down, then gives it to Don to give back to Adam. The tablet is subsequently picked up by Lowell, who mistook it for his own when he was at Don's house.\n3715\"Out With The In-Laws\"Victor GonzalezJackie Filgo & Jeff FilgoMarch 26, 2018 (2018-03-26)5.44[46]\nAdam and Andi think they can finally be happily alone for a holiday when their feuding parents each back out of coming to the house on Easter Sunday because the other set of parents will be there. But the plans are threatened when Joe and Bev scheme to take the kids to Disney World for the holiday, while Andi's parents (Dan Lauria and Nancy Lenehan) arrive a day early to claim \"Easter Eve\" for themselves.\n3816\"April Fools\"Pamela FrymanEthan Sandler & Adrian WennerApril 9, 2018 (2018-04-09)5.48[47]\nWhile Adam, the kids, Don and Joe all enjoy pulling April Fool's pranks, Andi reminds Adam that she hates pranks due to a traumatic experience with one when she was seven years old. Adam is sure that an unscary, funny prank will change Andi's mind, but his attempts fail. Adam would have done better to be on his guard, because Andi has a surprise up her sleeve.\n3917\"King for a Day\"Victor GonzalezJessica RunckApril 16, 2018 (2018-04-16)5.06[48]\nAfter Andi discourages Adam from giving Emme a princess gown because it reinforces undesired female stereotypes, she mentions a lie she told Kate years ago for the same reason. Andi then defends her practice of protecting her children through little white lies, which she calls \"love bubbles\". Adam seems to accept her explanation, until he realizes that Andi does the same to him, particularly with regard to a recliner he wanted to buy that she said was unsafe.\n4018\"The Burns System\"Victor GonzalezFarhan ArshadApril 30, 2018 (2018-04-30)4.79[49]\nAdam is excited when Joe needs a new car and takes him along to learn the \"Burns System\" at the dealership, given that Joe has always had Don accompany him before. But when they get there, Adam is upset to learn that Joe asked Don to arrive at the last minute and be the \"closer\". Elsewhere, Andi and Marcy try to get rid of a pet snake that Emme brought home.\n4119\"We Hate Money\"Victor GonzalezRob Des HotelMay 7, 2018 (2018-05-07)4.91[50]\nMall client Lisa tells Adam and Don that she has to go away to work on herself, and that her replacement wants a different contractor to take over for Burns Brothers. With no other prospects, Adam and Don decide they need to make a commercial, with Lowell's help. When the filming starts, Don is fine but Adam freezes on camera, leading to his part having to be played by local actor Leif Forrest (Geoff Stults). Meanwhile, as the only current breadwinner, Andi is determined to ask for a raise at her job, only to learn that her department is being gutted and she's getting laid off.\n4220\"We Got a Girl\"Pamela FrymanMark GrossMay 14, 2018 (2018-05-14)5.46[51]\nAfter Adam and Andi determine that Lisa's issues stem from her being lonely, they enlist help from Don, Marcy and Lowell to find a man for her in hopes of getting Adam back to work. They ultimately decide to set up Lisa with Leif Forrest, who helped on the Burns Brothers commercial, only to later learn that Leif is Lisa's ex-husband.\n4321\"Family Business\"Victor GonzalezGregg MettlerMay 21, 2018 (2018-05-21)5.69[52]\nWhen Andi successfully helps Bev and Joe design their kitchen remodel and Adam builds it, Andi and Adam begin to think they might have a future working together professionally rebuilding and selling old houses." ]
[ "Geoff Stults" ]
264599799957671962
Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau
Alcohol and tobacco tax and trade Bureau - wikipedia Alcohol and tobacco tax and trade Bureau Jump to : navigation , search Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau Agency overview Formed January 24 , 2003 Preceding agency Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , and Firearms Headquarters Washington , D.C. Employees 531 ( 2006 ) Agency executive John J. Manfreda , Administrator Parent agency Department of the Treasury Website www.ttb.gov The Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau , statutorily named the Tax and Trade Bureau and frequently shortened to TTB , is a bureau of the United States Department of the Treasury , which regulates and collects taxes on trade and imports of alcohol , tobacco , and firearms within the United States . TTB was created on January 24 , 2003 , when the Homeland Security Act of 2002 split the Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco and Firearms ( ATF ) into two new organizations with separate functions . Specifically , the Act transferred ATF and its law enforcement functions from the Department of the Treasury to the Department of Justice . ATF 's other functions , dealing with tax collection and regulation of legitimate trade , remained within the Treasury Department and became part of the new TTB . TTB 's Field Operations are organized into five divisions : National Revenue Center : reconciles returns , reports , and claims ; screens applications and promptly issues permits ; and provides expert technical assistance for industry , the public and government agencies to ensure fair and proper revenue collection and public safety . Risk Management : develops , implements , and maintains monitoring programs for collecting the revenue due the Federal Government and protecting the public , and ensures resources are effectively used . Tax Audit : verifies the proper payment of alcohol , tobacco , firearms and ammunition excise taxes and ensures compliance with laws and regulations by taxpayers in a manner that protects the revenue , protects the consumer , and promotes voluntary compliance . Trade Investigations : comprises investigators who ensure industry compliance with the laws and regulations administered by the TTB . Tobacco Enforcement Division : protects the revenue and promotes voluntary compliance by monitoring the domestic tobacco trade , ensuring only qualified applicants enter the tobacco trade , ensuring compliance with the tax laws relating to tobacco , and facilitating TTB 's enforcement functions in cases of non-compliance . The Advertising , Labeling , and Formulation Division ( ALFD ) implements and enforces a broad range of statutory and compliance provisions of the Internal Revenue Code and the Federal Alcohol Administration Act . This act requires importers and bottlers of beverage alcohol to obtain certificates of label approval or certificates of exemption from label approval ( COLAs ) for most alcohol beverages prior to their introduction into interstate commerce . ALFD acts on these COLAs to ensure that products are labeled in accordance with federal laws and regulations . ALFD also examines formulas for wine and distilled spirits , statements of process , and pre-import applications filed by importers and proprietors of domestic distilleries , wineries , and breweries for proper tax classification and to ensure that the products are manufactured in accordance with federal laws and regulations . See also ( edit ) Title 27 of the Code of Federal Regulations American Viticultural Area Alcohol advertising Tobacco advertising References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Organizational chart Jump up ^ National Revenue Center Jump up ^ Risk Management Jump up ^ Tax Audit Jump up ^ Trade Investigations Jump up ^ Tobacco Enforcement Division Jump up ^ Advertising , Labeling , and Formulation Division ( ALFD ) Further reading Wagner , Daniel ( December 8 , 2012 ) . `` Booze , smokes on agenda for quirky gov 't group '' . U.S News And World Report . New York . Retrieved 30 August 2017 . External links ( edit ) Tax and Trade Bureau website Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau in the Federal Register History of TTB Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives website National Conference of State Liquor Administrators ( all state administrators ) Agencies under the United States Department of the Treasury Headquarters : Treasury Building Steven Mnuchin , Secretary of the Treasury Vacant , Deputy Secretary of the Treasury Deputy Secretary of the Treasury Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau Community Development Financial Institutions Fund Treasury Inspector General for Tax Administration Office of the Comptroller of the Currency Office of Tax Policy Under Secretary of the Treasury for International Affairs Office of East Asia Office of South and Southeast Asia Nations Office of Europe & Eurasia Office of the Western Hemisphere Office of International Monetary Policy Office of Banking and Securities Office of International Debt Policy Office of Development Policy Office of Financing Operations Office of African Nations Office of the Middle East and North Africa Office of International Trade Office of International Investment Office of Trade Finance Office of Technical Assistance Office of Risk and Research Analysis Exchange Stabilization Fund Under Secretary of the Treasury for Domestic Finance Advanced Counterfeit Deterrence Federal Financing Bank Office of Debt Management Office of Financial Institutions Office of Financial Markets Office of Financial Stability Office of Fiscal Service Bureau of the Fiscal Service Under Secretary of the Treasury for Terrorism and Financial Intelligence Office of Terrorism and Financial Intelligence Office of Terrorist Financing and Financial Crimes Office of Intelligence and Analysis Office of Foreign Assets Control Financial Crimes Enforcement Network Treasury Executive Office for Asset Forfeiture Treasurer of the United States Bureau of Engraving and Printing United States Mint Federal law enforcement agencies of the United States Department of Commerce Office of Export Enforcement National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration - Fisheries : Office for Law Enforcement Department of Defense Defense Criminal Investigative Service Department of Defense police Defense Logistics Agency Police Pentagon Force Protection Agency ( Pentagon Police ) National Security Agency Police Army Department Intelligence and Security Command Criminal Investigation Command US Army Military Police Corps Department of the Army Police Army Department Police Corrections Command Navy Department Naval Criminal Investigative Service Marine Corps Criminal Investigation Division Master - at - Arms Marine Corps Police Naval Academy Police Air Force Department Office of Special Investigations Security Forces Air Force Police Department of Health and Human Services United States Food and Drug Administration ( Office of Criminal Investigations ) National Institutes of Health Police Department of Homeland Security Federal Law Enforcement Training Centers United States Citizenship and Immigration Services United States Coast Guard Investigative Service Coast Guard Police Customs and Border Protection Federal Protective Service Immigration and Customs Enforcement United States Secret Service Transportation Security Administration Office of Law Enforcement / Federal Air Marshal Service Department of the Interior Bureau of Indian Affairs Police Bureau of Land Management : Office of Law Enforcement Hoover Dam Police National Park Service Rangers United States Park Police Fish and Wildlife Service : Office of Law Enforcement National Wildlife Refuge System : Division of Refuge Law Enforcement Department of Justice Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives Drug Enforcement Administration Federal Bureau of Investigation FBI Police Federal Bureau of Prisons United States Marshals Service Department of State Bureau of Diplomatic Security Diplomatic Security Service Office of Foreign Missions Department of Transportation United States Merchant Marine Academy Department of Public Safety Department of the Treasury Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau Bureau of Engraving and Printing Police Financial Crimes Enforcement Network Internal Revenue Service Criminal Investigation Division United States Mint Police U.S. Forest Service : Law Enforcement and Investigations USDA Department of Veterans Affairs Police Office of Secure Transportation DOE United States Congress Sergeant at Arms of the House of Representatives Sergeant at Arms of the Senate United States Capitol Police Government Printing Office Police Judicial branch U.S. Probation and Pretrial Services System Marshal of the United States Supreme Court ( Supreme Court Police ) Other federal law enforcement agencies Amtrak Police Central Intelligence Agency Security Protective Service Environmental Protection Agency Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance Federal Reserve Police National Zoological Park Police Postal Inspection Service ( U.S. Postal Police ) Smithsonian Institution Office of Protection Services Alcoholic beverage authorities of the United States Federal authorities Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives State authorities Alabama * Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Idaho * Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine * Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi * Missouri Montana * Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire * New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina * North Dakota Ohio * Oklahoma Oregon * Pennsylvania * Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah * Vermont * Virginia * Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Territorial authorities District of Columbia Local authorities Hawaii County , Hawaii City and County of Honolulu Kauai County , Hawaii Maui County , Hawaii Montgomery County , Maryland * An * indicates an alcoholic beverage control state or county . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_and_Tobacco_Tax_and_Trade_Bureau&oldid=816176070 '' Categories : 2003 establishments in the United States United States Department of the Treasury agencies Government agencies established in 2003 Talk About Wikipedia Español Français Nederlands Norsk Edit links This page was last edited on 19 December 2017 , at 19 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
name of the current administrator of the alcohol and tobacco tax and trade bureau
[ "\nAlcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau\n\n\n\n\nAgency overview\n\n\nFormed\nJanuary 24, 2003\n\n\nPreceding agency\n\n\n\nBureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms\n\n\n\n\n\nHeadquarters\nWashington, D.C.\n\n\nEmployees\n531 (2006)\n\n\nAgency executive\n\n\n\nJohn J. Manfreda, Administrator\n\n\n\n\n\nParent agency\nDepartment of the Treasury\n\n\nWebsite\nwww.ttb.gov\n\n" ]
[ "John J. Manfreda" ]
7941070500636333336
Saakshar Bharat
Saakshar Bharat - Wikipedia Saakshar Bharat Saakshar Bharat Website saaksharbharat.nic.in Saakshar Bharat is a government of India initiative launched by Prime Minister , Dr. Manmohan Singh to create a literate society through a variety of teaching learning programmes for non-literate and neo-literate of 15 years and above . It was launched on 8 September 2009 as a centrally sponsored scheme . It aims to recast India 's National Literacy Mission to focus on literacy of women , which is expected to increase the literate population by 70 million adults , including 60 million women . It is a scheme from Department of School Education , Ministry of Human Resource Development , Government of India . The National Literacy Mission covered 597 districts under Total Literacy Campaign , 485 districts under Post Literacy Programme and 328 districts under Continuing Education Programme . As per 2001 census , over 127 million adults have been made literate of which 60 % were women , 23 % were SC and 12 % were ST . The Saakshar Bharat Mission has chosen six villages for ' Model Adult Education Centres ' under Lok Shiksha Samiti in the Karimnagar district , in Telangana state . with the objective of promoting adult education and to achieve total literacy . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Hindu news report '' . Chennai , India . 2009 - 09 - 09 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` New Kerala '' . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Saakshar Bharath '' . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Saakshar Bharat Mission selected 6 villages in Telangana '' . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 07 . Government schemes in India Active Schemes Antyodaya Anna Yojana Atal Pension Yojana Beti Bachao , Beti Padhao Yojana CGHS DAY DBT DDUGJY DDU - GKY HRIDAY Housing for All ICDS Income declaration scheme , 2016 JAM Yojana KVPY MPLADS Midday Meal Scheme NPS NSAP NSS POPSK PMAGY PMGAY PMGSY PMJDY Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Yojana PMKSY Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Jan Aushadhi Yojana Kendra PMMVY Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana SAGY SGSY Soil Health Card Scheme UDAY UDAN UJALA Missions AMRUT Mission Indradhanush NICRA National Mission for Manuscripts NRHM ASHA National Translation Mission Providing Urban Amenities to Rural Areas Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan National Solar Mission Smart Cities Mission TB - Mission 2020 Projects Bharatmala Indian Rivers Inter-link Sagar Mala project Setu Bharatam Urja Ganga Gas Pipeline Project Campaigns Accessible India Campaign Digital India Make in India Skill India Standup India Startup India Swachh Bharat Abhiyan Unnat Bharat Abhiyan IDs Aadhaar Business identification number Indian passport Permanent account number Ration card ( India ) Unorganised Workers ' Identification Number Voter ID ( India ) State Ahar Yojana Bhamashah Yojana Biju Krushak Kalyan Yojana Invest Madhya Pradesh Invest Odisha Jyotigram Yojana Madhu Babu Pension Yojana Make in Odisha Swasth Jeevan Sewa Guarantee Yojana Rajiv Gandhi Jeevandayee Arogya Yojana Vibrant Gujarat Closed Schemes Bharat Nirman JSY JnNURM Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya NLM NRLM Pooled Finance Development Fund Scheme RNTCP RSBY Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Programme Saakshar Bharat Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana Swabhimaan ( campaign ) Voluntary Disclosure of Income Scheme Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saakshar_Bharat&oldid=834189829 '' Categories : Adult education in India Indian missions Organizations promoting literacy Education policy in India Literacy in India Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from June 2016 Use Indian English from June 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Talk About Wikipedia தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 4 April 2018 , at 12 : 01 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
the focus of saakshar bharat programme is on
[ "It aims to recast India's National Literacy Mission to focus on literacy of women, which is expected to increase the literate population by 70 million adults, including 60 million women.\n[2]\n" ]
[ "literacy of women" ]
-8809496694309155014
Afghanistan
Afghanistan - Wikipedia Afghanistan Jump to : navigation , search For the Japanese manga , see Afghanis - tan . Coordinates : 33 ° N 65 ° E  /  33 ° N 65 ° E  / 33 ; 65 Islamic Republic of Afghanistan د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت ( Pashto ) Da Afġānistān Islāmī Jumhoryat جمهوری اسلامی افغانستان ( Dari ) Jomhūrīyyeh Eslāmīyyeh Afġānestān Flag Coat of arms Motto : لا إله إلا الله ، محمد رسول الله `` Lā ʾilāha ʾillā llāh , Muhammadun rasūlu llāh '' `` There is no God but Allah ; Muhammad is the messenger of Allah . ( Shahada ) Anthem : Millī Surūd ملي سرود ‬ ( English : `` National Anthem '' ) Capital and largest city Kabul 34 ° 32 ′ N 69 ° 08 ′ E  /  34.533 ° N 69.133 ° E  / 34.533 ; 69.133 Official languages Pashto Dari Ethnic groups Pashtun , Tajik , Hazara , Uzbek , and others Religion Islam Demonym Afghan Government Unitary presidential Islamic republic President Ashraf Ghani Chief Executive Officer Abdullah Abdullah Legislature National Assembly Upper house House of Elders Lower house House of the People Formation Hotak Empire April 1709 Durrani Empire October 1747 Emirate 1823 Recognized 19 August 1919 Kingdom 9 June 1926 Republic 17 July 1973 Current constitution 26 January 2004 Area Total 652,864 km ( 252,072 sq mi ) ( 40th ) Water ( % ) negligible Population 2016 estimate 34,656,032 ( 40th ) Density 49.88 / km ( 129.2 / sq mi ) ( 150th ) GDP ( PPP ) 2017 estimate Total $70 billion Per capita $1,888 GDP ( nominal ) 2017 estimate Total $21 billion Per capita $572 Gini ( 2008 ) 29 low HDI ( 2014 ) 0.465 low 171st Currency Afghani ( AFN ) Time zone D † ( UTC + 4 : 30 Solar Calendar ) Drives on the right Calling code + 93 ISO 3166 code AF Internet TLD . af افغانستان . Afghanistan ( / æfˈɡænɪstæn / ( listen ) ; Pashto / Dari : افغانستان ‬ , Pashto : Afġānistān ( avɣɒnisˈtɒn , abɣɒnisˈtɒn ) , Dari : Afġānestān ( avɣɒnesˈtɒn ) ) , officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan , is a landlocked country located within South Asia and Central Asia . The country has a population of 35 million , making it the 42nd most populous country in the world . Afghanistan is bordered by Pakistan in the south and east ; Iran in the west ; Turkmenistan , Uzbekistan , and Tajikistan in the north , and China in the far northeast - it also borders Gilgit - Baltistan in this region which is claimed by India . Its territory covers 652,000 square kilometers ( 252,000 sq mi ) , making it the 41st largest country in the world . Human habitation in Afghanistan dates back to the Middle Paleolithic Era , and the country 's strategic location along the Silk Road connected it to the cultures of the Middle East and other parts of Asia . The land has historically been home to various peoples and has witnessed numerous military campaigns , including those by Alexander the Great , Mauryas , Muslim Arabs , Mongols , British , Soviet , and in the modern era by Western powers . It has been called by some as `` unconquerable '' . The land also served as the source from which the Kushans , Hephthalites , Samanids , Saffarids , Ghaznavids , Ghorids , Khaljis , Mughals , Hotaks , Durranis , and others have risen to form major empires . The political history of the modern state of Afghanistan began with the Hotak and Durrani dynasties in the 18th century . In the late 19th century , Afghanistan became a buffer state in the `` Great Game '' between British India and the Russian Empire . Its border with British India , the Durand Line , was formed in 1893 but it is not recognized by the Afghan government and it has led to strained relations with Pakistan since the latter 's independence in 1947 . Following the Third Anglo - Afghan War in 1919 the country was free of foreign influence , eventually becoming a monarchy under King Amanullah , and later for 40 years under Zahir Shah . A series of coups in the late 1970s was followed by a series of wars that devastated much of Afghanistan which began when the country became a socialist state under the influence of the Soviet Union during the Soviet -- Afghan War . Following the departure of the Soviet forces , the country became an Islamic state under the Peshawar Accord but much of its territory was later captured by the Islamic fundamentalist group the Taliban , who ruled most of the country as a totalitarian regime for almost five years . Following the 2001 September 11 attacks in the United States , the Taliban was forcibly removed by the NATO - led coalition and Afghanistan 's previous political structure was replaced with a more pro-Western , democratically - elected government . Afghanistan is a unitary presidential Islamic republic with Islam as an official state religion . It is a member of the United Nations , the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation , the Group of 77 , the Economic Cooperation Organization , and the Non-Aligned Movement . Afghanistan 's economy is the world 's 108th largest , with a GDP of $64.08 billion ; the country fares much worse in terms of per - capita GDP ( PPP ) , ranking 167th out of 186 countries in a 2016 report from the International Monetary Fund . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Pre-Islamic period 2.2 Islamization and Mongol invasion 2.3 Hotak dynasty and Durrani Empire 2.4 British influence and independent kingdom 2.5 Marxist coup d'état and Soviet war 2.6 Civil war 2.7 Taliban Emirate and Northern Alliance 2.8 Recent history ( 2002 -- present ) 3 Geography 4 Demographics 4.1 Ethnic groups 4.2 Languages 4.3 Religions 5 Governance 5.1 Elections and parties 5.2 Administrative divisions 5.3 Foreign relations and military 5.4 Law enforcement 6 Economy 6.1 Mining 7 Transport 7.1 Air 7.2 Rail 7.3 Roads 8 Health 9 Education 10 Culture 10.1 Media and entertainment 10.2 Communication 10.3 Sports 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links Etymology Main article : Name of Afghanistan The name Afghānistān ( Pashto : افغانستان ‎ ) is believed to be as old as the ethnonym Afghan , which is documented in the 10th - century geography book Hudud ul - ' alam . The root name `` Afghan '' was used historically in reference to a member of the ethnic Pashtuns , and the suffix `` - stan '' means `` place of '' in Persian and Hindi . Therefore , Afghanistan translates to land of the Afghans or , more specifically in a historical sense , to land of the Pashtuns . However , the modern Constitution of Afghanistan states that `` ( t ) he word Afghan shall apply to every citizen of Afghanistan . '' History Main article : History of Afghanistan Part of a series on the History of Afghanistan Timeline Ancient ( show ) Indus Valley Civilisation 2200 -- 1800 BC Oxus civilization 2100 -- 1800 BC Aryans 1700 -- 700 BC Median Empire 728 -- 550 BC Achaemenid Empire 550 -- 330 BC Seleucid Empire 330 -- 150 BC Maurya Empire 305 -- 180 BC Greco - Bactrian Kingdom 256 -- 125 BC Parthian Empire 247 BC -- 224 AD Indo - Greek Kingdom 180 -- 130 BC Indo - Scythian Kingdom 155 -- 80 ? BC Kushan Empire 135 BC -- 248 AD Indo - Parthian Kingdom 20 BC -- 50 ? AD Sasanian Empire 230 -- 651 Kidarite Kingdom 320 -- 465 Alchon Huns 380 -- 560 Hephthalite Empire 410 -- 557 Nezak Huns 484 -- 711 Medieval ( show ) Kabul Shahi 565 -- 879 Principality of Chaghaniyan 7th -- 8th centuries Rashidun Caliphate 652 -- 661 Umayyads 661 -- 750 Abbasids 750 -- 821 Tahirids 821 -- 873 Saffarids 863 -- 900 Samanids 875 -- 999 Ghaznavids 963 -- 1187 Ghurids before 879 -- 1215 Seljuks 1037 -- 1194 Khwarezmids 1215 -- 1231 Qarlughids 1224 -- 1266 Ilkhanate 1258 -- 1353 Chagatai Khanate 1225 -- 1370 Khaljis 1290 -- 1320 Karts 1245 -- 1381 Timurids 1370 -- 1507 Arghuns 1479 -- 1522 Modern ( show ) Mughals 1501 -- 1738 Safavids 1510 -- 1709 Hotak dynasty 1709 -- 1738 Afsharid dynasty 1738 - 1747 Durrani Empire 1747 -- 1826 Emirate of Afghanistan 1826 -- 1919 Kingdom of Afghanistan 1919 -- 1973 Republic of Afghanistan 1973 -- 1978 Democratic Republic of Afghanistan 1978 -- 1992 Islamic State of Afghanistan 1992 -- 2001 Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan 1996 -- 2004 Interim / Transitional Administration 2001 -- 2004 Islamic Republic of Afghanistan since 2004 Book Category Portal Excavations of prehistoric sites by Louis Dupree and others suggest that humans were living in what is now Afghanistan at least 50,000 years ago , and that farming communities in the area were among the earliest in the world . An important site of early historical activities , many believe that Afghanistan compares to Egypt in terms of the historical value of its archaeological sites . The country sits at a unique nexus point where numerous civilizations have interacted and often fought . It has been home to various peoples through the ages , among them the ancient Iranian peoples who established the dominant role of Indo - Iranian languages in the region . At multiple points , the land has been incorporated within large regional empires , among them the Achaemenid Empire , the Macedonian Empire , the Indian Maurya Empire , and the Islamic Empire . Many empires and kingdoms have also risen to power in Afghanistan , such as the Greco - Bactrians , Kushans , Hephthalites , Kabul Shahis , Saffarids , Samanids , Ghaznavids , Ghurids , Khaljis , Kartids , Timurids , Mughals , and finally the Hotak and Durrani dynasties that marked the political origins of the modern state . Pre-Islamic period Main article : Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan Bilingual ( Greek and Aramaic ) edict by Emperor Ashoka from the 3rd century BCE discovered in the southern city of Kandahar Archaeological exploration done in the 20th century suggests that the geographical area of Afghanistan has been closely connected by culture and trade with its neighbors to the east , west , and north . Artifacts typical of the Paleolithic , Mesolithic , Neolithic , Bronze , and Iron ages have been found in Afghanistan . Urban civilization is believed to have begun as early as 3000 BCE , and the early city of Mundigak ( near Kandahar in the south of the country ) may have been a colony of the nearby Indus Valley Civilization . More recent findings established that the Indus Valley Civilisation stretched up towards modern - day Afghanistan , making the ancient civilisation today part of Pakistan , Afghanistan and India . In more detail , it extended from what today is northwest Pakistan to northwest India and northeast Afghanistan . An Indus Valley site has been found on the Oxus River at Shortugai in northern Afghanistan . There are several smaller IVC colonies to be found in Afghanistan as well . One of the Buddhas of Bamiyan . Buddhism was widespread before the Islamic conquest of Afghanistan . After 2000 BCE , successive waves of semi-nomadic people from Central Asia began moving south into Afghanistan ; among them were many Indo - European - speaking Indo - Iranians . These tribes later migrated further into South Asia , Western Asia , and toward Europe via the area north of the Caspian Sea . The region at the time was referred to as Ariana . The religion Zoroastrianism is believed by some to have originated in what is now Afghanistan between 1800 and 800 BCE , as its founder Zoroaster is thought to have lived and died in Balkh . Ancient Eastern Iranian languages may have been spoken in the region around the time of the rise of Zoroastrianism . By the middle of the 6th century BCE , the Achaemenids overthrew the Medes and incorporated Arachosia , Aria , and Bactria within its eastern boundaries . An inscription on the tombstone of Darius I of Persia mentions the Kabul Valley in a list of the 29 countries that he had conquered . Alexander the Great and his Macedonian forces arrived to Afghanistan in 330 BCE after defeating Darius III of Persia a year earlier in the Battle of Gaugamela . Following Alexander 's brief occupation , the successor state of the Seleucid Empire controlled the region until 305 BCE , when they gave much of it to the Maurya Empire as part of an alliance treaty . The Mauryans controlled the area south of the Hindu Kush until they were overthrown in about 185 BCE . Their decline began 60 years after Ashoka 's rule ended , leading to the Hellenistic reconquest by the Greco - Bactrians . Much of it soon broke away from them and became part of the Indo - Greek Kingdom . They were defeated and expelled by the Indo - Scythians in the late 2nd century BCE . During the first century BCE , the Parthian Empire subjugated the region , but lost it to their Indo - Parthian vassals . In the mid-to - late first century CE the vast Kushan Empire , centered in Afghanistan , became great patrons of Buddhist culture , making Buddhism flourish throughout the region . The Kushans were overthrown by the Sassanids in the 3rd century CE , though the Indo - Sassanids continued to rule at least parts of the region . They were followed by the Kidarite who , in turn , were replaced by the Hephthalites . By the 6th century CE , the successors to the Kushans and Hepthalites established a small dynasty called Kabul Shahi . Much of the northeastern and southern areas of the country remained dominated by Buddhist culture . Islamization and Mongol invasion Main articles : Islamic conquest of Afghanistan and Mongol invasion of Central Asia The Friday Mosque of Herat is one of the oldest mosques in Afghanistan . ( March 1962 photo ) Arab Muslims brought Islam to Herat and Zaranj in 642 CE and began spreading eastward ; some of the native inhabitants they encountered accepted it while others revolted . The land was collectively recognized by the Arabs as al - Hind due to its cultural connection with Greater India . Before Islam was introduced , people of the region were mostly Buddhists and Zoroastrians , but there were also Surya and Nana worshipers , Jews , and others . The Zunbils and Kabul Shahi were first conquered in 870 CE by the Saffarid Muslims of Zaranj . Later , the Samanids extended their Islamic influence south of the Hindu Kush . It is reported that Muslims and non-Muslims still lived side by side in Kabul before the Ghaznavids rose to power in the 10th century . By the 11th century , Mahmud of Ghazni defeated the remaining Hindu rulers and effectively Islamized the wider region , with the exception of Kafiristan . Afghanistan became one of the main centers in the Muslim world during this Islamic Golden Age . The Ghaznavid dynasty was overthrown by the Ghurids , who expanded and advanced the already powerful Islamic empire . In 1219 AD , Genghis Khan and his Mongol army overran the region . His troops are said to have annihilated the Khorasanian cities of Herat and Balkh as well as Bamyan . The destruction caused by the Mongols forced many locals to return to an agrarian rural society . Mongol rule continued with the Ilkhanate in the northwest while the Khalji dynasty administered the Afghan tribal areas south of the Hindu Kush until the invasion of Timur , who established the Timurid Empire in 1370 . In the early 16th century , Babur arrived from Fergana and captured Kabul from the Arghun dynasty . In 1526 , he invaded Delhi in India to replace the Lodi dynasty with the Mughal Empire . Between the 16th and 18th century , the Khanate of Bukhara , Safavids , and Mughals ruled parts of the territory . Before the 19th century , the northwestern area of Afghanistan was referred to by the regional name Khorasan . Two of the four capitals of Khorasan ( Herat and Balkh ) are now located in Afghanistan , while the regions of Kandahar , Zabulistan , Ghazni , Kabulistan , and Afghanistan formed the frontier between Khorasan and Hindustan . Hotak dynasty and Durrani Empire Main articles : Hotak dynasty and Durrani Empire Ahmad Shah Durrani , founder of the last Afghan empire and viewed as Father of the Nation In 1709 , Mirwais Hotak , a local Ghilzai tribal leader , successfully rebelled against the Safavids . He defeated Gurgin Khan and made Afghanistan independent . Mirwais died of a natural cause in 1715 and was succeeded by his brother Abdul Aziz , who was soon killed by Mirwais ' son Mahmud for treason . Mahmud led the Afghan army in 1722 to the Persian capital of Isfahan , captured the city after the Battle of Gulnabad and proclaimed himself King of Persia . The Afghan dynasty was ousted from Persia by Nader Shah after the 1729 Battle of Damghan . In 1738 , Nader Shah and his forces captured Kandahar , the last Hotak stronghold , from Shah Hussain Hotak , at which point the incarcerated 16 - year - old Ahmad Shah Durrani was freed and made the commander of an Afghan regiment . Soon after the Persian and Afghan forces invaded India . By 1747 , the Afghans chose Durrani as their head of state . Durrani and his Afghan army conquered much of present - day Afghanistan , Pakistan , the Khorasan and Kohistan provinces of Iran , and Delhi in India . He defeated the Indian Maratha Empire , and one of his biggest victories was the 1761 Battle of Panipat . In October 1772 , Durrani died of a natural cause and was buried at a site now adjacent to the Shrine of the Cloak in Kandahar . He was succeeded by his son , Timur Shah , who transferred the capital of Afghanistan from Kandahar to Kabul in 1776 . After Timur 's death in 1793 , the Durrani throne passed down to his son Zaman Shah , followed by Mahmud Shah , Shuja Shah and others . The Afghan Empire was under threat in the early 19th century by the Persians in the west and the Sikh Empire in the east . Fateh Khan , leader of the Barakzai tribe , had installed 21 of his brothers in positions of power throughout the empire . After his death , they rebelled and divided up the provinces of the empire between themselves . During this turbulent period , Afghanistan had many temporary rulers until Dost Mohammad Khan declared himself emir in 1826 . The Punjab region was lost to Ranjit Singh , who invaded Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and in 1834 captured the city of Peshawar . In 1837 , during the Battle of Jamrud near the Khyber Pass , Akbar Khan and the Afghan army failed to capture the Jamrud fort from the Sikh Khalsa Army , but killed Sikh Commander Hari Singh Nalwa , thus ending the Afghan - Sikh Wars . By this time the British were advancing from the east and the first major conflict during the `` Great Game '' was initiated . British influence and independent Kingdom Further information : European influence in Afghanistan and Reforms of Amānullāh Khān and civil war British and allied forces at Kandahar after the 1880 Battle of Kandahar , during the Second Anglo - Afghan War . The large defensive wall around the city was removed in the early 1930s by the order of King Nadir . In 1838 , the British marched into Afghanistan and arrested Dost Mohammad , sent him into exile in India and replaced him with the previous ruler , Shah Shuja . Following an uprising , the 1842 retreat from Kabul of British - Indian forces , and the Battle of Kabul that led to its recapture , the British placed Dost Mohammad Khan back into power and withdrew their military forces from Afghanistan . In 1878 , the Second Anglo - Afghan War was fought over perceived Russian influence , Abdur Rahman Khan replaced Ayub Khan , and Britain gained control of Afghanistan 's foreign relations as part of the Treaty of Gandamak of 1879 . In 1893 , Mortimer Durand made Amir Abdur Rahman Khan sign a controversial agreement in which the ethnic Pashtun and Baloch territories were divided by the Durand Line . This was a standard divide and rule policy of the British and would lead to strained relations , especially with the later new state of Pakistan . Zahir Shah , the last king of Afghanistan , who reigned from 1933 to 1973 . After the Third Anglo - Afghan War and the signing of the Treaty of Rawalpindi on 19 August 1919 , King Amanullah Khan declared Afghanistan a sovereign and fully independent state . He moved to end his country 's traditional isolation by establishing diplomatic relations with the international community and , following a 1927 -- 28 tour of Europe and Turkey , introduced several reforms intended to modernize his nation . A key force behind these reforms was Mahmud Tarzi , an ardent supporter of the education of women . He fought for Article 68 of Afghanistan 's 1923 constitution , which made elementary education compulsory . The institution of slavery was abolished in 1923 . Some of the reforms that were actually put in place , such as the abolition of the traditional burqa for women and the opening of a number of co-educational schools , quickly alienated many tribal and religious leaders . Faced with overwhelming armed opposition , Amanullah Khan was forced to abdicate in January 1929 after Kabul fell to rebel forces led by Habibullah Kalakani . Prince Mohammed Nadir Shah , Amanullah 's cousin , in turn defeated and killed Kalakani in November 1929 , and was declared King Nadir Shah . He abandoned the reforms of Amanullah Khan in favor of a more gradual approach to modernisation but was assassinated in 1933 by Abdul Khaliq , a fifteen - year - old Hazara student . Mohammed Zahir Shah , Nadir Shah 's 19 - year - old son , succeeded to the throne and reigned from 1933 to 1973 . Until 1946 , Zahir Shah ruled with the assistance of his uncle , who held the post of Prime Minister and continued the policies of Nadir Shah . Another of Zahir Shah 's uncles , Shah Mahmud Khan , became Prime Minister in 1946 and began an experiment allowing greater political freedom , but reversed the policy when it went further than he expected . He was replaced in 1953 by Mohammed Daoud Khan , the king 's cousin and brother - in - law . Daoud Khan sought a closer relationship with the Soviet Union and a more distant one towards Pakistan . The King build close relationships with the Axis powers in the 1930s - but Afghanistan remained neutral and was neither a participant in World War II nor aligned with either power bloc in the Cold War thereafter . However , it was a beneficiary of the latter rivalry as both the Soviet Union and the United States vied for influence by building Afghanistan 's main highways , airports , and other vital infrastructure . On per capita basis , Afghanistan received more Soviet development aid than any other country . Afghanistan had therefore good relations with both Cold War enemies . In 1973 , while King Zahir Shah was on an official overseas visit , Daoud Khan launched a bloodless coup and became the first President of Afghanistan , abolishing the monarchy . In the meantime , Zulfikar Ali Bhutto got neighboring Pakistan involved in Afghanistan . Some experts suggest that Bhutto paved the way for the April 1978 Saur Revolution . Marxist coup d'état and Soviet war Main articles : Saur Revolution , Soviet -- Afghan War , Democratic Republic of Afghanistan , and History of Afghanistan ( 1978 -- 92 ) Outside the Arg Presidential Palace in Kabul , a day after the April 1978 Marxist coup d'état in which President Daoud Khan was assassinated along with his entire family . In April 1978 , the communist People 's Democratic Party of Afghanistan ( PDPA ) seized power in Afghanistan via a coup d'état . Within months , opponents of the communist regime launched an uprising in eastern Afghanistan that quickly expanded into a civil war waged by guerrilla mujahideen against regime forces countrywide . The Pakistani government provided these rebels with covert training centers , while the Soviet Union sent thousands of military advisers to support the PDPA regime . Meanwhile , increasing friction between the competing factions of the PDPA -- the dominant Khalq and the more moderate Parcham -- resulted in the dismissal of Parchami cabinet members and the arrest of Parchami military officers under the pretext of a Parchami coup . In September 1979 , Nur Muhammad Taraki was assassinated in a coup within the PDPA orchestrated by fellow Khalq member Hafizullah Amin , who assumed the presidency . Distrusted by the Soviets , Amin was assassinated by Soviet special forces in December 1979 . A Soviet - organized regime , led by Parcham 's Babrak Karmal but inclusive of both factions , filled the vacuum . Soviet troops were deployed to stabilize Afghanistan under Karmal in more substantial numbers , although the Soviet government did not expect to do most of the fighting in Afghanistan . As a result , however , the Soviets were now directly involved in what had been a domestic war in Afghanistan . The PDPA prohibited usury , declared equality of the sexes , and introduced women to political life . The United States had been supporting anti-Soviet Afghan mujahideen and foreign `` Afghan Arab '' fighters through Pakistan 's ISI as early as mid-1979 ( see CIA activities in Afghanistan ) . Billions in cash and weapons , which included over two thousand FIM - 92 Stinger surface - to - air missiles , were provided by the United States and Saudi Arabia to Pakistan . During the Soviet war in Afghanistan , Soviet forces and their proxies killed between 562,000 and 2 million Afghans , and also displaced about 6 million people who subsequently fled Afghanistan , mainly to Pakistan and Iran . Pakistan 's North - West Frontier Province functioned as an organisational and networking base for the anti-Soviet Afghan resistance , with the province 's influential Deobandi ulama playing a major supporting role in promoting the ' jihad ' . Faced with mounting international pressure and numerous casualties , the Soviets withdrew in 1989 but continued to support Afghan President Mohammad Najibullah until 1992 . Civil war Main articles : Afghan Civil War ( 1989 -- 92 ) and Afghan Civil War ( 1992 -- 96 ) From 1989 until 1992 , Najibullah 's government tried to solve the ongoing civil war with economic and military aid , but without Soviet troops on the ground . Pakistan 's spy agency ( ISI ) , headed by Hamid Gul at the time , was interested in a trans - national Islamic revolution which would cover Pakistan , Afghanistan and Central Asia . For this purpose Pakistan masterminded an attack on Jalalabad for the Mujahideen to establish their own government in Afghanistan . Najibullah tried to build support for his government by portraying his government as Islamic , and in the 1990 constitution the country officially became an Islamic state and all references of communism were removed . Nevertheless , Najibullah did not win any significant support , and with the dissolution of the Soviet Union in December 1991 , he was left without foreign aid . This , coupled with the internal collapse of his government , led to his ousting from power in April 1992 . After the fall of Najibullah 's government in 1992 , the post-communist Islamic State of Afghanistan was established by the Peshawar Accord , a peace and power - sharing agreement under which all the Afghan parties were united in April 1992 , except for the Pakistani supported Hezb - e Islami of Gulbuddin Hekmatyar . Hekmatyar started a bombardment campaign against the capital city Kabul , which marked the beginning of a new phase in the war . Saudi Arabia and Iran supported different Afghan militias and instability quickly developed . The conflict between the two militias soon escalated into a full - scale war . A section of Kabul during the civil war in 1993 Due to the sudden initiation of the war , working government departments , police units , and a system of justice and accountability for the newly created Islamic State of Afghanistan did not have time to form . Atrocities were committed by individuals of the different armed factions while Kabul descended into lawlessness and chaos . Because of the chaos , some leaders increasingly had only nominal control over their ( sub - ) commanders . For civilians there was little security from murder , rape , and extortion . An estimated 25,000 people died during the most intense period of bombardment by Hekmatyar 's Hezb - i Islami and the Junbish - i Milli forces of Abdul Rashid Dostum , who had created an alliance with Hekmatyar in 1994 . Half a million people fled Afghanistan . Southern and eastern Afghanistan were under the control of local commanders such as Gul Agha Sherzai and others . In 1994 , the Taliban ( a movement originating from Jamiat Ulema - e-Islam - run religious schools for Afghan refugees in Pakistan ) also developed in Afghanistan as a political - religious force . The Taliban first took control of southern Afghanistan in 1994 and forced the surrender of dozens of local Pashtun leaders . In late 1994 , forces of Ahmad Shah Massoud held on to Kabul . Rabbani 's government took steps to reopen courts , restore law and order , and initiate a nationwide political process with the goal of national consolidation and democratic elections . Massoud invited Taliban leaders to join the process but they refused . Taliban Emirate and northern Alliance Main articles : Afghan Civil War ( 1996 -- 2001 ) , Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan , Taliban , and Northern Alliance Map of the situation in Afghanistan in late 1996 ; Massoud ( red ) , Dostum ( green ) and Taliban ( yellow ) territories . The Taliban 's early victories in late 1994 were followed by a series of defeats that resulted in heavy losses . The Taliban attempted to capture Kabul in early 1995 but were repelled by forces under Massoud . In September 1996 , as the Taliban , with military support from Pakistan and financial support from Saudi Arabia , prepared for another major offensive , Massoud ordered a full retreat from Kabul . The Taliban seized Kabul in the same month and established the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan . They imposed a strict form of Sharia , similar to that found in Saudi Arabia . According to Physicians for Human Rights ( PHR ) , `` no other regime in the world has methodically and violently forced half of its population into virtual house arrest , prohibiting them on pain of physical punishment from showing their faces , seeking medical care without a male escort , or attending school '' ( this statement , though , was made in 1998 , long before the advent of ISIS which has imposed even tougher and more violent sharia controls ) . After the fall of Kabul to the Taliban , Massoud and Dostum formed the Northern Alliance . The Taliban defeated Dostum 's forces during the Battles of Mazar - i - Sharif ( 1997 -- 98 ) . Pakistan 's Chief of Army Staff , Pervez Musharraf , began sending thousands of Pakistanis to help the Taliban defeat the Northern Alliance . From 1996 to 2001 , the al - Qaeda network of Osama bin Laden and Ayman al - Zawahiri was also operating inside Afghanistan . This and the fact that around one million Afghans were internally displaced made the United States worry . From 1990 to September 2001 , around 400,000 Afghans died in the internal mini-wars . On 9 September 2001 , Massoud was assassinated by two Arab suicide attackers in Panjshir province of Afghanistan . Two days later , the September 11 attacks were carried out in the United States . The US government suspected Osama bin Laden as the perpetrator of the attacks , and demanded that the Taliban hand him over . The Taliban offered to hand over Bin Laden to a third country for trial , but not directly to the US . Washington refused that offer . Instead , the US launched the October 2001 Operation Enduring Freedom . The majority of Afghans supported the American invasion of their country . During the initial invasion , US and UK forces bombed al - Qaeda training camps . The United States began working with the Northern Alliance to remove the Taliban from power . Recent History ( 2002 -- present ) Further information : War in Afghanistan ( 2001 -- present ) , Taliban insurgency , Civilian casualties in the war in Afghanistan ( 2001 -- present ) , and Corruption in Afghanistan From upper left , clockwise -- Canadian troops in Kandahar ; American president Barack Obama meets Afghan leader Hamid Karzai in March 2010 ; US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton with female politicians in Kabul in October , 2011 ; An officer of the RAF explains a C - 27 of the Afghan air force to ' Thunder Lab ' students in July 2011 In December 2001 , after the Taliban government was overthrown , the Afghan Interim Administration under Hamid Karzai was formed , in which process the Taliban were typecast as ' the bad guys ' and left out . The International Security Assistance Force ( ISAF ) was established by the UN Security Council to help assist the Karzai administration and provide basic security . Taliban forces meanwhile began regrouping inside Pakistan , while more coalition troops entered Afghanistan and began rebuilding the war - torn country . Shortly after their fall from power , the Taliban began an insurgency to regain control of Afghanistan . Over the next decade , ISAF and Afghan troops led many offensives against the Taliban , but failed to fully defeat them . Afghanistan remains one of the poorest countries in the world due to a lack of foreign investment , government corruption , and the Taliban insurgency . Meanwhile , the Afghan government was able to build some democratic structures , and the country changed its name to the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan . Attempts were made , often with the support of foreign donor countries , to improve the country 's economy , healthcare , education , transport , and agriculture . ISAF forces also began to train the Afghan National Security Forces . In the decade following 2002 , over five million Afghans were repatriated , including some who were forcefully deported from Western countries . By 2009 , a Taliban - led shadow government began to form in parts of the country . In 2010 , President Karzai attempted to hold peace negotiations with the Taliban leaders , but the rebel group refused to attend until mid-2015 when the Taliban supreme leader finally decided to back the peace talks . After the May 2011 death of Osama bin Laden in Pakistan , many prominent Afghan figures were assassinated . Afghanistan -- Pakistan border skirmishes intensified and many large scale attacks by the Pakistan - based Haqqani Network also took place across Afghanistan . The United States blamed rogue elements within the Pakistani government for the increased attacks . The U.S. government spent tens of billions of dollars on development aid over 15 years and over a trillion dollars on military expenses during the same period . Corruption by Western defense and development contractors and associated Afghans reached unprecedented levels in a country where the national GDP was often only a small fraction of the U.S. government 's annual budget for the conflict . Following the 2014 presidential election President Karzai left power and Ashraf Ghani became President in September 2014 . The United States ' war in Afghanistan -- by then the longest in its history -- officially ended on 28 December 2014 . However , thousands of US - led NATO troops have remained in the country to train and advise Afghan government forces . The 2001 -- present war has resulted in over 90,000 direct war - related deaths , which includes insurgents , Afghan civilians and government forces . Over 100,000 have been injured . Geography Main article : Geography of Afghanistan Afghanistan map of Köppen climate classification . Topography A landlocked mountainous country with plains in the north and southwest , Afghanistan is located within South Asia and Central Asia . It is part of the US - coined Greater Middle East Muslim world , which lies between latitudes 29 ° N and 39 ° N , and longitudes 60 ° E and 75 ° E. The country 's highest point is Noshaq , at 7,492 m ( 24,580 ft ) above sea level . It has a continental climate with harsh winters in the central highlands , the glaciated northeast ( around Nuristan ) , and the Wakhan Corridor , where the average temperature in January is below − 15 ° C ( 5 ° F ) , and hot summers in the low - lying areas of the Sistan Basin of the southwest , the Jalalabad basin in the east , and the Turkestan plains along the Amu River in the north , where temperatures average over 35 ° C ( 95 ° F ) in July . Landscapes of Afghanistan , from left to right : 1 . Band - e Amir National Park ; 2 . Salang Pass in Parwan Province ; 3 . Korangal Valley in Kunar Province ; and 4 . Kajaki Dam in Helmand Province Despite having numerous rivers and reservoirs , large parts of the country are dry . The endorheic Sistan Basin is one of the driest regions in the world . Aside from the usual rainfall , Afghanistan receives snow during the winter in the Hindu Kush and Pamir Mountains , and the melting snow in the spring season enters the rivers , lakes , and streams . However , two - thirds of the country 's water flows into the neighboring countries of Iran , Pakistan , and Turkmenistan . The state needs more than US $2 billion to rehabilitate its irrigation systems so that the water is properly managed . The northeastern Hindu Kush mountain range , in and around the Badakhshan Province of Afghanistan , is in a geologically active area where earthquakes may occur almost every year . They can be deadly and destructive sometimes , causing landslides in some parts or avalanches during the winter . The last strong earthquakes were in 1998 , which killed about 6,000 people in Badakhshan near Tajikistan . This was followed by the 2002 Hindu Kush earthquakes in which over 150 people were killed and over 1,000 injured . A 2010 earthquake left 11 Afghans dead , over 70 injured , and more than 2,000 houses destroyed . The country 's natural resources include : coal , copper , iron ore , lithium , uranium , rare earth elements , chromite , gold , zinc , talc , barites , sulfur , lead , marble , precious and semi-precious stones , natural gas , and petroleum , among other things . In 2010 , US and Afghan government officials estimated that untapped mineral deposits located in 2007 by the US Geological Survey are worth at least $1 trillion . At 652,230 km ( 251,830 sq mi ) , Afghanistan is the world 's 41st largest country , slightly bigger than France and smaller than Burma , about the size of Texas in the United States . It borders Pakistan in the south and east ; Iran in the west ; Turkmenistan , Uzbekistan , and Tajikistan in the north ; and China in the far east . Demographics Main articles : Demographics of Afghanistan and Afghan diaspora The population of Afghanistan was estimated at 29.2 million in 2017 . Of this , 15 million are males and 14.2 million females . About 22 % of them are urbanite and the remaining 78 % live in rural areas . An additional 3 million or so Afghans are temporarily housed in neighboring Pakistan and Iran , most of whom were born and raised in those two countries . This makes the total Afghan population at around 33,332,025 , and its current growth rate is 2.34 % . This population is expected to reach 82 million by 2050 . The only city with over a million residents is its capital , Kabul . Other large cities in the country are , in order of population size , Kandahar , Herat , Mazar - i - Sharif , Kunduz , Jalalabad , Lashkar Gah , Taloqan , Khost , Sheberghan , and Ghazni . Largest cities or towns in Afghanistan 2012 estimate Rank Name Province Pop . Kabul Kandahar Kabul Kabul Province 3,289,000 Herat Mazar - i - Sharif Kandahar Kandahar Province 491,500 Herat Herat Province 436,300 Mazar - i - Sharif Balkh Province 368,100 5 Kunduz Kunduz Province 304,600 6 Taloqan Takhar Province 219,000 7 Jalalabad Nangarhar Province 206,500 8 Puli Khumri Baghlan Province 203,600 9 Charikar Parwan Province 171,200 10 Sheberghan Jowzjan Province 161,700 Ethnic groups Main article : Ethnic groups in Afghanistan Ethnolinguistic groups of Afghanistan Afghanistan 's population is divided into several ethnolinguistic groups , which are listed in the chart below : Ethnic groups in Afghanistan Ethnic group Recent estimate Pre-2004 estimate Pashtun 42 % 38 -- 55 % Tajik 27 % 26 % ( of this 1 % are Qizilbash ) Hazara 8 % 9 -- 10 % Uzbek 9 % 6 -- 8 % Aimaq 4 % 500,000 to 800,000 Turkmen 3 % 2.5 % Baloch 2 % 100,000 Others ( Pashayi , Nuristani , Arab , Brahui , Pamiri , Gurjar , etc . ) 4 % 6.9 % Languages Main article : Languages of Afghanistan Spoken languages of Afghanistan Dari ( Afghan Persian ) 50 % Pashto 35 % Uzbek and Turkmen 11 % 30 others including Balochi 4 % Pashto and Dari are the official languages of Afghanistan ; bilingualism is very common . Dari , which is Afghanistan 's Persian , functions as the lingua franca in Kabul as well as in much of the northern and northwestern parts of the country . Pashto is the native tongue of the Pashtuns , although many of them are also fluent in Dari while some non-Pashtuns are fluent in Pashto . There are a number of smaller regional languages , they include Uzbeki , Turkmeni , Balochi , Pashayi , and Nuristani . A number of Afghans are also fluent in Urdu , English , and other foreign languages . Religions Main article : Religion in Afghanistan Religion in Afghanistan Sunni Islam 84.7 -- 89.7 % Imamiyyah 7 -- 15 % Ismāʿīlism 4.5 % Other religion 0.5 % Over 99 % of the Afghan population is Muslim . According to latest estimates , up to 90 % practice Sunni Islam and the remaining 7 -- 15 % adhere to Shia Islam . Thousands of Afghan Sikhs and Hindus are also found in the major cities . There was a small Jewish community in Afghanistan who had emigrated to Israel and the United States by the end of the twentieth century ; at least one Jew , Zablon Simintov , remained . Governance Main articles : Politics of Afghanistan and Constitution of Afghanistan The National Assembly of Afghanistan in 2006 Current military situation , as of 27 February 2016 . Under control of the Afghan Government , NATO , and Allies Under control of the Taliban , Al - Qaeda , and Allies Under control of the Islamic State Afghanistan is an Islamic republic consisting of three branches , the executive , legislative , and judicial . The nation is led by President Ashraf Ghani with Abdul Rashid Dostum and Sarwar Danish as vice presidents . Abdullah Abdullah serves as the chief executive officer ( CEO ) . The National Assembly is the legislature , a bicameral body having two chambers , the House of the People and the House of Elders . The Supreme Court is led by Chief Justice Said Yusuf Halem , the former Deputy Minister of Justice for Legal Affairs . According to Transparency International , Afghanistan remains in the top most corrupt countries list . A January 2010 report published by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime revealed that bribery consumed an amount equal to 23 % of the GDP of the nation . A number of government ministries are believed to be rife with corruption , and while then - President Karzai vowed to tackle the problem in 2009 by stating that `` individuals who are involved in corruption will have no place in the government '' , top government officials were stealing and misusing hundreds of millions of dollars through the Kabul Bank . Elections and parties Main articles : Elections in Afghanistan and List of political parties in Afghanistan From left to right : Abdullah Abdullah , John Kerry and Ashraf Ghani during the 2014 presidential election The 2004 Afghan presidential election was relatively peaceful , in which Hamid Karzai won in the first round with 55.4 % of the votes . However , the 2009 presidential election was characterized by lack of security , low voter turnout , and widespread electoral fraud . The vote , along with elections for 420 provincial council seats , took place in August 2009 , but remained unresolved during a lengthy period of vote counting and fraud investigation . Two months later , under international pressure , a second round run - off vote between Karzai and remaining challenger Abdullah was announced , but a few days later Abdullah announced that he would not participate in 7 November run - off because his demands for changes in the electoral commission had not been met . The next day , officials of the election commission cancelled the run - off and declared Hamid Karzai as President for another five - year term . In the 2005 parliamentary election , among the elected officials were former mujahideen , Islamic fundamentalists , warlords , communists , reformists , and several Taliban associates . In the same period , Afghanistan reached to the 30th highest nation in terms of female representation in the National Assembly . The last parliamentary election was held in September 2010 , but due to disputes and investigation of fraud , the swearing - in ceremony took place in late January 2011 . The 2014 presidential election ended with Ashraf Ghani winning by 56.44 % votes . Administrative divisions Main articles : Provinces of Afghanistan and Districts of Afghanistan Afghanistan is administratively divided into 34 provinces ( wilayats ) . Each province is the size of a U.S. county , having a governor and a capital . The country is further divided into nearly 400 provincial districts , each of which normally covers a city or a number of villages . Each district is represented by a district governor . The provincial governors are appointed by the President of Afghanistan and the district governors are selected by the provincial governors . The provincial governors are representatives of the central government in Kabul and are responsible for all administrative and formal issues within their provinces . There are also provincial councils that are elected through direct and general elections for a period of four years . The functions of provincial councils are to take part in provincial development planning and to participate in the monitoring and appraisal of other provincial governance institutions . According to article 140 of the constitution and the presidential decree on electoral law , mayors of cities should be elected through free and direct elections for a four - year term . However , due to huge election costs , mayoral and municipal elections have never been held . Instead , mayors have been appointed by the government . In the capital city of Kabul , the mayor is appointed by the President of Afghanistan . The following is a list of all the 34 provinces in alphabetical order : Afghanistan is divided into 34 provinces , and every province is further divided into a number of districts Badakhshan Badghis Baghlan Balkh Bamyan Daykundi Farah Faryab Ghazni Ghor Helmand Herat Jowzjan Kabul Kandahar Kapisa Khost Kunar Kunduz Laghman Logar Nangarhar Nimruz Nuristan Oruzgan Paktia Paktika Panjshir Parwan Samangan Sar - e Pol Takhar Wardak Zabul Foreign relations and military Main articles : Foreign relations of Afghanistan and Afghan Armed Forces Black Hawks of the Afghan Air Force at Kandahar Airfield . As a major non-NATO ally , the Afghan Armed Forces receive most of their equipment and training from the United States . Afghanistan became a member of the United Nations in 1946 . It enjoys cordial relations with a number of NATO and allied nations , particularly the United States , Canada , United Kingdom , Germany , Australia , and Turkey . In 2012 , the United States and Afghanistan signed their Strategic Partnership Agreement in which Afghanistan became a major non-NATO ally . Afghanistan also has friendly diplomatic relations with neighboring China , Iran , Pakistan , Tajikistan , Turkmenistan , and Uzbekistan , including with regional states such as Bangladesh , India , Japan , Kazakhstan , Nepal , Russia , South Korea , the UAE , and so forth . The Afghan Ministry of Foreign Affairs continues to develop diplomatic relations with other countries around the world . The United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan ( UNAMA ) was established in 2002 in order to help the country recover from the decades of war and neglect . Today , a number of NATO member states deploy about 20,000 troops in Afghanistan as part of the Resolute Support Mission . Its main purpose is to train the Afghan National Security Forces . The Afghan Armed Forces are under the Ministry of Defense , which includes the Afghan Air Force ( AAF ) and the Afghan National Army ( ANA ) . The Commando Corps is the leading fighting force of the ANA . The Afghan Defense University houses various educational establishments for the Afghan Armed Forces , including the National Military Academy of Afghanistan . Law enforcement Main article : Law enforcement in Afghanistan Afghan National Police ( ANP ) in Kunar Province The National Directorate of Security ( NDS ) is Afghanistan 's domestic intelligence agency , which operates similar to that of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security or UK 's Scotland Yard . The Afghan National Police ( ANP ) is under the Ministry of Interior Affairs and serves as a single law enforcement agency all across the country . The Afghan National Civil Order Police is the main branch of the ANP , which is divided into five Brigades , each commanded by a Brigadier General . These brigades are stationed in Kabul , Gardez , Kandahar , Herat , and Mazar - i - Sharif . There is one Chief of Police in every province . All parts of Afghanistan are considered dangerous due to militant activities and terrorism - related incidents . Kidnapping for ransom and robberies are common in major cities . Every year hundreds of Afghan police are killed in the line of duty . The Afghan Border Police ( ABP ) is responsible for protecting the nation 's airports and borders , especially the disputed Durand Line border , which is often used by terrorists and criminals for their illegal activities . Drugs from Afghanistan are smuggled to neighboring countries by various nationals but mostly by Afghans , Iranians , Pakistanis , Tajikistanis , Turkmenistanis and Uzbekistanis . The Afghan Ministry of Counter Narcotics is responsible for the monitoring and eradication of the illegal drug business . Economy Main article : Economy of Afghanistan Workers processing pomegranates ( anaar ) , which Afghanistan is famous for in Asia Afghan women at a textile factory in Kabul Afghanistan 's GDP is around $64 billion with an exchange rate of $18.4 billion , and its GDP per capita is $2,000 . Despite having $1 trillion or more in mineral deposits , it remains as one of the least developed countries . The country imports over $6 billion worth of goods but exports only $658 million , mainly fruits and nuts . It has less than $1.5 billion in external debt . Agricultural production is the backbone of Afghanistan 's economy . The country is known for producing some of the finest pomegranates , grapes , apricots , melons , and several other fresh and dry fruits . It is also known as the world 's largest producer of opium . Sources indicate that as much as 11 % or more of the nation 's economy is derived from the cultivation and sale of opium . While the nation 's current account deficit is largely financed with donor money , only a small portion is provided directly to the government budget . The rest is provided to non-budgetary expenditure and donor - designated projects through the United Nations system and non-governmental organizations . The Afghan Ministry of Finance is focusing on improved revenue collection and public sector expenditure discipline . For example , government revenues increased 31 % to $1.7 billion from March 2010 to March 2011 . Afghanistan , Trends in the Human Development Index , 1970 -- 2010 Da Afghanistan Bank serves as the central bank of the nation and the `` Afghani '' ( AFN ) is the national currency , with an exchange rate of about 60 Afghanis to 1 US dollar . A number of local and foreign banks operate in the country , including the Afghanistan International Bank , New Kabul Bank , Azizi Bank , Pashtany Bank , Standard Chartered Bank , and the First Micro Finance Bank . One of the main drivers for the current economic recovery is the return of over 5 million expatriates , who brought with them fresh energy , entrepreneurship and wealth - creating skills as well as much needed funds to start up businesses . Many Afghans are now involved in construction , which is one of the largest industries in the country . Some of the major national construction projects include the $35 billion New Kabul City next to the capital , the Aino Mena project in Kandahar , and the Ghazi Amanullah Khan Town near Jalalabad . Similar development projects have also begun in Herat , Mazar - e-Sharif , and other cities . An estimated 400,000 people enter the labor market each year . A number of small companies and factories began operating in different parts of the country , which not only provide revenues to the government but also create new jobs . Improvements to the business environment have resulted in more than $1.5 billion in telecom investment and created more than 100,000 jobs since 2003 . Afghan rugs are becoming popular again , allowing many carpet dealers around the country to hire more workers . Afghanistan is a member of WTO , SAARC , ECO , and OIC . It holds an observer status in SCO . Foreign Minister Zalmai Rassoul told the media in 2011 that his nation 's `` goal is to achieve an Afghan economy whose growth is based on trade , private enterprise and investment '' . Experts believe that this will revolutionize the economy of the region . In June 2012 , India advocated for private investments in the resource rich country and the creation of a suitable environment therefor . Mining Main article : Mining in Afghanistan Michael E. O'Hanlon of the Brookings Institution estimated that if Afghanistan generates about $10 bn per year from its mineral deposits , its gross national product would double and provide long - term funding for Afghan security forces and other critical needs . The United States Geological Survey ( USGS ) estimated in 2006 that northern Afghanistan has an average 2.9 billion ( bn ) barrels ( bbl ) of crude oil , 15.7 trillion cubic feet ( 440 bn m ) of natural gas , and 562 million bbl of natural gas liquids . In 2011 , Afghanistan signed an oil exploration contract with China National Petroleum Corporation ( CNPC ) for the development of three oil fields along the Amu Darya river in the north . The country has significant amounts of lithium , copper , gold , coal , iron ore , and other minerals . The Khanashin carbonatite in Helmand Province contains 1,000,000 metric tons ( 1,100,000 short tons ) of rare earth elements . In 2007 , a 30 - year lease was granted for the Aynak copper mine to the China Metallurgical Group for $3 billion , making it the biggest foreign investment and private business venture in Afghanistan 's history . The state - run Steel Authority of India won the mining rights to develop the huge Hajigak iron ore deposit in central Afghanistan . Government officials estimate that 30 % of the country 's untapped mineral deposits are worth at least $1 trillion . One official asserted that `` this will become the backbone of the Afghan economy '' and a Pentagon memo stated that Afghanistan could become the `` Saudi Arabia of lithium '' . In a 2011 news story , the CSM reported , `` The United States and other Western nations that have borne the brunt of the cost of the Afghan war have been conspicuously absent from the bidding process on Afghanistan 's mineral deposits , leaving it mostly to regional powers . '' Transport Main article : Transport in Afghanistan Air Main article : List of airports in Afghanistan An Ariana Afghan Airlines ( AAA ) Airbus A310 in 2006 Air transport in Afghanistan is provided by the national carrier , Ariana Afghan Airlines ( AAA ) , and by private companies such as Afghan Jet International , East Horizon Airlines , Kam Air , Pamir Airways , and Safi Airways . Airlines from a number of countries also provide flights in and out of the country . These include Air India , Emirates , Gulf Air , Iran Aseman Airlines , Pakistan International Airlines , and Turkish Airlines . The country has four international airports : Hamid Karzai International Airport ( formerly Kabul International Airport ) , Kandahar International Airport , Herat International Airport , and Mazar - e Sharif International Airport . There are also around a dozen domestic airports with flights to Kabul and other major cities . Rail Main article : Rail transport in Afghanistan As of 2014 , the country has only two rail links , one a 75 km line from Kheyrabad to the Uzbekistan border and the other a 10 km long line from Toraghundi to the Turkmenistan border . Both lines are used for freight only and there is no passenger service as of yet . There are various proposals for the construction of additional rail lines in the country . In 2013 , the presidents of Afghanistan , Turkmenistan , and Uzbekistan attended the groundbreaking ceremony for a 225 km line between Turkmenistan - Andkhvoy - Mazar - i - Sharif - Kheyrabad . The line will link at Kheyrabad with the existing line to the Uzbekistan border . Plans exist for a rail line from Kabul to the eastern border town of Torkham , where it will connect with Pakistan Railways . There are also plans to finish a rail line between Khaf , Iran and Herat , Afghanistan . Roads Further information : Highway 1 ( Afghanistan ) Traveling by bus in Afghanistan remains dangerous due to militant activities . The buses are usually older model Mercedes - Benz and owned by private companies . Serious traffic accidents are common on Afghan roads and highways , particularly on the Kabul -- Kandahar and the Kabul -- Jalalabad Road . Newer automobiles have recently become more widely available after the rebuilding of roads and highways . They are imported from the United Arab Emirates through Pakistan and Iran . As of 2012 , vehicles more than 10 years old are banned from being imported into the country . The development of the nation 's road network is a major boost for the economy due to trade with neighboring countries . Postal services in Afghanistan are provided by the publicly owned Afghan Post and private companies such as FedEx , DHL , and others . Health Main article : Health in Afghanistan A hospital in Kabul According to the Human Development Index , Afghanistan is the 15th least developed country in the world . The average life expectancy is estimated to be around 60 years . The country 's maternal mortality rate is 396 deaths / 100,000 live births and its infant mortality rate is 66 to 112.8 deaths in every 1,000 live births . The Ministry of Public Health plans to cut the infant mortality rate to 400 for every 100,000 live births before 2020 . The country has more than 3,000 midwives , with an additional 300 to 400 being trained each year . There are over 100 hospitals in Afghanistan , with the most advanced treatments being available in Kabul . The French Medical Institute for Children and Indira Gandhi Children 's Hospital in Kabul are the leading children 's hospitals in the country . Some of the other main hospitals in Kabul include the Jamhuriat Hospital and the under - construction Jinnah Hospital . In spite of all this , many Afghans travel to Pakistan and India for advanced treatment . It was reported in 2006 that nearly 60 % of the Afghan population lives within a two - hour walk of the nearest health facility . Disability rate is also high in Afghanistan due to the decades of war . It was reported recently that about 80,000 people are missing limbs . Non-governmental charities such as Save the Children and Mahboba 's Promise assist orphans in association with governmental structures . Demographic and Health Surveys is working with the Indian Institute of Health Management Research and others to conduct a survey in Afghanistan focusing on maternal death , among other things . Education Main article : Education in Afghanistan UNESCO Institute of Statistics Afghanistan Literacy Rate population plus15 1980 -- 2015 Education in Afghanistan includes K -- 12 and higher education , which is overseen by the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Higher Education . There are over 16,000 schools in the country and roughly 9 million students . Of this , about 60 % are males and 40 % females . Over 174,000 students are enrolled in different universities around the country . About 21 % of these are females . Former Education Minister Ghulam Farooq Wardak had stated that construction of 8,000 schools is required for the remaining children who are deprived of formal learning . The top universities in Afghanistan are the American University of Afghanistan ( AUAF ) followed by Kabul University ( KU ) , both of which are located in Kabul . The National Military Academy of Afghanistan , modeled after the United States Military Academy at West Point , is a four - year military development institution dedicated to graduating officers for the Afghan Armed Forces . The Afghan Defense University was constructed near Qargha in Kabul . Major universities outside of Kabul include Kandahar University in the south , Herat University in the northwest , Balkh University and Kunduz University in the north , Nangarhar University and Khost University in the east . The United States is building six faculties of education and five provincial teacher training colleges around the country , two large secondary schools in Kabul , and one school in Jalalabad . The literacy rate of the entire population is 38.2 % ( males 52 % and females 24.2 % ) . In 2010 , the United States began establishing a number of Lincoln learning centers in Afghanistan . They are set up to serve as programming platforms offering English language classes , library facilities , programming venues , internet connectivity , and educational and other counseling services . A goal of the program is to reach at least 4,000 Afghan citizens per month per location . The Afghan National Security Forces are provided with mandatory literacy courses . In addition to this , Baghch - e-Simsim ( based on the American Sesame Street ) serves as a means to attract Afghan children into learning . Culture Part of a series on the Culture of Afghanistan History People Languages Mythology and folklore ( show ) Mythology Cuisine Festivals Religion Art ( show ) Architecture Sculpture Painting Literature ( show ) Afghan poetry Music and performing arts ( show ) Music Performing arts Media ( show ) Television Cinema Sport Monuments ( show ) World Heritage Sites Symbols ( show ) Flag Coat of arms Afghanistan portal Main article : Culture of Afghanistan Afghanistan is mostly a tribal society with different regions of the country having its own subculture . Their history is traced back to at least the time of the Achaemenid Empire in 500 BCE . In the southern and eastern region , the people live according to the Pashtun culture by following Pashtunwali ( Pashtun way ) . The Pashtuns ( and Baloch ) are largely connected to the culture of South Asia . The remaining Afghans are culturally Persian and Turkic . Some non-Pashtuns who live in proximity with Pashtuns have adopted Pashtunwali in a process called Pashtunization , while some Pashtuns have been Persianized . Those who have lived in Pakistan and Iran over the last 30 years have been further influenced by the cultures of those neighboring nations . Men wearing traditional Afghan dress in the southern city of Kandahar Afghans are regarded with mingled apprehension and condescension , for their high regard for personal honor , for their tribe loyalty and for their readiness to use force to settle disputes . As tribal warfare and internecine feuding has been one of their chief occupations since time immemorial , this individualistic trait has made it difficult for foreigners to conquer them . One writer considers the tribal system to be the best way of organizing large groups of people in a country that is geographically difficult , and in a society that , from a materialistic point of view , has an uncomplicated lifestyle . There are various Afghan tribes , and an estimated 2 -- 3 million nomads . The nation has a complex history that has survived either in its current cultures or in the form of various languages and monuments . However , many of its historic monuments have been damaged in modern times . The two famous Buddhas of Bamiyan were destroyed by the Taliban , who regarded them as idolatrous . Despite that , archaeologists are still finding Buddhist relics in different parts of the country , some of them dating back to the 2nd century . This indicates that Buddhism was widespread in Afghanistan . Other historical places include the cities of Herat , Kandahar , Ghazni , Mazar - i - Sharif , and Zaranj . The Minaret of Jam in the Hari River valley is a UNESCO World Heritage site . A cloak reputedly worn by Islam 's prophet Muhammad is kept inside the Shrine of the Cloak in Kandahar , a city founded by Alexander and the first capital of Afghanistan . The citadel of Alexander in the western city of Herat has been renovated in recent years and is a popular attraction for tourists . In the north of the country is the Shrine of Ali , believed by many to be the location where Ali was buried . The National Museum of Afghanistan is located in Kabul . Classic Persian and Pashto poetry plays an important role in the Afghan culture . Poetry has always been one of the major educational pillars in the region , to the level that it has integrated itself into culture . Some notable poets include Rumi , Rabi'a Balkhi , Sanai , Jami , Khushal Khan Khattak , Rahman Baba , Khalilullah Khalili , and Parween Pazhwak . Media and entertainment Main article : Media of Afghanistan Studio of TOLOnews in Kabul Afghanistan has around 150 radio stations and over 50 television stations , which includes the state - owned RTA TV and various private channels such as Tolo TV and Shamshad TV . The first Afghan newspaper was published in 1906 . By the 1920s , Radio Kabul was broadcasting local radio services . Television programs began airing in the early 1970s . Voice of America , BBC , and Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty ( RFE / RL ) broadcast in both of Afghanistan 's official languages . Since 2002 , press restrictions have been gradually relaxed and private media diversified . Freedom of expression and the press is promoted in the 2004 constitution and censorship is banned , although defaming individuals or producing material contrary to the principles of Islam is prohibited . In 2008 , Reporters Without Borders ranked the media environment as 156 out of 173 countries , with the 1st being the most free . The city of Kabul has been home to many musicians who were masters of both traditional and modern Afghan music . Traditional music is especially popular during the Nowruz ( New Year ) and National Independence Day celebrations . Ahmad Zahir , Nashenas , Ustad Sarahang , Sarban , Ubaidullah Jan , Farhad Darya , and Naghma are some of the notable Afghan musicians , but there are many others . Afghans have long been accustomed to watching Indian Bollywood films and listening to its filmi songs . Many Bollywood film stars have roots in Afghanistan , including Salman Khan , Saif Ali Khan , Shah Rukh Khan ( SRK ) , Aamir Khan , Feroz Khan , Kader Khan , Naseeruddin Shah , Zarine Khan , Celina Jaitly , and a number of others . Several Bollywood films have been shot inside Afghanistan , including Dharmatma , Khuda Gawah , Escape from Taliban , and Kabul Express . Communication Main article : Communications in Afghanistan Telecommunication services in Afghanistan are provided by Afghan Telecom , Afghan Wireless , Etisalat , MTN Group , and Roshan . The country uses its own space satellite called Afghansat 1 , which provides services to over 18 million GSM phone subscribers and over 2.6 million internet users . There are only about 105,310 fixed telephone lines and 295,078 CDMA subscribers in Afghanistan . Sports This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Sport in Afghanistan The Afghanistan national football team ( in red uniforms ) before its first win over India ( in blue ) during the 2011 SAFF Championship . Afghanistan 's sports teams are increasingly celebrating titles at international events . Its basketball team won the first team sports title at the 2010 South Asian Games . Later that year , the country 's cricket team followed as it won the 2009 -- 10 ICC Intercontinental Cup . In 2012 , the country 's 3x3 basketball team won the gold medal at the 2012 Asian Beach Games . In 2013 , Afghanistan 's football team followed as it won the SAFF Championship . Cricket and association football are the most popular sports in the country . The Afghan national cricket team , which was formed in the last decade , participated in the 2009 ICC World Cup Qualifier , 2010 ICC World Cricket League Division One and the 2010 ICC World Twenty20 . It won the ACC Twenty20 Cup in 2007 , 2009 , 2011 and 2013 . The team eventually made it to play in the 2015 Cricket World Cup . The Afghanistan Cricket Board ( ACB ) is the official governing body of the sport and is headquartered in Kabul . The Alokozay Kabul International Cricket Ground serves as the nation 's main cricket stadium . There are a number of other stadiums throughout the country , including the Ghazi Amanullah Khan International Cricket Stadium near Jalalabad . Domestically , cricket is played between teams from different provinces . The Afghanistan national football team has been competing in international football since 1941 . The national team plays its home games at the Ghazi Stadium in Kabul , while football in Afghanistan is governed by the Afghanistan Football Federation . The national team has never competed or qualified for the FIFA World Cup , but has recently won an international football trophy in 2013 . The country also has a national team in the sport of futsal , a 5 - a-side variation of football . Other popular sports in Afghanistan include basketball , volleyball , taekwondo , and bodybuilding . Buzkashi is a traditional sport , mainly among the northern Afghans . It is similar to polo , played by horsemen in two teams , each trying to grab and hold a goat carcass . The Afghan Hound ( a type of running dog ) originated in Afghanistan and was originally used in hunting . See also Afghanistan portal Asia portal South Asia portal Central Asia portal Geography portal Book : Afghanistan Afghanistanism Bibliography of Afghanistan Environmental issues in Afghanistan Index of Afghanistan - related articles International rankings of Afghanistan List of power stations in Afghanistan Outline of Afghanistan Notes Jump up ^ Incorrect names that have been used as demonyms are Afghani and Afghanistani . References ^ Jump up to : `` Article Sixteen of the 2004 Constitution of Afghanistan '' . 2004 . Archived from the original on 28 October 2013 . Retrieved 13 June 2012 . From among the languages of Pashto , Dari , Uzbeki , Turkmani , Baluchi , Pashai , Nuristani , Pamiri ( alsana ) , Arab and other languages spoken in the country , Pashto and Dari are the official languages of the state . ^ Jump up to : `` Ethnic groups '' . The World Factbook . CIA . Archived from the original on 14 October 2013 . Retrieved 18 September 2010 . Pashtun , Tajik , Hazara , Uzbek , other ( includes smaller numbers of Baloch , Turkmen , Nuristani , Pamiri , Arab , Gujar , Brahui , Qizilbash , Aimaq , Pashai , and Kyrghyz ) note : current statistical data on the sensitive subject of ethnicity in Afghanistan is not available , and ethnicity data from small samples of respondents to opinion polls are not a reliable alternative ; Afghanistan 's 2004 constitution recognizes 14 ethnic groups : Pashtun , Tajik , Hazara , Uzbek , Baloch , Turkmen , Nuristani , Pamiri , Arab , Gujar , Brahui , Qizilbash , Aimaq , and Pashai ( 2015 ) Jump up ^ Dictionary.com . The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language , Fourth Edition . Houghton Mifflin Company , 2004 . Reference.com ( Retrieved 13 November 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Dictionary.com . WordNet 3.0 . Princeton University . Reference.com ( Retrieved 13 November 2007 ) . Archived 28 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Central Statistics Organization of Afghanistan Archived 17 December 2015 at the Wayback Machine. : Statistical Yearbook 2012 -- 2013 Archived 17 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine. : Area and administrative Population Jump up ^ `` World Population Prospects : The 2017 Revision '' . ESA.UN.org ( custom data acquired via website ) . United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs , Population Division . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Afghanistan '' . International Monetary Fund . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gini Index '' . World Bank . Archived from the original on 11 May 2014 . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Human Development Report '' ( PDF ) . United Nations Development Programme. 14 December 2015 . p. 18 . Retrieved 14 December 2015 . Jump up ^ The phoneme / f / ف occurs only in loanwords in Pashto , it tends to be replaced with / p / پ . ( b ) is also an allophone of / p / before voiced consonants ; ( v ) is an allophone of / f / before voiced consonants in loanwords . ^ Jump up to : `` Afghanistan '' . The World Factbook . www.cia.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : * `` U.S. maps '' . Pubs.usgs.gov . Archived from the original on 25 December 2013 . Retrieved 19 May 2012 . `` South Asia : Data , Projects , and Research '' . Retrieved 2 March 2015 . `` MAPS SHOWING GEOLOGY , OIL AND GAS FIELDS AND GEOLOGICAL PROVINCES OF SOUTH ASIA ( Includes Afghanistan ) '' . Retrieved 2 March 2015 . `` University of Washington Jackson School of International Studies : The South Asia Center '' . Archived from the original on 2 April 2015 . Retrieved 2 March 2015 . `` Syracruse University : The South Asia Center '' . Retrieved 2 March 2015 . `` Center for South Asian studies '' . Retrieved 2 March 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-26483320 Jump up ^ https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/south-asia/Afghanistan-Most-invaded-yet-unconquerable/articleshow/5542209.cms Jump up ^ Griffin , Luke ( 14 January 2002 ) . `` The Pre-Islamic Period '' . Afghanistan Country Study . Illinois Institute of Technology . Archived from the original on 3 November 2001 . Retrieved 14 October 2010 . 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Stable URL : https://www.jstor.org/stable/40105749 Great Britain 's Great Game : An Introduction Jump up ^ In Defence of British India : Great Britain in the Middle East , 1775 -- 1842 By Edward Ingram . Frank Cass & Co , London , 1984 . ISBN 0714632465 . p7 - 19 Jump up ^ Encyclopedia Americana . Volume 25 . Americana Corporation . 1976 . p. 24 . Jump up ^ Bowersox , Gary W. ( 2004 ) . The Gem Hunter : The Adventures of an American in Afghanistan . United States : GeoVision , Inc. , . p. 100 . ISBN 0 - 9747323 - 1 - 1 . Retrieved 22 August 2010 . To launch this plan , Bhutto recruited and trained a group of Afghans in the Bala - Hesar of Peshawar , in Pakistan 's North - west Frontier Province . Among these young men were Massoud , Gulbuddin Hekmatyar , and other members of Jawanan - e Musulman . Massoud 's mission to Bhutto was to create unrest in northern Afghanistan . It served Massoud 's interests , which were apparently opposition to the Soviets and independence for Afghanistan . Later , after Massoud and Hekmatyar had a terrible falling - out over Massoud 's opposition to terrorist tactics and methods , Massoud overthrew from Jawanan - e Musulman . He joined Rabani 's newly created Afghan political party , Jamiat - i - Islami , in exile in Pakistan . Jump up ^ Hussain , Rizwan ( 2005 ) . Pakistan And The Emergence Of Islamic Militancy In Afghanistan . Ashgate Publishing . pp. 108 -- 109 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7546 - 4434 - 7 . Jump up ^ Kalinovsky , Artemy M. ( 2011 ) . A Long Goodbye : The Soviet Withdrawal from Afghanistan . Harvard University Press . pp. 25 -- 28 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 05866 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : `` Afghanistan '' . Library of Congress Country Studies . Retrieved 14 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Meher , Jagmohan ( 2004 ) . America 's Afghanistan War : The Success that Failed . Gyan Books . pp. 68 -- 69 , 94 . 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Transaction Publishers . p. 129 . ISBN 9781412839655 . During the intervening fourteen years of Communist rule , an estimated 1.5 to 2 million Afghan civilians were killed by Soviet forces and their proxies - the four Communist regimes in Kabul , and the East Germans , Bulgarians , Czechs , Cubans , Palestinians , Indians and others who assisted them . These were not battle casualties or the unavoidable civilian victims of warfare . Soviet and local Communist forces seldom attacked the scattered guerilla bands of the Afghan Resistance except , in a few strategic locales like the Panjsher valley . Instead they deliberately targeted the civilian population , primarily in the rural areas . Jump up ^ Reisman , W. Michael ; Norchi , Charles H. `` Genocide and the Soviet Occupation of Afghanistan '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 7 January 2017 . According to widely reported accounts , substantial programmes of depopulation have been conducted in these Afghan provinces : Ghazni , Nagarhar , Lagham , Qandahar , Zabul , Badakhshan , Lowgar , Paktia , Paktika and Kunar ... There is considerable evidence that genocide has been committed against the Afghan people by the combined forces of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan and the Soviet Union . Jump up ^ Goodson , Larry P. ( 2001 ) . Afghanistan 's Endless War : State Failure , Regional Politics , and the Rise of the Taliban . University of Washington Press . p. 5 . ISBN 9780295980508 . Jump up ^ `` Soldiers of God : Cold War ( Part 1 / 5 ) '' . CNN . 1998 . Archived from the original on 29 July 2013 . Retrieved 11 October 2011 . Jump up ^ UNICEF , Land - mines : A deadly inheritance Archived 5 August 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Landmines in Afghanistan : A Decades Old Danger '' . Defenseindustrydaily.com. 1 February 2010 . 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His commitment to jihad -- to an Islamic revolution transcending national boundaries , was such that he dreamed one day the `` green Islamic flag '' would flutter not just over Pakistan and Afghanistan , but also over territories represented by the ( former Soviet Union ) Central Asian republics . After the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan , as the director - general of the Pakistan 's intelligence organisation , Inter-Services Intelligence ( ISI ) directorate , an impatient Gul wanted to establish a government of the so - called Mujahideen on Afghan soil . He then ordered an assault using non-state actors on Jalalabad , the first major urban centre across the Khyber Pass from Pakistan , with the aim capturing it and declaring it as the seat of the new administration . Jump up ^ Afghanistan Country Study Guide Volume 1 Strategic Information and Developments by INB , p. 73 Jump up ^ Amin Saikal . Modern Afghanistan : A History of Struggle and Survival ( 2006 1st ed . ) . I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd. , London New York . p. 352 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85043 - 437 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : `` Blood - Stained Hands , Past Atrocities in Kabul and Afghanistan 's Legacy of Impunity '' . Human Rights Watch . Archived from the original on 12 December 2009 . Jump up ^ GUTMAN , Roy ( 2008 ) : How We Missed the Story : Osama Bin Laden , the Taliban and the Hijacking of Afghanistan , Endowment of the United States Institute of Peace , 1st ed. , Washington D.C. Jump up ^ `` The September 11 Sourcebooks Volume VII : The Taliban File '' . gwu.edu. 2003 . Archived from the original on 31 October 2013 . Retrieved 16 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Casting Shadows : War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity : 1978 -- 2001 '' ( PDF ) . Afghanistan Justice Project . 2005 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 4 October 2013 . Retrieved 16 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` II . BACKGROUND '' . Human Rights Watch . Archived from the original on 2 November 2008 . Retrieved 16 December 2013 . 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Despite the country 's travails , eight in 10 say it was a good thing for the United States to oust the Taliban in 2001 . And many more blame either the Taliban or al Qaeda for the country 's violence , 53 percent , than blame the United States , 12 percent . The latter is about half what it was in 2012 , coinciding with a sharp reduction in the U.S. deployment . Jump up ^ Tyler , Patrick ( 8 October 2001 ) . `` A Nation challenged : The attack ; U.S. and Britain strike Afghanistan , aiming at bases and terrorist camps ; Bush warns ' Taliban will pay a price ' '' . New York Times . Archived from the original on 11 April 2014 . Retrieved 28 February 2010 . Jump up ^ United Nations Security Council Resolution 1386 . S / RES / 1386 ( 2001 ) 31 May 2001 . Retrieved 21 September 2007 . -- ( UNSCR 1386 ) Jump up ^ `` United States Mission to Afghanistan '' . Nato.usmission.gov . Archived from the original on 21 October 2010 . Retrieved 14 November 2010 . 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Archived from the original on 6 January 2014 . Retrieved 4 February 2012 . Jump up ^ A Humane Afghan City ? by Ann Marlowe in Forbes 2 September 2009 . Archived 31 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1871/01%20Country%20Profile%20FINAL%20July%202016.pdf Jump up ^ `` Economic Growth '' . USAID . Archived from the original on 29 September 2013 . Retrieved 25 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Afghanistan , neighbors unveil ' Silk Road ' plan '' . Reuters. 22 September 2011 . Archived from the original on 27 September 2011 . Retrieved 24 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` CEOs should replace generals in Afghanistan : India '' . 28 June 2012 . Jump up ^ O'Hanlon , Michael E. `` Deposits Could Aid Ailing Afghanistan '' Archived 23 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine. , The Brookings Institution , 16 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Klett , T.R. ( March 2006 ) . Assessment of Undiscovered Petroleum Resources of Northern Afghanistan , 2006 ( PDF ) ( Technical report ) . USGS - Afghanistan Ministry of Mines & Industry Joint Oil & Gas Resource Assessment Team . Fact Sheet 2006 -- 3031 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 July 2013 . Retrieved 13 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Afghanistan signs ' $7 bn ' oil deal with China '' . 28 December 2011 . Archived from the original on 30 December 2013 . Retrieved 29 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Afghanistan 's Mineral Fortune '' . Institute for Environmental Diplomacy and Security Report . 2011 . Archived from the original on 12 December 2013 . Retrieved 16 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Ronald D. ( 2011 ) . Rare Earth Element Mineralogy , Geochemistry , and Preliminary Resource Assessment of the Khanneshin Carbonatite Complex , Helmand Province , Afghanistan ( PDF ) ( Technical report ) . USGS . Open - File Report 2011 -- 1207 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 July 2013 . Retrieved 13 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` China , Not U.S. , Likely to Benefit from Afghanistan 's Mineral Riches '' . Daily Finance . 14 June 2010 Archived 31 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` China Willing to Spend Big on Afghan Commerce '' . The New York Times . 29 December 2009 . Archived from the original on 31 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Group Wins Rights to Mine in Afghanistan 's Hajigak Archived 10 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine . '' . Businessweek. 6 December 2011 Jump up ^ Risen , James ( 17 June 2010 ) . `` U.S. Identifies Vast Riches of Minerals in Afghanistan '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 17 June 2010 . Retrieved 14 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` China wins $700 million Afghan oil and gas deal . Why did n't the US bid ? '' . CSMonitor.com. 28 December 2011 Archived 31 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Maps , Railways of Afghanistan , http://www.andrewgrantham.co.uk/afghanistan/tag/map/ Jump up ^ Three presidents launch construction of international rail link , 6 June 2013 , http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/infrastructure/single-view/view/three-presidents-launch-construction-of-international-rail-link.html?sword_list[]=afghan&no_cache=1 Jump up ^ Tolo News -- Construction on Kabul - Torkham Railway to Start Soon , Ministry of Mines Says Archived 9 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine. , Tamim Shaheer. 18 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Khaf - Herat railway , http://www.raillynews.com/2013/khaf-herat-railway/ Jump up ^ `` Driving in Afghanistan '' . Caravanistan . Caravanistan . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Afghan bus crash kills 45 '' . theguardian.com. 26 April 2013 . Retrieved 4 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Afghanistan '' ( PDF ) . World Health Organization ( WHO ) . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : UNESCO , Country profile , http://uis.unesco.org/en/country/af Jump up ^ Peter , Tom A. ( 17 December 2011 ) . `` Childbirth and maternal health improve in Afghanistan '' . Christian Science Monitor . Archived from the original on 31 December 2013 . Retrieved 12 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Health '' . United States Agency for International Development ( USAID ) . Archived from the original on 29 September 2013 . Retrieved 20 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Anne - Marie DiNardo , LPA / PIPOS ( 31 March 2006 ) . `` Empowering Afghanistan 's Disabled Population -- 31 March 2006 '' . Usaid.gov . Archived from the original on 8 May 2004 . Retrieved 19 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Richard Norton - Taylor ( 13 February 2008 ) . `` Afghanistan 's refugee crisis ' ignored ' '' . Guardian . London . Archived from the original on 15 December 2010 . Retrieved 19 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Afghanistan : People living with disabilities call for integration Archived 20 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Virginia Haussegger Mahooba 's Promise ABC TV 7.30 Report . 2009 . ABC.net.au . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Archived 26 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Afghanistan '' . Measuredhs.com . Archived from the original on 30 December 2013 . Retrieved 14 November 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Education '' . USAID . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Wardak seeks $3 b in aid for school buildings '' . Pajhwok Afghan News . 18 May 2013 . Archived from the original on 30 December 2013 . Retrieved 13 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Management and Establishment of Lincoln Learning Centers in Afghanistan '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 26 July 2013 . Retrieved 19 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ghazni governor signs memorandum for Lincoln Learning Center -- War On Terror News '' . Waronterrornews.typepad.com. 22 September 2010 . Archived from the original on 31 December 2013 . Retrieved 4 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rising literacy in Afghanistan ensures transition '' . Army.mil . Archived from the original on 9 December 2013 . Retrieved 4 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Country Profile : Afghanistan '' ( PDF ) . Library of Congress Country Studies on Afghanistan . August 2008 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 8 April 2014 . Retrieved 16 August 2010 . Jump up ^ US Library of Congress : Afghanistan -- Ethnic Groups ( Pashtun ) Jump up ^ Heathcote , Tony ( 1980 , 2003 ) `` The Afghan Wars 1839 -- 1919 '' , Sellmount Staplehurst . Jump up ^ `` Afghanistan : Kuchi nomads seek a better deal '' . IRIN Asia . 18 February 2008 . Archived 10 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ G.V. Brandolini . Afghanistan cultural heritage . Orizzonte terra , Bergamo. 2007 . p. 64 . Jump up ^ `` 42 Buddhist relics discovered in Logar '' . Maqsood Azizi . Pajhwok Afghan News . 18 August 2010 . Archived from the original on 1 February 2012 . Retrieved 23 August 2010 . ( bad URL - does not match page title ) Jump up ^ `` Afghan archaeologists find Buddhist site as war rages '' . Sayed Salahuddin . News Daily . 17 August 2010 . Archived from the original on 18 August 2010 . Retrieved 16 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Buddhist remains found in Afghanistan '' . Press TV . 17 August 2010 . Archived from the original on 20 August 2010 . Retrieved 16 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Classical Dari and Pashto Poets '' . Afghan-web.com . Archived from the original on 6 October 2013 . Retrieved 4 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Artist Biographies '' . Afghanland.com . Archived from the original on 9 August 2013 . Retrieved 17 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Statistics '' . Ministry of Communications ( Afghanistan ) . 2006 . Archived from the original on 29 March 2014 . Retrieved 17 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sports '' . Pajhwok Afghan News . pajhwok.com . Archived from the original on 9 February 2014 . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Further reading Books Banting , Erinn. ( 2003 ) . Afghanistan the People . Crabtree Publishing Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7787 - 9336 - 6 . Archived from the original on 12 January 2014 . Bleaney , C. H ; Gallego , María Ángeles ( 2006 ) . Afghanistan : a bibliography . BRILL . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 14532 - 0 . Archived from the original on 12 January 2014 . Clements , Frank ( 2003 ) . Conflict in Afghanistan : a Historical Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85109 - 402 - 8 . Archived from the original on 12 January 2014 . Fowler , Corinne ( 2007 ) . Chasing Tales : Travel Writing , Journalism and the History of British Ideas About Afghanistan . Rodopi . ISBN 978 - 90 - 420 - 2262 - 1 . Archived from the original on 12 January 2014 . Griffiths , John C ( 2001 ) . Afghanistan : a History of Conflict . Carlton Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84222 - 597 - 4 . Archived from the original on 12 January 2014 . Habibi , Abdul Hai ( 2003 ) . Afghanistan : an Abridged History . Fenestra Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58736 - 169 - 2 . Hopkins , B.D. ( 2008 ) . The Making of Modern Afghanistan . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 55421 - 4 . Archived from the original on 12 January 2014 . Johnson , Robert ( 2011 ) . The Afghan Way of War : How and Why They Fight . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 979856 - 8 . Levi , Peter ( 1972 ) . The Light Garden of the Angel King : Journeys in Afghanistan . Collins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 211042 - 6 . Archived from the original on 12 January 2014 . Malleson , George Bruce ( 2005 ) . History of Afghanistan , from the Earliest Period to the Outbreak of the War of 1878 ( Elibron Classic Replica ed . ) . Adamant Media Corporation . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4021 - 7278 - 6 . Archived from the original on 2 January 2014 . Olson , Gillia M ( 2005 ) . Afghanistan . Capstone Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7368 - 2685 - 3 . Archived from the original on 12 January 2014 . Omrani , Bijan ; Leeming , Matthew ( 2011 ) . Afghanistan : A Companion and Guide ( 2nd ed . ) . Odyssey Publications . ISBN 978 - 962 - 217 - 816 - 8 . Archived from the original on 12 January 2014 . Reddy , L.R. ( 2002 ) . Inside Afghanistan : End of the Taliban Era ? . APH Publishing . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7648 - 319 - 3 . Romano , Amy ( 2003 ) . A Historical Atlas of Afghanistan . The Rosen Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8239 - 3863 - 6 . Archived from the original on 12 January 2014 . Runion , Meredith L. ( 2007 ) . The History of Afghanistan . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 33798 - 7 . Archived from the original on 12 January 2014 . Articles Meek , James . Worse than a Defeat . London Review of Books , Vol. 36 , No. 24 , December 2014 , pages 3 -- 10 External links Find more aboutAfghanistanat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Afghanistan . Office of the President `` Afghanistan '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Afghanistan web resources provided by GovPubs at the University of Colorado -- Boulder Libraries Afghanistan at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Wikimedia Atlas of Afghanistan Research Guide to Afghanistan Links to related articles Afghanistan articles History Timeline Pre-Islamic period Indus Valley Civilisation Maurya Empire Greater Khorasan Islamic conquest Arabs in Afghanistan Mongol invasion Hotak dynasty Durrani Empire Third Battle of Panipat Battle of Jamrud Afghan -- Sikh wars First Anglo - Afghan War Second Anglo - Afghan War Third Anglo - Afghan War European influence Reforms of Amānullāh Khān and civil war European influence in Afghanistan ( Nadir Shah Zahir Shah ) Daoud 's Republic Democratic Republic Soviet war since 1992 2001 invasion War ( 2001 -- 2014 ) Geography Administrative divisions provinces districts cities Earthquakes Volcanoes Demographics Languages Persian ( Dari ) Pashtuns Tajiks Farsiwan Qizilbash Kho Hazaras Gurjar Uzbeks Turkmens Baloch people Nuristanis Hindki Arabs Politics Constitution Loya jirga President Vice President Chief Executive Officer Cabinet of Ministers National Assembly House of Elders House of the People Political parties Elections Current provincial governors Supreme Court Chief Justice Human rights LGBT Foreign relations Afghan National Security Forces Economy Afghani ( currency ) Energy Mining Taxation Tourism Heroin International rankings Infrastructure Airports Ariana Afghan Airlines Communications Rail transport and history Trans - 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Qaeda Osama bin Laden al - Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula Abu Sayyaf Anwar al - Awlaki Al - Shabaab Boko Haram Harkat - ul - Jihad al - Islami Hizbul Mujahideen Islamic Courts Union Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant Jaish - e-Mohammed Jemaah Islamiyah Lashkar - e-Taiba Taliban Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan Conflicts Operation Enduring Freedom War in Afghanistan OEF -- Philippines Georgia Train and Equip Program Georgia Sustainment and Stability OEF -- Horn of Africa OEF -- Trans Sahara Drone strikes in Pakistan Other Operation Active Endeavour Insurgency in the Maghreb ( 2002 -- present ) Insurgency in the North Caucasus Moro conflict in the Philippines Iraq War Iraqi insurgency Operation Linda Nchi Terrorism in Saudi Arabia War in North - West Pakistan War in Somalia ( 2006 -- 09 ) 2007 Lebanon conflict al - Qaeda insurgency in Yemen Korean conflict See also Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse Axis of evil Black sites Bush Doctrine Clash of Civilizations Cold War Combatant Status Review Tribunal Criticism of the War on Terror Death of Osama bin Laden Enhanced interrogation techniques Torture Memos Extrajudicial prisoners Extraordinary rendition Guantanamo Bay detention camp Iranian Revolution Islamic terrorism Islamism Military Commissions Act of 2006 North Korea and weapons of mass destruction Terrorist Surveillance Program Operation Noble Eagle Operation Eagle Assist Pakistan 's role Patriot Act President 's Surveillance Program Protect America Act of 2007 September 11 attacks State Sponsors of Terrorism Targeted killing Targeted Killing in International Law Targeted Killings : Law and Morality in an Asymmetrical World Unitary executive theory Unlawful combatant Withdrawal of U.S. troops from Afghanistan CAGE Terrorism portal War portal War in Afghanistan ( 2001 -- present ) Invasion and occupation Order of battle Operations Logistics International Security Assistance Force Taliban insurgency Drone strikes in Pakistan Withdrawal of U.S. troops from Afghanistan Resolute Support Mission Casualties and losses Afghan forces Civilian Lists 2001 -- 06 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Coalition U.S. United Kingdom Canadian German Norwegian Aviation incidents Events and controversies 2001 -- 2006 2001 Dasht - i - Leili massacre Battle of Tarinkot Fall of Mazar - i - Sharif Siege of Kunduz Uprising in Herat Fall of Kabul Battle of Shawali Kowt Battle of Sayyd Alma Kalay Battle of Qala - i - Jangi Fall of Kandahar Battle of Tora Bora 2002 Guantanamo Bay 2002 Kabul bombing 2003 2005 Bagram torture and prisoner abuse Salt Pit 2006 2007 Shinwar shooting Hyderabad airstrike Nangar Khel incident Helmand Province airstrikes 2007 Baghlan sugar factory bombing 2007 Bagram Airfield bombing 2007 South Korean hostage crisis in Afghanistan 2008 Haska Meyna wedding party airstrike Azizabad airstrike Wech Baghtu wedding party airstrike 2008 Indian embassy bombing in Kabul 2008 Kabul Serena Hotel attack Kidnapping of David Rohde Sarposa prison attack of 2008 2008 Kandahar bombing Spin Boldak bombing 2009 Granai airstrike Kunduz airstrike Narang night raid February 2009 Kabul raids 2009 Kabul Indian embassy attack 2009 Kandahar bombing 2009 NATO Afghanistan headquarters bombing Camp Chapman attack Khataba raid February 2010 Kabul attack Uruzgan helicopter attack Sangin airstrike Maywand District murders Tarok Kolache Nadahan wedding bombing May 2010 Kabul bombing 2010 Badakhshan massacre 2011 Mano Gai airstrike Pakistani border attack Bin Laden raid Sarposa Prison tunneling escape Helmand Province incident 2011 Logar province bombing 2011 Afghanistan Ashura bombings 2011 Nimruz province bombing 2011 Zabul province bombing 2011 Chinook shootdown in Afghanistan 2012 Urination video Kapisa airstrike Quran burning protests April 2012 Afghanistan attacks Forward Operating Base Delhi massacre Kandahar massacre September 2012 Camp Bastion raid Body pictures 2013 June 2013 Kabul bombings 2013 Afghan presidential palace attack 2013 attack on U.S. consulate in Herat 2013 Indian embassy attack 2014 Herat Indian Consulate Attack 2014 Paktika car bombing 2014 Yahyakhel suicide bombing 2014 Kabul Serena Hotel attack Atiqullah Raufi assassination December 2014 Kabul bombings 2015 2015 Park Palace guesthouse attack 2015 Kabul Parliament attack Khost suicide bombing Jalalabad suicide bombing August 2015 Kabul attacks 10 August 2015 Kabul suicide attack 22 August 2015 Kabul suicide attack Ghazni prison escape Battle of Kunduz Kunduz hospital airstrike Kandahar Airport attack 2015 Spanish Embassy attack in Kabul 2016 February 2016 Kabul bombing Nangarhar Offensive ( 2016 ) 2016 Jalalabad suicide bombing Operation Omari Kabul NDS building Kunduz - Takhar highway hostage crisis Kabul Canadian Embassy convoy bombing Wardak Province bombing Kabul Hazara protest bombing Kabul Northgate Hotel bombing Jani Khel offensive Kabul American University siege Kabul Defense Ministry bombing Battle of Tarinkot ( 2016 ) Battle of Kunduz ( 2016 ) Battle of Boz Qandahari Mazar - i - Sharif German consulate attack Bagram Airfield bombing Kabul Shia mosque bombing 2017 10 January 2017 Afghanistan bombings February 2017 Afghanistan 's Supreme Court in Kabul attack 2017 Sangin airstrike March 2017 Kabul attack 2017 Nangarhar airstrike 2017 Camp Shaheen attack May 2017 Kabul attack June 2017 Kabul attack 2017 Herat bombing June 2017 Kabul mosque attack 2017 Lashkargah bombing Iraqi embassy attack Herat mosque attack Reactions Afghan War documents leak International public opinion Opposition Protests Memorials London Category Multimedia Wikinews VIAF : 138292433 LCCN : n79063030 ISNI : 0000 0001 2167 7801 GND : 4000687 - 6 SUDOC : 027944069 BNF : cb11987818g ( data ) NLA : 35001590 NDL : 00560077 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Afghanistan&oldid=816061972 '' Categories : Afghanistan Central Asian countries Iranian Plateau Islamic republics Landlocked countries Least developed countries Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation Member states of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation Member states of the United Nations Pashto - 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kabul is the capital of the country that borders turkmenistan
[ "\n\nIslamic Republic of Afghanistan\n\n\n\nد افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت (Pashto)\nDa Afġānistān Islāmī Jumhoryat\nجمهوری اسلامی افغانستان (Dari)\nJomhūrīyyeh Eslāmīyyeh Afġānestān\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFlag\n\n\n\nCoat of arms\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMotto: لا إله إلا الله، محمد رسول الله\n\"Lā ʾilāha ʾillā llāh, Muhammadun rasūlu llāh\"\n\"There is no God but Allah; Muhammad is the messenger of Allah. (Shahada)\n\n\n\n\nAnthem: Millī Surūd\nملي سرود‬\n(English: \"National Anthem\")\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCapital\nand largest city\nKabul\n34°32′N 69°08′E / 34.533°N 69.133°E / 34.533; 69.133\n\n\nOfficial languages\n\n\n\nPashto\nDari[1]\n\n\n\n\n\nEthnic groups\nPashtun, Tajik, Hazara, Uzbek, and others[2]\n\n\nReligion\nIslam\n\n\nDemonym\nAfghan[Note 1]\n\n\nGovernment\nUnitary presidential Islamic republic\n\n\n\n• President\n\nAshraf Ghani\n\n\n\n• Chief Executive Officer\n\nAbdullah Abdullah\n\n\nLegislature\nNational Assembly\n\n\n\n• Upper house\n\nHouse of Elders\n\n\n\n• Lower house\n\nHouse of the People\n\n\nFormation\n\n\n\n• Hotak Empire\n\nApril 1709\n\n\n\n• Durrani Empire\n\nOctober 1747\n\n\n\n• Emirate\n\n1823\n\n\n\n• Recognized\n\n19 August 1919\n\n\n\n• Kingdom\n\n9 June 1926\n\n\n\n• Republic\n\n17 July 1973\n\n\n\n• Current constitution\n\n26 January 2004\n\n\nArea\n\n\n\n• Total\n\n652,864[5] km2 (252,072 sq mi) (40th)\n\n\n\n• Water (%)\n\nnegligible\n\n\nPopulation\n\n\n\n• 2016 estimate\n\n34,656,032[6] (40th)\n\n\n\n• Density\n\n49.88/km2 (129.2/sq mi) (150th)\n\n\nGDP (PPP)\n2017 estimate\n\n\n\n• Total\n\n$70 billion[7]\n\n\n\n• Per capita\n\n$1,888[7]\n\n\nGDP (nominal)\n2017 estimate\n\n\n\n• Total\n\n$21 billion[7]\n\n\n\n• Per capita\n\n$572[7]\n\n\nGini (2008)\n29[8]\nlow\n\n\nHDI (2014)\n 0.465[9]\nlow · 171st\n\n\nCurrency\nAfghani (AFN)\n\n\nTime zone\nD† (UTC+4:30 Solar Calendar)\n\n\nDrives on the\nright\n\n\nCalling code\n+93\n\n\nISO 3166 code\nAF\n\n\nInternet TLD\n.af افغانستان.\n\n" ]
[ "Islamic Republic of Afghanistan" ]
3586845115628618573
Renee Lawless
Renée Lawless - Wikipedia Renée Lawless Jump to : navigation , search Renee Lawless November 30 , 1960 ( 1960 - 11 - 30 ) ( age 57 ) Knoxville , Tennessee , US Occupation Actress Website Official website Renee Lawless - Orsini ( born November 30 , 1960 ) is an American actress and singer . She is currently starring as the bitter and distant matriarch , Katheryn Cryer , in the OWN drama series The Haves and the Have Nots . Lawless was born in Knoxville , Tennessee , and moved with her family to Jacksonville in at age 9 and graduated from Sandalwood High School , Stetson University , and University of Cincinnati -- College - Conservatory of Music . As of mid 1990 's she appeared primary on stage productions , like national touring of Beauty and the Beast , and Wicked . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Facebook ^ Jump up to : David Crumpler ( May 28 , 2013 ) . `` Two actresses with Jacksonville ties star in new Oprah Winfrey Network show '' . Jacksonville News . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ Susan Alexander ( May 24 , 2013 ) . `` Knox native Renee Lawless takes on lead role in Tyler Perry drama ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' '' . Knoxville News Sentinel . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` Renée Lawless as Katheryn Cryer '' . oprah.com . OWN . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ Philiana Ng ( April 4 , 2013 ) . `` OWN Sets Premieres for Tyler Perry 's Scripted Series , Greenlights Two Shows '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 29 . External links ( edit ) Official website Renee Lawless on IMDb This article about an American television actor or actress born in the 1960s is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Renee_Lawless&oldid=821191650 '' Categories : Living people 1960 births American musical theatre actresses American stage actresses American television actresses American soap opera actresses People from Knoxville , Tennessee Actresses from Atlanta Stetson University alumni University of Cincinnati -- College - Conservatory of Music alumni American television actor , 1960s birth stubs Hidden categories : Articles with hCards All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 18 January 2018 , at 23 : 16 . About Wikipedia
who plays catherine on the haves and the have nots
[ "Renee Lawless-Orsini (born November 30,[1] 1960) is an American actress and singer. She is currently starring as the bitter and distant matriarch, Katheryn Cryer, in the OWN drama series The Haves and the Have Nots.[2][3][4][5]" ]
[ "Renee Lawless-Orsini" ]
8621718497384475999
Battle of New Orleans
Battle of New Orleans - wikipedia Battle of New Orleans Jump to : navigation , search For the battle at New Orleans during the American Civil War , see Capture of New Orleans . For other uses , see Battle of New Orleans ( disambiguation ) . Battle of New Orleans Part of the War of 1812 The Battle of New Orleans by Henry Bryan Hall after William Momberger Date January 6 -- 18 , 1815 Location About five miles ( 8 km ) east - southeast of New Orleans on the grounds of Chalmette Plantation Result Decisive American victory British forces withdraw completely from Louisiana Belligerents United States United Kingdom Commanders and leaders Andrew Jackson William Carroll John Coffee John Adair Walter Overton Daniel Patterson David B. Morgan Pierre Denis de La Ronde Jacques Villeré Thomas Hinds Joseph Savary René Trudeau Francis B. de Bellevue Daniel Carmick Jean Laffite Edward Pakenham † Alexander Cochrane Samuel Gibbs † John Keane ( WIA ) John Lambert William Thornton Thomas Mullins Units involved See order of battle See order of battle Strength 4,732 14,450 Casualties and losses 55 killed 185 wounded 93 missing Total : 333 386 killed 1,521 wounded 552 missing or captured Total : 2,459 American South Creek War 1st Fort Bowyer Fayal Pensacola 13 December 1814 Lake Borgne New Orleans Fort St. Philip Fort Peter 2nd Fort Bowyer Post-treaty ratification battles of the War of 1812 HMS Cyane and HMS Levant HMS Penguin EIC Nautilus Naval bsttles of the War of 1812 Atlantic Ocean USS Essex vs HMS Alert USS Constitution vs HMS Guerriere Capture of HMS Frolic USS United States vs HMS Macedonian USS Constitution vs HMS Java Sinking of HMS Peacock Rappahannock River Capture of USS Chesapeake Capture of HMS Dominica Capture of USS Argus Capture of HMS Boxer Capture of USS Frolic Capture of HMS Epervier Sinking of HMS Reindeer Sinking of HMS Avon Fayal Capture of USS President Capture of HMS Cyane and HMS Levant Capture of HMS Penguin Capture of East India Company ship Nautilus East Coast Chesapeake Bay Alexandria Baltimore Hampden Fort Peter Great Lakes / Saint Lawrence River Lake Ontario 1st Sacket 's Harbor York Fort George 2nd Sacket 's Harbor Lake Erie Fort Oswego Lake Huron Lake Champlain West Indies / Gulf Coast La Guaira 1st Fort Bowyer Action of 13 December 1814 Lake Borgne New Orleans Fort St. Philip 2nd Fort Bowyer Pacific Ocean James Island Charles Island Nuku Hiva Downes Expedition Porter Expedition Typee Valley Valparaiso ( Capture of USS Essex ) Seringapatam Mutiny Action of 9 May 1814 The Battle of New Orleans was an engagement fought between December 14 , 1814 and January 18 , 1815 , constituting the final major battle of the War of 1812 , and the most one - sided battle of that war . American combatants , commanded by Major General Andrew Jackson , prevented an overwhelming British force , commanded by Admiral Alexander Cochrane and General Edward Pakenham , from seizing New Orleans and the vast territory the United States had acquired with the Louisiana Purchase . The Treaty of Ghent had been signed on December 24 , 1814 ( but was not ratified by the US Government until February 1815 ) , and hostilities continued without the involved parties knowing about the Treaty , until January 18 by when all of the British forces had retreated , finally putting an end to the Battle of New Orleans . Contents ( hide ) 1 Battle of Lake Borgne 2 Night attack of December 23 3 Battle of January 8 4 Siege of Fort St. Philip 5 Withdrawal of the British 6 Pakenham 's secret orders 7 Distinguished service 8 Aftermath 8.1 Victory attributed to a miracle 9 In popular culture 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links Battle of Lake Borgne ( edit ) Main article : Battle of Lake Borgne Eighteenth century map of southeast Louisiana By December 12 , 1814 , sixty British ships with 14,450 soldiers and sailors aboard , under the command of Admiral Sir Alexander Cochrane , had anchored in the Gulf of Mexico to the east of Lake Pontchartrain and Lake Borgne . Preventing access to the lakes was an American flotilla , commanded by Lieutenant Thomas ap Catesby Jones , consisting of five gunboats . On December 14 , around 1,200 British sailors and Royal Marines under Captain Nicholas Lockyer set out to attack Jones ' force . Lockyer 's men sailed in 42 longboats , each armed with a small carronade . Lockyer captured Jones ' vessels in a brief engagement known as the Battle of Lake Borgne. 17 British sailors were killed and 77 wounded , while 6 Americans were killed , 35 wounded , and 86 captured . The wounded included both Jones and Lockyer . Now free to navigate Lake Borgne , thousands of British soldiers , under the command of General John Keane , were rowed to Pea Island ( possibly now Pearl River Island ) , about 30 miles ( 48 km ) east of New Orleans , where they established a garrison . Captain René Trudeau 's `` Troop of Horse '' participated in the Battle December 14 , 1814 - March 16 , 1815 . Night attack of December 23 ( edit ) Night battle On the morning of December 23 , Keane and a vanguard of 1,800 British soldiers reached the east bank of the Mississippi River , 9 miles ( 14 km ) south of New Orleans . Keane could have attacked the city by advancing for a few hours up the river road , which was undefended all the way to New Orleans , but he made the fateful decision to encamp at Lacoste 's Plantation and wait for the arrival of reinforcements . Meanwhile , General Jackson learned of the advances and position of the British encampment from Colonel Pierre Denis ( born Denys ) de La Ronde ( upon whose plantation , commonly misnamed Versailles , Louisiana , the Night Battle was later largely fought ) ) , and his son - in - law , who was Colonel Jacques Villeré 's son , Gabriel Villeré . The young major had cleverly escaped through a window after capture , when the advancing British invaded his family home . `` At the close of Major Villere 's narrative the General drew up his figure , bowed with disease and weakness , to its full height , and with an eye of fire and an emphatic blow upon the table with his clenched fist , exclaimed : ' By the Eternal , they shall not sleep on our soil ! ' '' -- Stanley Clisby Arthur , The Story of the Battle of New Orleans That evening , attacking from the north , Jackson led 2,131 men in a brief three - pronged assault on the unsuspecting British troops , who were resting in their camp . Then Jackson pulled his forces back to the Rodriguez Canal , about 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) south of the city . The Americans suffered 24 killed , 115 wounded , and 74 missing , while the British reported their losses as 46 killed , 167 wounded , and 64 missing . Historian Robert Quimby says , `` the British certainly did win a tactical victory , which enabled them to maintain their position . '' However , Quimby goes on to say , `` It is not too much to say that it was the battle of December 23 that saved New Orleans . The British were disabused of their expectation of an easy conquest . The unexpected and severe attack made Keane even more cautious ... he made no effort to advance on the twenty - fourth or twenty - fifth . '' As a consequence , the Americans were given time to begin the transformation of the canal into a heavily fortified earthwork . On Christmas Day , General Edward Pakenham arrived on the battlefield and ordered a reconnaissance - in - force on December 28 against the American earthworks protecting the advance to New Orleans . That evening , General Pakenham met with General Keane and Admiral Cochrane for an update on the situation , angry with the position that the army had been placed in . General Pakenham wanted to use Chef Menteur Road as the invasion route , but he was overruled by Admiral Cochrane , who insisted that his boats were providing everything that could be needed . Admiral Cochrane believed the veteran British soldiers would easily destroy Jackson 's ramshackle army , and he allegedly said that if the army did not do it , his sailors would . Whatever Pakenham 's thoughts on the matter , the meeting settled the method and place of the attack . When the British reconnaissance - in - force withdrew , the Americans immediately began constructing earthworks to protect the artillery batteries . These defenses were then christened Line Jackson . The Americans installed eight batteries , which included one 32 - pound gun , three 24 - pounders , one 18 - pounder , three 12 - pounders , three 6 - pounders , and a 6 - inch ( 150 mm ) howitzer. Jackson also sent a detachment to the west bank of the Mississippi to man two 24 - pounders and two 12 - pounders on the grounded warship USS Louisiana . Even so , Jackson 's force was greatly outnumbered by the attacking forces . Jackson 's total of 4,732 men was made up of 968 U.S. Army regulars , 58 U.S. Marines ( holding the center of the defensive line ) , 106 seamen of the US Naval battalion , 1,060 Louisiana militia and volunteers ( including 462 free people of color ) , 1,352 Tennessee militia , 986 Kentucky militia , 150 Mississippi militia , and 52 Choctaw warriors , along with a force from the pirate Jean Lafitte 's Baratarians . Jackson also had the support of the warships in the Mississippi River , including the USS Louisiana , the USS Carolina and the Enterprise , a steamboat . Then - Major Thomas Hinds ' Squadron of Light Dragoons , a militia unit from the Mississippi Territory , learned of the advancing position of the British on December 30th , helping to secure victory , after having arrived to the battle December 22nd and distinguishing himself and the cavalry under his command . The main British army arrived on New Year 's Day 1815 , and opened fire on the earthworks with their artillery . This began an exchange of artillery fire that continued for three hours . Several of the American guns were destroyed or silenced , including the 32 - pounder , a 24 - pounder , and a 12 - pounder , while some damage was done to the earthworks . The British artillery finally exhausted its ammunition , which caused Pakenham to cancel the attack . Pakenham did not know that his attack had come close to success , since the Americans defenders on the left of Line Jackson near the swamp had broken under the fire and abandoned their position . Pakenham decided to wait until his entire force of over 8,000 men to assemble before continuing his attack . The British regulars included the 4th , 7th , 21st , 43rd , 44th , 85th , 93rd ( Highland ) Regiments , a 500 - man `` demi - battalion '' of the 95th Rifles , 14th Light Dragoons , and the 1st and 5th West India Regiments of several hundred free black soldiers , recruited from the British West Indies colonies . Other troops included Native Americans of the Hitchiti tribe , led by Kinache . Battle of January 8 ( edit ) 1815 painting of the battle by participant Jean Hyacinthe de Laclotte of the Louisiana Militia based on his memories and sketches made at the site Early 19th century map depicting the battlefield at Chalmette Plantation on January 8 , 1815 On January 8 , 1815 , the British marched against General Andrew Jackson 's lines of defense . The Americans had constructed three lines of defense , the forward one four miles in front of the city , was strongly entrenched at the Rodriquez Canal , which stretched from a swamp to the river , with a timber , loopholed breastwork and earthworks for artillery . The British battle plan was for an attack against the 20 - gun west bank battery , which would then both reduce the American artillery danger and enable those same guns to be turned on the American line which would assist a frontal attack against the defended line . In the early morning of January 8 , Pakenham gave his final orders for the two - pronged assault against Jackson 's position . Colonel William Thornton ( of the 85th Regiment ) was to cross the Mississippi during the night with his 780 - strong force , move rapidly upriver and storm the battery commanded by Commodore Daniel Patterson on the flank of the main American entrenchments and then open an enfilade fire on Jackson 's line with howitzers and rockets . Then , the main attack , directly against the earthworks manned by the vast majority of American troops , would be launched in two columns ( along the river led by Keane and along the swamp line led by Major General Samuel Gibbs ) . The brigade commanded by Major General John Lambert was held in reserve . A canal was dug by the British to enable 42 small boats to get to the river . Preparations for the attack had foundered early on the 8th , as the canal being dug by Cochrane 's sailors collapsed and the dam made to divert the flow of the river into the canal failed , leaving the sailors to drag the boats of Col. Thornton 's west bank assault force through deep mud and left the force starting off just before daybreak , 12 hours late . The frontal attack was not however postponed as it was hoped that the west bank would at least create a diversion , even if they had not succeeded in the assault . The battlefield at Chalmette Plantation on January 8 , 1815 The main attack began under darkness and a heavy fog , but as the British neared the main enemy line the fog lifted , exposing them to withering artillery fire . Lt - Col. Thomas Mullins , the British commander of the 44th ( East Essex ) Regiment of Foot , had forgotten the ladders and fascines needed to cross the eight - foot - deep and fifteen - foot - wide canal and scale the earthworks , and confusion evolved in the dark and fog as the British tried to close the gap . Most of the senior officers were killed or wounded , including Major General Samuel Gibbs , who was killed leading the main attack column on the right comprising the 4th , 21st , 44th and 5th West India Regiments , and Colonel Rennie who led a detachment of three light companies of the 7th , 43rd , and 93rd on the left by the river . General Andrew Jackson stands on the parapet of his makeshift defenses as his troops repulse attacking Highlanders , as imagined incorrectly by painter Edward Percy Moran in 1910 . Possibly because of Thornton 's delay in crossing the river and the withering artillery fire that might hit them from across the river , the 93rd Highlanders were ordered to leave Keane 's assault column advancing along the river and move across the open field to join the main force on the right of the field . Keane fell wounded as he crossed the field with the 93rd . Rennie 's men managed to attack and overrun an American advance redoubt next to the river , but without reinforcements they could neither hold the position nor successfully storm the main American line behind it . Within a few minutes , the American 7th Infantry arrived , moved forward , and fired upon the British in the captured redoubt : within half an hour , Rennie and nearly all of his men were dead . In the main attack on the right , the British infantrymen either flung themselves to the ground , huddled in the canal , or were mowed down by a combination of musket fire and grapeshot from the Americans . A handful made it to the top of the parapet on the right but were either killed or captured . The 95th Rifles had advanced in open skirmish order ahead of the main assault force and were concealed in the ditch below the parapet , unable to advance further without support . The two large main assaults on the American position were repulsed . Pakenham and his second - in - command , Major General Samuel Gibbs , were fatally wounded while on horseback , by grapeshot fired from the earthworks . Major Wilkinson of the 21st Regiment reformed his lines and made a third assault . They were able to reach the entrenchments and attempted to scale them . Wilkinson made it to the top , before being shot . The Americans were amazed at his bravery and carried him behind the rampart . With most of their senior officers dead or wounded , the British soldiers , including the 93rd Highlanders , having no orders to advance further or retreat , stood out in the open and were shot apart with grapeshot from Line Jackson . General Lambert was in the reserve and took command . He gave the order for his reserve to advance and ordered the withdrawal of the army . The reserve was used to cover the retreat of what was left of the British army in the field . Photo of Chalmette National Park , looking NE from the monument . The main British attack struck just beyond Batteries 5 and 6 , the two cannons near the distant treeline . The Chalmette battlefield was the plantation home of Colonel Denis de La Ronde 's half - brother , Ignace Martin de Lino ( 1755 - 1815 ) , and was burned by invading forces , reputedly causing de Lino 's death from a broken heart shortly after returning to his `` treasured home '' three weeks after the Battle . The only British success of the battle was the delayed attack on the west bank of the Mississippi River , where Thornton 's brigade , comprising the 85th Regiment and detachments from the Royal Navy and Royal Marines , attacked and overwhelmed the American line . The Navy detachment and the Marine detachment were led by Captain Rowland Money and Brevet Major Thomas Adair , respectively . Money was captain of HMS Trave , and Adair was the commanding officer of HMS Vengeur 's detachment of Marines . The sides of the canal by which the boats were to be brought through to the Mississippi caved in and choked the passage , so that only enough got through to take over a half of Thornton 's force . With these , seven hundred in number , he crossed , but as he did not allow for the current , it carried him down about two miles below the proper landing place . Thornton 's brigade won their battle , but Colonel Thornton was dangerously wounded . This success , though a brilliant one , and a disgrace to the American arms , had no effect on the battle . Army casualties among the 85th Foot were : 2 dead , 1 captured , and 41 wounded . Royal Navy casualties were 2 dead , Captain Rowland Money and 18 seamen wounded . Royal Marine casualties were 2 dead , with 3 officers , 1 sergeant and 12 other ranks wounded . Though both Jackson and Commodore Patterson reported that the retreating forces had spiked their cannon , leaving no guns to turn on the Americans ' main defense line , Major Mitchell 's diary makes it clear this was not so , as he states he had `` Commenced cleaning enemy 's guns to form a battery to enfilade their lines on the left bank '' . General Lambert ordered his Chief of Artillery , Colonel Alexander Dickson , to assess the position . Dickson reported back that no fewer than 2,000 men would be needed to hold the position . General Lambert issued orders to withdraw after the defeat of their main army on the east bank and retreated , taking a few American prisoners and cannon with them . It was later learned that the Americans were so dismayed by the loss of this battery , which would be capable of inflicting such damage on their lines when the attack was renewed , that they were preparing to abandon the town , when they received the news that the British themselves were withdrawing . The Battle of New Orleans was remarkable for both its brevity and lopsided lethality , though some numbers are in dispute and disagree with the official statistics . Charles Welsh and Zachary Smith echo the report of Adjutant - general Robert Butler , in his official report to General Jackson , which claimed that in the space of twenty - five minutes , the British lost 700 killed , 1400 wounded , and 500 prisoners , a total loss of 2600 men ; American losses were only seven killed and six wounded . After the battle was over , around 500 British soldiers who had pretended to be dead rose up and surrendered to the Americans . One bugle boy climbed a tree within 200 yards of the American line and played throughout the battle , with projectiles passing close to him . He was captured after the battle and considered a hero by the Americans . Almost universal blame was assigned to Colonel Mullins , of the 44th Regiment , which was detailed under orders to prepare and have ready , and to carry to the front on the morning of the eighth , fascines and ladders with which to cross the ditch and scale the parapet , as the soldiers fought their way to the breastwork of the Americans . It was freely charged that the Colonel deserted his trust and at the moment of need was half a mile to the rear . It was then that Pakenham , learning of Mullins ' conduct , placed himself at the head of the 44th and endeavored to lead them to the front with the implements needed to storm the works , when at around 500 yards away from the enemy front line , he fell wounded after being hit with grapeshot . On being assisted onto a horse , Pakenham was hit again and fell , this time mortally wounded . Siege of Fort St. Philip ( edit ) Main article : Siege of Fort St. Philip ( 1815 ) Battle of New Orleans , January 1815 The British planned to sail up the Mississippi River ; however Fort St. Philip stood in the way . On January 9 , British naval forces attacked Fort St. Philip , which protected New Orleans from an amphibious assault from the Gulf of Mexico via the Mississippi River . The American forces , in addition to gunners working from privateer ships , were able to fend off the attacks . They withstood ten days of bombardment by cannon before the British ships withdrew on January 18 , 1815 . Withdrawal of the British ( edit ) Three days after the battle , General Lambert held a council of war where , despite just receiving the news that the battery on the west bank of the river had been captured , it was concluded that despite his request for reinforcements as well as a siege train , capturing New Orleans and continuing the Louisiana campaign would be too costly and thus agreed with his officers to withdraw . By January 19 the British camp at Villere 's Plantation had been completely evacuated . On February 4 , 1815 , the fleet , with all of the British troops aboard , set sail toward Mobile Bay , Alabama . The British army then attacked and captured Fort Bowyer at the mouth of Mobile Bay on February 12 . The following day , the British army was making preparations to attack Mobile when news arrived of the peace treaty . General Jackson had made tentative plans to attack the British at Mobile and continue the war into Spanish Florida on the grounds the British were using it as a base . He carried out those plans for Florida much later . The treaty had been ratified by the British Parliament but would not be ratified by Congress and the President until mid-February . It did , however , resolve that hostilities should cease , and the British abandoned Fort Bowyer and sailed home to their base in the West Indies . Although the Battle of New Orleans had no influence on the terms of the Treaty of Ghent , the defeat at New Orleans did compel Britain to abide by the treaty . However , it would have been problematic for the British to continue the war in North America because of Napoleon 's escape from Elba on February 26 , 1815 , which ensured their forces were needed in Europe . Also , since the Treaty of Ghent did not specifically mention the vast territory America had acquired with the Louisiana Purchase , it only required both sides to give back those lands that had been taken from the other during the war . Pakenham 's secret orders ( edit ) On October 24 , 1814 , in Pakenham 's Secret Orders the Secretary of War and the Colonies , Henry Bathurst wrote : War Department 24th October 1814 M Genl The Hon Sir T. Pakenham Secret Sir : It has occurred to me that one case may arise affecting your situation upon the Coasts of America for which the Instructions addressed to the late Major General Ross have not provided . You may possibly hear whilst engaged in active operations that the Preliminaries of Peace between His Majesty and the United States have been signed in Europe and that they have been sent to America in order to receive the Ratification of The President . As the Treaty would not be binding until it shall have received such Ratification in which we may be disappointed by the refusal of the Government of the United States , it is advisable that Hostilities should not be suspended until you shall have official information that The President has actually ratified the Treaty and a Person will be duly authorized to apprise you of this event . As during this interval , judging from the experience we have had , the termination of the war must be considered as doubtful , you will regulate your proceedings accordingly , neither omitting an opportunity of obtaining signal success , nor exposing the troops to hazard or serious loss for an inconsiderable advantage . And you will take special care not so to act under the expectation of hearing that the Treaty of Peace has been ratified , as to endanger the safety of His Majesty 's Forces , should that expectation be unhappily disappointed . I have etc . Bathurst Distinguished service ( edit ) `` In his general orders of January 21 , General Jackson , in thanking the troops , paid special tributes to the Louisiana organizations , and made particular mention of Capts . Dominique and Belluche , and the Lafitte brothers , all of the Barataria privateers ; of General Garrique de Flanjac , a State Senator , and brigadier of militia , who served as a volunteer ; of Majors Plauche , St. Geme . Lacoste , D'Aquin , Captain Savary , Colonel De la Ronde , General Humbert , Don Juan de Araya . the Mexican Field - Marshal ; Major - General Villere and General Morgan , the Engineers Latour and Blanchard ; the Attakapas dragoons , Captain Dubuclay ; the cavalry from the Felicianas and the Mississippi territory . General Labattut had command of the town , of which Nicolas Girod was then the mayor . '' -- William Head Coleman , Historical sketch book and guide to New Orleans and environs `` Among those who most distinguished themselves during this brief but memorable campaign , were , next to the Commander - in - chief , Generals Villere , Carroll , Coffee , Ganigues , Flanjac , Colonel Delaronde , Commodore Patterson , Majors Lacoste , Planche , Hinds , Captain Saint Gerne , Lieutenants Jones , Parker , Marent , and Dominique ; Colonel Savary , a man of colour nor must we omit to mention Lafitte , pirate though he was . '' -- E. Bunner , History of Louisiana `` Over the course of several days , the logistically and numerically superior British force was repelled , in no small part to a small contingent of Marines led by Maj . Daniel Carmick and Lt. Francis de Bellevue of the New Orleans Navy Yard '' ( François - Godefroy Barbin de Bellevue ( 1789 - 1845 ) ) . -- 26th Marine Expeditionary Unit A Certain Force in an Uncertain World Aftermath ( edit ) Battle of New Orleans postage stamp depicting Andrew Jackson . Issued in 1965 to commemorate the 150th anniversary of the Battle of New Orleans , Chalmettte Plantation , Jan. 8 -- 18 . From December 25 , 1814 , to January 26 , 1815 , British casualties during the Louisiana Campaign , apart from the assault on January 8 , were 49 killed , 87 wounded and 4 missing . Thus , British casualties for the entire campaign totaled 2,459 with 386 killed , 1,521 wounded , and 552 missing . American casualties for the entire campaign totaled 333 with 55 killed , 185 wounded , and 93 missing . Six currently active battalions of the Regular Army ( 2 - 7 Inf , 3 - 7 Inf , 1 - 5 FA , 1 - 6 FA , 1 - 1 Inf and 2 - 1 Inf ) and one Mississippi Army National Guard regiment ( 155th Inf ) are derived from American units that fought at the Battle of New Orleans . Although the engagement was very small compared to other contemporary battles of 1815 , such as the Battle of Waterloo , it was important for the meaning applied to it by Americans in general and Andrew Jackson in particular . US troops along Jackson 's Line fire on British soldiers on a stamp issued January 8 , 2015 . This was the final US stamp in a War of 1812 series of four marking its bicentennial . Americans believed that a vastly powerful British fleet and army had sailed for New Orleans ( Jackson himself thought 25,000 troops were coming ) , and most expected the worst . The news of victory , one man recalled , `` came upon the country like a clap of thunder in the clear azure vault of the firmament , and traveled with electromagnetic velocity , throughout the confines of the land . '' The battle boosted the reputation of Andrew Jackson and helped to propel him ultimately to the White House . The anniversary of the battle was celebrated as a national holiday for many years , called `` The Eighth '' , following Jackson 's election as President and ended after 1861 and it continues to be commemorated in south Louisiana . In honor of Jackson , the newly organized Louisiana Historical Association dedicated its new Memorial Hall facility on January 8 , 1891 , the 76th anniversary of the Battle of New Orleans . A federal park was established in 1907 to preserve the battlefield ; today it features a monument and is part of Jean Lafitte National Historical Park and Preserve . The 8th of January became a traditional American fiddle tune , honoring the date of the battle . More than a century later , the melody was used by Jimmie Driftwood to write the song `` The Battle of New Orleans '' , which was a hit for Johnny Horton and Lonnie Donegan . That song was converted into punk rock tune for the play Bloody Bloody Andrew Jackson . Victory attributed to a miracle ( edit ) Mosaic of Our Lady of Prompt Succor. Old Ursulines Convent complex , French Quarter , New Orleans With the Americans outnumbered it seemed as though the city of New Orleans was in danger of being captured . Consequently , the Ursuline nuns along with many faithful people of New Orleans gathered in the Ursuline Convent 's chapel before the statue of Our Lady of Prompt Succor . They spent the night before the battle praying and crying before the holy statue , begging for the Virgin Mary 's intercession . On the morning of January 8 , the Very Rev. William Dubourg , Vicar General , offered Mass at the altar on which the statue of Our Lady of Prompt Succor had been placed . The Prioress of the Ursuline convent , Mother Ste . Marie Olivier de Vezin , made a vow to have a Mass of Thanksgiving sung annually should the American forces win . At the very moment of communion , a courier ran into the chapel to inform all those present that the British had been defeated . General Jackson went to the convent himself to thank the nuns for their prayers : `` By the blessing of heaven , directing the valor of the troops under my command , one of the most brilliant victories in the annals of war was obtained . '' The vow made by Mother Ste . Marie has been faithfully kept throughout the years . In popular culture ( edit ) The battle was immediately politicized by the Democratic - Republican Party . Across the nation , it used the great victory to ridicule the Federalists as cowards , defeatists , and secessionists . Pamphlets , songs , newspaper editorials , speeches and entire plays on the battle drove home the point , and glorified Jackson 's heroic image . The Battle and General Andrew Jackson are mentioned in George Washington Dixon 's 1834 version of `` Zip Coon '' , a popular minstrel show song . The Buccaneer was a 1938 American adventure film produced and directed by Cecil B. De Mille based on Jean Lafitte and the Battle of New Orleans . The movie was remade in 1958 . Country singer Johnny Horton had a Number 1 hit in 1959 with `` The Battle of New Orleans '' ( written by Jimmy Driftwood ) , which won the 1960 Grammy Award for Best Country & Western Recording and was awarded the Grammy Hall of Fame Award . It was ranked No. 333 of the Recording Industry Association of America 's `` Songs of the ( 20th ) Century . '' The melody is from a 19th - century fiddle tune , `` The Eighth of January , '' which presumably was inspired by the American victory . Also in 1959 , Lonnie Donegan , the `` King of Skiffle '' , also had a U.K. Number 2 hit with his cover of `` The Battle of New Orleans . '' Folk singer Phil Ochs mentions the Battle Of New Orleans in the opening stanza of his 1964 anti-war protest song , `` I Ai n't Marching Any More . '' The Battle features prominently in Episode # 5 `` The Lost Patrol , '' of the 1966 American television series The Time Tunnel . The Battle was mentioned in Johnny Cash 's 1974 song `` Ragged Old Flag . '' The Battle is also depicted in Eric Flint 's 2005 alternate history novel 1812 : The Rivers of War , wherein the battle was decided when a battalion of black U.S. soldiers ( `` The Iron Battalion '' ) repelled the British assault . The final song of the play Bloody Bloody Andrew Jackson , `` The Hunters of Kentucky , '' is a punk rock rendition of the 19th century song of the same name . See also ( edit ) New Orleans American order of battle Chalmette , Louisiana History Enterprise , a steamboat that was sent by her owners and traveled 2,200 miles to aid the American cause . `` The Hunters of Kentucky '' , a song commemorating the Kentucky men who fought at the Battle of New Orleans . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The American Revolutionary War and the War of 1812 : People , Politics , and Power , Britannica Educational Publishing . p. 209 . ^ Jump up to : Gleig , George Robert ( 1827 ) , pp. 184 -- 192 . Jump up ^ Smith , Zachary F. , pp. 126 -- 132 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Zachary F. , pp. 1 - 2 . Smith described in detail the British expedition as `` a fleet of sixty great ships '' , `` Nearly one half of these vessels were formidable warships , the best of the English navy , '' that had transported `` not fewer than eighteen thousand men ( including 14,450 soldiers and sailors ) , veterans in the service of their country in the lines of their respective callings , to complete the equipment of this powerful armada . '' . Jump up ^ `` The Battle of New Orleans '' . CMH News and Features . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ U.S. Army Center of Military History . `` The Battle of New Orleans '' . Jump up ^ Also known as the `` Battle of Chalmette Plantation '' . Jump up ^ Britain 's Louisiana Campaign consisted of several military engagements that were less important than the epic battle of January 8 , 1815 , widely known as the Battle of New Orleans . The first , the Battle of Lake Borgne , occurred on December 14 , 1814 , when British forces captured an American flotilla protecting Lake Borgne . The next occurred on December 23 when Andrew Jackson led a bold night attack on the British camp . The last , which began on January 9 , ended on January 18 when the British terminated their unsuccessful bombardment of Fort St. Philip and began to withdraw the last of their troops and ships , signalling the end of their Louisiana Campaign . Jump up ^ Thomas , pp. 36 -- 38 . Jump up ^ Smith , Zachary F. ( 1904 ) . The battle of New Orleans . Louisville , Kentucky : John P. Morton & Co . Excerpts from a section entitled , `` England 's Purpose to Conquer and Hold Possession of the Territory Ceded by Napoleon and to Establish Her Dominion in the Mississippi Valley . '' pp. 146 - 53 . pp. 152 - 53 : `` Then he ( Andrew Jackson ) answered that : If Pakenham had taken New Orleans , the British would have claimed and held the whole of Louisiana Purchase . '' `` ... I ( Andrew Jackson ) have learned , from diplomatic sources of the most unquestionable authority , that the British ministry did not intend the Treaty of Ghent to apply to the Louisiana Purchase at all . The ( British ministry at Ghent ) denied in toto the legal right of Napoleon to sell Louisiana to us . They held , therefore , that we had no right to that Territory . '' Jump up ^ Rodriguez , Junius P. ( 2002 ) . The Louisiana Purchase : a historical and geographical encyclopedia . Santa Barbara , California : ABC - CLIO . p. 348 : `` The Battle of New Orleans settled once and for all the question over the Louisiana Purchase . Neither the British nor the Spanish government had recognized the legality of the transfer , and , in consequence , the British planned either to retain the region or return Louisiana to Spain had they won the battle . '' Jump up ^ Thomas , Gregory M. ( 2005 ) . The Battle of New Orleans . Master of Arts dissertation , Louisiana State University . p. 88 : `` ( The Battle of ) New Orleans also eliminated vague British designs on a second colonization of America by expanding Canadian possessions down the Mississippi to the Gulf . '' Jump up ^ Chapman , pp. 13 -- 21 . Chapman concludes the chapter : `` It provides proper recognition for the sacrifices made by the humble American participants who confronted overwhelming odds , yet gained a shocking victory in this major military campaign for control of the interior of the American continent during the War of 1812 . '' Jump up ^ Carr , James A. ( July 1979 ) . `` The Battle of New Orleans and the Treaty of Ghent '' . Diplomatic History . 3 ( 3 ) : 273 -- 82 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 7709.1979. tb00315. x . ^ Jump up to : Gleig , p. 340 : `` These preparations ( to withdraw ) being continued for some days , on the 17th ( of January ) no part of our force remained in camp except the infantry . Having delayed therefore only till the abandoned guns were rendered unserviceable , on the evening of the 18th it also began its retreat . '' ^ Jump up to : Latour , p. 184 : `` On the morning of the 19th ( of January ) , it was perceived that the enemy ( British ) had evacuated , not a single man appearing . '' Jump up ^ Latour , Appendix lvi - lviii , Copy of a letter from Andrew Jackson to James Monroe , Secretary of War , dated January 19 , 1815 : `` Last night at twelve o'clock , the enemy precipitately decamped and returned to his boats , '' `` I am advised by major Overton , who commands at fort St. Philip , in a letter of the 18th , that the enemy ... had on the morning of that day retired . '' Jump up ^ Refer to the map of Louisiana . Jump up ^ Quimby , p. 824 . ^ Jump up to : Quimby , p. 826 . Jump up ^ Russell Guerin . `` A Creole In Mississippi '' . Jump up ^ historyofstcharlesparish . `` Battle of New Orleans -- 1814 - 1815 '' . www.historyofstcharlesparish.org . Jump up ^ `` Captain Rene Trudeau 's `` St. Charles Troop of Horse '' : Stewart - de Jaham Family Genealogy `` . www.raymondjohnson.net . Jump up ^ Lossing , Benson ( 1868 ) . The Pictorial Field - Book of the War of 1812 . Harper & Brothers , Publishers . p. 1032 . Jump up ^ Remini ( 1999 ) , pp. 62 -- 64 . Jump up ^ Quimby , p. 836 . Jump up ^ Thomas , p. 61 . Jump up ^ Arthur , Stanley Clisby ; Louisiana Historical Society ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` The story of the battle of New Orleans '' . New Orleans , La. , Louisiana historical society -- via Internet Archive . Jump up ^ `` NPS Historical Handbook : Jean Lafitte '' . www.nps.gov . Jump up ^ Bunner , E. ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` History of Louisiana , from its first discovery and settlement to the present time '' . New York , Harper & brothers -- via Internet Archive . Jump up ^ Bunner , E. ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` History of Louisiana , from its first discovery and settlement to the present time '' . New York , Harper & brothers -- via Internet Archive . Jump up ^ Arthur , Stanley Clisby ; Louisiana Historical Society ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` The story of the battle of New Orleans '' . New Orleans , La. , Louisiana historical society -- via Internet Archive . Jump up ^ Quimby , p. 843 . Jump up ^ James , pp. 535 -- 536 . Jump up ^ Thomas , pp. 61 -- 64 . Jump up ^ Quimby , p. 852 . Jump up ^ Quimby , pp. 852 -- 853 . Jump up ^ Groom , pp. 145 -- 147 . Jump up ^ Patterson , Benton Rain , pp. 214 -- 215 . Jump up ^ Patterson , Benton Rain , pp. 215 -- 216 . Jump up ^ `` French Creoles - Battalion of Creoles 1 '' . Jump up ^ Remini , Robert V. ( 1999 ) , The Battle of New Orleans . p. 74 . Jump up ^ Hinds ' Dragoons became the 155th Infantry Regiment of the Mississippi Army National Guard , one of only 19 Army National Guard units with campaign credit for the War of 1812 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Maj Gen Whitworth ( 1889 ) . History of the Corps of Royal Engineers Vol I. Chatham : The Institution of Royal Engineers . Jump up ^ History.com staff . `` January 08 , 1815 : The Battle of New Orleans '' . History.com . Retrieved March 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Quimby , pp. 892 -- 893 . Jump up ^ United States forces ( 3,500 to 4,500 strong ) were composed of U.S. Army troops ; state militiamen from Tennessee , Kentucky , Mississippi , and Louisiana ; U.S. Marines ; U.S. Navy sailors ; Barataria Bay pirates ; Choctaw Indians ; `` freemen of color '' and freed black slaves ( a large amount of the work building the parapet however was done by local black slaves ) . Major - General Jacques Villeré , who would become Louisiana 's first Creole Governor the following year , commanded the Louisiana Militia , and Major Jean Baptiste Plauché headed the New Orleans uniformed militia companies . Jump up ^ Patterson , Benton Rain , p. 236 . Jump up ^ `` New Orleans Bar Association : Chalmette , by Ned Hémard ; 2011 , p. 3 . '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Patterson , Benton Rain , p. 230 . Jump up ^ `` Correspondence from Cochrane , ADM 1 / 508 folio 757 , states ' the whole amounting to about six hundred men ' '' . Jump up ^ Gleig , George ( 1840 ) . `` Recollections of the Expedition to the Chesapeake , and against New Orleans , by an Old Sub '' . United Service Journal ( 2 ) . Gleig , on p340 , uses the source document a report from Thornton to Pakenham ' we were unable to proceed across the river until eight hours after the time appointed , and even then with only a third part of the force which you had allotted for the service * viz 298 of the 85th , and 200 Seamen and Marines ' ^ Jump up to : `` No. 16991 '' . The London Gazette . March 9 , 1815 . pp. 440 -- 446 . Jump up ^ The Navy List , Corrected to the end of January 1815 , pg 72 . John Murray . Retrieved January 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Roosevelt , Theodore ( 1882 ) . The Naval War of 1812 . New York : G.P. Putnam 's sons . p. 204 . Jump up ^ Reilly , Robin , p. 296 . Jump up ^ Patterson , Benton Rain , p. 253 . Jump up ^ Welsh , Charles ( Oct -- Dec 1899 ) . `` Rhyme Relating to the Battle of New Orleans '' . The American Folklore. 12 ( 47 ) : 291 . JSTOR 533063 . Jump up ^ Smith , Zachary ( 1904 ) . The Battle of New Orleans including the Previous Engagements between the Americans and the British , the Indians and the Spanish which led to the Final Conflict on the 8th of January , 1815 ( 19 ed . ) . Louisville , KY : Filson Club Publications . p. 85 . Jump up ^ Smith , Zachary ( 1904 ) . The Battle of New Orleans including the Previous Engagements between the Americans and the British , the Indians and the Spanish which led to the Final Conflict on the 8th of January , 1815 ( 19 ed . ) . Louisville KY : Filson Club Publications . p. 105 . Jump up ^ James , p. 391 . Jump up ^ Smith , Zachary F. , p. 132 . Jump up ^ Fraser , p. 297 , quote : ' Rear Admiral Cockburn , at the end of February , was making preparations for a move on Savannah in March when official intelligence that the treaty of peace had been signed by the American President reached him and all proceedings were stopped . The force continued on Cumberland Island until , early in April , it was notified that the treaty had been ratified , on which all withdrew to Bermuda prior to returning to England . ' Jump up ^ Remini ( 1999 ) , pp. 5 , 195 . Jump up ^ Lambert , p. 381 `` While Napoleon remained in power , few British soldiers could be spared for North America . Wellington was always looking for more manpower . '' Jump up ^ `` Avalon Project - British - American Diplomcay : Treaty of Ghent ; 1814 '' . Jump up ^ `` Instructions to Major - General Sir Edward Pakenham for the New Orleans Campaign '' . The War of 1812 Magazine , Issue 16 : September 2011 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Coleman , William Head ( September 25 , 1885 ) . `` Historical sketch book and guide to New Orleans and environs , with map . Illustrated with many original engravings ; and containing exhaustive accounts of the traditions , historical legends , and remarkable localities of the Creole city '' . New York , W.H. Coleman -- via Internet Archive . Jump up ^ Bunner , E. ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` History of Louisiana , from its first discovery and settlement to the present time '' . New York , Harper & brothers -- via Internet Archive . Jump up ^ `` 26th Marine Expeditionary Unit sails south to New Orleans '' . Jump up ^ James , pp. 542 , 543 , 568 . Jump up ^ James , p. 563 . Jump up ^ `` BBC - Radio 4 - America '' . Jump up ^ Ward 1962 , pp. 4 -- 5 . Jump up ^ `` The War of 1812 '' , Northeast Regional Office , National Park Service , Eastern National , published in 2013 , p. 147 Jump up ^ `` Kenneth Trist Urquhart , `` Seventy Years of the Louisiana Historical Association '' , March 21 , 1959 , Alexandria , Louisiana '' ( PDF ) . lahistory.org . Retrieved July 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Records of the American Catholic Historical Society of Philadelphia , Volume 23 , By American Catholic Historical Society of Philadelphia , p. 128 ( 1912 ) . Jump up ^ Arthur , pp. 239 -- 242 . Jump up ^ Joseph F. Stoltz , `` ' It Taught our Enemies a Lesson : ' The Battle of New Orleans and the Republican Destruction of the Federalist Party . '' Tennessee Historical Quarterly 71 # 2 ( 2012 ) : 112 - 127 . in JSTOR References ( edit ) Arthur , Stanley Clisby ( 1915 ) , The story of the Battle of New Orleans , New Orleans : Louisiana Historical Society , OCLC 493033588 Borneman , Walter H. ( 2004 ) , 1812 : The War that forged a nation , New York : HarperCollins , ISBN 0 - 06 - 053112 - 6 Brooks , Charles B. ( 1961 ) , The Siege of New Orleans , Seattle : University of Washington Press , OCLC 425116 Brown , Wilburt S ( 1969 ) , The Amphibious Campaign for West Florida and Louisiana , 1814 -- 1815 , Tuscaloosa : University of Alabama Press , ISBN 0 - 8173 - 5100 - 0 Chapman , Ron ( 2013 ) . The Battle of New Orleans : `` But For A Piece Of Wood '' . Pelican Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4836 - 9761 - 1 . Cooper , John Spencer ( 1996 ) ( 1869 ) , Rough Notes of Seven Campaigns in Portugal , Spain , France and America During the Years 1809 -- 1815 , Staplehurst : Spellmount , ISBN 1 - 873376 - 65 - 0 Drez , Ronald J. ( 2014 ) . The War of 1812 , conflict and deception : the British attempt to seize New Orleans and nullify the Louisiana Purchase . Baton Rouge : Louisiana State University Press , 362 pages , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8071 - 5931 - 6 . Forrest , Charles Ramus ( 1961 ) , The Battle of New Orleans : a British view ; the journal of Major C.R. Forrest ; Asst . QM General , 34th . Regiment of Foot , New Orleans : Hauser Press , OCLC 1253280 Fraser , Edward , & L.G. Carr - Laughton ( 1930 ) . The Royal Marine Artillery 1804 -- 1923 , Volume 1 ( 1804 -- 1859 ) . London : The Royal United Services Institution . OCLC 4986867 Gleig , George Robert ( 1827 ) , The Campaigns of the British Army at Washington and New Orleans , 1814 -- 1815 , London : J. Murray , ISBN 0 - 665 - 45385 - X Groom , Winston . Patriotic Fire : Andrew Jackson and Jean Laffite at the Battle of New Orleans . New York : Vintage Books , 2006 . ISBN 1 - 40004 - 436 - 7 Hickey , Donald R. Glorious Victory : Andrew Jackson and the Battle of New Orleans ( Johns Hopkins University Press , 2015 ) . xii , 154 pp . James , William ( 1818 ) , A full and correct account of the military occurrences of the late war between Great Britain and the United States of America ; with an appendix , and plates . Volume II , London : Printed for the author and distributed by Black et al. , ISBN 0 - 665 - 35743 - 5 , OCLC 2226903 Lambert , Andrew ( 2012 ) , The Challenge : Britain Against America in the Naval War of 1812 , London : Faber and Faber , ISBN 0 - 571 - 27319 - X Latour , Arsène Lacarrière ( 1999 ) ( 1816 ) , Historical Memoir of the War in West Florida and Louisiana in 1814 -- 15 , with an Atlas , Gainesville : University Press of Florida , ISBN 0 - 8130 - 1675 - 4 , OCLC 40119875 Maass , Alfred R ( 1994 ) , `` Brownsville 's steamboat Enterprize and Pittsburgh 's supply of general Jackson 's army '' , Pittsburgh History , 77 : 22 -- 29 , ISSN 1069 - 4706 Caffrey , Kate ( 1977 ) , The Twilight 's Last Gleaming , New York : Stein and Day , ISBN 0 - 8128 - 1920 - 9 Owsley , Frank ( 1981 ) , Struggle for the Gulf borderlands : the Creek War and the battle of New Orleans 1812 -- 1815 , Tuscaloosa : University of Alabama Press , ISBN 0 - 8173 - 1062 - 2 Patterson , Benton Rains ( 2008 ) , The Generals , Andrew Jackson , Sir Edward Pakenham , and the road to New Orleans , New York : New York University Press , ISBN 0 - 8147 - 6717 - 6 Pickles , Tim ( 1993 ) , New Orleans 1815 , Osprey Campaign Series , 28 , Osprey Publishing , ISBN 1 - 84176 - 150 - 8 , OCLC 52914335 . Porter , Maj Gen Whitworth ( 1889 ) . History of the Corps of Royal Engineers Vol I. Chatham : The Institution of Royal Engineers . Quimby , Robert S. ( 1997 ) , The U.S. Army in the War of 1812 : an operational and command study , East Lansing : Michigan State University Press , ISBN 0 - 87013 - 441 - 8 Reilly , Robin ( 1974 ) , The British at the gates -- the New Orleans campaign in the War of 1812 , New York : Putnam , OCLC 839952 Remini , Robert V. ( 1977 ) , Andrew Jackson and the course of American empire , 1767 -- 1821 , New York : Harper & Row , ISBN 0 - 06 - 013574 - 3 Remini , Robert V. ( 1999 ) , The Battle of New Orleans , New York : Penguin Putnam , Inc. , ISBN 0 - 670 - 88551 - 7 Rowland , Eron ( 1971 ) ( 1926 ) , Andrew Jackson 's Campaign against the British , or , the Mississippi Territory in the War of 1812 , concerning the Military Operations of the Americans , Creek Indians , British , and Spanish , 1813 -- 1815 , Freeport , NY : Books for Libraries Press , ISBN 0 - 8369 - 5637 - 0 Smith , Gene A. ( 2004 ) , A British eyewitness at the Battle of New Orleans , the memoir of Royal Navy admiral Robert Aitchison , 1808 -- 1827 , New Orleans : The Historic New Orleans Collection , ISBN 0 - 917860 - 50 - 0 Smith , Sir Harry `` Various Anecdotes and Events of my Life -- The Autobiography of Lt. Gen. Sir Harry Smith , covering the period 1787 to 1860 '' First published in 2 volumes , edited by G.C. Moore , London ( 1901 ) Smith , Zachary F. ( 1904 ) , The battle of New Orleans , Louisville , Kentucky : John P. Morton & Co . Stanley , George F.G. ( 1983 ) , The War of 1812 -- Land Operations , MacMillan & National Museum of Canada Stoltz , Joseph F. , The Gulf Theatre , 1813 - 1815 . ( https://josephfstoltz.com/new-orleans-campaign/ ) Stoltz , Joseph F. A Bloodless Victory : The Battle of New Orleans in History and Memory . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press , 2017 . Surtees , W. ( 1996 ) ( 1833 ) , Twenty - Five Years in the Rifle Brigade ( Reprint ed . ) , London : Greenhill Books , ISBN 1 - 85367 - 230 - 0 Ward , John William ( 1962 ) , Andrew Jackson : Symbol for an Age , New York : Oxford University Press External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Battle of New Orleans . The Gulf Theatre in the War of 1812 - by Joseph F. Stoltz III The War of 1812 Magazine , Documents , Artifacts , and Imagery , Instructions to Major - General Sir Edward Pakenham for the New Orleans Campaign Issue 16 : September 2011 Battle of New Orleans -- detailed account , with maps and pictures , hosted by the National Park Service < -- Broken page link , Apr. 2017 . Battle of New Orleans : Myths and Legends -- detailed account by military historians Battle of New Orleans at KnowLouisiana.org Map The Battle of New Orleans -- summary account by the Louisiana State Museum , with photographs < -- Broken page link , Apr. 2017 . Battle of New Orleans Pathfinder -- research collection by The Historic New Orleans Collection < -- Broken page link , Apr. 2017 . History of Louisiana , Vol. 5 , Chapter 10 -- detailed account by Charles Gayarré The Battle of New Orleans -- detailed account by John Smith Kendall The Glorious Eighth of January -- colorful account by Grace King The Battle of New Orleans -- account by Theodore Roosevelt Siege of Fort St. Philip -- eyewitness accounts , as published in the Louisiana Historical Quarterly BattleofNewOrleans.org -- detailed account of battles , photos and movies of reenactments History of the steamboat Enterprise at the Battle of New Orleans -- courtesy of the Louisiana State History Museum Battle of New Orleans reenactment December 2011 on YouTube Battle of New Orleans reenactment January 2010 Cox Living Louisiana television segment on YouTube Conflicts of the War of 1812 Battles of the War of 1812 United States Washington , D.C. 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Luffy Captain Nemo One Piece Captain Pugwash Red Rackham Captain Sabertooth Sandokan Long John Silver Jack Sparrow Captain Stingaree Roronoa Zoro Miscellaneous Truce of Ratisbon Piracy Act 1698 Piracy Act 1717 Piracy Act 1837 Paris Declaration Respecting Maritime Law Child pirate Golden Age of Piracy Jolly Roger Walking the plank Treasure map Buried treasure Pirate booty No purchase , no pay Marooning Pirate code Pirate utopia Victual Brothers Pirate Round Libertatia Sack of Baltimore A General History of the Pyrates Mutiny Pegleg Eyepatch Letter of marque Davy Jones ' Locker Air pirate Space pirate Lists Pirates Privateers Timeline of piracy Pirate films Women in piracy Fictional pirates Pirates in popular culture List of ships attacked by Somali pirates Literature Treasure Island Facing the Flag On Stranger Tides Castaways of the Flying Dutchman The Angel 's Command Voyage of Slaves Pirate Latitudes Indigenous peoples of North America portal New Orleans portal United Kingdom portal United States portal War of 1812 portal Coordinates : 29 ° 56 ′ 31 '' N 89 ° 59 ′ 24 '' W  /  29.942 ° N 89.990 ° W  / 29.942 ; - 89.990 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_New_Orleans&oldid=807752327 '' Categories : 1815 in Louisiana Andrew Jackson Battle of New Orleans Conflicts in 1815 History of Louisiana History of New Orleans January 1815 events Naval battles involving pirates St. Bernard Parish , Louisiana United States Marine Corps in the 18th and 19th centuries Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Use mdy dates from October 2013 Pages using deprecated image syntax Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Svenska Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2017 , at 23 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
when did the battle of new orleans occur
[ "\n\n\n\nBattle of New Orleans\n\n\nPart of the War of 1812\n\n\n\nThe Battle of New Orleans by Henry Bryan Hall after William Momberger\n\n\n\n\n\nDate\nJanuary 6–18, 1815\n\n\nLocation\nAbout five miles (8 km) east-southeast of New Orleans on the grounds of Chalmette Plantation\n\n\nResult\n\nDecisive American victory[1]\n\nBritish forces withdraw completely from Louisiana[2][3]\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nBelligerents\n\n\n United States\n United Kingdom\n\n\nCommanders and leaders\n\n\n Andrew Jackson\n William Carroll\n John Coffee\n John Adair\n Walter Overton\n Daniel Patterson\n David B. Morgan\n Pierre Denis de La Ronde\n Jacques Villeré\n Thomas Hinds\n Joseph Savary\n René Trudeau\n Francis B. de Bellevue\n Daniel Carmick\n Jean Laffite\n Edward Pakenham †\n Alexander Cochrane\n Samuel Gibbs †\n John Keane (WIA)\n John Lambert\n William Thornton\n Thomas Mullins\n\n\nUnits involved\n\n\nSee order of battle\nSee order of battle\n\n\nStrength\n\n\n4,732\n14,450[4]\n\n\nCasualties and losses\n\n\n55 killed\n185 wounded\n93 missing\nTotal: 333[5]\n386 killed\n1,521 wounded\n552 missing or captured\nTotal: 2,459[6]\n\n\n\n" ]
[ "January 6–18, 1815" ]
9047555535807950822
GM 4L60-E transmission
Gm 4L60 - e Transmission - wikipedia Gm 4L60 - e Transmission This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 4L60E / 4L65E Overview Manufacturer General Motors Production 1992 -- Body and chassis Class 4 - speed longitudinal automatic transmission Chronology Predecessor Turbo - Hydramatic Successor 6L80 / 6L90 The 4L60E ( and similar 4L65E ) is a series of automatic transmissions from General Motors . Designed for longitudinal engine configurations , the series includes 4 forward gears and 1 reverse gear . It is an evolution of the Turbo - Hydramatic 700R4 , originally produced in 1982 . The 4L60E and 4L65E are built at Toledo Transmission in Toledo , Ohio and have also been built at Romulus Transmission in Romulus , Michigan and Ramos Arizpe , Mexico . The two transmissions are differentiated quickly by the 6 or 7 bolt bell housings . 4L60 uses a 6.5 '' depth bell with 6 bolts and 4L65 / 70 uses a 7 '' depth bell and 7 bolts . They also have different input shafts and torque converters . 4L60s uses a 298mm input shaft . 4L65 / 4L70 uses a 300mm input shaft and converter designed for LS applications only . Only corvettes and HD vehicles came equipped with 5 pins . Gear ratios : 1 3.059 1.625 1.000 0.696 2.29 Contents 1 4L60 - E 2 4L65E 3 See also 4 References 4L60 - e ( edit ) The TH700R4 was renamed `` 4L60 '' ( RPO MD8 ) following the new General Motors naming convention , when the electronic version , 4L60E ( RPO M30 ) , was phased in . This happened in 1993 for trucks , vans , and SUVs , and 1994 for rear wheel drive passenger cars . In 1996 , a bolt - on bell housing was phased in ( along with a six - bolt tailhousing ) for S - 10 Trucks and S - 10 Blazers and beginning in 1998 for all other applications . Beginning in 1998 a new 300mm torque converter with improved higher - capacity internals , 300mm style input shaft , and 300mm style pump was also introduced on models coupled to a Gen III Small Block . The 4L60E is rated to handle up to 360 ft lbf ( 488 N m ) of torque . It weighs 133 pounds without transmission fluid . The 4L60E family of transmissions use 2 shift solenoids , initially called Shift Solenoid A & Shift Solenoid B , later changed to comply with OBD II ( On Board Diagnostics revision 2 ) regulations to 1 - 2 Shift Solenoid & 2 - 3 Shift solenoid . By activating and deactivating the solenoids in a predetermined pattern by the PCM , 4 distinct gear ratios can be achieved . The shift solenoid pattern , also sometimes referred to as solenoid firing order , is as follows ; Shift Solenoid Pattern 1 - 2 Solenoid 2 - 3 Solenoid 1st Gear On On 2nd Gear Off On 3rd Gear Off Off 4th Gear On Off Applications : Buick Rainier 2004 - 2007 Buick Roadmaster 1994 -- 1996 Cadillac Escalade 1999 - 2000 , 2002 - 2005 ( models with LM7 / 5.3 L V8 ) Cadillac Brougham 1991 - 1992 Cadillac Fleetwood 1993 -- 1996 Chevrolet Astro 1993 - 2005 Chevrolet Avalanche 2002 - 2008 Chevrolet S - 10 Blazer 1994 - 2005 Chevrolet Camaro 1994 -- 2002 Chevrolet Caprice 1994 - 96 Chevrolet Colorado 2004 - 2012 Chevrolet Corvette 1994 -- 2004 Chevrolet Express 2003 - 2012 Chevrolet Impala SS 1994 -- 1996 Chevrolet S - 10 1994 - 2005 Chevrolet Silverado 1500 - 2500 ( 2500 with 6 bolt axle pattern ) Chevrolet SSR 2003 - 2006 Chevrolet Suburban Chevrolet Tahoe Chevrolet TrailBlazer 2003 - 2009 GMC Canyon 2004 - 2012 GMC Envoy 2003 - 2009 GMC Jimmy 1993 - 2005 GMC Safari 1993 - 2005 GMC Savana 2003 - 2013 GMC Sierra 1500 - 2500 ( 2500 with 6 bolt axle pattern ) GMC Sonoma 1994 - 2005 GMC Yukon GMC Yukon XL Denali GMC Vandura 1993 - 1996 Holden Commodore ( VR , VS , VT , VX , VY , VZ , VE ) 1993 -- 2012 Holden Caprice ( VR , VS , WH , WK and WL ) 1994 -- 2006 Hummer H3 Oldsmobile Bravada Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser 1991 - 1992 Pontiac Firebird 1994 -- 2002 Pontiac GTO 2004 Saab 9 - 7X 2005 - 2009 4L65E ( edit ) An updated 4L60E , the 4L65E ( RPO M32 ) , was phased in the 2001 model year when coupled behind the 6.0 Vortec . Five - pinion front and rear planetaries , along with an additional 3 / 4 clutch allowing 7 clutches in the input housing and induction hardened input shaft assembly , were improved to withstand up to 380 ft lbs ( 515 N m ) of torque . Applications : 2005 C6 Corvette Cadillac Escalade Cadillac Escalade EXT Chevrolet Silverado SS GMC Sierra Denali GMC Yukon Denali Hummer H2 Holden Crewman 2004 Only Holden One Tonner 2004 Only Pontiac GTO 2005 -- 2006 ( M32 , 3.46 : 1 final drive ) See also ( edit ) List of GM transmissions References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 4L60E Identification + Specs GM Transmission Resource '' . GM Transmission Resource . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 28 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GM_4L60-E_transmission&oldid=854346183 '' Categories : General Motors transmissions Automobile transmissions Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from May 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 10 August 2018 , at 17 : 16 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
what does the e stand for in 4l60e
[ "The TH700R4 was renamed \"4L60\" (RPO MD8) following the new General Motors naming convention, when the electronic version, 4L60E (RPO M30), was phased in. This happened in 1993 for trucks, vans, and SUVs, and 1994 for rear wheel drive passenger cars. In 1996, a bolt-on bell housing was phased in (along with a six-bolt tailhousing) for S-10 Trucks and S-10 Blazers and beginning in 1998 for all other applications. Beginning in 1998 a new 300mm torque converter with improved higher-capacity internals, 300mm style input shaft, and 300mm style pump was also introduced on models coupled to a Gen III Small Block.\nThe 4L60E is rated to handle up to 360 ft·lbf (488 N·m) of torque. It weighs 133 pounds without transmission fluid.[1]\n" ]
[ "electronic" ]
-2491804758169049430
Constance Shulman
Constance Shulman - wikipedia Constance Shulman Jump to : navigation , search Constance Shulman ( 1958 - 04 - 04 ) April 4 , 1958 ( age 60 ) Johnson City , Tennessee , U.S. Occupation Actress , singer Years active 1989 -- present Spouse ( s ) Reed Birney Children Constance Shulman ( born April 4 , 1958 ) is an American actress and singer . She is best known for voicing Patti Mayonnaise on Doug and for her current role as Yoga Jones in Orange Is the New Black . Shulman originated the role of Annelle in the first production of Steel Magnolias Off - Broadway . Contents ( hide ) 1 Life and career 2 Personal life 3 Filmography 3.1 Film 3.2 Television 4 References 5 External links Life and career ( edit ) Shulman was born in Johnson City , Tennessee , to a Jewish family . In 1980 , she graduated from the University of Tennessee with a bachelor 's degree in both speech and theatre . She moved to New York City to study acting at the Circle in the Square Theatre School and pursue an acting career . In 1989 , she made her screen debut in the comedy film Fletch Lives , playing Cindy Mae . She later had supporting parts in films Lost Angels , Men Do n't Leave , and Fried Green Tomatoes . On television , Shulman worked as a voice actress , playing Patti Mayonnaise on Doug from 1991 to 1999 . In the early 1990s , Shulman appeared in a series of Kraft mayonnaise commercials . She was also a regular cast member in the short - lived 1996 ABC sitcom , The Faculty , playing the best friend of Meredith Baxter 's character . In the late 1990s Shulman left the screen to raise her two children . In 2013 , Shulman was cast in a recurring role as `` Yoga Jones '' in the Netflix comedy - drama series , Orange Is the New Black . Along with the rest of the cast , she received a Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series in 2015 . Personal life ( edit ) She is married to fellow actor Reed Birney , and their daughter Gus Birney is an actress . Her son Ephraim Birney is also an actor . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1989 Fletch Lives Cindy Mae 1989 Lost Angels Beautician 1990 Men Do n't Leave Carly 1990 Reversal of Fortune Pharmacist Uncredited 1991 He Said , She Said Make - Up Girl 1991 Fried Green Tomatoes Missy 1991 Lethal Innocence Nell Willis Television film Weekend at Bernie 's II Tour Operator 1999 Doug 's 1st Movie Patti Mayonnaise ( Voice ) 1999 Sweet and Lowdown Hazel 2008 A Jersey Christmas Connie 2015 Stereotypically You Unemployment Worker 2015 The Broken Ones Rowland Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1989 The Days and Nights of Molly Dodd Bonnie Sayles 2 episodes 1991 -- 94 , 1996 -- 99 Doug Patti Mayonnaise 18 episodes Heavens to Betsy Lilly Walker Unsold TV pilot The Faculty Shelly Ray 13 episodes 2013 -- present Orange Is the New Black Yoga Jones 47 episodes Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series 2014 Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Daycare Manager Episode : `` Wednesday 's Child '' 2017 Broad City Psychic Episode : `` Sliding Doors '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gussow , Mel ( 1987 - 03 - 27 ) . `` Stage - ' Steel Magnolias , ' A Louisiana Story '' . NYTimes.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Rizzo , Frank . `` Actress Shulman 's Career Blossoms As Image Of Southern Belle Withers '' . Hartford Courant . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McRary , Amy ( 29 March 2017 ) . `` ' Orange is New Black ' actress says new season ' off the wall ' '' . Knoxville News Sentinel . Retrieved 29 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Brillantes , Mariam . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' Star Constance Shulman Says New Season Looks Golden '' . Blogs.wsj.com . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Orange Is The New Black ' Star Constance Shulman Voiced Patti Mayonnaise On ' Doug ' ( PHOTO ) '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Patti Mayonnaise From ' Doug ' Is on ' Orange Is the New Black ' '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved June 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McCue , Michelle . `` BIRDMAN , DOWNTON ABBEY Big Winners At 21st Screen Actors Guild Awards '' . We Are Movie Geeks . Retrieved June 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Berman , Nat ( June 26 , 2017 ) . `` Five Things You Did n't Know About Gus Birney '' . TVOvermind.com . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Doug ( TV Series 1991 -- 1994 ) '' . IMDb.com . Retrieved 25 August 2017 . External links ( edit ) Constance Shulman on IMDb ( hide ) Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series ( 2010 -- 2019 ) Modern Family , season 1 / season 2 ( 2010 ) : Bowen , Burrell , Ferguson , Gould , Hyland , O'Neill , Rodriguez , Stonestreet , Vergara , Winter Modern Family , season 2 / season 3 ( 2011 ) : Anderson - Emmons , Bowen , Burrell , Ferguson , Gould , Hyland , O'Neill , Rodriguez , Stonestreet , Vergara , Winter Modern Family , season 3 / season 4 ( 2012 ) : Anderson - Emmons , Bowen , Burrell , Ferguson , Gould , Hyland , O'Neill , Rodriguez , Stonestreet , Vergara , Winter Modern Family , season 4 / season 5 ( 2013 ) : Anderson - Emmons , Bowen , Burrell , Ferguson , Gould , Hyland , O'Neill , Rodriguez , Stonestreet , Vergara , Winter Orange Is the New Black , season 2 ( 2014 ) : Aduba , Biggs , Brooks , Cox , Cruz , Curtin , DeLaria , Fowler , Freeman , Gardner , Glenn , Golden , Guerrero , Harney , Jeudy , Lake , Lapkus , Leyva , Lyonne , Manning , Marsh Garland , McGorry , Moore , Mulgrew , Myles , Pimentel , Polanco , Reiner , Roberts , Rodriguez , Rosenblat , Sandow , Savage , Schilling , Shulman , Soules , Stone , Toussaint , Tucci , Wiley Orange Is the New Black , season 3 ( 2015 ) : Aduba , Birbiglia , Blake , Brooks , Cox , Cruz , Curtin , DeLaria , Fowler , Glenn , Golden , Guerrero , Harney , Jeudy , Leyva , Manning , Marsh Garland , Moore , Mulgrew , Myles , Peters , Petty , Pimentel , Polanco , Prepon , Rodriguez , Rose , Sandow , Savage , Schilling , Shulman , Soules , Stone , Wiley Orange Is the New Black , season 4 ( 2016 ) : Aduba , Aisenberg , Brooks , Brown , Cruz , DeLaria , Dover , Glenn , Golden , Gómez , Guerrero , Harney , Henke , Jeudy , Lake , Leyva , Lyonne , Manning , McMenamin , Moore , Mulgrew , Myles , Peters , Petty , Pimentel , Polanco , Prepon , Purdy , Rodriguez , Sandow , Savage , Schilling , Shulman , Soules , Stone , Tucci , Wiley Veep , season 6 ( 2017 ) : Bakkedahl , Chlumsky , Cole , Colin , Dunn , DuVall , Franklin , Hale , Louis - Dreyfus , Richardson , Scheer , Scott , Simons , Sutherland , Walsh Complete list ( 1994 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2009 ) ( 2010 -- 2019 ) LCCN : no2016146793 VIAF : 2592147907504679210008 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constance_Shulman&oldid=825690298 '' Categories : 1958 births Living people American television actresses American film actresses American voice actresses Actresses from Tennessee People from Johnson City , Tennessee 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses Jewish American actresses Hidden categories : Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 14 February 2018 , at 20 : 50 . About Wikipedia
orange is the new black characters yoga lady
[ "Constance Shulman (born April 4, 1958) is an American actress and singer. She is best known for voicing Patti Mayonnaise on Doug and for her current role as Yoga Jones in Orange Is the New Black. Shulman originated the role of Annelle in the first production of Steel Magnolias Off-Broadway.[1]" ]
[ "Yoga Jones" ]
-4082176737493474827
Hamida Djandoubi
Hamida Djandoubi - wikipedia Hamida Djandoubi Jump to : navigation , search Hamida Djandoubi ( 1949 - 09 - 22 ) September 22 , 1949 French Tunisia September 10 , 1977 ( 1977 - 09 - 10 ) ( aged 27 ) Baumettes prison , Marseille , France Cause of death Executed by guillotine Resting place Cimetière Saint - Pierre , Marseilles Nationality Tunisian Other names `` Pimp Killer '' Occupation Landscaper , pimp Criminal charge Procuring Rape ( 2 counts ) Torture murder Premeditated violence ( 3 counts ) Criminal penalty Capital punishment Criminal status Executed by guillotine on September 10 , 1977 Motive Revenge for previous criminal charges Conviction ( s ) Guilty on all charges ( February 25 , 1977 ) Details Victims Élisabeth Bousquet , 21 Date Early 1973 ( procuring ) -- July 3 , 1974 ( murder ) Location ( s ) Marseilles Hamida Djandoubi ( Arabic : حميدة جندوبي ‎ ; September 22 , 1949 -- September 10 , 1977 ) was a Tunisian agricultural worker and convicted murderer . He moved to Marseille , France , in 1968 and six years later he kidnapped , tortured and murdered 22 - year - old Élisabeth Bousquet , his former girlfriend . He was sentenced to death in February 1977 and executed in September that year . He was the last person to be executed in Western Europe and in the European Union and the last person legally executed by beheading in the Western world . Marcel Chevalier served as chief executioner . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Murder of Elisabeth Bousquet 3 Trial and execution 4 Further reading 5 References 6 External links Early life ( edit ) Born in Tunisia on September 22 , 1949 , Djandoubi started living in Marseille in 1968 , working in a grocery store . He later worked as a landscaper but had a workplace accident in 1971 that resulted in the loss of two - thirds of his right leg . In 1973 , a 21 - year - old woman named Elisabeth Bousquet , whom Djandoubi had met in the hospital while recovering from his amputation , filed a complaint against him , stating that he had tried to force her into prostitution . Murder of Élisabeth Bousquet ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) After his arrest and eventual release from custody during the spring of 1973 , Djandoubi drew two other young girls into his confidence and then forced them to `` work '' for him . On July 3 , 1974 , he kidnapped Bousquet and took her into his home where , in full view of the terrified girls , he beat the woman before stubbing a lit cigarette all over her breasts and genital area . Bousquet survived the ordeal so he took her by car to the outskirts of Marseille and strangled her there . On his return , Djandoubi warned the two girls to say nothing of what they had seen . Bousquet 's body was discovered in a shed by a boy on July 7 , 1974 . One month later , he kidnapped another girl who managed to escape and report him to police . Trial and Exécution ( edit ) After a lengthy pre-trial process , Djandoubi eventually appeared in court in Aix - en - Provence on charges of torture - murder , rape , and premeditated violence on February 24 , 1977 . His main defense revolved around the supposed effects of the amputation of his leg six years earlier which his lawyer claimed had driven him to a paroxysm of alcohol abuse and violence , turning him into a different man . On February 25 he was sentenced to death . An appeal against his sentence was rejected on June 9 . In the early morning of September 10 , 1977 , twelve days before his 28th birthday , Djandoubi was informed that he , like the child murderers Christian Ranucci ( guillotined on July 28 , 1976 ) and Jérôme Carrein ( guillotined on June 23 , 1977 ) , had not received a reprieve from President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing . Shortly afterwards , at 4 : 40 a.m. , he was executed by guillotine at Baumettes Prison in Marseille . While Djandoubi was the last person executed in France , he was not the last condemned . No more executions occurred after capital punishment was abolished in France in 1981 following the election of François Mitterrand . Further reading ( edit ) Jeremy Mercer , When the Guillotine Fell : The Bloody Beginning and Horrifying End to France 's River of Blood , 1791 -- 1977 , New York , St. Martin 's Press , 2008 Jean - Yves Le Nahour , Le Dernier guillotiné , Paris , First Editions , 2011 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Exécution d'Hamida Djandoubi à Marseille , TF1 , September 10 , 1977 . INA . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Franklin E. Zimring ( 24 September 2004 ) . The Contradictions of American Capital Punishment . Oxford University Press . pp. 33 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 029237 - 9 . Jump up ^ Les deux derniers bourreaux français toujours vivants , La Dépêche du Midi , 10 September 2007 ( French ) ^ Jump up to : Cédric Condom , Le Dernier Guillotiné , Planète+ Justice , 2011 ( French ) Jump up ^ La dernière exécution capitale date de 30 ans , Radio France internationale , 10 September 2007 ( French ) Jump up ^ Il ya 30 ans , avait lieu la dernière exécution , Le Nouvel Observateur , 10 September 2007 ( French ) External links ( edit ) Various photos , newspaper articles , and court documents related to the Djandoubi case ( in English ) Le Dernier Guillotiné , directed by Cédric Condom , based on the book by Jean - Yves Le Nahour , Planète+ Justice , 2011 VIAF : 41310453 LCCN : n2008020686 ISNI : 0000 0000 4108 5013 BNF : cb165437083 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamida_Djandoubi&oldid=813851090 '' Categories : 1949 births 1977 deaths French amputees 20th - century French criminals French people convicted of murder Executed French people French pimps and madams Kidnappers People convicted of assault People convicted of murder by France People executed by France by decapitation People executed by guillotine People executed by the French Fifth Republic People executed for murder People from Marseille Tunisian criminals Tunisian people convicted of murder Tunisian people executed abroad Executed Tunisian people Tunisian amputees Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Tracking infobox criminal with motive parameter Articles containing Arabic - language text Articles needing additional references from October 2011 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara Français Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 5 December 2017 , at 15 : 48 . About Wikipedia
when was the last time someone was executed by guillotine
[ "Hamida Djandoubi (Arabic: حميدة جندوبي‎; September 22, 1949 – September 10, 1977) was a Tunisian agricultural worker and convicted murderer. He moved to Marseille, France, in 1968 and six years later he kidnapped, tortured and murdered 22-year-old Élisabeth Bousquet, his former girlfriend. He was sentenced to death in February 1977 and executed in September that year. He was the last person to be executed in Western Europe and in the European Union[2] and the last person legally executed by beheading in the Western world. Marcel Chevalier served as chief executioner.[3]" ]
[ "Hamida Djandoubi" ]
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Hayden Christensen
Hayden Christensen - wikipedia Hayden Christensen Jump to : navigation , search Hayden Christensen Christensen at the Berlin premiere of Star Wars : Episode III in 2005 ( 1981 - 04 - 19 ) April 19 , 1981 ( age 37 ) Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada Occupation Actor , film producer Years active 1993 -- present Partner ( s ) Rachel Bilson ( 2007 -- 2017 ) Children Relatives Tove Christensen ( brother ) Erik Christensen ( cousin ) Hayden Christensen ( born April 19 , 1981 ) is a Canadian actor and producer . He began his career on Canadian television at the age of 13 , then diversified into American television in the late 1990s . He was praised for his acting as Sam in Life as a House ( 2001 ) , earning Golden Globe Award and Screen Actors Guild Award nominations . Christensen gained international fame for his portrayal of Anakin Skywalker in Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) and Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) . His honors for these films include a nomination for the Saturn Award for Best Actor and the Cannes Film Festival Revelation Award . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 1993 -- 2005 2.1. 1 Star Wars 2.2 2006 -- present 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 5 References 6 External links Early Life Christensen was born in Vancouver , British Columbia , to Alie , an American speechwriter , and David Christensen , a Canadian computer programmer and communications executive . His father is of Danish descent , and his mother has Swedish and Italian ancestry . Christensen is one of four children , with three actor siblings : older brother Tove , older sister Hejsa , and younger sister Kaylen . Christensen was an athlete in high school , playing hockey competitively and tennis on a provincial level . He spent summers on Long Island with his maternal grandmother , Rose Schwartz , and attended the Actors Studio in New York City ; he studied as well at the Arts York drama program at Unionville High School in Markham , Ontario . After accompanying his older sister to her agent 's office after she landed a role in a Pringles commercial , he began being cast in commercials as well , including for Triaminic cough syrup . Career 1993 -- 2005 Christensen made his acting debut in September 1993 , when , at the age of 12 , he played a supporting role on the German - Canadian television series Macht Der Leidenschaft / Family Passions . The following year , he had a minor role in John Carpenter 's In the Mouth of Madness . From 1995 through 1999 , he appeared in several films and television series , including Harrison Bergeron , Forever Knight , Goosebumps , The Virgin Suicides , and Are You Afraid of the Dark ? He acquired wider notice while starring in Fox Family Channel 's television series Higher Ground in 2000 , portraying a teen who was sexually molested by his stepmother , and then turned to drugs in his despair . Christensen 's critically acclaimed portrayal of a misunderstood teenager in Life as a House ( 2001 ) earned him Golden Globe and SAG Award nominations , as well as the National Board of Review 's award for Breakthrough Performance of the Year . However , the performance did not receive widespread public notice . In 2002 , Christensen made his London theatre debut with Jake Gyllenhaal and Anna Paquin in This Is Our Youth . He went on to receive good reviews for 2003 's Shattered Glass , which tells the true story of journalist Stephen Glass , who was discovered to be fabricating stories as a writer for The New Republic and other publications . Peter Travers of Rolling Stone wrote , `` Hayden Christensen is sensational as Glass , finding the wonder boy and the weasel in a disturbed kid flying high on a fame he has n't earned . '' In 2005 , Christensen made his Broadway debut when he appeared briefly in a 10 - minute play . In 2005 , he took part in the fifth annual `` 24 Hour Plays '' benefit , which raises cash for nonprofit groups in the Big Apple . Star Wars On May 12 , 2000 , Christensen announced that he would be starring as Anakin Skywalker in Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) and Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) . The casting director reviewed about 1,500 other candidates before director George Lucas selected Christensen . Lucas is quoted as saying that he chose Christensen because he `` needed an actor who has that presence of the Dark Side '' . This was essential to solidify the story that Lucas was trying to tell : Anakin Skywalker 's fall from grace and transformation into Darth Vader . During the production of Revenge of the Sith , Christensen asked Lucas if a special Vader suit could be constructed to fit his own body , rather than have a different actor don one of the original sets of Vader armor worn by David Prowse . Lucas agreed , and a suit was engineered to fit Christensen 's frame , even including extensions to allow for the actor to attain Vader 's 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) height . His voice as the `` robotic '' Vader , however , was dubbed over by James Earl Jones , who first made the voice famous in the original trilogy . Stock footage of Christensen was used in the 2004 DVD - release edition of Return of the Jedi , where he was inserted to replace Sebastian Shaw as the ghost of the redeemed Anakin Skywalker . This was one of the most controversial changes . Lucas wanted Anakin 's inner person to return to who he was before he turned to the dark side . Christensen insisted this was done without his knowledge , an act that was confirmed by Lucasfilm itself in the featurette `` Return of the Jedi : What has changed ? '' as seen on the official website to commemorate the 2006 DVDs . His performance in both Episode II and III received generally mixed reviews by critics ( earning him the Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Supporting Actor in both films ) . Christensen was named in both People magazine 's 50 Most Beautiful People and Teen People 's 25 Hottest Stars under 25 . For his performance in Episode III , he won the MTV Movie Award for Best Villain . 2006 -- present Christensen with ex -- girlfriend Rachel Bilson filming Jumper in Rome in 2006 Between 2006 and 2007 , he starred in Awake , with Jessica Alba , which tells the story of a man who remains awake but paralyzed during heart surgery , and co-starred in Factory Girl , opposite Sienna Miller and Guy Pearce . Christensen next co-starred with Samuel L. Jackson , Jamie Bell , and Rachel Bilson in the film Jumper , the story of a young man who discovers he has the ability to teleport ; the film was released on February 14 , 2008 . Bilson and Christensen co-starred again in the same segment of the film New York , I Love You . Christensen appeared opposite Mischa Barton in Virgin Territory , which was released directly - to - DVD in North America on August 26 , 2008 . The film , based on The Decameron , is about a group of people who escape the Black Plague epidemic by hiding out in a Tuscan villa in Italy . In October 2009 , Christensen started shooting the horror film Vanishing on 7th Street , directed by Brad Anderson , with Thandie Newton and John Leguizamo . Christensen appeared in the crime drama Takers with Idris Elba and Paul Walker , released in the United States on August 27 , 2010 . Quantum Quest : A Cassini Space Odyssey is the fourth film in which Christensen stars with Samuel L. Jackson . In 2010 , Christensen sued USA Network over allegations that they stole his idea for the TV show Royal Pains . The suit alleges that Christensen met with USA to pitch a similar series entitled Housecalls . During the meeting , Christensen alleges , he was never informed that a similar program was in development . Although a federal judge at first dismissed Christensen 's lawsuit in 2011 , in June 2012 , the 2nd Circuit Court of Appeals reversed this decision and remanded the case back to the district court for further proceedings , in what was considered a legal victory for Christensen . On May 20 , 2013 , during the Cannes Film Festival , the Russian company Enjoy Movies announced the creation of Glacier Films , an alliance company with Christensen and his brother Tove . Over a three - year period , Glacier Films intends to make 11 `` micro-budget '' movies costing $1.5 M each . The first project , American Heist , starring Christensen , Adrien Brody and Jordana Brewster , started filming in June 2013 . It is a remake of Steve McQueen 's The Great St. Louis Bank Robbery . In 2014 , he starred in the American - Chinese - Canadian film Outcast , an action drama , alongside Nicolas Cage . Personal Life In 2007 , Christensen began dating actress Rachel Bilson , with whom he filmed the movie Jumper . They became engaged on December 25 , 2008 . In mid-2010 , they broke up , but began dating again a few months later . On October 29 , 2014 , Bilson gave birth to their daughter Briar Rose . Christensen and Bilson separated in September 2017 . In 2007 , Christensen bought a farm near Uxbridge , Ontario . He noted in 2008 that he had been renovating the property himself and devoting time to learning about `` livestock , crops , and agricultural machinery '' . In November 2013 , Christensen collaborated with Canadian fashion chain RW&Co to release a men 's clothing line inspired by his farm . An avid Toronto Maple Leafs fan , Christensen performed a public service announcement for Do Something 's Teens for Jeans Campaign in 2008 . He modelled in Louis Vuitton 's advertising , and was also named as the face of Lacoste 's newest fragrance , Lacoste Challenge . He was featured in RED 's Lazarus Effect Campaign , which is intended to increase awareness for its efforts to fight AIDS in Africa . Filmography Film Year Title Character Notes 1995 In the Mouth of Madness Paper boy No Greater Love Teddy Winfield Street Law Young John Ryan 1998 The Hairy Bird Tinka 's date 1999 The Virgin Suicides Jake Hill Conley Free Fall Patrick Brennan Life as a House Sam Monroe Young Hollywood Award One to Watch -- Male National Board of Review -- Best Breakthrough Performance by an Actor Nominated -- Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor -- Motion Picture Nominated -- Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role - Motion Picture Nominated -- Dallas -- Fort Worth Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actor Nominated -- Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Breakthrough Performance Nominated -- Chicago Film Critics Association Awards -- Most Promising Performer 2002 Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones Anakin Skywalker Cannes Film Festival -- Male Revelation Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Supporting Actor Nominated -- Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Younger Actor Nominated -- Saturn Award -- Cinescape Genre Face of the Future Award Nominated -- Teen Choice Award -- Choice Movie Actor : Action Nominated -- Teen Choice Award -- Choice Movie : Chemistry ( shared with Natalie Portman ) Nominated -- Teen Choice Award -- Choice Movie : Liplock ( shared with Natalie Portman ) Nominated -- Teen Choice Award -- Choice Movie : Male Breakout Star 2003 Shattered Glass Stephen Glass Las Palmas Film Festival -- Best Actor ( shared with Peter Sarsgaard ) Nominated -- Satellite Award for Best Actor - Motion Picture Drama Star Wars : Episode VI -- Return of the Jedi Anakin Skywalker DVD re-release 2005 Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith Anakin Skywalker / Darth Vader ShoWest -- Male Star of Tomorrow MTV Movie Award for Best Villain Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Supporting Actor Nominated -- Saturn Award -- Best Actor Nominated -- MTV Movie Award for Best Fight ( shared with Ewan McGregor ) Nominated -- Teen Choice Award -- Choice Movie Actor : Action Nominated -- Teen Choice Award -- Choice Movie : Villain 2006 Factory Girl Billy Quinn 2007 Awake Clayton `` Clay '' Beresford , Jr . Nominated -- Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Screen Combo ( shared with Jessica Alba ) Virgin Territory Lorenzo de Lamberti 2008 Jumper David Rice Nominated -- MTV Movie Award for Best Fight ( shared with Jamie Bell ) 2009 New York , I Love You Ben Segment : `` Jiang Wen '' Takers AJ Nominated -- Black Reel Award for Best Ensemble Vanishing on 7th Street Luke Ryder Quantum Quest : A Cassini Space Odyssey Jammer ( voice ) 2014 Outcast Jacob American Heist James Kelly 2015 90 Minutes in Heaven Don Piper 2017 First Kill Billy 2017 Numb , at the Edge of the End Kurt Post-production 2018 Little Italy Leo Campo Post-production Television Year Title Role Notes Family Passions Skip McDeere Unknown episodes 1995 Love and Betrayal : The Mia Farrow Story Fletcher Television film 1995 Harrison Bergeron Eric Television film No Greater Love Teddy Winfield Television film Forever Knight Andre Episode : `` Fallen Idol '' Goosebumps Zane Episode : `` Night of the Living Dummy III '' 1999 Real Kids , Real Adventures Eli Goodner Episode : `` Paralyzed : The Eli Goodner Story '' 1999 Are You Afraid of the Dark ? Kirk Episode : `` The Tale of Bigfoot Ridge '' 1999 The Famous Jett Jackson Steven Episode : `` Popularity '' 2000 Trapped in a Purple Haze Orin Krieg Television film 2000 Higher Ground Scott Barringer 22 episodes 2018 Star Wars Rebels Anakin Skywalker Voice ( archive recording ) Episode : `` A World Between Worlds '' References ^ Jump up to : `` Hayden Christensen Biography ( 1981 - ) '' . FilmReference.com . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2017 . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Leith , William ( March 13 , 2002 ) . `` A force to be reckoned with '' . The Daily Telegraph . London , UK . Retrieved July 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Hayden Christensen Biography '' . Yahoo !. Archived from the original on January 1 , 2006 . Retrieved July 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Lee , Linda ( October 21 , 2001 ) . `` Film : Up and Coming -- Hayden Christensen ; Life as the Latest Bearer of the Force '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 12 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Goldman , Andrew ( March 10 , 2002 ) . `` Space Boy '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 4 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hello Magazine Filmography -- Hayden Christensen '' . Hello Magazine . Retrieved July 1 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , David ( May 20 , 2002 ) . `` The cast and crew of the latest Star Wars flick are n't cloning around '' . Sci Fi . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2009 . Retrieved July 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` HFPA -- Awards Search '' . Golden Globes . Retrieved July 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 8th Annual SAG Awards Nominees '' . SAG Awards . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2008 . Retrieved July 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` National Board of Review of Motion Pictures -- Awards 2001 '' . NBRMP . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2011 . Retrieved July 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Loveridge , Lizzie ( March 2002 ) , `` A CurtainUp London Review : This is Our Youth '' , CurtainUp.com . Retrieved on April 19 , 2018 Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( November 7 , 2003 ) . `` Shattered Glass Review '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Roger Ebert.com . Retrieved July 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Schembri , Jim ( May 20 , 2005 ) . `` Darth wish '' . The Age . Melbourne , Australia . Retrieved July 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( October 23 , 2003 ) . `` Shattered Glass Review '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2009 . Retrieved July 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The 24 Hour Plays 2005 '' . IBDB . Retrieved May 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Robin Gurland -- Do n't Call Her ; She 'll Call You '' . Star Wars.com . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2011 . Retrieved May 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars -- Lucas Made Vader Suit Extra Awkward '' . Contactmusic.com . Retrieved July 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hayden Christensen Talks About `` Revenge of the Sith '' `` . Movies About . Retrieved May 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Star Wars Trilogy : Star Wars Episode VI : Return of the Jedi ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . 2004 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Derek . `` Star Wars fans , DVD , and cultural ownership : an interview with Will Brooker ; Interview '' , Velvet Light Trap , September 22 , 2005 , pg. 36 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( May 1 , 2005 ) . `` Anakin 's fans strike back '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Roger Ebert.com . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2010 . Retrieved February 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Moviefone Unscripted with Hayden Christensen and George Lucas '' . YouTube . 2005 . Jump up ^ Star Wars Episode III : Revenge of the Sith ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Review : Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved May 10 , 2002 . Jump up ^ `` Revenge of the Sith review '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved September 30 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` May the Force Be Over '' . Village Voice . Retrieved May 10 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Scott , A.O. ( May 10 , 2002 ) . `` Kicking Up Cosmic Dust '' . New York Times . Retrieved May 10 , 2002 . Jump up ^ `` 26th Annual Golden Raspberry ( Razzie © ) Award `` Winners '' `` . Razzies.com . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2008 . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Madonna ! It 's Britney ! It 's -- BOTH ? ? Pop Divas TIE at 23rd RAZZIE Awards '' . Razzies . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2014 . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hello Magazine Profile -- Hayden Christensen '' . Hello Magazine . Retrieved July 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Hayden Christensen : Actor '' . People . May 13 , 2002 . Retrieved July 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 MTV Movie Awards '' . MTV . Retrieved August 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Scheck , Frank ( December 3 , 2007 ) . `` Awake : Bottom Line : Sleep wo n't be an option '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2009 . Retrieved July 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Howell , Peter ( February 9 , 2007 ) . `` ' Factory Girl ' : Time 's up '' . TheStar . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2008 . Retrieved July 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Kiefer , Peter ( December 17 , 2006 ) . `` Oh My God , Can You Rent the Colosseum ? '' . New York Times . Retrieved July 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Christensen Onboard Jumper ? '' . Moviehole . July 22 , 2006 . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2006 . Retrieved July 24 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Bilson and Christensen Reteam For New York Love Story '' . Contactmusic.com . Retrieved July 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Virgin Territory '' . Tribute.ca . Retrieved July 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Foster , Dave ( June 26 , 2008 ) . `` Virgin Territory ( R2 ) in August '' . DVD Times . Retrieved July 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Hayden Christensen is ' Street ' smart '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hayden Christensen is ' Vanishing on 7th Street ' '' . Cinematical . Retrieved May 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Takers '' . Coming Soon . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hayden Christensen claims USA stole his idea for ' Royal Pains ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2010 . Retrieved July 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Golding , Bruce . `` Christensen sues USA Network over ' stolen ' TV series '' . New York Post . Retrieved May 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hayden Christensen Wins Big Victory Against USA Network in ' Royal Pains ' Appeal '' . Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Dave McNary ( May 16 , 2013 ) . `` Hayden Christensen Launching Glacier Films Slate '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` Nicolas Cage , Hayden Christensen to Begin ' Outcast ' Chinese Shoot in April '' . Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` Rachel Bilson and Hayden Christensen are engaged '' . People . Retrieved April 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Christensen Proposed Over Christmas '' . Contactmusic.com . Retrieved July 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Rep : Rachel Bilson , Hayden Christensen 's Wedding Officially `` Off '' `` . Us Weekly . August 9 , 2010 . Retrieved August 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Chiu , Alexis ; Shira , Dahvi ( August 9 , 2010 ) . `` Hayden Christensen & Rachel Bilson Call Off Engagement '' . People Magazine . Retrieved August 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Byrne , Alla ( November 9 , 2010 ) . `` Hayden Christensen & Rachel Bilson Are Dating Again '' . People Magazine . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Everett , Cristina ( November 9 , 2010 ) . `` Hayden Christensen and Rachel Bilson ' dating again ' months after calling off engagement '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Confirmed by Bilson 's representative in Webber , Stephanie ( November 6 , 2014 ) . `` Rachel Bilson Gives Birth , Welcomes Baby Girl Briar Rose With Hayden Christensen '' . Us Weekly . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ US Weekly Staff . `` Rachel Bilson and Hayden Christensen Split '' . usmagazine.com . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hiscock , John ( February 13 , 2008 ) . `` Hayden Christensen dreaming of the simple life '' . The Toronto Star . Retrieved November 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Heilbron , Alexandra ( May 31 , 2007 ) . `` Christensen buys Toronto area farm '' . Tribute.ca . Retrieved November 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hayden Christensen Teams With RW&Co : Collection Inspired By ' Star Wars ' Actor 's Farm '' . Huffington Post . September 16 , 2013 . Retrieved November 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hayden Christensen Promotes Teens for Jeans '' . Do Something . Retrieved January 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Hayden Christensen Smartens up for Louis Vuitton '' . Contactmusic.com . Retrieved October 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Hayden Christensen 's New `` Challenge '' : Face of Lacoste Fragrance `` . People . Retrieved May 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Christensen , Hayden ( July 31 , 2010 ) . `` Hayden Christensen on ' The Lazarus Effect ' '' . CNN . Retrieved July 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Lazarus Effect Campaign '' . Join Red . Retrieved May 10 , 2010 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hayden Christensen . Star Wars portal Vancouver portal Hayden Christensen on IMDb Hayden Christensen at the Internet Broadway Database Hayden Christensen at the TCM Movie Database Hayden Christensen at AllMovie Hiscock , John ( May 13 , 2005 ) . `` Skywalker comes down to earth '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved July 1 , 2008 . < / ref > Awards for Hayden Christensen MTV Movie Award for Best Villain Rebecca De Mornay ( 1992 ) Jennifer Jason Leigh ( 1993 ) Alicia Silverstone ( 1994 ) Dennis Hopper ( 1995 ) Kevin Spacey ( 1996 ) Jim Carrey ( 1997 ) Mike Myers ( 1998 ) Matt Dillon / Stephen Dorff ( 1999 ) † Mike Myers ( 2000 ) Jim Carrey ( 2001 ) Denzel Washington ( 2002 ) Daveigh Chase ( 2003 ) Lucy Liu ( 2004 ) Ben Stiller ( 2005 ) Hayden Christensen ( 2006 ) Jack Nicholson ( 2007 ) Johnny Depp ( 2008 ) Heath Ledger ( 2009 ) Tom Felton ( 2010 ) Tom Felton ( 2011 ) Jennifer Aniston ( 2012 ) ‡ Tom Hiddleston ( 2013 ) Mila Kunis ( 2014 ) Meryl Streep ( 2015 ) Adam Driver ( 2016 ) Jeffrey Dean Morgan ( 2017 ) † Tie ; ‡ The Award was re-named Best On - Screen Dirtbag National Board of Review Award for Breakthrough Performance Alicia Silverstone ( 1995 ) Renée Zellweger ( 1996 ) Bai Ling ( 1997 ) Billy Crudup / Angelina Jolie ( 1998 ) Hilary Swank / Wes Bentley ( 1999 ) Jamie Bell / Michelle Rodriguez ( 2000 ) Hayden Christensen / Naomi Watts ( 2001 ) Maggie Gyllenhaal / Derek Luke ( 2002 ) Charlize Theron / Paul Giamatti ( 2003 ) Emmy Rossum / Topher Grace ( 2004 ) Q'orianka Kilcher / Terrence Howard ( 2005 ) Jennifer Hudson / Rinko Kikuchi / Ryan Gosling ( 2006 ) Ellen Page / Emile Hirsch ( 2007 ) Viola Davis / Dev Patel ( 2008 ) Gabourey Sidibe / Jeremy Renner ( 2009 ) Jennifer Lawrence ( 2010 ) Rooney Mara / Felicity Jones ( 2011 ) Quvenzhané Wallis / Tom Holland ( 2012 ) Adèle Exarchopoulos / Michael B. Jordan ( 2013 ) Jack O'Connell ( 2014 ) Abraham Attah / Jacob Tremblay ( 2015 ) Lucas Hedges / Royalty Hightower ( 2016 ) Timothée Chalamet ( 2017 ) Trophée Chopard 2000s Eduardo Noriega / Audrey Tautou ( 2001 ) Hayden Christensen / Paz Vega / Ludivine Sagnier ( 2002 ) Gael García Bernal / Diane Kruger ( 2003 ) Rodrigo Santoro / Marion Cotillard ( 2004 ) Jonathan Rhys Meyers / Kelly Reilly ( 2005 ) Kevin Zegers / Jasmine Trinca ( 2006 ) Nick Cannon / Archie Panjabi ( 2007 ) Omar Metwally / Tang Wei ( 2008 ) David Kross / Léa Seydoux ( 2009 ) 2010s Edward Hogg / Liya Kebede ( 2010 ) Niels Schneider / Àstrid Bergès - Frisbey ( 2011 ) Ezra Miller / Shailene Woodley ( 2012 ) Jeremy Irvine / Blanca Suárez ( 2013 ) Logan Lerman / Adèle Exarchopoulos ( 2014 ) Jack O'Connell / Lola Kirke ( 2015 ) John Boyega / Bel Powley ( 2016 ) George MacKay / Anya Taylor - Joy ( 2017 ) Joe Alwyn / Elizabeth Debicki ( 2018 ) BNE : XX1632395 BNF : cb14461642g ( data ) GND : 144039109 ISNI : 0000 0001 2102 7454 LCCN : n2001025456 SNAC : w60p4bvk SUDOC : 119215209 VIAF : 84237045 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hayden_Christensen&oldid=840667129 '' Categories : 1981 births 20th - century Canadian male actors 21st - century Canadian male actors Male actors from Toronto Male actors from Vancouver Actors Studio alumni Canadian male child actors Canadian male film actors Canadian people of American descent Canadian people of Danish descent Canadian people of Italian descent Canadian people of Swedish descent Canadian male soap opera actors Canadian male stage actors Canadian male television actors Canadian male voice actors Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute alumni Living people People from Thornhill , Ontario Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected biographies of living people Use mdy dates from April 2018 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Articles with IBDb links Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu تۆرکجه Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Қазақша Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 38 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 May 2018 , at 10 : 30 . 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who played anakin in revenge of the sith
[ "Hayden Christensen (born April 19, 1981)[1] is a Canadian actor and producer. He began his career on Canadian television at the age of 13, then diversified into American television in the late 1990s. He was praised for his acting as Sam in Life as a House (2001), earning Golden Globe Award and Screen Actors Guild Award nominations. Christensen gained international fame for his portrayal of Anakin Skywalker in Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones (2002) and Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith (2005). His honors for these films include a nomination for the Saturn Award for Best Actor and the Cannes Film Festival Revelation Award." ]
[ "Hayden Christensen" ]
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2017 NFL season
2017 NFL season - wikipedia 2017 NFL season Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the American football season in the United States . For the Gaelic football season in Ireland , see 2017 National Football League ( Ireland ) . 2017 National Football League season Regular season Duration September 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 07 ) -- December 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 31 ) Playoffs Start date January 6 , 2018 Super Bowl LII Date February 4 , 2018 Site U.S. Bank Stadium , Minneapolis , Minnesota Pro Bowl Date January 28 , 2018 Site Camping World Stadium , Orlando , Florida ← 2016 NFL seasons The 2017 NFL season is the 98th and current season in the history of the National Football League ( NFL ) . The season began on September 7 , 2017 , with the Kansas City Chiefs defeating the defending Super Bowl LI champion New England Patriots 42 -- 27 in the NFL Kickoff Game . The season will conclude with Super Bowl LII , the league 's championship game , on February 4 , 2018 , at U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis , Minnesota . For the second consecutive year , a team relocated to the Los Angeles metropolitan area , as the former San Diego Chargers announced their intent to relocate to the city in January 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Player movements and retirements 1.1 Free agency 1.2 Trades 1.3 Notable retirements 1.4 Draft 2 Preseason 3 Regular season 4 In - season scheduling changes 5 Regular season standings 5.1 Division 5.2 Conference 6 Anthem protests 7 Notable deaths 7.1 Dan Rooney 7.2 Others 8 Rule changes 9 Records , milestones , and notable statistics 10 Awards 10.1 Players of the week / month 11 Head coaching and front office personnel changes 11.1 Head coaches 11.1. 1 Offseason 11.2 Front office personnel 11.2. 1 Offseason 12 Stadiums 12.1 Atlanta Falcons 12.2 Naming rights 12.2. 1 Arizona Cardinals 12.2. 2 Denver Broncos 12.3 Relocations 12.3. 1 San Diego Chargers ' relocation to Los Angeles 12.3. 2 Oakland Raiders ' relocation to Las Vegas 12.4 Attendance 13 New uniforms and patches 14 Media 14.1 Broadcast rights 14.2 Commercials 14.3 Personnel changes 15 Television viewers and ratings 15.1 Most watched regular season games 16 References Player movements and retirements ( edit ) The 2017 NFL League year began on March 9 at 4 : 00 p.m. EST . On March 7 , clubs were allowed to contact and enter into contract negotiations with the agents of players who became unrestricted free agents upon the expiration of their contracts two days later . On March 9 , clubs exercised options for 2017 on players who have option clauses in their contracts , submitted qualifying offers to their restricted free agents with expiring contracts and to whom desire to retain a Right of Refusal / Compensation , submitted a Minimum Salary Tender to retain exclusive negotiating rights to their players with expiring 2016 contracts and who have fewer than three accrued seasons of free agent credit , and teams were required to be under the salary cap using the `` Top - 51 '' definition ( in which the 51 highest paid - players on the team 's payroll must have a collected salary cap hit below the actual cap ) . The 2017 trading period also began the same day . Free agency ( edit ) A total of 496 players were eligible for some form of free agency at the beginning of the free agency period . Among the high - profile players who changed teams via free agency were cornerbacks A.J. Bouye ( from Texans to Jaguars ) , Logan Ryan ( from Patriots to Titans ) , and Stephon Gilmore ( from Bills to Patriots ) ; safeties Barry Church ( from Cowboys to Jaguars ) , Johnathan Cyprien ( from Jaguars to Titans ) , Micah Hyde ( from Packers to Bills ) , and Tony Jefferson ( from Cardinals to Ravens ) ; linebackers Jabaal Sheard ( from Patriots to Colts ) , Malcolm Smith ( from Raiders to 49ers ) , and Manti Te'o ( from Chargers to Saints ) ; defensive tackles Johnathan Hankins ( from Giants to Colts ) and Calais Campbell ( from Cardinals to Jaguars ) ; offensive tackles Andrew Whitworth ( from Bengals to Rams ) , Kelvin Beachum ( from Jaguars to Jets ) , Matt Kalil ( from Vikings to Panthers ) , Mike Remmers ( from Panthers to Vikings ) , Ricky Wagner ( from Ravens to Lions ) , Riley Reiff ( from Lions to Vikings ) , and Russell Okung ( from Broncos to Chargers ) ; offensive guards Kevin Zeitler ( from Bengals to Browns ) , Larry Warford ( from Lions to Saints ) , Ronald Leary ( from Cowboys to Broncos ) , and T.J. Lang ( from Packers to Lions ) ; tight ends Martellus Bennett ( from Patriots to Packers ) and Jared Cook ( from Packers to Raiders ) ; wide receivers Alshon Jeffery ( from Bears to Eagles ) , Brandon Marshall ( from Jets to Giants ) , DeSean Jackson ( from Redskins to Buccaneers ) , Kenny Britt ( from Rams to Browns ) , Pierre Garçon ( from Redskins to 49ers ) , Robert Woods ( from Bills to Rams ) , Terrelle Pryor ( from Browns to Redskins ) , and Torrey Smith ( from 49ers to Eagles ) ; running backs Latavius Murray ( from Raiders to Vikings ) , Adrian Peterson ( from Vikings to Saints ) , Eddie Lacy ( from Packers to Seahawks ) , and Jamaal Charles ( from Chiefs to Broncos ) ; fullbacks Mike Tolbert ( from Panthers to Bills ) and Patrick DiMarco ( from Falcons to Bills ) ; quarterback Mike Glennon ( from Buccaneers to Bears ) . Trades ( edit ) On March 9 , the Jacksonville Jaguars traded tight end Julius Thomas to the Miami Dolphins in exchange for a 2017 seventh - round draft pick . On March 9 , the Miami Dolphins traded offensive tackle Branden Albert to the Jacksonville Jaguars in exchange for a 2018 seventh - round draft pick . On March 9 , the Houston Texans traded quarterback Brock Osweiler , a 2018 second - round draft pick and a 2017 sixth - round draft pick to the Cleveland Browns in exchange for a 2017 fourth - round compensatory draft pick . On March 9 , the Indianapolis Colts traded tight end Dwayne Allen and a 2017 sixth - round draft pick to the New England Patriots in exchange for a 2017 fourth - round draft pick . On March 9 , the Los Angeles Rams traded defensive end William Hayes along with a 2017 seventh - round draft pick to the Miami Dolphins in exchange for a 2017 sixth - round draft pick . On March 10 , the New Orleans Saints traded wide receiver Brandin Cooks and a 4th round draft pick to the New England Patriots in exchange for a 1st and 3rd round draft pick . On March 10 , the Carolina Panthers traded defensive end Kony Ealy and a 2017 third - round draft pick to the New England Patriots in exchange for a 2017 second - round draft pick . On March 15 , the Baltimore Ravens traded center Jeremy Zuttah and a 2017 sixth - round draft pick to the San Francisco 49ers for their 2017 sixth - round draft pick . On April 4 , the Baltimore Ravens traded defensive tackle Timmy Jernigan and a 2017 third - round draft pick to the Philadelphia Eagles in exchange for a 2017 third - round draft pick . On April 26 , the Seattle Seahawks traded the contract rights of previously retired running back Marshawn Lynch and a 2018 sixth - round draft pick to the Oakland Raiders for a 2018 fifth - round draft pick . On August 11 , the Buffalo Bills traded wide receiver Sammy Watkins and a 2018 sixth - round draft pick to the Los Angeles Rams for cornerback E.J. Gaines and a 2018 second - round draft pick . That same day , the Bills traded cornerback Ronald Darby to the Philadelphia Eagles for wide receiver Jordan Matthews and a 2018 third - round draft pick . Notable retirements ( edit ) This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : Expand on some more notable players by adding details about their retirement . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Anquan Boldin Josh Cribbs King Dunlap Brandon Flowers Justin Forsett Doug Free Chad Greenway Percy Harvin A.J. Hawk Andre Johnson James Jones Terrance Knighton James Laurinaitis Jake Long Robert Mathis Pat McAfee Lance Moore Rob Ninkovich Jerraud Powers Tony Romo Steve Smith , Sr . Stephen Tulloch John Urschel Michael Vick DeMarcus Ware Roddy White Vince Wilfork At one point , Jay Cutler had also announced retirement , but later rescinded and signed with the Miami Dolphins . Cutler previously played for the Chicago Bears . Draft ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see 2017 NFL draft . The 2017 NFL Draft was held on April 27 -- 29 , 2017 in Philadelphia . The Cleveland Browns selected Myles Garrett with the first overall pick . Preseason ( edit ) Training camps for the 2017 season were held in late July through August . Teams started training camp no earlier than 15 days before the team 's first scheduled preseason game . Prior to the start of the regular season , each team played four preseason exhibition games , beginning on August 10 . The preseason began on the evening of August 3 with the 2017 Pro Football Hall of Fame Game , that featured the Dallas Cowboys ( represented in the 2017 Hall of Fame Class by owner Jerry Jones ) who hosted Arizona Cardinals ( represented by former quarterback Kurt Warner ) . It was televised nationally on NBC . The 64 - game preseason schedule ended on August 31 ; a 65th game , that of the 2017 Texas Governor 's Cup , was canceled due to the aftermath of Hurricane Harvey . Regular season ( edit ) The 2017 regular season 's 256 games will be played over a 17 - week schedule which began on September 7 . Each of the league 's 32 teams plays a 16 - game schedule , with one bye week for each team . The slate also features games on Monday nights . There are games played on Thursday , including the National Football League Kickoff game in prime time on September 7 and games on Thanksgiving Day . The regular season will conclude with a full slate of 16 games on Sunday , December 31 , all of which will be intra -- division matchups , as it has been since 2010 . Scheduling formula Under the NFL 's current scheduling formula , each team plays the other three teams in its own division twice . In addition a team plays against all four teams in one other division from each conference . The final two games on a team 's schedule are against the two teams in the team 's own conference in the divisions the team was not set to play which finished the previous season in the same rank in their division ( e.g. the team which finished first in its division the previous season would play each other team in its conference that also finished first in its respective division ) . The preset division pairings for 2017 will be as follows . Intra-conference AFC East vs AFC West AFC North vs AFC South NFC East vs NFC West NFC North vs NFC South Inter-conference AFC East vs NFC South AFC North vs NFC North AFC South vs NFC West AFC West vs NFC East Highlights of the 2017 schedule include : NFL Kickoff Game : The Super Bowl LI champion New England Patriots hosted the Kansas City Chiefs in a primetime NFL Kickoff Game on September 7 , 2017 , with the Chiefs winning 42 -- 27 . NFL International Series : For the 2017 season , the International Series underwent a split in branding , with each country 's games receiving their own brand . NFL London Games : Four games were played in London in 2017 . The Jacksonville Jaguars hosted the Baltimore Ravens at Wembley Stadium on September 24 , and the Miami Dolphins hosted the New Orleans Saints at the same venue a week later . The Los Angeles Rams hosted the Arizona Cardinals at Twickenham Stadium on October 22 , and the Cleveland Browns hosted the Minnesota Vikings at the same venue a week later . NFL Mexico Game : The Oakland Raiders will host the New England Patriots at Estadio Azteca in Mexico City , making this the second consecutive year in which the Raiders will host one of their home games in Mexico City ; the game will be played on November 19 , with a kickoff time of 4 : 25 p.m. EST . Thanksgiving Day : As has been the case since 2006 , three games will be played on November 23 , beginning with the Detroit Lions hosting the Minnesota Vikings , the Dallas Cowboys hosting the Los Angeles Chargers ( in their first Thanksgiving Day game since 1969 , and their first Thanksgiving game since they joined the NFL as part of the AFL - NFL merger in 1970 ) , and a primetime game featuring Washington Redskins hosting the New York Giants . Christmas games : Christmas Day , December 25 , falls on a Monday in 2017 . Sunday Night Football will move from December 24 , Christmas Eve , to Saturday , December 23 , with the Green Bay Packers hosting the Minnesota Vikings ( alongside a Saturday Thursday Night Football game featuring the Indianapolis Colts and Baltimore Ravens ) . Two games will be played on Christmas Day : a late - afternoon game featuring the Houston Texans hosting the Pittsburgh Steelers as a special edition of Thursday Night Football , and the Philadelphia Eagles hosting the Oakland Raiders for Monday Night Football . New Year 's Eve games : The NFL will play a full slate of 16 games on December 31 , to conclude the regular season . All of the Week 17 games will be intra-divisional matchups , as they have been since 2010 . The entire schedule was released on April 20 , 2017 . In - season scheduling changes ( edit ) The following games were moved or canceled because of severe weather , by way of flexible scheduling , or for other reasons : Preseason Week 4 : Due to the effects of Hurricane Harvey in the Houston area , the Cowboys -- Texans game was eventually canceled . The 2017 Texas Governor 's Cup preseason game , originally scheduled to be played at Houston 's NRG Stadium , was initially moved to the Cowboys ' AT&T Stadium , before the NFL opted instead to cancel the game altogether in order to allow Texans ' players and coaches to reunite with their families as well as to assist with the relief efforts . Week 1 : Due to the threat posed from Hurricane Irma , the Buccaneers -- Dolphins game was rescheduled to Week 11 ( November 19 ) , when both teams were originally scheduled to have their bye weeks . Both teams had their bye also rescheduled to this week . Week 7 : The Bengals -- Steelers game , originally scheduled to start at 1 : 00 p.m. ET , was moved to 4 : 25 p.m. ET , with the game still on CBS . In addition , the Panthers - Bears game , originally scheduled to be broadcast on Fox , was flexed to CBS , but retained its scheduled start time of 1 : 00 p.m. ET . Regular season standings ( edit ) Division ( edit ) AFC East view talk PCT DIV CONF PF PA STK New England Patriots 6 0 . 750 1 -- 0 3 -- 1 216 179 W4 Buffalo Bills 5 0 . 714 1 -- 0 3 -- 1 153 115 W2 Miami Dolphins 0 . 571 1 -- 1 3 -- 2 93 152 L1 New York Jets 5 0 . 375 1 -- 3 2 -- 4 157 187 L3 AFC North view talk PCT DIV CONF PF PA STK Pittsburgh Steelers 6 0 . 750 3 -- 0 4 -- 1 167 131 W3 Baltimore Ravens 0 . 500 2 -- 1 4 -- 2 170 148 W1 Cincinnati Bengals 0 . 429 1 -- 2 3 -- 3 122 135 W1 Cleveland Browns 0 8 0 . 000 0 -- 3 0 -- 7 119 202 L8 AFC South view talk PCT DIV CONF PF PA STK Tennessee Titans 0 . 571 2 -- 1 3 -- 3 158 173 W2 Jacksonville Jaguars 0 . 571 2 -- 1 4 -- 2 183 110 W1 Houston Texans 0 . 429 1 -- 1 3 -- 3 215 188 L1 Indianapolis Colts 6 0 . 250 0 -- 2 1 -- 3 142 246 L3 AFC West view talk PCT DIV CONF PF PA STK Kansas City Chiefs 6 0 . 750 2 -- 1 4 -- 2 236 180 W1 Denver Broncos 0 . 429 2 -- 2 2 -- 3 127 147 L3 Los Angeles Chargers 5 0 . 375 2 -- 2 2 -- 4 150 152 L2 Oakland Raiders 5 0 . 375 1 -- 2 3 -- 4 169 187 L2 NFC East view talk PCT DIV CONF PF PA STK Philadelphia Eagles 7 0 . 875 3 -- 0 6 -- 0 232 156 W6 Dallas Cowboys 0 . 571 2 -- 0 4 -- 2 198 161 W2 Washington Redskins 0 . 429 0 -- 3 2 -- 3 160 180 L2 New York Giants 6 0 . 143 0 -- 2 0 -- 5 112 156 L1 NFC North view talk PCT DIV CONF PF PA STK Minnesota Vikings 6 0 . 750 2 -- 1 4 -- 1 179 138 W4 Green Bay Packers 0 . 571 1 -- 1 3 -- 3 164 161 L2 Detroit Lions 0 . 429 1 -- 0 3 -- 3 175 169 L3 Chicago Bears 5 0 . 375 0 -- 2 1 -- 5 134 171 L1 NFC South view talk PCT DIV CONF PF PA STK New Orleans Saints 5 0 . 714 1 -- 0 4 -- 1 191 145 W5 Carolina Panthers 5 0 . 625 1 -- 1 3 -- 3 148 142 W1 Atlanta Falcons 0 . 571 0 -- 0 3 -- 0 153 152 W1 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 5 0 . 286 0 -- 1 2 -- 3 148 168 L4 NFC West view talk PCT DIV CONF PF PA STK Seattle Seahawks 5 0 . 714 2 -- 0 3 -- 1 171 132 W4 Los Angeles Rams 5 0 . 714 2 -- 1 3 -- 2 212 136 W2 Arizona Cardinals 0 . 429 1 -- 1 2 -- 4 119 191 L1 San Francisco 49ers 0 8 0 . 000 0 -- 3 0 - 7 133 219 L8 Conference ( edit ) AFC # Team Division PCT DIV CONF SOS SOV STK Division leaders Pittsburgh Steelers North 6 0 . 750 3 -- 0 4 -- 1 . 475 . 478 W3 Kansas City Chiefs West 6 0 . 750 2 -- 1 4 -- 2 . 557 . 556 W1 New England Patriots East 6 0 . 750 1 -- 0 3 -- 1 . 517 . 455 W4 Tennessee Titans South 0 . 571 2 -- 1 3 -- 3 . 404 . 367 W2 Wild Cards 5 Buffalo Bills East 5 0 . 714 1 -- 0 3 -- 1 . 442 . 405 W2 6 Jacksonville Jaguars South 0 . 571 2 -- 1 4 -- 2 . 509 . 484 W1 In the hunt 7 Miami Dolphins East 0 . 571 1 -- 1 3 -- 2 . 491 . 467 L1 8 Baltimore Ravens North 0 . 500 2 -- 1 4 -- 2 . 475 . 333 W1 9 Houston Texans South 0 . 500 1 -- 1 3 -- 3 . 538 . 318 W1 10 Cincinnati Bengals North 0 . 429 1 -- 2 3 -- 3 . 453 . 304 W3 11 Denver Broncos West 0 . 429 2 -- 2 2 -- 3 . 472 . 435 L3 12 New York Jets East 5 0 . 375 1 -- 3 3 -- 4 . 508 . 364 L3 13 Los Angeles Chargers West 5 0 . 375 2 -- 2 2 -- 4 . 550 . 318 L1 14 Oakland Raiders West 5 0 . 375 1 -- 2 3 -- 4 . 517 . 565 L1 15 Indianapolis Colts South 6 0 . 250 0 -- 2 1 -- 2 . 414 . 000 L3 16 Cleveland Browns North 0 8 0 . 000 0 -- 3 0 -- 7 . 508 . 000 L8 Tiebreakers ^ Jump up to : Pittsburgh wins tie break over New England and Kansas City based on best win percentage in conference games . ^ Jump up to : Kansas City wins tie break over New England based on head - to - head win percentage . ^ Jump up to : Tennessee wins tie break over Jacksonville based on head - to - head win percentage . ^ Jump up to : Jacksonville wins tie break over Miami based on best win percentage in conference games . ^ Jump up to : Houston wins tie break over Cincinnati based on head - to - head win percentage . ^ Jump up to : Houston wins tie break over Denver based on best win percentage in conference games . ^ Jump up to : Cincinnati wins tie break over Denver based on best win percentage in conference games . ^ Jump up to : NY Jets wins tie break over LA Chargers based on best win percentage in conference games . Division tie break was initially used to eliminate Oakland ( see below ) . ^ Jump up to : LA Chargers wins tie break over Oakland based on head - to - head win percentage . Jump up ^ When breaking ties for three or more teams under the NFL 's rules , they are first broken within divisions , then comparing only the highest ranked remaining team from each division . NFC # Team Division PCT DIV CONF SOS SOV STK Division leaders Philadelphia Eagles East 7 0 . 875 3 -- 0 6 -- 0 . 400 . 346 W6 Minnesota Vikings North 6 0 . 750 2 -- 1 4 -- 1 . 450 . 400 W4 New Orleans Saints South 5 0 . 714 1 -- 0 4 -- 1 . 585 . 514 W5 Seattle Seahawks West 5 0 . 714 2 -- 0 3 -- 1 . 373 . 297 W4 Wild Cards 5 Los Angeles Rams West 5 0 . 714 2 -- 1 3 -- 2 . 412 . 351 W2 6 Carolina Panthers South 5 0 . 625 1 -- 1 3 -- 3 . 517 . 432 W1 In the hunt 7 Atlanta Falcons South 0 . 571 0 -- 0 3 -- 0 . 538 . 433 W1 8 Green Bay Packers North 0 . 571 1 -- 1 3 -- 3 . 588 . 517 L2 9 Dallas Cowboys East 0 . 500 2 -- 0 4 -- 2 . 380 . 241 W2 10 Detroit Lions North 0 . 429 1 -- 0 3 -- 3 . 577 . 455 L2 11 Washington Redskins East 0 . 429 0 -- 3 2 -- 3 . 593 . 348 L1 12 Arizona Cardinals West 0 . 429 1 -- 1 2 -- 4 . 442 . 174 L1 13 Chicago Bears North 5 0 . 375 0 -- 2 1 -- 5 . 600 . 625 L1 14 Tampa Bay Buccaneers South 5 0 . 286 0 -- 1 2 -- 3 . 547 . 267 L4 15 New York Giants East 6 0 . 143 0 -- 2 0 -- 5 . 529 . 429 L1 16 San Francisco 49ers West 0 8 0 . 000 0 -- 3 0 -- 7 . 576 . 000 L8 Tiebreakers ^ Jump up to : New Orleans wins tie break over Seattle based on best win percentage in conference games . ^ Jump up to : Seattle wins tie break over LA Rams based on head - to - head win percentage . ^ Jump up to : Atlanta wins tie break over Dallas and Green Bay based on best win percentage in conference games . ^ Jump up to : Green Bay wins tie break over Dallas based on head - to - head win percentage . ^ Jump up to : Detroit wins tie break over Arizona and Washington based on best win percentage in conference games . ^ Jump up to : Washington wins tie break over Arizona based on best win percentage in conference games . Jump up ^ When breaking ties for three or more teams under the NFL 's rules , they are first broken within divisions , then comparing only the highest ranked remaining team from each division . Anthem protests ( edit ) Main article : U.S. national anthem protests ( 2016 -- present ) In week 3 of the season there were numerous anthem protests in response to comments by President Donald Trump stating that those who kneel during the anthem should be fired . Protests included entire teams linking arms or kneeling during the anthem . Three teams - the Steelers , Titans and Seahawks - did not even take to the field for the anthem . Notable Deaths ( edit ) The following people associated with the NFL ( or AFL ) have died in 2017 . Dan Rooney ( edit ) Dan Rooney was chairman and plurality owner of the Pittsburgh Steelers and one of the sons of founding owner Art Rooney , Sr. Having been officially involved with the franchise since 1960 , Rooney was a part of all six of the Steelers ' Super Bowl victories . In addition to this , Rooney was considered an active and progressive owner in the league 's operations , most famously by successfully pushing for the Rooney Rule , an affirmative action policy requiring all NFL franchises to interview persons of color for head coaching vacancies . Concurrently with his role with the Steelers , Rooney also served as United States Ambassador to Ireland from 2009 to 2014 . He was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2000 , making him and his father the second father - son duo in the Hall behind Tim & Wellington Mara . Rooney died on April 13 at the age of 84 . Others ( edit ) Dave Adolph Bill Anderson Ron Billingsley Dave Brazil Kevin Cadle Bernie Casey Bill Cox Bill Fischer Tom Graham Larry Grantham Ralph Guglielmi James Hadnot James Hardy III Larry Hayes Mitchell Henry Aaron Hernandez Larry Hickman John Hilton Claude Hipps Michael Jackson Derrick Jensen Cortez Kennedy Ken Kranz Yale Lary Bob Lee Tony Liscio Eddie Macon George Maderos Mickey Marvin Clay Matthews Sr . Red Miller Paul Mitchell David Modell Tom Modrak Rod Monroe Quentin Moses Leonard Myers Tommy Neck Babe Parilli Benny Perrin Hugh Pitts Sonny Randle Len Rohde Max Runager Jimmy Thomas Y.A. Tittle Ted Topor Rick Tuten Wayne Walker Clarence Williams Ellery Williams Bold indicates members of the Pro Football Hall of Fame . Rule changes ( edit ) The following rule changes were approved for the 2017 NFL season at the owners ' meeting on March 28 , 2017 : Defensive players are now prohibited from running toward the line of scrimmage and leaping or hurdling over offensive linemen on field goal or PAT attempts , similar to a change made in college football for the 2017 season . Previously this action was permitted as long as the leaper or hurdler did not land on other players . Include in the definition of a `` defenseless player '' receivers tracking the quarterback or looking back for the ball , including inside the legal contact ( 5 yards from the line of scrimmage ) zone . Egregious hits to the head ( similar to the `` targeting '' rule in NCAA football ) will now result in an automatic ejection . The replay control center will make the final ruling on reviewed plays instead of the game referee , although the referee can still provide input on reviewable plays . The sideline replay monitor ( the `` hood '' ) will be eliminated and replaced with a tablet on the field for the referee to review with the replay control center . Crackback blocks are now prohibited by a backfield player in motion , even if he is not more than two yards outside the tackle box when the ball is snapped . Make permanent the rule that players who commit two certain types of unsportsmanlike conduct penalties ( throwing punches / forearms / kicking , even if they do not connect , directing abusive , threatening , or insulting language toward opponents , teammates , game officials or league officials , and using baiting or taunting acts or words that may engender ill will between teams ) in the same game will be automatically ejected . Extend for a second season the change in the touchback spot after a kickoff or safety free kick to the 25 - yard line . Make illegal actions that would conserve time penalized by the option for a 10 - second runoff inside of the two - minute warning of each half or overtime ( previously this only applied in the final minute of each half or overtime ) . If a team commits multiple fouls on the same down with the intent of manipulating the game clock , the team will be penalized 15 yards for unsportsmanlike conduct and the game clock will be reset . This change was made in response to both the San Francisco 49ers and the Baltimore Ravens employing this strategy by intentionally holding the defensive players to allow the game clock to run down or run out ( in the case of the Ravens ' game vs. the Cincinnati Bengals ) during the previous season . In response to the move of Sarah Thomas from line judge to head linesman for the 2017 season , the NFL renamed the officiating position of the head linesman to `` down judge '' . The following rule changes were approved for the 2017 NFL season at the NFL Spring League meeting on May 23 , 2017 : Overtime has been shortened from 15 minutes to 10 minutes for preseason and regular season games . Playoff games will continue to have 15 minutes for overtime periods . Restrictions on celebrations have been relaxed , removing penalties for group celebrations , going to the ground to celebrate , or using the ball as a prop . Teams can bring two players back from injured reserve instead of one . Teams can now cut their preseason rosters from 90 players to 53 on one day , removing the deadline to get the roster down to 75 players before the final preseason game . Teams will not be required to give candidates for general manager final say over the 53 - man roster . The following will be `` points of emphasis '' for the 2017 season : Blindside blocks of a defender in the head or neck area while the defender is in a defenseless position Low hits on quarterbacks at or below the knees `` Launching '' at players by leaving both feet to impact a defender anywhere on his body with the helmet Contact downfield between receivers and defensive players , closely enforcing both offensive and defensive pass interference or illegal contact / holding The ban on teams contacting potential coaching candidates until that candidate 's team has been eliminated from the playoffs was tabled . Records , milestones , and notable statistics ( edit ) Week 1 Kansas City Chiefs ' running back Kareem Hunt finished with 246 total yards and three touchdowns , setting the record for the most total yards in an NFL debut . Week 2 Los Angeles Chargers ' tight end Antonio Gates scored his 112th career receiving touchdown , breaking a tie with Tony Gonzalez for the most career receiving touchdowns by a tight end in NFL history . Aaron Rodgers passed for his 300th touchdown , surpassing Peyton Manning as the fastest quarterback to reach that milestone both in attempts and appearances . Week 3 Antonio Brown reached 650 receptions in his 104th game , becoming the fastest player since Marvin Harrison to reach that feat . New York Giants ' wide receiver Odell Beckham Jr. broke the record for fastest receiver to reach 300 career receptions , doing so in 45 games . Matt Prater of the Detroit Lions broke the previous NFL record of three made field goals from more than 55 yards in a season by kicking a 57 - yard field goal against the Atlanta Falcons . Week 5 Larry Fitzgerald became the third player in NFL history to record 200 straight games with a reception , all while playing for the Arizona Cardinals . Week 6 With his 187th regular season win , Tom Brady surpassed Peyton Manning and Brett Favre for the most regular season wins by a quarterback in NFL history . Week 7 Drew Brees became just the fourth player in NFL history to record 500 or more passing touchdowns ( including playoffs ) , joining Tom Brady , Brett Favre , and Peyton Manning . Eddie Jackson became the first player in NFL history with multiple defensive touchdowns of at least 75 yards in a single game against the Carolina Panthers . Awards ( edit ) Players of the week / month ( edit ) The following were named the top performers during the 2017 season : Week / Month Offensive Player of the Week / Month Defensive Player of the Week / Month Special Teams Player of the Week / Month AFC NFC AFC NFC AFC NFC Alex Smith ( Chiefs ) Sam Bradford ( Vikings ) Calais Campbell ( Jaguars ) Trumaine Johnson ( Rams ) Giorgio Tavecchio ( Raiders ) Matt Prater ( Lions ) Tom Brady ( Patriots ) J.J. Nelson ( Cardinals ) Chris Jones ( Chiefs ) Desmond Trufant ( Falcons ) Cody Parkey ( Dolphins ) Jamal Agnew ( Lions ) Tom Brady ( Patriots ) Kirk Cousins ( Redskins ) Terrence Brooks ( Jets ) DeMarcus Lawrence ( Cowboys ) Steven Hauschka ( Bills ) Jake Elliott ( Eagles ) Sept . Kareem Hunt ( Chiefs ) Todd Gurley ( Rams ) Melvin Ingram ( Chargers ) DeMarcus Lawrence ( Cowboys ) Ryan Succop ( Titans ) Matt Prater ( Lions ) Deshaun Watson ( Texans ) Todd Gurley ( Rams ) Cameron Heyward ( Steelers ) Julius Peppers ( Panthers ) Steven Hauschka ( Bills ) Greg Zuerlein ( Rams ) 5 Melvin Gordon ( Chargers ) Aaron Rodgers ( Packers ) Telvin Smith ( Jaguars ) Earl Thomas ( Seahawks ) Adam Vinatieri ( Colts ) Kenjon Barner ( Eagles ) 6 Le'Veon Bell ( Steelers ) Adrian Peterson ( Cardinals ) Johnathan Joseph ( Texans ) Cameron Jordan ( Saints ) Ryan Succop ( Titans ) Pharoh Cooper ( Rams ) 7 Amari Cooper ( Raiders ) Carson Wentz ( Eagles ) Kevin Byard ( Titans ) Eddie Jackson ( Bears ) Travis Benjamin ( Chargers ) Kai Forbath ( Vikings ) Week FedEx Air Player of the Week ( Quarterbacks ) FedEx Ground Player of the Week ( Running backs ) Pepsi Rookie of the Week Castrol Edge Clutch Performer of the Week Alex Smith ( Chiefs ) Kareem Hunt ( Chiefs ) Kareem Hunt ( Chiefs ) Alex Smith ( Chiefs ) Trevor Siemian ( Broncos ) C.J. Anderson ( Broncos ) Tyus Bowser ( Ravens ) Trevor Siemian ( Broncos ) Tom Brady ( Patriots ) Kareem Hunt ( Chiefs ) Jake Elliott ( Eagles ) Jake Elliott ( Eagles ) Deshaun Watson ( Texans ) Le'Veon Bell ( Steelers ) Alvin Kamara ( Saints ) Deshaun Watson ( Texans ) 5 Carson Wentz ( Eagles ) Leonard Fournette ( Jaguars ) Aaron Jones ( Packers ) Aaron Rodgers ( Packers ) 6 Carson Wentz ( Eagles ) Adrian Peterson ( Cardinals ) Marshon Lattimore ( Saints ) Mark Ingram ( Saints ) 7 Derek Carr ( Raiders ) Aaron Jones ( Packers ) Aaron Jones ( Packers ) Carson Wentz ( Eagles ) Month Rookie of the Month Offensive Defensive Sept . Kareem Hunt ( Chiefs ) Tre'Davious White ( Bills ) Head coaching and front office personnel changes ( edit ) Head coaches ( edit ) Offseason ( edit ) Team 2016 head coach 2016 interim 2017 replacement Reason for leaving Story / accomplishments Buffalo Bills Rex Ryan Anthony Lynn Sean McDermott Fired Ryan was fired with one week remaining in the 2016 regular season and a 15 -- 16 record with no playoff appearances in two seasons . His twin brother , assistant head coach Rob Ryan , was also dismissed . Ryan signed on as a commentator for ESPN , replacing Trent Dilfer . Lynn began the 2016 season as running backs coach , then moved to offensive coordinator when Greg Roman was fired in week 3 , then interim head coach after the Ryans ' dismissal . Lynn lost his one game as interim head coach . Former Carolina Panthers ' defensive coordinator Sean McDermott was named as the Bills ' new head coach on January 11 , 2017 . Meanwhile , Lynn was hired as the new head coach of the Los Angeles Chargers . Denver Broncos Gary Kubiak Vance Joseph Retired Kubiak stepped down after two seasons due to health concerns , with a victory in Super Bowl 50 and a 24 -- 10 record , including postseason games . Vance Joseph , who spent the previous season as the Miami Dolphins ' defensive coordinator , was hired on January 11 , 2017 . Jacksonville Jaguars Gus Bradley Doug Marrone Fired Bradley was fired with two weeks remaining in the 2016 season and a 14 -- 48 (. 226 ) record with no playoff appearances in four seasons . He is expected to join Anthony Lynn with the Chargers , with Bradley as defensive coordinator . Marrone , the Jaguars ' offensive line coach , was previously head coach of the Buffalo Bills from 2013 -- 14 ; he went 1 -- 1 in his two games as interim head coach of the Jaguars . On January 9 , 2017 , the Jaguars announced that Marrone would be named permanent head coach . Los Angeles Chargers Mike McCoy Anthony Lynn McCoy was fired after four seasons , with one playoff appearance and a 27 -- 37 record . He then joined the Denver Broncos , serving as Vance Joseph 's offensive coordinator . Anthony Lynn was hired as the Chargers ' new head coach on January 12 , 2017 . Los Angeles Rams Jeff Fisher John Fassel Sean McVay After receiving a two - year contract extension prior to the season , Fisher was fired after going 4 -- 9 through the first 13 games of the 2016 season , and 31 -- 45 -- 1 (. 414 ) in his five - year tenure in St. Louis and Los Angeles . Under his tenure , the Rams never finished better than 7 -- 8 -- 1 ( 2012 ) and never reached the playoffs . Fassel , the son of former NFL head coach Jim Fassel , has been the Rams ' special teams coach since 2012 ; he went 0 -- 3 in the interim . On January 12 , Washington Redskins Offensive Coordinator Sean McVay was named head coach . Sean McVay is the grandson of former San Francisco 49ers GM John McVay . At the time of his hiring , McVay was age 30 , making him the youngest person to become a head coach ( excluding the player - coaches of the 1920s ) in NFL history . San Francisco 49ers Chip Kelly Kyle Shanahan Kelly was fired after one season with a 2 -- 14 record . Kyle Shanahan , who most recently served as the Atlanta Falcons ' offensive coordinator , was named the new coach of the 49ers on February 6 , 2017 . Due to league anti-tampering rules , the 49ers had to wait until after the completion of the Falcons ' playoff run , before formally hiring Shanahan . Front office personnel ( edit ) Offseason ( edit ) Team Position 2016 office holder Reason for leaving 2017 office holder Notes San Francisco 49ers GM Trent Baalke Fired John Lynch Baalke , who spent the past twelve years with the team , informed KNBR - AM in San Francisco on January 1 , 2017 , that he had been fired . On January 29 , 2017 , Lynch , a former player and broadcaster , was named the general manager of the San Francisco 49ers ; it is his first front office position . Jacksonville Jaguars EVP - FO position created Tom Coughlin Coughlin , the team 's inaugural head coach , was rehired as executive vice president of football operations on January 9 , 2017 . He had spent the 2016 season out of football after several years of coaching the New York Giants . Indianapolis Colts GM Ryan Grigson Fired Chris Ballard Grigson was relieved of his duties as Colts general manager on January 21 , 2017 . On January 30 , 2017 , Chris Ballard , who had spent the past four seasons as director of football operations for the Kansas City Chiefs , was named the new GM of the Colts . Washington Redskins GM Scot McCloughan TBA McCloughan was fired on March 9 , 2017 , after two seasons with the Redskins . Doug Williams was named senior vice president of player personnel on June 13 , 2017 . Buffalo Bills GM Doug Whaley Brandon Beane Whaley was fired the morning of April 30 , 2017 , immediately following the draft . He had spent seven seasons with the Bills , four of them as general manager . Brandon Beane , who had spent the previous 19 seasons with the Carolina Panthers ( most recently as assistant general manager ) , was hired as the new general manager on May 9 , 2017 . Kansas City Chiefs GM John Dorsey Brett Veach Dorsey was unexpectedly fired on June 22 , 2017 , after four seasons . Brett Veach , who had spent the past four seasons as the Chiefs co-director of player personnel , was promoted to general manager on July 10 , 2017 . Carolina Panthers GM Dave Gettleman Marty Hurney Gettleman was unexpectedly fired after four seasons on July 17 , 2017 . Marty Hurney , who was the Panthers ' GM from 2002 to 2012 , was rehired as the interim general manager for the 2017 season . The team plans to conduct a search for a permanent general manager after the season ends . Stadiums ( edit ) Atlanta Falcons ( edit ) The Atlanta Falcons will play their first season at Mercedes - Benz Stadium , after playing in the Georgia Dome for the previous 25 seasons . Naming rights ( edit ) Arizona Cardinals ( edit ) The stadium in which the Arizona Cardinals play their home games is in the process of obtaining a new naming rights agreement . The University of Phoenix , which owns the naming rights to the Cardinals ' home field , is planning to terminate the final nine years of a 20 - year agreement , but will continue to keep its name on the stadium . Denver Broncos ( edit ) The stadium in which the Denver Broncos play their home games is in the process of obtaining a new naming rights agreement . Sporting goods retailer Sports Authority , which had owned the naming rights to the Broncos ' home field since 2011 , filed for bankruptcy in March 2016 , and liquidated all of their stores . The Broncos bought out the existing naming rights contract with permission from the Delaware District United States bankruptcy court in August 2016 . Three months later , the Broncos selected American talent agency WME - IMG to secure a new naming rights partner for their home field , which , to date , still carries the name Sports Authority Field at Mile High . Relocations ( edit ) San Diego Chargers ' relocation to Los Angeles ( edit ) On January 12 , 2017 , the San Diego Chargers exercised their option to relocate to Los Angeles as the Los Angeles Chargers . They will be joining the Los Angeles Rams as tenants in their new stadium , Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park in Inglewood , California when that stadium is complete in 2020 . For the time being , the Chargers will play at the 30,000 seat StubHub Center in Carson , California , the smallest venue ( in terms of number of seats ) the league has used for a full season since 1956 . Oakland Raiders ' relocation to Las Vegas ( edit ) Main article : Oakland Raiders relocation to Las Vegas On January 19 , 2017 , the Oakland Raiders filed paperwork to relocate to Las Vegas , Nevada . The NFL officially approved the Raiders relocation to Las Vegas on March 27 . Unlike the Chargers , the Raiders will remain at the Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum through at least the 2018 season ( with the 2019 season to be determined ) while Las Vegas Stadium is built , with the team moving to Nevada in 2019 or 2020 . Attendance ( edit ) The Los Angeles Rams , who had capped season ticket sales at 55,000 for the 2017 season , announced to have 60,128 spectators in the first home game on week 1 . However , reports estimate that spectators only filled a third of the 93,607 seats of the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum . The Los Angeles Chargers did not sell out their week 2 game at the StubHub Center , which was never expanded to 30,000 seats as originally stated and has typically had less than 26,000 fans in attendance . When the StubHub Center is at capacity , the majority of the fans present are of the opposing team . The Los Angeles teams were not the only ones with visible attendance problems . The San Francisco 49ers reported a Week 3 attendance total that exceeded the capacity of Levi 's Stadium , even as wide swaths of empty seats were visible in the stadium throughout the game . This followed similar sparse attendance for the 49ers ' home opener . New uniforms and patches ( edit ) Twenty - five teams transitioned to Nike 's new uniform template . While most teams have just transitioned to it without any actual changes to the uniforms themselves , the New Orleans Saints , Cincinnati Bengals , and Los Angeles Rams uniforms are the most noticeable in it , fixing their collars in the process . The Detroit Lions unveiled new uniforms on April 13 , 2017 , eliminating all black elements from the uniform and logo . They added a new alternate uniform as well as a new Color Rush uniform . The Los Angeles Rams announced they would be switching their primary helmets to white and blue , similar to their Color Rush helmets . The team had fans vote on the color of their facemask , which would be white , and the design of their pants , which would be white with a blue stripe . The Rams also announced that they would explore a full rebrand in the near future . The Cincinnati Bengals will wear a patch to commemorate their 50th season . The San Francisco 49ers have altered their sleeve striping from 3 stripes to 2 stripes . The Pittsburgh Steelers will wear a patch to honor their former chairman , the late Dan Rooney , who died in April , at the age of 84 . The patch will feature a shamrock , with Rooney 's initials `` DMR '' . The last time the Steelers wore a jersey patch was when Art Rooney died in 1988 . They also donned a helmet decal to honor Chuck Noll , who died in 2014 . The Dallas Cowboys will wear blue jerseys at home on a more regular basis , marking the first time the team has worn blue jerseys at home outside of Thanksgiving games since the NFL allowed teams to wear white jerseys at home in 1964 . Despite the team 's well - documented blue jersey `` jinx '' , player preference as well as stronger retail sales of the navy blue jerseys over the white ones have prompted the team 's decision . The blue jerseys will be worn for `` high - profile '' games at AT&T Stadium . Media ( edit ) Broadcast rights ( edit ) This is the fourth season under the current broadcast contracts with ESPN , CBS , Fox , and NBC . This includes `` cross-flexing '' ( switching ) Sunday Afternoon games between CBS and Fox before or during the season ( regardless of the conference of the visiting team ) . NBC will continue to air Sunday Night Football , the annual Kickoff game , and the primetime Thanksgiving game . ESPN will continue to air Monday Night Football and the Pro Bowl . NBC will also serve as the broadcaster of Super Bowl LII . This will also be the second and final year of the current Thursday Night Football contract with CBS , NBC , and NFL Network . Along with ESPN 's simulcasted Wild Card game on ABC , ESPN announced on May 24 , 2017 , that the 2018 Pro Bowl will also be simulcast on ABC , marking the return of the Pro Bowl to the network for the first time since 2003 . For the first 9 weeks of the regular season , ESPN2 will simulcast ESPN Deportes ' Spanish - language Monday Night Football broadcasts . The simulcast will end after Week 9 due to ESPN2 's Monday - night college basketball broadcasts . Although never explicitly announced , the league continued the moratorium on its blackout policy , ensuring all games will be televised in the market of their home teams regardless of ticket sales . In over-the - top rights , Amazon Video acquired non-exclusive streaming rights to the 10 broadcast television Thursday Night Football games for $50 million . These streams will be exclusive to paid Amazon Prime subscribers , in contrast to Twitter , which held the rights to the same package in 2016 and had made those streams free to most of the world . This is the final season of the NFL 's exclusive mobile streaming contract with Verizon Wireless ; the league intends to no longer have a single exclusive partner going forward , citing changes to viewing habits . Verizon Communications acquired international streaming rights to an NFL London Game between the Baltimore Ravens and Jacksonville Jaguars , in a similar arrangement to the 2015 game that was streamed by Yahoo ! -- which was acquired by Verizon in 2017 . The game was streamed by Yahoo and other Verizon - owned platforms , including AOL , go90 , and Complex . NFL Network remains a partner with Twitter for online content , including its new streaming news program NFL Blitz Live . The NFL also reached a deal with Facebook in September 2017 to offer video highlights following games , and streaming programs on the service 's new Watch platform . This is also the final season of the NFL 's current national radio contract with Westwood One . Two new international digital rights deals also led to user criticism over their quality of service . In Canada , NFL Sunday Ticket shifted from distribution through television providers to the over-the - top provider DAZN , while in Europe , Deltatre took over European distribution of NFL Game Pass and launched new mobile apps . Both services faced criticism over their streaming quality , while Delatre 's app faced criticism for having bugs and initially lacking features seen in the previous version of the platform . The Independent exposed that Deltatre had also issued an internal e-mail instructing its employees to give the apps 5 - star reviews . DAZN subsequently announced that it would return to distributing Sunday Ticket through Canadian television providers in addition to their OTT service . Commercials ( edit ) The league has sought to reduce the number of standard commercial breaks ( media timeouts ) on its telecasts from 21 to 16 , four in each quarter , with each break extended by one additional 30 - second commercial . One particular scenario the league sought to eliminate is the `` double - up , '' in which a network cuts to a commercial after a scoring play , then airs the kickoff , and again goes to commercial before play from scrimmage resumes . Under the proposal , the league will allow networks to cut to commercial during instant replay reviews , which it had not been allowed to do before . Commissioner Roger Goodell stated that the changes are being made in an attempt to consolidate downtime between the actual game play so that there are fewer and less noticeable interruptions ; he does not expect the changes to have an appreciable impact on the real - time length of a game , which currently clocks in at slightly over three hours . The NFL will also , as a trial , lift its ban on the broadcast of commercials for distilled spirits during its telecasts . However , they are subject to restrictions ; a maximum of four liquor ads may be broadcast per - game , along with two per - pregame and postgame show . These ads may not contain football - related themes or target underage viewers , and must contain a `` prominent social responsibility message '' . Personnel changes ( edit ) Tony Romo , who announced his retirement as a player on April 4 , 2017 , joined CBS , where he replaced Phil Simms as lead color commentator . Simms and Nate Burleson , who comes over from NFL Network , will replace Tony Gonzalez and Bart Scott on CBS 's pregame show , The NFL Today . Jay Cutler also announced his retirement from professional football on May 5 and was slated to join Fox as a color analyst for its NFL coverage ; he later rescinded that announcement in August and joined the Miami Dolphins . Gonzalez will move to Fox , where he will join Fox NFL Kickoff ; upon his departure , Gonzalez stated that he wished to pursue opportunities closer to his home in California , rather than travel to New York weekly to appear on CBS . James Lofton , coming over from radio , will replace Solomon Wilcots as a CBS analyst . On May 31 , 2017 , it was announced that Mike Tirico would replace Al Michaels on play - by - play on NBC 's portion of the Thursday Night Football package , joined by Cris Collinsworth . The NFL had previously required this role to be filled by NBC 's lead broadcast team of Michaels and Collinsworth ; Tirico called a limited slate of games in 2016 , including several NBC - broadcast games as a fill - in for Michaels ( who voluntarily took several games off due to the increased number he was calling that season ) , and as part of a secondary team for selected games the TNF package . He will also succeed Bob Costas as the lead studio host for NBC . Due to its proximity to the 2018 Winter Olympics ( where he is also succeeding Bob Costas as lead host ) , Tirico will not participate in NBC 's Super Bowl LII coverage . Beth Mowins became the second woman to call play - by - play for a national NFL broadcast , following Gayle Sierens in 1987 , when she served as play - by - play announcer for the nightcap in ESPN 's Week 1 Monday Night doubleheader , with Rex Ryan as her color commentator . In an unusual case of a broadcaster working for two networks in the same season , Mowins also called a regional game for CBS in Week 3 , with Jay Feely as her partner . Television viewers and Ratings ( edit ) Most watched regular season games ( edit ) DH = doubleheader ; SNF = NBC Sunday Night Football Rank Date Matchup Network Viewers ( millions ) TV rating Window Significance September 17 , 4 : 25 ET Dallas Cowboys 17 Denver Broncos 42 Fox 26.0 14.3 Late DH September 10 , 8 : 30 ET New York Giants Dallas Cowboys 19 NBC 24.4 13.4 SNF Cowboys -- Giants Rivalry October 8 , 4 : 25 ET Green Bay Packers 35 Dallas Cowboys 31 Fox 23.9 13.6 Late DH Cowboys -- Packers Rivalry September 10 , 4 : 25 ET Seattle Seahawks 9 Green Bay Packers 17 22.8 12.7 Late DH 2014 NFC Championship Game rematch 5 September 7 , 8 : 30 ET Kansas City Chiefs 42 New England Patriots 27 NBC 21.8 12.6 Kickoff Game First game of the season 6 September 24 , 4 : 25 ET Cincinnati Bengals 24 Green Bay Packers 27 CBS 21.3 12.2 Late DH 7 October 15 , 4 : 25 ET Pittsburgh Steelers 19 Kansas City Chiefs 13 20.6 12.0 Late DH 2017 Divisional Round rematch 8 September 17 , 8 : 30 ET Green Bay Packers 23 Atlanta Falcons 34 NBC 20.2 11.3 SNF 2016 NFC Championship Game rematch * Note -- Late DH matchups listed in table are the matchups that were shown to the largest percentage of the market . DAL / DEN was shown in 81 % of the markets during the late doubleheader time slot of Fox coverage . GB / DAL was shown in 99 % of the markets during the late doubleheader time slot of Fox coverage , with the Bay Area being the only market not airing the game . SEA / GB was shown in 89 % of the markets during the late doubleheader time slot of Fox coverage . CIN / GB was shown in 80 % of the markets during the late doubleheader time slot of CBS coverage . PIT / KC was shown in 86 % of the markets during the late doubleheader time slot of CBS coverage . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Spanos , Dean ( January 12 , 2016 ) . `` Letter From Dean Spanos '' . San Diego Chargers . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chargers announce decision to relocate to Los Angeles '' . National Football League . January 12 , 2017 . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Free Agent List '' . National Football League . Jump up ^ `` PRESS RELEASE : Dolphins Trade For Julius Thomas '' . MiamiDolphins.com . March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Oehser , John ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` It 's official : Branden Albert acquired in trade '' . Jaguars.com . Jump up ^ `` Browns acquire 2018 2nd round pick , QB Brock Osweiler in trade with Texans '' . ClevelandBrowns.com . March 9 , 2017 . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Patriots acquire TE Dwayne Allen in a trade with Indianapolis '' . Patriots.com . March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rams agree to trade William Hayes to Dolphins '' . NFL.com . March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Saints trade Brandin Cooks to Patriots for No. 32 pick '' . NFL.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Carolina Panthers trade DE Kony Ealy to Patriots '' . NFL.com . March 10 , 2017 . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Meyer , Max . `` Niners acquire Jeremy Zuttah in trade with Ravens '' . NFL.com . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Baltimore Ravens trade DT Timmy Jernigan to Philadelphia Eagles for draft pick '' . Espn.com. April 4 , 2017 . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders Home '' . M.raiders.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sessler , Marc ( August 11 , 2017 ) . `` Bills trade Sammy Watkins to Rams , acquire Matthews '' . NFL.com . Jump up ^ Bodenrader , Mark ( August 11 , 2017 ) . `` Rams Acquire WR Sammy Watkins in Trade With Bills '' . TheRams.com . Jump up ^ `` Next year 's Hall of Fame Game moved to Thursday night ProFootballTalk '' . Profootballtalk.nbcsports.com . December 28 , 2016 . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 London games : NFL announces which teams will be playing '' . nfl.com . NFL . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NFL in Mexico City , 2017 edition : Patriots and the Raiders ? '' . ESPN . November 29 , 2016 . Retrieved December 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders to host Patriots in Mexico City next season '' . NFL.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NFL schedule 2017 : Dates , kickoff times for International Series games in London , Mexico NFL '' . Sporting News . April 20 , 2017 . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tesfatsion , Master . `` Redskins to host first Thanksgiving game in franchise history '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cowboys versus Texans preseason game canceled '' . NFL.com . August 30 , 2017 . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tampa Bay Buccaneers - Miami Dolphins Game To Be Played In Week 11 On Sunday , November 19 '' . NFL Communications . September 6 , 2017 . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bengals - Steelers on Oct. 22 ' flexed ' to later start time '' . Jump up ^ Belson , Ken ; Manchester , Sam ; Mather , Victor ( September 24 , 2017 ) . `` Tom Brady Joins Anthem Demonstration as N.F.L. Protests Trump Comments '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Pro Football Deaths '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` NFL passes no leaping rule , approves ban for head hits '' . NFL.com . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Jeanna ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` NFL voted on rule changes for the 2017 season , and we graded each one '' . SBNation.com . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Rules Changes and Points of Emphasis '' . NFL.com . August 6 , 2017 . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chiefs highlights from Week 1 : Alex Smith , Kareem Hunt dominate '' . Chiefs Wire . September 8 , 2017 . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Polacek , Scott . `` Kareem Hunt Sets NFL Record with 246 Yards from Scrimmage in Debut '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chargers ' Antonio Gates breaks tight end TD record '' . Jump up ^ Zucker , Joseph . `` Aaron Rodgers Becomes Fastest QB Ever to Reach 300 Career Touchdowns '' . Jump up ^ `` Antonio Brown Becomes Fastest Player In NFL History To 650 Receptions '' . Steelers Depot . September 24 , 2017 . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Odell Beckham Jr. becomes fastest WR ever to 300 career receptions with athletic TD '' . SBNation.com . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Matt Prater sets a full - season record in only three games '' . NBC Sports . September 27 , 2017 . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Larry Fitzgerald has caught a pass in 200 straight games '' . SBNation.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ Dillon , Kevin . `` Tom Brady becomes all - time leader in regular season QB wins , collecting 187th win with Patriots '' . Masslive . Retrieved 16 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Drew Brees becomes fourth player in NFL history to throw at least 500 TD passes '' . Land of 10 . 2017 - 10 - 22 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ https://nflcommunications.com/Pages/SEVEN-FROM-SUNDAY---WEEK-7---.aspx Jump up ^ `` AFC & NFC Players of the Week -- Week 1 '' . Nflcommunications.com . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AFC & NFC Players of the Week -- Week 2 '' . NFL Communications . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AFC & NFC Players of the Week -- Week 3 '' . NFL Communications . Retrieved October 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AFC and NFC Players of the Month - September '' . NFL Communications . Retrieved October 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AFC & NFC Players of the Week -- Week 4 '' . NFL Communications . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AFC & NFC Players of the Week -- Week 5 '' . NFL Communications . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AFC & NFC Players of the Week -- Week 6 '' . NFL Communications . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AFC and NFC Players of the Week -- Week 7 '' . NFL Communications . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` FedEx Players Air and Ground '' . NFL.com . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pepsi Rookie of the WEEK '' . NFL.com . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Castrol Edge Clutch Performer of the Week '' . NFL.com . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bills fire Rex Ryan '' . NBCSports.com . December 27 , 2016 . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Terranova , Justin . Rex Ryan starts second career with ESPN . The New York Post . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Raissman , Bob ( April 26 , 2017 ) . ESPN now ruled by the Bean Counters as struggling World Wide Leader deals with massive subscriber loss . New York Daily News . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Buffalo Bills fire offensive coordinator Greg Roman '' . NFL.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Orr , Conor . `` Sean McDermott expected to become Bills ' head coach '' . nfl.com . NFL . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Broncos coach Gary Kubiak retires from coaching '' . NFL.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sessler , Marc . `` Vance Joseph expected to be hired as Broncos coach '' . nfl.com . NFL . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rosenthal , Gregg . `` Gus Bradley fired by Jacksonville Jaguars '' . NFL.com . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Buffalo Bills ' Anthony Lynn expected to hire Gus Bradley if he becomes coach ( report ) '' . NewYorkUpstate.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jaguars name Marrone interim head coach '' . Profootballtalk.nbcsports.com . December 19 , 2016 . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schefter , Ada . `` Jaguars intend to hire Doug Marrone as head coach '' . espn.com . ESPN . Retrieved January 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AFC West - worst Chargers fire McCoy as coach '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chargers hire Anthony Lynn as their new head coach '' . NFL.com . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mortensen , Chris . `` Jeff Fisher fired as coach of Los Angeles Rams '' . ESPN.com . ESPN . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Niners fire coach Chip Kelly after one season '' . NFL.com . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 49ers Relieve General Manager Trent Baalke , Head Coach Chip Kelly of Duties '' . 49ers.com . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shook , Nick . `` Kyle Shanahan named head coach of 49ers '' . NFL.com . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Niners GM Trent Baalke says he 's been fired ; is Chip Kelly next ? '' . NFL.com . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` John Lynch Named General Manager of the San Francisco 49ers '' . 49ers.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Orr , Conor . `` San Francisco 49ers name John Lynch general manager '' . NFL.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Colts firing general manager Ryan Grigson '' . NFL.com . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Redskins fire general manager Scot McCloughan '' . NFL.com . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Redskins promote ex-QB Williams to senior VP '' . Jump up ^ `` Bills dismiss GM Doug Whaley , expected to release scouting staff '' . The Buffalo News . April 30 , 2017 . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bills hire Brandon Beane as new general manager '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Smith , Michael David ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Chiefs fire G.M. John Dorsey '' . Jump up ^ `` Chiefs promote Brett Veach to general manager '' . Jump up ^ Sessler , Marc ( July 17 , 2017 ) . `` Panthers fire general manager Dave Gettlemanmanager '' . NFL.com . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hurney back with Panthers for second GM stint '' . Jump up ^ Harris , Craig ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` Arizona Cardinals ' Glendale stadium to get a new name ; University of Phoenix backing out '' . The Arizona Republic . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Worthington , Danika . `` Mile High Stadium will get a new naming sponsor after Sports Authority , Broncos chief says '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mendoza , Monica ( August 24 , 2016 ) . `` It 's official : Broncos intercept naming rights at Sports Authority Field '' . Denver Business Journal . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Broncos select WME IMG to secure stadium naming rights '' . Denver Broncos . November 23 , 2016 . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Oakland Raiders file Las Vegas relocation paperwork '' . NFL.com . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lauletta , Tyler ( September 11 , 2017 ) . `` Los Angeles is still struggling to attract football fans as the Rams played their season - opener in a half - empty stadium '' . Business Insider . Jump up ^ Jones , Lindsay H. ( September 18 , 2017 ) . `` NFL still confident in Los Angeles market despite attendance for Rams , Chargers games '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ Rapoport , Ian ( October 8 , 2017 ) . `` No discussions of Chargers moving back to San Diego '' . NFL.com . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rams - 49ers Attendance Was Over 70,000 , That Should Quiet That Silly Empty NFL Stadium Narrative '' . The Big Lead . September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The NFL Is Seriously Concerned With Empty Stadiums '' . The Big Lead . September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lukas , Paul ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` NFL Jerseys with New Tailoring Template Begin to Surface '' . uniwatch.com . Uniwatch . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bell , Demetrius ( April 5 , 2017 ) . `` New Orleans Saints finally fix their collars '' . SportsLogos.net . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Walkthru : Tracking the Bengals 2017 uniform changes '' . Cincinnati.com . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bell , Demetrius ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` LA Rams finalize evolved home uniform for 2017 '' . SportsLogos.net . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Reisman , Jeremy ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` PHOTOS : Lions release new uniforms '' . prideofdetroit.com . Pride of Detroit . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Andrew ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` See the full uniform changes the Los Angeles Rams are making for 2017 '' . foxsports.com . Fox Sports . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vicar , Nathan ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` Bengals unveil special logo for 50th anniversary '' . fox19.com . Fox 19 Now . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Biderman , Chris ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` Looks like subtle changes to 49ers uniforms are coming '' . usatoday.com . usatoday . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Steelers to wear jersey patch honoring Dan Rooney '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cowboys will wear navy jerseys at home more often '' . Jump up ^ `` NFL 's Pro Bowl Back on ABC '' . Broadcasting & Cable . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spanish - language ' MNF ' coming to ESPN2 '' . Sports Business Daily . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pergament , Alan ( August 9 , 2017 ) . `` Tasker is only constant in Bills preseason coverage '' . The Buffalo News . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . All games are televised live , which ca n't help ticket sales for what amounts to practice games . Jump up ^ `` Amazon will stream ' Thursday Night Football ' in 2017 . Here 's what you need to know '' . SBNation . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon 's NFL Deal Includes $30 Million in Free Marketing '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Verizon 's exclusivity for live games on mobile expected to end '' . Sports Business Daily . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Ravens - Jaguars London game just got much more interesting . Here 's how to stream it for free : '' . Recode . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Verizon Scores Streaming Rights To NFL London Game '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` NFL Sets Kickoff of Twitter Live Show for 2017 - 18 Season '' . Variety . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter signed a new live video deal with the NFL that does n't include games '' . The Verge . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A new deal will let Facebook users watch NFL highlights immediately after the game '' . Recode . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NFL and Dial Global Agree on New Multi-Year Extension '' . Dial Global Sports . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2013 . Retrieved November 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Game Pass developer admits to fake reviews by employees '' . The Independent . 2017 - 10 - 06 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` DAZN working on making all NFL games available via cable , satellite providers '' . National Post . 2017 - 10 - 07 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ Pelissero , Tom ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive : Roger Goodell says changes coming to quicken NFL games in 2017 '' . USA Today . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NFL to Allow Liquor Advertising During Games Next Season '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Adds Liquor to Menu of Advertisers '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` Phil Simms on being replaced at CBS by Tony Romo : My pride was hurt '' . Philly.com . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tony Romo will finally rescue us from Phil Simms and become top analyst at CBS '' . SB Nation . Vox Media . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jay Cutler to join FOX Sports as a broadcaster '' . NFL.com . May 5 , 2017 . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fang , Ken ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` James Lofton joins CBS as an NFL game analyst , while Tony Gonzalez jumps to Fox '' . Awful Announcing . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tirico To Call `` Thursday Night Football '' For NBC This Season `` . Sports Business Journal . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Syracuse University alum Mike Tirico to call NFL games on NBC '' . Syracuse.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Tirico to replace Al Michaels on four NFL broadcasts on NBC '' . USA Today . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Costas steps down as NBC host of Olympics ; Mike Tirico to replace him '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brennan : Bob Costas has been the face of the Olympics for Americans '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Why NBC 's Mike Tirico will be skipping the Super Bowl in Minneapolis '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mowins to be first woman on MNF play - by - play '' . Jump up ^ Williams , Charean ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` CBS announces Beth Mowins to call Browns - Colts game '' . ProFootballTalk . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The NFL Ratings Page '' . SportsMediaWatch.com . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . 2017 NFL season AFC East North South West East North South West NFC Buffalo Baltimore Houston Denver Dallas Chicago Atlanta Arizona Miami Cincinnati Indianapolis Kansas City NY Giants Detroit Carolina LA Rams New England Cleveland Jacksonville LA Chargers Philadelphia Green Bay New Orleans San Francisco NY Jets Pittsburgh Tennessee Oakland Washington Minnesota Tampa Bay Seattle Draft NFL Honors Pro Bowl Super Bowl LII National Football League seasons Early era ( 1920 -- 1969 ) 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 Modern era ( 1970 -- present ) 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2017 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017_NFL_season&oldid=807846942 '' Categories : 2017 National Football League season National Football League seasons Current American football seasons Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Use mdy dates from October 2017 Articles needing cleanup from September 2017 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from September 2017 Articles using small message boxes Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from September 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Magyar 日本 語 Português Română Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2017 , at 13 : 03 . 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when is the first nfl football game in 2017
[ "The 2017 NFL season is the 98th and current season in the history of the National Football League (NFL). The season began on September 7, 2017, with the Kansas City Chiefs defeating the defending Super Bowl LI champion New England Patriots 42–27 in the NFL Kickoff Game. The season will conclude with Super Bowl LII, the league's championship game, on February 4, 2018, at U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis, Minnesota." ]
[ "September 7, 2017" ]
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Sanford and Son
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( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Sanford and Son From the Sanford and Son opening credits : the sign above the Sanfords ' home and workplace Genre Sitcom Based on Steptoe and Son by Ray Galton Alan Simpson Developed by Norman Lear ( uncredited ) Starring Redd Foxx Demond Wilson Theme music composer Quincy Jones Opening theme `` The Streetbeater '' Composer ( s ) Quincy Jones Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 6 No. of episodes 138 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Bud Yorkin Norman Lear ( uncredited ) Producer ( s ) Aaron Ruben ( 1972 -- 1974 ) Bernie Orenstein & Saul Turteltaub ( 1974 -- 1977 ) Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 22 -- 24 minutes Production company ( s ) Tandem Productions NorBud Productions Distributor PITS Films ( 1979 -- 1982 ) Embassy Telecommunications ( 1982 -- 1986 ) Embassy Communications ( 1986 -- 1988 ) Columbia Pictures Television ( 1988 -- 1995 ) Columbia TriStar Television ( 1995 -- 2002 ) Sony Pictures Television ( 2002 -- present ) Release Original network NBC Picture format 1.33 : 1 ( fullscreen ) Audio format Monaural Original release January 14 , 1972 ( 1972 - 01 - 14 ) -- March 25 , 1977 ( 1977 - 03 - 25 ) Chronology Followed by Sanford Arms Sanford Related shows Steptoe and Son Grady Sanford and Son is an American sitcom that ran on the NBC television network from January 14 , 1972 , to March 25 , 1977 . It was based on the BBC Television program Steptoe and Son . Known for its edgy racial humor , running gags and catchphrases , the series was adapted by Norman Lear and considered NBC 's answer to CBS 's All in the Family . Sanford and Son has been hailed as the precursor to many other African American sitcoms . It was a ratings hit throughout its six - season run . While the role of Fred G. Sanford was known for his bigotry and cantankerousness , the role of Lamont Sanford was that of a conscientious peacemaker . At times , both characters would involve themselves in schemes , usually as a means of earning cash quickly in order to pay off their various debts . Other colorful and unconventional characters on the show included Aunt Esther , Grady Wilson , Bubba Hoover and Rollo Lawson . In 2007 , Time magazine included the show on its list of the `` 100 Best TV Shows of All Time '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Summary 1.1 Fred Sanford 1.2 Lamont Sanford 1.3 Series progression 1.4 Other characters 2 Episodes 3 Reception and cancellation 3.1 Ratings 4 Production notes 4.1 Redd Foxx 's death 4.2 Theme music 5 Spin - offs and 1980 -- 81 revival 6 DVD releases 7 References 8 External links Summary ( edit ) Fred and Lamont Sanford Sanford and Son stars Redd Foxx as Fred G. Sanford , a widower and junk dealer living at 9114 South Central Avenue in the Watts neighborhood of Los Angeles , California , and Demond Wilson as his son Lamont Sanford . In his youth , Fred moved to South Central Los Angeles from his hometown of St. Louis . After the show 's premiere in 1972 , newspaper ads touted Foxx as NBC 's answer to Archie Bunker , the bigoted white protagonist of All in the Family . Both shows were adapted by Norman Lear from BBC programs . Sanford and Son was adapted from Steptoe and Son and All in the Family from Till Death Us Do Part . Fred Sanford ( edit ) Redd Foxx played Fred G. Sanford ( named after Redd Foxx 's ( real name : John Elroy Sanford ) brother Fred ) , portraying him as a sarcastic , streetwise , irascible schemer whose frequent get - rich - quick ideas routinely backfired . His son Lamont longs for independence , but loves his father too much to move out and leave the trouble - prone Fred unsupervised . Though each owns an equal share in the business ( technically Fred is the boss ) , Lamont often finds himself doing all the work and demanding his father complete tasks and duties , which he almost never does . Fred often insults his son , usually calling him `` dummy . '' Lamont returns the favor , referring to Fred as an `` old fool . '' Despite their disagreements , the two share a close bond and regularly come to each other 's aid . An episode in the second season featured a plot in which Fred and Lamont had a heated argument over the business ; Lamont quit and went to work for one of his father 's business competitors . Meanwhile , Fred filled Lamont 's position with a slacker who squandered Fred 's money on a worthless item . When Lamont quits his new job and Fred fires the slacker , the two decide to reform their partnership , though each is too proud to admit they could not make it without the other . According to Fred , his wife Elizabeth died around 1947 . In a running gag in the series , during times of distress , Fred looks up ( as to heaven ) with his hand across his chest , faking a heart attack and saying , `` This is the big one , Elizabeth ! I 'm coming to join ya honey . '' No one , however , falls for this transparent ruse . Fred raised Lamont alone and missed Elizabeth deeply . According to Fred , his son was named for Lamont Lomax , a pitcher from the Homestead Grays . In one episode , Lamont asks why he did not have a middle name ; Fred tells him that Lamont is his middle name : he and Elizabeth never came up with a first name . However , it was revealed in the third episode of the first season that Lamont was named `` Lamont Grady Sanford . '' Initially , Fred 's main antagonist on the show was his sister - in - law and Lamont 's aunt Ethel ( Beah Richards ) . Ethel 's involvement in the Sanford family squabbles lasted until midway through the second season , where she was replaced in the cast with her more tart - tongued sister Esther ( LaWanda Page ) . Fred and Esther 's relationship as in - laws became a major part of the plot . The two frequently trade insults , usually instigated by Fred , who contorts his face upon Esther 's entrance and describes her with disparaging and colorful metaphors ( such as comparing her to King Kong ) . The deeply religious , no - nonsense Esther typically responds to Fred 's insults by scowling , saying `` watch it , sucka ! '' , referring to him as `` you old heathen '' or `` old fish - eyed fool '' , or even attacking Fred with her purse when he continues his remarks . Esther 's disdain for Fred goes back to when he and Elizabeth were dating ; she disapproved of Fred 's marrying her sister . Despite his stubbornness and irascible nature , Fred sometimes redeems himself with acts of kindness , even to those ( like Esther ) whom he insists he does not like . In the last episode of the series , Fred earns his high school diploma , and is the valedictorian of his graduating class . Earlier in the show 's run , it more closely adhered to the format of its British predecessor Steptoe and Son with 16 episodes ( 12 in season one and 4 in season two ) being re-made from the original `` Galton and Simpson '' scripts with Fred and Lamont often at odds over various issues . Fred and Lamont also are depicted as being equally manipulative . Fred manipulates with constant threats of `` the big one '' and avoids manual labor due to his `` arthur-itis '' . In earlier episodes , Lamont through various antics would try and drive a wedge between his father and Fred 's girlfriend Donna Harris ( Lynn Hamilton ) , who he disapproves of because he thinks she is trying to usurp his mother 's place . Lamont Sanford ( edit ) Demond Wilson played Lamont Sanford , who is depicted at times as the greedier of the two . In one episode , for example , he refuses to sell two coffins for less than what he thinks they were worth , despite the fact that even possessing them upsets his superstitious father . Lamont sometimes receives his comeuppance for being disdainful of his father 's habits and ways . ( One example of this is the time Lamont is upbraided by a Nigerian woman who considers his attitude towards Fred to be disrespectful . ) There are moments when Lamont is shown to be naive and foolish , such as the episode where he invites his new `` friends '' over to play poker . His street - savvy father immediately recognizes that they are card sharps , out to cheat Lamont after they gain his confidence by letting him win a few smaller - stakes games . After Lamont has lost all of his money , Fred turns the tables on the scammers by pretending to be ignorant of poker himself , agreeing to play a few hands and then taking all of their money by means of a marked deck of cards and special glasses that allow him to see what he is dealing . A similar predicament befalls Lamont in the second season when he gets involved in an unethical deal by purchasing a possibly valuable Regency commode from a woman for a rock - bottom price , then selling it back to her husband at double the price . He then takes an offer from a third party for quadruple that price while Fred tries over and over again to warn him that he is doing something immoral . Lamont becomes so angry that he threatens to lock Fred in his bedroom . Finally , due to some investigation on Fred 's part , it is revealed that Lamont has been scammed , the pot is a fake , and the culprits have made off with several hundred dollars of Lamont 's money . One constant with Lamont ( particularly in the second season ) is that he is always trying to find new ways to move up in the world and away from the junk business , like his British counterpart Harold Steptoe ( played by Harry H. Corbett ) , but he often is thwarted by Fred 's interference . In the first episode , he buys a possibly valuable piece of porcelain from an elderly woman in Beverly Hills with the intention of selling at auction . However , Fred messes things up at the auction , and Lamont ends up buying the piece back from himself . In the second season , Lamont buys a war rifle from the American Revolution at an auction with the intent to sell it for thousands . While investigating it , Fred accidentally fires the gun through the front window , and he and Lamont spend all night wondering if he 's accidentally killed the neighbor across the street who appears to be missing . In a panic , Lamont melts the gun down before realizing that the neighbor was just out of town . In one episode , he attempts to become an actor , Lamont and Rollo answer an ad for wannabe black film actors for an independent film company only to realize that it is really a pornographic film factory . In another episode , he answers an ad to travel around the world working on a tramp steamer , which would mean putting Fred in a nursing home , but Fred tricks him into not going . During the third season , Lamont attempts to open a side business with Julio , selling used automobile parts . Fred is so upset that he leaves and moves into a flop house . Lamont eventually convinces Fred to come home , but whether or not he left the new business venture never is addressed . The most significant change in Lamont 's character throughout the series was his attitude toward his work , his father and his future . In the very first episode , he is portrayed as hostile and angry toward Fred and the life he is forced to live , especially when Fred 's interference ruins his plans ; similar to the relationship of Harold Steptoe and Albert Steptoe . This would last through the middle of the first season , especially in an episode when he takes Fred out on the town for his birthday and becomes frustrated by Fred 's lack of manners and crudeness in public . At the end of the night , he becomes so angry that he abandons Fred at the restaurant , leaving his father to walk home in the rain . His attitude towards Fred would soften by mid-season as episodes tended to focus more on the two working together to solve a problem , as when several bill collectors converged on the house threatening to repossess their belongings . He would change throughout the series and become a man dedicated to his work and to his father , but also who would try new things and new ideas to better himself , such as when he attempts to embrace his African heritage or later when he tries to run for state assemblyman . Series progression ( edit ) As the series progressed , it focused more on Fred 's antics and schemes , with Lamont often adopting the role of the gentler , more open - minded progressive who attempts to broaden his father 's horizons . A notable example of the softening of Lamont 's character is his change in attitude towards Donna Harris ( Lynn Hamilton ) , Fred 's girlfriend . Early in the show 's run Lamont derides her as `` the barracuda '' and is openly hostile towards her , attempting to ruin her relationship with his father at least twice . In a later episode , however , Lamont invites Donna to dinner with himself and his girlfriend , remarking that it would do his reputation good to be seen with `` two lovely ladies . '' Similarly , Fred is initially depicted as a man who , though not always ethically or culturally sensitive , has the wisdom of experience and significant street smarts . As the series progressed , Fred got into increasingly ludicrous situations , such as faking an English accent to get a job as a waiter , convincing a white couple that an earthquake was really the `` Watts Line '' of the then - nonexistent L.A. subway ( a wordplay on the common phrase `` WATS line '' ) , taking over a play featuring George Foreman , or sneaking into a celebrity 's private area , such as Lena Horne 's dressing room or Frank Sinatra 's hotel room . Some of these situations revolve around Fred 's trying to make a quick buck . One constant throughout the show is the loyalty of father and son to each other . Even in the show 's earliest episodes when one or the other leaves the house , seemingly for good ( Lamont moves out at least twice , and at one point he even puts Fred in a retirement home ) , something always occurs to return the situation to normal . ( Lamont gets homesick and worries about his father , or something does not work out and Lamont schemes his way back in , Lamont feels lonely without his father around the house thanks to a plan Fred hatched with his friend Bubba , etc . ) Perhaps the best example of this bond between father and son occurs in the episode where a friend from Fred 's past shows up and claims to be Lamont 's real father . After hearing the news , Lamont tells a tearful Fred that he is `` the only pop I 've ever known '' and as far as he is concerned , it is `` always '' going to be Sanford and Son . ( In the humorous twist that closes the episode , it turns out the friend had actually slept with Aunt Esther , thinking she was her sister Elizabeth . ) Lamont 's birthday is mentioned in the third - season episode `` Libra Rising All Over Lamont '' as September 27 , 1940 . However , in a season five episode called `` Ebenezer Sanford '' , Lamont says his birthday is in February . Other characters ( edit ) Esther Anderson ( LaWanda Page ) , also known as Aunt Esther , is the Bible - toting sister of Fred 's late wife Elizabeth . Esther is a staunchly religious Baptist who finds little use for humor , though she is kind and loving towards Lamont . Fred and Esther dislike each other intensely . Fred 's trademark response to Esther 's entrance is to make an exaggerated grimace followed by colorful insults and comparisons to various animals ( `` Esther , I could stick your face in some dough and make gorilla cookies '' ) and fictitious monsters such as King Kong ( often referring to her as `` Esther Kong '' ) and Godzilla . Her usual reaction to his antics is to scowl and exclaim `` watch it , sucka ! '' . Other times , she will threaten Fred with violence , with phrases like `` I 'll knock you so far down in your socks , you 'll think you wearing a turtleneck sweater ! '' , or she swings her purse at Fred while angrily calling him `` old fish - eyed fool '' or `` old heathen '' . When leaving the Sanford home , she often exclaims `` oh glory ! '' or `` hallelujah ! '' Her long - suffering but loving alcoholic husband Woodrow ( played by Raymond Allen ) began appearing infrequently later in the series . Woodrow eventually became sober so he and Esther could adopt a young orphan , played by Eric Laneuville . Fred and Esther called a temporary truce , of sorts , in the episode `` My Fair Esther . '' Esther first appeared in early 1973 , in the 29th episode of the series ( `` The Big Party '' ) , and would eventually replace her sister Ethel ( Beah Richards ) , the first main in - law character . Grady Wilson ( Whitman Mayo ) is Fred 's good - natured best friend , who appears regularly on the show . Grady 's catchphrase is `` Good Googley Goo '' He utters this when something good happens or he is in a pleasant mood . Grady is Fred 's `` sidekick '' and often is involved in various get - rich - quick schemes concocted by Fred . In the episode `` Hello Cousin Emma , Goodbye Cousin Emma '' , it is revealed that Grady grew up on the south side of Chicago and in his youth was a lady 's man with the nickname `` The Sheik of Drexel Avenue . '' Early in the series , a running gag was that Grady could never remember Lamont 's name . Lamont would often correct him with a bogus name like Lucas or Lance . Later in the series , Grady 's name - confusion gag was targeted at Esther . When Foxx refused to appear in several episodes due to a contract dispute , Grady became the central character , watching over the business and Lamont while Fred was `` away '' on vacation in St. Louis . Grady was actually named after actor Demond Wilson , whose full real name is `` Grady Demond Wilson . '' ( The character eventually was spun off into his own eponymous TV series in December 1975 . ) Bubba Bexley ( Don Bexley ) is another of Fred 's friends who appears frequently . Bubba is known for his infectious belly - laugh and jovial personality . Bubba is primarily a straight man to set up punchlines for Fred . His loud greeting of `` Hey Fred ! '' drives Fred and Lamont crazy . His function in several episodes is to encourage Fred 's get - rich - quick schemes , as when he tells Fred to fake having whiplash after he is hit by a white man in a Cadillac while driving the truck . In the episode `` Lamont Goes African '' , Bubba reveals that he is originally from Memphis , Tennessee . Rollo Lawson ( Nathaniel Taylor ) is Lamont 's best friend . Fred will often make disrespectful remarks towards Rollo , usually stating that he thinks Rollo is a criminal , as Rollo had spent time in jail . At one time , when Rollo introduced Lamont to his African cultural heritage , Fred thought it was a scam and noted that `` If there was money to be made , Rollo would become an Eskimo '' . Rollo 's mother Rita is an unseen character sometimes referred to when Rollo 's name comes up and someone asks `` Is that Rita Lawson 's boy Rollo ? '' and she is also friends with Lamont 's aunt Esther . Donna Harris ( Lynn Hamilton ) is Fred 's on - again , off - again girlfriend who later becomes his fiancée . She is employed as a practical nurse . Donna is an amiable , even - tempered lady who takes in stride Fred 's shenanigans and occasional trysts . She also appears to be more sophisticated in contrast to Fred 's rather blunt and boorish personality . Lamont , being the overprotective son , mistrusts Donna at first ( branding her as `` The Barracuda '' ) , but by Season 6 has completely warmed to her . Esther is hostile toward Donna at first , almost coming to blows with her during their first meeting on Donna 's and Fred 's wedding day ( an event that causes the cancellation of the wedding ) . Eventually , Esther warms to her as well . Julio Fuentes ( Gregory Sierra ) is the Sanfords ' Puerto Rican next - door neighbor who befriends Lamont . When Julio and his family move in next to the Sanfords , Fred takes an immediate dislike to them and remarks , `` There goes the neighborhood . '' Despite Julio 's friendliness , Fred often makes insulting ethnic jokes about Julio and openly wishes he would return to Puerto Rico , despite the fact that Julio is originally from New York City . Despite the contention , Fred does stand up for Julio 's nephew at his elementary school , which has threatened to drop him to a lower grade due to lack of proficiency in speaking English ; Fred tutors him for some time as well . In the fifth season , Julio moves away . The Sanfords buy his former home and convert it into a boarding house named the Sanford Arms . Ah Chew ( Pat Morita ) is a Japanese - American friend of Lamont whom Fred belittles every chance he gets . Fred insults Ah Chew on numerous occasions using clichéd Oriental jokes . Fred actually befriends Ah Chew in a later episode because he wants to use him as a cook when he opens `` Sanford and Rising Son '' , a Japanese restaurant in the Sanford house . Despite this arrangement , Fred still hurls verbal abuse at Ah Chew . In the fifth - season episode `` Sergeant Gork '' , Morita portrays Colonel Hiakowa , in a flashback where Fred tells Roger , Lamont 's fiancee 's son , of his supposed heroism in World War II . Officer `` Smitty '' Smith and Officer Howard `` Hoppy '' Hopkins are a pair of police officers who occasionally show up at the Sanfords ' residence . One officer is African - American , Officer `` Smitty '' Smith ( played by Hal Williams ) , and one Caucasian , Officer Howard `` Hoppy '' Hopkins ( played by Howard Platt ) . Often , Hoppy incorrectly uses ' jive ' slang , which Smitty corrects -- e.g. , `` cold '' instead of `` cool '' or `` right up '' instead of `` right on . '' Conversely , the ever - professional Hoppy delivers a speech filled with police jargon and big words , which confuses Fred and / or Lamont thus turning to Smitty , who would translate Hoppy 's speech into jive . Later in the series 's run , the officers often appear individually . Unlike Ah Chew and Julio , Hoppy remains free of Fred 's usual insults . In one episode , `` This Little TV Went to Market '' , Officer `` Jonesy '' Jones ( Bernie Hamilton ) appears with Hoppy in place of Smitty . In the sixth - season episode `` The Hawaii Connection '' , Smitty appears with his slow - witted new partner , Percy ( Pat Paulsen ) . In `` The Reverend Sanford '' , comic Freeman King appears as a police officer named Jim , presumably standing in for Smitty , but without Hoppy or any other partner . Officer `` Swanny '' Swanhauser ( Noam Pitlik ) is originally Officer Smitty 's Caucasian partner who is replaced early in the second season with Officer Hopkins . Swanny is basically the same as Hoppy , but his demeanor is much more serious and humorless . Like Hoppy , Swanny never is insulted racially by Fred . May Hopkins ( Nancy Kulp ) is Officer Hopkins ' prim and proper mother who appeared in the fifth season . She is a retired store detective who rents a room at the Sanford Arms next door . Landlord Fred often insults her when she pays a visit . Much like her son , Mrs. Hopkins incorrectly uses jive slang , but the more experienced Hoppy corrects her . Janet Larson ( Marlene Clark ) is a divorcee Lamont begins dating in the fifth season . Janet also has a young son , Roger ( Edward Crawford ) . The Larsons appear occasionally until Lamont and Janet break up in the sixth and final season , due to the return of Janet 's ex-husband . Melvin White ( Slappy White ) is an old buddy of Fred 's who appears in the first season . He appears in one second - season episode as well . Leroy & Skillet ( Leroy Daniels & Ernest ' Skillet ' Mayhand ) are a rambunctious pair of Fred 's friends who like to play poker , billiards or joke around . They appear in the second and third seasons . Otis Littlejohn ( Matthew `` Stymie '' Beard ) is a friend of Grady 's who appears in the third and fourth seasons . George `` Hutch '' Hutton ( Arnold Johnson ) is an elderly tenant of the Sanford Arms who befriends Fred . When they first meet , Hutch admits to serving a lengthy sentence in prison to avoid his ugly sister - in - law . This immediately endears him to Fred . Fred is then disgusted when Hutch joins Aunt Esther 's Bible study group . He appears in the fifth season . Frank Nelson appears as various comic foils to Fred in the fifth and sixth seasons using his catchphrase , `` Yeeees ? '' Fritzi Burr appeared as various comic foils to Fred from the fourth season to the sixth . Dr. Caldwell ( Davis Roberts ) is the Sanford 's family doctor who shows up in several early episodes . He often enters the Sanford residence with an alarming cough and his credentials as a doctor are questionable . Asked if he is really a doctor he claims `` On Monday , Wednesday and Friday , I 'm a doctor . The other days I work in the post office . '' Nelson B. Davis ( James Wheaton ) is a mortician who dropped by the Sanford residence several times in the second season , at one point to look at some caskets that Lamont picked up an auction . With a deep voice and a spooky laugh , he would often make odd quips in reference to his unusual profession : `` It 's been a slow week , business is dead '' and `` I must to return to my place , I 'm a working stiff . '' Once he told Lamont that `` Burial insurance is something that everybody digs . '' Reverend Trimble ( Alvin Childress ) is the soft - spoken minister of the Central Avenue Baptist Church who dropped by in the first two seasons , usually to officiate a wedding . The running joke was that every time he officiated a wedding for the Sanford family , the family usually ended up in a screaming match over petty disagreements which escalated into a war that left everyone fleeing the house in anger while the Reverend stood by in stunned silence . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Sanford and Son episodes Season Episodes Originally aired DVD release date Season premiere Season finale 14 January 14 , 1972 ( 1972 - 01 - 14 ) April 14 , 1972 ( 1972 - 04 - 14 ) August 6 , 2002 24 September 15 , 1972 ( 1972 - 09 - 15 ) March 16 , 1973 ( 1973 - 03 - 16 ) February 4 , 2003 24 September 14 , 1973 ( 1973 - 09 - 14 ) March 29 , 1974 ( 1974 - 03 - 29 ) October 7 , 2003 25 September 13 , 1974 ( 1974 - 09 - 13 ) April 25 , 1975 ( 1975 - 04 - 25 ) March 30 , 2004 5 24 September 12 , 1975 ( 1975 - 09 - 12 ) March 19 , 1976 ( 1976 - 03 - 19 ) September 14 , 2004 6 24 September 24 , 1976 ( 1976 - 09 - 24 ) March 25 , 1977 ( 1977 - 03 - 25 ) June 7 , 2005 Reception and cancellation ( edit ) Sanford and Son was enormously popular during most of its run , and was one of the top 10 highest - rated series on American television from its first season ( 1971 -- 72 ) through the 1975 -- 76 season . With its coveted 8 p.m. Eastern Friday night time slot , Sanford and Son put enough of a dent into the middling audience of ABC 's The Brady Bunch to drive it off the air in 1974 . Sanford and Son peaked at # 2 in the Nielsen ratings during the 1972 -- 73 season and the 1974 -- 75 season . The series was second only to All in the Family in terms of ratings during those years . By the 1974 -- 75 season , Sanford and Son 's high lead - in helped the entire NBC Friday night lineup to place in the coveted bracket of the Top 15 shows ( Chico and the Man , following Sanford , ranked # 3 for the season , while the police dramas The Rockford Files and Police Woman aired later in the evening and ranked at # 12 and # 15 , respectively ) . In the midst of taping episodes for the 1973 -- 74 season , Redd Foxx walked off the show in a salary dispute . In 1974 , Foxx was earning $19,000 per episode . His character was written out of the series for the rest of the season . The continuity of the show explained that Fred Sanford was away in St. Louis attending his cousin 's funeral and leaving his friend Grady ( Whitman Mayo ) in charge of the business . NBC sued Foxx and as part of the settlement , Foxx later returned . Foxx had taped 18 of that season 's 24 episodes before Fred `` left for St. Louis . '' The show was still quite popular when it was cancelled in 1977 . Ratings ( edit ) Sanford and Son was a ratings hit through its six - season run on NBC . Despite airing in the Friday night death slot , it managed to peak at # 2 in the ratings ( behind All in the Family , and ranked less than one ratings point behind during the 1974 - 75 season ) . Season Time slot ( ET ) Rank Rating 1971 -- 72 Friday at 8 : 00 - 8 : 30 PM # 6 25.2 1972 -- 73 # 2 27.6 1973 -- 74 # 3 27.5 1974 -- 75 # 2 29.6 1975 -- 76 # 7 24.4 ( Tied with Rhoda ) 1976 -- 77 Friday at 8 : 00 - 8 : 30 PM ( Episodes 1 , 3 - 11 , 13 - 25 ) Friday at 8 : 30 - 9 : 00 PM ( Episode 2 ) Tuesday at 8 : 00 - 8 : 30 PM ( Episode 12 ) # 27 20.3 Production notes ( edit ) The series was produced by Norman Lear and Bud Yorkin 's Tandem Productions , which were also responsible for All in the Family . The two shows had a number of things in common . Both were based on popular British sitcoms and both were pioneers of edgy , racial humor that reflected the changing politics of the time . Both series also featured outspoken , working class protagonists with overt prejudices . However , Sanford and Son differed from All in the Family and other Norman Lear shows of the era in that it lacked the element of drama . Sanford and Son helped to redefine the genre of black situation comedy . Due to Lear 's commitments to his other series that were on the air at the time , and the relative distance among taping locations of other Tandem shows ( as Sanford and Son taped at NBC 's now - former Burbank facility , while the other shows such as All in the Family , Maude , The Jeffersons , and One Day at a Time were recorded at either CBS Television City or Metromedia Square , both in Hollywood ) , he did not have as much day - to - day involvement in Sanford and Son as he did with the other Tandem series , leaving the show - running to Yorkin . As noted , the show was taped at the NBC Studios in Burbank , California ; an exterior shot of the NBC Burbank lot was featured in the season five episode , `` Steinberg and Son '' . The storefront seen only in the opening credits still stands , although extensively remodeled , at 10654 West Magnolia Boulevard in North Hollywood . This same storefront , minus the `` Sanford and Son '' sign , can also be seen in Emergency ! , in the episode titled `` Alley Cat , '' filmed in 1973 . Foxx did not appear in nine episodes due to his conflicts with the series producers Bud Yorkin and Norman Lear . Foxx was absent from the third season 's final six episodes and the first three episodes of the fourth season ( in which the episodes were held back from broadcast and aired later in the season ) . The series continued with Fred 's best friend Grady Wilson stepping in to serve as guardian for Lamont . The pickup truck depicted in the series is a 1951 Ford F1 . It was purchased at auction after the series ended and was later leased back to NBC for the spin offs Sanford Arms and Sanford . It has changed hands a few times over the years , eventually purchased by a real life junk dealer , Donald Dimmitt of Dimmitts Auto Salvage , in Argos , Indiana . Most recently it was purchased from Dimmitts Auto Salvage by Tim Franko and Jeff Canter , owners of BlueLine Classics , a classic car dealership in North Royalton , Ohio . The truck has been preserved by BlueLine Classics to its true condition as seen on the TV series and is proudly displayed in the BlueLine Classics showroom . It is often seen at car shows or chugging down the road in Ohio driven by the proud owners . Redd Foxx 's death ( edit ) On October 11 , 1991 , during a break from rehearsals for Foxx 's last sitcom The Royal Family he suffered a fatal heart attack on the set . Reportedly , co-star Della Reese and the rest of the cast and crew thought he was doing his classic : `` It 's the big one ... you hear that , Elizabeth ... I 'm comin ' to join ya , honey ! '' fake heart attack routine he made famous on Sanford and Son , even going as far as collapsing to the floor , although that was not part of the usual schtick . However , this heart attack was real , and Foxx never regained consciousness . Theme music ( edit ) Titled `` The Streetbeater '' , the theme music was composed by Quincy Jones through A&M Records and released on record in 1973 . Although the song did not reach Billboard status , it has maintained mainstream popularity and is featured on Jones ' greatest hits album . Spin - offs and 1980 -- 81 revival ( edit ) After the series was canceled in 1977 , a short - lived continuation featuring the supporting characters titled Sanford Arms aired . Whitman Mayo starred in a spin - off series , Grady , during the 1975 -- 76 season . In 1980 -- 81 , Foxx attempted to revive the show with the short - lived Sanford , but Demond Wilson refused to reprise his role as Lamont Sanford for the new series . DVD releases ( edit ) Sony Pictures Home Entertainment has released all six seasons of Sanford and Son on Region 1 DVD between August 2002 and June 2005 , with a Complete Series box set following in 2008 . DVD Name Ep # Release Date First Season 14 August 6 , 2002 Second Season 24 February 4 , 2003 Third Season 24 October 7 , 2003 Fourth Season 24 March 30 , 2004 Fifth Season 24 September 14 , 2004 Sixth and Final Season 24 June 7 , 2005 Complete Series 136 October 28 , 2008 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Sanford and Son '' . TVGuide.com . Jump up ^ Brooks , Tim and Earl Marsh , Complete Directory to Prime Time Network TV Shows , Ballantine Books , 1992 , pp. 778 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 Best TV Shows of All - TIME '' . time.com . September 6 , 2007 . Retrieved 22 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TV Listings for September 24 , 1976 '' . TV Tango . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TV Listings for December 7 , 1976 '' . TV Tango . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sanford and Son FAVORITE I 'VE WATCHED THIS 276 '' . TV.com . Retrieved 9 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Moor , Bill ( 2006 - 07 - 26 ) . `` ' Sanford and Son ' truck back on the road '' . South Bend Tribune . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` IMDb : Sanford and Son '' . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ Ingram , Billy . TVparty ! : Television 's Untold Tales , Bonus Books , 2002 , p. 262 . ISBN 1 - 56625 - 184 - 2 Jump up ^ `` Sanford & Son Theme ( The Streetbeater ) by Quincy Jones '' . Jump up ^ `` Manhattan by Quincy Jones @ ARTISTdirect '' . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sanford and Son . African American portal Television in the United States portal Comedy portal 1970s portal Los Angeles portal Sanford and Son on IMDb Sanford and Son at TV.com Sanford and Son at epguides.com Watch full episodes of Sanford and Son at TVLand.com Sanford and Son Characters Fred G. Sanford Esther Anderson Grady Wilson Episodes Episodes Spin - offs Grady Sanford Arms Sanford Episodes Related Steptoe and Son `` Sanford and Son Theme ( The Streetbeater ) '' Shows produced or created by Norman Lear The Deputy ( 1959 -- 61 ) All in the Family ( 1971 -- 79 ) Sanford and Son ( 1972 -- 78 ) Maude ( 1972 -- 78 ) Good Times ( 1974 -- 79 ) The Jeffersons ( 1975 -- 85 ) Hot l Baltimore ( 1975 ) One Day at a Time ( 1975 -- 84 ) Mary Hartman , Mary Hartman ( 1976 -- 78 ) The Dumplings ( 1976 ) All 's Fair ( 1976 -- 77 ) The Nancy Walker Show ( 1976 ) All That Glitters ( 1977 ) Fernwood 2 Night ( 1977 ) A Year at the Top ( 1977 ) Sanford Arms ( 1977 ) America 2 - Night ( 1978 ) In the Beginning ( 1978 ) Apple Pie ( 1978 ) Hanging In ( 1979 ) The Baxters ( 1979 -- 81 ) Palmerstown , U.S.A. ( 1980 -- 81 ) a.k.a. Pablo ( 1984 ) E / R ( 1984 -- 85 ) Sunday Dinner ( 1991 ) The Powers That Be ( 1992 -- 93 ) 704 Hauser ( 1994 ) Channel Umptee - 3 ( 1997 -- 98 ) One Day at a Time ( 2017 -- present ) Steptoe and Son Episodes List of Steptoe and Son episodes Films Steptoe and Son ( film ) Steptoe and Son Ride Again Related Steptoe and Son in Murder at Oil Drum Lane When Steptoe Met Son The Curse of Steptoe Remakes Sanford and Son Albert & Herbert Galton and Simpson Ray Galton Alan Simpson Sitcoms Hancock 's Half Hour ( 1954 - 60 ) Citizen James ( 1960 ) Hancock ( 1961 ) Comedy Playhouse Series 1 ( 1961 - 62 ) Series 2 ( 1963 ) Steptoe and Son ( 1962 - 74 ) The Galton and Simpson Comedy ( 1969 ) Clochemerle ( 1972 ) Casanova ' 73 ( 1973 ) The Galton and Simpson Playhouse ( 1977 ) Paul Merton in Galton and Simpson 's ... ( 1996 -- 97 ) Films The Rebel ( 1961 ) The Wrong Arm of the Law ( 1963 ) The Bargee ( 1964 ) The Spy with a Cold Nose ( 1966 ) Loot ( 1970 ) The Magnificent Seven Deadly Sins ( 1971 ) Up the Chastity Belt ( 1971 ) Steptoe and Son ( 1972 ) Steptoe and Son Ride Again ( 1973 ) Galton with others Spooner 's Patch ( 1979 - 82 ) Get Well Soon ( 1997 ) Steptoe and Son in Murder at Oil Drum Lane ( 2005 ) Related articles Associated London Scripts Sanford and Son ( 1972 - 77 ) Fleksnes Fataliteter ( 1972 - 2002 ) The Last Fleksnes ( 1974 ) Albert & Herbert ( 1974 - 82 ) Skyll inte på mig ! ( 1978 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sanford_and_Son&oldid=801499500 '' Categories : 1972 American television series debuts 1977 American television series endings 1970s American comedy television series 1970s American television series American television series based on British television series American television sitcoms Black sitcoms English - language television programs Fictional junk dealers NBC network shows Steptoe and Son Television series by Sony Pictures Television Television shows set in Los Angeles Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from November 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from January 2017 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Nederlands Português Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 20 September 2017 , at 01 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
sanford and son what was his wife's name
[ "According to Fred, his wife Elizabeth died around 1947. In a running gag in the series, during times of distress, Fred looks up (as to heaven) with his hand across his chest, faking a heart attack and saying, \"This is the big one, Elizabeth! I'm coming to join ya honey.\" No one, however, falls for this transparent ruse. Fred raised Lamont alone and missed Elizabeth deeply. According to Fred, his son was named for Lamont Lomax, a pitcher from the Homestead Grays. In one episode, Lamont asks why he did not have a middle name; Fred tells him that Lamont is his middle name: he and Elizabeth never came up with a first name. However, it was revealed in the third episode of the first season that Lamont was named \"Lamont Grady Sanford.\"" ]
[ "Elizabeth" ]
7075515715035885237
Wedding Crashers
Wedding Crashers - wikipedia Wedding Crashers Wedding Crashers Theatrical release poster Directed by David Dobkin Produced by Peter Abrams Robert L. Levy Andrew Panay Written by Steve Faber Bob Fisher Starring Owen Wilson Vince Vaughn Christopher Walken Rachel McAdams Isla Fisher Bradley Cooper Jane Seymour Music by Rolfe Kent Cinematography Julio Macat Edited by Mark Livolsi Production company Tapestry Films Distributed by New Line Cinema Release date July 15 , 2005 ( 2005 - 07 - 15 ) Running time 119 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $40 million Box office $285.2 million Wedding Crashers is a 2005 American comedy film directed by David Dobkin and written by Steve Faber and Bob Fisher . Starring an ensemble cast led by Owen Wilson , Vince Vaughn , and Christopher Walken , and featuring Rachel McAdams , Isla Fisher , Bradley Cooper , and Jane Seymour , the film has a cameo appearance by Will Ferrell . The film opened on July 15 , 2005 through New Line Cinema to critical and massive commercial success , grossing $285 million worldwide on a $40 million budget , and is credited with helping to revive the popularity of adult - oriented , R - rated comedies . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Release 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Box office 4.3 Accolades 4.4 Controversies 4.5 Home media 5 Television version 6 Discussed sequel 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) John Beckwith ( Owen Wilson ) and Jeremy Grey ( Vince Vaughn ) are divorce mediators in Washington D.C. who `` crash '' wedding parties to meet and bed women . At the end of a season of successful crashes , Jeremy takes John to a wedding for a daughter of the U.S. Secretary of the Treasury , William Cleary ( Christopher Walken ) . Once inside , the pair set their sights on Cleary 's other daughters , Gloria ( Isla Fisher ) and Claire ( Rachel McAdams ) . Jeremy ends up having sex with Gloria on a nearby beach during the reception . Gloria is possessive and quickly becomes obsessed with Jeremy , and Jeremy urges John to escape the reception with him . Meanwhile , John attempts to court Claire , the maid of honor , but is interrupted by her hotheaded boyfriend , Sack Lodge ( Bradley Cooper ) , who is unfaithful and disrespectful behind her back . When Gloria invites Jeremy and John to an extended weekend party at their family compound , Jeremy tries to refuse due to him being extremely uncomfortable with Gloria . John overrules Jeremy to accept as it would be great to get to know the family . Jeremy reluctantly accepts , although he is suspicious that John only wanted to go just to get closer to Claire . John and Jeremy become acquainted with the Clearys at their home : the Secretary 's wife ( Jane Seymour ) sexually harasses John ; Gloria 's brother Todd ( Keir O'Donnell ) tries to seduce Jeremy during the night ; Gloria continues to lavish unwanted sexual attention on Jeremy ; and Sack repeatedly injures Jeremy during a game of touch football . During dinner , as a means to get even with Sack for injuring Jeremy along with more time to connect with Claire , John spikes Sack 's wine with eye - drops to make him sick and he spends the rest of his night throwing up in the toilet . John and Claire continue to bond the next day on a sailing trip . The suspicious Sack calls his friend , Trapster , to privately investigate John and Jeremy . He then takes Jeremy hunting , where he is shot in the buttocks . While he recovers , John and Claire go on a bike ride to a secluded beach . Claire finally admits she is unsure how she feels about Sack and ends up kissing John passionately . Meanwhile , Gloria tends to Jeremy 's wounds and reveals to him that she is not as innocent or inexperienced as she initially let on . Jeremy realizes that he himself has been played and that he may be in love with Gloria . When Sack falsely claims that he and Claire are engaged , John is n't fooled by this attempt knowing how unhappy she is with the former . Ready to confess everything to Claire about his feelings for her and convince her not to marry Sack , John is interrupted by Jeremy being chased out of the house : Sack has investigated and revealed John and Jeremy 's identities to the family . Betrayed , Claire turns away from John and the Secretary tells them to leave . Before leaving , Gloria and Jeremy briefly professes their love for each other . Over the following months , Jeremy manages to keep his relationship with Gloria a secret . Meanwhile , John attempts to reach Claire but she refuses to see him . He comes up with a plan to see her by disguising himself as a waiter at her and Sack 's engagement party . Concerned about John 's behavior , Jeremy tries to talk some sense into him by reminding him that his last attempts to speak to her has failed and that he needs to accept the fact that it 's over . He also warns John against attempting to crash Claire and Sack 's engagement party because of the high security Secretary Cleary has put on to ensure no crashers . Jeremy mentions that their only chance of avoiding jail time is to keep a low profile and stay away . John ignores the warning and attempts to crash Claire and Sack 's engagement party by disguising himself as a waiter . He is caught by Sack who was alerted by his friends and beats John up . He then warns John to stay away from Claire forever or else he will press charges against John . John visits Jeremy at his house to confront him for his absence and catches him having sex with Gloria . Betrayed , John walks out of the house and Jeremy follows trying to explain himself , while Gloria leaves to go to the engagement party . Outside , John demanded why he did n't appear to stop Sack and learns that Jeremy had continued his secret relationship with Gloria . John spirals into depression , crashing weddings alone and becoming nihilistic and suicidal . Meanwhile , as Claire and Sack plan their wedding , Claire 's doubts grow . Jeremy proposes to Gloria and tries to ask John to be his best man , but a depressed John refuses . John visits Jeremy 's former wedding crashing mentor , Chazz Reinhold ( an uncredited Will Ferrell ) , who convinces him to crash a funeral . While there , he reconsiders his belief in love and marriage after witnessing a grieving widow . He rushes to Jeremy 's wedding and joins the wedding mid-ceremony to Jeremy 's delight . Claire is upset by his appearance , prompting John to profess his love to her and his regret for his past behavior in front of the congregation . Sack interrupts , but Claire finally tells him that she can not marry him . Senator Cleary supports Claire 's decision and even admits his disgust over Sack 's recent behavior . He also comes to the realization that unlike Sack , John actually cared for Claire and made her happy . Sack tries to attack John , but Jeremy intervenes to knock him out , and John and Claire kiss . After the wedding , the two couples drive away from the ceremony together , discussing crashing another wedding together . Cast ( edit ) Owen Wilson as John Beckwith , one half of the wedding crasher duo ; a bachelor who is a divorce mediator , riding high on his success with Jeremy . Vince Vaughn as Jeremy Grey , the other half of the wedding crasher duo ; an arrogant lothario . He remains a loyal friend to John . Christopher Walken as United States Secretary of the Treasury William Cleary , a big sailing fan and oblivious head of the dysfunctional but loving Cleary household ; a generally friendly man , but punishes anyone who insults his wife or four children . Rachel McAdams as Claire Cleary , middle daughter of William Cleary ; sweet girl and full - time environmental activist . Isla Fisher as Gloria Cleary , youngest daughter of William Cleary ; an emotionally unstable nymphomaniac who is obsessed with Jeremy . Jane Seymour as Kathleen `` Kitty Kat '' Cleary , the `` social alcoholic '' wife of Secretary Cleary and daughter - in - law of `` Grandma '' Mary Cleary ; she appears to try and hit on younger men , including John and an ex-boyfriend of Claire ( this last one revealed by Todd ) . Ellen Albertini Dow as `` Grandma '' Mary Cleary , William 's mother , Kathleen 's mother - in - law , and the siblings ' grandmother who lives in the compound ; she is kind but obscene . Keir O'Donnell as Todd Cleary , William and Kathleen 's reclusive , hyper - sensitive son ; a homosexual artist and family black sheep . Bradley Cooper as Sack Lodge , Claire 's testosterone - fueled , manly , and violent boyfriend who is obsessed with winning at any cost . Henry Gibson as Father O'Neil , the Cleary family priest . Ron Canada as Randolph , the Clearys ' Jamaican butler ; he seems completely aware of Gloria 's obsessive behaviors and does not approve of Sack 's hotheadedness . Jenny Alden as Christina Cleary , the eldest daughter of William Cleary . Will Ferrell ( uncredited ) as Chazz Reinhold , the sage who passed on the wedding crashing rules to his protege Jeremy in 1993 . When John actually meets him , Chazz is revealed to be a lazy man - child who still lives with his mother . Diora Baird as Vivian Dwight Yoakam and Rebecca De Mornay in the beginning mediation scene as Mr. and Mrs. Kroger Kathryn Joosten as Mrs. Reinhold Naureen Zaim as Hindu Woman Richard Riehle ( uncredited ) as Funeral guest Arizona Senator and 2008 Republican presidential nominee John McCain and Democratic strategist and CNN contributor James Carville both have a brief cameo appearance in the film towards the beginning , where both are seen congratulating the secretary and his wife on their daughter 's wedding . Production ( edit ) The film was written by Steve Faber and Bob Fisher and produced through New Line Cinema , with shooting taking place on location in Washington , D.C. and Maryland 's Eastern Shore . Principal photography began on March 22 , 2004 and the movie had a 52 - day shooting schedule . The main Cleary wedding reception scene was filmed at the Inn at Perry Cabin in Saint Michaels , Maryland . Dobkin has said that the script originally set the film around Cape Cod , but a need to film in spring made this impractical . He suggested moving the shoot to Washington , his home town , feeling that his knowledge of the area would make choosing locations easier , and that using the city as the setting for a comedy would be an unexpected choice . Release ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Wedding Crashers received generally positive reviews . On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has a rating of 76 % , based on 184 reviews , with an average rating of 6.7 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Wedding Crashers is both raunchy and sweet , and features top - notch comic performances from Vince Vaughn and Owen Wilson . '' On Metacritic the film has a score of 64 out of 100 , based on 39 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Carina Chocano of the Los Angeles Times wrote a favorable review and said `` underneath the diarrhea gags , the long lens at close range of Vaughn 's pants and the handcuffs , it 's really just a love story about a couple of buddies who live happily ever after . And it could n't have happened to a nicer , more charming couple '' . Manohla Dargis of the New York Times said `` It 's crude , yes , but also funny ; too bad these lost boys ca n't stay lost . Like clockwork , the film soon mutates from a guy - oriented sex comedy into a wish - fulfillment chick flick '' . Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film two stars out of four ; although he wrote that `` there are individual moments that are very funny '' he added that the director , David Dobkin , `` has too much else on his mind '' . British Movie magazine Empire awarded it three out of five stars and were complimentary to Vaughn and Wilson , saying `` Sharing an easy chemistry and free of the usual joker / straight - guy dynamic , Wilson and Vaughn quip , riff and banter to hilarious effect . And both get their fair share of money moments , the latter 's muggings are particularly hysterical in a raunchy dinner - party sequence . The laidback stars are funny and sweet , but they 're let down by a patchy script which squanders some potentially priceless set - ups . '' Box office ( edit ) The film was released in North America on July 15 , 2005 , and became an immediate hit , grossing $33,900,720 in its first weekend , hitting # 2 in the box office , behind Charlie and the Chocolate Factory . Fairly well received by critics , the film eventually grossed over $209,255,921 domestically , narrowly outgrossing Charlie . Considering its modest budget ( $40 million ) and competition with heavily advertised blockbusters during the summer season , the studio did not expect the movie 's astounding level of success . It grossed $75,920,820 overseas , totaling $285,176,741 worldwide . Accolades ( edit ) On April 24 , 2006 , Wedding Crashers topped the nominations for the year 's MTV Movie Awards with five including Best Movie . It won Best Movie , On - Screen Team ( Vaughn and Wilson ) , and Breakthrough Performance ( Isla Fisher ) . The financial success of the film has been credited along with The 40 - Year - Old Virgin for reviving the popularity of adult - aimed R - rated comedies . Bradley Cooper was mentioned in the August 2006 issue of GQ as one of `` The Top Twelve Movie Dicks '' . Controversies ( edit ) The film was criticized for depicting the forcible rape of Vince Vaughn 's character in a humorous light . The film has been accused of `` turn ( ing ) graphic sexual assault into a punchline . '' Home media ( edit ) The DVD was released in the United States on January 3 , 2006 , and a Blu - ray was released on December 30 , 2008 . It is available in an unrated version ( `` Uncorked Edition '' ) and in an R - rated version ( the Blu - ray has both versions on one disc ) . It features eight new minutes integrated into the film and DVD - ROM bonuses . Also included are two audio commentaries ( one by the stars , one by the director ) , four deleted scenes , two featurettes , a `` Rules of Wedding Crashing '' text gallery , trailers , Budweiser Wedding Crashers commercials , a track listing for the official soundtrack on 20th Century Fox Records , a music video by The Sights , and a jump - to - a-song sample feature . Television version ( edit ) The creators of the film made a reality TV version , called The Real Wedding Crashers and shown on NBC in April and May 2007 . NBC only showed four episodes . Discussed sequel ( edit ) In a 2014 post on the website Quora , Wedding Crashers director David Dobkin said that he , Vaughn and Wilson once came up with an idea for a sequel in which John and Jeremy find themselves competing with a superior wedding crasher , played by Daniel Craig ; but that this idea never went beyond the discussion phase . The 2013 film The Internship , which also starred Vaughn and Wilson , was sometimes described by critics as an unofficial sequel to Wedding Crashers . In November 2016 , Fisher was a guest on The Today Show and while talking about Nocturnal Animals , she revealed from her Wedding Crashers co-star Vaughn that a sequel is in the works . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Wedding Crashers ( 15 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . June 6 , 2005 . Retrieved October 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Total Worldwide Gross for Wedding Crashers '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Release Dates for Wedding Crashers '' . IMDb . Retrieved July 21 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Farber , Stephen ( July 10 , 2005 ) . `` The Return of the R - Rated Comedy '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Filming Locations for Wedding Crashers '' . IMDb . Retrieved July 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Production Notes '' . Cinemareview.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Never Use Your Real Name '' . Cinema Review . Retrieved 1 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Frey , Jennifer . `` A Filmmaker 's D.C. Close - Up '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 1 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wedding Crashers Reviews '' . Rotten Tomatoes . July 19 , 2012 . Retrieved September 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wedding Crashers Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved September 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wedding Crashers Review '' . Los Angeles Times . July 15 , 2005 . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2009 . Retrieved July 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Dargis , Manohla ( July 15 , 2005 ) . `` Wedding Crashers Movie Review '' . New York Times . Retrieved July 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( July 14 , 2005 ) . `` Wedding Crashers Review '' . Retrieved September 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Review '' . Empire Magazine . Retrieved September 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wedding Crashers ( 2005 ) - Weekend Box Office Results - Box Office Mojo Jump up ^ Wedding Crashers at Box Office Mojo Jump up ^ GQ Karate Kid Bully Tops ' Movie Dicks ' Poll Contactmusic Jump up ^ Meslow , Scott ( 17 January 2018 ) . `` Does Wedding Crashers Hold Up ? '' . GQ . Retrieved 7 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Wait A Second , Did Amy Schumer Rape a Guy ? '' . Thought Catalog. 6 May 2014 . Retrieved 7 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` It Was n't Rape . Just Assault '' . HuffPost . American Anthropological Association . 23 December 2013 . Retrieved 7 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Wedding Crashers - Uncorked DVD details '' . IMDb . Retrieved July 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Real Wedding Crashers NBC TV Show : Funny Marriage Prank Series and Jokes '' . NBC Official Site . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ David Dobkin ( October 10 , 2014 ) . `` Why was there no sequel to Wedding Crashers ? '' . Quora . Jump up ^ Dowd , A.A. ( June 6 , 2013 ) . `` The Internship ( review ) '' . The A.V. Club . Jump up ^ `` Isla Fisher on ' Nocturnal Animals , ' lookalike Amy Adams , ' Wedding Crashers 2 ' '' . The Today Show . November 17 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Wedding Crashers Wedding Crashers on IMDb Wedding Crashers at Box Office Mojo Wedding Crashers at Rotten Tomatoes Wedding Crashers at Metacritic Films directed by David Dobkin Clay Pigeons ( 1998 ) Shanghai Knights ( 2003 ) Wedding Crashers ( 2005 ) Fred Claus ( 2007 ) The Change - Up ( 2011 ) The Judge ( 2014 ) MTV Movie Award for Movie of the Year Best Movie Terminator 2 : Judgment Day ( 1992 ) A Few Good Men ( 1993 ) Menace II Society ( 1994 ) Pulp Fiction ( 1995 ) Seven ( 1996 ) Scream ( 1997 ) Titanic ( 1998 ) There 's Something About Mary ( 1999 ) The Matrix ( 2000 ) Gladiator ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2003 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2004 ) Napoleon Dynamite ( 2005 ) Wedding Crashers ( 2006 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest ( 2007 ) Transformers ( 2008 ) Twilight ( 2009 ) The Twilight Saga : New Moon ( 2010 ) The Twilight Saga : Eclipse ( 2011 ) Movie of the Year The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 1 ( 2012 ) The Avengers ( 2013 ) The Hunger Games : Catching Fire ( 2014 ) The Fault in Our Stars ( 2015 ) Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2016 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Black Panther ( 2018 ) 2000s portal Film portal United States portal Comedy portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wedding_Crashers&oldid=848023772 '' Categories : 2005 films English - language films 2000s buddy films 2000s romantic comedy films 2000s sex comedy films 2000s comedy films American films American buddy films American romantic comedy films American comedy films American sex comedy films Films about weddings Films directed by David Dobkin Films set in Maryland Films set in Washington , D.C. Films shot in Maryland Films shot in Washington , D.C. Rape in film Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from September 2013 Film articles using image size parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 June 2018 , at 09 : 17 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
where does the movie wedding crashers take place
[ "John Beckwith (Owen Wilson) and Jeremy Grey (Vince Vaughn) are divorce mediators in Washington D.C. who \"crash\" wedding parties to meet and bed women. At the end of a season of successful crashes, Jeremy takes John to a wedding for a daughter of the U.S. Secretary of the Treasury, William Cleary (Christopher Walken). Once inside, the pair set their sights on Cleary's other daughters, Gloria (Isla Fisher) and Claire (Rachel McAdams). Jeremy ends up having sex with Gloria on a nearby beach during the reception. Gloria is possessive and quickly becomes obsessed with Jeremy, and Jeremy urges John to escape the reception with him.\n" ]
[ "Washington D.C." ]
-1019193970779895983
Blue Bloods (season 1)
Blue Bloods ( season 1 ) - wikipedia Blue Bloods ( season 1 ) Jump to : navigation , search Blue Bloods ( season 1 ) Region 1 DVD cover art Country of origin United States No. of episodes 22 Release Original network CBS Original release September 24 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 24 ) -- May 13 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 13 ) Season chronology Next → Season 2 List of Blue Bloods episodes The first season of the Blue Bloods , an American police procedural - family drama television series , aired in the United States on CBS between September 24 , 2010 to May 13 , 2011 . The series was created and , along with Leonard Goldberg and Michael Cuesta , executively produced by Robin Green and Mitchell Burgess . The show revolves around the Reagan family , consisting of police officers and a district attorney all working with the New York City Police Department ( NYPD ) . Actors Donnie Wahlberg , Bridget Moynahan , Will Estes , Len Cariou and Tom Selleck make up the main cast as the Reagan family - Danny , Erin , Jamie , Henry and Frank . Blue Bloods ' first season aired during the 2010 -- 11 television season on Fridays at 10 : 00 p.m. EST . The series debuted with pilot episode , which was viewed by 13.01 million viewers . The season ended with the finale `` The Blue Templar '' , which was watched by 11.79 million viewers . The season averaged 12.58 million viewers per 22 episodes . Internationally , the first season was very successful in Canada , United Kingdom and New Zealand , ranking among the top 30 most watched programs on the respective channels . The first season also garnered positive reviews from television critics , praising the performances of lead actors Donnie Wahlberg and Tom Selleck and the family dynamic among the Reagans . The entire season was released on DVD in Region 1 on September 13 , 2011 , Region 2 on September 19 , 2011 and Region 4 on September 15 , 2011 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 2 Cast 2.1 Main Cast 2.2 Recurring Cast 3 Reception 3.1 Viewership and ratings 3.2 Critical reviews 4 Episodes 5 Ratings 5.1 United States 5.2 Canada 5.3 United Kingdom 5.4 Australia 6 DVD release 7 References 8 External links Production ( edit ) Stephen Gyllenhaal directed two episodes for the season . The first season of Blue Bloods was produced by Panda Productions , Paw In Your Face Productions and CBS Productions . The series aired in the United States on CBS Friday nights at 10 : 00 P.M. EST and Canada on CTV via simulcast . Internationally , season one aired in New Zealand on TV3 Saturday nights at 9 : 30 P.M. , in Australia on Network Ten for the first twelve episodes ( Wednesday nights at 8 : 30 P.M. for the first six and Friday nights at 9 : 30 P.M. ) and on One for the rest of the season . In a deal with CBS Studios International , the series was acquired by the UK channel Sky Atlantic on January 5 , 2011 and was one of the first series to air on the new channel , which launched on February 1 , 2011 . The series was created by Mitchell Burgess and Robin Green and executive produced by Burgess , Green , producer Leonard Goldberg and director Michael Cuesta . The show was initially run by director Ken Sanzel , but Sanzel left in August 2010 amid alleged creative tension with series star Tom Selleck . Staff directors for the season include Cuesta , Félix Alcalá , Jan Eliasberg , Karen Gaviola , Stephen Gyllenhaal , Ralph Hemecker , Gwyneth Horder - Payton , Frederick K. Keller , Matt Penn , John Polson , Michael Pressman , Rosemary Rodriguez , and Alex Zakrzewski . Episodes were written by a team of writers , which consisted of Burgess , Green , Brian Burns , Siobhan Byrne - O'Connor , Amanda Green , Julie Hébert , Thomas Kelly , Gwendolyn M. Parker , Mark Rosner , Ken Sanzel , Diana Son , and Kevin Wade . Cinematographers hired for the season included Craig DiBona , David Insley , Tim Ives and Teodoro Maniaci . Composers Mark Morgan and Rob Simonsen provided the background music for the season . Cast ( edit ) Will Estes and Len Cariou portray multi-generational NYPD officers Jamie and Henry Reagan The first season featured a cast of five main actors who received star billing . Tom Selleck portrays Francis `` Frank '' Reagan , the patriarch of the Reagan family , a former Marine , and current Police Commissioner who is notably silent about his political beliefs . Donnie Wahlberg acted as Frank 's eldest son Daniel `` Danny '' Reagan , a hard - nosed NYPD Detective and former Marine who often roughs up his suspects , despite being prohibited to do so . Bridget Moynahan portrays Frank 's daughter Erin Reagan - Boyle , an assistant district attorney who abides by the law in her dealings with criminal justice . Will Estes portrayed Frank 's youngest son Jamison `` Jamie '' Reagan , a rookie police officer and graduate from Harvard Law before entering the police academy . Len Cariou played Frank 's father Henry Reagan , a retired police commissioner and former Marine who , like Danny , is very vocal about his political beliefs . In addition to the regular cast , the season also featured actors who received the `` also starring '' billing , appearing in almost every episode of the season . Jennifer Esposito portrayed Jackie Curatola , an NYPD detective at the precinct and Danny 's partner . Nicholas Turturro portrayed Sergeant Anthony Renzulli , Jamie 's partner and mentor , who had been a partner of Joe Reagan . Several recurring characters appeared in the first season . Amy Carlson appeared as Linda Reagan , Danny 's wife and mother of two children Jack and Sean . Sami Gayle portrayed Erin 's teenage daughter Nicole `` Nikki '' Reagan - Boyle ( Marlene Lawston played this role in the pilot episode ) . Abigail Hawk portrayed Abigail Baker , Frank 's primary aide . Brothers Andrew and Tony Terraciano portray Sean and Jack Reagan , Danny and Linda 's sons . Gregory Jbara acted as Garrett Moore , the NYPD 's Deputy Commissioner of Public Information . Robert Clohessy played Sgt . Sidney Gormley , the immediate supervisor of Danny and the other detectives at the precinct . Actress Dylan Moore appeared in the first six episodes as Jamie 's brief fiance Sydney Davenport . Bruce Altman portrayed Mayor Frank Russo , Frank 's superior . Andrea Roth appeared in four episodes as Kelly Davidson , a television news reporter who dated Frank . Yvonna Kopacz Wright portrayed Ava Hotchkiss , a detective at the precinct and Danny 's temporary partner . Noelle Beck appeared in three episodes as Frank 's Deputy Press Secretary Sue Connors . Nick Sandow recurred in four episodes as Lieutenant Alex Bello , an officer at Internal Affairs . Michael T. Weiss portrayed Sonny Malevsky , a detective who had worked with Joe Reagan before his murder . Colleen Clinton appeared as Agent Anderson , an FBI agent who attempts to recruit Jamie for her investigation into the Blue Templar . Bobby Cannavale appeared in three episodes as Charles Rosselini , Erin 's boss who becomes romantically involved with her . Robert John Burke portrayed Jyle Hogan in three episodes . Main Cast ( edit ) Tom Selleck as Police Commissioner Francis `` Frank '' Reagan Donnie Wahlberg as Detective Daniel `` Danny '' Reagan Bridget Moynahan as ADA Erin Reagan - Boyle Will Estes as Officer Jamison `` Jamie '' Reagan Len Cariou as Henry Reagan Recurring Cast ( edit ) Jennifer Esposito as Detective Jackie Curatola Amy Carlson as Linda Reagan Sami Gayle as Nicole `` Nicky '' Reagan - Boyle Reception ( edit ) Viewership and Ratings ( edit ) Blue Bloods premiered with the pilot episode , which attracted 13.01 million viewers . After four episodes , the season received a full order of 22 episodes . The series was the most watched program on Friday nights during its duration and was the second most watched program during its short move to the Wednesday timeslot . Apart from the pilot episode , the most - watched episode of the season was `` Little Fish '' , which accrued a viewership of 12.30 million viewers . The series finale was watched by 11.78 million viewers . The season averaged over 12.58 million viewers and a 7.8 / 14 household rating , becoming the 19th most - watched series of the 2010 - 2011 primetime television season . In the 18 - 49 adult demographic , the season averaged a 2.2 Nielsen rating , equating to 2.88 million viewers and ranking number 85th for the 2010 - 2011 primetime television season . In Canada , Blue Bloods stood as a solid performer on CTV , landing within the top twenty of the top programs in Canada . The show ended its first season as the most watched new drama series as well as second most watched new series of the season . The season ranked number five in the 18 - 49 and 25 - 54 age demographics . In the United Kingdom , the series was among the weekly top five most viewed program on Sky Atlantic , amassing an audience between 450,000 and 630,000 viewers . In Australia , the series premiered with a strong 1.11 million viewers , but viewership fell to 288,000 viewers by April , prompting Network Ten to move the series to its HD channel One , which premiered the second half of the season on October 31 , 2011 . Critical reviews ( edit ) Upon the premiere of the pilot episode , the series received positive reviews from television critics . At Metacritic , which assigns a weighted mean rating out of 100 to reviews from television critics , the show received an average score of 70 , which indicates `` generally favorable review '' , based on 25 reviews . Reviews for the full season were generally positive . The performances of Tom Selleck and Donnie Wahlberg were highlighted by many television critics . Nick Hartel of DVD Talk deemed the DVD release of the season as `` Recommended '' , writing that it `` should wisely be approached as a family drama that utilizes the police angle as a common bonding element . '' Hartel lauded Selleck , Wahlberg and Cariou 's performances and the family dinners , noting that `` the arguments and interruptions that garnish the meals give `` Blue Bloods '' its most human qualities . '' Hartel also noted that the series `` quickly resort to genre story staples '' , adding that the `` identity crisis of cop drama versus family drama results in the former getting the short end of the stick with many cases feeling like an afterthought or plot contrivance for the Reagans to discuss at the weekly family dinner . '' C.S. Stonebridge of The Numbers wrote , `` The regular crimes are also intriguing enough to carry most episodes , although there were a few too many times where there were pretty big coincidences that strained credibility . But this storyline made watching each episode more important , as opposed to a show like Law & Order , where you could almost literally grab any episode in the show 's 20 year run and watch it without having to have seen any of the earlier episodes to know what 's going on . '' Stuart Cummins of What Culture called the series `` entertaining police drama that combines the best elements of shows such as Numbers , CSI and Law & Order with the family crises and dramas found in shows like Brothers & Sisters . '' Chuck Barney of San Jose Mercury News found the cases on the series to `` do n't carry much of a wow factor '' and the show overall lacked `` the kind of grittiness that might make it more powerful . '' Barney however praised the actors ' performances and the family dynamic of the Reagans . Some reviewers , however , share mixed to negative opinion concerning the shows format . DVD Verdict writer Adam Arseneau wrote positively about the season , praising the actors ' performances , the family dynamic and the multi-generational police family plot while deeming the family dinners and the lessons doled out from them `` smacks of self - righteousness and lazy writing . '' Arseneau concluded about the season , `` If we had genuinely solid material to engage the Reagans , Blue Bloods could be one of the best cop shows on television . As it stands , it rarely transcends average . '' David Brown from Radio Times gave the season release three stars ( out of five ) , writing `` Imagine something that mixes the best elements of Law & Order and Brothers & Sisters and you get the idea . '' The Guardian writer Michael Hann wrote negatively of the series , noting that `` one can know what is happening without even watching the show , since each episode follows the same template . '' Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Blue Bloods episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' Michael Cuesta Robin Green & Mitchell Burgess September 24 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 24 ) 101 13.01 Jamie graduates from the Police Academy and joins the NYPD on the same day Teresa Campos , a nine - year - old hispanic girl , is abducted while on her way home from school . Frank addresses the press regarding the case , and Danny is questioned about his interrogation tactics . `` Samaritan '' Ralph Hemecker Ken Sanzel October 1 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 01 ) 102 11.32 The Reagans contemplate the rights and wrongs of taking matters into their own hands after a good Samaritan shoots a criminal on the subway . `` Privilege '' Stephen Gyllenhaal Brian Burns October 8 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 08 ) 103 11.15 Erin , Frank , and Danny seek justice for a rape victim . `` Officer Down '' Ralph Hemecker Thomas Kelly October 15 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 15 ) 104 10.39 The NYPD is dispatched to track down the robbery suspect connected with the killing a police officer during a jewelry store heist . 5 5 `` What You See '' Félix Alcalá Julie Hébert October 22 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 22 ) 105 11.15 The Reagans object about the pros and cons of profiling as Frank , Danny , Jamie and the rest of the NYPD search for a bomb that is set to go off in Manhattan . 6 6 `` Smack Attack '' Gwyneth Horder - Payton Siobhan Byrne - O'Connor October 29 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 29 ) 106 11.62 After three teenage boys die from a drug overdose , Danny sets out to find their narcotic source . 7 7 `` Brothers '' Frederick K. Keller Mark Rosner November 5 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 05 ) 107 10.31 When Erin tries to take down a gang leader , using his law - abiding brother , the family debates her methods . Meanwhile , Danny tries to protect Jamie by being tough on the rookie . 8 8 `` Chinatown '' Michael Cuesta Diana Son November 12 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 12 ) 108 10.57 After meeting with federal agents in Chinatown , Jamie witnesses a crime in progress , which results in a suspect getting killed during a pursuit . To avoid Jamie undergoing an investigation by Internal Affairs , Danny works to solve the case and clear Jamie 's name . 9 9 `` Re-Do '' Rosemary Rodriguez Julie Hébert November 19 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 19 ) 109 11.36 Erin is jeopardized when three dangerous criminals are released from prison , one of whom is Richard Reed , a convicted rapist and murderer . 10 10 `` After Hours '' Alex Zakrzewski Brian Burns December 3 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 03 ) 110 11.32 Danny attends to the murder of a popular bouncer outside a nightclub , while Frank deals with controversy when it comes to light that his former partner is artificially tampering with arrest records . 11 11 `` Little Fish '' Michael Pressman Siobhan Byrne - O'Connor January 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 19 ) 111 12.30 Danny and Jackie investigate the murder of a high - end escort after her body is found floating in the East River . Meanwhile at the crime scene , Jamie meets Det . Sonny Malevsky ( Michael T. Weiss ) , his late brother Joe 's old partner and is suspicious of him . Frank vows to bring a killer to justice when a missing boy 's remains are finally found from a 25 - year - old case that he was emotionally involved in . 12 12 `` Family Ties '' Stephen Gyllenhaal Mark Rosner January 26 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 26 ) 112 12.10 Danny explores the world of the Russian Mob in Brighton Beach and their politics after the son of a gangster is killed . While Erin is handed a high - profile case of political corruption by her boss , the district attorney . 13 13 `` Hall of Mirrors '' Frederick K. Keller Thomas Kelly February 2 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 02 ) 113 11.31 Danny is assigned to investigate the attempted assassination of an undercover counterterrorism agent and must solve the case without disrupting the police activity in the sleeper cell . 14 14 `` My Funny Valentine '' John Polson Diana Son February 9 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 09 ) 114 11.80 When a teenager is kidnapped , Danny and Jackie suspect her older boyfriend with a criminal past is involved . Erin 's relationship with her boss takes an unexpected turn when her daughter sets them up on a dinner date for Valentine 's Day . 15 15 `` Dedication '' Jan Eliasberg Kevin Wade February 18 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 18 ) 115 11.16 When Frank is almost assassinated in a drive - by shooting , the police force begins a citywide manhunt . The search points Danny towards a dying crime boss with a grudge against Frank , sparked by a tragic event from their past . The Reagan family attend a ceremony at John Jay College of Criminal Justice to dedicate their atrium in Joe 's memory . 16 16 `` Age of Innocence '' Félix Alcalá Amanda Green February 25 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 25 ) 116 11.65 When an unidentified young girl is found murdered at a debutante ball , Danny and Jackie interrogate a prostitute that was seen on the hotel 's surveillance footage giving the girl a hard time . Also , Danny gets into an argument with Erin for bringing Nicky to the crime scene . 17 17 `` Silver Star '' Ralph Hemecker Thomas Kelly March 11 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 11 ) 117 11.60 When a highly decorated war veteran from Iraq is found dead on the streets and his Silver Star missing , Danny , a former Marine , finds himself emotionally involved . 18 18 `` To Tell the Truth '' Alex Zakrzewski Siobhan Byrne - O'Connor April 1 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 01 ) 119 10.92 Just before Danny prepares to testify at narcotic kingpin Raymundo Salazar 's murder trial , he witnesses the shooting of a young man perpetrated by the felon with a history of witness intimidation . Matters become personal when the criminal 's goons abducts Linda in a daring attempt to force Danny 's silence . 19 19 `` Model Behavior '' Matt Penn Brian Burns April 8 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 08 ) 118 10.71 At a fashion show , someone attempts to poison Linda 's niece Sophie ( Sonya Harum ) , an up - and - coming model , and succeeds at killing another model . Danny investigates the case while Linda must deal with animosity between herself and her older sister , Sophie 's mother . Meanwhile , Frank is on a personal mission to discover why a popular local priest is being suddenly reassigned . 20 20 `` All That Glitters '' Michael Pressman Gwendolyn M. Parker April 29 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 29 ) 120 10.06 Frank 's frustrations rise when the media sensationalizes the murder of a tourist outside a trendy Lower East Side restaurant . 21 21 `` Cellar Boy '' Karen Gaviola Diana Son and Robin Green & Mitchell Burgess May 6 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 06 ) 121 10.38 Danny 's next - door neighbors are murdered and their son becomes the prime suspect . Jamie becomes convinced of being pursued by the Blue Templar when his gun goes missing and the brakes of his car were sabatoged . 22 22 `` The Blue Templar '' Frederick K. Keller Kevin Wade May 13 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 13 ) 122 11.79 In his attempt to expose the Blue Templar , Frank chooses to bypass Internal Affairs after a drug bust indicates dirty cops are involved . Ratings ( edit ) United States ( edit ) No. in Episode Air date Time slot ( EST ) 18 - 49 rating Viewership Live + 7 Ref series season Rating Share in millions Nightly rank Weekly rank 18 - 49 rating Viewership Pilot September 24 , 2010 Fridays 10 : 00 P.M. 2.2 7 13.01 # 1 # 17 N / A 15.27 Samaritan October 1 , 2010 2.0 7 11.32 # 1 # 23 2.6 13.83 Privilege October 8 , 2010 1.8 6 11.15 # 1 # 23 2.5 13.51 Officer Down October 15 , 2010 1.7 6 10.40 # 1 N / A 2.3 12.69 5 5 What You See October 22 , 2010 1.8 6 11.15 # 1 # 22 2.4 13.32 6 6 Smack Attack October 29 , 2010 1.8 6 11.62 # 1 # 21 2.4 13.86 7 7 Brothers November 5 , 2010 1.8 6 10.31 # 1 # 25 2.4 12.74 8 8 Chinatown November 12 , 2010 1.6 5 10.57 # 1 # 24 N / A 12.79 9 9 Re-Do November 19 , 2010 1.6 5 11.36 # 1 # 22 2.2 13.63 10 10 After Hours December 3 , 2010 1.7 6 11.32 # 1 # 12 2.3 13.71 11 11 Little Fish January 19 , 2011 Wednesdays 10 : 00 P.M. 2.0 6 12.30 # 2 # 13 2.7 14.94 12 12 Family Ties January 26 , 2011 2.1 6 12.10 # 2 # 7 2.7 14.51 13 13 Hall of Mirrors February 2 , 2011 1.6 5 11.31 # 2 # 12 2.3 13.73 14 14 My Funky Valentine February 9 , 2011 2.1 6 11.80 # 4 # 16 N / A 14.24 15 15 Dedication February 18 , 2011 Fridays 10 : 00 P.M. 1.5 5 11.16 # 1 # 14 2.2 13.78 16 16 Age of Ignorance February 25 , 2011 1.7 6 11.65 # 1 # 14 2.4 14.25 17 17 Silver Star March 11 , 2011 1.8 6 11.60 # 1 # 11 2.5 14.15 18 18 To Tell the Truth April 1 , 2011 1.7 5 10.92 # 1 # 19 2.5 13.85 19 19 Model Behavior April 8 , 2011 1.6 5 10.71 # 1 # 19 2.2 13.42 20 20 All That Glitters April 29 , 2011 1.6 5 10.06 # 1 # 17 2.4 13.01 21 21 Cellar Boy May 6 , 2011 1.5 5 10.38 # 1 # 17 2.2 12.77 22 22 The Blue Templar May 13 , 2011 1.8 5 11.79 # 1 # 12 2.6 14.60 Canada ( edit ) No. in Episode title Air date Time slot ( EST ) Viewership Ref series season in millions Weekly rank Pilot September 24 , 2010 Fridays 10 : 00 pm 2.126 # 12 Samaritan October 1 , 2010 1.585 # 21 Privilege October 8 , 2010 1.744 # 16 Officer Down October 15 , 2010 1.937 # 12 5 5 What You See October 22 , 2010 1.767 # 13 6 6 Smack Attack October 29 , 2010 1.720 # 17 7 7 Brothers November 5 , 2010 1.602 # 20 8 8 Chinatown November 12 , 2010 1.630 # 19 9 9 Re-Do November 19 , 2010 1.608 # 25 10 10 After Hours December 3 , 2010 1.756 # 11 11 11 Little Fish January 19 , 2011 Wednesdays 10 : 00 pm 1.598 # 15 12 12 Family Ties January 26 , 2011 1.662 # 11 13 13 Hall of Mirrors February 2 , 2011 1.576 # 19 14 14 My Funky Valentine February 9 , 2011 1.769 # 17 15 15 Dedication February 18 , 2011 Fridays 10 : 00 pm 1.769 # 17 16 16 Age of Ignorance February 25 , 2011 1.963 # 11 17 17 Silver Star March 11 , 2011 1.479 # 20 18 18 To Tell the Truth April 1 , 2011 1.794 # 10 19 19 Model Behavior April 8 , 2011 1.664 # 15 20 20 All That Glitters April 29 , 2011 1.486 # 15 21 21 Cellar Boy May 6 , 2011 1.456 # 20 22 22 The Blue Templar May 13 , 2011 1.799 # 17 United Kingdom ( edit ) All viewing figures and ranks are sourced from BARB . No. in Episode Air date Time slot ( UTC ) Sky Atlantic series season Viewers ( millions ) Weekly rank Pilot February 1 , 2011 Tuesdays 10 : 00 pm N / A N / A Samaritan February 8 , 2011 0.626 # 1 Privilege February 15 , 2011 0.584 # 2 Officer Down February 22 , 2011 0.551 # 2 5 5 What You See March 1 , 2011 0.582 # 2 6 6 Smack Attack March 8 , 2011 0.530 # 2 7 7 Brothers March 15 , 2011 0.499 # 2 8 8 Chinatown March 22 , 2011 0.452 # 2 9 9 Re-Do March 29 , 2011 0.451 # 2 10 10 After Hours April 5 , 2011 0.517 # 2 11 11 Little Fish April 12 , 2011 0.540 # 1 12 12 Family Ties April 19 , 2011 0.489 # 2 13 13 Hall of Mirrors April 26 , 2011 0.521 # 2 14 14 My Funky Valentine May 3 , 2011 0.473 # 2 15 15 Dedication May 10 , 2011 0.465 # 2 16 16 Age of Ignorance May 17 , 2011 0.472 # 2 17 17 Silver Star May 24 , 2011 0.539 # 2 18 18 To Tell the Truth May 31 , 2011 0.503 # 2 19 19 Model Behavior June 7 , 2011 0.525 # 2 20 20 All That Glitters June 14 , 2011 0.493 # 2 21 21 Cellar Boy June 21 , 2011 0.478 # 3 22 22 The Blue Templar June 28 , 2011 0.471 # 1 Australia ( edit ) No. in Episode title Air date Time slot Viewership Ref series season in millions Nightly rank Weekly rank Pilot February 2 , 2011 Wednesdays 8 : 30 P.M. 1.107 # 8 # 23 Samaritan February 9 , 2011 0.701 # 17 # 63 Privilege February 16 , 2011 0.653 # 20 # 74 Officer Down February 23 , 2011 0.467 # 22 # 74 5 5 What You See February 23 , 2011 0.377 # 27 N / A 6 6 Smack Attack March 2 , 2011 0.565 # 20 # 83 7 7 Brothers March 11 , 2011 Fridays 9 : 30 P.M. 0.283 # 32 N / A 8 8 Chinatown March 18 , 2011 0.387 # 21 N / A 9 9 Re-Do March 25 , 2011 0.337 # 25 N / A 10 10 After Hours April 1 , 2011 0.318 # 28 N / A 11 11 Little Fish April 8 , 2011 0.286 # 30 N / A 12 12 Family Ties April 15 , 2011 0.288 # 31 N / A DVD release ( edit ) Blue Bloods - The 1st Season Set details Special features 22 episodes 6 - disc set ( DVD ) 1.78 : 1 aspect ratio Subtitles : English , French , Spanish , Portuguese English : Dolby Digital 5.1 , Stereo French : Stereo Featurettes `` Analyzing the Scene '' `` Code Blue '' `` Creating the Characters '' `` Empire State of Mind '' `` Keeping it in the Family '' `` Keeping it Real '' Deleted scenes Gag reel Network on - air promos DVD release date Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 September 13 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 13 ) September 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 19 ) September 15 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 15 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ TV3 New Zealand ( July 11 , 2013 ) . `` From the creators of The Sopranos , # BlueBloods premieres this Saturday at 9.30 pm . Check out the trailer tv3.co.nz/Shows/BlueBloo ... '' . Twitter . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Knox , David ( October 21 , 2011 ) . `` Returning : Blue Bloods '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved September 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sky Atlantic HD to bring the very best in entertainment and drama exclusively to Sky customers from 1st February 2011 '' ( Press release ) . Sky.com . British Sky Broadcasting . 5 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Finke , Nikki ( August 5 , 2010 ) . `` Showrunner Ken Sanzel Exits ' Blue Bloods ' After Creative Tension With Tom Selleck '' . Deadline.com . Penske Business Media , LLC . Retrieved 19 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Blue Bloods Full Cast and Crew '' . IMDB . Amazon.com . Retrieved 19 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Blue Bloods Cast '' . CBS . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 21 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Schweikart , Larry ( December 27 , 2010 ) . `` Best Television Show of 2010 : Tom Selleck 's ' Blue Bloods ' '' . Breitbart . Retrieved 21 August 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1662066/fullcredits?ref_=tt_cl_sm#cast ^ Jump up to : `` DANNY BECOMES EMOTIONALLY INVOLVED WHILE LOOKING FOR A FORMER U.S. MARINE 'S KILLER ON `` BLUE BLOODS , '' FRIDAY , MARCH 11 `` . CBS Press Express . CBS Broadcasting Inc . February 24 , 2011 . Retrieved 21 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` THE REAGANS DEBATE ERIN 'S METHODS WHEN SHE TRIES TO TAKE DOWN A GANG LEADER USING HIS LAW - ABIDING AND DO - GOOD YOUNGER BROTHER AS BAIT , ON `` BLUE BLOODS , '' FRIDAY , NOV. 5 `` . CBS Press Express . CBS Broadcasting , Inc . Retrieved 21 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` FAMILY FRIENDS OF THE REAGANS ARE MURDERED AND THEIR SON IS THE PRIME SUSPECT , ON `` BLUE BLOODS , '' FRIDAY , MAY 6 `` . CBS Press Express . CBS Broadcasting , Inc . April 11 , 2011 . Retrieved 21 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` THE LIFE OF A REAGAN IS PUT IN DANGER WHEN THREE DANGEROUS CRIMINALS ARE RELEASED FROM PRISON BECAUSE OF COMPROMISED DNA EVIDENCE , ON `` BLUE BLOODS , '' FRIDAY , NOV. 19 `` . CBS Press Express . CBS Broadcasting , Inc . November 8 , 2010 . Retrieved 21 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Press Releases '' . CBS Press Express . CBS Broadcasting , Inc . Retrieved 21 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jyle Hogan '' . IMDB . Amazon.com . Retrieved 21 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 21 , 2010 ) . `` CBS Gives Full Season Pickups to All New Series : Hawaii Five - 0 , Defenders , Blue Bloods , Mike & Molly & $ # * ! My Dad Says '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved 19 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( June 1 , 2011 ) . `` 2010 - 11 Season Broadcast Primetime Show Viewership Averages '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved 21 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( June 1 , 2011 ) . `` 2010 - 11 Season Broadcast Primetime Show 18 - 49 Ratings Averages '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved 21 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bazinga ! CTV is Canada 's Most - Watched Network for 10th Straight Year '' . Canada : CNW Group . May 31 , 2011 . Retrieved 17 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Critic Reviews for Blue Bloods Season 1 '' . Metacritic . September 24 , 2010 . Retrieved August 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hartel , Nick ( October 15 , 2011 ) . `` Blue Bloods : The First Season '' . DVD Talk . Internet Brands , Inc . Retrieved 20 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Strowbridge , C.S. ( September 12 , 2011 ) . `` Featured TV on DVD Review : Blue Bloods : Season One '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services , LLC . Retrieved 20 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Cummins , Stuart ( September 19 , 2011 ) . `` DVD Review : BLUE BLOODS '' . What Culture . What Culture Ltd . Retrieved 20 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Barney , Chuck ( December 2 , 2010 ) . `` Barney : Tom Selleck , Donnie Wahlberg shine in ' Blue Bloods ' '' . San Jose Mercury News . San Jose : MediaNews Group . Retrieved 21 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Arseneau , Adam ( September 29 , 2011 ) . `` Blue Bloods : The First Season '' . DVD Verdict . Verdict Partners LLC . Retrieved 20 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Brown , David ( 19 September 2011 ) . `` DVD review : Blue Bloods : Season 1 '' . Radio Times . Immediate Media Company Limited . Retrieved 20 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Hann , Michael ( 19 May 2011 ) . `` Blue Bloods : so bad , it 's criminal '' . The Guardian . United Kingdom : Guardian News and Media . Retrieved 21 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( September 27 , 2010 ) . `` Friday Finals : Supernatural Up ; Dateline Dow '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved October 1 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( October 5 , 2010 ) . `` Friday Finals : No Changes With 18 - 49 Ratings for Originals '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved October 10 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( October 11 , 2010 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : Dateline , Outlaw , Good Guys , Supernatural Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved October 12 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( October 18 , 2010 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : Medium Adjusted Down , Smallville , Supernatural Hold Preliminary Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2010 . Retrieved October 19 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( October 25 , 2010 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : Smallville Adjusted Up ; CSI : NY , Dateline Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2010 . Retrieved October 26 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( November 1 , 2010 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : The Great Pumpkin Rises '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved November 2 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( November 8 , 2010 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : What Would You Do ? , 20 / 20 , Blue Bloods Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2010 . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( November 15 , 2010 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : ' 20 / 20 ' Down a Tenth ; ' Smallville ' Still Rocked w / Teri Hatcher '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved November 17 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( November 22 , 2010 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : ' CSI : NY ' Adjusted Down ; ' School Pride ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved November 23 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( December 6 , 2010 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : No Adjustments For ' Smallville , ' ' Supernatural , ' Or Any Other Shows '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved December 7 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( January 20 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle , ' ' Better With You , ' ' Cougar Town ' Adjusted Down ; ' Criminal Minds ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved January 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( January 27 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Blue Bloods ' Adjusted Up ; ' Cougar Town , ' ' Live to Dance ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved January 27 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( February 3 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Off The Map ' Adjusted Up ; ' Live To Dance ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved February 3 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( February 10 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Blue Bloods , ' ' Human Target ' Adjusted Down , ' Modern Family , ' ' Better with You ' Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved February 10 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( February 22 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : ' Blue Bloods ' Falls ; No Adjustments for ' Fringe , ' ' Smallville ' and ' Supernatural ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved February 23 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( February 28 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : ' CSI : NY ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustments For ' Fringe , ' ' Supernatural , ' ' Smallville ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved February 28 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( March 14 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : ' Defenders , ' ' CSI : NY , ' ' Blue Bloods , ' ' Supernanny ' Adjusted Down ; No Adjustment For ' Fringe ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved March 14 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( April 4 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : ' CSI : NY , ' ' Shark Tank , ' ' Who Do You Think You Are ? ' Adjusted Up ; ' Fringe ' Repeat Down ; ' Chaos ' Stays Low '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved April 4 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( April 11 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : ' CSI : NY , ' ' Blue Bloods ' Adjusted Up ; ' Smallville , ' ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved April 11 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( May 2 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : ' Friday Night Lights , ' Two Wedding Shows Adjusted Up ; No Adjustments For ' Fringe , ' ' Smallville , ' ' Supernatural ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved May 2 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( May 9 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : ' Supernatural , ' ' CSI : NY ' Adjusted Up , No Adjustments To ' Fringe ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved May 15 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( May 18 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : ' CSI : NY , ' ' Blue Bloods , ' ' Friday Night Lights , ' and ' Kitchen Nightmares Adjusted Up , No Adjustments To ' Smallville ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved May 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( September 28 , 2010 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Sunday Night Football ' , ' Glee , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Dancing with the Stars ' Top Premiere Week '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved 15 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( October 11 , 2010 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : Grey 's Anatomy , 90210 , Hawaii Five - 0 Top Premiere Week Rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved November 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 5 , 2010 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Sunday Night Football ' , ' Glee , ' ' Two and a Half Men , ' ' Dancing with the Stars ' Top Week 2 Viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved 15 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( October 18 , 2010 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : Modern Family , Grey 's Anatomy , Parenthood , Hawaii Five - 0 Top Week 's Rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved November 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 13 , 2010 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : Medium Adjusted Down , Smallville , Supernatural Hold Preliminary Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved 15 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( October 25 , 2010 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : Modern Family , Parenthood , Hawaii Five - 0 Top Week 's Rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved November 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( November 1 , 2010 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : Grey 's Anatomy , Fringe , The Mentalist Top Week 's Rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved November 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 26 , 2010 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : Brett Favre , Modern Family , Two and a Half Men , NCIS , DWTS , The Big Bang Theory Top Week 5 Viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved 15 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( November 8 , 2010 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : Grey 's Anatomy , Parenthood Top Week 's Rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved November 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 2 , 2010 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : NFL , Modern Family , Glee , NCIS , DWTS Top Week 6 Viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved 15 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( November 15 , 2010 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : Grey 's Anatomy , The Event , Parenthood , Modern Family Top Week 's Rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved November 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 9 , 2010 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : NFL , Modern Family , Dancing With the Stars , Criminal Minds Top Week 7 Viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved 15 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Gormam , Bill ( November 22 , 2010 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : Modern Family , Grey 's Anatomy , Outlaw , Fringe , Hawaii Five - 0 Top Week 's Rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved November 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 16 , 2010 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : NFL , CMA Awards , Glee , NCIS , Dancing With the Stars Top Week 8 Viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved 15 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( November 30 , 2010 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : Grey 's Anatomy , The Event , Fringe , Hawaii Five - 0 Top Week 's Rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved November 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 23 , 2010 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : NFL , Glee , Modern Family , NCIS , Dancing With the Stars Top Week 9 Viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved 15 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( December 6 , 2010 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Modern Family , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Parenthood , ' ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' Top Week 's Rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved November 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( December 7 , 2010 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : Sunday Night Football , Glee , Simpsons , NCIS , Grey 's Anatomy Top Week 11 Viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved 15 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( December 20 , 2010 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Glee , ' ' The Good Guys ' Top Week 's Rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved November 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( January 25 , 2011 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : Jets - Steelers , American Idol , Hawaii Five - 0 , NCIS , Modern Family Top Week 18 Viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved 16 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( February 7 , 2011 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Modern Family , ' ' Outsourced , ' ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' Top Week 's Rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved November 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 1 , 2011 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : American Idol , Pro Bowl , Hallmark Movie , The Office and Bones Top Week 19 '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved 16 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( February 14 , 2011 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' House , ' ' Office , ' ' The Cape ' Top Week 's Rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved November 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 8 , 2011 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : Super Bowl , Glee , American Idol , NCIS Top Week 20 Viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved 16 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( February 22 , 2011 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Fringe ' Tops % Gains , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Leads Absolute Gains '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved November 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 15 , 2011 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : Grammy Awards , Modern Family , Glee , American Idol , NCIS Top Week 21 Viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved 16 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( February 28 , 2011 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Fringe ' Again Tops % Gains , ' Modern Family ' Leads Absolute Gains '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved June 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 23 , 2011 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' American Idol , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Two and a Half Men , ' ' Glee , ' and ' NCIS ' Top Week 22 Viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved 16 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( March 8 , 2011 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : Yet Again , ' Fringe ' Tops % Gains , ' Modern Family ' Leads Absolute Gains '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved November 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( March 1 , 2011 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : Oscars , ' American Idol , ' ' NCIS , ' ' Glee , ' ' Modern Family ' Top Week 23 Viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved 16 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( March 14 , 2011 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Sets Another Absolute Gain Top , ' 90210 ' Tops % Gains '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved November 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( March 15 , 2011 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' American Idol , ' ' The Mentalist , ' ' Glee , ' ' House , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' Top Week 25 Viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved 16 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( March 28 , 2011 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' House ' Tops Abolute Gains , ' Fringe ' Tops % Gains '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved November 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( April 5 , 2011 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' American Idol , ' NCAA B - Ball ; ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Dancing with the Stars , ' ' NCIS ' ' Top Week 28 Viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved 16 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( April 18 , 2011 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Musical Episode Tops Absolute Gains , ' The Event ' Tops % Gains '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved November 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( April 12 , 2011 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' American Idol , ' NCAA B - Ball ; ' NCIS , ' ' Dancing with the Stars ' Top Week 29 Viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved 16 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( April 25 , 2011 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' Tops Absolute Gains , ' Outsourced ' Tops % Gains '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved November 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 3 , 2011 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' American Idol , ' ' The Voice , ' ' The Office , ' ' Dancing with the Stars , ' ' The Mentalist ' Top Week 32 Viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved 16 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 10 , 2011 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' American Idol , ' ' The Voice , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Dancing with the Stars , ' ' NCIS ' Top Week 33 Viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved 16 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 23 , 2011 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Fringe ' Finale Nearly Doubles Same Day Ratings In Post Airdate DVR Viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved November 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 17 , 2011 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' American Idol , ' ' The Voice , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Dancing with the Stars , ' ' NCIS ' Top Week 34 Viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved 16 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 31 , 2011 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Tops Absolute Gains , ' Gossip Girl ' Tops % Gains '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved November 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top Programs -- Total Canada ( English ) September 20 - September 26 , 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Canada : BBM Canada . Retrieved 9 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top Programs -- Total Canada ( English ) September 27 - October 3 , 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Canada : BBM Canada . Retrieved 9 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top Programs -- Total Canada ( English ) October 4 - October 10 , 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Canada : BBM Canada . Retrieved 9 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top Programs -- Total Canada ( English ) October 11 - October 17 , 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Canada : BBM Canada . Retrieved 9 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top Programs -- Total Canada ( English ) October 18 - October 24 , 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Canada : BBM Canada . Retrieved 9 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top Programs -- Total Canada ( English ) October 25 - October 31 , 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Canada : BBM Canada . Retrieved 9 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top Programs -- Total Canada ( English ) November 1 - November 7 , 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Canada : BBM Canada . Retrieved 9 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top Programs -- Total Canada ( English ) November 8 - November 14 , 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Canada : BBM Canada . Retrieved 9 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top Programs -- Total Canada ( English ) November 15 - November 21 , 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Canada : BBM Canada . Retrieved 9 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top Programs -- Total Canada ( English ) November 29 - December 5 , 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Canada : BBM Canada . Retrieved 9 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top Programs -- Total Canada ( English ) January 17 - January 23 , 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Canada : BBM Canada . Retrieved 9 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top Programs -- Total Canada ( English ) January 24 - January 30 , 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Canada : BBM Canada . Retrieved 9 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top Programs -- Total Canada ( English ) January 31 - February 6 , 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Canada : BBM Canada . Retrieved 9 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top Programs -- Total Canada ( English ) February 7 - February 13 , 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Canada : BBM Canada . Retrieved 9 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top Programs -- Total Canada ( English ) February 14 - February 20 , 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Canada : BBM Canada . Retrieved 9 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top Programs -- Total Canada ( English ) February 21 - February 27 , 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Canada : BBM Canada . Retrieved 9 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top Programs -- Total Canada ( English ) March 7 - March 13 , 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Canada : BBM Canada . Retrieved 9 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top Programs -- Total Canada ( English ) March 28 - April 3 , 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Canada : BBM Canada . Retrieved 9 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top Programs -- Total Canada ( English ) April 4 - April 10 , 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Canada : BBM Canada . Retrieved 9 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top Programs -- Total Canada ( English ) April 25 - May 1 , 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Canada : BBM Canada . Retrieved 9 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top Programs -- Total Canada ( English ) May 2 - May 8 , 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Canada : BBM Canada . Retrieved 9 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top Programs -- Total Canada ( English ) May 9 - May 15 , 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Canada : BBM Canada . Retrieved 9 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Programmes '' . United Kingdom : BARB . select channel and relevant week Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 1 February 2011 ) . `` Blue Bloods '' . Australia : TV Tonight . Retrieved 14 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 31 January 2011 ) . `` Week 6 '' . Australia : TV Tonight . Retrieved 14 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 6 February 2011 ) . `` Seven takes final week of summer '' . Australia : TV Tonight . Retrieved 14 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 7 February 2011 ) . `` Week 7 '' . Australia : TV Tonight . Retrieved 14 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 13 February 2011 ) . `` Seven wins first week of 2011 ratings year '' . Australia : TV Tonight . Retrieved 14 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 14 February 2011 ) . `` Week 8 '' . Australia : TV Tonight . Retrieved 14 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 20 February 2011 ) . `` Clean sweep as Seven rules '' . Australia : TV Tonight . Retrieved 14 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Knox , David ( 21 February 2011 ) . `` Week 9 '' . Australia : TV Tonight . Retrieved 14 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 27 February 2011 ) . `` Seven wins while Nine , TEN struggle . '' . Australia : TV Tonight . Retrieved 14 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 28 February 2011 ) . `` Week 10 '' . Australia : TV Tonight . Retrieved 14 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 6 March 2011 ) . `` Seven takes the hat trick - again '' . Australia : TV Tonight . Retrieved 14 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 3 March 2011 ) . `` Bumped : Blue Bloods '' . Australia : TV Tonight . Retrieved 14 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 7 March 2011 ) . `` Week 11 '' . Australia : TV Tonight . Retrieved 14 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 14 March 2011 ) . `` Week 12 '' . Australia : TV Tonight . Retrieved 14 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 21 March 2011 ) . `` Week 13 '' . Australia : TV Tonight . Retrieved 14 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 28 March 2011 ) . `` Week 14 '' . Australia : TV Tonight . Retrieved 14 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 4 April 2011 ) . `` Week 15 '' . Australia : TV Tonight . Retrieved 14 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 11 April 2011 ) . `` Week 16 '' . Australia : TV Tonight . Retrieved 14 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( June 20 , 2011 ) . `` Blue Bloods - Official Announcement for ' The 1st Season ' DVDs Brings Release Date , Pricing * * UPDATE : Bonus Material * * '' . TV Shows on DVD . Retrieved June 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Blue Bloods - Season 1 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon UK . Retrieved June 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Blue Bloods - The 1st Season ( 6 Disc Set ) '' . Ezy DVD . Retrieved June 3 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Official website List of Blue Bloods episodes on IMDb List of Blue Bloods episodes at TV.com ( hide ) Blue Bloods Characters Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blue_Bloods_(season_1)&oldid=801745750 '' Categories : 2010 American television seasons 2011 American television seasons Blue Bloods ( TV series ) Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 21 September 2017 , at 15 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who plays nicky on blue bloods season 1
[ "Sami Gayle as Nicole \"Nicky\" Reagan-Boyle" ]
[ "Sami Gayle" ]
7928419676191362641
Master Blaster
Master Blaster - wikipedia Master Blaster Master Blaster may refer to : Contents 1 Film 2 Television 3 Music 4 Fiction 5 Sports 6 Other uses 7 See also Film ( edit ) Master Blaster , a pair of characters from Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome Television ( edit ) `` Master Blaster '' , a Beast Wars episode Master Blaster , a character from Kidd Video Master Blasters , an American game show that debuted on July 27 , 2005 Music ( edit ) `` Master Blaster ( Jammin ' ) '' , a 1980 song by Stevie Wonder `` Masterblaster 2000 '' , a hit cover of `` Master Blaster ( Jammin ' ) '' by DJ Luck & MC Neat `` Master Blaster '' , a 1996 song by Nikka Costa from Butterfly Rocket Master Blaster ( band ) , a German dance band Master Blaster ( musician ) , former Ugandan dance - hall musician Fiction ( edit ) Master Blaster , a member of the Legion of Net. Heroes Sports ( edit ) Master Blaster , nickname of Viv Richards , retired West Indian Cricketer Master Blaster , nickname of Sanath Jayasuriya , retired Sri Lankan Cricketer Master Blasters , a type of Cricket Master Blaster , nickname of Sachin Tendulkar , retired Indian Cricketer Other uses ( edit ) Masterblaster , a video game series The Master Blasters , a professional wrestling tag team in World Championship Wrestling from 1990 - 1991 that consisted of Steel ( Kevin Nash ) , Iron , and Blade ( Al Green ) The Master Blaster , a ring name used by professional wrestler Kevin Nash in World Championship Wrestling in 1991 Master Blaster , an uphill water coaster at Schlitterbahn , New Braunfels , Texas Master Blaster , a roller coaster at Sandcastle Waterworld , England Master Blaster , the job title of a senior explosives engineer working with materials such as Tovex Master Blasters , a type of water coaster Master Blaster , a theme deck from the Mirrodin block in Magic : The Gathering See also ( edit ) Blaster Master ( disambiguation ) Raster Blaster Disambiguation page providing links to articles with similar titles This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Master Blaster . If an internal link led you here , you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Master_Blaster&oldid=848500826 '' Categories : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories : Disambiguation pages with short description All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Italiano Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 2 July 2018 , at 09 : 16 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
who is known as master blaster in cricket
[ "Master Blaster, nickname of Viv Richards, retired West Indian Cricketer\nMaster Blaster, nickname of Sanath Jayasuriya, retired Sri Lankan Cricketer\nMaster Blasters, a type of Cricket\nMaster Blaster, nickname of Sachin Tendulkar, retired Indian Cricketer", "Master Blaster, nickname of Viv Richards, retired West Indian Cricketer\nMaster Blaster, nickname of Sanath Jayasuriya, retired Sri Lankan Cricketer\nMaster Blasters, a type of Cricket\nMaster Blaster, nickname of Sachin Tendulkar, retired Indian Cricketer", "Master Blaster, nickname of Viv Richards, retired West Indian Cricketer\nMaster Blaster, nickname of Sanath Jayasuriya, retired Sri Lankan Cricketer\nMaster Blasters, a type of Cricket\nMaster Blaster, nickname of Sachin Tendulkar, retired Indian Cricketer" ]
[ "Viv Richards", "Sanath Jayasuriya", "Sachin Tendulkar" ]
-5515226833280737599
Cabo San Lucas
Cabo San Lucas - wikipedia Cabo San Lucas Jump to : navigation , search This is an encyclopedia article . For a travel guide see Cabo San Lucas . Cabo San Lucas Yenecami View of the harbor Cabo San Lucas ( 2005 ) Coat of arms Nickname ( s ) : Cabo Cabo San Lucas Location in Baja California Sur Coordinates : 22 ° 53 ′ 23 '' N 109 ° 54 ′ 56 '' W  /  22.88972 ° N 109.91556 ° W  / 22.88972 ; - 109.91556 Coordinates : 22 ° 53 ′ 23 '' N 109 ° 54 ′ 56 '' W  /  22.88972 ° N 109.91556 ° W  / 22.88972 ; - 109.91556 Country Mexico State Baja California Sur Elevation 20 m ( 70 ft ) Population ( 2010 ) Total 68,463 Time zone Pacific ( US Mountain ) ( UTC − 7 ) Summer ( DST ) Pacific ( UTC − 6 ) Cabo San Lucas ( Spanish pronunciation : ( ˈkaβo san ˈlukas ) , Cape Saint Luke ) , commonly called Cabo in American English , is a city at the southern tip of the Baja California Peninsula , in the Mexican state of Baja California Sur . Cabo San Lucas together with San José del Cabo is known as Los Cabos . Cabo has been rated as one of Mexico 's top 5 tourist destinations ; it is known for its beaches , scuba diving locations , balnearios , the sea arch El Arco de Cabo San Lucas , and marine life . The Los Cabos Corridor has become a heavily trafficked holiday destination for tourists , with numerous resorts and timeshares along the coast between Cabo San Lucas and San José del Cabo . Cabo houses a range of wildlife , including rays , sharks , birds , and a range of fish , such as mahi - mahi ( dorado ) , and striped marlin . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Tourism 2.1 Development 2.2 Transportation 2.3 Nightlife and activities 2.4 Resort corridor 3 Climate 4 Population 5 Education 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Archaeological excavations have shown evidence of continual human habitation in the area for at least 10,000 years . When the first Europeans arrived , they encountered the Pericú people , who survived on a subsistence diet based on hunting and gathering seeds , roots , shellfish , and other marine resources . They called the location Yenecamú . According to the narrative of Hatsutaro , a Japanese castaway , in the book Kaigai Ibun ( written by Maekawa , Junzo and Bunzo Sakai and narrated by Hatsutaro ) , when he arrived at Cabo San Lucas in May 1842 , there were only two houses and about 20 inhabitants . However , American authors such as Henry Edwards and John Ross Browne claim that Cabo San Lucas 's founder was an Englishman named Thomas `` Old Tom '' Ritchie . John Ross Browne says Ritchie arrived there about 1828 , while Edwards says that he died in October 1874 . A fishing village began growing in the area . In 1917 , an American company built a floating platform to catch tuna , and ten years later founded Compañía de Productos Marinos S.A. The plant operated for several years . Tourism ( edit ) El Arco de Cabo San Lucas Cabo San Lucas has become a prominent vacation and spa destination , with a variety of sites of interest and timeshares that have been built on the coast between San Lucas and San José del Cabo . The distinctive Arco de Cabo San Lucas is a local landmark . Cabo San Lucas has the highest paying marlin tournament in the world called the `` Bisbee 's Los Cabos Offshore '' . This tournament takes place every year in the month of October . In the winter , pods of whales can be observed in the area . They bear their calves in the warm waters of the Gulf of California after completing their 6000 - mile migration from Alaska and Siberia . Development ( edit ) This view of Cabo San Lucas shows the rapid growth of the area ( 2005 ) The beaches , surfing , and sport fishing opportunities in Cabo San Lucas have attracted a great number of Mexican natives and foreigners to spend their vacations in large - scale tourist developments there . The development of Cabo 's tourism industry was prompted by the Mexican government 's development of infrastructure to turn Cabo San Lucas into a major center for tourism in Mexico , beginning in 1974 . Upon completion of the Transpeninsular Highway , also known as the Mexican Federal Highway 1 , tourist developments in Los Cabos proceeded relatively unchecked . Until fairly recently , the unique and fragile environment of this part of Mexico was largely unprotected by law , and therefore was subjected to developers acting in concert with government agencies interested only in low - end tourist bonanzas . There is , however , a growing collection of activists and attorneys now involved in preserving many of Baja 's desert habitats , marine mammals , and stretches of coastline . A number of agencies including the Gulf of California Conservation Fund and the Center for Environmental Law in La Paz are challenging the destruction of wetlands and other ecosystems from Los Cabos to Ensenada . In the face of a growing international public demand for corporate - driven ecological stewardship , higher - end resorts in the Los Cabos area are increasingly sensitive to their environmental impact , and are taking initial steps to institute sustainable practices such as reducing water usage and non-recyclable trash output . In 2017 Los Cabos is projected to be one of the leaders in travel in Latin America , many of the developments owed to its increased accessibility with added plane routes from the US and Canada . It is expected that by 2018 4,000 new sleeping rooms will come online in Cabo , and the increase in tourism will contribute to its growth as a leader in leisure . Transportation ( edit ) A sizeable marina dominates the port of Cabo San Lucas Cabo San Lucas San José del Cabo are served by Los Cabos International Airport . The town is also a popular port of call for many cruise ships . Cabo San Lucas has a small international airfield , which handles air traffic for general aviation flights and air taxi service . Many tourists get around the area through the numerous local taxis that service the primary parts of Cabo , as well as the Corridor and the airport . Alternatively , there is a system of small buses that are used by locals but also available to tourists , and costing a few pesos tend to be much less expensive than the taxis . Nightlife and activities ( edit ) Puerto Paraiso , in the very center of Cabo San Lucas Clubs in Cabo include the Cabo Wabo Cantina , the Baja Brewing Company ( also the first microbrewery in Baja California ) , Pink Kitty Nightclub , Mandala , El Squid Roe , Giggling Marlin , Nowhere Bar , Tiki Bar , the Usual Suspects and the Jungle Bar . Restaurants in downtown Cabo include Edith 's , Hacienda Cocina y Cantina , and Sunset da Mona Lisa . Tourists can also ride horses through the desert , charter a boat for fishing , snorkel , and parasail on the beach . The English - language newspaper for Cabo San Lucas , the biweekly `` Gringo Gazette '' , has news on tourist activities in Cabo San Lucas , San Jose , Todos Santos , La Paz , and the East Cape Baja . Resort Corridor ( edit ) Main article : Los Cabos Corridor Medano is the main beach of Cabo San Lucas , pictured here with Land 's End in the background The corridor is home to a variety of hotels and tourist attractions . High - end resorts in the corridor include the One&Only Palmilla , Esperanza , The Resort at Pedregal , and Las Ventanas al Paraiso . Medano Beach , located in the Chileno Bay , is one of the most frequented beaches in the Corridor . It is home to tropical fish , sea turtles , invertebrates , and sponges . Snorkelers often visit Chileno Bay to observe the underwater sea life . Climate ( edit ) Cabo San Lucas has a BWh desert climate . During summer , Cabo San Lucas is cooler than San José del Cabo by about by about 1.5 to 3 ° C ( 3 to 5 ° F ) . Sometimes during the summer , when winds blow from the Pacific Ocean instead of the Gulf of California , the differences in temperatures between San José del Cabo and Cabo San Lucas are higher . Cabo San Lucas is less rainy than San José del Cabo , although hurricanes can bring heavy rain for long periods . Hurricane Odile made landfall at Cabo San Lucas on 14 September 2014 , and caused widespread damage . Due to the position of the city and orography , local summer thunderstorms do not get near enough to bring rain to the town . The sea temperature experiences lows of 21 -- 22 ° C ( 70 -- 72 ° F ) in winter , and highs of 28 -- 29 ° C ( 82 -- 84 ° F ) during the summer months . ( hide ) Climate data for Cabo San Lucas , Baja California Sur ( 1951 -- 2010 , extremes 1937 -- 2010 ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) 36.0 ( 96.8 ) 37.0 ( 98.6 ) 37.0 ( 98.6 ) 41.0 ( 105.8 ) 40.0 ( 104 ) 41.5 ( 106.7 ) 41.0 ( 105.8 ) 44.0 ( 111.2 ) 44.0 ( 111.2 ) 41.0 ( 105.8 ) 38.0 ( 100.4 ) 37.0 ( 98.6 ) 44.0 ( 111.2 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) 25.4 ( 77.7 ) 25.9 ( 78.6 ) 26.9 ( 80.4 ) 29.0 ( 84.2 ) 30.7 ( 87.3 ) 31.7 ( 89.1 ) 33.3 ( 91.9 ) 33.7 ( 92.7 ) 33.0 ( 91.4 ) 32.1 ( 89.8 ) 29.4 ( 84.9 ) 26.8 ( 80.2 ) 29.8 ( 85.6 ) Daily mean ° C ( ° F ) 19.2 ( 66.6 ) 19.3 ( 66.7 ) 20.2 ( 68.4 ) 22.2 ( 72 ) 23.8 ( 74.8 ) 25.3 ( 77.5 ) 28.1 ( 82.6 ) 29.0 ( 84.2 ) 28.4 ( 83.1 ) 26.7 ( 80.1 ) 23.5 ( 74.3 ) 20.6 ( 69.1 ) 23.9 ( 75 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 13.0 ( 55.4 ) 12.7 ( 54.9 ) 13.5 ( 56.3 ) 15.4 ( 59.7 ) 17.0 ( 62.6 ) 19.0 ( 66.2 ) 22.8 ( 73 ) 24.2 ( 75.6 ) 23.9 ( 75 ) 21.4 ( 70.5 ) 17.5 ( 63.5 ) 14.5 ( 58.1 ) 17.9 ( 64.2 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) 4.5 ( 40.1 ) 1.5 ( 34.7 ) 1.0 ( 33.8 ) 7.0 ( 44.6 ) 6.5 ( 43.7 ) 10.0 ( 50 ) 10.0 ( 50 ) 10.0 ( 50 ) 10.0 ( 50 ) 10.0 ( 50 ) 1.0 ( 33.8 ) 5.0 ( 41 ) 1.0 ( 33.8 ) Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 11.7 ( 0.461 ) 3.4 ( 0.134 ) 1.8 ( 0.071 ) 1.3 ( 0.051 ) 0.1 ( 0.004 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 13.3 ( 0.524 ) 48.5 ( 1.909 ) 82.3 ( 3.24 ) 32.2 ( 1.268 ) 11.5 ( 0.453 ) 14.5 ( 0.571 ) 220.6 ( 8.685 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.1 mm ) 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.0 2.9 3.3 1.6 0.7 1.0 12.7 Source : Servicio Meteorologico Nacional Suburb in Cabo San Lucas with terrain illustrating the mixture of the State 's common environments : semi-arid desert , mountains and coastal plains . Average Sea Temperature Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 22.4 ° C 72.4 ° F 21.5 ° C 70.7 ° F 21.5 ° C 70.6 ° F 21.5 ° C 70.7 ° F 23.5 ° C 74.3 ° F 23.1 ° C 73.5 ° F 25.7 ° C 78.2 ° F 28.5 ° C 83.2 ° F 29.5 ° C 85 ° F 29 ° C 84.1 ° F 26.8 ° C 80.2 ° F 24 ° C 75.3 ° F Population ( edit ) Historical population Year Pop . ± % 16,059 -- 1995 28,483 + 77.4 % 2000 -- 2005 -- 68,464 -- As of the 2010 Censo General de Población y Vivienda , the population was 68,463 and has experienced very rapid growth and development . It is the third - largest city in Baja California Sur after La Paz and San José del Cabo ( although it is only slightly less populous than San José del Cabo ) . The majority of non-Mexican inhabitants in the community originate from the United States , and along with residents from San José del Cabo they account for the 80 % of the U.S. population in the state . Education ( edit ) Secondary Colegio Amaranto , a private school , is in Cabo San Lucas Colegio El Camino , IB accredited K - 12 private school , in Pedregal , Cabo San Lucas Postsecondary Instituto de Estudios Superiores de Los Cabos , a campus of the National Institute of Technology of Mexico UABCS Los Cabos , a branch campus of the public Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur Universidad del Golfo de California , a private masters level university Universidad del Desarrollo Profesional S.C. , a local campus of UNIDEP , a private university See also ( edit ) Mexican Federal Highway 1 Mexican Federal Highway 19 Sebastián Vizcaíno References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Los Cabos '' . Enciclopedia de los Municipios y Delegaciones de México . Mexico : INAFED. 2010 . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ John Howells and Don Merwin ( 2007 ) . Choose Mexico for retirement . Guilford , CT : The Globe Pequot Press . p. 182 . ISBN 9780762743926 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cabo San Lucas '' . Censo de Población y Vivienda 2010 ( in Spanish ) . INEGI . Retrieved 3 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Best Destinations in Mexico - Travelers ' Choice Awards - TripAdvisor '' . Jump up ^ `` An Interview with Harumi Fujita on the Archaeology of Baja California Sur '' . Jump up ^ `` Thomas Ritchie ( 1810 - 1874 ) - Find A Grave Memorial '' . Jump up ^ Inc. , DAGTech Solutions , . `` Home Page - Bisbees.com '' . www.bisbees.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ The Gulf of California Conservation Fund Jump up ^ The Center for Environmental Law in La Paz Jump up ^ `` Going Green in Los Cabos '' . Jump up ^ http://www.travelpulse.com/news/destinations/is-los-cabos-becoming-a-luxury-leader-in-the-americas.html Jump up ^ http://www.cabosanlucas.net/fast_facts/getting_around.php Jump up ^ `` Mexican Newspapers and News Sites '' . Jump up ^ `` Hurricane Odile Timeline : Unprecedented Cyclone Leaves Widespread Damage in Cabo San Lucas , Baja California '' . weather.com . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ Ltd , Copyright Global Sea Temperatures - A-Connect . `` Cabo San Lucas Sea Temperature January Average , Mexico - Sea Temperatures '' . Jump up ^ `` Estado de Baja California Sur - Estacion : Cabo San Lucas '' . Normales Climatologicas 1951 -- 2010 ( in Spanish ) . Servicio Meteorologico Nacional . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2016 . Retrieved 22 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Extreme Temperatures and Precipitation for Cabo San Lucas 1937 -- 2010 '' ( in Spanish ) . Servicio Meteorológico Nacional . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved 22 April 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.inegi.org.mx/sistemas/TabuladosBasicos/LeerArchivo.aspx?ct=993&c=16762&s=est&f=1 Jump up ^ Morales , Omar Lizárraga ( 1 January 2010 ) . `` The US citizens Retirement Migration to Los Cabos , Mexico . Profile and social effects '' . 1 ( 1 ) -- via journal.lib.uoguelph.ca . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cabo San Lucas . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Cabo San Lucas . Cabo San Lucas travel guide from Wikivoyage Cabo San Lucas links at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) State of Baja California Sur La Paz ( capital ) Municipalities and municipal seats Comondú ( Ciudad Constitución ) Mulegé ( Santa Rosalía ) La Paz ( La Paz ) Los Cabos ( San José del Cabo ) Loreto ( Loreto ) VIAF : 138423505 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cabo_San_Lucas&oldid=815605438 '' Categories : Headlands of Mexico Landforms of Baja California Sur Los Cabos Municipality ( Baja California Sur ) Populated places in Baja California Sur Populated coastal places in Mexico Port cities and towns on the Mexican Pacific coast Beaches of Baja California Sur Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2013 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from March 2012 Articles with DMOZ links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Български Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Ирон Italiano Ladino मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 15 December 2017 , at 21 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
where is cabo san lucas located on the map
[ "Cabo San Lucas (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈkaβo san ˈlukas], Cape Saint Luke), commonly called Cabo in American English, is a city at the southern tip of the Baja California Peninsula, in the Mexican state of Baja California Sur. Cabo San Lucas together with San José del Cabo is known as Los Cabos." ]
[ "at the southern tip of the Baja California Peninsula, in the Mexican state of Baja California Sur" ]
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What Have I Done to Deserve This? (song)
What Have I Done to Deserve This ? ( Song ) - wikipedia What Have I Done to Deserve This ? ( Song ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` What Have I Done to Deserve This ? '' Single by Pet Shop Boys with Dusty Springfield from the album Actually B - side `` A New Life '' Released 10 August 1987 Format 7 `` , 12 '' , cassette , CD Recorded Genre Synthpop Length 4 : 19 Label Parlophone -- R 6163 Songwriter ( s ) Neil Tennant , Chris Lowe , Allee Willis Producer ( s ) Stephen Hague Pet Shop Boys singles chronology `` It 's a Sin '' ( 1987 ) `` What Have I Done to Deserve This ? '' ( 1987 ) `` Rent '' ( 1987 ) `` It 's a Sin '' ( 1987 ) `` What Have I Done to Deserve This ? '' ( 1987 ) `` Rent '' ( 1987 ) Actually track listing `` One More Chance '' ( 1 ) `` What Have I Done to Deserve This ? '' ( 2 ) `` Shopping '' ( 3 ) Dusty Springfield singles chronology `` Something in Your Eyes '' ( 1987 ) Something in Your Eyes1987 `` What Have I Done to Deserve This ? '' ( 1987 ) What Have I Done to Deserve This ? 1987 `` Nothing Has Been Proved '' ( 1989 ) Nothing Has Been Proved 1989 `` What Have I Done to Deserve This ? '' is a song by English synthpop duo Pet Shop Boys , featuring singer Dusty Springfield . When released as a single in late 1987 , it peaked at number 2 in the UK and also at number 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 , becoming the fourth top ten hit for Pet Shop Boys as well as the biggest hit of Springfield 's career in the US . It was kept from the top spot by `` Seasons Change '' by Exposé and `` Father Figure '' by their fellow British singer George Michael on that chart , while in the UK it was kept off the top by Rick Astley with his debut single Never Gonna Give You Up . The single made it to number 1 on the Irish singles chart , where it was Pet Shop Boys ' second number 1 hit in the space of just six weeks . The song 's success helped revive Springfield 's career and led to a resurgence of interest in her music . Pet Shop Boys and Dusty Springfield performed the song for the 1988 BRIT Awards . Following the duet the Pet Shop Boys wrote and produced the singles `` Nothing Has Been Proved '' and `` In Private '' for Springfield , both included on her 1990 album Reputation . The music video was filmed in a music hall , featuring a female chorus line and male members of the pit orchestra . It made significant use of the theater drapes and stage curtains for dramatic effect . Like all of the singles taken from the Actually album , the song also appears on the film It Could n't Happen Here , where it is briefly played in instrumental form , without vocals . At the 2009 BRIT Awards where the duo were due to receive an Outstanding Contribution to Music award , Pet Shop Boys performed the song with American singer Lady Gaga . Contents ( hide ) 1 Track listing 1.1 7 `` : Parlophone / R 6163 ( UK ) 1.2 12 `` : Parlophone / 12 R 6163 ( UK ) 1.3 12 `` : EMI - Manhattan / V - 56080 ( US - First Issue ) 1.4 12 `` : EMI - Manhattan / V - 56080 ( US - Second Issue ) 2 Chart performance 3 Cover versions 4 References Track listing ( edit ) 7 `` : Parlophone / R 6163 ( UK ) ( edit ) `` What Have I Done to Deserve This ? '' -- 4 : 19 `` A New Life '' -- 4 : 55 12 `` : Parlophone / 12 R 6163 ( UK ) ( edit ) `` What Have I Done to Deserve This ? '' ( Extended Mix ) -- 6 : 53 `` A New Life '' -- 4 : 55 `` What Have I Done to Deserve This ? '' ( Disco Mix ) -- 8 : 13 also available on CD ( Parlophone / CD R 6163 ) 12 `` : EMI - Manhattan / V - 56080 ( US - First Issue ) ( edit ) `` What Have I Done to Deserve This ? '' ( Disco Mix ) -- 8 : 17 `` Rent '' ( Extended Mix ) -- 7 : 06 12 `` : EMI - Manhattan / V - 56080 ( US - Second Issue ) ( edit ) `` What Have I Done to Deserve This ? '' ( The Shep Pettibone Remix ) -- 8 : 28 `` What Have I Done to Deserve This ? '' ( Dub Mix ) -- 6 : 53 `` Rent '' ( The François Kevorkian Remix ) -- 7 : 04 `` I Want a Dog '' -- 4 : 48 Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1987 -- 88 ) Peak position Australian Singles Chart 22 Austrian Singles Chart 11 Belgian Singles Chart Canadian Singles Chart Dutch Singles Chart Finnish Singles Chart French Singles Chart - German Singles Chart Irish Singles Chart Italian Singles Chart 11 New Zealand Singles Chart 6 Norwegian Singles Chart 9 Polish Singles Chart 6 South African Singles Chart 16 Spanish Singles Chart Swedish Singles Chart Swiss Singles Chart UK Singles Chart US Billboard Adult Contemporary Chart 14 US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Dance / Club Play Songs Chart Cover versions ( edit ) In 1987 , Hong Kong singer Prudence Liew covered this song in Cantonese . In 2017 , American vocalist ShyBoy released a cover version featuring Allee Willis , who co-wrote the song with Neil Tennant and Chris Lowe . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 . St Ives , N.S.W. : Australian Chart Book . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Pet Shop Boys with Dusty Springfield - What Have I Done To Deserve This ? '' . austriancharts.at . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Results - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Pet Shop Boys with Dusty Springfield - What Have I Done To Deserve This ? '' . dutchcharts.nl . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Pennanen , Timo ( 2006 ) . Sisältää hitin - levyt ja esittäjät Suomen musiikkilistoilla vuodesta 1972 ( in Finnish ) ( 1st ed . ) . Helsinki : Tammi . ISBN 978 - 951 - 1 - 21053 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Pet Shop Boys With Dusty Springfield - What Have I Done To Deserve This ? ( Chanson ) '' . lescharts.com ( in French ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` charts.de '' . charts.de. 2006 - 11 - 14 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Jaclyn Ward . `` The Irish Charts - All there is to know '' . Irishcharts.ie . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Hit Parade Italia - Indice per Interprete : P '' . Hitparadeitalia.it . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Pet Shop Boys with Dusty Springfield - What Have I Done To Deserve This ? '' . charts.org.nz . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Pet Shop Boys with Dusty Springfield - What Have I Done To Deserve This ? '' . norwegiancharts.com . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Brian Currin ( 2003 - 05 - 25 ) . `` South African Rock Lists Website - SA Charts 1969 - 1989 Acts ( P ) '' . Rock.co.za . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Salaverri , Fernando ( September 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 -- 2002 ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Pet Shop Boys with Dusty Springfield - What Have I Done To Deserve This ? '' . swedishcharts.com . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Pet Shop Boys with Dusty Springfield - What Have I Done To Deserve This ? '' . hitparade.ch . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` ChartArchive - The Pet Shop Boys And Dusty Springfield - What Have I Done To Deserve This '' . Chartstats.com . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Eurythmics Music News & Info '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Pet Shop Boys ( 2009 - 12 - 21 ) . `` Pet Shop Boys - Awards '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . Preceded by `` Never Gonna Give You Up '' by Rick Astley Billboard Hot Dance Club Play number - one single 23 January 1988 Succeeded by `` The Way You Make Me Feel '' by Michael Jackson Pet Shop Boys Chris Lowe Neil Tennant Studio albums Please Actually Introspective Behaviour Very Bilingual Nightlife Release Fundamental Yes Elysium Electric Super Compilation albums Discography : The Complete Singles Collection Alternative Essential PopArt : The Hits Story : 25 Years of Hits Party Ultimate Format Remix albums Disco Disco 2 Disco 3 Disco 4 Live albums Concrete Pandemonium Extended plays Christmas Soundtracks and scores It Could n't Happen Here Closer to Heaven Battleship Potemkin The Most Incredible Thing Other songs `` King 's Cross '' `` The Loving Kind '' `` The Night I Fell in Love '' `` I 'm Not Scared '' `` In Private '' `` Nothing Has Been Proved '' `` So Sorry , I Said '' `` Do n't Drop Bombs '' Film , stage and television It Could n't Happen Here Closer to Heaven Pet Shop Boys : A Life In Pop The Most Incredible Thing Notable tours and concerts MCMLXXXIX Performance Discovery Somewhere Nightlife Release Fundamental Pandemonium Progress ( as special guests ) Electric Super Related articles Discography Songs x2 Reputation Results Electronic Back to Mine : Pet Shop Boys West End Girls Book Pet Shop Boys singles Please ( 1984 -- 86 ) `` West End Girls '' `` Opportunities ( Let 's Make Lots of Money ) '' `` Love Comes Quickly '' `` Suburbia '' Disco ( 1986 ) `` Paninaro '' Actually ( 1987 -- 88 ) `` It 's a Sin '' `` What Have I Done to Deserve This ? '' `` Rent '' `` Heart '' Introspective ( 1988 -- 89 ) `` Always on My Mind '' `` Domino Dancing '' `` Left to My Own Devices '' `` It 's Alright '' Behaviour ( 1990 -- 91 ) `` So Hard '' `` Being Boring '' `` How Can You Expect to Be Taken Seriously ? '' / `` Where the Streets Have No Name ( I Ca n't Take My Eyes off You ) '' `` Jealousy '' Discography ( 1991 ) `` DJ Culture '' `` Was It Worth It ? '' Very ( 1993 -- 94 ) `` Can You Forgive Her ? '' `` Go West '' `` I Would n't Normally Do This Kind of Thing '' `` Liberation '' `` Yesterday , When I Was Mad '' Alternative ( 1995 ) `` Paninaro ' 95 '' Bilingual ( 1996 -- 97 ) `` Before '' `` Se a vida é ( That 's the Way Life Is ) '' / `` To Step Aside '' `` Single - Bilingual '' `` A Red Letter Day '' Nightlife ( 1999 -- 2000 ) `` I Do n't Know What You Want But I Ca n't Give It Any More '' `` New York City Boy '' `` You Only Tell Me You Love Me When You 're Drunk '' Release ( 2002 -- 03 ) `` Home and Dry '' `` I Get Along '' `` London '' PopArt ( 2003 -- 04 ) `` Miracles '' `` Flamboyant '' Fundamental ( 2006 ) `` I 'm with Stupid '' `` Minimal '' `` Numb '' Disco 4 ( 2007 ) `` Integral '' Yes ( 2009 ) `` Love Etc . '' `` Did You See Me Coming ? '' `` Beautiful People '' Ultimate ( 2010 ) `` Together '' Elysium ( 2012 ) `` Winner '' `` Leaving '' `` Memory of the Future '' Electric ( 2013 -- 14 ) `` Axis '' `` Vocal '' `` Love Is a Bourgeois Construct '' `` Thursday '' `` Fluorescent '' Super ( 2016 ) `` The Pop Kids '' `` Twenty - something '' `` Inner Sanctum '' `` Say It to Me '' `` Undertow '' Non-album singles `` One More Chance '' `` Absolutely Fabulous '' `` Hallo Spaceboy '' `` Somewhere '' `` Break 4 Love '' `` She 's Madonna '' `` Love Life '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=What_Have_I_Done_to_Deserve_This%3F_(song)&oldid=834096089 '' Categories : 1987 singles Pet Shop Boys songs Dusty Springfield songs Dance - pop songs Billboard Dance Club Songs number - one singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Songs written by Allee Willis Songs written by Neil Tennant Songs written by Chris Lowe Song recordings produced by Stephen Hague 1987 songs Parlophone singles Vocal duets Hidden categories : CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Use dmy dates from August 2014 Use British English from August 2014 Articles needing additional references from December 2009 All articles needing additional references Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Nederlands Русский Svenska Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 3 April 2018 , at 22 : 28 . 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who sang what have i done to deserve this
[ "\"What Have I Done to Deserve This?\" is a song by English synthpop duo Pet Shop Boys, featuring singer Dusty Springfield." ]
[ "English synthpop duo Pet Shop Boys" ]
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World Trigger
World Trigger - wikipedia World Trigger World Trigger Cover of the first volume of World Trigger , featuring one of the main protagonists Yūma Kuga . ワールド トリガー ( Wārudo Torigā ) Genre Adventure , science fiction Manga Written by Daisuke Ashihara Published by Shueisha English publisher Viz Media Demographic Shōnen Imprint Jump Comics Magazine Weekly Shōnen Jump ( February 9 , 2013 -- November 26 , 2018 ) Jump Square ( December 4 , 2018 -- present ) English magazine Weekly Shonen Jump Original run February 9 , 2013 -- present Volumes 18 ( List of volumes ) Anime television series Directed by Mitsuru Hongo ( 01 − 48 ) Kouji Ogawa ( 49 − 73 ) Produced by Kei Mizutani Daichi Nagatomi Written by Hiroyuki Yoshino Yuuichi Nomura Natsuko Takahashi Masahiro Yokotani Music by Kenji Kawai Studio Toei Animation Licensed by Toei Animation Inc . Original network ANN ( TV Asahi ) English network Primo TV Original run October 5 , 2014 -- April 3 , 2016 Episodes 73 ( List of episodes ) Anime and Manga portal World Trigger ( Japanese : ワールド トリガー , Hepburn : Wārudo Torigā ) , also known in short form as WorTri ( Japanese : ワートリ , Hepburn : Wātori ) , is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Daisuke Ashihara , which was initially serialized in Weekly Shōnen Jump since February 2013 until December 2018 when it was transferred to Jump Square . An anime adaptation of the series produced by Toei Animation started airing on October 5 , 2014 , with the series ending on April 3 , 2016 . Contents 1 Plot 2 Media 2.1 Manga 2.2 Anime 2.3 Video games 3 Reception 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links Plot ( edit ) Main article : List of World Trigger characters In Mikado City ( 三 門市 , Mikado - shi ) ( 280 000 inhabitants ) , a `` gate '' to a different world suddenly opens one day . Monsters called `` Neighbors '' ( 近 界 民 ( ネイバー ) , Neibā , lit . `` Near - world people '' ) start appearing from the gate . Humans are overwhelmed at first when their weapons are found to be useless against Neighbors , until a mysterious organization appears that is able to repel the Neighbors ' attacks . The organization is called the National Defense Agency , or `` Border , '' and has appropriated the Neighbor technology called `` Triggers , '' which allows the user to channel an internal energy called Trion and use it as a weapon or for other purposes . By activating a trigger , the body of users is replaced by a battle - body made of trion which is stronger and more resistant . Members of Border are divided in three ranks , A , B , and C , with only the members of rank A possessing the most powerful triggers , comparable in strength to those of Neighbors . Four years later , people in Mikado City have grown used to the occasional battles with the Neighbors , and have returned more or less to their everyday lives . Border has become popular . One day , a mysterious white - haired student transfers to the local school , named Yūma Kuga ( 空閑 遊 真 , Kuga Yūma ) . Kuga is in fact a strong humanoid Neighbor , a fact that he wants to hide from Border . In the school he meets another student , Osamu Mikumo ( 三雲 修 , Mikumo Osamu ) , who is secretly a C - class Border trainee . Since Kuga is completely oblivious about life in Mikado City , it falls to Mikumo to guide him through it , and to prevent him from being discovered by Border . Media ( edit ) Manga ( edit ) Main article : List of World Trigger chapters The manga was written and illustrated by Daisuke Ashihara . Individual chapters have been serialized in Weekly Shōnen Jump since February 2013 , and are collected into tankōbon volumes published by Shueisha . As of March 2017 , eighteen volumes have been released in Japan . Viz Media has licensed the series . Due to health issues , on the part of the author , it was put on hiatus after the 50th issue of 2016 . The series will return in issue # 48 of Weekly Shōnen Jump on October 29 , 2018 and will run until issue # 52 on November 29 , then it will be transferred to Jump Square on December 4 . Anime ( edit ) Main article : List of World Trigger episodes An anime adaptation of World Trigger was announced on May 27 , 2014 and was to start airing in October 2014 . On July 8 , 2014 , it was revealed that the anime adaptation would be produced by Toei Animation . On August 4 , 2014 , the anime 's official website revealed the voice cast ( in Japanese alphabetical order ) : Nobuhiko Okamoto , Rie Kugimiya , Hideyuki Tanaka , Nao Tamura , Jun Fukuyama , Tomo Muranaka and Yūki Kaji . It also revealed that the anime would be broadcast on TV Asahi . An event was held on Roppongi Hills Arena ( TV Asahi 's `` Summer Festival '' venue ) revealing the full cast and the characters they would be playing . On August 6 , 2014 , the combined 37 - 38th issue of Weekly Shonen Jump revealed the roles for some of the cast , as well announcing the addition of Yūichi Nakamura as Yuichi Jin . On August 11 , 2014 , the official website for the anime was updated to reveal the rest of the cast members ' roles and a PV for the anime was posted . On August 20 , 2014 , Weekly Shōnen Jump 's 39th issue revealed more of the anime 's cast . On August 25 , 2014 , the anime 's official website revealed the anime would premier in October 5 , 2014 . On August 29 , Weekly Shōnen Jump 's 39th issue revealed the staff , with Mitsuru Hongo directing the anime at Toei Animation with series composition by Hiroyuki Yoshino . Toshihisa Kaiya and Hitomi Tsuruta were announced as character designers and animation directors , and Kenji Kawai composing the music for the soundtrack . The series was slated to run for 50 episodes , but ended up having 73 episodes . On September 10 , it was revealed that the Nagoya trio Sonar Pocket would perform the anime 's opening theme , `` GIRIGIRI '' ( ギリギリ , lit . `` Borderline '' ) . Like in most of the TV anime that are broadcast on TV Asahi in Japan , the World Trigger anime incorporates all the credits into the opening theme and there is only an opening for the show and no ending for the show . In summer 2015 , the `` World Trigger Natsu Matsuri 2015 '' ( World Trigger Summer Festival 2015 ) event announced World Trigger : Isekai Kara no Tōbōsha , a brand new series with an original story not presented in the World Trigger manga , and with new characters and concepts . This `` new series '' actually ended up being the `` Fugitve Arc '' of the anime , which ran from Episodes 49 to 63 . In July 2015 , it was announced that Toei would be producing an English dub with Ocean Productions . The series began airing in the United States on Primo TV on January 16 , 2017 . On March 7 , 2016 , it was confirmed that the World Trigger anime would end , after it was announced that TV Asahi would be replacing the time slot airing it with sports programming . Video Games ( edit ) A PlayStation Vita action game developed by Artdink titled World Trigger : Borderless Mission was released in Japan on September 17 , 2015 . An iOS and Android game developed by Ganbarion titled World Trigger : Smash Borders was released on July 21 , 2015 . It was later released on PlayStation Vita on February 17 , 2016 . Both were published by Bandai Namco Games . Reception ( edit ) In the year of 2016 , a survey conducted by Oricon found that World Trigger was the 18th best - selling manga , with about 2,234,851 copies sold . Rebecca Silverman of Anime News Network said that `` World Trigger is an exciting read that distributes its information organically rather than relying on info - dumps . '' In a 2016 reader 's poll on goo , the series ranked the fifth most likely to become a Weekly Shonen Jump signature series . However , the anime received criticism stemming from Toei 's handling of the adaptation . Gabriella Ekens from Anime News Network referred to the production as `` incompetent '' and `` baffling '' , stating `` World Trigger is n't a bad show , but it 's a terrible adaptation . '' The series ranked 10th in the Tokyo Anime Award Festival 's top 100 TV anime series of 2016 . During NHK 'S top 100 anime voting , World Trigger placed 158 out of 400 , tied with Detective Conan : The Darkest Nightmare . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Official Website for World Trigger '' . Viz Media . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2017 . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Viz Media Announces Print Edition for World Trigger Manga '' . Anime News Network . April 18 , 2014 . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2014 . Retrieved November 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` World Trigger Manga Goes on Indefinite Hiatus Due to Author 's Poor Health '' . Anime News Network . November 17 , 2016 . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2017 . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Trigger Manga Resumes on October 29 '' . Anime News Network . October 14 , 2018 . Retrieved October 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Shonen Jump 's World Trigger Manga Gets Anime '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved May 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` World Trigger TV Anime Slated to Premiere in October '' . Anime News Network . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2014 . Retrieved June 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Toei Animation Produces `` World Trigger '' TV Anime Adaptation `` . Crunchyroll . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2014 . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Yuuki Kaji , Nobuhiko Okamoto , Rie Kugimiya Star in World Trigger Anime '' . Anime News Network . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2014 . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Yūichi Nakamura Joins World Trigger TV Anime Cast '' . Anime News Network . August 6 , 2014 . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` World Trigger Gets Commemorative Video for Upcoming Anime '' . Anime News Network . August 11 , 2014 . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tomoaki Maeno , Masakazu Morita , Kana Hanazawa Join World Trigger Cast '' . Anime News Network . August 20 , 2014 . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Anime 's premiere date '' . Toei Animation . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2014 . Retrieved August 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Outlaw Star 's Mitsuru Hongo Directs World Trigger Anime '' . Anime News Network . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2014 . Retrieved August 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` World Trigger Anime Listed With 50 Episodes '' . Anime News Network . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2015 . Retrieved January 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 主題 歌 に ソナー ポケット の 新曲 「 GIRIGIRI 」 が 決定 ! ! コメント も 到着 ! '' ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2014 . Retrieved September 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` World Trigger TV Anime Gets New Series in October '' . Anime News Network . Archived from the original on 2016 - 05 - 17 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Toei Screens 1st 3 World Trigger Episodes with English Dub '' . Anime News Network . 2015 - 07 - 03 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 06 - 24 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` World Trigger Anime 's Main English Dub Cast Revealed '' . Anime News Network . 2016 - 04 - 21 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 12 - 21 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Bilingual Hispanic Channel To Feature `` World Trigger '' Anime `` . Crunchyroll. 2017 - 01 - 24 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 01 - 26 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ Green , Scott ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` '' World Trigger '' Anime Wraps Up In March `` . Crunchyroll . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2016 . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` World Trigger game announced for PS Vita '' . Gematsu . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2014 . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` World Trigger game announced for iOS and Android '' . Dengeki Online - Dengeki App . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2015 . Retrieved April 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Romano , Sal ( February 17 , 2016 ) . `` World Trigger : Smash Borders for PS Vita now available in Japan '' . Gematsu . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top - Selling Manga in Japan by Series : 2016 ( First Half ) '' . Anime News Network . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2016 . Retrieved June 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` World Trigger GN 1 - Review '' . Anime News Network . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2016 . Retrieved June 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Green , Scott ( December 28 , 2016 ) . `` Japanese Readers Suggest Which Manga Will Be Next `` Shonen Jump '' Signature Series `` . Crunchyroll . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2017 . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Episodes 1 - 3 - World Trigger '' . Anime News Network . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2016 . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Komatsu , Mikikazu ( December 28 , 2016 ) . `` Tokyo Anime Award Festival Announced Top 100 Anime of 2016 '' . Crunchyroll . Archived from the original on December 29 , 2016 . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ベスト ・ アニメ 100 投票 結果 発表 ニッポン アニメ 100 NHK '' . NHK . Archived from the original on 2017 - 10 - 07 . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) Douresseaux , Leroy ( September 25 , 2014 ) . `` World Trigger : Volume 1 Advanced manga review '' . Comic Book Bin . Toon Doctor . Douresseaux , Leroy ( October 6 , 2014 ) . `` World Trigger : Volume 2 Advanced manga review '' . Comic Book Bin . Toon Doctor . Douresseaux , Leroy ( February 25 , 2015 ) . `` World Trigger : Volume 4 manga review '' . Comic Book Bin . Toon Doctor . Douresseaux , Leroy ( March 29 , 2015 ) . `` World Trigger : Volume 5 manga review '' . Comic Book Bin . Toon Doctor . Douresseaux , Leroy ( August 24 , 2015 ) . `` World Trigger : Volume 6 manga review '' . Comic Book Bin . Toon Doctor . Douresseaux , Leroy ( October 28 , 2015 ) . `` World Trigger : Volume 7 manga review '' . Comic Book Bin . Toon Doctor . Douresseaux , Leroy ( January 25 , 2016 ) . `` World Trigger : Volume 8 manga review '' . Comic Book Bin . Toon Doctor . Douresseaux , Leroy ( April 29 , 2016 ) . `` World Trigger : Volume 10 manga review '' . Comic Book Bin . Toon Doctor . Luster , Joseph ( April 28 , 2015 ) . `` Manga Review : World Trigger vol. 5 '' . Otaku USA . Sovereign Media . Surat , Daryl ( January 17 , 2016 ) . `` ( Review ) World Trigger '' . Otaku USA . Sovereign Media . Warner , Matthew ( November 11 , 2014 ) . `` World Trigger Vol. # 01 Manga Review '' . The Fandom Post . Warner , Matthew ( November 20 , 2014 ) . `` World Trigger Vol. # 02 Manga Review '' . The Fandom Post . Warner , Matthew ( January 26 , 2015 ) . `` World Trigger Vol. # 03 Manga Review '' . The Fandom Post . Warner , Matthew ( January 26 , 2015 ) . `` World Trigger Vol. # 04 Manga Review '' . The Fandom Post . Warner , Matthew ( July 11 , 2015 ) . `` World Trigger Vol. # 05 Manga Review '' . The Fandom Post . Warner , Matthew ( December 12 , 2015 ) . `` World Trigger Vol. # 07 Manga Review '' . The Fandom Post . Warner , Matthew ( March 27 , 2016 ) . `` World Trigger Vol. # 08 Manga Review '' . The Fandom Post . Warner , Matthew ( August 19 , 2016 ) . `` World Trigger Vol. # 10 Manga Review '' . The Fandom Post . Taylor , Jarrius ( October 5 , 2014 ) . `` World Trigger Episode # 01 Anime Review '' . The Fandom Post . External links ( edit ) Official World Trigger Website ( in Japanese ) World Trigger Anime Website on Toei Animation 's site ( in Japanese ) World Trigger ( anime ) at Anime News Network 's encyclopedia Series currently running in Weekly Shōnen Jump Black Clover Boruto : Naruto Next Generations Demon Slayer : Kimetsu no Yaiba Dr. Stone Food Wars ! : Shokugeki no Soma Haikyu ! ! Hinomaru Sumo Hunter × Hunter My Hero Academia One Piece The Promised Neverland We Never Learn World Trigger Yuuna and the Haunted Hot Springs Weekly Shōnen Jump : 2010 -- 2019 Oumagadoki Zoo Enigma 2011 Magico St&rs Nisekoi 2012 Haikyu ! ! The Disastrous Life of Saiki K . Barrage Assassination Classroom Cross Manage Food Wars ! : Shokugeki no Soma 2013 World Trigger Jaco the Galactic Patrolman 2014 Hinomaru Sumo My Hero Academia 2015 Black Clover Naruto : The Seventh Hokage and the Scarlet Spring 2016 Yuuna and the Haunted Hot Springs Demon Slayer : Kimetsu no Yaiba Boruto : Naruto Next Generations The Promised Neverland 2017 We Never Learn Dr. Stone Robot x LaserBeam Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_Trigger&oldid=864170995 '' Categories : Manga series 2013 manga 2014 anime television series Adventure anime and manga Anime series based on manga Science fiction anime and manga Shōnen manga Shueisha manga Toei Animation television TV Asahi shows Viz Media manga Hidden categories : CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Articles containing Japanese - language text Articles with Japanese - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français 한국어 Italiano 日本 語 Português Русский ไทย 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 October 2018 , at 15 : 20 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
where did world trigger anime end in manga
[ "The manga was written and illustrated by Daisuke Ashihara. Individual chapters have been serialized in Weekly Shōnen Jump since February 2013, and are collected into tankōbon volumes published by Shueisha. As of March 2017, eighteen volumes have been released in Japan. Viz Media has licensed the series.[2] Due to health issues, on the part of the author, it was put on hiatus after the 50th issue of 2016.[3] The series will return in issue #48 of Weekly Shōnen Jump on October 29, 2018 and will run until issue #52 on November 29, then it will be transferred to Jump Square on December 4.[4]\n" ]
[ "the 50th issue of 2016" ]
-650067327226916973
A Bathing Ape
A Bathing Ape - wikipedia A Bathing Ape A Bathing Ape ア ・ ベイジング ・ エイプ ( Bape ) Type Subsidiary Industry Fashion Founded 1993 ; 25 years ago ( 1993 ) in Ura - Harajuku , Shibuya , Tokyo , Japan Founder Nigo Headquarters Tokyo , Japan Owner I.T Group Website bape.com BAPE store deployed in Hong Kong A Bathing Ape ( ア ・ ベイジング ・ エイプ , A Beijingu Eipu ) ( or BAPE ) is a Japanese clothing brand founded by Nigo ( Tomoaki Nagao ) in Ura - Harajuku in 1993 . The brand specializes in men 's , women 's and children 's lifestyle and street wear , running 19 stores in Japan , including Bape Stores , Bape Pirate Stores , Bape Kids Stores , Bapexclusive Aoyama , and Bapexclusive Kyoto . The Kyoto store also includes Bape Gallery , a space used for various events and art shows sponsored by Bape . There are also stores located in Hong Kong , New York City , London , Paris , Taipei , Los Angeles , China , Bangkok and Singapore . The company previously operated ( Busy Work Shop ) , Bape Cuts hair salon , Bape Café , BABY MILO and The cay Soldier . Nigo also founded the secondary lines AAPE ( by A Bathing Ape ) and BAPY ( Busy Working Lady ) . In 2011 , the company had been sold to Hong Kong fashion conglomerate I.T Group . Nigo left the brand in 2013 . Contents 1 History 2 Design 3 See also 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) Nigo , founder and owner , cites his mother and father , who were a nurse and a billboard maker respectively , as major influences in the development of his character , though because they both worked , he spent a lot of time alone with toys . He also credits DJ / fashion guru Hiroshi Fujiwara as his business model . His nickname means `` number two '' in Japanese ; the MD of Astoarobot , the fashion store , coined the moniker when he noted the physical resemblance to Fujiwara . Nigo cites his early influences as Elvis , The Beatles and hip - hop acts such as Beastie Boys and Run -- D.M.C. After studying fashion editing at college , he worked as an editor and a stylist for Popeye magazine . After borrowing four million yen from an acquaintance , who also let him use his shop , he opened `` Nowhere '' , his first store , along with Jun Takahashi of Undercover , on April 1 , 1993 , in Ura - Harajuku . Deciding to start his own brand , he named it after the 1968 film Planet of the Apes . According to Nigo , the name `` BAPE '' is a reference to `` A Bathing Ape in Lukewarm Water '' . Japanese people typically have daily baths in water at temperatures above 40 degrees Celsius ( 104 ° F ) . As such , to bathe in lukewarm water is to complacently overindulge . This is an ironic reference to the lazy opulence of the younger generation of Japanese , the brand 's own customers . To expose the brand he gave T - shirts to the musician Cornelius who wore them when performing . For two years he produced 30 to 50 shirts a week , selling half and giving half to friends . In 1997 , Nigo released his debut album Ape Sounds under Mo'Wax , with DJ / Producer James Lavelle of UNKLE . Nigo is also co-owner and head designer of Pharrell Williams ' clothes brands Billionaire Boys Club and Ice Cream . On February 1 , 2011 , it was announced that A Bathing Ape had been sold to Hong Kong fashion conglomerate I.T Group . I.T purchased a 90.27 % stake in A Bathing Ape . In a transaction encompassing $21,850,000 HKD ( approx . $2.8 million USD ) , I.T purchased a total of 668 shares . Exact details regarding the creative future and expansion of A Bathing Ape are unknown ; however , A Bathing Ape founder Nigo remained on board as the Creative Director for the next two years . Bape is a popular Japanese street fashion brand and with many celebrities appearing in magazines and catalogs wearing Bape 's clothing . Design ( edit ) Bape frequently collaborates with other brands and features characters from popular media such as SpongeBob SquarePants , Marvel comics characters , Nintendo , DC Comics , and Hello Kitty and the Sanrio Family . These designs are used throughout the Bathing Ape range , on goodies , accessories , hoodies , jackets , T - shirts and shoes . A Bathing Ape has also collaborated with many other famous brands such as Pepsi , Coca - Cola , M * A * C , Comme des Garçons , Undercover , Neighborhood , mastermind Japan , Supreme , Wiz Khalifa , Stüssy , Carhartt , Casio and artists such as Biggie Smalls , Beastie Boys , Pharrell , UNKLE , Kanye West , A $ AP Rocky , A $ AP Ferg , Kid Cudi , Juelz Santana , Pusha T , KAWS , Kreayshawn , Linkin Park , Gary Panter , Big Sean , Lil ' Wayne , Chris Brown , Flatbush Zombies , Travis Scott , Domo Genesis , Damian Lillard , and Keith Ape . See also ( edit ) I.T Billionaire Boys Club References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : David Fischer , NIGO Announces His Definitive Departure from BAPE highsnobiety , May 25 , 2013 Jump up ^ Breaking Down Bapes TheHipHopIcon.com , 2007 . Retrieved October 4 , 2007 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) bape.com , 2010 . Retrieved August 1 , 2010 ^ Jump up to : CNN TalkAsia Transcript 28 February 2006 . Retrieved June 28 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Nigo interview Archived July 12 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Pig Mag 24 May 2005 . Retrieved 21 June 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Recognize Fresh ! Billionaire Boys Club '' . Jump up ^ `` I.T Hong Kong Purchase a 90 % Financial Stake in A Bathing Ape '' . Jump up ^ Kansai Scene Magazine : : Style Archived July 14 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . External links ( edit ) Official website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Bathing_Ape&oldid=845040778 '' Categories : Companies established in 1993 Clothing brands of Japan Clothing retailers of Japan 2000s fashion Hip hop fashion Clothing companies of Hong Kong Companies of Hong Kong Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles containing Japanese - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Русский Svenska Українська 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 June 2018 , at 22 : 38 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who is the owner of the brand bape
[ "A Bathing Apeア・ベイジング・エイプ(Bape)\nType\nSubsidiaryIndustry\nFashionFounded\n1993; 25 years ago (1993) inUra-Harajuku, Shibuya, Tokyo, JapanFounder\nNigoHeadquarters\nTokyo, JapanOwner\nI.T GroupWebsite\nbape.com" ]
[ "I.T Group" ]
5126213009515325104
List of UFC records
List of UFC records - wikipedia List of UFC records Below is a list of records held in the Ultimate Fighting Championship ( UFC ) . Contents 1 Fighting 1.1 Most bouts 1.1. 1 In any bout 1.1. 1.1 All fighters 1.1. 1.2 By division 1.1. 2 In a title bout 1.1. 2.1 All fighters 1.1. 2.2 By division 1.1. 3 In a calendar year 1.2 Most total fight time 1.2. 1 In any bout 1.2. 1.1 All fighters 1.2. 1.2 By division 1.2. 2 In title bouts 1.2. 2.1 All fighters 1.2. 2.2 By division 1.3 Most PPV Main Events 2 Winning 2.1 Most wins 2.1. 1 In any bout 2.1. 1.1 All fighters 2.1. 1.2 By division 2.1. 2 In a title bout 2.1. 2.1 All fighters 2.1. 2.2 By division 2.1. 3 In a calendar year 2.2 Highest win percentage 2.3 Longest winning streaks 3 Finishes 3.1 Most finishes 3.1. 1 In any bout 3.1. 1.1 All fighters 3.1. 1.2 By division 3.1. 2 In a title bout 3.1. 2.1 All fighters 3.1. 2.2 By division 3.1. 3 In a single event 3.2 Fastest finishes 3.2. 1 In any bout 3.2. 1.1 All fighters 3.2. 1.2 By division 3.2. 2 In a title bout 3.2. 2.1 All fighters 3.2. 2.2 By division 3.3 Latest finishes 3.3. 1 In any bout 3.3. 1.1 All fighters 3.3. 1.2 By division 3.3. 2 In a title bout 3.3. 2.1 All fighters 3.3. 2.2 By division 3.4 Highest finishes per win percentage 4 Knockouts 4.1 Most knockouts 4.1. 1 In any bout 4.1. 1.1 All fighters 4.1. 1.2 By division 4.1. 2 In a title bout 4.1. 2.1 All fighters 4.1. 2.2 By division 4.1. 3 In a single event 4.2 Fastest knockouts 4.2. 1 In any bout 4.2. 1.1 All fighters 4.2. 1.2 By division 4.2. 2 In a title bout 4.2. 2.1 All fighters 4.2. 2.2 By division 4.3 Latest knockouts 4.3. 1 In any bout 4.3. 1.1 All fighters 4.3. 1.2 By division 4.3. 2 In a title bout 4.3. 2.1 All fighters 4.3. 2.2 By division 4.4 Highest knockouts per win percentage 5 Submissions 5.1 Most submissions 5.1. 1 In any bout 5.1. 1.1 All fighters 5.1. 1.2 By division 5.1. 2 In a title bout 5.1. 2.1 All fighters 5.1. 2.2 By division 5.1. 3 In a single event 5.2 Fastest submissions 5.2. 1 In any bout 5.2. 1.1 All fighters 5.2. 1.2 By division 5.2. 2 In a title bout 5.2. 2.1 All fighters 5.2. 2.2 By division 5.3 Latest submissions 5.3. 1 In any bout 5.3. 1.1 All fighters 5.3. 1.2 By division 5.3. 2 In a title bout 5.3. 2.1 All fighters 5.3. 2.2 By division 5.4 Highest submissions per win percentage 6 Decisions 6.1 Most decision bouts 6.1. 1 All fighters 6.1. 2 By division 6.2 Most unanimous decision wins 6.2. 1 All fighters 6.2. 2 By division 6.3 Most split decision wins 6.3. 1 All fighters 6.3. 2 By division 6.4 Most decision bouts in one event 6.5 Highest decision wins per win percentage 7 Striking 7.1 Most significant strikes landed 7.1. 1 Career 7.1. 1.1 In any bout 7.1. 1.1. 1 All fighters 7.1. 1.1. 2 By division 7.1. 1.2 In title bouts 7.1. 1.2. 1 All fighters 7.1. 1.2. 2 By division 7.1. 2 In any single bout 7.1. 2.1 All fighters 7.1. 2.2 By division 7.1. 2.3 In a single title bout 7.1. 2.3. 1 All fighters 7.1. 2.3. 2 By division 7.1. 3 In a single event 7.2 Highest significant strike percentage 7.3 Highest significant strike landed per minute 8 Knockdowns 8.1 Most knockdowns 8.1. 1 Career 8.1. 1.1 In any bout 8.1. 1.1. 1 All fighters 8.1. 1.1. 2 By division 8.1. 1.2 In title bouts 8.1. 1.2. 1 All fighters 8.1. 1.2. 2 By division 8.1. 2 In a single bout 8.1. 2.1 In any bout 8.1. 2.1. 1 All fighters 8.1. 2.1. 2 By division 8.1. 2.2 In a title bout 8.1. 2.2. 1 All fighters 8.1. 2.2. 2 By division 8.1. 3 In a single event 9 Takedowns 9.1 Most takedowns 9.1. 1 Career 9.1. 1.1 In any bout 9.1. 1.1. 1 All fighters 9.1. 1.1. 2 By division 9.1. 1.2 In title bouts 9.1. 1.2. 1 All fighters 9.1. 1.2. 2 By division 9.1. 2 In a single bout 9.1. 2.1 In any bout 9.1. 2.1. 1 All fighters 9.1. 2.1. 2 By division 9.1. 2.2 In a title bout 9.1. 2.2. 1 All fighters 9.1. 2.2. 2 By division 9.1. 3 In a single event 9.2 Highest takedown percentage 9.3 Highest takedowns landed rate 10 Submission attempts 10.1 Career 10.1. 1 In any bout 10.1. 1.1 All fighters 10.1. 1.2 By division 10.1. 2 In title bouts 10.1. 2.1 All fighters 10.1. 2.2 By division 10.2 In a single bout 10.2. 1 In any bout 10.2. 1.1 All fighters 10.2. 1.2 By Division 10.2. 2 In a title bout 10.2. 2.1 All fighters 10.2. 2.2 By division 10.3 Highest submission attempt rate 11 Championships 11.1 Most title reigns 11.2 Longest single title reigns 11.2. 1 By division 11.3 Longest combined title reigns 11.3. 1 By division 11.4 Youngest champions 11.5 Oldest champions 11.6 Multi-division champions 12 Tournaments 12.1 Multiple tournament wins 13 Bonuses 13.1 Most overall 13.2 Most Performance of the Night bonuses 13.3 Most Fight of the Night bonuses 13.4 Most Knockout of the Night bonuses ( discontinued ) 13.5 Most Submission of the Night bonuses ( discontinued ) 14 Attendances 14.1 Overall 14.2 United States 15 Finances 15.1 Highest Pay - Per - View buys 15.2 Highest Pay - Per - View buys for a non-championship main event 15.3 Lowest Pay - Per - View buys for a championship main event 15.4 Biggest gates 16 References 17 External links Fighting ( edit ) Most bouts ( edit ) In any bout ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) On December 16 , 1994 , Royce Gracie became the first fighter to reach 10 fights in the UFC . On July 7 , 2007 , Tito Ortiz became the first fighter to reach 20 fights in the UFC . On September 8 , 2018 , Jim Miller became the first fighter to reach 30 fights in the UFC . Active fighters on bold Fighter Division / s Bouts 1 . Jim Miller Lightweight Catchweight 30 2 . Jeremy Stephens Featherweight Lightweight 29 Michael Bisping Middleweight Light - Heavyweight 4 . Demian Maia Welterweight Middleweight 28 Diego Sanchez Featherweight Lightweight Welterweight Middleweight Catchweight Donald Cerrone Lightweight Welterweight Catchweight Gleison Tibau Lightweight Welterweight 8 . Frank Mir Heavyweight 27 Tito Ortiz Light - Heavyweight 10 . Andrei Arlovski Heavyweight 26 Clay Guida Featherweight Lightweight Joe Lauzon Lightweight Catchweight Vitor Belfort Middleweight Light - Heavyweight Heavyweight Catchweight Jump up ^ 2 of 27 Light Heavyweight bouts in deprecated UFC Middleweight ( 171 - 199 lbs . ) class ( now known as Light Heavyweight ) and 2 of 27 Light Heavyweight bouts in first deprecated UFC Lightweight ( < 199 lbs . ) class ( now known as Light Heavyweight ) Jump up ^ 1 of 8 Light Heavyweight bouts in deprecated UFC Middleweight ( 171 - 199 lbs . ) class ( now known as Light Heavyweight ) By division ( edit ) Division / s Fighter Bouts Heavyweight Frank Mir 27 Light Heavyweight Tito Ortiz 27 Middleweight Michael Bisping 24 Welterweight Josh Koscheck 24 Matt Hughes Lightweight Jim Miller 30 Featherweight Max Holloway 17 Bantamweight Urijah Faber 15 Flyweight Demetrious Johnson 14 Women 's Featherweight Cristiane Justino Women 's Bantamweight Amanda Nunes 10 Women 's Flyweight Jessica Rose - Clark Women 's Strawweight Joanna Jędrzejczyk 8 Jump up ^ 2 of 27 Light Heavyweight bouts in first deprecated UFC Middleweight ( 171 - 199 lbs . ) class ( now known as Light Heavyweight ) and 2 of 27 Light Heavyweight bouts in first deprecated UFC Lightweight ( < 199 lbs . ) class ( now known as Light Heavyweight ) Jump up ^ 1 of 24 Welterweight bouts in second deprecated UFC Lightweight ( < 170 lbs . ) class ( now known as Welterweight ) In a title bout ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Title / s Wins Losses Draws Total 1 . Georges St - Pierre Welterweight Middleweight 13 0 15 Randy Couture Light Heavyweight Heavyweight 9 6 0 15 3 . Anderson Silva Middleweight 11 0 13 Demetrious Johnson Flyweight Bantamweight 12 0 5 . Matt Hughes Welterweight 9 0 12 6 . B.J. Penn Lightweight Welterweight 5 5 11 By division ( edit ) Division / s Fighter Wins Heavyweight Randy Couture 9 Tim Sylvia Light Heavyweight Jon Jones 10 Middleweight Anderson Silva 13 Welterweight Georges St - Pierre 14 Lightweight B.J. Penn 8 Featherweight Jose Aldo 10 Bantamweight Renan Barão 6 Flyweight Demetrious Johnson 12 Women 's Featherweight Cristiane Justino Women 's Bantamweight Ronda Rousey 8 Women 's Flyweight Nicco Montaño Women 's Strawweight Joanna Jędrzejczyk 7 In a calendar year ( edit ) Fighter Division / s Year Bouts 1 . Chris Leben Middleweight 2006 5 Roger Huerta Lightweight 2007 Donald Cerrone Lightweight 2011 Daron Cruickshank Lightweight 2014 Neil Magny Welterweight 2014 2015 Uriah Hall Middleweight 2015 Ross Pearson Lightweight Welterweight 2016 Jump up ^ Does not include multiple - bout tournaments Most total fight time ( edit ) In any bout ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Division / s Time ( hh : mm : ss ) 1 . Frankie Edgar Featherweight Lightweight 6 : 27 : 49 2 . Michael Bisping Middleweight Light Heavyweight 6 : 05 : 33 3 . Georges St - Pierre Welterweight Middleweight 5 : 48 : 12 4 . Diego Sanchez Featherweight Lightweight Welterweight Middleweight 5 : 26 : 01 5 . B.J. Penn Featherweight Lightweight Welterweight 5 : 38 : 31 By division ( edit ) Division / s Fighter Time ( hh : mm : ss ) Heavyweight Roy Nelson 3 : 22 : 33 Light Heavyweight Tito Ortiz 5 : 00 : 53 Middleweight Michael Bisping 4 : 58 : 22 Welterweight Georges St - Pierre 5 : 28 : 12 Lightweight Gleison Tibau 4 : 45 : 33 Featherweight Cub Swanson 3 : 07 : 50 Bantamweight Urijah Faber 3 : 29 : 04 Flyweight Demetrious Johnson 3 : 50 : 57 Women 's Featherweight Holly Holm 0 : 50 : 00 Women 's Bantamweight Miesha Tate 2 : 05 : 39 Women 's Flyweight Jessica Rose - Clark 0 : 30 : 00 Women 's Strawweight Joanna Jędrzejczyk 2 : 33 : 39 Jump up ^ 1 : 11 : 33 Light Heavyweight bout time in first deprecated UFC Middleweight ( 171 - 199 lbs . ) class ( now known as Light Heavyweight ) and 02 : 31 Light Heavyweight bout time in first deprecated UFC Lightweight ( < 199 lbs . ) class ( now known as Light Heavyweight ) In title bouts ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Division / s Time ( hh : mm : ss ) 1 . Georges St - Pierre Welterweight Middleweight 4 : 14 : 28 2 . Demetrious Johnson Flyweight Bantamweight 3 : 45 : 57 3 . Randy Couture Light Heavyweight Heavyweight 3 : 33 : 00 4 . B.J. Penn Featherweight Lightweight Welterweight 3 : 24 : 05 5 . Frankie Edgar Featherweight Lightweight 3 : 13 : 54 By division ( edit ) Most PPV main events ( edit ) Fighter Division / s PPV Main Events Total 1 . Randy Couture Light Heavyweight Heavyweight Japan , 28 , 31 , 34 , 36 , 39 , 43 , 44 , 46 , 49 , 52 , 57 , 68 , 74 , 91 , 102 , 105 , 109 18 2 . Georges St - Pierre Welterweight Middleweight 52 , 54 , 56 , 58 , 65 , 69 , 79 , 83 , 87 , 94 , 111 , 124 , 129 , 154 , 158 , 167 , 217 17 3 . Anderson Silva Middleweight Light Heavyweight 64 , 67 , 73 , 77 , 82 , 90 , 97 , 112 , 117 , 126 , 134 , 148 153 , 162 , 168 , 183 , 16 Tito Ortiz Light Heavyweight 13 , 19 , 22 , 25 , 29 , 30 , 32 , 33 , 40 , 44 , 47 , 50 , 51 , 66 , 106 , 133 16 4 . Chuck Liddell Light Heavyweight 37.5 , 43 , 47 , 52 , 54 , 57 , 62 , 66 , 71 , 76 , 88 , 115 12 5 . Jon Jones Light Heavyweight 128 , 135 , 140 , 145 , 152 , 159 , 165 , 172 , 182 , 197 , 214 11 6 . Rich Franklin Middleweight Catchweight Light Heavyweight 56 , 58 , 64 , 72 , 77 , 93 , 99 , 103 , 115 , 147 10 B.J. Penn Lightweight Welterweight 35 , 63 , 80 , 84 , 94 , 101 , 107 , 118 , 127 , 137 1. ^ Minimum 10 pay - per - view main events . Winning ( edit ) Most wins ( edit ) In any bout ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Division / s Wins 1 . Michael Bisping Middleweight Light Heavyweight 20 Georges St - Pierre Welterweight Middleweight Donald Cerrone Lightweight Welterweight 4 . Demian Maia Welterweight Middleweight 19 5 . Matt Hughes Welterweight Catchweight 18 By division ( edit ) Division / s Fighter Wins Heavyweight Frank Mir 16 Light Heavyweight Jon Jones 16 Middleweight Michael Bisping 16 Welterweight Georges St - Pierre 19 Lightweight Jim Miller 17 Featherweight Max Holloway 14 Bantamweight T.J. Dillashaw 11 Flyweight Demetrious Johnson 13 Women 's Featherweight Cristiane Justino Women 's Bantamweight Amanda Nunes 8 Women 's Flyweight Jessica Rose - Clark Women 's Strawweight Joanna Jędrzejczyk 8 In a title bout ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Title / s Wins 1 . Georges St - Pierre Welterweight Middleweight 13 2 . Demetrious Johnson Flyweight 12 3 . Anderson Silva Middleweight 11 4 . Jon Jones Light Heavyweight 9 5 . Matt Hughes Welterweight 9 Randy Couture Light Heavyweight Heavyweight By division ( edit ) Division / s Fighter Wins Heavyweight Randy Couture 6 Light Heavyweight Jon Jones 9 Middleweight Anderson Silva 11 Welterweight Georges St - Pierre 12 Lightweight B.J. Penn Benson Henderson Featherweight José Aldo 8 Bantamweight T.J. Dillashaw 5 Flyweight Demetrious Johnson 12 Women 's Featherweight Cristiane Justino Women 's Bantamweight Ronda Rousey 6 Women 's Flyweight Nicco Montaño Women 's Strawweight Joanna Jędrzejczyk 6 In a calendar year ( edit ) Fighter Division / s Year Dates Events Opponents Wins Roger Huerta Lightweight 2007 Feb 3 Apr 7 Jun 23 Aug 25 Dec 8 UFC 67 UFC 69 TUF 5 UFC 74 TUF 6 John Halverson Leonard Garcia Doug Evans Alberto Crane Clay Guida 5 Neil Magny Welterweight 2014 Feb 1 May 10 Jun 28 Aug 23 Oct 25 UFC 169 UFC Fight Night 40 UFC Fight Night 43 UFC Fight Night 49 UFC 179 Gasan Umalatov Tim Means Rodrigo de Lima Alex Garcia William Macário Jump up ^ Does not include multiple - bout tournaments Highest win percentage ( edit ) Fighter Division / s Wins Losses Draws NC % 1 . Khabib Nurmagomedov Lightweight 11 0 0 0 100.00 % 5 . Jon Jones Light Heavyweight 16 0 94.11 % 3 . Tony Ferguson Lightweight Welterweight 14 0 0 93.33 % 4 . Georges St - Pierre Welterweight Middleweight 20 0 0 90.90 % 5 . Don Frye Openweight 9 0 0 90.00 % Longest winning streaks ( edit ) fighter Division / s Began Ended Winning streak 1 . Anderson Silva Middleweight Light Heavyweight Jun 28 , 2006 July 6 , 2013 16 2 . Georges St - Pierre Welterweight Middleweight Aug 25 , 2007 Active 13 Jon Jones Light Heavyweight Mar 21 , 2010 Jul 29 , 2017 13 Demetrious Johnson Flyweight Jun 8 , 2012 Aug 4 , 2018 13 5 . Max Holloway Featherweight Catchweight January 4 , 2014 Active 12 6 . Khabib Nurmagomedov Lightweight Jan 20 , 2012 Active 11 Tony Ferguson Lightweight Oct 17 , 2013 Active 11 ^ Jump up to : currently active streak Finishes ( edit ) Most finishes ( edit ) In any bout ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Division / s Finishes 1 . Vitor Belfort Middleweight Light Heavyweight Heavyweight Catchweight 14 Anderson Silva Middleweight Light Heavyweight Donald Cerrone Welterweight Lightweight 4 . Frank Mir Heavyweight 13 Matt Hughes Welterweight Catchweight 6 . Joe Lauzon Lightweight Catchweight 12 By division ( edit ) Division / s Fighter Finishes Heavyweight Frank Mir 13 Light Heavyweight Chuck Liddell 10 Tito Ortiz Middleweight Anderson Silva 11 Welterweight Matt Hughes 12 Lightweight Joe Lauzon 12 Featherweight Max Holloway 9 Bantamweight T.J. Dillashaw 7 Flyweight Demetrious Johnson 7 Women 's Featherweight Cristiane Justino Women 's Bantamweight Amanda Nunes 7 Women 's Flyweight Joanne Calderwood Women 's Strawweight Rose Namajunas Jump up ^ 1 of 10 Light Heavyweight finishes in deprecated UFC Middleweight ( 171 - 199 lbs . ) class ( now known as Light Heavyweight ) Jump up ^ 2 of 10 Light Heavyweight finishes in deprecated UFC Middleweight ( 171 - 199 lbs . ) class ( now known as Light Heavyweight ) and 1 of 10 Light Heavyweight finishes in first deprecated UFC Lightweight ( < 199 lbs . ) class ( now known as Light Heavyweight ) In a title bout ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Division / s Finishes 1 . Anderson Silva Middleweight Light Heavyweight 9 2 . Matt Hughes Welterweight 8 3 . Demetrious Johnson Flyweight 7 4 . Ronda Rousey Bantamweight ( W ) 6 s Jon Jones Light Heavyweight 6 . Chuck Liddell Light Heavyweight 5 Frank Shamrock Light Heavyweight Randy Couture Light Heavyweight Heavyweight B.J. Penn Lightweight Welterweight Georges St - Pierre Welterweight Middleweight Jump up ^ 4 of 5 finishes in deprecated UFC Middleweight ( 171 - 199 lbs . ) class ( now known as Light Heavyweight ) and 1 of 5 submissions in first deprecated UFC Lightweight ( < 199 lbs . ) class ( now known as Light Heavyweight ) By division ( edit ) Division / s Fighter Finishes Heavyweight Brock Lesnar Stipe Miocic Randy Couture Andrei Arlovski Tim Sylvia Light Heavyweight Jon Jones 6 Middleweight Anderson Silva 9 Welterweight Matt Hughes 8 Lightweight B.J. Penn Featherweight Max Holloway Bantamweight T.J. Dillashaw Flyweight Demetrious Johnson 7 Women 's Featherweight Cristiane Justino Women 's Bantamweight Ronda Rousey 6 Women 's Flyweight - - Women 's Strawweight Joanna Jędrzejczyk In a single event ( edit ) Event Date Finishes 1 . UFC 2 March 11 , 1994 15 2 . UFC Fight Night 55 November 7 , 2014 11 UFC 224 May 12 , 2018 4 . UFC 4 December 16 , 1994 10 UFC 6 July 14 , 1995 UFC 7 September 8 , 1995 Ultimate Ultimate 1996 December 7 , 1996 UFC Fight Night 13 April 2 , 2008 UFC on Fuel TV 10 June 8 , 2013 UFC Fight Night 65 May 10 , 2015 UFC Fight Night 68 June 6 , 2015 Fastest finishes ( edit ) In any bout ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Opponent Division Event Type of finish Time 1 . Duane Ludwig Jonathan Goulet Welterweight UFC Fight Night 3 Knockout 0 : 06 2 . Todd Duffee Tim Hague Heavyweight UFC 102 Knockout 0 : 07 Chan Sung Jung Mark Hominick Featherweight UFC 140 Knockout Ryan Jimmo Anthony Perosh Light Heavyweight UFC 149 Knockout 5 . Don Frye Thomas Ramirez Heavyweight UFC 8 Knockout 0 : 08 James Irvin Houston Alexander Light Heavyweight UFC Fight Night 13 Knockout Leon Edwards Seth Baczynski Welterweight UFC Fight Night 64 Knockout Makwan Amirkhani Andy Ogle Featherweight UFC on Fox 14 Knockout Jump up ^ Official UFC records have the bout time at 0 : 11 , Dana White and UFC officials have admitted the actual KO time was 0 : 06 . The NSAC can not retroactively amend bout times , however this is considered the fastest finish and KO in UFC history . By division ( edit ) Division Fighter Opponent Event Type of finish Time Heavyweight Todd Duffee Tim Hague UFC 102 Knockout 0 : 07 Light Heavyweight Ryan Jimmo Anthony Perosh UFC 149 Knockout 0 : 07 Middleweight Mark Weir Eugene Jackson UFC 38 Knockout 0 : 10 Welterweight Duane Ludwig Jonathan Goulet UFC Fight Night 3 Knockout 0 : 06 Lightweight Gray Maynard Joe Veres UFC Fight Night 11 Knockout 0 : 09 Featherweight Chan Sung Jung Mark Hominick UFC 140 Knockout 0 : 07 Bantamweight Erik Perez Ken Stone UFC 150 Knockout 0 : 17 Flyweight Dustin Ortiz Hector Sandoval UFC Fight Night 114 Knockout 0 : 15 Women 's Featherweight Cristiane Justino Yana Kunitskaya UFC 222 Knockout 3 : 25 Women 's Bantamweight Ronda Rousey Cat Zingano UFC 184 Submission 0 : 14 Women 's Flyweight Montana De La Rosa Christina Marks The Ultimate Fighter : A New World Champion Finale Submission 2 : 00 Women 's Strawweight Poliana Botelho Syuri Kondo UFC Fight Night 129 Knockout 0 : 33 Jump up ^ Official UFC records have the bout time at 0 : 11 , Dana White and UFC officials have admitted the actual KO time was 0 : 06 . The NSAC can not retroactively amend bout times , however this is considered the fastest finish and KO in UFC history . In a title bout ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Opponent Championship Event Type of finish Time 1 . Conor McGregor José Aldo Featherweight UFC 194 Knockout 0 : 13 2 . Ronda Rousey Cat Zingano Bantamweight ( W ) UFC 184 Submission 0 : 14 3 . Andrei Arlovski Paul Buentello Heavyweight UFC 55 Knockout 0 : 15 4 . Ronda Rousey Alexis Davis Bantamweight ( W ) UFC 175 Knockout 0 : 16 Frank Shamrock Kevin Jackson Light Heavyweight UFC 15.5 Submission By division ( edit ) Division Fighter Opponent Event Type of finish Time Heavyweight Andrei Arlovski Paul Buentello UFC 55 Knockout 0 : 15 Light Heavyweight Frank Shamrock Kevin Jackson UFC 15.5 Submission 0 : 16 Middleweight Rich Franklin Nate Quarry UFC 56 Knockout 2 : 34 Welterweight Tyron Woodley Robbie Lawler UFC 201 Knockout 2 : 12 Lightweight Rafael Dos Anjos Donald Cerrone UFC on Fox 17 Knockout 1 : 06 Featherweight Conor McGregor José Aldo UFC 194 Knockout 0 : 13 Bantamweight Renan Barão Urijah Faber UFC 169 Knockout 3 : 42 Flyweight Demetrious Johnson Joseph Benavidez UFC on Fox 9 Knockout 2 : 08 Women 's Featherweight Cristiane Justino Yana Kunitskaya UFC 222 Knockout 3 : 25 Women 's Bantamweight Ronda Rousey Cat Zingano UFC 184 Submission 0 : 14 Women 's Flyweight - - - - - Women 's Strawweight Rose Namajunas Joanna Jędrzejczyk UFC 217 Knockout 3 : 03 Latest finishes ( edit ) In any bout ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Opponent Division Event Type of finish Round Time 1 . Demetrious Johnson Kyoji Horiguchi Flyweight UFC 186 Submission 5 4 : 59 3 . Frankie Edgar Cub Swanson Featherweight UFC Fight Night 57 Submission 4 : 56 4 . Demetrious Johnson John Moraga Flyweight UFC on Fox 8 Submission 3 : 43 5 . Miesha Tate Holly Holm Bantamweight ( W ) UFC 196 Technical Submission 3 : 30 By division ( edit ) Division / s Fighter Opponent Event Type of finish Round Time Heavyweight Cain Velasquez Junior Dos Santos UFC 166 Knockout 5 3 : 09 Light Heavyweight Alexander Gustafsson Glover Teixeira UFC Fight Night 109 Knockout 5 1 : 07 Middleweight Anderson Silva Chael Sonnen UFC 117 Submission 5 3 : 10 Welterweight Robbie Lawler Rory MacDonald UFC 189 Knockout 5 1 : 00 Lightweight B.J. Penn Diego Sanchez UFC 107 Knockout 5 2 : 37 Featherweight Frankie Edgar Cub Swanson UFC Fight Night 57 Submission 5 4 : 56 Bantamweight T.J. Dillashaw Renan Barão UFC 173 Knockout 5 2 : 26 Flyweight Demetrious Johnson Kyoji Horiguchi UFC 186 Submission 5 4 : 59 Women 's Featherweight Cristiane Justino Tonya Evinger UFC 214 Knockout 1 : 56 Women 's Bantamweight Miesha Tate Holly Holm UFC 196 Submission 5 3 : 30 Women 's Flyweight Joanne Calderwood Valérie Létourneau UFC Fight Night 89 Knockout 2 : 44 Women 's Strawweight Rose Namajunas Paige VanZant UFC Fight Night 80 Submission 5 2 : 25 In a title bout ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Opponent Division Event Type of finish Round Time 1 . Demetrious Johnson Kyoji Horiguchi Flyweight UFC 186 Submission 5 4 : 59 2 . Demetrious Johnson John Moraga Flyweight UFC on Fox 8 Submission 3 : 43 3 . Miesha Tate Holly Holm Bantamweight ( W ) UFC 196 Submission 3 : 30 4 . Anderson Silva Chael Sonnen Middleweight UFC 117 Submission 3 : 10 5 . Cain Velasquez Junior Dos Santos Heavyweight UFC 166 Knockout 3 : 09 By division ( edit ) Division / s Fighter Opponent Event Type of finish Round Time Heavyweight Cain Velasquez Junior Dos Santos UFC 166 Knockout 5 3 : 09 Light Heavyweight Frank Shamrock Tito Ortiz UFC 22 Knockout 4 : 42 Middleweight Anderson Silva Chael Sonnen UFC 117 Submission 5 3 : 10 Welterweight Robbie Lawler Rory MacDonald UFC 189 Knockout 5 1 : 00 Lightweight B.J. Penn Diego Sanchez UFC 107 Knockout 5 2 : 37 Featherweight José Aldo Chan Sung Jung UFC 163 Knockout 2 : 00 Bantamweight T.J. Dillashaw Renan Barão UFC 173 Knockout 5 2 : 26 Flyweight Demetrious Johnson Kyoji Horiguchi UFC 186 Submission 5 4 : 59 Women 's Featherweight Cristiane Justino Tonya Evinger UFC 214 Knockout 1 : 56 Women 's Bantamweight Miesha Tate Holly Holm UFC 196 Submission 5 3 : 30 Women 's Flyweight - - - - - - Women 's Strawweight Joanna Jędrzejczyk Jessica Penne UFC Fight Night 69 Knockout 4 : 22 Jump up ^ Light Heavyweight bout in deprecated UFC Middleweight ( 171 - 199 lbs . ) class ( now known as Light Heavyweight ) Highest finishes per win percentage ( edit ) Fighter Division / s Finishes Wins % 1 . Royce Gracie Welterweight Openweight Catchweight 11 11 100 % 2 . Vitor Belfort Middleweight Light Heavyweight Heavyweight Catchweight 14 15 93.33 % 3 . Gabriel Gonzaga Heavyweight 11 12 91.67 % B.J. Penn Lightweight Welterweight 11 12 Charles Oliveira Featherweight Lightweight 11 12 1. ^ Minimum 10 UFC wins . Knockouts ( edit ) Most knockouts ( edit ) In any bout ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Division / s Knockouts 1 . Vitor Belfort Middleweight Light Heavyweight Heavyweight Catchweight 12 2 . Anderson Silva Middleweight Light Heavyweight 11 Anthony Johnson Light Heavyweight Middleweight Welterweight 4 . Chuck Liddell Light Heavyweight 10 Michael Bisping Middleweight Light Heavyweight Cain Velasquez Heavyweight Derrick Lewis Heavyweight Jump up ^ 1 of 10 knockouts in deprecated UFC Middleweight ( 171 - 199 lbs . ) class ( now known as Light Heavyweight ) By division ( edit ) Division / s Fighter Knockouts Heavyweight Cain Velasquez Derrick Lewis 10 Light Heavyweight Chuck Liddell 10 Middleweight Anderson Silva 8 Welterweight Matt Brown 9 Lightweight Melvin Guillard 7 Featherweight Max Holloway 7 Bantamweight T.J. Dillashaw 5 Flyweight John Dodson Joseph Benavidez Women 's Featherweight Cristiane Justino Women 's Bantamweight Amanda Nunes Women 's Flyweight Joanne Calderwood Women 's Strawweight Joanna Jędrzejczyk Paige VanZant In a title bout ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Division / s Knockouts 1 . Anderson Silva Middleweight 7 2 . Chuck Liddell Light Heavyweight 5 Randy Couture Light Heavyweight Heavyweight Matt Hughes Welterweight 5 . 8 Fighters - By division ( edit ) Division / s Fighter Knockouts Heavyweight Cain Velasquez Stipe Miocic Light Heavyweight Chuck Liddell 5 Middleweight Anderson Silva 7 Welterweight Matt Hughes 5 Lightweight B.J. Penn Featherweight Max Holloway Bantamweight T.J. Dillashaw Flyweight Demetrious Johnson Women 's Featherweight Cristiane Justino Women 's Bantamweight Ronda Rousey Women 's Flyweight - - Women 's Strawweight Joanna Jędrzejczyk In a single event ( edit ) Event Date Knockouts 1 . UFC 92 December 27 , 2008 8 UFC on Fox 7 April 20 , 2013 UFC Fight Night 45 July 16 , 2014 UFC 199 June 4 , 2016 Fastest knockouts ( edit ) In any bout ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Opponent Division Event Time 1 . Duane Ludwig Jonathan Goulet Welterweight UFC Fight Night 3 0 : 06 2 . Todd Duffee Tim Hague Heavyweight UFC 102 0 : 07 Chan Sung Jung Mark Hominick Featherweight UFC 140 Ryan Jimmo Anthony Perosh Light Heavyweight UFC 149 5 . Don Frye Thomas Ramirez Heavyweight UFC 8 0 : 08 James Irvin Houston Alexander Light Heavyweight UFC Fight Night 13 Leon Edwards Seth Baczynski Welterweight UFC Fight Night 64 Makwan Amirkhani Andy Ogle Featherweight UFC on Fox 14 Jump up ^ Official UFC records have the bout time at 0 : 11 , Dana White and UFC officials have admitted the actual KO time was 0 : 06 . The NSAC can not retroactively amend bout times , however this is considered the fastest finish and KO in UFC history . By division ( edit ) Division Fighter Opponent Event Time Heavyweight Todd Duffee Tim Hague UFC 102 0 : 07 Light Heavyweight Ryan Jimmo Anthony Perosh UFC 149 0 : 07 Middleweight Mark Weir Eugene Jackson UFC 38 0 : 10 Welterweight Duane Ludwig Jonathan Goulet UFC Fight Night 3 0 : 06 Lightweight Gray Maynard Joe Veres UFC Fight Night 11 0 : 09 Featherweight Chan Sung Jung Mark Hominick UFC 140 0 : 07 Bantamweight Erik Perez Ken Stone UFC 150 0 : 17 Flyweight Dustin Ortiz Hector Sandoval UFC Fight Night 114 0 : 15 Women 's Featherweight - - - - Women 's Bantamweight Ronda Rousey Alexis Davis UFC 175 0 : 16 Women 's Flyweight Joanne Calderwood Valérie Létourneau UFC Fight Night 89 12 : 44 Women 's Strawweight Cortney Casey Cristina Stanciu UFC Fight Night 91 2 : 36 Jump up ^ Official UFC records have the bout time at 0 : 11 , Dana White and UFC officials have admitted the actual KO time was 0 : 06 . The NSAC can not retroactively amend bout times , however this is considered the fastest finish and KO in UFC history . In a title bout ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Opponent Championship Event Time 1 . Conor McGregor José Aldo Featherweight UFC 194 0 : 13 2 . Andrei Arlovski Paul Buentello Heavyweight UFC 55 0 : 15 3 . Ronda Rousey Alexis Davis Bantamweight ( W ) UFC 175 0 : 16 4 . Frank Shamrock Igor Zinoviev Light Heavyweight UFC 16 0 : 22 5 . Tito Ortiz Evan Tanner Light Heavyweight UFC 30 0 : 32 By division ( edit ) Division Fighter Opponent Event Time Heavyweight Andrei Arlovski Paul Buentello UFC 55 0 : 15 Light Heavyweight Frank Shamrock Igor Zinoviev UFC 16 0 : 22 Middleweight Rich Franklin Nate Quarry UFC 56 2 : 34 Welterweight Tyron Woodley Robbie Lawler UFC 201 2 : 12 Lightweight Rafael Dos Anjos Donald Cerrone UFC on Fox 17 1 : 06 Featherweight Conor McGregor José Aldo UFC 194 0 : 13 Bantamweight Renan Barão Urijah Faber UFC 169 3 : 42 Flyweight Demetrious Johnson Joseph Benavidez UFC on Fox 9 2 : 08 Women 's Featherweight Cris Cyborg Yana Kunitskaya UFC 222 3 : 25 Women 's Bantamweight Ronda Rousey Alexis Davis UFC 175 0 : 16 Women 's Flyweight - - - - Women 's Strawweight Rose Namajunas Joanna Jędrzejczyk UFC 217 3 : 03 Latest knockouts ( edit ) In any bout ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Opponent Division Event Round Time 1 . Cain Velasquez Junior Dos Santos Heavyweight UFC 166 5 3 : 09 2 . Ricco Rodriguez Randy Couture Heavyweight UFC 39 3 : 04 3 . Stipe Miocic Mark Hunt Heavyweight UFC Fight Night 65 2 : 47 4 . B.J. Penn Diego Sanchez Lightweight UFC 107 2 : 37 By division ( edit ) Division / s Fighter Opponent Event Round Time Heavyweight Cain Velasquez Junior Dos Santos UFC 166 5 3 : 09 Light Heavyweight Frank Shamrock Tito Ortiz UFC 22 4 : 42 Middleweight Rich Franklin Evan Tanner UFC 53 3 : 25 Welterweight Robbie Lawler Rory MacDonald UFC 189 5 1 : 00 Lightweight B.J. Penn Diego Sanchez UFC 107 5 2 : 37 Featherweight José Aldo Chan Sung Jung UFC 163 2 : 00 Bantamweight T.J. Dillashaw Renan Barão UFC 173 5 2 : 26 Flyweight John Lineker Alptekin Ozkilic UFC Fight Night 45 4 : 51 Women 's Featherweight Cristiane Justino Tonya Evinger UFC 214 1 : 56 Women 's Bantamweight Lauren Murphy Kelly Faszholz UFC Fight Night 83 4 : 55 Women 's Flyweight Joanne Calderwood Valérie Létourneau UFC Fight Night 89 2 : 44 Women 's Strawweight Joanna Jędrzejczyk Jessica Penne UFC Fight Night 69 4 : 22 Jump up ^ Light Heavyweight bout in deprecated UFC Middleweight ( 171 - 199 lbs . ) class ( now known as Light Heavyweight ) In a title bout ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Opponent Division Event Round Time 1 . Cain Velasquez Junior Dos Santos Heavyweight UFC 166 5 3 : 09 2 . Ricco Rodriguez Randy Couture Heavyweight UFC 39 3 : 04 3 . B.J. Penn Diego Sanchez Lightweight UFC 107 2 : 37 4 . T.J. Dillashaw Renan Barão Bantamweight UFC 173 2 : 26 5 . T.J. Dillashaw Joe Soto Bantamweight UFC 177 2 : 20 By division ( edit ) Division / s Fighter Opponent Event Round Time Heavyweight Cain Velasquez Junior Dos Santos UFC 166 5 3 : 09 Light Heavyweight Frank Shamrock Tito Ortiz UFC 22 4 : 42 Middleweight Rich Franklin Evan Tanner UFC 53 3 : 25 Welterweight Robbie Lawler Rory MacDonald UFC 189 5 1 : 00 Lightweight B.J. Penn Diego Sanchez UFC 107 5 2 : 37 Featherweight José Aldo Chan Sung Jung UFC 163 2 : 00 Bantamweight T.J. Dillashaw Renan Barão UFC 173 5 2 : 26 Flyweight Demetrious Johnson Henry Cejudo UFC 197 2 : 49 Women 's Featherweight Cristiane Justino Tonya Evinger UFC 214 1 : 56 Women 's Bantamweight Holly Holm Ronda Rousey UFC 193 0 : 59 Women 's Flyweight - - - - - Women 's Strawweight Joanna Jędrzejczyk Jessica Penne UFC Fight Night 69 4 : 22 Jump up ^ Light Heavyweight bout in deprecated UFC Middleweight ( 171 - 199 lbs . ) class ( now known as Light Heavyweight ) Highest knockouts per win percentage ( edit ) Fighter Division / s Knockouts Wins % 1 . Shawn Jordan Heavyweight 6 6 100 % Ricco Rodriguez Heavyweight 5 5 3 . Roy Nelson Heavyweight 8 9 88.89 % Derrick Lewis Heavyweight Matt Mitrione Heavyweight 6 . Mark Hunt Heavyweight 7 8 87.5 % 1. ^ Minimum 5 UFC KOs . Submissions ( edit ) Most submissions ( edit ) In any bout ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Division / s Submissions 1 . Charles Oliveira Featherweight Lightweight 11 2 . Royce Gracie Welterweight Openweight Catchweight 10 3 . Nate Diaz Lightweight Welterweight 9 Demian Maia Welterweight Middleweight 5 . Frank Mir Heavyweight 8 6 . Kenny Florian Lightweight Welterweight 7 Joe Lauzon Lightweight Catchweight Cole Miller Featherweight Lightweight Jim Miller Lightweight Catchweight By division ( edit ) Division / s Fighter Wins Heavyweight Frank Mir 8 Light Heavyweight Jon Jones 5 Middleweight Demian Maia 5 Antonio Carlos Junior Welterweight Chris Lytle 6 Lightweight Nate Diaz 7 Jim Miller Featherweight Charles Oliveira 11 Bantamweight Urijah Faber 6 Flyweight Demetrious Johnson 5 Women 's Featherweight - - Women 's Bantamweight Ronda Rousey Women 's Flyweight Valentina Shevchenko Women 's Strawweight Rose Namajunas In a title bout ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Division / s Submissions 1 . Demetrious Johnson Flyweight 2 . Frank Shamrock Light Heavyweight B.J. Penn Lightweight Welterweight Jon Jones Light Heavyweight Ronda Rousey Bantamweight ( W ) Matt Hughes Welterweight Jump up ^ 2 of 3 submissions in deprecated UFC Middleweight ( 171 - 199 lbs . ) class ( now known as Light Heavyweight ) and 1 of 3 submissions in first deprecated UFC Lightweight ( < 199 lbs . ) class ( now known as Light Heavyweight ) By division ( edit ) Division / s Fighter Submissions Heavyweight Brock Lesnar Maurice Smith Frank Mir Minotauro Nogueira Mark Coleman Andrei Arlovski Fabricio Werdum Light Heavyweight Jon Jones Frank Shamrock Middleweight Anderson Silva Welterweight Matt Hughes Lightweight B.J. Penn Anthony Pettis Featherweight - - Bantamweight Renan Barão Flyweight Demetrious Johnson Women 's Featherweight - - Women 's Bantamweight Ronda Rousey Women 's Flyweight - - Women 's Strawweight Carla Esparza Jump up ^ 2 of 3 submissions in deprecated UFC Middleweight ( 171 - 199 lbs . ) class ( now known as Light Heavyweight ) and 1 of 3 submissions in first deprecated UFC Lightweight ( < 199 lbs . ) class ( now known as Light Heavyweight ) In a single event ( edit ) Event Date Submissions 1 . UFC 2 March 11 , 1994 10 2 . UFC 4 December 16 , 1994 8 UFC on Fuel TV 10 June 8 , 2013 4 . Ultimate Ultimate 1995 December 16 , 1995 6 The Ultimate Fighter 6 Finale December 8 , 2007 UFC Fight Night 17 February 7 , 2009 UFC on Fuel TV 2 April 14 , 2012 UFC Fight Night 80 December 10 , 2015 UFC Fight Night 90 July 7 , 2016 Fastest submissions ( edit ) In any bout ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Opponent Division Event Time 1 . Oleg Taktarov Anthony Macias Heavyweight UFC 6 0 : 09 2 . Joe Charles Kevin Rosier Heavyweight UFC 4 0 : 14 Ronda Rousey Cat Zingano Bantamweight ( W ) UFC 184 Justin Martin Eric Martin Heavyweight UFC 12 5 . Frank Shamrock Kevin Jackson Light Heavyweight UFC 15.5 0 : 16 Marcus Aurelio Ryan Roberts Lightweight UFC Fight Night 13 By division ( edit ) Division Fighter Opponent Event Time Heavyweight Justin Martin Eric Martin UFC 12 0 : 14 Light Heavyweight Frank Shamrock Kevin Jackson UFC Japan 0 : 16 Middleweight Rory Singer Ross Pointon The Ultimate Fighter 3 Finale 0 : 44 Welterweight Dennis Hallman Matt Hughes UFC 29 0 : 20 Lightweight Marcus Aurélio Ryan Roberts UFC Fight Night 13 0 : 16 Featherweight Chas Skelly Maximo Blanco UFC Fight Night 94 0 : 19 Bantamweight Patrick Williams Alejandro Pérez UFC 188 0 : 23 Flyweight Ben Nguyen Tim Elliott UFC Fight Night 110 0 : 49 Women 's Featherweight - - - - Women 's Bantamweight Ronda Rousey Cat Zingano UFC 184 0 : 14 Women 's Flyweight - - - - Women 's Strawweight Maryna Moroz Joanne Calderwood UFC Fight Night 64 1 : 30 Jump up ^ Light Heavyweight submission in first deprecated UFC Lightweight ( < 199 lbs . ) class ( now known as Light Heavyweight ) In a title bout ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Opponent Championship Event Time 1 . Ronda Rousey Cat Zingano Bantamweight ( W ) UFC 184 0 : 14 2 . Frank Shamrock Kevin Jackson Light Heavyweight UFC 15.5 0 : 16 3 . Andrei Arlovski Tim Sylvia Heavyweight UFC 51 0 : 47 4 . Frank Mir Tim Sylvia Heavyweight UFC 48 0 : 50 5 . Tito Ortiz Yuki Kondo Light Heavyweight UFC 29 1 : 52 By division ( edit ) Division Fighter Opponent Event Time Heavyweight Andrei Arlovski Tim Sylvia UFC 51 0 : 47 Light Heavyweight Frank Shamrock Kevin Jackson UFC Japan 0 : 16 Middleweight Anderson Silva Dan Henderson UFC 82 9 : 52 Welterweight Matt Hughes Frank Trigg UFC 45 3 : 54 Lightweight Anthony Pettis Benson Henderson UFC 164 4 : 41 Featherweight - - - - Bantamweight Renan Barão Michael McDonald UFC on Fuel TV 7 18 : 57 Flyweight Demetrious Johnson Chris Cariaso UFC 178 7 : 29 Women 's Featherweight - - - - Women 's Bantamweight Ronda Rousey Cat Zingano UFC 184 0 : 14 Women 's Flyweight - - - - Women 's Strawweight Carla Esparza Rose Namajunas The Ultimate Fighter 20 Finale 11 : 26 Jump up ^ Light Heavyweight submission in first deprecated UFC Lightweight ( < 199 lbs . ) class ( now known as Light Heavyweight ) Latest submissions ( edit ) In any bout ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Opponent Division Event Round Time 1 . Demetrious Johnson Kyoji Horiguchi Flyweight UFC 186 5 4 : 59 2 . Frankie Edgar Cub Swanson Featherweight UFC Fight Night 57 4 : 56 3 . Demetrious Johnson John Moraga Flyweight UFC on Fox 8 3 : 43 4 . Miesha Tate Holly Holm Bantamweight ( W ) UFC 196 3 : 30 5 . Anderson Silva Chael Sonnen Middleweight UFC 117 3 : 10 By division ( edit ) Division / s Fighter Opponent Event Round Time Heavyweight Mirko Cro Cop Pat Barry UFC 115 4 : 30 Light Heavyweight Frank Shamrock Jeremy Horn UFC 17 1 : 28 Middleweight Anderson Silva Chael Sonnen UFC 117 5 3 : 10 Welterweight Benson Henderson Brandon Thatch UFC Fight Night 60 3 : 58 Lightweight B.J. Penn Kenny Florian UFC 101 3 : 54 Featherweight Frankie Edgar Cub Swanson UFC Fight Night 57 5 4 : 56 Bantamweight Renan Barão Michael McDonald UFC on Fuel TV 7 3 : 57 Flyweight Demetrious Johnson Kyoji Horiguchi UFC 186 5 4 : 59 Women 's Featherweight - - - - - Women 's Bantamweight Miesha Tate Holly Holm UFC 196 5 3 : 30 Women 's Flyweight Joanne Calderwood Valérie Létourneau UFC Fight Night 89 2 : 44 Women 's Strawweight Rose Namajunas Paige VanZant UFC Fight Night 80 5 2 : 25 Jump up ^ At UFC 17 , the main event was scheduled for three rounds . One 15 - minute round , followed by two 3 - minute overtime rounds . The bout ended at 1 : 28 in the second round . This is equivalent to 1 : 28 in the modern UFC 's fourth round . In a title bout ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Opponent Division Event Round Time 1 . Demetrious Johnson Kyoji Horiguchi Flyweight UFC 186 5 4 : 59 2 . Demetrious Johnson John Moraga Flyweight UFC on Fox 8 3 : 43 3 . Miesha Tate Holly Holm Bantamweight ( W ) UFC 196 3 : 30 4 . Anderson Silva Chael Sonnen Middleweight UFC 117 3 : 10 5 . Renan Barão Michael McDonald Bantamweight UFC on Fuel TV 7 3 : 57 By division ( edit ) Division / s Fighter Opponent Event Round Time Heavyweight Fabrício Werdum Cain Velasquez UFC 188 2 : 13 Light Heavyweight Frank Shamrock Jeremy Horn UFC 17 1 : 28 Middleweight Anderson Silva Chael Sonnen UFC 117 5 3 : 10 Welterweight Carlos Newton Pat Miletich UFC 31 2 : 50 Lightweight B.J. Penn Kenny Florian UFC 101 3 : 54 Featherweight - - - - - Bantamweight Renan Barão Michael McDonald UFC on Fuel TV 7 3 : 57 Flyweight Demetrious Johnson Kyoji Horiguchi UFC 186 5 4 : 59 Women 's Featherweight - - - - - Women 's Bantamweight Miesha Tate Holly Holm UFC 196 5 3 : 30 Women 's Flyweight - - - - - Women 's Strawweight Carla Esparza Rose Namajunas The Ultimate Fighter 20 Finale 1 : 26 Jump up ^ At UFC 17 , the main event was scheduled for three rounds . One 15 - minute round , followed by two 3 - minute overtime rounds . The bout ended at 1 : 28 in the second round . This is equivalent to 1 : 28 in the modern UFC 's fourth round . Highest submissions per win percentage ( edit ) Fighter Division / s SUBs Wins % 1 . Royce Gracie Welterweight Openweight Catchweight 10 11 90.91 % 1 . Charles Oliveira Featherweight Lightweight 10 11 90.91 % 3 . Gunnar Nelson Welterweight Catchweight 6 7 85.71 % 4 . Oleg Taktarov Openweight 5 6 83.33 % 5 . Rousimar Palhares Welterweight Middleweight 6 8 75.00 % 1. ^ Minimum 5 UFC SUBs . Decisions ( edit ) Most decision bouts ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Division / s Wins Losses Draws Total 1 . Diego Sanchez Featherweight Lightweight Welterweight Middleweight 11 7 0 18 2 . Gleison Tibau Lightweight 11 5 0 16 Jeremy Stephens Featherweight Lightweight 6 10 0 4 . Frankie Edgar Featherweight Lightweight 9 5 15 5 . Sam Stout Lightweight 8 6 0 14 Michael Bisping Middleweight Light Heavyweight 10 0 By division ( edit ) Division / s Fighter Wins Losses Draws Total Heavyweight Roy Nelson 9 0 10 Light Heavyweight Tito Ortiz 5 5 11 Rashad Evans 7 Middleweight Michael Bisping 9 0 12 Welterweight Rick Story 8 5 0 13 Lightweight Gleison Tibau 11 5 0 16 Featherweight Darren Elkins 9 0 11 Bantamweight Takeya Mizugaki 7 0 9 Flyweight Dustin Ortiz 0 7 Zach Makovsky Tim Elliott Joseph Benavidez 6 0 Demetrious Johnson 0 Women 's Featherweight Holly Holm 0 0 Women 's Bantamweight Raquel Pennington 0 6 Women 's Flyweight - - - - - Women 's Strawweight Joanna Jędrzejczyk 6 0 7 Jump up ^ 1 of 5 Light Heavyweight decision wins in deprecated UFC Middleweight ( 171 - 199 lbs . ) class ( now known as Light Heavyweight ) Most unanimous decision wins ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Division / s UD wins 1 . Georges St - Pierre Welterweight 10 2 . Jon Fitch Welterweight Middleweight 9 Frankie Edgar Featherweight Lightweight 4 . Rafael dos Anjos Lightweight 8 Demian Maia Welterweight Middleweight Darren Elkins Featherweight Lightweight Michael Bisping Middleweight Light Heavyweight Diego Sanchez Featherweight Lightweight Welterweight Middleweight Ryan Bader Light Heavyweight By division ( edit ) Division / s Fighter UD Wins Heavyweight Jared Rosholt 5 Light Heavyweight Ryan Bader 8 Middleweight Michael Bisping 8 Welterweight Georges St - Pierre 10 Lightweight Rafael dos Anjos 8 Featherweight Darren Elkins 8 Bantamweight Takeya Mizugaki Raphael Assunção Urijah Faber T.J. Dillashaw Flyweight Demetrious Johnson Kyoji Horiguchi Joseph Benavidez Women 's Featherweight Germaine de Randamie Women 's Bantamweight Raquel Pennington Miesha Tate Alexis Davis Women 's Flyweight - - Women 's Strawweight Joanna Jędrzejczyk 5 Most split decision wins ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Division / s SD wins 1 . Gleison Tibau Lightweight 5 2 . Rashad Evans Light Heavyweight Heavyweight Benson Henderson Lightweight Welterweight John Howard Welterweight Middleweight By division ( edit ) Division / s Fighter SD Wins Heavyweight 14 Fighters Light Heavyweight Rashad Evans Middleweight 7 Fighters Welterweight John Howard Rick Story Robbie Lawler Jake Shields Lightweight Gleison Tibau 5 Featherweight Dennis Bermudez Yair Rodríguez Renato Moicano Bantamweight Takeya Mizugaki Yves Jabouin Flyweight Dustin Ortiz Women 's Featherweight - - Women 's Bantamweight Bethe Correia Women 's Flyweight - - Women 's Strawweight 7 Fighters Most decision bouts in one event ( edit ) Event Date Venue City Decisions 1 . UFC 169 Feb 1 , 2014 Prudential Center Newark , U.S. 10 UFC Fight Night 36 Feb 15 , 2014 Arena Jaraguá Jaraguá do Sul , Brazil UFC Fight Night 84 Feb 27 , 2016 The O2 Arena London , U.K. UFC Fight Night 101 Nov 27 , 2016 Rod Laver Arena Melbourne , Australia UFC Fight Night 121 Nov 18 , 2017 Qudos Bank Arena Sydney , Australia Highest decision wins per win percentage ( edit ) Fighter Division / s Dec . Wins Wins % 1 . Gray Maynard Featherweight Lightweight 9 10 90.0 % 2 . Benson Henderson Lightweight Welterweight 9 11 81.82 % 3 . Darren Elkins Featherweight 9 12 75.0 % 4 . Nik Lentz Featherweight Lightweight 8 11 72.73 % Evan Dunham Lightweight 1. ^ Minimum 10 UFC wins . Striking ( edit ) Most significant strikes landed ( edit ) Career ( edit ) In any bout ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Division / s Strikes 1 . Michael Bisping Middleweight Light Heavyweight 1567 2 . Frankie Edgar Featherweight Lightweight 1463 3 . Georges St - Pierre Welterweight Middleweight 1313 4 . Nate Diaz Lightweight Welterweight 1210 5 . Evan Dunham Lightweight 1160 By division ( edit ) Division / s Fighter Strikes Heavyweight Junior dos Santos 899 Light Heavyweight Jon Jones 1021 Middleweight Michael Bisping 1567 Welterweight Georges St - Pierre 1313 Lightweight Evan Dunham 1200 Featherweight Max Holloway 1337 Bantamweight T.J. Dillashaw 939 Flyweight Demetrious Johnson 1173 Women 's Featherweight Germaine de Randamie 80 Women 's Bantamweight Raquel Pennington 399 Women 's Flyweight Joanne Calderwood 115 Women 's Strawweight Joanna Jędrzejczyk 1267 In title bouts ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Division / s Strikes 1 . Joanna Jędrzejczyk Strawweight ( W ) 1121 2 . Georges St - Pierre Welterweight Middleweight 999 3 . Jon Jones Light Heavyweight 819 4 . Demetrious Johnson Flyweight Bantamweight 812 5 . Frankie Edgar Featherweight Lightweight 584 By division ( edit ) In any single bout ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Opponent Championship Event Strikes 1 . Nate Diaz Donald Cerrone Lightweight UFC 141 238 2 . Valentina Shevchenko Priscila Cachoeira Flyweight ( W ) UFC Fight Night Belem 230 3 . Joanna Jędrzejczyk Valérie Létourneau Strawweight ( W ) UFC 193 220 4 . Cub Swanson Artem Lobov Featherweight UFC Fight Night 108 209 5 . Jessica Andrade Rosi Sexton Bantamweight ( W ) UFC Fight Night 30 206 By division ( edit ) In a single title bout ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Opponent Championship Event Strikes 1 . Joanna Jędrzejczyk Jéssica Andrade Strawweight ( W ) UFC 211 225 2 . Joanna Jędrzejczyk Valérie Létourneau Strawweight ( W ) UFC 193 220 3 . Carlos Condit Robbie Lawler Welterweight UFC 195 176 4 . Johny Hendricks Robbie Lawler Welterweight UFC 171 158 5 . T.J. Dillashaw Joe Soto Bantamweight UFC 177 151 By division ( edit ) In a single event ( edit ) Event Date Strikes 1 . UFC 199 June 4 , 2016 1490 2 . UFC Fight Night 89 June 18 , 2016 1391 3 . UFC on Fox 24 April 15 , 2017 1374 4 . UFC Fight Night 98 November 5 , 2016 1268 5 . UFC Fight Night 108 April 22 , 2017 1268 Highest significant strike percentage ( edit ) Fighter Division / s Landed Attempted % 1 . Anderson Silva Middleweight Light Heavyweight 740 1213 61.01 % 2 . Randy Couture Light Heavyweight Heavyweight 778 1315 59.16 % 3 . Fábio Maldonado Light Heavyweight Heavyweight Catchweight 717 1218 58.87 % 4 . Cain Velasquez Heavyweight 718 1246 57.62 % 5 . Fabrício Werdum Heavyweight 581 1022 56.85 % 2. ^ Minimum 1000 significant strike attempts . Fighter Division / s Landed Attempted % 1 . Alistair Overeem Heavyweight 391 525 74.48 % 2 . Don Frye Openweight 127 191 66.49 % 3 . Josh Barnett Super Heavyweight Heavyweight 392 637 61.54 % 4 . Anderson Silva Middleweight Light Heavyweight 740 1213 61.01 % 5 . Evan Tanner Middleweight Light Heavyweight 388 647 59.97 % 1. ^ Minimum 10 UFC bouts . Highest significant strike landed per minute ( edit ) Fighter Division / s Strikes / minute 1 . Cain Velasquez Heavyweight 6.49 2 . Jéssica Andrade Strawweight ( W ) Bantamweight ( W ) 6.45 3 . Conor McGregor Featherweight Lightweight Welterweight 5.82 4 . Evan Dunham Lightweight 5.68 5 . Max Holloway Featherweight Catchweight 5.67 1. ^ Minimum 10 UFC bouts . Knockdowns ( edit ) Most knockdowns ( edit ) Career ( edit ) In any bout ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Division / s Knockdowns 1 . Anderson Silva Middleweight Light Heavyweight 18 2 . Donald Cerrone Lightweight Welterweight 14 Chuck Liddell Light Heavyweight 4 . Melvin Guillard Lightweight Welterweight 13 Maurício Rua Light Heavyweight Lyoto Machida Middleweight Light Heavyweight Anthony Johnson Welterweight Middleweight Light Heavyweight Thiago Alves Welterweight By division ( edit ) Division / s Fighter Knockdowns Heavyweight Junior dos Santos 12 Light Heavyweight Chuck Liddell 14 Middleweight Anderson Silva 13 Welterweight Thiago Alves 13 Lightweight Melvin Guillard 13 Featherweight Max Holloway 7 Bantamweight Cody Garbrandt 7 Flyweight John Lineker 7 Women 's Featherweight Cristiane Justino Women 's Bantamweight Amanda Nunes Ronda Rousey Leslie Smith Women 's Flyweight Joanne Calderwood Women 's Strawweight Angela Hill In title bouts ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Division / s Knockdowns 1 . Anderson Silva Middleweight 10 2 . Chuck Liddell Light Heavyweight 7 3 . Georges St - Pierre Welterweight 6 5 . Cain Velasquez Heavyweight 5 Conor McGregor Featherweight Lightweight By division ( edit ) In a single bout ( edit ) In any bout ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Opponent Division Event Knockdowns 1 . Forrest Petz Sammy Morgan Welterweight UFC Fight Night 6 5 2 . Nate Marquardt Dean Lister Middleweight UFC Fight Night 8 Brad Blackburn James Giboo Welterweight UFC Fight Night 14 By division ( edit ) In a title bout ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Opponent Division Event Knockdowns 1 . Frank Mir Antônio Rodrigo Nogueira Heavyweight UFC 92 Gray Maynard Frankie Edgar Lightweight UFC 125 Anderson Silva Rich Franklin Middleweight UFC 77 Conor McGregor Eddie Alvarez Lightweight UFC 205 Georges St - Pierre Jon Fitch Welterweight UFC 87 Lyoto Machida Rashad Evans Light Heavyweight UFC 98 By division ( edit ) In a single event ( edit ) Event Date Knockdowns 1 . UFC 199 June 4 , 2016 15 2 . UFC 160 May 25 , 2013 12 3 . UFC on Versus 4 June 26 , 2011 11 4 . UFC 84 May 24 , 2008 10 UFC 85 June 7 , 2008 UFC 87 August 9 , 2008 UFC 96 March 7 , 2009 UFC Fight Night 21 March 31 , 2010 UFC on FX 6 December 15 , 2012 The Ultimate Fighter 16 Finale December 15 , 2012 UFC Fight Night 77 November 7 , 2015 UFC 202 August 20 , 2016 Takedowns ( edit ) Most takedowns ( edit ) Career ( edit ) In any bout ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Division / s Takedowns 1 . Georges St - Pierre Welterweight Middleweight 90 2 . Gleison Tibau Lightweight Welterweight 84 3 . Frankie Edgar Featherweight Lightweight 67 4 . Demetrious Johnson Flyweight Bantamweight 65 5 . Johny Hendricks Welterweight 61 Clay Guida Featherweight Lightweight By division ( edit ) Division / s Fighter Takedowns Heavyweight Cain Velasquez 34 Light Heavyweight Tito Ortiz 58 Middleweight Rafael Natal 36 Welterweight Georges St - Pierre 87 Lightweight Gleison Tibau 84 Featherweight Dennis Bermudez 38 Bantamweight Urijah Faber 26 Flyweight Demetrious Johnson 49 Women 's Featherweight - - Women 's Bantamweight Liz Carmouche 15 Women 's Flyweight Joanne Calderwood Women 's Strawweight Cláudia Gadelha 26 Jump up ^ 8 of 58 Light Heavyweight takedowns in deprecated UFC Middleweight ( 171 - 199 lbs . ) class ( now known as Light Heavyweight ) and 2 of 58 Light Heavyweight takedowns in first deprecated UFC Lightweight ( < 199 lbs . ) class ( now known as Light Heavyweight ) In title bouts ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Division / s Takedowns 1 . Georges St - Pierre Welterweight 66 2 . Demetrious Johnson Flyweight Bantamweight 48 3 . Khabib Nurmagomedov Lightweight 43 4 . Randy Couture Light Heavyweight Heavyweight 42 5 . Matt Hughes Welterweight 28 By division ( edit ) In a single bout ( edit ) In any bout ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Opponent Division Event Rounds Takedowns 1 . Khabib Nurmagomedov Abel Trujillo Catchweight ( 158.5 lbs ) UFC 160 21 2 . Sean Sherk Hermes Franca Lightweight UFC 73 5 16 3 . Demetrious Johnson Kyoji Horiguchi Flyweight UFC 186 14 4 . Luigi Fioravanti Luke Cummo Welterweight UFC 82 13 5 . Tim Elliott Louis Smolka Flyweight UFC on Fox 24 12 Johny Hendricks Carlos Condit Welterweight UFC 158 Colby Covington Bryan Barberena Welterweight UFC on Fox 22 By division ( edit ) In a title bout ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Opponent Division Event Rounds Takedowns 1 . Sean Sherk Hermes Franca Lightweight UFC 73 5 16 2 . Demetrious Johnson Kyoji Horiguchi Flyweight UFC 186 14 3 . Georges St - Pierre Dan Hardy Welterweight UFC 111 11 Cain Velasquez Junior dos Santos Heavyweight UFC 155 5 . Brett Johns Kwan Ho Kwak Bantamweight UFC Fight Night 99 11 By division ( edit ) In a single event ( edit ) Event Date Takedowns 1 . UFC 171 March 15 , 2014 55 2 . UFC 194 December 12 , 2015 49 3 . UFC Fight Night 66 May 16 , 2015 47 UFC on Fox 22 December 17 , 2016 5 . UFC Fight Night 24 March 26 , 2011 46 Highest takedown percentage ( edit ) Fighter Division / s Landed Attempted % 1 . Georges St - Pierre Welterweight 90 118 73.73 % 2 . Tim Elliott Flyweight 35 52 67.31 % 3 . Ramsey Nijem Lightweight Welterweight 30 48 62.50 % 4 . Nate Marquardt Welterweight Middleweight 32 52 61.54 % 5 . Karo Parisyan Welterweight 53 89 59.55 % 1. ^ Minimum 25 UFC TDs . Fighter Division / s Landed Attempted % 1 . Rogério Nogueira Light Heavyweight 100 % Tim Sylvia Heavyweight 3 . Chuck Liddell Light Heavyweight 7 8 87.50 % 4 . Alex Caceres Bantamweight Featherweight 9 11 81.82 % 5 . Max Holloway Featherweight 5 80.00 % Robbie Lawler Welterweight Middleweight 16 20 2. ^ Minimum 10 UFC bouts . Jump up ^ 2 of 7 takedowns in deprecated UFC Middleweight ( 171 - 199 lbs . ) class ( now known as Light Heavyweight ) Highest takedowns landed rate ( edit ) Fighter Division / s Takedowns / 5 minute round 1 . Ramsey Nijem Lightweight Welterweight 1.77 2 . Karo Parisyan Welterweight 1.76 3 . Cain Velasquez Heavyweight 1.54 4 . Gleison Tibau Lightweight Welterweight 1.43 5 . Ricardo Almeida Welterweight Middleweight Light Heavyweight 1.41 1. ^ Minimum 10 UFC bouts . Submission attempts ( edit ) Career ( edit ) In any bout ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Division Attempts 1 . Jim Miller Lightweight Catchweight 39 2 . Chris Lytle Welterweight 31 3 . Joe Lauzon Lightweight Catchweight 29 4 . Nate Diaz Lightweight Welterweight 25 5 . Matt Brown Welterweight 24 Joe Stevenson Featherweight Lightweight Welterweight Demian Maia Welterweight Middleweight Cole Miller Featherweight Lightweight By division ( edit ) In title bouts ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Division Attempts 1 . Georges St - Pierre Welterweight 12 2 . Demetrious Johnson Flyweight Bantamweight 10 3 . Frank Shamrock Light Heavyweight 9 4 . Matt Hughes Welterweight Catchweight 8 5 . B.J. Penn Lightweight Welterweight 7 Jump up ^ 8 of 9 Light Heavyweight title submission attempts in deprecated UFC Middleweight ( 171 - 199 lbs . ) class ( now known as Light Heavyweight ) and 1 of 9 Light Heavyweight title submission attempts in first deprecated UFC Lightweight ( < 199 lbs . ) class ( now known as Light Heavyweight ) By division ( edit ) In a single bout ( edit ) In any bout ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Opponent Division Event Attempts 1 . Cole Miller Leonard Garcia Lightweight UFC Fight Night 11 10 2 . Hermes Franca Rich Crunkilton Lightweight UFC 42 9 3 . James Wilks DaMarques Johnson Welterweight TUF 9 Finale 8 Ivan Salaverry Andrei Semenov Middleweight UFC 37 5 . 10 fighters - - - 7 By Division ( edit ) In a title bout ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Opponent Division Event Attempts 1 . Georges St - Pierre Dan Hardy Welterweight UFC 111 6 2 . Kenny Florian Sean Sherk Lightweight UFC 64 Frank Shamrock John Lober Light Heavyweight UFC Brazil Dave Menne Gil Castillo Welterweight UFC 33 5 . 11 fighters ( 12 bouts ) - - - Jump up ^ 4 of 4 Light Heavyweight title submission attempts in deprecated UFC Middleweight ( 171 - 199 lbs . ) class ( now known as Light Heavyweight ) ) By division ( edit ) Highest submission attempt rate ( edit ) Fighter Division / s Submission attempts / 5 minute round 1 . Dustin Hazelett Lightweight Welterweight 1.379 2 . Renato Sobral Light Heavyweight Heavyweight 1.054 3 . Rousimar Palhares Welterweight Middleweight 1.047 4 . Charles Oliveira Featherweight Lightweight 0.908 5 . Royce Gracie Openweight Catchweight 0.828 1. ^ Minimum 10 UFC bouts . Championships ( edit ) Main article : List of UFC champions Most title reigns ( edit ) Fighter Title / s Reigns 1 . Randy Couture Light Heavyweight Heavyweight 6 ( 5 undisputed , 1 interim ) 2 . Georges St - Pierre Welterweight Middleweight 4 ( 3 undisputed , 1 interim ) 3 . José Aldo Featherweight 3 ( 2 undisputed , 1 interim ) 5 . Dominick Cruz Bantamweight Matt Hughes Welterweight B.J. Penn Lightweight Welterweight Tim Sylvia Heavyweight Cain Velasquez Heavyweight T.J. Dillashaw Bantamweight Longest single title reigns ( edit ) Fighter Title Days 1 . Anderson Silva Middleweight 2457 2 . Demetrious Johnson Flyweight 2142 3 . Georges St - Pierre Welterweight 2064 4 . José Aldo Featherweight 1848 5 . Jon Jones Light Heavyweight 1501 Fighter Title Defenses 1 . Demetrious Johnson Flyweight 11 2 . Anderson Silva Middleweight 10 3 . Georges St - Pierre Welterweight 9 4 . Jon Jones Light Heavyweight 8 5 . José Aldo Featherweight 7 By division ( edit ) Division / s Fighter Days Heavyweight Stipe Miocic 896 Light Heavyweight Jon Jones 1501 Middleweight Anderson Silva 2457 Welterweight Georges St - Pierre 2064 Lightweight B.J. Penn 812 Featherweight Jose Aldo 2008 Bantamweight Dominick Cruz 1117 Flyweight Demetrious Johnson 2142 Women 's Featherweight Cris Cyborg 623 Women 's Bantamweight Ronda Rousey 1074 Women 's Flyweight Nicco Montaño 280 Women 's Strawweight Joanna Jędrzejczyk 1323 Division / s Fighter Defenses Heavyweight Stipe Miocic Light Heavyweight Jon Jones 8 Middleweight Anderson Silva 10 Welterweight Georges St - Pierre 9 Lightweight B.J. Penn Frankie Edgar Benson Henderson Featherweight José Aldo 7 Bantamweight Dominick Cruz T.J. Dillashaw Flyweight Demetrious Johnson 11 Women 's Featherweight Cris Cyborg Women 's Bantamweight Ronda Rousey 6 Women 's Flyweight Nicco Montaño 0 Women 's Strawweight Joanna Jędrzejczyk 5 Jump up ^ currently active streak Longest combined title reigns ( edit ) Fighter Title / s No. of reigns Days 1 . Anderson Silva Middleweight 2457 2 . Georges St - Pierre Welterweight Middleweight 2237 3 . José Aldo Featherweight 2548 4 . Demetrious Johnson Flyweight 2226 5 . Matt Hughes Welterweight 1577 Fighter Title / s No. of reigns Defenses 1 . Demetrious Johnson Flyweight 11 2 . Anderson Silva Middleweight 10 3 . Georges St - Pierre Welterweight 9 4 . Jon Jones Light Heavyweight 8 5 . José Aldo Featherweight 7 Matt Hughes Welterweight ^ Jump up to : currently active streak By division ( edit ) Division / s Fighter Days Heavyweight Cain Velasquez 1281 Light Heavyweight Jon Jones 1501 Middleweight Anderson Silva 2457 Welterweight Georges St - Pierre 2204 Lightweight B.J. Penn 812 Featherweight José Aldo 2548 Bantamweight Dominick Cruz 1456 Flyweight Demetrious Johnson 2226 Women 's Featherweight Cris Cyborg 623 Women 's Bantamweight Ronda Rousey 1074 Women 's Flyweight - - Women 's Strawweight Joanna Jędrzejczyk 1323 Division / s Fighter Defenses Heavyweight Randy Couture Tim Sylvia Stipe Miocic Light Heavyweight Jon Jones 8 Middleweight Anderson Silva 10 Welterweight Georges St - Pierre 9 Lightweight B.J. Penn Frankie Edgar Benson Henderson Featherweight José Aldo 7 Bantamweight Dominick Cruz Flyweight Demetrious Johnson 11 Women 's Featherweight Germaine de Randamie 0 Women 's Bantamweight Ronda Rousey 6 Women 's Flyweight - - Women 's Strawweight Joanna Jędrzejczyk 5 ^ Jump up to : currently active streak Youngest Champions ( edit ) Jon Jones holds the record for the youngest UFC champion . Fighter Title Won / Awarded Age 1 . Jon Jones Light Heavyweight Mar 19 , 2011 23 years , 244 days 2 . José Aldo Featherweight Nov 20 , 2010 24 years , 73 days 3 . Josh Barnett Heavyweight Mar 22 , 2002 24 years , 133 days 4 . Carlos Newton Welterweight May 4 , 2001 24 years , 261 days 5 . Frank Shamrock Light Heavyweight Dec 21 , 1997 25 years , 13 days 2. ^ José Aldo was awarded the Featherweight Championship at UFC 123 but did not fight in his first UFC bout until UFC 129 , at which point he was 24 years and 234 days of age . Aldo successfully defended his title at UFC 129 . Oldest champions ( edit ) Fighter Title Last Held Birthday Latest age as champion 1 . Randy Couture Heavyweight Nov 15 , 2008 June 22th , 1963 45 years , 147 days 2 . Daniel Cormier Light Heavyweight Holding currently March 20 , 1979 39 years , 221 days 3 . Fabrício Werdum Heavyweight May 14 , 2016 August 24 , 1977 38 years , 290 days 4 . Michael Bisping Middleweight Nov 4 , 2017 February 28 , 1979 38 years , 250 days 5 . Anderson Silva Middleweight Jul 6 , 2013 April 14 , 1975 38 years , 84 days . Multi-division Champions ( edit ) Fighters who have won championships in multiple weight classes . Tournament championships and The Ultimate Fighter winners are not included . Randy Couture is the first champion to hold belts in two different divisions , and one of the few to reclaim a title after being defeated . Conor McGregor was the first fighter to hold multiple titles simultaneously , which he did only briefly due to being stripped of his Featherweight title shortly after capturing the Lightweight . Daniel Cormier is both the reigning Heavyweight and Light Heavyweight Champions . Champion Division Won Lost Defenses Reign Total reign Randy Couture Heavyweight Dec 21 , 1997 ( UFC Japan ) Jan ? , 1998 ( stripped ) 0 00 ? days 1,478 + days Nov 17 , 2000 ( UFC 28 ) Mar 22 , 2002 ( UFC 36 ) 490 days Light Heavyweight Sep 26 , 2003 ( UFC 44 ) Jan 31 , 2004 ( UFC 46 ) 0 127 days Aug 21 , 2004 ( UFC 49 ) Apr 16 , 2005 ( UFC 52 ) 0 238 days Heavyweight Mar 3 , 2007 ( UFC 68 ) Nov 15 , 2008 ( UFC 91 ) 623 days B.J. Penn Welterweight Jan 31 , 2004 ( UFC 46 ) May 17 , 2004 ( stripped ) 0 107 days 919 days Lightweight Jan 19 , 2008 ( UFC 80 ) Apr 10 , 2010 ( UFC 112 ) 812 days Conor McGregor Featherweight Dec 12 , 2015 ( UFC 194 ) Nov 26 , 2016 ( stripped ) 0 350 days 862 days Lightweight Nov 12 , 2016 ( UFC 205 ) Apr 7 , 2018 ( stripped ) 0 512 days Georges St - Pierre Welterweight Nov 18 , 2006 ( UFC 65 ) Apr 7 , 2007 ( UFC 69 ) 0 140 days 2,561 days Apr 19 , 2008 ( UFC 83 ) Dec 13 , 2013 ( vacated ) 9 2,064 days Middleweight Nov 4 , 2017 ( UFC 217 ) Dec 7 , 2017 ( vacated ) 0 34 days Daniel Cormier Light Heavyweight May 23 , 2015 ( UFC 187 ) Incumbent 1143 days ongoing Heavyweight July 7 , 2018 ( UFC 226 ) Incumbent 0 1 days Tournaments ( edit ) Multiple tournament wins ( edit ) Fighter Tournament Wins 1 . Royce Gracie UFC 1 , UFC 2 , UFC 4 2 . Dan Severn UFC 5 , The Ultimate Ultimate Don Frye UFC 8 , The Ultimate Ultimate 2 Mark Coleman UFC 10 , UFC 11 Mark Kerr UFC 14 , UFC 15 Bonuses ( edit ) Nate Diaz holds the record for most UFC bonuses . Main article : List of UFC bonus award recipients Most overall ( edit ) Fighter No. of bonuses 1 . Nate Diaz 15 Joe Lauzon 3 . Anderson Silva 13 4 . Donald Cerrone 13 5 . Frankie Edgar 10 Chris Lytle Charles Oliveira Most Performance of the Night bonuses ( edit ) Fighter POTN bonuses 1 . Conor McGregor 6 2 . Ronda Rousey Stipe Miocic Anthony Johnson Charles Oliveira Donald Cerrone Gunnar Nelson Demetrious Johnson Most Fight of the Night bonuses ( edit ) Fighter FOTN bonuses 1 . Nate Diaz 8 2 . Frankie Edgar 7 Diego Sanchez Joe Lauzon 5 . Edson Barboza 6 Clay Guida Chris Lytle Sam Stout Most Knockout of the Night bonuses ( discontinued ) ( edit ) Fighter KOTN bonuses 1 . Anderson Silva 7 2 . Vitor Belfort 5 3 . Chris Leben Lyoto Machida Roy Nelson Most Submission of the Night bonuses ( discontinued ) ( edit ) Fighter SOTN bonuses 1 . Joe Lauzon 6 2 . Nate Diaz 5 3 . Demian Maia Cole Miller 5 . Clay Guida Chris Lytle Jim Miller Charles Oliveira Attendances ( edit ) Overall ( edit ) Event Main Event Date Venue City Attendance 1 . UFC 193 Rousey ( c ) vs. Holm Nov 14 , 2015 Etihad Stadium Melbourne , Australia 56,214 2 . UFC 129 St - Pierre ( c ) vs. Shields Apr 30 , 2011 Rogers Centre Toronto , Ontario , Canada 55,724 3 . UFC 198 Werdum ( c ) vs. Miocic May 14 , 2016 Arena da Baixada Curitiba , Brazil 45,207 4 . UFC on Fox 14 Gustafsson vs. Johnson Jan 24 , 2015 Tele2 Arena Stockholm , Sweden 30,000 5 . UFC 124 St - Pierre ( c ) vs. Koscheck Dec 11 , 2010 Bell Centre Montreal , Quebec , Canada 23,152 United States ( edit ) Event Main Event Date Venue City Attendance 1 . UFC 205 Alvarez ( c ) vs. McGregor Nov 12 , 2016 Madison Square Garden New York City , New York 20,427 2 . UFC 229 Nurmagomedov ( c ) vs. McGregor Oct 6 , 2018 T - Mobile Arena Las Vegas , Nevada 20,034 3 . UFC 171 Hendricks vs. Lawler Mar 15 , 2014 American Airlines Center Dallas , Texas 19,324 4 . UFC 68 Sylvia ( c ) vs. Couture Mar 3 , 2007 Nationwide Arena Columbus , Ohio 19,049 5 . UFC 203 Miocic ( c ) vs. Overeem Sep 10 , 2016 Quicken Loans Arena Cleveland , Ohio 18,875 Finances ( edit ) Highest Pay - Per - View buys ( edit ) Event Main Event Date Venue City PPV Buys 1 . UFC 202 Diaz vs. McGregor Aug 20 , 2016 T - Mobile Arena Las Vegas , Nevada , U.S. 1,650,000 2 . UFC 196 McGregor vs. Diaz Mar 5 , 2016 MGM Grand Garden Arena Las Vegas , Nevada , U.S. 1,600,000 UFC 100 Lesnar ( c ) vs. Mir Jul 11 , 2009 Mandalay Bay Events Center Las Vegas , Nevada , U.S. 1,600,000 4 . UFC 205 Alvarez ( c ) vs. McGregor Nov 12 , 2016 Madison Square Garden New York City , U.S. 1,300,000 5 . UFC 194 Aldo ( c ) vs. McGregor Dec 12 , 2015 MGM Grand Garden Arena Las Vegas , Nevada , U.S. 1,200,000 UFC 200 Tate ( c ) vs. Nunes Jul 9 , 2016 T - Mobile Arena Las Vegas , Nevada , U.S. 1,200,000 Highest Pay - Per - View buys for a non-championship main event ( edit ) Event Main Event Date Venue City PPV Buys 1 . UFC 202 Diaz vs. McGregor Aug 20 , 2016 T - Mobile Arena Las Vegas , Nevada , U.S. 1,650,000 2 . UFC 196 McGregor vs. Diaz Mar 5 , 2016 MGM Grand Garden Arena Las Vegas , Nevada , U.S. 1,600,000 3 . UFC 114 Rampage vs. Evans May 29 , 2010 MGM Grand Garden Arena Las Vegas , Nevada , U.S. 1,050,000 4 . UFC 189 Mendes vs. McGregor Jul 11 , 2015 MGM Grand Garden Arena Las Vegas , Nevada , U.S. 825,000 5 . UFC 79 St - Pierre vs. Hughes Dec 29 , 2007 Mandalay Bay Events Center Las Vegas , Nevada , U.S. 750,000 5. ^ For an interim championship . Lowest Pay - Per - View buys for a championship main event ( edit ) UFC 1 -- 100 Event Date Main Event PPV Buys 1 . UFC 42 Apr 25 , 2003 Hughes ( c ) vs. Sherk 35,000 UFC 35 Jan 11 , 2002 Pulver ( c ) vs. Penn 3 . UFC 45 Nov 21 , 2003 Hughes ( c ) vs. Trigg 40,000 4 . UFC 39 Sep 27 , 2002 Couture vs. Rodriguez 45,000 UFC 38 Jul 13 , 2002 Hughes ( c ) vs. Newton UFC 101 -- 200 Event Date Main Event PPV Buys 1 . UFC 174 Jun 14 , 2014 Johnson ( c ) vs. Bagautinov 115,000 UFC 191 Sep 5 , 2015 Johnson ( c ) vs. Dodson 3 . UFC 177 Aug 30 , 2015 Dillashaw ( c ) vs. Soto 125,000 UFC 186 Apr 25 , 2015 Johnson ( c ) vs. Horiguchi 5 . UFC 179 Oct 25 , 2014 Aldo ( c ) vs. Mendes 180,000 UFC 201 -- 300 Event Date Main Event PPV Buys 1 . UFC 224 May 12 , 2018 Nunes ( c ) vs. Pennington 85,000 2 . UFC 215 Sep 9 , 2017 Nunes ( c ) vs. Shevchenko 100,000 3 . UFC 228 Sep 8 , 2018 Woodley ( c ) vs. Till 130,000 4 . UFC 206 Dec 10 , 2016 Holloway vs. Pettis 150,000 5 . UFC 208 Feb 11 , 2017 Holm vs. de Randamie 200,000 6. ^ For a vacant championship . Biggest gates ( edit ) Event Main Event Date Venue City Gate 1 . UFC 205 Alvarez ( c ) vs. McGregor Nov 12 , 2016 Madison Square Garden New York City , New York U.S. $17,700,000 2 . UFC 229 Nurmagomedov ( c ) vs. McGregor Oct 6 , 2018 T - Mobile Arena Las Vegas , Nevada , U.S. $17,200,000 3 . UFC 129 St - Pierre ( c ) vs. Shields Apr 30 , 2011 Rogers Centre Toronto , Ontario , Canada $12,075,000 4 . UFC 200 Tate ( c ) vs. Nunes Jul 9 , 2016 T - Mobile Arena Las Vegas , Nevada , U.S. $10,700,000 5 . UFC 194 Aldo ( c ) vs. McGregor Dec 12 , 2015 MGM Grand Garden Arena Las Vegas , Nevada , U.S. $10,500,000 MMA portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` UFC 4 : What happened when Royce Gracie met `` The Beast '' Dan Severn `` . SportsKeeda. 2018 - 07 - 30 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` UFC 73 : Tito Ortiz , Rashad Evans Draw '' . MMAFighting. 2007 - 07 - 07 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` UFC 228 results : Jim Miller makes UFC history , submits Alex White in 89 seconds '' . MMAjunkie. 2018 - 09 - 08 . Retrieved 2018 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ GSP 's training camp is his ultimate moment of truth , MMAfighting.com , November 8 , 2015 ^ Jump up to : `` Fastest knockout in UFC , Duane Ludwig thrilled to be recognized by Dana White '' . mmamania.com. April 28 , 2017 . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Conor McGregor knocks out Jose Aldo in fastest KO in UFC MMAweekly.com , December 13 , 2015 ^ Jump up to : `` FightMetric LLC :. : The World 's First Comprehensive MMA Statistics Provider '' . www.fightmetric.com . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` FightMetric LLC :. : The World 's First Comprehensive MMA Statistics Provider '' . www.fightmetric.com . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Jon Jones stripped of title , Daniel Cormier vs. Anthony Johnson for belt headlines UFC 187 '' . mmafighting.com. April 28 , 2015 . Retrieved April 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` MMA All - time Record Holders '' . sportsillustrated . Jump up ^ Holly Holm knocks out Ronda Rousey to win bantamweight title Herald Sun , November 15 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` REPORT UFC 224 lowest PPV buys for the company in a decade well under 100,000 buys '' . The Official Website of Cristiane `` Cyborg '' Santos. 2018 - 05 - 16 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 17 . External links ( edit ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_UFC_records&oldid=865391666 '' Categories : Ultimate Fighting Championship Mixed martial arts lists Sports records and statistics Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 23 October 2018 , at 17 : 24 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
who has the most title defenses in ufc
[ "\n\n\n\n\n\nFighter\nTitle\nDays\n\n\n1.\n\n Anderson Silva\n\nMiddleweight\n\n2457\n\n\n2.\n\n Demetrious Johnson\n\nFlyweight\n\n2142\n\n\n3.\n\n Georges St-Pierre\n\nWelterweight\n\n2064\n\n\n4.\n\n José Aldo\n\nFeatherweight\n\n1848\n\n\n5.\n\n Jon Jones[9]\n\nLight Heavyweight\n\n1501\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFighter\nTitle\nDefenses\n\n\n1.\n\n Demetrious Johnson\n\nFlyweight\n\n11\n\n\n2.\n\n Anderson Silva\n\nMiddleweight\n\n10\n\n\n3.\n\n Georges St-Pierre\n\nWelterweight\n\n9\n\n\n4.\n\n Jon Jones\n\nLight Heavyweight\n\n8\n\n\n5.\n\n José Aldo\n\nFeatherweight\n\n7\n\n" ]
[ "Demetrious Johnson" ]
-4170560282806275018
Tariff of 1816
Tariff of 1816 - wikipedia Tariff of 1816 Jump to : navigation , search The Tariff of 1816 ( also known as the Dallas tariff ) is notable as the first tariff passed by Congress with an explicit function of protecting U.S. manufactured items from overseas competition . Prior to the War of 1812 , tariffs had primarily served to raise revenues to operate the national government . Another unique aspect of the tariff was the strong support it received from Northern states . The bill was conceived as part of a solution to the purely domestic matter of avoiding a projected federal deficit reported by Secretary of the Treasury Alexander J. Dallas . International developments added key facts to the debate ; in 1816 there was widespread concern among Americans that war with Great Britain might be rekindled over economic and territorial issues . A tariff on manufactured goods , including war industry products , was deemed essential in the interests of national defense . The tariff was approved on April 27 , 1816 , as a temporary measure , authorized for only three years ( until June 1820 ) . Northern efforts to establish permanent protection in 1820 , after tensions with Great Britain had eased , provoked a backlash among Southern legislators . The South consistently opposed protective tariffs during the remainder of the ante bellum period . Contents ( hide ) 1 US manufacturing advances in the Napoleonic Era 2 Post-War European threats and the rise of US economic nationalism 3 The Federal deficit and the tariff debate 4 The reasons for Southern support of the tariff 5 The passage of the tariff 6 The influence of détente on support for protection 7 The Panic of 1819 and the end of Southern protectionism 8 References 9 Bibliography 9.1 Cited in footnotes 10 External links US manufacturing advances in the Napoleonic era ( edit ) The trade restrictions imposed by Great Britain and France during the Napoleonic Wars , the US Embargo Act of 1807 and non-intercourse policies , as well as the War of 1812 : all these crises forced Americans to develop domestic manufactures to provide goods formerly supplied by Europe . Through necessity American domestic industries had grown and diversified significantly , especially cotton and woolen textiles , and iron production . Sectional characteristics of the country were also taking shape : the Northeast was transitioning from trade and shipping towards industrial enterprises ; the Deep South concentrating on cotton cultivation , and the West seeking transportation routes to market their agricultural goods . Despite these sectional developments , America emerged from the War of 1812 as a young nation - state , with a renewed sense of self - reliance and common identity . Post-war European threats and the rise of US economic Nationalism ( edit ) The Treaty of Ghent in December 1814 did not resolve US -- British boundary and territorial disputes in Louisiana and Spanish Florida . The frontier remained a flashpoint for international strife . In addition , British economic aggression persisted . In an egregious move to recapture American markets , Great Britain proceeded to systematically flood the US markets with superior manufactured items at cut - rate prices , the aim of which was to drive American manufacturers out of business . These geostrategic and economic provocations caused a shift in domestic policy . The strict constructionist ideologists of the dominant Jeffersonian Republican Party - though averse to concentrating power into the hands of the federal government - recognized the expediency of nationalizing certain institutions and projects as a means of achieving national growth and economic security . In his Seventh Annual Message to the Fourteenth Congress on December 5 , 1815 , President James Madison suggested legislation to create 1 ) a national bank with regulatory powers 2 ) a program of federally funded internal improvements for roads and canals , and 3 ) a protective tariff to shelter emerging American manufacturing from the advanced industries in Europe . The federal deficit and the tariff debate ( edit ) In December 1815 , Treasury Secretary Alexander J. Dallas presented a federal budget report to Congress projecting a substantial government deficit by the end of 1816 . Though his budget figures were not in dispute , the means of raising the funds were , and proposals for direct or excise taxes were generally unpopular . Secretary Dallas called for a limited protective tariff on manufactures to forestall the deficit . His proposal provoked opposition from two economic sectors : commerce and agriculture . Commercial maritime centers in New England and the Mid-Atlantic states had anticipated a lucrative import and export exchange with the post-war reopening of European and global markets . A protective tariff might provoke retaliatory measures , impeding free trade and profits . Agrarians in most regions of the US were also advocates of open markets . Northerners , like most Southerners , were still farmers ( 84 % for the whole country ) . The North , however , was increasingly industrial , with 20 percent of its workforce engaged in manufacturing , compared to 8 percent in the South . Southerner planters , committed to a pastoral slave - based culture and economy , were net consumers of manufactured goods -- goods which would cost more under a tariff regime . The South expressed hostility to the measure throughout the debates , but a substantial number ultimately were compelled to consider its protective advantages . Support for the duties was strongest in manufacturing centers , the immediate beneficiaries of the protection , particularly in Pennsylvania and New York . The tariff was also popular in the Kentucky , among those who hoped to develop new textile industries weaving locally grown hemp . Economic interests aside , `` both protectionists and freetraders were in agreement that the country needed more revenue '' The reasons for Southern support of the tariff ( edit ) The tariff of 1816 was the first -- and last -- protective tariff that received significant Southern support during the `` thirty - year tariff war '' from 1816 to 1846 . A number of historical factors were important in shaping Southern perceptions of the legislation . Acknowledging the need to provide sufficient government funding , and with no adequate alternative propositions , the South felt compelled to consider protection . Southern support of the tariff was not demonstrably linked to any significant trend towards industry in the South , or to the existence of textile mills in the Congressional districts of Southern representatives . Southern legislators were keenly aware that British merchants were engaging in off - loading manufactured goods on the US market in an effort to cripple emerging American industries . The Southern patriots -- War Hawks - had been some of the most strident foes of British aggression and fierce champions of the national government . Among these statesmen were Speaker of the House Henry Clay of Kentucky , Henry St. George Tucker , Sr. of Virginia and Alexander C. Hanson of Maryland all supporting the tariff as a war measure . There were well - founded fears that British economic warfare would lead to a resumption of armed conflict . In that event , a healthy US manufacturing base -- including war industries -- would be vital to the survival of the American republic . Rejecting doctrinaire anti-Federalism , Representative John C. Calhoun of South Carolina called for national unity through interdependence of trade , agriculture and manufacturing . Recalling how poorly prepared the United States had been for war in 1812 , he demanded that American factories be provided protection . John Quincy Adams , as US minister to Great Britain , concurred with Calhoun , discerning a deep hostility from the capitols of Europe towards the fledgling United States . Old Republicans such as Representative John Randolph of Virginia were marginal figures in this struggle , where strict constructionists were at their nadir . These Tertium quids remained adamant in holding the principles of state sovereignty and limited government , rejecting any protection whatsoever as an assault upon `` poor men and on slaveholders '' . Among more moderate Southern leaders who remained skeptical about supporting openly protectionist tariff , there were four additional considerations : First , the tariff was understood to be a temporary expedient to deal with clear and present dangers . The duties would be lowered in three years ( June 1819 ) by which time the strife would likely have subsided . Second , the tariff as proposed in debates would be applied only to cotton and woolen products , and iron ; the bulk of imported goods that the South regularly bought from foreign countries were not affected . Third , economic prosperity prevailed in the agrarian South at the time of the debates , easing concerns about the financial burdens imposed by the tariff . Those who backed this mild tariff were fully aware that most of the financial burden of the tariff , with a concomitant increase in the retail costs would be absorbed by the South . Most of the economic benefits would accrue to the North and the West -- in the national interest . Finally , Republicans , emerging from the War of 1812 , with the opposition Federalist Party in disgrace , felt sufficiently in control of the political landscape to permit an experiment in centralizing policies . The passage of the tariff ( edit ) As a protective measure , the tariff legislation was very temperate . It placed a duty of twenty - five percent on cottons and woolens for a period of three years ( until June 1819 ) , at which time it would drop to twenty percent . A duty of thirty percent was placed on iron , leather , hats , writing paper and cabinet ware , as well as three cents on a pound of sugar . ( Iron duties were further increased in 1818 as a defense measure . ) Low grade printed fabrics from British colonies in India , however cheaply they were priced , were accessed at a fixed rate of twenty - five cents per square yard . This was the only overtly protective feature of the legislation , and served to exclude these foreign textiles altogether from US markets . The bill - requiring a simple majority for passage -- passed 88 yeas to 54 nays in the House ( 62 % to 38 % ) . Both parties were divided , with Republicans voting nationwide 63 yeas to 31 nays , and the Federalists voting 25 yeas to 23 nays . The influence of détente on support for protection ( edit ) A gradual easing of British - American territorial and economic disputes commenced shortly after the passage of the Dallas tariff . The Rush -- Bagot Treaty of 1817 demilitarized the Great Lakes regions and the following year the Treaty of 1818 drew the forty - ninth parallel from the Lake of the Woods west to the Rocky Mountains . With this , Great Britain tacitly acknowledged the legitimacy of US claims to the vast Louisiana territory . Another potentially volatile international development -- General Andrew Jackson 's military incursion into Spanish Florida and his summary execution of two British citizens -- failed to incite British retaliation , diplomatically or militarily The Adams -- Onís Treaty of 1819 transferred all of Florida into US hands , ending Spain 's machinations to enlist Great Britain in recovering Louisiana from the United States . By 1820 , US -- British diplomatic relations had significantly improved . British mercantilism and trade monopolies also weakened during this period . Great Britain recognized that its prosperity was inextricably connected to the industrial growth and territorial expansion of America . British -- American trade wars had virtually vanished by 1820 and with it the argument that protectionist tariffs were necessary to sustain war industries . In the three years following the passage of the Dallas tariff , the issues that prompted appeals for protection -- trade wars , geostrategic disputes and the federal deficit -- had largely been resolved . The Panic of 1819 and the end of Southern protectionism ( edit ) The tariff of 1816 supplied comfortable federal surpluses from 1817 to 1819 ; even with the scheduled reduction in duty rates for 1819 , the tariff was expected to provide sufficient revenue . The Panic of 1819 caused an alarming , but temporary drop in the projected federal revenue for 1820 . Manufacturers and other protectionists , as well as agrarian anti-protectionists , agreed that the existing tariff of 1816 would perform adequately during the economic recovery . Secretary Dallas warned that any increase in customs on cotton , wool and iron during the economic crisis would actually depress revenues further . Protectionists were eager to distance themselves from the revenue issue -- if revenues were adequate , they could hardly argue for an increase in duties . Manufacturers sought a new argument to support higher tariffs -- economic distress due to the downturn . In reality , the Panic had benefited manufacturing by causing a drop in the price of raw materials ; even as the retail sales of the cotton goods plummeted , so did the wholesale cost of raw cotton - textile producers could still turn a profit . The primary producers in the agricultural South , however , saw the value of their goods decline and sell at a loss . By 1820 , the support for higher tariffs was less an argument for government revenue , than an effort by Western and Northern interests to establish protection as a principle of economic national well - being . Unlike the tariff in 1816 , the tariff legislation in 1820 included higher duties and a long list of new items , and the duties were to be permanent . No longer a mere expedient , this tariff reflected the new loose constructionist principles of the National Republicans , deviating from the strict constructionist requirements of the Democratic - Republican wing of the party . This the Southern agrarians could not abide , when no external threat to the nation at large remained . Historian Norris W. Preyer summarized the shift in Southern opinion this way : By 1820 the South realized that the earlier arguments and appeals of protectionism were no longer valid . In 1816 it was not a desire for manufacturing , but a combination of prosperity , patriotism , and promises that had swayed Southerners . None of these factors now existed to influence them . One consideration , however , which had always been a strong influence on the thinking of Southerners still remained -- the need to defend their economic interests . Now , with no other views to challenge or obscure this desire , the South turned almost unanimously against the tariff bill of 1820 . The brief Southern experiment in supporting protection had come to an end , and from then on that section would consistently oppose all protective tariffs . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bancroft , Hubert H. , 1902 Jump up ^ Commager and Morris , 1965 , p. ix Jump up ^ Dangerfield , 1965 , P. 4 Jump up ^ Remini , 1991 p. 119 - 120 Jump up ^ Preyer , 1959 , p. 17 Jump up ^ Dangerfield , 1965 , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Dangerfield , 1965 , p. 5 - 6 , p. 7 - 8 Jump up ^ Wilentz , 2008 , p. 203 Jump up ^ Dangerfield , 1965 , p. 7 - 8 Jump up ^ Preyer , 1959 , p. 13 Jump up ^ Bancroft , 1902 Jump up ^ Dangerfield , 1965 , p. 13 - 14 Jump up ^ Dangerfield , 1965 , p. 14 Jump up ^ Remini , 1991 , p. 226 Jump up ^ Preyer , 1959 , p. 15 Jump up ^ Remini , 1991 , p. 138 Jump up ^ Dangerfield , 1965 , p. 13 - 14 Jump up ^ Preyer , 1959 , p. 15 Jump up ^ Bancroft , 1902 Jump up ^ Preyer , 1959 , p. 14 - 15 Jump up ^ Wilentz , 2008 , p. 144 Jump up ^ Preyer , 1959 , p. 16 Jump up ^ Dangerfield , 1965 , p. 13 Jump up ^ Preyer , 1959 , p. 17 Jump up ^ Dangerfield , 1965 , p. 15 Jump up ^ Preyer , 1959 , p. 17 Jump up ^ Goodrich , 1948 , p61 Jump up ^ Preyer , 1959 , p. 17 Jump up ^ Brown , 1966 , p. 24 Jump up ^ Dangerfield , 1965 , p. 16 Jump up ^ Dangerfield , 1965 , p. 14 Jump up ^ Preyer , 1959 , p. 16 - 17 Jump up ^ Preyer , 1959 , p. 17 Jump up ^ Dangerfield , 1965 , p . Jump up ^ Dangerfield , 1965 , p. 14 Jump up ^ Preyer , 1959 , p. 17 - 18 Jump up ^ Preyer , 1959 , p. 20 Jump up ^ Dangerfield , 1965 , p. 14 Jump up ^ Dangerfield , 1965 , p. 14 Jump up ^ Preyer , 1959 , p. 17 Jump up ^ Preyer , 1959 , p. 17 Jump up ^ Preyer , 1959 , p. 18 Jump up ^ Dangerfield , 1965 , p. 62 Jump up ^ Preyer , 1959 , p. 18 Jump up ^ Dangerfield , 1965 , p. 152 - 153 Jump up ^ Dangerfield , 1965 , p. 152 - 153 Jump up ^ Preyer , 1959 , p. 18 Jump up ^ Preyer , 1959 , p. 18 Jump up ^ Preyer , 1959 , p. 17 - 18 Jump up ^ Preyer , 1959 , p. 17 - 18 Jump up ^ Preyer , 1959 , p. 18 - 19 Jump up ^ Preyer , 1966 , p. 20 Jump up ^ Preyer , 1959 , p. 20 Jump up ^ Preyer , 1966 , p. 20 Jump up ^ Preyer , 1959 , p. 20 Bibliography ( edit ) Cited in footnotes ( edit ) Bancroft , Hubert H. 1902 . The protective tariff , in The Great Republic By the Master Historians , Vol . III , Brown , Richard H. 1966 . The Missouri Crisis , Slavery , and the Politics of Jacksonianism . South Atlantic Quarterly , pp. 55 -- 72 , in Essays on Jacksonian America , Ed . Frank Otto Gatell . New York : Holt , Rinehart and Winston , 1970 . Commager and Morris . 1965 . Introduction to The Awakening of American Nationalism : 1815 - 1828 . Harper & Row . New York . Dangerfield , George . 1965 . The Awakening of American Nationalism : 1815 - 1828 . Harper & Row . New York . Gatell , Frank O. 1970 . Essays on Jacksonian America , Ed . Frank Otto Gatell . Holt , Rinehart and Winston , Inc . New York . Goodrich , Carter . 1948 . The National Planning of Internal Improvements . Political Science Quarterly , LXIII ( March 1948 ) , 16 - 44 in Essays on Jacksonian America , Ed . Frank Otto Gatell . Holt , Rinehart and Winston , Inc . New York . 1970 . Preyer , Norris W. 1959 . Southern Support of the Tariff of 1816 : A Reappraisal ( Journal of Southern History , XXV ( August 1959 , pp. 306 -- 322 ) in Essays on Jacksonian America , Ed . Frank Otto Gatell . Holt , Rinehart and Winston , Inc . New York . 1970 . Remini , Robert V. 1991 . Henry Clay : Statesman for the Union . W.W. Norton and Co . New York . Webroots - US History for the Early 19th century `` Alexander James Dallas . '' Dictionary of American Biography Base Set . American Council of Learned Societies , 1928 - 1936 . Reproduced in Biography Resource Center . Farmington Hills , Mich. : Thomson Gale. 2005 . `` Henry Clay . '' Gale Encyclopedia of U.S. Economic History Gale Group , 1999 . Reproduced in Biography Resource Center . Farmington Hills . External links ( edit ) Act to regulate the duties on imports and tonnage . 14th Congress , 1st Session , Ch. 107 , 3 Stat. 310 . ( Tariff of 1816 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tariff_of_1816&oldid=812781820 '' Categories : Economic history of the United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 29 November 2017 , at 20 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
what was the purpose of the protective tariffs on european goods after the war of 1812
[ "The Tariff of 1816 (also known as the Dallas tariff) is notable as the first tariff passed by Congress with an explicit function of protecting U.S. manufactured items from overseas competition. Prior to the War of 1812, tariffs had primarily served to raise revenues to operate the national government. Another unique aspect of the tariff was the strong support it received from Northern states." ]
[ "protecting U.S. manufactured items from overseas competition" ]
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List of Fullmetal Alchemist: Brotherhood episodes
List of Fullmetal Alchemist : Brotherhood episodes - wikipedia List of Fullmetal Alchemist : Brotherhood episodes Cover for Fullmetal Alchemist : Brotherhood 's first DVD and Blu - ray release Fullmetal Alchemist : Brotherhood , known in Japan as Alchemist of Steel : Fullmetal Alchemist ( 鋼 の 錬金術 師 フルメタル アルケミスト , Hagane no Renkinjutsushi : Furumetaru Arukemisuto ) , is the second independent anime adaptation developed by Bones from the Fullmetal Alchemist manga series by Hiromu Arakawa . Yasuhiro Irie worked as director , and Hiroshi Ōnogi as writer . The series follows the story of two alchemist brothers , Edward and Alphonse Elric , who want to restore their bodies after a disastrous failed attempt to bring their mother back to life through alchemy . Unlike the first anime , which added original elements to the story , the second series follows the manga . The series comprises a total of 64 episodes and four original video animations . The series premiered on April 5 , 2009 , on MBS - TBS 's Sunday 5 : 30 pm JST anime timeblock , replacing Mobile Suit Gundam 00 . It received its English language premiere five days later on Animax Asia , with Japanese audio and English subtitles . Anime distributor Funimation streamed English subtitled episodes four days after the Japanese air dates on both its website and its YouTube channel . Funimation suspended streaming of the series for a few weeks in May following the accidental leak of an episode of One Piece from its servers before it had aired in Japan . All episodes were also available on American subscription service Hulu , showing 14 days after their original airing , as well as via Australia 's Madman Entertainment . English dubbed episodes of the show started on American cable channel Adult Swim from February 13 , 2010 , onwards , as part of their Saturday anime block . Aniplex began releasing the series in DVD and Blu - ray on August 26 , 2009 . The first one contains two episodes and an original video animation ( OVA ) . Three more OVAs were included in the fifth , ninth and thirteenth volumes alongside four episodes . Other volumes feature four episodes and no OVAs . A total of sixteen volumes were released , with the last one on November 24 , 2010 . Funimation released the episodes on Blu - ray and DVD in five volumes , each of thirteen episodes on May 25 , 2010 . Brotherhood 's music composer is Akira Senju . Ten pieces of theme music were used in Brotherhood . The respective opening and ending themes for the first 14 episodes are `` Again '' by Yui , and `` Uso '' ( 嘘 , lit . `` Lie '' ) by Sid . From episode 15 - 26 , the respective opening and ending themes are `` Hologram '' by Nico Touches the Walls , and `` Let It Out '' by Miho Fukuhara . From episode 27 - 38 , the respective opening and ending themes are `` Golden Time Lover '' by Sukima Switch , and `` Tsunaida Te '' ( つない だ 手 , lit . `` Tied Hands '' ) by Lil'B . From episode 39 - 50 , the respective opening and ending themes are `` Period '' by Chemistry , and `` Shunkan Sentimental '' ( 瞬間 センチメンタル , Shunkan Senchimentaru , lit . `` Sentimental Moment '' ) by Scandal . From episodes 51 - 62 , the respective opening and ending themes are `` Rain '' ( レイン , Rein ) by Sid , and `` Ray of Light '' by Shoko Nakagawa . While episodes 63 and 64 do not use opening themes , they use `` Rain '' and `` Hologram '' , respectively , for the endings . Contents 1 Episodes list 2 OVAs 3 References 4 External links Episodes list ( edit ) No . Title Original airdate U.S. airdate 01 `` Fullmetal Alchemist '' `` Hagane no Renkinjutsushi '' ( 鋼 の 錬金術 師 ) April 5 , 2009 February 13 , 2010 The Elric brothers , Edward and Alphonse , have already made a strong reputation for themselves despite Edward 's short military career . They are called upon by the Führer King Bradley and Colonel Roy Mustang to hunt down the `` Freezing Alchemist '' , the rogue state alchemist Isaac McDougal . Edward and Alphonse ambush and successfully capture their target . However , Edward becomes enraged by McDougal calling him `` small '' and McDougal finds an opening and escapes . The Elric brothers and the state military are forced to confront McDougal again when he simultaneously activates numerous transmutation circles in Central . This creates an alchemic reaction encompassing the entire command center . Edward suspects the use of a philosopher 's stone , but is unable to confirm his suspicion . Luckily , the Elric brothers , Major Alex Louis Armstrong , and Mustang succeed in thwarting McDougal 's plans to bury Central in ice . The Führer confronts McDougal as he attempts to escape . In the brief battle that follows , McDougal is easily sliced to death by the Führer , who later credits Mustang and the Elric brothers with helping to accomplish the mission . 02 `` The First Day '' `` Hajimari no Hi '' ( はじまり の 日 ) April 12 , 2009 February 20 , 2010 As Edward and Alphonse depart for Liore by train , their childhood is shown in flashback where they learned rudimentary alchemy from their father 's books . Upon their mother 's death , they attempted to revive her by performing human transmutation , a practice officially considered taboo among alchemists . A dark mass of shadowy hands then proceeded to disintegrate Alphonse 's physical body , while a disembodied figure named Truth showed Edward the secret behind perfect human transmutation in exchange for his left leg . To prevent the loss of his brother , Edward bonds Alphonse 's soul to a suit of armor , sacrificing his right arm to complete the process . Elsewhere in the present , Colonel Maes Hughes shows Mustang the paperwork concerning the McDougal incident , which states that McDougal used a little - known Xingese art known as alkahestry . Back in the past , Edward 's skill in surviving the attempted human transmutation and anchoring his brother 's soul attracted the attention of Mustang , who suggested that Edward become a state alchemist . Edward later passes the state alchemist examination and is given the title of `` Fullmetal Alchemist '' . 03 `` City of Heresy '' `` Jakyō no Machi '' ( 邪教 の 街 ) April 19 , 2009 February 27 , 2010 Edward and Alphonse arrive at Liore , where they witness Father Cornello gaining the devotion of the townspeople by performing `` miraculous '' transmutations , which they believe could only have been accomplished using a philosopher 's stone . They meet Rosé and request to see Cornello . When Cornello realizes that Edward and Alphonse are alchemists , he ambushes them with a chimera . While battling the chimera , Edward unintentionally reveals his prosthetic automail limbs , and Cornello realizes that he had attempted the taboo of human transmutation . Edward and Alphonse escape , taking Rosé with them . While Alphonse explains their story to Rosé , Cornello finds Edward and reveals his nefarious plan , unaware that it had been broadcast to the whole town of Liore through a microphone . Cornello attacks Edward using the philosopher 's stone on his ring , but Edward manages to defeat him . Edward realizes that the stone is a fake when it falls and shatters on the ground . Cornello runs off , but is killed by Lust and eaten by Gluttony . Later , Rosé demands the stone from Edward , but he confronts her with the truth about the fake stone and Cornello and he tells her to find strength within herself . 04 `` An Alchemist 's Anguish '' `` Renkinjutsushi no Kunō '' ( 錬金術 師 の 苦悩 ) April 26 , 2009 March 6 , 2010 A mysterious man with a cross-shaped scar across his face attacks and murders Brigadier General Basque Grand . The Führer orders Hughes and Armstrong to use all available resources to stop the murderer . Meanwhile , to avoid being in their debt , Mustang introduces Edward and Alphonse to state alchemist Shou Tucker , the `` Sewing - Life Alchemist '' , who obtained his credentials by creating a chimera which could understand human speech . He opens up his library to the Elric brothers to study living creature transmutation , but they also spend time playing with Tucker 's daughter Nina and the family dog Alexander . On returning to the house for another study session , they find that Tucker has created another speaking chimera in order to satisfy his yearly assessment requirements . However , Edward is furious to discover that the chimera was created by combining Nina and Alexander . He then realizes that Tucker did the same with his wife two years earlier and Alphonse stops Edward from nearly beating Tucker to death . Mustang tells him that by being a state alchemist , he must prepare himself to take a life if called upon by the military . While Tucker is arrested for his actions , he is visited by the scarred man , who kills him , and then delivers a mercy killing to the Nina / Alexander chimera . 05 `` Rain of Sorrows '' `` Kanashimi no Ame '' ( 哀しみ の 雨 ) May 3 , 2009 March 13 , 2010 Lieutenant Riza Hawkeye tells Edward and Alphonse that both Tucker and the chimera have been killed . Meanwhile , back in Liore , Lust and Gluttony attempt to cause a rebellion using the faith of the locals , with Envy using his shape - shifting powers to disguise himself as Cornello . Back at East City , as Edward and Alphonse dwell on their limits in alchemy , they are viciously attacked by Scar . They quickly retreat until they are cornered and are forced to defend themselves , resulting in Scar damaging Alphonse 's body and then destroying Edward 's right arm . The state alchemists intervene just when Scar prepares to finish off Edward . Mustang , unable to subdue Scar , is saved by Hawkeye , who reminds Mustang that his flame alchemy is useless in the rain . When Armstrong arrives and battles Scar , it is revealed that the man is an Ishvalan . Outnumbered , Scar manages to escape into the sewers , and Mustang tells the Elric brothers about the Ishval civil war . Edward and Alphonse decide to head back to Resembool to repair their bodies . 06 `` Road of Hope '' `` Kibō no Michi '' ( 希望 の 道 ) May 10 , 2009 March 20 , 2010 While Armstrong escorts Edward and Alphonse back to Resembool by train , he spots a man named Tim Marcoh , the `` Crystal Alchemist '' , at a nearby stop . He explains that Marcoh was a state alchemist and doctor during the Ishval civil war , and conducted research on biological alchemy before disappearing at the end of the war . They talk to Marcoh and learn that he was researching the philosopher 's stone but only succeeded in creating an incomplete version . At first refusing to share his knowledge with Edward , Marcoh eventually provides a clue to the location of his research data . After they reach Resembool , Winry Rockbell and her grandmother Pinako Rockbell start working on Edward 's automail . After receiving his replacement arm and leg , Edward uses his alchemy to rebuild Alphonse 's suit of armor from the shattered remains . Afterwards , the Elric brothers , along with Armstrong , head back to Central to look for Marcoh 's research . 07 `` Hidden Truths '' `` Kakusareta Shinjitsu '' ( 隠 され た 真実 ) May 17 , 2009 March 27 , 2010 Edward and Alphonse arrive back in Central , only to find that the first branch of the state library , where Marcoh 's research was stored , has been burned to the ground . Scar encounters and battles Lust and Gluttony in the sewers , resulting in a large explosion . Edward and Alphonse 's new escorts , Denny Brosh and Maria Ross , direct them to Sheska , a file clerk who had worked at the first branch of the state library , but was fired for spending her time reading . Sheska reveals that she has an eidetic memory and memorized all of Marcoh 's research and then makes handwritten duplicates for the Elric brothers . While initially appearing to be a cookbook , Edward notices that it is written in a code that Marcoh created . Edward and Alphonse spend several days deciphering the hidden data , only to discover that the philosopher 's stone is made by sacrificing living humans . Edward asks Brosh and Ross to keep it a secret , but Armstrong learns about it using intimidation . Edward notices another hidden piece of information , locating an unused laboratory next to a prison , where `` raw materials '' for the stone were gathered . Armstrong tells the Elric brothers to stay put , but they both manage to sneak out to the fifth laboratory . Edward enters the building via an air duct , while Alphonse waits outside , unaware that he is being watched by a menacing figure . 08 `` The Fifth Laboratory '' `` Daigo Kenkyūsho '' ( 第 五 研究 所 ) May 24 , 2009 April 3 , 2010 At the fifth laboratory , Alphonse fights Barry the Chopper outside , and Edward faces Slicer inside . It is revealed that both opponents are souls of murderers affixed to armor . Edward struggles in his battle when his automail arm malfunctions . Alphonse initially has the advantage in his fight , until Barry suggests that Alphonse never truly existed , claiming he was a doll made by Edward with false memories , causing Alphonse to contemplate the possibility . Edward is particularly troubled when his opponent turns out to be a pair of brothers , each controlling a different part of the armor . Edward manages to defeat Slicer by use of Scar 's destruction technique , but before he can extract any information from the two brothers , they are killed by Lust and Envy . Edward demands to know who they are and tries to use alchemy , but his automail arm breaks and he is knocked out by Envy . Outside , Barry almost gains the upper hand over Alphonse , but Alphonse is saved by the arrival of Brosh and Ross . Lust and Envy destroy the lab to cover up the evidence of the philosopher 's stone , but not before carrying Edward outside and handing him over to Brosh and Ross , commenting that he is a valuable resource . 09 `` Created Feelings '' `` Tsukurareta Omoi '' ( 創 られ た 想い ) May 31 , 2009 April 10 , 2010 Edward is hospitalized following the incident at the fifth laboratory . Needing his automail repaired , Edward calls for Winry to come to Central . Winry arrives and repairs Edward 's arm , adding the small bolt she forgot to insert back in Resembool . Alphonse still contemplates what Barry had told him about being a doll created by Edward . Hughes invites Winry over to his daughter Elicia 's birthday party , where she laments that Edward and Alphonse never tell her anything . Hughes tells her that men tend to hide things to avoid worrying anyone . Alphonse then confronts Edward about whether he is really an artificial soul . Edward storms off and Winry yells at Alphonse , telling him that Edward was terrified Alphonse may have blamed him for getting him stuck in the armor . The Elric brothers then fight , with Edward emerging as the victor . They both reminisce about their past fights , reaffirming their existence . Meanwhile , Scar wakes up in the care of Ishvalan refugees . 10 `` Separate Destinations '' `` Sorezore no Yukusaki '' ( それぞれ の 行く先 ) June 7 , 2009 April 17 , 2010 Führer King Bradley appears at the hospital and warns the Elric brothers to be careful around the military , and he then exits through a window to evade his subordinates . Edward and Alphonse decide to go to the town of Dublith to visit their alchemy teacher , Izumi Curtis , to ask her for information about the philosopher 's stone . They agree to take Winry with them when she notices that Rush Valley , a town known for creating the best automail in the world , is on the way to Dublith . Meanwhile , Hughes links the problems in Liore , the fifth laboratory , and the Ishval civil war . He discovers a connection , but is then attacked by Lust . He escapes her and tries to contact Mustang with his information at a public telephone booth , only to be pursued and gunned down by Envy , disguised firstly as Ross , and then as his wife Gracia . Hughes is posthumously promoted to the rank of brigadier general while his murder is investigated by Mustang , who concludes via Armstrong that a high ranked member of the military may be responsible for ordering Hughes ' death . 11 `` Miracle at Rush Valley '' `` Rasshu Barē no Kiseki '' ( ラッシュ バレー の 奇跡 ) June 14 , 2009 April 24 , 2010 Edward , Alphonse and Winry arrive in Rush Valley where Edward 's state alchemist pocket watch is stolen by a pickpocket named Paninya . After chasing her down , they find she has automail legs . Winry asks the automail 's creator , Dominic LeCoulte , to let her be his apprentice , but her request is swiftly denied . Winry convinces Paninya to stop being a pickpocket and return the pocket watch , but first she peeks inside and sees the date when the Elric brothers burned down their house . Meanwhile , Dominic 's daughter - in - law is having a baby , and she is unable to travel to a hospital in the poor weather . Winry and Paninya deliver the baby , resulting in a successful birth . Winry asks Dominic again to be an apprentice , and this time he directs her to another automail mechanical engineer . With that , Edward and Alphonse continue onward to Dublith . 12 `` One is All , All is One '' `` Ichi wa Zen , Zen wa Ichi '' ( 一 は 全 、 全 は 一 ) June 21 , 2009 May 1 , 2010 Edward and Alphonse visit their master Izumi and her husband Sig seeking clues on the philosopher 's stone . During their stay , the Elric brothers recall how they first met Izumi during a flooding in Resembool , and how they were formally accepted as Izumi 's disciples after she stranded them on an island for a month as a test . They look back at how they figured out the meaning behind `` one is all , all is one '' . Izumi realizes that the Elric brothers attempted human transmutation by their movements during hand - to - hand combat training . Realizing that they had attempted human transmutation Izumi tells the Elrics that she had also broke the taboo to bring back her baby who died during childbirth . The three make up , bonding over the hardships that they had suffered from their attempts at human transmutaton . 13 `` Beasts of Dublith '' `` Daburisu no Kemono - tachi '' ( ダブリス の 獣 たち ) June 28 , 2009 May 8 , 2010 Edward and Alphonse are expelled by Izumi , now treating them as her equals rather than as students . Meanwhile , Mustang announces to his five subordinates that they are all transferring to Central . Elsewhere , Scar is recovering in an Ishvalan squatter colony and is advised by the elder that pursuing the current state alchemists would not benefit the surviving Ishvalans . Scar is then accosted two thugs recruited by Yoki , who wants to take Scar back to Central over the murder of Basque Grand , but he defeats them and leaves the colony . In Dublith , Alphonse is lured to a trap and captured by Roa , Bido , Martel , and Dolcetto , chimera employed by the homunculus Greed . Edward finds Greed , who offers to teach him homunculus fabrication in exchange for information about human transmutation . Enraged , Edward charges at Greed who uses his ultimate shield to repel Edward 's attacks . However , Edward is able to counterattack by transmuting Greed 's ultimate shield . In the midst of the battle , Izumi arrives and intervenes , taking Greed by surprise . 14 `` Those Who Lurk Underground '' `` Chika ni Hisomu Mono - tachi '' ( 地下 に ひそむ 者 たち ) July 5 , 2009 May 15 , 2010 Bradley and Armstrong lead a team of state military soldiers to raid Greed 's hideout , although Bradley uses it as cover to hunt for Greed . Bradley goes into the sewage passageway beneath the hideout and duels with Greed . Surprised by the abilities of Bradley the Führer , Greed is severely weakened by Bradley who reveals his true identity as Wrath . Roa and Dolcetto attempt to save Greed , but are killed by the Führer . Martel , who is still inside Alphonse , attempts to choke Bradley to death with Alphonse 's armor , but she is stabbed by Bradley . Her blood splashes on Alphonse 's blood seal and unlocks his forgotten memories . Later , Alphonse reveals to Edward that he managed to recover his former memories , prior to their failed attempt at human transmutation to revive their mother . Greed is taken as a captive to Father , who was disappointed in him after he deserted the rest of the homunculi . When Greed refuses to rejoin the homunculi , he is melted alive to a liquid philosopher 's stone , which is then consumed by Father . 15 `` Envoy from the East '' `` Tōhō no Shisha '' ( 東方 の 使者 ) July 12 , 2009 May 22 , 2010 Scar engages and defeats another state alchemist named Giolio Comanche , the `` Silver Alchemist '' . Returning to his temporary hideout , Scar discovers Yoki with a young Xingese girl named May Chang accompanied by a tiny panda named Shao Mei . They traveled across the eastern desert searching for the philosopher 's stone . Meanwhile , Barry the Chopper is detained and interrogated by Roy Mustang , Riza Hawkeye , and Vato Falman over the assassination of Captain Maes Hughes . In Rush Valley , the Elric brothers ask Winry to repair Edward 's automail once again . They then find a starving Xingese man named Ling Yao . After being fed , he explains his purpose for researching alkahestry . Lin 's bodyguards , Lan Fan and Fu , attempt to take Elric brothers hostage , in the hope of extracting the secrets of the philosopher 's stone . The Elric brothers defeat the bodyguards , damaging much of the town in the process . However , the bodyguards escape , leaving the brothers to confront the angry townspeople . After they repair the town , Edward and Alphonse meet Ling again who explains that he wants to become the heir to the throne by offering the king some information about the philosopher 's stone and immortality . Winry joins the group as they all prepare to depart for Central . Meanwhile , Scar and Yoki travel to Central at night with May in a horse - drawn wagon . 16 `` Footsteps of a Comrade - in - Arms '' `` Senyuu no Ashiato '' ( 戦友 の 足跡 ) July 19 , 2009 May 30 , 2010 Edward , Alphonse and Winry arrive in Central , where Ling is arrested for being an illegal immigrant . Sheska accidentally reveals some information on Mustang to Envy , disguised as Captain Focker , one of her superiors . Mustang tells the Elric brothers that Hughes has retired from the state military , however , they soon learn the truth about his death after encountering Ross . When they visit Gracia and Elicia , Winry is already there , and the brothers apologize to Gracia , as Edward blames himself for Hughes ' murder . Gracia encourages them to push forward as she holds back her tears . Meanwhile , Envy comes up with a plan to stop Mustang from investigating Hughes ' murder . The next day , Ross is arrested by Colonel Henry Douglas for Hughes ' murder . 17 `` Cold Flame '' `` Reitetsu na Honō '' ( 冷徹 な 焔 ) July 26 , 2009 June 5 , 2010 Ross , accused of Hughes ' assassination , is placed under military police custody and interrogated by Douglas . After reading a newspaper article about Ross 's detention , Barry the Chopper leaves the safe house and launches a solo raid on the jail . Barry releases Ross from jail as well as Ling who promises to help them both . Barry tells Ross that she needs to leave Central immediately or risk being killed . Edward and Alphonse run into the trio , and Barry holds the brothers off to allow Ross time to escape . Ross then runs into Mustang , who seemingly kills her in with a massive fireball . Edward accosts Mustang after seeing a charred body , but Mustang coldly reminds Edward of his place as a soldier of the state military . Later , Armstrong shows up and declares that Edward should return to Resembool to have his automail arm fixed , dragging the confused Edward away . 18 `` The Arrogant Palm of a Small Human '' `` Chiisa na Ningen no Gōman na Tenohira '' ( 小さな 人間 の 傲慢 な 掌 ) August 2 , 2009 June 12 , 2010 Edward and Armstrong arrive in Resembool where they meet Heymans Breda , who takes them to the Xerxes ruins . Once there , they discover that Ross is still alive , and that Mustang faked her death in order to draw out those responsible for Hughes ' murder . After the brief reunion , Ross decides to hide out in Xing with Fu , but promises to return if she is ever needed . After Ross ' departure , Edward explores the ruins , finding a damaged transmutation circle . He also encounters a group of Ishbalan refugees , who reveal that it was Scar who killed Winry 's parents while they gave medical aid to the Ishbalan during the civil war . Meanwhile , Barry 's human body , which is now nothing more than a crazed animal , attacks Falman and Barry back in Central . However , with the assistance of Jean Havoc and the sniper Hawkeye , they manage to subdue Barry 's body . Suddenly , Hawkeye is attacked by Gluttony . 19 `` Death of the Undying '' `` Shinazaru Mono no Shi '' ( 死な ざる 者 の 死 ) August 9 , 2009 June 19 , 2010 Kain Fuery manages to save Hawkeye , with Mustang coming to defeat Gluttony . Alphonse meets up with the group and they pursue Barry , who chases his body into the depths of the third laboratory . The group splits into two teams . Mustang and Havoc are ambushed by Lust , resulting in both men being grievously wounded and left for dead . Lust then confronts Barry , slicing him to pieces . Hawkeye , believing Mustang to be dead , desperately shoots Lust repeatedly with minimal effect . Before Lust can kill Hawkeye , Mustang appears , having cauterized his wounds , he repeatedly incinerates Lust until her philosopher 's stone is depleted . No longer able to regenerate , she crumbles to ash . Barry 's soul survives , but his blood seal is scratched out by his human body , which kills both of them . Edward returns to Resembool and heads toward the Rockbell residence where he sees his father Van Hohenheim at the grave of his mother Trisha Elric . 20 `` Father Before the Grave '' `` Bozen no Chichi '' ( 墓前 の 父 ) August 16 , 2009 June 26 , 2010 After arguing with his father , Edward overhears Hohenheim tell Pinako Rockbell that the corpse that Elric brothers had attempted to transmute may not have been their mother . Hohenheim leaves the next day , warning Pinako that something terrible will happen in Amestris . Edward and Pinako dig up the failed transmutation corpse during a downpour and Edward realizes it is not their mother . Edward then calls Izumi , asking her to confirm that child in her transmutation was definitely hers . Edward returns to Central and reunites with Alphonse and Winry , explaining his discoveries . Izumi calls Edward , to say the transmuted baby was not hers . Edward , Alphonse , and Izumi then feel a sense of relief that they had not killed their loved ones a second time . This confirms Edward 's suspicions that it is not possible to revive someone who has died . However , Edward reassures the others that retrieving someone from beyond the gateway of Truth is still possible and the Elric brothers reaffirm their resolve to return Alphonse to his original body . 21 `` Advance of the Fool '' `` Gusha no Zenshin '' ( 愚者 の 前進 ) August 30 , 2009 July 3 , 2010 Edward ponders the proposition that Alphonse may be absorbing some nutrients through him . In hospital , Mustang suspects that the Führer is cooperating with the homunculi . Havoc reveals the lower half of his body is paralyzed , but Mustang says that he is still needed . Scar returns to Central and murders three more state alchemists , so Edward and Alphonse dangerously plan to confront him in order to draw out the homunculi . Ling and Lan Fan agree to help them , as it would benefit Ling in finding information about immortality . Mustang sends Breda to locate Marcoh , only to find he has been kidnapped . Edward begins showboating in the streets , eventually luring out Scar . While the Elric brothers fight him , Mustang reports false information regarding Scar 's whereabouts , confusing and stalling the state military to prevent Scar being shot before the homunculi appear . Gluttony appears , but is stopped by Lan Fan , who is in turn attacked by Bradley . 22 `` Backs in the Distance '' `` Tōku no Senaka '' ( 遠く の 背中 ) September 6 , 2009 July 10 , 2010 Ling tries to escape with the wounded Lan Fan , but is attacked by Bradley and Gluttony . Meanwhile , Winry heads to where the Elric brothers are fighting Scar and she hears Edward questioning Scar about the death of her parents . Shocked by this , Winry picks up a nearby gun and aims it at Scar . It is then that Scar tells them about his brother who had researched alchemy to combat the attacking state alchemists . However , they were attacked by Solf J. Kimblee , the `` Crimson Alchemist '' and Scar had his right arm brutally severed . To save him , his brother sacrificed himself and transferred his right arm onto Scar . Shocked upon waking up and seeing his brother 's arm on his body , Scar went berserk and killed Winry 's parents whom he saw as the enemy . Back in the present , Edward intervenes between Winry and Scar , reminding Scar of when his brother protected him . Edward then consoles the traumatized Winry , while Alphonse chases after Scar . Edward slowly unclasps her hand from the gun saying that her hands were meant to give life and not to kill . 23 `` Girl on the Battlefield '' `` Ikusaba no Shōjo '' ( 戦場 の 少女 ) September 13 , 2009 July 17 , 2010 Edward leaves Winry in the custody of the state military , while Bradley continues to chase Ling and Lan Fan , and Gluttony goes after Scar . Edward rejoins Alphonse in his fight against Scar when Gluttony arrives on the scene . Ling then joins the fight and is able to capture Gluttony using binding steel cables . Lan Fan manages to escape Bradley by cutting off her disabled arm and strapping it to a dog to throw him off her trail . Hawkeye arrives and drives off with Ling and Gluttony . As the Elric brothers are about to capture Scar , they are stopped by May . She uses her alkahestry to escape with him , however the Elric brothers catch her panda , Shao Mei . After the brothers explain everything to Winry she feels depressed and helpless , but her mood improves when she realizes that she is needed by her customers back in Rush Valley . As she leaves on the train for Rush Valley , Winry suspects that she may be falling in love with Edward . Meanwhile , Edward and Alphonse join the others at a hideout , where Lan Fan 's wounds are treated by Doctor Knox . Ling reveals to Edward , Alphonse , and Mustang that Bradley the Führer is a homunculus . When Gluttony hears mention of Mustang , Lust 's killer , he transforms and blows the corner off the hideout . 24 `` Inside the Belly '' `` Hara no Naka '' ( 腹の中 ) September 20 , 2009 July 24 , 2010 Marcoh , in the custody of the homunculi , has to cooperate in exchange for his village 's safety . Meanwhile , Edward , Alphonse , and Ling try to escape from Gluttony , who has become able to swallow anything in his sight . After losing Gluttony , Dr. Knox takes Mustang , Hawkeye , and Lan Fan to safety while Edward , Alphonse , and Ling stay to fight . Envy arrives to stop Gluttony from harming the Elric brothers . Hearing this , Edward and Alphonse face Gluttony while Ling battles Envy . During the fight , Gluttony accidentally swallows Edward , Ling , and Envy . Back in Central , Mustang stumbles upon a conspiracy between the Führer and the top brass of the state military . 25 `` Doorway of Darkness '' `` Yami no Tobira '' ( 闇 の 扉 ) September 27 , 2009 July 31 , 2010 Edward and Ling find themselves in an endless dark cavern and assume they are inside Gluttony 's stomach . May misses her companion Shao Mei , explaining how their circumstances brought them together , so Scar decides to help search for the panda . Edward and Ling find Envy who explains that there is no exit from the cavern and that Gluttony was a failed attempt by Father at recreating the Gate of Truth . Envy then reveals that he was the one who started the Ishval civil war . Edward angrily attacks him , but Envy transforms into his real form , a giant beast . In Central , the Führer isolates Mustang by transferring his staff to various military command headquarters and assigning Hawkeye as his personal assistant , effectively making her his hostage . Meanwhile , Alphonse convinces Gluttony to take him to Father , who is apparently in Central . 26 `` Reunion '' `` Saikai '' ( 再会 ) October 4 , 2009 August 7 , 2010 Edward and Ling face off against Envy . Edward hesitates to attack , due to the many people embedded into Envy 's body and is swallowed . Meanwhile , Scar and May find Shao Mei with Alphonse and Gluttony . They follow them into an underground tunnel where they are forced to fight off several chimeras . Edward spots Envy 's philosopher 's stone and , combined with the missing piece from the ruins of Xerxes he found in Gluttony 's stomach , he plans a way to escape with Envy 's help . Meanwhile , Bradley explains to Mustang how he was trained from birth for leadership and was injected with the philosopher 's stone making him a homunculus . Inside Gluttony , Edward reluctantly uses the souls inside the stone to transmute himself and open the Gate of Truth for Ling and Envy to escape . At the Gate , Edward finds Alphonse 's emaciated body but is unable to bring it back , since it is not his . However , before the gate closes , he yells that he will come back to get him someday . 27 `` Interlude Party '' `` Hazama no Utage '' ( 狭間 の 宴 ) October 11 , 2009 January 8 , 2011 In a clip show episode , Hohenheim is shown years ago at a festival in Resembool where he converses with a young Pinako . He remains apart from all the villagers and espouses his philosophy that humans are foolish , pitiful creatures . Snippets of the events to date are shown . At the end of the episode Hohenheim is shown awaking from a drunken dream after departing Resembool to pursue his ambitions . 28 `` Father '' `` Otō - sama '' ( お とう さま ) October 18 , 2009 January 15 , 2011 Alphonse and Gluttony arrive at Father 's lair , where Edward , Ling , and Envy burst out of Gluttony 's stomach . Father then uses his special powers to cancel Edward and Alphonse 's alchemy , rendering them ineffective . Ling is then captured and given the philosopher 's stone , which he willingly accepts , allowing Greed to take over his body . Scar and May then arrive and engage Father in battle , still able to use their alchemy . Edward tells Scar that Envy triggered the Ishbal civil war and Scar attacks Father again , but this time his alchemy does not work . May is injured by Gluttony , and Scar uses a hydrogen explosion as a diversion so they can both escape . Edward battles Greed but is quickly subdued , although he senses that Ling is still inside Greed . Envy and Gluttony pursue Scar , May and Alphonse , but Scar creates another explosion and almost kills Gluttony who must use the last of his regenerative abilities . Father extracts Gluttony 's philosopher 's stone , absorbing it into himself and promising to revive Gluttony with his memories intact . 29 `` Struggle of the Fool '' `` Gusha no Agaki '' ( 愚者 の 足掻き ) October 25 , 2009 January 22 , 2011 Envy leads Edward and Alphonse out of Father 's hideout which is under Central Command Headquarters . With May and Shao Mei hidden inside Alphonse 's armor , Envy takes them to meet Bradley who reveals that he is Wrath . Edward tries to resign from the state military , but Wrath threatens to kill Winry unless he remains a state alchemist . However , he allows the Elric brothers to continue their research . Bradley denies killing Hughes when asked by Mustang , but avoids naming the killer . Meanwhile , Scar encounters Marcoh who is imprisoned and admits to being involved in the extermination of the Ishvalans . Later , Mustang reveals Bradley 's true identity to Armstrong , pondering that there may be someone controlling Bradley . Alphonse takes May to be treated by Knox , with a message from Greed / Ling for Lan Fan telling her that he has a philosopher 's stone . Edward , upon hearing that other alchemists failed to transmute at the same time his abilities were blocked by Father , wonders how Scar and May were still able to use theirs . Meanwhile , Marcoh asks Scar to kill him , but Scar demands to know more about Marcoh 's involvement involved in the civil war . 30 `` The Ishvalan War of Extermination '' `` Ishuvāru Senmetsusen '' ( イシュヴァール 殲滅 戦 ) November 1 , 2009 January 29 , 2011 Years ago , Mustang 's desire to become a state alchemist was disapproved of by his dying teacher , Berthold Hawkeye . He asked Mustang to look after his daughter who has the details of his flame alchemy research - tattooed on her back . In the present , Edward returns Riza Hawkeye 's gun , explaining his inability to pull the trigger . Marcoh reveals to Scar that after the civil war had continued for seven years , Bradley signed a document approving the extermination of the Ishvalans . The killing took an emotional toll on many state alchemists and soldiers , including Hughes and Mustang . Marcoh confesses that he was involved in using Ishvalans to make the philosopher 's stone , which was given to the heartless state alchemist Major Solf J. Kimblee . The Ishvalan leader pleaded with Bradley to end the killing in exchange for his life , but his request was rejected . When the civil war finally ended , Mustang resolved to become a new Führer to protect the people , and appointed Hawkeye as his second - in - command . Hawkeye tells Edward that when they finally achieve peace , they may be punished for the crimes they committed during the war . Meanwhile checks Marcoh 's prison cell and finds a beheaded corpse with the word `` vengeance '' written in blood on the wall . 31 `` The 520 Cens Promise '' `` Gohyaku Nijū Senzu no Yakusoku '' ( 520 センズ の 約束 ) November 8 , 2009 February 5 , 2011 After contemplating why Scar and May could transmute when the alchemy of others was blocked at the time , Edward and Alphonse decide to search for May and Shao Mei . Meanwhile , Mustang 's subordinates say their goodbyes as they are sent to different state military bases . Mustang later reminds Edward that he owes him five hundred and twenty cens , but Edward decides to keep the money until Mustang becomes Führer . Mustang uses the note he received from Falman to make contact with Commanding Officer Grumman . Meanwhile , Fu is shocked to find Lan Fan had lost her arm , yet they decline to seek an automail replacement . Later , Knox has a visit from his wife and son , who are pleased to hear he treated two live patients . Suspecting that Marcoh had escaped with Scar , Envy releases Kimblee from prison and gives him the task of retrieving Marcoh and killing Scar . Wanting to find out more about Kimblee and the secrets behind his brother 's alchemy , Scar deforms Marcoh 's face so he will not be recognized before heading north to recover his brother 's notes . 32 `` The Führer 's Son '' `` Daisōtō no Musuko '' ( 大 総統 の 息子 ) November 15 , 2009 February 12 , 2011 As May catches a train north with a hooded person , Scar heads west by train with another person . Grumman , disguised as a woman , meets Mustang to discuss the current situation and reveals that he saw May at the railway station . Mustang asks Armstrong to pass the information onto Edward , who is in the library searching for notes on alkahestry . Armstrong also gives Edward a letter of introduction to his sister , Major General Olivier Mira Armstrong at Briggs Fortress . Meanwhile , Edward and Alphonse accidentally meet the Führer 's seemingly naive adopted son , Selim Bradley , and are invited to his house . There , they meet the Führer 's wife and are later joined by the Führer himself . After the meeting , the Elric brothers also catch a train north , following May . Meanwhile , Kimblee attacks Scar 's train , but Scar and his companion leave the train and travel on by foot , leaving Kimblee to predict Scar 's next move . 33 `` The Northern Wall of Briggs '' `` Burigguzu no Hokuheki '' ( ブリッグズ の 北 壁 ) November 22 , 2009 February 19 , 2011 Kimblee deduces that Scar is headed north . He manages to catch up to the train Scar is riding , only to find his hooded companion is Yoki and not Marcoh . Scar and Kimblee recognize each other from their encounter in Ishval , and a fight ensues . Scar impales Kimblee who manages to separate the train carriages and escape . Meanwhile , May continues north with Marcoh , while Edward and Alphonse arrive at the mountain path leading to Briggs Fortress . They are attacked by Captain Buccaneer before being surrounded and captured by the guards and taken before Olivier . Meanwhile , May and Marcoh manage to find research notes written by Scar 's brother and begin to decipher them . 34 `` Ice Queen '' `` Kōri no Joō '' ( 氷 の 女王 ) November 29 , 2009 February 26 , 2011 Edward learns that his steel automail is not suited for the cold weather at Briggs Fortress . Olivier asks the Elric brothers about the purpose of their arrival , but they only mention their search for May , intriguing Olivier because of her interest in alkahestry . Edward has a challenging encounter with Major Miles who is part Ishvalan , and they also run into Falman who has been posted to Briggs . Suddenly , the homunculus named Sloth appears from underground , and Olivier is surprised at his invulnerability . Edward holds back his knowledge about the homunculus , only mentioning that its makeup is similar to that of a human , which gives Olivier an idea on how to defeat it . 35 `` The Shape of This Country '' `` Kono Kuni no Katachi '' ( この 国 の かたち ) December 6 , 2009 March 5 , 2011 Olivier and her crew manage to subdue Sloth by dousing him in fuel and forcing him outside to freeze . Olivier then has the Elric brothers arrested so she can learn more about the homunculus . General Raven visits Kimblee in hospital , who secretly has two philosopher 's stones , and brings along another state alchemist to heal his wounds . Meanwhile , Marcoh continues to look into alkahestry , with May teaching him how it works . Edward , Alphonse , Olivier , Buccaneer , and Falman investigate the tunnel that Sloth used to invade Briggs . While there , Olivier presses the Elrics for more information . Edward and Falman deduce that the tunnel is being used as a giant transmutation circle to connect sites for the creation of a philosopher 's stone , and that Amestris was formed for that purpose . Later , Olivier talks with Raven , soliciting information about the creation of immortal armies while the others listen in on their conversation . 36 `` Family Portrait '' `` Kazoku no Shōzō '' ( 家族 の 肖像 ) December 13 , 2009 March 12 , 2011 Hohenheim recalls the time thirteen years ago when he left his family , lamenting that his body would outlast that of his wife and sons . Meanwhile , soldiers investigating the tunnels under Briggs Fortress find themselves under attack by a mysterious shadow . Raven tells Olivier to put Sloth back into the tunnel and seal it off . While Miles stalls Kimblee for time , Olivier kills Raven . As Olivier shows a few of her men a separate entrance to the tunnel , Kimblee brings Winry over to see Edward and Alphonse , reminding them of their place and situation . Meanwhile , Scar and Yoki reunites with May and Marcoh , and Mustang receives information about the events in Briggs from his intelligence sources and a message from Olivier . 37 `` The First Homunculus '' `` Hajimari no Homunkurusu '' ( 始まり の 人造 人間 ( ホムンクルス ) ) December 20 , 2009 March 19 , 2011 Edward has his automail upgraded by Winry , while Kimblee issues orders to keep Alphonse separated from Edward . Olivier sends a search party down into the tunnels to search for the missing troops . They find a couple of survivors who warn them not to turn any lights on or a monster will come . Hawkeye discovers that Selim is the first homunculus called Pride , who attacks from the shadows . Kimblee orders Edward to search for Scar and Marcoh , and to create a blood crest similar to Ishval in Briggs Fortress . He tempts Edward with a philosopher 's stone if he accepts . After telling Alphonse and Winry about the situation , Edward accepts the job , although Alphonse suspects that Edward does not intend to use the stone . As the Elric brothers leave to search for Scar , Winry decides to accompany them , suspecting their real intent is to find May and learn Xingese alkahestry . 38 `` Conflict at Baschool '' `` Bazukūru no Gekitō '' ( バズクール の 激闘 ) December 27 , 2009 March 26 , 2011 Hawkeye receives a call from Mustang , but feels unable to say anything for fear of being overheard by Pride . In the town of Baschool , the Elric brothers and Winry , lose the guards who were assigned to them . They run into May , Marcoh , and Yoki who explains in detail how he was banished from the state military because of the Elric brothers . Elsewhere in Baschool , Scar encounters a pair of Kimblee 's chimeras named Jerso and Zampano , and is pinned down by them . However , Edward and Alphonse arrive and beat the chimeras then restrain Scar themselves . Winry and Miles arrive , and Winry confronts Scar face - to - face about the deaths of her parents . Scar creates an explosion in which Edward escapes , but it appears that Scar has taken Winry hostage . Meanwhile , as Olivier 's squad retrieve the survivors from the tunnels , Briggs Fortress is approached by more forces from Central Command Headquarters . 39 `` Daydream '' `` Hakuchū no Yume '' ( 白昼 の 夢 ) January 10 , 2010 April 2 , 2011 When faced with the option of judging the man who killed her parents , Winry decides to bandage Scar 's wounds , knowing it would be something her parents would do . Miles then explains to Scar that he joined the military to gradually change the way people think of Ishvalans and agrees to help Edward . Since May and Marcoh need Scar to decipher his brother 's research , Miles offers to hide everyone at the fort , with Alphonse insisting on sparing the two chimeras . Winry comes up with a ruse to make it look like Scar has kidnapped her to elude Kimblee . Scar and company head for the fort via tunnels in the mine , just before a blizzard sets in . Miles then receives word that Olivier is no longer commander of Briggs as it is now being controlled by state alchemists . Alphonse willingly goes into the blizzard to find and warn the group and briefly sees his body , and wonders if it is trying to retrieve its soul . Meanwhile , Father makes alchemic plans involving Alphonse , Edward , Hohenheim , Izumi , and seeks one more candidate . 40 `` Homunculus ( The Dwarf in the Flask ) '' `` Homunkurusu '' ( フラスコ の 中 の 小 人 ) January 17 , 2010 April 9 , 2011 Olivier reports to Bradley at Central where she admits to killing Raven but convinces Bradley to let her take his place . Meanwhile , Hawkeye uses a coded message to tell Roy Mustang that Selim is a homunculus . In his lair , Father daydreams of the time in ancient Xerxes , where the nameless slave , known only as Number 23 , met Homunculus , a being in a flask who was created from his blood . It gave Hohenheim his current name and taught him the basics of alchemy . Homunculus promised to make the King of Xerxes immortal , and told the king to make a gigantic transmutation circle . At the appointed time , Hohenheim stood at the center of the circle with Homunculus , and the whole country , including the king became a sacrifice . When Hohenheim awoke , everyone in Xerxes was dead , except for him and Homunculus who had created a body shaped like Hohenheim for itself , calling itself Father . Back in the present , Hohenheim encounters Izumi and Sig , noticing her poor health for committing the ultimate sin . He rearranges Izumi 's organs so that her blood can flow better , saying that she ca n't die yet and explaining that he is a philosopher 's stone in human form . 41 `` The Abyss '' `` Naraku '' ( 奈落 ) January 24 , 2010 April 16 , 2011 Miles plans to kill Kimblee and his two henchmen , over Edward 's objections . As Scar and company exit the mine , they find Alphonse , who warns them about Central Command Headquarters controlling Briggs Fortress , so Scar leads them towards an Ishvalan slum . Miles attempts to snipe at Kimblee , but Kimblee detects the trap and uses a cover of snow to enter the mines . Edward follows but is attacked by Kimblee 's chimeras , Darius and Heinkel . Edward disables them by using the ammonia in dynamite to overwhelm their high sense of smell . Edward then knocks the philosopher 's stone out of Kimblee 's hand , but Kimblee uses another philosopher 's stone hidden inside his mouth to create a massive explosion , sending Edward and the chimeras down a mine shaft where Edward is impaled by a steel bar . Meanwhile , Alphonse starts to drift out of consciousness , feeling that his soul is being drawn back to his body . Edward asks the chimeras to remove the bar while he sacrifices some of his life span to temporarily fix the wound and to stop the bleeding . The chimeras then find the philosopher 's stone that Kimblee dropped , and decide to take Edward to a doctor . 42 `` Signs of a Counteroffensive '' `` Hangeki no Kizashi '' ( 反撃 の 兆し ) January 31 , 2010 April 23 , 2011 Alphonse awakes , realizing he was dismantled by the group to carry him back to the tunnels . As they reassemble him , May deciphers a code in the notes written by Scar 's brother by rearranging and overlapping the pages , which reveal the nationwide Amestris transmutation circle . After accidentally flipping some of the pages , they assemble another alkahestry transmutation circle that will neutralize the first . Meanwhile , Kimblee encounters Pride , who tells Kimblee to carve out the Briggs Fortress blood crest . Elsewhere , Falman contacts Breda , and Sloth finishes digging the tunnels . Hohenheim arrives in Liore , where Rosé and the other citizens are rebuilding , and finds an underground passage under the church of Leto . As he stumbles upon Sloth 's tunnels , he is attacked by Pride but manages to escape beyond its limit and then tells Pride to let Father know he will be coming . Meanwhile , Kimblee conspires with the Drachman military to attack Briggs Fortress , and Zampano informs Envy of Marcoh 's location . 43 `` Bite of the Ant '' `` Ari no Hito Kami '' ( 蟻 の ひと 噛み ) February 7 , 2010 May 1 , 2011 Briggs Fortress defeats the Drachman military forces with ease , their bodies laying in the snow carving out the blood crest . Zampano takes a disguised Envy to Marcoh . Envy attacks Marcoh who reveals that it was a trap and Envy is outsmarted by the multiple alkahestry traps set up by May . In anger , Envy reverts to his beast - like form and begins to attack the group . However , after being captured by the beast , Marcoh destroys the philosopher 's stone inside Envy , reducing him to his real form , a tiny , parasitic creature . Scar gives it to May and tells her to return to her country . Marcoh and Scar go their own way , and Alphonse and the rest head for Liore . In Dublith , Bido , the last remaining chimera under Greed , sees two military officers searching for Izumi . Thinking that they could lead him to Greed , he hides underneath their car . Olivier is told about the fort 's victory , and one of the superior officers shows her a secret and forbidden incubation facility for the creation of humanoids . Meanwhile arriving in Liore , Alphonse 's group meet Rosé as well someone who appears to be Hohenheim . 44 `` Revving at Full Throttle '' `` Barinbarin no Zenkai '' ( バリンバリン の 全開 ) February 14 , 2010 May 8 , 2011 Alphonse and Winry are welcomed by Rosé and the people of Liore . Meanwhile , Darius , one of the chimeras who helped Edward , makes a withdrawal at a bank from Edward 's state alchemist research account . However , the state military is informed and they storm the clinic where Edward is being treated , but the trio manage to escape . Meanwhile , Hohenheim tells Alphonse the truth about himself , his involvement with Father and the coming Promised Day while Alphonse tells him of their own plans . While Olivier is shown the army of humanoids being created by the military , Bido is spotted by Greed . Greed does n't remember him , and after a short pursuit , Greed ends up killing him . Angered at seeing Greed kill one of his own friends , Ling 's conscience viciously clashs with Greed 's . Later that night , Greed storms Bradley 's mansion and violently attacks him . 45 `` The Promised Day '' `` Yakusoku no Hi '' ( 約束 の 日 ) February 21 , 2010 May 15 , 2011 Greed is overwhelmed in his fight with Bradley , but he manages to survive and escape . Meanwhile , Olivier requests that her father determine succession to the household , which leads to a fight she inevitably wins against her brother . However it 's mainly a ruse to protect her family who then leave on a holiday . May passes through Youswell , where the people offer to help her journey back to Xing , but Envy tricks her into heading back to Central . Edward , Darius , and Heinkel arrive at one of the old hideouts in Central looking for Alphonse , only to be surprised by the arrival of Ling who had temporarily regained control over his body . Ling tells Edward that Father will try to open the gate on the Promised Day . When Greed regains control , Edward suggests that he become his ally since he has severed relationships with the homunculi . Instead , Greed jokingly says they can work for him and Edward surprisingly accepts the offer . Meanwhile , Alphonse passes a message through Izumi to Miles , and through their allies in the military to Mustang , warning everyone about the Promised Day which is scheduled to take place next spring . 46 `` Looming Shadows '' `` Semaru Kage '' ( 迫る 影 ) February 28 , 2010 May 22 , 2011 Briggs Fortress soldiers escort Winry back home , where she is surprised to find Edward and his group . Edward warns her to escape to another country , but she refuses and says that Edward should ensure he protects everyone . Meanwhile , Scar has recruited several Ishvalans to help in his cause . Alphonse , who had been suffering from more frequent blackouts , is ambushed and captured by Gluttony and Pride . At the Armstrong household , Mustang secretly reveals Selim 's true identity to Olivier . On the day before the Promised Day , Bradley is tricked into taking a train back to Central and is caught in an explosion on a rail bridge . Meanwhile , Hawkeye , Breda , and Fuery prepare for the upcoming day . Within the military , as the chosen generals are panicking over the Führer 's possible death , Olivier sees her chance to try to take control . However , before she can do anything , she is halted by the sudden appearance of Father and Sloth . 47 `` Emissary of Darkness '' `` Yami no Shisha '' ( 闇 の 使者 ) March 7 , 2010 May 29 , 2011 Hohenheim tells Edward 's group about the Promised Day , and in return Edward tells him Trisha 's dying words . Edward 's group leave , only to run into Alphonse in the forest , controlled by Pride . Pride attacks the group and appears to get the upper hand , but Edward blacks out the slums , removing the light source and denying Pride the use of shadows . In total darkness , Heinkel uses his hunting abilities to find and attack Pride . Meanwhile , Gluttony appears and attacks Edward , Greed , and Darius . Greed , disadvantaged in the dark , agrees to switch places with Ling who uses his detection abilities to fight Gluttony . As Gluttony transforms into the devouring gateway , he is overwhelmed and shredded by the sudden intervention of Lan Fan , who is now equipped with an automail arm . 48 `` The Oath in the Tunnel '' `` Chikadō no Chikai '' ( 地下道 の 誓い ) March 14 , 2010 June 5 , 2011 Ling and Lan Fan fight Gluttony , while Heinkel continues to fight Pride . Meanwhile , Mustang visits Madame Christmas at her hostess bar , informing her that Selim is a homunculus . Pride manages to overwhelm Heinkel . However , before Pride can finish him off , Edward intervenes and saves Heinkel using his automail which is now reinforced with carbon . Spies from Central follow Mustang to the bar , then receive news that Madame Christmas is his foster mother . The bar suddenly explodes , and Mustang escapes into the sewers with Madame Christmas and they part ways . He then meets up with Hawkeye , Breda , and Fuery and confirms his plan to take over Central . Pride takes over Alphonse 's armor again and prepares to fight Edward , but Fu throws a flash bomb into the air overwhelming the shadows with light and breaking Pride 's control . Darius then takes Alphonse to safety , while Gluttony stumbles into the fight between Edward and Pride . Upon discovering that Ling and Lan Fan can sense homunculi , Pride consumes Gluttony , both to replenish his life as well as to gain a sense of smell that can detect Edward 's group , and even Hohenheim who is nearby . Back in Central , Mustang makes the first move in his plot by capturing Bradley 's wife . 49 `` Filial Affection '' `` Oyako no Jō '' ( 親子 の 情 ) March 21 , 2010 June 12 , 2011 Edward , Greed , and Lan Fan have a difficult time fighting Pride , following his assimilation of Gluttony . Alphonse intentionally allows himself to be captured by Pride so that Hohenheim can encase them in a mountain of soil devoid of light , preventing Pride from using his shadows powers . Meanwhile , Kimblee begins to move just as Scar 's group is told about the bombing of Bradley 's train . As the Promised Day begins , Greed goes to Central on his own while both Edward and Scar 's groups meet up again to devise a plan . In Central , Mustang and his subordinates begin to attack soldiers while using Bradley 's wife as a hostage . However , Brigadier General Clemin gives the order to kill everybody in the group , except Mustang . 50 `` Upheaval in Central '' `` Sentoraru Dōran '' ( セントラル 動乱 ) March 28 , 2010 June 19 , 2011 Mustang 's small team are cornered by the Central soldiers , however Mustang 's old Ishval squadron arrive and saves them . Meanwhile , the Briggs Fortress soldiers , led by Buccaneer , join the battle . As Mustang 's team begins to run low on ammunition , they are saved by Maria Ross and Rebecca Catalina with a truckload of weapons and ammunition . Mustang calls to thank Ross 's weapons supplier and he is surprised to hear the crippled Havoc at the other end . At headquarters , Olivia tires of the bumbling Central military and stabs one general and kills Lieutenant General Gardiner . During the chaos , Edward 's group sneaks back into Central via the underground tunnels and then into Central via the third laboratory . Edward , Scar , Darius , Jerso , and Zampano go in one direction while Hohenheim and Lan Fan go in the other . However , in frustration at the delay in stopping Mustang , and ignoring the protests of a lab member who says they have not yet completed their trials , a member of the Senior Staff awakens the humanoid mannequin soldiers . 51 `` The Immortal Legion '' `` Fushi no Gundan '' ( 不死 の 軍団 ) April 4 , 2010 June 26 , 2011 The Senior Staff member orders the mannequin soldiers to attack the invading troops , but instead they attack and begin to devour him . Edward opens the door where Alphonse had earlier fought against Lust , and the mannequin soldiers emerge from it eager to feed . Meanwhile , Olivier is attacked by Sloth , who had been ordered to kill her . Alphonse and Heinkel learn too late that Pride had been sending a morse code message from banging a stick on Alphonse 's head , and they are soon attacked by Kimblee who frees Pride from his imprisonment . In the sewers , May is also attacked by the mannequin soldiers . Envy is freed in the struggle and manages to merge with them , returning to his human form . As Olivier struggles against Sloth , Armstrong arrives and joins the fight . Alphonse transmutes his legs off in order to help Heinkel , who then gives him the philosopher 's stone that Kimblee had previously lost in the mine explosion . Alphonse reluctantly uses it to restore his legs , and then prepares to challenge Pride and Kimblee . 52 `` Combined Strength '' `` Minna no Chikara '' ( みんなの 力 ) April 11 , 2010 July 2 , 2011 Alphonse begins using the philosopher 's stone to battle Pride and Kimblee . He manages to trap Pride once again , but is taken by surprise by Kimblee using his own stone . Meanwhile , as the Armstrong siblings gain the upper hand over Sloth , he reveals himself to be the fastest homunculus . Alphonse is caught by Pride again , but meanwhile Heinkel had been healed by Marcoh and manages to bite Kimblee on the neck , delivering a fatal blow . Yoki arrives by vehicle to rescue Alphonse and the others and they drive towards Central while Pride consumes Kimblee and his stone . Armstrong manages to temporarily impale Sloth on a spike , but he and Olivier are then attacked by mannequin soldiers while below , May fends off Envy and more mannequin soldiers in an underground tunnel . Meanwhile Edward 's group , about overwhelmed by the mannequin soldiers , is rescued by the arrival of Mustang and Hawkeye . 53 `` Flame of Vengeance '' `` Fukushū no Honō '' ( 復讐 の 炎 ) April 18 , 2010 July 9 , 2011 Mustang 's team arranges for Bradley 's wife to be interviewed on a live radio broadcast , and with the help of the Ishvalans , word of a supposed coup d'état spreads . The citizens begin to support the rebels , while Briggs Fortress troops launch an attack on Central Command Headquarters . Meanwhile , Mustang easily destroys the mannequin soldiers surrounding Edward 's group by burning them to ash . May lures Envy into a trap in the upper levels , causing them both to fall into the chamber below with Edward 's group . Envy is led to reveal himself as Hughes ' killer , infuriating Mustang who unleashes a torrent of flames at Envy . Edward 's group moves onward as Mustang brutally burns Envy , but Edward is concerned that Mustang may become consumed by his own hatred . Envy realizes he is no match for Mustang and flees for his life . Also concerned by Mustang 's behaviour , Hawkeye follows Mustang into the tunnels , but is seen by Envy . Mustang later encounters Hawkeye , who aims a gun at him as he turns his back . 54 `` Beyond the Inferno '' `` Rekka no Saki ni '' ( 烈火 の 先 に ) April 25 , 2010 July 16 , 2011 In a flashback to the Ishval war , Hawkeye asks Mustang to burn her father 's notes on Flame Alchemy from her back . In the present , Hawkeye sees through Envy 's disguise as Mustang and Hawkeye shoots Envy until Mustang arrives and mercilessly incinerates the homunculus , reverting him back to his parasitic form . Before Mustang can kill Envy , Edward , Hawkeye and Scar persuade him to curb his anger and need for revenge , arguing that Amestris can not be ruled by someone consumed with hatred . Envy becomes outraged by Mustang 's change of heart and tries to goad them into killing each other by pointing out all of the terrible things they have done to each other . Edward concludes that Envy hates humans because he is jealous of their capacity to continue living despite all the abuse they take . Humiliated and insulted by Edward 's analysis , Envy commits suicide by tearing out and destroying his own philosopher 's stone . Meanwhile , the Armstrong siblings slowly gain the upper hand in their battle against Sloth . Izumi allied with the Briggs Fortress soldiers arrives in Central to participate in the coup d'état . Meanwhile below Central , Hohenheim confronts Father alone . 55 `` The Adults ' Way of Life '' `` Otona - tachi no Ikizama '' ( 大人 たち の 生き 様 ) May 2 , 2010 July 23 , 2011 The Armstrong siblings have trouble fighting off both Sloth and the mannequin soldiers until Izumi and Sig arrive . Through their combined efforts , they manage to inflict enough damage on Sloth to finally kill him before turning their attention to the mannequin soldiers . Meanwhile , Father attacks Hohenheim underground and in the midst of the battle , Hohenheim asserts that Father created the homuncului as a substitute family . Father attempts to take the philosopher 's stone from within Hohenheim , but is unable to do so . Briggs Fortress soldiers declare the majority of the Central Command Headquarters captured and start to celebrate , however Bradley , still alive , approaches the headquarters , promising to reclaim it . 56 `` The Return of the Führer '' `` Daisōtō no Kikan '' ( 大 総統 の 帰還 ) May 9 , 2010 July 30 , 2011 A flashback shows Hohenheim 's escape into the desert after the destruction of Xerxes and rescue by Xing merchants . In the present , Hohenheim reveals that when Father tried to steal his philosopher 's stone , he infused souls from within the stone into Father 's body to destroy it from the inside . However , Father is able to survive outside of the skin which is his container and shows his true form . Meanwhile , Bradley begins his solo attack on the headquarters and decimates the defending forces , even destroying Buccaneer 's automail arm and rallying the Central forces who regroup . As Bradley reaches the battlements above the front gate , he is challenged by Greed , so Bradley reveals his hidden ultimate eye and counterattacks . Buccaneer allows himself to be stabbed in order to remove Bradley 's sword , although Bradley soon arms himself with daggers . Meanwhile , Central soldiers are reinforced by the 3rd Guards Battalion under Gamelan , so Falman and the remaining Briggs Fortress fight a defensive action . Suddenly Fu arrives and launches his own attack on Bradley . 57 `` Eternal Leave '' `` Eien no Itoma '' ( 永遠 の 暇 ) May 16 , 2010 August 6 , 2011 Greed and Fu both attack Bradley , but Greed gets pinned down , forcing Fu to fight Bradley alone . Fu attempts a suicide attack using explosives strapped to his chest , but Bradley defuses them and mortally wounds Fu . However , Buccaneer thrusts a sword through Fu 's body before he falls and into Bradley 's stomach , allowing Ling to scratch out his ultimate eye . Lan Fan arrives to witness her grandfather 's death . Meanwhile underground , Edward 's group encounters the gold - toothed doctor who created Bradley , and is pitted against the numerous rejected Führer candidates . The doctor then activates a transmutation circle connected to the five research labs in Central , which absorbs Edward , Alphonse , and Izumi . 58 `` Sacrifices '' `` Hitobashira '' ( ひと ば しら ) May 23 , 2010 August 13 , 2011 During the fierce fight between Ling and Bradley on the battlements , Bradley falls into the moat below and Ling is distraught at his inability to save Fu . As Buccaneer lies dying , he makes a final request to Ling to defend the front gate . Ling complies and draws upon the full power of Greed 's ultimate shield to annihilate all the Central forces before the gate . Underground , Edward and Izumi , with an unconscious Alphonse , reappear in Father 's lair to find Hohenheim subdued and embedded within the Homunculus . With four of the five human sacrifices in hand , Father is left to wait for the fifth . The gold - toothed doctor in the levels above , orders Hawkeye 's throat to be slit , telling Mustang that he will only save her if he performs human transmutation as the fifth candidate , to which he agrees . 59 `` Lost Light '' `` Ushinawareta Hikari '' ( 失 われ た 光 ) May 30 , 2010 August 20 , 2011 After Mustang agrees to perform a human transmutation , Hawkeye signals him with her eyes and he refuses to proceed . Suddenly , May arrives with Jerso , Zampano and Darius who take control while May stops Hawkeye 's bleeding . At that moment , Bradley ( Wrath ) appears and picks up the philosopher 's stone dropped on the floor . However , Pride also arrives and they force Mustang to perform a human transmutation , using the gold - toothed doctor as a sacrifice . Mustang passes through the Gate of Truth and appears in Father 's lair with Pride and the other sacrifices , finding he has lost his eyesight in exchange . While Scar battles Wrath in the chamber above Father 's lair , May crashes through the ceiling to find Alphonse unconscious . Meanwhile , Alphonse stands before the gate and sees his Frail body , despairing that it can be used to fight alongside the others . Leaving , he promises to return for his body and returns through the gate . Regaining consciousness in Father 's lair , Alphonse completes the count of five sacrifices for the Homunculus . 60 `` Eye of Heaven , Gateway of Earth '' `` Ten no Hitomi , Chi no Tobira '' ( 天 の 瞳 、 地 の 扉 ) June 6 , 2010 August 27 , 2011 Edward and Alphonse battle Pride , as May takes on the Homunculus Father herself . Above ground , the Ishvalans lay alkahestry transmutation circles throughout Amestris . In his continuing fight against Wrath , Scar uses a reconstruction transmutation circle from his brother 's research which is now tattooed on his other arm . Edward 's group starts to gain the upper hand against Father , but despite the arrival of Greed , Father grabs the four sacrifices and Hohenheim to create his transmutation circle as the solar eclipse reaches its zenith . The transmutation absorbs all the souls in Amestris and gives Father enough power to open a gateway from earth , allowing him to unlock the entrance to Heaven and absorb the Being within , the Eye of God . 61 `` He Who Would Swallow God '' `` Kami o Nomikomishi Mono '' ( 神 を 呑み こみ し 者 ) June 13 , 2010 September 3 , 2011 Those present in Father 's lair survive the human transmutation , discovering the Homunculus has used over fifty million Amestrian souls to suppress the Eye of God within a reborn body . Father neutralizes the use of alchemy and prepares to annihilate them . However over the years , Hohenheim had placed fragments of his own philosopher 's stone across the country to neutralize the transmutation circle . These stone fragments are activated by the eclipse 's umbra , and the human souls are ripped from Father . He is weakened and forced to relinquish the Eye of God . Father then attacks Edward 's group but May 's alkahestry combined with Hohenheim 's philosopher 's stone resist him . Above , Scar manages to deliver a fatal blow when Bradley is blinded by sunlight as the sun re-emerges . Scar then activates the nationwide alkahestry circle prepared by his fellow Ishvalans which restores alchemy to its greatest potential . Father heads above ground searching for more souls to replenish his stone supply and is chased by Edward 's team . Edward stays to fight Pride who attempts to replace his deteriorating body with Edward 's . However , Kimblee 's soul reappears thwarting him and enabling Edward to enter Pride 's body and destroy it . Pride reverts to a small foetus - like creature which Edward spares and then he leaves to join his friends . 62 `` A Fierce Counterattack '' `` Seizetsunaru Hangeki '' ( 凄絶 なる 反撃 ) June 20 , 2010 September 10 , 2011 Hohenheim and the others prevent Father from making more philosopher 's stones . As Edward rejoins them , Father spawns humans resembling the people of Xerxes before attacking with a powerful blast which takes out half of the headquarters . They barely manage to survive the blast , but Alphonse and Hohenheim are heavily damaged protecting the others . Before Father can kill Edward and Izumi , the Briggs Fortress soldiers , along with several of Edward 's allies , combine to attack Father and force him to exhaust his stone supply . Father lowers his barrier temporarily to try to absorb Greed 's stone , giving Edward , Armstrong , and Izumi the opportunity to attack him to the point of needing to physically defend himself . As Father starts to lose control , he creates a blast which pins Edward 's left arm while his automail right arm is destroyed . With Edward in danger , Alphonse convinces May to help him perform a transmutation , trading his soul for the return of Edward 's right arm . Alphonse rejoins his body on the other side of the gate and , with his arm returned , Edward frees himself to unleash a series of powerful blows on Father . 63 `` The Other Side of the Gateway '' `` Tobira no Mukōgawa '' ( 扉 の 向こう 側 ) June 27 , 2010 September 17 , 2011 While being pummeled by Edward , Father desperately tries to absorb the philosopher 's stone from Greed . However , Greed decides to part from Ling 's body , sacrificing himself by using his carbonization ability to turn Father 's body into weak charcoal . Father extinguishes Greed 's soul , but Edward punches through Father 's chest , releasing all the souls of the people of Xerxes and sending Father through the Gate of Truth where he is trapped for eternity . In the wake of Father 's defeat , everyone mourns Alphonse 's sacrifice . Edward rejects using a philosopher 's stone to bring him back to life , even after Hohenheim offers his final life as an apology for the pain suffered by the Elric brothers . Edward ultimately decides to perform a human transmutation on himself , sacrificing his own gate and his ability to ever again use alchemy with it . In return for trading his ability to perform alchemy , Edward is allowed to bring Alphonse back with him in his original body . As everyone recuperates from the battle , Hohenheim returns to Resembool and dies peacefully before Trisha 's grave , grateful for having known her and his sons . 64 `` Journey 's End '' `` Tabiji no Hate '' ( 旅路 の 涯 ) July 4 , 2010 September 24 , 2011 While Mustang works towards resolving issues with the Ishvalan people , he is approached by Knox and Marcoh , who offer him a philosopher 's stone to recover his eyesight . However , Mustang insists that it be used to restore Havoc 's legs first . Meanwhile , Olivier secretly has Scar'a wounds treated so that he can assist Miles in rebuilding Ishbal . The Elric brothers farewell Ling , who promises to take care of May 's clan and the other clans once he becomes emperor , then they return to Resembool where Winry gives them a warm welcome . Meanwhile , Grumman has become Führer and two years later he visits Bradley 's wife who had been raising Selim . Selim seems to be a compassionate child although he will continue to be monitored . Alphonse decides to travel with Kimblee 's former chimeras , Jerso and Zampano , to Xing and other eastern countries to learn about alkahestry , while Edward learns what he can in the west , hoping to pull their research together . As Edward heads off , he and Winry awkwardly express their love for each other using the terms of equivalent exchange . The last scene shows a photograph of Ed and Winry , now married with two children , accompanied by Alfonse , May , Paninya , and Garfiel . OVAs ( edit ) # Title Original release date English release date `` The Blind Alchemist '' `` Momoku no Renkinjutsushi '' ( 盲目 の 錬金術 師 ) August 26 , 2009 May 22 , 2012 Edward and Alphonse visit a blind alchemist named Judou who had supposedly performed a successful human transmutation . Judou is an alchemist employed by the Humbergang family and he tells Edward that the young girl named Rosalie Humbergang playing nearby with Alphonse was resurrected through alchemy . The transmutation cost him his sight in equivalent exchange , however he refuses to reveal to Edward the techniques he used . Rosalie leads Alphonse to a room with a little girl 's shrivelled corpse inside . She reveals the corpse is the result of the failed Rosalie transmutation , and that she is an orphan girl named Amy who was adopted because of to her similar appearance to Rosalie . As Edward arrives on the scene , Lady Humbergang tells him that her late husband kept the truth about the failed transmutation from Judou , who truly wanted to resurrect Rosalie . The Elric brothers then leave , taking this knowledge with them . `` Simple People '' `` Shinpuru na Hitobito '' ( シンプル な 人々 ) December 23 , 2009 May 22 , 2012 While returning to Resembool to have Edward 's automail arm repaired , the Elric brothers buy earrings as souvenirs for Winry to prevent her becoming angry about the broken automail . Later , Edward fights an assassin and his automail is broken again , so he buys earrings for again Winry to avoid her wrath . His offering works again even though he considers it a very simple gift . When asked about her liking for earrings , Winry explains that she decided to pierce her ears after meeting Hawkeye on the day Edward decided to become a state alchemist . Meanwhile , Hawkeye explains to Rebecca that she grew her hair long after meeting Winry . Rebecca comments on how simple a reason that is , and Hawkeye says that reasons are always simple . She remarks that they are all living in a simple world , one where snipers pull the trigger and their enemy dies . `` Tales of the Master '' `` Sensei Monogatari '' ( 師匠 物語 ) April 21 , 2010 May 22 , 2012 When Izumi was eighteen years old , she traveled to meet the alchemist Silver Steiner to become his apprentice . She met old man Steiner who only gave her a knife and told her to survive one month on the summit of Briggs before she could become his apprentice . On the second day , cold and starving , she was found by two guards from Briggs Fortress , but she beat them up and took their food rations . On the eighth day , close to starving to death , she became determined to survive . As she learned to defend herself and live off mountain wildlife , she realized the meaning behind the alchemy saying ; one is all , and all is one . However , returning after a month , she found that she had been talking to Silver 's older brother , Gold Steiner , not an alchemist but a hand - to - hand combat specialist . Annoyed , Izumi beat him up and left , also ending the series of mysterious attacks on Briggs troops . Epilogue : A romanticised look at the first meeting between Izumi and Sig on Briggs Mountain . `` Yet Another Man 's Battlefield '' `` Sore mo Mata Kare no Senjō '' ( それ も また 彼 の 戦場 ) August 25 , 2010 May 22 , 2012 Eighteen year old Mustang is in a military boot camp and intervenes when a group of seniors bully an Ishvalan recruit named Heathcliff Erbe . Later , Mustang takes a dislike to Maes Hughes who is supposedly friends with the bullies and the two soon become rivals , competing in various training events . Mustang catches the seniors picking on Heathcliff again and gets into a fight with them before Hughes backs him up , having the same beliefs in justice . The three become friends and discuss their reasons for joining the military . Years later , during the Ishvalan war , Mustang the Flame Alchemist encounters Heathcliff fighting for Ishvalan . Hughes kills Heathcliff after he shoots at Mustang . Mustang falls into despair because of what he sees as the indiscriminate slaughter of Ishvalans before being confronted by Hughes , who holds in the pain of his sins so he can smile in front of his future wife Gracia . Upon returning home , Hughes reunites with Gracia while Mustang envies Hughes 's strength . References ( edit ) General `` Fullmetal Alchemist Story '' ( in Japanese ) . Aniplex . Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 13 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 15 . Specific ^ Jump up to : Animage Editorial Staff ( October 2008 ) . 鋼 の 錬金術 師 新 シリーズ . Animage ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo , Japan : Tokuma Shoten. 364 ( October 2008 ) : 67 . Jump up ^ `` New Fullmetal Alchemist TV Anime Series Confirmed '' . Anime News Network . 2008 - 08 - 20 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Manga UK Adds New Fullmetal Aist , Sengoku Basara '' . Anime News Network . February 9 , 2010 . Retrieved February 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` New Fullmetal Alchemist TV Commercial Streamed '' . Anime News Network . 2009 - 02 - 10 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Animax Asia to Run 2009 Fullmetal Alchemist in Same Week as Japan '' . Anime News Network . 2009 - 03 - 20 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Fullmetal Alchemist Not Streaming from Funimation.com ( Update 2 ) '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Funimation Portal Streams New Fullmetal Alchemist Again '' . Anime News Network . 2009 - 06 - 25 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Funimation Update Newsletter '' . Funimation . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 29 . Straight from Japan : New subtitled episodes of Fullmetal Alchemist : Brotherhood every Thursday @ 10 : 00 a.m. CDT . Jump up ^ `` Funimation to Offer 2009 Fullmetal Alchemist on April 9 ( Update 3 ) '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Adult Swim Air Schedule '' . Adult Swim . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2010 . Retrieved February 5 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` DVD / BD Information '' ( in Japanese ) . Aniplex . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2011 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` DVD / BD Information 2 '' ( in Japanese ) . Aniplex . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2011 . Retrieved January 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Fullmetal Alchemist : Brotherhood Part 1 Blu - ray '' ( in Japanese ) . Amazon.com . Retrieved December 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Fullmetal Alchemist : Brotherhood Part 1 '' ( in Japanese ) . Amazon.com . Retrieved December 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Fullmetal Alchemist Original Soundtrack 1 '' . CDJapan . Retrieved August 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` OP / ED Artists '' ( in Japanese ) . Aniplex . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2011 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` MBS April 5 , 2009 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Mainichi Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2011 . Retrieved October 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TBS April 12 , 2009 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on 2009 - 07 - 08 . Retrieved June 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TBS April 19 , 2009 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on 2009 - 07 - 08 . Retrieved June 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TBS April 26 , 2009 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on 2009 - 07 - 08 . Retrieved June 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TBS May 3 , 2009 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on 2009 - 07 - 08 . Retrieved June 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TBS May 10 , 2009 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on 2009 - 07 - 08 . Retrieved June 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TBS May 17 , 2009 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on 2009 - 07 - 08 . Retrieved June 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TBS May 24 , 2009 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on 2009 - 07 - 08 . Retrieved June 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TBS May 31 , 2009 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on 2009 - 07 - 08 . Retrieved June 17 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Adult Swim Air Schedule '' . Adult Swim . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2010 . Retrieved April 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TBS June 7 , 2009 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on 2009 - 07 - 08 . Retrieved June 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TBS June 14 , 2009 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on 2009 - 07 - 08 . Retrieved June 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TBS June 21 , 2009 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on 2009 - 07 - 08 . Retrieved June 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TBS June 28 , 2009 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on 2009 - 07 - 08 . Retrieved July 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TBS July 5 , 2009 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on 2009 - 07 - 08 . Retrieved July 5 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Adult Swim Air Schedule '' . Adult Swim . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2010 . Retrieved May 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TBS July 12 , 2009 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on 2009 - 07 - 08 . Retrieved July 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TBS July 19 , 2009 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2009 . Retrieved July 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TBS July 26 , 2009 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2009 . Retrieved July 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TBS August 2 , 2009 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2009 . Retrieved July 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TBS August 9 , 2009 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2009 . Retrieved July 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TBS August 16 , 2009 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2009 . Retrieved July 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TBS August 30 , 2009 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2009 . Retrieved July 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TBS September 6 , 2009 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2009 . Retrieved July 5 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Adult Swim Air Schedule '' . Adult Swim . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2010 . Retrieved June 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TBS September 13 , 2009 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2009 . Retrieved July 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TBS September 20 , 2009 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2009 . Retrieved July 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TBS September 27 , 2009 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2009 . Retrieved July 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TBS October 4 , 2009 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2009 . Retrieved July 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` New Bleach Episodes Return to Adult Swim on August 28 '' . Anime News Network . June 29 , 2010 . Retrieved June 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TBS October 11 , 2009 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2009 . Retrieved July 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` News : Adult Swim to Run More FMA : Brotherhood on January 9 '' . Anime News Network . December 17 , 2010 . Retrieved December 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TBS October 18 , 2009 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2009 . Retrieved October 29 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Revised 12 / 14 / 2010 '' . Adult Swim . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2010 . Retrieved December 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TBS October 25 , 2009 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2009 . Retrieved October 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TBS November 1 , 2009 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2009 . Retrieved November 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TBS November 8 , 2009 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . 2009 - 10 - 31 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 11 - 01 . Retrieved November 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TBS November 15 , 2009 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2009 . Retrieved November 8 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Revised 1 / 24 / 2011 '' . Adult Swim . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2011 . Retrieved January 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` TBS November 22 , 2009 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2009 . Retrieved November 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TBS November 29 , 2009 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2009 . Retrieved November 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TBS December 6 , 2009 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2009 . Retrieved November 29 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Adult Swim Air Schedule '' . Adult Swim . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2011 . Retrieved March 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` TBS December 13 , 2009 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2009 . Retrieved December 6 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Revised 3 / 28 / 2011 '' . Adult Swim . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2011 . Retrieved April 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` TBS December 20 , 2009 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2009 . Retrieved December 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TBS December 27 , 2009 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2009 . Retrieved December 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TBS January 10 , 2010 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2009 . Retrieved January 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TBS January 17 , 2010 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2009 . Retrieved January 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TBS January 24 , 2010 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2009 . Retrieved January 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TBS January 31 , 2010 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2009 . Retrieved January 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TBS February 7 , 2010 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2010 . Retrieved January 31 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Revised 4 / 25 / 2011 '' . Adult Swim . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2011 . Retrieved April 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` TBS February 14 , 2010 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2010 . Retrieved February 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TBS February 21 , 2010 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2010 . Retrieved February 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TBS February 28 , 2010 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2010 . Retrieved February 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TBS March 7 , 2010 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2010 . Retrieved March 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TBS March 14 , 2010 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2010 . Retrieved March 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TBS March 21 , 2010 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2010 . Retrieved March 15 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Revised 6 / 8 / 2011 '' . Adult Swim . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2011 . Retrieved May 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` TBS March 28 , 2010 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2010 . Retrieved March 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TBS April 4 , 2010 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2010 . Retrieved March 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TBS April 11 , 2010 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2010 . Retrieved April 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TBS April 18 , 2010 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2010 . Retrieved April 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Revised 6 / 22 / 2011 '' . Adult Swim . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2011 . Retrieved June 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` TBS April 25 , 2010 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2010 . Retrieved April 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TBS May 2 , 2010 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2010 . Retrieved April 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TBS May 9 , 2010 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2010 . Retrieved May 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TBS May 16 , 2010 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2010 . Retrieved May 9 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Revised 7 / 26 / 2011 '' . Adult Swim . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2011 . Retrieved August 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` TBS May 23 , 2010 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2010 . Retrieved May 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TBS May 30 , 2010 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2010 . Retrieved May 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TBS June 6 , 2010 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2010 . Retrieved June 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TBS June 13 , 2010 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2010 . Retrieved June 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TBS June 20 , 2010 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2010 . Retrieved June 12 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Revised 8 / 23 / 2011 '' . Adult Swim . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2011 . Retrieved August 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` TBS June 27 , 2010 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2010 . Retrieved June 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` MBS July 4 , 2010 schedule '' ( in Japanese ) . Mainichi Broadcasting System . Retrieved July 4 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fullmetal Alchemist Brotherhood OVAs slated for May in U.S '' . Anime News Network . February 28 , 2012 . Retrieved March 1 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Anime and manga portal Aniplex 's official Fullmetal Alchemist website ( in Japanese ) Official Fullmetal Alchemist Brotherhood website ( in Japanese ) Fullmetal Alchemist by Hiromu Arakawa Media Chapters Light novels 2003 anime Episodes Conqueror of Shamballa Brotherhood Episodes The Sacred Star of Milos Fullmetal Alchemist ( film ) Video games Broken Angel Curse of the Crimson Elixir Kami o Tsugu Shōjo Dream Carnival Dual Sympathy Characters Edward Elric Alphonse Elric Roy Mustang Scar Winry Rockbell Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Fullmetal_Alchemist:_Brotherhood_episodes&oldid=854535590 '' Categories : Fullmetal Alchemist Lists of anime episodes Hidden categories : CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Articles containing Japanese - language text Articles with Japanese - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Español Italiano Magyar Polski Português Русский ไทย Tiếng Việt 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 02 : 24 ( UTC ) . 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how many episodes of fullmetal alchemist brotherhood are there
[ "Fullmetal Alchemist: Brotherhood, known in Japan as Alchemist of Steel: Fullmetal Alchemist (鋼の錬金術師 フルメタルアルケミスト, Hagane no Renkinjutsushi: Furumetaru Arukemisuto), is the second independent anime adaptation developed by Bones from the Fullmetal Alchemist manga series by Hiromu Arakawa.[1] Yasuhiro Irie worked as director, and Hiroshi Ōnogi as writer.[1][2] The series follows the story of two alchemist brothers, Edward and Alphonse Elric, who want to restore their bodies after a disastrous failed attempt to bring their mother back to life through alchemy. Unlike the first anime, which added original elements to the story, the second series follows the manga.[3] The series comprises a total of 64 episodes and four original video animations.\n" ]
[ "64" ]
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Hagia Sophia
Hagia Sophia - wikipedia Hagia Sophia `` Haghia Sophia '' redirects here . For the steamship known by that name , see SS Sussex . For other uses , see Hagia Sophia ( disambiguation ) . Hagia Sophia Ayasofya ( Turkish ) Αγία Σοφία ( Greek ) Sancta Sophia ( Latin ) A view of Hagia Sophia , Istanbul Location in Istanbul Coordinates 41 ° 00 ′ 31 '' N 28 ° 58 ′ 48 '' E  /  41.0085 ° N 28.9799 ° E  / 41.0085 ; 28.9799 Coordinates : 41 ° 00 ′ 31 '' N 28 ° 58 ′ 48 '' E  /  41.0085 ° N 28.9799 ° E  / 41.0085 ; 28.9799 Location Istanbul ( historically Constantinople ) , Turkey Designer Isidore of Miletus Anthemius of Tralles Type Byzantine Christian Cathedral ( 537 -- 1204 ) Roman Catholic Cathedral ( 1204 -- 1261 ) Greek Orthodox Cathedral ( 1261 -- 1453 ) Ottoman Mosque ( 1453 -- 1931 ) Museum ( 1935 -- present ) Material Ashlar , brick Length 82 m ( 269 ft ) Width 73 m ( 240 ft ) Height 55 m ( 180 ft ) Beginning date 532 Completion date 537 ; 1481 years ago ( 537 ) UNESCO World Heritage site Part of Historic Areas of Istanbul Criteria Cultural : i , ii , iii , iv Reference 356 Inscription 1985 ( 9th Session ) Hagia Sophia ( / ˈhɑːɡiə soʊˈfiːə / ; from the Greek Αγία Σοφία , pronounced ( aˈʝia soˈfia ) , `` Holy Wisdom '' ; Latin : Sancta Sophia or Sancta Sapientia ; Turkish : Ayasofya ) is the former Greek Orthodox Christian patriarchal cathedral , later an Ottoman imperial mosque and now a museum ( Ayasofya Müzesi ) in Istanbul , Turkey . Built in 537 AD at the beginning of the Middle Ages , it was famous in particular for its massive dome . It was the world 's largest building and an engineering marvel of its time . It is considered the epitome of Byzantine architecture and is said to have `` changed the history of architecture '' . From the date of its construction in 537 until 1453 , it served as an Eastern Orthodox cathedral and the seat of the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople , except between 1204 and 1261 , when it was converted by the Fourth Crusaders to a Roman Catholic cathedral under the Latin Empire . The building was later converted into an Ottoman mosque from 29 May 1453 until 1931 . It was then secularized and opened as a museum on 1 February 1935 . It remained the world 's largest cathedral for nearly a thousand years , until Seville Cathedral was completed in 1520 . The current building was originally constructed as a church between 532 and 537 on the orders of the Byzantine Emperor Justinian I and was the third Church of the Holy Wisdom to occupy the site , the prior one having been destroyed by rioters in the Nika Revolt . It was designed by the Greek geometers Isidore of Miletus and Anthemius of Tralles . The church was dedicated to the Wisdom of God , the Logos , the second person of the Trinity , its patronal feast taking place on 25 December , the commemoration of the birth of the incarnation of the Logos in Christ . Although sometimes referred to as Sancta Sophia ( as though it were named after Sophia the Martyr ) , sophia being the phonetic spelling in Latin of the Greek word for wisdom , its full name in Greek is Ναός της Αγίας του Θεού Σοφίας , Naos tēs Hagias tou Theou Sophias , `` Shrine of the Holy Wisdom of God '' . The church contained a large collection of relics and featured , among other things , a 15 - metre ( 49 ft ) silver iconostasis . The focal point of the Eastern Orthodox Church for nearly one thousand years , the building witnessed the excommunication of Patriarch Michael I Cerularius officially communicated by Humbert of Silva Candida , the papal envoy of Pope Leo IX in 1054 , an act that is commonly considered the start of the East -- West Schism . In 1453 , Constantinople was conquered by the Ottoman Empire under Mehmed the Conqueror , who ordered this main church of Orthodox Christianity converted into a mosque . Although some parts of the city of Constantinople were falling into disrepair , the cathedral was maintained with an amount of money set aside for this purpose . Nevertheless , the Christian cathedral made a strong impression on the new Ottoman rulers and they decided to convert it into a mosque . The bells , altar , iconostasis , and other relics were destroyed and the mosaics depicting Jesus , his Mother Mary , Christian saints , and angels were also destroyed or plastered over . Islamic features -- such as the mihrab ( a niche in the wall indicating the direction toward Mecca , for prayer ) , minbar ( pulpit ) , and four minarets -- were added . It remained a mosque until 1931 when it was closed to the public for four years . It was re-opened in 1935 as a museum by the Republic of Turkey . Hagia Sophia was , as of 2014 , the second-most visited museum in Turkey , attracting almost 3.3 million visitors annually . According to data released by the Turkish Culture and Tourism Ministry , Hagia Sophia was Turkey 's most visited tourist attraction in 2015 . From its initial conversion until the construction of the nearby Sultan Ahmed Mosque ( Blue Mosque of Istanbul ) in 1616 , it was the principal mosque of Istanbul . The Byzantine architecture of the Hagia Sophia served as inspiration for many other Ottoman mosques , such as the aforementioned mosque , the Şehzade Mosque , the Süleymaniye Mosque , the Rüstem Pasha Mosque and the Kılıç Ali Pasha Complex . Contents 1 History 1.1 Church of Constantius II 1.2 Church of Theodosius II 1.3 Basilica of the Hagia Sophia ( current structure ) 1.4 Mosque ( 1453 -- 1935 ) 1.4. 1 Renovation of 1847 1.5 Museum ( 1935 -- present ) 2 Timeline of Hagia Sophia 3 Architecture 3.1 Narthex and portals 3.2 Upper gallery 3.3 Dome 3.4 Minarets 3.5 Buttresses 4 Notable elements and decorations 4.1 Loggia of the Empress 4.2 Lustration urns 4.3 Marble Door 4.4 The Nice Door 4.5 The Emperor Door 4.6 Wishing column 4.7 Mosaics 4.7. 1 19th - century restoration 4.7. 2 20th - century restoration 4.7. 3 Imperial Gate mosaic 4.7. 4 Southwestern entrance mosaic 4.7. 5 Apse mosaics 4.7. 6 Emperor Alexander mosaic 4.7. 7 Empress Zoe mosaic 4.7. 8 Comnenus mosaic 4.7. 9 Deësis mosaic 4.7. 10 Northern tympanum mosaics 4.7. 11 Dome Angel Figure Mosaic 5 Other burials 6 Gallery 7 Works modeled on the Hagia Sofia 8 See also 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 Further reading 11.1 Articles 11.2 Mosaics 12 External links History ( edit ) Church of Constantius II ( edit ) The first church on the site was known as the Μεγάλη Ἐκκλησία ( Megálē Ekklēsíā , `` Great Church '' ) , or in Latin Magna Ecclesia , because of its larger dimensions in comparison to the contemporary churches in the City . Inaugurated on 15 February 360 ( during the reign of Constantius II ) by the Arian bishop Eudoxius of Antioch , it was built next to the area where the imperial palace was being developed . The nearby Hagia Eirene ( `` Holy Peace '' ) church was completed earlier and served as cathedral until the Great Church was completed . Both churches acted together as the principal churches of the Byzantine Empire . Writing in 440 , Socrates of Constantinople claimed that the church was built by Constantius II , who was working on it in 346 . A tradition which is not older than the 7th or 8th century , reports that the edifice was built by Constantine the Great . Zonaras reconciles the two opinions , writing that Constantius had repaired the edifice consecrated by Eusebius of Nicomedia , after it had collapsed . Since Eusebius was bishop of Constantinople from 339 to 341 , and Constantine died in 337 , it seems possible that the first church was erected by the latter . The edifice was built as a traditional Latin colonnaded basilica with galleries and a wooden roof . It was preceded by an atrium . It was claimed to be one of the world 's most outstanding monuments at the time . The Patriarch of Constantinople John Chrysostom came into a conflict with Empress Aelia Eudoxia , wife of the emperor Arcadius , and was sent into exile on 20 June 404 . During the subsequent riots , this first church was largely burned down . Nothing remains of the first church today . Church of Theodosius II ( edit ) A second church on the site was ordered by Theodosius II , who inaugurated it on 10 October 415 . The basilica with a wooden roof was built by architect Rufinus . A fire started during the tumult of the Nika Revolt and burned the second Hagia Sophia to the ground on 13 -- 14 January 532 . Several marble blocks from the second church survive to the present ; among them are reliefs depicting 12 lambs representing the 12 apostles . Originally part of a monumental front entrance , they now reside in an excavation pit adjacent to the museum 's entrance after they were discovered in 1935 beneath the western courtyard by A.M. Schneider . Further digging was forsaken for fear of impinging on the integrity of the building . Remains of the second Hagia Sophia Basilica of the Hagia Sophia ( current structure ) ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Hagia Sophia Construction of church depicted in codex Manasses Chronicle ( 14th century ) On 23 February 532 , only a few weeks after the destruction of the second basilica , Emperor Justinian I decided to build a third and entirely different basilica , larger and more majestic than its predecessors . Justinian chose geometer and engineer Isidore of Miletus and mathematician Anthemius of Tralles as architects ; Anthemius , however , died within the first year of the endeavor . The construction is described in the Byzantine historian Procopius ' On Buildings ( Peri ktismatōn , Latin : De aedificiis ) . Columns and other marbles were brought from all over the empire , throughout the Mediterranean . The idea of these columns being spoils from cities such as Rome and Ephesus is a later invention . Even though they were made specifically for Hagia Sophia , the columns show variations in size . More than ten thousand people were employed . This new church was contemporaneously recognized as a major work of architecture . The theories of Heron of Alexandria may have been utilized to address the challenges presented by building such an expansive dome over so large a space . The emperor , together with the Patriarch Menas , inaugurated the new basilica on 27 December 537 -- 5 years and 10 months after construction start -- with much pomp . The mosaics inside the church were , however , only completed under the reign of Emperor Justin II ( 565 -- 578 ) . Hagia Sophia was the seat of the Orthodox patriarch of Constantinople and a principal setting for Byzantine imperial ceremonies , such as coronations . Like other churches throughout Christendom , the basilica offered sanctuary from persecution to outlaws . Earthquakes in August 553 and on 14 December 557 caused cracks in the main dome and eastern half - dome . The main dome collapsed completely during a subsequent earthquake on 7 May 558 , destroying the ambon , altar , and ciborium . The collapse was due mainly to the unfeasibly high bearing load and to the enormous shear load of the dome , which was too flat . These caused the deformation of the piers which sustained the dome . The emperor ordered an immediate restoration . He entrusted it to Isidorus the Younger , nephew of Isidore of Miletus , who used lighter materials and elevated the dome by `` 30 feet '' ( about 6.25 meters or 20.5 feet ) -- giving the building its current interior height of 55.6 meters ( 182 ft ) . Moreover , Isidorus changed the dome type , erecting a ribbed dome with pendentives , whose diameter lay between 32.7 and 33.5 m . Under Justinian 's orders , eight Corinthian columns were disassembled from Baalbek , Lebanon , and shipped to Constantinople around 560 . This reconstruction , giving the church its present 6th - century form , was completed in 562 . The Byzantine poet Paul the Silentiary composed a long epic poem ( still extant ) , known as Ekphrasis , for the rededication of the basilica presided over by Patriarch Eutychius on 23 December 562 A.D. The vaulting of the nave . ( annotations ) In 726 , the emperor Leo the Isaurian issued a series of edicts against the veneration of images , ordering the army to destroy all icons -- ushering in the period of Byzantine iconoclasm . At that time , all religious pictures and statues were removed from the Hagia Sophia . After a brief reprieve under Empress Irene ( 797 -- 802 ) , the iconoclasts made a comeback . The Emperor Theophilus ( 829 -- 842 ) had two - winged bronze doors with his monograms installed at the southern entrance of the church . The basilica suffered damage , first in a great fire in 859 , and again in an earthquake on 8 January 869 , that made one of the half - domes collapse . Emperor Basil I ordered the church repaired . After the great earthquake of 25 October 989 , which collapsed the Western dome arch , Emperor Basil II asked for the Armenian architect Trdat , creator of the cathedrals of Ani and Argina , to direct the repairs . He erected again and reinforced the fallen dome arch , and rebuilt the west side of the dome with 15 dome ribs . The extent of the damage required six years of repair and reconstruction ; the church was re-opened on 13 May 994 . At the end of the reconstruction , the church 's decorations were renovated , including the addition of four immense paintings of cherubs ; a new depiction of Christ on the dome ; a burial cloth of Christ shown on Fridays , and on the apse a new depiction of the Virgin Mary holding Jesus , between the apostles Peter and Paul . On the great side arches were painted the prophets and the teachers of the church . In his book De caerimoniis aulae Byzantinae ( `` Book of Ceremonies '' ) , Emperor Constantine VII ( 913 -- 919 ) wrote a detailed account of the ceremonies held in the Hagia Sophia by the emperor and the patriarch . Upon the capture of Constantinople during the Fourth Crusade , the church was ransacked and desecrated by the Crusaders , as described by the Byzantine historian Niketas Choniates . During the Latin occupation of Constantinople ( 1204 -- 1261 ) the church became a Roman Catholic cathedral . Baldwin I of Constantinople was crowned emperor on 16 May 1204 in Hagia Sophia , at a ceremony which closely followed Byzantine practices . Enrico Dandolo , the Doge of Venice who commanded the sack and invasion of the city by the Latin Crusaders in 1204 , is buried inside the church , probably in the upper Eastern gallery . In the 19th century , an Italian restoration team placed a cenotaph marker near the probable location , which is still visible today . The marker is frequently mistaken by tourists as being a medieval marker of the actual tomb of the doge . The real tomb was destroyed by the Ottomans after the conquest of Constantinople in 1453 and subsequent conversion of Hagia Sophia into a mosque . After the recapture in 1261 by the Byzantines , the church was in a dilapidated state . In 1317 , emperor Andronicus II ordered four new buttresses ( Pyramídas , Greek : `` Πυραμίδας '' ) to be built in the eastern and northern parts of the church , financing them with the inheritance of his deceased wife , Irene . New cracks developed in the dome after the earthquake of October 1344 , and several parts of the building collapsed on 19 May 1346 ; consequently , the church was closed until 1354 , when repairs were undertaken by architects Astras and Peralta . Mosque ( 1453 -- 1935 ) ( edit ) Constantinople fell to the attacking Ottoman forces on the 29th of May in 1453 . In accordance with the traditional custom at the time , Sultan Mehmet II allowed his troops and his entourage three full days of unbridled pillage and looting in the city shortly after it was captured . Once the three days passed , he would then claim its remaining contents for himself . Hagia Sophia was not exempted from the pillage and looting and specifically became its focal point as the invaders believed it to contain the greatest treasures and valuables of the city . Shortly after Constantinople 's defenses collapsed and the Ottoman troops entered the city victoriously , the pillagers and looters made their way to the Hagia Sophia and battered down its doors before storming in . All throughout the period of the siege of Constantinople , the trapped worshippers of the city participated in the Divine Liturgy and the Prayer of the Hours at the Hagia Sophia and the church formed a safe - haven and a refuge for many of those who were unable to contribute to the city 's defense , which comprised women , children , the elderly and the sick and the wounded . Being hopelessly trapped in the church , the many congregants and yet more refugees inside became spoils - of - war to be divided amongst the triumphant invaders . The building was significantly desecrated and looted to a large extent , with the helpless occupants who sought shelter within the church being either enslaved , physically and sexually violated or simply slaughtered . While most of the elderly and the infirm / wounded and sick were killed , a vast number of women and girls were raped and the remainder ( mainly teenage males and young boys ) were chained up and sold off into slavery . The church 's priests and religious personnel continued to perform Christian rites , prayers and ceremonies until finally being forced to stop by the invaders . When Sultan Mehmet II and his accompanying entourage entered the church , he insisted that it should be converted into a mosque at once . One of the ulama ( Islamic scholars ) present then climbed up the church 's pulpit and recited out the Shahada ( `` There is no God but Allah , and Mohammed is His prophet '' ) , thus marking the beginning of the gradual conversion of the church into a mosque . Fountain ( Şadırvan ) for ritual ablutions As described by several Western visitors ( such as the Córdoban nobleman Pero Tafur and the Florentine Cristoforo Buondelmonti ) , the church was in a dilapidated state , with several of its doors fallen from their hinges ; Mehmed II ordered a renovation as well as the conversion . Mehmet attended the first Friday prayer in the mosque on 1 June 1453 . Aya Sofya became the first imperial mosque of Istanbul . To the corresponding Waqf were endowed most of the existing houses in the city and the area of the future Topkapı Palace . From 1478 , 2,360 shops , 1,300 houses , 4 caravanserais , 30 boza shops , and 23 shops of sheep heads and trotters gave their income to the foundation . Through the imperial charters of 1520 ( AH 926 ) and 1547 ( AH 954 ) shops and parts of the Grand Bazaar and other markets were added to the foundation . Before 1481 a small minaret was erected on the southwest corner of the building , above the stair tower . Later , the subsequent sultan , Bayezid II ( 1481 -- 1512 ) , built another minaret at the northeast corner . One of these collapsed after the earthquake of 1509 , and around the middle of the 16th century they were both replaced by two diagonally opposite minarets built at the east and west corners of the edifice . The mihrab located in the apse where the altar used to stand , pointing towards Mecca In the 16th century the sultan Suleiman the Magnificent ( 1520 -- 1566 ) brought back two colossal candlesticks from his conquest of Hungary . They were placed on either side of the mihrab . During the reign of Selim II ( 1566 -- 1574 ) , the building started showing signs of fatigue and was extensively strengthened with the addition of structural supports to its exterior by Ottoman architect Mimar Sinan , who was also an earthquake engineer . In addition to strengthening the historic Byzantine structure , Sinan built the two additional large minarets at the western end of the building , the original sultan 's lodge and the Türbe ( mausoleum ) of Selim II to the southeast of the building in 1576 - 7 / AH 984 . In order to do that , parts of the Patriarchate at the south corner of the building were pulled down the previous year . Moreover , the golden crescent was mounted on the top of the dome , while a respect zone 35 arşin ( about 24 m ) wide was imposed around the building , pulling down all the houses which in the meantime had nested around it . Later his türbe hosted also 43 tombs of Ottoman princes . In 1594 / AH 1004 Mimar ( court architect ) Davud Ağa built the türbe of Murad III ( 1574 -- 1595 ) , where the Sultan and his Valide , Safiye Sultan were later buried . The octagonal mausoleum of their son Mehmed III ( 1595 -- 1603 ) and his Valide was built next to it in 1608 / AH 1017 by royal architect Dalgiç Mehmet Aĝa . His son Mustafa I ( 1617 -- 1618 ; 1622 -- 1623 ) converted the baptistery into his türbe . Murad III had also two large alabaster Hellenistic urns transported from Pergamon and placed on two sides of the nave . In 1717 , under Sultan Ahmed III ( 1703 -- 1730 ) , the crumbling plaster of the interior was renovated , contributing indirectly to the preservation of many mosaics , which otherwise would have been destroyed by mosque workers . In fact , it was usual for them to sell mosaics stones -- believed to be talismans -- to the visitors . Sultan Mahmud I ordered the restoration of the building in 1739 and added a medrese ( a Koranic school , now the library of the museum ) , an Imaret ( soup kitchen for distribution to the poor ) and a library , and in 1740 a Şadirvan ( fountain for ritual ablutions ) , thus transforming it into a külliye , i.e. a social complex . At the same time , a new sultan 's lodge and a new mihrab were built inside . Renovation of 1847 ( edit ) Restoration of the Hagia Sophia was ordered by Sultan Abdülmecid and completed by eight hundred workers between 1847 and 1849 , under the supervision of the Swiss - Italian architect brothers Gaspare and Giuseppe Fossati . The brothers consolidated the dome and vaults , straightened the columns , and revised the decoration of the exterior and the interior of the building . The mosaics in the upper gallery were exposed and cleaned , although many were recovered `` for protection against further damage '' . The old chandeliers were replaced by new pendant ones . New gigantic circular - framed disks or medallions were hung on columns . These were inscribed with the names of Allah , Muhammad , the first four caliphs Abu Bakr , Umar , Uthman and Ali , and the two grandchildren of Muhammad : Hassan and Hussain , by the calligrapher Kazasker Mustafa İzzed Effendi ( 1801 -- 1877 ) . In 1850 the architects Fossati built a new sultan 's lodge or loge in a Neo-Byzantine style connected to the royal pavilion behind the mosque . They also renovated the minbar and mihrab . Outside the main building , the minarets were repaired and altered so that they were of equal height . A timekeeper 's building and a new madrasah ( Islamic school ) were built . When the restoration was finished , the mosque was re-opened with ceremonial pomp on 13 July 1849 . Museum ( 1935 -- present ) ( edit ) The interior undergoing restoration In 1935 , the first Turkish President and founder of the Republic of Turkey , Mustafa Kemal Atatürk , transformed the building into a museum . The carpets were removed and marble floor decorations such as the Omphalion appeared for the first time in centuries , while the white plaster covering many of the mosaics was removed . Nevertheless , the condition of the structure deteriorated , and the World Monuments Fund placed Hagia Sophia on 1996 World Monuments Watch , and again in 1998 . The building 's copper roof had cracked , causing water to leak down over the fragile frescoes and mosaics . Moisture entered from below as well . Rising ground water had raised the level of humidity within the monument , creating an unstable environment for stone and paint . The WMF secured a series of grants from 1997 to 2002 for the restoration of the dome . The first stage of work involved the structural stabilization and repair of the cracked roof , which was undertaken with the participation of the Turkish Ministry of Culture . The second phase , the preservation of the dome 's interior , afforded the opportunity to employ and train young Turkish conservators in the care of mosaics . By 2006 , the WMF project was complete , though many other areas of Hagia Sophia continue to require significant stability improvement , restoration and conservation . Hagia Sophia is currently ( 2014 ) the second most visited museum in Turkey , attracting almost 3.3 million visitors annually . Although use of the complex as a place of worship ( mosque or church ) was strictly prohibited , in 2006 the Turkish government allowed the allocation of a small room in the museum complex to be used as a prayer room for Christian and Muslim museum staff , and since 2013 from the minarets of the museum the muezzin sings the call to prayer twice per day , in the afternoon . In 2007 , Greek American politician Chris Spirou launched an international organization `` Free Agia Sophia Council '' championing the cause of restoring the building to its original function as a Christian church . Since the early 2010s , several campaigns and government high officials , notably Turkey 's deputy prime minister Bülent Arınç in November 2013 , have been demanding that Hagia Sophia be converted into a mosque again . In 2015 , in retaliation for the acknowledgment by Pope Francis of the Armenian Genocide , the Mufti of Ankara , Mefail Hızlı , stated that he believes the conversion of Hagia Sophia into a mosque will be accelerated . On July 1 , 2016 , Muslim prayers were held again in the Hagia Sophia for the first time in 85 years . On May 13 , 2017 , a large group of people organized by the Anatolia Youth Association ( AGD ) , gathered in front of Hagia Sophia and prayed the morning prayer with a call for the reconversion of the museum into a mosque . On June 21 , 2017 , Presidency of Religious Affairs ( Diyanet ) organized a special program , which included the recitation of the Quran and prayers in Hagia Sofia , to mark the Laylat al - Qadr , the program was broadcast live by state - run television TRT . In March 31 , 2018 , Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan recited the first verse of the Quran in the Hagia Sophia , dedicating the prayer to the `` souls of all who left us this work as inheritance , especially Istanbul 's conqueror , '' strengthening the political movement to make the Hagia Sophia a mosque once again , which would reverse Atatürk 's measure of turning the Hagia Sophia into a secular museum . Timeline of Hagia Sophia ( edit ) 360 A.D - Inauguration of Hagia Sophia , under the rule of Constantius II . 404 A.D - The original roof was destroyed in a fire . 415 A.D - Hagia Sophia was restored and rededicated by Theodosius II . 532 A.D - Hagia Sophia was burned down once again . The structure was completely destroyed alongside various other churches . After a mere 93 days , construction of the Hagia Sophia began . 537 A.D - The reconstruction was completed with the lavish decorations and ornaments 553 A.D - An earthquake shook Hagia Sophia , weakening the crown of Eastern arch . 558 A.D - Another earthquake hit , causing a break between the two halves . A few months after , the main dome collapsed alongside the eastern semidome . This caused the destruction of the ambo , ciborium , and the Holy Table . 562 A.D - Reconstruction was completed . 726 A.D - Hagia Sophia was stripped of religious illustrations and sculptural work . 842 A.D - St Sophia was finally re-installed . Commencing the redecoration of Hagia Sophia . 859 A.D - A great fire damaged the Hagia Sophia . 869 A.D - An Earthquake caused a half dome to collapse . 989 A.D - Another massive earthquake caused the collapse of the western dome . 994 A.D - Hagia Sophia was reopened after reconstruction took place . 1204 A.D - Hagia Sophia became a Roman Catholic Cathedral . 1261 A.D - Hagia Sophia was converted to a Orthodox Church again . 1344 A.D - An earthquake caused severe damage throughout the striation 1346 A.D - Various parts of the building collapsed and the church was closed . 1354 A.D - Hagia Sophia reopened after construction . 1453 A.D - Following the fall of Constantinople , Mehmed the Conqueror orders the conversion of Hagia Sophia into a mosque . Τhe Divine Service in Hagia Sophia at the time of the Salvation was interrupted . 1573 A.D - The exterior was significantly strengthened and altered to follow the customary mosque appearance . 1717 A.D - Renovations on the interior began . 1734 A.D - Hagia Sophia had additions to restorations , such as the building of a library and a Quranic School . 1847 A.D - The structure underwent another restoration 1849 A.D - the mosque was reopened . 1919 A.D. Τhe Divine Service in Hagia Sophia , which had interrupted after the Salvation in 1453 A.D. , was continued and completed by a Greek military priest . 1935 A.D - the Building was transformed into a museum . Architecture ( edit ) Section of a `` restored '' design a ) Plan of the gallery ( upper half ) b ) Plan of the ground floor ( lower half ) Hagia Sophia is one of the greatest surviving examples of Byzantine architecture . Its interior is decorated with mosaics and marble pillars and coverings of great artistic value . The temple itself was so richly and artistically decorated that Justinian proclaimed , `` Solomon , I have outdone thee ! '' ( Νενίκηκά σε Σολομών ) . Justinian himself had overseen the completion of the greatest cathedral ever built up to that time , and it was to remain the largest cathedral for 1,000 years up until the completion of the cathedral in Seville in Spain . Justinian 's basilica was at once the culminating architectural achievement of late antiquity and the first masterpiece of Byzantine architecture . Its influence , both architecturally and liturgically , was widespread and enduring in the Eastern Orthodox , Roman Catholic , and Muslim worlds alike . The vast interior has a complex structure . The nave is covered by a central dome which at its maximum is 55.6 m ( 182 ft 5 in ) from floor level and rests on an arcade of 40 arched windows . Repairs to its structure have left the dome somewhat elliptical , with the diameter varying between 31.24 and 30.86 m ( 102 ft 6 in and 101 ft 3 in ) . At the western entrance side and eastern liturgical side , there are arched openings extended by half domes of identical diameter to the central dome , carried on smaller semi-domed exedras ; a hierarchy of dome - headed elements built up to create a vast oblong interior crowned by the central dome , with a clear span of 76.2 m ( 250 ft ) . Interior surfaces are sheathed with polychrome marbles , green and white with purple porphyry , and gold mosaics . The exterior , clad in stucco , was tinted yellow and red during restorations in the 19th century at the direction of the Fossati architects . Narthex and portals ( edit ) The Imperial Gate was the main entrance between the exo - and esonarthex . It was reserved exclusively for the Emperor . The Byzantine mosaic above the portal depicts Christ and an unnamed emperor . A long ramp from the northern part of the outer narthex leads up to the upper gallery . Upper gallery ( edit ) West side of the upper gallery The upper gallery is laid out in a horseshoe shape that encloses the nave until the apse . Several mosaics are preserved in the upper gallery , an area traditionally reserved for the Empress and her court . The best - preserved mosaics are located in the southern part of the gallery . The upper gallery contains runic graffiti presumed to be from the Varangian Guard . Dome ( edit ) Cupola dome , semi-dome , and apse View upward to domes ( annotations ) . The dome of Hagia Sophia has spurred particular interest for many art historians , architects and engineers because of the innovative way the original architects envisioned it . The dome is carried on four spherical triangular pendentives , one of the first large - scale uses of them . The pendentives are the corners of the square base of the dome , which curve upwards into the dome to support it , restraining the lateral forces of the dome and allowing its weight to flow downwards . It was the largest pendentive dome in the world until the completion of St. Peter 's Basilica , and has a much lower height than any other dome of such a large diameter . The weight of the dome remained a problem for most of the building 's existence . The original cupola collapsed entirely after the earthquake of 558 ; in 563 a new dome was built by Isidore the younger , a nephew of Isidore of Miletus . Unlike the original , this included 40 ribs and was raised 20 feet , in order to lower the lateral forces on the church walls . A larger section of the second dome collapsed as well , in two episodes , so that today only two sections of the present dome , in the north and south side , still date from the 562 reconstructions . Of the whole dome 's 40 ribs , the surviving north section contains eight ribs , while the south section includes six ribs . Although this design stabilizes the dome and the surrounding walls and arches , the actual construction of the walls of Hagia Sophia weakened the overall structure . The bricklayers used more mortar than brick , which is more effective if the mortar was allowed to settle as the building would have been more flexible ; however , the builders raced to complete the building and left no time for the mortar to cure before they began the next layer . When the dome was erected , its weight caused the walls to lean outward because of the wet mortar underneath . When Isidore the Younger rebuilt the fallen cupola , he had first to build up the interior of the walls to make them vertical again . Additionally , the architect raised the height of the rebuilt dome by approximately six m ( 20 feet ) so that the lateral forces would not be as strong and its weight would be transmitted more effectively down into the walls . Moreover , he shaped the new cupola like a scalloped shell or the inside of an umbrella , with ribs that extend from the top down to the base . These ribs allow the weight of the dome to flow between the windows , down the pendentives , and ultimately to the foundation . Hagia Sophia is famous for the light that reflects everywhere in the interior of the nave , giving the dome the appearance of hovering above . This effect was achieved by inserting forty windows around the base of the original structure . Moreover , the insertion of the windows in the dome structure lowers its weight . Minarets ( edit ) The minarets were an Ottoman addition and not part of the original church 's Byzantine design . They were built for notification of invitations for prayers and announcements . Mehmed had built a minaret made from wood over one of the half domes soon after Hagia Sophia 's conversion from a cathedral to a mosque . This minaret does not exist today . One of the minarets ( at southwest ) was built from red brick and can be dated back from the Fatih Sultan Mehmed period or Beyazıd II period . The other three were built from white limestone and sandstone , of which the slender northeast column was erected by Sultan Bayezid II during the Selim II period , while the two identical larger minarets to the west were erected by Sultan Selim II and designed by the famous Ottoman architect Mimar Sinan . Both are 60 metres in height , and with their thick and massif patterns , complete Hagia Sophia 's main structure . Many ornaments and details were added to these minarets on repairs during the 15th , 16th , and 19th centuries , which reflect each period 's characteristics and ideals . Buttresses ( edit ) Numerous buttresses have been added throughout the centuries . The flying buttresses to the west of the building , although thought to have been constructed by the Crusaders upon their visit to Constantinople , are actually built during the Byzantine era . This shows that the Byzantines had prior knowledge of flying buttresses which can also be seen at Hosios Loukas in Central Greece , the Rotunda of Galerius in Thessaloniki , and San Vitale in Ravenna . Other buttresses were constructed during the Ottoman times under the guidance of the architect Sinan . A total of 24 buttresses were added . Notable elements and decorations ( edit ) Originally , under Justinian 's reign , the interior decorations consisted of abstract designs on marble slabs on the walls and floors , as well as mosaics on the curving vaults . Of these mosaics , one can still see the two archangels Gabriel and Michael in the spandrels of the bema . There were already a few figurative decorations , as attested by the eulogy of Paul the Silentiary . The spandrels ( corners ) of the gallery are faced in inlaid thin slabs ( opus sectile ) , showing patterns and figures of flowers and birds in precisely cut pieces of white marble set against a background of black marble . In later stages , figurative mosaics were added , which were destroyed during the iconoclastic controversy ( 726 -- 843 ) . Present mosaics are from the post-iconoclastic period . Apart from the mosaics , a large number of figurative decorations were added during the second half of the 9th century : an image of Christ in the central dome ; Orthodox saints , prophets and Church Fathers in the tympana below ; historical figures connected with this church , such as Patriarch Ignatius ; some scenes from the gospel in the galleries . Basil II let artists paint on each of the four pendentives a giant six - winged Cherub . The Ottomans covered their face with a golden halo , but in 2009 one of them was restored to the original state . The Loge of the Empress . The columns are made of green Thessalian stone Lustration urn from Pergamon Marble Door The wishing column Loggia of the Empress ( edit ) The Loggia of the Empress is located in the centre of the upper enclosure , or gallery , of the Hagia Sophia . From there the empress and the court - ladies would watch the proceedings down below . A round green stone marks the spot where the throne of the empress stood . Lustration urns ( edit ) Two huge marble lustration ( ritual purification ) urns were brought from Pergamon during the reign of Sultan Murad III . From the Hellenistic period , they are carved from single blocks of marble . Marble Door ( edit ) The Marble Door inside the Hagia Sophia is located in the southern upper enclosure or gallery . It was used by the participants in synods , who entered and left the meeting chamber through this door . It is said that each side is symbolic and that one side represents heaven while the other represents hell . Its panels are covered in fruits and fish motives . The door opens into a space that was used as a venue for solemn meetings and important resolutions of patriarchate officials . The Nice Door ( edit ) The Nice Door is the oldest architectural element found in the Hagia Sophia dating back to the 2nd century BC . The decorations are of reliefs of geometric shapes as well as plants that are believed to have come from a pagan temple in Tarsus , Mersin now modern - day Turkey . It was incorporated into the building by Emperor Theophilos in 838AD where it is placed in the south exit in the inner narthex . The emperor Door ( edit ) The Emperor Door is the door that would be used solely by the Emperor as well as his personal bodyguard and retinue . It is the largest door in the Hagia Sophia and has been dated to the 6th century . It is about 7 meters long and Eastern Roman sources say it was made with wood from Noah 's Ark . Wishing column ( edit ) At the northwest of the building , there is a column with a hole in the middle covered by bronze plates . This column goes by different names ; the perspiring column , the wishing column , the sweating column or the crying column . The column is said to be damp when touched and have supernatural powers . The legend states that since St. Gregory the Miracle Worker appeared near the column in the year 1200 , it has been moist . It is believed that touching the moisture cures many illnesses . Mosaics ( edit ) Ceiling decoration showing original Christian cross still visible through the later aniconic decoration The first mosaics which adorned the church were only completed during the reign of Justin II . Many of the non-figurative mosaics in the church come from this period . Most of the mosaics , however , were completed after the end of the periods of Byzantine Iconoclasm in 843 AD . During the Sack of Constantinople in 1204 , the Latin Crusaders vandalized valuable items in every important Byzantine structure of the city , including the golden mosaics of the Hagia Sophia . Many of these items were shipped to Venice , whose Doge , Enrico Dandolo , had organized the invasion and sack of Constantinople after an agreement with Prince Alexios Angelos , the son of a deposed Byzantine emperor . 19th - century restoration ( edit ) Following the building 's conversion into a mosque in 1453 , many of its mosaics were covered with plaster , due to Islam 's ban on representational imagery . This process was not completed at once , and reports exist from the 17th century in which travelers note that they could still see Christian images in the former church . In 1847 -- 49 , the building was restored by two Swiss - Italian Fossati brothers , Gaspare and Giuseppe , and Sultan Abdülmecid allowed them to also document any mosaics they might discover during this process which were later archived in Swiss libraries . This work did not include repairing the mosaics and after recording the details about an image , the Fossatis painted it over again . The Fossatis restored the mosaics of the two hexapteryga ( singular Greek : ἑεξαπτέρυγον , pr . hexapterygon , six - winged angel ; it is uncertain whether they are seraphim or cherubim ) located on the two east pendentives , covering their faces again before the end of the restoration . The other two placed on the west pendentives are copies in paint created by the Fossatis since they could find no surviving remains of them . As in this case , the architects reproduced in paint damaged decorative mosaic patterns , sometimes redesigning them in the process . The Fossati records are the primary sources about a number of mosaic images now believed to have been completely or partially destroyed in the 1894 Istanbul earthquake . These include a mosaic over a now - unidentified Door of the Poor , a large image of a jewel - encrusted cross , and a large number of images of angels , saints , patriarchs , and church fathers . Most of the missing images were located in the building 's two tympana . One mosaic they documented is Christ Pantocrator in a circle , which would indicate it to be a ceiling mosaic , possibly even of the main dome which was later covered and painted over with Islamic calligraphy that expounds God as the light of the universe . The drawings of the Hagia Sophia mosaics are today kept in the Cantonal Archive of Ticino . 20th - century restoration ( edit ) A large number of mosaics were uncovered in the 1930s by a team from the Byzantine Institute of America led by Thomas Whittemore . The team chose to let a number of simple cross images remain covered by plaster but uncovered all major mosaics found . Because of its long history as both a church and a mosque , a particular challenge arises in the restoration process . Christian iconographic mosaics can be uncovered , but often at the expense of important and historic Islamic art . Restorers have attempted to maintain a balance between both Christian and Islamic cultures . In particular , much controversy rests upon whether the Islamic calligraphy on the dome of the cathedral should be removed , in order to permit the underlying Pantocrator mosaic of Christ as Master of the World , to be exhibited ( assuming the mosaic still exists ) . Imperial gate mosaic ( edit ) Imperial gate mosaic The Imperial Gate mosaic is located in the tympanum above that gate , which was used only by the emperors when entering the church . Based on style analysis , it has been dated to the late 9th or early 10th century . The emperor with a nimbus or halo could possibly represent emperor Leo VI the Wise or his son Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus bowing down before Christ Pantocrator , seated on a jeweled throne , giving His blessing and holding in His left hand an open book . The text on the book reads as follows : `` Peace be with you . I am the light of the world '' . ( John 20 : 19 ; 20 : 26 ; 8 : 12 ) On each side of Christ 's shoulders is a circular medallion : on His left the Archangel Gabriel , holding a staff , on His right His Mother Mary . Southwestern entrance mosaic ( edit ) Southwestern entrance mosaic The southwestern entrance mosaic , situated in the tympanum of the southwestern entrance , dates from the reign of Basil II . It was rediscovered during the restorations of 1849 by the Fossatis . The Virgin sits on a throne without a back , her feet resting on a pedestal , embellished with precious stones . The Child Christ sits on her lap , giving His blessing and holding a scroll in His left hand . On her left side stands emperor Constantine in ceremonial attire , presenting a model of the city to Mary . The inscription next to him says : `` Great emperor Constantine of the Saints '' . On her right side stands emperor Justinian I , offering a model of the Hagia Sophia . The medallions on both sides of the Virgin 's head carry the monograms MP and ΘΥ , an abbreviation of `` Mētēr '' and `` Theou '' , meaning `` Mother of God '' . Apse mosaics ( edit ) Apse mosaic of the Virgin and Child The Virgin and Child mosaic was the first of the post-iconoclastic mosaics . It was inaugurated on 29 March 867 by Patriarch Photius and the emperors Michael III and Basil I . This mosaic is situated in a high location on the half dome of the apse . Mary is sitting on a throne without a back , holding the Child Jesus on her lap . Her feet rest on a pedestal . Both the pedestal and the throne are adorned with precious stones . The portraits of the archangels Gabriel and Michael ( largely destroyed ) in the bema of the arch also date from the 9th century . The mosaics are set against the original golden background of the 6th century . These mosaics were believed to be a reconstruction of the mosaics of the 6th century that were previously destroyed during the iconoclastic era by the Byzantines of that time , as represented in the inaugural sermon by the patriarch Photios . However , no record of figurative decoration of Hagia Sophia exists before this time . Emperor Alexander mosaic ( edit ) The Emperor Alexander mosaic is not easy to find for the first - time visitor , located on the second floor in a dark corner of the ceiling . It depicts Emperor Alexander in full regalia , holding a scroll in his right hand and a globus cruciger in his left . A drawing by the Fossatis showed that the mosaic survived until 1849 and that Thomas Whittemore , founder of the Byzantine Institute of America who was granted permission to preserve the mosaics , assumed that it had been destroyed in the earthquake of 1894 . Eight years after his death , the mosaic was discovered in 1958 largely through the researches of Robert Van Nice . Unlike most of the other mosaics in Hagia Sophia , which had been covered over by ordinary plaster , the Alexander mosaic was simply painted over and reflected the surrounding mosaic patterns and thus was well hidden . It was duly cleaned by the Byzantine Institute 's successor to Whittemore , Paul A. Underwood . Empress Zoe mosaic ( edit ) The Empress Zoe mosaic The Empress Zoe mosaic on the eastern wall of the southern gallery date from the 11th century . Christ Pantocrator , clad in the dark blue robe ( as is the custom in Byzantine art ) , is seated in the middle against a golden background , giving His blessing with the right hand and holding the Bible in His left hand . On either side of His head are the monograms IC and XC , meaning Iēsous Christos . He is flanked by Constantine IX Monomachus and Empress Zoe , both in ceremonial costumes . He is offering a purse , as a symbol of donation , he made to the church , while she is holding a scroll , symbol of the donations she made . The inscription over the head of the emperor says : `` Constantine , pious emperor in Christ the God , king of the Romans , Monomachus '' . The inscription over the head of the empress reads as follows : `` Zoë , the very pious Augusta '' . The previous heads have been scraped off and replaced by the three present ones . Perhaps the earlier mosaic showed her first husband Romanus III Argyrus or her second husband Michael IV . Another theory is that this mosaic was made for an earlier emperor and empress , with their heads changed into the present ones . Comnenus mosaic ( edit ) The Comnenus mosaic The Comnenus mosaic , also located on the eastern wall of the southern gallery , dates from 1122 . The Virgin Mary is standing in the middle , depicted , as usual in Byzantine art , in a dark blue gown . She holds the Child Christ on her lap . He gives His blessing with His right hand while holding a scroll in His left hand . On her right side stands emperor John II Comnenus , represented in a garb embellished with precious stones . He holds a purse , symbol of an imperial donation to the church . Empress Irene stands on the left side of the Virgin , wearing ceremonial garments and offering a document . Their eldest son Alexius Comnenus is represented on an adjacent pilaster . He is shown as a beardless youth , probably representing his appearance at his coronation aged seventeen . In this panel , one can already see a difference with the Empress Zoe mosaic that is one century older . There is a more realistic expression in the portraits instead of an idealized representation . The Empress is shown with plaited blond hair , rosy cheeks , and grey eyes , revealing her Hungarian descent . The emperor is depicted in a dignified manner . Deësis mosaic ( edit ) The Deësis mosaic The Deësis mosaic ( Δέησις , `` Entreaty '' ) probably dates from 1261 . It was commissioned to mark the end of 57 years of Roman Catholic use and the return to the Orthodox faith . It is the third panel situated in the imperial enclosure of the upper galleries . It is widely considered the finest in Hagia Sophia , because of the softness of the features , the humane expressions and the tones of the mosaic . The style is close to that of the Italian painters of the late 13th or early 14th century , such as Duccio . In this panel the Virgin Mary and John the Baptist ( Ioannes Prodromos ) , both shown in three - quarters profile , are imploring the intercession of Christ Pantocrator for humanity on Judgment Day . The bottom part of this mosaic is badly deteriorated . This mosaic is considered as the beginning of the Renaissance in Byzantine pictorial art . Northern tympanum mosaics ( edit ) The northern tympanum mosaics feature various saints . They have been able to survive due to the very high and unreachable location . They depict Saints John Chrysostom and Ignatius the Younger standing , clothed in white robes with crosses , and holding richly jeweled Holy Bibles . The names of each saint are given around the figures in Greek , in order to enable an identification for the visitor . The other mosaics in the other tympana have not survived probably due to the frequent earthquakes as opposed to any deliberate destruction by the Ottoman conquerors . Dome angel figure mosaic ( edit ) This features four unidentical angel figures . It is believed that these on headed six winged angels , also known as seraphim , protect the lords throne in heaven . There are angels in the east composed in mosaics as where the ones in the west were damaged during the Eastern Roman Period , they have been renewed as fresco . During the ottoman period the angels faces were covered with metallic lids in the shape of stars , but were removed to reveal the faces in 2009 during renovations . Other burials ( edit ) Mustafa I , in the courtyard Enrico Dandolo , in the east gallery Gallery ( edit ) Mosaics with geometric pattern decorate the upper imperial gallery Detail of Deësis mosaic Mosaic in the northern tympanum depicting Saint John Chrysostom Drawing by the Fossati brother depicting some mosaics Another drawing by the Fossati brothers depicting mosaic of six patriarchs in the southern tympanum One of the mighty stone columns with metal clasps Interior of the Hagia Sophia by John Singer Sargent , 1891 Detail of relief on the Marble Door . Interior view of the Hagia Sophia , showing Islamic elements on the top of the main dome ( annotations ) . Haghia Sofia from Adriaan Reland ( 1676 - 1718 ) : Verhandeling van de godsdienst der Mahometaanen , 1719 Hagia Sophia during its time as a mosque . Illustration by Gaspare Fossati and Louis Haghe from 1852 . Interior panorama of the Hagia Sophia ( annotations ) . Circa 1900 photograph , from its time as a mosque . The face of the Hexapterygon ( six - winged angel ) on the northeast pendentive ( upper left ) , discovered but covered again by Gaspare Fossati during its restoration , is visible again ( annotations ) . Imperial Gate 19th - century marker of the tomb of Enrico Dandolo , the Doge of Venice who commanded the Sack of Constantinople in 1204 , inside the Hagia Sophia Works modeled on the Hagia Sofia ( edit ) Many religious structures have been modeled on the Hagia Sophia 's core structure of a large central dome resting on pendentives and buttressed by two semi-domes . A notable Venetian example is the High Altar of Santa Maria della Salute . Several Mosques commissioned by the Ottoman dynasty closely mimic the geometry of the Hagia Sophia , including the Süleymaniye Mosque and the Bayezid II Mosque . In many cases , Ottoman architects preferred to surround the central dome with four semi-domes rather than two . This is true in the Sultan Ahmed Mosque , the New Mosque ( Istanbul ) , and the Fatih Mosque . Like the original plan of the Hagia Sophia , many of these mosques are also entered through a colonnaded courtyard . However , the courtyard of the Hagia Sophia no longer exists . Many Neo-Byzantine churches are modeled on the Hagia Sophia . The Kronstadt Naval Cathedral and Poti Cathedral closely replicate the internal geometry of the Hagia Sophia . The interior of the Kronstadt Naval Cathedral is a nearly 1 - to - 1 copy of the Hagia Sophia . The marble revetment also closely mimics the source work . Like Ottoman mosques , many churches based on the Hagia Sophia include four semi-domes rather than two . For instance , the Church of Saint Sava in Belgrade . Several churches combine the layout of the Hagia Sophia with a Latin cross plan . For instance , the Cathedral Basilica of Saint Louis ( St. Louis ) , where the transept is formed by two semi-domes surrounding the main dome . This church also closely emulates the column capitals and mosaic styles of the Hagia Sophia . Other similar examples include the Alexander Nevsky Cathedral , Sofia , Saint Clement Catholic Church , Chicago , and Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception . The Catedral Metropolitana Ortodoxa in São Paulo and the Église du Saint - Esprit ( Paris ) closely follow the interior layout of the Hagia Sophia . Both include four semi-domes , but the two lateral semi-domes are very shallow . In terms of size , the Église du Saint - Esprit is about two thirds the scale of the Hagia Sophia . Synagogues based on the Hagia Sophia include the Congregation Emanu - El ( San Francisco ) , Great Synagogue of Florence , and Hurva Synagogue . See also ( edit ) Architecture portal Eastern Christianity portal Islam portal Byzantine Empire portal Ottoman Empire portal Turkey portal Oldest churches in the world List of megalithic sites Conversion of non-Muslim places of worship into mosques Pendentive -- Architectural element List of Byzantine inventions Islam in Turkey Ottoman architecture List of mosques in Istanbul List of mosques in Turkey List of mosques Sultan Ahmed Mosque History of Roman and Byzantine domes Related Buildings : Church of the Holy Apostles -- the second most important church of Constantinople Hagia Irene -- neighbouring church Little Hagia Sophia -- a 6th - century Byzantine church , now mosque , that might have been built by the same architects as Hagia Sophia Church of St. Polyeuctus -- An earlier church that may have served as a model for the Hagia Sophia Chora Church -- Byzantine church in Istanbul notable for its well preserved Paleologan mosaics , now a museum too Pammakaristos Church : its parekklesion -- also a museum -- is decorated with beautiful mosaics Haseki Hürrem Sultan Hamamı -- bath commissioned by Roxelana for the Hagia Sophia community Caferağa Medresseh -- former Koranic school next to Hagia Sophia Soğukçeşme Sokağı -- historical street between the Hagia Sophia and Topkapı Palace Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kiev Saint Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod Saint Sophia Cathedral in Polotsk Hagia Sophia Church ( Sofia ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Fazio , Michael ; Moffett , Marian ; Wodehouse , Lawrence ( 2009 ) . Buildings Across Time ( 3rd ed . ) . McGraw - Hill Higher Education . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 305304 - 2 . Jump up ^ Simons , Marlise ( 22 August 1993 ) . `` Center of Ottoman Power '' . New York Times . Retrieved 4 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Müller - Wiener ( 1977 ) , p. 112 . Jump up ^ Magdalino , Paul , et al. `` Istanbul : Buildings , Hagia Sophia '' in Grove Art Online . Oxford Art Online . http://www.oxfordartonline.com . accessed 28 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Kleiner , Fred S. ; Christin J. Mamiya ( 2008 ) . Gardner 's Art Through the Ages : Volume I , Chapters 1 -- 18 ( 12th ed . ) . Mason , OH : Wadsworth . p. 329 . ISBN 0 - 495 - 46740 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Janin ( 1953 ) , p. 471 . Jump up ^ McKenzie , Steven L. ; Graham , Matt Patrick ( 1998 ) . The Hebrew Bible Today : An Introduction to Critical Issues . Westminster John Knox Press . p. 149 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 664 - 25652 - 4 . Jump up ^ Binns , John ( 2002 ) . An Introduction to the Christian Orthodox Churches . Cambridge University Press . p. 57 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 66738 - 8 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) . '' LiveScience . Jump up ^ `` Hagia Sophia Archived 5 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine ... '' ArchNet . ^ Jump up to : `` Top 10 : Turkey 's most visited museums '' . Hürriyet Daily News . 10 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hagia Sophia still Istanbul 's top tourist attraction '' . hurriyet . Jump up ^ Müller - Wiener ( 1977 ) , p. 84 . Jump up ^ Alessandro E. FONI ; George PAPAGIANNAKIS ; Nadia MAGNENAT - THALMANN . `` Virtual Hagia Sophia : Restitution , Visualization and Virtual Life Simulation '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 9 July 2007 . Retrieved 3 July 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Janin ( 1953 ) , p. 472 . Jump up ^ Krautheimer , Richard ( 1986 ) . Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture ( 4th ed . ) . New Haven and London : Yale University Press / Pelican History of Art . p. 205 . ISBN 0 - 300 - 05296 - 0 . Jump up ^ Mango , Cyril ( 1985 ) . Byzantine Architecture ( 1st ed . ) . New York : Electa / Rizzoli . p. 65 . ISBN 0 - 8478 - 0615 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Müller - Wiener ( 1977 ) , p. 86 . Jump up ^ `` The Chronicle of John Malalas , '' Bk 18.86 Translated by E. Jeffreys , M. Jeffreys , and R. Scott . Australian Association of Byzantine Studies , 1986 vol 4 . Jump up ^ `` The Chronicle of Theophones Confessor : Byzantine and Near Eastern History AD 284 -- 813 . '' Translated with commentary by Cyril Mango and Roger Scott . AM 6030 pg 316 , with this note : Theophanes ' precise date should be accepted . Jump up ^ Janin , Raymond ( 1950 ) . Constantinople Byzantine ( in French ) ( 1 ed . ) . Paris : Institut Français d'Etudes Byzantines . p. 41 . Jump up ^ `` Haghia Sophia '' . Istanbul / : Emporis . Retrieved 4 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Baalbek keeps its secrets '' . stoneworld . Jump up ^ Maranci , Christina ( September 2003 ) . `` The Architect Trdat : Building Practices and Cross-Cultural Exchange in Byzantium and Armenia '' . Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians. 62 ( 3 ) : 294 -- 305 . JSTOR 3592516 . Jump up ^ Müller - Wiener ( 1977 ) , p. 87 . ^ Jump up to : Mamboury ( 1953 ) p. 287 Jump up ^ Gallo , Rudolfo ( 1927 ) . `` La tomba di Enrico Dandolo in Santa Sofia a Constantinople '' . Rivista mensile della Citta di Venezia. 6 : 270 -- 83 . ^ Jump up to : Müller - Wiener ( 1977 ) , p. 91 . Jump up ^ Runciman , Steven ( 1965 ) . The Fall of Constantinople , 1453 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . p. 145 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 39832 - 0 . Jump up ^ Nicol , Donald M. The End of the Byzantine Empire . London : Edward Arnold Publishers , 1979 , p. 88 . ^ Jump up to : Nicol . The End of the Byzantine Empire , p. 90 . ^ Jump up to : Runciman . The Fall of Constantinople , p. 147 . Jump up ^ Runciman . The Fall of Constantinople , pp. 133 -- 134 . Jump up ^ Nicol , Donald M. The Last Centuries of Byzantium 1261 -- 1453 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 1972 , p. 389 . Jump up ^ Runciman . The Fall of Constantinople , p. 149 . Jump up ^ Tafur , Pero ( 1926 ) . Travels and Adventures , 1435 -- 1439 . Trans . M. Letts . London : G. Routledge . pp. 138 -- 148 . Jump up ^ G. Gerola , `` Le vedute di Costantinopoli di Cristoforo Buondemonti , '' SBN 3 ( 1931 ) : 247 -- 79 . Jump up ^ Mamboury ( 1953 ) , p. 288 . Jump up ^ Necipoĝlu ( 2005 ) , pg. 13 Jump up ^ Boyar & Fleet ( 2010 ) , p. 145 Jump up ^ Mungan , I. ( 2004 ) . Hagia Sophia and Mimar Sinan . Mungan & Wittek ( eds ) ; Taylor & Francis Group , London . pp. 383 -- 384 . ISBN 90 - 5809 - 642 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Müller - Wiener ( 1977 ) , p. 93 . Jump up ^ Turkish Cultural Foundation . The Fossati brothers , Accessed 23 Sept 2014 . Jump up ^ Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture : Istanbul , Oxford University Press , p. 324 . Jump up ^ `` World Monuments Fund -- Hagia Sophia '' . Wmf.org . Retrieved 4 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ýstanbul Tanýtýmý -- Ayasofya Müzesi '' . Istanbul.gov.tr . Archived from the original on 24 January 2012 . Retrieved 4 December 2011 . Jump up ^ İbadete açık Ayasofya ( in Turkish ) Jump up ^ `` Ayasofya'da ezan okunuyor , duydunuz mu ? '' . Timeturk . Retrieved 16 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Group unveils initiative on Hagia Sophia '' . HomeboyMediaNews . Jump up ^ Международная группа активистов продолжает возвращения Церкви константинопольского собора Святой Софии Православие. Ru 26 июля 2007 . Jump up ^ Константинопольская София -- мать всех церквей ) Православие. Ru , 29 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Call to reinstate Hagia Sophia as mosque '' . Financial Times . 15 November 2013 . Retrieved 24 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Greece angered over Turkish Deputy PM 's Hagia Sophia remarks '' . Hürriyet. 19 November 2013 . Retrieved 20 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Turkey : Pressure mounts for Hagia Sophia to be converted into mosque '' . Christian Today . 13 December 2013 . Retrieved 24 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pope 's remarks ' to accelerate Hagia Sophia 's conversion into mosque ' '' . Hurriyet. 16 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Moftah , Lora ( 16 April 2015 ) . `` Hagia Sophia Mosque Conversion ? Turkey Pope Backlash Could Open Historic Church To Muslim Worship '' . International Business Times . Jump up ^ `` First call to prayer inside Istanbul 's Hagia Sophia in 85 years '' . hurriyet . Jump up ^ `` Muslim group prays in front of Hagia Sophia to demand re-conversion into mosque '' . hurriyet . Jump up ^ `` Turkey rejects Greek criticism of Hagia Sophia prayers '' . hurriyet . Jump up ^ Turkish President Erdoğan recites Islamic prayer at the Hagia Sophia Jump up ^ Ο κρητικός παπα - Λευτέρης Νουφράκης και η ξεχασμένη Λειτουργία στην Αγιά Σοφιά ( in Greek ) Jump up ^ Kinross , Lord ( 1972 ) . Hagia Sophia . S. Arthur Dembner . pp. 30 , 35 , 45 , 80 . ISBN 9780882250144 . Jump up ^ Melton , J. Gordon ; Baumann , Martin ( 21 September 2010 ) . Religions of the World : A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices . ABC - CLIO . p. 513 . Jump up ^ Kleiner and Mamiya . Gardner 's Art Through the Ages , p. 331 . Jump up ^ `` pendentive ( architecture ) -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia '' . Britannica.com . Retrieved 4 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Mainstone , Rowland J. ( 2001 ) . Hagia Sophia . London : Thames & Hudson . pp. 90 -- 93 . ISBN 0 - 500 - 27945 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : 1923 - , Mainstone , R.J. ( Rowland J . ) , ( 1988 ) . Hagia Sophia : architecture , structure , and liturgy of Justinian 's great church . New York , N.Y. : Thames and Hudson . ISBN 0500340986 . OCLC 15378795 . Jump up ^ Hagia Sophia . `` Mosque '' . Hagia Sophia . Retrieved 26 February 2013 . Jump up ^ http://ayasofyamuzesi.gov.tr/en/ext-minarets Jump up ^ `` Buttresses Hagia Sophia Museum '' . ayasofyamuzesi.gov.tr . Directorate of Hagia Sophia Museum . Retrieved 18 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Ronchey ( 2010 ) , p. 157 Jump up ^ `` Hagia Sophia : Facts , History & Architecture '' . Live Science . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ Istanbul City Guide ( English ) . ASBOOK . Jump up ^ `` The Marble Door . '' The Marble Door Hagia Sophia Museum , Hagia Sophia Museum , ayasofyamuzesi.gov.tr/en/door-marble-door . Jump up ^ `` The Nice Door . '' The nice door , Hagia Sophia Museum http://ayasofyamuzesi.gov.tr/en/door-nice-door Jump up ^ ( `` The Emperor Door . '' The Emperor Door , Hagia Sophia Museum ayasofyamuzesi.gov.tr/en/door-emperor-door ) Jump up ^ `` Ayasofya Müzesi '' . Ayasofyamuzesi.gov.tr . Archived from the original on 4 November 2013 . Retrieved 3 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Aya Sofya or Hagia Sophia Mosque - Church and Museum '' . Very Turkey . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) `` The Architectural Review , Vol. 17 '' pg. 153 Jump up ^ N. , , Patricios , Nicholas . The sacred architecture of Byzantium : art , liturgy and symbolism in early Christian churches . London . ISBN 9781780762913 . OCLC 879616183 . Jump up ^ Hagia Sophia . Nova PBS program ; originally aired 2 / 25 / 2015 ^ Jump up to : Hoffman ( 1999 ) , p. 207 Jump up ^ `` Monuments éternels '' . Programmes ARTE. 21 September 2014 . Archived from the original on 5 May 2015 . Jump up ^ The Hagia Sophia -- by Mount Holyoke College Jump up ^ `` The Hagia Sophia Church '' . Guideistanbul.net . Retrieved 4 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Hagia Sophia . `` Imperial Door Mosaic -- Hagia Sophia '' . hagiasophia.com . Jump up ^ Lorenzo Riccardi , Observations on Basil II as Patron of the Arts , in Actual Problems of Theory and History of Art , I , Collection of articles . Materials of the Conference of Young Specialists ( St. Petersburg State University , 1 -- 5 December 2010 ) , St. Petersburg 2011 ( ISBN 978 - 5 - 288 - 05174 - 6 ) , pp. 39 -- 45 ; Lorenzo Riccardi , Alcune riflessioni sul mosaico del vestibolo sud - ovest della Santa Sofia di Costantinopoli , in Vie per Bisanzio . VIII Congresso Nazionale dell'Associazione Italiana di Studi Bizantini ( Venezia 25 -- 28 novembre 2009 ) , a cura di Antonio Rigo , Andrea Babuin e Michele Trizio , Bari , Edizioni di Pagina 2012 ( ISBN 978 - 88 - 7470 - 229 - 9 ) , pp. 357 -- 371 . Jump up ^ Hagia Sophia . `` Southwestern Vestibule -- Hagia Sophia '' . hagiasophia.com . Jump up ^ Hagia Sophia . `` Apse Mosaic -- Hagia Sophia '' . hagiasophia.com . Jump up ^ Lord Kinross . `` Hagia Sophia : A History of Constantinople . '' Newsweek , 1972 , pp. 132 -- 133 . Jump up ^ Hagia Sophia . `` Emperor Alexander -- Hagia Sophia '' . hagiasophia.com . Jump up ^ Hagia Sophia . `` Empress Zoe -- Hagia Sophia '' . hagiasophia.com . Jump up ^ Hagia Sophia . `` Comnenus -- Hagia Sophia '' . hagiasophia.com . Jump up ^ Parry , K. , The Blackwell Companion to Eastern Christianity , John Wiley & Sons , 2010 . p. 379 . Jump up ^ Hagia Sophia . `` Deesis -- Hagia Sophia '' . hagiasophia.com . Jump up ^ Hagia Sophia . `` North Tympanum -- Hagia Sophia '' . hagiasophia.com . Jump up ^ `` Dome Angel Figures '' . Hagia Sophia Museum . Bibliography ( edit ) Boyran , Ebru ; Fleet , Kate ( 2010 ) . A social History of Ottoman Istanbul . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 19955 - 1 . Brubaker , Leslie ; Haldon , John ( 2011 ) . Byzantium in the Iconoclast era ( ca 680 -- 850 ) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 43093 - 7 . Hagia Sophia Church , also known as Church of Holy Wisdom . Hagia Sophia. ( 3 ) . Accessed 23 Sept 2014 . Hoffman , Volker ( 1999 ) . Die Hagia Sophia in Istanbul ( in German ) . Bern : Lang . ISBN 3 - 906762 - 81 - 5 . Janin , Raymond ( 1953 ) . La Géographie Ecclésiastique de l'Empire Byzantin. 1 . Part : Le Siège de Constantinople et le Patriarcat Oecuménique . 3rd Vol . : Les Églises et les Monastères . Paris : Institut Français d'Etudes Byzantines . Mainstone , Rowland J. ( 1997 ) . Hagia Sophia : Architecture , Structure , and Liturgy of Justinian 's Great Church ( reprint edition ) . WW Norton & Co Inc . ISBN 0 - 500 - 27945 - 4 ... Mamboury , Ernest ( 1953 ) . The Tourists ' Istanbul . Istanbul : Çituri Biraderler Basımevi . Müller - Wiener , Wolfgang ( 1977 ) . Bildlexikon zur Topographie Istanbuls : Byzantion , Konstantinupolis , Istanbul bis zum Beginn d . 17 Jh ( in German ) . Tübingen : Wasmuth . ISBN 978 - 3 - 8030 - 1022 - 3 . Necipoĝlu , Gulru ( 2005 ) . The Age of Sinan : Architectural Culture in the Ottoman Empire . London : Reaktion Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86189 - 244 - 7 . Ronchey , Silvia ; Braccini , Tommaso ( 2010 ) . Il romanzo di Costantinopoli . Guida letteraria alla Roma d'Oriente ( in Italian ) . Torino : Einaudi . ISBN 978 - 88 - 06 - 18921 - 1 . Runciman , Steven ( 1965 ) . The Fall of Constantinople , 1453 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . p. 145 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 39832 - 0 . Savignac , David . `` The Medieval Russian Account of the Fourth Crusade - A New Annotated Translation '' . Turner , J. ( 1996 ) . Grove Dictionary of Art . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 517068 - 7 . Further reading ( edit ) Alchermes , Joseph D. ( 2005 ) . `` Art and Architecture in the Age of Justinian '' . In Maas , Michael . The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Justinian . Cambridge : Cambridge U.P. pp. 343 -- 375 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 52071 - 3 . Balfour , John Patrick Douglas ( 1972 ) . Hagia Sophia . W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88225 - 014 - 4 . Cimok , Fatih ( 2004 ) . Hagia Sophia . Milet Publishing Ltd . ISBN 978 - 975 - 7199 - 61 - 8 . Doumato , Lamia ( 1980 ) . The Byzantine church of Hagia Sophia : Selected references . Vance Bibliographies . ASIN B0006E2O2M . Goriansky , Lev Vladimir ( 1933 ) . Haghia Sophia : analysis of the architecture , art and spirit behind the shrine in Constantinople dedicated to Hagia Sophia . American School of Philosophy . ASIN B0008C47EA . Harris , Jonathan , Constantinople : Capital of Byzantium . Hambledon / Continuum ( 2007 ) . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84725 - 179 - 4 Howland Swift , Emerson ( 1937 ) . The bronze doors of the gate of the horologium at Hagia Sophia . University of Chicago . ASIN B000889GIG . Kahler , Heinz ( 1967 ) . Haghia Sophia . Praeger . ASIN B0008C47EA . Kinross , Lord ( 1972 ) . Hagia Sophia , Wonders of Man . Newsweek . ASIN B000K5QN9W . Kleinbauer , W. Eugene ; Anthony White ( 2007 ) . Hagia Sophia . London : Scala Publishers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85759 - 308 - 2 . Kleinbauer , W. Eugene ( 2000 ) . Saint Sophia at Constantinople : Singulariter in Mundo ( Monograph ( Frederic Lindley Morgan Chair of Architectural Design ) , No. 5 . ) . William L. Bauhan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87233 - 123 - 5 . Krautheimer , Richard ( 1984 ) . Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 05294 - 7 . Mainstone , R.J. ( 1997 ) . Hagia Sophia : Architecture , Structure , and Liturgy of Justinian 's Great Church . London : Thames & Hudson . ISBN 978 - 0 - 500 - 27945 - 8 . Mainstone , Rowland J. ( 1988 ) . Hagia Sophia . Architecture , structure and liturgy of Justinian 's great church . London : Thames & Hudson . ISBN 0 - 500 - 34098 - 6 . Mango , Cyril ; Ahmed Ertuğ ( 1997 ) . Hagia Sophia . A vision for empires . Istanbul . Mark , R. ; Çakmaktitle , AS . ( 1992 ) . Hagia Sophia from the Age of Justinian to the Present . Princeton Architectural . ISBN 978 - 1 - 878271 - 11 - 2 . Nelson , Robert S. ( 2004 ) . Hagia Sophia , 1850 -- 1950 : Holy Wisdom Modern Monument . Chicago : University Of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 57171 - 3 . Özkul , T.A. ( 2007 ) . Structural characteristics of Hagia Sophia : I-A finite element formulation for static analysis . Elsevier . Scharf , Joachim : Der Kaiser in Proskynese . Bemerkungen zur Deutung des Kaisermosaiks im Narthex der Hagia Sophia von Konstantinopel . In : Festschrift Percy Ernst Schramm zu seinem siebzigsten Geburtstag von Schülern und Freunden zugeeignet , Wiesbaden 1964 , S. 27 -- 35 . Swainson , Harold ( 2005 ) . The Church of Sancta Sophia Constantinople : A Study of Byzantine Building . Boston , MA : Adamant Media Corporation . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4021 - 8345 - 4 . Yucel , Erdem ( 2005 ) . Hagia Sophia . Scala Publishers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85759 - 250 - 4 . Weitzmann , Kurt , ed. , Age of spirituality : late antique and early Christian art , third to seventh century , no . 592 , 1979 , Metropolitan Museum of Art , New York , ISBN 978 - 0 - 87099 - 179 - 0 Articles ( edit ) Bordewich , Fergus M. , `` A Monumental Struggle to Preserve Hagia Sophia '' , Smithsonian magazine , December 2008 Mosaics ( edit ) Hagia Sophia , hagiasophia.com : Mosaics . MacDonald , William Lloyd ( 1951 ) . The uncovering of Byzantine mosaics in Hagia Sophia . Archaeological Institute of America . ASIN B0007GZTKS . Mango , Cyril ( 1972 ) . The mosaics of St. Sophia at Istanbul : The church fathers in the north Tympanum . Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies . ASIN B0007CAVA0 . Mango , Cyril ( 1968 ) . The Apse mosaics of St. Sophia at Istanbul : Report on work carried out in 1964 . Johnson Reprints . ASIN B0007G5RBY . Mango , Cyril ; Heinz Kahler ( 1967 ) . Hagia Sophia : With a Chapter on the Mosaics . Praeger . ASIN B0000CO5IL . Teteriatnikov , Natalia B. ( 1998 ) . Mosaics of Hagia Sophia , Istanbul : The Fossati Restoration and the Work of the Byzantine Institute . Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88402 - 264 - 0 . Riccardi , Lorenzo ( 2012 ) . Alcune riflessioni sul mosaico del vestibolo sud - ovest della Santa Sofia di Costantinopoli , in Vie per Bisanzio . VIII Congresso Nazionale dell'Associazione Italiana di Studi Bizantini ( Venezia 25 -- 28 novembre 2009 ) , a cura di Antonio Rigo , Andrea Babuin e Michele Trizio . Bari . pp. 357 -- 371 . ISBN 978 - 88 - 7470 - 229 - 9 . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Yücel , Erdem ( 1988 ) . The mosaics of Hagia Sophia . Efe Turizm . ASIN B0007CBGYA . External links ( edit ) External image 360 ° panoramic view ( virtual tour ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to : Hagia Sophia ( category ) Wikisource has the text of a 1905 New International Encyclopedia article about Hagia Sophia . Hagia Sophia Museum Hagia Sophia History Contemporary description by Procopius , Buildings ( De Aedificiis ) , published in 561 . 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hagia sophia is an example of which style of architecture
[ "Hagia Sophia (/ˈhɑːɡiə soʊˈfiːə/; from the Greek Αγία Σοφία, pronounced [aˈʝia soˈfia], \"Holy Wisdom\"; Latin: Sancta Sophia or Sancta Sapientia; Turkish: Ayasofya) is the former Greek Orthodox Christian patriarchal cathedral, later an Ottoman imperial mosque and now a museum (Ayasofya Müzesi) in Istanbul, Turkey. Built in 537 AD at the beginning of the Middle Ages, it was famous in particular for its massive dome. It was the world's largest building and an engineering marvel of its time. It is considered the epitome of Byzantine architecture[1] and is said to have \"changed the history of architecture\".[2]\n" ]
[ "Byzantine" ]
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The League
The league - wikipedia The league Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the sitcom . For other uses , see League . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The League Genre Comedy Created by Jeff Schaffer Jackie Schaffer Starring Mark Duplass Nick Kroll Stephen Rannazzisi Paul Scheer Jon Lajoie Katie Aselton Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 7 No. of episodes 84 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Jeff Schaffer Jackie Schaffer Running time 20 -- 30 minutes Production company ( s ) Chicken Sticks FX Productions Distributor 20th Television Release Original network FX ( 2009 -- 2012 ) FXX ( 2013 -- 15 ) Original release October 29 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 29 ) -- December 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 09 ) External links Website www.fxx.com/theleague The League is an American sitcom that aired on FX and later FXX from October 29 , 2009 to December 9 , 2015 for a total of seven seasons . The series , set in Chicago , Illinois , is a semi-improvised comedy show about a fantasy football league , its members , and their everyday lives . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 2 Episodes 3 Cast 3.1 Main characters 3.2 Recurring characters 3.3 Notable guest stars 3.3. 1 Notable NFL players and analysts as guest stars 4 Leagues 4.1 The League 's fictional league 4.1. 1 Teams 4.1. 2 Season - by - season results 4.2 The Shiva 5 Production 6 DVD releases 7 References 8 External links Synopsis ( edit ) Set in Chicago , the series revolves around six friends who participate in a fantasy football league . The show follows the friends , who would do anything to win , while also dealing with a variety of situations that occur in their everyday lives . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of The League episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired Network 6 October 29 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 29 ) December 10 , 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 10 ) FX 13 September 16 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 16 ) December 9 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 09 ) 13 October 6 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 06 ) December 22 , 2011 ( 2011 - 12 - 22 ) 13 October 11 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 11 ) December 20 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 20 ) 5 13 September 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 04 ) November 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 20 ) FXX 6 13 September 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 03 ) November 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 19 ) 7 13 September 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 09 ) December 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 09 ) Cast ( edit ) Main characters ( edit ) Mark Duplass as Peter `` Pete '' Eckhart : Three - time league champion who separates from his wife Meegan ( Leslie Bibb ) in the pilot episode . Several episodes revolve around his interaction with women . Pete is known for tricking his gullible friends ( particularly Taco and Andre ) into making poor fantasy football trades ( called `` trade rapes '' ) . He works in a cubicle in sales , avoiding doing actual work as much as possible , though in the season 5 episode `` The Automatic Faucet , '' he declares he is done with fantasy football and focuses solely on work - except for when he helps his boss set his fantasy football lineup , which actually earns him a promotion . In Season 7 , he becomes a referee . He creates , and is commissioner of , the `` Sacko '' , the `` worst - team '' trophy created during the episode `` The Reunion '' . He still holds the North Winnetka High School pole - vault record . He once got a `` Fear Boner '' when he went to pick up Chicago Bears tickets from a man he met in the park . Stephen Rannazzisi as Kevin MacArthur : An assistant district attorney , Kevin is the league commissioner from Seasons 1 -- 3 as well as Pete 's best friend . He returns to commissioner in season 5 . Because he has difficulty competing in the league on his own , he often takes football knowledge from his wife , Jenny , for which the rest of the League teases him incessantly . Jenny eventually joins the league herself after Ruxin 's brother - in - law Rafi leaves the league . At the beginning of the series , has never won the Shiva , the award given to the league winners ( named after Shivakamini Somakandarkram : a high school classmate to whom Kevin lost his virginity ) . In college , he got a `` Fear Boner '' when somebody asked for directions who he thought was going to mug him . Kevin wins in the finale of season 3 , however the entire season is declared null by Ruxin due to collusion and lies , until Kevin agrees to give Ruxin the role of commissioner and let him have naming rights to his newborn . Kevin has been highnotized ( hypnotized under the influence of marijuana ) by his brother Taco . His best friend , Pete , and his wife , Jenny , have also similarly programmed him using dog - training techniques . Kevin has a young daughter named Ellie whose foul mouth comes from her parents , and a son born in Season 4 's first episode and named Chalupa Batman by his Uncle Taco , but renamed Christopher Benjamin by his parents in the next episode . Rafi , Ruxin 's brother - in - law , constantly calls him ' Brian ' instead of Kevin . Nick Kroll as Rodney Ruxin : A Jewish product - liability attorney , he is just as ruthless and obnoxious in the league as he is in the courtroom . He `` out - kicked his coverage '' with his wife , and therefore goes to great lengths to please her . He is constantly torn between his need to please his wife and his desire to crush his league opponents . In many episodes , and all of season 3 , Ruxin is extremely paranoid , often thinking that his opponents are `` trying to get into his head , '' or that other members of the league are `` in collusion '' to cheat him , but his paranoid hunches have been correct on at least two occasions , in `` Expert Witness '' and `` The Lockout '' . In the episode `` The Bounce Test '' , he describes his own appearance : `` I look like a Nazi propaganda cartoon of a Jew . '' He and Sofia have a son named Geoffrey ( `` Baby Geoffrey '' ) . He hates being called by his first name , Rodney , preferring to be called Ruxin ; his sister Rebecca ( Lizzy Caplan ) calls him the `` Rod - man , '' and Taco sometimes calls him `` Ruspin , '' two nicknames he finds equally unfavorable . He wins the league championship at the end of season 2 . In high school , he had a reputation for dating large women , giving him the nickname `` The Herdsman '' . He inherited his sarcastic nature from his father Rupert ( Jeff Goldblum ) , who also prefers to be called Ruxin . After catching Kevin in his `` clown car of lies '' , he declares season 3 to be null and void and claims himself as winner via default , after miraculously healing ( upon catching sight of Shiva ) from the after - effects of a stress - induced stroke from discovering the collusion . He then agrees that the events of season 3 of the television show -- season 7 of the league itself - -- would count in exchange for becoming the new league commissioner and for the naming rights to Kevin and Jenny 's newborn , the latter of which he trades to Taco for his # 1 draft pick . He is commissioner only in season 4 . Ruxin is a graduate of Northwestern University . Paul Scheer as Dr. Andre Nowzick : A bald , rich plastic surgeon whose naïveté makes him the brunt of many jokes . He wears what he believes to be trendy clothing , for which he is mercilessly mocked by his friends . He tries to be cool by using current slang , particularly the jargon of hip - hop culture , but he is constantly rebuked by his friends and others , such as professional football player Chad Johnson . Andre wins the Shiva at the end of season 1 after entering a committed relationship with Shivakamini Somakandarkram ( the namesake of the league trophy ) . In the season 2 premiere , Andre renames the trophy `` the Dre '' which is quickly renamed by the rest of the crew as `` the SheDre '' ( A hybrid of `` Shiva '' and `` Dre '' ) . The worship of a false god in `` the Dre '' results in bad luck , which is nicknamed `` Draids '' . His Draids result in the worst record in the league and he quickly falls from first to worst . As the recipient of the Sacko , he is subject to innumerable punishments ranging from embarrassing to cruel . For instance , in the third season , he is locked out of his apartment while Dirty Randy ( Seth Rogen ) creates a low - budget porno based loosely on Andre 's life . Andre 's sister Heather ( Sarah Silverman ) has had sex with everyone in the league except Andre , Jenny , and Ruxin . Andre was engaged to his interior decorator Trixie Von Stein ( Jayma Mays ) but their marriage is ruined by the other members of the league . Andre also starts a wine bar known as Menage a Cinq with Russell , another member of the league , but this fails when Russell 's sex addiction breaks out and he has sex with Manchego cheese . In season 7 , Andre begins dating , and then later marries , Pete 's ex-wife Meegan . Jon Lajoie as Taco MacArthur : Kevin 's younger brother , a perpetually stoned , unemployed musician . He does n't care or know much about American football , evident by his attempts to draft Canadian football players and his tendency to draft placekickers . He has won the league championship at least once in 2006 , evident by his handwritten name on the trophy . He hooks up with women easily , and lives via handouts from his brother Kevin and `` Eskimo family tree '' ( people who have slept with women he has slept with ) , making his own food ( thousand - year - old eggs ) and making his own personal hygiene products , such as deodorant . He also makes ringtones ( Horse Orgasm or , `` Horsegasm '' ) . For one episode , Taco takes martial arts , specializing in use of a naginata ( a long pole with a blade at the end ) and studies of naginatajutsu . He means well but his acts of kindness usually have disastrous results . He is perhaps the most emotional member of the league , prone to crying when his feelings are hurt . In the unrated version of season 1 , Ruxin claimed that the reason Taco is such a `` frittata '' is because they made him smoke marijuana when he was 8 . Between seasons 2 and 3 , Taco travels around the world and becomes a soap opera star in Algeria where he plays a stupid American . Taco enjoys keeping bongs ( which he calls `` guest bongs '' ) in all of his friends ' houses for him to use . In season 4 , it is revealed that he owns the domain name dallascowboys.com , which Dallas Cowboys owner Jerry Jones purchases for $250,000 . In Season 5 he turns his dead uncle 's van into multiple unsuccessful small businesses . It is also revealed that when he is not high he is actually very intelligent , probably the most intelligent member of the League . In season 6 , his Eskimo - Brother DataBase ends up making him a lot of money and he starts other business ventures after Mark Cuban buys it from him for $1.1 million dollars . Katie Aselton as Jenny MacArthur ( née Banger ) : Kevin 's wife , who helps him run his team and has as much enthusiasm for the league as the actual members do during season 1 . When Kevin loses a bet to Pete in season 1 , Jenny is forced to streak since she is clearly the manager for Kevin 's team . In season 2 , Jenny wants her own team for the league , but the members vote to give the vacant spot to Ruxin 's brother - in - law Rafi ; angered , Jenny seeks revenge by helping Ruxin draft instead . She is introduced into the league during that same season to replace Rafi and eventually loses to Ruxin 's team in the Shiva Bowl . Her foul mouth is well equal to Kevin 's and their daughter Ellie is already taking after them . At the end of Season 3 , she tells Kevin that their second child is on the way . She gives birth to a baby boy in the Season - 4 premiere . She defeats Andre in Season 5 's Shiva Bowl . Recurring characters ( edit ) Nadine Velazquez as Sofia Ruxin , Ruxin 's Latina wife . She is good friends with Taco -- Ruxin 's only friend with whom she gets along . Died in preparation for vaginal rejuvenation in Puerto Rico . Jason Mantzoukas as Rafi , Sofia 's deranged , obnoxious brother , aka `` Bro - lo el Cuñado '' . Best friend and possible lover of porn director Dirty Randy . He shared a bed with Sofia until she was 18 . He was an altar boy as a child , but had to quit after he raped a priest . He always calls Pete `` Tall Guy '' and believes Kevin 's name is Brian . His residence has a large number of `` load - bearing chairs '' stacked up and has a `` toilet - kitchen '' . Rafi stores a never - ending supply of hotdogs in his pants , referring to them as `` pocket - dogs '' . He is a diabetic . He gets `` murder boners '' when practicing his MMA skills and gets a `` War Boner '' when playing paintball . He thinks that he is Baby Geoffrey 's true father . Occasionally he has suggested that he and Sofia shared an incestuous relationship in the past ( not directly denied by Sofia ) . Many times when he vomits , he defecates . Many times when he defecates , he orgasms . Ruxin 's sarcasm led him to take on the role of Bobbum Man in real life . He is apparently killed by Dirty Randy in a duel . In Season 6 's `` When Rafi Met Randy , '' it is revealed Rafi was once a normal family man until Randy 's business partner fell to his death on top of Rafi 's wife and two sons , killing them all . After numerous suicide attempts , Rafi was checked into a mental asylum along with Randy . An over-zealous nurse subjected them both to shock therapy that would alter their minds to their deranged state . Randy revealed that he was responsible for the deaths of Rafi 's family only for Rafi to be subjected to a partial lobotomy that made him forget them completely . It is also revealed how Rafi was returned to life via special means . Alina Foley as Ellie MacArthur , Jenny and Kevin 's young daughter . She has inherited her parents ' profane language , which got her in trouble with her first grade teacher , Ms. Martin . Janina Gavankar as Shivakamini Somakandarkram , a doctor who was the valedictorian of most of the league members ' graduating high - school class . She is a urologist , specializing in genital reconstruction . Usually appears on the penultimate or season finales of the season , given that she is the `` patron deity '' of their league 's trophy . They each present an item to the trophy , which contains a high - school photo of her . The only odd - episode - out is `` The High - School Reunion '' where she was present with the league , revealing that Pete 's mother 's windshield was n't busted by a high - school friend , but rather by Kevin when he lost his virginity to Shiva . Shiva cursed the 2012 season of the league because they would not take her picture off the trophy . She also dated Andre towards the end of season 1 . Adam Karchmer as Geoffrey Ruxin , Ruxin and Sofia 's son . Ruxin calls him `` Baby Geoffrey '' . Rob Huebel as Dr. Russell Deramo , a doctor and friend of the gang . He first appears in `` The Draft '' , where he attends Andre 's party . He returns in `` The Kluneberg '' , where it is revealed that he moved to New York , but returned saying New York was too crowded and too full of `` crazy people '' . He later reveals that he is a sex addict , and invites Jenny to join his league . He later replaces her with Rafi , allowing her to join the league . In Season 5 , he is a member of Rafi 's Domination League with `` Dirty Randy '' . He is introduced into the league in Season 6 as a replacement for Ted , claiming his sex addiction is gone due to his passion for wine . He starts a wine bar known as Menage a Cinq with Andre , but this fails when his sex addiction relapses . Leslie Bibb as Meegan Eckhart , Pete 's abrasive ex-wife . They fought constantly . After she gave away his lucky draft shirt , Pete realized that they were not meant to be together and they separated . They finalized the divorce , and she was left with only the house . She had requested their The Curious Case of Benjamin Button DVD , presumably knowing that it contained a disc with a sex video she had made with Pete , but Pete had already sneaked into her house and stolen it , aided by Kevin ; Pete never gives it back . She was later seen dating an older man named Ted . She returns in season 7 , where it is revealed that she is now dating Andre , whom she later marries . Seth Rogen as Dirty Randy -- Rafi 's friend , who works as a librarian and a pornographer . The reason he works at the library is for the infrastructure and says `` it 's a place where you can find desperate people and you can pay them in drugs and alcohol to work as part of the porn - production team . '' Before he was a porn director , he was homeless , kicked out of the military , a crack dealer , and a porn - location scout . He met Rafi in an asylum , an experience he describes as `` very romantic '' . He believes that puns `` are as vital to the porn business as they are to the pet shop and children 's barbershop industries . '' He directed such movies as the controversial `` Shitler 's List '' ( the controversy was that it was shot in black and white ) , `` Toe - Bangers 3 '' ( the SEAL Team Six member who shot Osama bin Laden found a copy of it in the compound , but the Government will not release the footage ) , `` Dr. Andre Nodick , '' and `` 12.12. 12 : The Mayan Cockandlips '' ( filmed in the loft Deion Sanders bought from Andre ) . In Season 5 , he is also a member of Rafi 's `` Domination League '' . He threatens Ruxin with a trident made from dildos . In Season 6 's `` When Rafi Met Randy , '' Randy is revealed to have been a successful businessman who accidentally knocked his partner off a construction building where the man crushed the family of a then - normal Rafi . The two were committed to the same mental institution where numerous shock therapy sessions resulted in their deranged states . When Randy realized he was responsible for the deaths of Rafi 's family , he used another shock session to make him forget about them . Brie Larson as Ashley , Baby Geoffrey 's former au pair . She was hired partially due to her good looks . Pete quickly begins sleeping with her , which causes her to neglect her au - pair duties . Ruxin wants to fire her , but she ends up extorting him , threatening to tell Sofia that he was masturbating to her photo ( he was actually wiping pee off his pants ) unless he continues to pay her for doing nothing . In order to get her to quit , Ruxin enlisted Rafi to hit on her , which ends up backfiring when she brings Rafi into bed with her and Pete to do the `` Golden Gate Bridge '' . Rafi eventually talks her into quitting and moving in with him , which is in Ruxin 's home . Ike Barinholtz as Frank `` The Body '' Gibiatti -- Ruxin 's high school rival . His sister , Gina Gibiatti , ' dated ' Pete for a while . The Body gave ( and still does give ) the guys a hard time . Jayma Mays as Trixie -- Andre 's interior decorator , then fiancée . She is allergic to his semen . She breaks off the engagement after discovering the Secret Draft on her wedding weekend , then blinding herself with Andre 's semen - filled pee - bib while crying . At the end Taco calls her Pixie instead of Trixie . Jeff Goldblum as Rupert Ruxin -- Rodney 's father . Will Forte as Chuck -- One of the league 's two out - of - town members , a recovering alcoholic . Has the nickname , `` Two - Nut Chuck '' . In the Season - 5 premiere it is mentioned that he is in rehab again . In the Season - 7 premiere it is revealed that he has testicular cancer . Brooklyn Decker as Gina Gibiatti -- Frank Gibiatti 's sister who briefly dates Pete , then Adrian Peterson . Adam Brody as Ted Rappaport -- The other out - of - town member of the league and Season - 4 Shiva winner . Had AIDS . Died after being hit by a car while insulting Kevin via FaceTime . Jorma Taccone as Spazz - a member of Rafi 's ' Domination League ' . June Diane Raphael as Pam , a nurse at the mental institution where Rafi was committed , who later reappears in a different episode as Ellie 's teacher . Zach Woods as Lane , a suicidal acquaintance of Pete 's . Rob Riggle as Bethesda . `` Higher - up '' at Ruxin 's firm and coach of Geoffrey 's Little League baseball team . Notable guest stars ( edit ) Matt Walsh as Mr. Friedman -- `` Freaky Friedman '' or `` The Oracle '' 's father . ( Season 1 - Pilot ) Thomas Lennon as Bryce -- Pete and Meegan 's mediator . Bobby Lee as Lee Wei Lee -- a local `` frittata '' and patron of a local Chinese restaurant . Craig Bierko as Craig O'Connor -- Kevin 's boss . Brooke Nevin as Lily -- Kevin 's co-worker and for a brief moment , Taco 's girlfriend . Referred to by Kevin as a `` goody - two - shoes '' . Janet Montgomery as Ambrosia -- Las Vegas stripper who has a vast knowledge in fantasy football . Lake Bell as Brooke -- Pete 's girlfriend , and Kevin 's ex-girlfriend . Nicknamed `` The White Knuckler '' . Alison Becker as Darcy - A practicing Wiccan Pete went out with on Halloween . Jamey Sheridan as Ted -- Meegan 's new , significantly older boyfriend who has a heart attack at Ruxin 's anniversary party . Michael Hitchcock as Ed - A man Pete meets in the park . He offers Pete Bears tickets and gives him a Fear Boner because Pete thought he was gay , although he had a wife and a son . Alia Shawkat as April -- A courtroom artist and Taco 's girlfriend . Martin Starr as Stu Pompeu -- Pete 's high school rival , nicknamed `` Box of Frogs '' . Pete believed that Stu broke his mom 's car 's window , ( although it was actually Kevin and Shiva . ) Stu offered Pete a high paying job , but Pete got revenge on him . Lindsay Sloane as Lindsey Martin - Ellie 's teacher who is also dating Pete . Breaks Pete 's penis because of her constant kegel exercises . Lloyd Ahlquist as Dr. Andre NoDick -- Dirty Randy 's porn star . Kayden Kross as Kayden , a porn star in the Dr. Andre NoDick porno . Rick Shapiro as Bum -- A homeless man . Desi Lydic as Waitress -- - Briefly hooked up with Peter during `` The Marathon '' episode . Ray Liotta as Mr. Hudabega -- Ruxin 's boss , a germaphobe . Keegan - Michael Key as Steve ( Carmenjello ) -- A janitor Andre attempts to befriend after unintentionally upsetting him by calling him `` Carmenjello , '' thinking that was his name , but finds out that it is the name of the janitorial service for which he works . Kevin takes a picture of skin and says `` it 's the perfect shade of cinnamon '' which also offends him . Sarah Silverman as Heather Nowzick -- Andre 's promiscuous sister . She has slept with Taco , Kevin , and Pete , as well as Ruxin 's father . Eliza Dushku as Kristen -- Kevin 's Krav Maga instructor . Deon Cole as Mugger -- Tries to rob Kevin and Kristen after Krav Maga class . T.J. Miller as Gabriel -- A member of a religious cult called `` The Light of Genesis '' who tries to recruit Ruxin . Thomas Middleditch - Another member of `` The Light of Genesis '' . Brett Gelman as Gavin -- An ex-convict Kevin prosecuted , the father of Ellie 's friend Chloe . Melissa Ordway as Sutton - A friend of the league and a sexual interest of Taco and Pete . Chris Tallman as Mr. Swall -- The human - resources representative at Ruxin 's firm . Allison Williams as Danielle -- Pete 's controlling girlfriend . Decides to make Pete 's roster and beer selections . Marianne Muellerleile as Bernice , a hospital nurse who tends to Ruxin after his stroke ; when Rafi visits Ruxin , he hits on Bernice . Timothy Olyphant as Wesley - san -- A sushi chef at Spuki Sushi . He is white but acts Asian . Claims to be from O - ma - ha . Ryan Hansen as Ben -- Jenny 's ex-boyfriend , Kevin and Andre 's friend . In Season 4 , it is divulged that he and Jenny once had sex six times in one day ( `` The Freezeout '' ) . Julia Duffy as Martha - Kevin and Taco 's mother who dislikes Jenny and considers Taco the more successful of the two brothers , seemingly oblivious to his shortcomings . Kristin Cavallari as herself -- Appears in Kevin and Jenny 's `` Mommy & Me '' class . Jenny steals her breast milk . Ken Marino as Donnie `` The Seed '' Sadowski -- A bully from high school who used to jerk off in his hand and rub it on victims ' heads . Friends with Frank Gibiatti . Andrea Savage as Gail . J.B. Smoove as Wheelchair Guy ( DeRon ) -- Buys the last pair of Vapora Sport Sneakers out from under Pete . Pete steals the sneakers back . Robert Wagner as Gumpa Duke - Pete 's promiscuous grandpa who pretends to be losing his mind so that he can hook up at the retirement home . Lee Meriwether as Gumma Eve - Pete 's grandma who is married to Gumpa Duke . John Ross Bowie as Dr. Pete Wyland - Gives Kevin a colonoscopy . Insists on being called Pete and has a nurse named Jenny . Bob Odenkirk as Mall Manager -- Fights with Taco over Krampus and Ruxin over Christmas music . Griffin Dunne and Glenne Headly as Andre 's parents . Snoop Dogg as himself . One of Taco 's `` Eskimo Brothers '' . Christine Lakin as `` Pete 's girl '' . Dana White as The Falcon 's enforcer . Kills Dirty Randy and Rafi 's friend Spazz . Will Sasso as Police Officer . Rafi and Dirty Randy thinks he is a Nazi . Kevin Nealon as Chuck Falcon . Porn Kingpin who is known as the Steve Jobs of Porn . Killed by Dirty Randy . Ali Larter as Georgia Thompson . Unhappily married woman who initiates an affair with Pete . Erin Heatherton as Coach Crowley . Ellie 's intimidating basketball coach . Lizzy Caplan as Rebecca Ruxin - Rodney 's sister . Aziz Ansari as Dr. Hector Rocha , Andre 's plastic - surgery rival . Mark Cuban as himself . Buys the Eskimo Brother Database from Taco . Brenda Song as Rosette - Pete 's girlfriend who constantly wants to hold hands . Jerry O'Connell as Father Muldoon . The MacArthurs ' priest . Erinn Hayes as Heather . Maria Thayer as Cheryl . Anna Camp as Penny . Pete 's girlfriend who grooms Andre 's cat . Corbin Bernsen as Bruce Banger - Jenny 's father . Rich Fulcher as Luther the Hobo , the homeless dressing - gown - wearing heckler in `` The Bringer Show '' . Dan Castellaneta as Dr. Harvat , Lane 's doctor . Antonio Sabato Jr. as Father Zaragosa , the priest from Sofia 's church . Jerry Minor as Greg , inmate at the mental institution who ended up being a figment of Rafi 's imagination . Neil Casey as Neil , an inmate at the mental institution where Rafi was committed . Christopher McDonald as Judge Hardy , a judge that disapproves of Kevin and Ruxin 's dishonesty . Arielle Kebbel as Libby , a woman that Pete dated in three episodes of season 7 . Deanna Russo as Brittany Barber , Andre 's college crush who he tries to avoid performing surgery . Casey Wilson as Claire , a psychotic Uber driver who begins stalking Andre . Milo Ventimiglia as Milo Ventimiglia , a character on the gangs favorite TV show , `` The Block '' . Nicky Whelan as L-E , a character on the gangs favorite TV show , `` The Block '' . Larry David as an older Ruxin in a dream in the final episode . Notable NFL players and analysts as guest stars ( edit ) Fox NFL analyst and former Pittsburgh Steelers quarterback Terry Bradshaw in season 1 episode 3 `` Sunday at Ruxin 's '' . San Diego Chargers tight end Antonio Gates in season 1 episode 4 ' Mr. McGibblets '' and the final episode of season 6 `` The Beach House '' . Then - Cincinnati Bengals wide receiver Chad Johnson in season 2 episode 1 `` Vegas Draft '' . Then - Cleveland Browns kick return specialist Josh Cribbs and Baltimore Ravens linebacker Terrell Suggs in season 2 episode 3 `` The White Knuckler '' . Then - Jacksonville Jaguars running back Maurice Jones - Drew , then - Atlanta Falcons cornerback Brent Grimes and then - Minnesota Vikings wide receiver Sidney Rice in season 3 episode 1 `` The Lockout '' . ESPN fantasy football analyst Matthew Berry in season 3 episode 3 `` The Au Pair '' . Chicago Bears running back Matt Forté in season 3 episode 13 `` The Funeral '' . Robert Griffin III , Trent Richardson , Matt Kalil , Ryan Kalil , Felix Jones , Brandon Carr , Jason Witten , Jay Ratliff , DeSean Jackson , Rich Eisen , Chris Brockman , and Jerry Jones in season 4 episode 1 `` Training Camp '' Then - Buffalo Bills quarterback Ryan Fitzpatrick in season 4 episode 5 `` Judge MacArthur '' . Former Chicago Bears quarterback Jim McMahon in season 4 episode 6 `` The Tailgate '' . NFL Network analyst and Pro Football Hall of Famer Deion Sanders in season 4 episode 11 `` 12.12. 12 '' . Minnesota Vikings running back Adrian Peterson in season 4 episode 13 `` The Curse of Shiva '' . Houston Texans defensive end J.J. Watt in season 5 episodes 1 and 2 `` The Bachelor Draft '' and `` The Von Nowzick Wedding '' and season 6 episode 1 `` Sitting Shiva '' . Minnesota Vikings kicker Blair Walsh in season 5 episode 1 `` The Bachelor Draft '' . Tampa Bay Buccaneers defensive tackle Gerald McCoy and San Francisco 49ers linebacker NaVorro Bowman in season 5 episode 2 `` The Von Nowzick Wedding '' . Chicago Bears quarterback Jay Cutler in season 5 episode 3 `` Chalupa vs. the Cutlet '' . Minnesota Vikings wide receiver Greg Jennings in season 5 episode 10 `` The Near Death Flex - perience '' . Then - San Francisco 49ers tight end Vernon Davis in season 5 episode 12 `` Baby Geoffrey Jesus '' . NFL Network broadcaster Rich Eisen , Carlos Hyde , Mike Evans , Taylor Lewan , Ryan Shazier , Stephon Tuitt , New Orleans Saints defensive end Cameron Jordan , and then - Cleveland Browns tight end Jordan Cameron in season 6 episode 1 `` Sitting Shiva '' . FoxSports.com senior writer Jay Glazer in season 6 episode 2 `` Tefl - Andre '' . Philadelphia Eagles running back Darren Sproles in season 6 episode 3 `` The Height Supremacist '' . Seattle Seahawks running back Marshawn Lynch in season 6 episode 11 `` EBDBBnB '' and season 7 episode 1 `` That Other Draft '' . Jim McMahon , Calais Campbell , Tyrann Mathieu , and John Schneider in season 7 episode 1 `` That Other Draft '' . Green Bay Packers wide receiver Randall Cobb in season 7 episode 4 `` Deflategate . '' Leagues ( edit ) The league 's fictional league ( edit ) Teams ( edit ) Unknown 8th member ( drops out in 2007 ) Andre -- `` The Double Ent - Andres '' ( formerly `` The Ooh , Ruxin Got Serveds '' , `` The I Had Allergies '' , `` The Twilight Breaking Dawn - dres '' and `` The James B - Andres '' ) ( replaces unknown 8th member in 2007 ) Kevin -- `` Too Hot to Handle '' ( formerly `` The Ruxin Looks Like a Middle - Aged Lesbians '' , `` The Fighting MacArthurs '' , and `` The Pleasures of Andre 's Sister '' ) Pete -- `` The Shit Heads '' ( formerly `` 3 - Pete '' ) Ruxin -- `` Jenny Top / Kevin Bottom '' ( formerly `` Pete Top / Kevin Bottom '' , `` The Kevin 's Micro Dongs '' , `` The MacArthur 's Crotch Nubbs '' , `` The Andre Cried While Watching `` Jumanjis '' `` , and `` The Fear Boners '' ) Taco -- `` Password is Taco '' ( formerly `` The Encino Men '' ) Vince ( drops out in 2010 ) Rafi ( replaces Vince in 2010 ) Jenny -- `` The Lady MacArthurs '' ( replaces Rafi midway through 2010 ) Chuck -- `` Stephen Hawking 's Cleats '' -- Out - of - town player Ted -- `` The Balls Deeper '' -- Out - of - town player ( dies in 2014 ) Russell - `` Seabiscuit Rip '' -- ( replaces Ted in 2014 ) The Coin - ( replaces Chuck in 2015 ) BOLD means current league member . Season - by - season results ( edit ) Show season NFL season League season Shiva Bowl winner Shiva Bowl loser Sacko Bowl loser ‡ Draft location ( back story ) 2005 Pete Ruxin N / A Pete and Meegan 's House ( back story ) 2006 Taco Pete N / A Pool near Kevin 's House ( back story ) 2007 Pete Andre N / A Ruxin 's House ( back story ) 2008 Pete Ruxin N / A Pete and Meegan 's House 2009 5 Andre * * Pete N / A Andre 's new downtown Chicago loft 6 Ruxin Jenny Andre † Las Vegas 2011 7 * Kevin * Taco Ruxin ( Andre running Ruxin 's team ) ‡ Andre 's Metrosexual Loft 2012 8 Ted Pete Ruxin Jenny 's hospital room 5 2013 9 Jenny Andre Kevin Andre 's Bachelor Party in L.A. 6 2014 10 Andre § Ruxin Taco Ted 's funeral 7 2015 11 The Coin Ruxin Pete Restaurant ( 1890s Themed Draft ) -- ‡ The Sacko Bowl was not introduced until the sixth season of league play or season two of the actual TV show . Whoever loses the Sacko Bowl wins the Sacko trophy , meaning they came in last place . -- * * Andre won the Shiva bowl in 2009 with the help of Ruxin , whose name is with Andre 's on the trophy . - † Taco `` Won '' the Sacko the first season , but it was overruled after the points had been counted , meaning that Andre was the first to win the Sacko , which started the trend `` first to worst '' . - * Due to Ruxin discovering the league colluded to keep him from getting the top draft pick and because he won the Sacko , Kevin was stripped of his championship and the 2011 season of The League was declared null and void , to be sent off by a Norse funeral . However , before the 2012 season , Kevin got his championship reinstated by trading his role as commissioner to Ruxin along with naming rights to his and Jenny 's son . Ruxin did not receive Sacko punishment because his stroke , induced by discovery of the collusion , was seen as punishment enough . Ruxin later traded the naming rights to Taco in exchange for Taco 's first round draft pick . Jenny gives birth to their son , and Taco announces the name , `` Chalupa Batman MacArthur '' , which was quickly changed to `` Christopher Benjamin '' . Later in season 5 , it was referenced that Kevin earned his commissioner role back . - § Ruxin failed to press the `` Set Lineup '' button before the first game of the week started , so Andre won by default . - Note : Playoff format does n't reseed . The Shiva ( edit ) The Shiva is the name of the trophy given annually to the winner of the fantasy football league . The award is named after Shivakamini Somakandarkram , their high school valedictorian to whom Kevin lost his virginity in Pete 's mother 's car while listening to Aerosmith . Production ( edit ) The League was given a pilot order on July 15 , 2009 , with the pilot written by Jeff Schaffer and Jackie Schaffer and Jeff Schaffer also directing . The series is executive produced by Jeff Schaffer , Jackie Schaffer and the production company , FX Productions . When the series was given a pilot order several roles were cast , with Mark Duplass playing Pete Eckhart , Stephen Rannazzisi playing Kevin MacArthur , Nick Kroll playing Rodney Ruxin , Paul Scheer playing Andre Nowzick , Jon Lajoie playing Taco MacArthur and Katie Aselton playing Jenny MacArthur . The League was given a series order on August 20 , 2009 with six episodes . A second 13 - episode season of The League premiered on September 16 , 2010 on FX . On January 15 , 2011 , it was announced that the series had been picked up for a third season , which premiered on October 6 , 2011 . On December 13 , 2011 , the series was renewed for a fourth season of 13 episodes which premiered on October 11 , 2012 . On December 20 , 2012 , the series was renewed for a fifth season of 13 episodes and premiered on September 4 , 2013 on the new FXX network . On March 28 , 2013 , it was announced that The League was renewed for a sixth season which premiered on September 3 , 2014 . On December 8 , 2014 , it was announced that the seventh season of The League , which premiered on September 9 , 2015 , would be the final season of the series . DVD releases ( edit ) DVD name Region 1 release date Region 2 release date Region 4 release date Ep # Discs Additional information Season One September 14 , 2010 TBA TBA 6 Extended Episodes , Deleted Scenes , Blooper Reel , `` Andre : Dress with Style , Win with Style '' , `` Legalize Kevin 's Pubic Smoke '' , `` Alt Nation '' , `` Mr. McGibblets Fun House and Dojo '' , `` Three Penis Wine Infomercial '' , `` Vaginal Hubris Extended '' , `` Birthday Song '' and the pilot of Archer . Season Two October 4 , 2011 TBA TBA 13 Extended Episodes , Deleted Scenes , Gag Reel , `` Taco Tones Productions Presents : Vinegar Strokes '' , `` Taco Tones Productions Presents : I 'm Inside Me , Notarize ! '' , `` El Notario '' , `` Andre 's Extended Fads '' and `` Ruxin 's Wedding Video '' . Season Three October 9 , 2012 TBA TBA 13 Extended Episodes , Deleted Scenes , a Gag Reel , `` Alt Nation '' and `` Taco Tones '' Season Four September 10 , 2013 TBA TBA 13 Extended Episodes , Deleted Scenes , `` Taco Tones '' , `` Rafi 's Helpful Holiday Hints '' , `` Witchy Woman Podcast '' , `` Alt Nation '' , and a Gag Reel Season Five September 2 , 2014 TBA TBA 13 Extended Episodes , Gag Reel , Alt Nation , Taco Tones , The Von Nowzick Wedding Invite , Deleted Scenes Season Six September 1 , 2015 TBA TBA 13 Extended Episodes , Gag Reel , Alt Nation , Taco Tones , Deleted Scenes Season Seven June 14 , 2016 TBA TBA 13 Extended Episodes , Gag Reel , Alt Nation , Taco Tones , Deleted Scenes Seasons 1 , 2 , 3 , and 4 were also released on Blu - ray Disc in Region 1 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Snierson , Dan ( December 8 , 2014 ) . `` ' The League ' to end in late 2015 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ johncammies . `` The League ( TV Series 2009 -- ) '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` Breaking News -- Development Update : Wednesday , July 15 '' . TheFutonCritic.com . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking News -- FX Ups Ante in Comedy -- Places Series Orders for `` The League '' and `` Louie '' `` . TheFutonCritic.com. 2009 - 08 - 20 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill . `` FX Premiere Dates : ' Sons Of Anarchy ' Returns Sept. 7 , ' It 's Always Sunny ' Sept. 16 -- Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ Volledige naam . `` Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ Matt Webb Mitovich ( 2011 - 08 - 06 ) . `` The League Tackles Season 3 with Seth Rogen , Will Forte and Talk of NFL Lockout Scare '' . TVLine . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` FX Renews ' The League ' For Season 4 '' . Aoltv.com . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ Seat42f . `` FX Renews The League For A Fifth Season '' . Retrieved 20 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' It 's Always Sunny In Philadelphia ' Renewed For Season 10 And ' The League ' For Season 6 On FX '' . Retrieved 14 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' The League ' to end in late 2015 '' . Retrieved 8 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The League DVD news : Press Release for The League -- The Complete 1st Season '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` The League -- Fox Announces that ' Season 2 ' is Huddling Up for DVD and Blu - ray Release '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` The League DVD news : Announcement for The League -- Season 3 '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` The League - Early Info about ' Season 4 ' on DVD , Blu - ray Disc '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` The League - Official ' Season 5 ' Press Release : Date , Lots of Extras , High - Res Package Art '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com. 2014 - 06 - 24 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` The League - The League - Official Press Release Gives Date , Details for ' Season 6 ' DVD '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com. 2015 - 06 - 09 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` The League - Fox 's Press Release Announces ' Season 7 : The Final Fantasy ' '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com. 2016 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 24 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The League Official website The League on IMDb FX original programming Former 1990s debuts Backchat ( 1995 -- 2007 ) Baseball , Minnesota ( 1996 ) Bobcat 's Big Ass Show ( 1998 ) Penn & Teller 's Sin City Spectacular ( 1998 ) The Dick & Paula Celebrity Special ( 1999 -- 2000 ) The X Show ( 1999 -- 01 ) 2000s debuts 30 Days ( 2005 -- 08 ) Archer ( 2009 -- 16 ) Black . White . 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who wins the shiva bowl in season 6
[ "\n\nShow season\nNFL season\nLeague season\nShiva Bowl winner\nShiva Bowl loser\nSacko Bowl loser ‡\nDraft location\n\n\n(back story)\n2005\n1\nPete\nRuxin\nN/A\nPete and Meegan's House\n\n\n(back story)\n2006\n2\nTaco\nPete\nN/A\nPool near Kevin's House\n\n\n(back story)\n2007\n3\nPete\nAndre\nN/A\nRuxin's House\n\n\n(back story)\n2008\n4\nPete\nRuxin\nN/A\nPete and Meegan's House\n\n\n1\n2009\n5\nAndre**\nPete\nN/A\nAndre's new downtown Chicago loft\n\n\n2\n2010\n6\nRuxin\nJenny\nAndre†\nLas Vegas\n\n\n3\n2011\n7 *\nKevin*\nTaco\nRuxin (Andre running Ruxin's team)‡\nAndre's Metrosexual Loft\n\n\n4\n2012\n8\nTed\nPete\nRuxin\nJenny's hospital room\n\n\n5\n2013\n9\nJenny\nAndre\nKevin\nAndre's Bachelor Party in L.A.\n\n\n6\n2014\n10\nAndre§\nRuxin\nTaco\nTed's funeral\n\n\n7\n2015\n11\nThe Coin\nRuxin\nPete\nRestaurant (1890s Themed Draft)\n\n" ]
[ "Ruxin" ]
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History of Liverpool
History of Liverpool - wikipedia History of Liverpool Jump to : navigation , search The history of Liverpool can be traced back to 1190 when the place was known as ' Liuerpul ' , possibly meaning a pool or creek with muddy water , though other origins of the name have been suggested . The borough was founded by royal charter in 1207 , but Liverpool remained a small settlement until its trade with Ireland and coastal parts of England and Wales was overtaken by trade with Africa and the West Indies , which included the slave trade . The town 's first wet dock was opened in 1715 and Liverpool 's expansion to become a major city continued over the next two centuries . By the start of the nineteenth century , a large volume of trade was passing through Liverpool . In 1830 , the Liverpool and Manchester Railway was opened . The population grew rapidly , especially with Irish migrants ; by 1851 , one quarter of the city 's population was Irish - born . As growth continued , the city became known as `` the second city of the Empire '' , and was also called `` the New York of Europe '' . During the Second World War , the city was the centre for planning the crucial Battle of the Atlantic , and suffered a blitz second only to London 's . From the mid-twentieth century , Liverpool 's docks and traditional manufacturing industries went into sharp decline , with the advent of containerisation making the city 's docks obsolete . The unemployment rate in Liverpool rose to one of the highest in the UK . Over the same period , starting in the early 1960s , the city became internationally renowned for its culture , particularly as the centre of the `` Merseybeat '' sound which became synonymous with The Beatles . In recent years , Liverpool 's economy has recovered , partly due to tourism as well as substantial investment in regeneration schemes . The city was a European Capital of Culture in 2008 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins of the name 2 Early history of the area 3 Origins of the town 4 Elizabethan era and the Civil War 5 Transatlantic Trade 6 Slavery 7 Industrial revolution and commercial expansion 8 20th century 8.1 1900 - 1938 8.2 1939 - 1945 : World War II 8.3 1946 - 1979 8.4 1980s 8.5 1990s 9 Recent history 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Origins of the name ( edit ) The name comes from the Old English liver , meaning thick or muddy , and pol , meaning a pool or creek , and is first recorded around 1190 as Liuerpul . According to the Cambridge Dictionary of English Place - Names , `` The original reference was to a pool or tidal creek now filled up into which two streams drained '' . The adjective Liverpudlian is first recorded in 1833 . Early History of the area ( edit ) The ancient neolithic Calder Stones on display in the Harthill Greenhouses In the Iron Age the area around modern - day Liverpool was sparsely populated , though there was a seaport at Meols . The Calderstones are thought to be part of an ancient stone circle and there is archaeological evidence for native Iron Age farmsteads at several sites in Irby , Halewood and Lathom . The region was inhabited by Brythonic tribes , the Setantii as well as nearby Cornovii and Deceangli . It came under Roman influence in about 70 AD , with the northward advance to crush the druid resistance at Anglesey and to end the internal strife between the ruling family of Brigantes . The main Roman presence was at the fortress and settlement at Chester . According to Ptolemy , the Latin hydronym for the Mersey was Seteia Aestuarium , which derives from the Setantii tribe . After the withdrawal of Roman troops , land in the area continued to be farmed by native Britons . The Hen Ogledd ( Old North ) was subject to fighting between four medieval kingdoms : the Anglo - Saxon Kingdom of Mercia eventually defeated its rival Northumbria as well as the Celtic kingdoms of Gwynedd and Powys , with the Battle of Brunanburh perhaps taking place at nearby Bromborough . The settlements at Walton ( Wealas tun meaning ' farmstead of the Wealas ' ) , and Wallasey ( Wealas - eg meaning ' island of the Wealas ' ) were named at this time with Wealas being Old English for ' foreigner ' referring to the native Celtic and Romanized inhabitants . The pseudo-historical Fragmentary Annals of Ireland appears to record the Norse settlement of the Wirral in its account of the immigration of Ingimundr near Chester . This Irish source places this settlement in the aftermath of the Vikings ' expulsion from Dublin in 902 , and an unsuccessful attempt to settle on Anglesey soon afterwards . Following these setbacks , Ingimundr is stated to have settled near Chester with the consent of Æthelflæd , co-ruler of Mercia . The Norse settlers eventually joined up with another group of Viking settlers who populated west Lancashire , and for a time had an independent Viking mini-state , with Viking placenames evident all over Merseyside . The Norse colony was governed at assembly places called þing ( pronounced thing ) on each side of the Mersey , at Thingwall in Wirral and also Thingwall of West Derby , and the area eventually became subject to the Danelaw . Origins of the town ( edit ) W. Ferguson Irvine 's conjectural plan of Liverpool 's original 7 streets Although a small motte and bailey castle had earlier been built by the Normans at West Derby , the origins of the city of Liverpool are usually dated from 28 August 1207 , when letters patent were issued by King John advertising the establishment of a new borough , `` Livpul '' , and inviting settlers to come and take up holdings there . It is thought that the King wanted a port in the district that was free from the control of the Earl of Chester . Initially it served as a dispatch point for troops sent to Ireland , soon after the building around 1235 of Liverpool Castle , which was removed in 1726 . St Nicholas Church was built by 1257 , originally as a chapel within the parish of Walton - on - the - Hill . In the 13th Century , Liverpool as an area comprised just seven streets . With the formation of a market on the site of the later Town Hall , Liverpool became established as a small fishing and farming community , administered by burgesses and , slightly later , a mayor . There was probably some coastal trade around the Irish Sea , and there were occasional ferries across the Mersey . However , for several centuries it remained a small and relatively unimportant settlement , with a population of no more than 1,000 in the mid 14th century . By the early fifteenth century a period of economic decline set in , and the county gentry increased their power over the town , the Stanley family fortifying their house on Water Street . The Stanley Tower was also the catalyst for a feud between the Stanley and Molyneux families . The Molyneux family residing at the nearby Liverpool Castle during the early 15th century . The resulting rivalry spilling into a near riot in 1424 . In the middle of the 16th century the population of Liverpool had fallen to around 600 , and the port was regarded as subordinate to Chester until the 1650s . Elizabethan era and the Civil War ( edit ) Liverpool in 1572 . In 1571 the people of Liverpool sent a memorial to Queen Elizabeth , praying relief from a subsidy which they thought themselves unable to bear , wherein they styled themselves `` her majesty 's poor decayed town of Liverpool . '' Some time towards the close of this reign , Henry Stanley , 4th Earl of Derby , on his way to the Isle of Man , stayed at his house , the Tower ; at which the corporation erected a handsome hall or seat for him in the church , where he honoured them several times with his presence . By the end of the sixteenth century , the town began to be able to take advantage of economic revival and the silting of the River Dee to win trade , mainly from Chester , to Ireland , the Isle of Man and elsewhere . In 1626 , King Charles I gave the town a new and improved charter . Liverpool in 1650 . In June 1644 Prince Rupert of the Rhine arrived in Liverpool with 10,000 men in an attempt to capture Liverpool Castle . A sixteen - day siege of Liverpool then took place . To defend the city the Parliament Army created a huge trench across much of the town centre . Prince Rupert eventually took hold of the Castle only to be driven out again to take refuge in the Everton area of the city , hence the name of the tower found on the modern day Everton Football Club badge is known as Prince Rupert 's Tower . Transatlantic trade ( edit ) The first cargo from the Americas was recorded in 1648 . The development of the town accelerated after the Restoration of 1660 , with the growth of trade with America and the West Indies . From that time may be traced the rapid progress of population and commerce , until Liverpool had become the second metropolis of Great Britain . Initially , cloth , coal and salt from Lancashire and Cheshire were exchanged for sugar and tobacco ; the town 's first sugar refinery was established in 1670 . In 1699 Liverpool was made a parish on its own by Act of Parliament , separate from that of Walton - on - the - Hill , with two parish churches . At the same time it gained separate customs authority from Chester . Slavery ( edit ) On 3 October 1699 , the very same year that Liverpool had been granted status as an independent parish , Liverpool 's first ' recorded ' slave ship , named Liverpool Merchant , set sail for Africa , arriving in Barbados with a ' cargo ' of 220 Africans , returning to Liverpool on 18 September 1700 . The following month a second recorded ship , The Blessing , set sail for the Gold Coast . The first wet dock in Britain was built in Liverpool and completed in 1715 . It was the first commercial enclosed wet dock in the world and was constructed for a capacity of 100 ships . By the close of the 18th century 40 % of the world 's , and 80 % of Britain 's Atlantic slave activity was accounted for by slave ships that voyaged from the docks at Liverpool . Liverpool 's black community dates from the building of the first dock in 1715 and grew rapidly , reaching a population of 10,000 within five years . This growth led to the opening of the Consulate of the United States in Liverpool in 1790 , its first consulate anywhere in the world . Vast profits from the slave trade transformed Liverpool into one of Britain 's foremost important cities . Liverpool became a financial centre , rivalled by Bristol , another slaving port , and beaten only by London . In the peak year of 1799 , ships sailing from Liverpool carried over 45,000 slaves from Africa . Many factors led to the demise of slavery including revolts , piracy , social unrest , and the repercussions of corruption such as slave insurance fraud , e.g. the Zong massacre case in 1783 . It was Liverpool born politician William Roscoe who spearheaded the anti-Slavery movement in parliament at the time . Slavery in British colonies was finally abolished in 1833 and slave trading was made illegal in 1807 though some slavery apprenticeships ran until 1838 . However , many merchants managed to ignore the laws and continued to deal in underground slave trafficking , also underhandedly engaging in financial investments for slaving activities in the Americas . Industrial revolution and commercial expansion ( edit ) The dock system in 1832 Albert Dock The international trade of the city grew , based , as well as on slaves , on a wide range of commodities - including , in particular , cotton , for which the city became the leading world market , supplying the textile mills of Manchester and Lancashire . During the eighteenth century the town 's population grew from some 6,000 to 80,000 , and its land and water communications with its hinterland and other northern cities steadily improved . Liverpool was first linked by canal to Manchester in 1721 , the St. Helens coalfield in 1755 , and Leeds in 1816 . In 1830 , Liverpool became home to the world 's first inter-urban rail link to another city , Manchester , through the Liverpool and Manchester Railway and the maiden journey Stephenson 's The Rocket train . Liverpool 's importance was such that it was home to a number of world firsts , including gaining the world 's first fully electrically powered overhead railway , the Liverpool Overhead Railway , which was opened in 1893 and so pre-dated those in both New York City and Chicago . The built - up area grew rapidly from the eighteenth century on . The Bluecoat Hospital for poor children opened in 1718 . With the demolition of the castle in 1726 , only St Nicholas Church and the historic street plan - with Castle Street as the spine of the original settlement , and Paradise Street following the line of the Pool - remained to reflect the town 's mediaeval origins . The Town Hall , with a covered exchange for merchants designed by architect John Wood , was built in 1754 , and the first office buildings including the Corn Exchange were opened in about 1810 . Throughout the 19th century Liverpool 's trade and its population continued to expanded rapidly . Growth in the cotton trade was accompanied by the development of strong trading links with India and the Far East following the ending of the East India Company 's monopoly in 1813 . Over 140 acres ( 0.57 km ) of new docks , with 10 miles ( 16 km ) of quay space , were opened between 1824 and 1858 . Map of Liverpool from 1880 During the 1840s , Irish migrants began arriving by the thousands due to the Great Famine of 1845 - 1849 . Almost 300,000 arrived in the year 1847 alone , and by 1851 approximately 25 % of the city was Irish - born . The Irish influence is reflected in the unique place Liverpool occupies in UK and Irish political history , being the only place outside Ireland to elect a member of parliament from the Irish Parliamentary Party to the British parliament in Westminster . T.P. O'Connor represented the constituency of Liverpool Scotland from 1885 to 1929 . As the town became a leading port of the British Empire , a number of major buildings were constructed , including St. George 's Hall ( 1854 ) , and Lime Street Station . The Grand National steeplechase was first run at Aintree in 1837 . Between 1851 and 1911 , Liverpool attracted at least 20,000 people from Wales in each decade , peaking in the 1880s , and Welsh culture flourished . One of the first Welsh language journals , Yr Amserau , was founded in Liverpool by William Rees ( Gwilym Hiraethog ) , and there were over 50 Welsh chapels in the city . When the American Civil War broke out Liverpool became a hotbed of intrigue . The prevalence of cotton and slave interests in Liverpool ensured that the city was , in the words of the historian Sven Beckert , `` the most pro-Confederate place in the world outside the Confederacy itself . '' The Confederate Navy ship , the CSS Alabama , was built at Birkenhead on the Mersey and the CSS Shenandoah surrendered there ( being the final surrender and end of the war ) . Liverpool was granted city status in 1880 , and the following year its university was established . By 1901 , the city 's population had grown to over 700,000 , and its boundaries had expanded to include Kirkdale , Everton , Walton , West Derby , Toxteth and Garston . 20th century ( edit ) 1900 - 1938 ( edit ) During the first part of the 20th century Liverpool continued to expand , pulling in immigrants from Europe . In 1903 an International Exhibition took place in Edge Lane . In 1904 , the building of the Anglican Cathedral began , and by 1916 the three Pier Head buildings , including the Liver Building , were complete . This period marked the pinnacle of Liverpool 's economic success , when it regarded itself as the `` second city '' of the British Empire . The formerly independent urban districts of Allerton , Childwall , Little Woolton and Much Woolton were added in 1913 , and the parish of Speke added in 1932 , with large housing developments , mostly by the local authority , being built over the next few years . Adolf Hitler 's half - brother Alois and his Irish sister - in - law Bridget Dowling are known to have lived in Upper Stanhope Street in the 1910s . Bridget 's alleged memoirs , which surfaced in the 1970s , said that Adolf stayed with them in 1912 - 13 , although this is much disputed as many believe the memoirs to be a forgery . The maiden voyage of Titanic in April 1912 was originally planned to depart from Liverpool , as Liverpool was its port of registration and the home of owners White Star Line . However , it was changed to depart from Southampton instead . Aside from the large Irish community in Liverpool , there were other pockets of cultural diversity . The area of Gerard , Hunter , Lionel and Whale streets , off Scotland Road , was referred to as Little Italy . Inspired by an old Venetian custom , Liverpool was ' married to the sea ' in September 1928 . Liverpool was also home to a large Welsh population , and was sometimes referred to as the Capital of North Wales . In 1884 , 1900 and 1929 , Eisteddfods were held in Liverpool . The population of the city peaked at over 850,000 in the 1930s . Economic changes began in the first part of the 20th century , as falls in world demand for the North West 's traditional export commodities contributed to stagnation and decline in the city . Unemployment was well above the national average as early as the 1920s , and the city became known nationally for its occasionally violent religious sectarianism . When Everton F.C. won the Football League First Division title in 1928 , their centre - forward Dixie Dean scored a Football League record of 60 goals in the same season . The Great Depression hit Liverpool badly in the early 1930s with thousands of people in the city left unemployed . This was combated by a large amount of housing mostly built by the local council being constructed , creating jobs mostly in the building , plumbing and electrical trades . About 15 per cent of the city 's population were rehoused in the 1920s and 1930s with more than 30,000 new council houses being built to replace the slums in the city . The rising popularity of motor cars led to congestion in the city , and in 1934 the city gained its first direct road link with the Wirral Peninsula , when the first Mersey Tunnel road was opened . The Queensway , as the new tunnel was named , linked Liverpool with Birkenhead at the other side of the Mersey . Many other buildings were built in the city in the 1930s to ease the depression and became local landmarks , with many buildings featuring American inspired architecture . 1939 - 1945 : world War ii ( edit ) Main article : Liverpool Blitz During World War 2 , Liverpool was the control centre for the Battle of the Atlantic . There were eighty air - raids on Merseyside , with an especially concentrated series of raids in May 1941 which interrupted operations at the docks for almost a week . Some 2,500 people were killed , almost half the homes in the metropolitan area sustained some damage and some 11,000 were totally destroyed . Over 70,000 people were made homeless . John Lennon , one of the founding members of The Beatles , was born in Liverpool during an air - raid on 9 October 1940 . All four members of The Beatles were born in the city during the war , rising to fame in the early 1960s . 1946 - 1979 ( edit ) Tree stumps exposed by low water level of reservoir , at Capel Celyn , a Welsh village flooded to provide water for Liverpool . Significant rebuilding followed the war , including massive housing estates and the Seaforth Dock , the largest dock project in Britain . However , the city has been suffering since the 1950s with the loss of numerous employers . By 1985 the population had fallen to 460,000 . Declines in manufacturing and dock activity struck the city particularly hard . In 1955 , the Labour Party , led locally by Jack and Bessie Braddock , came to power in the City Council for the first time . In 1956 , a private bill sponsored by Liverpool City Council was brought before Parliament to develop a water reservoir from the Tryweryn Valley . The development would include the flooding of Capel Celyn . By obtaining authority via an Act of Parliament , Liverpool City Council would not require planning consent from the relevant Welsh Local Authorities . This , together with the fact that the village was one of the last Welsh - only speaking communities , ensured that the proposals became deeply controversial . Thirty five out of thirty six Welsh Members of Parliament ( MPs ) opposed the bill ( the other did not vote ) , but in 1957 it was passed . The members of the community waged an eight - year effort , ultimately unsuccessful , to prevent the destruction of their homes , which finally occurred in 1965 . The incident led to a massive rise in Welsh nationalism , and a year later , Gwynfor Evans of Plaid Cymru won the party 's first seat in the Carmathen by - election . In the 1960s Liverpool became a centre of youth culture . The city produced the distinctive Merseybeat sound , and , most famously , The Beatles . From the 1970s onwards Liverpool 's docks and traditional manufacturing industries went into further sharp decline . The advent of containerisation meant that Liverpool 's docks ceased to be a major local employer . In 1974 , Liverpool became a metropolitan district within the newly created metropolitan county of Merseyside . 1980s ( edit ) The 1980s saw Liverpool 's fortunes sink to their lowest postwar point . Although the 1970s , along with the rest of Britain , had brought economic difficulties and a steady rise in unemployment , the situation in Liverpool went from bad to worse in the early 1980s , with endless factory closures and some of the highest unemployment rates in the UK . An average of 12,000 people each year were leaving the city , and 15 % of its land was vacant or derelict . In July 1981 the infamous Toxteth Riots took place , during which , for the first time in the UK outside Northern Ireland , tear gas was used by police against civilians . In the same year , the Tate and Lyle sugar works , previously a mainstay of the city 's manufacturing economy , closed down . The docks had already declined dramatically by this stage , depriving the city of another major source of employment . By 1985 , unemployment in Liverpool exceeded 20 % , around double the national average . About this time the scourge of heroin , always present in port cities , really began to rise . Liverpool City Council was dominated by the far - left wing Militant group during the 1980s , under the de facto leadership of Derek Hatton ( although Hatton was formally only Deputy Leader ) . The city council sank heavily into debt , as the City Council fought a campaign to prevent central government from reducing funding for local services . Ultimately this led to 49 of the City 's Councillors being removed from office by the District Auditor for refusing to cut the budget , refusing to make good the deficit and forcing the City Council into virtual bankruptcy . The conduct of Hatton and the militant tendency had even come under the scrutiny of Labour Party leader Neil Kinnock , who was keen to remove the militant tendency from the party as part of the attempt to make it electable again . At the same time , the Conservative government of Margaret Thatcher was deeply unpopular in Liverpool , with the Conservatives share of the vote in most local council and parliamentary elections being consistently low throughout the 1980s . On 15 April 1989 , 96 Liverpool F.C. fans ( mostly from Merseyside as well as neighbouring parts of Cheshire and Lancashire ) were fatally injured in the Hillsborough disaster at an FA Cup semi-final in Sheffield . This had a traumatic effect on people across the country , particularly in and around the city of Liverpool , and resulted in legally imposed changes in the way in which football fans have since been accommodated , including compulsory all - seater stadiums at all leading English clubs by the mid 1990s . Many clubs removed their perimeter fencing almost immediately after the tragedy , and such measures at football grounds in England have long since been banned . In particular this led to strong feeling in Liverpool because it was widely reported in the media that the Liverpool fans were at fault . The Sun sparked particular controversy for publishing these allegations in an article four days after the disaster . Sales of the newspaper in Liverpool slumped and many newsagents refused to stock it . Three decades later , many people in the city still refuse to buy The Sun and a number of newsagents still refuse to sell it . Other media outlets including the Daily Star and Daily Mail also printed similar stories in which the behaviour of Liverpool fans was alleged to have been a major factor in the tragedy . There was further controversy surrounding the tragedy in March 1991 when a verdict of accidental death was recorded on the 95 people who had died at Hillsborough ( the 96th victim did not die until 1993 ) , much to the dismay of the bereaved families , who had been hoping for a verdict of unlawful killing , or an open verdict , to be recorded ; and for criminal charges to be brought against South Yorkshire Police . This verdict was eventually replaced by one of unlawful killing at fresh inquest 25 years later . It has since become clear that South Yorkshire Police made a range of mistakes at the game , though the senior officer in charge of the event retired soon after . The success of Liverpool FC was some compensation for the city 's economic misfortune during the 1970s and 1980s . The club , formed in 1892 , had won five league titles by 1947 , but enjoyed its first consistent run of success under the management of Bill Shankly between 1959 and 1974 , winning a further three league titles as well as the club 's first two FA Cups and its first European trophy in the shape of the UEFA Cup . Following Shankly 's retirement , the club continued to dominate English football for nearly 20 years afterwards . By 1990 , Liverpool FC had won more major trophies than any other English club - a total of 18 top division league titles , four FA Cups , four Football League Cups , four European Cups and two UEFA Cups . The club 's iconic red shirt had been worn by some of the biggest names in British sport of the 1970s and 1980s , including Kevin Keegan , Kenny Dalglish ( who also served as manager from 1985 to 1991 and again from 2011 to 2012 ) , Phil Neal , Ian Rush , Ian Callaghan and John Barnes . The club has yet to win another league title since , although it has since won a further three FA Cups , three League Cups , a UEFA Cup and a European Cup , and fielded a new wave of stars including Robbie Fowler , Michael Owen , Jamie Carragher and Steven Gerrard . Everton F.C. , the city 's other senior football club , also enjoyed a degree of success during the 1970s and 1980s . The club had enjoyed a consistent run of success during the interwar years and again in the 1960s , but after winning the league title in 1970 went 14 years without winning a major trophy , although they did hold onto the First Division place which had been theirs since 1954 . Then , in 1984 , Everton won the FA Cup under the management of Howard Kendall , who had once been a player at the club . A league title win followed in 1985 , along with the club 's first European trophy - the European Cup Winners ' Cup . By 1986 , the city 's two clubs were firmly established as the leading club sides in England as Liverpool finished league champions and Everton runners - up , and the two sides also met for the FA Cup final , which Liverpool won 3 - 1 . The Everton side of the mid 1980s included some of the highest rated footballers in the English league at the time ; goalkeeper Neville Southall , winger Trevor Steven , forwards Graeme Sharp and Andy Gray , and Gray 's successor Gary Lineker . Everton have enjoyed an unbroken run in the top flight of English football since 1954 , although their only major trophy since the league title in 1987 came in 1995 when they won the FA Cup . Everton added another league title in 1987 , with Liverpool finishing runners - up . Another all - Merseyside FA Cup final 1989 saw Liverpool beat Everton 3 - 2 . This match was played just five weeks after the Hillsborough disaster . 1990s ( edit ) A similar national outpouring of grief and shock to the Hillsborough disaster occurred in February 1993 when James Bulger was killed by two ten - year - old boys , Jon Venables and Robert Thompson . The two boys were found guilty of murder later in the year and sentenced to indefinite detention . The 1990s saw the continued regeneration of the city which had started in the 1980s . Recent History ( edit ) A general economic and civic revival has been underway since the mid-nineties . Liverpool 's economy has grown faster than the national average and its crime levels have remained lower than most other metropolitan areas in England and Wales , with recorded crime per head in Merseyside comparable to the national average -- unusually low for an urban area . In recent years , the city has emphasised its cultural attractions . Tourism has become a significant factor in Liverpool 's economy , capitalising on the popularity of The Beatles and other groups of the Merseybeat era . In June 2003 , Liverpool won the right to be named European Capital of Culture for 2008 , beating other British cities such as Newcastle and Birmingham to the coveted title . The riverfront of the city was also designated as a World Heritage Site in 2004 . In October 2005 , Liverpool City Council passed a public apology for the flooding Capel Celyn in Wales . The full statement reads - `` The Council acknowledges its debt to the many thousands of Welsh people who have made their homes in the City . They have , in so many ways , enriched the life of the City . We know that Liverpool , especially in the fields of medicine and education , has been of real service to the people of Wales . We realise the hurt of forty years ago when the Tryweryn Valley was transformed into a reservoir to help meet the water needs of Liverpool . For any insensitivity by our predecessor Council at that time , we apologise and hope that the historic and sound relationship between Liverpool and Wales can be completely restored . '' In October 2007 , Liverpool and London continued with wildcat strikes after the end of the official CWU strikes that had been ongoing since June in a dispute with the Royal Mail over pay , pensions , and hours . See also ( edit ) Timeline of Liverpool history References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hanks , Patrick ; Hodges , Flavia ; Mills , David ; Room , Adrian ( 2002 ) . The Oxford Names Companion . Oxford : the University Press . p. 1110 . ISBN 0198605617 . ^ Jump up to : Harper , Douglas . `` Liverpool '' . The Online Etymology Dictionary . Jump up ^ `` Our ancestors and the Roman invasion '' . Museum of Liverpool . Retrieved 2 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Celtic kingdoms of the British Isles '' . The History Files . Retrieved 3 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Ekwall , Eilert ( 1936 ) . The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Place - names . OUP . Jump up ^ `` Wales '' . The Free Dictionary . Retrieved 25 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Downham , C ( 2007 ) . Viking Kings of Britain and Ireland : The Dynasty of Ívarr to A.D. 1014 . Edinburgh : Dunedin Academic Press . pp. 27 -- 28 , 83 -- 84 , 206 -- 209 , 256 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 903765 - 89 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Wirral & West Lancashire Viking Research Page '' . The University of Nottingham . Retrieved 25 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Harding , Steve . `` Ingimund 's Saga : Norwegian Wirral '' . Archived from the original on 11 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Belchem , John , ed. ( 2006 ) . Liverpool 800 : Culture , Character & History . ISBN 1 - 84631 - 035 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Text only version of our interactive Liverpool Molyneux Stanley family history page '' . The History of Liverpool . Retrieved 25 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Civil War Siege of Liverpool '' . The History of Liverpool . Retrieved 25 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool Slave Trade '' . History of Liverpool . Retrieved 28 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool Local History - American Connections - Slavery Timeline '' . BBC . Retrieved 25 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` KS3 History Railways '' . The History of Liverpool . Retrieved 25 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` KS3 History Victorian Times '' . History of Liverpool . Retrieved 25 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Davies , John ( 1993 ) . A History of Wales . ISBN 0 - 14 - 028475 - 3 . Jump up ^ Beckert , Sven ( 2014 ) . Empire of Cotton : a Global History . New York : Knopf . Jump up ^ O'Connor , Freddy ( 1990 ) . Liverpool : Our City , Our Heritage . ISBN 0 - 9516188 - 0 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool CB / MB '' . A vision of Britain through time . Archived from the original on 31 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Royden , M.W. `` Adolf Hitler - did he visit Liverpool during 1912 - 13 ? '' . Mike Royden 's Local History Pages . Archived from the original on 19 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Royden , M W. `` Legacies - Your Story : Adolf Hitler - did he visit Liverpool during 1912 - 13 ? '' . BBC Online . Retrieved 25 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hitler in Liverpool '' . The History of Liverpool . Retrieved 25 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Coslett , Paul . `` Creativity in the Great Depression '' . BBC . Archived from the original on 27 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Some sources state 4,000 Jump up ^ `` Liverpool FC Honours List '' . This is Anfield . Retrieved 25 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool Legends '' . Pinterest . Retrieved 25 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1981 - 2002 '' . Everton F.C . Archived from the original on 30 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1981 - 2002 '' . Everton F.C . Archived from the original on 24 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1981 - 2002 '' . Everton F.C . Archived from the original on 19 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1986 / 87 Season '' . Everton F.C . Archived from the original on 18 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` FA Cup final memories : 1989 '' . Liverpool FC . Archived from the original on 6 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Tree stumps exposed by low water level of reservoir , at Capel Celyn , a Welsh village flooded to provide water for Liverpool . Coslett , Paul . `` Where I Live : Liverpool - Flooding Apology '' . BBC Online . Retrieved 25 November 2015 . Further reading ( edit ) Belchem , John ( 2007 ) . Irish , Catholic and Scouse : The History of the Liverpool - Irish , 1800 - 1939 . Liverpool : Liverpool University Press . External links ( edit ) The History of Liverpool Various tales from Liverpool 's history Liverpool Slavery Remembrance Initiative British History Online Liverpool John Moores University BBC Local History Local Histories Liverpool and the American Civil War `` Liverpool and the Slave Trade '' , lecture by Anthony Tibbles at Gresham College , 19 March 2007 ( available for download as video or audio files ) Liverpool The Gateway To America Recollections of Old Liverpool , by A Nonagenarian , published 1836 , from Project Gutenberg Ward Lock Guide to Liverpool , excerpts , published 1949 Liverpool Architecture Listed buildings Tallest buildings Companies Council Culture Music Demographics Dialect Districts Economy Education Schools Elections Fire Health Ambulance Hospitals History Timeline Landmarks Maritime Mercantile City Lord Mayor Mayor Media Film and Television Parks People Police Air Support Group Port Tunnels Port Docks Public art Religion Archbishop Bishop Retail Sport Transportation Wards City of Liverpool Merseyside North West England United Kingdom History of England Timeline Prehistoric Britain Roman Britain Sub-Roman Britain Medieval period Economy in the Middle Ages Anglo - Saxon period English unification High Middle Ages Norman conquest Norman period Late Middle Ages Black Death in England Tudor period Tudor dynasty Elizabethan period English Renaissance Stuart period English Civil War Commonwealth Protectorate Restoration Glorious Revolution Georgian period Regency period Victorian period Edwardian period First World War Interwar period Second World War Social history of the United Kingdom ( 1945 -- present ) Political history of the United Kingdom ( 1945 -- present ) Topics Social history of England History of education in England History of the economy of England History of the politics of England English overseas possessions History of the English language Polities Kingdom of England Kingdom of Great Britain United Kingdom By county Bedfordshire Berkshire City of Bristol Buckinghamshire Cambridgeshire Cheshire Cornwall Cumbria Derbyshire Devon Dorset Durham East Riding of Yorkshire East Sussex Essex Gloucestershire Greater London Greater Manchester Hampshire Herefordshire Hertfordshire Isle of Wight Kent Lancashire Leicestershire Lincolnshire City of London Merseyside Norfolk Northamptonshire Northumberland North Yorkshire Nottinghamshire Oxfordshire Rutland Shropshire Somerset South Yorkshire Staffordshire Suffolk Surrey Tyne and Wear Warwickshire West Midlands West Sussex West Yorkshire Wiltshire Worcestershire By city or town Birmingham Bournemouth Brighton Bristol Chester Christchurch Colchester Coventry Dover Folkestone Leeds Liverpool London Maidstone Manchester Milton Keynes Newcastle Nottingham Plymouth Poole Portsmouth Reading Rochester Sheffield Shrewsbury Southampton St Albans Torquay Wetherby York England portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Liverpool&oldid=815413984 '' Categories : History of Liverpool Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 14 December 2017 , at 18 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
what did liverpool have to do with the slave trade
[ "The first wet dock in Britain was built in Liverpool and completed in 1715. It was the first commercial enclosed wet dock in the world and was constructed for a capacity of 100 ships. By the close of the 18th century 40% of the world's, and 80% of Britain's Atlantic slave activity was accounted for by slave ships that voyaged from the docks at Liverpool. Liverpool's black community dates from the building of the first dock in 1715 and grew rapidly, reaching a population of 10,000 within five years. This growth led to the opening of the Consulate of the United States in Liverpool in 1790, its first consulate anywhere in the world." ]
[ "By the close of the 18th century 40% of the world's, and 80% of Britain's Atlantic slave activity was accounted for by slave ships that voyaged from the docks at Liverpool" ]
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Cannabis in Colorado
Cannabis in Colorado - wikipedia Cannabis in Colorado Jump to : navigation , search Cannabis dispensary in Denver Cannabis in Colorado refers to cannabis ( legal term marijuana ) use and possession in Colorado , United States . The Colorado Amendment 64 , which was passed by voters on November 6 , 2012 , led to legalization in January 2014 . The policy has led to cannabis tourism . There are two sets of policies in Colorado relating to cannabis use : those for medicinal cannabis and for recreational drug use along with a third set of rules governing hemp . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Prohibition ( 1917 ) 1.2 Decriminalization ( 1975 ) 1.3 Medical marijuana ( 2000 ) 1.4 Recreational marijuana ( 2012 ) 2 Regulation 2.1 Impaired driving 3 Results 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) Prohibition ( 1917 ) ( edit ) Amidst an early 20th century trend of limiting the drug , Colorado first restricted cannabis on March 30 , 1917 . In November 1914 Colorado voters approved the 22nd Amendment to the Colorado Constitution , also known as the Prohibition Amendment , prohibiting alcohol beginning January 1 , 1916 ; and on December 18 , 1917 the Eighteenth Amendment ( establishing Prohibition ) was proposed by Congress . Shortly after the 1937 Marihuana Tax Act went into effect on October 1 , 1937 , the Federal Bureau of Narcotics and Denver Police Department arrested Moses Baca for possession and Samuel Caldwell for dealing . Baca and Caldwell 's arrest made them the first marijuana convictions under U.S. federal law for not paying the marijuana tax . Judge Foster Symes sentenced Baca to 18 months and Caldwell to four years in Leavenworth Penitentiary for violating the 1937 Marihuana Tax Act . Decriminalization ( 1975 ) ( edit ) In 1975 , during a decade - long wave of decriminalization in the country , Colorado decriminalized marijuana . A contributing factor was the work on behalf of NORML by Pitkin County Deputy District Attorney Jay Moore , who helped win over the legislature 's Republican leadership with arguments as to money wasted on needless enforcement of marijuana laws . Medical marijuana ( 2000 ) ( edit ) On November 7 , 2000 , 54 % of Colorado voters approved Amendment 20 , which amended the State Constitution to allow the use of marijuana in the state for approved patients with written medical consent . Under this law , patients may possess up to 2 ounces of medical marijuana and may cultivate no more than six marijuana plants ( no more than three of these mature flowering plants at a time ) . Patients who are caught with more than this in their possession may argue `` affirmative defense of medical necessity '' but are not protected under state law with the rights of those who stay within the guidelines set forth by the state . Furthermore , doctors , when making a patient recommendation to the state can recommend the rights to possess additional medicine and grow additional plants , because of the patient 's specific medical needs . Conditions recognized for medical marijuana in Colorado include : cachexia ; cancer ; chronic pain ; chronic nervous system disorders ; epilepsy and other disorders characterized by seizures ; glaucoma ; HIV or AIDS ; multiple sclerosis and other disorders characterized by muscle spasticity ; and nausea . Additionally , patients may not use medical marijuana in public places or in any place where they are in plain view , or in any manner which may endanger others ( this includes operating a vehicle or machinery after medicating ) . Colorado medical marijuana patients can not fill prescriptions at a pharmacy because under federal law , marijuana is classified as a schedule I drug . Instead , patients may get medicine from a recognized caregiver or a non-state - affiliated club or organization , usually called a dispensary . Dispensaries in Colorado offer a range of marijuana strains with different qualities , as well as various `` edibles '' or food products that contain marijuana extracts . Certain dispensaries also offer patients seeds and `` clones '' for those who want to grow their own medicine . In April 2013 , the Colorado Court of Appeals held in Coats v. Dish Network that since marijuana remains against federal law , employers can use that standard rather than state law as a rationale for banning off - the - job worker use , and are not bound by Colorado 's Lawful Activities Statute : The primary question before us is whether federally prohibited but state - licensed medical marijuana use is `` lawful activity '' under section 24 - 34 - 402.5 , C.R.S. 2012 , Colorado 's Lawful Activities Statute . If it is , employers in Colorado would be effectively prohibited from discharging an employee for off - the - job use of medical marijuana , regardless that such use was in violation of federal law . We conclude , on reasoning different from the trial court 's analysis , that such use is not `` lawful activity . '' On June 10 , 2016 Governor John Hickenlooper signed House Bill 16 - 1359 . This bill stated that the court shall not prohibit the use or possession of medical marijuana as a condition of probation unless the individual is sentenced to probation for a conviction under Article 43.3 of Title 12 , C.R.S. ; or if the court determines based upon any material evidence that such a prohibition is necessary and appropriate to accomplish the goals of sentencing stated in 18 - 1 - 102.5 , C.R.S. Recreational marijuana ( 2012 ) ( edit ) Play media News report from Voice of America about the business of cannabis in Colorado - published March 20 , 2015 Since the enactment of Colorado Amendment 64 in November 2012 , adults aged 21 or older can grow up to six marijuana plants ( with no more than half being mature flowering plants ) privately in a locked space , legally possess all marijuana from the plants they grow ( as long as it stays where it was grown ) , legally possess up to one ounce of marijuana while traveling , and give as a gift up to one ounce to other citizens 21 years of age or older . Any adult in Colorado 's territory may possess up to one ounce of marijuana at any time , regardless of whether they are an in - state resident or an out - of - state visitor , as of 2016 . Retail concentrate / edible limits are as follows : 8g of retail concentrate will be equal to 1oz of flower , and therefore 800mg of THC in the form of retail edibles will be equal to 1oz of retail flower . Consumption is permitted in a manner similar to alcohol , with equivalent offenses prescribed for driving . Consumption in public was recently passed in Denver under Ordinance 300 with a vote of 53 % for legal public consumption , and a 46 % vote against . Within 60 days the new rules will be written and should be similar to current public alcohol consumption rules and regulations . Amendment 64 also provides for licensing of cultivation facilities , product manufacturing facilities , testing facilities , and retail stores . Visitors and tourists in Colorado can use and purchase marijuana , but face prosecution if found in possession in any adjacent state . Denver airport has banned all possession of marijuana but admits it has not charged a single person with possession nor has the airport seized any marijuana since the ban went into effect . Governor Hickenlooper signed several bills into law on May 28 , 2013 implementing the recommendations of the Task Force on the Implementation of Amendment 64 . On September 9 , 2013 , the Colorado Department of Revenue adopted final regulations for recreational marijuana establishments , implementing the Colorado Retail Marijuana Code ( HB 13 - 1317 ) . On September 16 , 2013 , the Denver City Council adopted an ordinance for retail marijuana establishments . The state prepared for an influx of tourists with extra police officers posted in Denver . Safety fears led to officials seeking to limit use of the drug in popular ski resorts . According to a Quinnipiac University poll released July 21 , 2014 , Coloradans continued to support the state 's legalization of marijuana for recreational use by a margin of 54 -- 43 percent . At the same time , the poll indicated 66 percent of voters there think marijuana use should be legal in private homes and in members - only clubs , but should not be legal in bars , clubs or entertainment venues where alcohol is served . Sixty - one percent of respondents also said laws regulating marijuana use should be as strict as laws regulating alcohol use . During 2014 , the first year of implementation of Colorado Amendment 64 , Colorado 's legal marijuana market ( both medical and recreational ) reached total sales of $700 million . In September 2014 , legislation was submitted by Alabama senator Jeff Sessions to ensure that Electronic Benefit Transfer cards could not be used to purchase marijuana , as the United States Department of Health and Human Services stated that their usage in marijuana shops was not prohibited . Regulation ( edit ) General regulations for the legal commercial production and vending of marijuana in the state , which continue to be updated by the General Assembly , are published through the Marijuana Enforcement Division of the Department of Revenue Hemp is defined as any form of the cannabis plant which has less than `` 3 / 10 's of one percent '' delta - 9 - THC . The state department of agriculture regulates hemp production . Impaired driving ( edit ) Like other states , driving while impaired by any drug is illegal in Colorado , though it took the legislature six attempts and three years to pass marijuana intoxication measures . Ultimately the legislators decided on a nanogram limit in the bloodstream , though the number they picked was scoffed at by activists . Today Colorado law states that juries may convict a person of marijuana intoxication if they have five or more nanograms of THC per milliliter of blood , but defendants are allowed to argue that they were not intoxicated despite having such levels of THC in their bloodstream . Results ( edit ) The Colorado amendment 64 , which was passed by voters on November 6 , 2012 , led to legalization in January 2014 . Colorado 's 8 % increase in unemployment rate since 2014 was not as bad as that of other states in the region , like Nevada . Some experts argue that unemployment would have more than doubled without legalization . The Colorado state budget has shown dramatic increases in education , often used to build , upgrade , and increase school safety and funding due to tax revenue from legalization . The number of teenagers sent to emergency rooms more than quadrupled after marijuana was legalized . The state has also seen car crash claim rates increase after legalization , but there has been no increase in fatalities in comparison with other states . Colorado 's youth marijuana use rate dipped after legalisation and is lower than the national average . See also ( edit ) Colorado Amendment 44 ( 2006 ) Colorado Amendment 64 ( 2012 ) Law of Colorado Cannabis Law Reform Prohibition of drugs Washington Initiative 502 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ In Colo. , a look at life after marijuana legalization Published by the Boston Globe , February 22 , 2016 Jump up ^ Jason Blevins The Denver Post ( 9 December 2015 ) . `` Marijuana has huge influence on Colorado tourism , state survey says '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Industrial Hemp '' . Jump up ^ Sarah E. Boslaugh ( 8 December 2015 ) . The SAGE Encyclopedia of Pharmacology and Society . SAGE Publications . pp. 1758 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 5063 - 4618 - 2 . Jump up ^ Horner , Kylie ( 30 March 2012 ) . `` Marijuana criminalized in Colorado 95 years ago today : Unhappy anniversary ? '' . Westword . Jump up ^ Session Laws of Colorado . 21st Assembly . 1917 . Ch. 39 , p. 120 . OCLC 1564150 . Jump up ^ Kreck , Dick ( 5 July 2009 ) . `` High , dry times as Prohibition era sobered Denver '' . The Denver Post . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ Robert J. MacCoun ; Peter Reuter ( 27 August 2001 ) . Drug War Heresies : Learning from Other Vices , Times , and Places . Cambridge University Press . pp. 46 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 79997 - 3 . Jump up ^ Patrick Anderson ( 17 May 2015 ) . High in America . Garrett County Press . pp. 144 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 939430 - 16 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Marijuana Law Reform '' . NORML. 1970 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ CDPHE Archived May 21 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Ingold , John ( 25 April 2013 ) . `` Colorado court upholds firing for off - the - job medical marijuana use '' . The Denver Post . Jump up ^ Roberts , Michael ( 26 April 2013 ) . `` Marijuana : Paralyzed MMJ patient plans Supreme Court appeal over DISH sacking '' . Westword . Jump up ^ Coats v. Dish Network , 2013 COA 62 ( 25 April 2013 ) . Jump up ^ `` Bill Folder '' ( PDF ) . Colorado General Assembly . Colorado General Assembly . June 10 , 2016 . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Marijuana Laws Colorado '' . Jump up ^ Amendment 64 : ( 3 ). b Jump up ^ Amendment 64 : ( 3 ). a Jump up ^ Amendment 64 : ( 3 ). a , 64 : ( 3 ). b , and 64 : ( 3 ). c Jump up ^ Amendment 64 : ( 1 ). b - III and 64 : ( 6 ). b Jump up ^ The Denver Post Editorial Board ( 30 September 2013 ) . `` In Colorado , you still ca n't smoke marijuana in public '' . The Denver Post . Jump up ^ Caldwell , Alicia ( 19 October 2013 ) . `` Colorado must carefully define ' public consumption ' of marijuana '' . The Denver Post . Jump up ^ Lee , Kurtis ( 11 November 2013 ) . `` Denver to continue tweaks to public pot consumption law '' . The Denver Post . Jump up ^ Amendment 64 : ( 4 ) Jump up ^ `` Despite ban , no marijuana seized and no citations at Denver airport '' . www.denverpost.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Where to buy legal Marijuana Shops , Maps , Laws '' . North Denver News . 20 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Flatow , Nicole ( 28 May 2013 ) . `` Six Ways Colorado Will Regulate Marijuana Like Alcohol '' . Think Progress . Jump up ^ `` Gov. Signs Marijuana Bills Into Law '' . KKTV . AP . 29 May 2013 . Archived from the original on 21 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Kall , David M. ( 28 May 2013 ) . `` Legislature approves historic marijuana sales and excise taxes in Colorado '' . Jump up ^ HB 13 - 1317 Implement Amendment 64 Majority Recommendation ; HB 13 - 1318 Retail Marijuana Taxes ; SB 13 - 283 Implement Amendment 64 Consensus Recommendations ; HB 13 - 1325 Inferences For Marijuana And Driving Offenses ; SB 13 - 250 Drug Sentencing Changes Jump up ^ Ingold , John ( 10 September 2013 ) . `` Colorado first state in country to finalize rules for recreational pot '' . The Denver Post . Jump up ^ Meyer , Jeremy P. ( 17 September 2013 ) . `` Denver council passes historic retail marijuana rules and regulations '' . The Denver Post . Jump up ^ Healy , Jack ( 1 January 2014 ) . `` Colorado Stores Throw Open Their Doors to Pot Buyers '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Nick Allen ( 31 December 2013 ) . `` Colorado becomes first US state to sell cannabis '' . telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved 2 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` July 21 , 2014 - Limit Marijuana To Home , Members - Only Clubs , Colorado Voters Tell Quinnipiac University Poll ; 50 % Back Supreme Court On Contraception '' . quinnipiac.edu . Quinnipiac University . Retrieved 21 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Colorado 's legal weed market : $700 million in sales last year , $1 billion by 2016 '' . The Washington Post . February 12 , 2015 . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Miller , S.A. ( 9 September 2014 ) . `` Welfare recipients can use debit cards for marijuana '' . Washington Times . Retrieved 19 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Marijuana Enforcement '' . Jump up ^ `` Marijuana DUI Bill Passes In Colorado Senate , Appears Poised To Become Law '' . The Huffington Post . 7 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Michael Roberts ( 8 May 2013 ) . `` THC driving limit 's passage means pot critic William Breathes may never drive legally again '' . Westword . Jump up ^ `` Marijuana Laws in Colorado '' . Colorado Pot Guide . Jump up ^ ER Visits for Kids Rise Significantly After Pot Legalized in Colorado - NBC News Jump up ^ https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/05/170504083114.ht/ Jump up ^ Study : Colorado sees car crash claim rates increase after legalization of marijuana FOX31 Denver Jump up ^ Colorado 's Teen Marijuana Usage Dips after Legalization - Scientific American External links ( edit ) Cannabis portal Colorado portal Denver Marijuana Info at Colorado.gov Cannabis in Colorado Companies Colorado Compassion Club Openvape Evolab Culture High Profits International Church of Cannabis Stoner Jesus Bible Study Events Cannabis Cup Law Colorado Amendment 64 ( 2012 ) Denver Initiative 300 ( 2016 ) Organizations National Cannabis Industry Association Safer Alternative for Enjoyable Recreation Women Grow People Ricardo Baca Chris Bartkowicz Samuel R. Caldwell Rachel K. Gillette Ken Gorman Mason Tvert Related Cannabis advertising in Denver Legality of cannabis in the United States Legalized Alaska California Colorado District of Columbia Maine Massachusetts Nevada Oregon Vermont Washington Decriminalized Connecticut Delaware Illinois Maryland Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Nebraska New Hampshire New York North Carolina Ohio Rhode Island U.S. Virgin Islands Medical status Medical cannabis Arizona Arkansas Connecticut Delaware Florida Guam Hawaii Illinois Louisiana Maryland Michigan Minnesota Montana New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Dakota Ohio Pennsylvania Puerto Rico Rhode Island West Virginia CBD oil only Alabama Georgia Indiana Iowa Kentucky Mississippi Missouri North Carolina Oklahoma South Carolina Tennessee Texas Utah Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Illegal American Samoa Idaho Kansas Northern Mariana Islands South Dakota Cases Leary v. United States ( 1969 ) Ravin v. State ( 1975 ) Conant v. McCaffrey ( 2000 ) United States v. Oakland Cannabis Buyers ' Cooperative ( 2001 ) Gonzales v. Raich ( 2005 ) Moncrieffe v. Holder ( 2013 ) Related topics Legal history Timeline Medical Non-medical Legality by jurisdiction Rescheduling Dispensaries Cannabis on American Indian reservations Congressional Cannabis Caucus Marihuana Tax Act of 1937 Politicians who have admitted use Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_Colorado&oldid=824999262 '' Categories : Cannabis in Colorado Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from November 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 10 February 2018 , at 21 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
when did weed become legal for recreational use in colorado
[ "Cannabis in Colorado refers to cannabis (legal term marijuana) use and possession in Colorado, United States. The Colorado Amendment 64, which was passed by voters on November 6, 2012, led to legalization in January 2014.[1] The policy has led to cannabis tourism.[2] There are two sets of policies in Colorado relating to cannabis use: those for medicinal cannabis and for recreational drug use along with a third set of rules governing hemp.[3]" ]
[ "January 2014" ]
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Cristiano Ronaldo
Cristiano Ronaldo - wikipedia Cristiano Ronaldo Portuguese footballer For the Brazilian footballer , see Ronaldo ( Brazilian footballer ) . This name uses Portuguese naming customs . The first or maternal family name is Santos and the second or paternal family name is Aveiro . Cristiano Ronaldo GOIH ComM Cristiano Ronaldo with Portugal at the 2018 FIFA World Cup Full name Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro Date of birth ( 1985 - 02 - 05 ) 5 February 1985 ( age 33 ) Place of birth Funchal , Madeira , Portugal Height 1.85 m ( 6 ft 1 in ) Playing position Forward Club information Current team Real Madrid Number 7 Youth career 1992 -- 1995 Andorinha 1995 -- 1997 Nacional 1997 -- 2002 Sporting CP Senior career * Years Team Apps ( Gls ) 2002 -- 2003 Sporting CP B ( 0 ) 2002 -- 2003 Sporting CP 25 ( 3 ) 2003 -- 2009 Manchester United 196 ( 84 ) 2009 -- Real Madrid 292 ( 311 ) National team 2001 Portugal U15 9 ( 7 ) 2001 -- 2002 Portugal U17 7 ( 5 ) 2003 Portugal U20 5 ( 1 ) 2002 -- 2003 Portugal U21 10 ( 3 ) Portugal U23 ( 2 ) 2003 -- Portugal 151 ( 84 ) Honours ( show ) Representing Portugal UEFA European Championship 2016 France 2004 Portugal 2012 Poland & Ukraine FIFA Confederations Cup 2017 Russia * Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only and correct as of 19 May 2018 ‡ National team caps and goals correct as of 15 June 2018 This article is part of a series about Cristiano Ronaldo Portuguese professional footballer International goals Career achievements Comparisons to Lionel Messi Namesakes Cristiano Ronaldo Campus Futebol Cristiano Ronaldo International Airport Galaxy CR7 Museu CR7 Films Cristiano Ronaldo : The World at His Feet Ronaldo Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro GOIH ComM ( European Portuguese : ( kɾiʃˈtjɐnu ʁoˈnaɫdu ) ; born 5 February 1985 ) is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays as a forward for Spanish club Real Madrid and the Portugal national team . Often considered the best player in the world and widely regarded as one of the greatest of all time , Ronaldo has a record - tying five Ballon d'Or awards , the most for a European player , and is the first player to win four European Golden Shoes . He has won 26 trophies in his career , including five league titles , five UEFA Champions League titles and one UEFA European Championship . A prolific goalscorer , Ronaldo holds the records for most official goals scored in Europe 's top - five leagues ( 395 ) , the UEFA Champions League ( 120 ) , the UEFA European Championship ( 9 ) , as well as those for most assists in the UEFA Champions League ( 34 ) and the UEFA European Championship ( 6 ) . He has scored over 670 senior career goals for club and country . Born and raised on the Portuguese island of Madeira , Ronaldo was diagnosed with a racing heart at age 15 . He underwent an operation to treat his condition , and began his senior club career playing for Sporting CP , before signing with Manchester United at age 18 in 2003 . After winning his first trophy , the FA Cup , during his first season in England , he helped United win three successive Premier League titles , a UEFA Champions League title , and a FIFA Club World Cup . By age 22 , he had received Ballon d'Or and FIFA World Player of the Year nominations and at age 23 , he won his first Ballon d'Or and FIFA World Player of the Year awards . In 2009 , Ronaldo was the subject of the most expensive association football transfer when he moved from Manchester United to Real Madrid in a transfer worth € 94 million ( £ 80 million ) . In Spain , Ronaldo has won 15 trophies , including two La Liga titles , two Copas del Rey , four UEFA Champions League titles , two UEFA Super Cups , and three FIFA Club World Cups . After joining Real Madrid , Ronaldo finished runner - up for the Ballon d'Or three times , behind Lionel Messi , his perceived career rival , before winning back - to - back Ballons d'Or in 2013 and 2014 . Real Madrid 's all - time leading goalscorer , Ronaldo has scored a record 34 La Liga hat - tricks , including a record - tying eight hat - tricks in the 2014 -- 15 season and is the only player to reach 30 league goals in six consecutive La Liga seasons . Ronaldo won back - to - back Ballons d'Or for a second time , winning by a record voting margin in 2016 after sealing La Undécima , Madrid 's 11th European title , and winning Euro 2016 , and in 2017 after firing Madrid to the first back - to - back UEFA Champions League victory in history . By winning the 2018 UEFA Champions League Final , he also became the first player to attain five Champions League titles . Ronaldo was named the best Portuguese player of all time by the Portuguese Football Federation in 2015 . With 84 goals in 151 matches for Portugal since debuting at age 18 , Ronaldo is the highest goalscorer for his national team and his country 's most capped player . He was a key player of the Portuguese hosts that reached the Euro 2004 final , where he scored his first international goal . As his country 's captain from July 2008 , he led Portugal to their first - ever triumph in a major tournament by winning Euro 2016 , finishing as the second - highest goalscorer of the tournament . One of the most marketable sportsmen , he was ranked the world 's highest - paid athlete by Forbes in 2016 and 2017 , as well as the world 's most famous athlete by ESPN in 2016 , 2017 and 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Club career 2.1 Sporting CP 2.2 Manchester United 2.2. 1 2003 -- 07 : Development and breakthrough 2.2. 2 2007 -- 09 : Collective and individual success 2.3 Real Madrid 2.3. 1 2009 -- 13 : World record transfer and La Liga championship 2.3. 2 2013 -- 15 : Consecutive FIFA Ballon d'Or wins and La Décima 2.3. 3 2015 -- 17 : All - time Real Madrid top scorer and La Undécima 2.3. 4 2017 -- present : A record fifth Champions League title and fifth Ballon d'Or 3 International career 3.1 2001 -- 06 : Youth level and early international career 3.2 2006 -- 12 : Assuming the captaincy 3.3 2012 -- 16 : All - time Portugal top scorer and European champion 3.4 2016 -- present : Post-European Championship victory , and World Cup 4 Player profile 4.1 Style of play 4.2 Reception 4.3 Comparisons to Lionel Messi 5 Outside football 6 Personal life 7 Controversies 8 Philanthropy 9 Career statistics 9.1 Club 9.2 International 10 Honours and achievements 10.1 Club 10.2 International 10.3 Individual 10.3. 1 Orders 10.4 Records 10.4. 1 World 10.4. 2 Continental 10.4. 3 Spain 10.4. 4 England 10.4. 5 Real Madrid 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Early life Ronaldo was born in São Pedro , Funchal , and grew up in the Funchal parish of Santo António , as the youngest child of Maria Dolores dos Santos Aveiro , a cook , and José Dinis Aveiro , a municipal gardener and a part - time kit man . His second given name , `` Ronaldo '' , was chosen after then - U.S. president Ronald Reagan . He has one older brother , Hugo , and two older sisters , Elma and Liliana Cátia . His great - grandmother on his father 's side , Isabel da Piedade , was from São Vicente , Cape Verde . Ronaldo grew up in a Catholic and impoverished home , sharing a room with his brother and sisters . As a child , Ronaldo played for amateur team Andorinha from 1992 to 1995 , where his father was the kit man , and later spent two years with Nacional . In 1997 , aged 12 , he went on a three - day trial with Sporting CP , who signed him for a fee of £ 1,500 . He subsequently moved from Madeira to Alcochete , near Lisbon , to join Sporting 's other youth players at the club 's football academy . By age 14 , Ronaldo believed he had the ability to play semi-professionally , and agreed with his mother to cease his education in order to focus entirely on football . While popular with other students at school , he had been expelled after throwing a chair at his teacher , who he said had `` disrespected '' him . However , one year later , he was diagnosed with a racing heart , a condition that could have forced him to give up playing football . He underwent an operation in which a laser was used to cauterise the affected area of his heart ; discharged from hospital hours after the procedure , he resumed training only a few days later . Club career Sporting CP Ronaldo memorabilia at Sporting CP 's museum At age 16 , Ronaldo was promoted from Sporting 's youth team by first - team manager László Bölöni , who was impressed with his dribbling . He subsequently became the first player to play for the club 's under - 16 , under - 17 and under - 18 teams , the B team , and the first team , all within one season . A year later , on 7 October 2002 , Ronaldo made his debut in the Primeira Liga , against Moreirense , and scored two goals in their 3 -- 0 win . Over the course of the 2002 -- 03 season , his representatives suggested the player to Liverpool manager Gérard Houllier and Barcelona president Joan Laporta . Manager Arsène Wenger , who was interested in signing the winger , met with him at Arsenal 's grounds in November to discuss a possible transfer . `` Oh , lads , and one final thing : They have a talented young winger . Look out for him , OK ? He 's strong and agile . He 's quite good . '' -- At the end of his pre match talk , Ferguson briefly warned his players about Ronaldo . Manchester United manager Alex Ferguson , however , determined to acquire Ronaldo on a permanent move urgently , after Sporting defeated United 3 -- 1 at the inauguration of the Estádio José Alvalade in August 2003 . Initially , United had just planned to sign Ronaldo and then loan him back to Sporting for a year . Having impressed the Manchester United players , however , they urged Ferguson to sign him . After the game , Ferguson agreed to pay Sporting £ 12.24 million for what he considered to be `` one of the most exciting young players '' he had ever seen . A decade after his departure from the club , in April 2013 , Sporting honoured Ronaldo by selecting him to become their 100,000 th member . Manchester United 2003 -- 07 : development and breakthrough Ronaldo became Manchester United 's first - ever Portuguese player when he signed before the 2003 -- 04 season . His transfer fee of £ 12.24 million made him , at the time , the most expensive teenager in English football history . Although he requested the number 28 , his number at Sporting , he received the number 7 shirt , which had previously been worn by such United players as George Best , Eric Cantona and David Beckham . Wearing the number 7 became an extra source of motivation for Ronaldo . A key element in his development during his time in England proved to be his manager , Alex Ferguson , of whom he later said , `` He 's been my father in sport , one of the most important and influential factors in my career . '' `` There have been a few players described as ' the new George Best ' over the years , but this is the first time it 's been a compliment to me . '' -- Former Manchester United player George Best on the 18 - year - old Ronaldo in 2003 Ronaldo made his debut in the Premier League in a 4 -- 0 home victory over Bolton Wanderers on 16 August 2003 , receiving a standing ovation when he came on as a 60th - minute substitute for Nicky Butt . His performance earned praise from George Best , who hailed it as `` undoubtedly the most exciting debut '' he had ever seen . Ronaldo scored his first goal for Manchester United with a free - kick in a 3 -- 0 win over Portsmouth on 1 November . Three other league goals followed in the second half of the campaign , the last of which came against Aston Villa on the final day of the season , a match in which he also received his first red card . Ronaldo ended his first season in English football by scoring the opening goal in United 's 3 -- 0 victory over Millwall in the FA Cup final , earning his first trophy . Ronaldo playing against Chelsea in the Premier League during his third season in England At the start of 2005 , Ronaldo played two of his best matches of the 2004 -- 05 season , producing a goal and an assist against Aston Villa and scoring twice against rivals Arsenal . After scoring four goals in United 's run to the FA Cup final , he played the full 120 minutes of the decisive match against Arsenal , which ended in a goalless draw , and scored his attempt in the lost penalty shootout . Ronaldo scored three braces during the next campaign , the 2005 -- 06 season , scoring two goals each against Bolton Wanderers , Fulham , and Portsmouth . He scored Manchester United 's 1000th Premier League goal on 29 October , their only strike in a 4 -- 1 loss to Middlesbrough . Midway through the season , in November , he signed a new contract which extended his previous deal by two years to 2010 . Ronaldo won his second trophy in English football , the Football League Cup , after scoring the third goal in United 's 4 -- 0 final victory over Wigan Athletic . During his third season in England , Ronaldo was involved in several incidents . He had a one - match ban imposed on him by UEFA for a `` one - fingered gesture '' towards Benfica fans , and was sent off in the Manchester derby -- a 3 -- 1 defeat -- for kicking Manchester City 's former United player Andy Cole . Ronaldo clashed with a teammate , striker Ruud van Nistelrooy , who took offence at the winger 's showboating style of play . Following a training ground fight in January 2006 , the two again fought in May , with Van Nistelrooy telling Ronaldo to `` go crying to your daddy '' , a reference to Ronaldo 's relationship with assistant manager Carlos Queiroz. Van Nistelrooy was left on the substitutes ' bench for the final game of the season against Charlton Athletic -- a 4 -- 0 victory in which Ronaldo scored his ninth league goal . Following the 2006 FIFA World Cup , in which he was involved in an incident where club teammate Wayne Rooney was sent off , Ronaldo publicly asked for a transfer , lamenting the lack of support he felt he had received from the club over the incident . United , however , denied the possibility of him leaving the club . Although his World Cup altercation with Rooney resulted in Ronaldo being booed throughout the 2006 -- 07 season , it proved to be his breakout year , as he broke the 20 - goal barrier for the first time and won his first Premier League title . An important factor in this success was his one - to - one training by first - team coach René Meulensteen , who taught him to make himself more unpredictable , improve his teamwork , call for the ball , and capitalise on goalscoring opportunities rather than waiting for the chance to score the aesthetically pleasing goals for which he was already known . His upturn in form was showcased in November when he received a standing ovation from a section of Blackburn Rovers supporters as he was substituted . He scored three consecutive braces at the end of December , against Aston Villa -- a victory which put United on top of the league -- Wigan Athletic , and Reading . Ronaldo was named the Premier League Player of the Month in November and December , becoming only the third player to receive consecutive honours . 2007 -- 09 : collective and individual success Ronaldo during the 2006 -- 07 season At the quarter - final stage of the 2006 -- 07 UEFA Champions League , Ronaldo scored his first - ever goals in the competition , finding the net twice in a 7 -- 1 victory over Roma . He subsequently scored four minutes into the first semi-final leg against Milan , which ended in a 3 -- 2 win , but was marked out of the second leg as United lost 3 -- 0 at the San Siro . He also helped United reach the FA Cup final , putting them 2 -- 1 up against Watford , but the decisive match against Chelsea ended in a 1 -- 0 defeat . Ronaldo scored the only goal in the Manchester derby on 5 May 2007 -- his 50th goal for the club -- as Manchester United claimed their first Premier League title in four years . As a result of his performances , he amassed a host of personal awards for the season . He won the Professional Footballers ' Association 's Player 's Player , Fans ' Player , and Young Player of the Year awards , as well as the Football Writers ' Association 's Footballer of the Year award , becoming the first player to win all four main PFA and FWA honours . His club wages were concurrently upgraded to £ 120,000 a week ( £ 31 million total ) as part of a five - year contract extension with United . Ronaldo scored a total of 42 goals in all competitions during the 2007 -- 08 season , his most prolific campaign during his time in England . His first goal of the season came against his former club , Sporting , with a header in the first group match of the Champions League . He missed three matches after headbutting a Portsmouth player at the start of the season , an experience he said taught him not to let opponents provoke him , but still managed to score 13 league goals by the campaign 's midway point . At the end of 2007 , Ronaldo was named runner - up to Kaká for the Ballon d'Or , and came third , behind Kaká and Lionel Messi , in the running for the FIFA World Player of the Year award . `` Ronaldo is better than George Best and Denis Law , who were two brilliant and great players in the history of United . '' -- Dutch player Johan Cruyff on the 23 - year - old Ronaldo , April 2008 . Ronaldo scored his first and only hat - trick for Manchester United in a 6 -- 0 win against Newcastle United on 12 January 2008 , bringing United up to the top of the Premier League table . A month later , on 19 March , he captained United for the first time in a home win over Bolton , and scored both goals of the match . His second goal was his 33rd of the campaign , which bettered George Best 's total of 32 goals in the 1967 -- 68 season , thus setting the club 's new single - season record by a midfielder . Ronaldo scored his final league goal of the season from the penalty spot in the title decider against Wigan on 11 May , as United claimed a second successive Premier League title . His 31 league goals earned him the Premier League Golden Boot , as well as the European Golden Shoe , which made him the first winger to win the latter award . Ronaldo taking a direct free kick against Celtic in the 2008 -- 09 UEFA Champions League In the knockout stage of the Champions League , Ronaldo scored the decisive goal against Lyon , which helped United advance to the quarter - finals 2 -- 1 on aggregate , and , while playing as a striker , scored with a header in the 3 -- 0 aggregate victory over Roma . Despite him missing a penalty in the first leg against Barcelona , United eventually advanced to the final in Moscow , where they faced Chelsea . His opening goal was negated by an equaliser as the match ended in a 1 -- 1 draw , but although his penalty was saved in the shoot - out , Manchester United emerged victorious . As the Champions League top scorer , Ronaldo was named the UEFA Club Footballer of the Year . He additionally received the PFA Players ' Player of the Year and FWA Footballer of the Year awards for the second consecutive season . As rumours circulated of Ronaldo 's interest in moving to Real Madrid , United filed a tampering complaint with governing body FIFA over Madrid 's alleged pursuit of their player , but they declined to take action . FIFA president Sepp Blatter asserted that the player should be allowed to leave his club , describing the situation as `` modern slavery '' . Despite Ronaldo publicly agreeing with Blatter , he remained at United for another year . Ahead of the 2008 -- 09 season , on 7 July , he underwent ankle surgery , which kept him out of action for 10 weeks . Following his return , he scored his 100th goal in all competitions for United with the first of two free kicks in a 5 -- 0 win against Stoke City on 15 November , which meant he had now scored against all 19 opposition teams in the Premier League at the time . Five days later , he received the third red card of his career when he was sent off against Manchester City . At the close of 2008 , Ronaldo helped United win the FIFA Club World Cup in Japan , assisting the final - winning goal against Liga de Quito and winning the Silver Ball in the process . He subsequently became United 's first Ballon d'Or winner since George Best in 1968 , and the first Premier League player to be named the FIFA World Player of the Year . Ronaldo scored his first Champions League goal of the season , and his first since the final against Chelsea , in a 2 -- 0 victory over Inter Milan , sending United into the quarter - finals . His match - winning goal in the second leg against Porto , a 40 - yard strike , earned him the inaugural FIFA Puskás Award , presented by FIFA in recognition of the best goal of the year ; he later called it the best goal he had ever scored . He scored twice against Arsenal , including a free kick from 39 yards , as United advanced to the final in Rome , where he made little impact in United 's 2 -- 0 defeat to Barcelona . Ronaldo ended his time in England with nine trophies , as United claimed their third successive Premier League title and a Football League Cup . He finished the campaign with 26 goals in all competitions , 16 goals fewer than the previous season , in four more appearances . His final ever goal for Manchester United came on 10 May 2009 with a free kick in the Manchester derby at Old Trafford . Real Madrid 2009 -- 13 : World record transfer and La Liga Championship `` I have nothing but praise for the boy . He is easily the best player in the world . His contribution as a goal threat is unbelievable . His stats are incredible . Strikes at goal , attempts on goal , raids into the penalty box , headers . It is all there . Absolutely astounding . '' -- Ronaldo 's former manager , Alex Ferguson , following his transfer to Real Madrid Ahead of the 2009 -- 10 season , Ronaldo joined Real Madrid for a world record transfer fee at the time , of £ 80 million ( € 94 million ) . His contract , which ran until 2015 , was worth € 11 million per year and contained a € 1 billion buy - out clause . At least 80,000 fans attended his presentation at the Santiago Bernabéu , surpassing the 25 - year record of 75,000 fans who had welcomed Diego Maradona at Napoli . Since club captain Raúl already wore the number 7 , the number Ronaldo wore at Manchester United , Ronaldo received the number 9 shirt , which was presented to him by the former Madrid player Alfredo Di Stéfano . As his usual number 7 was unavailable , Ronaldo wore number 9 during his first season at Madrid . Following Raúl 's departure , Ronaldo was handed the number 7 shirt before the 2010 -- 11 season . Ronaldo made his debut in La Liga on 29 August 2009 , against Deportivo La Coruña , and scored from the penalty spot in Madrid 's 3 -- 2 home win . He scored in each of his first four league fixtures with the club , the first Madrid player to do so . His first Champions League goals for the club followed with two free kicks in the first group match against Zürich . His strong start to the season , however , was interrupted when he suffered an ankle injury in October while on international duty , which kept him sidelined for seven weeks . A week after his return , he received his first red card in Spain in a match against Almería . Midway through the season , Ronaldo placed second in the running for the Ballon d'Or and the FIFA World Player of the Year award , behind Lionel Messi of Barcelona , Madrid 's historic rivals . He finished the campaign with 33 goals in all competitions , including a hat - trick in a 4 -- 1 win against Mallorca on 5 May 2010 , his first in the Spanish competition . His first season at Real Madrid ended trophyless . Following Raúl 's departure , Ronaldo was handed the number 7 shirt for Real Madrid before the 2010 -- 11 season . His subsequent return to his Ballon d'Or - winning form was epitomised when , for the first time in his career , he scored four goals in a single match during a 6 -- 1 rout against Racing Santander on 23 October . His haul concluded a goalscoring run of six consecutive matches -- three in La Liga , one in the Champions League , and two for Portugal -- totalling 11 goals , the most he had scored in a single month . Ronaldo subsequently scored further hat - tricks against Athletic Bilbao , Levante , Villarreal , and Málaga . Despite his performance , he failed to make the podium for the inaugural FIFA Ballon d'Or at the end of 2010 . During a historical series of four Clásicos against rivals Barcelona in April 2011 , Ronaldo scored twice to equal his personal record of 42 goals in all competitions in a single season . Although he failed to find the net during Madrid 's eventual elimination in the Champions League semi-finals , he equalised from the penalty spot in the return league game and scored the match - winning goal in the 103rd minute of the Copa del Rey final , winning his first trophy in Spain . Over the next two weeks , Ronaldo scored another four - goal haul against Sevilla , a hat - trick against Getafe , and a brace of free kicks against Villarreal , taking his league total to 38 goals , which equalled the record for most goals scored in a season held by Telmo Zarra and Hugo Sánchez . His two goals in the last match of the season , against Almería , made him the first player in La Liga to score 40 goals . In addition to the Pichichi Trophy , Ronaldo consequently won the European Golden Shoe for a second time , becoming the first player to win the award in two different leagues . He ended his second season at Real Madrid with a total of 53 goals in all competitions . Ronaldo scored 46 league goals during the La Liga championship success in his third season in Spain . During the following campaign , the 2011 -- 12 season , Ronaldo surpassed his previous goalscoring feats to achieve a new personal best of 60 goals across all competitions . His 100th goal for Real Madrid came at Camp Nou in the Supercopa de España , though Barcelona claimed the trophy 5 -- 4 on aggregate . He regained a place on the FIFA Ballon d'Or podium , as runner - up to Messi , after scoring hat - tricks against Real Zaragoza , Rayo Vallecano , Málaga , Osasuna , and Sevilla , the last of which put Madrid on top of the league by the season 's midway point . Despite two goals from Ronaldo , Madrid were subsequently defeated by Barcelona 4 -- 3 on aggregrate in the quarter - finals of the Copa del Rey . He again scored twice , including a penalty , in the Champions League semi-finals against Bayern Munich , resulting in a 3 -- 3 draw , but his penalty kick in the shootout was saved by Manuel Neuer , leading to Madrid 's elimination . Ronaldo found greater team success in the league , as he helped Real Madrid win their first La Liga title in four years , with a record 100 points . Following a hat - trick against Levante , further increasing Madrid 's lead over Barcelona , he scored his 100th league goal for Madrid in a 5 -- 1 win over Real Sociedad on 24 March 2012 , a milestone he reached in just 92 matches across three seasons , breaking the previous club record held by Ferenc Puskás . Another hat - trick in the Madrid derby against Atlético Madrid brought his total to 40 league goals , equalling his record of the previous season . His final league goal of the campaign , against Mallorca , took his total to 46 goals , four short of the new record set by Messi , and earned him the distinction of being the first player to score against all 19 opposition teams in a single season in La Liga . Ronaldo began the 2012 -- 13 season by lifting the Supercopa de España , his third trophy in Spain . With a goal in each leg by the Portuguese , Madrid won the Spanish Super Cup on away goals following a 4 -- 4 aggregate draw against Barcelona . Although Ronaldo publicly commented that he was unhappy with a `` professional issue '' within the club , prompted by his refusal to celebrate his 150th goal for Madrid , his goalscoring rate did not suffer . After netting a hat - trick , including two penalties , against Deportivo La Coruña , he scored his first hat - trick in the Champions League in a 4 -- 1 victory over Ajax . Four days later , he became the first player to score in six successive Clásicos when he hit a brace in a 2 -- 2 draw at Camp Nou . His performances in 2012 again saw Ronaldo voted second in the running for the FIFA Ballon d'Or , finishing runner - up to four - time winner Messi . 2013 -- 15 : consecutive FIFA Ballon d'Or wins and La Décima Following the 2012 -- 13 winter break , Ronaldo captained Real Madrid for the first time in an official match , scoring a brace to lift 10 - man Madrid to a 4 -- 3 victory over Real Sociedad on 6 January . He subsequently became the first non-Spanish player in 60 years to captain Madrid in El Clásico on 30 January , a match which also marked his 500th club appearance . Three days prior , he had scored his 300th club goal as part of a perfect hat - trick against Getafe . Following hat - tricks against Celta Vigo and Sevilla , he scored his 200th goal for Real Madrid on 8 May in a 6 -- 2 win against Málaga , reaching the landmark in 197 games . He helped Madrid reach the Copa del Rey final by scoring a brace in El Clásico , which marked the sixth successive match at Camp Nou in which he had scored , a Real Madrid record . In the final , he headed the opening goal of an eventual 2 -- 1 defeat to Atlético Madrid , but was shown a straight red card in the 114th minute for violent conduct . Real Madrid also failed to defend their La Liga title , finishing runners up to Barcelona . In the first knockout round of the Champions League , Ronaldo faced his former club Manchester United for the first time . After scoring the equaliser in a 1 -- 1 draw at the Santiago Bernabéu , he scored the match - winning goal in a 2 -- 1 victory at Old Trafford , his first return to his former home ground . Ronaldo scored three goals in Madrid 's 5 -- 3 aggregate victory over Galatasaray to see them advance to the semi-finals , He scored Madrid 's only goal in the 4 -- 1 away defeat to Borussia Dortmund , but failed to increase his side 's 2 -- 0 victory in the second leg , as they were eliminated at the semi-final stage for the third consecutive year . Ronaldo had scored 12 goals , finishing as the Champions League top goalscorer for a second time in his career . Accounting for all competitions , he ended the season with a total of 55 goals . Ronaldo scored a record 17 goals during the 2013 -- 14 La Décima campaign . Real Madrid 's failure to win major silverware and reports of division among the players prompted speculation regarding Ronaldo 's future at the club . At the start of the 2013 -- 14 season , however , he signed a new contract that extended his stay by three years to 2018 , with a salary of € 17 million net , making him briefly the highest - paid player in football . He was joined at the club by winger Gareth Bale , whose world record transfer fee of € 100 million surpassed the fee Madrid had paid for Ronaldo four years prior . Together with striker Karim Benzema , they formed an attacking trio popularly dubbed `` BBC '' , an acronym of Bale , Benzema , and Cristiano , and a play off the name of the public service broadcaster . After enjoying a strong goalscoring run during the first half of the campaign , Ronaldo suggested that he was in the best form of his career . By late November , he had scored 32 goals from 22 matches played for both club and country , including hat - tricks against Galatasaray , Sevilla , Real Sociedad , Northern Ireland , and Sweden . He ended 2013 with a total of 69 goals in 59 appearances , his highest year - end goal tally . His efforts earned him the FIFA Ballon d'Or , an amalgamation of the Ballon d'Or and the FIFA World Player of the Year award , for the first time in his career . Concurrently with his individual achievements , Ronaldo enjoyed his greatest team success in Spain to date , as he helped Real Madrid win La Décima , their tenth European Cup . In the knockout phase of the competition , he scored a brace in each leg of a 9 -- 2 aggregate win against Schalke 04 , helping Madrid advance to the quarter - finals . His goal in a 3 -- 0 home win over Borussia Dortmund -- his 100th Champions League match -- took his total for the season to 14 goals , equalling the record Messi had set two years before . After hitting a brace in a 4 -- 0 defeat of Bayern Munich at the Allianz Arena , he scored from the penalty spot in the 120th minute of the 4 -- 1 final victory over Atlético Madrid , becoming the first player to score in two European Cup finals for two different winning teams . His overall performance in the final was subdued as a result of patellar tendinitis and related hamstring problems , which had plagued him in the last months of the campaign . Ronaldo played the final against medical advice , later commenting : `` In your life you do not win without sacrifices and you must take risks . '' As the Champions League top goalscorer for the third time , with a record 17 goals , he was named the UEFA Best Player in Europe . In the Copa del Rey , Ronaldo helped Madrid reach the final by scoring a brace of penalties against Atlético Madrid at the Vicente Calderón , the first of which meant he had now scored in every single minute of a 90 - minute football match . His continued issues with his knee and thigh caused him to miss the final , where Real Madrid defeated Barcelona 2 -- 1 to claim the trophy . While Madrid were less successful in La Liga , finishing third , Ronaldo was unmatched as a goalscorer . He scored 31 goals in 30 league games , which earned him the Pichichi and the European Golden Shoe , receiving the latter award jointly with Liverpool striker Luis Suárez . Among his haul was his 400th career goal , in 653 appearances for club and country , which came with a brace against Celta Vigo on 6 January ; he dedicated his goals to compatriot Eusébio , who had died two days before . A last - minute , backheeled volley scored against Valencia on 4 May -- his 50th goal in all competitions -- was recognised as the best goal of the season by the Liga de Fútbol Profesional , which additionally named Ronaldo the Best Player in La Liga . `` Cristiano Ronaldo is changing the game in Spain . With all that pace and power and athleticism , he is driving Real Madrid back into dominance both there and in Europe . '' -- Former Manchester United player Bobby Charlton , November 2014 During the next campaign , the 2014 -- 15 season , Ronaldo set a new personal best of 61 goals in all competitions , starting with both goals in Real Madrid 's 2 -- 0 victory over Sevilla in the UEFA Super Cup . He subsequently achieved his best - ever goalscoring start to a league campaign , with a record 15 goals in the first eight rounds of La Liga , including a four - goal haul against Elche and hat - tricks against Deportivo La Coruña and Athletic Bilbao . His record 23rd hat - trick in La Liga , scored against Celta Vigo on 6 December , made him the fastest player to reach 200 goals in the Spanish league , as he reached the milestone in only his 178th game . After lifting the FIFA Club World Cup with Madrid in Morocco , again winning the Silver Ball , Ronaldo received a second successive FIFA Ballon d'Or , joining Johan Cruyff , Michel Platini , and Marco van Basten as a three - time Ballon d'Or winner . 2015 -- 17 : all - time Real Madrid top scorer and La Undécima Ronaldo scored a personal best of 61 goals in all competitions during the 2014 -- 15 season . Following the winter break , Ronaldo 's form faltered , concurrently with a decline in performance by his team . A 2 -- 1 defeat against Valencia in the first match of 2015 , despite his opening goal , ended Real Madrid 's Spanish record winning streak of 22 matches in all competitions . Their season continued unsuccessfully as they failed to win a major trophy , earning a second - place league finish and a semi-final exit in Europe . In the latter competition , Ronaldo extended his run of scoring away to a record 12 matches with his strike in a 2 -- 0 win against Schalke 04 , before hitting a brace in the 3 -- 4 return defeat that allowed Madrid to progress to the quarter - finals . He then scored both of his side 's goals in the semi-finals against Juventus , where Madrid were eliminated 2 -- 3 on aggregate . With 10 goals , he finished the campaign as top scorer for a third consecutive season , alongside Messi and Neymar . In La Liga , where Madrid finished second , Ronaldo went on a prolific goalscoring run towards the very end of the season . For the first time in his career , he scored five goals in one game , including an eight - minute hat - trick , in a 9 -- 1 rout of Granada on 5 April . His 300th goal for his club followed three days later in a 2 -- 0 win against Rayo Vallecano . Subsequent hat - tricks against Sevilla , Espanyol , and Getafe took his number of hat - tricks for Real Madrid to 31 , surpassing Di Stéfano 's club record of 28 trebles . As a result , Ronaldo finished the season with 48 goals , two ahead of his total in the 2011 -- 12 season , despite having missed two matches in February for assaulting a Córdoba player . In addition to a second consecutive Pichichi , he won the European Golden Shoe for a record fourth time . At the start of his seventh season at Real Madrid , the 2015 -- 16 campaign , Ronaldo became the club 's all - time top scorer , first in the league and then in all competitions . His five - goal haul in a 6 -- 0 away win over Espanyol on 12 September took his tally in La Liga to 230 goals in 203 games , surpassing the club 's previous recordholder , Raúl . A month later , on 17 October , he again surpassed Raúl when he scored the second goal in a 3 -- 0 defeat of Levante at the Bernabéu to take his overall total for the club to 324 goals . Ronaldo also became the all - time top scorer in the Champions League with a hat - trick in the first group match against Shakhtar Donetsk , having finished the previous season level with Messi on 77 goals . A brace against Malmö FF , scoring in a 2 -- 0 away win on 30 September , saw him reach the milestone of 500 career goals for both club and country . He subsequently became the first player to score double figures in the competition 's group stage , setting the record at 11 goals , including another four - goal haul against Malmö . By March 2016 , Ronaldo had scored 252 goals in 228 matches in La Liga to become the competition 's second - highest scorer . Despite finishing runner - up to Messi for the FIFA Ballon d'Or , Ronaldo received criticism for his form and performances against top teams , with 14 of his goals coming against Espanyol and Malmö . However , during the second half of the season , his form gradually improved . By scoring four goals in a 7 -- 1 home win over Celta de Vigo on 5 March 2016 , Ronaldo arrived at 252 goals in La Liga to become the competition 's second - highest scorer in history behind Messi . After netting the match - winning goal for 10 - man Madrid in a 2 -- 1 Clásico victory on 2 April , he scored a hat - trick against VfL Wolfsburg to send his club into the Champions League semi-finals despite a 2 -- 0 first - leg defeat . The treble took his tally in the competition to 16 goals , making him the top scorer for the fourth consecutive season , and the fifth overall . Suffering apparent fitness issues , Ronaldo gave a poorly - received performance in the final against Atlético Madrid , in a repeat of the 2014 final , though his penalty in the subsequent shoot - out secured La Undécima , Madrid 's 11th victory . For the sixth successive year , he ended the season having scored more than 50 goals across all competitions . For his efforts during the season , he received the UEFA Best Player in Europe Award for a second time . `` The boy lived for the game -- everything else was built to fit around it '' -- Former Real Madrid manager Carlo Ancelotti , on Cristiano Ronaldo in June 2016 Ronaldo missed Real Madrid 's first three matches of the 2016 -- 17 season , including the 2016 UEFA Super Cup against Sevilla , as he continued to rehabilitate the knee injury he suffered against France in the final of Euro 2016 . On 6 November , Ronaldo signed a new contract set to keep him with Madrid until 2021 . On 19 November , he scored a hat - trick in a 3 -- 0 away win against Atlético Madrid , making him the all - time top scorer in the Madrid derby with 18 goals . On 15 December , Ronaldo scored his 500th club career goal in the 2 -- 0 victory over Club América in the semi-finals of the FIFA Club World Cup . He then scored a hat - trick in the 4 -- 2 win over Japanese club Kashima Antlers in the final . Ronaldo finished the tournament as top scorer with four goals and was also named the best player of the tournament . He won the Ballon d'Or for a fourth time and the inaugural Best FIFA Men 's Player , a revival of the former FIFA World Player of the Year , largely owing to his success with Portugal in winning Euro 2016 . 2017 -- present : a record fifth Champions League title and fifth Ballon d'Or Ronaldo with then President of the Community of Madrid , Cristina Cifuentes , during the title celebrations in Madrid In Real Madrid 's 3 -- 2 away win against Villarreal on 27 February 2017 , Ronaldo overtook Hugo Sánchez as the most prolific penalty - kick scorer in La Liga history . As a result of the penalty scored by Ronaldo , Real Madrid reached its 5,900 th goal in the history of the league and became the first team to do so . On 12 April , in the 2016 -- 17 UEFA Champions League quarter - final against Bayern Munich , Ronaldo scored two goals in a 2 -- 1 away win to give Madrid the win and the lead going into the second leg . The two goals saw him make history in becoming the first player to reach 100 goals in UEFA club competition . During the second leg of the quarter - finals , Ronaldo scored a perfect hat - trick and reached his 100th UEFA Champions League goal , becoming the first player to do so as Real Madrid again defeated Bayern 4 -- 2 after extra-time . On 2 May , Ronaldo scored another hat - trick in the following Champions League match , as Real Madrid defeated Atlético Madrid 3 -- 0 in the semi-final first leg . His hat - trick made him the first player to reach 50 goals in the knockout stage of the competition . On 17 May , Ronaldo overtook Jimmy Greaves as the all - time top scorer in the top five European leagues , scoring a brace against Celta de Vigo . He finished the season with 42 goals in all competitions as he helped Madrid to win their first La Liga title since 2012 and the first team to win back - to - back finals in the Champions League era ; the first to win consecutive European titles in the competition since Milan in 1989 and 1990 , when the tournament was known as the European Cup . In the 2017 final , he scored two goals in the victory against Juventus and became the top goalscorer for the fifth - straight season , and sixth overall , with 12 goals , while also becoming the first person to score in three finals in the Champions League era as well as reaching his 600th senior career goal . Real Madrid 's title was its 12th , also known as La Duodécima , extending its record , and its third in four years . Ronaldo in the 2018 UEFA Champions League Final At the start of the 2017 -- 18 season , Ronaldo scored Madrid 's second goal in a 3 -- 1 Supercopa de España first - leg victory over Barcelona at Camp Nou . Having received a yellow card for taking his shirt off during his goal celebration , he was sent off for a second yellow card offence minutes later before he shoved the referee lightly to depict his dissatisfaction . He was issued a five - match suspension following the match . In his 400th game for Real Madrid , Ronaldo scored two goals away to Borussia Dortmund in the Champions League , taking his club tally to 411 goals . On 23 October , his performances in the first half of 2017 saw him claim his fifth FIFA Player of the Year award by receiving The Best FIFA Men 's Player award for the second consecutive year . On 6 December , he became the first player to score in all six Champions League group stage matches with a curling strike at home to Borussia Dortmund . A day later , Ronaldo won the Ballon d'Or for a fifth time , receiving the award on the Eiffel Tower in Paris . On 3 March 2018 , he scored two goals in a 3 -- 1 home win over Getafe , his first being his 300th La Liga goal in his 286th La Liga appearance , making him the fastest player to reach this landmark and only the second player to do so after Lionel Messi . On 18 March , he reached his 50th career hat - trick , scoring four goals in a 6 -- 3 win against Girona . On 3 April , Ronaldo scored the first two goals in a 3 -- 0 away win against Juventus in the quarter - finals of the 2017 -- 18 UEFA Champions League , with his second goal being an acrobatic bicycle kick . The goal , described as a `` PlayStation goal '' by Juventus defender Andrea Barzagli , garnered him a standing ovation from the Juventus fans in the stadium , as well as a plethora of plaudits from peers , pundits and coaches . The goal was also his 119th in European competition , more than 465 other clubs which have participated in the competition ; if he were a club , it would be the tenth - highest scorer in Champions League history . He would score his 650th career goal in a 1 -- 1 draw against Atlético Madrid on 8 April . On 11 April , he scored the goal Real Madrid needed to advance to the semi-final , in the second leg of the Champions League quarter - final at home to Juventus , from a 98th - minute injury time penalty in a 3 -- 1 defeat , with an overall 4 -- 3 aggregate win . It was also his tenth goal against Juventus , a Champions League record against a single club . In the final of the tournament , on 26 May , Real Madrid defeated Liverpool 3 -- 1 , winning Ronaldo his fifth Champions League title as Real Madrid completed their third consecutive Champions League triumph , becoming the first team to do so . He finished as the top scorer of the tournament for the sixth consecutive season , ending the campaign with 15 goals . International career 2001 -- 06 : youth level and early international career A Portuguese international , Ronaldo began his youth career in 2001 . Apart from the under - 15 team , he also represented the under - 17 , under - 20 , under - 21 , and under - 23 national sides , amassing 34 youth caps and scoring 18 goals overall . He represented his country at the 2002 UEFA European Under - 17 Football Championship , where they failed to progress past the group stage . Ronaldo also featured in the Olympic squad at the 2004 Summer Olympics , scoring one goal in the tournament , though the team was eliminated in the first round , finishing bottom of their group with three points after 4 -- 2 defeats to eventual semi-finalists Iraq and quarter - finalists Costa Rica . At age 18 , Ronaldo earned his first senior cap in a 1 -- 0 victory over Kazakhstan on 20 August 2003 . He was subsequently called up for UEFA Euro 2004 , held in his home country , and scored his first international goal in a 2 -- 1 group stage loss to eventual champions Greece . After converting his penalty in a shootout against England at the quarter - final stage , he helped Portugal reach the final by scoring the opening goal in a 2 -- 1 win over the Netherlands , but the crucial last match ended in a 0 -- 1 defeat . He was featured in the team of the tournament , having provided two assists in addition to his two goals . Ronaldo was the second - highest scorer in the European qualification for the 2006 FIFA World Cup with seven goals . During the tournament , he scored his first World Cup goal against Iran with a penalty kick in Portugal 's second match of the group stage . In the quarter - finals against England , his Manchester United teammate Wayne Rooney was sent off for stamping on Portugal defender Ricardo Carvalho . Although the referee later clarified that the red card was only due to Rooney 's infraction , the English media speculated that Ronaldo had influenced his decision by aggressively complaining , after which he was seen in replays winking at Portugal 's bench following Rooney 's dismissal . Ronaldo went on to score the vital winning penalty during the penalty shoot out which sent Portugal into the Semi-Finals . Ronaldo was subsequently booed during their 1 -- 0 semi-final defeat to France . FIFA 's Technical Study Group overlooked him for the tournament 's Best Young Player award , citing his behaviour as a factor in the decision . 2006 -- 12 : assuming the captaincy Ronaldo , pictured playing against Germany at Euro 2012 , was made captain in 2008 . One day after his 22nd birthday , Ronaldo captained Portugal for the first time in a friendly game against Brazil on 6 February 2007 , as requested by Portuguese Football Federation president Carlos Silva , who had died two days earlier . Ahead of Euro 2008 , he was given the number 7 shirt for the first time . While he scored eight goals in the qualification , the second - highest tally , he scored just one goal in the tournament , netting the second goal of their 3 -- 1 win in the group stage match against the Czech Republic , where he was named man of the match . Portugal were eliminated in the quarter - finals with a 3 -- 2 loss against eventual finalists Germany . After Portugal 's unsuccessful performance in the European Championship , Luiz Felipe Scolari was replaced as coach by Carlos Queiroz , formerly the assistant manager at United . Queiroz made Ronaldo the squad 's permanent captain in July 2008 . Ronaldo failed to score a single goal in the qualification for the 2010 World Cup , as Portugal narrowly avoided a premature elimination from the tournament with a play - off victory over Bosnia . At the group stage of the World Cup , he was named man of the match in all three matches against Côte d'Ivoire , North Korea , and Brazil . His only goal of the tournament came in their 7 -- 0 rout of North Korea , which marked his first international goal in 16 months . Portugal 's World Cup ended with a 1 -- 0 loss against eventual champions Spain in the round of 16 . Ronaldo scored seven goals in the qualification for Euro 2012 , including two strikes against Bosnia in the play - offs , to send Portugal into the tournament , where they were drawn in a `` group of death '' . After the opening 0 -- 1 defeat to Germany , he also failed to score in the 3 -- 2 win against Denmark , missing two clear one - on - one chances . He redeemed himself in the last group match against the Netherlands , where he scored twice to secure a 2 -- 1 victory , and the quarter - finals against the Czech Republic , scoring a header to give his team a 1 -- 0 win . He was named man of the match against both opponents . After the semi-finals against Spain ended scoreless , with Ronaldo having sent three shots over the bar , Portugal were eliminated in the penalty shootout . Ronaldo did not take a penalty as he had been slated to take the unused fifth , a decision that drew criticism . As the joint top scorer with three goals , alongside five other players , he was again included in the team of the tournament . 2012 -- 16 : all - time Portugal top scorer and European champion Ronaldo evading club teammate Luka Modrić during a friendly match against Croatia in June 2013 During the qualification for the 2014 World Cup , Ronaldo scored a total of eight goals . A qualifying match on 17 October 2012 , a 1 -- 1 draw against Northern Ireland , earned him his 100th cap . His first international hat - trick also came against Northern Ireland , when he found the net three times in a 15 - minute spell of a 4 -- 2 qualifying victory on 6 September 2013 . After Portugal failed to qualify during the regular campaign , Ronaldo scored all four of the team 's goals in the play - offs against Sweden , which ensured their place at the tournament . His hat - trick in the second leg took his international tally to 47 goals , equaling Pauleta 's record . Ronaldo subsequently scored twice in a 5 -- 1 friendly win over Cameroon on 5 March 2014 to become his country 's all - time top scorer . Ronaldo took part in the tournament despite suffering from patellar tendinitis and a related thigh injury , potentially risking his career . Ronaldo later commented : `` If we had two or three Cristiano Ronaldos in the team I would feel more comfortable . But we do n't . '' Despite ongoing doubts over his fitness , being forced to abort practice twice , Ronaldo played the full 90 minutes of the opening match against Germany , though he was unable to prevent a 4 -- 0 defeat . After assisting an injury - time 2 -- 2 equaliser against the United States , he scored a late match - winning goal in a 2 -- 1 victory over Ghana . His 50th international goal made him the first Portuguese to play and score in three World Cups . Portugal were eliminated from the tournament at the close of the group stage on goal difference . Ronaldo scored five goals , including a hat - trick against Armenia , in the qualification for Euro 2016 . With the only goal in another victory over Armenia on 14 November 2014 , he reached 23 goals in the European Championship , including qualifying matches , to become the competition 's all - time leading goalscorer . At the start of the tournament , however , Ronaldo failed to convert his chances in Portugal 's draws against Iceland and Austria , despite taking a total of 20 shots on goal . In the latter match , he overtook Luís Figo as his nation 's most capped player with his 128th international appearance , which ended scoreless after he missed a penalty in the second half . With two goals and an assist in the last match of the group stage , a 3 -- 3 draw against Hungary , Ronaldo became the first player to score in four European Championships , having made a record 17 appearances in the tournament . Though placed third in their group behind Hungary and Iceland , his team qualified for the knockout round as a result of the competition 's newly expanded format . `` Cristiano is sacrificing himself , he 's working a lot for the team ; he 's not angry . When he does n't score he 's usually angry , but not now . He works a lot , also defending . You can see he 's an authentic leader . '' -- Former Portugal international Paulo Futre before the final In Portugal 's first knockout match , Ronaldo 's only attempt on goal was parried by Croatia 's goalkeeper into the path of Ricardo Quaresma , whose finish then secured a 1 -- 0 victory late in extra time . After his team progressed past Poland on penalties , Ronaldo became the first player to participate in three European Championship semi-finals ; he scored the opening goal and assisted a second in a 2 -- 0 win against Wales , equaling Michel Platini as the competition 's all - time top scorer with nine goals . In the final against hosts France , Ronaldo was forced off after just 25 minutes following a challenge from Dimitri Payet . After multiple treatments and attempts to play on , he was stretchered off the pitch and replaced by Quaresma . During extra time , substitute Eder scored in the 109th minute to earn Portugal a 1 -- 0 victory . As team captain , Ronaldo later lifted the trophy in celebration of his country 's first - ever triumph in a major tournament . He was awarded the Silver Boot as the joint second - highest goalscorer , with three goals and three assists , and was named to the team of the tournament for the third time in his career . 2016 -- present : post-european Championship victory , and World Cup Ronaldo playing against Russia at the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup Following the Euro 2016 success , Ronaldo scored four goals against Andorra in the 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifiers on 8 October 2016 . His four goals against a nine - man team marked the highest number of goals he has scored in an international match . On 13 November , Ronaldo scored two goals ( while also missing a penalty ) in another qualifier against Latvia , which ended in a 4 -- 1 home victory . These goals brought his international tally to 68 goals , putting level with Gerd Müller and Robbie Keane as the fourth - highest European international goalscorer of all - time . He played his first professional match on his home island of Madeira on 28 March 2017 at age 32 , opening a 2 -- 3 friendly defeat to Sweden at the Estádio dos Barreiros . With the goal , he tied with Miroslav Klose on 71 goals as the third - highest scoring European in international football . `` I admire ( Ronaldo ) , if I had to set up a national team he would be my first pick . '' -- Pelé , in an interview with Sportsmail . In Portugal 's opening match of the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup against Mexico on 17 June , Cristiano Ronaldo set - up Quaresma 's opening goal in a 2 -- 2 draw . Three days later , he scored in a 1 -- 0 win over hosts Russia . On 24 June , he scored from a penalty in a 4 -- 0 win over New Zealand , which saw Portugal top their group and advance to the semi-finals of the competition . With his 75th international goal , Ronaldo also equalled Sándor Kocsis as the second - highest European international goalscorer of all - time , behind only Ferenc Puskás . He was named man of the match in all three of Portugal 's group stage matches . Ronaldo left the competition early : after Chile defeated Portugal 3 -- 0 on penalties in the semi-finals , he was allowed to return home to be with his newborn children . Therefore , he missed Portugal 's third - place play - off match in which Portugal defeated Mexico 2 -- 1 after extra time . On 31 August 2017 , Ronaldo scored a hat - trick in a 5 -- 1 win in a World Cup qualifier over the Faroe Islands , which saw him overtake Pelé and equal Hussein Saeed as the joint - fifth - highest goalscorer in international football with 78 goals . These goals brought his tally in the 2018 World Cup qualifiers to 14 , equalling Predrag Mijatović 's record for most goals in a single UEFA senior men 's qualifying campaign , and also saw him break the record for the most goals scored in a single European qualifying group , overtaking the previous record of 13 goals set by David Healy and Robert Lewandowski . Ronaldo 's hat - trick took his World Cup qualifying goals total to 29 , making him the highest scorer in European World Cup qualifiers , ahead of Andriy Shevchenko , and the highest goalscorer in World Cup qualifying and finals matches combined , with 32 goals , ahead of Miroslav Klose . Ronaldo later added to this tally by scoring a goal against Andorra in a 2 -- 0 victory . In the build - up to the 2018 World Cup , Portugal hosted friendlies against Tunisia , Belgium and Algeria . Ronaldo featured in the final of the three matches in which he made his 150th international appearance . On 15 June 2018 , Ronaldo became the oldest player ever to score a hat - trick in a World Cup match , helping Portugal secure a 3 -- 3 draw against Spain in their opening match at the World Cup . In doing so , he also became the first Portuguese player to score a goal in four World Cups and one of four players to do so in total . His hat - trick also drew him level with Ferenc Puskás as the highest European goalscorer of all - time , with 84 international goals . Player Profile Style of play Ronaldo in action for Real Madrid against Espanyol during the 2012 -- 13 season A versatile attacker , Ronaldo is capable of playing on either wing as well as through the centre of the pitch , and , while ostensibly right - footed , is very strong with both feet . He ranks among the world 's fastest footballers , both with and without the ball . Tactically , Ronaldo has undergone several evolutions throughout his career . While at Sporting and during his first season at Manchester United , he was typically deployed as a traditional winger on the right side of midfield , where he regularly looked to deliver crosses into the penalty area . In this position , he was able to use his pace and acceleration , agility , and technical skills to take on opponents in one - on - one situations . Ronaldo became noted for his dribbling and flair , often displaying an array of tricks and feints , such as the step overs that became his trademark . As Ronaldo matured , he underwent a major physical transformation , developing a muscular body type that allows him to retain possession of the ball . His strength , combined with his elevation and height of 1.85 m ( 6 ft 1 in ) , awarded him an edge in winning aerial challenges for balls ; consequently , many of his goals have been headers . Concurrently with his increased stamina and work - rate , his goalscoring ability improved drastically on the left wing , where he was given the positional freedom to move into the centre to finish attacks . He also increasingly played a creative role for his team , participating in build - up plays courtesy of his good vision and passing ability . Ronaldo controlling the ball on his chest during a 2010 -- 11 La Liga game against Almería In his final seasons at United , Ronaldo played an even more attacking and central role , functioning both as a striker and as a supporting forward , or even as an attacking midfielder on occasion . He developed into a prolific goalscorer , capable of finishing well both inside the penalty area and from distance with an accurate and powerful shot . An accurate penalty kick taker , he also became a set piece specialist , renowned for his powerful , bending free kicks , though his ability in this regard deteriorated later on in his career . At Real Madrid , he continued to play a more offensive role , while his creative and defensive duties became more limited , although , not diminished . Initially deployed as a centre forward , he was later moved back onto the left wing , though in a free tactical role , allowing him to drift into the centre at will . Madrid 's counter-attacking style of play allowed him to become a more efficient and consistent player , as evidenced by his record - breaking goalscoring feats . This style also allowed for him to be used as a ' striking playmaker ' , where he would rely on his vision , passing , footballing intelligence , and dribbling ability to draw out defenders and leave space for teammates . From 2013 onwards , he effectively adapted his style to the physical effects of ageing with increasingly reduced off - the - ball movement and general involvement , instead focusing on short - distance creating and goalscoring . Since 2017 , Ronaldo has adapted his style of play to become more of a free - roaming centre forward . Reception `` In the six years ( Manchester United ) had him , you just saw his game grow all the time , and he was a fantastic player . Now you see the complete player . His decision - making , his maturity , his experience , plus all the great skills he has got , they all make him the complete player . '' -- Former manager Alex Ferguson , January 2013 Ronaldo is widely regarded as one of the two best players of his generation , alongside Lionel Messi . Ronaldo quickly established himself among the world 's best players in his early 20s , featuring as the core component for Manchester United in the mid-to - late 2000s . However , after winning his first Ballon d'Or by a record - high vote count at age 23 , the public debate regarding his qualities as a player moved beyond his status in contemporary football to the possibility that he was one of the greatest players in history . Universally acclaimed for his prolific and consistent goalscoring ability , he is considered a decisive player , who stands out in games and who can be a game changer , especially in important and high - pressured situations . Ronaldo is noted for his work ethic and dedication to improvement on the training pitch , as well as a natural leader . His drive and determination to succeed are fuelled by a desire to be talked about alongside Pelé and Diego Maradona once retiring . Ronaldo has at times , however , been criticised for simulating when tackled . In addition to this , he was also occasionally criticised early in his career by manager Alex Ferguson , teammates and the media for being a selfish or overly flamboyant player . Throughout in his career , Ronaldo has also been described as having an `` arrogant image '' on the pitch , with Ronaldo stating that he had become a `` victim '' , because of how he was portrayed in the media . He is often seen moaning , gesticulating and scowling while trying to inspire his team to victory , with Ronaldo insisting that his competitive nature should not be mistaken for arrogance . His managers , teammates and various journalists have commented that this reputation has caused an unfair image of him . In 2014 , Ronaldo told France Football that he had made a `` mistake '' when he said in 2011 , `` People are jealous of me as I am young , handsome and rich '' , adding that he had matured since then and fans understood him better . Comparisons to Lionel Messi Main article : Messi -- Ronaldo rivalry Ronaldo with Lionel Messi before an international friendly between Portugal and Argentina in Geneva , Switzerland , on 9 February 2011 Both players have scored in at least two UEFA Champions League finals and have regularly broken the 50 - goal barrier in a single season . Sports journalists and pundits regularly argue the individual merits of both players in an attempt to argue who they believe is the best player in modern football . It has been compared to sports rivalries such as the Muhammad Ali -- Joe Frazier rivalry in boxing , the Borg -- McEnroe rivalry in tennis , and the Ayrton Senna -- Alain Prost rivalry from Formula One motor racing . `` It 's part of my life now . People are bound to compare us . He tries to do his best for his club and for his national team , as I do , and there is a degree of rivalry with both of us trying to do the best for the teams we represent . '' -- Cristiano Ronaldo commenting on his rivalry with Messi . Some commentators choose to analyse the differing physiques and playing styles of the two , while part of the debate revolves around the contrasting personalities of the two players : Ronaldo is sometimes depicted as an arrogant and theatrical showoff , while Messi is portrayed as a shy , humble character . In a 2012 interview , Ronaldo commented on the rivalry , saying `` I think we push each other sometimes in the competition , this is why the competition is so high '' , while Ronaldo 's manager during his time at Manchester United , Alex Ferguson , opined that `` I do n't think the rivalry against each other bothers them . I think they have their own personal pride in terms of wanting to be the best '' . Messi himself denied any rivalry , saying that it was `` only the media , the press , who wants us to be at loggerheads but I 've never fought with Cristiano '' . Responding to the claims that he and Messi do not get on well on a personal level , Ronaldo commented , `` We do n't have a relationship outside the world of football , just as we do n't with a lot of other players '' , before adding that in years to come he hopes they can laugh about it together , stating ; `` We have to look on this rivalry with a positive spirit , because it 's a good thing . '' Representing archrivals Barcelona and Real Madrid , the two players face each other at least twice every season in the world 's biggest club game , El Clásico , which had a global audience of 400 million viewers in March 2014 . In a debate at Oxford Union in October 2013 , when asked whether FIFA president Sepp Blatter preferred Messi or Ronaldo , Blatter paid tribute to the work ethic of the Argentine before taking a swipe at Ronaldo , claiming `` one of them has more expenses for the hairdresser than the other '' . Real Madrid demanded -- and promptly received -- a full apology , and the Portuguese issued his own riposte with a mock - salute celebration after scoring a penalty against Sevilla , after Blatter had described him as a `` commander '' on the pitch . Outside Football See also : Museu CR7 and Cristiano Ronaldo International Airport The Cristiano Ronaldo Museum , `` CR7 '' , in Funchal , Madeira . It was opened on 15 December 2013 . Ronaldo 's CR7 Museum -- front view Cristiano Ronaldo International Airport in Madeira Forbes has twice ranked Ronaldo first on their list of the world 's highest - paid football players ; his combined income from salaries , bonuses and non-football earnings was $73 million in 2013 -- 14 and $79 million in 2014 -- 15 . The latter earnings saw him listed behind only boxer Floyd Mayweather , Jr. on the magazine 's list of The World 's Highest - Paid Athletes . In 2016 , he became the first footballer to top the Forbes list of highest - earning athletes , with a total income of $88 million from his salary and endorsements in 2015 -- 16 . He topped the list for the second straight year with earnings of $93 million in 2016 -- 17 . Ronaldo is one of the world 's most marketable athletes : SportsPro rated him the fifth most marketable athlete in 2012 , and eighth most marketable athlete in 2013 , with Brazilian footballer Neymar topping both lists . Sports market research company Repucom named Ronaldo the most marketable and most recognised football player in the world in May 2014 . He was additionally named in the 2014 Time 100 , Time 's annual list of the most influential people in the world . ESPN named Ronaldo the world 's most famous athlete in 2016 , 2017 and 2018 . As his reputation grew from his time at Manchester United , Ronaldo signed many sponsorship deals for consumer products , including e.g. sportswear ( he wears Nike Mercurial Vapor CR7 boots ) , soft drinks , clothing , automotive lubricants , financial services , electronics , computer video games , and more . Ronaldo was featured as the cover athlete of EA Sports ' FIFA video game FIFA 18 and he was heavily involved in the game 's promotion . Ronaldo has established a strong online presence ; the most popular sportsperson on social media , he counted 158 million total followers across Facebook , Twitter and Instagram by June 2015 . As of June 2015 , he has the world 's biggest Facebook fanbase with 103 million followers : he became the first sportsperson to reach 50 million followers in August 2010 , and in October 2014 , he became the first sportsperson , and the second person after Shakira , to reach 100 million followers . By June 2017 , Ronaldo had 277 million followers across social media . His sponsors earned $936 million in media value across his social media accounts between June 2016 to June 2017 . Ronaldo has released two mobile apps : in December 2011 , he launched an iPhone game called Heads Up with Cristiano , created by developer RockLive , and in December 2013 , he launched Viva Ronaldo , a dedicated social networking website and mobile app . Computer security company McAfee produced a 2012 report ranking footballers by the probability of an internet search for their name leading to an unsafe website , with Ronaldo 's name first on the list . Ronaldo 's life and person have been the subject of several works . His autobiography , titled Moments , was published in December 2007 . His sponsor Castro produced the television film Ronaldo : Tested to the Limit , in which he is physically and mentally tested in several areas ; his physical performance was consequently subject to scrutiny by world media upon the film 's release in September 2011 . Cristiano Ronaldo : The World at His Feet , a documentary narrated by the actor Benedict Cumberbatch , was released via Vimeo in June 2014 . A documentary film about his life and career , titled Ronaldo , was released worldwide on 9 November 2015 . Directed by BAFTA - winner Anthony Wonke , the film is produced and distributed by Universal Pictures , while Asif Kapadia is the executive producer . Ronaldo opened his first fashion boutique under the name CR7 ( his initials and shirt number ) on the island of Madeira , Portugal , in 2006 . Ronaldo expanded his business with a second clothes boutique in Lisbon in 2008 . In partnership with Scandinavian manufacturer JBS Textile Group and the New York fashion designer Richard Chai , Ronaldo co-designed a range of underwear and sock line , released in November 2013 . He later expanded his CR7 fashion brand by launching a line of premium shirts and shoes by July 2014 . In September 2015 , Ronaldo -- in a partnership with Eden Parfums -- released his own fragrance , `` Legacy '' . In 2007 , C.D. Nacional renamed its youth campus Cristiano Ronaldo Campus Futebol ( Cristiano Ronaldo Football Campus ) . In December 2013 , Ronaldo opened a museum , Museu CR7 , in his hometown of Funchal , Madeira , to house trophies and memorabilia of his life and playing career ; the museum is an official sponsor of the local football team União da Madeira . At a ceremony held at the Belém Palace in January 2014 , President of Portugal Aníbal Cavaco Silva raised Ronaldo to the rank of Grand Officer of the Order of Prince Henry , `` to distinguish an athlete of world renown who has been a symbol of Portugal globally , contributing to the international projection of the country and setting an example of tenacity for future generations '' . A bronze statue of Ronaldo , designed by artist Ricardo Madeira Veloso , was unveiled in Funchal on 21 December 2014 . In June 2010 , during the build - up to the World Cup , Ronaldo became the fourth footballer -- after Steven Gerrard , Pelé and David Beckham -- to be represented as a waxwork at Madame Tussauds London . Another waxwork of him was presented at the Madrid Wax Museum in December 2013 . In June 2015 , astronomers led by David Sobral from Lisbon and Leiden discovered a galaxy which they named CR7 ( Cosmos Redshift 7 ) in tribute to Ronaldo . On 23 July 2016 , following Portugal 's triumph at Euro 2016 , Madeira Airport in Funchal was renamed the Cristiano Ronaldo International Airport . The unveiling of the rebranded terminal took place on 29 March 2017 , which included a bust of his head being presented . Neither the bust nor the name change were unanimous , with the lack of the bust 's likeness to Ronaldo being ridiculed by Saturday Night Live 's character Cecilia Giminez portrayed by comedian and actress Kate McKinnon , while the name change was subject to much debate locally by some politicians and citizens , who even started a petition against the move , an action criticised by President of Madeira Miguel Albuquerque . A year later , sports website Bleacher Report commissioned sculptor Emanuel Santos to create another bust . However , this bust was never used ; instead , a new one was made by a Spanish sculptor , shown to the public on 15 June 2018 . Personal life `` In football I do n't have a lot of friends . People I really trust ? Not many . Most of the time I 'm alone . I consider myself an isolated person . '' -- During the filming of his authorized biography , Ronaldo admitted to often preferring solitude while working , attributing it to his autonomous way of living . Ronaldo 's children By an unidentified mother Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Junior ( born 2010 ) Via a surrogate mother Eva Maria ( born 2017 ) Mateo ( born 2017 ) By Georgina Rodriguez Alana Martina ( born 2017 ) Ronaldo 's father , José Dinis Aveiro , died of an alcoholism - related liver condition at age 52 in September 2005 when Ronaldo was 20 . Ronaldo has said that he does not drink alcohol , and he received libel damages over a Daily Mirror article that reported him drinking heavily in a nightclub while recovering from an injury in July 2008 . Ronaldo became father to a son in June 2010 , announcing the he had full custody of the child and would not be publicly revealing the identity of his son 's mother . In January 2015 , Ronaldo announced his five - year relationship with Russian model Irina Shayk ended . In June 2017 , Ronaldo announced he had become the father to twins , a daughter Eva Maria and a son Mateo . Five months later , his girlfriend Georgina Rodríguez gave birth to their daughter Alana Martina . Controversies In April 2017 , a story was published by Der Spiegel based on leaked documents provided by Football Leaks relating to an alleged rape by Ronaldo , stating the alleged assault occurred in 2009 but that a legal agreement and accompanying non-disclosure agreement was entered into , resulting in the alleged charges being dropped . Ronaldo 's agent Jorge Mendes denied the claims , labelling them `` journalistic fiction '' , with Ronaldo stating it was consensual sex . Der Spiegel published a further story in response to the denial , alleging that text messages sent by Ronaldo showed he was aware of the legal negotiations . According to Der Spiegel , the woman received US $375,000 in the settlement . In July 2017 , Ronaldo was charged with fraudulently evading almost € 15 million in tax between 2011 and 2014 , a claim he denies . In May 2018 , Spanish tax authorities rejected Ronaldo 's settlement offer of € 14 million . It was reported on 15 June , just before Spain played Portugal in the 2018 World Cup , Ronaldo had been sentenced to two years in jail ( suspended ) and fined € 18.8 million after reaching a deal with Spanish authorities . The sentence can be served under probation , without any jail time , so long as he does not reoffend . On 15 June 2018 , Ronaldo paid $21.7 million in restitution regarding his past tax frauds in order to avoid jail time . Philanthropy Ronaldo has made contributions to various charitable causes throughout his career . Television footage of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami showed an eight - year - old boy survivor named Martunis wearing a number 7 Portuguese football shirt who was stranded for 19 days after his family was killed . Following this , Ronaldo visited Aceh , Indonesia , to raise funds for rehabilitation and reconstruction . After accepting undisclosed damages from a libel case against The Sun newspaper in 2008 , Ronaldo donated the damages to a charity in Madeira . In 2009 , Ronaldo donated £ 100,000 to the hospital that saved his mother 's life in Madeira following her battle with cancer , so that they could build a cancer centre on the island . In support of the victims of the 2010 Madeira flood , Ronaldo pledged to play in a charity match in Madeira between Primeira Liga club Porto and players from Madeiran - based clubs Marítimo and Nacional . In 2012 , Ronaldo and his agent paid for specialist treatment for a nine - year - old Canarian boy with apparently terminal cancer . In November 2012 , Ronaldo sold the golden boot he had won in 2011 for € 1.5 million and gave the money to fund schools for children in Gaza . In December 2012 , Ronaldo joined FIFA 's `` 11 for Health '' programme to raise awareness amongst kids of how to steer clear of conditions including drug addiction , HIV , malaria and obesity . In January 2013 , Ronaldo became Save the Children 's new Global Artist Ambassador , in which he hopes to help fight child hunger and obesity . In March , Ronaldo agreed to be the ambassador for The Mangrove Care Forum in Indonesia , an organisation aiming to raise awareness of mangrove conservation . In November 2014 , Ronaldo appeared in FIFA 's `` 11 against Ebola '' campaign with a selection of top football players from around the world , including Neymar , Gareth Bale , Xavi and Didier Drogba . Under the slogan `` Together , we can beat Ebola '' , FIFA 's campaign was done in conjunction with the Confederation of African Football and health experts , with the players holding up 11 messages to raise awareness of the disease and ways to combat it . He was named the world 's most charitable sportsperson in 2015 . In June 2016 , Ronaldo donated the entirety of his € 600,000 Champions League bonus after Real Madrid won the 2015 -- 16 UEFA Champions League . In August 2016 , Ronaldo launched CR7Selfie , a selfie app for charity to help Save the Children that lets participants take a selfie with him in one of several different outfits and poses . In the app , fans can select from among 68 photos of Ronaldo in different outfits and poses , and scroll through 39 filters to apply to their selfies . Career Statistics Club As of 26 May 2018 Club statistics Club Season League Cup League Cup Europe Other Total Division Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Sporting CP B 2002 -- 03 Segunda Divisão 0 -- -- -- -- 0 Sporting CP 2002 -- 03 Primeira Liga 25 -- 0 0 0 31 5 Manchester United 2003 -- 04 Premier League 29 5 0 5 0 0 0 40 6 2004 -- 05 Premier League 33 5 7 0 8 0 0 0 50 9 2005 -- 06 Premier League 33 9 0 8 -- 47 12 2006 -- 07 Premier League 34 17 7 0 11 -- 53 23 2007 -- 08 Premier League 34 31 0 0 11 8 0 49 42 2008 -- 09 Premier League 33 18 12 53 26 Total 196 84 26 13 12 58 16 292 118 Real Madrid 2009 -- 10 La Liga 29 26 0 0 -- 6 7 -- 35 33 2010 -- 11 La Liga 34 40 8 7 -- 12 6 -- 54 53 2011 -- 12 La Liga 38 46 5 -- 10 10 55 60 2012 -- 13 La Liga 34 34 7 7 -- 12 12 55 55 2013 -- 14 La Liga 30 31 6 -- 11 17 -- 47 51 2014 -- 15 La Liga 35 48 -- 12 10 5 54 61 2015 -- 16 La Liga 36 35 0 0 -- 12 16 -- 48 51 2016 -- 17 La Liga 29 25 -- 13 12 46 42 2017 -- 18 La Liga 27 26 0 0 -- 13 15 44 44 Total 292 311 30 22 -- 101 105 15 12 438 450 Career total 515 398 59 37 12 159 121 18 13 763 573 Jump up ^ Includes the Taça de Portugal , FA Cup and Copa del Rey Jump up ^ All appearance ( s ) in UEFA Champions League , unless where noted . Jump up ^ Includes the FA Community Shield , UEFA Super Cup , FIFA Club World Cup and Supercopa de España Jump up ^ One appearance in UEFA Champions League , two appearances in UEFA Cup Jump up ^ Appearance in FA Community Shield ^ Jump up to : All appearances in FIFA Club World Cup Jump up ^ Does not include one goal scored on 18 September 2010 against Real Sociedad . Marca , which awards the Pichichi Trophy , attribute it to Ronaldo , while La Liga and UEFA attribute it to Pepe . ^ Jump up to : All appearances in Supercopa de España Jump up ^ One appearance and two goals in UEFA Super Cup , two appearances in Supercopa de España , two appearances in FIFA Club World Cup Jump up ^ One appearance in UEFA Super Cup , one appearance and one goal in Supercopa de España , two appearances and two goals in FIFA Club World Cup International Further information : List of international goals scored by Cristiano Ronaldo As of 15 June 2018 National team Year Apps Goals Ratio Portugal 2003 0 0.00 16 7 0.44 2005 11 0.18 2006 14 6 0.43 2007 10 5 0.50 2008 8 0.13 2009 7 0.14 11 0.27 2011 8 7 0.88 2012 13 5 0.38 2013 9 10 1.11 2014 9 5 0.55 2015 5 0.60 2016 13 13 1.00 2017 11 11 1.00 2018 5 1.25 Total 151 84 0.56 Honours and achievements For a comprehensive listing of Ronaldo 's achievements , see List of career achievements by Cristiano Ronaldo . Ronaldo presenting his third Ballon d'Or to fans at the Santiago Bernabéu in January 2015 Club As of 26 May 2018 Sporting CP Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira : 2002 Manchester United Premier League : 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 FA Cup : 2003 -- 04 Football League Cup : 2005 -- 06 , 2008 -- 09 FA Community Shield : 2007 UEFA Champions League : 2007 -- 08 FIFA Club World Cup : 2008 Real Madrid La Liga : 2011 -- 12 , 2016 -- 17 Copa del Rey : 2010 -- 11 , 2013 -- 14 Supercopa de España : 2012 , 2017 UEFA Champions League : 2013 -- 14 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 , 2017 -- 18 UEFA Super Cup : 2014 , 2017 FIFA Club World Cup : 2014 , 2016 , 2017 International Portugal UEFA European Championship : 2016 Individual FIFA Ballon d'Or / Ballon d'Or : 2008 , 2013 , 2014 , 2016 , 2017 FIFA World Player of the Year : 2008 FIFPro World Player of the Year : 2008 The Best FIFA Men 's Player : 2016 , 2017 UEFA Best Player in Europe Award : 2014 , 2016 , 2017 UEFA Club Footballer of the Year : 2007 -- 08 World Soccer Player of the Year : 2008 , 2013 , 2014 , 2016 , 2017 FIFPro Special Young Player of the Year : 2003 -- 04 , 2004 -- 05 PFA Portuguese Player of the Year : 2016 , 2017 FIFA Puskás Award : 2009 FIFA FIFPro World XI : 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 UEFA Champions League Squad of the Season : 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 , 2017 -- 18 UEFA Champions League top scorer : 2007 -- 08 , 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 , 2017 -- 18 UEFA European Championship Team of the Tournament : 2004 , 2012 , 2016 UEFA European Championship top scorer : 2012 UEFA European Championship Silver Boot : 2016 UEFA Euro All Time XI PFA Young Player of the Year : 2006 -- 07 PFA Players ' Player of the Year : 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 Premier League Player of the Season : 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 PFA Premier League Team of the Year : 2005 -- 06 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 Premier League Golden Boot : 2007 -- 08 La Liga Best Player : 2013 -- 14 La Liga Team of the Season : 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 UEFA La Liga Team of The Season : 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 La Liga top scorer : 2010 -- 11 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 Orders Officer of the Order of Prince Henry Medal of Merit , Order of the Immaculate Conception of Vila Viçosa ( House of Bragança ) Grand officer of the Order of Prince Henry Commander of the Order of Merit Cordão Autonómico de Distinção Records As of 7 March 2018 World Most ( FIFA ) Ballon d'Or awards : 5 ( 2008 , 2013 , 2014 , 2016 , 2017 ) ( shared with Lionel Messi ) Most World Soccer Player of the Year awards : 5 ( 2008 , 2013 , 2014 , 2016 , 2017 ) Most IFFHS World 's Best Top Goal Scorer awards : 4 ( 2013 , 2014 , 2016 , 2017 ) The most expensive footballer in history : 2009 -- 2013 Most FIFA Club World Cup or Intercontinental Cup ( football ) trophies : 4 ( shared with Toni Kroos ) Top goalscorer in the history of FIFA Club World Cup or Intercontinental Cup ( football ) : 7 goals ( shared with Pelé ) Most FIFA Club World Cup final goals : 4 ( shared with Lionel Messi ) Only player to have scored at three FIFA Club World Cup tournaments : 2008 , 2016 , 2017 ( shared with Lionel Messi ) Only player to score a hat - trick in a FIFA Club World Cup or Intercontinental Cup final ( in 2016 ; shared with Pelé ) Most appearances in the FIFPro World XI : 11 times ( 2007 -- 2017 ) ( shared with Lionel Messi ) Only player who has scored in 8 consecutive major international tournaments : the 2004 , 2008 , 2012 and 2016 editions of the European Championship ; and the 2006 , 2010 , 2014 and 2018 editions of the World Cup First footballer to reach 40 goals in a professional league for two consecutive seasons Only player to score 50 goals or more in six different seasons ( done consecutively ) Only player to score 50 goals or more in 7 consecutive calendar years Only player in history to have scored 60 or more goals in a calendar year four times ( consecutively from 2011 to 2014 ) Continental Most career goals in Europe 's top six leagues : 394 goals Most goals scored in all UEFA competitions : 152 goals Most goals scored in European competitions ( club football ) : 123 goals ( including UEFA Super Cup and Champions League qualifiers ) Most goals scored in the UEFA Champions League : 120 goals Most assists in the UEFA Champions League : 34 assists Most goals scored in a UEFA Champions League / European Cup season : 17 goals in 2013 -- 14 Most hat - tricks in the UEFA Champions League : 7 ( shared with Lionel Messi ) Most goals scored in the UEFA European Championship , including qualifying : 29 goals , for Portugal Most goals scored in UEFA European Championship and European FIFA World Cup qualifiers : 50 goals Most UEFA Best Player in Europe awards : 4 ( 2008 , 2014 , 2016 and 2017 ) Most goals scored in European World Cup Qualifiers : 30 goals Spain Most hat - tricks in La Liga history : 34 Most goals scored in Madrid Derby matches : 18 Only player to reach 30 goals in six consecutive La Liga seasons Most teams scored against in a season ( 2012 -- 13 ) : 19 ( shared with Ronaldo Nazário and Lionel Messi ) Most La Liga hat - tricks in a season : 8 hat - tricks ( shared with Lionel Messi ) England Most Premier League Player of the Season Awards : 2 ( shared with Nemanja Vidić and Thierry Henry ) Real Madrid Real Madrid all - time top goalscorer : 438 goals Top goalscorer in La Liga : 301 goals Top goalscorer in UEFA Champions League : 102 goals Most assists in La Liga : 84 assists Most assists in UEFA Champions League : 23 assists Most goals scored in seven consecutive league matches : 15 goals See also Biography portal Association football portal Portugal portal List of men 's footballers with 50 or more international goals List of footballers with 100 or more caps List of men 's footballers with 500 or more goals References Notes Jump up ^ Though there was no third place playoff , UEFA decided in the 2012 edition to award the semi-final losers ( Germany and Portugal ) bronze medals for the first time : https://www.uefa.com/MultimediaFiles/Download/competitions/euro/91/87/57/918757_download.pdf Jump up ^ The terminology for the award has varied . Ronaldo received three Ballon d'Or ( 2008 , 2016 , 2017 ) and two FIFA Ballon d'Or ( 2013 , 2014 ) , as well as the 2008 FIFA World Player of the Year and 2016 and 2017 Best FIFA Men 's Player awards . Jump up ^ Since surpassed by Gareth Bale 's fee of € 100.8 million in 2013 ( also to Real Madrid ) , Paul Pogba 's € 105 million transfer fee to Manchester United in 2016 , and Neymar 's € 222 million transfer fee to Paris Saint - Germain in 2017 . Jump up ^ Record shared with Lionel Messi , who recorded 8 hat - tricks in the 2011 -- 12 La Liga season . Jump up ^ Real Madrid had previously recognized Ronaldo as their all - time top scorer after he scored a brace against Malmö FF on 30 September 2015 . The club 's official record book attributes to Ronaldo a 74th - minute goal in a 2 -- 1 win over Real Sociedad on 18 September 2010 , despite his free - kick having been deflected by Pepe . Jump up ^ Bayern Munich had previously won three consecutive European Cups , the predecessor of the Champions League . Jump up ^ Macdonald , Paul . `` A future without Messi and Ronaldo '' . Goal . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Staunton , Peter . `` Messi and Ronaldo : Changing the face of football '' . Goal . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Haugstad , Thore ( 11 January 2016 ) . `` Whoever wins the Ballon d'Or , the Messi - Ronaldo duopoly is coming to an end '' . Official website of Eurosport . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Danny ( 2017 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo is the world 's greatest ever goal scorer '' . GiveMeSport . Retrieved 21 January 2018 . `` From a flashy winger to the greatest goal scorer Europe ever produced '' . Sportskeeda. 14 October 2017 . Retrieved 21 January 2018 . Ruthven , Graham ( 7 June 2017 ) . `` ' Cristiano Ronaldo is the greatest goalscorer of all time ' '' . Marca English . Retrieved 21 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Dawson , Alan ( 13 April 2018 ) . `` We analysed who the better big - game player is , Cristiano Ronaldo or Lionel Messi -- and the stats show the winner is clear '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Weiner , David ( 7 March 2018 ) . `` Scary proof Ronaldo is the ultimate big game player '' . The Queensland Times . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Jones , Robert ( 5 April 2018 ) . `` Ronaldo has become king of the big - game occasion for Real Madrid '' . Belfast Telegraph . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Bradley , Ciaran ( 15 February 2018 ) . `` Giles : Ronaldo is a genius and made for big games '' . Off the Ball . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Sunderland , Tom ( 11 November 2013 ) . `` 10 Biggest Divers in World Football 6 . Cristiano Ronaldo '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Pickup , Oliver ( 30 June 2014 ) . `` Arjen Robben joins list of top 9 football divers of all time , but where does he rank compared to the others ? '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 30 December 2017 . 6 . Cristiano Ronaldo `` Sir Alex Ferguson admits Cristiano Ronaldo was a diver '' . Sport English . 2015 . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Citations Jump up ^ `` FIFA Club World Cup UAE 2017 : List of players : Real Madrid CF '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 16 December 2017 . p. 5 . Retrieved 23 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lewis , Tim ( 8 June 2008 ) . `` He 's got the world at his feet '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 5 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia -- List of Players '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 10 June 2018 . p. 23 . Retrieved 10 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Ebner , David ( 2 April 2015 ) . `` UBC 's star - studded stereotype study : the sociology of Cristiano Ronaldo '' . The Globe and Mail . Kelowna , British Columbia , Canada . Retrieved 1 April 2018 . ( Ronaldo ) is , some have argued of late , the best to have ever played the game . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo first to win five Champions League titles '' . UEFA . Jump up ^ `` Desporto -- Pelos caminhos de Ronaldo '' . Diário de Notícias. 6 July 2009 . Retrieved 22 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo , o menino : futebol no baptizado e no Caminho do Lombinho '' ( in Portuguese ) . Mais Futebol. 7 October 2009 . Retrieved 22 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano turns 32 '' . Marca . Spain . 5 February 2017 . Retrieved 22 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Fiebre Maldini : Los inicios de Cristiano Ronaldo ( flv ) ( Television production ) ( in Spanish ) . Madrid : Canal+ ( a division of PRISA TV ) . 22 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Richard ( 1 October 2012 ) . El Clasico : Barcelona V Real Madrid : Football 's Greatest Rivalry . A&C Black . p. 122 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo tem ' costela ' cabo - verdiana '' . Sapo Expresso ( in Portuguese ) . Retrieved 23 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo spills all to his ' close friend ' Jasmine about women , football , cars ... and money '' . Daily Mirror. 3 July 2011 . Retrieved 21 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Ben Hayward ( 23 June 2017 ) . `` The ' little bee ' who always cried -- the story of young Ronaldo 's path to greatness in Madeira '' . goal.com . Retrieved 23 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bola de Ouro -- Ronaldo conquistou primeiro prémio aos oito anos no Andorinha '' ( in Portguese ) . Diário de Notícias. 2 December 2008 . Retrieved 23 August 2017 . CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) Jump up ^ Tom Oldfield ( 2009 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo '' . p. 1953 . John Blake Publishing ^ Jump up to : `` Clash of the Titans '' . Manchester Evening News . 18 April 2010 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Profile of Ronaldo at about.com '' . about.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo : I was expelled from school for throwing a chair at the teacher '' . Now Magazine . 6 July 2011 . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United winger Cristiano Ronaldo needed heart operation to save career '' . The Telegraph . 29 January 2009 . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boloni își amintește de debutul lui Ronaldo la Sporting : `` Nu reușeam să îl opresc să facă driblinguri '' `` . DigiSport. 13 January 2015 . Retrieved 24 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Famous players featured in U17 c'ships '' . uefau17.com . Archived from the original on 2 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool ' turned down Ronaldo ' '' . Eurosport. 6 December 2011 . Archived from the original on 8 December 2010 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Conn , David ( 19 January 2011 ) . `` The brightest star in Europe and £ 1m to a mysterious agent '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 11 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Pilger , Sam ( 6 October 2017 ) . `` ' He Was There to Put on a Show ' : Ronaldo 's Legendary Manchester United Audition '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 27 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Marshall , Adam ( 12 August 2003 ) . `` United confirm Ronaldo capture '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Message from the president '' . Sporting Clube de Portugal . 29 April 2013 . Archived from the original on 17 May 2014 . Retrieved 15 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd sign Ronaldo '' . BBC Sport. 12 August 2003 . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Wallace , Sam ( 13 August 2003 ) . `` United fork out record £ 12m fee to land teenager '' . The Daily Telegraph . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 13 August 2003 ) . `` Teenager takes Beckham No7 shirt '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : McDonnell , David ( 29 September 2007 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo exclusive '' . Daily Mirror . London . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo vows to justify price tag '' . BBC Sport. 4 July 2009 . Retrieved 4 July 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Barnes , Justin ( 12 June 2014 ) . `` George Best on Ronaldo 's Debut For Man Utd '' . Sabotage Times . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd stroll past Bolton '' . BBC Sport. 16 August 2003 . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Paul ( 17 August 2003 ) . `` Only one Ronaldo as United find new idol '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd see off Pompey '' . BBC Sport. 1 November 2003 . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Weaver , Paul ( 22 March 2004 ) . `` United rediscover form and put Arsenal on red alert '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Ridley , Ian ( 15 May 2004 ) . `` Ronaldo 's good and bad day '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd win FA Cup '' . BBC Sport. 22 May 2004 . Retrieved 26 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd 3 -- 1 Aston Villa '' . BBC . 22 January 2005 . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal 2 -- 4 Man Utd '' . BBC . 1 February 2005 . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ McCarra , Kevin ( 20 January 2005 ) . `` Rooney ends Exeter dream '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Paul ( 20 February 2005 ) . `` Rooney return proves a distraction as Fortune steals in to seize chance '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Lawrence , Amy ( 13 March 2005 ) . `` Coastal breeze for United as Keane blows away resistance '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ McCarra , Kevin ( 18 April 2005 ) . `` Ferguson 's men triumph by a one - way street '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal 0 -- 0 Man Utd ( aet ) '' . BBC Sport. 21 May 2005 . Retrieved 19 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd 4 -- 1 Bolton '' . BBC . 31 December 2005 . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Hodgson , Guy ( 5 February 2006 ) . `` Manchester Utd 4 Fulham 2 : Ronaldo 's double proves decisive as Fulham fume '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Portsmouth 1 -- 3 Man Utd '' . BBC . 11 February 2006 . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Middlesbrough 4 -- 1 Man Utd '' . BBC Sport. 29 October 2005 . Retrieved 1 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo extends Man Utd contract '' . BBC Sport. 18 November 2005 . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd ease to Carling Cup glory '' . BBC Sport. 26 February 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo ban after finger gesture '' . BBC . 14 November 2015 . Retrieved 3 February 2006 . Jump up ^ Buckingham , Mark ( 15 January 2006 ) . `` Fergie upset with red card '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Brennan , Stuart ( 17 January 2006 ) . `` Ruud and Ron in training bust - up '' . Manchester Evening News . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Mitten , Andy ( 9 May 2006 ) . `` Ronaldo jibe left Van Nistelrooy out in cold '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd 4 -- 0 Charlton '' . BBC . 7 May 2006 . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Rich , Tim ( 8 May 2006 ) . `` United move on without Van Nistelrooy '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rooney 's dismissal stuns England '' . BBC . 1 July 2006 . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 3 July 2006 ) . `` Rooney must look at himself rather than blame Ronaldo '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo wants transfer to Spain '' . BBC . 9 July 2006 . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Stirling , James ( 9 July 2006 ) . `` Ronaldo : I ca n't stay in Manchester '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Buckingham , Mark ( 12 July 2006 ) . `` United : Ronaldo not for sale '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo not for sale '' . World Soccer. 12 July 2006 . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Tyldesley , Clive ( 25 September 2006 ) . `` Ronaldo has last laugh on Reading fans '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Winter , Henry ( 29 August 2013 ) . `` The secrets behind the development of Real Madrid 's Cristiano Ronaldo , revealed by Rene Meulensteen '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 13 November 2006 ) . `` New Ronaldo earns old - style respect with pride after a fall '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ James , Stuart ( 24 December 2006 ) . `` Cristiano 's stockings full of gifts for United '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 27 December 2006 ) . `` Ferguson giddy with glee as Ronaldo stretches United 's lead '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Paul ( 31 December 2006 ) . `` Ronaldo stretches United 's advantage '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo lands back - to - back accolades '' . inthenews.com. 11 January 2007 . Archived from the original on 4 June 2007 . Retrieved 12 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo wins monthly award again '' . BBC Sport. 11 January 2007 . Retrieved 2 January 2010 . Jump up ^ McCarra , Kevin ( 11 April 2007 ) . `` Seven wonders of sublime United dazzle and destroy helpless Roma '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Glendenning , Barry ( 24 April 2007 ) . `` Man Utd 3 -- 2 AC Milan '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ McCarra , Kevin ( 3 May 2007 ) . `` Man Utd 3 -- 2 AC Milan '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 14 April 2007 ) . `` Watford 1 -- 4 Man Utd '' . BBC . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FA Cup final -- Chelsea 1 -- 0 Man Utd '' . BBC Sport. 19 May 2007 . Archived from the original on 24 May 2007 . Retrieved 19 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Paul ( 6 May 2007 ) . `` Misfiring Ronaldo gets a kick out of giving City the runaround '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo wins PFA double '' . World Soccer. 23 April 2007 . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Buckingham , Mark ( 4 May 2007 ) . `` Writers award for Ronaldo '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ronaldo secures PFA awards double '' . BBC Sport. 22 April 2007 . Retrieved 18 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Kay , Oliver ( 14 April 2007 ) . `` Ferguson lets rip at Madrid after Ronaldo signs £ 31m deal '' . The Times . London . Retrieved 16 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 20 September 2007 ) . `` Lionised Ronaldo lights up his Lisbon homecoming '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Winter , Henry ( 16 August 2007 ) . `` Man Utd 's Ronaldo sent off at Portsmouth '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 20 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo pledges to keep his cool '' . BBC Sport. 15 August 2007 . Retrieved 2 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` United go top '' . Sky Sports . 6 October 2007 . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Fifield , Dominic ( 12 November 2007 ) . `` Ronaldo rolls over Rovers in drive to the top '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Pearson , James ( 3 December 2007 ) . `` Fulham undone by Ronaldo '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 24 December 2007 ) . `` Ronaldo seizes late gift to light up United '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kaká 's year capped by Ballon d'Or '' . UEFA. 2 December 2007 . Retrieved 3 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo : Going the right way '' . FIFA. 17 December 2007 . Archived from the original on 18 December 2007 . Retrieved 18 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Cross , John ( 1 April 2008 ) . `` Johan Cruyff pays Cristiano Ronaldo the ultimate compliment '' . The Mirror . Retrieved 28 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd 6 -- 0 Newcastle '' . BBC Sport. 12 January 2008 . Retrieved 12 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Kay , Oliver ( 20 March 2008 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo revels in role of Captain Fantastic as United stretch lead '' . The Times . London . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 1 April 2008 ) . `` Best 's crown intact until Ronaldo cures his travel sickness '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 2 April 2008 . Jump up ^ McCarra , Kevin ( 12 May 2008 ) . `` Ronaldo makes Wigan suffer as champions mix business with pleasure '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ronaldo & Ferguson win top awards '' . BBC Sport. 14 May 2008 . Retrieved 16 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo scoops ESM Golden Shoe '' . UEFA Official Website. 17 June 2008 . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Brown , Oliver ( 5 March 2008 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo puts Man Utd into quarters '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Herbert , Ian ( 2 April 2008 ) . `` Ronaldo and Rooney combine to leave Roma in ruins again '' . The Independent . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ McCarra , Kevin ( 24 April 2008 ) . `` Ronaldo fluffs penalty but United hold firm '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Rutledge , Lewis ( 29 April 2008 ) . `` Scholes seals final spot '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Hodges , Vicki ( 22 May 2008 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo 's penalty technique ' unacceptable ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 22 May 2008 ) . `` Man Utd earn dramatic Euro glory '' . BBC . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Wallace , Sam ( 22 May 2008 ) . `` Terry 's cruel slip hands Cup to United on unforgettable night '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo '' . UEFA . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ronaldo named player of the year '' . BBC Sport. 27 April 2008 . Retrieved 18 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo wins writers ' award again '' . BBC Sport. 2 May 2008 . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo breaks silence '' . Sky Sports . 5 June 2008 . Retrieved 5 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Real reported over Ronaldo link '' . BBC Sport. 9 June 2008 . Retrieved 9 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Alan ( 16 June 2008 ) . `` Fifa decline to take action against Real '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Dall , James ( 10 July 2008 ) . `` Blatter -- Let Ronaldo leave '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 11 July 2008 ) . `` I am a slave , says Ronaldo as he pushes for Madrid move '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo sticks with United '' . ESPN . 7 August 2008 . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo ankle surgery a ' success ' '' . BBC Sport. 7 July 2008 . Retrieved 2 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Hart , Simon ( 17 September 2008 ) . `` Villarreal return to frustrate United '' . UEFA . Retrieved 18 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Weaver , Paul ( 17 November 2008 ) . `` United swear by Ronaldo as Stoke can only curse '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Stat Attack '' . The United Review . Manchester United . 70 ( 11 ) : 65 . 15 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 30 November 2008 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo is sent off but United show City who are kings of Manchester '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Bailey , Richard ( 18 December 2008 ) . `` United secure final date '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Bevan , Chris ( 21 December 2008 ) . `` Liga de Quito 0 -- 1 Man Utd '' . BBC . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rooney crowned best player '' . FIFA Official Website. 21 December 2008 . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Roughley , Gregg ( 2 December 2008 ) . `` Ronaldo beats off Messi and Torres to scoop Ballon d'Or '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo named Fifa player of 2008 '' . BBC Sport. 12 January 2009 . Retrieved 2 January 2010 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 11 March 2009 ) . `` Man Utd 2 -- 0 Inter Milan ( agg 2 -- 0 ) '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 11 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo 's ' incredible , fantastic ' goal '' . FIFA. 21 December 2009 . Archived from the original on 24 December 2009 . Retrieved 15 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo stunner thrills Ferguson '' . BBC Sport. 15 April 2009 . Retrieved 15 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` United cruise into final '' . Sky Sports . 5 May 2009 . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Williams , Richard ( 27 May 2009 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo in a mess as Lionel Messi takes lead role on grand stage '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Player Profile Cristiano Ronaldo '' . Premier League . Retrieved 17 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd 0 -- 0 Tottenham ( aet ) '' . BBC Sport. 1 March 2009 . Retrieved 17 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Premier League Team of the Year '' . Sky Sports . 28 April 2009 . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` United closing in on glory '' . Sky Sports . 10 May 2009 . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo Bio , Stats , News '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 26 February 2012 . Quotes : `` I have nothing but praise for the boy . He is easily the best player in the world . He is better than Kaka and better than Messi . He is streets ahead of them all . His contribution as a goal threat is unbelievable . His stats are incredible . Strikes at goal , attempts on goal , raids into the penalty box , headers . It is all there . Absolutely astounding . '' Sir Alex Ferguson , July 2009 . Jump up ^ Ogden , Mark ( 11 June 2009 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo transfer : Real Madrid agree £ 80 million fee with Manchester United '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 5 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo agrees six - year Real deal '' . BBC Sport. 26 June 2009 . Retrieved 27 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo welcomed by 80,000 fans at Real Madrid unveiling '' . The Guardian . London . 6 July 2009 . Retrieved 6 July 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo Takes Raul 's No. 7 Shirt at Real Madrid , Benzema Moves To No. 9 , Xabi Alonso Takes No. 14 '' . whoateallthepies.tv. 3 August 2010 . Retrieved 3 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo To Wear No. 9 at Real Madrid -- Report '' . goal.com. 6 June 2009 . Retrieved 6 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo aims shot at English game '' . BBC Sport. 6 July 2009 . Retrieved 6 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo in winning start for Real '' . BBC Sport. 29 August 2009 . Retrieved 29 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo makes Real Madrid history '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 23 September 2009 . Retrieved 25 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday 's Champions League review '' . BBC Sport. 15 September 2009 . Retrieved 15 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Glendenning , Barry ( 3 November 2009 ) . `` Champions League : Milan v Real Madrid -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 22 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo forced out of Milan meetings '' . UEFA. 11 October 2009 . Retrieved 22 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo scores and sent off in Real victory '' . BBC Sport. 5 December 2009 . Retrieved 5 December 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo : Cristiano Ronaldo Dos Santos Aveiro : 2009 -- 10 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 25 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo hat - trick keeps Real Madrid on Barcelona 's tail '' . The Guardian . 6 May 2010 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The cristiano ronaldo - higuain duo holds the real madrid 's scoring record '' . 1x2.eu. 6 May 2010 . Retrieved 6 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo scores four in Real Madrid victory '' . BBC . 23 October 2010 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo matches Messi 's treble as Real and Barca go goal crazy '' . CNN . 20 November 2010 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo hat - trick sees Real past Villarreal '' . Eurosport. 9 January 2011 . Archived from the original on 12 January 2011 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Sid ( 4 March 2011 ) . `` No redemption for Manuel Pellegrini on a grim return to the Bernabéu '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Chadband , Ian ( 30 November 2015 ) . `` Messi , Ronaldo and Neymar are Ballon d'Or nominees '' . Reuters . Retrieved 29 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo : Cristiano Ronaldo Dos Santos Aveiro : 2010 -- 11 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 25 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Madrid clinch Copa del Rey Sky Sports Retrieved 20 April 2011 Archived 23 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo scores 4 as Madrid thrash Sevilla '' . CNN . 8 May 2011 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid delay coronation of Barcelona as La Liga champions '' . The Independent . 11 May 2011 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 's Cristiano Ronaldo equals La Liga goal - scoring record '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 16 May 2011 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo sets new Primera Liga scoring record '' . BBC . 21 May 2011 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Record - breaking Ronaldo wins 2010 / 11 Golden Shoe '' . UEFA Official Website. 23 May 2011 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid Squad Stats ( Spanish Primera División ) -- 2011 -- 12 '' . ESPN . Retrieved 7 September 2014 Jump up ^ `` Barcelona 3 Real Madrid 2 ; agg 5 -- 4 , match report '' . The Telegraph . 29 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo grabs hat - trick as Real Madrid defeat Zaragoza 6 -- 0 '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 28 August 2011 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hat tricks for Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo '' . ESPN . 24 September 2011 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo grabs hat - trick as Real go top in Spain '' . CNN . 22 October 2011 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Sid ( 25 May 2013 ) . `` Bayern Munich hold nerve to beat Real Madrid on penalties in semi '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 1 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo 's sixth hat - trick of the season sees Real Madrid open 10 - point lead over Barcelona '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 13 February 2012 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Madrid and Barca victorious '' . ESPN Soccernet. 24 March 2011 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo scores hat - trick as Real Madrid defeat Atletico 4 -- 1 to maintain four = point cushion over Barcelona '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 12 April 2012 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi : Barcelona striker 's goal record in numbers '' . BBC . 29 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo makes history scoring against every La Liga team '' . footballzz.com . Retrieved 14 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Barcelona 3 -- 2 Real Madrid -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . 23 August 2012 . Retrieved 30 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Ogden , Mark ( 3 September 2012 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo ' sad ' at Real Madrid and upset with ' people in the club ' after choosing not to celebrate goals '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 22 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Tynan , Gordon ( 4 October 2012 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo grabs another Real Madrid hat - trick '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Jenson , Pete ( 8 October 2012 ) . `` Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo : a class apart in el Clasico '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Messi crowned world 's best for record fourth time '' . CNN . 8 January 2013 . Retrieved 10 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Marioni , Massimo ( 7 January 2013 ) . `` Iker Casillas rejects captain 's armband gesture from Cristiano Ronaldo '' . Metro . UK . Retrieved 25 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Sid ( 30 January 2013 ) . `` Real Madrid 1 -- 1 Barcelona Copa del Rey semi-final first leg match report '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 21 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo scores 300th club goal '' . Independent Online . South Africa . 27 January 2013 . Retrieved 21 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo scores hat - trick as Real Madrid thrash Celta Vigo '' . The Guardian . London . 9 January 2013 . Retrieved 25 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 4 -- 1 Sevilla La Liga match report '' . The Guardian . London . 10 February 2013 . Retrieved 21 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo reaches 200 goals for Real Madrid with Malaga strike '' . goal.com. 8 May 2013 . Retrieved 10 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Sid ( 26 February 2013 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo scores twice as Real Madrid crush Barcelona '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 13 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs. Atletico Madrid , 2013 Copa del Rey : Final score 1 -- 2 in thrilling extra time upset '' . sbnation.com. 18 May 2013 . Retrieved 1 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Greenberg , Chris ( 17 May 2013 ) . `` Ronaldo Red Card : Real Madrid Star Scores Opening Goal In Copa Del Rey Final , Gets Sent Off '' . HuffPost . Retrieved 24 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Sid ( 13 February 2013 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo rises to big occasion with impeccable timing '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 21 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 5 March 2013 ) . `` Nani 's red card opens door and Real Madrid defeat Manchester United '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Rigg , Zac Lee ( 4 April 2013 ) . `` Real Madrid ties up loose ends early against Galatasaray '' . Aol.sportingnews.com . Retrieved 20 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Galatasaray 3 -- 2 Real Madrid ( agg 3 -- 5 ) '' . The Guardian . London . 9 April 2013 . Retrieved 20 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Corrigan , Dermot ( 26 April 2013 ) . `` Ronaldo to miss Madrid derby '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 16 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Sid ( 30 April 2013 ) . `` Real Madrid 2 -- 0 Borussia Dortmund Champions League semi-final , second leg match report '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 10 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Purnell , Gareth ( 12 June 2013 ) . `` Monaco set to make world record £ 85m bid for Real Madrid 's Cristiano Ronaldo '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 8 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 24 August 2013 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo tells Manchester United he is keen on a return to club '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 14 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Wallace , Sam ( 16 September 2013 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo agrees £ 76m Real Madrid deal to end hopes of Manchester United return '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gareth Bale contract leak sparks panic at Real Madrid -- and agent 's fury '' . The Telegraph ( 21 January 2016 ) . 21 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 200 goals for the BBC '' . Real Madrid Club de Fútbol. 24 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo : This is the form of my life '' . Yahoo Sport . Archived from the original on 3 December 2013 . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A Cristiano Ronaldo hat - trick sees Portugal beat Northern Ireland 4 -- 2 '' . Sky Sports . 7 September 2013 . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Unstoppable Ronaldo fires Portugal to Brazil '' . ESPN . 19 November 2013 . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo hits hat - trick as Real Madrid hammer Galatasaray '' . Sky Sports . 17 September 2013 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo and Bale among the goals as Real Madrid win 10 - goal thriller '' . CNN . 31 October 2013 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CR7 : 19 league hat - tricks and 20 goals from free kicks '' . As.com. 9 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo 's goal - den 2013 , month by month '' . Marca . Spain . 31 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo : first player in history to score 10 + goals in 3 consecutive Uefa Champions League campaigns '' . Inagist. 27 February 2014 . Archived from the original on 11 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo Equals Messi 's Record For Most Goals in One UEFA Champions League Season '' . World Soccer Talk . 2 April 2014 . Retrieved 17 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bayern Munich 0 -- 4 Real Madrid : Cristiano Ronaldo beats Messi 's Champions League record '' . ESPN . 29 April 2014 . Retrieved 14 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Collett , Mike ( 24 May 2014 ) . `` Ronaldo first to score for two different European Cup winners '' . Reuters . Retrieved 25 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ronaldo ' risked career ' by playing through pain barrier '' . ESPN . 9 October 2014 . Retrieved 10 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Record - breaking Ronaldo takes scoring honours '' . UEFA. 24 May 2014 . Retrieved 3 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Oliver , Pete ( 23 April 2014 ) . `` Real Madrid 1 -- 0 Bayern Munich '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 14 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ronaldo named UEFA Best Player in Europe '' . Union of European Football Associations. 28 August 2014 . Retrieved 28 June 2016 . After being named the winner of the UEFA Best Player in Europe Award for 2013 / 14 in Monaco , Cristiano Ronaldo gave his reaction to UEFA.com . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo tops Aragonés record '' . Marca . Spain . 11 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Treadaway , Dan ( 12 February 2014 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo Has Scored a Goal in Every Minute of a Game Throughout His Career '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo to miss Copa del Rey final against Barcelona with injury '' . The Guardian . London . 15 April 2014 . Retrieved 17 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Barcelona 1 -- 2 Real Madrid '' . BBC Sport. 16 April 2014 . Retrieved 17 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Suarez claims top billing with Ronaldo '' . ESPN . 19 May 2014 . Retrieved 21 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo reaches 400 - goal milestone and dedicates achievement to Eusébio after Real Madrid win '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 7 January 2014 . Retrieved 13 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo , winner of the ' Best Goal in the 2013 -- 14 Liga BBVA ' '' . LFP. 27 October 2014 . Retrieved 4 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Rigg , Nicholas ( 28 October 2014 ) . `` Atletico Madrid snubbed at La Liga awards despite winning league ahead of Spanish giants Real Madrid and Barcelona '' . The Independent . Retrieved 8 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bobby Charlton : `` Cristiano Ronaldo is changing the game '' `` . MARCA.com ( English version ) . 10 November 2014 . Retrieved 10 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ronaldo beats his personal best for a single season '' . AS ( English ) . 24 May 2015 . Retrieved 24 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo flaunts Real Madrid pedigree in defeat of Sevilla '' . The Guardian . London . 12 August 2014 . Retrieved 13 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` With 15 goals in first eight matches , Ronaldo sets best scoring start in Spanish league '' . independent.com.mt. 18 October 2014 . Retrieved 19 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo hits 25th hat - trick for Real Madrid with four against Elche '' . The Guardian . London . 23 September 2014 . Retrieved 24 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Deportivo de La Coruña 2 -- 8 Real Madrid '' . BBC . 20 September 2014 . Retrieved 20 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Real Madrid 5 -- 0 Athletic Bilbao '' . BBC News . 5 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 's Cristiano Ronaldo breaks La Liga hat trick record '' . ESPN FC. 6 December 2014 . Retrieved 7 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid claim FIFA Club World Cup '' . UEFA. 20 December 2014 . Retrieved 21 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 FIFA Club World Cup awards '' . FIFA . Retrieved 7 July 2015 . Awards -- adidas Golden Ball -- 1 Real Madrid Club de Fútbol Sergio RAMOS 2 Real Madrid Club de Fútbol CRISTIANO RONALDO 3 Auckland City FC Ivan VICELICH Jump up ^ `` Ramos outshines the rest '' . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 20 December 2014 . Retrieved 30 July 2015 . adidas Silver Ball : Cristiano Ronaldo ( Real Madrid ) Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo , Kessler , Low and Kellermann triumph at FIFA Ballon d'Or 2014 '' . FIFA . Retrieved 13 January 2015 Jump up ^ Simon , Thomas ( 12 January 2015 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo dans la troisième dimension '' . France Football . Retrieved 12 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo slump hurts Real as in - form Messi drives Barca '' . Reuters. 10 February 2015 . Retrieved 10 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid fall short of world - record winning run as they lose 2 -- 1 to Valencia '' . The Daily Telegraph . 4 January 2015 . Retrieved 22 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo eclipses his best in an up - and - down Real Madrid campaign '' . ESPN FC. 28 May 2015 . Retrieved 27 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano levels Raúl and Messi in Europe with Schalke goal '' . 19 February 2015 . Retrieved 19 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo sets new all - time UEFA scoring record '' . 11 March 2015 . Retrieved 12 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo ties Alfredo Di Stefano in Real Madrid scoring chart '' . ESPN FC. 13 May 2015 . Retrieved 14 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Neymar , Messi and Ronaldo top scoring charts '' . UEFA. 6 June 2015 . Retrieved 7 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 9 -- 1 Granada '' . BBC . Retrieved 5 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rayo Vallecano 0 -- 2 Real Madrid '' . BBC . 8 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sevilla 2 -- 3 Real Madrid '' . BBC . 2 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 's Cristiano Ronaldo banned for two matches after dismissal '' . 28 January 2015 . Retrieved 2 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo scores hat trick to end year with personal - best 61 goals '' . ESPN FC. 23 May 2015 . Retrieved 24 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Un histórico Ronaldo lidera la goleada al Espanyol '' ( A historic Ronaldo leads the thrashing at Espanyol ) . laliga.es. 12 September 2015 . Retrieved 12 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Crisitano Ronaldo sets real madrid la liga scoring record '' . ESPN . 12 September 2015 . Retrieved 12 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 3 -- 0 Levante '' . BBC Sport. 17 October 2015 . Retrieved 17 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid celebrate Cristiano Ronaldo all time record '' . Sky Sports . 3 October 2015 . Retrieved 2 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo scores a hat - trick as Real Madrid beat Shakhtar '' . Sky Sports . 16 September 2015 . Retrieved 16 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid forward Cristiano Ronaldo scores 500th career goal '' . ESPN FC. 30 September 2015 . Retrieved 30 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid cruise past Malmo and Cristiano Ronaldo moves level with Raúl '' . The Guardian . 30 September 2015 . Retrieved 30 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo rampant as Madrid put eight past Malmö '' . Union of European Football Associations. 8 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo sets goals record for Champions League group stage '' . Reuters. 8 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi wins Ballon d'Or over Cristiano Ronaldo and Neymar '' . BBC Sport. 11 January 2015 . Retrieved 22 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo hits back at critics after hat - trick : ' Goals are in my DNA ' '' . The Guardian . 13 April 2016 . Retrieved 21 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Balague , Guillem ( 13 April 2016 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo was back to his best against Wolfsburg '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 21 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Sid ( 14 April 2016 ) , `` Sid Lowe 's Notes from Spain : a great week for Spain and a fantastic one for Madrid '' , World Soccer , retrieved 21 April 2016 Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 7 Celta Vigo 1 : Ronaldo hits four to beat Zarra mark '' . FourFourTwo. 5 March 2016 . Retrieved 5 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Barcelona 1 -- 2 Real Madrid '' . 3 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 3 -- 0 : Comeback accomplished , now for the semi-finals ; Real Madrid overcome Wolfsburg courtesy of a Cristiano Ronaldo hat - trick , to take their place in Friday 's Champions League draw '' . 12 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo takes scoring prize again '' . UEFA . Retrieved 31 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Stevens , Samuel ( 30 May 2016 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo brands his critics ' jealous ' after third Champions League triumph '' . The Independent . Retrieved 31 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Delaney , Miguel ( 29 May 2016 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo seals UCL for Real Madrid despite not being at his best '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 31 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo named Best Player in Europe '' . UEFA. 25 August 2016 . Retrieved 9 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo is the ultimate professional and a pleasure to manage '' . The Telegraph . 24 June 2016 . Retrieved 4 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo set to miss Real Madrid 's first three games of season with knee injury '' . sportskeeda. 8 March 2017 . Retrieved 4 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Announcement : Cristiano Ronaldo '' . Real Madrid C.F . Retrieved 6 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo , all - time top scorer in the derby against Atlético '' . Real Madrid C.F. 20 November 2016 . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Following his hat - trick at the Calderón , the Portuguese has now scored 18 goals against Atlético , surpassing Di Stéfano 's record ( 17 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Ronaldo becomes top scorer in Madrid derby history '' . fourfourtwo.com. 20 November 2016 . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid forward Cristiano Ronaldo scores 500th club goal '' . ESPN FC. 15 December 2016 . Retrieved 15 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Madrid see off spirited Kashima in electric extra time final '' . FIFA. 18 December 2016 . Retrieved 18 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo , Modric and Shibasaki sweep awards '' . FIFA. 18 December 2016 . Retrieved 18 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo wins his fourth Ballon d'Or '' . Real Madrid C.F. 12 December 2016 . Retrieved 18 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The world at Cristiano Ronaldo 's feet '' . FIFA. 10 January 2017 . Retrieved 14 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 's Cristiano Ronaldo passes Hugo Sanchez 's La Liga penalty record '' . ESPN FC. 28 February 2017 . Retrieved 28 February 2017 . Jump up ^ OptaJose ( @ OptaJose ) ( 26 February 2017 ) . `` 57 -- Cristiano Ronaldo is now the player with most penalties scored in La Liga history , surpassing Hugo Sanchez ( 56 ) . Punisher '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved 26 February 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Leal , Antonio M. ( 27 February 2017 ) . `` Real Madrid have scored more than 5,900 goals in the league '' . Real Madrid C.F . Retrieved 28 February 2017 . The Cristiano penalty saw the total top another hundred . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo makes history with 100th European goal '' . Union of European Football Associations. 12 April 2017 . Retrieved 13 April 2017 . Cristiano Ronaldo has become the first player to reach a century of goals in UEFA club competition after scoring twice for Real Madrid at Bayern München . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo scores 100th Champions League goal '' . Goal. 18 April 2017 . Retrieved 19 April 2017 . Jump up ^ UEFA.com . `` Ronaldo hat - trick leaves Real Madrid on brink of final '' . UEFA . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo smashes Jimmy Greaves ' all - time goal record '' . Sky Sports . 17 May 2017 . Retrieved 18 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` El Real Madrid , campeón de LaLiga Santander 2016 / 17 '' . laliga.es. 21 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid win La Liga title with victory at Malaga '' . BBC . 21 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Andrew Das and Rory Smith ( 3 June 2017 ) . `` Champions League Final : Real Madrid Confirms Its Spot as World 's Best '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 3 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 's Cristiano Ronaldo nets 600th goal , hails ' unique moment ' '' . espnfc.com. 3 June 2017 . Retrieved 3 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Daniel Taylor ( 3 June 2017 ) . `` Real Madrid win Champions League as Cristiano Ronaldo double defeats Juve '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 3 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Andrew Haslam ( 3 June 2017 ) . `` Majestic Real Madrid win Champions League in Cardiff '' . UEFA . Retrieved 3 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronado , sent off for diving and pushes the referee '' . Sport English . 14 August 2017 . Retrieved 30 August 2017 . Ronaldo then pushed the referee , who reported it in his match report . `` After being shown the red card the player pushed me lightly to show his dissatisfaction '' he wrote . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo handed five - match ban after red card against Barcelona '' . The Guardian . Press Association . 14 August 2017 . Retrieved 17 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Roger Gonzalez ( 16 August 2017 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo 5 - game ban upheld after Real Madrid appeal denied ; out vs. Barca '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved 17 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo and Gareth Bale score as Real Madrid beat Borussia Dortmund '' . The Guardian . 26 September 2017 . Retrieved 27 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Best FIFA Men 's Player '' . FIFA . Retrieved 23 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 3 -- 2 Borussia Dortmund '' . BBC . 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ballon d'Or 2017 : Cristiano Ronaldo beats Lionel Messi to win fifth award '' . BBC . 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Dermot Corrigan ( 3 March 2018 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo becomes fastest to score 300th goal in La Liga '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 4 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 6 -- 3 Girona '' . BBC . 18 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Kyle Morientes ( 3 April 2018 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo scores overhead kick against Juventus '' . BT Sport . Retrieved 4 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Pat Nevin ( 3 April 2018 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo bicycle kick : Night Juventus Stadium rose to applaud Real Madrid forward '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 4 April 2018 . Jump up ^ NDTVSports.com . `` Watch : Cristiano Ronaldo 's Goal Leaves Sporting World In Awe -- NDTV Sports '' . NDTVSports.com . Retrieved 5 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Short , Joe ( 4 April 2018 ) . `` Was Ronaldo 's goal better than Zidane 's ? Real Madrid boss REFUSES to concede defeat '' . Express.co.uk . Retrieved 5 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Silva , Jose ( 4 April 2018 ) . `` Ronaldo Has More UCL Goals Than 465 European Teams '' . SoccerLaDuma . Retrieved 5 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo Hits 650th Career Goal as Incredible Scoring Run Continues '' . Goal . Retrieved 9 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League : Real Madrid 1 - 3 Juventus '' . UEFA . Retrieved 12 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo edges Real Madrid past Juventus '' . uefa.com. 11 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Saffer , Paul ( 26 May 2018 ) . `` Three in a row : Real Madrid make more history '' . UEFA . Retrieved 29 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Madrid beat Liverpool to complete hat - trick '' . uefa.com. 26 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo '' . fpf.com . Retrieved 12 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo is chosen for the Olympics '' . CNN . 21 July 2004 . Retrieved 25 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Wallace , Sam ( 24 July 2004 ) . `` Ronaldo keen to play at Olympics '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 25 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Lucky rebound gives Portugal narrow win over Kazakhstan '' . China Daily . Retrieved 25 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Fans Can Get Best Out of Ronaldo '' . 4thegame.com . Archived from the original on 23 August 2010 . Retrieved 25 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Ames , Paul ( 14 June 2004 ) . `` Greece stuns Portugal 2 -- 1 '' . USA Today . Retrieved 25 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Harte , Adrian ( 25 June 2004 ) . `` Portugal hold their nerve against England '' . UEFA . Retrieved 23 April 2016 . Jump up ^ McCarra , Kevin ( 1 July 2004 ) . `` Portugal have the final word '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 25 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Szreter , Adam ( 5 July 2004 ) . `` Greece are crowned kings of Europe '' . UEFA . Retrieved 23 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA EURO 2004 Statistics : Assists '' . Retrieved 9 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo '' . Paktribune . Retrieved 14 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal Vs Iran match '' . FIFA. 17 June 2006 . Archived from the original on 26 June 2012 . Retrieved 3 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo cleared over Rooney red card '' . Soccernet. 4 July 2006 . Retrieved 17 November 2006 . Jump up ^ Spanton , Tim ( 2 July 2006 ) . `` Ronaldo : I never asked for Rooney red card '' . The Sun . Retrieved 10 July 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Matches - England - Portugal '' . 2006 FIFA World Cup Germany . FIFA.com . Jump up ^ Chick , Alex ( 6 July 2006 ) . `` Scolari 's fortunes take a dive '' . ESPNsoccernet . ESPN . Retrieved 25 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Podolski beats Ronaldo to award '' . BBC Sport. 7 July 2006 . 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Jump up ^ `` Euro 2012 : Cristiano Ronaldo 's header sends Portugal into semi-finals with 1 -- 0 win over Czech Republic '' . Daily News . New York . 21 June 2012 . Retrieved 26 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Euro 2012 Full - time Report : Portugal - Netherlands ( 2 -- 1 ) '' ( PDF ) . UEFA. 17 June 2012 . Retrieved 24 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CZECH REPUBLIC - PORTUGAL ( 0 -- 1 ) '' ( PDF ) . UEFA. 21 June 2012 . Retrieved 24 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Euro 2012 : Defending champion Spain advances to another final after beating Portugal 4 -- 2 on penalties '' . Daily News . New York . 27 June 2012 . Retrieved 28 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Williams , Richard ( 27 June 2012 ) . `` Euro 2012 : Cristiano Ronaldo 's save - it - for - later approach hurts Portugal '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 28 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Euro 2012 : Cristiano Ronaldo says coach told him to take fifth penalty '' . The Guardian . London . 28 June 2012 . Retrieved 3 July 2012 . 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Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo equals Michel Platini 's Euros goal - scoring recorde '' . ESPN FC. 7 July 2016 . Retrieved 7 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal striker Cristiano Ronaldo forced off injured in Euro 2016 final '' . ESPN FC. 10 July 2016 . Retrieved 10 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` UEFA EURO 2016 Team of the Tournament revealed '' . UEFA. 11 July 2016 . Retrieved 11 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` France forward Antoine Griezmann wins Golden Boot '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . 10 July 2016 . Retrieved 11 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo hits four in Portugal 's 6 -- 0 rout of nine - man Andorra '' . The Guardian . 8 October 2016 . Retrieved 2 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo bagged four goals Portugal thrash Andorra 6 -- 0 '' . Sky Sports . 7 October 2016 . Retrieved 2 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo goes fourth on all - time list of international scorers '' . UEFA. 13 November 2016 . Retrieved 18 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Douglas , Steve ( 29 March 2017 ) . `` Bittersweet return for Ronaldo as Portugal beaten by Sweden in Madeira , Russia fight back against Belgium '' . The Independent . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Trehan , Dev ( 14 June 2016 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo gets the nod from Pele ahead of Lionel Messi '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 26 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Nick Ames ( 18 June 2017 ) . `` Héctor Moreno 's stoppage - time header earns Mexico draw against Portugal '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 24 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo header earns Portugal Confederations Cup win over Russia '' . The Guardian . 21 June 2017 . Retrieved 24 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Confederations Cup : Ronaldo helps Portugal into semi-final as hosts Russia out '' . BBC Sport. 24 June 2017 . Retrieved 24 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo second on all - time list of international scorers '' . UEFA. 24 June 2017 . Retrieved 24 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup Awards Man of the Match '' . FIFA . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Corrigan , Dermot ( 29 June 2017 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo confirms birth of twins , leaves Portugal at Confed Cup '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 30 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal come from behind to finish third '' . FIFA. 2 July 2017 . Retrieved 2 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pele congratulates Cristiano Ronaldo on surpassing his goals record '' . beIN Sports . 1 September 2017 . Retrieved 2 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Paul Saffer ( 1 September 2017 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo equals European Qualifiers goal record '' . UEFA . Retrieved 2 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo ' desbloqueia ' e Portugal vence em Andorra '' . Correio da Manhã. 7 October 2017 . Retrieved 31 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal 3 Algeria 0 : Guedes at the double in Ronaldo 's 150th outing '' . FourFourTwo. 7 June 2018 . Retrieved 7 June 2018 . 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Jump up ^ `` From Messi to Ronaldo -- the world 's best free kick takers '' . The Belfast Telegraph . Retrieved 4 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Alistair Tweedale ( 14 April 2015 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo free - kick goals are rare '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 16 July 2016 . Jump up ^ David Salazar ( 10 November 2015 ) . `` The Time to Sell Declining Cristiano Ronaldo Is Now '' . Latin Post . Retrieved 16 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The argument for playing Cristiano Ronaldo centrally at Real Madrid '' . Retrieved 14 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` How Liverpool can stop Cristiano Ronaldo '' . Retrieved 14 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Why CR7 Could Be World 's Most Underappreciated Star '' . SoccerLaDuma . Retrieved 8 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 's Cristiano Ronaldo : The Most Underrated Man in Football ? '' . BleacherReport . Retrieved 8 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Did Jose Mourinho 's Tactics Help Cristiano Ronaldo Flourish at Real Madrid ? '' . Retrieved 14 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo : I 'm no centre forward '' . Football Espana. 15 August 2017 . Retrieved 28 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo can become great centre - forward , says Gary Neville '' . Sky Sports . 20 April 2017 . Retrieved 28 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo joins illustrious list of players who reinvented themselves in a new position '' . The Telegraph . 10 May 2017 . Retrieved 28 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo is the ' complete player ' , admits Sir Alex Ferguson '' . The Guardian . London . 9 January 2013 . Retrieved 25 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ten years ago an unknown baby - faced kid from Portugal was signed by Fergie for £ 12.2 m ... and the rest , as they say , is history '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 28 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 Greatest Footballers of All - Time -- Pelé , Maradona , Messi And Ronaldo Included in the Best Soccer Players Ever List '' . IBT. 10 July 2014 . Retrieved 7 August 2014 . CR7 comes in at No. 7 and for good reason . He has shown little sign that he wo n't continue to be the brightest of stars on a Real Madrid squad filled with world - class players . Once criticized for lacking end product , he has developed into the world 's most effective player , a testament to his relentless desire for self - improvement , which can also be seen in his phenomenal athleticism . Jump up ^ Purnell , Gareth ( 21 August 2009 ) . `` Manchester United will miss Ronaldo says Lampard '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 22 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` How Ronaldo became the world 's best : the inside story '' . Yahoo !. 5 March 2013 . Archived from the original on 8 March 2013 . Retrieved 13 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo : Is Euro 2016 triumph his greatest achievement ? '' . CNN . Retrieved 28 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Heta , Marco ( 8 June 2018 ) . `` Blood , sweat and toil : The foundations for the legacy of Cristiano Ronaldo '' . Football Paradise . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo says he has no idea how much money he has '' . Daily Mirror ( London ) . Retrieved 5 September 2014 Jump up ^ Jim Daly ( 16 September 2014 ) . `` Rio Ferdinand claims Cristiano Ronaldo was once blasted by Sir Alex Ferguson for playing selfishly '' . Daily Mirror . London . Retrieved 14 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wayne Rooney Hits Out At ' Selfish ' Cristiano Ronaldo , Shrugs Off Scholes ' ' Strange ' Criticism '' . Retrieved 14 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ronaldo admits perceived arrogance has cost him '' . CNN . 8 November 2012 . Retrieved 23 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jose Mourinho claims Cristiano Ronaldo deserved to win Ballon d'Or '' . ESPN FC. 20 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pepe : `` Cristiano is a symbol '' `` . Marca . Madrid , Spain . 10 September 2013 . Retrieved 10 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo gets an unfair press , claims his former team - mate Patrice Evra '' . The Guardian . London . 30 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ballon d'Or : Cristiano Ronaldo 's improved image helped win , says Guillem Balague '' . Sky Sports . 14 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Thierry Henry : Talks Arsenal , Man Utd , Messi and more on Sky Sports '' . Sky Sports . 12 December 2013 . Retrieved 12 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo regrets ' jealousy ' remark '' . ESPN . 22 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Mendes , Chris ( 24 June 2014 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo 's personal duel with Lionel Messi is affecting his performances for Portugal '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Hunter , Graham ( 28 November 2010 ) . `` The game 's best rivalry '' . ESPN . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Messi v Ronaldo '' . Sky Sports . 17 October 2011 . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' Messi and I are colleagues , work friends `` . Marca ( Spain ) . Retrieved 21 November 2014 Jump up ^ Hughes , Rob ( 13 September 2011 ) . `` Ronaldo May Look Like the Best , but There Is Someone Better '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Hayward , Paul ( 26 May 2009 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo versus Lionel Messi pits showman against shy man '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Tim ( 24 November 2013 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo : he 's got a god - given talent -- and he knows it '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Calvin , Michael ( 15 June 2014 ) . `` Crunch time for Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo '' . The Independent . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Storey , Daniel ( 16 June 2014 ) . `` Ronaldo : The world 's best ? '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Montague , James ; Pinto , Pedro ( 29 May 2012 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo : I 'm better than Messi '' . CNN . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Palmer , Kevin ( 20 December 2012 ) . `` Fergie : Ronaldo and Messi are equals '' . ESPN . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Barcelona 's Lionel Messi blames media for inventing rivalry with Real Madrid 's Cristiano Ronaldo '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 15 August 2012 . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi Reaches $50 Million - A-Year Deal With Barcelona '' . Forbes . Retrieved 1 October 2014 Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo : Sepp Blatter 's apology to Real Madrid '' . BBC Sport. 29 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Settimi , Christina ( 7 May 2014 ) . `` The world 's highest paid football players '' . Forbes . Retrieved 8 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The world 's highest paid football players 2015 '' . Forbes . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The World 's Highest - Paid Athletes '' . Forbes . Retrieved 14 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Ben Reynolds ( 8 June 2016 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo first footballer to top Forbes rich list of highest - earning athletes '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 9 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo Produced Nearly $1 Billion In Value For Sponsors On Social Media '' . Forbes . Retrieved 30 August 2017 ^ Jump up to : `` MS Dhoni , Mary Kom world 's 16th , 38th most marketable athletes '' . The Times of India . 26 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 50 Most Marketable 2013 -- Cristiano Ronaldo '' . SportsProMedia. 8 May 2013 . Retrieved 15 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Most Marketable Footballers in the World '' ( PDF ) . Repucom ( press release ) . 28 May 2014 . Retrieved 22 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo by Pelé : TIME 100 '' . Time . 23 April 2014 . Retrieved 3 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN World Fame 100 '' . ESPN . 3 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN World Fame 100 '' . ESPN . 30 May 2017 . Retrieved 1 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN ranks the 100 most famous athletes '' . USA Today . 31 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo expands his brand with the launch of Legacy fragrance '' . Forbes . 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Booth , Robert ( 11 June 2009 ) . `` From £ 175 to £ 80m in 14 years -- but can Cristiano Ronaldo earn it like Beckham ? '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 8 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Badenhausen , Kurt ( 7 November 2012 ) . `` Is Cristiano Ronaldo The World 's Most Marketable Athlete ? '' . Forbes . Retrieved 8 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo offered $9 million Nike deal '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 26 February 2010 . Retrieved 8 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo displays Dad dancing skills in new advert '' . The Daily Telegraph . 11 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Cornwell , Alexander ( 18 August 2013 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo and KFC show how branding has changed '' . Gulf News . Retrieved 15 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo becomes Emirates ambassador '' . Gulf News . 28 March 2014 . Retrieved 17 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` EA Unveil new FIFA 18 trailer and official cover art '' . Goal. 22 August 2017 . Retrieved 8 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo Heads Most Popular Athletes on Social Media '' . Forbes . 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Rice , Simon ( 15 October 2012 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo tops 50 million ' Likes ' on Facebook '' . The Independent . Retrieved 20 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo makes history with 100m followers on Facebook '' . Yahoo . Retrieved 14 October 2014 Jump up ^ `` How Mobile Games Are Sports Stars ' Newest Marketing Channel '' . Mashable . Jump up ^ `` ' Viva Ronaldo ' -- Cristiano creates his own online community '' . AS.com. 13 December 2013 . Retrieved 15 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` McAfee Names Most Dangerous Football Team in Europe '' . Infosecurity. 28 June 2012 . Retrieved 15 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Moments '' . Chapters. 27 March 2009 . Archived from the original on 23 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Rob ( 13 September 2011 ) . `` Ronaldo May Look Like the Best , but There Is Someone Better '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Brown , Brigid ( June 2014 ) . `` WATCH : Benedict Cumberbatch Narrates Cristiano Ronaldo Documentary '' . BBC America . Retrieved 10 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Footballer Cristiano Ronaldo awarded with Guinness World Records certificates at London film premiere '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved 10 November 2015 Jump up ^ Denham , Jess ( 10 June 2015 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo confirms film being made about his life with Amy and Senna director on board '' . Independent . Retrieved 2 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New CR7 store in London '' . Football Shirt Culture . 10 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Tilley , Jonathan ( 1 November 2013 ) . `` M&C Saatchi launches underwear range with giant image of Ronaldo in pants '' . PR Week . Retrieved 15 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo Is Working With Richard Chai to Add Shirts to His CR7 Underwear Line '' . Complex. 15 July 2014 . Retrieved 23 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo launches SHOE range as he branches out into fashion '' . Irish Mirror. 17 July 2014 . Retrieved 23 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo Fragrances '' . Retrieved 28 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo Football Campus '' . CD Nacional . Retrieved 21 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Jones , Alice ( 25 February 2014 ) . `` Inside Cristiano Ronaldo 's museum : ' I have room for more trophies ' '' . The Independent . Retrieved 15 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo associa - se ao União da Madeira '' . Maisfutebol.iol.pt . Retrieved 24 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo associa - se ao União da Madeira '' . Tvi24.iol.pt. 20 November 2014 . Retrieved 24 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo made Grand Officer of the Order of Prince Henry '' . El País. 21 January 2014 . Retrieved 15 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo immortalized in bronze statue outside his personal museum '' . CNN . 22 December 2014 . Retrieved 24 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo 's Statue Has Bulky Lump in Pants Which Sparks Comments '' . NDTV Sports . 24 December 2014 . Retrieved 24 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2010 : Cristiano Ronaldo gets Madam Tussauds waxwork '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 10 June 2010 . Retrieved 15 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo sends stylist to museum to brush waxwork 's hair '' . BBC Sport. 5 March 2015 . Retrieved 4 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo : CR7 name given to discovered galaxy '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Former Man United star Cristiano Ronaldo ' over the moon ' with new CR7 galaxy '' . Daily Express . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Madeira airport to be named after Cristiano Ronaldo '' . FourFourTwo . FourFourTwo . Retrieved 23 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Madeira airport renamed after Cristiano Ronaldo '' . The World Game . Special Broadcasting Service . Retrieved 23 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Corrigan , Dermot ( 10 March 2017 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo airport rename critics slammed by Madeira president '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 11 March 2017 . The renaming will take place on March 29 after Portugal host Sweden in a friendly in Funchal -- the first time Ronaldo has played an official senior match on his home island . Jump up ^ `` O busto de Ronaldo no aeroporto faz furor '' ( Cristiano Ronaldo airport rename critics slammed by furor ) ( in Portuguese ) . Diário de Notícias. 29 March 2017 . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Saturday Night Live ( 9 April 2017 ) . `` Weekend Update : Cecilia Gimenez on Cristiano Ronaldo Bust - SNL '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Madeira airport preparing to be renamed after Cristiano Ronaldo '' . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo statue : Sculptor Emanuel Santos takes another shot at bust '' . BBC News . 30 March 2018 . Retrieved 30 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Aeroporto da Madeira tem novo busto de Cristiano Ronaldo '' . Diário de Notícias Madeira. 17 June 2018 . Retrieved 17 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Davies , Hunter ( 16 January 2014 ) . `` The Fan : Cristiano Ronaldo the tarnished icon '' . New Statesman . Retrieved 18 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Rob ( 14 September 2005 ) . `` Forlán reborn in Spanish soccer '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 19 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo receives libel damages over drink story '' . USA Today . 9 November 2009 . Retrieved 12 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo Fast Facts '' . CNN . 14 July 2014 . Retrieved 17 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo names son Cristiano Ronaldo '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 8 July 2010 . Retrieved 8 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Baby ' joy ' for Cristiano Ronaldo '' . BBC Sport. 4 July 2010 . Retrieved 4 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Bergin , Olivia ( 14 January 2014 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo and Irina Shayk : a very modern family '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo breaks up with girlfriend Irina Shayk '' . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo breaks up with Irina Shayk '' . Jump up ^ Sharland , Pete . `` Cristiano Ronaldo confirms he is a father of twins '' . Eurosport . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Estive ao serviço da Seleção Nacional , como sempre acontece , de corpo e alma , mesmo sabendo que os meus dois filhos tinham nascido '' . Facebook . Cristiano Ronaldo . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Juneau , Jen ( 18 July 2017 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo 's Girlfriend Pregnant Weeks After Welcoming Twins Via Surrogate '' . People . Retrieved 6 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo , Georgina Rodriguez confirm birth of baby girl '' . ESPN . 12 November 2017 . Retrieved 13 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo 's Secret '' . Der Spiegel . 19 April 2017 . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Austin , Jack ( 15 April 2017 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo representatives strongly deny rape allegations and label them ' journalistic fiction ' '' . Independent . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo gets right up your nose '' . The Guardian . 31 July 2017 . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spanish tax authorities reject Cristiano Ronaldo 's offer '' . As . 31 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Jack de Menezes ( 15 June 2018 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo ' agrees ' two - year suspended jail sentence and € 18.8 m fine over tax evasion case '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo pays $21.7 million to avoid jail time in tax fraud case '' . MSN . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo raises funds for tsunami - hit Aceh '' . People 's Daily . 13 June 2005 . Retrieved 2 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tsunami Survivors : New Life For A Decimated Football Club '' . FIFA. 9 January 2008 . Retrieved 3 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo accepts Daily Telegraph libel payout '' . BBC News . 8 November 2010 . Retrieved 6 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo donates to Cancer - stricken mums saviors '' . cristianoronaldofan.net. 25 June 2012 . Retrieved 25 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo to play in charity match for Madeira '' . Reuters. 22 February 2010 . Archived from the original on 22 February 2010 . Retrieved 22 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo funds cancer treatment for 9 - year - old boy '' . AS.com. 19 June 2012 . Retrieved 15 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo reportedly donates € 1.5 m to children in Gaza '' . Russia : RT . 26 March 2013 . Archived from the original on 4 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Messi and Ronaldo join forces for FIFA 's ' 11 for Health ' '' . Marca . Spain . 31 December 2012 . Retrieved 21 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Football for Health '' . FIFA . Retrieved 21 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo Kicks Off the New Year as Save the Children 's New Global Artist Ambassador for Child Hunger and Nutrition '' . Save the Children . 27 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo ambassador for mangrove '' . The Jakarta Post . 17 March 2013 . Archived from the original on 21 March 2013 . Retrieved 15 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top players , FIFA , CAF and health experts unite against Ebola '' . FIFA . Retrieved 4 March 2015 ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo : Real Madrid forward donates € 600,000 Champions League win bonus to charity '' . The Independent . 3 June 2016 . Retrieved 3 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Griner , David ( 9 August 2016 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo 's New Charity App Lets You Post Selfies With Him , Topless or Otherwise '' . Adweek . Retrieved 11 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Soccer Superstar Cristiano Ronaldo Launches New Selfie App , Donation for Every Download Helps Kids in Need '' . savethechildren.org . Save the Children . 9 August 2016 . Retrieved 11 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo '' . footballzz.co.uk . Retrieved 23 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 28 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pepe 's goal is awarded to Cristiano Ronaldo '' . Marca ( in Spanish ) . Spain . 18 September 2010 . Retrieved 4 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo : Cristiano Ronaldo Dos Santos Aveiro : 2011 -- 12 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 25 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo : Cristiano Ronaldo Dos Santos Aveiro : 2012 -- 13 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 25 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo : Cristiano Ronaldo Dos Santos Aveiro : 2013 -- 14 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo '' . Soccerway . Perform Group . Retrieved 8 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo '' . fpf.pt . Portuguese Football Federation . Archived from the original on 12 May 2014 . Retrieved 8 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Mamrud , Roberto ( 29 August 2013 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro -- Century of International Appearances '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 25 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo '' . National Football Teams . Benjamin Strack - Zimmerman . Retrieved 18 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo : Overview '' . Premier League . Retrieved 18 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo ( CR7 ) '' . Madrid : Real Madrid C.F . Retrieved 21 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Hayward , Paul ( 12 January 2015 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo wins third Fifa Ballon d'Or '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 13 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo wins Ballon d'Or for the fourth time '' . The Guardian . 12 December 2015 . Retrieved 13 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo wins his fifth Ballon d'Or '' . Madrid , Spain : Real Madrid C.F. 7 December 2017 . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA 2008 World Player of the Year : Cristiano Ronaldo '' . Soccerlens. 13 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo voted FIFPro World Player of the Year '' . Union of European Football Associations. 27 October 2008 . Retrieved 30 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo named 2016 / 17 Men 's Player of the Year '' . UEFA. 24 August 2017 . Retrieved 24 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Club Footballer of the Year '' . UEFA. 1 May 2011 . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo leads Real Madrid 's clean sweep of World Soccer awards '' . World Soccer . Time ( UK ) . 28 December 2017 . Retrieved 28 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo -- Career '' . cristianoronaldo.com . Official website of Cristiano Ronaldo . Retrieved 23 January 2017 . Career timeline Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo named Portugal 's player of the year ; Sanches best young player '' . Jump up ^ `` History '' . FIFA . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . 2009 -- PUSKÁS AWARD -- CRISTIANO RONALDO ( POR ) Jump up ^ `` The Best named at FIFA Football Awards '' . FIFA. 9 January 2017 . Retrieved 12 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA FIFPro World11 '' . FIFA. 24 October 2017 . Retrieved 24 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League squad of the season '' . UEFA. 2 June 2014 . Retrieved 1 September 2014 . Cristiano Ronaldo , who registered a season - record 17 goals in the campaign , is joined by Marco Reus , Arjen Robben and Zlatan Ibrahimović . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League squad of the season '' . UEFA. 9 June 2015 . Retrieved 9 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League squad of the season '' . UEFA. 30 May 2016 . Retrieved 3 June 2016 . Cristiano Ronaldo , Lionel Messi and Antoine Griezmann all feature in the UEFA technical observers ' Squad of the Season , but who else has made the 18 - man selection ? Jump up ^ `` Eight Real Madrid players in the Champions League team of the season for 2016 / 17 '' . Madrid , Spain : Real Madrid C.F. 5 June 2017 . Retrieved 16 June 2017 . Carvajal , Ramos , Marcelo , Casemiro , Kroos , Modric , Isco and Cristiano Ronaldo are amongst the 18 players chosen . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League Squad of the Season '' . UEFA. 5 June 2017 . Retrieved 16 June 2017 . Cristiano Ronaldo , Lionel Messi and Robert Lewandowski all feature in the UEFA Technical Observers ' Squad of the Season , but who else has made the 18 - man selection ? Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League Squad of the Season '' . UEFA. 27 May 2018 . Retrieved 27 May 2018 . UEFA 's Technical Observers select their 18 - man squad from this season 's UEFA Champions League . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo named # UCL forward of the season '' . UEFA. 24 August 2017 . Retrieved 24 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` All - star squad revealed '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . 5 July 2004 . Archived from the original on 7 July 2004 . Retrieved 5 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ten Spain players in Team of the Tournament '' . UEFA. 2 July 2012 . Retrieved 2 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA EURO 2012 Statistics '' . UEFA. 16 March 2015 . Archived from the original on 11 October 2015 . Retrieved 21 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Your All - time EURO 11 revealed '' . UEFA. 7 June 2016 . Retrieved 8 June 2016 . Jump up ^ White , Duncan ( 12 January 2009 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo wins Fifa World Player of the Year '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 28 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gerrard named player of the year '' . BBC Sport. 23 April 2006 . Retrieved 18 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Giggs earns prestigious PFA award '' . BBC Sport. 26 April 2009 . Retrieved 18 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Liga BBVA team of the season '' . LFP. 19 May 2014 . Retrieved 20 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The 2014 / 15 Liga BBVA Ideal XI '' . LFP. 15 June 2015 . Retrieved 17 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Liga BBVA 2015 / 16 Team of the Season '' . Liga de Fútbol Profesional. 1 June 2016 . Retrieved 4 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Atletico dominate UEFA 's La Liga team of the season '' . Marca . Spain . 16 May 2016 . Retrieved 30 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Once ideal de LaLiga para UEFA : 4 del Madrid , 3 del Barça ... '' ( UEFA 's LaLiga All - Star XI : 4 from Madrid , 3 from Barça ... ) . Diario AS ( in Spanish ) . 22 May 2017 . Retrieved 10 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ordem do Infante D. Henrique -- OIH '' . Ordens Honorificas Portuguesas . Retrieved 14 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` D. Duarte condecora selecção nacional '' ( in Portuguese ) . Correio da Manhã. 31 August 2006 . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Clapham , Peter Wynter Bee ; illustrated by Lucy ( 2008 ) . People of the day 3 . Woking : People of the Day Limited . p. 45 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9548110 - 2 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo made ' Grand Officer of the Order of Prince Henry ' '' . Real Madrid C.F. Archived from the original on 20 January 2014 . Retrieved 20 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Presidente da República condecora jogadores com grau de comendador da Ordem do Mérito '' . Record.pt . Retrieved 10 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo receberá Cordão Autonómico de Distinção '' . Assembleia Legislativa da Região Autónoma da Madeira. 2 February 2014 . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bale 's transfer fee revealed '' . FIFA . Agence France - Presse. 15 October 2013 . Archived from the original on 15 January 2014 . Retrieved 14 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Club World Cup : Players & Coaches '' . FIFA . Retrieved 6 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Ballon d'Or trio 's remarkable records '' . Goal.com. 12 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo breaks another record '' . Madrid , Spain : Real Madrid C.F. 24 June 2016 . Retrieved 10 July 2016 . He is the only player in the world who has scored in the last three World Cups and last four Euros ... Following his two goals against Hungary , he is the only player to have scored for his national team in the last seven major international tournaments . The madridista forward has made his mark in the 2004 , 2008 , 2012 and 2016 editions of the Euro ; and in the 2006 , 2010 and 2014 editions of the World Cup . Jump up ^ `` Top records held by Cristiano Ronaldo '' . MSN News . Retrieved 15 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Champions League + European Cup '' All - time Topscorers `` rank 1 -- 50 '' . worldfootball.net . Retrieved 7 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League All time -- Leading Scorers '' . Statbunker . Retrieved 7 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League All time -- Most Assists '' . Statbunker . Retrieved 7 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` What records does Cristiano Ronaldo hold ? '' . UEFA. 18 April 2017 . Retrieved 19 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` La Liga All time - Hat Tricks '' . Statbunker . Retrieved 27 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo sets record by scoring 30 league goals in six straight seasons '' . CBS Sports . Archived from the original on 12 April 2016 . Retrieved 13 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Leo Messi 's record - breaking run '' . FC Barcelona. 30 March 2013 . Retrieved 21 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` English Premier League Awards 2017 / 18 - Sporteology '' . sporteology.com. 24 August 2017 . Retrieved 16 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` CRISTIANO RONALDO ALL - TIME TOP GOALSCORER '' . Madrid , Spain : Real Madrid C.F . Retrieved 7 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` La Liga Real Madrid All time -- Leading Scorers '' . Statbunker . Retrieved 7 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League Real Madrid All time -- Leading Scorers '' . Statbunker . Retrieved 7 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` La Liga Real Madrid All time -- Most Assists '' . Statbunker . Retrieved 27 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League Real Madrid All time -- Most Assists '' . Statbunker . Retrieved 7 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo puts Puskas in the shade '' . Marca ( English ) . 27 October 2014 . Retrieved 27 October 2014 . Further Reading Balagué , Guillem ( 2015 ) . Cristiano Ronaldo : The Biography . Orion . ISBN 978 - 1409155041 . External links Find more aboutCristiano Ronaldoat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Learning resources from Wikiversity Official website Real Madrid official profile Cristiano Ronaldo -- La Liga competition record Cristiano Ronaldo -- FPF competition record Cristiano Ronaldo -- UEFA competition record Cristiano Ronaldo -- FIFA competition record Cristiano Ronaldo at National-Football-Teams.com Cristiano Ronaldo at BDFutbol Real Madrid C.F. -- current squad 1 Navas 2 Carvajal 3 Vallejo 4 Ramos ( c ) 5 Varane 6 Nacho 7 Ronaldo 8 Kroos 9 Benzema 10 Modrić 11 Bale 12 Marcelo 13 Casilla 14 Casemiro 15 Theo 17 Vázquez 18 Llorente 19 Achraf 20 Asensio 21 Mayoral 22 Isco 23 Kovačić 24 Ceballos 30 Luca Head coach : Lopetegui Portugal squads Portugal squad -- UEFA Euro 2004 runners - up 1 Ricardo 2 Ferreira 3 Rui Jorge 4 Andrade 5 F. Couto ( c ) 6 Costinha 7 Figo 8 Petit 9 Pauleta 10 Rui Costa 11 Simão 12 Quim 13 Miguel 14 N. Valente 15 Beto 16 Carvalho 17 C. Ronaldo 18 Maniche 19 Tiago 20 Deco 21 Nuno Gomes 22 Moreira 23 H. Postiga Coach : Scolari Portugal men 's football squad -- 2004 Summer Olympics 1 Moreira 2 M. Sérgio 3 Meireles 4 B. Alves 5 R. Costa ( c ) 6 Meira 7 C. Ronaldo 8 Viana 9 H. Almeida 10 C. Martins 11 J. Ribeiro 12 Frechaut 13 Boa Morte 14 Bosingwa 15 Lourenço 16 João Paulo 17 Danny 18 Vale Coach : Romão Portugal squad -- 2006 FIFA World Cup Fourth Place 1 Ricardo 2 Ferreira 3 Caneira 4 Costa 5 Meira 6 Costinha 7 Figo ( c ) 8 Petit 9 Pauleta 10 H. Viana 11 Simão 12 Quim 13 Miguel 14 N. Valente 15 Boa Morte 16 Carvalho 17 C. Ronaldo 18 Maniche 19 Tiago 20 Deco 21 Nuno Gomes 22 Santos 23 H. Postiga Coach : Scolari Portugal squad -- UEFA Euro 2008 1 Ricardo 2 Ferreira 3 B. Alves 4 Bosingwa 5 Meira 6 Meireles 7 Ronaldo 8 Petit 9 H. Almeida 10 J. Moutinho 11 Simão 12 Nuno 13 Miguel 14 Ribeiro 15 Pepe 16 Carvalho 17 Quaresma 18 Veloso 19 Nani 20 Deco 21 Nuno Gomes ( c ) 22 Patrício 23 H. Postiga Coach : Scolari Portugal squad -- 2010 FIFA World Cup 1 Eduardo 2 B. Alves 3 Ferreira 4 Rolando 5 Duda 6 Carvalho 7 Ronaldo ( c ) 8 P. Mendes 9 Liédson 10 Danny 11 Simão 12 Beto 13 Miguel 14 Veloso 15 Pepe 16 Meireles 17 Amorim 18 H. Almeida 19 Tiago 20 Deco 21 Costa 22 D. Fernandes 23 Coentrão Coach : Queiroz Portugal squad -- UEFA Euro 2012 semi-finalists 1 Eduardo 2 B. Alves 3 Pepe 4 Veloso 5 Coentrão 6 Custódio 7 Ronaldo ( c ) 8 Moutinho 9 H. Almeida 10 Quaresma 11 Oliveira 12 Patrício 13 R. Costa 14 Rolando 15 Micael 16 Meireles 17 Nani 18 Varela 19 M. Lopes 20 Viana 21 J. Pereira 22 Beto 23 Postiga Coach : Bento Portugal squad -- 2014 FIFA World Cup 1 Eduardo 2 B. Alves 3 Pepe 4 Veloso 5 Coentrão 6 William 7 Ronaldo ( c ) 8 Moutinho 9 H. Almeida 10 Vieirinha 11 Eder 12 Patrício 13 Costa 14 Neto 15 Rafa 16 Meireles 17 Nani 18 Varela 19 A. Almeida 20 Amorim 21 Pereira 22 Beto 23 H. Postiga Coach : Bento Portugal squad -- UEFA Euro 2016 winners ( 1st title ) 1 Patrício 2 B. Alves 3 Pepe 4 Fonte 5 Guerreiro 6 Carvalho 7 Ronaldo ( c ) 8 Moutinho 9 Eder 10 J. Mário 11 Vieirinha 12 Lopes 13 Danilo 14 William 15 Gomes 16 Sanches 17 Nani 18 Rafa 19 Eliseu 20 Quaresma 21 Cédric 22 Eduardo 23 Adrien Coach : Santos Portugal squad -- 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup Third Place 1 Patrício 2 Alves 3 Pepe 4 Neto 5 Guerreiro 6 Fonte 7 Ronaldo ( c ) 8 Moutinho 9 A. Silva 10 B. Silva 11 Semedo 12 Sá 13 Danilo 14 William 15 Gomes 16 Pizzi 17 Nani 18 Gelson 19 Eliseu 20 Quaresma 21 Cédric 22 Beto 23 Adrien Coach : Santos Portugal squad -- 2018 FIFA World Cup 1 Patrício 2 Alves 3 Pepe 4 M. Fernandes 5 Guerreiro 6 Fonte 7 Ronaldo ( c ) 8 Moutinho 9 A. Silva 10 João Mário 11 B. Silva 12 Lopes 13 Dias 14 William 15 Ricardo 16 B. Fernandes 17 Guedes 18 Gelson 19 Rui 20 Quaresma 21 Cédric 22 Beto 23 Adrien Coach : Santos Awards 2005 -- 06 FA Premier League PFA Team of the Year GK : Given DF : Chimbonda DF : Terry DF : Carragher DF : Gallas MF : Ronaldo MF : Gerrard MF : Lampard MF : Cole FW : Henry FW : Rooney 2006 -- 07 FA Premier League PFA Team of the Year GK : Van der Sar DF : Neville DF : Ferdinand DF : Vidić DF : Evra MF : Ronaldo MF : Gerrard MF : Scholes MF : Giggs FW : Drogba FW : Berbatov 2007 -- 08 Premier League PFA Team of the Year GK : James DF : Sagna DF : Ferdinand DF : Vidić DF : Clichy MF : Ronaldo MF : Gerrard MF : Fàbregas MF : Young FW : Adebayor FW : Torres 2008 -- 09 Premier League PFA Team of the Year GK : Van der Sar DF : Johnson DF : Ferdinand DF : Vidić DF : Evra MF : Cristiano Ronaldo MF : Gerrard MF : Giggs MF : Young FW : Anelka FW : Torres 2013 -- 14 La Liga Team of the Year GK : Courtois RB : Juanfran CB : Laporte CB : Godín LB : F. Luís MF : Iturraspe MF : Koke MF : Gabi MF : Rakitić FW : Ronaldo FW : D. Costa Manager : Simeone 2014 -- 15 La Liga Team of the Year GK : Bravo RB : Dani Alves CB : Piqué CB : Otamendi LB : Alba MF : J. Rodríguez MF : Krychowiak MF : Rakitić FW : Messi FW : Ronaldo FW : Griezmann Manager : Luis Enrique 2015 -- 16 La Liga Team of the Year GK : Oblak RB : Ramos CB : Piqué CB : Godín LB : Marcelo MF : Iniesta MF : Busquets MF : Modrić FW : Messi FW : Ronaldo FW : Suárez UEFA Euro 2004 Team of the Tournament Goalkeepers Petr Čech Antonios Nikopolidis Defenders Ashley Cole Sol Campbell Ricardo Carvalho Traianos Dellas Olof Mellberg Giourkas Seitaridis Gianluca Zambrotta Midfielders Michael Ballack Luís Figo Frank Lampard Maniche Pavel Nedvěd Theodoros Zagorakis Zinedine Zidane Forwards Milan Baroš Angelos Charisteas Henrik Larsson Ruud van Nistelrooy Cristiano Ronaldo Wayne Rooney Jon Dahl Tomasson UEFA Euro 2012 Team of the Tournament Goalkeepers Gianluigi Buffon Iker Casillas Manuel Neuer Defenders Jordi Alba Fábio Coentrão Philipp Lahm Pepe Gerard Piqué Sergio Ramos Midfielders Xabi Alonso Sergio Busquets Daniele De Rossi Steven Gerrard Andrés Iniesta Sami Khedira Mesut Özil Andrea Pirlo Xavi Forwards Mario Balotelli Cesc Fàbregas Zlatan Ibrahimović Cristiano Ronaldo David Silva UEFA Euro 2016 Team of the Tournament Goalkeepers Rui Patrício Defenders Joshua Kimmich Jérôme Boateng Pepe Raphaël Guerreiro Midfielders Toni Kroos Joe Allen Antoine Griezmann Aaron Ramsey Dimitri Payet Forward Cristiano Ronaldo Ballon d'Or France Football magazine award Ballon d'Or ( 1956 -- 2009 ) 1956 : Matthews 1957 : Di Stéfano 1958 : Kopa 1959 : Di Stéfano 1960 : Suárez 1961 : Sívori 1962 : Masopust 1963 : Yashin 1964 : Law 1965 : Eusébio 1966 : Charlton 1967 : Albert 1968 : Best 1969 : Rivera 1970 : Müller 1971 : Cruyff 1972 : Beckenbauer 1973 : Cruyff 1974 : Cruyff 1975 : Blokhin 1976 : Beckenbauer 1977 : Simonsen 1978 : Keegan 1979 : Keegan 1980 : Rummenigge 1981 : Rummenigge 1982 : Rossi 1983 : Platini 1984 : Platini 1985 : Platini 1986 : Belanov 1987 : Gullit 1988 : Van Basten 1989 : Van Basten 1990 : Matthäus 1991 : Papin 1992 : Van Basten 1993 : Baggio 1994 : Stoichkov 1995 : Weah 1996 : Sammer 1997 : Ronaldo 1998 : Zidane 1999 : Rivaldo 2000 : Figo 2001 : Owen 2002 : Ronaldo 2003 : Nedvěd 2004 : Shevchenko 2005 : Ronaldinho 2006 : Cannavaro 2007 : Kaká 2008 : C. Ronaldo 2009 : Messi FIFA Ballon d'Or ( 2010 -- 2015 ) 2010 : Messi 2011 : Messi 2012 : Messi 2013 : C. Ronaldo 2014 : C. Ronaldo 2015 : Messi Ballon d'Or ( 2016 -- present ) 2016 : C. Ronaldo 2017 : C. Ronaldo FIFA World Player of the Year ( 1991 -- 2009 ) FIFA Ballon d'Or ( 2010 -- 2015 ) The Best FIFA Men 's Player ( 2016 -- present ) FIFA Player of the Year FIFA World Player of the Year 1991 : Matthäus 1992 : Van Basten 1993 : Baggio 1994 : Romário 1995 : Weah 1996 : Ronaldo 1997 : Ronaldo 1998 : Zidane 1999 : Rivaldo 2000 : Zidane 2001 : Figo 2002 : Ronaldo 2003 : Zidane 2004 : Ronaldinho 2005 : Ronaldinho 2006 : Cannavaro 2007 : Kaká 2008 : C. Ronaldo 2009 : Messi FIFA Ballon d'Or 2010 : Messi 2011 : Messi 2012 : Messi 2013 : C. Ronaldo 2014 : C. Ronaldo 2015 : Messi The Best FIFA Men 's Player 2016 : C. Ronaldo 2017 : C. Ronaldo See also : Ballon d'Or FIFPro Player of the Year awards World Player of the Year 2005 : Ronaldinho 2006 : Ronaldinho 2007 : Kaká 2008 : C. Ronaldo Young Player of the Year 2005 : Rooney 2006 : Messi 2007 : Messi 2008 : Messi UEFA European Championship winning captains 1960 : Netto 1964 : Olivella 1968 : Facchetti 1972 : Beckenbauer 1976 : Ondruš 1980 : Dietz 1984 : Platini 1988 : Gullit 1992 : Olsen 1996 : Klinsmann 2000 : Deschamps 2004 : Zagorakis 2008 : Casillas 2012 : Casillas 2016 : Ronaldo UEFA Men 's Player of the Year Award UEFA Best Player in Europe 2010 -- 11 : Messi 2011 -- 12 : Iniesta 2012 -- 13 : Ribéry 2013 -- 14 : Ronaldo 2014 -- 15 : Messi 2015 -- 16 : Ronaldo UEFA Men 's Player of the Year 2016 -- 17 : Ronaldo UEFA Club Footballer of the Year 1998 : Ronaldo 1999 : Beckham 2000 : Redondo 2001 : Effenberg 2002 : Zidane 2003 : Buffon 2004 : Deco 2005 : Gerrard 2006 : Ronaldinho 2007 : Kaká 2008 : C. Ronaldo 2009 : Messi 2010 : Milito UEFA Club Football Awards Best Goalkeeper 1997 -- 98 : Schmeichel 1998 -- 99 : Kahn 1999 -- 2000 : Kahn 2000 -- 01 : Kahn 2001 -- 02 : Kahn 2002 -- 03 : Buffon 2003 -- 04 : Baía 2004 -- 05 : Čech 2005 -- 06 : Lehmann 2006 -- 07 : Čech 2007 -- 08 : Čech 2008 -- 09 : Van der Sar 2009 -- 10 : Júlio César 2010 -- 16 : Not awarded 2016 -- 17 : Buffon Best Defender 1997 -- 98 : Hierro 1998 -- 99 : Stam 1999 -- 2000 : Stam 2000 -- 01 : Ayala 2001 -- 02 : Roberto Carlos 2002 -- 03 : Roberto Carlos 2003 -- 04 : Carvalho 2004 -- 05 : Terry 2005 -- 06 : Puyol 2006 -- 07 : Maldini 2007 -- 08 : Terry 2008 -- 09 : Terry 2009 -- 10 : Maicon 2010 -- 16 : Not awarded 2016 -- 17 : Ramos Best Midfielder 1997 -- 98 : Zidane 1998 -- 99 : Beckham 1999 -- 2000 : Mendieta 2000 -- 01 : Mendieta 2001 -- 02 : Ballack 2002 -- 03 : Nedvěd 2003 -- 04 : Deco 2004 -- 05 : Kaká 2005 -- 06 : Deco 2006 -- 07 : Seedorf 2007 -- 08 : Lampard 2008 -- 09 : Xavi 2009 -- 10 : Sneijder 2010 -- 16 : Not awarded 2016 -- 17 : Modrić Best Forward 1997 -- 98 : Ronaldo 1998 -- 99 : Shevchenko 1999 -- 2000 : Raúl 2000 -- 01 : Raúl 2001 -- 02 : Raúl 2002 -- 03 : Van Nistelrooy 2003 -- 04 : Morientes 2004 -- 05 : Ronaldinho 2005 -- 06 : Eto'o 2006 -- 07 : Kaká 2007 -- 08 : C. Ronaldo 2008 -- 09 : Messi 2009 -- 10 : Milito 2010 -- 16 : Not awarded 2016 -- 17 : C. Ronaldo European Golden Shoe L'Équipe award 1967 -- 68 : Eusébio 1968 -- 69 : Zhekov 1969 -- 70 : Müller 1970 -- 71 : Skoblar 1971 -- 72 : Müller 1972 -- 73 : Eusébio 1973 -- 74 : Yazalde 1974 -- 75 : Georgescu 1975 -- 76 : Kaiafas 1976 -- 77 : Georgescu 1977 -- 78 : Krankl 1978 -- 79 : Kist 1979 -- 80 : Vandenbergh 1980 -- 81 : Slavkov 1981 -- 82 : Kieft 1982 -- 83 : Gomes 1983 -- 84 : Rush 1984 -- 85 : Gomes 1985 -- 86 : Van Basten 1986 -- 87 : Cămătaru / Polster 1987 -- 88 : Çolak 1988 -- 89 : Mateuţ 1989 -- 90 : Sánchez & Stoichkov 1990 -- 91 : Pančev Unofficial 1991 -- 92 : McCoist 1992 -- 93 : McCoist 1993 -- 94 : Taylor 1994 -- 95 : Avetisyan 1995 -- 96 : Endeladze ESM award 1996 -- 97 : Ronaldo 1997 -- 98 : Machlas 1998 -- 99 : Jardel 1999 -- 2000 : Phillips 2000 -- 01 : Larsson 2001 -- 02 : Jardel 2002 -- 03 : Makaay 2003 -- 04 : Henry 2004 -- 05 : Henry & Forlán 2005 -- 06 : Toni 2006 -- 07 : Totti 2007 -- 08 : C. Ronaldo 2008 -- 09 : Forlán 2009 -- 10 : Messi 2010 -- 11 : C. Ronaldo 2011 -- 12 : Messi 2012 -- 13 : Messi 2013 -- 14 : C. Ronaldo & Suárez 2014 -- 15 : C. Ronaldo 2015 -- 16 : Suárez 2016 -- 17 : Messi 2017 -- 18 : Messi FIFA Club World Cup Golden Ball 2000 : Edílson 2005 : Rogério Ceni 2006 : Deco 2007 : Kaká 2008 : Rooney 2009 : Messi 2010 : Eto'o 2011 : Messi 2012 : Cássio 2013 : Ribéry 2014 : Ramos 2015 : Suárez 2016 : Ronaldo 2017 : Modrić Premier League Golden Boot 1993 : Sheringham 1994 : Cole 1995 : Shearer 1996 : Shearer 1997 : Shearer 1998 : Dublin , Owen & Sutton 1999 : Hasselbaink , Owen & Yorke 2000 : Phillips 2001 : Hasselbaink 2002 : Henry 2003 : Van Nistelrooy 2004 : Henry 2005 : Henry 2006 : Henry 2007 : Drogba 2008 : Ronaldo 2009 : Anelka 2010 : Drogba 2011 : Berbatov & Tevez 2012 : Van Persie 2013 : Van Persie 2014 : Suárez 2015 : Agüero 2016 : Kane 2017 : Kane 2018 : Salah La Liga top scorers 1929 : Bienzobas 1930 : Gorostiza 1931 : Bata 1932 : Bata 1933 : Olivares 1934 : Lángara 1935 : Lángara 1936 : Lángara 1940 : Unamuno 1941 : Pruden 1942 : E. Suárez 1943 : Martín 1944 : E. Suárez 1945 : Zarra 1946 : Zarra 1947 : Zarra 1948 : Pahiño 1949 : César 1950 : Zarra 1951 : Zarra 1952 : Pahiño 1953 : Zarra 1954 : Di Stéfano 1955 : Arza 1956 : Di Stéfano 1957 : Di Stéfano 1958 : Badenes , Di Stéfano & Ricardo 1959 : Di Stéfano 1960 : Puskás 1961 : Puskás 1962 : Seminario 1963 : Puskás 1964 : Puskás 1965 : Ré 1966 : Aragonés 1967 : Waldo 1968 : Uriarte 1969 : Amancio & Gárate 1970 : Amancio , Aragonés & Gárate 1971 : Gárate & Rexach 1972 : Porta 1973 : Marianín 1974 : Quini 1975 : Carlos 1976 : Quini 1977 : Kempes 1978 : Kempes 1979 : Krankl 1980 : Quini 1981 : Quini 1982 : Quini 1983 : Rincón 1984 : Da Silva & Juanito 1985 : Sánchez 1986 : Sánchez 1987 : Sánchez 1988 : Sánchez 1989 : Baltazar 1990 : Sánchez 1991 : Butragueño 1992 : Manolo 1993 : Bebeto 1994 : Romário 1995 : Zamorano 1996 : Pizzi 1997 : Ronaldo 1998 : Vieri 1999 : Raúl 2000 : Salva 2001 : Raúl 2002 : Tristán 2003 : Makaay 2004 : Ronaldo 2005 : Forlán & Eto'o 2006 : Eto'o 2007 : Van Nistelrooy 2008 : Güiza 2009 : Forlán 2010 : Messi 2011 : C. Ronaldo 2012 : Messi 2013 : Messi 2014 : C. Ronaldo 2015 : C. Ronaldo 2016 : L. Suárez 2017 : Messi 2018 : Messi Copa del Rey top scorers 1993 : Urban 1994 : Coca & Gudelj 1995 : Penev 1996 : Pantić 1997 : Klimowicz 1998 : Rivaldo 1999 : C. López 2000 : Arenaza , Barata , Cembranos , Gâlcă , Hasselbaink , Míchel & Yordi 2001 : Salva 2002 : Guti & Raúl 2003 : Portillo 2004 : Raúl 2005 : Huegún , Alejandro & Muñoz 2006 : Ewerthon 2007 : Saviola 2008 : Soler 2009 : Messi & Luis Fabiano 2010 : Maxi 2011 : Messi & C. Ronaldo 2012 : Infante 2013 : Costa 2014 : Messi 2015 : Aspas & Neymar 2016 : Guidetti , Messi , Munir , Negredo & Suárez 2017 : Ben Yedder & Messi 2018 : Curto European Cup and UEFA Champions League top scorers European Cup 1955 -- 56 : Milutinović 1956 -- 57 : Viollet 1957 -- 58 : Di Stéfano 1958 -- 59 : Fontaine 1959 -- 60 : Puskás 1960 -- 61 : J. Águas 1961 -- 62 : Di Stéfano , Løfqvist , Puskás , Strehl & Tejada 1962 -- 63 : Altafini 1963 -- 64 : Kovačević , Mazzola & Puskás 1964 -- 65 : Eusébio & Torres 1965 -- 66 : Albert & Eusébio 1966 -- 67 : Piepenburg & Van Himst 1967 -- 68 : Eusébio 1968 -- 69 : Law 1969 -- 70 : Jones 1970 -- 71 : Antoniadis 1971 -- 72 : Dunai , Macari & Takač 1972 -- 73 : Müller 1973 -- 74 : Müller 1974 -- 75 : Müller & Markarov 1975 -- 76 : Heynckes 1976 -- 77 : Cucinotta & Müller 1977 -- 78 : Simonsen 1978 -- 79 : Sulser 1979 -- 80 : Lerby 1980 -- 81 : McDermott , Rummenigge & Souness 1981 -- 82 : Hoeneß 1982 -- 83 : Rossi 1983 -- 84 : Sokol 1984 -- 85 : Nilsson & Platini 1985 -- 86 : Nilsson 1986 -- 87 : Cvetković 1987 -- 88 : R. Águas , Ferreri , Hagi , Madjer , McCoist , Míchel & Novák 1988 -- 89 : Van Basten 1989 -- 90 : Papin & Romário 1990 -- 91 : Pacult & Papin 1991 -- 92 : Papin & Yuran UEFA Champions League 1992 -- 93 : Romário 1993 -- 94 : Koeman & Rufer 1994 -- 95 : Weah 1995 -- 96 : Litmanen 1996 -- 97 : Pantić 1997 -- 98 : Del Piero 1998 -- 99 : Shevchenko & Yorke 1999 -- 2000 : Jardel , Raúl & Rivaldo 2000 -- 01 : Raúl 2001 -- 02 : Van Nistelrooy 2002 -- 03 : Van Nistelrooy 2003 -- 04 : Morientes 2004 -- 05 : Van Nistelrooy 2005 -- 06 : Shevchenko 2006 -- 07 : Kaká 2007 -- 08 : C. Ronaldo 2008 -- 09 : Messi 2009 -- 10 : Messi 2010 -- 11 : Messi 2011 -- 12 : Messi 2012 -- 13 : C. Ronaldo 2013 -- 14 : C. Ronaldo 2014 -- 15 : Neymar , C. Ronaldo & Messi 2015 -- 16 : C. Ronaldo 2016 -- 17 : C. Ronaldo 2017 -- 18 : C. Ronaldo UEFA European Championship top scorers 1960 : Galić , Heutte , Ivanov , Jerković & Ponedelnik ( 2 ) 1964 : Bene , Novák & Pereda ( 2 ) 1968 : Džajić ( 2 ) 1972 : G. Müller ( 4 ) 1976 : D. Müller ( 4 ) 1980 : Allofs ( 3 ) 1984 : Platini ( 9 ) 1988 : Van Basten ( 5 ) 1992 : Bergkamp , Brolin , Larsen & Riedle ( 3 ) 1996 : Shearer ( 5 ) 2000 : Kluivert & Milošević ( 5 ) 2004 : Baroš ( 5 ) 2008 : Villa ( 4 ) 2012 : Balotelli , Dzagoev , Gómez , Mandžukić , C. Ronaldo & Torres ( 3 ) 2016 : Griezmann ( 6 ) * : Golden Boot award winner ( when goals scored are tied ) FIFA Puskás Award 2009 : C. Ronaldo 2010 : Altıntop 2011 : Neymar 2012 : Stoch 2013 : Ibrahimović 2014 : J. Rodríguez 2015 : Wendell Lira 2016 : Mohd Faiz 2017 : Giroud EFE Trophy 1990 -- 91 : Fernández 1991 -- 92 : Zalazar 1992 -- 93 : Zamorano 1993 -- 94 : Romário 1994 -- 95 : Zamorano 1995 -- 96 : Simeone 1996 -- 97 : Ronaldo 1997 -- 98 : Roberto Carlos 1998 -- 99 : Rivaldo 1999 -- 2000 : Herrera 2000 -- 01 : Acuña 2001 -- 02 : Saviola 2002 -- 03 : Ronaldo 2003 -- 04 : Ronaldinho 2004 -- 05 : Forlán 2005 -- 06 : Aimar 2006 -- 07 : Messi 2007 -- 08 : Agüero 2008 -- 09 : Messi 2009 -- 10 : Messi 2010 -- 11 : Messi 2011 -- 12 : Messi 2012 -- 13 : C. Ronaldo 2013 -- 14 : Diego Costa 2014 -- 15 : Suárez 2015 -- 16 : Navas Sir Matt Busby Player of the Year 1988 : McClair 1989 : Robson 1990 : Pallister 1991 : Hughes 1992 : McClair 1993 : Ince 1994 : Cantona 1995 : Kanchelskis 1996 : Cantona 1997 : Beckham 1998 : Giggs 1999 : Keane 2000 : Keane 2001 : Sheringham 2002 : Van Nistelrooy 2003 : Van Nistelrooy 2004 : Ronaldo 2005 : Heinze 2006 : Rooney 2007 : Ronaldo 2008 : Ronaldo 2009 : Vidić 2010 : Rooney 2011 : Hernández 2012 : Valencia 2013 : Van Persie 2014 : De Gea 2015 : De Gea 2016 : De Gea 2017 : Herrera 2018 : De Gea PFA Young Player of the Year 1974 : Beattie 1975 : Day 1976 : Barnes 1977 : Gray 1978 : Woodcock 1979 : Regis 1980 : Hoddle 1981 : Shaw 1982 : Moran 1983 : Rush 1984 : Walsh 1985 : Hughes 1986 : Cottee 1987 : Adams 1988 : Gascoigne 1989 : Merson 1990 : Le Tissier 1991 : Sharpe 1992 : Giggs 1993 : Giggs 1994 : Cole 1995 : Fowler 1996 : Fowler 1997 : Beckham 1998 : Owen 1999 : Anelka 2000 : Kewell 2001 : Gerrard 2002 : Bellamy 2003 : Jenas 2004 : Parker 2005 : Rooney 2006 : Rooney 2007 : Ronaldo 2008 : Fàbregas 2009 : Young 2010 : Milner 2011 : Wilshere 2012 : Walker 2013 : Bale 2014 : Hazard 2015 : Kane 2016 : Alli 2017 : Alli 2018 : Sané PFA Fans ' Player of the Year 2001 : Gerrard 2002 : Van Nistelrooy 2003 : Henry 2004 : Henry 2005 : Lampard 2006 : Rooney 2007 : Ronaldo 2008 : Ronaldo 2009 : Gerrard 2010 : Rooney 2011 : Meireles 2012 : Van Persie 2015 : Sánchez 2016 : Mahrez 2017 : Kane 2018 : Salah PFA Players ' Player of the Year 1974 : Hunter 1975 : Todd 1976 : Jennings 1977 : Gray 1978 : Shilton 1979 : Brady 1980 : McDermott 1981 : Wark 1982 : Keegan 1983 : Dalglish 1984 : Rush 1985 : Reid 1986 : Lineker 1987 : Allen 1988 : Barnes 1989 : Hughes 1990 : Platt 1991 : Hughes 1992 : Pallister 1993 : McGrath 1994 : Cantona 1995 : Shearer 1996 : Ferdinand 1997 : Shearer 1998 : Bergkamp 1999 : Ginola 2000 : Keane 2001 : Sheringham 2002 : Van Nistelrooy 2003 : Henry 2004 : Henry 2005 : Terry 2006 : Gerrard 2007 : Ronaldo 2008 : Ronaldo 2009 : Giggs 2010 : Rooney 2011 : Bale 2012 : Van Persie 2013 : Bale 2014 : Suárez 2015 : Hazard 2016 : Mahrez 2017 : Kanté 2018 : Salah FWA Footballer of the Year 1948 : Matthews 1949 : Carey 1950 : Mercer 1951 : Johnston 1952 : Wright 1953 : Lofthouse 1954 : Finney 1955 : Revie 1956 : Trautmann 1957 : Finney 1958 : Blanchflower 1959 : Owen 1960 : Slater 1961 : Blanchflower 1962 : Adamson 1963 : Matthews 1964 : Moore 1965 : Collins 1966 : R. Charlton 1967 : J. Charlton 1968 : Best 1969 : Book & Mackay 1970 : Bremner 1971 : McLintock 1972 : Banks 1973 : Jennings 1974 : Callaghan 1975 : Mullery 1976 : Keegan 1977 : Hughes 1978 : Burns 1979 : Dalglish 1980 : McDermott 1981 : Thijssen 1982 : Perryman 1983 : Dalglish 1984 : Rush 1985 : Southall 1986 : Lineker 1987 : Allen 1988 : Barnes 1989 : Nicol 1990 : Barnes 1991 : Strachan 1992 : Lineker 1993 : Waddle 1994 : Shearer 1995 : Klinsmann 1996 : Cantona 1997 : Zola 1998 : Bergkamp 1999 : Ginola 2000 : Keane 2001 : Sheringham 2002 : Pirès 2003 : Henry 2004 : Henry 2005 : Lampard 2006 : Henry 2007 : Ronaldo 2008 : Ronaldo 2009 : Gerrard 2010 : Rooney 2011 : Parker 2012 : Van Persie 2013 : Bale 2014 : Suárez 2015 : Hazard 2016 : Vardy 2017 : Kanté 2018 : Salah Premier League Player of the Season 1995 : Shearer 1996 : Schmeichel 1997 : Juninho 1998 : Owen 1999 : Yorke 2000 : Phillips 2001 : Vieira 2002 : Ljungberg 2003 : Van Nistelrooy 2004 : Henry 2005 : Lampard 2006 : Henry 2007 : Ronaldo 2008 : Ronaldo 2009 : Vidić 2010 : Rooney 2011 : Vidić 2012 : Kompany 2013 : Bale 2014 : Suárez 2015 : Hazard 2016 : Vardy 2017 : Kanté 2018 : Salah Trofeo Alfredo Di Stéfano 2007 -- 08 : Raúl 2008 -- 09 : Messi 2009 -- 10 : Messi 2010 -- 11 : Messi 2011 -- 12 : C. Ronaldo 2012 -- 13 : C. Ronaldo 2013 -- 14 : C. Ronaldo 2014 -- 15 : Messi 2015 -- 16 : C. Ronaldo 2016 -- 17 : Messi La Liga Best Player of the Year - LFP Awards 2009 : Messi 2010 : Messi 2011 : Messi 2012 : Messi 2013 : Messi 2014 : Ronaldo 2015 : Messi 2016 : Griezmann La Liga Forward of the Year - LFP Awards 2009 : Messi 2010 : Messi 2011 : Messi 2012 : Messi 2013 : Messi 2014 : Ronaldo 2015 : Messi 2016 : Messi Bravo Award 1978 : Case 1979 : Birtles 1980 : H. Müller 1981 : Wark 1982 : Shaw 1983 : Bonini 1984 : Righetti 1985 : Butragueño 1986 : Butragueño 1987 : van Basten 1988 : Ohana 1989 : Maldini 1990 : Baggio 1991 : Prosinečki 1992 : Guardiola 1993 : Giggs 1994 : Panucci 1995 : Kluivert 1996 : Del Piero 1997 : Ronaldo 1998 : Ronaldo 1999 : Buffon 2000 : Casillas 2001 : Hargreaves 2002 : Metzelder 2003 : Rooney 2004 : C. Ronaldo 2005 : Robben 2006 : Fàbregas 2007 : Messi 2008 : Benzema 2009 : Busquets 2010 : T. Müller 2011 : Hazard 2012 : Verratti 2013 : Isco 2014 : Pogba 2015 : Berardi World Soccer Player of the Year 1982 : Rossi 1983 : Zico 1984 : Platini 1985 : Platini 1986 : Maradona 1987 : Gullit 1988 : Van Basten 1989 : Gullit 1990 : Matthäus 1991 : Papin 1992 : Van Basten 1993 : Baggio 1994 : Maldini 1995 : Vialli 1996 : Ronaldo 1997 : Ronaldo 1998 : Zidane 1999 : Rivaldo 2000 : Figo 2001 : Owen 2002 : Ronaldo 2003 : Nedvěd 2004 : Ronaldinho 2005 : Ronaldinho 2006 : Cannavaro 2007 : Kaká 2008 : C. Ronaldo 2009 : Messi 2010 : Xavi 2011 : Messi 2012 : Messi 2013 : C. Ronaldo 2014 : C. Ronaldo 2015 : Messi 2016 : C. Ronaldo 2017 : C. Ronaldo IFFHS World 's Best Top Goal Scorer 1991 : Papin 1992 : Bergkamp 1993 : Al - Owairan 1994 : Stoichkov 1995 : Klinsmann 1996 : Daei 1997 : Ronaldo 1998 : Al - Huwaidi 1999 : Raúl 2000 : Rivaldo 2001 : Al - Dhabit 2002 : van Nistelrooy 2003 : Henry 2004 : Daei 2005 : Adriano 2006 : Suazo 2007 : Mputu 2008 : Rico 2009 : Okazaki 2010 : Al - Mutawa 2011 : Messi 2012 : Messi 2013 : Ronaldo 2014 : Ronaldo 2015 : Lewandowski 2016 : Ronaldo 2017 : Ronaldo Best International Athlete ESPY Award winners 2005 : Pujols 2006 : Pujols 2007 : Federer 2008 : Ochoa 2009 : Bolt 2010 -- 2011 : Award not given 2012 : Messi 2013 : Bolt 2014 : Ronaldo 2015 : Messi 2016 : Ronaldo 2017 : Bolt BIBSYS : 10046491 BNE : XX4898197 BNF : cb15712322w ( data ) GND : 140422390 ISNI : 0000 0001 1460 7485 LCCN : no2007130960 NDL : 01129904 NKC : xx0161225 SELIBR : 382857 SUDOC : 178619000 VIAF : 42170021 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cristiano_Ronaldo&oldid=846546441 '' Categories : Cristiano Ronaldo 1985 births Living people People from Funchal Portuguese Roman Catholics Portuguese footballers Madeiran footballers Association football forwards Association football wingers Primeira Liga players Sporting CP footballers Premier League players Manchester United F.C. players La Liga players Real Madrid C.F. players Portugal youth international footballers Portugal under - 21 international footballers Portugal international footballers UEFA Euro 2004 players UEFA Euro 2008 players UEFA Euro 2012 players 2006 FIFA World Cup players 2010 FIFA World Cup players 2014 FIFA World Cup players Footballers at the 2004 Summer Olympics Olympic footballers of Portugal Golden Globes ( Portugal ) winners Grand Officers of the Order of Prince Henry First Division / Premier League top scorers Pichichi Trophy winners Ballon d'Or winners FIFA World Player of the Year winners World Soccer Magazine World Player of the Year winners FIFA Century Club Portuguese expatriate footballers Expatriate footballers in England Expatriate footballers in Spain Portuguese male models Portuguese people of Cape Verdean descent Portuguese expatriates in England Portuguese expatriates in Spain UEFA Euro 2016 players UEFA European Championship - winning captains UEFA European Championship - winning players 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup players UEFA Champions League winning players Commanders of the Order of Merit ( Portugal ) 2018 FIFA World Cup players Hidden categories : CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 maint : Unrecognized language Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Webarchive template wayback links Articles with Portuguese - language external links All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from January 2018 NFT template with ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected biographies of living people Articles with short description Use dmy dates from November 2017 Use British English from August 2016 UEFA player template using Wikidata FIFA player template using Wikidata NFT template using Wikidata BDFutbol template using Wikidata Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikiquote Afrikaans Akan አማርኛ Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Mirandés Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Română Runa Simi Русский Саха тыла Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt Volapük Winaray 吴语 粵語 Zazaki 中文 डोटेली 110 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018 , at 12 : 25 ( UTC ) . 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how many goals have c ronaldo scored in his career
[ "Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro GOIH ComM (European Portuguese: [kɾiʃˈtjɐnu ʁoˈnaɫdu]; born 5 February 1985) is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays as a forward for Spanish club Real Madrid and the Portugal national team. Often considered the best player in the world and widely regarded as one of the greatest of all time,[4] Ronaldo has a record-tying five Ballon d'Or awards,[note 2] the most for a European player, and is the first player to win four European Golden Shoes. He has won 26 trophies in his career, including five league titles, five UEFA Champions League titles and one UEFA European Championship. A prolific goalscorer, Ronaldo holds the records for most official goals scored in Europe's top-five leagues (395), the UEFA Champions League (120), the UEFA European Championship (9), as well as those for most assists in the UEFA Champions League (34) and the UEFA European Championship (6). He has scored over 670 senior career goals for club and country." ]
[ "over 670 senior career goals" ]
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Parenting styles
Parenting styles - wikipedia Parenting styles Jump to : navigation , search A parenting style is a psychological construct representing standard strategies that parents use in their child rearing . The quality of parenting can be more essential than the quantity of time spent with the child . For instance , a parent can spend an entire afternoon with his or her child , yet the parent may be engaging in a different activity and not demonstrating enough interest towards the child . Parenting styles are the representation of how parents respond and demand to their children . Parenting practices are specific behaviors , while parenting styles represent broader patterns of parenting practices . There are various theories and opinions on the best ways to rear children , as well as differing levels of time and effort that parents are willing to invest . Children go through different stages in life , therefore parents create their own parenting styles from a combination of factors that evolve over time as children begin to develop their own personalities . During the stage of infancy , parents try to adjust to a new lifestyle in terms of adapting and bonding with their new infant . For example , the relationship between the parent and child is attachment . In the stage of adolescence , parents encounter new challenges , such as adolescents seeking and desiring freedom . Mother carrying an infant child A child 's temperament and parents ' cultural patterns have an influence on the kind of parenting style a child may receive . The degree to which a child 's education is part of parenting is a further matter of debate . Early research in parenting and child development found that parents who provide their children with proper nurture , independence and firm control , have children who appear to have higher levels of competence and are socially skilled and proficient . Additional developmental skills result from positive parenting styles including : maintaining a close relationship with others , being self - reliant , and independence . During the mid 1980s , researchers began to explore how specific parenting styles influence a child 's later development . Contents ( hide ) 1 Distinction with parenting practices 2 Theories of child rearing 2.1 Baumrind 's Parenting Typology 2.1. 1 The three styles 2.1. 1.1 Authoritative 2.1. 1.2 Authoritarian 2.1. 1.3 Indulgent or Permissive 2.1. 2 Effects on children 2.2 Other parenting styles 3 Differences for male and female children 4 See also 5 Citations 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Distinction with parenting practices ( edit ) Father and children reading According to a literature review by Christopher Spera ( 2005 ) , Darling and Steinberg ( 1993 ) suggest that it is important to better understand the differences between parenting styles and parenting practices : `` Parenting practices are defined as specific behaviors that parents use to socialize their children '' , while parenting style is `` the emotional climate in which parents raise their children '' . One study association that has been made is the difference between `` child 's outcome and continuous measures of parental behavior '' . Some of the associations that are listed include the following : support , involvement , warmth , approval , control , monitoring , and harsh punishment . Parenting practices such as parental support , monitoring and firm boundaries appear to be linked to higher school grades , less behavior problems and better mental health . These components have no age limit and can begin early in pre-school leading all the way into college . Theories of child rearing ( edit ) Beginning in the 17th century , two philosophers independently wrote works that have been widely influential in child rearing . John Locke 's 1693 book Some Thoughts Concerning Education is a well known foundation for educational pedagogy from a Puritan standpoint . Locke highlights the importance of experiences to a child 's development , and recommends developing their physical habits first . In 1762 , the French philosopher Jean - Jacques Rousseau published a volume on education , Emile : or , On Education . He proposed that early education should be derived less from books and more from a child 's interactions with the world . Of these , Rousseau is more consistent with slow parenting , and Locke is more for concerted cultivation . Jean Piaget Jean Piaget 's theory of cognitive development describes how children represent and reason about the world . This is a developmental stage theory that consists of a Sensorimotor stage , Preoperational stage , Concrete operational stage , and Formal operational stage . Piaget was a pioneer in the field of child development and continues to influence parents , educators and other theorists . Erik Erikson , a developmental psychologist , proposed eight life stages through which each person must develop . In order to move on to the next stage , the person must work out a `` crisis '' in which a new dilemma must be solved . In each stage , they must understand and balance two conflicting forces , and so parents might choose a series of parenting styles that helps each child as appropriate at each stage . The first five of his eight stages occur in childhood : The virtue of hope requires balancing trust with mistrust , and typically occurs from birth to one year old . Will balances autonomy with shame and doubt around the ages of two to three . Purpose balances initiative with guilt around the ages of four to six years . Competence balances industry against inferiority around ages seven to 12 . Fidelity contrasts identity with role confusion , in ages 13 to 19 . The remaining adult virtues are love , care and wisdom . Rudolf Dreikurs believed that pre-adolescent children 's misbehavior was caused by their unfulfilled wish to be a member of a social group . He argued that they then act out a sequence of four mistaken goals : first they seek attention . If they do not get it , they aim for power , then revenge and finally feel inadequate . This theory is used in education as well as parenting , forming a valuable theory upon which to manage misbehavior . Other parenting techniques should also be used to encourage learning and happiness. He emphasized the significance to establish a democratic family style that adopts a method of periodic democratic family councils and meanwhile avert the punishment . He advances `` logical and natural consequences '' . That teach children to be responsible and understand the natural consequences of proper rules of conduct and improper behavior . Frank Furedi is a sociologist with a particular interest in parenting and families . He believes that the actions of parents are less decisive than others claim . He describes the term infant determinism as the determination of a person 's life prospects by what happens to them during infancy , arguing that there is little or no evidence for its truth . While commercial , governmental and other interests constantly try to guide parents to do more and worry more for their children , he believes that children are capable of developing well in almost any circumstances . Furedi quotes Steve Petersen of Washington University in St. Louis : `` development really wants to happen . It takes very impoverished environments to interfere with development ... ( just ) do n't raise your child in a closet , starve them , or hit them on the head with a frying pan '' . Similarly , the journalist Tim Gill has expressed concern about excessive risk aversion by parents and those responsible for children in his book No Fear . This aversion limits the opportunities for children to develop sufficient adult skills , particularly in dealing with risk , but also in performing adventurous and imaginative activities . In 1998 , independent scholar Judith Rich Harris published The Nurture Assumption , in which she argued that scientific evidence , especially behavioral genetics , showed that all different forms of parenting do not have significant effects on children 's development , short of cases of severe child abuse or child neglect . She proposes two main points for the effects : genetic effects , and social effects involved by the peer groups in which children participate . The purported effects of different forms of parenting are all illusions caused by heredity , the culture at large , and children 's own influence on how their parents treat them . Baumrind 's parenting typology ( edit ) Diana Baumrind is a researcher who focused on the classification of parenting styles . Baumrind 's research is known as `` Baumrind 's Parenting Typology '' . In her research , she found what she considered to be the four basic elements that could help shape successful parenting : responsiveness vs. unresponsiveness and demanding vs. undemanding . Parental responsiveness refers to the degree to which the parent responds to the child 's needs in a supportive and accepting manner . Through her studies Baumrind identified three initial parenting styles : Authoritative parenting , authoritarian parenting and permissive parenting . Maccoby and Martin expanded upon Baumrind 's three original parenting styles by placing parenting styles into two distinct categories : demanding and undemanding . With these distinctions , four new parenting styles were defined : Maccoby and Martin 's Four Parenting Styles Baumrind 's Three Parenting Styles Demanding Undemanding Responsive Authoritative / Propagative Indulgent ( Permissive ) Unresponsive Authoritarian / Totalitarian Neglectful Baumrind believed that parents should be neither punitive nor aloof . Rather , they should develop rules for their children and be affectionate with them . These parenting styles are meant to describe normal variations in parenting , not deviant parenting , such as might be observed in abusive homes . In addition , parenting stress can often cause changes in parental behavior such as inconsistency , increased negative communication , decreased monitoring and / or supervision , setting vague rules or limits on behavior , being more reactive and less proactive , and engaging in increasingly harsh disciplinary behaviors . The three styles ( edit ) Authoritative ( edit ) The parent is demanding and responsive . When this style is systematically developed , it grows to fit the descriptions propagative parenting and concerted cultivation . Authoritative parenting is characterized by a child - centered approach that holds high expectations of maturity . Authoritative parents can understand how their children are feeling and teach them how to regulate their feelings . Even with high expectations of maturity , authoritative parents are usually forgiving of any possible shortcomings . They often help their children to find appropriate outlets to solve problems . Authoritative parents encourage children to be independent but still place limits on their actions . Extensive verbal give - and - take is not refused , and parents try to be warm and nurturing toward the child . Authoritative parents are not usually as controlling as authoritarian parents , allowing the child to explore more freely , thus having them make their own decisions based upon their own reasoning . Often , authoritative parents produce children who are more independent and self - reliant . An authoritative parenting style mainly results when there is high parental responsiveness and high parental demands . Authoritative parents will set clear standards for their children , monitor the limits that they set , and also allow children to develop autonomy . They also expect mature , independent , and age - appropriate behavior of children . Punishments for misbehavior are measured and consistent , not arbitrary or violent . Often behaviors are not punished but the natural consequences of the child 's actions are explored and discussed - allowing the child to see that the behavior is inappropriate and not to be repeated , rather than not repeated to merely avoid adverse consequences . Authoritative parents set limits and demand maturity . They also tend to give more positive encouragement at the right places . However , when punishing a child , the parent will explain his or her motive for their punishment . Children are more likely to respond to authoritative parenting punishment because it is reasonable and fair . A child knows why they are being punished because an authoritative parent makes the reasons known . As a result , children of authoritative parents are more likely to be successful , well liked by those around them , generous and capable of self - determination . Authoritarian ( edit ) See also : Strict father model The parent is demanding but not responsive . Authoritarian parenting is a restrictive , punishment - heavy parenting style in which parents make their children follow their directions with little to no explanation or feedback and focus on the child 's and family 's perception and status . Corporal punishment , such as spanking , and shouting are forms of discipline frequently preferred by authoritarian parents . The goal of this style , at least when well - intentioned , is to teach the child to behave , survive , and thrive as an adult in a harsh and unforgiving society by preparing the child for negative responses such as anger and aggression that the child will face if his / her behavior is inappropriate . In addition , advocates of this style often believe that the shock of aggression from someone from the outside world will be less for a child accustomed to enduring both acute and chronic stress imposed by parents . Authoritarian parenting has distinctive effects on children : Children raised using this type of parenting may have less social competence because the parent generally tells the child what to do instead of allowing the child to choose by him or herself , making the child appear to excel in the short term but limiting development in ways that are increasingly revealed as supervision and opportunities for direct parental control decline . Children raised by authoritarian parents tend to be conformist , highly obedient , quiet , and not very happy . These children often suffer from depression and self - blame . For some children raised by authoritarian parents , these behaviors continue into adulthood . Children who are resentful of or angry about being raised in an authoritarian environment but have managed to develop high behavioral self - confidence often rebel in adolescence and / or young adulthood . Children who experience anger and resentment coupled with the downsides of both inhibited self - efficacy and high self - blame often retreat into escapist behaviors , including but not limited to substance abuse , and are at heightened risk for suicide . Specific aspects of authoritarian styles prevalent among certain cultures and ethnic groups , most notably aspects of traditional Asian child - rearing practices sometimes described as authoritarian , often continued by Asian American families and sometimes emulated by intensive parents from other cultures , may be associated with more positive median child outcomes than Baumrind 's model predicts , albeit at the risk of exacerbated downside outcomes exemplified by Asian cultural phenomena such as hikikomori and the heightened suicide rates found in South Korea , in India and by international observers of China before 2014 . Indulgent or permissive ( edit ) The parent is responsive but not demanding . Indulgent parenting , also called permissive , non-directive , lenient or libertarian , is characterized as having few behavioral expectations for the child . `` Indulgent parenting is a style of parenting in which parents are very involved with their children but place few demands or controls on them '' . Parents are nurturing and accepting , and are responsive to the child 's needs and wishes . Indulgent parents do not require children to regulate themselves or behave appropriately. The children will grow into adulthood not accustomed to aggression in others due to their inappropriate behavior which would be a great shock to them . As adults , they will pay less attention in avoiding behaviors which cause aggression in others . Permissive parents try to be `` friends '' with their child , and do not play a parental role . The expectations of the child are very low , and there is little discipline . Permissive parents also allow children to make their own decisions , giving them advice as a friend would . This type of parenting is very lax , with few punishments or rules . Permissive parents also tend to give their children whatever they want and hope that they are appreciated for their accommodating style . Other permissive parents compensate for what they missed as children , and as a result give their children both the freedom and materials that they lacked in their childhood . Baumrind researched on pre-school children with permissive parents and she came up with a result that children were immature , absence in impulsive control and they were irresponsible because of permissive parenting style . Children of permissive parents may tend to be more impulsive and as adolescents may engage more in misconduct such as drug use , `` Children never learn to control their own behavior and always expect to get their way . '' But in the better cases they are emotionally secure , independent and are willing to learn and accept defeat . They mature quickly and are able to live life without the help of someone else . From a recent study , The teens least prone to heavy drinking had parents who scored high on both accountability and warmth . So - called ' indulgent ' parents , those low on accountability and high on warmth , nearly tripled the risk of their teen participating in heavy drinking . ' Strict parents ' or authoritarian parents -- high on accountability and low on warmth -- more than doubled their teen 's risk of heavy drinking . Effects on children ( edit ) Most studies , mainly in Anglophone countries , have shown that children with authoritative parents have the best outcomes in different areas ( behavior , mental and social adjustment ... ) . The case might be different , however , for Asian populations , where the authoritarian style was found as good as the authoritative one . On the other hand , some studies have found a superiority of the indulgent style in Spain , Portugal or Brazil , but the methodology of these studies has been contested . More recently a study has shown that in Spain , while using the same questionnaire used in other countries , the authoritative style continues to be the best one for children . Other parenting styles ( edit ) Attachment parenting A parenting style framed around psychological attachment theory . Attachment in psychology is defined as `` a lasting emotional bond between people '' . There are four main types of attachment : secure , insecure - avoidant , insecure - resistant , and disorganized attachment . Child - centered parenting A parenting style advocated by Blythe and David Daniel , which focuses on the real needs and the unique person - hood of each child . Positive parenting A parenting style overlapping substantially with authoritative parenting and defined by consistent support and guidance through developmental stages . Concerted cultivation A specific form of positive parenting characterized by parents ' attempts to foster their child 's talents through organized extracurricular activities such as music lessons , sports / athletics , and academic enrichment . Narcissistic parenting A narcissistic parent is a parent affected by narcissism or narcissistic personality disorder . Typically narcissistic parents are exclusively and possessively close to their children and may be especially envious of , and threatened by , their child 's growing independence . The result may be what has been termed a pattern of narcissistic attachment , with the child considered to exist solely for the parent 's benefit . Nurturant parenting A family model where children are expected to explore their surroundings with protection from their parents . Overparenting Parents who try to involve themselves in every aspect of their child 's life , often attempting to solve all their problems and stifling the child 's ability to act independently or solve his or her own problems . A helicopter parent is a colloquial early 21st - century term for a parent who pays extremely close attention to his or her children 's experiences and problems , and attempts to sweep all obstacles out of their paths , particularly at educational institutions . Helicopter parents are so named because , like helicopters , they hover closely overhead , especially during the late adolescence to early adulthood years during which gradual development of independence and self - sufficiency are essential for future success . Modern communication technology has promoted this style by enabling parents to keep watch over their kids through cell phones , emails , and online monitoring of academic grades . Affectionless control This parental style combines a lack of warmth and caring ( low parental care ) with over-control ( such as parental criticism , intrusiveness ) . This has been linked to children 's anxiety and to dysfunctional attitudes and low self - esteem in the children , although it is not necessarily the cause . There is evidence that parental affectionless control is associated with suicidal behavior . Slow parenting Encourages parents to plan and organize less for their children , instead allowing them to enjoy their childhood and explore the world at their own pace . Electronics are limited , simplistic toys are utilized , and the child is allowed to develop their own interests and to grow into their own person with lots of family time , allowing children to make their own decisions . Idle parenting Toxic parenting Poor parenting , with a toxic relationship between the parent and child . It results in complete disruption of the child 's ability to identify themselves and reduced self - esteem , neglecting the needs of the child . Abuse is sometimes seen in this parenting style . Adults who have suffered from toxic parents are mostly unable to recognize toxic parenting behavior in themselves . Children with toxic parents grow up with damages and pass their damages to their own children . Dolphin parenting A term used by psychiatrist Shimi Kang and happiness researcher Shawn Achor to represent a parenting style seen as similar to the nature of dolphins , being `` playful , social and intelligent '' . It has been contrasted to `` tiger '' parenting . According to Kang , dolphin parenting provides a balance between the strict approach of tiger parenting and the lack of rules and expectations that characterizes what she calls `` jellyfish parents '' . Dolphin parents avoid overscheduling activities for their children , refrain from being overprotective , and take into account the desires and goals of their children when setting expectations for behavior and academic success . Ethnic Minority parenting style This parenting style was coined out of Authoritarian parenting and it is characterized by exceptionally high academic achievements among children from Asian backgrounds . Ethnic Minority style differs from strict authoritarian parenting by being highly responsive towards children 's needs , while also differing from authoritative parenting by maintaining high demands , and not placing children 's needs as a priority . This style promotes high demandingness and high responsiveness together to produce high academic performance in children . Differences for male and female children ( edit ) Mothers and fathers tend to pick up different behaviors of parenting based on the sex of their child . Studies have shown that fathers can affect their daughters ' emotional adjustment more through the style of parenting they demonstrate rather than through using disciplinary approaches , such as punishment . Also , both a father and mother sometimes tend to use an authoritative style towards their daughters , while feeling more comfortable switching over to an authoritarian style for sons . Similarly , mothers may use a more authoritative style when they parent their daughters . Also , mothers spent more time reasoning with their daughters but mothers tended to favor their sons . See also ( edit ) Dysfunctional family Neglect Parenting Resources for Infant Education ( RIE ) Hong Kong children Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother Citations ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Spera , Christopher ( 1 June 2005 ) . `` A Review of the Relationship Among Parenting Practices , Parenting Styles , and Adolescent School Achievement '' . Educational Psychology Review . 17 ( 2 ) : 125 -- 146 . doi : 10.1007 / s10648 - 005 - 3950 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Parenting '' . Encyclopaedic dictionary of psychology . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Berger S. , Kathleen ( 18 February 2011 ) . The Developing Person Through the Life Span ( 8th ed . ) . Worth Publishers . pp. 273 -- 278 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4292 - 3203 - 6 . Jump up ^ Campione & Smetana , Nicole & Judith . `` Parenting Styles '' . James J. Ponzetti Jr . Retrieved 22 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Amato , Paul R. ; Fowler , Frieda ( 2002 ) . `` Parenting Practices , Child Adjustment , and Family Diversity '' . Journal of Marriage and Family . 64 ( 3 ) : 703 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1741 - 3737.2002. 00703. x . Jump up ^ Rousseau , Jean - Jacques ( 1762 ) . Émile , ou De l'éducation . Jump up ^ Irvine , P. `` '' Rousseau , Jean j . 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An Introduction to Developmental Psychology . Wiley . p. 592 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 118 - 76720 - 7 . Retrieved 21 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Maccoby , E.E. ; Martin , J.A. ( 1983 ) . `` Socialization in the context of the family : Parent - child interaction '' . In Mussen , P.H. ; Hetherington , E.M. Manual of child psychology , Vol. 4 : Social development . New York : John Wiley and Sons . pp. 1 -- 101 . ^ Jump up to : Santrock , J.W. ( 2007 ) . A topical approach to life - span development , third Ed . New York : McGraw - Hill . Jump up ^ Parenting Style and Its Correlates athealth.com . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 14 Jump up ^ Strassen Berger , Kathleen ( 2011 ) . The Developing Person Through the Life Span . Worth Publishers . p. 273 . Jump up ^ `` All about the authoritative parenting style '' . Pagewise . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Parenting Styles '' Jump up ^ Stassen Berger , Kathleen ( 2011 ) . The Developing Person Through the Life Span . Worth Publishing . pp. 273 -- 274 . Jump up ^ `` The Role of Parents in the Development of Peer Group Competence . ERIC Digest '' . Eric Digests . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Stassen Berger , Kathleen ( 2011 ) . The Developing Person Through the Lifespan . Worth Publishers . p. 274 . Jump up ^ What 's Your Parenting Style ? Parents . The Anti-Drug . National Youth Anti-Drug Media Campaign . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 14 ^ Jump up to : Rosenthal , Maryann . `` Knowing Yourself and Your Children '' . www.drma.com . Retrieved 7 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Dornbusch , Sanford ; Ritter , Philip ; Leiderman , P ; Robert , Donald ; Fraleigh , Michael ( 1987 ) . `` The Relation of Parenting Style to Adolescent School Performance '' . Child Development . Wiley on behalf of the Society for Research in Child Development . 58 ( 5 ) : 1245 . JSTOR 1130618 . doi : 10.2307 / 1130618 . ^ Jump up to : Verzello , Amanda . `` Teens and alcohol study : Parenting style can prevent binge drinking '' . News . Brigham Young University . Retrieved 9 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Darling , Nancy ( 1999 ) . `` Parenting style and its correlates '' ( PDF ) . ERIC Digest . ED427896 . Jump up ^ Musitu , G. ; García , F. ( 2004 ) . `` Consequences of the family socialization in the Spanish culture '' . Psicothema. 16 ( 2 ) : 288 -- 293 . Jump up ^ Rodrigues , Yara ; Veiga , Feliciano ; Fuentes , María C. ; García , Fernando ( 2013 - 03 - 11 ) . `` Parenting and Adolescents ' Self - esteem : The Portuguese Context / / Parentalidad y autoestima en la adolescencia : El contexto portugués '' . Journal of Psychodidactics. 18 ( 2 ) . ISSN 2254 - 4372 . doi : 10.1387 / RevPsicodidact. 6842 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ Martínez , Isabel ; García , José Fernando ; Yubero , Santiago ( 2007 - 06 - 01 ) . `` Parenting Styles and Adolescents ' Self - Esteem in Brazil '' . Psychological Reports . 100 ( 3 ) : 731 -- 745 . ISSN 0033 - 2941 . doi : 10.2466 / pr0. 100.3. 731 - 745 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ Oliva , A. ( 2006 ) . `` Relaciones familiares y desarrollo adolescente '' . Anuario de Psicología. 37 ( 3 ) : 209 -- 223 . Jump up ^ Osorio , Alfonso ; González - Cámara , Marta . `` Testing the alleged superiority of the indulgent parenting style among Spanish adolescents '' ( PDF ) . Psicothema. 28 ( 4 ) : 414 -- 420 . doi : 10.7334 / psicothema2015. 314 . Jump up ^ Stassen Berger , Kathleen ( 2011 ) . The Developing Person Through the Life Span . p. 194 . Jump up ^ Stassen Berger , Kathleen ( 2011 ) . The Developing Person Through the Life Span . p. 196 . Jump up ^ wethechildrenfoundation.com Jump up ^ Walton , Stephen . `` The Positive parenting centre '' . www.the-positive-parenting-centre.com . Retrieved 10 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Cheadle , Jacob E. ( Jan 2008 ) . `` Educational Investment , Family Context , and Children 's Math and Reading Growth from Kindergarten through the Third Grade '' . Sociology of Education . American Sociological Association . 81 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 31 . JSTOR 20452721 . Jump up ^ Stephen E. Levich , Clone Being ( 2004 ) p. 31 and p. 89 - 91 Jump up ^ David Stafford & Liz Hodgkinson , Codependency ( London 1995 ) p. 41 Jump up ^ Jackson , L.J. ( November 2010 ) . `` Smothering Mothering : ' Helicopter parents ' are landing big in child care cases '' . ABA Journal . American Bar Association . 96 ( 11 ) : 18 -- 19 . JSTOR 20789779 . Jump up ^ Gordon , Larry , and Victoria Kim . 2008 . `` Hovering Parents No Big Deal for Freshmen . '' Los Angeles Times ( January 24 ) B1 . ^ Jump up to : Paul C. McCabe ; Steven R. Shaw ( 23 February 2010 ) . Psychiatric Disorders : Current Topics and Interventions for Educators . Corwin Press . p. 31 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4129 - 6876 - 8 . Jump up ^ Paul R. Robbins ( 24 October 2008 ) . Understanding Depression , 2d ed . McFarland . p. 81 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 5263 - 7 . Jump up ^ Goschin S , Briggs J , Blanco - Lutzen S , Cohen LJ , Galynker I ( 2013 ) . `` Parental affectionless control and suicidality '' . Journal of Affective Disorders ( Review ) . 151 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 6 . PMID 23820097 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jad. 2013.05. 096 . Jump up ^ Belkin , Lisa . `` What is slow parenting ? '' . www.parenting.blogs.nytimes.com . Retrieved 10 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 12 Types of Parenting Styles and Child Discipline Strategies '' . Positive-parenting-ally.com . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Practical Advise And Deep Insights '' . www.positive-parenting-ally.com . Birgitte Coste . Retrieved 13 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Berl , Rachel Pomerance ( August 1 , 2013 ) . `` Dolphin Parenting : Raising Kids to Be Smart and Happy '' . U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kang , Shimi ( 2014 ) . The Dolphin Way : A Parent 's Guide to Raising Healthy , Happy , and Motivated Kids -- Without Turning into a Tiger . New York : Jeremy P. Tarcher , Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 399 - 16604 - 4 . Jump up ^ Kang , Shimi . `` What 's a ' Dolphin Parent ' ? Psychiatrist Decodes Parenting Styles '' . Parenting.com . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kang , Shimi ( May 11 , 2014 ) . `` A Case for Parenting the Dolphin -- Not Tiger -- Mom Way '' . Time . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Huang , Grace H.C. , and Mary Gove . `` Asian Parenting Styles and Academic Achievement : Views from Eastern and Western Perspectives . '' Education 135.3 ( 2015 ) : 389 - 397. Academic Search Premier . Web . Jump up ^ Putnam , Jodi ; A , Judith ; Walls , Myers ; Love , Dee . `` Influence on children 's gender development '' . www.extension.purdue.edu . Retrieved 11 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Ashley . `` GENDER DIFFERENCES IN PARENTING STYLES AND EFFECTS ON THE PARENT CHILD RELATIONSHIP '' ( PDF ) . www.digital.library.txstate.edu . Retrieved 10 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Article : Parenting and Late Adolescent Emotional Adjustment : Mediating Effects of Discipline and Gender Jump up ^ Fabes , Richard ; Carlo , Gustavo ; Kupanoff , Kristina ; Laible , Deborah . `` Early Adolescence and Prosocial / Moral Behavior I : The Role of Individual Processes '' . www.digitalcommons.unl.edu . Retrieved 10 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Conrade & Ho , Glenys & Robert ( 2 February 2011 ) . `` Differential parenting styles for fathers and mothers '' . Australian Journal of Psychology . 53 ( 1 ) : 29 -- 35 . doi : 10.1080 / 00049530108255119 . References ( edit ) dangx111 ( 5 Nov 2011 ) . `` The Four Types of Parenting Styles '' . Archived from the original on 19 January 2013 . Barnhart , C. , Raval , V. , Jansari , A. , Raval , P. ( 2013 ) . Perception of Parenting Style Among College Students in India and the United States . Journal of Child Family Stud , 22 , 684 - 693 . Bornstein , M. & Putnick , D. ( 2012 ) . Cognitive and Socioemotional Caregiving in Developing Countries . Child Development , 83 ( 1 ) , 46 - 61 . Pomeranz , E. & Wang , Q. The Role of Parental Control in Children 's Development in Western and East Asia Countries . Current Directions in Psychological Science , 18 ( 5 ) , 285 - 289 . Further Reading ( edit ) Bower , Bruce ( September 2011 ) . `` Humans : Recession alters parenting style : Mothers with gene variant became more aggressive '' . Science News . 180 ( 7 ) : 9 . ISSN 0036 - 8423 . doi : 10.1002 / scin. 5591800706 . Robert Feldman , PhD at the University of Massachusetts Amherst . Child Development Third Edition Morris , A.S. , Cui , L. , & Steinberg , L. ( 2013 ) . Parenting research and themes : What we have learned and where to go next . In R.E. Larzelere , A.S. Morris , & A.W. Harrist ( Eds . ) , Authoritative parenting : Synthesizing nurturance and discipline for optimal child development ( pp. 35 -- 58 ) . Washington , DC : American Psychological Association . Harris . Judith R ... `` The Nurture Assumption : Why Children Turn Out the Way They Do , '' New York Times 1998 . Warash , Bobbie . `` Are Middle Class Parents Authoritative with a Touch of Permissiveness ? . '' Delta Kappa Gamma Bulletin 74 . 22007 28 - 31 . Chua , Amy . Why Chinese Mothers Are Superior The Wall Street Journal Alizadeh , S. , Abu Talib , M.B. , Abdullah , R. , & Mansor , M. ( 2011 ) . Relationship between Parenting Style and Children 's Behavior Problems . Asian Social Science , 7 ( 12 ) , 195 - 200 . Estep , H.M. , & Olson , J.N. ( 2011 ) . Parenting Style , Academic Dishonesty , and Infidelity in College Students . College Student Journal , 45 ( 4 ) , 830 - 838 . Grobman , K.H. ( 2003 ) . Diana Baumrind 's ( 1966 ) Prototypical Descriptions of 3 Parenting Styles . Retrieved from http://www.devpsy.org/teaching/parent/baumrind_styles.html Kordi , A. , & Baharudin , R. ( 2010 ) . Parenting Attitude and Style and Its Effect on Children 's School Achievements . International Journal Of Psychological Studies , 2 ( 2 ) , 217 - 222 . Rinaldi , C.M. , & Howe , N. ( 2012 ) . Mothers ' and fathers ' parenting styles and associations with toddlers ' externalizing , internalizing , and adaptive behaviors . Early Childhood Research Quarterly , 27 ( 2 ) , 266 - 273 . Rivers , J. , Mullis , A.K. , Fortner , L.A. , & Mullis , R.L. ( 2012 ) . Relationships Between Parenting Styles and the Academic Performance of Adolescents . Journal Of Family Social Work , 15 ( 3 ) , 202 - 216 . Schary , D.P. , Cardinal , B.J. , & Loprinzi , P.D. ( 2012 ) . Parenting style associated with sedentary behaviour in preschool children . Early Child Development & Care , 182 ( 8 ) , 1015 -- 1026 . Williams , K. , Ciarrochi , J. , & Heaven , P. ( 2012 ) . Inflexible Parents , Inflexible Kids : A 6 - Year Longitudinal Study of Parenting Style and the Development of Psychological Flexibility in Adolescents . Journal Of Youth & Adolescence , 41 ( 8 ) , 1053 -- 1066 . Spera , C. ( 2005 ) . A review of the relationship among parenting practices , parenting styles , and adolescent school achievement . Educational Psychology Review , 17 ( 2 ) , 125 - 146 . `` Attachment Parenting : Q&A with Lysa Parker , co-chairman of Attachment Parenting International . '' Bundoo.com . Retrieved from http://www.bundoo.com/interviews/attachment-parenting/ External links ( edit ) Types Of Parenting Styles By Diana Baumrind ( hide ) Parenting Types Adoptive Alloparenting Complex family Coparenting Foster care Kommune 1 Noncustodial Nuclear family Orphaned Shared Single parent Blended family Surrogacy In loco parentis Theories Areas Attachment theory Applied behavior analysis Behaviorism Child development Cognitive development Developmental psychology Human development Love Maternal bond Nature versus nurture Parental investment Paternal bond Pediatrics Social psychology Styles Attachment parenting Concerted cultivation Gatekeeper parent Helicopter parent Nurturant parenting Slow parenting Soccer mom Strict father model Taking Children Seriously Work at home parent Techniques After - school activity Allowance Bedtime Child care Co-sleeping Homeschooling Latchkey kid Parent Management Training Play ( date ) Role model Spoiled child Television Toy ( educational ) Discipline Blanket training Corporal punishment in the home Curfew Grounding Tactical ignoring Time - out Abuse Child abandonment Child abuse Child labour Child neglect Cinderella effect Incest Narcissistic parent Parental abuse by children Parental alienation Legal and social aspects Child support Cost of raising a child Marriage Parental responsibility Deadbeat parent Paternity Disownment Experts T. Berry Brazelton Tanya Byron Bryan Caplan Rudolf Dreikurs David Elkind Jo Frost Haim Ginott Thomas Gordon Alan E. Kazdin Truby King Annette Lareau Penelope Leach Madeline Levine William Sears B.F. Skinner Benjamin Spock Baby and Child Care Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parenting_styles&oldid=802187962 '' Categories : Childhood Parenting Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2016 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from September 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014 Vague or ambiguous geographic scope from February 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français Nederlands Српски / srpski Edit links This page was last edited on 24 September 2017 , at 15 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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who identified the authoritarian permissive and authoritative styles
[ "Diana Baumrind is a researcher who focused on the classification of parenting styles. Baumrind’s research is known as “Baumrind’s Parenting Typology”. In her research, she found what she considered to be the four basic elements that could help shape successful parenting: responsiveness vs. unresponsiveness and demanding vs. undemanding.[23] Parental responsiveness refers to the degree to which the parent responds to the child's needs in a supportive and accepting manner.[24][better source needed] Through her studies Baumrind identified three initial parenting styles: Authoritative parenting, authoritarian parenting and permissive parenting. Maccoby and Martin expanded upon Baumrind’s three original parenting styles by placing parenting styles into two distinct categories: demanding and undemanding.[25] With these distinctions, four new parenting styles were defined:" ]
[ "Diana Baumrind" ]
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Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt
Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt - Wikipedia Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt Genre Sitcom Created by Tina Fey Robert Carlock Starring Ellie Kemper Tituss Burgess Carol Kane Jane Krakowski Opening theme `` Unbreakable '' by The Gregory Brothers and Mike Britt Composer ( s ) Jeff Richmond Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 45 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Tina Fey Robert Carlock Jeff Richmond Jack Burditt David Miner Producer ( s ) Jerry Kupfer Sam Means Dara Schnapper Editor ( s ) Ken Eluto Camera setup Single - camera Running time 22 -- 36 minutes Production company ( s ) Little Stranger , Inc . Bevel Gears 3 Arts Entertainment Universal Television Distributor Netflix NBCUniversal Television Distribution Release Original network Netflix Picture format 1080p ( 16 : 9 HDTV ) ( season 1 ) 4K ( 16 : 9 Ultra HD ) ( seasons 2 - ) Audio format Dolby Digital 5.1 with Descriptive Video Service track Original release March 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 06 ) -- present ( present ) Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt is an American web television sitcom created by Tina Fey and Robert Carlock , starring Ellie Kemper in the title role , that has streamed on Netflix since March 6 , 2015 . Originally set for a 13 - episode first season on NBC for spring 2015 , the show was sold to Netflix and given a two - season order . The series follows 29 - year - old Kimmy Schmidt ( Kemper ) as she adjusts to life in New York City after her rescue from a doomsday cult in the fictional town of Durnsville , Indiana , where she and three other women were held by Reverend Richard Wayne Gary Wayne ( Jon Hamm ) for 15 years . Determined to be seen as something other than a victim and armed only with a positive attitude , Kimmy decides to restart her life by moving to New York City , where she quickly befriends her street-wise landlady Lillian Kaushtupper ( Carol Kane ) , finds a roommate in struggling actor Titus Andromedon ( Tituss Burgess ) , and gains a job as a nanny for the melancholy and out - of - touch socialite Jacqueline Voorhees ( Jane Krakowski ) . Since its premiere , the show has received critical acclaim , with critic Scott Meslow calling it `` the first great sitcom of the streaming era '' . The series has been nominated for 18 Primetime Emmy Awards , including four nominations for Outstanding Comedy Series . On June 13 , 2017 , the show was renewed for a fourth and final season , with the first 6 episodes premiering on May 30 , 2018 . The second half is expected to debut January 25 , 2019 . Contents 1 Synopsis 2 Episodes 3 Cast and characters 3.1 Main 3.2 Recurring 3.3 Guest 4 Production and development 4.1 Casting 4.2 Music 5 Reception 5.1 Season 1 5.2 Season 2 5.3 Season 3 5.4 Season 4 6 References 7 External links Synopsis ( edit ) Kimmy Schmidt ( Ellie Kemper ) was in eighth grade when kidnapped for 15 years by Reverend Richard Wayne Gary Wayne ( Jon Hamm ) . The Reverend held Kimmy and three other women hostage in an underground bunker , and convinced them that doomsday had come , gone , and had left them the sole survivors of humanity . In the first season , the women are rescued , and go on to appear on the Today Show in New York City . After the show , Kimmy decides she does not want to return to Indiana , so she starts a new life in New York City . Roaming around the city , Kimmy comes across landlady Lillian Kaushtupper ( Carol Kane ) . Kaushtupper offers Kimmy a chance to room with Titus Andromedon ( Tituss Burgess ) in her downstairs apartment . However , Kimmy has to find a job in order to get the apartment . Returning a child who has tried to steal candy , Kimmy encounters his mother , Jacqueline Voorhees ( Jane Krakowski ) a Manhattan trophy wife , who mistakes her for a nanny , and whom Kimmy mistakes as someone trapped in a cult . Soon after , Jacqueline hires Kimmy to be a nanny for her 10 - year - old son . As Season 1 continues , Kimmy falls in love with a Vietnamese man , Dong ( Ki Hong Lee ) from her G.E.D. class , goes to court to testify against the Reverend , and discovers how the world has changed in the 15 years she was locked up . In the second season , Kimmy is sick of working for Jacqueline and acquires a job at a year - round Christmas store and then as an Uber driver . She tries to get over Dong who enters a green card marriage with another G.E.D. student and eventually is deported . As Kimmy tries to move on , so do Titus and Jacqueline , who both find boyfriends . Titus begins dating construction worker Mikey Politano ( Mike Carlsen ) and Jacqueline begins dating lawyer Russ Snyder ( David Cross ) . Jacqueline also goes back to her Native American heritage and decides to take down the Redskins , who her boyfriend 's father happens to own . When Season 2 ends , Titus leaves to be a performer on a cruise and Lillian protests the invasion of hipsters in her neighborhood , while Kimmy makes amends with her mother ( Lisa Kudrow ) after advice from her therapist ( Tina Fey ) before receiving a phone call from The Reverend in prison , telling her that they need to get a divorce . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt episodes Season Episodes Originally released 13 March 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 06 ) 13 April 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 15 ) 13 May 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 19 ) 13 6 May 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 30 ) 7 January 25 , 2019 ( 2019 - 01 - 25 ) Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Ellie Kemper as Kimberly `` Kimmy '' Cougar Schmidt , the titular character . Armed with only unflagging optimism , a childlike sense of wonder and an eighth - grade education , she attempts to regain the life that was taken from her and navigate her way through the unfamiliar struggles of New York life . Tituss Burgess as Titus Andromedon ( born Ronald Wilkerson ) , Kimmy 's flamboyantly gay roommate and an aspiring actor and singer . Melodramatic and self - absorbed , Titus nevertheless cares deeply for , and is very protective of Kimmy . Despite his talent and ego , he is plagued by self - doubt after years of rejection in the business . Carol Kane as Lillian Kaushtupper , Kimmy and Titus ' odd landlady . A proud born - and - bred New Yorker with a long , complex criminal history , she fights tooth and nail against the possible gentrification of her neighborhood ( although it soon becomes clear that she hates any form of progress or technology ) . Despite her willingness to do anything to make a buck , she has a very big heart and will go out of her way to help her tenants . Jane Krakowski as Jacqueline White ( formerly Voorhees ; née Jackie Lynn White ) , a wealthy and insecure socialite who hires Kimmy as a nanny . Despite coming across as arrogant , condescending and out of touch , she is very fond of ( and heavily reliant on ) her new employee , who helps her gain perspective on her unhappy marriage . She is secretly of Lakota Native American descent and is passing for white . As the series progresses , she gradually reconnects with her family and her culture . Recurring ( edit ) Sara Chase as Cyndee Pokorny , Kimmy 's best friend from the cult . Lauren Adams as Gretchen Chalker , a willing member of the cult , who believes everything she was told . Sol Miranda as Donna Maria Nuñez , a cult member who pretends to not speak English during her time in the bunker , and is revealed to be using the `` Mole Woman '' name to advertise products . Dylan Gelula as Xanthippe Lannister Voorhees , the pretty , popular , and bratty stepdaughter of Jacqueline , who is later revealed to be hiding her high achieving , ' good girl ' personality . After her father divorces Jacqueline , she is sent to Connecticut to move back in with her mother , and only appears in one episode in season 2 . She returns in season 3 , attending Columbia University , where Kimmy starts college . Ki Hong Lee ( Seasons 1 & 2 ) as Dong Nguyen , Kimmy 's GED study buddy and love interest . An undocumented immigrant from Vietnam , he spends much of the show hiding from the authorities under the name `` Richard Pennsylvania '' . He was deported in season 2 of the show . Adam Campbell ( Season 1 ) as Logan Beekman , a wealthy acquaintance of Julian 's , who becomes intrigued by Kimmy after discovering she has no idea he is from one of New York 's richest families . They briefly date before his jealousy over Dong spoils their romance . Mike Britt as Walter Bankston , a witness to the raid on the Bunker , whose remixed interview ( set to music by The Gregory Brothers ) serves as the series ' theme song . Walter Bankston is loosely based on Charles Ramsey , one of the rescuers of the captives of the Ariel Castro kidnappings . Tanner Flood as Buckley Voorhees , Jacqueline 's hyperactive , violent son . Andy Ridings ( Season 1 ) as Charles , Buckley 's tutor , who has a crush on Kimmy . Susanna Guzman as Vera , Jacqueline 's housekeeper in season 1 and thus , Kimmy 's co-worker . She believes Kimmy looks like `` Wendy 's Old Fashioned Hamburgers '' . Tim Blake Nelson ( Season 1 ) as Randy Shipka , Kimmy 's stepfather , a very incompetent state trooper who met Kimmy 's mother while searching for and failing to locate the missing Kimmy . Jon Hamm as Reverend Richard Wayne Gary Wayne , the man who imprisoned Kimmy , Cyndee , Gretchen and Donna Maria in an underground bunker for fifteen years and led them to believe that they had survived the end of the world . Tina Fey and Jerry Minor ( Season 1 ) as Marcia and Chris , incompetent prosecutors in the case against Richard Wayne . They are heavily implied to be Marcia Clark and Christopher Darden , the lead prosecutors in the OJ Simpson murder case . Tina Fey ( Seasons 2 & 3 ) as Dr. Andrea Bayden , an alcoholic psychiatrist who begins treating Kimmy for her experiences in the bunker . Sheri Foster and Gil Birmingham as Fern and Virgil White , Jacqueline 's Lakota parents . Amy Sedaris as Mimi Kanasis , an acquaintance of Jacqueline 's who is desperate to regain social status after her divorce . Fred Armisen as Robert `` Bobby '' Durst , a former flame of Lillian 's . This character is a humorous representation of accused serial killer Robert Durst . Mike Carlsen as Mikey Politano , a construction worker who started questioning his sexuality after receiving an unexpected answer when he hit on Kimmy in season 1 . In season 2 , he starts dating Titus . In season 4 , Mikey makes another appearance as part of their on - again , off - again relationship . Anna Camp as Deirdre Robespierre , a wealthy , intelligent and dangerously bored trophy wife who becomes Jacqueline 's rival . Chris Northrop as Meth - Head Charlie , Kimmy and Titus ' neighbor . Doug Plaut ( Season 2 ) as Terry , Kimmy 's boss at the year round Christmas Store . Brandon Jones ( Seasons 1 & 2 ) as Brandon Yeagley , Cyndee 's childhood crush and later ex-fiancée . Julie Tice - Bubolz as Yuko , a humanoid robot . James Monroe Iglehart as Coriolanus Burt , Titus ' rival . Jason Kravits ( Season 1 ) as Gary Dubbin , Jacqueline 's divorce lawyer . David Cross / Billy Magnussen ( Seasons 2 & 3 ) as Russ Snyder , a pro-bono attorney that Jacqueline pursues . John Ellison Conlee as Rick , a cast member at Professor Dracula 's , a Times Square theme restaurant where Titus works . Suzan Perry ( Seasons 1 & 2 ) as Sonja , an old and unusual student at Kimmy 's GED class . At the end of season 1 , she marries Dong so that he can stay in the United States . Derek Klena ( Season 2 & 3 ) as Doug / DJ Fingablast / Douglas , a dog masseur hired by Jacqueline to become her trophy boyfriend . Daveed Diggs ( Season 3 ) as Perry , a philosophy student whom Kimmy meets and helps her realize that she needs to go on a different path in her life , and later becomes her love interest . Peter Riegert ( Season 3 ) as Artie Goodman , an upscale grocery chain owner who initially engages in a feud with Lillian , before they begin a relationship . He later dies in between seasons 3 and 4 . Kenan Thompson ( Seasons 2 & 3 ) as Roland Peacock , Lillian 's deceased husband . Josh Charles ( Seasons 2 & 3 ) as Duke Snyder , Russ ' more - favored brother , who tries to seduce Jacqueline . Judah Friedlander ( Season 3 ) as Gordy , a controversial musician that helps produce Titus ' song `` Boobs in California '' . Elise Mestichelli ( Season 4 ) as Cheryl , a humanoid robot and co-worker of Kimmy . Bobby Moynihan ( Season 4 ) as Fran Dodd , a Men 's Rights Activist . Stephanie D'Abruzzo ( Season 4 ) as Jan , Kimmy 's anthropomorphic backpack Guest ( edit ) Matt Lauer as himself , interviewing the Mole Women on the Today Show ( `` Kimmy Goes Outside ! '' ) John McMartin as Grant , a friend of the Voorhees ' and a war veteran ( `` Kimmy Goes on a Date ! '' ) Martin Short as Dr. Grant ( pronounced `` Franff '' ) , Jacqueline 's plastic surgeon ( `` Kimmy Goes to the Doctor ! '' ) . Pat Battle as herself , providing a report on the news , advertising the play Titus wishes to audition for ( `` Kimmy Goes to the Doctor ! '' ) Richard Kind as Mr. Lefkovitz , Kimmy 's GED teacher ( `` Kimmy Goes to School ! '' ) Mark Harelik as Julian Voorhees , Jacqueline 's adulterous husband ( `` Kimmy Goes to a Party ! '' ) Kiernan Shipka as Kymmi , Kimmy 's half - sister ( `` Kimmy Has a Birthday ! '' ) Christine Ebersole as Helene , Xanthippe 's biological mother ( `` Kimmy 's in a Love Triangle ! '' ) Dean Norris as M. Le Loup , a coach who helps Titus pass as a straight man in order to improve his casting chances ( `` Kimmy 's in a Love Triangle ! '' ) Robert Osborne as himself , providing a short ending comment on the showing of a fictitious 1938 musical film ( `` Kimmy 's in a Love Triangle ! '' ) Zosia Mamet and Evan Jonigkeit as Sue and Bob Thompstein , a pair of hipsters from Austin ( `` Kimmy Drives a Car ! '' ) Samuel Page as Keith Habersohl ( `` Kimmy Walks Into a Bar ! '' ) Joshua Jackson as Purvis ( `` Kimmy Goes to a Hotel ! '' ) Billy Eichner as himself ( `` Kimmy Meets a Drunk Lady ! '' ) Jeff Goldblum as Dr. Dave , a talk show host ( `` Kimmy Meets a Celebrity ! '' ) Ice - T as himself ( `` Kimmy Sees a Sunset ! '' ) Judy Gold as Judy ( `` Kimmy Sees a Sunset ! '' ) Lisa Kudrow as Lori - Ann Schmidt , Kimmy 's mother . ( `` Kimmy Finds Her Mom ! '' ) Laura Dern as Wendy Hebert , a woman who wants to marry the Reverend ( `` Kimmy Ca n't Help You ! '' ) Adrienne C. Moore as Black Cindy from Orange Is the New Black , whom Gretchen meets when she is sent off to prison . ( `` Kimmy Steps on a Crack ! '' ) Scott Adsit as Dale Bortz , an impressionist that impersonates Titus for a bladder commercial . ( `` Kimmy Learns About Weather ! '' ) Maya Rudolph as Dionne Warwick ( `` Kimmy Does a Puzzle ! '' ) John Lutz as Ricky Earl , the stage manager of the cruise ship Titus works on . ( `` Kimmy Does a Puzzle ! '' ) Ray Liotta as Paulie Fucillo ( `` Kimmy Pulls off a Heist ! ) Rachel Dratch as Leonora and Dianne ( `` Kimmy Googles the Internet ! '' ) Andrea Martin as Linda P. ( `` Kimmy Googles the Internet ! '' ) Andy Cohen as himself ( `` Kimmy and the Trolley Problem ! '' ) Jim Gaffigan as Officer Krupke ( `` Kimmy Bites an Onion ! '' ) Greg Kinnear as himself ( `` Kimmy Is ... Little Girl , Big City ! '' ) Aidy Bryant as Tabby Bobatti ( `` Party Monster : Scratching the Surface '' ) Marsai Martin as Aisha ( `` Kimmy and the Beest ! '' ) Busy Philipps as Sheba Goodman , Artie 's irresponsible Daughter ( `` Kimmy meets an Old Friend '' ) Production and Development ( edit ) The show was created by Tina Fey and Robert Carlock when NBC executives asked them to develop a show for Ellie Kemper . Fey stated that they found an `` innocence '' about Kemper 's face , but also noted there was a `` strength '' to it . One idea was for the show to center on Kemper 's character waking up from a coma , but this idea was abandoned in favor of the cult - survivor storyline . The show was initially under development for NBC under the title Tooken . However , this was later changed to the current title . Eventually NBC sold the series to Netflix . Fey has stated that this was in part due to NBC `` not feeling confident about watching comedies '' . Prior to the network switch , NBC planned to air the series as either a mid-season replacement or as a summer series . Casting ( edit ) Casting announcements for the remaining roles were held in March 2014 , with Tituss Burgess cast as the role of Kimmy 's roommate , Titus Andromedon . Titus is a talented singer who works odd entertainment jobs such as dressing up like a robot in Times Square or as a singing waiter at a theme restaurant . Also cast was Carol Kane as Kimmy and Titus ' landlord Lillian Kaushtupper . Shortly afterwards , Sara Chase and Lauren Adams joined the series . Chase signed on for the role of Cyndee , Kimmy 's closest friend during their years in the cult ; Adams was cast in the role of Gretchen , a 10 - year member of the cult who believes everything that she is told . Jane Krakowski was later cast in the role of Jacqueline Voorhees , a wealthy Manhattanite who hires Kimmy as a nanny . Megan Dodds was originally cast before she was replaced with Krakowski . Music ( edit ) The show 's theme song , `` Unbreakable '' , was produced by The Gregory Brothers and written by Jeff Richmond . It is a tribute to The Gregory Brothers ' YouTube show Songify the News -- auto - tuned news interviews that became viral videos . Richmond also wrote `` Peeno Noir '' , a song performed by character Titus Andromedon during season 1 , episode 6 of the series . Reception ( edit ) See also : List of awards and nominations received by Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt The show has been widely acclaimed by television critics , who have praised the writing and cast . Season 1 ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes , the first season has a rating of 95 % , based on 55 reviews , with an average rating of 7.5 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Blessed with originality and a spot - on performance from Ellie Kemper , The Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt is as odd as it is hilarious . '' On Metacritic , the first season has a score of 78 out of 100 , based on 29 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Scott Meslow of The Week called the series `` the first great sitcom of the streaming era '' , praising its wit , edge , and feminist tone . Brian Moylan of The Guardian noted that it is `` the sort of show that could benefit from multiple viewings , because the jokes are so packed in you 're sure to miss something while laughing . '' TV Guide named it the `` best new comedy of 2015 '' . IGN reviewer Max Nicholson gave the first season an 8.3 out of 10 ' Great ' rating , saying `` Tina Fey and Robert Carlock 's Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt is another winner in Netflix 's original series catalog . Not only is it charming and funny , but it 's unabashedly kooky , and Ellie Kemper nails the lead role . '' The series ' first season was nominated for seven Primetime Emmy Awards . Category Nominee ( s ) Result Outstanding Casting for a Comedy Series Jennifer Euston and Meredith Tucker Nominated Outstanding Comedy Series Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt Nominated Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series Jon Hamm as Reverend Richard Wayne Gary Wayne Nominated Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series Tina Fey as Marcia Nominated Outstanding Stunt Coordination for a Comedy Series or Variety Program Jill Brown Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Tituss Burgess as Titus Andromedon Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series Jane Krakowski as Jacqueline Voorhees Nominated Some reviewers have criticized the show 's portrayal of Native Americans , with Vulture referring to a prominent Native American subplot as `` offensive . '' BuzzFeed wrote that the show has a `` major race problem '' and cited the lack of a plurality of portrayals of Native Americans as the main issue with the subplot , stating that `` the way Native Americans are represented on this show matters . It 's not one representation among a cornucopia of representations ; it 's the single mainstream representation in years . '' The Daily Beast stated that when it comes to race , `` especially in its portrayal of a key Vietnamese character , the show leaves much to be desired . '' In the wake of the controversy , Tina Fey responded : `` I feel like we put so much effort into writing and crafting everything , they need to speak for themselves . There 's a real culture of demanding apologies , and I 'm opting out of that . '' Season 2 ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes , the second season holds a 100 % approval rating , based on 24 reviews , with an average rating of 7.6 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Not letting up in season two , Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt is still odd in the best of ways , wonderfully building on its unique comedy stylings and brilliantly funny cast . '' On Metacritic , the second season has a score of 82 out of 100 , based on 16 reviews , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . The series ' second season was nominated for four Primetime Emmy Awards . Category Nominee ( s ) Result Outstanding Casting for a Comedy Series Cindy Tolan Nominated Outstanding Comedy Series Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt Nominated Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series Ellie Kemper as Kimmy Schmidt Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Tituss Burgess as Titus Andromedon Nominated There was controversy surrounding the third episode from this season , `` Kimmy Goes to a Play ! , '' which involved the use of yellow - face and the name of a group of Asian - Americans who were critical of yellow - face . The group is referred to as `` Respectful Asian Portrayals in Entertainment '' , or `` R.A.P.E '' for short . The Asian - Americans shown protesting against yellow - face in the episode are conveyed as unlikable buffoons . Anna Akana criticized the use of yellow - face and the R.A.P.E. acronym during her 2016 Asians in Entertainment Key Note speech . Alex Abad - Santos wrote , `` The odd thing about this episode is that it 's another Tina Fey project that paints Asian people , specifically Asian women , as crappy characters . ( ... ) The plot feels like a pointed , ironic response to anyone who has criticized Fey 's past projects for being lazy and racist . '' Season 3 ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes , the third season holds a 96 % approval rating , based on 25 reviews , with an average rating of 8.18 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus states : `` Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt continues to thrive with a comically agile cast , notable guest stars , and a forceful influx of funny . '' On Metacritic , the third season has a score of 78 out of 100 , based on 12 reviews , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . The series ' third season was nominated for five Primetime Emmy Awards . Category Nominee ( s ) Result Outstanding Comedy Series Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt Nominated Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series Ellie Kemper as Kimmy Schmidt Nominated Outstanding Music and Lyrics `` Hell No '' Nominated Outstanding Stunt Coordination for a Comedy Series or Variety Program Jill Brown Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Tituss Burgess as Titus Andromedon Nominated Season 4 ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes , the fourth season holds a 100 % approval rating , based on 14 reviews , with an average rating of 8.33 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus states : `` Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt ends with a final season that 's as topical as it is cheerily irreverent . '' On Metacritic , the fourth season has a score of 85 out of 100 , based on 6 reviews , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . The series ' fourth season was nominated for two Primetime Emmy Awards . Category Nominee ( s ) Result Outstanding Comedy Series Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt Pending Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Tituss Burgess as Titus Andromedon Pending References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Wallenstein , Andrew ( November 21 , 2014 ) . `` Netflix Nabs ' Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt ' from NBC '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved November 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 11 , 2014 ) . `` NBC 2014 - 2015 Schedule : ' Parenthood ' Renewed ; ' State of Affairs ' & ' Marry Me ' To Air Post - ' Voice ' ; ' The Blacklist ' Moves Midseason + ' Parks and Recreation ' Final Season Benched '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved May 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt ' Has Two Native American Actors . It Needed Three '' . Indian Country Today Media Network . March 11 , 2015 . Retrieved March 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt ' Is the First Great Sitcom of the Streaming Era '' . The Week . The Week Publications . March 11 , 2015 . Retrieved March 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( 2017 - 06 - 13 ) . `` ' Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt ' Renewed For Season 4 By Netflix '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Michael ( 2018 - 05 - 03 ) . `` ' Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt ' Will End With Season 4 , With Talks of a Movie '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ H , Hanis ( 2018 - 02 - 14 ) . `` ' Netflix 's ' Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt ' returns May 30th '' . engadget . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ Gelman , Vlada ( 31 May 2018 ) . `` TVLine Items : Kimmy Schmidt 's Final Episodes , Tangled Renewed and More '' . Jump up ^ Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt , 2015 - 03 - 06 , retrieved 2016 - 04 - 18 Jump up ^ `` ' Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt ' : Inside the Crazier - Than - Ever Comedy '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` Video : Netflix Releases New Trailer for `` Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt '' `` . The Futon Critic . May 16 , 2018 . Retrieved May 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Maas , Jennifer ( May 31 , 2018 ) . `` Second Half of ' Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt ' Season 4 to Premiere Next Year ( Exclusive ) '' . The Wrap . Retrieved May 31 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( March 1 , 2014 ) . `` ' 30 Rock 's Tituss Burgess Joins Tina Fey & Robert Carlock 's NBC Series ' Tooken ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix to Premiere Globally in March 2015 the New Tina Fey and Robert Carlock Comedy Series Starring Ellie Kemper '' . The Futon Critic . Futon Media . November 23 , 2014 . Retrieved March 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Reed , Kayla ( May 12 , 2014 ) . `` Jane Krakowski joining Tina Fey 's New NBC Sitcom '' . The A.V. Club . The Onion , Inc . Retrieved March 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Giacomo Gianniotti Joins ABC 's ' Selfie ' ; Andy Ridings & Dylan Gelula In NBC 's ' Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Media Corporation . August 15 , 2014 . Retrieved August 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Harris , Aisha ( March 11 , 2015 ) . `` The Creators of Kimmy Schmidt 's Theme on Sending Up the `` Hilarious Black Neighbor '' Meme `` . Slate . The Slate Group . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Alyssa ( March 10 , 2015 ) . `` ' Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt ' mines comedy out of sexual abuse '' . The Washington Post . Nash Holdings LLC . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tina Fey 's `` Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt '' starring Ellie Kemper on Netflix March 6th `` . The Laugh Button . January 7 , 2015 . Retrieved March 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Levine , Daniel S ( April 17 , 2015 ) . `` ' Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt ' recap 9 : ' Kimmy Has A Birthday ! ' '' . The Celebrity Cafe . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2015 . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Virtel , Louis ( March 11 , 2015 ) . `` Weird Crush Wednesday : Tina Fey 's Idiotic ' Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt ' Character '' . HitFix . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Carlsen '' . IMDb . Retrieved August 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Haring , Bruce ( 11 May 2018 ) . `` ' Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt ' Sets Fourth Netflix Season Guest Stars and Teases Storylines '' . Deadline . Retrieved August 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony . `` ' Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt 's Tina Fey & Robert Carlock On Netflix And Their Modern Princess Tale '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved 6 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( October 31 , 2013 ) . `` NBC Picks Up Comedy Series From ' 30 Rock 's Tina Fey & Robert Carlock Starring Ellie Kemper With 13 - Episode Order '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Development Update : Tuesday , May 6 -- NBC Gives `` Tooken '' New Moniker of `` Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt '' `` . The Futon Critic . Futon Media . May 6 , 2014 . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gray , Ellen ( March 5 , 2015 ) . `` ' Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt ' an escape - from - cult comedy '' . Philly.com . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Development Update : Wednesday , March 19 '' . The Futon Critic . Futon Media . April 5 , 2014 . Retrieved March 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt - Songify This ! . 6 March 2015 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Villarreal , Yvonne ( March 31 , 2015 ) . `` ' Kimmy Schmidt ' composer Jeff Richmond on the show 's viral - friendly songs '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Publishing . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt -- Season 1 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt -- Season 2 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt -- Season 3 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt -- Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . March 6 , 2015 . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Moylan , Brian ( March 6 , 2015 ) . `` Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt : Tina Fey 's joyous new creation '' . The Guardian . Guardian Media Group . Retrieved March 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Eng , Joyce ( March 5 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix 's Sunny , Dark Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt Is the Best New Comedy This Year '' . TV Guide . CBS Interactive . Retrieved March 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , Max ( March 6 , 2015 ) . `` Unbreakable Kimy Schmidt : Season 1 Review '' . IGN . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt -- AWARDS & NOMINATIONS '' . Television Academy Foundation . Retrieved May 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hill , Libby ( March 10 , 2015 ) . `` What 's Up With the Native American Subplot on Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt ? '' . Vulture . Retrieved May 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petersen , Anne Helen ; Madison III , Ira ; Alvarez , Alex ( March 17 , 2015 ) . `` Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt Has A Major Race Problem '' . BuzzFeed . Retrieved May 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bergado , Gabe ( March 9 , 2015 ) . `` The Dong Problem : How ' Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt ' Deals With Race '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved May 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ge , Linda ( December 19 , 2015 ) . `` Tina Fey Dodges ' Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt Controversy : ' I 'm Opting Out ' '' . The Wrap . Retrieved May 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt - Season 2 Reviews '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Abad - Santos , Alex ; Framke , Caroline ( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` Why does Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt keep choosing race as a hill to die on ? '' . Vox . Vox Media . Retrieved May 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt - Season 3 Reviews '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved July 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt - Season 4 Reviews '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved July 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt -- Season 4 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved July 13 , 2018 . 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Sacred Games The Epic Tales of Captain Underpants Sugar Rush Dark Tourist Cupcake & Dino : General Services All About the Washingtons Insatiable The House of Flowers Disenchantment The Innocents Ghoul Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt Characters Kimmy Schmidt Titus Andromedon Lillian Kaushtupper Jacqueline White See also Episodes Awards and nominations Comedy portal Television in the United States portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unbreakable_Kimmy_Schmidt&oldid=857016159 '' Categories : 2015 American television series debuts 2010s American LGBT comedy television series 2010s American sitcoms American LGBT - related sitcoms Media about cults English - language television programs Fictional cults Netflix original programming Single - camera television sitcoms Sitcoms without laugh tracks Television series by 3 Arts Entertainment Television series by Universal Television Television series created by Tina Fey Television shows filmed in New York ( state ) Television shows set in Indiana Television shows set in New York City Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt Hidden categories : All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from April 2018 Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 00 : 46 ( UTC ) . 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when did the unbreakable kimmy schmidt come out
[ "Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt is an American web television sitcom created by Tina Fey and Robert Carlock, starring Ellie Kemper in the title role, that has streamed on Netflix since March 6, 2015.[1] Originally set for a 13-episode first season on NBC for spring 2015, the show was sold to Netflix and given a two-season order.[2]\n" ]
[ "March 6, 2015" ]
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South India
South India - Wikipedia South India Jump to : navigation , search South India Map of states and Union Territories in South India Country India States and Union territories Andaman and Nicobar Andhra Pradesh Karnataka Kerala Lakshadweep Puducherry Tamil Nadu Telangana Most populous cities ( 2011 ) Chennai Bangalore Hyderabad Coimbatore Visakhapatnam Area Total 635,780 km ( 245,480 sq mi ) Population Total 253,051,953 Density 400 / km ( 1,000 / sq mi ) Time zone IST ( UTC + 5 : 30 ) Official languages Telugu Tamil Kannada Malayalam Urdu South India is the area encompassing the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh , Karnataka , Kerala , Tamil Nadu , goa and Telangana as well as the union territories of Andaman and Nicobar , Lakshadweep and Puducherry , occupying 19.31 % of India 's area ( 635,780 km or 245,480 sq mi ) . Covering the southern part of the peninsular Deccan Plateau , South India is bounded by the Bay of Bengal in the east , the Arabian Sea in the west and the Indian Ocean in the south . The geography of the region is diverse with two mountain ranges - the Western and Eastern Ghats , bordering the plateau heartland . Godavari , Krishna , Kaveri , Tungabhadra and Vaigai rivers are important non-perennial sources of water . Chennai , Bengaluru , Hyderabad , Coimbatore and Kochi are the largest urban areas . Majority of the people in South India speak one of the four major Dravidian languages : Telugu , Tamil , Kannada and Malayalam . During its history , a number of dynastic kingdoms ruled over parts of South India whose invasions across southern and southeastern Asia impacted the history and culture in those regions . Major dynasties that were established in South India include the Cheras , Cholas , Pandyas , Pallavas , Satavahanas , Chalukyas , Rashtrakutas and Vijayanagara . European countries entered India through Kerala and the region was colonised by Britain and other nations . After experiencing fluctuations in the decades immediately after Indian independence , the economies of South Indian states have registered higher than national average growth over the past three decades . While South Indian states have improved in some socio - economic metrics , poverty continues to affect the region much like the rest of the country , although it has considerably decreased over the years . HDI in the southern states is high and the economy has undergone growth at a faster rate than most northern states . Literacy rates in the southern states are higher than the national average with approximately 80 % of the population capable of reading and writing . The fertility rate in South India is 1.9 , the lowest of all regions in India . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Ancient era 2.2 Colonial era 2.3 Post Independence 3 Geography 4 Climate 5 Flora and fauna 6 Demographics 6.1 Languages 6.2 Religion 7 Economy 8 Subdivisions 8.1 States 8.2 Union territories 9 Administration 10 Politics 11 Culture and heritage 11.1 Clothing 11.2 Cuisine 11.3 Arts 11.4 Cinema 11.5 Literature 11.6 Architecture 12 Transport 12.1 Road 12.2 Rail 12.3 Air 12.4 Water 13 References 14 External links Etymology ( edit ) South India also known as Peninsular India has been known by several other names . The term `` Deccan '' referring to the area covered by the Deccan Plateau that covers most of peninsular India excluding the coastal areas is an anglicised form of the word Prakrit dakkhin derived from the Sanskrit word dakshina meaning south . Carnatic derived from `` Karnād '' or `` Karunād '' meaning high country has also been associated with South India . History ( edit ) Main article : History of South India Ancient era ( edit ) The Chola Empire during Rajendra Chola I , c. 1030 Carbon dating on ash mounds associated with Neolithic cultures in South India date back to 8000 BCE . Artefacts such as ground stone axes , and minor copper objects have been found in the region . Towards the beginning of 1000 BCE , iron technology spread through the region ; however , there does not appear to be a fully developed Bronze Age preceding the Iron Age in South India . The region was in the middle of a trade route that extended from Muziris to Arikamedu linking the Mediterranean and East Asia . Trade with Phoenicians , Romans , Greeks , Arabs , Syrians , Jews and Chinese began from the Sangam period ( c. 3rd century BC to c. 4th century AD ) . The region was part of the ancient Silk Road connecting the Asian continent in the East and the West . Several dynasties such as the Cheras of Karuvur , the Pandyas of Madurai , the Cholas of Thanjavur , the Satavahanas of Amaravati , the Pallavas of Kanchi , the Kadambas of Banavasi , the Western Gangas of Kolar , the Rashtrakutas of Manyakheta , the Chalukyas of Badami , the Hoysalas of Belur and the Kakatiyas of Orugallu ruled over the region from 6th century B.C. to 14th century A.D. The Vijayanagara Empire , founded in 14th century A.D. was the last Indian dynasty that ruled over the region . After repeated invasions from the Sultanate of Delhi and the fall of Vijayanagara empire in 1646 , the region was ruled by Deccan Sultanates , polygars and Nayak governors of Vijayanagara empire who declared independence . Colonial era ( edit ) The Europeans arrived in the 15th century and by the middle of the 18th century , the French and the British were involved in a protracted struggle for military control over the South India . After the defeat of Tipu Sultan in the Fourth Anglo - Mysore War in 1799 and the end of the Vellore Mutiny in 1806 , the British consolidated their power over much of present - day South India with the exception of French Pondichéry . The British Empire took control of the region from the British East India Company in 1857 . During the British colonial rule , the region was divided into the Madras Presidency , Hyderabad state , Mysore , Travancore , Kochi , Vizianagaram and a number of other minor princely states . The region played a major role in the Indian independence movement ; of the 72 delegates who participated in the first session of the Indian National Congress at Bombay in December 1885 , 22 hailed from South India . Post independence ( edit ) Map of South India ( 1953 -- 1956 ) before the States Reorganisation Act of 1956 After the independence of India in 1947 , the region was organised into four states : Madras State , Mysore State , Hyderabad State and Travancore - Cochin . The States Reorganisation Act of 1956 reorganised the states on linguistic lines resulting in the creation of the new states of Andhra Pradesh , Karnataka , Kerala and Tamil Nadu . As a result of this Act , Madras State retained its name and Kanyakumari district was added to it from the state of Travancore - Cochin . The state was subsequently renamed Tamil Nadu in 1968 . Andhra Pradesh was created through the merger of Andhra State with the Telugu - speaking districts of the Hyderabad State in 1956 . Kerala emerged from the merger of Malabar district and the Kasaragod taluk of South Canara districts of the Madras State with Travancore - Cochin . Mysore State was re-organised with the addition of districts of Bellary and South Canara ( excluding Kasaragod taluk ) and the Kollegal taluk of Coimbatore district from the Madras State , the districts of Belgaum , Bijapur , North Canara and Dharwad from the Bombay State , the Kannada - majority districts of Bidar , Raichur and Gulbarga from the Hyderabad State and the province of Coorg . Mysore State was renamed as Karnataka in 1973 . The Union territory of Puducherry was created in 1954 comprising the previous French enclaves of Pondichérry , Karaikal , Yanam and Mahé . The Laccadive Islands , which were divided between South Canara and Malabar districts of Madras State , were united and organised into the union territory of Lakshadweep . Telangana was created on 2 June 2014 by bifurcating Andhra Pradesh and it comprises ten districts of the erstwhile state of Andhra Pradesh . ^ Taluk is a smaller administrative division than a district Geography ( edit ) Main article : Geography of South India Satellite image of South India South India is a peninsula in the shape of an inverted triangle bound by the Arabian Sea on the west , by the Bay of Bengal on the east and Vindhya and Satpura ranges on the north . The Narmada river flows westwards in the depression between the Vindhya and Satpura ranges which define the northern spur of the Deccan plateau . The Western Ghats run parallel along the western coast and the narrow strip of land between the Western Ghats and the Arabian Sea forms the Konkan region . The Western Ghats continue south until Kanyakumari . The Eastern Ghats run parallel along the eastern coast and the strip of land between the Eastern Ghats and the Bay of Bengal forms the Coromandel region . Both the ranges meet at the Nilgiri mountains . The Nilgiris run in a crescent approximately along the borders of Tamil Nadu with northern Kerala and Karnataka , encompassing the Palakkad and Wayanad hills and the Sathyamangalam ranges , extending on to the relatively low - lying hills of the Eastern Ghats on the western portion of the Tamil Nadu -- Andhra Pradesh border forming the Tirupati and Annamalai hills . The low lying coral islands of Lakshadweep are situated off the south - western coast of India . The Andaman and Nicobar islands lie far off the eastern coast of India . The Palk Strait and the chain of low sandbars and islands known as Rama 's Bridge separate the region from Sri Lanka , which lies off the south - eastern coast . The southernmost tip of mainland India is at Kanyakumari where the Indian Ocean meets the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea . The Deccan plateau is the elevated region bound by the mountain ranges . The plateau rises to 100 metres ( 330 ft ) in the north and to more than 1 kilometre ( 0.62 mi ) in the south , forming a raised triangle within the downward - pointing triangle of the Indian subcontinent 's coastline . It also slopes gently from West to East resulting in major rivers arising in the Western Ghats and flowing east into the Bay of Bengal . The volcanic basalt beds of the Deccan were laid down in the massive Deccan Traps eruption , which occurred towards the end of the Cretaceous period between 67 and 66 million years ago . Layer after layer was formed by the volcanic activity that lasted 30,000 years and when the volcanoes became extinct , they left a region of highlands with typically vast stretches of flat areas on top like a table . The plateau is watered by east flowing rivers Godavari , Krishna , Kaveri and Vaigai . The major tributaries include Pennar , Tungabhadra , Bhavani and Thamirabarani . Climate ( edit ) Climatic zones South - west monsoon currents The region has a tropical climate and depends on monsoons for rainfall . According to the Köppen climate classification , it has a non-arid climate with minimum mean temperatures of 18 ° C ( 64 ° F ) . The most humid is the tropical monsoon climate characterised by moderate to high year - round temperatures and seasonal heavy rainfall above 2,000 mm ( 79 in ) per year . The tropical climate is experienced in a strip of south - western lowlands abutting the Malabar Coast , the Western Ghats and the islands of Lakshadweep and Andaman and Nicobar are also subject to this climate . The tropical wet and dry climate , drier than areas with a tropical monsoon climate prevails over most of inland peninsular region except for a semi arid rain shadow east of the Western Ghats . Winter and early summer are long and dry periods with temperatures averaging above 18 ° C ( 64 ° F ) , summer is exceedingly hot with temperatures in low - lying areas exceeding 50 ° C ( 122 ° F ) and the rainy season lasts from June to September with annual rainfall averaging between 750 and 1,500 mm ( 30 and 59 in ) across the region . Once the dry northeast monsoon begins in September , most precipitation in India falls in Tamil Nadu , leaving other states comparatively dry . The hot semi-arid climate predominates the land east of the Western Ghats and the Cardamom Hills . The region , which includes Karnataka , inland Tamil Nadu and western Andhra Pradesh , gets between 400 and 750 millimetres ( 15.7 and 29.5 in ) of rainfall annually with hot summers and dry winters with temperatures around 20 -- 24 ° C ( 68 -- 75 ° F ) . The months between March and May are hot and dry with mean monthly temperatures hover around 32 ° C ( 90 ° F ) , with 320 millimetres ( 13 in ) precipitation and without artificial irrigation , this region is not suitable for agriculture . The south -- west Monsoon from June to September accounts for most of the rainfall in the region . The Arabian Sea branch of the south - west monsoon hits the Western Ghats along the coastal state of Kerala and moves northwards along the Konkan coast with precipitation on coastal areas , west of the Western Ghats . The lofty Western Ghats prevent the winds from reaching the Deccan Plateau - hence the leeward region ( the region that deprived of winds ) receives very little rainfall . The Bay of Bengal branch of south - west monsoon heads toward north east India , picking up moisture from the Bay of Bengal . The Coramandel coast does not receive much rainfall from the south - west monsoon due to the shape of the land . Tamil Nadu and southeast Andhra Pradesh receive rains from the north -- east Monsoon . The north - east monsoon take place from November to early March when the surface high - pressure system is strongest . The North Indian Ocean tropical cyclones occur throughout the year in Bay of Bengal and Arabian sea bringing devastating winds and heavy rainfall . Flora and fauna ( edit ) South India has the largest elephant population . Main articles : Wildlife of Karnataka , Wildlife of Tamil Nadu , Wildlife of Kerala , and List of birds of South India There is a wide diversity of plants and animals in South India , resulting from its varied climates and geography . Deciduous forests are found along the Western Ghats while tropical dry forests and scrub lands are common in the interior Deccan plateau . The southern Western Ghats have rainforests located at high altitudes called the South Western Ghats montane rain forests and the Malabar Coast moist forests are found on the coastal plains . The Western Ghats is one of the eight hottest biodiversity hotspots in the world and a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Important ecological regions of South India are the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve , located at the conjunction of the borders of Karnataka , Kerala and Tamil Nadu in the Nilgiri Hills and the Anamalai Hills in the Western Ghats . Bird sanctuaries including Vedanthangal , Ranganathittu , Kumarakom , Neelapattu and Pulicat are home to numerous migratory and local birds . Lakshadweep has been declared a bird sanctuary by the Wildlife Institute of India . Other protected ecological sites include the mangrove forests of Pichavaram in Tamil Nadu , the backwaters of Pulicat lake in Tamil Nadu and Vembanad , Ashtamudi , Paravur and Kayamkulam lakes in Kerala . The Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve covers an area of 10,500 km2 of ocean , islands and the adjoining coastline including coral reefs , salt marshes and mangroves . It is home to Endangered aquatic species including dolphins , dugongs , whales and sea cucumbers . The region is home to one of the largest populations of endangered Indian elephant and Bengal Tiger in India . Elephant populations are found in eight fragmented sites in South India ; in northern Karnataka , along the Western Ghats , in Bhadra -- Malnad , in Brahmagiri -- Nilgiris -- Eastern Ghats , in Nilambur -- Silent Valley -- Coimbatore , in Anamalai -- Parambikulam , in Periyar -- Srivilliputhur and Agasthyamalai The region is home to one - third of the tiger population and more than half of the elephant population of India . There are 14 Project Tiger reserves and 11 Project Elephant reserves in the region . Other threatened and endangered species found in the region include grizzled giant squirrel , grey slender loris , sloth bear , nilgiri tahr , nilgiri langur , lion - tailed macaque , and Indian leopard . Symbols of States of South India Name Animal Bird Tree Fruit Flower Andaman and Nicobar Islands Dugong ( Dugong dugon ) Andaman wood pigeon ( Columba palumboides ) Andaman padauk ( Pterocarpus dalbergioides ) Andaman crape myrtle ( Lagerstroemia hypoleuca ) Andhra Pradesh Blackbuck ( Antilope cervicapra ) Indian roller ( Coracias indica ) Neem ( Azadirachta indica ) Mango ( Mangifera indica ) Lotus ( Nelumbo nucifera ) Karnataka Indian Elephant ( Elephas maximus ) Indian roller ( Coracias indica ) Sandalwood ( Santalum album ) Lotus ( Nelumbo nucifera ) Kerala Indian Elephant ( Elephas maximus ) Great hornbill ( Buceros bicornis ) Coconut ( Cocos nucifera ) Jackfruit ( Artocarpus heterophyllus ) Cana fistula ( Cassia fistula ) Lakshadweep Butterfly fish ( Chaetodon falcula ) Noddy tern ( Anous stolidus ) Bread fruit ( Artocarpus incisa ) Puducherry Indian palm squirrel ( Funambulus palmarum ) Koel ( Eudynamys scolopaceus ) Bael fruit ( Aegle marmelos ) Cannonball ( Couroupita guianensis ) Tamil Nadu Nilgiri tahr ( Nilgiritragus hylocrius ) Emerald dove ( Chalcophaps indica ) Palmyra palm ( Borassus flabellifer ) Jackfruit ( Artocarpus heterophyllus ) Glory lily ( Gloriosa superba ) Telangana Deer ( Axis axis ) Indian roller ( Coracias indica ) Khejri ( Prosopis cineraria ) Mango ( Mangifera indica ) Tanner 's Cassia ( Senna auriculata ) Demographics ( edit ) Main articles : Dravidian peoples , Tamils , Telugus , Kannadas , and Malayalis Population Pyramid in South India As per the 2011 census of India , the estimated population of South India is 252 million , around one fifth of the total population of India . The region 's total fertility rate ( TFR ) was less than the population replacement level of 2.1 for all states with Kerala and Tamil Nadu having the lowest TFRs in India at 1.7 . As a result , the proportion of the population of South India to India 's total population has declined from 1981 to 2011 . The population density of the region is approximately 463 . Scheduled Castes and Tribes form 18 % of the population of the region . Agriculture is the major employer in the region with 47.5 % of the population is involved in agrarian activities . About 60 % of the population lives in permanent housing structures . 67.8 % of South India has access to tap water with wells and springs forming other major sources of water supply . After experiencing fluctuations in the decades immediately after the independence of India , the economies of South Indian states have registered growth higher than the national average over the past three decades . While South Indian states have improved in some of the socio - economic metrics , poverty continues to affect the region as it does the rest of the country , although it has considerably decreased over the years . Basis the 2011 census , HDI in the southern states is high and the economy has grown at a faster rate than most northern states . As per the 2011 census , the average literacy rate in South India is approximately 80 % , considerably higher than the Indian national average of 74 % with Kerala having the highest literacy rate of 93.91 % . South India has the highest sex ratio with Kerala and Tamil Nadu being the top two states . The South Indian states rank amongst the top 10 in economic freedom , life expectancy , access to drinking water , house ownership and TV ownership . Poverty rate is at 19 % while that in the other Indian states is at 38 % . The per capita income is ₹ 19,531 ( US $300 ) , which is more than double of the other Indian states ( ₹ 8,951 ( US $140 ) ) . Of the three demographic related targets of the Millennium Development Goals set by the United Nations expected to be achieved by 2015 , Kerala and Tamil Nadu achieved the goals related to improvement of maternal health and of reducing infant mortality and child mortality by 2009 . Languages ( edit ) Main article : Dravidian languages Dravidian language tree The largest linguistic group in South India is the Dravidian family of languages , a family of approximately 73 languages The major languages spoken include Telugu , Tamil , Kannada and Malayalam . Tulu is spoken by about 1.5 million people in coastal Kerala and Karnataka and Konkani , an Indo - Aryan language , is spoken by half a million people in the Konkan coast . English is also widely spoken in urban areas of South India . Urdu is spoken by around 12 million Muslims in southern India . Tamil , Telugu , Kannada , Malayalam , Urdu and Konkani are listed amongst the 22 official languages of India as per the Official Languages Act ( 1963 ) . Tamil was the first language to be granted classical language status by the Government of India in 2004 . Other major languages declared classical were Kannada ( in 2008 ) , Telugu ( in 2008 ) and Malayalam ( in 2013 ) S.No . Language Number of speakers Official in States Telugu 74,002,856 Andhra Pradesh , Telangana , Yanam ( Puducherry ) Tamil 60,793,814 Tamil Nadu , Puducherry Kannada 37,924,011 Karnataka Malayalam 33,066,392 Kerala , Lakshadweep , Mahé , Puducherry 5 Konkani 2,489,015 Not Official in any South Indian State . Religion ( edit ) Religion Religion Percent ( % ) Hinduism 80 % Islam 11 % Christianity 8 % Other 1 % Hinduism is the major religion with about 80 % of the population adhering to it . About 11 % of the population follow Islam and 8 % follow Christianity . Evidence of prehistoric religion in South India comes from scattered Mesolithic rock paintings depicting dances and rituals in Stone Age sites such as the Kupgal petroglyphs of eastern Karnataka . Hinduism , often regarded as the oldest religion in the world , traces its roots to prehistoric times in India . The main spiritual traditions of South India include both Shaivite and Vaishnavite branches of Hinduism , although Buddhist and Jain philosophies had been influential several centuries earlier . Ayyavazhi is spread significantly across the southern parts of South India . Islam was introduced to South India in the early 7th century by Arab traders in Malabar Coast of Kerala and spread during the rule of Deccan Sultanates from 17th to 18th century and the Muslims in Kerala of Arab descent are called Jonaka Mappila . Christianity was introduced to South India by Thomas the Apostle , who visited Muziris in Kerala in 52 CE and baptised Kerala 's Jewish settlements . Kerala is also home to one of the oldest Jewish communities in the world who are supposed to have arrived in the Malabar coast during the reign of King Solomon . Economy ( edit ) Main article : Economy of South India Major crop areas The growth of information technology hubs in the region have spurred economic growth . Pictured is Tidel Park in Chennai The economy of South India after the independence of the nation conformed to a socialist framework , with strict governmental control over private sector participation , foreign trade and foreign direct investment . Through 1960 to 1990 , the South Indian economies experienced mixed economic growth . In the 1960s , Kerala achieved above average economic growth while Andhra Pradesh 's economy declined during this period . Kerala experienced an economic decline in the 1970s while the economies of Tamil Nadu , Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka consistently exceeded national average growth rates after 1970 due to reform - oriented economic policies compared to other Indian states . As of 2013 -- 14 , the total Gross domestic product of the region is ₹ 27.1 trillion ( US $420 billion ) . Tamil Nadu has the second highest GDP and is the second most industrialised state in the country after Maharashtra . As of March 2015 , there are 109 operational Special Economic Zones in South India , which is about 60 % of the country 's total . Over 48 % of South India 's population is engaged in agriculture , which is largely dependent on seasonal monsoons . Some of the main crops cultivated in South India include paddy , sorghum , pearl millet , pulses , sugarcane , cotton , chilli and ragi . Areca , coffee , tea , rubber and spices are cultivated on the hilly regions . The staple food is rice ; the delta regions of Godavari , Krishna and Kaveri are amongst the top rice producing areas in the country . Frequent droughts have left farmers debt - ridden , forcing them to sell their livestock and sometimes to commit suicide . The region accounts for 92 % of the total Coffee production in India . South India is also a major producer of cotton , tea , rubber , turmeric , mangoes and spices . Other major agriculture related produce include silk and poultry . Bangalore , Chennai , Hyderabad , Coimbatore and Thiruvananthapuram are amongst the major IT hubs of India and Bangalore is also known as the Silicon Valley of India . The growth of information technology ( IT ) hubs in the region have spurred economic growth and attracted foreign investments and job seekers from other parts of the country . Software exports from South India grossed over ₹ 640 billion ( US $10 billion ) in fiscal 2005 -- 06 . Chennai , known as the `` Detroit of Asia '' , accounts for about 35 % of India 's overall automotive components and automobile output . Coimbatore region supplies two - thirds of India 's requirements of motors and pumps and is one of the largest exporters of jewellery , wet grinders and auto components . The other major industry is textiles with the region being home to nearly 60 % of the fibre textile mills in India . Tourism contributes significantly to the GDP of the region with four states - Tamil Nadu , Karnataka , Andhra Pradesh and Telangana - among the top 10 states for tourist arrivals and accounting for more than 50 % of domestic tourist visits . ( hide ) Economic and demographic indicators Parameter South India National Gross domestic product ( GDP ) ₹ 27.1 trillion ( US $420 billion ) ₹ 104.7 trillion ( US $1.6 trillion ) Net state domestic product ( SDP ) ₹ 27,027 ( US $420 ) ₹ 23,222 ( US $360 ) Population below poverty line 17.4 % 26.1 % Urban population 32.8 % 27.8 % Households with electricity 89.3 % 67.9 % Literacy rate 80 % 74 % Subdivisions ( edit ) South India consists of the five southern Indian states of Andhra Pradesh , Telangana , Karnataka , Kerala and Tamil Nadu as well as the union territories of Puducherry , Lakshadweep and Andaman and Nicobar . Puducherry and the five states have an elected state government each , while the Lakshadweep and Andaman islands are centrally administered by the President of India . Each sub-region is further divided into districts . Each state is headed by a Governor , who is a direct appointee of the President of India , while the Chief Minister is the elected head of the state government and represents the state 's ruling party or coalition . States ( edit ) S.No . Name ISO 3166 - 2 code Date of formation Population Area ( km ) Official language ( s ) Capital Population density ( per km ) Sex Ratio Literacy Rate ( % ) % of urban population Andhra Pradesh AP 1 Oct 1953 49,506,799 160,205 Telugu Hyderabad 308 996 67.41 29.4 Karnataka KA 1 Nov 1956 61,095,297 191,791 Kannada Bengaluru 319 973 75.36 34.0 Kerala KL 1 Nov 1956 33,406,061 38,852 Malayalam Thiruvananthapuram 860 1084 94.00 26.0 Tamil Nadu TN 26 Jan 1950 72,147,030 130,060 Tamil Chennai 555 996 80.09 44.0 5 Telangana TS 2 Jun 2014 35,193,978 114,840 Telugu , Urdu Hyderabad 307 988 66.50 38.7 ^ Note 1 Andhra Pradesh was divided into two states , Telangana and a residual Andhra Pradesh on 2 June 2014 . Hyderabad , located entirely within the borders of Telangana , is to serve as joint capital for both states for a period of time not exceeding ten years . Union territories ( edit ) S.No . Name ISO 3166 - 2 code Population Area ( km ) Official language Capital Population density ( per km ) Sex Ratio Literacy Rate ( % ) % of urban population Andaman and Nicobar AN 380,581 8,249 English , Hindi Port Blair 46 876 86.27 32.6 Lakshadweep LD 64,473 30 English , Malayalam Kavaratti 2,013 946 92.28 44.5 Puducherry PY 1,247,953 490 Tamil , Malayalam , Telugu Puducherry 2,598 1037 86.55 66.6 Administration ( edit ) Legislative assemblies of states Fort St. George ( Tamil Nadu ) Vidhan Bhavan ( Telangana ) Vidhan Soudha ( Karnataka ) Niyamasabha Mandiram ( Kerala ) South India elects 132 members to the Lok Sabha accounting for roughly one - fourth of the total strength . The region has an allocation of 58 seats in Rajya Sabha out of the total 245 . Each state is headed by a Governor , who is a direct appointee of the President of India ; the Chief Minister is the elected head of the state government and represents the ruling party or coalition . Tamil Nadu , Kerala and Puducherry follow unicameral legislature while Andhra Pradesh , Karnataka and Telangana follow bicameral legislature . State legislatures elect members for terms of five years . States with bicameral legislatures have an upper house ( Legislative Council ) with members not more than one - third the size of the Assembly . Governors may suspend or dissolve assemblies and can administer when no party is able to form a government . Each state is organised into a number of districts , which are further subdivided into revenue divisions and taluk s ( or tehsils ) for administration . Local bodies govern respective cities , towns and villages with each electing a mayor , municipal chairman and panchayat chairman respectively to head the same . State / UT Lok Sabha Rajya Sabha Vidhan Sabha Governor / Lieutenant Governor Chief Minister Andaman and Nicobar N / A N / A A.K. Singh N / A Andhra Pradesh 25 11 175 E.S.L. Narasimhan N. Chandrababu Naidu Karnataka 28 12 224 Vajubhai Vala Siddaramaiah Kerala 20 9 140 P. Sathasivam Pinarayi Vijayan Lakshadweep N / A N / A H. Rajesh Prasad N / A Puducherry 30 Kiran Bedi V. Narayanasamy Tamil Nadu 39 18 234 Vidyasagar Rao Edappadi K. Palaniswami Telangana 17 7 119 E.S.L. Narasimhan K. Chandrashekar Rao Total 132 58 922 Politics ( edit ) Main article : Politics in South India Politics in South India is characterised by a mix of regional and national political parties . Justice Party and Swaraj Party were the two major parties in the erstwhile Madras Presidency . The Justice Party eventually lost the 1937 elections to the Indian National Congress and Chakravarti Rajagopalachari became the Chief Minister of the Madras Presidency . During the 1920s and 1930s , the Self - Respect Movement emerged in the Madras Presidency spearheaded by Theagaroya Chetty and E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker ( commonly known as Periyar ) . In 1944 Periyar , who had started the Self - Respect Movement transformed the party into a social organisation , renaming the party Dravidar Kazhagam , and withdrew from electoral politics . The initial aim was the secession of Dravida Nadu from the rest of India on independence . After Independence , C.N. Annadurai , a follower of Periyar formed the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam in 1948 . The Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu led to the rise of Dravidian parties which formed its first government in 1967 in Tamil Nadu . In 1972 , a split in the DMK resulted in the formation of the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam led by M.G. Ramachandran . Dravidian parties continue to dominate Tamil Nadu electoral politics ; the national parties usually aligned as junior partners to the major Dravidian parties , AIADMK and DMK . Indian National Congress dominated the political scene in Tamil Nadu in 1950s and 1960s under the leadership of K. Kamaraj , who led the party after the death of Jawaharlal Nehru and ensured the selection of Prime Ministers Lal Bahadur Shastri and Indira Gandhi . Congress continues to be a major party in Andhra Pradesh , Karnataka and Kerala . The party ruled with minimal opposition for 30 years in Andhra Pradesh before the formation of Telugu Desam Party by Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao in 1982 . Two prominent party systems in Kerala are the United Democratic Front , led by the Indian National Congress and the Left Democratic Front , led by the Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) . For the past fifty years , these two coalitions have been alternately in power and E.M.S. Namboodiripad , the first elected chief minister of Kerala in 1957 is credited as the leader of the first democratically elected communist government in the world . Bharatiya Janata Party and Janata Dal are significant parties in Karnataka . C. Rajagopalachari , the first Indian Governor General of India post independence , was from South India . The region has produced six Indian Presidents namely Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan , V.V. Giri , Neelam Sanjiva Reddy , R. Venkataraman , K.R. Narayanan and APJ Abdul Kalam . Prime Ministers P.V. Narasimha Rao and H.D. Deve Gowda were from the region . Culture and Heritage ( edit ) Main article : South Indian culture Clothing ( edit ) South Indian women traditionally wear a sari , a garment that consists of a drape varying from 5 yards ( 4.6 m ) to 9 yards ( 8.2 m ) in length and 2 feet ( 0.61 m ) to 4 feet ( 1.2 m ) in breadth that is typically wrapped around the waist , with one end draped over the shoulder , baring the midriff . Ancient Tamil poetry such as the Silappadhikaram describes women in exquisite drapery or sari . The sari is to be wrapped around the waist , with the loose end of the drape to be worn over the shoulder , baring the midriff as according to Indian philosophy , the navel is considered as the source of life and creativity . Madisar is a typical style worn by Brahmin ladies from Tamil Nadu . Women wear colourful silk sarees on special occasions such as marriages . The men wear a dhoti , a 4.5 metres ( 15 ft ) long , white rectangular piece of non-stitched cloth often bordered in brightly coloured stripes . It is usually wrapped around the waist and the legs and knotted at the waist . A colourful lungi with typical batik patterns is the most common form of male attire in the countryside . People in urban areas generally wear tailored clothing and western dress is popular in urban areas . Western - style school uniforms are worn by both boys and girls in schools even in rural areas . A traditional meal served on a banana leaf Cuisine ( edit ) Main article : South Indian cuisine Rice is the staple diet , while fish is an integral component of coastal South Indian meals . Coconut and spices are used extensively in South Indian cuisine . The region has a rich cuisine involving both traditional non-vegetarian and vegetarian dishes comprising rice , legumes and lentils . Its distinct aroma and flavour is achieved by the blending of flavourings and spices including curry leaves , mustard seeds , coriander , ginger , garlic , chili , pepper , cinnamon , cloves , green cardamom , cumin , nutmeg , coconut and rosewater . The traditional way of eating a meal involves being seated on the floor , having the food served on a banana leaf and using clean fingers of the right hand to take the food into the mouth . After the meal , the fingers are washed ; the easily degradable banana leaf is discarded or becomes fodder for cattle . Eating on banana leaves is a custom thousands of years old , imparts a unique flavor to the food and is considered healthy . Idli , dosa , uthappam , appam , pongal and paniyaram are popular dishes for breakfast . Rice is served with sambar , rasam and poriyal for lunch . Andhra cuisine is characterised by pickles and spicy curries . Chettinad cuisine is famous for non-vegetarian items and Hyderabadi cuisine is popular for its biryani . Arts ( edit ) South Indian dance forms Bharatanatyam ( Tamil Nadu ) Kathakali ( Kerala ) Kuchipudi ( Andhra Pradesh ) Yakshagana ( Karnataka ) The traditional music of South India is known as Carnatic music , which includes rhythmic and structured music by composers like Purandara Dasa , Kanaka Dasa , Tyagayya , Annamacharya , Bhakta Ramadasu , Muthuswami Dikshitar , Shyama Shastri , Kshetrayya , Mysore Vasudevachar and Swathi Thirunal . The main instrument that is used in South Indian Hindu temples is the nadaswaram , a reed instrument played along with thavil , a type of drum instrument to create an ensemble . The motion picture industry has emerged as an important platform in South India over the years , portraying the cultural changes , trends , aspirations and developments experienced by its people . South India is home to several distinct dance forms such as Bharatanatyam , Kathakali , Kerala Natanam , Koodiyattam , Kuchipudi , Margamkali , Mohiniaattam , Oppana , Ottamthullal , Theyyam , Vilasini Natyam and Yakshagana . The dance , clothing and sculptures of South India exemplify the beauty of the body and motherhood . Cinema ( edit ) Films in regional languages are prevalent ; this includes Kannada cinema ( Karnataka ) , Malayalam cinema ( Kerala ) , Tamil cinema ( Tamil Nadu ) and Telugu cinema ( Telangana and Andhra Pradesh ) . The first silent film in South India , Keechaka Vadham , was made by R. Nataraja Mudaliar in 1916 . In South India , the first Tamil talkie , Kalidas , was released on 31 October 1931 , barely seven months after India 's first talking picture Alam Ara Mudaliar also established South India 's first film studio in Madras . Swamikannu Vincent built the first cinema of South India in Coimbatore and introduced the concept of `` tent cinema '' , the first of whose kind was established in Madras and was known as `` Edison 's Grand Cinemamegaphone '' . Filmmakers K Balachandar , Balu Mahendra , Bharathiraaja and Mani Ratnam in Tamil cinema , Adoor Gopalakrishnan , Shaji N. Karun , John Abraham and G. Aravindan in Malayalam cinema , and K.N.T. Sastry and B. Narsing Rao in Telugu cinema produced realistic parallel cinema throughout the 1970s , Cinema has also exerted its influence on politics ; prominent film personalities like CN Annadurai , MG Ramachandran , M Karunanidhi , N.T. Rama Rao and Jayalalithaa have become Chief Ministers . As of 2014 , South Indian film industry contribute to 53 % of the total films produced in India . Table : Feature films certified by the Central Board of Film Certification ( 2017 ) Language No. of films Telugu 294 Tamil 304 Malayalam 156 Kannada 220 Tulu 9 Konkani 13 Total 996 Literature ( edit ) The large gopuram is a hallmark of Dravidian architecture . South India has an independent literary tradition dating back over 2500 years ago . The first known literature of South India is the poetic Sangam literature , written in Tamil 2500 to 2100 years ago . The literature was composed in three successive poetic assemblies known as Tamil Sangams that were held in the ancient times on a now vanished continent far to the south of India . This literature includes the oldest grammar treatise Tholkappiyam and epics Silappatikaram and Manimekalai written in Tamil . References to Kannada literature appear from fourth century CE . Telugu literature adopted a form of Prakrit which in course of development became the immediate ancestor of Telugu . Distinct Malayalam literature came later in the 13th century . Architecture ( edit ) South India has two distinct styles of rock architecture , the Dravidian style of Tamil Nadu and the Vesara style of Karnataka . The temples considered of porches or mantapas preceding the door leading to the sanctum , gate - pyramids or gopurams , which are the principal features in the quadrangular enclosures that surround the more notable temples and pillared halls used for many purposes and are the invariable accompaniments of these temples . Besides these , a South Indian temple typically has a tank called the Kalyani or Pushkarni . The gopuram is a monumental tower , usually ornate at the entrance of any temple in Southern India . This forms a prominent feature of koil s , Hindu temples of the Dravidian style . They are topped by the kalasam , a spherical stone finial , and function as gateways through the walls that surround the temple complex . The origins of the gopuram can be traced back to early structures of the Pallavas and by the twelfth century , under the Pandya rulers , these gateways became a dominant feature of a temple 's outer appearance , eventually overshadowing the inner sanctuary which became obscured from view by the colossal size of the gopuram . Transport ( edit ) Main article : Transport in South India Map showing highway distribution with population density Road ( edit ) South India has an extensive road network with 20,573 km ( 12,783 mi ) of National Highways and 46,813 km ( 29,088 mi ) of State Highways . The Golden Quadrilateral connects Chennai in the region with Mumbai via Bangalore and Kolkata via Visakhapatnam . Bus services are provided by state run transport corporations namely Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation , Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation , Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation , Telangana State Road Transport Corporation , Kerala State Road Transport Corporation and Puducherry Road Transport Corporation . State National Highway State Highway Motor vehicles per 1000 pop . Andhra Pradesh 7,356 km ( 4,571 mi ) 10,650 km ( 6,620 mi ) 145 Karnataka 6,432 km ( 3,997 mi ) 20,774 km ( 12,908 mi ) 182 Tamil Nadu 5,006 km ( 3,111 mi ) 10,764 km ( 6,688 mi ) 257 Telangana 2,635 km ( 1,637 mi ) 3,152 km ( 1,959 mi ) N / A Kerala 1,811 km ( 1,125 mi ) 4,341 km ( 2,697 mi ) 198 Andaman and Nicobar 330 km ( 210 mi ) 38 km ( 24 mi ) 152 Puducherry 64 km ( 40 mi ) 246 km ( 153 mi ) 521 Total 22,635 km ( 14,065 mi ) 49,965 km ( 31,047 mi ) Rail ( edit ) Indian Railway zonal map The Great Southern India Railway Company was founded in England in 1853 and registered in 1859 . Construction of track in Madras Presidency began in 1859 and the 80 miles ( 130 km ) link from Trichinopoly to Negapatam was opened in 1861 . The Carnatic Railway Company was founded in 1864 and opened a Madras - Arakkonam - Conjeevaram line in 1865 . The Great Southern India Railway was subsequently merged with the Carnatic Railway in 1874 to form the South Indian Railway Company . In 1880 , the Great Indian Peninsula Railway established by the British , built a railway network radiating inward from Madras . In 1879 , the Madras Railway constructed a railway line from Royapuram to Bangalore and the Maharaja of Mysore established Mysore State Railway to carryout extension from Bangalore to Mysore . Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway was founded on 1 January 1908 by merging the Madras Railway and the Southern Mahratta Railway . On 14 April 1951 , the Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway , the South Indian Railway and the Mysore State Railway were merged to form the Southern Railway , the first zone of Indian Railways . The South Central zone was created on 2 October 1966 as the ninth zone of Indian Railways and the South Western zone was created on 1 April 2003 . Most of the region is covered by the three zones with small portions of coasts covered by East Coast Railway and Konkan Railway . Metro rail is operated by Namma Metro in Bangalore , Chennai Metro in Chennai , Coimbatore Metro in Coimbatore , Kochi Metro in Kochi and Hyderabad Metro in Hyderabad . Chennai MRTS provides suburban rail services in Chennai and was the first elevated railway line in India . The Nilgiri Mountain Railway is a UNESCO World Heritage site . Sl . No Name of the Railway zone Abbr . Route length ( in Km ) Headquarters Founded Divisions Major Stations 1 . Southern SR 5,098 Chennai 14 April 1951 Chennai , Tiruchirappalli , Madurai , Palakkad , Salem , Thiruvananthapuram Chennai Central , Coimbatore Main , Ernakulam , Erode , Katpadi , Kollam , Kozhikode , Madurai , Mangalore Central , Palakkad , Salem , Thiruvananthapuram Central , Thrissur , Tiruchirappalli , Tirunelveli 2 . South Central SCR 5,803 Secunderabad 2 October 1966 Secunderabad , Vijayawada , Hyderabad , Guntakal , Guntur , Nanded Guntur , Nellore , Secunderabad , Tirupati Main , Vijayawada 3 . South Western SWR 3,177 Hubli 1 April 2003 Hubli , Bangalore , Mysore , Gulbarga Bangalore City , Hubli , Mysore 4 . East Coast ECoR 2,572 Bhubaneswar 1 April 2003 Khurda Road , Sambalpur , Waltair Visakhapatnam 5 . Konkan KR 741 Navi Mumbai 26 January 1988 Karwar , Ratnagiri Madgaon Air ( edit ) In March 1930 , a discussion initiated by pilot G. Vlasto led to the founding of Madras Flying Club which became a pioneer in pilot training South India . On 15 October 1932 , Indian aviator J.R.D. Tata flew a Puss Moth aircraft carrying mail from Karachi to Bombay ( currently Mumbai ) and the aircraft continued to Madras ( currently Chennai ) piloted by Neville Vincent , a former Royal Air Force pilot and friend of Tata . There are 9 international airports , 2 customs airports , 15 domestic airports and 11 air bases in South India . Chennai airport serves as the regional headquarters of the Airports Authority of India for the southern region of India comprising the states of Andhra Pradesh , Karnataka , Kerala , Tamil Nadu and Telangana and the union territories of Puducherry and Lakshadweep . Bangalore , Chennai , Hyderabad and Kochi are amongst the top 10 busiest airports in the country . The Southern Air Command of Indian Air Force is headquartered at Thiruvananthapuram and the Training Command is headquartered at Bangalore . The Indian Air Force operates eleven air bases in Southern India including two in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands . The Indian Navy operates airbases at Kochi , Arakkonam , Uchipuli , Vizag , Campbell Bay and Diglipur in the region . State / UT International Customs Domestic Military Andaman and Nicobar 0 0 Andhra Pradesh Karnataka 0 Kerala 0 0 Lakshadweep 0 0 0 Puducherry 0 0 0 Tamil Nadu 6 Telangana 0 Total 10 14 16 ^ Restricted international airport Rank Name City State IATA Code Total Passengers ( 2015 ) Kempegowda International Airport Bangalore Karnataka BLR 18,971,149 Chennai International Airport Chennai Tamil Nadu MAA 15,218,017 Rajiv Gandhi International Airport Hyderabad Telangana HYD 12,388,159 Cochin International Airport Kochi Kerala COK 7,749,901 5 Thiruvananthapuram International Airport Thiruvananthapuram Kerala TRV 3,470,788 6 Kozhikode International Airport Kozhikode Kerala CCJ 2,305,547 7 Visakhapatnam Airport Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh VTZ 1,804,634 8 Coimbatore International Airport Coimbatore Tamil Nadu CJB 1,691,553 9 Mangalore International Airport Mangalore Karnataka IXE 1,674,251 10 Tiruchirappalli International Airport Tiruchirappalli Tamil Nadu TRZ 1,297,212 11 Madurai International Airport Madurai Tamil Nadu IXM 1,012,212 Water ( edit ) A total of 89 ports are situated along the coast : Tamil Nadu ( 15 ) , Karnataka ( 10 ) , Kerala ( 17 ) , Andhra Pradesh ( 12 ) , Lakshadweep ( 10 ) , Pondicherry ( 2 ) and Andaman & Nicobar ( 23 ) . Major ports include Chennai , Visakhapatnam , Mangalore , Tuticorin , Ennore and Kochi . Name State Cargo Handled ( FY 2014 -- 15 ) ' 000 tonnes % Increase ( over previous FY ) Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh 58,004 - 0.85 % ↓ Chennai Tamil Nadu 52,541 2.81 % ↑ Mangalore Karnataka 36,566 - 7.11 % ↓ Tuticorin Tamil Nadu 32,414 13.17 % ↑ Ennore Tamil Nadu 30,251 10.66 % ↑ Kochi Kerala 21,595 3.39 % ↑ The Kerala backwaters are a network of interconnected canals , rivers , lakes and inlets , a labyrinthine system formed by more than 900 km of waterways . In the midst of this landscape , there are a number of towns and cities , which serve as the starting and end points of transportation services and backwater cruises . The Eastern Naval Command and Southern Naval Command of the Indian Navy are headquartered at Visakhapatnam and Kochi respectively . Indian Navy has its major operational bases in Visakhapatnam , Chennai , Kochi , Karwar and Kavaratti in the region . 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India portal External links ( edit ) Find more aboutSouth Indiaat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity South India travel guide from Wikivoyage South India at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) ( hide ) South India articles History Satavahana Chalukyas Chera Cholas Gangas Hoysalas Kadambas Kakatiya Pallava Kolathiri Venad ( Kingdom of Quilon ) Travancore Kingdom Kingdom of Cochin Musunuri Nayaks Nizam Pandyan kingdom Rashtrakutas Vijayanagara Empire Kingdom of Mysore Zamorin of Calicut Geography Eastern Ghats Godavari Kaveri ( Cauvery ) Krishna Narmada River Protected areas of Tamil Nadu Sapta Konkan Satpura Range Vindhya Range Western Ghats States and territories Andhra Pradesh Karnataka Kerala Lakshadweep Pondicherry Tamil Nadu Telangana Regions Carnatic Chola Nadu Coromandel Coast Deccan Konkan Kongu Nadu Kosta Malabar Malabar Coast Malenadu North Malabar Pandya Nadu Raichur Doab Rayalaseema Coastal Andhra Tondai Nadu Tulu Nadu Uttarandhra Flora Fauna Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve Anaimalai Hills Karnataka Kerala backwaters Malabar coastal moist forests monsoon rainforests Nilgiris South Western Ghats montane rainforests moist deciduous forests Economy Andhra Pradesh Karnataka Kerala Kerala model Tamil Nadu Telangana Demographics Peoples Adivasis Badagas Bearys Cochin Jews Dravidians Kannadigas Kodavas Kovains Malabaris Malayalis Syrian Malabar Nasranis Tamils Telugu people Tulu people Languages Beary bashe Dakhini Kannada Kodava Konkani Malayalam Tamil Telugu Tulu Culture Andhra Natyam Ayudha Puja Bathukamma Bharata Natyam Carnatic music Duffmuttu Hindustani classical music Kalaripayattu Kannada literature Kathakali Kuchipudi Kolkali Malayalam literature Mappila Paattukal Margam Kali Mohiniyattam Mundum Neriyathum Onam Pongal Poorakkali Puthandu Sari Sopana Sangeetham Tamil literature Telugu literature Theyyam Thidambu Nritham Ugadi Vidyarambham Vishu Yakshagana Geography of India Climate Climate Climatic regions Geology Fossil Parks Geology of India Indian Plate Stones Landforms Beaches Canals Desert Extreme points Glaciers Islands Lakes Mountains Rivers Valleys Volcanoes Waterfalls Plains Indo - Gangetic Eastern Coastal Western Coastal Regions North India Northeast India East India South India West India Central India Subdivisions Autonomous administrative divisions States and territories Districts Cities Towns Municipalities Environment Biogeographic classification Ecoregions Fauna Flora Forests Issues Protected Areas Wildlife Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_India&oldid=818277439 '' Categories : South India Peninsulas of India Regions of India South Asia Landforms of Andhra Pradesh Landforms of Kerala Landforms of Karnataka Landforms of Tamil Nadu Landforms of Telangana Landforms of Lakshadweep Landforms of Puducherry Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter CS1 errors : dates All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Good articles Use Indian English from July 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from January 2014 Accuracy disputes from December 2017 Articles with DMOZ links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Languages বাংলা Български Català Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Português Русский संस्कृतम् Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 吴语 粵語 Zazaki 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 January 2018 , at 17 : 20 . 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what is the largest state in south india in area
[ "\n\nS.No.\nName\nISO 3166-2 code[144][145]\nDate of formation[14]\nPopulation[146]\nArea\n(km2)[147]\nOfficial\nlanguage(s)[148]\nCapital\nPopulation density\n(per km2)[147]\nSex Ratio[147]\nLiteracy Rate (%)[86]\n% of urban population[149]\n\n\n1\nAndhra Pradesh\nAP\n1 Oct 1953\n49,506,799[150]\n160,205[150]\nTelugu\nHyderabadNote 1\n308[150]\n996[150]\n67.41[151]\n29.4[150]\n\n\n2\nKarnataka\nKA\n1 Nov 1956\n61,095,297\n191,791\nKannada\nBengaluru\n319\n973\n75.36\n34.0\n\n\n3\nKerala\nKL\n1 Nov 1956\n33,406,061\n38,852\nMalayalam\nThiruvananthapuram\n860\n1084\n94.00\n26.0\n\n\n4\nTamil Nadu\nTN\n26 Jan 1950\n72,147,030\n130,060\nTamil\nChennai\n555\n996\n80.09\n44.0\n\n\n5\nTelangana\nTS\n2 Jun 2014[152]\n35,193,978[152]\n114,840[152]\nTelugu, Urdu[152]\nHyderabadNote 1\n307[153]\n988[152]\n66.50[153]\n38.7[152]\n\n" ]
[ "Karnataka" ]
5936987814755208292
The Perfect Game
The Perfect Game - Wikipedia The Perfect Game This article is about the 2009 American drama film . For other uses , see Perfect game ( disambiguation ) . The Perfect Game Theatrical release poster Directed by William Dear Produced by David Salzberg Christian Tureaud Jason French Written by W. William Winokur Starring Clifton Collins Jr . Cheech Marin Moises Arias Jake T. Austin Ryan Ochoa Carlos Padilla Jansen Panettiere Carlos Gómez Emilie de Ravin Music by Bill Conti Cinematography Bryan F. Greenberg Edited by Chris Conlee Production company IndustryWorks Pictures HighRoad Entertainment Prelude Pictures Lone Runner Entertainment Independent Producers Alliance Distributed by Image Entertainment Release date March 21 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 21 ) ( Guadalajara ) April 16 , 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 16 ) ( US ) Running time 118 minutes Country United States Language English Box office $3,878,993 The Perfect Game is a 2009 American drama film directed by William Dear , based on the 2008 book of the same name written by W. William Winokur . The film is based on the events leading to the 1957 Little League World Series , which was won by the first team from outside the United States , the Industrial Little League of Monterrey , Mexico , who defeated the heavily favored U.S. team . Mexican pitcher Ángel Macías threw the first , and so far only , perfect game in championship game history . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Background 4 Reception 5 Release 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Plot ( edit ) César Faz ( Clifton Collins , Jr . ) , moves to Monterrey , Mexico , after he is let go by the St. Louis Cardinals from his job as a clubhouse attendant . There he meets local children being led by Padre Esteban ( Cheech Marin ) , enjoying baseball ; he takes pitcher Ángel Macías ( Jake T. Austin ) , under his wing and brags about his own pitching skills and how he used to coach the Cardinals . Ángel convinces César to help recruit and coach Monterrey 's first - ever Little League team . With César 's skills and Padre Esteban 's support , the boys hone themselves into a competitive team worthy of international competition . At the final game of the World Series of Little League , Monterrey defeated the team of West La Mesa , California , 4 -- 0 . Enrique Suárez ( Jansen Panettiere ) , hit a grand slam home run , and Ángel Macías pitched a perfect game , a feat that has not since been repeated in Little League World Series history . When the team arrives in the United States , they are met with racism , a language barrier , and visa troubles . Though the underdogs , the team scores a series of victories that endear them to the media , and new fans . They befriend a sports reporter , Frankie ( Emilie de Ravin ) , and the groundskeeper , Cool Papa Bell ( Louis Gossett Jr . ) , who then assist the boys in reaching the final game . Cast ( edit ) Actor Jake T. Austin in 2008 Clifton Collins , Jr. as César Faz Cheech Marin as Padre Esteban Moisés Arias as Mario Ontiveros Jake T. Austin as Ángel Macías Ryan Ochoa as Norberto Villarreal Carlos Padilla as Baltazar Charles Gabriel Morales as Ricardo Treviño Jansen Panettiere as Enrique Suárez Carlos Gómez as Umberto Macías Alfredo Rodríguez as José Pepe Maiz Emilie de Ravin as Frankie Samantha Boscarino as Gloria Patricia Manterola as María Louis Gossett Jr. as Cool Papa Bell William May as Juan Bruce McGill as Tanner David Koechner as Charlie Frances Fisher as Betty Wyatt Smith as Jarrett Marc Musso as Tommy Tracey Walter as Police Officer Riley Wells as a spectator at the Little League World Series Background ( edit ) This section may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia 's quality standards . You can help . The discussion page may contain suggestions . ( August 2012 ) The film is based on a true story about a group of boys from Monterrey , Mexico , who became the first non-U.S. team to win the Little League World Series in 1957 . Their team was Industriales de Monterrey , nicknamed `` Los pequeños gigantes '' ( The little giants ) . Before traveling to the United States , the Little League team of the Industriales de Monterrey Baseball Club , played two seasons on the local 4 team Little League circuit before qualifying , as the second Little League team coming from outside of the United States and Canada ; they participated in the southern area regional tournaments , which qualified them for the Little League World Series , held every August in South Williamsport , Pennsylvania . The Industriales won all qualifying tournaments , to many rather unexpectedly , and advanced to the Little League World Series as the first Mexican team . There , they made it to the finals and defeated the highly favored team from La Mesa , California by a score of 4 - 0 . The pitcher from Monterrey , Angel Macías , threw the first and only perfect game in championship history . The Industriales de Monterrey little league team was so dominant that year , that they were able to repeat their success in the following year in the 1958 Little League World Series . The film scenes in Monterrey , which is the leading industrial center , one of the largest Mexican cities for over 100 years and a major center for science and research in Mexico , depicted the city as a two - burro village where the children played ball in the dirt choked streets with pigs and chickens serving as bases . The border between Mexico and Texas was portrayed as an out - in - the - middle - of - nowhere border crossing along a dirt road , instead of a bridge border - crossing over the Rio Grande . The digital work to recreate the separate looks for the United States and Monterrey in 1957 was done by Post Logic Studios . Reception ( edit ) The film has received mixed reviews . Patrick Goldstein of the Los Angeles Times said he felt that `` the film did a nice job of telling the story of the surprise upset when a youth ball team from Monterrey , Mexico , won the 1957 Little League World Series . '' He also commented that , `` although the story seems like a fable , it reflected true events . '' He further expressed concern over Lionsgate 's suspending the original release date . Ben Apatoff of MLB.com felt that the film was a strong family movie that appeals to baseball history buffs or any person who could relate to a child in love with the game . Roger Ebert wrote : `` You sort of know how these underdog sports movies turn out . Does n't matter . The Perfect Game so expertly uses the charisma and personalities of the actors , especially the young ones , that it 's thrilling anyway . '' A.O. Scott of At the Movies said , `` ( From ) the second minute of the movie I knew every single thing that was going to happen and there was not a single surprise . '' Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune wrote , `` The movie feels fraudulent , whether it 's sticking to the historical record or going its own way with the customary composites and revisions and fabrications . '' The film ranking website Rotten Tomatoes reports that 54 % of critics have given The Perfect Game positive reviews , based upon a sample of 39 . Release ( edit ) The film screened at the 2009 Guadalajara International Film Festival , with Eva Longoria invited to the preview . Louis Gossett Jr. was also in attendance for the premiere . The film was originally to be released in theaters on August 8 , 2008 , but it was bumped from that date , which Lionsgate said was due to marketing monies another party pledged but did not deliver . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Apatoff , Ben ( July 17 , 2009 ) . `` Little Leaguers make waves '' . MLB.com . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ Morrison , Jim ( April 6 , 2010 ) . `` The Little League World Series ' Only Perfect Game '' . Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ Marilyn Beck , Stacy Jenel Smith ( August 6 , 2008 ) . `` Clifton Collins Jr. on `` The Perfect Game '' `` . The National Ledger . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Post Logic Studios Completes Digital Intermediate and VFX Work for The Perfect Game '' . postproductionbuyersguide.com . Post Production . July 9 , 2008 . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Goldstein , Patrick ( July 24 , 2008 ) . `` Lionsgate 's ' Perfect Game ' : Bumped to season 's end ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Robert . suntimes.com , `` The Perfect Game '' . Accessed 26 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 09 - 23 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 06 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ Phillips , Michael ( April 15 , 2010 ) . `` ' Perfect Game ' : Real - life baseball fable turns into an easy out '' . Chicago Tribune . Jump up ^ `` The Perfect Game - Rotten Tomatoes '' . Rotten Tomatoes . IGN Entertainment , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ Staff ( March 20 , 2009 ) . `` Film Festival widens its reach '' . Guadalajara Reporter . pp. paragraph 14 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Eva Longoria absolument divine ... pour son retour au pays '' . wabayn.com ( in French ) . March 23 , 2009 . pp. paragraph 2 . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2013 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Mr. Gossett attends the Guadalajara Film Festival '' . louisgossett.com . March 21 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ Jorn , John ( August 14 , 2008 ) . `` Lionsgate 's novel plan of attack : Blitz ' em '' . The Los Angeles Times . pp. paragraph 11 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 19 . Further reading ( edit ) Morrison , Jim , `` Little League World Series ' Only Perfect Game '' , Smithsonian magazine , April 6 , 2010 `` Golden Anniversary of Little League 's `` Perfect Game '' Celebrated `` , Little League Communications Division , Williamsport , Pennsylvania , October 7 , 2008 Sanchez , Jesse , `` History of baseball in Mexico '' , Major League Baseball ( mlb.com ) , January 7 , 2004 `` Sport : Ambidextrous Angel '' , Time magazine , Monday , Sep. 02 , 1957 External links ( edit ) Baseball portal Film portal Official website The Perfect Game on IMDb The Perfect Game at AllMovie The Perfect Game at Box Office Mojo The Perfect Game at Rotten Tomatoes Films directed by William Dear Nymph ( 1973 ) Northville Cemetery Massacre ( 1976 ) Elephant Parts ( 1981 ) Timerider : The Adventure of Lyle Swann ( 1982 ) Harry and the Hendersons ( 1987 ) If Looks Could Kill ( 1991 ) Angels in the Outfield ( 1994 ) Wild America ( 1997 ) Santa Who ? ( 2000 ) School of Life ( 2005 ) The Foursome ( 2006 ) Simon Says ( 2006 ) The Sandlot : Heading Home ( 2007 ) The Perfect Game ( 2009 ) Free Style ( 2009 ) Mr. Troop Mom ( 2009 ) Politics of Love ( 2011 ) A Mile in His Shoes ( 2011 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Perfect_Game&oldid=863334710 '' Categories : 2009 films English - language films 2000s drama films 2000s sports films American films American baseball films American drama films Films scored by Bill Conti Films directed by William Dear Films set in Mexico Films set in 1957 Lions Gate Entertainment films Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Archived copy as title CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Film articles using image size parameter Wikipedia articles needing rewrite from August 2012 All articles needing rewrite Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français 한국어 Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 10 October 2018 , at 04 : 06 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
where is the mexican little league team from
[ "The Perfect Game is a 2009 American drama film directed by William Dear, based on the 2008 book of the same name written by W. William Winokur.[1] The film is based on the events leading to the 1957 Little League World Series, which was won by the first team from outside the United States, the Industrial Little League of Monterrey, Mexico, who defeated the heavily favored U.S. team.[2] Mexican pitcher Ángel Macías threw the first, and so far only, perfect game in championship game history.\n" ]
[ "Monterrey, Mexico" ]
5312358959514008838
Brian Patrick Wade
Brian Patrick Wade - wikipedia Brian Patrick Wade Jump to : navigation , search Brian Patrick Wade ( 1978 - 06 - 09 ) June 9 , 1978 ( age 39 ) Occupation Actor , personal trainer Years active 2002 -- present Height 1.93 m ( 6 ft 4 in ) ( 6'4 `` ) Brian Patrick Wade ( born June 9 , 1978 ) is an American actor and physical trainer , best known for his television roles as Capt . Craig Schwetje in the mini-series Generation Kill , as Kurt , Penny 's former love interest , in The Big Bang Theory , and as the Alpha Werewolf Ennis on Teen Wolf . Contents ( hide ) 1 Career 2 Filmography 3 References 4 External links Career ( edit ) Wade made his debut in 2002 as a hunky lap dancer on CSI : Miami . He later appeared in the films Latter Days and The Guardian . He later appeared on television in episodes of Two and a Half Men , Sabrina , the Teenage Witch , NCIS , Las Vegas , Surface , ' Til Death , The Closer , The Game , and Teen Wolf . He appeared in three episodes of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. portraying Carl `` Crusher '' Creel , also known as the Absorbing Man . Filmography ( edit ) Year Title Role 2002 Sabrina , The Teenage Witch Kim Bring It On Again Fathead 2005 Las Vegas Muscular Guy 2006 Two and a Half Men Sam The Guardian Mitch Lyons 2007 , 2009 The Big Bang Theory Kurt 2008 Generation Kill Cpt . Craig `` Encino Man '' Schwetje 2013 Teen Wolf Ennis 2014 The Mentalist Martin Hagen 2014 -- 16 Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D Carl Creel / Absorbing Man References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Profile , tcm.com ; accessed August 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Profile , superherohype.com ; accessed August 30 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Brian Patrick Wade on IMDb VIAF : 120528315 LCCN : no2010057701 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brian_Patrick_Wade&oldid=816650389 '' Categories : 1978 births Living people American male film actors American male television actors American male models American exercise instructors 21st - century American male actors Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Place of birth missing ( living people ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Edit links This page was last edited on 22 December 2017 , at 19 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who plays penny's boyfriend on big bang theory
[ "Brian Patrick Wade (born June 9, 1978) is an American actor and physical trainer, best known for his television roles as Capt. Craig Schwetje in the mini-series Generation Kill, as Kurt, Penny's former love interest, in The Big Bang Theory, and as the Alpha Werewolf Ennis on Teen Wolf.[1]" ]
[ "Brian Patrick Wade" ]
3823960197420932461
Tarzan (1966 TV series)
Tarzan ( 1966 TV series ) - wikipedia Tarzan ( 1966 TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Tarzan ( disambiguation ) . Tarzan Opening title Starring Ron Ely Manuel Padilla , Jr . Alan Caillou Rockne Tarkington Country of origin USA Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 57 Production Executive producer ( s ) Sy Weintraub Producer ( s ) Leon Benson Jon Epstein Steve Shagan Maurice Unger Running time 60 mins . Production company ( s ) Banner Productions Distributor Warner Bros. Television Distribution Release Original network NBC Original release September 8 , 1966 -- April 5 , 1968 Andrew Prine with Ron Ely as Tarzan ( 1966 ) Tarzan is a series that aired on NBC from 1966 -- 1968 . The series portrayed Tarzan ( played by Ron Ely ) as a well - educated character who had grown tired of civilization , and returned to the jungle where he had been raised . It was filmed in Brazil . The production later relocated to Mexico . This series was set in the newly - independent Africa of the time . This series retained many of the trappings of the film series , included the `` Tarzan yell '' and Cheeta , but excluded Jane as part of the `` new look '' for the fabled apeman that executive producer Sy Weintraub had introduced in previous motion pictures starring Gordon Scott , Jock Mahoney , and Mike Henry . CBS aired repeat episodes of the program during the summer of 1969 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Recurring Appearances 2 Episode list 2.1 Season 1 : 1966 -- 67 2.2 Season 2 : 1967 -- 68 3 DVD / syndication 4 References 5 External links Cast ( edit ) Tarzan ... Ron Ely Jai ... Manuel Padilla , Jr . Jason Flood ... Alan Caillou Rao ... Rockne Tarkington Recurring appearances ( edit ) Maurice Evans had a recurring guest - starring role as retired Brigadier Sir Basil Bertram , hero of the Battle of the Bulge . Julie Harris had a recurring guest - starring role as missionary Charity Jones . Chips Rafferty had a recurring guest - starring role as Dutch Jensen . Episode list ( edit ) Season 1 : 1966 -- 67 ( edit ) No Ep Title Directed by : Written by : Original air date `` Eyes of the Lion '' Charles S. Dubin George F. Slavin September 8 , 1966 ( 1966 - 09 - 08 ) When a blind girl 's seeing eye lion is mistaken for a rogue , Tarzan must prove the beast 's innocence . `` The Ultimate Weapon '' Paul Stanley Don Brinkley , John Hawkins , Ward Hawkins September 16 , 1966 ( 1966 - 09 - 16 ) The vengeful son of an ivory poacher swears revenge on Tarzan . `` Leopard on the Loose '' Paul Stanley Oliver Crawford September 23 , 1966 ( 1966 - 09 - 23 ) A post worker desperate for money kidnaps Jai 's pet leopard . `` A Life for a Life '' Robert Day Don Brinkley September 30 , 1966 ( 1966 - 09 - 30 ) The Lord of Jungle must race against time when Jai is bitten by a poisonous spider . 5 5 `` The Prisoner '' George Marshall Don Brinkley October 7 , 1966 ( 1966 - 10 - 07 ) After a police officer is injured by a diamond thief , Tarzan must prevent the officer 's tribe from exacting vigilante justice . 6 6 `` The Three Faces of Death '' Earl Bellamy S.J. Loy October 14 , 1966 ( 1966 - 10 - 14 ) Tarzan helps out a woman seeking to retain leadership of her tribe . 7 7 `` The Prodigal Puma '' Paul Stanley Robert Sabaroff October 21 , 1966 ( 1966 - 10 - 21 ) A big game hunter targets a puma Tarzan has captured . 8 8 `` The Deadly Silence : Part 1 '' Robert L. Friend Lee Erwin , Jack H. Robinson October 28 , 1966 ( 1966 - 10 - 28 ) The jungle lord tries to stop a bloodthirsty Colonel from taking over an African village with his soldiers of fortune . However , Tarzan has been rendered temporarily deaf by an exploding hand grenade , effectively limiting one of his keen senses , so he must rely on his near - telepathic ability to communicate with a lion . 9 9 `` The Deadly Silence : Part 2 '' Lawrence Dobkin John Considine , Tim Considine November 4 , 1966 ( 1966 - 11 - 04 ) Rendered deaf by an explosion , the jungle lord still tries to stop a colonel from taking over a village . National General Pictures released this two - parter theatrically in 1970 as Tarzan 's Deadly Silence . 10 10 `` The Figurehead '' Alan Crosland Jr . Samuel Roeca , George F. Slavin November 11 , 1966 ( 1966 - 11 - 11 ) Tarzan and Jai protect a young prince . 11 11 `` Village of Fire '' Hollingsworth Morse Jack Gross , James Leighton , Michael Stein November 18 , 1966 ( 1966 - 11 - 18 ) After Jai is bitten by a leopard , Tarzan must recover a special serum that can save the boy . 12 12 `` The Day of the Golden Lion '' Anton Leader Robert Goodwin December 2 , 1966 ( 1966 - 12 - 02 ) Tarzan joins an athletic championship , but an attempt to steal the prize happens . 13 13 `` Pearls of Tanga '' R.G. Springsteen Sid Saltzman December 9 , 1966 ( 1966 - 12 - 09 ) A criminal known as the Admiral and his crew poison the waters so they can be the only ones to take pearl oysters . 14 14 `` End of the River '' Anton Leader G. Joshua David December 16 , 1966 ( 1966 - 12 - 16 ) Tarzan must save a young girl and battle a criminal . One of the criminal 's two minions ( Robert J. Wilke ) ends up being fatally devoured by a crocodile . 15 15 `` The Ultimate Duel '' Robert L. Friend Cornelius Ballard December 23 , 1966 ( 1966 - 12 - 23 ) A scientist ( Henry Silva ) pits Tarzan against his computer , which can predict Tarzan 's every move . 16 16 `` The Fire People '' Earl Bellamy Wells Root December 30 , 1966 ( 1966 - 12 - 30 ) Tarzan and Jai must help a chief rescue his superstitious tribe from a volcano that 's about to erupt . 17 17 `` Track of the Dinosaur '' Lawrence Dobkin Norman Lessing , Samuel Newman January 6 , 1967 ( 1967 - 01 - 06 ) A corrupt government official uses a local legend to his advantage to get people away from a mineral deposit . 18 18 `` The Day the Earth Trembled '' Alex Nicol Carey Wilber January 13 , 1967 ( 1967 - 01 - 13 ) Tarzan reluctantly recruits three escaped convicts to help him get a group of children and their caregiver to safety . 19 19 `` Captain Jai '' Anton Leader James Bonnet , James Leighton January 20 , 1967 ( 1967 - 01 - 20 ) Jai is held hostage by criminals seeking stolen diamonds . 20 20 `` A Pride of Assassins '' Harmon Jones Samuel Newman , Barry Trivers January 27 , 1967 ( 1967 - 01 - 27 ) A smuggler sends assassins after Tarzan and a young woman because they threaten to expose a smuggling scheme . 21 21 `` The Golden Runaway '' Lawrence Dobkin Carey Wilber February 3 , 1967 ( 1967 - 02 - 03 ) Tarzan leads a young woman to a red - headed Irishman who may have a clue to her brother 's disappearance . 22 22 `` Basil of the Bulge '' Alex Nicol Samuel Newman February 10 , 1967 ( 1967 - 02 - 10 ) A native chief and a corrupt government official capture Sir Basil Bertram before he can arrange tribal treaty . 23 23 `` Mask of Rona '' James Komack S.S. Schweitzer February 17 , 1967 ( 1967 - 02 - 17 ) Tarzan leads a group on the search for missing artist Rona Swann ; a group member uses the safari as a cover for a gun - running operation . 24 24 `` To Steal the Rising Sun '' William Witney Jackson Gillis February 24 , 1967 ( 1967 - 02 - 24 ) An exiled chief plots to steal his tribe 's priceless ruby . A con man 's minion ( Henry Beckman ) ends up being fatally devoured by a crocodile . 25 25 `` Jungle Dragnet '' William Wiard Arnold Belgard March 3 , 1967 ( 1967 - 03 - 03 ) A native revolutionary and a foreign soldier try to prevent a little girl from revealing the location of an oil - rich field . 26 26 `` The Perils of Charity Jones : Part 1 '' Alex Nicol Carey Wilber March 10 , 1967 ( 1967 - 03 - 10 ) An American midwestern missionary enlists Jai 's aid to fulfill her father 's final wish and deliver an organ to a primitive tribe , but their boat is disabled . 27 27 `` The Perils of Charity Jones : Part 2 '' Alex Nicol Carey Wilber March 17 , 1967 ( 1967 - 03 - 17 ) Tarzan rescues Charity and Jai from hostile natives , but then the trio are pursued by another tribe who are after the guns that Jai hid from them . 28 28 `` The Circus '' Harmon Jones Lawrence Dobkin March 24 , 1967 ( 1967 - 03 - 24 ) Jai and Dutch encounter a fugitive who makes an attempt to evade a manhunt by joining the circus . 29 29 `` The Ultimatum '' Robert L. Friend James Menzies March 31 , 1967 ( 1967 - 03 - 31 ) A female criminal and her goons threaten to destroy a native village unless Tarzan submits to being their prisoner . 30 30 `` Algie B for Brave '' Alex Nicol Samuel Newman April 7 , 1967 ( 1967 - 04 - 07 ) Sir Basil Bertram recruits Tarzan and Jai to assist him in order to discover the location of a Communist country 's nuclear detection equipment . 31 31 `` Man Killer '' James Komack Carey Wilber April 14 , 1967 ( 1967 - 04 - 14 ) Tarzan 's search for a murderer is complicated by a village whose natives employ drugs in their ceremonial rituals . Season 2 : 1967 -- 68 ( edit ) No Ep Title Directed by : Written by : Original air date 32 `` Tiger , Tiger ! '' Harmon Jones Jackson Gillis September 15 , 1967 ( 1967 - 09 - 15 ) An engineer ignores Tarzan 's warning about a tiger on the loose . 33 `` Voice of the Elephant '' Harmon Jones Terence Maples , Al Martin September 22 , 1967 ( 1967 - 09 - 22 ) Jai 's pet elephant is blamed for the death of a commissioner . 34 `` Thief Catcher '' James Komack Edmund Morris September 29 , 1967 ( 1967 - 09 - 29 ) The jungle lord must track and capture two escaped convicts before more people are put in danger . 35 `` The Blue Stone of Heaven : Part 1 '' William Witney Jackson Gillis October 6 , 1967 ( 1967 - 10 - 06 ) The jungle lord leads an archaeological expedition to a burial ground deep in the jungle in defiance of an ancient taboo . 36 5 `` The Blue Stone of Heaven : Part 2 '' William Witney Jackson Gillis October 13 , 1967 ( 1967 - 10 - 13 ) A power - mad colonel plans to steal the jeweled idol and dynamite the burial ground . 37 6 `` The Maguma Curse '' Alex Nicol Carey Wilber October 20 , 1967 ( 1967 - 10 - 20 ) The jungle lord battles to save a young woman from a curse of death implemented by a witch doctor . 38 7 `` The Fanatics '' William Witney Lee Loeb October 27 , 1967 ( 1967 - 10 - 27 ) The jungle lord assists a female journalist expose a rigged tribal election . 39 8 `` The Last of the Supermen '' Gerald Mayer S.S. Schweitzer November 3 , 1967 ( 1967 - 11 - 03 ) A unrepentant Nazi urges Tarzan to assist him in locating a buried fortune left over from the war . 40 9 `` Hotel Hurricane '' Ron Ely Jackson Gillis November 10 , 1967 ( 1967 - 11 - 10 ) A mob makes an attempt to fool Tarzan and Jai into assisting them to recover stolen money after a plane crash . 41 10 `` The Pride of the Lioness '' Barry Shear Jerry Adelman , Gerry Day , William Driskill November 17 , 1967 ( 1967 - 11 - 17 ) A young doctor gets help from Tarzan when he faces to forces opposed to his clinic : a witch doctor who has threatened the young man with death , and the young man 's socialite mother , who wants him to return home . 42 11 `` Mountains of the Moon : Part 1 '' Harmon Jones Jackson Gillis November 24 , 1967 ( 1967 - 11 - 24 ) A widow leads a cult of religious pilgrims on a dangerous journey into forbidden land beset by saboteurs as well as hostile natives . 43 12 `` Mountains of the Moon : Part 2 '' Harmon Jones Jackson Gillis December 1 , 1967 ( 1967 - 12 - 01 ) Tarzan aids a religious group on their pilgrimage to an area known as the Mountains of the Moon . 44 13 `` Jai 's Amnesia '' Harmon Jones Jerry Adelman , William Driskill December 15 , 1967 ( 1967 - 12 - 15 ) Jai suffers a memory loss , but ends up being involved in stealing a sacred ruby . 45 14 `` The Professional '' Alex Nicol Jerry Adelman , William Driskill January 5 , 1968 ( 1968 - 01 - 05 ) A colonel and his heavily armed troops overrun the land of a peace - loving tribe , but he has reckoned without Tarzan . 46 15 `` The Convert '' Harmon Jones Jo Pagano January 12 , 1968 ( 1968 - 01 - 12 ) Three nuns become unwitting pawns in a struggle between the village chief and a scheming land developer . 47 16 `` The Creeping Giant '' Alex Nicol Donn Mullally January 19 , 1968 ( 1968 - 01 - 19 ) Tarzan fights a powerful land owner who has duped an engineer into dynamiting a mountain range , a project that will wipe out several native villages . 48 17 `` King of the Dwsari '' William Witney Esther Shapiro , Richard Alan Shapiro January 26 , 1968 ( 1968 - 01 - 26 ) Tarzan is imprisoned when he tries to release the Dwsari tribe which has been tricked by a smooth - talking American . 49 18 `` A Gun for Jai '' E. Darrell Hallenbeck Jackson Gillis February 2 , 1968 ( 1968 - 02 - 02 ) Against the Tarzan 's wishes , Jai is given a rifle by one of the local hunters . The jungle lord searches for Cheeta . 50 19 `` Trek to Terror '' Barry Shear Lee Erwin February 9 , 1968 ( 1968 - 02 - 09 ) The jungle lord is tricked into helping a corrupt police inspector who intends to murder a crusading missionary . 51 20 `` End of a Challenge '' Barry Shear Richard H. Landau February 16 , 1968 ( 1968 - 02 - 16 ) The jungle lord and Chief Bangu must search for the chief 's son and Jai who have been abducted by a gun - toting thief . 52 21 `` Jungle Ransom '' Barry Shear Esther Shapiro , Richard Alan Shapiro February 23 , 1968 ( 1968 - 02 - 23 ) As the jungle lord and a bandit engage in a battle of wits , a young woman tries to use both men in an effort to set free her husband , a hostage in the bandit 's camp . 53 22 `` The Four O'Clock Army : Part 1 '' Alex Nicol Carey Wilber March 1 , 1968 ( 1968 - 03 - 01 ) General Basil Bertram and missionary Charity Jones return in this two - part story , and this time must ally with the jungle lord against a band of slavers who have been taking people and destroying villages . 54 23 `` The Four O'Clock Army : Part 2 '' Alex Nicol Carey Wilber March 8 , 1968 ( 1968 - 03 - 08 ) The jungle lord goes after the slave traders whose prisoners include Jai . 55 24 `` Rendezvous for Revenge '' William Witney Richard H. Landau March 15 , 1968 ( 1968 - 03 - 15 ) After a poacher known for his arson escapes from custody , the jungle lord tracks him and his adoring girlfriend to an oceanside cliff , and a fateful encounter . But the poacher 's girlfriend and two minions later track Tarzan down and force him to lead them back to the scene . 56 25 `` Trina '' Harmon Jones Milton S. Gelman March 22 , 1968 ( 1968 - 03 - 22 ) A girl enlists the jungle 's help in finding her long - lost uncle who is believed to be doing humanitarian work . 57 26 `` Alex the Great '' Barry Shear Esther Shapiro , Richard Alan Shapiro March 29 , 1968 ( 1968 - 03 - 29 ) A global judo champion who is also a braggart wants to prove he can best the jungle lord in any physical endeavor ; smugglers yearn to steal a huge golden idol . DVD / syndication ( edit ) On March 13 , 2012 , Warner Bros. released Tarzan : Season 1 , Part 1 & Tarzan : Season 1 , Part 2 on DVD in region 1 via their Warner Archive Collection manufacture - on - demand service . The second season was released on September 17 , 2013 . After being seen intermittently in syndication and on cable in the years after its network run , as of 2016 , the series airs on the Heroes & Icons network Saturday mornings . On June 4 -- 5 , 2016 the Decades TV network ran a marathon of the series . On September 9 , 2016 Decades celebrated Tarzan 's fiftieth anniversary repeating a few choice episodes . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Tarzan '' . Heroes and Icons TV.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ By Mike Johnson , Black Yodel No. 1 ( 2013 - 11 - 19 ) . `` Tarzan - Season One : Part One '' . Wbshop.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 28 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ By Ed the Reviewer . `` Tarzan - Season One : Part Two '' . Wbshop.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ By Ed the Movie Reviewer . `` Tarzan : The Complete Second Season ( MOD ) '' . Wbshop.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 28 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tarzan ( 1966 TV series ) . Tarzan on IMDb Tarzan at TV.com Edgar Rice Burroughs , Inc. : Tarzan on TV Tarzan by Edgar Rice Burroughs Literature Edgar Rice Burroughs 's Official canon Tarzan of the Apes ( 1912 ) The Return of Tarzan ( 1913 ) The Beasts of Tarzan ( 1914 ) The Son of Tarzan ( 1915 ) Tarzan and the Jewels of Opar ( 1916 ) Jungle Tales of Tarzan ( 1919 ) Tarzan the Untamed ( 1920 ) Tarzan the Terrible ( 1921 ) Tarzan and the Golden Lion ( 1922 / 23 ) Tarzan and the Ant Men ( 1924 ) Tarzan , Lord of the Jungle ( 1927 / 28 ) Tarzan and the Lost Empire ( 1928 / 29 ) Tarzan at the Earth 's Core ( 1929 / 30 ) Tarzan the Invincible ( 1930 / 31 ) Tarzan Triumphant ( 1931 / 32 ) Tarzan and the City of Gold ( 1932 ) Tarzan and the Lion Man ( 1933 / 34 ) Tarzan and the Leopard Men ( 1932 / 33 ) Tarzan 's Quest ( 1935 / 36 ) Tarzan and the Forbidden City ( 1938 ) Tarzan the Magnificent ( 1939 ) Tarzan and the Foreign Legion ( 1947 ) Tarzan and the Madman ( 1964 ) Tarzan and the Castaways ( 1965 ) Related works The Eternal Lover ( 1925 ) The Mad King ( 1926 ) Tarzan and the Tarzan Twins ( 1963 ) Tarzan : The Lost Adventure ( 1995 ) Licensed works Tarzan and the Valley of Gold ( 1966 ) Hadon of Ancient Opar ( 1974 ) Bunduki ( 1975 ) Flight to Opar ( 1976 ) Tarzan : The Epic Adventures ( 1996 ) the Dark Heart of Time ( 1999 ) The Adventures of Tarzan ( 1921 / 2006 ) Tarzan : The Greystoke Legacy ( 2011 ) Tarzan : Return to Pal - ul - don ( 2015 ) Tarzan on the Precipice ( 2016 ) King Kong vs. Tarzan ( 2016 ) Tarzan Trilogy ( 2016 ) Tarzan : The Greystoke Legacy Under Siege ( 2017 ) Films Silent films Tarzan of the Apes ( 1918 ) The Romance of Tarzan ( 1918 ) The Revenge of Tarzan ( 1920 ) The Son of Tarzan ( 1920 ) The Adventures of Tarzan ( 1921 ) Tarzan and the Golden Lion ( 1927 ) Tarzan the Mighty ( 1928 ) Tarzan the Tiger ( 1929 ) Johnny Weissmuller Tarzan the Ape Man ( 1932 ) Tarzan and His Mate ( 1934 ) Tarzan Escapes ( 1936 ) Tarzan Finds a Son ! ( 1939 ) Tarzan 's Secret Treasure ( 1941 ) Tarzan 's New York Adventure ( 1942 ) Tarzan Triumphs ( 1943 ) Tarzan 's Desert Mystery ( 1943 ) Tarzan and the Amazons ( 1945 ) Tarzan and the Leopard Woman ( 1946 ) Tarzan and the Huntress ( 1947 ) Tarzan and the Mermaids ( 1948 ) Lex Barker Tarzan 's Magic Fountain ( 1949 ) Tarzan and the Slave Girl ( 1950 ) Tarzan 's Peril ( 1951 ) Tarzan 's Savage Fury ( 1952 ) Tarzan and the She - Devil ( 1953 ) Gordon Scott Tarzan 's Hidden Jungle ( 1955 ) Tarzan and the Lost Safari ( 1957 ) Tarzan and the Trappers ( 1958 ) Tarzan 's Fight for Life ( 1958 ) Tarzan 's Greatest Adventure ( 1959 ) Tarzan the Magnificent ( 1960 ) Jock Mahoney Tarzan Goes to India ( 1962 ) Tarzan 's Three Challenges ( 1963 ) Mike Henry Tarzan and the Valley of Gold ( 1966 ) Tarzan and the Great River ( 1967 ) Tarzan and the Jungle Boy ( 1968 ) Disney animated films Tarzan ( 1999 ) Tarzan & Jane ( 2002 ) Tarzan II ( 2005 ) Related documentaries Investigating Tarzan ( 1997 ) Tarzan : Silver Screen King of the Jungle ( 2004 ) Miscellaneous films Tarzan the Fearless ( 1933 ) The New Adventures of Tarzan ( 1935 ) Tarzan and the Green Goddess ( 1938 ) Tarzan 's Revenge ( 1938 ) Vanaraja Karzan ( 1938 ) Tarzan , the Ape Man ( 1959 ) Tarzan 's Deadly Silence ( 1970 ) Tarzan and the Brown Prince ( 1972 ) Tarzan , the Ape Man ( 1981 ) Greystoke : The Legend of Tarzan ( 1984 ) Adventures of Tarzan ( 1985 ) Tarzan in Manhattan ( 1989 ) Tarzan and the Lost City ( 1998 ) Tarzan of the Apes ( 1999 ) Tarzan ( 2013 ) The Legend of Tarzan ( 2016 ) Television Series Tarzan ( 1966 - 1968 ) Tarzan , Lord of the Jungle ( 1976 - 1980 ) Tarzán ( 1991 - 1994 ) Tarzan : The Epic Adventures ( 1996 - 1997 ) The Legend of Tarzan ( 2001 - 2003 ) episodes `` Tarzan and the Caged Fury '' Tarzan ( 2003 ) Tarzan and Jane ( 2017 ) Adventure hours The Batman / Tarzan Adventure Hour The Tarzan / Lone Ranger Adventure Hour Tarzan and the Super 7 Characters Cheeta Jad - bal - ja Kala Kerchak Korak La Mangani Meriem Muviro Nkima Jane Porter Harry Holt Sabor Tantor Tarzan Tublat Waziri William Cecil Clayton Disney version Films Tarzan ( 1999 ) Tarzan & Jane ( 2002 ) Tarzan II ( 2005 ) Adaptations The Legend of Tarzan ( episodes ) Musical Tarzan 's Treehouse Video games Disney 's Tarzan Disney 's Tarzan : Untamed Disney 's Tarzan : Return to the Jungle Disney 's Tarzan Activity Center Music Music soundtrack `` You 'll Be in My Heart '' `` Strangers Like Me '' `` Son of Man '' `` Two Worlds '' `` Singing to the Song of Life '' Other articles Music `` Gitarzan '' ( 1969 ) `` Jungle Boogie '' ( 1973 ) `` Tarzan Boy '' ( 1985 ) `` Tarzan & Jane '' ( 1998 ) Speech Kreegah bundolo Tarzan yell Radio Tarzan ( radio program ) Games Tarzan : Lord of the Jungle Jungle Lord Comics Tarzan Akim Tarzan vs. Predator : At the Earth 's Core Batman / Tarzan : Claws of the Cat - woman Superman / Tarzan : Sons of the Jungle Tarzan on the Planet of the Apes General Edgar Rice Burroughs , Inc . Tarzanesque Tarzan Alive : A Definitive Biography of Lord Greystoke Pellucidar Brothers of the Spear Opar Zone ( play ) Tarzan and Jane ( musical ) Tarzana , Los Angeles Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tarzan_(1966_TV_series)&oldid=831510745 '' Categories : 1960s American television series Tarzan television series Television series by Warner Bros. Television NBC network shows 1966 American television series debuts 1968 American television series endings Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands Português Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 20 March 2018 , at 23 : 24 . About Wikipedia
who played the original tarzan in the tv series
[ "Tarzan is a series that aired on NBC from 1966 – 1968. The series portrayed Tarzan (played by Ron Ely) as a well-educated character who had grown tired of civilization, and returned to the jungle where he had been raised.[1] It was filmed in Brazil. The production later relocated to Mexico. This series was set in the newly-independent Africa of the time." ]
[ "Ron Ely" ]
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Land of Oz
Land of Oz - wikipedia Land of Oz Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Land of Oz ( disambiguation ) . Oz The official map of Oz and its neighbouring kingdoms . The regions beyond Oz 's surrounding deserts were introduced after the first Oz book . Flag of Oz The Oz series location Other name ( s ) Land of Oz Created by L. Frank Baum Genre Classic children 's book Type Fairy country Ethnic group ( s ) Munchkins , Winkies , Quadlings , Gillikins Notable locations Emerald City ( capital ) , Munchkin Country , Gillikin Country , Quadling Country , Winkie Country , Yellow brick road , Deadly Desert Notable characters Dorothy Gale , Toto , Wicked Witch of the East , Good Witch of the North , Wizard of Oz , Princess Ozma , Scarecrow , Tin Woodman , Cowardly Lion , Glinda the Good Witch , Wicked Witch of the West Population 500,000 Anthem `` The Oz Spangled Banner '' Currency none The fictional Land of Oz is a magical country first introduced in the classic children 's novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1900 ) . Oz consists of four vast quadrants , the Gillikin Country in the north , Quadling Country in the south , Munchkin Country in the east and Winkie Country in the west . Each province has its own ruler , but the realm itself has always been ruled by a single monarch . After The Marvelous Land of Oz , this monarch is Princess Ozma . Originally , Baum did not intend for The Wonderful Wizard of Oz to have any sequels , but it achieved a greater popularity than any of the other fairylands he created , including the land of Merryland in Baum 's children 's novel Dot and Tot in Merryland , written a year later . Due to Oz 's worldwide success , Baum decided to return to it four years after The Wonderful Wizard of Oz was published . For the next two decades , he described and expanded upon the land in the Oz Books , a series which introduced many fictional characters and creatures . Baum intended to end the series with the sixth Oz book The Emerald City of Oz ( 1910 ) , in which Oz is forever sealed off and made invisible to the outside world , but this did not sit well with fans , and he quickly abandoned the idea , writing eight more successful Oz books , and even naming himself the `` Royal Historian of Oz '' . In all , Baum wrote fourteen best - selling children 's books about Oz and its enchanted inhabitants , as well as a spin off - series of six early readers . After his death in 1919 , author Ruth Plumly Thompson , illustrator John R. Neill ( who had previously collaborated with Baum on his Oz books ) and several other writers and artists continued the series . There are now over 50 novels based upon Baum 's original Oz saga . Baum characterized Oz as a real place , unlike MGM 's 1939 musical movie adaptation , which presents it as a dream of lead character Dorothy Gale . According to the Oz books , it is a hidden fairyland cut off from the rest of the world by a deadly desert . The canonical demonym for Oz is `` Ozite '' . The term appears in Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz , The Road to Oz , and The Emerald City of Oz . Elsewhere in the canon , `` Ozmie '' is also used . In the animated 1974 semi-sequel to the MGM film , Journey Back to Oz , `` Ozonian '' is used . The term `` Ozian '' appears in the script for the Royal Shakespeare Company 's stage adaptation of the MGM movie and in the non-canonical modern work Wicked . `` Ozmite '' was used in Reilly & Lee marketing in the 1920s , which has suggested to some critics that `` Ozmie '' may have been a typographical error . Contents ( hide ) 1 Characteristics 2 Geography 2.1 The Land of Oz 2.2 West and East 2.3 Location 2.4 Inspiration 2.5 Witches and wizards 2.6 Animals 2.7 Other races 3 History 3.1 Prehistory 3.2 History through the first six books 4 Economy and politics 5 Defense 6 Characters 7 Other media 7.1 The 1939 MGM film 's Oz 7.2 Gregory Maguire 's revisionist Oz 7.3 Alexander Melentyevich Volkov 's Magic Land 7.4 March Laumer 's Oz 7.5 Philip José Farmer 's Oz 7.6 Robert A. Heinlein 's Oz 7.7 L. Sprague de Camp 's Oz 7.8 Tad Williams ' Otherland Oz 7.9 The Outer Zone ( Tin Man ) 7.10 Emerald City Confidential 7.11 Once Upon a Time 8 Magic 8.1 Silver Shoes / Ruby Slippers 8.2 Powder of Life 8.3 Magic Belt 8.4 Magic Picture 8.5 Great Book of Records 8.6 The Love Magnet 8.7 Magic Fan 8.8 Fountain of Oblivion 8.9 Magic Dinner Bell 9 Miscellaneous 9.1 Death in Oz 9.1. 1 Theories 9.2 Talking animals 9.3 Origin of the name Oz 10 References 11 External links Characteristics ( edit ) Oz is , in the first book The Wonderful Wizard of Oz , distinguished from Dorothy 's native Kansas by not being civilized ; this explains why Kansas does not have witches and wizards , while Oz does . In the third book , Ozma of Oz , Oz is described as a `` fairy country '' , new terminology that remained to explain its wonders . Geography ( edit ) The Land of Oz ( edit ) The Land of Oz ; note that the map is a mirror image of `` actual '' locations , but that the compass rose shows east on the right - hand side . Oz is roughly rectangular in shape , and divided along the diagonals into four countries : Munchkin Country ( but commonly referred to as ' Munchkinland ' in adaptations ) in the East , Winkie Country in the West ( sometimes West and East are reversed on maps of Oz , see West and East below ) , Gillikin Country in the North , and Quadling Country in the South . In the center of Oz , where the diagonals cross , is the fabled Emerald City , capital of the land of Oz and seat to the monarch of Oz , Princess Ozma . The regions have a color schema : blue for Munchkins , yellow for Winkies , red for Quadlings , green for the Emerald city , and ( in works after the first ) purple for the Gillikins , which region was also not named in the first book . ( This contrasts with Kansas ; Baum , describing it , used `` gray '' nine times in four paragraphs . ) In The Wonderful Wizard of Oz , this is merely the favorite color , used for clothing and other man - made objects , and having some influence on their choice of crops , but the basic colors of the world are natural colors . The effect is less consistent in later works . In The Marvelous Land of Oz , the book states that everything in the land of the Gillikins is purple , including the plants and mud , and a character can see that he is leaving when the grass turns from purple to green , but it also describes pumpkins as orange and corn as green in that land . Baum , indeed , never used the color schema consistently ; in many books , he alluded to the colors to orient the characters and readers to their location , and then did not refer to it again . His most common technique was to depict the man - made articles and flowers as the color of the country , leaving leaves , grass , and fruit their natural colors . Most of these regions are settled with prosperous and contented people . However , this naturally is lacking in scope for plot . Numerous pockets throughout the land of Oz are cut off from the main culture , for geographic or cultural reasons . Many have never heard of Ozma , making it impossible for them to acknowledge her as their rightful queen . These regions are concentrated around the edges of the country , and constitute the main settings for books that are set entirely within Oz . The Lost Princess of Oz , for instance is set entirely in rough country in Winkie Country , between two settled areas . In Glinda of Oz , Ozma speaks of her duty to discover all these stray corners of Oz . In The Wonderful Wizard of Oz , a yellow brick road leads from the lands of the Munchkins to the Emerald City . Other such roads featured in other works : one from Gillikin Country in The Marvelous Land of Oz , and a second one from Munchkin Land in The Patchwork Girl of Oz . Oz is completely surrounded on all four sides by a desert which insulates the citizens of the Land of Oz from discovery and invasion . In the first two books , this is merely a natural desert , with only its extent making it dangerous to the traveler , but in The Road to Oz it is said to turn anyone who touches it to sand . Indeed , in The Marvelous Land of Oz , Mombi tries to escape through it and Glinda chases her over the sands . Still , it is the dividing land between the magic of Oz and the outside world , and the Winged Monkeys can not obey Dorothy 's command to carry her home because it would take them outside the lands of Oz . In Ozma of Oz , it has become a magical desert called the Deadly Desert with life - destroying sands and noxious fumes , a feature that remained constant through the rest of the series , although no actual destruction is depicted in the Oz books , unlike in the film Return to Oz . The desert has nonetheless been breached numerous times , both by children from our world ( mostly harmless ) , by the Wizard of Oz himself , and by more sinister characters , such as the Nome King , who attempted to conquer Oz . After such an attempt in The Emerald City of Oz , the book ends with Glinda creating a barrier of invisibility around the Land of Oz , for further protection . This was , indeed , an earnest effort on Baum 's part to end the series , but the insistence of readers meant the continuation of the series , and therefore the discovery of many ways for people to pass through this barrier as well as over the sands . Despite this continual evasion , the barrier itself remained ; nowhere in any Oz book did Baum hint that the inhabitants were even considering removing the magical barrier . West and East ( edit ) The first known map of Oz was a glass slide used in Baum 's Fairylogue and Radio - Play traveling show , showing the blue land of the Munchkins in the east and the yellow land of the Winkies in the west . These directions are confirmed by the text of all of Baum 's Oz books , especially the first , in which the Wicked Witch of the East rules over the Munchkins , and the Wicked Witch of the West rules over the Winkies . Like traditional western maps , the Fairylogue and Radio - Play map showed the west on the left , and the east on the right . However , the first map of Oz to appear in an Oz book had those directions reversed , and the compass rose adjusted accordingly . It is believed that this is a result of Baum copying the map from the wrong side of the glass slide , effectively getting a mirror image of his intended map . When he realized he was copying the slide backward , he reversed the compass rose to make the directions correct . However , an editor at Reilly and Lee reversed the compass rose , thinking he was fixing an error , and resulting in further confusion . Most notably , this confused Ruth Plumly Thompson , who frequently reversed directions in her own Oz books as a result . Another speculation stems from the original conception of Oz , which at first appeared to be situated in an American desert . If Baum thought of the country of the Munchkins as the nearest region to him , it would have been in the east while he lived in Chicago , but when he moved to California , it would have been in the west . Modern maps of Oz are almost universally drawn with the Winkies in the west and the Munchkins in the east , although west and east often appear reversed . Many Oz fans believe this is the correct orientation , perhaps as a result of Glinda 's spell , which has the effect of confusing most standard compasses ; perhaps resembling its similarity to the world Alice found through the looking glass in which everything was a mirror image ; or perhaps just reflecting the alien nature of Oz . In Robert A. Heinlein 's book The Number of the Beast he posits that Oz is on a retrograde planet , meaning that it spins in the opposite direction of Earth so that the sun seems to rise on one 's left as one faces north . March Laumer 's The Magic Mirror of Oz attributes the changes to a character named Till Orangespiegel attempting to turn the Land of Oz orange . Location ( edit ) Oz , like all of Baum 's fantasy countries , was presented as existing as part of the real world , albeit protected from civilization by natural barriers . Indeed , in the first books , nothing indicated that it was not hidden in the deserts of the United States . It gradually acquired neighboring magical countries , often from works of Baum 's that had been independent , as Ix from Queen Zixi of Ix , and Mo from The Magical Monarch of Mo . The first of these is Ev , introduced in Ozma of Oz . Oz and surrounding countries , on the map from Tik - Tok of Oz ( The directional indicator in the map 's corner shows North and South correctly , but it flips East to the left , and West to the right ) . In Tik - Tok of Oz , Baum included maps in the endpapers which definitively situated Oz on a continent with its neighboring countries . Oz is the largest country on the continent unofficially known as Nonestica ( this name was proposed by Robert R. Pattrick for the whole of the countries surrounding Oz ; Pattrick proposed `` Ozeria '' for the whole continent , but that name is generally unused in fan discussions ) , which also includes the countries of Ev , Ix , and Mo , which has also been known as Phunniland , among others . Nonestica is , according to the map , in the Nonestic Ocean . A fair amount of evidence in the books point to this continent as being envisioned as somewhere in the southern Pacific Ocean . At the opening of Ozma of Oz , Dorothy Gale is sailing to Australia with her Uncle Henry when she is washed overboard ( in a chicken coop , with Billina the yellow hen ) , and lands on the shore of Ev -- a rare instance in which an outsider reaches the Oz landmass through non-magical ( or apparently non-magical ) means . Palm trees grow outside the Royal Palace in the Emerald City , and horses are not native to Oz , both points of consistency with a South - Pacific location ; illustrations and descriptions of round - shaped and domed Ozite houses suggest a non-Western architecture . Conversely , Oz has technological , architectural , and urban elements typical of Europe and North America around the turn of the twentieth century ; but this may involve cultural input from unusual external sources ( see History below ) . Ruth Plumly Thompson asserts in her first Oz book , The Royal Book of Oz , that the language of Oz is English , which also suggests European or American influence . An argument against the South Pacific is that the seasons in Oz are shown as the same seasons in the United States at the same time . In addition , in The Wishing Horse of Oz , Pigasus follows the North Star when he flies to Thunder Mountain , which could only be done in the Northern Hemisphere . Inspiration ( edit ) Baum 's creation of the Emerald City may have been inspired by the White City of the World Columbian Exposition , which he visited frequently . Its quick building , in less than a year , may have been an element in the quick construction of the Emerald City in the first book . Schematically , Oz is much like the United States , with the Emerald City taking the place of Chicago : to the East , mixed forest and farmland ; to the West , treeless plains and fields of wheat ; to the South , warmth and lush growth , and red earth . Ruth Plumly Thompson took a different direction with her Oz books , introducing European elements such as the title character of The Yellow Knight of Oz , a knight straight out of Arthurian Legend . Witches and wizards ( edit ) The Wicked Witch of the West melts , from the William Wallace Denslow illustration in the first edition of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1900 ) At the time of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz , the lands in the North , South , East and West of Oz are each ruled by a Witch . The Witches of the North and South are good , while the Witches of the East and West are wicked . Glinda ( the Good Witch of the South ) is later revealed to be the most powerful of the four , although later Oz books reveal that the Wicked Witch of the West was so powerful , even Glinda feared her . After Dorothy 's house crushes the Wicked Witch of the East , thereby liberating the Munchkins from bondage , the Good Witch of the North tells Dorothy that she ( the Witch of the North ) is not as powerful as the Wicked Witch of the East had been , or she would have freed the Munchkins herself . During the first scene in Oz in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz , the Good Witch of the North ( Locasta or Tattypoo ) explains to Dorothy that Oz still has witches and wizards , not being civilized , and goes on to explain that witches and wizards can be both good and evil , unlike the evil witches that Dorothy had been told of . That book contained only the four witches ( besides the humbug wizard ) , but despite Ozma 's prohibition on magic , many more magicians feature in later works . Baum tended to capitalize the word `` Witch '' when referring to the Witches of the North , South , East or West , but did not do so when referring to witches in general . For example , in the aforementioned first scene of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz , Locasta ( or Tattypoo ) thanks Dorothy for killing the `` Wicked Witch of the East '' , and introduces herself as `` the Witch of the North '' , with the word `` Witch '' capitalized in both cases . However , when she goes on to tell Dorothy that `` I ( the Witch of the North ) am a good witch , and the people love me '' , the word `` witch '' is not capitalized . White is the traditional color of witches in Oz . The Good Witch of the North wears a pointed white hat and a white gown decorated with stars , while Glinda , the Good Witch of the South ( called a `` sorceress '' in later books ) , wears a pure white dress . Dorothy is taken for a witch not only because she had killed the Wicked Witch of the East , but because her dress is blue and white checked . Ozma , once on the throne , prohibits the use of magic by anyone other than Glinda the Good , the Wizard of Oz , and herself -- as , earlier , the Good Witch of the North had prohibited magic by any other witch in her domains . The illicit use of magic is a frequent feature of villains in later works in the series , appearing in The Scarecrow of Oz , Rinkitink in Oz , The Lost Princess of Oz , The Tin Woodman of Oz , and The Magic of Oz . Animals ( edit ) There are different kinds of animals living in Oz . According to Baum , all animals in Oz have the ability to speak because it is a `` fairy '' kingdom . When asked by his readers why Dorothy 's dog Toto did not speak , Baum insisted that he had the ability to , but did not choose to speak , but he finally does so in Tik - Tok of Oz . Among the many animals in Oz are : A-B - Sea Serpent -- A 200 feet ( 61 m ) long sea serpent that is composed of alphabet blocks . Chiss -- An evil porcupine spirit that can launch his quills . Choggenmugger - Thick , hard scales cover its body . It has wide jaws , sharp teeth . A dragon - eater that ate all dragons , serpents and crocodiles on the Regos Island to extinction . Comfortable Camel -- A camel from outside of Oz , who found his way into Oz , along with the Doubtful Dromedary , and they joined Dorothy Gale 's party to find the Scarecrow . He almost always feels comfortable during his eventful journey . Cowardly Lion -- The Cowardly Lion is one of Dorothy Gale 's friends . Crab -- A crab ended up in an argument with a Zebra to determine if the world had more water , or more land Doubtful Dromedary -- A dromedary from outside of Oz , who found his way into Oz , along with the Comfortable Camel , and they joined Dorothy Gale 's party to find the Scarecrow . He doubts nearly everything that anyone says . Dragons -- Dragons are the toughest creatures in the Land of Oz and its neighboring countries . The ones in Gillikin Country live underground and are allowed to come out once every 100 years in search of food . Field Mice -- The Tin Man once saved the Queen of the Field Mice from a wildcat . Her kind later helps Dorothy and her friends get out of a deadly poppy field . The mice also reappear in the Magical Land of Oz to help the Scarecrow on his quest to reclaim his throne from General Jinjur , by hiding inside his clothes and jumping out to scare Jinjur 's guards . Foolish Owl -- The Foolish Owl lives in Munchkin Country . She and the Wise Donkey are public advisers . Gargoyles -- A bunch of wooden gargoyles live in the Land of Naught ( underground , outside of Oz ) . They once captured Dorothy Gale , Zeb Hugson , and their animal friends when they visited the Land of Naught . Giant Purple Spiders -- A race of spiders in Gillikin Country that catch travelers in their webs and make them their servants . Glass Cat -- A glass sculpture brought to life by the Powder of Life . Gump -- Gumps are common creatures in the Land of Oz . They are elk - like creatures with wide - spreading antlers , caprine whiskers , and a turned - up nose . Hippocampus -- A race of half - horse half - fish aquatic creatures that live in Lake Orizon within Munchkin Country . The lake monster Quiberon once ate them into extinction . After Quiberon was turned to stone by the Wizard of Oz , he used his magic to reconstitute the bones of the Hippocampus causing their species to live once more . Hip - po - gy - raf -- A Hip - po - gy - raf lives in Munchkin Country west of Mount Munch . It appears to be a combination of a hippopotamus and a giraffe . Hungry Tiger -- The Hungry Tiger is the Cowardly Lion 's best friend . Jackdaws -- A bunch of Jackdaws live in Quadling Country . Kabumpo -- The elegant elephant of Pumperdink . Kalidahs -- The Kalidahs have the head and back legs of a tiger and the arms , torso , and feet of a bear . Their claws are known to rip a lion in half . Kangaroo -- A mittens - wearing kangaroo lives near the village of Fuddlecumjig . Lonesome Duck -- The Lonesome Duck is the only duck in the Land of Oz . Orks -- Orks are unusual flying animals that have the blended characteristics of a common ostrich and a parrot . Rak -- A terrible beast with a horrible appetite and a bad disposition . It is said to be bigger than 100 men and can eat any living thing . Rattlesnake -- A rattlesnake serves as a companion of the A-B - Sea Serpent . Squirrel King -- The King of the Squirrels that live in Winkie Country . Stork -- A stork once helped Dorothy and her companions rescue Scarecrow . Unicorns -- A group of unicorns live that at Unicorners within Munchkin Country . Winged Monkeys -- Monkeys with wings . They obey the owner of the Golden Hat that summons them for three times . Wise Donkey -- The Wise Donkey was a former citizen of the Land of Mo who often advised the King of Mo . He now lives in Munchkin Country with the Foolish Owl . Zebra -- A Zebra ended up in an argument with a Crab to determine if there was either more water in the world or more land . Other races ( edit ) There is a multitude of other races living in the land of Oz , many of which only appear once . Among the known races are : The Bun People of Bunbury -- The Bun People are made of baked goods . The Bunnies of Bunnybury -- A race of civilized rabbits . The China People -- A race of beings that are made of china ( porcelain ) that live in Quadling Country . The Cuttenclips -- A race of living paper dolls that live in Quadling Country . The Dicks -- The topsy - turvy inhabitants of Dicksy Land . The Equinots -- A race of centaurs . The Flatheads -- A race of flat - headed humans who carry their brains in cans . The Flutterbudgets -- A race of people who entertain foolish fears and spend time worrying over nothing . The Fuddles -- A race of anthropomorphic jigsaw puzzles that live in Fuddlecumjig . The Hammerheads -- An armless race with extensible necks and hard heads . The Hoopers -- A race of 10 ft. tall humanoids that live in the Purple Forest of Gillikin Country and can roll into hoops by grabbing their toes with their hands . The Hoppers -- A race of one - legged people that live inside a mountain in Quadling Country . The Horners -- A race of strange one - horned people that live inside a mountain in Quadling Country . The Hyups -- A subspecies of Munchkins that live on Mount Munch . The Loons -- A race of living balloon people that live in Loonville . The Magical Mimics -- A race of evil shape - shifting creatures that are a type of Erb that live on Mount Illuso . The Phanfasms -- A magically powerful race of Erb spirits that change their appearance into beasts . The Rigmaroles -- A race of people that make long deliberate speeches which makes use of many words . The Scares -- A race of grotesque beings that reside in Scare City within Quadling Country . The Scooters -- A race of people that live on the waters of the Gillikin River . They have long boat - like feet and have sails growing from their wrists to their ribs . The Skeezers -- A race of anatomically normal humans who are often in conflicts with the Flatheads . The Sticks - in - the - Muds -- A tribe of mud - covered people on stilts that live in Marsh Land within Winkie Country . The Thists -- A race of creatures that has diamond - shaped heads and heart - shaped bodies that live in Thi . The Tottenhots -- A race of small mischievous people who live on the borders of Quadling Country and Winkie Country . The Utensians -- A race of living utensils that live in Utensia in Quadling Country . The Yips -- A small community of people that resemble the Hyups . Outside of them are many other strange races who are often found living in the wilderness of Oz . Despite the overlordship of Ozma , many of the communities live autonomously . Oz has great tolerance for eccentricity and oddness . Many characters in Oz are animated objects . Such figures as the Glass Cat , the Scarecrow , Jack Pumpkinhead , the Sawhorse , and others are common . Entire regions are the homes of such animated beings . The Dainty China Country is entirely filled with creatures made of china , who would freeze into figurines if removed . The China princess lives in fear of breaking , because she would never be as pretty even if repaired . Many other characters are highly individual , even unique members of a species . Many such people from the outer worlds find refuge in Oz , which is highly tolerant of eccentricity . History ( edit ) Prehistory ( edit ) The history of Oz prior to The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( often called the prehistory of Oz as it takes place before Baum 's `` histories '' ) is often the subject of dispute , as Baum himself gave conflicting accounts . In The Wonderful Wizard of Oz , the title character recounts that he was a ventriloquist and a circus balloonist from Omaha , and during one flight the rope for his parachute vent became tangled , preventing him from descending until the next morning , and he awoke to find that he was floating over a strange land . When he landed , the people thought he was a great wizard because of his ability to fly . He did not disabuse them of this notion , and with his new power over them , he had them build a city with a palace in the center of Oz . He also ordered them to wear green glasses so it would appear to be made entirely of emeralds . However , in the later Oz books the city is depicted as actually being made of emerald or other green materials . The Wizard was a young man when he first arrived in Oz , and grew old while he was there . Afraid of the Wicked Witches of the West and the East , who , unlike him , could do real magic , the Wizard hid away in a room of his palace and refused to see visitors . He lived in this way until the arrival of Dorothy in the first book . In The Marvelous Land of Oz the prehistory was changed slightly . Glinda , the Good Witch of the South , reveals that the Wizard usurped the previous king of Oz Pastoria and hid away his daughter Ozma . This was Baum 's reaction to the popular 1903 Broadway extravaganza Baum adapted from his book , The Wonderful Wizard of Oz , in which the Wizard took the role of the main antagonist and the Wicked Witch of the West was left out . The Wizard , however , had been more popular with his readers than he thought . In Ozma of Oz , he omitted any mention of the Wizard 's having usurped the throne of Ozma 's father , but the largest changes occurred in the next book . In the preface to Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz , Baum remarks that the Wizard had turned out to be a popular character with the children who had read the first book and so he brought the Wizard back . During it , the Wizard relates yet another account of his history in Oz , telling Ozma that his birth name was Oscar Zoroaster Phadrig Isaac Norman Henkle Emmanuel Ambroise Diggs , which , being a very long and cumbersome name , and as his other initials spelled out `` PINHEAD , '' he preferred to leave just as O.Z. The balloon part of his story was unchanged , except for the detail added by Ozma , that the people probably saw his initials on his balloon and took them as a message that he was to be their king . She relates that the country was already named Oz ( a word which in their language means `` great and good '' ) , and that it was typical for the rulers to have names that are variations of Oz ( King Pastoria being a notable exception to this rule ) . Ozma elaborates further , saying that there were once four Wicked Witches in Oz , who leagued together to depose the King , but the Wicked Witches of the North and South were defeated by Good Witches before the Wizard arrived in Oz . According to this version , the King at the time was Ozma 's grandfather . This version of prehistory restores the Wizard 's reputation , but adds the awkwardness of both Ozma and her father having been born in captivity . In The Tin Woodman of Oz Baum writes how Oz came to be a fairyland : Oz was not always a fairyland , I am told . Once it was much like other lands , except it was shut in by a dreadful desert of sandy wastes that lay all around it , thus preventing its people from all contact with the rest of the world . Seeing this isolation , the fairy band of Queen Lurline , passing over Oz while on a journey , enchanted the country and so made it a Fairyland . And Queen Lurline left one of her fairies to rule this enchanted Land of Oz , and then passed on and forgot all about it . Thenceforward , no one in Oz would ever age , get sick , or die . After becoming a fairyland , Oz harbored many Witches , Magicians , and Sorcerers until the time when Ozma made magic illegal without a permit . In yet another inconsistency , it is implied that Ozma was the fairy left behind by Queen Lurline to rule the country , contradicting the story where she was Pastoria 's daughter . This is later confirmed in Glinda of Oz : `` If you are really Princess Ozma of Oz , '' the Flathead said , `` you are one of that band of fairies who , under Queen Lurline , made all Oz a Fairyland . I have heard that Lurline left one of her own fairies to rule Oz , and gave the fairy the name of Ozma . '' While this explains why no one dies or ages , and nevertheless there are people of differing ages in Oz , it is completely inconsistent with the earlier versions of the prehistory . Maguire , author of Wicked addresses this inconsistency by saying that the people of Oz believe that Ozma is reincarnated -- that her spirit was left behind by Lurline , but her body is reborn to different mortal queens . In Jack Snow 's The Magical Mimics in Oz , the prehistory story is retold . This version relates that Ozma was given to the king of Oz as an adoptive daughter , for he was old and had no children . In the Magic Land stories of Alexander Melentyevich Volkov , the prehistory is quite different . The land was created 6,000 -- 7,000 years ago by a wizard named Hurricap , who was tired of people coming to him with requests , so he decided to find a place without them annoying him . He found a remote land and separated it from the rest of the world , along with putting the enchantments of eternal spring and talking animals ( Volkov 's version does n't include any forms of immortality ) . However , he failed to notice that the land already contained people ( since he was a giant , already suffering from nearsightedness in his advanced age , and the people in the Magic Land were much shorter than in other places ) , but , upon discovering the fact , decided that removing the enchantments would be unnecessary . Instead , he ordered the people to keep away from his castle . After that , the notable events included a conquest attempt by a sorceress named Arachna ( Gurrikap was still alive , and put her in an enchanted sleep for 5,000 years . Her awakening formed the story for the fifth book in Volkov 's series ) , an unsuccessful coup by a prince named Bofaro to overthrow his father about 1,000 years ago ( He and his accomplices were banished to an underground cave and became the Magic Land 's main source of metal and gems , an analogue to the Nomes ) , and the arrival of the Four Witches ( which only occurred about 500 years ago in this continuity ) . History through the first six books ( edit ) Eventually , Dorothy Gale and her whole house are blown into Oz from Kansas by a tornado . When the house lands , it crushes the Wicked Witch of the East ( in Gregory Maguire 's book , Wicked : The Life and Times of the Wicked Witch of the West , she is given a name , Nessarose ) , ruler of the Munchkins . In an attempt to get back to her home , she journeys to the Emerald City . Along the way , she meets the Tin Woodman , the Cowardly Lion , and the Scarecrow , all of whom accompany her . Once there , they become the first people to gain an audience with the Wizard since he went into seclusion , although he disguises himself because Dorothy now has the Wicked Witch of the East 's magic silver slippers , and he is afraid of her . The Wizard sends Dorothy and her party to destroy the Wicked Witch of the West and in exchange promises to grant her request to be sent home . Surprisingly , Dorothy `` destroys '' the Witch by throwing a pail of water on her , causing her to melt . Defeated , the Wizard reveals to the group that he is in fact not a real wizard and has no magical powers , but he promises to grant Dorothy 's wish and take her home himself in his balloon . He leaves the Scarecrow in his place to rule Oz . Finally , it is discovered that the wizard had given the daughter of the last king of Oz , Princess Ozma , to the old witch Mombi to have her hidden away . Mombi had turned Ozma into a boy named Tip , whom she raised . When all of this is revealed Tip is turned back into Ozma and takes her rightful place as the benevolent ruler of all of Oz . Ozma successfully wards off several attempts by various armies to overthrow her . To prevent any upheaval of her rule over Oz , she outlaws the practice of all magic in Oz except by herself , the returned and reformed wizard , and by Glinda , and she has Glinda make all of Oz invisible to outsiders . Ozma remains the ruler of Oz for the entire series . The Royal flag of Oz , as described in Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz Economy and politics ( edit ) Some political analysts have claimed that Oz is a thinly disguised socialist utopia , though some Baum scholars disagree . Advocates of this theory support it using this quotation from The Emerald City of Oz : There were no poor people in the land of Oz , because there was no such thing as money , and all property of every sort belonged to the Ruler . Each person was given freely by his neighbors whatever he required for his use , which is as much as anyone may reasonably desire . Every one worked half the time and played half the time , and the people enjoyed the work as much as they did the play , because it is good to be occupied and to have something to do . There were no cruel overseers set to watch them , and no one to rebuke them or to find fault with them . So each one was proud to do all he could for his friends and neighbors , and was glad when they would accept the things he produced . This is a revision of the original society : in the first two books , the people of Oz lived in a money - based economy . For instance , the people of the Emerald City use `` green pennies '' as coinage . Money was not abolished in the course of the series , but excised from the conception of Oz . Indeed , in The Magic of Oz , a character from Oz gets into trouble when he goes to Ev because he was unaware of the concept of money . This decision to remove money from Oz may reflect Baum 's own financial difficulties in the times when he was writing these books . Since Oz is ruled by a monarch , benevolent though she may be , Oz is closer in nature to an absolute monarchy than a communist or Marxist state . When she was first introduced , Ozma was the monarch specifically of the Emerald City , but in the description of Ozma of Oz , Oz is presented as a federal state , rather like the German Empire , in monarchies rather than republics : having an overall ruler in Ozma , and individual kings and queens of smaller portions . The society grew steadily more utopian , in that its peace and prosperity were organized , but from the first book , it was a stupendously wealthy country , in contrast to Kansas 's crop failures , droughts , and mortgages -- just as it also is colorful to contrast with Kansas 's gray . On the other hand , despite the presence of the Emerald City , Oz is an agrarian country , similar to Kansas ; the story has been interpreted as a populist parable , and certainly contains many populist themes . In The Wonder City of Oz , Princess Ozma ( called `` Queen Ozma '' in this book ) is seen running for election ( `` ozlection '' ) to her office as ruler against Jenny Jump , a half - fairy newcomer from New Jersey . However , this book was not written by Baum , but by John R. Neill , Baum 's second successor . Further , the concept of the `` ozlection '' was not in Neill 's manuscript for the book , but was added by an editor at Reilly and Lee , the publisher . At times the rulers of Oz 's territories have grander titles than would normally be customary , but this is done mostly for the satisfaction of the incumbents . The ruler of the Winkie Country is the Emperor , the Tin Woodman . The ruler of the Quadling Country is Glinda the Good . The Munchkin Country is ruled by a king , later identified as Cheeriobed , who is revealed to be married to the Good Witch of the North , who , a spell broken , abdicates leadership of the Gillikin Country to Joe King and Queen Hyacinth of Up Town . The Royal Flag of Oz is based on the map of the Land of Oz ; the four colors represent the four countries , and the green star represents the Emerald City . Defense ( edit ) Oz is mostly a peaceful land and the idea of subversion is largely unknown to its people . Most military positions are only formal . This has caused many problems , such as in The Marvelous Land of Oz when the Emerald City ( which was only guarded by an elderly doorman and one soldier who was the entire Army of Oz at the time ) was easily conquered by the Army of Revolt led by General Jinjur . This army was in turn overwhelmed by another army of girls led by Glinda . Security of Oz is mostly maintained by magic such as Glinda 's spell making Oz completely invisible . Oz also has a natural barrier in the form of a desert that surrounds the land : anyone who touches the desert turns to sand . The Nome King has tried to conquer Oz on several occasions . A nominal army once existed , but it had an extremely large officers / privates ratio ; other than its commander the Tin Woodman and one private , the portion of it seen in Ozma of Oz was composed entirely of cowardly officers . In the end of the book it was said that there are three privates all in all , and it is unknown how many -- if any -- officers were left at home during Ozma 's travel to Ev . The private seen in the book , named Omby Amby , is later promoted to Captain General . In the book Emerald City of Oz , there are 2 towns called Rigmarole Town and Flutterbudgets that are the defensive settlements of Oz . In the movie Return to Oz , the mechanical man Tik - Tok is the entire Royal Army of Oz . Attempts by outsiders to conquer the Land of Oz are frequent , particularly in the Oz books by Ruth Plumly Thompson . But these attempts are always successfully thwarted in the end , usually by Ozma or by forces sympathetic to her . Characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Oz characters Recurring characters in the classic Oz series include : Dorothy Gale -- A heroic little orphan girl from Kansas . In later Oz books , she eventually moves to Oz permanently after visiting the land several times and having several adventures there . Dorothy ultimately becomes best friends with Princess Ozma who proclaims her as an official princess of Oz . Toto -- Dorothy 's little black dog whom she loves dearly . Toto is a sidekick companion , loyally following his mistress Dorothy on most of her adventures . It is revealed in `` Tik - Tok of Oz '' that even though Toto is not a fairy dog , he can still talk in Oz , he just chooses not to . Princess Ozma -- The long - lost child Queen and rightful ruler of Oz . She is the only child of Oz 's deceased mortal king , Pastoria who ruled before the Wizard arrived . She is established upon the throne as the true heir roughly five years after The Wonderful Wizard of Oz takes place . Uncle Henry -- Dorothy 's uncle who is a Kansas farmer and the husband of aunt Em . He ultimately moves to Oz with Dorothy and aunt Em when the bank forcloses on his farm . Aunt Em -- Dorothy 's aunt , and the wife of uncle Henry . She ultimately moves to Oz with Dorothy and uncle Henry . The Good Witch of the North -- The elderly ruler of the northern Gillikins . She is known by Locasta Tattypoo and became the ruler of the Gillikin Country after she overthrew Mombi , the Wicked Witch of the North . She was also the first witch Dorothy encountered upon her first arrival in Oz in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz . The Scarecrow -- A living stuffed man of straw who was made in Oz 's eastern quadrant called Munchkin Country . He is also a good friend of Dorothy . At the end of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz he became the King of Oz and ruled its imperial capital called Emerald City after the Wizard left . However , he gladly relinquished the title when Ozma was found . The Tin Woodman ( aka Nick Chopper ) -- An enchanted woodsman made entirely out of tin and is a good friend of Dorothy . He was originally a Munchkin but is the current Emperor of the western Winkies and lives in a tin castle . He became the official ruler of the Winkie Country after the Wicked Witch of the West was destroyed by Dorothy in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz . The Cowardly Lion -- The talking lion who is a good friend of Dorothy . In the end of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz , he became the King of the Beasts and overcame his cowardly ways . In later Oz books he becomes best friends with the Hungry Tiger , together they rule Oz 's Animal Kingdom and are the royal chariot pullers for Princess Ozma . The Wizard ( Oscar Diggs ) -- The former ruler of Oz and the Emerald City before the Scarecrow and Princess Ozma . Originally a skilled circus entertainer and ventriloquist from Omaha , Nebraska , he used his magic tricks to create illusions that made it appear as if he had real powers . Once a humbug , he is now a real wizard after being trained by both Ozma and Glinda who successfully taught him how to perform honest magic . Glinda -- The beautiful and wise Good Witch of the South who rules the southern Quadlings in a ruby palace . She became the benevolent sorceress of the Quadling Country after she vanquished the Wicked Witch of the South ( although the classic MGM musical movie of 1939 incorrectly portrays her as the Good Witch of the North ) . Guardian of the Gates -- The friendly gate keeper responsible for adorning the visitors who wish to enter Oz 's capital with the green tinted spectacles . He is described as being a very jolly and short man who wears fancy green clothing and has green tinted skin . Soldier with the Green Whiskers -- The Captain - General of the Royal Army of Oz who guards the main entrance of the royal palace in the Emerald City . His real name is Omby Amby Wantowin Battles . He is a very tall man who has a very long green beard . Jellia Jamb -- The young maid who works in the Emerald City 's royal palace . She is also known as the `` pretty green girl '' , with pretty green eyes and pretty green hair . Jellia becomes Ozma and Dorothy 's favorite servant out of the city 's staff administration . Jack Pumpkinhead -- An enchanted man made out of wooden branches with a carved jack - o - lantern pumpkin for a head . Jack was brought to life with the magic `` Powder of Life '' potion . The Sawhorse -- An animated sawhorse who becomes a steed of sorts for Princess Ozma and her friends . He was brought to life with the `` Powder of Life '' . H.M. Woggle - Bug , T.E. -- An intelligent insect who was magnified into a human - sized bug . Jinjur -- A former General of the all female Army of Revolt . Billina -- A yellow hen and good friend of Dorothy . Upon arriving to Oz Billina becomes Queen of the chickens . Tik - Tok -- A mechanical and super-intelligent , clockwork robot ( one of the first robots in literature ) . The Hungry Tiger -- The Cowardly Lion 's closest companion besides the Scarecrow and Tin Woodman . The Shaggy Man -- A homeless , but friendly man from `` the real world '' . He ends up living in Oz permanently . Button - Bright -- A lost little boy of only four or five - years - old . He is from a wealthy family in Philadelphia , but has many adventures in Oz and its neighboring kingdoms . Eureka -- Dorothy 's pink and purple kitten . The Patchwork Girl ( a.k.a. `` Scraps '' ) -- A life - size living doll made entirely of a colorful patchwork quilt . She was brought to life with the magic `` Powder of Life '' potion by a young Munchkin boy named Ojo . Scraps also becomes the love interest of the Scarecrow . Ojo -- A young boy of Munchkin descent . Betsy Bobbin -- A girl a year older than Dorothy from Oklahoma who comes to Oz with a talking mule named Hank after being shipwrecked . Polychrome -- A colorful and ethereal sky fairy and the youngest daughter of the Rainbow . Trot -- A girl who comes to Oz by accident and who 's a year younger than Dorothy . Cap'n Bill -- An ex-sailor with a wooden leg who visits Oz and is friends with Trot . Kabumpo -- The Elegant Elephant of Pumperdink . Jenny Jump -- A 15 - year - old girl from New Jersey who became a half - fairy . Pastoria -- The former mortal King of Oz who ruled long before the Wizard came and is the deceased father of Princess Ozma . Mombi -- The former Wicked Witch of the North . Mombi once ruled the northern quadrant of Oz until the Good Witch Locasta Tattypoo overthrew her . She also was partially responsible for the mysterious disappearance of Princess Ozma . The Nome King -- the main villain and antagonist in the Oz books . He is Oz 's most threatening enemy who resides in a neighbouring kingdom separated from Oz by the Deadly Desert . The Nome King is always trying to conquer Oz or thinking of ways to overthrow it throughout most of the entire series . Other media ( edit ) The 1939 MGM film 's Oz ( edit ) The Land of Oz as portrayed in the classic MGM musical movie of 1939 , is quite different from that portrayed in Baum 's books . The most notable difference is that in the film the entire land of Oz appears to be dreamed up by Dorothy Gale ( thus making it a dream world ) , although , Dorothy earnestly corrects the adults at the end that she was indeed there , and an image of Dorothy 's falling farmhouse returning to earth is presented . The apparent message is that one should appreciate one 's home , no matter how dull it may look or uninteresting its surroundings may be , for having a home and a family is not something that should be taken for granted . This contrasts sharply with the books , in which Dorothy and her family are eventually invited to move to Oz due to a bank foreclosure on the farm , showing both that Oz is a real place , and that it is a utopia compared to the prairies of Kansas . There are many other small differences between the books and the movie . For example , when Dorothy arrives in Munchkinland the Munchkins are seen wearing colorful costumes , but in the book Munchkins are said to only wear blue as blue is the official dominant color of the east . The first witch Dorothy meets in Oz in the book is the Good Witch of the North , a minor character that only had one other appearance in Baum 's books but is an important figure of Oz nonetheless . In the movie this character is conflated with that of Glinda , who is the Good Witch of the South and does not make an appearance until the very end of Baum 's story . The character of Glinda in the books dresses in all white silk , as white is the traditional color for good witches , whereas in the film she is seen in pink . It is also worthy of note that the Dorothy of the books is only a little girl who is no older than twelve - years - old . However , she is mature and very resourceful , only crying when faced with ultimate despair , whereas the older Dorothy of the movie ( portrayed as a twelve - year - old by sixteen - year - old Judy Garland ) spends several portions of the film crying and being told by others what to do , however her fear was overshadowed by the Cowardly Lion 's . This is more consistent with Thompson 's portrayal of Dorothy -- Baum is known for his strong and independent female characters . The Wicked Witch of the West also changes significantly between books and movie . In the books no mention is ever made of her skin color , whereas in the movie she is green without explanation , although the Winkies she has enslaved and turned into soldiers are also green . In the book it is implied but not stated that she dresses in yellow , as yellow is the official dominant color of the Winkie Country where she rules , whereas in the movie she dresses entirely in black . In the book she is portrayed as having only one eye , which is so powerful it could see distant objects like a telescope , but in the movie she uses a crystal ball to watch Dorothy and her friends from afar . The 1939 MGM film makes the first reference to The Witches of the East and West being sisters , which was not the case in the book ; none of the Witches in Baum 's Oz are related . The Wizard of Oz does not resort to anywhere near as much trickery in the movie as the book . In the book he entertains each member of Dorothy 's party on a different day , and takes a different form for each ; appearing as a giant green head , a beautiful fairy , a great beast , and a levitating ball of fire . In the movie he takes only one of these forms -- that of the giant green head . The nature of the Emerald City is changed in the film . In the book , the city is not actually all green , but everyone is forced to wear green tinted spectacles ( ostensibly to protect their eyes from the glory and splendor of the luxurious city ) , thus making everything appear green . In the film , the city is actually all green . The architecture of the Emerald City in the movie uses a much more contemporary Art Deco style than Baum could have imagined . In the book , a giant green wall studded in glittering emeralds surrounds the entire city , whereas in the movie there is only a gate opening . The movie replaces the charmed Silver Shoes with pointed toes of the book with Ruby - Red Slippers . This was because full color motion pictures were still a relatively new technology in 1939 , and MGM wanted to show off the visually dazzling process . Shiny red shoes were more impressive in a color motion picture compared to silver ones . Due to the popularity of the movie , the green witch and the Ruby Slippers are more well known to the general public and pop culture than their book counterparts , and are even considered iconic . Gregory Maguire 's revisionist Oz ( edit ) In his revisionist Oz novels Wicked : The Life and Times of the Wicked Witch of the West , Son of a Witch , A Lion Among Men and Out of Oz , Gregory Maguire portrays a very different version of the Land of Oz . Maguire 's Oz is not Baum 's utopia , but a land troubled by political unrest and economic hardship . One political issue in Maguire 's novels is the oppression of the Animals ( Maguire distinguishes speaking Animals from non-speaking animals by the use of initial capital letters ) . There are many religious traditions in Maguire 's Oz , including Lurlinism ( which regards the Fairy Lurline as Oz 's creator ) , Unionism , which worships the Unnamed God , and the pleasure faiths which had swept Oz during the time that the witches were at Shiz . An example of the pleasure faiths were tic - toc ( where creatures were enchanted to tell secrets or the future and run by clockwork ) , and sorcery . Maguire 's presentation of Oz 's geography is also tinged with politics . A large political prison , Southstairs , exists in caverns below the Emerald City . Gillikin , home of Shiz University , has more industrial development than other parts of Oz . Munchkinland is Oz 's breadbasket and at one point declares its independence from the rule of the Emerald City . Quadling Country is largely marshland , inhabited by the artistic and sexually free Quadlings . The Vinkus ( Maguire 's name for Winkie Country ) is largely open grassland , populated by semi-nomadic tribes with brown skin . The musical Wicked , based on Maguire 's first Oz novel , portrays an Oz slightly closer to the version seen in Baum 's novels and the 1939 film . The oppression of the Animals is still a theme , but the geographical and religious divisions portrayed in Maguire 's novel are barely present . In both the book and musical , several characters from the traditional Oz stories are present with different names . Glinda is originally called Galinda , but changes her name . The Wicked Witch of the West is called Elphaba , the Wicked Witch of the East is called Nessarose . In the musical , but not in the book , Boq becomes the Tin Man , and Fiyero becomes the Scarecrow . Alexander Melentyevich Volkov 's magic Land ( edit ) Alexander Melentyevich Volkov was a Russian author best known for his translation of The Wizard of Oz into Russian , and for writing his own original sequels , which were based only loosely on Baum 's . Volkov 's books have been translated into many other languages , and are better known than Baum 's in some countries . The books , while still aimed at children , feature many mature political and ethical elements . They have been retranslated into English by Peter L. Blystone and partially by March Laumer , who used elements of them in his own books . March Laumer 's Oz ( edit ) March Laumer was one of the first authors to continue the Oz series after the Famous Forty . His books were written with the permission of Contemporary Books , who owned Reilly & Lee , the original publisher . His canon includes everything he knew of that was set in the land of Oz , including Volkov 's Russian Oz , the MGM movie , the Disney sequel , and many of Baum 's own books that most fans do not consider canonical . Laumer also made several controversial changes to Oz . He married off several of the major characters , often to unlikely prospects . For example , the intelligent and mature sorceress Glinda was married to Button Bright , who had been a small and dim - witted child throughout Baum 's books . He also aged Dorothy to a teenager to make her a romantic prospect for several characters , made Ozma a lesbian based on her upbringing as a boy , and made the Shaggy Man an ephebophile based on his frequent travels with young girls . Laumer 's books do not portray one consistent version of Oz . Because most of his books were collaborations , he often included elements of other author 's visions of Oz which may have been inconsistent with his own . For example , while he explicitly made Dorothy sixteen in A Fairy Queen in Oz , he had her physically eight in Aunt Em and Uncle Henry in Oz ; and while he portrayed Volkov 's Oz as a parallel universe in Farewell to Oz he also showed Volkov 's characters living in Baum 's Oz in many of his other books , such as Aunt Em and Uncle Henry in Oz . Despite these discrepancies , many of his books are consistent with each other , and characters introduced in some often appear in others . Philip José farmer 's Oz ( edit ) Philip José Farmer portrays a very different Oz in his book A Barnstormer in Oz . The premise is that nothing after the first book occurred -- Dorothy never returned to Oz , and instead grew up , got married , and had a son . Her son , Hank Stover , is the main character , a World War I veteran flier and the titular barnstormer . While flying in his Curtiss JN - 4 biplane he enters a green haze and emerges in the civil war - stricken land of Oz . Farmer portrays the land of Oz as a science fiction author , attempting to explain scientifically many of the `` magical '' elements of Baum 's story . Robert a Heinlein 's Oz ( edit ) Robert A. Heinlein 's book , The Number of the Beast passes through many famous fictional worlds including those of Alice in Wonderland ; Gulliver 's Travels , specifically Lilliput ; E.E. `` Doc '' Smith 's Lensman universe ; Asgard , connected to Heinlein 's own Future History universe by the Rainbow Bridge for one specific reason in one specific location ; and Ringworld ; as well as some of Heinlein 's own works , specifically those set in his Future History through which Lazarus Long moves ; and of course the Land of Oz itself . The Oz portrayed in the book is very close to Baum 's Oz , although Heinlein does make an attempt to explain some things from the standpoint of a science fiction author . He explains that Oz is on a retrograde planet , where the direction of rotation relative to the poles is reversed , resulting in the sun seeming to rise in what would normally be the west . Heinlein also explains that the population remains steady in Oz despite the lack of death because it is impossible for children to be born in Oz . When the population does increase through immigration , Glinda just extends the borders an inch or two in each direction , which makes more than enough space for all additional people . L. Sprague de Camp 's Oz ( edit ) L. Sprague de Camp , like Heinlein , brings his own characters to Oz in his book Sir Harold and the Gnome King , part of the originally collaborative Harold Shea series . Unlike Heinlein , he does not attempt to explain Oz as science fiction , though he does deviate from the original corpus . He follows Thompson 's Oz books , thus using her spelling of `` Gnome '' and her final fate of the character , but he postulates an incident that has removed the Ozites ' immortality , with the result that both Ozma and Dorothy have aged and married by the time his story takes place . Tad Williams ' Otherland Oz ( edit ) In the Otherland series , by Tad Williams , a virtual reality version of Oz exists , wherein real - world antagonists play sadistic versions of the roles of the Tin Man , The Scarecrow , and the Cowardly Lion , in a twisted , martial , and post-apocalyptic version of Oz , populated both by characters from the novels , and a large quantity of male and female humans who go by the names `` Henry '' and `` Em '' respectively . The humans , computer - generated characters based on the lost minds of children drawn into the Otherland program , look forward to a messianic prophecy foretelling the coming of `` The Dorothy , '' where a child would be born among them . The outer Zone ( Tin man ) ( edit ) The 2007 Sci Fi television miniseries Tin Man reinvents Oz as the Outer Zone ( O.Z. ) , a parallel universe that was first visited by Dorothy Gale during the latter Victorian Era and is ruled over by her descendants . It is implied , by reference to centuries having elapsed since Dorothy came to the O.Z. , that time has progressed at different rates in the O.Z. and `` the other side '' . The re-imagined Oz is described as a place where `` the paint has peeled , and what was once the goodness of Oz has become the horrible bleakness of the O.Z. '' The scenic design of the O.Z. features elements of steampunk , particularly the `` 1930 's fascist realist '' decor of the evil sorceress 's palace and the computer - generated Central City , analogue of the Emerald City . Emerald City Confidential ( edit ) The 2009 point - and - click adventure video game Emerald City Confidential reinvents Oz in a film noir style , with Dorothy Gale as a femme fatale , the Lion as a corrupt lawyer and some other changes . Once upon a time ( edit ) The Land of Oz appears in the TV series Once Upon a Time and is the focus of the episodes It 's Not Easy Being Green , Kansas , Heart of Gold , Our Decay , Ruby Slippers , and the most recent episode Where Bluebirds Fly . It was also seen briefly in the episode Sisters . Magic ( edit ) Being a fantasy series Oz is rich in magic . In particular , there are many magic items which play an important role in the series . Silver shoes / Ruby Slippers ( edit ) When Dorothy leaves Oz after having several adventures there and befriending many of Oz 's natives , she is magically carried over the Deadly Desert by means of the charmed Silver Shoes she had been given shortly after her unexpected arrival when her farmhouse landed on and killed the previous pair 's owner , the Wicked Witch of the East . After knocking her heels together three times and wishing to return home , Dorothy is lifted into the air and transported to Kansas . The shoes however , slip off of Dorothy 's feet and are lost forever in the desert . Baum states the silver shoes are never recovered . In the 1939 film the shoes are changed to Ruby Slippers . When Dorothy clicks her heels together she closes her eyes and says : `` Theres no place like home '' . She then wakes up in her bedroom in Kansas believing her experience in Oz to be an elaborate dream . The silver shoes and ruby slippers are also used in several other versions including Wicked by Gregory Maguire . Here the shoes are constructed as a gift and have a chameleon effect . They are decorated with thousands of glittering glass beads that change colors according to the lighting . They can also appear to be several different colors all at once . The shoes are also lost when Dorothy is teleported back home just like in Baum 's novel . The Broadway musical based on Maguire 's book further shows that they were all silver , but were changed to ruby red by a spell put upon them by the Witch of the West Elphaba , enabling her sister the Witch of the East Nessarose , who prior had been confined to a wheelchair , to magically walk . A little - known adaptation of the original story made for British television in the mid-90's starring Denise van Outen explained that they had belonged to a visitor from over the rainbow who came to Oz before Dorothy and they were obtained by the Witch when the visitor wished herself home and they fell off her feet on the return trip . Powder of life ( edit ) The Powder of Life is a magic substance from the book series , which first appears in The Marvelous Land of Oz . It is a magical powder that brings inanimate objects to life . The witch Mombi first obtained it from a `` crooked magician . '' Later in the series it is revealed that the substance is made by a Dr. Pipt . In order to make the substance , Dr. Pipt had to stir four large cauldrons for six years . Only a few grains of the powder could be made at a time . It is always described as being carried in a pepper box . In The Marvelous Land of Oz , the Powder of Life was used to bring Jack Pumpkinhead , the Sawhorse , and the Gump to life . In The Patchwork Girl of Oz it brings the title character to life , also the glass cat and a phonograph . Mombi 's shaker also contained three `` wishing pills '' fabricated by Dr. Nikidik . The Powder has been used by Volkov in his series . There , it is produced from a certain plant of such viability that the smallest piece can grow into a plant within a day , on any surface except for solid metal . However , if it is sun dried on such a surface , it turns into the Powder of Life . No incantation is required to make the powder work . The second book of the series is centered around a man who animates an army of wooden soldiers with the Powder and uses them for conquering the Magic Land . In Return to Oz , the magic words to bring the inanimate object to life were `` WEAUGH , TEAUGH , PEAUGH '' . Magic Belt ( edit ) The Magic Belt is first introduced in Ozma of Oz . Originally the belt belonged to the Nome King , but Dorothy Gale stole it and defeated him . When she leaves Oz , she gives it to Ozma for safekeeping . In most Oz books , the Magic Belt grants its wearer the ability to transform anyone into any form , and the ability to transport anyone anywhere , and also makes its wearer impervious to harm . In some books , it also grants limited wishes . In Ozma of Oz , its power is limited : its magic can not affect objects which are made of wood . In non-canonical The Oz Kids animated series , the Magic Belt belonged to Dot . Magic picture ( edit ) In Ozma 's boudoir hangs a picture in a radium frame . This picture usually appears to be of a pleasant countryside , but when anyone wishes for the picture to show a particular person or place , the scene will display what is wished for . Sometimes the onlooker is able to hear sounds from the scene within the Magic Picture and sometimes an additional device is necessary to transmit sound . A similar device is present in Volkov 's series . There , it is given as a present to the Scarecrow by the Good Witch of the South . It is a box of pink wood with a thick frosted glass screen . The device is password activated , and limited in range to the Magic Land ( with the exception of deep underground caverns and certain types of magical interference ) . The box is shown to be virtually indestructible ; it withstood repeated abuse from a villain attempting to use it . Great book of Records ( edit ) `` Great Book of Records '' redirects here . It is not to be confused with Guinness World Records . Glinda 's Great Book of Records is introduced in Chapter 29 of The Emerald City of Oz : `` ' It is a record of everything that happens , ' replied the Sorceress . ' As soon as an event takes place , anywhere in the world , it is immediately found printed in my Magic Book . So when I read its pages I am well informed . ' '' The Book proves useful in The Scarecrow of Oz and Glinda of Oz ; and it recurs in many of the stories of Baum 's successors and imitators . It is one of the prime magic devices of Oz ; villains steal it when they can ( as in The Lost Princess of Oz or in Handy Mandy in Oz ) . Since it covers the planet and not merely Oz , the Book 's entries are compressed and sometimes cryptic , and difficult to decipher ( as in Paradox in Oz or Queen Ann in Oz ) . The book is also featured in fantasy series Once Upon a Time . Zelena reads the book ignoring Glinda 's warning and turns green again because she felt betrayed as it was mentioned in the book that Dorothy would save Oz from a great evil ( Zelena thought that evil was her but this was never revealed ) . The love magnet ( edit ) A rusty - looking horseshoe magnet which causes everyone to love its owner . It is closely associated with the Shaggy Man . In The Road to Oz , he finds that being loved by everyone can be inconvenient . In Tik - Tok of Oz he reveals that Ozma has modified its powers so that it only works when it is displayed and affects only the feelings of those who see it . It is an essential plot - element in The Shaggy Man of Oz . Ozma keeps it hanging over the gate into the Emerald City , so that all who enter will come with love , although this does not always seem to happen . Magic fan ( edit ) The Magic Fan is brought to Oz by Dorothy in The Royal Book of Oz . Several subsequent books mention it . It creates a powerful wind , capable of blowing away an invading army . Fountain of oblivion ( edit ) A fountain in the Emerald City , anyone who drinks from it forgets everything he knows , including his own name . It is used against the Nome King in The Emerald City of Oz and again in The Magic of Oz . Magic dinner bell ( edit ) Created by the Red Jinn , it summons a slave named Ginger , who appears bearing a tray full of delicious food when the bell is rung . Besides providing food , the bell also provides a means of escape from danger : anyone who holds onto the slave when he disappears after bringing the food is transported with him to the Red Jinn 's castle . There are actually two magic dinner bells , one in the Emerald City and another which the Red Jinn keeps for himself and uses while traveling . The bell is first introduced in Jack Pumpkinhead of Oz and also appears in The Purple Prince of Oz and The Silver Princess in Oz . Miscellaneous ( edit ) Death in Oz ( edit ) In the later Oz books , no one can die . One of the books assures us that while you are in the Land of Oz , you can not die . Unfortunately , this information comes after characters in the books have been chopped into pieces , beheaded , melted , and so forth and it is mentioned that you could be transformed into an inanimate object , turned into sand , and buried . Even so , you would still be alive and presumably conscious . Baum puts it this way in the third chapter of The Emerald City of Oz : `` No disease of any sort was ever known among the Ozites , and so no one ever died unless he met with an accident that prevented him from living . '' Note also the spell which caused this also prevented aging , and took effect on everyone in Oz at the same time ; this means that any babies in Oz are eternally babies , and that anyone who was at the moment of death is permanently caught there , and so on . Theories ( edit ) Death is treated inconsistently ; in some books it is said that it is impossible to die , in others , people die . Problematically , the plot often depends on something either dying , or not being killable . The Wonderful Wizard of Oz shows an early example of the problem : although the Tin Woodman does not die when his limbs and head are severed , the two wicked witches are killed ( The Wicked Witch of the East could be explained that she was simply crushed and not really dead , but could n't do anything anyway , and in The Oz Odyssey , the Wicked Witch of the West comes back to life . ) One theory brought forth as to why the Tin Woodman does not die is discussed in Edward Einhorn 's book `` Paradox in Oz '' , where King Oz says that the Tin Woodman ( then Nick Chopper ) would have died were it not for his time magic . When the Tin Woodman rescues the Queen of the Field Mice by chopping off the head of a pursuing wildcat , it seems unlikely the cat 's unjoined head and body continue to live independently of each other , although this goes unmentioned . Again , although the Tin Woodman survived losing all his body , prior to that , he had grown up and lost his parents in a manner inconsistent with later descriptions of Oz . Again , in Ozma of Oz , Jack Pumpkinhead was described as `` a little overripe '' , and in Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz , he does not appear at all , although all the other characters do reappear ; the implication is that he spoiled , as he feared from his creation . It is unlikely , however , since , according to the previous book , while a pumpkin which serves as Jack 's head can spoil , it can be replaced , which was done several times without a problem . Both Ozma of Oz and Tik - Tok of Oz describe trees with meat growing on them , so it is possible that no animal was killed for most of the meat eaten in Oz . However , in Tin Woodman of Oz a hungry Jaguar tries to eat a live monkey , suggesting that occasionally ( among non-human animals , at least ) animal flesh is preferred to that of plants . Another of Baum 's attempts to explain death in Oz is the following passage from The Emerald City of Oz . No disease of any sort was ever known among the Ozites , and no one ever died unless he met with an accident that prevented him from living . This passage has been translated by some fans to mean that one ceases to live if one 's body is damaged to the extent that it can not be repaired . However , in Tik - Tok of Oz Baum suggested that Oz people could go on living after being eaten and digested , and also that Nomes would continue to live after being cut into tiny pieces , which disproves the destruction theory . Talking animals ( edit ) In Oz , animals such as the Cowardly Lion and the Hungry Tiger can talk , and all native animals appear to be capable of speech . Wicked : The Life and Times of the Wicked Witch of the West emphasized the difference between Animals and animals . Animals ( capitalized ) are sentient beings that can talk . Several theories exist as to how animals gained the gift of speech . The treatment of non-native animals was inconsistent . In the first book , the dog Toto never speaks , although brought to Oz ; in The Patchwork Girl of Oz , Dorothy specifies that he can not speak because he is not a fairy dog . However , in Ozma of Oz , the chicken Billina acquires speech merely by being swept to the lands near Oz , and in Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz , the same is true of the kitten Eureka and the cab horse Jim when reaching the land of Mangaboos , a similarly magical land . In Tik - Tok of Oz , Baum restored the continuity : Toto can speak , and always could , but never bothered to , because it was unnecessary . An additional inconsistency is introduced with Tik - Tok of Oz : Hank the Mule can not speak until reaching the Land of Oz , although he lands on the shore of Ev first , where Billina the chicken gained the ability to speak . This might be because Tik - Tok of Oz was originally a stageplay version of Ozma of Oz ; Dorothy was replaced by Betsy because he had sold the stage rights for Dorothy , and Billina was replaced by Hank because a mule could more convincingly be played by two people in a costume . Hank probably could not talk because Baum already had two speaking comedy characters , the Shaggy Man and Tik - Tok . Thus Hank would fill a better niche as a visual comedy character , in the tradition of British pantomime . The part of Hank was also an analog to the part of Dorothy 's cow Imogene , Toto 's replacement on stage in the immensely successful 1903 Broadway version of The Wizard of Oz , a success that Baum sought to duplicate for the rest of his life . There is one small kingdom in Oz where animals are unable to talk : Corumbia . Origin of the name Oz ( edit ) A legend of uncertain validity is that when relating bedtime stories ( the earliest form of the Oz books ) Baum was asked by his niece , Ramona Baxter Bowden , the name of the magical land . He glanced at a nearby filing cabinet , which had three drawers , labeled A -- G , H -- N , and O -- Z . Thus he named the land Oz . This story was first told in 1903 , but his wife always insisted that the part about the filing cabinet was not true . In Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz , the name is translated as `` great and good '' . It has also been speculated that Oz was named after the abbreviation for ounce , in the theory that Oz is an allegory for the populist struggle against the illusion ( the wizard ) of the gold standard . Others have said that Oz stands for New York , since the letters of the alphabet before O and Z are N and Y respectively . However , this works just as well with Oz standing for Pennsylvania , because the letters following O and Z are P and A ( starting again at the beginning of the alphabet ) . Several of Baum 's fairy stories that take place in the United States were situated on the Ozark Plateau , and the similarity of name may not be a coincidence . Oz is a common vernacular contraction of Australia ( Australia -- Aussie -- Aus -- Oz ) . Australia is a large continent predominated by desert regions , with pockets of intense green tropical , sub-tropical and sub-alpine greenlands and rainforests . It is quite possible that Baum took the popular nickname of Australia as the national name for his fictional world . Also note that many fans place Oz in the South Pacific , see Location above . However , according to the Oxford English dictionary , the first references to Australia by this name were made in 1902 -- after the first book had been published . Nevertheless , spoken references would certainly have been in use before first appearing in print ( as noted by Oxford ) , hence possibly before the writing of the book . It is also possible that it is based on the `` Óg '' in Tír na nÓg . While no direct link between the mythology of Oz and the realm of Irish folklore has been conclusively proven , certain similarities , for instance Ogma and Princess Ozma , are compelling . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Emerald City of Oz , p. 30 Jump up ^ James Thurber , `` The Wizard of Chitenango '' , in Fantasists on Fantasy , edited by Robert H. Boyer and Kenneth J. Zahorski , New York , Avon , 1984 ; pp. 64 -- 5 . ISBN 0 - 380 - 86553 - X . ^ Jump up to : Thurber , `` The Wizard of Chitenango '' , p. 66 . Jump up ^ L. Frank Baum , The Annotated Wizard of Oz , edited by Michael Patrick Hearn , New York , Crown , 1976 ; p. 96 . ISBN 0 - 517 - 50086 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Michael O. Riley , Oz and Beyond : The Fantasy World of L. Frank Baum , Lawrence , KS , University Press of Kansas , 1997 ; p. 53 . ISBN 0 - 7006 - 0832 - X . Jump up ^ Riley , p. 138 . ^ Jump up to : John Grant and John Clute , The Encyclopedia of Fantasy , New York , St. Martin 's Griffin , 1999 ; `` Oz '' , p. 739 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 19869 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Riley , p. 53 . Jump up ^ The Annotated Wizard of Oz , p. 92 . Jump up ^ Riley , p. 105 . ^ Jump up to : Riley , p. 106 . Jump up ^ Riley , p. 155 . Jump up ^ Riley , p. 177 . Jump up ^ Riley , p. 209 . ^ Jump up to : Riley , p. 223 . Jump up ^ The Annotated Wizard of Oz , p. 107 . Jump up ^ The Annotated Wizard of Oz , p. 106 . Jump up ^ The Annotated Wizard of Oz , p. 293 . ^ Jump up to : Riley , p. 139 . Jump up ^ The Encyclopedia of Fantasy , `` Oz '' , p. 740 . Jump up ^ Riley , p. 186 . Jump up ^ Eric P. Gjovaag . `` Wizard of Oz -- Frequently Asked Questions -- About the Land of Oz '' . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ Riley , p. 167 . Jump up ^ Riley , p. 37 . Jump up ^ Riley , p. 228 . Jump up ^ Riley , pp. 186 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Robert R. Pattrick , `` Oz Geography , '' The Baum Bugle , Vol. 3 No. 1 ( May 1959 ) to Vol. 4 No. 1 ( May 1960 ) . Jump up ^ The Annotated Wizard of Oz , p. 99 . ^ Jump up to : Riley , p. 57 . Jump up ^ The Annotated Wizard of Oz , p. 102 . Jump up ^ The Annotated Wizard of Oz , p. 115 . Jump up ^ Riley , pp. 177 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Jack Zipes , When Dreams Came True : Classical Fairy Tales and Their Tradition , London , Routledge , 1998 ; pp. 180 -- 1 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 92151 - 1 . Jump up ^ Zipes , p. 165 . Jump up ^ The Annotated Wizard of Oz , p. 311 . Jump up ^ Riley , p. 154 . ^ Jump up to : Riley , p. 146 . Jump up ^ `` Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz '' . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Riley , p. 140 . Jump up ^ Riley , pp. 216 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Frequently Asked Questions The Wonderful Wizard of Oz Website . ^ Jump up to : The Annotated Wizard of Oz , p. 202 . Jump up ^ Riley , p. 156 . Jump up ^ Riley , p. 220 . Jump up ^ The Annotated Wizard of Oz , p. 75 . Jump up ^ Riley , pp. 139 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Brian Attebery , The Fantasy Tradition in American Literature , Bloomington , IN , Indiana University Press , 1980 ; p. 85 . ISBN 0 - 253 - 35665 - 2 . Jump up ^ Attebery , pp. 86 -- 7 . Jump up ^ The Giant Horse of Oz . Jump up ^ Brooke Allen ( 2002 - 11 - 17 ) . `` The Man Behind the Curtain '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ Eric P. Gjovaag . `` Wizard of Oz -- Frequently Asked Questions '' . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ http://www.starwarstimeline.net/Oz/DeadlyDesert.htm Jump up ^ March Laumer Online Jump up ^ `` A Touch More Evil : Azkadellia 's World '' , SciFi Pulse video ( Atom Films mirror ) -- November 13 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` Brick by Brick : Bringing Tin Man to Life '' , SciFi Pulse video ( YouTube mirror ) -- November 16 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` Review of Emerald City Confidential '' , Adventure Gamers -- February 23 , 2009 Jump up ^ The Annotated Wizard of Oz , pp. 138 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Riley , pp. 146 -- 7 . Jump up ^ `` Tik - Tok of Oz '' . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ The Yellow Knight of Oz Jump up ^ The Annotated Wizard of Oz , p. 103 . Jump up ^ Riley , p. 125 . External links ( edit ) Oz portal Hungry Tiger Talk discussion of Oz maps The Wonderful Wizard of Oz Canonical books L. Frank Baum The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1900 ) The Marvelous Land of Oz ( 1904 ) Ozma of Oz ( 1907 ) Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz ( 1908 ) The Road to Oz ( 1909 ) The Emerald City of Oz ( 1910 ) The Patchwork Girl of Oz ( 1913 ) Tik - Tok of Oz ( 1914 ) The Scarecrow of Oz ( 1915 ) Rinkitink in Oz ( 1916 ) The Lost Princess of Oz ( 1917 ) The Tin Woodman of Oz ( 1918 ) The Magic of Oz ( 1919 ) Glinda of Oz ( 1920 ) Ruth Plumly Thompson The Royal Book of Oz ( 1921 ) Kabumpo in Oz ( 1922 ) The Cowardly Lion of Oz ( 1923 ) Grampa in Oz ( 1924 ) The Lost King of Oz ( 1925 ) The Hungry Tiger of Oz ( 1926 ) The Gnome King of Oz ( 1927 ) The Giant Horse of Oz ( 1928 ) Jack Pumpkinhead of Oz ( 1929 ) The Yellow Knight of Oz ( 1930 ) Pirates in Oz ( 1931 ) The Purple Prince of Oz ( 1932 ) Ojo in Oz ( 1933 ) Speedy in Oz ( 1934 ) The Wishing Horse of Oz ( 1935 ) Captain Salt in Oz ( 1936 ) Handy Mandy in Oz ( 1937 ) The Silver Princess in Oz ( 1938 ) Ozoplaning with the Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) Others The Wonder City of Oz ( 1940 ) The Scalawagons of Oz ( 1941 ) Lucky Bucky in Oz ( 1942 ) The Magical Mimics in Oz ( 1946 ) The Shaggy Man of Oz ( 1949 ) The Hidden Valley of Oz ( 1951 ) Merry Go Round in Oz ( 1963 ) Yankee in Oz ( 1972 ) The Enchanted Island of Oz ( 1976 ) The Forbidden Fountain of Oz ( 1980 ) The Ozmapolitan of Oz ( 1986 ) The Wicked Witch of Oz ( 1993 ) The Giant Garden of Oz ( 1993 ) The Runaway in Oz ( 1995 ) The Rundelstone of Oz ( 2000 ) The Emerald Wand of Oz ( 2005 ) Trouble Under Oz ( 2006 ) Alternate Dorothy of Oz ( 1989 ) Locations and elements Land of Oz Emerald City Munchkin Country Gillikin Country Winkie Country Quadling Country Yellow brick road Oogaboo Deadly Desert Nonestica Forest of Burzee Land of Ev Merryland Mo Ix Nome Kingdom Noland Ruby slippers Silver Shoes Apocrypha The Oz Film Manufacturing Company Characters Dorothy Gale Toto Princess Ozma The Wizard of Oz Scarecrow Tin Woodman Cowardly Lion Jack Pumpkinhead Tik - Tok Sawhorse Trot Hungry Tiger Good Witch of the North Glinda , the Good Witch of the South Wicked Witch of the West Wicked Witch of the East Aunt Em Uncle Henry Betsy Bobbin Billina Boq Button - Bright Cap'n Bill Eureka Herby Jellia Jamb Jenny Jump Jinjur Jinnicky the Red Jinn John Dough Kabumpo Mombi Munchkins Nome King Ojo the Lucky Pastoria Patchwork Girl Peter Brown Pigasus Polychrome Queen Lurline Shaggy Man Soldier with the Green Whiskers Winged monkeys Woggle - Bug Other writers Authors John R. Neill Jack Snow Rachel Cosgrove Payes Eloise Jarvis McGraw Dick Martin Alexander Volkov Gregory Maguire Sherwood Smith Roger S. Baum Illustrators William Wallace Denslow Frank Kramer Dirk Gringhuis Dick Martin Eric Shanower William Stout Adaptations and other derivative works Films The Fairylogue and Radio - Plays ( 1908 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1910 ) Dorothy and the Scarecrow in Oz ( 1910 ) The Land of Oz ( 1910 ) John Dough and the Cherub ( 1910 ) The Patchwork Girl of Oz ( 1914 ) The Magic Cloak of Oz ( 1914 ) His Majesty , the Scarecrow of Oz ( 1914 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1925 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1933 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) Return to Oz ( 1964 ) The Wonderful Land of Oz ( 1969 ) Ayşecik ve Sihirli Cüceler Rüyalar Ülkesinde ( 1971 ) Journey Back to Oz ( 1974 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1975 ) The Wiz ( 1978 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1982 ) Return to Oz ( 1985 ) Dorothy Meets Ozma of Oz ( 1987 ) The Dreamer of Oz : The L. Frank Baum Story ( 1990 ) Lion of Oz ( 2000 ) The Muppets ' Wizard of Oz ( 2005 ) Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz ( 2011 ) Dorothy and the Witches of Oz ( 2011 ) After the Wizard ( 2011 ) Oz the Great and Powerful ( 2013 ) Legends of Oz : Dorothy 's Return ( 2014 ) Ozland ( 2014 ) Guardians of Oz ( 2015 ) Tom and Jerry : Back to Oz ( 2016 ) Stage The Wizard of Oz ( 1902 ) The Woggle - Bug ( 1905 ) The Tik - Tok Man of Oz ( 1913 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1942 ) The Wiz ( 1974 ) The Marvelous Land of Oz ( 1981 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1987 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 2000 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 2011 ) The Woodsman ( 2012 ) Television Tales of the Wizard of Oz ( 1961 ) Off to See the Wizard ( 1967 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1986 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1990 ) The Oz Kids ( 1996 ) Lost in Oz ( 2002 ) Once Upon a Time ( since 2011 ) The Wiz Live ! ( 2015 ) Lost In Oz ( 2015 ) Emerald City ( 2017 ) Dorothy and the Wizard of Oz ( 2017 ) Comics Queer Visitors from the Marvelous Land of Oz ( 1904 -- 05 ) Adventures in Oz ( 1986 -- 92 ) The Enchanted Apples of Oz ( 1986 ) Oz Squad ( 1991 ) Lost Girls ( 1991 -- 92 ) Oz ( 1994 ) Dorothy of Oz ( 2006 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 2009 ) Video games The Wizard of Oz ( 1993 ) The Wizard of Oz : Beyond the Yellow Brick Road ( 2008 ) Emerald City Confidential ( 2009 ) Parodies The Wozard of Iz Os Trapalhões eo Mágico de Oróz The Wonderful Wizard of Ha 's Wizard of Odd Reimagining The Wizard of Mars ( 1965 ) Hunter ( 1973 ) Zardoz ( 1974 ) Oz ( 1976 ) The Number of the Beast ( 1980 ) A Barnstormer in Oz ( 1982 ) The Wizard of A.I.D.S. ( 1987 ) The Wonderful Galaxy of Oz ( 1990 ) Twister ( 1994 ) The Dark Tower IV : Wizard and Glass ( 1997 ) Tin Man ( 2007 ) Dorothy Must Die ( 2014 ) The Wicked Will Rise ( 2015 ) The Wicked Years Wicked Son of a Witch A Lion Among Men Out of Oz Wicked ( musical ) Characters Others Rainbow Road to Oz MÄR The Wizard of Oz ( pinball ) The Wizard of Oz ( arcade game ) Related The International Wizard of Oz Club The Baum Bugle Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Land_of_Oz&oldid=800660145 '' Categories : The Wizard of Oz locations Oz countries Invisibility in fiction Fantasy worlds Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2011 All articles that may contain original research Articles that may contain original research from July 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano עברית Português Română Русский Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 September 2017 , at 22 : 32 . 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where do the bad witches live in the wizard of oz
[ "At the time of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, the lands in the North, South, East and West of Oz are each ruled by a Witch. The Witches of the North and South are good, while the Witches of the East and West are wicked. Glinda (the Good Witch of the South) is later revealed to be the most powerful of the four, although later Oz books reveal that the Wicked Witch of the West was so powerful, even Glinda feared her. After Dorothy's house crushes the Wicked Witch of the East, thereby liberating the Munchkins from bondage, the Good Witch of the North tells Dorothy that she (the Witch of the North) is not as powerful as the Wicked Witch of the East had been, or she would have freed the Munchkins herself." ]
[ "East and West" ]
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Civil rights movement
Civil rights movement - Wikipedia Civil rights movement Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the social and political movement in the United States for equal rights for African - Americans , focusing on the actions of the movement after 1954 . For a worldwide series of social and political movements , see Civil rights movements . For the timeline of this movement 's events prior to 1954 , see Civil rights movement ( disambiguation ) . Civil rights movement The March on Washington participants and leaders marching from the Washington Monument to the Lincoln Memorial Date 1954 -- 1968 Location United States Resulted in Rulings by federal judiciary : `` Separate but equal '' doctrine overturned by Brown v. Board of Education ( 1954 ) Bus segregation ruled unconstitutional by Browder v. Gayle ( 1956 ) Interracial marriages legalized by Loving v. Virginia ( 1967 ) Passage of federal laws : Civil Rights Act of 1957 Civil Rights Act of 1960 Civil Rights Act of 1964 Voting Rights Act of 1965 Civil Rights Act of 1968 ( Fair Housing Act ) Ratification of a federal constitutional amendment : 24th Amendment ( 1964 ) Formation of federal agencies : Civil Rights Division within US Department of Justice ( 1957 ) US Commission on Civil Rights ( 1957 ) Equal Employment Opportunity Commission ( 1965 ) Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity within US Department of Housing and Urban Development ( 1968 ) The civil rights movement ( also known as the African - American civil rights movement , American civil rights movement and other terms ) was a decades - long movement with the goal of securing legal rights for African Americans that other Americans already held . With roots starting in the Reconstruction era during the late 19th century , the movement resulted in the largest legislative impacts after the direct actions and grassroots protests organized from the mid-1950s until 1968 . Encompassing strategies , various groups , and organized social movements to accomplish the goals of ending legalized racial segregation and discrimination in the United States , the movement , using major nonviolent campaigns , eventually secured new recognition in federal law and federal protection of all Americans . After the American Civil War and the abolition of slavery in the 1860s , the Reconstruction Amendments to the United States Constitution , sought to secure the rights of African Americans . While for a short time , African Americans voted and held political office , they were soon deprived of civil rights , often under Jim Crow laws , and subjected to discrimination and sustained violence . Over the following century , various efforts were made by African Americans to secure their legal rights . Between 1955 and 1968 , acts of nonviolent protest and civil disobedience produced crisis situations and productive dialogues between activists and government authorities . Federal , state , and local governments , businesses , and communities often had to respond immediately to these situations , which highlighted the inequities faced by African Americans . The lynching of Emmett Till and the visceral response to his mother 's decision to have an open - casket funeral mobilized the African - American community nationwide . Forms of protest and / or civil disobedience included boycotts such as the successful Montgomery Bus Boycott ( 1955 -- 56 ) in Alabama ; `` sit - ins '' such as the influential Greensboro sit - ins ( 1960 ) in North Carolina and successful Nashville sit - ins in Tennessee ; marches , such as the 1963 Birmingham Children 's Crusade and 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches ( 1965 ) in Alabama ; and a wide range of other nonviolent activities . Moderates in the movement worked with Congress to achieve the passage of several significant pieces of federal legislation overturning discriminatory practices . The Civil Rights Act of 1964 expressly banned discrimination based on race , color , religion , sex , or national origin in employment practices ; ended unequal application of voter registration requirements ; and prohibited racial segregation in schools , at the workplace , and in public accommodations . The Voting Rights Act of 1965 restored and protected voting rights for minorities by authorizing federal oversight of registration and elections in areas with a historic under - representation of minorities as voters . The Fair Housing Act of 1968 banned discrimination in the sale or rental of housing . African Americans re-entered politics in the South , and across the country young people were inspired to take action . From 1964 through 1970 , a wave of inner - city riots in black communities undercut support from the white middle class , but increased support from private foundations . The emergence of the Black Power movement , which lasted from about 1965 to 1975 , challenged the established black leadership for its cooperative attitude and its practice of nonviolence , and instead demanding that , in addition to the new laws gained through the nonviolent movement , political and economic self - sufficiency be built in the black community . Many popular representations of the movement are centered on the charismatic leadership and philosophy of Martin Luther King Jr. , who won the 1964 Nobel Peace Prize for his role in the movement . However , some scholars note that the movement was too diverse to be credited to any one person , organization , or strategy . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 The beginnings of direct action ( 1950s ) 3 History 3.1 Brown v. Board of Education , 1954 3.2 Emmett Till 's murder , 1955 3.3 Rosa Parks and the Montgomery Bus Boycott , 1955 -- 1956 3.4 Desegregating Little Rock Central High School , 1957 3.5 The method of Nonviolence and Nonviolence Training 3.6 Robert F. Williams and the debate on nonviolence , 1959 -- 1964 3.7 Sit - ins , 1958 -- 1960 3.8 Freedom Rides , 1961 3.9 Voter registration organizing 3.10 Integration of Mississippi universities , 1956 -- 1965 3.11 Albany Movement , 1961 -- 62 3.12 Birmingham campaign , 1963 3.13 `` Rising tide of discontent '' and Kennedy 's response , 1963 3.14 March on Washington , 1963 3.15 Malcolm X joins the movement , 1964 -- 1965 3.16 St. Augustine , Florida , 1963 -- 64 3.17 Freedom Summer , 1964 3.18 Civil Rights Act of 1964 3.19 Harlem riot of 1964 3.20 Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party , 1964 3.21 Selma Voting Rights Movement 3.22 Voting Rights Act , 1965 3.23 Watts riot of 1965 3.24 Fair housing movements , 1966 -- 1968 3.25 Nationwide riots of 1967 3.26 Memphis , King assassination and the Poor People 's March 1968 3.27 Civil Rights Act of 1968 4 Movements , politics , and white reactions 4.1 Grassroots leadership 4.2 Black power ( 1966 -- 1968 ) 4.3 Black conservatism 4.4 Avoiding the `` Communist '' label 4.5 Kennedy administration , 1961 -- 1963 4.6 American Jewish community and the civil rights movement 4.6. 1 Profile 4.7 White backlash 4.8 African - American women in the movement 4.8. 1 Discrimination 5 Johnson administration : 1963 -- 1968 6 Prison reform 6.1 Gates v. Collier 7 Cold War 8 In popular culture 9 Activist organizations 10 Individual activists 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 Bibliography 15 Further reading 15.1 Historiography and memory 15.2 Autobiographies and memoirs 16 External links Background ( edit ) Further information : Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era , Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution , and Jim Crow laws Before the American Civil War , almost four million blacks were enslaved in the South , only white men of property could vote , and the Naturalization Act of 1790 limited U.S. citizenship to whites only . Following the Civil War , three constitutional amendments were passed , including the 13th Amendment ( 1865 ) that ended slavery ; the 14th Amendment ( 1868 ) that gave African - Americans citizenship , adding their total population of four million to the official population of southern states for Congressional apportionment ; and the 15th Amendment ( 1870 ) that gave African - American males the right to vote ( only males could vote in the U.S. at the time ) . From 1865 to 1877 , the United States underwent a turbulent Reconstruction Era trying to establish free labor and civil rights of freedmen in the South after the end of slavery . Many whites resisted the social changes , leading to insurgent movements such as the Ku Klux Klan , whose members attacked black and white Republicans to maintain white supremacy . In 1871 , President Ulysses S. Grant , the U.S. Army , and U.S. Attorney General Amos T. Akerman , initiated a campaign to repress the KKK under the Enforcement Acts . Some states were reluctant to enforce the federal measures of the act ; by the early 1870s , other white supremacist and paramilitary groups arose that violently opposed African - American legal equality and suffrage . However , if the states failed to implement the acts , the laws allowed the Federal Government to get involved . Many Republican governors were afraid of sending black militia troops to fight the Klan for fear of war . After the disputed election of 1876 resulted in the end of Reconstruction and federal troops were withdrawn , whites in the South regained political control of the region 's state legislatures by the end of the century , after having intimidated and violently attacked blacks before and during elections . From 1890 to 1908 , southern states passed new constitutions and laws to disenfranchise African Americans and many poor whites by creating barriers to voter registration ; voting rolls were dramatically reduced as blacks and poor whites were forced out of electoral politics . After the landmark court case of Smith v. Allwright progress was made in increasing black political participation in the Rim South and Acadiana -- although almost entirely in urban areas and a few rural localities where most blacks worked outside plantations . The status quo ante of excluding African Americans from the political system lasted in the remainder of the South , especially North Louisiana , Mississippi and Alabama , until national civil rights legislation was passed in the mid-1960s to provide federal enforcement of constitutional voting rights . For more than sixty years , blacks in the South were not able to elect anyone to represent their interests in Congress or local government . Since they could not vote , they could not serve on local juries . The mob - style lynching of Will James , Cairo , Illinois , 1909 During this period , the white - dominated Democratic Party maintained political control of the South . With whites controlling all the seats representing the total population of the South , they had a powerful voting block in Congress . The Republican Party -- the `` party of Lincoln '' and the party to which most blacks had belonged -- shrank to insignificance as black voter registration was suppressed except in remote Unionist areas of Appalachia and the Ozarks . Until 1965 , the `` Solid South '' was a one - party system under the Democrats , and excepting previously - noted historic Unionist strongholds the Democratic Party nomination was tantamount to election for state and local office . In 1901 , President Theodore Roosevelt invited Booker T. Washington to dine at the White House , making him the first African American to attend an official dinner there . `` The invitation was roundly criticized by southern politicians and newspapers . '' Washington persuaded the president to appoint more blacks to federal posts in the South and to try to boost African - American leadership in state Republican organizations . However , this was resisted by both white Democrats and white Republicans as an unwanted federal intrusion into state politics . Lynching victim Will Brown who was mutilated and burned during the Omaha , Nebraska race riot of 1919 . Postcards and photographs of lynchings were popular souvenirs in the U.S. During the same time as African Americans were being disenfranchised , white Democrats imposed racial segregation by law . Violence against blacks increased , with numerous lynchings through the turn of the century . The system of de jure state - sanctioned racial discrimination and oppression that emerged from the post-Reconstruction South became known as the `` Jim Crow '' system . The United States Supreme Court , made up almost entirely of Northerners , upheld the constitutionality of those state laws that required racial segregation in public facilities in its 1896 decision Plessy v. Ferguson , legitimizing them through the `` separate but equal '' doctrine . Segregation , which began with slavery , continued with Jim Crow laws , with signs used to show blacks where they could legally walk , talk , drink , rest , or eat . For those places that were racially mixed , non-whites had to wait until all white customers were dealt with . Elected in 1912 , President Woodrow Wilson ordered segregration throughout the federal government . Segregation remained intact into the mid-1950s , when many states began to gradually integrate their schools following the unanimous Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education that overturned Plessy v. Ferguson . The early 20th century is a period often referred to as the `` nadir of American race relations '' . While tensions and civil rights violations were most intense in the South , social discrimination affected African Americans in other regions as well . At the national level , the Southern block controlled important committees in Congress , defeated passage of laws against lynching , and exercised considerable power beyond the number of whites in the South . Characteristics of the post-Reconstruction period : Racial segregation . By law , public facilities and government services such as education were divided into separate `` white '' and `` colored '' domains . Characteristically , those for colored were underfunded and of inferior quality . Disenfranchisement . When white Democrats regained power , they passed laws that made voter registration more restrictive , essentially forcing black voters off the voting rolls . The number of African - American voters dropped dramatically , and they were no longer able to elect representatives . From 1890 to 1908 , Southern states of the former Confederacy created constitutions with provisions that disfranchised tens of thousands of African Americans , and U.S. states such as Alabama disenfranchised poor whites as well . Exploitation . Increased economic oppression of blacks through the convict lease system , Latinos , and Asians , denial of economic opportunities , and widespread employment discrimination . Violence . Individual , police , paramilitary , organizational , and mob racial violence against blacks ( and Latinos in the Southwest and Asians in California ) . KKK night rally in Chicago , c. 1920 African Americans and other ethnic minorities rejected this regime . They resisted it in numerous ways and sought better opportunities through lawsuits , new organizations , political redress , and labor organizing ( see the African - American civil rights movement ( 1896 -- 1954 ) ) . The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP ) was founded in 1909 . It fought to end race discrimination through litigation , education , and lobbying efforts . Its crowning achievement was its legal victory in the Supreme Court decision Brown v. Board of Education in 1954 when the Court rejected separate white and colored school systems and , by implication , overturned the `` separate but equal '' doctrine established in Plessy v. Ferguson of 1896 . The integration of Southern public libraries involved many of the same characteristics seen in the larger civil rights movement . This includes sit - ins , beatings , and white resistance . For example , in 1963 in the city of Anniston , Alabama , two black ministers were brutally beaten for attempting to integrate the public library . Though there was resistance and violence , the integration of libraries was generally quicker than integration of other public institutions . Colored Sailors room in World War I Black veterans of the military after both World Wars pressed for full civil rights and often led activist movements . In 1948 , they gained integration in the military under President Harry Truman , who issued Executive Order 9981 to accomplish it . The situation for blacks outside the South was somewhat better ( in most states they could vote and have their children educated , though they still faced discrimination in housing and jobs ) . From 1910 to 1970 , African Americans sought better lives by migrating north and west out of the South . Nearly seven million blacks left the South in what was known as the Great Migration . So many people migrated that the demographics of some previously black - majority states changed to white majority ( in combination with other developments ) . The rapid influx of blacks disturbed the racial balance within Northern cities , exacerbating hostility between both black and white Northerners . The Red Summer of 1919 was marked by hundreds of deaths and higher casualties across the U.S. as a result of race riots that occurred in more than three dozen cities , such as the Chicago race riot of 1919 and the Omaha race riot of 1919 . Stereotypic schemas of Southern blacks were used to attribute issues in urban areas , such as crime and disease , to the presence of African - Americans . Overall , African Americans in Northern cities experienced systemic discrimination in a plethora of aspects of life . Within employment , economic opportunities for blacks were routed to the lowest - status and restrictive in potential mobility . Within the housing market , stronger discriminatory measures were used in correlation to the influx , resulting in a mix of `` targeted violence , restrictive covenants , redlining and racial steering '' . White tenants seeking to prevent blacks from moving into the housing project erected this sign , Detroit , 1942 . Housing segregation was a nationwide problem , persistent well outside the South . Although the federal government had become increasingly involved in mortgage lending and development in the 1930s and 1940s , it did not reject the use of race - restrictive covenants until 1950 . Suburbanization was already connected with white flight by this time , a situation perpetuated by real estate agents ' continuing discrimination . In particular , from the 1930s to the 1960s the National Association of Real Estate Boards ( NAREB ) issued guidelines that specified that a realtor `` should never be instrumental in introducing to a neighborhood a character or property or occupancy , members of any race or nationality , or any individual whose presence will be clearly detrimental to property values in a neighborhood . '' The result was the creation of all - black ghettos in the North as well as South . Invigorated by the victory of Brown and frustrated by the lack of immediate practical effect , private citizens increasingly rejected gradualist , legalistic approaches as the primary tool to bring about desegregation . They were faced with `` massive resistance '' in the South by proponents of racial segregation and voter suppression . In defiance , African - American activists adopted a combined strategy of direct action , nonviolence , nonviolent resistance , and many events described as civil disobedience , giving rise to the civil rights movement of 1954 to 1968 . The beginnings of direct action ( 1950s ) ( edit ) The strategy of public education , legislative lobbying , and litigation that had typified the civil rights movement during the first half of the 20th century broadened after Brown to a strategy that emphasized `` direct action '' : boycotts , sit - ins , Freedom Rides , marches or walks , and similar tactics that relied on mass mobilization , nonviolent resistance , standing in line , and , at times , civil disobedience . Churches , local grassroots organizations , fraternal societies , and black - owned businesses mobilized volunteers to participate in broad - based actions . This was a more direct and potentially more rapid means of creating change than the traditional approach of mounting court challenges used by the NAACP and others . In 1952 , the Regional Council of Negro Leadership ( RCNL ) , led by T.R.M. Howard , a black surgeon , entrepreneur , and planter , organized a successful boycott of gas stations in Mississippi that refused to provide restrooms for blacks . Through the RCNL , Howard led campaigns to expose brutality by the Mississippi state highway patrol and to encourage blacks to make deposits in the black - owned Tri-State Bank of Nashville which , in turn , gave loans to civil rights activists who were victims of a `` credit squeeze '' by the White Citizens ' Councils . Although considered and rejected after Claudette Colvin 's arrest for not giving up her seat on a Montgomery , Alabama , bus in March 1955 , after Rosa Parks ' arrest in December Jo Ann Gibson - Robinson of the Montgomery Women 's Political Council put a long - considered Bus Boycott protest in motion . Late that night , she , John Cannon ( chairman of the Business Department at Alabama State University ) and others mimeographed and distributed thousands of leaflets calling for a boycott . The eventual success of the boycott made its spokesman Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. a nationally known figure . It also inspired other bus boycotts , such as the successful Tallahassee , Florida , boycott of 1956 -- 57 . In 1957 , Dr. King and Rev. Ralph Abernathy , the leaders of the Montgomery Improvement Association , joined with other church leaders who had led similar boycott efforts , such as Rev. C.K. Steele of Tallahassee and Rev. T.J. Jemison of Baton Rouge ; and other activists such as Rev. Fred Shuttlesworth , Ella Baker , A. Philip Randolph , Bayard Rustin and Stanley Levison , to form the Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) . The SCLC , with its headquarters in Atlanta , Georgia , did not attempt to create a network of chapters as the NAACP did . It offered training and leadership assistance for local efforts to fight segregation . The headquarters organization raised funds , mostly from Northern sources , to support such campaigns . It made nonviolence both its central tenet and its primary method of confronting racism . In 1959 , Septima Clarke , Bernice Robinson , and Esau Jenkins , with the help of Myles Horton 's Highlander Folk School in Tennessee , began the first Citizenship Schools in South Carolina 's Sea Islands . They taught literacy to enable blacks to pass voting tests . The program was an enormous success and tripled the number of black voters on Johns Island . SCLC took over the program and duplicated its results elsewhere . History ( edit ) Main article : Timeline of the African - American civil rights movement Brown v. Board of Education , 1954 ( edit ) Main article : Brown v. Board of Education In the spring of 1951 , black students in Virginia protested their unequal status in the state 's segregated educational system . Students at Moton High School protested the overcrowded conditions and failing facility . Some local leaders of the NAACP had tried to persuade the students to back down from their protest against the Jim Crow laws of school segregation . When the students did not budge , the NAACP joined their battle against school segregation . The NAACP proceeded with five cases challenging the school systems ; these were later combined under what is known today as Brown v. Board of Education . On May 17 , 1954 , the U.S. Supreme Court ruled unanimously in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka , Kansas , that mandating , or even permitting , public schools to be segregated by race was unconstitutional . The Court stated that the segregation of white and colored children in public schools has a detrimental effect upon the colored children . The impact is greater when it has the sanction of the law ; for the policy of separating the races is usually interpreted as denoting the inferiority of the Negro group . The lawyers from the NAACP had to gather plausible evidence in order to win the case of Brown vs. Board of Education . Their method of addressing the issue of school segregation was to enumerate several arguments . One pertained to having exposure to interracial contact in a school environment . It was argued that interracial contact would , in turn , help prepare children to live with the pressures that society exerts in regards to race and thereby afford them a better chance of living in democracy . In addition , another argument emphasized how `` ' education ' comprehends the entire process of developing and training the mental , physical and moral powers and capabilities of human beings '' . Risa Goluboff wrote that the NAACP 's intention was to show the Courts that African American children were the victims of school segregation and their futures were at risk . The Court ruled that both Plessy v. Ferguson ( 1896 ) , which had established the `` separate but equal '' standard in general , and Cumming v. Richmond County Board of Education ( 1899 ) , which had applied that standard to schools , were unconstitutional . The federal government filed a friend of the court brief in the case urging the justices to consider the effect that segregation had on America 's image in the Cold War . Secretary of State Dean Acheson was quoted in the brief stating that `` The United States is under constant attack in the foreign press , over the foreign radio , and in such international bodies as the United Nations because of various practices of discrimination in this country . '' The following year , in the case known as Brown II , the Court ordered segregation to be phased out over time , `` with all deliberate speed '' . Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka , Kansas ( 1954 ) did not overturn Plessy v. Ferguson ( 1896 ) . Plessy v. Ferguson was segregation in transportation modes . Brown v. Board of Education dealt with segregation in education . Brown v. Board of Education did set in motion the future overturning of ' separate but equal ' . School integration , Barnard School , Washington , D.C. , 1955 On May 18 , 1954 , Greensboro , North Carolina , became the first city in the South to publicly announce that it would abide by the Supreme Court 's Brown v. Board of Education ruling . `` It is unthinkable , ' remarked School Board Superintendent Benjamin Smith , ' that we will try to ( override ) the laws of the United States . '' This positive reception for Brown , together with the appointment of African American Dr. David Jones to the school board in 1953 , convinced numerous white and black citizens that Greensboro was heading in a progressive direction . Integration in Greensboro occurred rather peacefully compared to the process in Southern states such as Alabama , Arkansas , and Virginia where `` massive resistance '' was practiced by top officials and throughout the states . In Virginia , some counties closed their public schools rather than integrate , and many white Christian private schools were founded to accommodate students who used to go to public schools . Even in Greensboro , much local resistance to desegregation continued , and in 1969 , the federal government found the city was not in compliance with the 1964 Civil Rights Act . Transition to a fully integrated school system did not begin until 1971 . Many Northern cities also had de facto segregation policies , which resulted in a vast gulf in educational resources between black and white communities . In Harlem , New York , for example , neither a single new school was built since the turn of the century , nor did a single nursery school exist -- even as the Second Great Migration was causing overcrowding . Existing schools tended to be dilapidated and staffed with inexperienced teachers . Brown helped stimulate activism among New York City parents like Mae Mallory who , with support of the NAACP , initiated a successful lawsuit against the city and state on Brown 's principles . Mallory and thousands of other parents bolstered the pressure of the lawsuit with a school boycott in 1959 . During the boycott , some of the first freedom schools of the period were established . The city responded to the campaign by permitting more open transfers to high - quality , historically - white schools . ( New York 's African - American community , and Northern desegregation activists generally , now found themselves contending with the problem of white flight , however . ) Emmett Till 's murder , 1955 ( edit ) Main article : Emmett Till Emmett Till before and after the lynching on August 28 , 1955 . He was a fourteen - year - old boy in Chicago who went to spend the summer together with his uncle Moses Wright in Money , Mississippi , and was massacred by white men for allegedly whistling at Carolyn Bryant . Emmett Till , a 14 - year old African American from Chicago , visited his relatives in Money , Mississippi , for the summer . He allegedly had an interaction with a white woman , Carolyn Bryant , in a small grocery store that violated the norms of Mississippi culture , and Bryant 's husband Roy and his half - brother J.W. Milam brutally murdered young Emmett Till . They beat and mutilated him before shooting him in the head and sinking his body in the Tallahatchie River . Three days later , Till 's body was discovered and retrieved from the river . Mamie Till , Emmett 's Mother , `` brought him home to Chicago and insisted on an open casket . Tens of thousands filed past Till 's remains , but it was the publication of the searing funeral image in Jet , with a stoic Mamie gazing at her murdered child 's ravaged body , that forced the world to reckon with the brutality of American racism . '' Vann R. Newkirk wrote : `` The trial of his killers became a pageant illuminating the tyranny of white supremacy '' . The state of Mississippi tried two defendants , but they were speedily acquitted by an all - white jury . `` Emmett 's murder , '' historian Tim Tyson writes , `` would never have become a watershed historical moment without Mamie finding the strength to make her private grief a public matter . '' The visceral response to his mother 's decision to have an open - casket funeral mobilized the black community throughout the U.S. `` Young black people such as Julian Bond , Joyce Ladner and others who were born around the same time as Till were galvanized into action by the murder and trial . '' They often see themselves as the `` Emmett Till Generation . '' One hundred days after Emmett Till 's murder , Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on the bus in Alabama -- indeed , Parks told Mamie Till that `` the photograph of Emmett 's disfigured face in the casket was set in her mind when she refused to give up her seat on the Montgomery bus . '' Decades later , Bryant disclosed that she had fabricated her story in 1955 . Rosa Parks and the Montgomery bus boycott , 1955 -- 1956 ( edit ) Main articles : Rosa Parks and Montgomery Bus Boycott Rosa Parks being fingerprinted by Deputy Sheriff D.H. Lackey after being arrested for not giving up her seat on a bus to a white person On December 1 , 1955 , nine months after a 15 - year - old high school student , Claudette Colvin , refused to give up her seat to a white passenger on a public bus in Montgomery , Alabama , and was arrested , Rosa Parks did the same thing . Parks soon became the symbol of the resulting Montgomery Bus Boycott and received national publicity . She was later hailed as the `` mother of the civil rights movement '' . Parks was secretary of the Montgomery NAACP chapter and had recently returned from a meeting at the Highlander Folk School in Tennessee where nonviolence as a strategy was taught by Myles Horton and others . After Parks ' arrest , African Americans gathered and organized the Montgomery Bus Boycott to demand a bus system in which passengers would be treated equally . The organization was led by Jo Ann Robinson , a member of the Women 's Political Council who had been waiting for the opportunity to boycott the bus system . Following Rosa Park 's arrest , Jo Ann Robinson mimeographed 52,500 leaflets calling for a boycott . They were distributed around the city and helped gather the attention of civil rights leaders . After the city rejected many of their suggested reforms , the NAACP , led by E.D. Nixon , pushed for full desegregation of public buses . With the support of most of Montgomery 's 50,000 African Americans , the boycott lasted for 381 days , until the local ordinance segregating African Americans and whites on public buses was repealed . Ninety percent of African Americans in Montgomery partook in the boycotts , which reduced bus revenue significantly , as they comprised the majority of the riders . In November 1956 , the United State Supreme Court upheld a district court ruling in the case of Browder v. Gayle and ordered Montgomery 's buses desegregated , ending the boycott . Local leaders established the Montgomery Improvement Association to focus their efforts . Martin Luther King Jr. was elected President of this organization . The lengthy protest attracted national attention for him and the city . His eloquent appeals to Christian brotherhood and American idealism created a positive impression on people both inside and outside the South . Desegregating Little Rock Central high school , 1957 ( edit ) Main article : Little Rock Nine Troops from the 327th Regiment , 101st Airborne escorting the Little Rock Nine African - American students up the steps of Central High A crisis erupted in Little Rock , Arkansas , when Governor of Arkansas Orval Faubus called out the National Guard on September 4 to prevent entry to the nine African - American students who had sued for the right to attend an integrated school , Little Rock Central High School . Under the guidance of Daisy Bates , the nine students had been chosen to attend Central High because of their excellent grades . On the first day of school , 15 year old Elizabeth Eckford was the only one of the nine students who showed up because she did not receive the phone call about the danger of going to school . A photo was taken of Eckford being harassed by white protesters outside the school , and the police had to take her away in a patrol car for her protection . Afterward , the nine students had to carpool to school and be escorted by military personnel in jeeps . White parents rally against integrating Little Rock 's schools Faubus was not a proclaimed segregationist . The Arkansas Democratic Party , which then controlled politics in the state , put significant pressure on Faubus after he had indicated he would investigate bringing Arkansas into compliance with the Brown decision . Faubus then took his stand against integration and against the Federal court ruling . Faubus ' resistance received the attention of President Dwight D. Eisenhower , who was determined to enforce the orders of the Federal courts . Critics had charged he was lukewarm , at best , on the goal of desegregation of public schools . But , Eisenhower federalized the National Guard in Arkansas and ordered them to return to their barracks . Eisenhower deployed elements of the 101st Airborne Division to Little Rock to protect the students . The students attended high school under harsh conditions . They had to pass through a gauntlet of spitting , jeering whites to arrive at school on their first day , and to put up with harassment from other students for the rest of the year . Although federal troops escorted the students between classes , the students were teased and even attacked by white students when the soldiers were not around . One of the Little Rock Nine , Minnijean Brown , was suspended for spilling a bowl of chili on the head of a white student who was harassing her in the school lunch line . Later , she was expelled for verbally abusing a white female student . Only Ernest Green of the Little Rock Nine graduated from Central High School . After the 1957 -- 58 school year was over , Little Rock closed its public school system completely rather than continue to integrate . Other school systems across the South followed suit . The method of nonviolence and nonviolence training ( edit ) During the time period considered to be the `` African - American civil rights '' era , the predominant use of protest was nonviolent , or peaceful . Often referred to as pacifism , the method of nonviolence is considered to be an attempt to impact society positively . Although acts of racial discrimination have occurred historically throughout the United States , perhaps the most violent regions have been in the former Confederate states . During the 1950s and 1960s , the nonviolent protesting of the civil rights movement caused definite tension , which gained national attention . In order to prepare for protests physically and psychologically , demonstrators received training in nonviolence . According to former civil rights activist Bruce Hartford , there are two main branches of nonviolence training . There is the philosophical method , which involves understanding the method of nonviolence and why it is considered useful , and there is the tactical method , which ultimately teaches demonstrators `` how to be a protestor -- how to sit - in , how to picket , how to defend yourself against attack , giving training on how to remain cool when people are screaming racist insults into your face and pouring stuff on you and hitting you '' ( Civil Rights Movement Veterans ) . The philosophical method of nonviolence , in the American civil rights movement , was largely inspired by Mahatma Gandhi 's `` non-cooperation '' with the British colonists in India , which was intended to gain attention so that the public would either `` intervene in advance , '' or `` provide public pressure in support of the action to be taken '' ( Erikson , 415 ) . As Hartford explains it , philosophical nonviolence training aims to `` shape the individual person 's attitude and mental response to crises and violence '' ( Civil Rights Movement Veterans ) . Hartford and activists like him , who trained in tactical nonviolence , considered it necessary in order to ensure physical safety , instill discipline , teach demonstrators how to demonstrate , and form mutual confidence among demonstrators ( Civil Rights Movement Veterans ) . For many , the concept of nonviolent protest was a way of life , a culture . However , not everyone agreed with this notion . James Forman , former SNCC ( and later Black Panther ) member and nonviolence trainer , was among those who did not . In his autobiography , The Making of Black Revolutionaries , Forman revealed his perspective on the method of nonviolence as `` strictly a tactic , not a way of life without limitations . '' Similarly , Robert Moses , who was also an active member of SNCC , felt that the method of nonviolence was practical . When interviewed by author Robert Penn Warren , Moses said `` There 's no question that he ( Martin Luther King Jr . ) had a great deal of influence with the masses . But I do n't think it 's in the direction of love . It 's in a practical direction ... '' ( Who Speaks for the Negro ? Warren ) . Robert F. Williams and the debate on nonviolence , 1959 -- 1964 ( edit ) The Jim Crow system employed `` terror as a means of social control , '' with the most organized manifestations being the Ku Klux Klan and their collaborators in local police departments . This violence played a key role in blocking the progress of the civil rights movement in the late 1950s . Some black organizations in the South began practicing armed self - defense . The first to do so openly was the Monroe , North Carolina , chapter of the NAACP led by Robert F. Williams . Williams had rebuilt the chapter after its membership was terrorized out of public life by the Klan . He did so by encouraging a new , more working - class membership to arm itself thoroughly and defend against attack . When Klan nightriders attacked the home of NAACP member Dr. Albert Perry in October 1957 , Williams ' militia exchanged gunfire with the stunned Klansmen , who quickly retreated . The following day , the city council held an emergency session and passed an ordinance banning KKK motorcades . One year later , Lumbee Indians in North Carolina would have a similarly successful armed stand - off with the Klan ( known as the Battle of Hayes Pond ) which resulted in KKK leader James W. `` Catfish '' Cole being convicted of incitement to riot . After the acquittal of several white men charged with sexually assaulting black women in Monroe , Williams announced to United Press International reporters that he would `` meet violence with violence '' as a policy . Williams ' declaration was quoted on the front page of The New York Times , and The Carolina Times considered it `` the biggest civil rights story of 1959 . '' NAACP National chairman Roy Wilkins immediately suspended Williams from his position , but the Monroe organizer won support from numerous NAACP chapters across the country . Ultimately , Wilkins resorted to bribing influential organizer Daisy Bates to campaign against Williams at the NAACP national convention and the suspension was upheld . The convention nonetheless passed a resolution which stated : `` We do not deny , but reaffirm the right of individual and collective self - defense against unlawful assaults . '' Martin Luther King Jr. argued for Williams ' removal , but Ella Baker and WEB Dubois both publicly praised the Monroe leader 's position . Williams -- along with his wife , Mabel Williams -- continued to play a leadership role in the Monroe movement , and to some degree , in the national movement . The Williamses published The Crusader , a nationally circulated newsletter , beginning in 1960 , and the influential book Negroes With Guns in 1962 . Williams did not call for full militarization in this period , but `` flexibility in the freedom struggle . '' Williams was well - versed in legal tactics and publicity , which he had used successfully in the internationally known `` Kissing Case '' of 1958 , as well as nonviolent methods , which he used at lunch counter sit - ins in Monroe -- all with armed self - defense as a complementary tactic . Williams led the Monroe movement in another armed stand - off with white supremacists during an August 1961 Freedom Ride ; he had been invited to participate in the campaign by Ella Baker and James Forman of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ( SNCC ) . The incident ( along with his campaigns for peace with Cuba ) resulted in him being targeted by the FBI and prosecuted for kidnapping ; he was cleared of all charges in 1976 . Meanwhile , armed self - defense continued discreetly in the Southern movement with such figures as SNCC 's Amzie Moore , Hartman Turnbow , and Fannie Lou Hamer all willing to use arms to defend their lives from nightrides . Taking refuge from the FBI in Cuba , the Willamses broadcast the radio show `` Radio Free Dixie '' throughout the eastern United States via Radio Progresso beginning in 1962 . In this period , Williams advocated guerilla warfare against racist institutions , and saw the large ghetto riots of the era as a manifestation of his strategy . University of North Carolina historian Walter Rucker has written that `` the emergence of Robert F Williams contributed to the marked decline in anti-black racial violence in the U.S. ... After centuries of anti-black violence , African Americans across the country began to defend their communities aggressively -- employing overt force when necessary . This in turn evoked in whites real fear of black vengeance ... '' This opened up space for African Americans to use nonviolent demonstration with less fear of deadly reprisal . Of the many civil rights activists who share this view , the most prominent was Rosa Parks . Parks gave the eulogy at Williams ' funeral in 1996 , praising him for `` his courage and for his commitment to freedom , '' and concluding that `` The sacrifices he made , and what he did , should go down in history and never be forgotten . '' Sit - ins , 1958 -- 1960 ( edit ) See also : Greensboro sit - ins , Nashville sit - ins , and Sit - in movement In July 1958 , the NAACP Youth Council sponsored sit - ins at the lunch counter of a Dockum Drug Store in downtown Wichita , Kansas . After three weeks , the movement successfully got the store to change its policy of segregated seating , and soon afterward all Dockum stores in Kansas were desegregated . This movement was quickly followed in the same year by a student sit - in at a Katz Drug Store in Oklahoma City led by Clara Luper , which also was successful . Mostly black students from area colleges led a sit - in at a Woolworth 's store in Greensboro , North Carolina . On February 1 , 1960 , four students , Ezell A. Blair Jr. , David Richmond , Joseph McNeil , and Franklin McCain from North Carolina Agricultural & Technical College , an all - black college , sat down at the segregated lunch counter to protest Woolworth 's policy of excluding African Americans from being served food there . The four students purchased small items in other parts of the store and kept their receipts , then sat down at the lunch counter and asked to be served . After being denied service , they produced their receipts and asked why their money was good everywhere else at the store , but not at the lunch counter . The protesters had been encouraged to dress professionally , to sit quietly , and to occupy every other stool so that potential white sympathizers could join in . The Greensboro sit - in was quickly followed by other sit - ins in Richmond , Virginia ; Nashville , Tennessee ; and Atlanta , Georgia . The most immediately effective of these was in Nashville , where hundreds of well organized and highly disciplined college students conducted sit - ins in coordination with a boycott campaign . As students across the south began to `` sit - in '' at the lunch counters of local stores , police and other officials sometimes used brutal force to physically escort the demonstrators from the lunch facilities . The `` sit - in '' technique was not new -- as far back as 1939 , African - American attorney Samuel Wilbert Tucker organized a sit - in at the then - segregated Alexandria , Virginia , library . In 1960 the technique succeeded in bringing national attention to the movement . On March 9 , 1960 , an Atlanta University Center group of students released An Appeal for Human Rights as a full page advertisement in newspapers , including the Atlanta Constitution , Atlanta Journal , and Atlanta Daily World . Known as the Committee on Appeal for Human Rights ( COAHR ) , the group initiated the Atlanta Student Movement and began to lead sit - ins starting on March 15 , 1960 . By the end of 1960 , the process of sit - ins had spread to every southern and border state , and even to facilities in Nevada , Illinois , and Ohio that discriminated against blacks . Demonstrators focused not only on lunch counters but also on parks , beaches , libraries , theaters , museums , and other public facilities . In April 1960 activists who had led these sit - ins were invited by SCLC activist Ella Baker to hold a conference at Shaw University , a historically black university in Raleigh , North Carolina . This conference led to the formation of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ( SNCC ) . SNCC took these tactics of nonviolent confrontation further , and organized the freedom rides . As the constitution protected interstate commerce , they decided to challenge segregation on interstate buses and in public bus facilities by putting interracial teams on them , to travel from the North through the segregated South . Freedom Rides , 1961 ( edit ) Main article : Freedom Rider Freedom Rides were journeys by civil rights activists on interstate buses into the segregated southern United States to test the United States Supreme Court decision Boynton v. Virginia , ( 1960 ) 364 U.S. , which ruled that segregation was unconstitutional for passengers engaged in interstate travel . Organized by CORE , the first Freedom Ride of the 1960s left Washington D.C. on May 4 , 1961 , and was scheduled to arrive in New Orleans on May 17 . During the first and subsequent Freedom Rides , activists traveled through the Deep South to integrate seating patterns on buses and desegregate bus terminals , including restrooms and water fountains . That proved to be a dangerous mission . In Anniston , Alabama , one bus was firebombed , forcing its passengers to flee for their lives . A mob beats Freedom Riders in Birmingham . This picture was reclaimed by the FBI from a local journalist who also was beaten and whose camera was smashed . In Birmingham , Alabama , an FBI informant reported that Public Safety Commissioner Eugene `` Bull '' Connor gave Ku Klux Klan members fifteen minutes to attack an incoming group of freedom riders before having police `` protect '' them . The riders were severely beaten `` until it looked like a bulldog had got a hold of them . '' James Peck , a white activist , was beaten so badly that he required fifty stitches to his head . In a similar occurrence in Montgomery , Alabama , the Freedom Riders followed in the footsteps of Rosa Parks and rode an integrated Greyhound bus from Birmingham . Although they were protesting interstate bus segregation in peace , they were met with violence in Montgomery as a large , white mob attacked them for their activism . They caused an enormous , 2 - hour long riot which resulted in 22 injuries , five of whom were hospitalized . Mob violence in Anniston and Birmingham temporarily halted the rides . SNCC activists from Nashville brought in new riders to continue the journey from Birmingham to New Orleans . In Montgomery , Alabama , at the Greyhound Bus Station , a mob charged another bus load of riders , knocking John Lewis unconscious with a crate and smashing Life photographer Don Urbrock in the face with his own camera . A dozen men surrounded James Zwerg , a white student from Fisk University , and beat him in the face with a suitcase , knocking out his teeth . On May 24 , 1961 , the freedom riders continued their rides into Jackson , Mississippi , where they were arrested for `` breaching the peace '' by using `` white only '' facilities . New Freedom Rides were organized by many different organizations and continued to flow into the South . As riders arrived in Jackson , they were arrested . By the end of summer , more than 300 had been jailed in Mississippi . ... When the weary Riders arrive in Jackson and attempt to use `` white only '' restrooms and lunch counters they are immediately arrested for Breach of Peace and Refusal to Obey an Officer . Says Mississippi Governor Ross Barnett in defense of segregation : `` The Negro is different because God made him different to punish him . '' From lockup , the Riders announce `` Jail No Bail '' -- they will not pay fines for unconstitutional arrests and illegal convictions -- and by staying in jail they keep the issue alive . Each prisoner will remain in jail for 39 days , the maximum time they can serve without loosing ( sic ) their right to appeal the unconstitutionality of their arrests , trials , and convictions . After 39 days , they file an appeal and post bond ... The jailed freedom riders were treated harshly , crammed into tiny , filthy cells and sporadically beaten . In Jackson , some male prisoners were forced to do hard labor in 100 ° F heat . Others were transferred to the Mississippi State Penitentiary at Parchman , where they were treated to harsh conditions . Sometimes the men were suspended by `` wrist breakers '' from the walls . Typically , the windows of their cells were shut tight on hot days , making it hard for them to breathe . Public sympathy and support for the freedom riders led John F. Kennedy 's administration to order the Interstate Commerce Commission ( ICC ) to issue a new desegregation order . When the new ICC rule took effect on November 1 , 1961 , passengers were permitted to sit wherever they chose on the bus ; `` white '' and `` colored '' signs came down in the terminals ; separate drinking fountains , toilets , and waiting rooms were consolidated ; and lunch counters began serving people regardless of skin color . The student movement involved such celebrated figures as John Lewis , a single - minded activist ; James Lawson , the revered `` guru '' of nonviolent theory and tactics ; Diane Nash , an articulate and intrepid public champion of justice ; Bob Moses , pioneer of voting registration in Mississippi ; and James Bevel , a fiery preacher and charismatic organizer , strategist , and facilitator . Other prominent student activists included Charles McDew , Bernard Lafayette , Charles Jones , Lonnie King , Julian Bond , Hosea Williams , and Stokely Carmichael . Voter registration organizing ( edit ) After the Freedom Rides , local black leaders in Mississippi such as Amzie Moore , Aaron Henry , Medgar Evers , and others asked SNCC to help register black voters and to build community organizations that could win a share of political power in the state . Since Mississippi ratified its new constitution in 1890 with provisions such as poll taxes , residency requirements , and literacy tests , it made registration more complicated and stripped blacks from voter rolls and voting . In addition , violence at the time of elections had earlier suppressed black voting . By the mid-20th century , preventing blacks from voting had become an essential part of the culture of white supremacy . In the fall of 1961 , SNCC organizer Robert Moses began the first voter registration project in McComb and the surrounding counties in the Southwest corner of the state . Their efforts were met with violent repression from state and local lawmen , the White Citizens ' Council , and the Ku Klux Klan . Activists were beaten , there were hundreds of arrests of local citizens , and the voting activist Herbert Lee was murdered . White opposition to black voter registration was so intense in Mississippi that Freedom Movement activists concluded that all of the state 's civil rights organizations had to unite in a coordinated effort to have any chance of success . In February 1962 , representatives of SNCC , CORE , and the NAACP formed the Council of Federated Organizations ( COFO ) . At a subsequent meeting in August , SCLC became part of COFO . In the Spring of 1962 , with funds from the Voter Education Project , SNCC / COFO began voter registration organizing in the Mississippi Delta area around Greenwood , and the areas surrounding Hattiesburg , Laurel , and Holly Springs . As in McComb , their efforts were met with fierce opposition -- arrests , beatings , shootings , arson , and murder . Registrars used the literacy test to keep blacks off the voting roles by creating standards that even highly educated people could not meet . In addition , employers fired blacks who tried to register , and landlords evicted them from their rental homes . Despite these actions , over the following years , the black voter registration campaign spread across the state . Similar voter registration campaigns -- with similar responses -- were begun by SNCC , CORE , and SCLC in Louisiana , Alabama , southwest Georgia , and South Carolina . By 1963 , voter registration campaigns in the South were as integral to the Freedom Movement as desegregation efforts . After passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 , protecting and facilitating voter registration despite state barriers became the main effort of the movement . It resulted in passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , which had provisions to enforce the constitutional right to vote for all citizens . Integration of Mississippi universities , 1956 -- 1965 ( edit ) This section contains weasel words : vague phrasing that often accompanies biased or unverifiable information . Such statements should be clarified or removed . ( May 2010 ) Beginning in 1956 , Clyde Kennard , a black Korean War - veteran , wanted to enroll at Mississippi Southern College ( now the University of Southern Mississippi ) under the G.I. Bill at Hattiesburg . Dr. William David McCain , the college president , used the Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission , in order to prevent his enrollment by appealing to local black leaders and the segregationist state political establishment . The state - funded organization tried to counter the civil rights movement by positively portraying segregationist policies . More significantly , it collected data on activists , harassed them legally , and used economic boycotts against them by threatening their jobs ( or causing them to lose their jobs ) to try to suppress their work . Kennard was twice arrested on trumped - up charges , and eventually convicted and sentenced to seven years in the state prison . After three years at hard labor , Kennard was paroled by Mississippi Governor Ross Barnett . Journalists had investigated his case and publicized the state 's mistreatment of his colon cancer . McCain 's role in Kennard 's arrests and convictions is unknown . While trying to prevent Kennard 's enrollment , McCain made a speech in Chicago , with his travel sponsored by the Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission . He described the blacks ' seeking to desegregate Southern schools as `` imports '' from the North . ( Kennard was a native and resident of Hattiesburg . ) McCain said : We insist that educationally and socially , we maintain a segregated society ... In all fairness , I admit that we are not encouraging Negro voting ... The Negroes prefer that control of the government remain in the white man 's hands . Note : Mississippi had passed a new constitution in 1890 that effectively disfranchised most blacks by changing electoral and voter registration requirements ; although it deprived them of constitutional rights authorized under post-Civil War amendments , it survived U.S. Supreme Court challenges at the time . It was not until after passage of the 1965 Voting Rights Act that most blacks in Mississippi and other southern states gained federal protection to enforce the constitutional right of citizens to vote . James Meredith walking to class accompanied by U.S. marshals In September 1962 , James Meredith won a lawsuit to secure admission to the previously segregated University of Mississippi . He attempted to enter campus on September 20 , on September 25 , and again on September 26 . He was blocked by Mississippi Governor Ross Barnett , who said , `` ( N ) o school will be integrated in Mississippi while I am your Governor . '' The Fifth U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals held Barnett and Lieutenant Governor Paul B. Johnson Jr. in contempt , ordering them arrested and fined more than $10,000 for each day they refused to allow Meredith to enroll . U.S. Army trucks loaded with U.S. Marshals on the University of Mississippi campus Attorney General Robert Kennedy sent in a force of U.S. Marshals . On September 30 , 1962 , Meredith entered the campus under their escort . Students and other whites began rioting that evening , throwing rocks and firing on the U.S. Marshals guarding Meredith at Lyceum Hall . Two people , including a French journalist , were killed ; 28 marshals suffered gunshot wounds ; and 160 others were injured . President John F. Kennedy sent regular U.S. Army forces to the campus to quell the riot . Meredith began classes the day after the troops arrived . Kennard and other activists continued to work on public university desegregation . In 1965 Raylawni Branch and Gwendolyn Elaine Armstrong became the first African - American students to attend the University of Southern Mississippi . By that time , McCain helped ensure they had a peaceful entry . In 2006 , Judge Robert Helfrich ruled that Kennard was factually innocent of all charges for which he had been convicted in the 1950s . Albany movement , 1961 -- 62 ( edit ) Main article : Albany Movement The SCLC , which had been criticized by some student activists for its failure to participate more fully in the freedom rides , committed much of its prestige and resources to a desegregation campaign in Albany , Georgia , in November 1961 . King , who had been criticized personally by some SNCC activists for his distance from the dangers that local organizers faced -- and given the derisive nickname `` De Lawd '' as a result -- intervened personally to assist the campaign led by both SNCC organizers and local leaders . The campaign was a failure because of the canny tactics of Laurie Pritchett , the local police chief , and divisions within the black community . The goals may not have been specific enough . Pritchett contained the marchers without violent attacks on demonstrators that inflamed national opinion . He also arranged for arrested demonstrators to be taken to jails in surrounding communities , allowing plenty of room to remain in his jail . Prichett also foresaw King 's presence as a danger and forced his release to avoid King 's rallying the black community . King left in 1962 without having achieved any dramatic victories . The local movement , however , continued the struggle , and it obtained significant gains in the next few years . Birmingham campaign , 1963 ( edit ) Main article : Birmingham campaign The Albany movement was shown to be an important education for the SCLC , however , when it undertook the Birmingham campaign in 1963 . Executive Director Wyatt Tee Walker carefully planned the early strategy and tactics for the campaign . It focused on one goal -- the desegregation of Birmingham 's downtown merchants , rather than total desegregation , as in Albany . The movement 's efforts were helped by the brutal response of local authorities , in particular Eugene `` Bull '' Connor , the Commissioner of Public Safety . He had long held much political power , but had lost a recent election for mayor to a less rabidly segregationist candidate . Refusing to accept the new mayor 's authority , Connor intended to stay in office . The campaign used a variety of nonviolent methods of confrontation , including sit - ins , kneel - ins at local churches , and a march to the county building to mark the beginning of a drive to register voters . The city , however , obtained an injunction barring all such protests . Convinced that the order was unconstitutional , the campaign defied it and prepared for mass arrests of its supporters . King elected to be among those arrested on April 12 , 1963 . While in jail , King wrote his famous `` Letter from Birmingham Jail '' on the margins of a newspaper , since he had not been allowed any writing paper while held in solitary confinement . Supporters appealed to the Kennedy administration , which intervened to obtain King 's release . King was allowed to call his wife , who was recuperating at home after the birth of their fourth child , and was released early on April 19 . The campaign , however , faltered as it ran out of demonstrators willing to risk arrest . James Bevel , SCLC 's Director of Direct Action and Director of Nonviolent Education , then came up with a bold and controversial alternative : to train high school students to take part in the demonstrations . As a result , in what would be called the Children 's Crusade , more than one thousand students skipped school on May 2 to meet at the 16th Street Baptist Church to join the demonstrations . More than six hundred marched out of the church fifty at a time in an attempt to walk to City Hall to speak to Birmingham 's mayor about segregation . They were arrested and put into jail . In this first encounter the police acted with restraint . On the next day , however , another one thousand students gathered at the church . When Bevel started them marching fifty at a time , Bull Connor finally unleashed police dogs on them and then turned the city 's fire hoses water streams on the children . National television networks broadcast the scenes of the dogs attacking demonstrators and the water from the fire hoses knocking down the schoolchildren . Widespread public outrage led the Kennedy administration to intervene more forcefully in negotiations between the white business community and the SCLC . On May 10 , the parties announced an agreement to desegregate the lunch counters and other public accommodations downtown , to create a committee to eliminate discriminatory hiring practices , to arrange for the release of jailed protesters , and to establish regular means of communication between black and white leaders . Not everyone in the black community approved of the agreement -- the Rev. Fred Shuttlesworth was particularly critical , since he was skeptical about the good faith of Birmingham 's power structure from his experience in dealing with them . Parts of the white community reacted violently . They bombed the Gaston Motel , which housed the SCLC 's unofficial headquarters , and the home of King 's brother , the Reverend A.D. King . In response , thousands of blacks rioted , burning numerous buildings and one of them stabbed and wounded a police officer . Congress of Racial Equality march in Washington D.C. on September 22 , 1963 , in memory of the children killed in the Birmingham bombings Kennedy prepared to federalize the Alabama National Guard if the need arose . Four months later , on September 15 , a conspiracy of Ku Klux Klan members bombed the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church in Birmingham , killing four young girls . `` Rising tide of discontent '' and Kennedy 's response , 1963 ( edit ) Main articles : Gloria Richardson , Stand in the Schoolhouse Door , and Civil Rights Address Birmingham was only one of over a hundred cities rocked by chaotic protest that spring and summer , some of them in the North . During the March on Washington , Martin Luther King would refer to such protests as `` the whirlwinds of revolt . '' In Chicago , blacks rioted through the South Side in late May after a white police officer shot a fourteen - year - old black boy who was fleeing the scene of a robbery . Violent clashes between black activists and white workers took place in both Philadelphia and Harlem in successful efforts to integrate state construction projects . On June 6 , over a thousand whites attacked a sit - in in Lexington , North Carolina ; blacks fought back and one white man was killed . Edwin C. Berry of the National Urban League warned of a complete breakdown in race relations : `` My message from the beer gardens and the barbershops all indicate the fact that the Negro is ready for war . '' In Cambridge , Maryland , a working ‐ class city on the Eastern Shore , Gloria Richardson of SNCC led a movement that pressed for desegregation but also demanded low ‐ rent public housing , job ‐ training , public and private jobs , and an end to police brutality . On June 11 , struggles between blacks and whites escalated into violent rioting , leading Maryland Governor J. Millard Tawes to declare martial law . When negotiations between Richardson and Maryland officials faltered , Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy directly intervened to negotiate a desegregation agreement . Richardson felt that the increasing participation of poor and working - class blacks was expanding both the power and parameters of the movement , asserting that `` the people as a whole really do have more intelligence than a few of their leaders. ʺ In their deliberations during this wave of protests , the Kennedy administration privately felt that militant demonstrations were ʺbad for the countryʺ and that `` Negroes are going to push this thing too far . '' On May 24 , Robert Kennedy had a meeting with prominent black intellectuals to discuss the racial situation . The blacks criticized Kennedy harshly for vacillating on civil rights , and said that the African - American community 's thoughts were increasingly turning to violence . The meeting ended with ill will on all sides . Nonetheless , the Kennedys ultimately decided that new legislation for equal public accommodations was essential to drive activists `` into the courts and out of the streets . '' Alabama governor George Wallace stands against desegregation at the University of Alabama and is confronted by U.S. Deputy Attorney General Nicholas Katzenbach in 1963 On June 11 , 1963 , George Wallace , Governor of Alabama , tried to block the integration of the University of Alabama . President John F. Kennedy sent a military force to make Governor Wallace step aside , allowing the enrollment of Vivian Malone Jones and James Hood . That evening , President Kennedy addressed the nation on TV and radio with his historic civil rights speech , where he lamented `` a rising tide of discontent that threatens the public safety . '' He called on Congress to pass new civil rights legislation , and urged the country to embrace civil rights as `` a moral issue ... in our daily lives . '' In the early hours of June 12 , Medgar Evers , field secretary of the Mississippi NAACP , was assassinated by a member of the Klan . The next week , as promised , on June 19 , 1963 , President Kennedy submitted his Civil Rights bill to Congress . March on Washington , 1963 ( edit ) Main article : March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom Bayard Rustin ( left ) and Cleveland Robinson ( right ) , organizers of the March , on August 7 , 1963 The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom at the National Mall A. Philip Randolph had planned a march on Washington , D.C. , in 1941 to support demands for elimination of employment discrimination in defense industries ; he called off the march when the Roosevelt administration met the demand by issuing Executive Order 8802 barring racial discrimination and creating an agency to oversee compliance with the order . Randolph and Bayard Rustin were the chief planners of the second march , which they proposed in 1962 . In 1963 , the Kennedy administration initially opposed the march out of concern it would negatively impact the drive for passage of civil rights legislation . However , Randolph and King were firm that the march would proceed . With the march going forward , the Kennedys decided it was important to work to ensure its success . Concerned about the turnout , President Kennedy enlisted the aid of white church leaders and Walter Reuther , president of the UAW , to help mobilize white supporters for the march . The march was held on August 28 , 1963 . Unlike the planned 1941 march , for which Randolph included only black - led organizations in the planning , the 1963 march was a collaborative effort of all of the major civil rights organizations , the more progressive wing of the labor movement , and other liberal organizations . The march had six official goals : meaningful civil rights laws a massive federal works program full and fair employment decent housing the right to vote adequate integrated education . Of these , the march 's major focus was on passage of the civil rights law that the Kennedy administration had proposed after the upheavals in Birmingham . Martin Luther King Jr. at a Civil Rights March on Washington , D.C. National media attention also greatly contributed to the march 's national exposure and probable impact . In his section `` The March on Washington and Television News , '' William Thomas notes : `` Over five hundred cameramen , technicians , and correspondents from the major networks were set to cover the event . More cameras would be set up than had filmed the last presidential inauguration . One camera was positioned high in the Washington Monument , to give dramatic vistas of the marchers '' . By carrying the organizers ' speeches and offering their own commentary , television stations framed the way their local audiences saw and understood the event . `` I Have a Dream '' 30 - second sample from `` I Have a Dream '' speech by Martin Luther King Jr. at the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom on August 28 , 1963 Problems playing this file ? See media help . The march was a success , although not without controversy . An estimated 200,000 to 300,000 demonstrators gathered in front of the Lincoln Memorial , where King delivered his famous `` I Have a Dream '' speech . While many speakers applauded the Kennedy administration for the efforts it had made toward obtaining new , more effective civil rights legislation protecting the right to vote and outlawing segregation , John Lewis of SNCC took the administration to task for not doing more to protect southern blacks and civil rights workers under attack in the Deep South . After the march , King and other civil rights leaders met with President Kennedy at the White House . While the Kennedy administration appeared sincerely committed to passing the bill , it was not clear that it had the votes in Congress to do it . However when President Kennedy was assassinated on November 22 , 1963 , the new President Lyndon Johnson decided to use his influence in Congress to bring about much of Kennedy 's legislative agenda . Malcolm X joins the movement , 1964 -- 1965 ( edit ) Main articles : Malcolm X , Black Nationalism , and The Ballot or the Bullet In March 1964 , Malcolm X ( el - Hajj Malik el - Shabazz ) , national representative of the Nation of Islam , formally broke with that organization , and made a public offer to collaborate with any civil rights organization that accepted the right to self - defense and the philosophy of Black nationalism ( which Malcolm said no longer required Black separatism ) . Gloria Richardson -- head of the Cambridge , Maryland , chapter of SNCC , leader of the Cambridge rebellion and an honored guest at The March on Washington -- immediately embraced Malcolm 's offer . Mrs. Richardson , `` the nation 's most prominent woman ( civil rights ) leader , '' told The Baltimore Afro - American that `` Malcolm is being very practical ... The federal government has moved into conflict situations only when matters approach the level of insurrection . Self - defense may force Washington to intervene sooner . '' Earlier , in May 1963 , James Baldwin had stated publicly that `` the Black Muslim movement is the only one in the country we can call grassroots , I hate to say it ... Malcolm articulates for Negroes , their suffering ... he corroborates their reality ... '' On the local level , Malcolm and the NOI had been allied with the Harlem chapter of the Congress of Racial Equality ( CORE ) since at least 1962 . Malcolm X meets with Martin Luther King Jr. , March 26 , 1964 On March 26 , 1964 , as the Civil Rights Act was facing stiff opposition in Congress , Malcolm had a public meeting with Martin Luther King Jr. at the Capitol building . Malcolm had attempted to begin a dialog with Dr. King as early as 1957 , but King had rebuffed him . Malcolm had responded by calling King an `` Uncle Tom '' who turned his back on black militancy in order to appease the white power structure . However , the two men were on good terms at their face - to - face meeting . There is evidence that King was preparing to support Malcolm 's plan to formally bring the U.S. government before the United Nations on charges of human rights violations against African Americans . Malcolm now encouraged Black nationalists to get involved in voter registration drives and other forms of community organizing to redefine and expand the movement . Civil rights activists became increasingly combative in the 1963 to 1964 period , owing to events such as the thwarting of the Albany campaign , police repression and Ku Klux Klan terrorism in Birmingham , and the assassination of Medgar Evers . Mississippi NAACP Field Director Charles Evers -- Medgar Evers ' brother -- told a public NAACP conference on February 15 , 1964 , that `` non-violence wo n't work in Mississippi ... we made up our minds ... that if a white man shoots at a Negro in Mississippi , we will shoot back . '' The repression of sit - ins in Jacksonville , Florida , provoked a riot that saw black youth throwing Molotov cocktails at police on March 24 , 1964 . Malcolm X gave extensive speeches in this period warning that such militant activity would escalate further if African Americans ' rights were not fully recognized . In his landmark April 1964 speech `` The Ballot or the Bullet '' , Malcolm presented an ultimatum to white America : `` There 's new strategy coming in . It 'll be Molotov cocktails this month , hand grenades next month , and something else next month . It 'll be ballots , or it 'll be bullets . '' As noted in Eyes on the Prize , `` Malcolm X had a far reaching effect on the civil rights movement . In the South , there had been a long tradition of self reliance . Malcolm X 's ideas now touched that tradition '' . Self - reliance was becoming paramount in light of the 1964 Democratic National Convention 's decision to refuse seating to the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party ( MFDP ) and to seat the state delegation elected in violation of the party 's rules through Jim Crow law instead . SNCC moved in an increasingly militant direction and worked with Malcolm X on two Harlem MFDP fundraisers in December 1964 . When Fannie Lou Hamer spoke to Harlemites about the Jim Crow violence that she 'd suffered in Mississippi , she linked it directly to the Northern police brutality against blacks that Malcolm protested against ; When Malcolm asserted that African Americans should emulate the Mau Mau army of Kenya in efforts to gain their independence , many in SNCC applauded . During the Selma campaign for voting rights in 1965 , Malcolm made it known that he 'd heard reports of increased threats of lynching around Selma , and responded in late January with an open telegram to George Lincoln Rockwell , the head of the American Nazi Party , stating : `` if your present racist agitation against our people there in Alabama causes physical harm to Reverend King or any other black Americans ... you and your KKK friends will be met with maximum physical retaliation from those of us who are not handcuffed by the disarming philosophy of nonviolence . '' The following month , the Selma chapter of SNCC invited Malcolm to speak to a mass meeting there . On the day of Malcolm 's appearance , President Johnson made his first public statement in support of the Selma campaign . Paul Ryan Haygood , a co-director of the NAACP Legal Defense Fund , credits Malcolm with a role in stimulating the responsiveness of the federal government . Haygood noted that `` shortly after Malcolm 's visit to Selma , a federal judge , responding to a suit brought by the Department of Justice , required Dallas County , Alabama , registrars to process at least 100 Black applications each day their offices were open . '' St. Augustine , Florida , 1963 -- 64 ( edit ) Main article : St. Augustine movement `` We Cater to White Trade Only '' sign on a restaurant window in Lancaster , Ohio , in 1938 . In 1964 , Martin Luther King Jr. was arrested and spent a night in jail for attempting to eat at a white - only restaurant in St. Augustine , Florida . St. Augustine was famous as the `` Nation 's Oldest City '' , founded by the Spanish in 1565 . It became the stage for a great drama leading up to the passage of the landmark Civil Rights Act of 1964 . A local movement , led by Dr. Robert B. Hayling , a black dentist and Air Force veteran , and affiliated with the NAACP , had been picketing segregated local institutions since 1963 , as a result of which Dr. Hayling and three companions were brutally beaten at a Ku Klux Klan rally in the fall of that year . Nightriders shot into black homes , and teenagers Audrey Nell Edwards , JoeAnn Anderson , Samuel White , and Willie Carl Singleton ( who came to be known as `` The St. Augustine Four '' ) spent six months in jail and reform school after sitting in at the local Woolworth 's lunch counter . It took a special action of the governor and cabinet of Florida to release them after national protests by the Pittsburgh Courier , Jackie Robinson , and others . In response to the repression , the St. Augustine movement practiced armed self - defense in addition to nonviolent direct action . In June 1963 , Dr. Hayling publicly stated that `` I and the others have armed . We will shoot first and answer questions later . We are not going to die like Medgar Evers . '' The comment made national headlines . When Klan nightriders terrorized black neighborhoods in St. Augustine , Hayling 's NAACP members often drove them off with gunfire , and in October , a Klansman was killed . In 1964 , Dr. Hayling and other activists urged the Southern Christian Leadership Conference to come to St. Augustine . Four prominent Massachusetts women -- Mrs. Mary Parkman Peabody , Mrs. Esther Burgess , Mrs. Hester Campbell ( all of whose husbands were Episcopal bishops ) , and Mrs. Florence Rowe ( whose husband was vice president of John Hancock Insurance Company ) came to lend their support . The arrest of Mrs. Peabody , the 72 - year - old mother of the governor of Massachusetts , for attempting to eat at the segregated Ponce de Leon Motor Lodge in an integrated group , made front page news across the country , and brought the movement in St. Augustine to the attention of the world . Widely publicized activities continued in the ensuing months . When Dr. King was arrested , he sent a `` Letter from the St. Augustine Jail '' to a northern supporter , Rabbi Israel Dresner . This resulted , a week later , in the largest mass arrest of rabbis in American history -- while conducting a pray - in at the Monson . A well - known photograph taken in St. Augustine shows the manager of the Monson Motel pouring muriatic acid in the swimming pool while blacks and whites are swimming in it . The horrifying photograph was run on the front page of the Washington newspaper the day the Senate went to vote on passing the Civil Rights Act of 1964 . Freedom Summer , 1964 ( edit ) Main article : Freedom Summer In the summer of 1964 , COFO brought nearly 1,000 activists to Mississippi -- most of them white college students -- to join with local black activists to register voters , teach in `` Freedom Schools , '' and organize the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party ( MFDP ) . Many of Mississippi 's white residents deeply resented the outsiders and attempts to change their society . State and local governments , police , the White Citizens ' Council and the Ku Klux Klan used arrests , beatings , arson , murder , spying , firing , evictions , and other forms of intimidation and harassment to oppose the project and prevent blacks from registering to vote or achieving social equality . Missing persons poster created by the FBI in 1964 , shows the photographs of Andrew Goodman , James Chaney , and Michael Schwerner On June 21 , 1964 , three civil rights workers disappeared : James Chaney , a young black Mississippian and plasterer 's apprentice ; and two Jewish activists , Andrew Goodman , a Queens College anthropology student ; and Michael Schwerner , a CORE organizer from Manhattan 's Lower East Side , were found weeks later , murdered by conspirators who turned out to be local members of the Klan , some of them members of the Neshoba County sheriff 's department . This outraged the public , leading the U.S. Justice Department along with the FBI ( the latter which had previously avoided dealing with the issue of segregation and persecution of blacks ) to take action . The outrage over these murders helped lead to the passage of the Civil Rights Act . From June to August , Freedom Summer activists worked in 38 local projects scattered across the state , with the largest number concentrated in the Mississippi Delta region . At least 30 Freedom Schools , with close to 3,500 students were established , and 28 community centers set up . Over the course of the Summer Project , some 17,000 Mississippi blacks attempted to become registered voters in defiance of the red tape and forces of white supremacy arrayed against them -- only 1,600 ( less than 10 % ) succeeded . But more than 80,000 joined the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party ( MFDP ) , founded as an alternative political organization , showing their desire to vote and participate in politics . Though Freedom Summer failed to register many voters , it had a significant effect on the course of the civil rights movement . It helped break down the decades of people 's isolation and repression that were the foundation of the Jim Crow system . Before Freedom Summer , the national news media had paid little attention to the persecution of black voters in the Deep South and the dangers endured by black civil rights workers . The progression of events throughout the South increased media attention to Mississippi . The deaths of affluent northern white students and threats to other northerners attracted the full attention of the media spotlight to the state . Many black activists became embittered , believing the media valued lives of whites and blacks differently . Perhaps the most significant effect of Freedom Summer was on the volunteers , almost all of whom -- black and white -- still consider it to have been one of the defining periods of their lives . Civil rights Act of 1964 ( edit ) Main article : Civil Rights Act of 1964 Although President Kennedy had proposed civil rights legislation and it had support from Northern Congressmen and Senators of both parties , Southern Senators blocked the bill by threatening filibusters . After considerable parliamentary maneuvering and 54 days of filibuster on the floor of the United States Senate , President Johnson got a bill through the Congress . Lyndon B. Johnson signs the historic Civil Rights Act of 1964 On July 2 , 1964 , Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 , that banned discrimination based on `` race , color , religion , sex or national origin '' in employment practices and public accommodations . The bill authorized the Attorney General to file lawsuits to enforce the new law . The law also nullified state and local laws that required such discrimination . Harlem riot of 1964 ( edit ) Main article : Harlem riot of 1964 When police shot an unarmed black teenager in Harlem in July 1964 , tensions escalated out of control . Residents were frustrated with racial inequalities . Rioting broke out , and Bedford - Stuyvesant , a major black neighborhood in Brooklyn erupted next . That summer , rioting also broke out in Philadelphia , for similar reasons . The riots were on a much smaller scale than what would occur in 1965 and later . Washington responded with a pilot program called Project Uplift . Thousands of young people in Harlem were given jobs during the summer of 1965 . The project was inspired by a report generated by HARYOU called Youth in the Ghetto . HARYOU was given a major role in organizing the project , together with the National Urban League and nearly 100 smaller community organizations . Permanent jobs at living wages were still out of reach of many young black men . Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party , 1964 ( edit ) Main article : Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party Blacks in Mississippi had been disfranchised by statutory and constitutional changes since the late 19th century . In 1963 COFO held a Freedom Vote in Mississippi to demonstrate the desire of black Mississippians to vote . More than 80,000 people registered and voted in the mock election , which pitted an integrated slate of candidates from the `` Freedom Party '' against the official state Democratic Party candidates . President Lyndon B. Johnson ( center ) meets with civil rights leaders Martin Luther King Jr. , Whitney Young , and James Farmer , January 1964 In 1964 , organizers launched the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party ( MFDP ) to challenge the all - white official party . When Mississippi voting registrars refused to recognize their candidates , they held their own primary . They selected Fannie Lou Hamer , Annie Devine , and Victoria Gray to run for Congress , and a slate of delegates to represent Mississippi at the 1964 Democratic National Convention . The presence of the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party in Atlantic City , New Jersey , was inconvenient , however , for the convention organizers . They had planned a triumphant celebration of the Johnson administration 's achievements in civil rights , rather than a fight over racism within the Democratic Party . All - white delegations from other Southern states threatened to walk out if the official slate from Mississippi was not seated . Johnson was worried about the inroads that Republican Barry Goldwater 's campaign was making in what previously had been the white Democratic stronghold of the `` Solid South '' , as well as support that George Wallace had received in the North during the Democratic primaries . Johnson could not , however , prevent the MFDP from taking its case to the Credentials Committee . There Fannie Lou Hamer testified eloquently about the beatings that she and others endured and the threats they faced for trying to register to vote . Turning to the television cameras , Hamer asked , `` Is this America ? '' Johnson offered the MFDP a `` compromise '' under which it would receive two non-voting , at - large seats , while the white delegation sent by the official Democratic Party would retain its seats . The MFDP angrily rejected the `` compromise . '' The MFDP kept up its agitation at the convention , after it was denied official recognition . When all but three of the `` regular '' Mississippi delegates left because they refused to pledge allegiance to the party , the MFDP delegates borrowed passes from sympathetic delegates and took the seats vacated by the official Mississippi delegates . National party organizers removed them . When they returned the next day , they found convention organizers had removed the empty seats that had been there the day before . They stayed and sang `` freedom songs '' . The 1964 Democratic Party convention disillusioned many within the MFDP and the civil rights movement , but it did not destroy the MFDP . The MFDP became more radical after Atlantic City . It invited Malcolm X to speak at one of its conventions and opposed the war in Vietnam . Selma voting rights movement ( edit ) Main articles : Selma to Montgomery marches and Voting Rights Act President Johnson , Martin Luther King Jr. at the signing of the Voting Rights Act on August 6 , 1965 `` Remarks on the Signing of the Voting Rights Act '' Play media Statement before the United States Congress by Johnson on August 6 , 1965 , about the Voting Rights Act `` Remarks on the Signing of the Voting Rights Act '' audio only Problems playing these files ? See media help . SNCC had undertaken an ambitious voter registration program in Selma , Alabama , in 1963 , but by 1965 had made little headway in the face of opposition from Selma 's sheriff , Jim Clark . After local residents asked the SCLC for assistance , King came to Selma to lead several marches , at which he was arrested along with 250 other demonstrators . The marchers continued to meet violent resistance from police . Jimmie Lee Jackson , a resident of nearby Marion , was killed by police at a later march in February 17 , 1965 . Jackson 's death prompted James Bevel , director of the Selma Movement , to initiate and organize a plan to march from Selma to Montgomery , the state capital . On March 7 , 1965 , acting on Bevel 's plan , Hosea Williams of the SCLC and John Lewis of SNCC led a march of 600 people to walk the 54 miles ( 87 km ) from Selma to the state capital in Montgomery . Only six blocks into the march , at the Edmund Pettus Bridge , state troopers and local law enforcement , some mounted on horseback , attacked the peaceful demonstrators with billy clubs , tear gas , rubber tubes wrapped in barbed wire , and bull whips . They drove the marchers back into Selma . Lewis was knocked unconscious and dragged to safety . At least 16 other marchers were hospitalized . Among those gassed and beaten was Amelia Boynton Robinson , who was at the center of civil rights activity at the time . The national broadcast of the news footage of lawmen attacking unresisting marchers ' seeking to exercise their constitutional right to vote provoked a national response , and hundreds of people from all over the country came for a second march . These marchers were turned around by Dr. King at the last minute so as not to violate a federal injunction . With the support of James Forman and other SNCC leaders , activists throughout the country committed civil disobedience for Selma , particularly in Montgomery and at the White House . The marchers were able to lift the injunction and obtain protection from federal troops , permitting them to make the march across Alabama without incident two weeks later . Police attack non-violent marchers on `` Bloody Sunday '' , the first day of the Selma to Montgomery marches The evening of a second march on March 9 to the site of Bloody Sunday , local whites attacked Rev. James Reeb , a voting rights supporter . He died of his injuries in a Birmingham hospital March 11 . On March 25 , four Klansmen shot and killed Detroit homemaker Viola Liuzzo as she drove marchers back to Selma at night after the successfully completed march to Montgomery . Voting rights Act , 1965 ( edit ) Eight days after the first march , but before the final march , President Johnson delivered a televised address to support the voting rights bill he had sent to Congress . In it he stated : Their cause must be our cause too . Because it is not just Negroes , but really it is all of us , who must overcome the crippling legacy of bigotry and injustice . And we shall overcome . Johnson signed the Voting Rights Act of 1965 on August 6 . The 1965 act suspended literacy tests and other subjective voter registration tests . It authorized Federal supervision of voter registration in states and individual voting districts where such tests were being used . African Americans who had been barred from registering to vote finally had an alternative to taking suits to local or state courts , which had seldom prosecuted their cases to success . If discrimination in voter registration occurred , the 1965 act authorized the Attorney General of the United States to send Federal examiners to replace local registrars . Within months of its passage , 250,000 new black voters had been registered , one third of them by federal examiners . Within four years , voter registration in the South had more than doubled . In 1965 , Mississippi had the highest black voter turnout at 74 % and led the nation in the number of black public officials elected . In 1969 , Tennessee had a 92.1 % turnout among black voters ; Arkansas , 77.9 % ; and Texas , 73.1 % . Several whites who had opposed the Voting Rights Act paid a quick price . In 1966 Sheriff Jim Clark of Alabama , infamous for using cattle prods against civil rights marchers , was up for reelection . Although he took off the notorious `` Never '' pin on his uniform , he was defeated . At the election , Clark lost as blacks voted to get him out of office . Blacks ' regaining the power to vote changed the political landscape of the South . When Congress passed the Voting Rights Act , only about 100 African Americans held elective office , all in northern states . By 1989 , there were more than 7,200 African Americans in office , including more than 4,800 in the South . Nearly every Black Belt county ( where populations were majority black ) in Alabama had a black sheriff . Southern blacks held top positions in city , county , and state governments . Atlanta elected a black mayor , Andrew Young , as did Jackson , Mississippi , with Harvey Johnson Jr. , and New Orleans , with Ernest Morial . Black politicians on the national level included Barbara Jordan , elected as a Representative from Texas in Congress , and President Jimmy Carter appointed Andrew Young as United States Ambassador to the United Nations . Julian Bond was elected to the Georgia State Legislature in 1965 , although political reaction to his public Opposition to the U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War prevented him from taking his seat until 1967 . John Lewis represents Georgia 's 5th congressional district in the United States House of Representatives , where he has served since 1987 . Watts riot of 1965 ( edit ) Main article : Watts Riots Police arrest a man during the Watts Riots , August 1965 The new Voting Rights Act of 1965 had no immediate effect on living conditions for poor blacks . A few days after the act became law , a riot broke out in the South Central Los Angeles neighborhood of Watts . Like Harlem , Watts was an impoverished neighborhood with very high unemployment . Its residents confronted a largely white police department that had a history of abuse against blacks . While arresting a young man for drunk driving , police officers argued with the suspect 's mother before onlookers . The spark triggered a massive destruction of property through six days of rioting . Thirty - four people were killed and property valued at about $30 million was destroyed , making the Watts Riots among the most expensive in American history . With black militancy on the rise , ghetto residents directed acts of anger at the police . Black residents growing tired of police brutality continued to riot . Some young people joined groups such as the Black Panthers , whose popularity was based in part on their reputation for confronting police officers . Riots among blacks occurred in 1966 and 1967 in cities such as Atlanta , San Francisco , Oakland , Baltimore , Seattle , Tacoma , Cleveland , Cincinnati , Columbus , Newark , Chicago , New York City ( specifically in Brooklyn , Harlem and the Bronx ) , and worst of all in Detroit . Fair housing movements , 1966 -- 1968 ( edit ) The first major blow against housing segregation in the era , the Rumford Fair Housing Act , was passed in California in 1963 . It was overturned by white California voters and real estate lobbyists the following year with Proposition 14 , a move which helped precipitate the Watts Riots . In 1966 , the California Supreme Court invalidated Proposition 14 and reinstated the Fair Housing Act . Working and organizing for fair housing laws became a major project of the movement over the next two years , with Martin Luther King Jr. , James Bevel , and Al Raby leading the Chicago Freedom Movement around the issue in 1966 . In the following year , Father James Groppi and the NAACP Youth Council also attracted national attention with a fair housing campaign in Milwaukee . Both movements faced violent resistance from white homeowners and legal opposition from conservative politicians . The Fair Housing Bill was the most contentious civil rights legislation of the era . Senator Walter Mondale , who advocated for the bill , noted that over successive years , it was the most filibustered legislation in U.S. history . It was opposed by most Northern and Southern senators , as well as the National Association of Real Estate Boards . A proposed `` Civil Rights Act of 1966 '' had collapsed completely because of its fair housing provision . Mondale commented that : A lot of civil rights ( legislation ) was about making the South behave and taking the teeth from George Wallace , ( but ) this came right to the neighborhoods across the country . This was civil rights getting personal . Nationwide riots of 1967 ( edit ) Main articles : Detroit Riot of 1967 , 1967 Newark riots , 1967 Plainfield riots , and Long Hot Summer of 1967 Over 100 U.S. cities experienced riots in 1967 , including Detroit , Newark , Cincinnati , Cleveland , and Washington D.C. The largest of these was the 1967 Detroit riot . In Detroit , a large black middle class had begun to develop among those African Americans who worked at unionized jobs in the automotive industry ; these workers still complained of racist practices , concerns which the United Auto Workers channeled into bureaucratic and ineffective grievance procedures . Violent white mobs enforced the segregation of housing up through the 1960s ; . Blacks who were not upwardly mobile were living in substandard conditions , subject to the same problems as African Americans in Watts and Harlem . When white Detroit Police Department ( DPD ) officers shut down an illegal bar and arrested a large group of patrons during the hot summer , furious black residents rioted . Rioters looted and destroyed property while snipers engaged in firefights from rooftops and windows , undermining the DPD 's ability in curtailing the disorder . In response , the Michigan Army National Guard and U.S. Army paratroopers were deployed to reinforce the DPD and protect Detroit Fire Department ( DFD ) firefighters from attacks while putting out fires . Residents reported that police officers and National Guardsmen shot at black civilians and suspects indiscriminately . After five days , 43 people had been killed , hundreds injured , and thousands left homeless . $40 to $45 million worth of damage was caused . State and local governments responded to the riot with a dramatic increase in minority hiring . In the aftermath of the turmoil , the Greater Detroit Board of Commerce also launched a campaign to find jobs for ten thousand `` previously unemployable '' persons , a preponderant number of whom were black . Governor George Romney immediately responded to the riot of 1967 with a special session of the Michigan legislature where he forwarded sweeping housing proposals that included not only fair housing , but `` important relocation , tenants ' rights and code enforcement legislation . '' Romney had supported such proposals in 1965 , but abandoned them in the face of organized opposition . The laws passed both houses of the legislature . Historian Sidney Fine wrote that : The Michigan Fair Housing Act , which took effect on November 15 , 1968 , was stronger than the federal fair housing law ... It is probably more than a coincidence that the state that had experienced the most severe racial disorder of the 1960s also adopted one of the strongest state fair housing acts . President Johnson created the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders in response to nationwide wave of riots . The commission 's final report called for major reforms in employment and public policy in black communities . It warned that the United States was moving toward separate white and black societies . Memphis , King assassination and the poor people 's March 1968 ( edit ) Main articles : Poor People 's Campaign and Assassination of Martin Luther King , Jr . `` I 've Been to the Mountaintop '' Final 30 seconds of `` I 've Been to the Mountaintop '' speech by Martin Luther King Jr . These are the final words from his final public speech . Problems playing this file ? See media help . A 3,000 - person shantytown called Resurrection City was established on the National Mall . Rev. James Lawson invited King to Memphis , Tennessee , in March 1968 to support a sanitation workers ' strike . These workers launched a campaign for union representation after two workers were accidentally killed on the job , and King considered their struggle to be a vital part of the Poor People 's Campaign he was planning . A day after delivering his stirring `` I 've Been to the Mountaintop '' sermon , which has become famous for his vision of American society , King was assassinated on April 4 , 1968 . Riots broke out in black neighborhoods in more than 110 cities across the United States in the days that followed , notably in Chicago , Baltimore , and in Washington , D.C. The day before King 's funeral , April 8 , Coretta Scott King and three of the King children led 20,000 marchers through the streets of Memphis , holding signs that read , `` Honor King : End Racism '' and `` Union Justice Now '' . Armed National Guardsmen lined the streets , sitting on M - 48 tanks , to protect the marchers , and helicopters circled overhead . On April 9 , Mrs. King led another 150,000 people in a funeral procession through the streets of Atlanta . Her dignity revived courage and hope in many of the Movement 's members , cementing her place as the new leader in the struggle for racial equality . Coretta Scott King said , ( Martin Luther King Jr . ) gave his life for the poor of the world , the garbage workers of Memphis and the peasants of Vietnam . The day that Negro people and others in bondage are truly free , on the day want is abolished , on the day wars are no more , on that day I know my husband will rest in a long - deserved peace . Rev. Ralph Abernathy succeeded King as the head of the SCLC and attempted to carry forth King 's plan for a Poor People 's March . It was to unite blacks and whites to campaign for fundamental changes in American society and economic structure . The march went forward under Abernathy 's plainspoken leadership but did not achieve its goals . See also : Orangeburg massacre Civil rights Act of 1968 ( edit ) Main article : Civil Rights Act of 1968 As 1968 began , the fair housing bill was being filibustered once again , but two developments revived it . The Kerner Commission report on the 1967 ghetto riots was delivered to Congress on March 1 , and it strongly recommended `` a comprehensive and enforceable federal open housing law '' as a remedy to the civil disturbances . The Senate was moved to end their filibuster that week . As the House of Representatives deliberated the bill in April , Dr. King was assassinated , and the largest wave of unrest since the Civil War swept the country . Senator Charles Mathias wrote that : some Senators and Representatives publicly stated they would not be intimidated or rushed into legislating because of the disturbances . Nevertheless , the news coverage of the riots and the underlying disparities in income , jobs , housing , and education , between White and Black Americans helped educate citizens and Congress about the stark reality of an enormous social problem . Members of Congress knew they had to act to redress these imbalances in American life to fulfill the dream that King had so eloquently preached . The House passed the legislation on April 10 , and President Johnson signed it the next day . The Civil Rights Act of 1968 prohibited discrimination concerning the sale , rental , and financing of housing based on race , religion , and national origin . It also made it a federal crime to `` by force or by threat of force , injure , intimidate , or interfere with anyone ... by reason of their race , color , religion , or national origin . '' Movements , Politics , and white reactions ( edit ) Grassroots leadership ( edit ) Fannie Lou Hamer of the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party ( and other Mississippi - based organizations ) is an example of local grassroots leadership in the movement . While most popular representations of the movement are centered on the leadership and philosophy of Martin Luther King Jr. , some scholars note that the movement was too diverse to be credited to one person , organization , or strategy . Sociologist Doug McAdam has stated that , `` in King 's case , it would be inaccurate to say that he was the leader of the modern civil rights movement ... but more importantly , there was no singular civil rights movement . The movement was , in fact , a coalition of thousands of local efforts nationwide , spanning several decades , hundreds of discrete groups , and all manner of strategies and tactics -- legal , illegal , institutional , non-institutional , violent , non-violent . Without discounting King 's importance , it would be sheer fiction to call him the leader of what was fundamentally an amorphous , fluid , dispersed movement . '' Decentralized grassroots leadership has been a major focus of movement scholarship in recent decades through the work of historians John Dittmer , Charles Payne , Barbara Ransby , and others . Black Power ( 1966 -- 1968 ) ( edit ) Main articles : Black Power and Black Power movement During the Freedom Summer campaign of 1964 , numerous tensions within the civil rights movement came to the forefront . Many blacks in SNCC developed concerns that white activists from the North were taking over the movement . The massive presence of white students was also not reducing the amount of violence that SNCC suffered , but seemed to be increasing it . Additionally , there was profound disillusionment at Lyndon Johnson 's denial of voting status for the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party . Meanwhile , during CORE 's work in Louisiana that summer , that group found the federal government would not respond to requests to enforce the provisions of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 , or to protect the lives of activists who challenged segregation . For the Louisiana campaign to survive it had to rely on a local African - American militia called the Deacons for Defense and Justice , who used arms to repel white supremacist violence and police repression . CORE 's collaboration with the Deacons was effective against breaking Jim Crow in numerous Louisiana areas . In 1965 , SNCC helped organize an independent political party , the Lowndes County Freedom Organization ( LCFO ) , in the heart of Alabama Klan territory , and permitted its black leaders to openly promote the use of armed self - defense . Meanwhile , the Deacons for Defense and Justice expanded into Mississippi and assisted Charles Evers ' NAACP chapter with a successful campaign in Natchez . The same year , the Watts Rebellion took place in Los Angeles , and seemed to show that many black youth were now committed to the use of violence to protest inequality and oppression . During the March Against Fear in 1966 , SNCC and CORE fully embraced the slogan of `` black power '' to describe these trends towards militancy and self - reliance . In Mississippi , Stokely Carmichael declared , `` I 'm not going to beg the white man for anything that I deserve , I 'm going to take it . We need power . '' Several people engaging in the Black Power movement started to gain more of a sense in black pride and identity as well . In gaining more of a sense of a cultural identity , several blacks demanded that whites no longer refer to them as `` Negroes '' but as `` Afro - Americans . '' Up until the mid-1960s , blacks had dressed similarly to whites and straightened their hair . As a part of gaining a unique identity , blacks started to wear loosely fit dashikis and had started to grow their hair out as a natural afro . The afro , sometimes nicknamed the `` ' fro , '' remained a popular black hairstyle until the late 1970s . Black Power was made most public , however , by the Black Panther Party ( BPP ) , which was founded by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale in Oakland , California , in 1966 . The group began following the revolutionary pan-Africanism of late - period Malcolm X , using a `` by - any - means necessary '' approach to stopping inequality . They sought to rid African American neighborhoods of police brutality and establish socialist community control in the ghettos . Their tactics varied from armed confrontation with police to setting up free breakfast and healthcare programs for children . Between 1968 and 1971 , the BPP was one of the most important black organizations in the country and had support from the NAACP , SCLC , Peace and Freedom Party , and others . Black Power was taken to another level inside prison walls . In 1966 , George Jackson formed the Black Guerrilla Family in the California San Quentin State Prison . The goal of this group was to overthrow the white - run government in America and the prison system . In 1970 , this group displayed their dedication after a white prison guard was found not guilty of shooting and killing three black prisoners from the prison tower . They retaliated by killing a white prison guard . `` Say It Loud -- I 'm Black and I 'm Proud '' James Brown 's `` Say It Loud -- I 'm Black and I 'm Proud '' from Say It Loud -- I 'm Black and I 'm Proud Problems playing this file ? See media help . Gold medalist Tommie Smith ( center ) and bronze medalist John Carlos ( right ) showing the raised fist on the podium after the 200 m race at the 1968 Summer Olympics ; both wear Olympic Project for Human Rights badges . Peter Norman ( silver medalist , left ) from Australia also wears an OPHR badge in solidarity with Smith and Carlos . Numerous popular cultural expressions associated with black power appeared at this time . Released in August 1968 , the number one Rhythm & Blues single for the Billboard Year - End list was James Brown 's `` Say It Loud -- I 'm Black and I 'm Proud '' . In October 1968 , Tommie Smith and John Carlos , while being awarded the gold and bronze medals , respectively , at the 1968 Summer Olympics , donned human rights badges and each raised a black - gloved Black Power salute during their podium ceremony . King was not comfortable with the `` Black Power '' slogan , which sounded too much like black nationalism to him . When King was murdered in 1968 , Stokely Carmichael stated that whites murdered the one person who would prevent rampant rioting and that blacks would burn every major city to the ground . Black conservatism ( edit ) Despite the common notion that the ideas of Martin Luther King Jr. , Malcolm X and Black Power only conflicted with each other and were the only ideologies of the civil rights movement , there were other sentiments felt by many blacks . Fearing the events during the movement were occurring too quickly , there were some blacks who felt that leaders should take their activism at a slower pace . Others had reservations on how focused blacks were on the movement and felt that such attention was better spent on reforming issues within the black community . Those who blatantly rejected integration had various rationales for doing so , such as fearing a change in the status quo they had been used to for so long or fearing for their safety if they found themselves in environments where whites were much more present . Some defended segregation for the sake of keeping ties with the white power structure from which many relied on for social and economic mobility above other blacks . Based on her interpretation of a 1966 study made by Donald Matthews and James Prothro detailing the relative percentage of blacks for integration , against it or feeling something else , Lauren Winner asserts that : Black defenders of segregation look , at first blush , very much like black nationalists , especially in their preference for all - black institutions ; but black defenders of segregation differ from nationalists in two key ways . First , while both groups criticize NAACP - style integration , nationalists articulate a third alternative to integration and Jim Crow , while segregationists preferred to stick with the status quo . Second , absent from black defenders of segregation 's political vocabulary was the demand for self - determination . They called for all - black institutions , but not autonomous all - black institutions ; indeed , some defenders of segregation asserted that black people needed white paternalism and oversight in order to thrive . Oftentimes , African - American community leaders would be staunch defenders of segregation . Church ministers , businessmen and educators were among those who wished to keep segregation and segregationist ideals in order to retain the privileges they gained from patronage from whites , such as monetary gains . In addition , they relied on segregation to keep their jobs and economies in their communities thriving . It was feared that if integration became widespread in the South , black - owned businesses and other establishments would lose a large chunk of their customer base to white - owned businesses , and many blacks would lose opportunities for jobs that were presently exclusive to their interests . On the other hand , there were the everyday , average black people who criticized integration as well . For them , they took issue with different parts of the civil rights movement and the potential for blacks to exercise consumerism and economic liberty without hindrance from whites . For Martin Luther King Jr. , Malcolm X and other leading activists and groups during the movement , these opposing viewpoints acted as an obstacle against their ideas . These different views made such leaders ' work much harder to accomplish , but they were nonetheless important in the overall scope of the movement . For the most part , the black individuals who had reservations on various aspects of the movement and ideologies of the activists were not able to make a game - changing dent in their efforts , but the existence of these alternate ideas gave some blacks an outlet to express their concerns about the changing social structure . Avoiding the `` Communist '' label ( edit ) See also : The Communist Party and African - Americans On December 17 , 1951 , the Communist Party -- affiliated Civil Rights Congress delivered the petition We Charge Genocide : `` The Crime of Government Against the Negro People '' , often shortened to We Charge Genocide , to the United Nations in 1951 , arguing that the U.S. federal government , by its failure to act against lynching in the United States , was guilty of genocide under Article II of the UN Genocide Convention . The petition was presented to the United Nations at two separate venues : Paul Robeson , concert singer and activist , to a UN official in New York City , while William L. Patterson , executive director of the CRC , delivered copies of the drafted petition to a UN delegation in Paris . Patterson , the editor of the petition , was a leader in the Communist Party USA and head of the International Labor Defense , a group that offered legal representation to communists , trade unionists , and African Americans in cases involving issues of political or racial persecution . The ILD was known for leading the defense of the Scottsboro boys in Alabama in 1931 , where the Communist Party had considerable influence among African Americans in the 1930s . This had largely declined by the late 1950s , although they could command international attention . As earlier civil rights figures such as Robeson , Du Bois and Patterson became more politically radical ( and therefore targets of Cold War anti-Communism by the U.S. Government ) , they lost favor with both mainstream Black America and the NAACP . In order to secure a place in the mainstream and gain the broadest base , the new generation of civil rights activists believed they had to openly distance themselves from anything and anyone associated with the Communist party . According to Ella Baker , the Southern Christian Leadership Conference adopted `` Christian '' into its name to deter charges of Communism . The FBI under J. Edgar Hoover had been concerned about communism since the early 20th century , and continued to label as `` Communist '' or `` subversive '' some of the civil rights activists , whom it kept under close surveillance . In the early 1960s , the practice of distancing the civil rights movement from `` Reds '' was challenged by the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee who adopted a policy of accepting assistance and participation by anyone , regardless of political affiliation , who supported the SNCC program and was willing to `` put their body on the line . '' At times this political openness put SNCC at odds with the NAACP . Kennedy administration , 1961 -- 1963 ( edit ) Attorney General Robert Kennedy speaking before a hostile Civil Rights crowd protesting low minority hiring in his Justice Department June 14 , 1963 For the first two years of the Kennedy administration , civil rights activists had mixed opinions of both the president and attorney general , Robert F. Kennedy . A well of historical skepticism toward liberal politics had left African Americans with a sense of uneasy disdain for any white politician who claimed to share their concerns for freedom , particularly ones connected to the historically pro-segregationist Democratic Party . Still , many were encouraged by the discreet support Kennedy gave to Dr. King , and the administration 's willingness , after dramatic pressure from civil disobedience , to bring forth racially progressive initiatives . Many of the initiatives resulted from Robert Kennedy 's passion . The younger Kennedy gained a rapid education in the realities of racism through events such as the Baldwin - Kennedy meeting . The president came to share his brother 's sense of urgency on the matter , resulting in the landmark Civil Rights Address of June 1963 and the introduction of the first major civil rights act of the decade . Robert Kennedy first became concerned with civil rights in mid-May 1961 during the Freedom Rides , when photographs of the burning bus and savage beatings in Anniston and Birmingham were broadcast around the world . They came at an especially embarrassing time , as President Kennedy was about to have a summit with the Soviet premier in Vienna . The White House was concerned with its image among the populations of newly independent nations in Africa and Asia , and Robert Kennedy responded with an address for Voice of America stating that great progress had been made on the issue of race relations . Meanwhile , behind the scenes , the administration worked to resolve the crisis with a minimum of violence and prevent the Freedom Riders from generating a fresh crop of headlines that might divert attention from the President 's international agenda . The Freedom Riders documentary notes that , `` The back burner issue of civil rights had collided with the urgent demands of Cold War realpolitik . '' On May 21 , when a white mob attacked and burned the First Baptist Church in Montgomery , Alabama , where King was holding out with protesters , Robert Kennedy telephoned King to ask him to stay in the building until the U.S. Marshals and National Guard could secure the area . King proceeded to berate Kennedy for `` allowing the situation to continue '' . King later publicly thanked Kennedy for deploying the force to break up an attack which might otherwise have ended King 's life . With a very small majority in Congress , the president 's ability to press ahead with legislation relied considerably on a balancing game with the Senators and Congressmen of the South . Without the support of Vice-President Johnson , a former Senator who had years of experience in Congress and longstanding relations there , many of the Attorney - General 's programs would not have progressed . By late 1962 , frustration at the slow pace of political change was balanced by the movement 's strong support for legislative initiatives , including administrative representation across all U.S. Government departments and greater access to the ballot box . From squaring off against Governor George Wallace , to `` tearing into '' Vice-President Johnson ( for failing to desegregate areas of the administration ) , to threatening corrupt white Southern judges with disbarment , to desegregating interstate transport , Robert Kennedy came to be consumed by the civil rights movement . He continued to work on these social justice issues in his bid for the presidency in 1968 . On the night of Governor Wallace 's capitulation to African - American enrollment at the University of Alabama , President Kennedy gave an address to the nation , which marked the changing tide , an address that was to become a landmark for the ensuing change in political policy as to civil rights . In 1966 , Robert Kennedy visited South Africa and voiced his objections to apartheid , the first time a major US politician had done so : At the University of Natal in Durban , I was told the church to which most of the white population belongs teaches apartheid as a moral necessity . A questioner declared that few churches allow black Africans to pray with the white because the Bible says that is the way it should be , because God created Negroes to serve . `` But suppose God is black '' , I replied . `` What if we go to Heaven and we , all our lives , have treated the Negro as an inferior , and God is there , and we look up and He is not white ? What then is our response ? '' There was no answer . Only silence . -- LOOK Magazine Robert Kennedy 's relationship with the movement was not always positive . As attorney general , he was called to account by activists -- who booed him at a June 1963 speech -- for the Justice Department 's own poor record of hiring blacks . He also presided over FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover and his COINTELPRO program . This program ordered FBI agents to `` expose , disrupt , misdirect , discredit , or otherwise neutralize '' the activities of Communist front groups , a category in which the paranoid Hoover included most civil rights organizations . Kennedy personally authorized some of the programs . According to Tim Weiner , `` RFK knew much more about this surveillance than he ever admitted . '' Although Kennedy only gave approval for limited wiretapping of Dr. King 's phones `` on a trial basis , for a month or so . '' Hoover extended the clearance so his men were `` unshackled '' to look for evidence in any areas of the black leader 's life they deemed important ; they then used this information to harass King . Kennedy directly ordered surveillance on James Baldwin after their antagonistic racial summit in 1963 . American Jewish community and the civil rights movement ( edit ) See also : African American -- Jewish relations ; New York City teachers ' strike of 1968 ; and Brownsville , Brooklyn Jewish civil rights activist Joseph L. Rauh Jr. marching with Martin Luther King in 1963 Many in the Jewish community supported the civil rights movement . In fact , statistically Jews were one of the most actively involved non-black groups in the Movement . Many Jewish students worked in concert with African Americans for CORE , SCLC , and SNCC as full - time organizers and summer volunteers during the Civil Rights era . Jews made up roughly half of the white northern volunteers involved in the 1964 Mississippi Freedom Summer project and approximately half of the civil rights attorneys active in the South during the 1960s . Jewish leaders were arrested while heeding a call from Martin Luther King Jr. in St. Augustine , Florida , in June 1964 , where the largest mass arrest of rabbis in American history took place at the Monson Motor Lodge -- a nationally important civil rights landmark that was demolished in 2003 so that a Hilton Hotel could be built on the site . Abraham Joshua Heschel , a writer , rabbi , and professor of theology at the Jewish Theological Seminary of America in New York , was outspoken on the subject of civil rights . He marched arm - in - arm with Dr. King in the 1965 Selma to Montgomery march . In the 1964 murders of Chaney , Goodman , and Schwerner , the two white activists killed , Andrew Goodman and Michael Schwerner , were both Jewish . Brandeis University , the only nonsectarian Jewish - sponsored college university in the world , created the Transitional Year Program ( TYP ) in 1968 , in part response to Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King 's assassination . The faculty created it to renew the university 's commitment to social justice . Recognizing Brandeis as a university with a commitment to academic excellence , these faculty members created a chance to disadvantaged students to participate in an empowering educational experience . The American Jewish Committee , American Jewish Congress , and Anti-Defamation League ( ADL ) actively promoted civil rights . While Jews were very active in the civil rights movement in the South , in the North , many had experienced a more strained relationship with African Americans . In communities experiencing white flight , racial rioting , and urban decay , Jewish Americans were more often the last remaining whites in the communities most affected . It has been argued that with Black militancy and the Black Power movements on the rise , `` Black Anti-Semitism '' increased leading to strained relations between Blacks and Jews in Northern communities . In New York City , most notably , there was a major socio - economic class difference in the perception of African Americans by Jews . Jews from better educated Upper Middle Class backgrounds were often very supportive of African American civil rights activities while the Jews in poorer urban communities that became increasingly minority were often less supportive largely in part due to more negative and violent interactions between the two groups . According to political scientist Michael Rogin , Jewish - Black hostility was a two - way street extending to earlier decades . In the post-World War II era , Jews were granted white privilege and most moved into the middle - class while Blacks were left behind in the ghetto . Urban Jews engaged in the same sort of conflicts with Blacks -- over integration busing , local control of schools , housing , crime , communal identity , and class divides -- that other white ethnics did , leading to Jews participating in white flight . The culmination of this was the 1968 New York City teachers ' strike , pitting largely Jewish schoolteachers against predominantly Black parents in Brownsville , New York . Profile ( edit ) Many Jewish individuals in the Southern states who supported civil rights for African Americans tended to keep a low profile on `` the race issue '' , in order to avoid attracting the attention of the anti-Black and antisemitic Ku Klux Klan . However , Klan groups exploited the issue of African - American integration and Jewish involvement in the struggle to launch acts of violent antisemitism . As an example of this hatred , in one year alone , from November 1957 to October 1958 , temples and other Jewish communal gatherings were bombed and desecrated in Atlanta , Nashville , Jacksonville , and Miami , and dynamite was found under synagogues in Birmingham , Charlotte , and Gastonia , North Carolina . Some rabbis received death threats , but there were no injuries following these outbursts of violence . White backlash ( edit ) King reached the height of popular acclaim during his life in 1964 , when he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize . His career after that point was filled with frustrating challenges . The liberal coalition that had gained passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 began to fray . King was becoming more estranged from the Johnson administration . In 1965 he broke with it by calling for peace negotiations and a halt to the bombing of Vietnam . He moved further left in the following years , speaking of the need for economic justice and thoroughgoing changes in American society . He believed change was needed beyond the civil rights gained by the movement . King 's attempts to broaden the scope of the civil rights movement were halting and largely unsuccessful , however . King made several efforts in 1965 to take the Movement north to address housing discrimination . SCLC 's campaign in Chicago publicly failed , as Chicago Mayor Richard J. Daley marginalized SCLC 's campaign by promising to `` study '' the city 's problems . In 1966 , white demonstrators holding `` white power '' signs in notoriously racist Cicero , a suburb of Chicago , threw stones at marchers demonstrating against housing segregation . Politicians and journalists quickly blamed this white backlash on the movement 's shift towards Black Power in the mid-1960s ; today most scholars view backlash as a phenomenon that was already developing in the mid-1950s , embodied in the `` massive resistance '' movement of the South where even the few moderate white leaders ( including George Wallace , who had once been endorsed by the NAACP ) shifted to openly racist positions . Northern racists opposed the southerners on a regional and cultural basis , but also held segregationist attitudes which became more pronounced as the civil rights movement headed North . For instance , prior to the Watts riot , California whites had already mobilized to repeal the state 's 1963 fair housing law . Even so , the backlash was not sufficient at the time to roll back major civil rights victories or swing the country into reaction . Social historians Matthew Lassiter and Barbara Ehrenreich note that backlash 's primary constituency was suburban and middle - class , but not working - class whites : `` among the white electorate , one half of blue - collar voters ... cast their ballot for ( the liberal presidential candidate ) Hubert Humphrey in 1968 ... only in the South did George Wallace draw substantially more blue - collar than white - collar support . '' African - American Women in the movement ( edit ) Women acted as leaders in the civil rights movement and led organizations that contributed to the cause of civil rights . African - American women stepped into the roles that men had previously held . Women were members of the NAACP because they believed it could help them contribute to the cause of civil rights . Women involved with the Black Panthers would lead meetings , edit the Black Panther newspaper , and advocated for childcare and sexual freedom . Women involved with SNCC helped to organize sit - ins and the Freedom Rides , as well as keeping the organization together . Women also formed church groups , bridge clubs , and professional organizations , such as the National Council of Negro Women , to help achieve freedom for themselves and their race . Some women who participated in these organizations lost their jobs because of their involvement . Discrimination ( edit ) Many women in the movement experienced gender discrimination and sexual harassment within the movement . In the SCLC , Ella Baker 's input was discouraged in spite of her being the oldest and most experienced person on the staff . Within the ministers ' patriarchal hierarchy , age and experience were actually considered detriments for a woman . Her role as an executive was only assigned as a placeholder for a male leader . Women that worked under SNCC did the clerical work and were not consistently given leadership positions . Women who worked in multiple civil rights organizations noted that males tended to become the leaders and women `` faded into the background '' and the men of the movement did not acknowledge the gender discrimination present in the organization . Much of the reasoning for the lesser role that women took in the movement was that it was time for black men to take on a role as a leader now that they had the opportunity . Women got very little recognition for their roles in the civil rights movement despite the fact that they were heavily involved with the participation and planning . Johnson administration : 1963 -- 1968 ( edit ) Further information : Civil Rights Act of 1964 , War on Poverty , and Lyndon B. Johnson Lyndon Johnson made civil rights one of his highest priorities , coupling it with a whites war on poverty . However in creasing the shrill opposition to the War in Vietnam , coupled with the cost of the war , undercut support for his domestic programs . Under Kennedy , major civil rights legislation had been stalled in Congress his assassination changed everything . On one hand president Lyndon Johnson was a much more skillful negotiator than Kennedy but he had behind him a powerful national momentum demanding immediate action on moral and emotional grounds . Demands for immediate action originated from unexpected directions , especially white Protestant church groups . The Justice Department , led by Robert Kennedy , moved from a posture of defending Kennedy from the quagmire minefield of racial politics to acting to fulfill his legacy . The violent death and public reaction dramatically moved the moderate Republicans , led by Senator Everett McKinley Dirksen , whose support was the margin of victory for the Civil Rights Act of 1964 . The act immediately ended de jure ( legal ) segregation and the era of Jim Crow . With the civil rights movement at full blast , Lyndon Johnson coupled black entrepreneurship with his war on poverty , setting up special program in the Small Business Administration , the Office of Economic Opportunity , and other agencies . This time there was money for loans designed to boost minority business ownership . Richard Nixon greatly expanded the program , setting up the Office of Minority Business Enterprise ( OMBE ) in the expectation that black entrepreneurs would help defuse racial tensions and possibly support his reelection . Prison reform ( edit ) Gates v. Collier ( edit ) Mississippi State Penitentiary Conditions at the Mississippi State Penitentiary at Parchman , then known as Parchman Farm , became part of the public discussion of civil rights after activists were imprisoned there . In the spring of 1961 , Freedom Riders came to the South to test the desegregation of public facilities . By the end of June 1963 , Freedom Riders had been convicted in Jackson , Mississippi . Many were jailed in Mississippi State Penitentiary at Parchman . Mississippi employed the trusty system , a hierarchical order of inmates that used some inmates to control and enforce punishment of other inmates . In 1970 the civil rights lawyer Roy Haber began taking statements from inmates . He collected 50 pages of details of murders , rapes , beatings and other abuses suffered by the inmates from 1969 to 1971 at Mississippi State Penitentiary . In a landmark case known as Gates v. Collier ( 1972 ) , four inmates represented by Haber sued the superintendent of Parchman Farm for violating their rights under the United States Constitution . Federal Judge William C. Keady found in favor of the inmates , writing that Parchman Farm violated the civil rights of the inmates by inflicting cruel and unusual punishment . He ordered an immediate end to all unconstitutional conditions and practices . Racial segregation of inmates was abolished , as was the trusty system , which allowed certain inmates to have power and control over others . The prison was renovated in 1972 after the scathing ruling by Judge Keady , who wrote that the prison was an affront to `` modern standards of decency . '' Among other reforms , the accommodations were made fit for human habitation . The system of trusties was abolished . ( The prison had armed lifers with rifles and given them authority to oversee and guard other inmates , which led to many abuses and murders . ) In integrated correctional facilities in northern and western states , blacks represented a disproportionate number of the prisoners , in excess of their proportion of the general population . They were often treated as second - class citizens by white correctional officers . Blacks also represented a disproportionately high number of death row inmates . Eldridge Cleaver 's book Soul on Ice was written from his experiences in the California correctional system ; it contributed to black militancy . Cold War ( edit ) There was an international context for the actions of the U.S. federal government during these years . Soviet media frequently covered racial discrimination in the U.S. Deeming American criticism of Soviet Union human rights abuses as hypocritical the Soviets would respond with `` And you are lynching Negroes '' . In his 1934 book Russia Today : What Can We Learn from It ? , Sherwood Eddy wrote : `` In the most remote villages of Russia today Americans are frequently asked what they are going to do to the Scottsboro Negro boys and why they lynch Negroes . '' In Cold War Civil Rights : Race and the Image of American Democracy , the historian Mary L. Dudziak wrote that Communists critical of the United States accused the nation for its hypocrisy in portraying itself as the `` leader of the free world , '' when so many of its citizens were subjected to severe racial discrimination and violence ; she argued that this was a major factor in moving the government to support civil rights legislation . In popular culture ( edit ) Main article : African - American civil rights movement ( 1954 -- 1968 ) in popular culture The 1954 to 1968 civil rights movement contributed strong cultural threads to American and international theater , song , film , television , and folk art . Activist organizations ( edit ) National / regional civil rights organizations Congress of Racial Equality ( CORE ) Deacons for Defense and Justice Leadership Conference on Civil Rights ( LCCR ) Medical Committee for Human Rights ( MCHR ) National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP ) National Council of Negro Women ( NCNW ) Organization of Afro - American Unity Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ( SNCC ) Southern Conference Educational Fund ( SCEF ) Southern Student Organizing Committee ( SSOC ) National economic empowerment organizations Operation Breadbasket Urban League Local civil rights organizations Albany Movement ( Albany , GA ) Council of Federated Organizations ( Mississippi ) Montgomery Improvement Association ( Montgomery , AL ) Regional Council of Negro Leadership ( Mississippi ) Women 's Political Council ( Montgomery , AL ) Individual activists ( edit ) Ralph Abernathy Victoria Gray Adams Muhammad Ali Maya Angelou Louis Austin Ella Baker James Baldwin Marion Barry Daisy Bates Fay Bellamy Powell James Bevel Claude Black Unita Blackwell Julian Bond Amelia Boynton Anne Braden Carl Braden Mary Fair Burks Stokely Carmichael Septima Clark Albert Cleage Charles E. Cobb Jr . Annie Lee Cooper Dorothy Cotton Claudette Colvin Jonathan Daniels Annie Devine Doris Derby Marian Wright Edelman Medgar Evers Myrlie Evers - Williams James L. Farmer Jr . Karl Fleming Sarah Mae Flemming James Forman Frankie Muse Freeman Fred Gray Jack Greenberg Dick Gregory Prathia Hall Fannie Lou Hamer Lorraine Hansberry Robert Hayling Lola Hendricks Aaron Henry Libby Holman Myles Horton T.R.M. Howard Winson Hudson Jesse Jackson Jimmie Lee Jackson Esau Jenkins Gloria Johnson - Powell Clyde Kennard Coretta Scott King Martin Luther King Jr . Bernard Lafayette W.W. Law James Lawson John Lewis Viola Liuzzo Joseph Lowery Autherine Lucy Clara Luper Thurgood Marshall James Meredith Loren Miller Jack Minnis Anne Moody Harry T. Moore E. Frederic Morrow Robert Parris Moses Bill Moyer Diane Nash Denise Nicholas E.D. Nixon David Nolan James Orange Nan Grogan Orrock Rosa Parks Rutledge Pearson George Raymond Jr . James Reeb Frederick D. Reese Gloria Richardson Amelia Boynton Robinson Jackie Robinson Jo Ann Robinson Ruby Doris Smith - Robinson Bayard Rustin Cleveland Sellers Charles Sherrod Fred Shuttlesworth Modjeska Monteith Simkins Nina Simone Charles Kenzie Steele Dempsey Travis C.T. Vivian Wyatt Tee Walker Hosea Williams Robert F. Williams Malcolm X Andrew Young Whitney Young See also ( edit ) Civil rights movement portal African American portal Social movements portal 1950s portal 1960s portal List of civil rights leaders List of Kentucky women in the civil rights era Photographers of the American civil rights movement `` We Shall Overcome '' , unofficial movement anthem History preservation : Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument Freedom Riders National Monument Read 's Drug Store ( Baltimore ) , site of a 1955 desegregation sit - in Seattle Civil Rights and Labor History Project Television News of the Civil Rights Era 1950 -- 1970 Post -- civil rights movement : Black Lives Matter Post -- civil rights era in African - American history Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Various other dates have been proposed as the date on which the civil rights movement began or ended . Jump up ^ The social movement has also been called the Second Reconstruction , modern civil rights movement , civil rights revolution , black revolution , Negro movement , black civil rights movement , U.S. civil rights movement , 1960s civil rights movement , Negro revolution , Negro American revolution , Negro revolt , Southern freedom movement , black rights movement , United States civil rights movement , American freedom movement , and Negro freedom movement . The term civil rights struggle can denote this or other social movements that occurred during the same period in the United States . The span of time of the social movement is called the civil rights era . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : II , Vann R. Newkirk . `` How ' The Blood of Emmett Till ' Still Stains America Today '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved July 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Civil Rights Act of 1964 -- CRA -- Title VII -- Equal Employment Opportunities -- 42 US Code Chapter 21 -- findUSlaw '' . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Haines , Herbert H. ( 1995 ) . Black Radicals and the Civil Rights Mainstream , 1954 - 1970 . Univ. of Tennessee Press . pp. 98 -- 118 . ISBN 9781572332607 . ^ Jump up to : Timothy B. Tyson , `` Robert F. Williams , ' Black Power , ' and the Roots of the African American Freedom Struggle , '' Journal of American History 85 , No. 2 ( September 1998 ) : 540 -- 570 Jump up ^ `` How the end of slavery led to starvation and death for millions of black Americans '' . The Guardian . August 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schultz , Jeffrey D. ( 2002 ) . Encyclopedia of Minorities in American Politics : African Americans and Asian Americans . p. 284 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57356 - 148 - 8 . Retrieved March 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Leland T. Saito ( 1998 ) . Race and Politics : Asian Americans , Latinos , and Whites in a Los Angeles Suburb . p. 154 . University of Illinois Press Jump up ^ Smith , Jean Edward ( 2001 ) . Grant . Simon and Schuster . pp. 244 -- 247 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 1701 - 9 . Jump up ^ Wormser , Richard . `` The Enforcement Acts ( 1870 -- 71 ) '' . PBS : Jim Crow Stories . Retrieved May 12 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Black - American Representatives and Senators by Congress , 1870 -- Present Archived January 1 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine. -- U.S. House of Representatives Jump up ^ Klarman , Michael J. ; ' The White Primary Rulings : A Case Study in the Consequences of Supreme Court Decisionmaking ' ; Florida State University Law Review , vol. 29 , issue 55 , pp. 55 - 107 Jump up ^ Walton , Hanes ( junior ) ; Puckett , Sherman and Deskins Donald R. ( junior ) ; The African American Electorate : A Statistical History , p. 539 ISBN 0872895084 Jump up ^ Otis H Stephens , Jr ; John M Scheb , II ( 2007 ) . American Constitutional Law : Civil Rights and Liberties . Cengage Learning . p. 528 . ISBN 0 - 495 - 09705 - 5 . Jump up ^ Paul Finkelman , ed. ( 2009 ) . Encyclopedia of African American History . Oxford University Press . pp. 199 -- 200 of vol 4 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 516779 - 5 . Jump up ^ Moyers , Bill . `` Legacy of Lynching '' . PBS . Retrieved July 28 , 2016 Jump up ^ Rayford Logan , The Betrayal of the Negro from Rutherford B. Hayes to Woodrow Wilson , pp. 97 -- 98 . New York : Da Capo Press , 1997 . ^ Jump up to : Leon Litwack , Jim Crow Blues , Magazine of History ( OAH Publications , 2004 ) Jump up ^ Michael Kazin , Rebecca Edwards , Adam Rothman ( 2009 ) . `` The Princeton Encyclopedia of American Political History '' . p. 245 . Princeton University Press Jump up ^ C. Vann Woodward , The Strange Career of Jim Crow , 3rd rev . ed . ( Oxford University Press , 1974 ) , pp. 67 -- 109 . Jump up ^ Birmingham Segregation Laws -- Civil Rights Movement Veterans ^ Jump up to : Fultz , M. ( 2006 ) . Black Public Libraries in the South in the Era of De Jure Segregation . Libraries & The Cultural Record , 41 ( 3 ) , 338 -- 346 . Jump up ^ Tolnay , Stewart ( 2003 ) . `` The African American ' Great Migration ' and Beyond '' . Annual Review of Sociology. 29 : 218 -- 221 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. soc. 29.010202. 100009 . JSTOR 30036966 . ^ Jump up to : Hannah - Jones , Nikole ( June 25 , 2015 ) . `` Living Apart : How the Government Betrayed a Landmark Civil Rights Law '' . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Future of Fair Housing : How We Got Here '' . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2016 . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ David T. Beito and Linda Royster Beito , Black Maverick : T.R.M. Howard 's Fight for Civil Rights and Economic Power , Urbana : University of Illinois Press , 2009 , pp. 81 , 99 -- 100 . Jump up ^ `` Robinson , Jo Ann Gibson ( 1912 -- 1992 ) '' . The Martin Luther King Jr . Research and Education Institute . Stanford University . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , Jo Ann & Garrow , David J. ( forward by Coretta Scott King ) The Montgomery Bus Boycott and the Women Who Started It ( 1986 ) ISBN 0 - 394 - 75623 - 1 Knoxville , University of Tennessee Press Jump up ^ `` The Tallahassee Bus Boycott -- Fifty Years Later , '' The Tallahassee Democrat , May 21 , 2006 Archived December 10 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Klarman , Michael J. , Brown v. Board of Education and the Civil Rights Movement ( electronic resource ) : abridged edition of From Jim Crow to Civil Rights : The Supreme Court and the Struggle for Racial Equality , Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press , 2007 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ `` Brown v. Board of Education ( Kansas ) '' . The Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights . Archived from the original on March 25 , 2016 . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Risa L. Goluboff , The Lost Promise of Civil Rights , Harvard University Press , MA : Cambridge , 2007 , pp. 249 -- 251 Jump up ^ Antonly Lester , `` Brown v. Board of Education Overseas '' PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY VOL. 148 , NO . 4 , DECEMBER 2004 Archived May 1 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Mary L Dudziak `` Brown as a Cold War Case '' Journal of American History , June 2004 Archived December 7 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Brown v Board of Education Decision -- Civil Rights Movement Veterans ^ Jump up to : `` Civil Rights Greensboro '' . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Weiner , Melissa F. ( 2010 ) . Power , Protest , and the Public Schools : Jewish and African American Struggles in New York City . Rutgers University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8135 - 4772 - 5 . Jump up ^ Adina Back `` Exposing the Whole Segregation Myth : The Harlem Nine and New York City Schools '' in Freedom north : Black freedom struggles outside the South , 1940 -- 1980 , Jeanne Theoharis , Komozi Woodard , eds. ( Palgrave Macmillan , 2003 ) pp. 65 -- 91 Jump up ^ `` How The Horrific Photograph Of Emmett Till Helped Energize The Civil Rights Movement '' . 100 Photographs The Most Influential Images of All Time . Retrieved July 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Whitfield , Stephen ( 1991 ) . A Death in the Delta : The story of Emmett Till . pp 41 -- 42 . JHU Press . ^ Jump up to : `` ' The Blood of Emmett Till ' remembers a horrific crime '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved July 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Haas , Jeffrey ( 2011 ) . The Assassination of Fred Hampton . Chicago : Chicago Review Press . p. 17 . ISBN 1 - 56976 - 709 - 2 . Jump up ^ Weller , Sheila ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` How Author Timothy Tyson Found the Woman at the Center of the Emmett Till Case '' . Vanity Fair . Jump up ^ Tyson , Timothy B. ( 2017 ) . The Blood of Emmett Till . New York : Simon & Schuster . p. 221 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4767 - 1486 - 8 . Carolyn Bryant Donham , interview with the author , Raleigh , NC , September 8 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Chafe , William Henry ( 2003 ) . The Unfinished Journey : America since World War II . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 515049 - 0 . Jump up ^ The Little Rock Nine -- Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ Minnijean Brown Trickey , America.gov Archived November 28 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Erikson , Erik ( 1969 ) . Gandhi 's Truth : On the Origins of Militant Nonviolence . New York City : Norton . p. 415 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 31034 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Civil Rights Movement Veterans '' . Civil Rights Movement Veterans . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bruce Hartford ( full interview ) '' . vimeo . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Forman , James ( 1972 ) . The Making of Black Revolutionaries . New York : Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 940880 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ Francis Fox Piven and Richard Cloward , Poor People 's Movements : How They Succeed , How They Fail ( Random House , 1977 ) , 182 Jump up ^ Timothy B. Tyson , Radio Free Dixie : Robert F. Williams and the Roots of `` Black Power '' ( University of North Carolina Press , 1999 ) , 79 -- 80 Jump up ^ Tyson , Radio Free Dixie , 88 -- 89 Jump up ^ Nicholas Graham , `` January 1958 : The Lumbees face the Klan '' , This Month in North Carolina History Jump up ^ Tyson , Radio Free Dixie , 149 Jump up ^ Tyson , Radio Free Dixie , 159 -- 164 Jump up ^ `` Williams , Robert Franklin ( 1925 -- 1996 ) '' . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barbara Ransby , Ella Baker and the Black Freedom Movement : A Radical Democratic Vision ( University of North Carolina Press , 2003 ) , 213 -- 216 Jump up ^ `` The Black Power Movement , Part 2 : The Papers of Robert F. Williams '' A Guide to the Microfilm Editions of the Black Studies Research Sources ( University Publications of America ) ^ Jump up to : Tyson , Journal of American History ( September 1998 ) Jump up ^ Taylor Branch , Parting the Waters : America in the King Years 1954 -- 1963 ( Simon and Schuster , 1988 ) , 781 Jump up ^ Simon Wendt , The Spirit and the Shotgun : Armed Resistance and the Struggle for Civil Rights ( University of Florida Press , 2007 ) , 121 -- 122 ; Mike Marqusee , `` By Any Means Necessary '' The Nation , September 24 , 2004 -- http://www.thenation.com/article/any-means-necessary# Jump up ^ Walter Rucker , `` Crusader in Exile : Robert F. Williams and the International Struggle for Black Freedom in America '' The Black Scholar 36 , No. 2 -- 3 ( Summer -- Fall 2006 ) : 19 -- 33 . URL Jump up ^ Timothy B. Tyson , `` Robert Franklin Williams : A Warrior For Freedom , 1925 -- 1996 '' Archived July 8 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine. , Southern Exposure , Winter 1996 , Investigating U.S. History ( City University of New York ) Jump up ^ `` Kansas Sit - In Gets Its Due at Last '' ; NPR ; October 21 , 2006 Jump up ^ First Southern Sit - in , Greensboro NC -- Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ Chafe , William Henry ( 1980 ) . Civilities and civil rights : Greensboro , North Carolina , and the Black struggle for freedom . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 81 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 502625 - X . Jump up ^ `` Civil Rights Greensboro '' . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ I , Stations , Community ( January 1 , 2008 ) . `` Rising Up '' . Southern Spaces. 2008 . doi : 10.18737 / M7HP4M . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Atlanta Sit - ins -- Civil Rights Veterans ^ Jump up to : `` Atlanta Sit - Ins '' , The New Georgia Encyclopedia Jump up ^ Houston , Benjamin ( 2012 ) . The Nashville Way : Racial Etiquette and the Struggle for Social Justice in a Southern City . Athens , Georgia : University of Georgia Press . ISBN 0 - 8203 - 4326 - 9 . Jump up ^ Nashville Student Movement -- Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ `` America 's First Sit - Down Strike : The 1939 Alexandria Library Sit - In '' . City of Alexandria . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2010 . Retrieved February 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Davis , Townsend ( 1998 ) . Weary Feet , Rested Souls : A Guided History of the Civil Rights Movement . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . p. 311 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 04592 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Sit - ins '' . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Students Begin to Lead -- The New Georgia Encyclopedia -- Atlanta Sit - Ins Jump up ^ Carson , Clayborne ( 1981 ) . In Struggle : SNCC and the Black Awakening of the 1960s . Cambridge : Harvard University Press . p. 311 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 44727 - 1 . Jump up ^ Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee Founded -- Civil Rights Movement Veterans ^ Jump up to : Freedom Rides -- Civil Rights Movement Veterans ^ Jump up to : Arsenault , Raymond ( 2006 ) . Freedom Riders : 1961 and the Struggle for Racial Justice . Oxford Press . Jump up ^ Black Protest ( 1961 ) Jump up ^ Hartford , Bruce Hartford . `` Arrests in Jackson MS '' . The Civil Rights Movement Veterans website . Westwind Writers Inc . Retrieved October 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Voter Registration & Direct - action in McComb MS -- Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ Council of Federated Organizations Formed in Mississippi -- Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ Mississippi Voter Registration -- Greenwood -- Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ handeyside , Hugh . `` What Have We Learned from the Spies of Mississippi ? '' . American Civil Liberty Union . ACLU National Security Project . Retrieved May 6 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Carrying the burden : the story of Clyde Kennard '' Archived October 9 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , District 125 , Mississippi , Retrieved November 5 , 2007 ^ Jump up to : William H. Tucker , The Funding of Scientific Racism : Wickliffe Draper and the Pioneer Fund , University of Illinois Press ( May 30 , 2007 ) , pp 165 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Neo-Confederacy : A Critical Introduction , Edited by Euan Hague , Heidi Beirich , Edward H. Sebesta , University of Texas Press ( 2008 ) pp. 284 -- 85 ^ Jump up to : `` A House Divided `` . Southern Poverty Law Center . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2010 . Retrieved October 30 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Jennie Brown , Medgar Evers , Holloway House Publishing , 1994 , pp. 128 -- 132 Jump up ^ United States v. Barnett , 376 U.S. 681 ( 1964 ) Jump up ^ `` James Meredith Integrates Ole Miss '' , Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ ( 1 ) , University of Southern Mississippi Library Archived September 17 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Albany GA , Movement -- Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ The Birmingham Campaign -- Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ Letter from a Birmingham Jail ~ King Research & Education Institute at Stanford Univ . Jump up ^ Bass , S. Jonathan ( 2001 ) Blessed Are The Peacemakers : Martin Luther King Jr. , Eight White Religious Leaders , and the `` Letter from Birmingham Jail '' . Baton Rouge : LSU Press . ISBN 0 - 8071 - 2655 - 1 Jump up ^ Freedom - Now '' Time , May 17 , 1963 Archived March 9 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine. ; Glenn T. Eskew , But for Birmingham : The Local and National Struggles in the Civil Rights Movement ( University of North Carolina Press , 1997 ) , 301 . ^ Jump up to : Nicholas Andrew Bryant , The Bystander : John F. Kennedy And the Struggle for Black Equality ( Basic Books , 2006 ) , pg. 2 Jump up ^ Thomas J Sugrue , `` Affirmative Action from Below : Civil Rights , Building Trades , and the Politics of Racial Equality in the Urban North , 1945 -- 1969 '' The Journal of American History , Vol. 91 , Issue 1 Jump up ^ `` Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission website , `` The Civil Rights Movement '' `` . Jump up ^ T he Daily Capital News ( Missouri ) June 14 , 1963 , pg. 4 Jump up ^ `` The Dispatch -- Google News Archive Search '' . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Jackson , Thomas F. ( July 17 , 2013 ) . From Civil Rights to Human Rights . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press . p. 167 . ISBN 0 - 8122 - 0000 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Teaching American History in Maryland -- Documents for the Classroom -- Maryland State Archives '' . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas F. Jackson , `` Jobs and Freedom : The Black Revolt of 1963 and the Contested Meanings of the March on Washginton '' Virginia Foundation for the Humanities April 2 , 2008 , pg. 10 -- 14 Jump up ^ Ortega , Tony ( May 4 , 2009 ) . `` Miss Lorraine Hansberry & Bobby Kennedy '' . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2012 . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hilty , James ( April 1 , 2000 ) . Robert Kennedy : Brother Protector . Temple University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4399 - 0519 - 7 . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Schlesinger , Robert Kennedy and His Times ( 1978 ) , pp. 332 -- 333 . Jump up ^ `` Book Reviews - The Bystander by Nicholas A. Bryant '' The Journal of American History ( 2007 ) 93 ( 4 ) Jump up ^ Standing In the Schoolhouse Door -- Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ `` Radio and Television Report to the American People on Civil Rights , '' June 11 , 1963 , transcript from the JFK library . Archived February 5 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Medgar Evers Archived November 7 , 2005 , at the Wayback Machine. , a worthwhile article , on The Mississippi Writers Page , a website of the University of Mississippi English Department . Jump up ^ Medgar Evers Assassination -- Civil Rights Movement Veterans ^ Jump up to : Civil Rights bill submitted , and date of JFK murder , plus graphic events of the March on Washington . Archived October 12 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . This is an Abbeville Press website , a large informative article apparently from the book The Civil Rights Movement ( ISBN 0 - 7892 - 0123 - 2 ) . Jump up ^ Clawson , Laura . `` A. Philip Randolph , the union leader who led the March on Washington '' . Daily Kos . Daily Kos Group . Retrieved May 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Jonathan ; Karabell , Zachary ( 2003 ) . Kennedy , Johnson , and the Quest for Justice : The Civil Rights Tapes . WW Norton & Co. p. 130 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 05122 - 6 . Jump up ^ Schlesinger Jr. , Arthur M. ( 2002 ) ( 1978 ) . Robert Kennedy and His Times . Houghton Mifflin Books . pp. 350 , 351 . ISBN 0 - 618 - 21928 - 5 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Krissah ( 2013 - 08 - 25 ) . `` In March on Washington , white activists were largely overlooked but strategically essential '' . Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` Television News and the Civil Rights Struggle : The Views in Virginia and Mississippi '' . Southern Spaces . November 3 , 2004 . Retrieved November 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cambridge , Maryland , activists campaign for desegregation , USA , 1962 -- 1963 '' . Global Nonviolent Action Database . Swarthmore College . Retrieved January 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Baltimore Afro - American -- Google News Archive Search '' . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Negro and the American Promise , '' produced by Boston public television station WGBH in 1963 Jump up ^ Harlem CORE , `` Film clip of Harlem CORE chairman Gladys Harrington speaking on Malcolm X '' . Jump up ^ `` Malcolm X '' The King Encyclopedia , eds . Tenisha Armstrong , et al , Martin Luther King Jr . Research and Education Institute website , Jump up ^ Manning Marable , Malcolm X : A Life of Reinvention ( Penguin Books , 2011 ) Jump up ^ Media , American Public . `` Say it Plain , Say it Loud -- American RadioWorks '' . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Akinyele Umoja , We Will Shoot Back : Armed Resistance in the Mississippi Freedom Movement ( NYU Press , 2013 ) , p. 126 Jump up ^ Francis Fox Piven and Richard Cloward , Regulating the Poor ( Random House 1971 ) , p. 238 ; Abel A. Bartley , Keeping the Faith : Race , Politics and Social Development in Jacksonville , 1940 -- 1970 ( Greenwood Publishing Group , 2000 ) , 111 Jump up ^ `` The Ballot or the Bullet '' . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Blackside Productions , Eyes on the Prize : America 's Civil Rights Movement 1954 -- 1985 , `` , The Time Has Come '' Public Broadcasting System Jump up ^ Lewis , John ( 1998 ) . Walking With the Wind . Simon & Schuster . Jump up ^ Fannie Lou Hamer , Speech Delivered with Malcolm X at the Williams Institutional CME Church , Harlem , New York , December 20 , 1964 . Jump up ^ George Breitman , ed . 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Garrow , Bearing the Cross : Martin Luther King Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( Harper Collins , 1987 ) p 317 ; ^ Jump up to : The Mississippi Movement & the MFDP -- Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ Mississippi : Subversion of the Right to Vote -- Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ McAdam , Doug ( 1988 ) . Freedom Summer . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 504367 - 7 . Jump up ^ Carson , Clayborne ( 1981 ) . In Struggle : SNCC and the Black Awakening of the 1960s . Harvard University Press . ^ Jump up to : Veterans Roll Call -- Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ Reeves 1993 , pp. 521 -- 524 . Jump up ^ Youth in the Ghetto : A Study of the Consequences of Powerlessness , Harlem Youth Opportunities Unlimited , Inc. , 1964 Jump up ^ Poverty and Politics in Harlem , Alphnso Pinkney and Roger Woock , College & University Press Services , Inc. , 1970 Jump up ^ Freedom Ballot in MS -- Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ Spencer Crump , Black riot in Los Angeles : the story of the Watts tragedy ( 1966 ) . Jump up ^ Self , Robert O. ( August 8 , 2005 ) . American Babylon : Race and the Struggle for Postwar Oakland . Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4008 - 4417 - 3 . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Reitman , Valerie ; Landsberg , Mitchell ( August 11 , 2005 ) . `` Watts Riots , 40 Years Later '' . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 -- via LA Times . Jump up ^ `` No on Proposition 14 : California Fair Housing Initiative Collection '' . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Black Thursday '' . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Folkart , Burt A. ( November 5 , 1985 ) . `` James Groppi , Ex-Priest , Civil Rights Activist , Dies '' . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 -- via LA Times . Jump up ^ `` Darren Miles `` Everett Dirksen 's Role in Civil Rights Legislation '' Western Illinois Historical Review , Vol . I Spring 2009 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` A Walk Through Newark . History . The Riots -- Thirteen / WNET '' . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Miller , Karen ( October 1 , 1999 ) . `` Review of Georgakas , Dan ; Surkin , Marvin , Detroit , I Do Mind Dying : A Study in Urban Revolution '' . ^ Jump up to : `` American Experience. Eyes on the Prize. Profiles -- PBS '' . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hubert G. Locke , The Detroit riot of 1967 ( Wayne State University Press , 1969 ) . Jump up ^ Sidney Fine , Expanding the Frontier of Civil Rights : Michigan , 1948 -- 1968 ( Wayne State University Press , 2000 ) p. 325 Jump up ^ Sidney Fine , Expanding the Frontier of Civil Rights : Michigan , 1948 -- 1968 ( Wayne State University Press , 2000 ) , p. 326 Jump up ^ Sidney Fine , `` Michigan and Housing Discrimination 1949 -- 1969 '' Michigan Historical Review , Fall 1997 Archived May 4 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Coretta Scott King '' . Spartacus Educational Publishers . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2010 . Retrieved October 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gregg , Khyree . A Concise Chronicle History of the African - American People Experience in America . Henry Epps . p. 284 . ^ Jump up to : `` Honorable Charles Mathias Jr . `` Fair Housing Legislation : Not an Easy Row To Hoe '' US Department of Housing and Urban Development , Office of Policy Development and Research '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Peter B. Levy , `` The Dream Deferred : The Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. , and the Holy Week Uprisings of 1968 '' in Baltimore ' 68 : Riots and Rebirth in an American city ( Temple University Press , 2011 ) , p. 6 Jump up ^ `` Public Law 90 - 284 , Government Printing Office '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Doug McAdam `` Occupy the Future : What Should a Sustained Movement Look Like ? '' Boston Review , June 26 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` SNCC , the Federal Government & the Road to Black Power '' . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Allen J. Matusow `` From Civil Rights to Black Power : The Case of SNCC '' in Twentieth Century America : Recent Interpretations ( Harcourt Press , 1972 ) , pp. 367 -- 378 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` By Any Means Necessary '' . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 -- via The Nation . Jump up ^ Douglas Martin , `` Robert Hicks , Leader in Armed Rights Group , Dies at 81 '' The New York Times , April 24 , 2010 Jump up ^ Lance Hill , The Deacons for Defense : Armed Resistance and the Civil Rights Movement ( University of North Carolina Press , 2006 ) pp. 200 -- 204 Jump up ^ `` Watts Rebellion goes out of control '' . Retrieved August 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` American Experience. Eyes on the Prize. Transcript -- PBS '' . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rickford , Russell ( 2016 - 01 - 14 ) . We Are an African People : Independent Education , Black Power , and the Radical Imagination . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780199861484 . Jump up ^ Bloom , Joshua ; Martin , Waldo E. ( 2016 - 10 - 25 ) . Black Against Empire : The History and Politics of the Black Panther Party . Univ of California Press . pp. 223 -- 236 . ISBN 9780520293281 . Jump up ^ `` Year End Charts -- Year - end Singles -- Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs '' . Billboard.com . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2007 . Retrieved September 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Winner , Lauren F. `` Doubtless Sincere : New Characters in the Civil Rights Cast . '' In The Role of Ideas in the Civil Rights South , edited by Ted Ownby. Jackson : University Press of Mississippi , 2002 , pp. 158 -- 159 . Jump up ^ Winner , Doubtless Sincere , 164 -- 165 . Jump up ^ Winner , Doubtless Sincere , 166 -- 167 . Jump up ^ We Charge Genocide -- Civil Rights Movement Veterans ^ Jump up to : Carson , Clayborne ( 1981 ) . In Struggle : SNCC and the Black Awakening of the 1960s . Harvard University Press . Jump up ^ interviewee , Baker , Ella , . `` Oral History Interview with Ella Baker , September 4 , 1974 . Interview G - 0007 . Southern Oral History Program Collection ( # 4007 ) : Electronic Edition . Ella Baker Describes Her Role in the Formation of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee '' . ^ Jump up to : Risen , Clay ( 2014 ) . The Bill of the Century : The Epic Battle for the Civil Rights Act . Bloomsbury Publishing USA . p. 76 . ISBN 9781608198245 . Jump up ^ James Hilty , Robert Kennedy : Brother Protector ( Temple University Press , 2000 ) , p. 350 - 361 . Jump up ^ Schlesinger , Arthur Jr , Robert Kennedy And His Times ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ `` Freedom Riders - The Cold War '' Freedom Riders , American Experience , PBS website Jump up ^ Ripple of Hope in the Land of Apartheid : Robert Kennedy in South Africa , June 1966 Archived March 13 , 2005 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` COINTELPRO Revisited - Spying & Disruption - In Black and White : The F.B.I. Papers '' . What Really Happened . Jump up ^ `` A Huey P. Newton Story - Actions - COINTELPRO '' . PBS . Archived from the original on 2010 - 11 - 18 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Weiner , Tim ( 2012 ) . Enemies : A History of the FBI ( 1st ed . ) . New York : Random House . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 6748 - 0 . OCLC 1001918388 Jump up ^ Hersh , Burton ( 2007 ) . Bobby and J. Edgar : The Historic Face - Off Between the Kennedys and J. Edgar Hoover That Transformed America . Basic Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7867 - 1982 - 2 . OCLC 493616276 Jump up ^ James Campbell , `` James Baldwin and the FBI '' , The Threepenny Review 77 , Spring 1999 ; accessed via JStor . Jump up ^ Talia Whyte , `` Baldwin : A literary standard '' , Black History 43 ( 27 ) , February 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ From Swastika to Jim Crow -- PBS Documentary Jump up ^ Cannato , Vincent `` The Ungovernable City : John Lindsay and his struggle to save New York '' Better Books , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 465 - 00843 - 7 Jump up ^ Karen Brodkin ( 2000 ) . How Jews Became White Folks and What That Says About Race in America . Rutgers University Press . Jump up ^ Rogin , Michael ( 1998 - 05 - 29 ) . Blackface , White Noise : Jewish Immigrants in the Hollywood Melting Pot . University of California Press . pp. 262 -- 267 . ISBN 9780520213807 . ^ Jump up to : Sachar , Howard ( November 2 , 1993 ) . A History of Jews in America . myjewishlearning.com . Vintage Books . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2014 . Retrieved March 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Zelizer , Julian E. ( 2015 - 01 - 08 ) . `` Chapter Seven '' . The Fierce Urgency of Now : Lyndon Johnson , Congress , and the Battle for the Great Society . Penguin . ISBN 9781101605493 . Jump up ^ `` Gillman on Klarman , ' From Jim Crow to Civil Rights : The Supreme Court and the Struggle for Racial Equality ' H - Law H - Net '' . networks.h-net.org . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Racism to Redemption '' . National Endowment for the Humanities . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ Lassiter , Matthew D. ( 2013 - 10 - 24 ) . The Silent Majority : Suburban Politics in the Sunbelt South . Princeton University Press . pp. 6 -- 7 , 302 -- 304 . ISBN 9781400849420 . Jump up ^ Gyant , LaVerne ( 1996 ) . `` Passing the Torch : African American Women in the Civil Rights Movement '' . Journal of Black Studies . 26 ( 5 ) : 629 -- 647 . Jump up ^ Greene , Christina ( 2016 - 11 - 22 ) . `` Women in the Civil Rights and Black Power Movements '' . doi : 10.1093 / acrefore / 9780199329175.001. 0001 / acrefore - 9780199329175 - e-212 # acrefore - 9780199329175 - e-212 - div1 - 6 . Jump up ^ URBAN , DENNIS J. ( 2002 ) . `` THE WOMEN OF SNCC : STRUGGLE , SEXISM , AND THE EMERGENCE OF FEMINIST CONSCIOUSNESS , 1960 - 66 '' . International Social Science Review . 77 ( 3 / 4 ) : 185 -- 190 . Jump up ^ Greene , Christina ( 2016 - 11 - 22 ) . `` Women in the Civil Rights and Black Power Movements '' . doi : 10.1093 / acrefore / 9780199329175.001. 0001 / acrefore - 9780199329175 - e-212 # acrefore - 9780199329175 - e-212 - div1 - 6 . Jump up ^ Greene , Christina ( 2016 - 11 - 22 ) . `` Women in the Civil Rights and Black Power Movements '' . doi : 10.1093 / acrefore / 9780199329175.001. 0001 / acrefore - 9780199329175 - e-212 # acrefore - 9780199329175 - e-212 - div1 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Women in the Civil Rights Movement - Civil Rights History Project '' . The Library of Congress . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` On MLK Day , Honor the Mother of the Civil Rights Movement '' . Time . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ URBAN , DENNIS J. ( 2002 ) . `` THE WOMEN OF SNCC : STRUGGLE , SEXISM , AND THE EMERGENCE OF FEMINIST CONSCIOUSNESS , 1960 - 66 '' . International Social Science Review . 77 ( 3 / 4 ) : 185 -- 190 . Jump up ^ Blumberg , Rhoda Lois ( 1990 ) . `` WOMEN IN THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT : REFORM OR REVOLUTION ? '' . Dialectical Anthropology. 15 ( 2 / 3 ) : 133 -- 139 . Jump up ^ David Zarefsky , President Johnson 's war on poverty : Rhetoric and history ( 2005 ) . Jump up ^ Peter J. Ling , `` What a difference a death makes : JFK , LBJ , and the Civil Rights Act of 1964 . '' The Sixties 8 # 2 ( 2015 ) : 121 -- 137 . Jump up ^ Robert E. Weems Jr. , Business in Black and White : American Presidents and Black Entrepreneurs ( 2009 ) . Jump up ^ Douglas Schoen ( 2015 ) . The Nixon Effect : How His Presidency Has Changed American Politics . Encounter Books . pp. 34 -- 35 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59403 - 800 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Riding On '' . Time . Time Inc . July 7 , 2007 . Retrieved October 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` ACLU Parchman Prison '' . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2008 . Retrieved November 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Parchman Farm and the Ordeal of Jim Crow Justice '' . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2006 . Retrieved August 28 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Robert M. Goldman ( April 1997 ) . `` '' Worse Than Slavery `` : Parchman Farm and the Ordeal of Jim Crow Justice -- book review '' . Hnet - online . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2006 . Retrieved August 29 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Cleaver , Eldridge ( 1967 ) . Soul on Ice . New York , NY : McGraw - Hill . Jump up ^ Quinn , Allison ( November 27 , 2014 ) , `` Soviet Propaganda Back in Play With Ferguson Coverage '' , The Moscow Times , retrieved December 17 , 2016 Jump up ^ Volodzko , David ( May 12 , 2015 ) , `` The History Behind China 's Response to the Baltimore Riots '' , The Diplomat , archived from the original on April 28 , 2016 , retrieved December 17 , 2016 , Soon Americans who criticized the Soviet Union for its human rights violations were answered with the famous tu quoque argument : ' A u vas negrov linchuyut ' ( and you are lynching Negroes ) . Jump up ^ Eddy , Sherwood ( 1934 ) , Russia Today : What Can We Learn from It ? , New York : Farrar & Rinehar , pp. 73 , 151 , OCLC 1617454 Jump up ^ Dudziak , M.L. : Cold War Civil Rights : Race and the Image of American Democracy Bibliography ( edit ) Arsenault , Raymond ( 2006 ) . Freedom Riders : 1961 and the Struggle for Racial Justice . Oxford Press . Back , Adina `` Exposing the Whole Segregation Myth : The Harlem Nine and New York City Schools '' in Freedom north : Black freedom struggles outside the South , 1940 -- 1980 , Jeanne Theoharis , Komozi Woodard , eds. ( Palgrave Macmillan , 2003 ) . Bartley , Abel A. Keeping the Faith : Race , Politics and Social Development in Jacksonville , 1940 -- 1970 ( Greenwood Publishing Group , 2000 ) Bass , S. Jonathan ( 2001 ) Blessed Are The Peacemakers : Martin Luther King Jr. , Eight White Religious Leaders , and the `` Letter from Birmingham Jail '' . Baton Rouge : LSU Press . ISBN 0 - 8071 - 2655 - 1 Beito , David T. and Beito , Linda Royster , Black Maverick : T.R.M. Howard 's Fight for Civil Rights and Economic Power , University of Illinois Press , 2009 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 252 - 03420 - 6 Branch , Taylor . Parting the waters : America in the King years , 1954 -- 1963 . New York : Simon & Schuster , 1988 Breitman , George ed . Malcolm X Speaks : Selected Speeches and Statements ( Grove Press , 1965 ) Brown , Jennie Medgar Evers , Holloway House Publishing , 1994 Bryant , Nicholas Andrew The Bystander : John F. Kennedy And the Struggle for Black Equality ( Basic Books , 2006 ) Cannato , Vincent `` The Ungovernable City : John Lindsay and his struggle to save New York '' Better Books , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 465 - 00843 - 7 Carson , Clayborne ( 1981 ) . In Struggle : SNCC and the Black Awakening of the 1960s . Cambridge : Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 44727 - 1 . Chafe , William Henry ( 1980 ) . Civilities and civil rights : Greensboro , North Carolina , and the Black struggle for freedom . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 502625 - X . Chafe , William Henry ( 2003 ) . The Unfinished Journey : America since World War II . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 515049 - 0 . Cleaver , Eldridge ( 1967 ) . Soul on Ice . New York , NY : McGraw - Hill . Crump , Spencer Black riot in Los Angeles : the story of the Watts tragedy ( 1966 ) Davis , Townsend ( 1998 ) . Weary Feet , Rested Souls : A Guided History of the Civil Rights Movement . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 0 - 393 - 04592 - 7 . Dudziak , M.L. : Cold War Civil Rights : Race and the Image of American Democracy Erikson , Erik ( 1969 ) . Gandhi 's Truth : On the Origins of Militant Nonviolence . New York City : Norton . ISBN 0 - 393 - 31034 - 5 . Eskew , Glenn T . But for Birmingham : The Local and National Struggles in the Civil Rights Movement ( University of North Carolina Press , 1997 ) Fine , Sidney Expanding the Frontier of Civil Rights : Michigan , 1948 -- 1968 ( Wayne State University Press , 2000 ) Finkelman , Paul , ed. ( 2009 ) . Encyclopedia of African American History . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 516779 - 5 . Forman , James ( 1972 ) . The Making of Black Revolutionaries . New York : Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 940880 - 10 - 5 . Garrow , David J. Bearing the Cross : Martin Luther King Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( Harper Collins , 1987 ) Gershenhorn , Jerry ( 2018 ) . Louis Austin and The Carolina Times : A Life in the Long Black Freedom Struggle . Chapel Hill , NC : University of North Carolina Press . Goluboff , Risa L. The Lost Promise of Civil Rights , Harvard University Press , MA : Cambridge , 2007 . Gregg , Khyree . A Concise Chronicle History of the African - American People Experience in America . Henry Epps . Hague , Euan ; Sebesta , Edward H. ; Beirich , Heidi ( 2008 ) . Neo-Confederacy : A Critical Introduction . University of Texas Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 292 - 71837 - 1 . Hill , Lance The Deacons for Defense : Armed Resistance and the Civil Rights Movement ( University of North Carolina Press , 2006 ) Hilty , James ( 2000 ) . Robert Kennedy : Brother Protector . Temple University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4399 - 0519 - 7 . Hoose , Phillip ( 2009 ) . Claudette Colvin : Twice Toward Justice . New York : Melanie Kroupa Books / Farrar Straus Giroux . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 66105 - 2 . Houston , Benjamin ( 2012 ) . The Nashville Way : Racial Etiquette and the Struggle for Social Justice in a Southern City . Athens , Georgia : University of Georgia Press . ISBN 0 - 8203 - 4326 - 9 . Jackson , Thomas F. ( July 17 , 2013 ) . From Civil Rights to Human Rights . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press . ISBN 0 - 8122 - 0000 - 4 . Klarman , Michael J. , Brown v. Board of Education and the Civil Rights Movement ( electronic resource ) : abridged edition of From Jim Crow to Civil Rights : The Supreme Court and the Struggle for Racial Equality , Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press , 2007 . Levy , Peter B . `` The Dream Deferred : The Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. , and the Holy Week Uprisings of 1968 '' in Baltimore ' 68 : Riots and Rebirth in an American city ( Temple University Press , 2011 ) Lewis , John ( 1998 ) . Walking With the Wind . Simon & Schuster . Locke , Hubert G . The Detroit riot of 1967 ( Wayne State University Press , 1969 ) Logan , Rayford , The Betrayal of the Negro from Rutherford B. Hayes to Woodrow Wilson . New York : Da Capo Press , 1997 . McAdam , Doug ( 1988 ) . Freedom Summer . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 504367 - 7 . Marable , Manning Malcolm X : A Life of Reinvention ( Penguin Books , 2011 ) Matusow , Allen J. `` From Civil Rights to Black Power : The Case of SNCC '' in Twentieth Century America : Recent Interpretations ( Harcourt Press , 1972 ) Pinkney , Alphnso and Woock , Roger Poverty and Politics in Harlem , College & University Press Services , Inc. , 1970 Piven , Francis Fox and Cloward , Richard Regulating the Poor ( Random House 1971 ) Piven , Francis Fox and Cloward , Richard Poor People 's Movements : How They Succeed , How They Fail ( Random House , 1977 ) Ransby , Barbara Ella Baker and the Black Freedom Movement : A Radical Democratic Vision ( University of North Carolina Press , 2003 ) . Reeves , Richard ( 1993 ) . President Kennedy : Profile of Power . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 671 - 64879 - 4 . Robinson , Jo Ann & Garrow , David J. ( forward by Coretta Scott King ) The Montgomery Bus Boycott and the Women Who Started It ( 1986 ) ISBN 0 - 394 - 75623 - 1 Knoxville , University of Tennessee Press . Rosenberg , Jonathan ; Karabell , Zachary ( 2003 ) . Kennedy , Johnson , and the Quest for Justice : The Civil Rights Tapes . WW Norton & Co . ISBN 0 - 393 - 05122 - 6 . Saito , Leland T. ( 1998 ) . Race and Politics : Asian Americans , Latinos , and Whites in a Los Angeles Suburb . University of Illinois Press . Schultz , Jeffrey D. ( 2002 ) . Encyclopedia of Minorities in American Politics : African Americans and Asian Americans . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57356 - 148 - 8 . Schlesinger Jr. , Arthur M. ( 2002 ) ( 1978 ) . Robert Kennedy and His Times . Houghton Mifflin Books . ISBN 0 - 618 - 21928 - 5 . Schoen , Douglas ( 2015 ) . The Nixon Effect : How His Presidency Has Changed American Politics . Encounter Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59403 - 800 - 6 . Self , Robert O. ( 2005 ) . American Babylon : Race and the Struggle for Postwar Oakland . Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4008 - 4417 - 3 . Smith , Jean Edward ( 2001 ) . Grant . Simon and Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 1701 - 9 . Stephens , Otis H. Jr. ; Scheb , John M. II ( 2007 ) . American Constitutional Law : Civil Rights and Liberties . Cengage Learning . ISBN 0 - 495 - 09705 - 5 . Strain , Christopher Pure Fire : Self - Defense as Activism in the Civil Rights Era ( University of Georgia Press , 2005 ) Tucker , William H. The Funding of Scientific Racism : Wickliffe Draper and the Pioneer Fund , University of Illinois Press ( May 30 , 2007 ) Tyson , Timothy B. Radio Free Dixie : Robert F. Williams and the Roots of `` Black Power '' ( University of North Carolina Press , 1999 ) Umoja , Akinyele We Will Shoot Back : Armed Resistance in the Mississippi Freedom Movement ( NYU Press , 2013 ) Weems , Robert E. Jr. , Business in Black and White : American Presidents and Black Entrepreneurs ( 2009 ) Weiner , Melissa F. ( 2010 ) . Power , Protest , and the Public Schools : Jewish and African American Struggles in New York City . Rutgers University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8135 - 4772 - 5 . Wendt , Simon The Spirit and the Shotgun : Armed Resistance and the Struggle for Civil Rights ( University of Florida Press , 2007 ) . Williams , Juan . Eyes on the Prize : America 's Civil Rights Years , 1954 -- 1965 . Penguin Books , 1987 . ISBN 0 - 14 - 009653 - 1 . Winner , Lauren F. `` Doubtless Sincere : New Characters in the Civil Rights Cast . '' In The Role of Ideas in the Civil Rights South , edited by Ted Ownby. Jackson : University Press of Mississippi , 2002 Woodward , C. Vann The Strange Career of Jim Crow , 3rd rev . ed . ( Oxford University Press , 1974 ) . Young , Coleman Hard Stuff : The Autobiography of Mayor Coleman Young ( 1994 ) Zarefsky , David President Johnson 's war on poverty : Rhetoric and history ( 2005 ) Further reading ( edit ) Abel , Elizabeth . Signs of the Times : The Visual Politics of Jim Crow . ( U of California Press , 2010 ) . Barnes , Catherine A. Journey from Jim Crow : The Desegregation of Southern Transit ( Columbia UP , 1983 ) . Berger , Martin A. Seeing through Race : A Reinterpretation of Civil Rights Photography . Berkeley : University of California Press , 2011 . Branch , Taylor . Pillar of fire : America in the King years , 1963 -- 1965 . ( 1998 ) Branch , Taylor . At Canaan 's Edge : America In the King Years , 1965 -- 1968 . New York : Simon & Schuster , 2006 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 85712 - X Chandra , Siddharth and Angela Williams - Foster . `` The ' Revolution of Rising Expectations , ' Relative Deprivation , and the Urban Social Disorders of the 1960s : Evidence from State - Level Data . '' Social Science History , ( 2005 ) 29 # 2 pp : 299 -- 332 , in JSTOR Ellis , Sylvia . Freedom 's Pragmatist : Lyndon Johnson and Civil Rights ( U Press of Florida , 2013 ) . Fairclough , Adam . To Redeem the Soul of America : The Southern Christian Leadership Conference & Martin Luther King . The University of Georgia Press , 1987 . Garrow , David J. The FBI and Martin Luther King . New York : W.W. Norton . 1981 . Viking Press Reprint edition . 1983 . ISBN 0 - 14 - 006486 - 9 . Yale University Press ; Revised and Expanded edition . 2006 . ISBN 0 - 300 - 08731 - 4 . Greene , Christina . Our Separate Ways : Women and the Black Freedom Movement in Durham . North Carolina . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press , 2005 . Hine , Darlene Clark , ed . Black Women in America ( 3 Vol . 2nd ed. 2005 ; several multivolume editions ) . Short biographies by scholars . Horne , Gerald . The Fire This Time : The Watts Uprising and the 1960s . Charlottesville : University Press of Virginia . 1995 . Da Capo Press ; 1st Da Capo Press ed edition . October 1 , 1997 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 80792 - 0 Jones , Jacqueline . Labor of love , labor of sorrow : Black women , work , and the family , from slavery to the present ( 2009 ) . Keppel , Ben . Brown v. Board and the Transformation of American Culture ( LSU Press , 2016 ) . xiv , 225 pp . Kirk , John A. Redefining the Color Line : Black Activism in Little Rock , Arkansas , 1940 -- 1970 . Gainesville : University of Florida Press , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 8130 - 2496 - X Kirk , John A. Martin Luther King Jr . London : Longman , 2005 . ISBN 0 - 582 - 41431 - 8 . Kousser , J. Morgan , `` The Supreme Court And The Undoing of the Second Reconstruction , '' National Forum , ( Spring 2000 ) . Kryn , Randall L. `` James L. Bevel , The Strategist of the 1960s Civil Rights Movement '' , 1984 paper with 1988 addendum , printed in We Shall Overcome , Volume II edited by David Garrow , New York : Carlson Publishing Co. , 1989 . Lowery , Charles D. Encyclopedia of African - American civil rights : from emancipation to the present ( Greenwood , 1992 ) . online Marable , Manning . Race , Reform and Rebellion : The Second Reconstruction in Black America , 1945 -- 1982 . 249 pages . University Press of Mississippi , 1984 . ISBN 0 - 87805 - 225 - 9 . McAdam , Doug . Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency , 1930 -- 1970 , Chicago : University of Chicago Press . 1982 . McAdam , Doug , ' The US Civil Rights Movement : Power from Below and Above , 1945 -- 70 ' , in Adam Roberts and Timothy Garton Ash ( eds . ) , Civil Resistance and Power Politics : The Experience of Non-violent Action from Gandhi to the Present . Oxford & New York : Oxford University Press , 2009 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 955201 - 6 . Minchin , Timothy J. Hiring the Black Worker : The Racial Integration of the Southern Textile Industry , 1960 -- 1980 . University of North Carolina Press , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 2470 - 4 . Morris , Aldon D . The Origins of the Civil Rights Movement : Black Communities Organizing for Change . New York : The Free Press , 1984 . ISBN 0 - 02 - 922130 - 7 Ogletree , Charles J. Jr. ( 2004 ) . All Deliberate Speed : Reflections on the First Half Century of Brown v. Board of Education . New York : W.W. Norton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 05897 - 0 . Payne , Charles M. I 've Got the Light of Freedom : The Organizing Tradition and the Mississippi Freedom Struggle . U of California Press , 1995 . Patterson , James T. Brown v. Board of Education , a Civil Rights Milestone and Its Troubled Legacy . Oxford University Press , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 515632 - 3 . Raiford , Leigh . Imprisoned in a Luminous Glare : Photography and the African American Freedom Struggle . ( U of North Carolina Press , 2011 ) . Richardson , Christopher M. ; Ralph E. Luker , eds. ( 2014 ) . Historical Dictionary of the Civil Rights Movement ( 2nd ed . ) . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 8037 - 5 . Sitkoff , Howard . The Struggle for Black Equality ( 2nd ed. 2008 ) Smith , Jessie Carney , ed . Encyclopedia of African American Business ( 2 vol . Greenwood 2006 ) . excerpt Sokol , Jason . There Goes My Everything : White Southerners in the Age of Civil Rights , 1945 -- 1975 . ( Knopf , 2006 ) . Tsesis , Alexander . We Shall Overcome : A History of Civil Rights and the Law . ( Yale University Press , 2008 ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 11837 - 7 Tuck , Stephen . We Ai n't What We Ought to Be : The Black Freedom Struggle from Emancipation to Obama ( 2011 ) . Historiography and memory ( edit ) Armstrong , Julie Buckner , ed. ( 2015 ) . The Cambridge Companion to American Civil Rights Literature . Cambridge University Press . pp. xxiv , 209 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 316 - 24038 - 0 . Catsam , Derek ( January 2008 ) . `` The Civil Rights Movement and the Presidency in the Hot Years of the Cold War : A Historical and Historiographical Assessment '' . History Compass. 6 ( 1 ) : 314 -- 344 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1478 - 0542.2007. 00486. x . Cha - Jua , Sundiata Keita ; Lang , Clarence ( Spring 2007 ) . `` The `` Long Movement '' as Vampire : Temporal and Spatial Fallacies in Recent Black Freedom Studies `` . The Journal of African American History . 92 ( 2 ) : 265 -- 288 . Eagles , Charles W. ( November 2000 ) . `` Toward New Histories of the Civil Rights Era '' . The Journal of Southern History . 66 ( 4 ) : 815 -- 848 . doi : 10.2307 / 2588012 . JSTOR 2588012 . Fairclough , Adam ( December 1990 ) . `` Historians and the Civil Rights Movement '' . Journal of American Studies . 24 ( 3 ) : 387 -- 398 . Frost , Jennifer ( May 2012 ) . `` Using ' Master Narratives ' to Teach History : The Case of the Civil Rights Movement '' ( PDF ) . History Teacher. 45 ( 3 ) : 437 -- 446 . Hall , Jacquelyn Dowd ( March 2005 ) . `` The Long Civil Rights Movement and the Political Uses of the Past '' ( PDF ) . The Journal of American History . 91 ( 4 ) : 1233 -- 1263 . doi : 10.2307 / 3660172 . JSTOR 3660172 . Lawson , Steven F. ( April 1991 ) . `` Freedom Then , Freedom Now : The Historiography of the Civil Rights Movement '' . The American Historical Review . 96 ( 2 ) : 456 -- 471 . doi : 10.2307 / 2163219 . JSTOR 2163219 . Lawson , Steven F. ; Payne , Charles M. ( 1998 ) . Debating the Civil Rights Movement , 1945 -- 1968 . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8476 - 9053 - 4 . Lawson , Steven F. ( 2003 ) . Civil Rights Crossroads : Nation , Community , and the Black Freedom Struggle . University Press of Kentucky . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 2693 - 7 . Payne , Charles M. ( 2007 ) . `` Bibliographic Essay : The Social Construction of History '' . I 've Got the Light of Freedom : The Organizing Tradition and the Mississippi Freedom Struggle . University of California Press . pp. 413 -- 442 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 25176 - 2 . Robinson , Armstead L. ; Sullivan , Patricia , eds. ( 1991 ) . New Directions in Civil Rights Studies . University of Virginia Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8139 - 1319 - 3 . Sandage , Scott A. ( June 1993 ) . `` A Marble House Divided : The Lincoln Memorial , the Civil Rights Movement , and the Politics of Memory , 1939 -- 1963 '' ( PDF ) . The Journal of American History . 80 ( 1 ) : 135 -- 167 . doi : 10.2307 / 2079700 . JSTOR 2079700 . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Strickland , Arvarh E. ; Weems , Robert E. , eds. ( 2001 ) . The African American Experience : An Historiographical and Bibliographical Guide . Greenwood Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 29838 - 7 . Zamalin , Alex ( 2015 ) . African American Political Thought and American Culture : The Nation 's Struggle for Racial Justice . Springer . pp. xii , 192 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 137 - 52810 - 0 . Autobiographies and memoirs ( edit ) Carson , Clayborne ; Garrow , David J. ; Kovach , Bill ; Polsgrove , Carol , eds . Reporting Civil Rights : American Journalism 1941 -- 1963 and Reporting Civil Rights : American Journalism 1963 -- 1973 . New York : Library of America , 2003 . ISBN 1 - 931082 - 28 - 6 and ISBN 1 - 931082 - 29 - 4 . Dann , Jim . Challenging the Mississippi Firebombers , Memories of Mississippi 1964 -- 65 . Baraka Books , 2013 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 926824 - 87 - 1 . Holsaert , Faith et al. Hands on the Freedom Plow Personal Accounts by Women in SNCC . University of Illinois Press , 2010 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 252 - 03557 - 9 . Malcolm X ( with the assistance of Alex Haley ) . The Autobiography of Malcolm X . New York : Random House , 1965 . Paperback ISBN 0 - 345 - 35068 - 5 . Hardcover ISBN 0 - 345 - 37975 - 6 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to History of civil rights in the United States . Civil Rights Digital Library -- Provided by the Digital Library of Georgia . Civil Rights Movement Veterans ~ Provides movement history , personal stories , documents , and photos . Hosted by Tougaloo College . Civil Rights in America -- Provided by The National Archives of the United Kingdom . Television News of the Civil Rights Era 1950 -- 1970 -- Provided by the University of Virginia . Provided by the Library of Congress : The Civil Rights Era -- Part of The African American Odyssey : A Quest for Full Citizenship presentation . Voices of Civil Rights -- A project with the collaboration of AARP and the Leadership Conference on Civil Rights ( LCCR ) . We Shall Overcome : Historic Places of the Civil Rights Movement -- Provided by the National Park Service . Provided by Southern Poverty Law Center : `` Teaching the Movement : The State Standards We Deserve '' -- Part of `` Teaching Tolerance '' project published on September 19 , 2011 . `` Teaching Tolerance Publishes Guide for Teaching the Civil Rights Movement '' -- Part of `` Teaching Tolerance '' project published on March 26 , 2014 . `` Teaching the Movement 2014 : The State of Civil Rights Education in the United States '' -- Part of `` Teaching Tolerance '' project published in 2014 . Civil Rights Teaching -- Provided by Teaching for Change , a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) organization . ( hide ) Civil rights movement Notable events ( timeline ) Prior to 1954 Lynching in the United States Murder of Harry and Harriette Moore 1954 -- 1959 Brown v. Board of Education Bolling v. Sharpe Briggs v. Elliott Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County Gebhart v. Belton White America , Inc . Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company Emmett Till Montgomery bus boycott Browder v. Gayle Tallahassee bus boycott Mansfield school desegregation 1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom `` Give Us the Ballot '' Royal Ice Cream sit - in Little Rock Nine National Guard blockade Civil Rights Act of 1957 Kissing Case Biloxi wade - ins 1960 -- 1963 Greensboro sit - ins Nashville sit - ins Sit - in movement Civil Rights Act of 1960 Gomillion v. Lightfoot Boynton v. Virginia Rock Hill sit - ins Robert F. Kennedy 's Law Day Address Freedom Rides attacks Garner v. Louisiana Albany Movement University of Chicago sit - ins `` Second Emancipation Proclamation '' Meredith enrollment , Ole Miss riot `` Segregation now , segregation forever '' Stand in the Schoolhouse Door 1963 Birmingham campaign Letter from Birmingham Jail Children 's Crusade Birmingham riot 16th Street Baptist Church bombing John F. Kennedy 's Report to the American People on Civil Rights March on Washington `` I Have a Dream '' St. Augustine movement 1964 -- 1968 Twenty - fourth Amendment Bloody Tuesday Freedom Summer workers ' murders Civil Rights Act of 1964 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches `` How Long , Not Long '' Voting Rights Act of 1965 Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections March Against Fear White House Conference on Civil Rights Chicago Freedom Movement / Chicago open housing movement Memphis sanitation strike King assassination funeral riots Poor People 's Campaign Civil Rights Act of 1968 Green v. County School Board of New Kent County Activist groups Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights Atlanta Student Movement Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters Congress of Racial Equality ( CORE ) Committee on Appeal for Human Rights Council for United Civil Rights Leadership Dallas County Voters League Deacons for Defense and Justice Georgia Council on Human Relations Highlander Folk School Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights Montgomery Improvement Association Nashville Student Movement NAACP Youth Council Northern Student Movement National Council of Negro Women National Urban League Operation Breadbasket Regional Council of Negro Leadership Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) Southern Regional Council Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ( SNCC ) The Freedom Singers Wednesdays in Mississippi Women 's Political Council Activists Ralph Abernathy Victoria Gray Adams Zev Aelony Mathew Ahmann William G. Anderson Gwendolyn Armstrong Arnold Aronson Ella Baker Marion Barry Daisy Bates Harry Belafonte James Bevel Claude Black Gloria Blackwell Randolph Blackwell Unita Blackwell Ezell Blair Jr . Joanne Bland Julian Bond Joseph E. Boone William Holmes Borders Amelia Boynton Raylawni Branch Ruby Bridges Aurelia Browder H. Rap Brown Guy Carawan Stokely Carmichael Johnnie Carr James Chaney J.L. Chestnut Colia Lafayette Clark Ramsey Clark Septima Clark Xernona Clayton Eldridge Cleaver Kathleen Cleaver Charles E. Cobb Jr . Annie Lee Cooper Dorothy Cotton Claudette Colvin Vernon Dahmer Jonathan Daniels Joseph DeLaine Dave Dennis Annie Devine Patricia Stephens Due Joseph Ellwanger Charles Evers Medgar Evers Myrlie Evers - Williams Chuck Fager James Farmer Walter E. Fauntroy James Forman Marie Foster Golden Frinks Andrew Goodman Fred Gray Jack Greenberg Dick Gregory Lawrence Guyot Prathia Hall Fannie Lou Hamer William E. Harbour Vincent Harding Dorothy Height Lola Hendricks Aaron Henry Oliver Hill Donald L. Hollowell James Hood Myles Horton Zilphia Horton T.R.M. Howard Ruby Hurley Jesse Jackson Jimmie Lee Jackson Richie Jean Jackson T.J. Jemison Esau Jenkins Barbara Rose Johns Vernon Johns Frank Minis Johnson Clarence Jones J. Charles Jones Matthew Jones Vernon Jordan Tom Kahn Clyde Kennard A.D. King C.B. King Coretta Scott King Martin Luther King Jr . Martin Luther King Sr . Bernard Lafayette James Lawson Bernard Lee Sanford R. Leigh Jim Letherer Stanley Levison John Lewis Viola Liuzzo Z. Alexander Looby Joseph Lowery Clara Luper Malcolm X Mae Mallory Vivian Malone Thurgood Marshall Benjamin Mays Franklin McCain Charles McDew Ralph McGill Floyd McKissick Joseph McNeil James Meredith William Ming Jack Minnis Amzie Moore Douglas E. Moore Harriette Moore Harry T. Moore William Lewis Moore Irene Morgan Bob Moses William Moyer Elijah Muhammad Diane Nash Charles Neblett Edgar Nixon Jack O'Dell James Orange Rosa Parks James Peck Charles Person Homer Plessy Adam Clayton Powell Jr . Fay Bellamy Powell Al Raby Lincoln Ragsdale A. Philip Randolph George Raymond Jr . Bernice Johnson Reagon Cordell Reagon James Reeb Frederick D. Reese Gloria Richardson David Richmond Bernice Robinson Jo Ann Robinson Bayard Rustin Bernie Sanders Michael Schwerner Cleveland Sellers Charles Sherrod Alexander D. Shimkin Fred Shuttlesworth Modjeska Monteith Simkins Glenn E. Smiley A. Maceo Smith Kelly Miller Smith Mary Louise Smith Maxine Smith Ruby Doris Smith - Robinson Charles Kenzie Steele Hank Thomas Dorothy Tillman A.P. Tureaud Hartman Turnbow Albert Turner C.T. Vivian Wyatt Tee Walker Hollis Watkins Walter Francis White Roy Wilkins Hosea Williams Kale Williams Robert F. Williams Andrew Young Whitney Young Sammy Younge Jr . James Zwerg Influences Nonviolence Padayatra Sermon on the Mount Mahatma Gandhi Ahimsa Satyagraha The Kingdom of God Is Within You Frederick Douglass W.E.B. Du Bois Mary McLeod Bethune Related Jim Crow laws Plessy v. Ferguson Separate but equal Buchanan v. Warley Hocutt v. Wilson Sweatt v. Painter Heart of Atlanta Motel , Inc. v. United States Katzenbach v. McClung Loving v. Virginia Fifth Circuit Four Brown Chapel Holt Street Baptist Church Edmund Pettus Bridge March on Washington Movement African - American churches attacked Journey of Reconciliation Freedom Songs `` Kumbaya '' `` Keep Your Eyes on the Prize '' `` Oh , Freedom '' `` This Little Light of Mine '' `` We Shall Not Be Moved '' `` We Shall Overcome '' Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam `` Beyond Vietnam : A Time to Break Silence '' Watts riots Voter Education Project 1960s counterculture In popular culture King Memorial Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument Freedom Riders National Monument Civil Rights Memorial The New Jim Crow ( 2010 ) Noted historians Taylor Branch Clayborne Carson John Dittmer Michael Eric Dyson Chuck Fager Adam Fairclough David Garrow David Halberstam Vincent Harding Steven F. Lawson Doug McAdam Diane McWhorter Charles M. Payne Timothy Tyson Akinyele Umoja Movement photographers Links to related articles Protests of 1968 Movements 1968 movement in Italy Civil rights movement Anti-nuclear movement Black Consciousness Movement Black Power movement Black Power Revolution Chicano Movement Cultural Revolution Gay liberation German student movement Hippie movement Human rights movement in the Soviet Union May 1968 events in France Mexico 68 Northern Ireland civil rights movement Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War Prague Spring Red Power movement Sexual revolution The Troubles Women 's liberation movement Events 1968 Polish political crisis 1968 student demonstrations in Yugoslavia 1968 Democratic National Convention protest activity 1968 Miami riot 1968 Red Square demonstration Båstad riots Battle of Valle Giulia Ceaușescu 's speech of 21 August 1968 Central Park be-ins Columbia University protests of 1968 East L.A. walkouts King assassination riots March of the One Hundred Thousand Memphis sanitation strike Movement of 22 March Occupation of the Old Student House Occupation of the Student Union Building Poor People 's Campaign Presidio mutiny Rodney riots Third World Liberation Front strikes of 1968 Tlatelolco massacre Related Anti-capitalism Black Power Counterculture of the 1960s Desegregation Flower power Free love Hippie Antisemitism in Poland New Left Racism in the United States School discipline Second - wave feminism Segregation in Northern Ireland Student activism Vietnam War Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia African American topics History Atlantic slave trade Maafa Slavery in the United States Partus sequitur ventrem Free negro Reconstruction era Military history of African Americans Jim Crow laws Nadir of American race relations Redlining Great Migration Civil rights movement 1865 -- 1896 / 1896 -- 1954 / 1954 -- 68 Black Power movement Second Great Migration Afrocentrism New Great Migration Post -- civil rights era Inauguration of Barack Obama 2009 / Inauguration of Barack Obama 2013 Black Lives Matter Culture Art African - American names Afrofuturism Black mecca Dance Film Juneteenth Kwanzaa Literature Music Musical theater Neighborhoods Sexual orientation Soul food Education , science and technology Black schools Black colleges and universities Museums African - American studies Inventors and scientists Women in computer science in medicine in STEM fields Religion Black church Black theology Doctrine of Father Divine American Society of Muslims Nation of Islam Black Hebrew Israelites Political movements Pan-Africanism Self - determination Nationalism Black Power Black fist Anarchism Capitalism Conservatism Populism Leftism Garveyism Back - to - Africa movement Civic and economic groups National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP ) Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) Congress of Racial Equality ( CORE ) Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ( SNCC ) Black Panther Party National Urban League ( NUL ) Rights organizations Association for the Study of African American Life and History ( ASALH ) Thurgood Marshall College Fund United Negro College Fund ( UNCF ) National Black Chamber of Commerce ( NBCC ) National Pan-Hellenic Council ( NPHC ) National Council of Negro Women ( NCNW ) Sports Negro league baseball Baseball color line Black players in professional American football African Americans in the Canadian Football League Black players in ice hockey Athletic associations and conferences Central ( CIAA ) Southern ( SIAC ) Mid-Eastern ( MEAC ) Southwestern ( SWAC ) Ethnic subdivisions Black Indians Gullah Fula Igbo Louisiana Creole ( of color ) Melungeon Yoruba Demographics Neighborhoods list U.S. cities with large populations 2000 majorities 2010 majorities Metropolitan areas Black Belt Languages English American English African - American English Gullah Louisiana Creole French By state / city Alabama Florida Georgia ( Atlanta ) Illinois ( Chicago ) Iowa ( Davenport ) Louisiana Maryland Massachusetts ( Boston ) Michigan ( Detroit ) Mississippi Nebraska ( Omaha ) New York New York City Pennsylvania ( Philadelphia ) Puerto Rico Tennessee Texas ( Houston ) Diaspora Africa Gambia Ghana Liberia Sierra Leone Back - to - Africa movement Americas Caribbean history Canada Nova Scotia Dominican Republic Haiti Mexico Trinidad and Tobago Other France Israel Lists African Americans visual artists Republicans US senators African - American firsts mayors US state firsts Neighborhoods Landmark African - American legislation African American - related articles Topics related to the African diaspora Category Portal Civil Rights Memorial In memoriam Louis Allen Willie Brewster Benjamin Brown Johnnie Mae Chappell James Chaney Addie Mae Collins Vernon Dahmer Jonathan Daniels Henry Hezekiah Dee Roman Ducksworth Jr . Willie Edwards Medgar Evers Andrew Goodman Paul Guihard Samuel Hammond Jr . Jimmie Lee Jackson Wharlest Jackson Martin Luther King Jr . Bruce W. Klunder George W. Lee Herbert Lee Viola Liuzzo Carol Denise McNair Delano Herman Middleton Charles Eddie Moore Oneal Moore William Lewis Moore Mack Charles Parker Lemuel Penn James Reeb John Earl Reese Carole Robertson Michael Schwerner Henry Ezekial Smith Lamar Smith Emmett Till Clarence Triggs Virgil Lamar Ware Cynthia Wesley Ben Chester White Sammy Younge Jr . Contributors Southern Poverty Law Center Maya Lin Related Murder of Harry and Harriette Moore Civil rights movement Martin Luther King Jr . ( hide ) Speeches , movements , and protests Speeches `` Give Us the Ballot '' ( 1957 ) `` I Have a Dream '' ( 1963 ) `` How Long , Not Long '' ( 1965 ) `` Beyond Vietnam : A Time to Break Silence '' ( 1967 ) `` I 've Been to the Mountaintop '' ( 1968 ) Writings Stride Toward Freedom : The Montgomery Story ( 1958 ) The Measure of a Man ( 1959 ) `` What Is Man ? '' `` Second Emancipation Proclamation '' Strength to Love ( 1963 ) Letter from Birmingham Jail ( 1963 ) Why We Ca n't Wait ( 1964 ) Conscience for Change ( 1967 ) Where Do We Go from Here : Chaos or Community ? ( 1967 ) Movements and protests Montgomery bus boycott ( 1955 -- 1956 ) Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom ( 1957 ) Albany Movement ( 1961 -- 1962 ) Birmingham campaign ( 1963 ) March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom ( 1963 ) St. Augustine movement ( 1963 -- 1964 ) Selma to Montgomery marches ( 1965 ) Chicago Freedom Movement ( 1966 ) Mississippi March Against Fear ( 1966 ) Anti-Vietnam War movement ( 1967 ) Memphis sanitation strike ( 1968 ) Poor People 's Campaign ( 1968 ) People Family Coretta Scott King ( wife ) Yolanda King ( daughter ) Martin Luther King III ( son ) Dexter Scott King ( son ) Bernice King ( daughter ) Martin Luther King Sr. ( father ) Alberta Williams King ( mother ) Christine King Farris ( sister ) A.D. King ( brother ) Alveda King ( niece ) Other leaders Ralph Abernathy ( mentor and friend ) Ella Baker ( colleague ) James Bevel ( strategist / colleague ) Dorothy Cotton ( colleague ) Jesse Jackson ( protégé ) Bernard Lafayette ( colleague ) James Lawson ( colleague ) John Lewis ( colleague ) Joseph Lowery ( colleague ) Benjamin Mays ( mentor ) Diane Nash ( colleague ) James Orange ( colleague ) Bayard Rustin ( advisor ) Fred Shuttlesworth ( colleague ) C.T. Vivian ( colleague ) Wyatt Walker ( colleague ) Hosea Williams ( colleague ) Andrew Young ( colleague ) Assassination James Earl Ray Lorraine Motel ( now National Civil Rights Museum ) Funeral MLK Records Act Riots Loyd Jowers trial United States House Select Committee on Assassinations Media Film King : A Filmed Record ... Montgomery to Memphis ( 1970 documentary ) Our Friend , Martin ( 1999 animated ) Boycott ( 2001 film ) The Witness : From the Balcony of Room 306 ( 2008 documentary ) Alpha Man : The Brotherhood of MLK ( 2011 documentary ) Selma ( 2014 film ) All the Way ( 2016 film ) Television King ( 1978 miniseries ) `` The First Store '' ( The Jeffersons episode , 1980 ) `` Great X-Pectations '' ( A Different World episode , 1993 ) `` The Promised Land '' ( New York Undercover episode , 1997 ) `` Return of the King '' ( The Boondocks episode , 2006 ) Plays The Meeting ( 1987 ) The Mountaintop ( 2009 ) I Dream ( 2010 ) All the Way ( 2012 ) Illustrated Martin Luther King and the Montgomery Story ( 1957 comic book ) Music `` Abraham , Martin and John '' ( Dion ) `` March ! For Martin Luther King '' ( John Fahey ) `` Martin Luther King 's Dream '' ( Strawbs ) `` Happy Birthday '' ( Stevie Wonder ) `` Pride ( In the Name of Love ) '' ( U2 ) `` MLK '' ( U2 ) `` King Holiday '' ( King Dream Chorus and Holiday Crew ) `` By The Time I Get To Arizona '' ( Public Enemy ) `` Shed a Little Light '' ( James Taylor ) `` Up to the Mountain '' ( Patti Griffin ) `` Never Alone Martin '' ( Jason Upton ) `` Symphony Of Brotherhood '' ( Miri Ben - Ari ) Joseph Schwantner : New Morning for the World ; Nicolas Flagello : The Passion of Martin Luther King ( 1995 album ) `` A Dream '' ( Common featuring Will.i.am ) `` Glory '' ( Common and John Legend ) Related topics Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) Martin Luther King Jr . Day Martin Luther King Jr . Memorial National Historical Park King Center for Nonviolent Social Change Dexter Avenue Baptist Church National Civil Rights Museum Authorship issues Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity Season for Nonviolence U.S. Capitol Rotunda sculpture Oval Office bust Homage to King sculpture , Atlanta Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. sculpture , Houston Martin Luther King Jr . Memorial , San Francisco Landmark for Peace Memorial , Indianapolis Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. statue , Milwaukee The Dream sculpture , Portland , Oregon Dr. Martin Luther King Jr . Library Memorials to Martin Luther King Jr . Eponymous streets America in the King Years Civil rights movement in popular culture Lee -- Jackson -- King Day Martin Luther King High School ( disambiguation ) Lycée Martin Luther King ( disambiguation ) United States articles History By event Timeline of U.S. history Pre-Columbian era Colonial era Thirteen Colonies military history Continental Congress American Revolution War American frontier Confederation Period Drafting and ratification of Constitution Federalist Era War of 1812 Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Mexican -- American War Civil War Reconstruction Era Indian Wars Gilded Age Progressive Era African - American civil rights movement 1865 -- 1896 / 1896 -- 1954 / 1954 -- 1968 Spanish -- American War Imperialism World War I Roaring Twenties Great Depression World War II home front Nazism in the United States American Century Cold War Korean War Space Race Feminist Movement Vietnam War Post-Cold War ( 1991 -- 2008 ) War on Terror War in Afghanistan Iraq War Recent events ( 2008 -- present ) By topic Outline of U.S. history Demographic Discoveries Economic debt ceiling Inventions before 1890 1890 -- 1945 1946 -- 91 after 1991 Military Postal Technological and industrial Geography Territory counties federal district federal enclaves Indian reservations insular zones minor outlying islands populated places states Earthquakes Extreme points Islands Mountains peaks ranges Appalachian Rocky National Park Service National Parks Regions East Coast West Coast Great Plains Gulf Mid-Atlantic Midwestern New England Pacific Central Eastern Northern Northeastern Northwestern Southern Southeastern Southwestern Western Longest rivers Arkansas Colorado Columbia Mississippi Missouri Red ( South ) Rio Grande Yukon Time Water supply and sanitation Politics Federal Executive Cabinet Civil service Executive departments Executive Office Independent agencies Law enforcement President of the United States Public policy Legislative House of Representatives current members Speaker Senate current members President pro tempore Vice President Judicial Courts of appeals District courts Supreme Court Law Bill of Rights civil liberties Code of Federal Regulations Constitution federalism preemption separation of powers Federal Reporter United States Code United States Reports Intelligence Central Intelligence Agency Defense Intelligence Agency Federal Bureau of Investigation National Geospatial - 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ownership Household income Income inequality Middle class Personal income Poverty Professional and working class conflict Standard of living Wealth Issues Ages of consent Capital punishment Crime incarceration Criticism of government Discrimination affirmative action antisemitism intersex rights islamophobia LGBT rights racism same - sex marriage Drug policy Energy policy Environmental movement Gun politics Health care abortion health insurance hunger obesity smoking Human rights Immigration illegal International rankings National security Mass surveillance Terrorism Separation of church and state Outline Index Book Category Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Civil_rights_movement&oldid=843534463 '' Categories : Civil rights movement History of African - American civil rights 1950s in the United States 1960s in the United States Community organizing Counterculture of the 1960s Defunct American political movements History of civil rights in the United States Movements for civil rights Nonviolent resistance movements Politics of the Southern United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from November 2017 Use American English from January 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in American English All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 Articles with weasel words from May 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 CS1 maint : Unfit url Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Беларуская Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Latina Latviešu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Patois Polski Português Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Türkçe Українська Yorùbá 中文 29 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 19 : 31 . 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when did the civil rights movement gain momentum
[ "The civil rights movement (also known as the African-American civil rights movement, American civil rights movement and other terms)[b] was a decades-long movement with the goal of securing legal rights for African Americans that other Americans already held. With roots starting in the Reconstruction era during the late 19th century, the movement resulted in the largest legislative impacts after the direct actions and grassroots protests organized from the mid-1950s until 1968. Encompassing strategies, various groups, and organized social movements to accomplish the goals of ending legalized racial segregation and discrimination in the United States, the movement, using major nonviolent campaigns, eventually secured new recognition in federal law and federal protection of all Americans." ]
[ "the mid-1950s" ]
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List of NFL franchise post-season droughts
List of NFL franchise postseason droughts - wikipedia List of NFL franchise postseason droughts Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of current National Football League ( NFL ) franchise post-season and Super Bowl droughts ( multiple consecutive seasons of not winning ) . Listed here are both appearance droughts and winning droughts in almost every level of the NFL playoff system . As of the 2016 NFL season , every active NFL team has qualified for , and won a game in , the playoffs at least once . Teams that have never made it beyond each successive milestone are listed under the year in which they began NFL play . Of the 15 teams that have never won the Super Bowl , four ( 4 ) are expansion franchises younger than the Super Bowl itself ( Bengals , Panthers , Jaguars , and the Texans ) . The Falcons were enfranchised the season the Super Bowls began . The eight ( 8 ) other clubs ( Cardinals , Lions , Eagles , Oilers / Titans , Chargers , Browns , Bills , and Vikings ) all won an NFL or AFL championship prior to the AFL -- NFL merger ; in the case of the Vikings , however , the Super Bowl existed at the time they won their league title , leaving them and the Falcons as the only two teams to have existed for as long as or longer than the Super Bowl and to have never secured the highest championship available to them . The longest drought since a championship of any kind is that of the Cardinals , at 69 seasons . Note that for continuity purposes , the Cleveland Browns are officially considered to have suspended operations for the 1996 , 1997 and 1998 seasons , and that the Baltimore Ravens are a separate team that began play in 1996 . The Ravens , as a result of the Cleveland Browns relocation controversy , absorbed the Browns ' personnel upon their suspension , but not their history . Contents ( hide ) 1 Active team droughts 1.1 Post-season droughts 1.2 Playoff game victory droughts 1.3 AFC / NFC Championship game appearance droughts 1.4 Super Bowl or NFL Championship appearance droughts 1.5 Super Bowl win droughts 1.6 Super Bowl crown droughts by division 1.7 Cities / regions awaiting first Super Bowl crown 1.8 Division title droughts 2 Historical team droughts 2.1 Playoff droughts of 5 plus seasons 2.2 Most consecutive post-season losses in team history 2.3 Longest post-season droughts in team history 3 See also 4 References Active team droughts ( edit ) Postseason droughts ( edit ) Updated through the 2016 - 17 post season . 0 ^ 0 Longest drought in team history 0 † 0 Tied for Longest drought in team history Playoff Droughts 0Team0 Last earned appearance in post-season Seasons Buffalo Bills ^ 1999 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 17 Cleveland Browns ^ 2002 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 14 Los Angeles Rams ^ 2004 NFC Divisional Playoffs 12 Jacksonville Jaguars ^ 2007 AFC Divisional Playoffs 9 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 2007 NFC Wild Card Playoffs 9 Tennessee Titans † 2008 AFC Divisional Playoffs 8 New York Jets 2010 AFC Championship Game 6 Chicago Bears 2010 NFC Championship Game 6 Philadelphia Eagles 2013 NFC Wild Card Playoffs Los Angeles Chargers 2013 AFC Divisional Playoffs New Orleans Saints 2013 NFC Divisional Playoffs San Francisco 49ers 2013 NFC Championship Game Baltimore Ravens 2014 AFC Divisional Playoffs Indianapolis Colts 2014 AFC Championship Game Cincinnati Bengals 2015 AFC Wild Card Playoffs Minnesota Vikings 2015 NFC Wild Card Playoffs Washington Redskins 2015 NFC Wild Card Playoffs Arizona Cardinals 2015 NFC Championship Game Denver Broncos Super Bowl L Carolina Panthers Super Bowl L 2016 Playoff Teams Miami Dolphins 2016 AFC Wild Card Playoffs -- Oakland Raiders 2016 AFC Wild Card Playoffs -- New York Giants 2016 NFC Wild Card Playoffs -- Detroit Lions 2016 NFC Wild Card Playoffs -- Kansas City Chiefs 2016 AFC Divisional Playoffs -- Houston Texans 2016 AFC Divisional Playoffs -- Dallas Cowboys 2016 NFC Divisional Playoffs -- Seattle Seahawks 2016 NFC Divisional Playoffs -- Pittsburgh Steelers 2016 AFC Championship Game -- Green Bay Packers 2016 NFC Championship Game -- New England Patriots Super Bowl LI -- Atlanta Falcons Super Bowl LI -- At 17 seasons , the Bills ' playoff drought is also the longest in major North American professional sports . Playoff game victory droughts ( edit ) Updated through the 2016 season . Sortable table , click on header arrows . 0 ^ 0 Longest drought in team history 0 † 0 Tied for longest drought in team history 0 0 Most consecutive losses in team history 0 ¤ 0 Tied for most consecutive losses in team history 0 ♣ ♣ 0 Most consecutive losses in NFL history Current Playoff Loss Streak Team Last playoff game win Seasons Since Win Loss Streak Playoff Losses - Teams Cincinnati Bengals ^ 1990 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 26 8 1990 Divisional - Los Angeles 2005 Wild Card - Pittsburgh 2009 Wild Card - New York Jets 2011 Wild Card - Houston 2012 Wild Card - Houston 2013 Wild Card - San Diego 2014 Wild Card - Indianapolis 2015 Wild Card - Pittsburgh Detroit Lions 1991 NFC Divisional Playoffs * 25 ♣ ♣ 9 1991 NFC Championship - Washington 1993 Wild Card - Green Bay 1994 Wild Card - Green Bay 1995 Wild Card - Philadelphia 1997 Wild Card - Tampa Bay 1999 Wild Card - Washington 2011 Wild Card - New Orleans 2014 Wild Card - Dallas 2016 Wild Card - Seattle Buffalo Bills ^ 1995 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 21 4 1995 Divisional - Pittsburgh 1996 Wild Card - Jacksonville 1998 Wild Card - Miami 1999 Wild Card - Tennessee Cleveland Browns ^ 1994 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 19 * * 1994 Divisional - Pittsburgh 2002 Wild Card - Pittsburgh Miami Dolphins ^ 2000 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 16 4 ¤ 2000 Divisional - Oakland 2001 Wild Card - Baltimore 2008 Wild Card - Baltimore 2016 Wild Card - Pittsburgh Oakland Raiders ^ 2002 AFC Championship * 14 2 ¤ 2002 Super Bowl - Tampa Bay 2016 Wild Card - Houston Tampa Bay Buccaneers Super Bowl XXXVII * 14 2005 Wild Card - Washington 2007 Wild Card - New York Giants Tennessee Titans 2003 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 13 3 ¤ 2003 Divisional - New England 2007 Wild Card - San Diego 2008 Divisional - Baltimore Los Angeles Rams 2004 NFC Wild Card Playoffs 12 2004 Divisional - Atlanta Washington Redskins 2005 NFC Wild Card Playoffs 11 4 ¤ 2005 Divisional - Seattle 2007 Wild Card - Seattle 2012 Wild Card - Seattle 2015 Wild Card - Green Bay Jacksonville Jaguars ^ 2007 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 9 2007 Divisional - New England Philadelphia Eagles 2008 NFC Divisional Playoffs 8 2008 NFC Championship - Arizona 2009 Wild Card - Dallas 2010 Wild Card - Green Bay 2013 Wild Card - New Orleans Minnesota Vikings 2009 NFC Divisional Playoffs * 7 2009 NFC Championship - New Orleans 2012 Wild Card - Green Bay 2015 Wild Card - Seattle New York Jets 2010 AFC Divisional Playoffs 6 2010 AFC Championship - Pittsburgh Chicago Bears 2010 NFC Divisional Playoffs * 6 2010 NFC Championship - Green Bay New York Giants 2011 ! Super Bowl XLVI 5 2016 Wild Card - Green Bay Los Angeles Chargers 2013 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 2013 Divisional - Denver New Orleans Saints 2013 NFC Wild Card Playoffs 2013 Divisional - Seattle San Francisco 49ers 2013 NFC Divisional Playoffs 2013 NFC Championship - Seattle Baltimore Ravens 2014 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 2014 Divisional - New England Dallas Cowboys 2014 NFC Wild Card Playoffs 2014 Divisional - Green Bay 2016 Divisional - Green Bay Indianapolis Colts 2014 AFC Divisional Playoffs 2014 AFC Championship - New England Kansas City Chiefs 2015 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 2015 Divisional - New England 2016 Divisional - Pittsburgh Arizona Cardinals 2015 NFC Divisional Playoffs * 2015 NFC Championship - Carolina Carolina Panthers 2015 NFC Championship * 2015 Super Bowl - Denver Denver Broncos Super Bowl 50 * 0 3 game win streak 2016 Playoff 0 Winners Houston Texans 2016 AFC Wild Card Playoffs -- 2016 Divisional - New England Seattle Seahawks 2016 NFC Wild Card Playoffs -- 2016 Divisional - Atlanta Pittsburgh Steelers 2016 AFC Divisional Playoffs -- 2016 AFC Championship - New England Green Bay Packers 2016 NFC Divisional Playoffs -- 2016 NFC Championship - Atlanta Atlanta Falcons 2016 NFC Championship * -- 2016 Super Bowl - New England New England Patriots Super Bowl LI * -- 0 3 game win streak Team Last playoff game win Seasons Since Win Loss Streak Playoff Losses - Teams ( * ) : Franchise earned a bye in the Wild Card round . ( * * ) : Franchise dormant 1996 -- 1998 . Afc / nfc championship game appearance droughts ( edit ) This is also a list of the last time a particular club won a Divisional playoff game . 0 ^ 0 Longest drought in team history 0 † 0 Tied for longest drought in team history Drought Reference Seasons Team Last appearance in Conference Championship Game Result 28 Cincinnati Bengals ^ 1988 AFC Won vs. Buffalo 25 Washington Redskins ^ 1991 NFC Won vs. Detroit 25 Detroit Lions ^ 1991 NFC Lost vs. Washington 24 Miami Dolphins ^ 1992 AFC Lost vs. Buffalo 24 * * Cleveland Browns ^ 1989 AFC Lost vs. Denver 23 Buffalo Bills ^ 1993 AFC Won vs. Kansas City 23 Kansas City Chiefs † 1993 AFC Lost vs. Buffalo 21 Dallas Cowboys ^ 1995 NFC Won vs. Green Bay 17 Jacksonville Jaguars ^ 1999 AFC Lost vs. Tennessee 15 Houston Texans ^ 1985 Never * y -- 15 Los Angeles Rams ^ 2001 NFC Won vs. Philadelphia 14 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 2002 NFC Won vs. Philadelphia 14 Oakland Raiders ^ 2002 AFC Won vs. Tennessee 14 Tennessee Titans 2002 AFC Lost vs. Oakland 9 Los Angeles Chargers 2007 AFC Lost vs. New England 8 Philadelphia Eagles 2008 NFC Lost vs. Arizona 7 New Orleans Saints 2009 NFC Won vs. Minnesota 7 Minnesota Vikings 2009 NFC Lost vs. New Orleans 6 New York Jets 2010 AFC Lost vs. Pittsburgh 6 Chicago Bears 2010 NFC Lost vs. Green Bay 5 New York Giants 2011 NFC Won vs. San Francisco Baltimore Ravens 2012 AFC Won vs. New England San Francisco 49ers 2013 NFC Lost vs. Seattle Indianapolis Colts 2014 AFC Lost vs. New England Seattle Seahawks 2014 NFC Won vs. Green Bay Denver Broncos 2015 AFC Won vs. New England Arizona Cardinals 2015 NFC Lost vs. Carolina Carolina Panthers 2015 NFC Won vs. Arizona . 75 Z2016 Conference Finalists 2015 z -- Pittsburgh Steelers 2016 AFC Lost vs. New England . 5 -- New England Patriots 2016 AFC Won vs. Pittsburgh -- Green Bay Packers 2016 NFC Lost vs. Atlanta -- Atlanta Falcons 2016 NFC Won vs. Green Bay ( * ) : Franchise first played in 2002 season ( * * ) : Franchise dormant 1996 -- 1998 . Super Bowl or NFL championship appearance droughts ( edit ) Last appearance in Super Bowl or NFL Championship Seasons Team Last appearance in Super Bowl NFL Season Result 59 Detroit Lions 7003195700000000000 ♠ 1957 NFL Championship Game 1957 Won vs. Cleveland 48 New York Jets 7003196800000000000 ♠ Super Bowl III 1968 Won vs. Baltimore Colts 47 Kansas City Chiefs 7003196900000000000 ♠ Super Bowl IV 1969 Won vs. Minnesota 44 * Cleveland Browns * 7003196910000000000 ♠ 1969.1 1969 NFL Championship Game 1969 Lost vs. Minnesota 40 Minnesota Vikings 7003197700000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XI 1976 Lost vs. Oakland 32 Miami Dolphins 7003198400000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XIX 1984 Lost vs. San Francisco 28 Cincinnati Bengals 7003198800000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XXIII 1988 Lost vs. San Francisco 25 Washington Redskins 7003199100000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XXVI 1991 Won vs. Buffalo 23 Buffalo Bills 7003199300000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XXVIII 1993 Lost vs. Dallas 22 Jacksonville Jaguars 7000100000000000000 ♠ Never ( enfranchised 1995 ) Y -- 22 Los Angeles Chargers 7003199400000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XXIX 1994 Lost vs. San Francisco 21 Dallas Cowboys 7003199500000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XXX 1995 Won vs. Pittsburgh 17 Tennessee Titans 7003199900000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XXXIV 1999 Lost vs. St. Louis Rams 15 Houston Texans 7000200000000000000 ♠ Never ( enfranchised 2002 ) Y -- 15 Los Angeles Rams 7003200100000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XXXVI 2001 Lost vs. New England 14 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 7003200200000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XXXVII 2002 Won vs. Oakland 14 Oakland Raiders 7003200210000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XXXVII 2002 Lost vs. Tampa Bay 12 Philadelphia Eagles 7003200400000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XXXIX Lost vs. New England 10 Chicago Bears 7003200600000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XLI 2006 Lost vs. Indianapolis 8 Arizona Cardinals 7003200800000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XLIII 2008 Lost vs. Pittsburgh 7 New Orleans Saints 7003200900000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XLIV 2009 Won vs. Indianapolis 7 Indianapolis Colts 7003200900000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XLIV 2009 Lost vs. New Orleans 6 Green Bay Packers 7003201000000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XLV Won vs. Pittsburgh 6 Pittsburgh Steelers 7003201010000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XLV Lost vs. Green Bay 5 New York Giants 7003201100000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XLVI 2011 Won vs. New England Baltimore Ravens 7003201200000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XLVII 2012 Won vs. San Francisco San Francisco 49ers 7003201210000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XLVII 2012 Lost vs. Baltimore Ravens Seattle Seahawks 7003201420000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XLIX 2014 Lost vs. New England Carolina Panthers 7003201500000000000 ♠ Super Bowl 50 2015 Lost vs. Denver Denver Broncos 7003201500000000000 ♠ Super Bowl 50 2015 Won vs. Carolina 0 Atlanta Falcons 7003201600000000000 ♠ Super Bowl LI 2016 Lost vs. New England 0 New England Patriots 7003201600000000000 ♠ Super Bowl LI 2016 Won vs. Atlanta ( * ) : Cleveland 's drought does not include three seasons ( 1996 -- 1998 ) where the franchise was dormant . ( † ) : Team was based in St. Louis . Super Bowl win droughts ( edit ) This list also counts all seasons since a team last won the league championship . Drought References Seasons Team Last Super Bowl crown ( 1966 -- present ) NFL Season Last League Championship crown Before 1970 Merger ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Seasons 51 Arizona Cardinals Never -- 1947 NFL Championship 69 51 Detroit Lions Never -- 1957 NFL Championship 59 51 Philadelphia Eagles Never -- 1960 NFL Championship 56 51 Tennessee Titans Never -- 1961 AFL Championship 55 51 Los Angeles Chargers Never -- 1963 AFL Championship 53 51 Buffalo Bills Never -- 1965 AFL Championship 51 48 Cleveland Browns Never -- 1964 NFL Championship 49 51 Minnesota Vikings Never -- 1969 NFL Championship 47 51 Atlanta Falcons Never ( enfranchised 1966 ) -- 49 Cincinnati Bengals Never ( enfranchised 1968 ) -- 48 New York Jets Super Bowl III 1968 47 Kansas City Chiefs Super Bowl IV 1969 43 Miami Dolphins Super Bowl VIII 1973 33 Oakland Raiders Super Bowl XVIII 31 Chicago Bears Super Bowl XX 1985 25 Washington Redskins Super Bowl XXVI 1991 22 Jacksonville Jaguars Never ( enfranchised 1995 ) -- 22 Carolina Panthers Never ( enfranchised 1995 ) -- 22 San Francisco 49ers Super Bowl XXIX 1994 21 Dallas Cowboys Super Bowl XXX 1995 17 Los Angeles Rams Super Bowl XXXIV 1999 15 Houston Texans Never ( enfranchised 2002 ) -- 14 Tampa Bay Buccaneers Super Bowl XXXVII 2002 10 Indianapolis Colts Super Bowl XLI 2006 8 Pittsburgh Steelers Super Bowl XLIII 2008 7 New Orleans Saints Super Bowl XLIV 2009 6 Green Bay Packers Super Bowl XLV 5 New York Giants Super Bowl XLVI 2011 Baltimore Ravens Super Bowl XLVII 2012 Seattle Seahawks Super Bowl XLVIII 2013 Denver Broncos Super Bowl 50 2015 0 New England Patriots Super Bowl LI 2016 Team won as the Chicago Cardinals in 1947 . Team won as the Houston Oilers in 1961 . AFL and NFL league champions met in Super Bowls I thru IV before the 1970 merger ( 1966 -- 1969 ) . They are not generally counted in the overall league championship list . Cleveland 's drought does not include three seasons ( 1996 -- 98 ) when the franchise was dormant . Super Bowl winner was not the NFL league champion till after 1970 merger ( Super Bowl V ) . Team was based in Los Angeles when it won Super Bowl XVIII . Team was based in St. Louis when it won Super Bowl XXXIV . Super Bowl crown droughts by division ( edit ) Division Last Super Bowl crown Seasons AFC South XLI -- Colts 10 NFC South XLIV -- Saints 7 NFC North XLV -- Packers 6 NFC East XLVI -- Giants 5 AFC North XLVII -- Ravens NFC West XLVIII -- Seahawks AFC West 50 -- Broncos AFC East LI -- Patriots 0 Cities / regions awaiting first Super Bowl crown ( edit ) Listed according to seasons waited . Current NFL cities / regions only Last city to leave list - Seattle , 2013 season City / region Seasons waited Conference Title ( s ) Team ( s ) Notes Detroit 51 None Detroit Lions ( 1966 -- ) Played in the 1991 NFC Championship Game Philadelphia 51 1980 , 2004 Philadelphia Eagles ( 1966 -- ) Played in Super Bowls XV and XXXIX Buffalo 51 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 Buffalo Bills ( 1966 -- ) Played in Super Bowls XXV , XXVI , XXVII , and XXVIII Atlanta 51 1998 , 2016 Atlanta Falcons ( 1966 -- ) Played in Super Bowls XXXIII and LI Minneapolis -- St. Paul 51 1969 , 1973 , 1974 , 1976 Minnesota Vikings ( 1966 -- ) Played in Super Bowls IV , VIII , IX , and XI Cincinnati 49 1981 , 1988 Cincinnati Bengals ( 1968 -- ) Played in Super Bowls XVI and XXIII Cleveland 48 None Cleveland Browns ( 1966 -- ) Played in the 1986 , 1987 , and 1989 AFC Championship Games Houston 46 None Includes 31 Oilers seasons ( 1966 -- 1996 ) and 15 Texans seasons ( 2002 -- ) Played in the 1978 and 1979 AFC Championship Games Phoenix 29 2008 Phoenix / Arizona Cardinals ( 1988 -- ) Played in Super Bowl XLIII Jacksonville 22 None Jacksonville Jaguars ( 1995 -- ) Played in the 1996 and 1999 AFC Championship Games Charlotte 22 2003 , 2015 Carolina Panthers ( 1995 -- ) Played in Super Bowls XXXVIII and 50 Nashville 20 1999 Tennessee Oilers / Titans ( 1997 -- ) Played in Super Bowl XXXIV Division title droughts ( edit ) Listed according to seasons waited . Updated through the 2016 season . 0 ^ 0 Longest drought in team history 0 † 0 Tied for Longest drought in team history Franchise 0 0 Most recent 0 0 division title 0Year0 Seasons Cleveland Browns ^ AFC Central 1989 24 * * Detroit Lions ^ NFC Central 1993 23 Buffalo Bills ^ AFC East 1995 21 Jacksonville Jaguars ^ AFC Central 1999 17 Oakland Raiders ^ AFC West 2002 14 New York Jets AFC East 2002 14 Los Angeles Rams † NFC West 2003 13 Tampa Bay Buccaneers NFC South 2007 9 Miami Dolphins ^ AFC East 2008 8 Tennessee Titans AFC South 2008 8 Los Angeles Chargers AFC West 2009 7 Chicago Bears NFC North 6 New York Giants NFC East 2011 5 New Orleans Saints NFC South 2011 5 Baltimore Ravens AFC North 2012 San Francisco 49ers NFC West 2012 Philadelphia Eagles NFC East 2013 Indianapolis Colts AFC South 2014 Cincinnati Bengals AFC North 2015 Denver Broncos AFC West 2015 Washington Redskins NFC East 2015 Minnesota Vikings NFC North 2015 Carolina Panthers NFC South 2015 Arizona Cardinals NFC West 2015 2016 Division Champions New England Patriots AFC East 2016 -- Pittsburgh Steelers AFC North 2016 -- Houston Texans AFC South 2016 -- Kansas City Chiefs AFC West 2016 -- Dallas Cowboys NFC East 2016 -- Green Bay Packers NFC North 2016 -- Atlanta Falcons NFC South 2016 -- Seattle Seahawks NFC West 2016 -- * * Does not include the three seasons ( 1996 -- 1998 ) during which the franchise suspended operations . Historical team droughts ( edit ) Playoff droughts of 5 plus seasons ( edit ) Updated through the 2016 season . Sort by clicking on desired column heading . When sorting , Indianapolis and Baltimore Colts are grouped together , Arizona , Phoenix , St. Louis and Chicago Cardinals are grouped together , Tennessee Titans , Houston Oilers and Tennessee Oilers are grouped together , Los Angeles , St. Louis and Cleveland Rams are grouped together , Oakland and Los Angeles Raiders are grouped together . 0 ^ 0 Denotes active streak Last place NFL finishes Last place AFL finishes ( 1960 -- 1969 ) 7003197800000000000 ♠ List of Droughts Seasons Team Drought Duration Division or Conference Last Place finishes during drought League Worst win - loss record during drought Last Place Seasons 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 Washington Redskins A ! Washington Redskins 1946 -- 1970 1950 , 1952 , 1960 -- 1961 1961 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 Arizona Cardinals A ! Chicago / St. Louis Cardinals 1949 -- 1973 5 1951 , 1953 -- 1954 , 1957 , 1959 1953 , 1954 , 1957 tie , 1959 1959 tie 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 Pittsburgh Steelers A ! Pittsburgh Steelers 1948 -- 1971 5 1955 , 1965 , 1967 -- 1969 1965 , 1969 tie 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 New Orleans Saints A ! New Orleans Saints 1967 -- 1986 9 1967 , 1970 -- 1972 , 1975 , 1977 , 1980 -- 1981 , 1986 1975 1975 tie , 1980 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 Denver Broncos A ! Denver Broncos 1960 -- 1976 8 1960 , 1963 -- 1967 , 1970 -- 1971 1960 , 1963 , 1964 , 1965 tie , 1967 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 Philadelphia Eagles A ! Philadelphia Eagles 1961 -- 1977 7 1962 -- 1963 , 1968 -- 1970 , 1972 , 1975 1968 tie 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 New York Giants D ! New York Giants 1964 -- 1980 9 1964 , 1966 , 1971 , 1973 -- 1974 , 1976 -- 1978 , 1980 1964 , 1966 , 1974 tie 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 ^ Buffalo Bills A ! Buffalo Bills 2000 -- 2016 8 2001 -- 2002 , 2008 -- 2013 -- 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 Detroit Lions A ! Detroit Lions 1936 -- 1951 1942 , 1946 -- 1948 1942 , 1946 , 1948 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 Arizona Cardinals B ! Chicago Cardinals 1932 -- 1946 10 1933 , 1935 -- 1936 , 1938 -- 1940 , 1943 -- 1946 1933 , 1938 tie , 1939 , 1943 , 1944 tie , 1945 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 Green Bay Packers A ! Green Bay Packers 1945 -- 1959 1949 , 1953 , 1957 , 1958 1957 tie , 1958 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 Arizona Cardinals C ! St. Louis / Phoenix / Arizona Cardinals 1983 -- 1997 7 1985 -- 1986 , 1990 -- 1992 , 1995 , 1997 -- 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 Pittsburgh Steelers B ! Pittsburgh Pirates / Steelers 1933 -- 1946 7 1933 -- 1934 , 1938 -- 1939 , 1941 , 1944 -- 1945 1938 tie , 1941 , 1944 tie 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 Philadelphia Eagles B ! Philadelphia Eagles 1933 -- 1946 5 1935 -- 1937 , 1940 , 1942 1935 , 1936 , 1940 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 Kansas City Chiefs A ! Kansas City Chiefs 1972 -- 1985 5 1977 -- 1979 , 1983 , 1985 1977 1977 tie 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 Tampa Bay Buccaneers A ! Tampa Bay Buccaneers 1983 -- 1996 8 1983 , 1985 -- 1986 , 1989 , 1991 , 1993 -- 1995 1983 1983 tie , 1985 tie , 1986 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 Cincinnati Bengals A ! Cincinnati Bengals 1991 -- 2004 6 1991 -- 1993 , 1998 , 2001 -- 2002 1993 , 1998 tie , 2002 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 ^ Cleveland Browns A ! Cleveland Browns 2003 -- 2016 12 2003 -- 2006 , 2008 -- 2009 , 2011 -- 2016 2015 tie , 2016 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 Chicago Bears A ! Chicago Bears 1964 -- 1976 5 1969 -- 1970 , 1972 -- 1974 1969 tie 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 San Diego Chargers A ! San Diego Chargers 1966 -- 1978 1972 -- 1973 , 1975 1975 tie 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 Oakland Raiders A ! Oakland Raiders 2003 -- 2015 6 2004 -- 2007 , 2013 -- 2014 2003 tie , 2006 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 Detroit Lions B ! Detroit Lions 1958 -- 1969 1966 , 1968 -- 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 San Francisco 49ers A ! San Francisco 49ers 1958 -- 1969 1963 -- 1964 , 1969 1963 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 New England Patriots A ! Boston / New England Patriots 1964 -- 1975 1967 , 1970 , 1972 , 1975 1970 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 Atlanta Falcons A ! Atlanta Falcons 1966 -- 1977 1967 -- 1968 , 1974 1967 , 1968 tie 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 ^ Los Angeles Rams A ! St. Louis / Los Angeles Rams 2005 -- 2016 6 2007 -- 2009 , 2011 , 2013 -- 2014 2009 , 2011 tie 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 Los Angeles Rams B ! Los Angeles Rams 1956 -- 1966 1956 , 1959 , 1962 , 1965 1959 1959 tie , 1962 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 New York Jets A ! New York Jets 1970 -- 1980 1980 -- 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 Detroit Lions C ! Detroit Lions 1971 -- 1981 1979 1979 1979 tie 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 Detroit Lions D ! Detroit Lions 2000 -- 2010 6 2001 -- 2003 , 2006 , 2008 -- 2009 2008 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Philadelphia Eagles C ! Philadelphia Eagles 1950 -- 1959 1956 , 1958 1956 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Green Bay Packers B ! Green Bay Packers 1983 -- 1992 1988 -- 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Seattle Seahawks A ! Seattle Seahawks 1989 -- 1998 1992 -- 1994 , 1996 1992 tie 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Green Bay Packers C ! Green Bay Packers 1973 -- 1981 1976 , 1980 -- 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Indianapolis Colts A ! Baltimore / Indianapolis Colts 1978 -- 1986 1978 - 1979 , 1982 , 1986 1981 tie , 1982 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 San Diego Chargers B ! San Diego Chargers 1983 -- 1991 1984 , 1986 , 1989 , 1991 -- 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Los Angeles Rams C ! Los Angeles / St. Louis Rams 1990 -- 1998 6 1991 -- 1994 , 1997 -- 1998 -- 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Arizona Cardinals E ! Arizona Cardinals 1999 -- 2007 2000 , 2002 -- 2003 , 2006 2003 tie 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Houston Texans A ! Houston Texans 2002 -- 2010 5 2002 -- 2003 , 2005 -- 2007 2005 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 ^ Tampa Bay Buccaneers B ! Tampa Bay Buccaneers 2008 -- 2016 6 2009 , 2011 -- 2015 2014 2014 tie 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 ^ Jacksonville Jaguars A ! Jacksonville Jaguars 2008 -- 2016 2008 -- 2009 , 2012 , 2016 2012 tie 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 New York Jets B ! New York Titans / Jets 1960 -- 1967 1962 -- 1963 -- 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Tennessee Titans A ! Houston Oilers 1970 -- 1977 1970 , 1972 -- 1973 , 1976 1972 , 1973 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 San Francisco 49ers B ! San Francisco 49ers 1973 -- 1980 1978 -- 1979 1978 , 1979 tie 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Atlanta Falcons B ! Atlanta Falcons 1983 -- 1990 7 1983 -- 1985 , 1987 -- 1990 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 San Diego Chargers C ! San Diego Chargers 1996 -- 2003 5 1997 -- 1998 , 2000 -- 2001 , 2003 2000 , 2003 tie 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 San Francisco 49ers C ! San Francisco 49ers 2003 -- 2010 2004 -- 2005 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 ^ Tennessee Titans B ! Tennessee Titans 2009 -- 2016 2010 , 2014 -- 2015 2014 2014 tie , 2015 tie 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Los Angeles Rams D ! Cleveland Rams 1937 -- 1944 1937 , 1941 1937 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 San Francisco 49ers D ! San Francisco 49ers 1950 -- 1956 0 -- -- 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Oakland Raiders B ! Oakland Raiders 1960 -- 1966 1961 -- 1962 1961 , 1962 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Minnesota Vikings A ! Minnesota Vikings 1961 -- 1967 1961 , 1966 -- 1967 -- 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Buffalo Bills B ! Buffalo Bills 1967 -- 1973 1968 , 1971 1968 1971 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Cleveland Browns B ! Cleveland Browns 1973 -- 1979 1974 -- 1975 , 1977 -- 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Seattle Seahawks B ! Seattle Seahawks 1976 -- 1982 1976 , 1980 -- 1981 -- 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Detroit Lions E ! Detroit Lions 1984 -- 1990 -- 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 New England Patriots A ! New England Patriots 1987 -- 1993 1990 , 1992 1990 , 1992 tie 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Indianapolis Colts B ! Indianapolis Colts 1988 -- 1994 1991 , 1993 1991 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 New Orleans Saints B ! New Orleans Saints 1993 -- 1999 1995 -- 1996 , 1999 -- 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Miami Dolphins A ! Miami Dolphins 2009 -- 2015 2015 -- 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Chicago Bears B ! Chicago Bears 1957 -- 1962 0 -- -- 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Dallas Cowboys A ! Dallas Cowboys 1960 -- 1965 1960 1960 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Arizona Cardinals E ! St. Louis Cardinals 1976 -- 1981 1979 , 1981 -- 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Tennessee Titans C ! Houston Oilers 1981 -- 1986 1983 -- 1986 1983 1983 tie 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Buffalo Bills C ! Buffalo Bills 1982 -- 1987 1984 -- 1985 1984 , 1985 tie 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Philadelphia Eagles D ! Philadelphia Eagles 1982 -- 1987 1984 -- 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 New York Jets C ! New York Jets 1992 -- 1997 1994 -- 1996 1995 , 1996 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Washington Redskins B ! Washington Redskins 1993 -- 1998 1993 -- 1994 -- 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Oakland Raiders C ! Los Angeles / Oakland Raiders 1994 -- 1999 0 -- -- 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Chicago Bears C ! Chicago Bears 1995 -- 2000 1997 -- 2000 -- 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Carolina Panthers A ! Carolina Panthers 1997 -- 2002 2001 -- 2002 2001 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Miami Dolphins B ! Miami Dolphins 2002 -- 2007 2004 , 2006 -- 2007 2007 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 ^ New York Jets D ! New York Jets 2011 -- 2016 2014 , 2016 -- 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 ^ Chicago Bears E ! Chicago Bears 2011 -- 2016 2014 -- 2016 -- 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 New York Giants D ! New York Giants 1951 -- 1955 0 -- -- 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Chicago Bears D ! Chicago Bears 1951 -- 1955 0 -- -- 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Indianapolis Colts C ! Baltimore Colts 1953 -- 1957 1954 -- 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Cleveland Browns C ! Cleveland Browns 1959 -- 1963 0 -- -- 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Buffalo Bills D ! Buffalo Bills 1975 -- 1979 1976 -- 1977 -- 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Cincinnati Bengals B ! Cincinnati Bengals 1976 -- 1980 1978 -- 1980 -- 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Washington Redskins C ! Washington Redskins 1977 -- 1981 0 -- -- 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Cincinnati Bengals C ! Cincinnati Bengals 1983 -- 1987 -- 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Dallas Cowboys B ! Dallas Cowboys 1986 -- 1990 1988 , 1989 1988 , 1989 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Tennessee Titans D ! Houston / Tennessee Oilers 1994 -- 1998 1994 1994 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Kansas City Chiefs B ! Kansas City Chiefs 1998 -- 2002 2002 -- 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Washington Redskins D ! Washington Redskins 2000 -- 2004 -- 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Jacksonville Jaguars B ! Jacksonville Jaguars 2000 -- 2004 0 -- -- 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 New Orleans Saints C ! New Orleans Saints 2001 -- 2005 2005 -- 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Denver Broncos B ! Denver Broncos 2006 -- 2010 -- Seasons Team Drought Duration Last Place Seasons League Worst win - loss record during drought Division or Conference Last Place finishes during drought In 1944 , during World War II , Pittsburgh and the Chicago Cardinals were a combined team called Card - Pitt . The Cleveland Rams suspended operations in the 1943 season due to World War II . Most consecutive postseason losses in team history ( edit ) This is a sortable table of all 32 current NFL teams . Ten teams have multiple losing streaks where they lost an equal number of post season games before breaking the drought . Updated through the 2016 regular season . 0 ^ 0 Denotes active drought Team Streak lasted Last win Games Lost Playoff Losses Score Opponent Next win Arizona Cardinals 7001510000000000000 ♠ 51 years 1947 Championship 4.1 ! 4 1948 NFL Champ . 1974 Div . 1975 Div . 1982 1st Round - 1 ! 0 -- 7 14 -- 30 23 -- 35 16 -- 41 Eagles Vikings Rams Packers 1998 Wild Card Atlanta Falcons 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 years 2004 Divisional 4.2 ! 4 2004 NFC Champ . 2008 Wild Card 2010 Div . 2011 Wild Card 10 -- 27 24 -- 30 21 -- 48 2 -- 24 Eagles Cardinals Packers Giants 2012 Divisional Baltimore Ravens 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 years 2001 Wild Card 3.1 ! 3 2001 Div . 2003 Wild Card 2006 Div . 10 -- 27 17 -- 20 6 -- 15 Steelers Titans Colts 2008 Wild Card Buffalo Bills ^ 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 years 1995 Div ! 1995 Wild Card 4.3 ! 4 1995 Div . 1996 Wild Card 1998 Wild Card 1999 Wild Card 21 -- 40 27 -- 30 17 -- 24 16 -- 22 Steelers Jaguars Dolphins Titans TBD Carolina Panthers 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 years 2005 Divisional 2005 NFC Champ . 2008 Div . 2013 Div . 14 -- 34 13 -- 33 10 -- 23 Seahawks Cardinals 49ers 2014 Div ! 2014 Wild Card Chicago Bears 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 years 1994 AF ! 1994 Wild Card 3.2 ! 3 1994 Div . 2001 Div . 2005 Div . 15 -- 44 19 -- 33 21 -- 29 49ers Eagles Panthers 2006 Divisional Cincinnati Bengals ^ 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 years 1990 Div ! 1990 Wild Card 8 1990 Div . 2005 Wild Card 2009 Wild Card 2011 Wild Card 2012 Wild Card 2013 Wild Card 2014 Wild Card 2015 Wild Card 10 -- 20 17 -- 31 14 -- 24 10 -- 31 13 -- 19 10 -- 27 10 -- 26 16 -- 18 Raiders Steelers Jets Texans Texans Chargers Colts Steelers TBD Cleveland Browns 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 years 1969 Divisional 6 1969 NFL Champ . 1971 Div . 1972 Div . 1980 Div . 1982 1st Round 1985 Div . 7 -- 27 3 -- 20 14 -- 20 12 -- 14 10 -- 27 21 -- 24 Vikings Colts Dolphins Raiders Raiders Dolphins 1986 Divisional Dallas Cowboys 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 years Div ! 1996 Wild Card 6.2 ! 6 1996 Div . 1998 Wild Card 1999 Wild Card 2003 Wild Card 2006 Wild Card 2007 Div . 17 -- 26 7 -- 20 10 -- 27 10 -- 29 20 -- 21 17 -- 21 Panthers Cardinals Vikings Panthers Seahawks Giants 2009 Wild Card Denver Broncos 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 years 1977 Conference Championship 5.1 ! 5 1977 ! Super Bowl XII 1978 Div . 1979 Wild Card 1983 Wild Card 1984 Div . 10 -- 27 10 -- 33 7 -- 13 7 -- 31 17 -- 24 Cowboys Steelers Oilers Seahawks Steelers 1986 Divisional Detroit Lions ^ 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 years 1991 Divisional 9 1991.2 ! 1991 NFC Champ . 1993 Wild Card 1994 Wild Card 1995 Wild Card 1997 Wild Card 1999 Wild Card 2011 Wild Card 2014 Wild Card 2016 Wild Card 10 -- 41 24 -- 28 12 -- 16 37 -- 58 10 -- 20 13 -- 27 28 -- 45 20 -- 24 6 - 26 Redskins Packers Packers Eagles Buccaneers Redskins Saints Cowboys Seahawks TBD Green Bay Packers 005 ( 2 loss ) streaks 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 years 1997 Conference Championship 2.2 ! 2 1997.2 ! Super Bowl XXXII 1998 Wild Card 24 -- 31 27 -- 30 Broncos 49ers 2001 Wild Card 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 years 2001 Wild Card 2.3 ! 2 2001.1 ! 2001 Div . 2002 Wild Card 17 -- 45 7 -- 27 Rams Falcons 2003 Wild Card 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 years 2003 Wild Card 2.4 ! 2 2003.1 ! 2003 Div . 2004 Wild Card 17 -- 20 ( OT ) 17 -- 31 Eagles Vikings 2007 Divisional 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 years 2007 Divisional 2.5 ! 2 2007.2 ! 2007 NFC Champ . 2009 Wild Card 20 -- 23 ( OT ) 45 -- 51 ( OT ) Giants Cardinals 2010 Wild Card 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 years 2012 Wild Card 2.6 ! 2 2012 Div . 2013 Wild Card 31 -- 45 20 -- 23 49ers 49ers 2014 Divisional Houston Texans 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 years 2012 Wild Card 2012.1 ! 2012 Divisional 2015 Wild Card 28 -- 41 0 -- 30 Patriots Chiefs 2016 Wild Card Indianapolis Colts 002 ( 5 loss ) streaks 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 years 1971 Divisional 5.2 ! 5 1971.1 ! 1971 AFC Champ . 1975 Div . 1976 Div . 1977 Div . 1987 Div . 0 -- 21 10 -- 28 14 -- 40 31 -- 37 ( 2 OT ) 21 -- 38 Dolphins Steelers Steelers Raiders Browns 1995 Wild Card 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 years 1995 Divisional 5.3 ! 5 1995.3 ! 1995 AFC Champ . 1996 Wild Card 1999 Div . 2000 Wild Card 2002 Wild Card 16 -- 20 14 -- 42 16 -- 19 17 -- 23 ( OT ) 0 -- 41 Steelers Steelers Titans Dolphins Jets 2003 Wild Card Jacksonville Jaguars 002 ( 2 loss ) streaks 2 years Divisional 2.6 ! 2 1996.2 ! 1996 AFC Champ . 1997 Wild Card 6 -- 20 17 -- 42 Patriots Broncos 1998 Wild Card 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 years 1999 Divisional 2.7 ! 2 1999.2 ! 1999 AFC Champ . 2005 Wild Card 14 -- 33 3 -- 28 Titans Patriots 2007 Div ! 2007 Wild Card Kansas City Chiefs 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 years 1993 Divisional 8 1993.2 ! 1993 AFC Champ . 1994 Wild Card 1995 Div . 1997 Div . 2003 Div . 2006 Wild Card 2010 Wild Card 2013 Wild Card 13 -- 30 17 -- 27 7 -- 10 10 -- 14 31 -- 38 8 -- 23 7 -- 30 44 -- 45 Bills Dolphins Colts Broncos Colts Colts Ravens Colts 2015 Wild Card Los Angeles Chargers 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 years 1994 AFC Championship 4.8 ! 4 1994.2 ! Super Bowl XXIX 1995 Wild Card 2004 Wild Card 2006 Div . 26 -- 49 20 -- 35 17 -- 20 ( OT ) 21 -- 24 49ers Colts Jets Patriots 2007 Div ! 2007 Wild Card Los Angeles Rams 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 years 1951 Championship 5.5 ! 5 1952 Nat . Conf . 1955 NFL Champ . 1967 NFL W Conf . 1969 NFL W Conf . 1973 Div . 21 -- 31 14 -- 38 7 -- 28 20 -- 23 16 -- 27 Lions Browns Packers Vikings Cowboys 1974 Divisional Miami Dolphins 002 ( 4 loss ) streaks 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 years 1973 Super Bowl 4.5 ! 4 1974 Div . 1978 Wild Card 1979 Div . 1981 Div . 26 -- 28 9 -- 17 14 -- 34 38 -- 41 ( OT ) Raiders Oilers Steelers Chargers 1982 First Round 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 years 2000 Wild Card 4.9 ! 4 2000 Div . 2001 Wild Card 2008 Wild Card 2016 Wild Card 0 -- 27 3 -- 20 9 -- 27 12 -- 30 Raiders Ravens Ravens Steelers TBD Minnesota Vikings 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 years 1988 Wild Card 6.3 ! 6 1988 Div . 1989 Div . 1992 Wild Card 1993 Wild Card 1994 Wild Card 1996 Wild Card 9 -- 34 13 -- 41 7 -- 24 10 -- 17 18 -- 35 15 -- 45 49ers 49ers Redskins Giants Bears Cowboys 1997 Wild Card New England Patriots 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 years 1963 Divisional 4.6 ! 4 1963 AFL Champ . 1976 Div . 1978 Div . 1982 1st Round 10 -- 51 21 -- 24 14 -- 31 13 -- 28 Chargers Raiders Oilers Dolphins 1985 Wild Card New Orleans Saints 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 years 1967 Enfranchised No Playoff Wins till 2000 4.7 ! 4 1987 Wild Card 1990 Wild Card 1991 Wild Card 1992 Wild Card 10 -- 44 6 -- 16 20 -- 27 20 -- 36 Vikings Bears Falcons Eagles 2000 Wild Card New York Giants 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 years 1938 Championship 6.4 ! 6 1939 NFL Champ . 1941 NFL Champ . 1943 East Div . 1944 NFL Champ . 1946 NFL Champ . 1950 Am. Conf . 0 -- 27 9 -- 37 0 -- 28 7 -- 14 14 -- 24 3 -- 8 Packers Bears Redskins Packers Bears Browns 1956 Championship New York Jets 005 ( 2 loss ) streaks 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 years 1968 Super Bowl III 2.8 ! 2 1969 AFL Div . 1981 Wild Card 6 -- 13 27 -- 31 Chiefs Bills 1982 First Round 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 years 1982 2nd Round 2.9 ! 2 1982.1 ! 1982 AFC Champ . 1985 Wild Card 0 -- 14 14 -- 26 Dolphins Patriots 1986 Wild Card 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 years 1986 Wild Card 2.91 ! 2 1986 Div . 1991 Wild Card 20 -- 23 ( 2 OT ) 10 -- 17 Browns Oilers 1998 World ! 1998 Divisional 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 years 1998 Divisional 2.92 ! 2 1998.1 ! 1998 AFC Champ . 2001 Wild Card 10 -- 23 24 -- 38 Broncos Raiders 2002 Div ! 2002 Wild Card 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 years Wild Card 2.93 ! 2 2004.1 ! 2004 Divisional 2006 Wild Card 17 -- 20 ( OT ) 16 -- 37 Steelers Patriots 2009 Wild Card Oakland Raiders 004 ( 2 loss ) streaks 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 years 1970 Divisional 2.94 ! 2 1970 AFC Champ . 1972 Div . 17 -- 27 7 -- 13 Colts Steelers 1973 Divisional 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 years Super Bowl XVIII 2.95 ! 2 1984 Wild Card 1985 Div . 7 -- 13 20 -- 27 Seahawks Patriots 1990 Divisional 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 years 1990 Divisional 2.96 ! 2 1990.2 ! 1990 AFC Champ . 1991 Wild Card 3 -- 51 6 -- 10 Bills Chiefs 1993 Wild Card 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 years 2002 AFC Championship 2.96 ! 2 1990.2 ! Super Bowl XXXVIII 2016 Wild Card 24 - 41 14 - 27 Bucs Texans TBD Philadelphia Eagles 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 years 1980 Conference Championship 5.4 ! 5 1980.1 ! Super Bowl XV 1981 Wild Card 1988 Div . 1989 Wild Card 1990 Wild Card 10 -- 27 21 -- 27 12 -- 20 7 -- 21 6 -- 20 Raiders Giants Bears Rams Redskins 1992 Wild Card Pittsburgh Steelers 002 ( 3 loss ) streaks 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 years 1989 Wild Card 3.3 ! 3 1989.1 ! 1989 Div . 1992 Div . 1993 Wild Card 23 -- 24 3 -- 24 24 -- 27 Broncos Bills Chiefs 1994 Divisional 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 years 2010 AFC Championship 2010.1 ! Super Bowl XLV 2011 Wild Card 2014 Wild Card 25 -- 31 23 -- 29 17 -- 30 Packers Broncos Ravens 2015 Wild Card San Francisco 49ers 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 years 1984 Super Bowl XIX 3.4 ! 3 1985 Wild Card 1986 Div . 1987 Div . 3 -- 17 3 -- 49 24 -- 36 Giants Giants Vikings 1988 Divisional Seattle Seahawks 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 years 1984 Su ! 1984 Wild Card 6.5 ! 6 1984.2 ! 1984 Div . 1987 Wild Card 1988 Div . 1999 Wild Card 2003 Wild Card 2004 Wild Card 10 -- 31 20 -- 23 ( OT ) 13 -- 21 17 -- 20 27 -- 33 ( OT ) 20 -- 27 Dolphins Oilers Bengals Dolphins Packers Rams 2005 Divisional Tampa Bay Buccaneers 002 ( 3 loss ) streaks 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 years 1979 Divisional 3.5 ! 3 1979.2 ! 1979 NFC Champ . 1981 Div . 1982 1st Round 0 -- 9 0 -- 38 17 -- 30 Rams Cowboys Cowboys 1997 Wild Card 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 years 1999 Divisional 3.6 ! 3 1999.3 ! 1999 NFC Champ . 2000 Wild Card 2001 Wild Card 6 -- 11 3 -- 21 9 -- 31 Rams Eagles Eagles 2002 Divisional Tennessee Titans ^ 004 ( 3 loss ) streaks 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 years 1961 AFL Championship 3.7 ! 3 1962 AFL Champ . 1967 AFL Champ . 1969 AFL Div . 17 -- 20 ( 2 OT ) 7 -- 40 7 -- 56 Chief ! Dallas Texans Raiders Raiders 1978 Wild Card 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 years 1988 Wild Card 3.8 ! 3 1988 Div . 1989 Wild Card 1990 Wild Card 10 -- 17 23 -- 26 ( OT ) 14 -- 41 Bills Steelers Bengals 1991 Wild Card 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 years 1991 Div ! 1991 Wild Card 3.9 ! 3 1991.1 ! 1991 Divisional 1992 Wild Card 1993 Divisional 24 -- 26 38 -- 41 ( OT ) 20 -- 28 Broncos Bills Chiefs 1999 Wild Card 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 years 2003 Wild Card 3.91 ! 3 2003.3 ! 2003 Div . 2007 Wild Card 2008 Div . 14 -- 17 6 -- 17 10 -- 13 Patriots Chargers Ravens TBD Washington Redskins 002 ( 4 loss ) streaks 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 years 1972 NFC Championship 4.9 ! 4 1972.2 ! Super Bowl VII 1973 Div . 1974 Div . 1976 Div . 7 -- 14 20 -- 27 10 -- 19 20 -- 35 Dolphins Vikings Rams Vikings 1982 First Round 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 years 2005 Wild Card 4.9 ! 4 2005 Div . 2007 Wild Card 2012 Wild Card 2015 Wild Card 10 -- 20 14 -- 35 14 -- 24 18 -- 35 Seahawks Seahawks Seahawks Packers TBD Team Streak lasted Last win Games Lost Playoff Games Score Opponent Next win These three streaks occurred when the team was known as the Houston Oilers . Longest postseason droughts in team history ( edit ) Updated through the 2016 season . Note that the NFL did not institute a permanent playoff tournament until 1967 and that the NFL Championship Game and any impromptu one - game playoffs ( played only in the event of a tie atop the division standings ) were the only postseason matchups in this era ( the Bert Bell Benefit Bowl is considered an exhibition game for the purpose of this list ) . 0 ^ 0 Denotes active streak No post season appearances Team Longest streak with no post-season appearances Seasons Washington Redskins 1946 -- 1970 25 Arizona Cardinals 1949 -- 1973 25 Pittsburgh Steelers 1948 -- 1971 24 New Orleans Saints 1967 -- 1986 20 Denver Broncos 1960 -- 1976 17 Philadelphia Eagles 1961 -- 1977 17 New York Giants 1964 -- 1980 17 Buffalo Bills ^ 2000 -- 2016 ^ 17 Detroit Lions 1936 -- 1951 16 Green Bay Packers 1945 -- 1959 15 Kansas City Chiefs 1972 -- 1985 14 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 1983 -- 1996 14 Cincinnati Bengals 1991 -- 2004 14 Cleveland Browns ^ 2003 -- 2016 ^ 14 Chicago Bears 1964 -- 1976 13 Los Angeles Chargers 1966 -- 1978 13 Oakland Raiders 2003 -- 2015 13 San Francisco 49ers 1958 -- 1969 12 New England Patriots 1964 -- 1975 12 Atlanta Falcons 1966 -- 1977 12 Los Angeles Rams ^ 2005 -- 2016 ^ 12 New York Jets 1970 -- 1980 11 Seattle Seahawks 1989 -- 1998 10 Indianapolis Colts 1978 -- 1986 9 Houston Texans 2002 -- 2010 9 Jacksonville Jaguars ^ 2008 -- 2016 ^ 9 Tennessee Titans 1970 -- 1977 8 Minnesota Vikings 1961 -- 1967 7 Miami Dolphins 2009 -- 2015 7 Dallas Cowboys 1960 -- 1965 6 Carolina Panthers 1997 -- 2002 6 Baltimore Ravens 1996 -- 1999 Team Longest streak with no post-season appearances Seasons No post season victories Team Longest streak with no post-season victories Seasons Arizona Cardinals 1948 -- 1997 50 Pittsburgh Steelers 1933 -- 1971 39 Detroit Lions 1958 -- 1990 33 New Orleans Saints 1967 -- 1999 33 Washington Redskins 1944 -- 1971 28 Cincinnati Bengals ^ 1991 -- 2016 ^ 26 Indianapolis Colts 1972 -- 1994 23 Los Angeles Rams 1952 -- 1973 22 New York Giants 1959 -- 1980 22 New England Patriots 1964 -- 1984 21 Kansas City Chiefs 1970 -- 1990 1994 -- 2014 21 Buffalo Bills ^ 1996 -- 2016 ^ 21 San Francisco 49ers 1950 -- 1969 20 Chicago Bears 1964 -- 1983 20 Seattle Seahawks 1985 -- 2004 20 Cleveland Browns ^ 1995 , 1999 -- 2016 ^ 19 Philadelphia Eagles 1961 -- 1978 18 Denver Broncos 1960 -- 1976 17 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 1980 -- 1996 17 Green Bay Packers 1945 -- 1960 16 Tennessee Titans 1962 -- 1977 16 Los Angeles Chargers 1964 -- 1979 16 Miami Dolphins ^ 2001 -- 2016 ^ 16 Oakland Raiders ^ 2003 -- 2016 ^ 14 New York Jets 1969 -- 1981 13 Atlanta Falcons 1966 -- 1977 ; 1979 -- 1990 12 Dallas Cowboys 1997 -- 2008 12 Houston Texans 2002 -- 2010 9 Jacksonville Jaguars ^ 2008 -- 2016 ^ 9 Minnesota Vikings 1961 -- 1968 ; 1989 -- 1996 8 Carolina Panthers 2006 -- 2013 8 Baltimore Ravens 2002 -- 2007 6 Team Longest streak with no post-season victories Seasons See also ( edit ) List of NFL franchise post-season streaks List of current National Football League consecutive playoff appearances List of last undefeated NFL teams by season List of NFL champions ( 1920 -- 69 ) List of Super Bowl Champions List of Major League Baseball franchise postseason droughts List of MLS club post-season droughts List of NBA franchise post-season droughts List of NHL franchise post-season droughts References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Season Index '' . pro-football-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved June 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Playoff Picture '' . National Football League . November 5 , 2015 . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rodak , Mike ( September 26 , 2015 ) . `` Bills now have longest playoff drought among major sports '' . ESPN . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Super Bowl List '' . pro-football-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved June 10 , 2012 . NFL playoffs Conference tiebreakers 1941 1943 1947 1950 1952 1957 1958 1965 NFL playoff system 1967 1968 1969 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 American Football League playoffs Post-season streaks Post-season droughts AFC Championship Game broadcasters AFL Championship Game broadcasters NFC Championship Game broadcasters NFL Championship Game broadcasters Playoff Bowl broadcasters Super Bowl broadcasters NFL playoff results NFL playoff games NFL starting quarterback playoff records Head coaches by playoff record National Football League ( 2017 ) AFC East North South West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC East North South West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history AFL Championship ( 1960 -- 1969 ) NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Other Owners Officials Properties Stadiums ( chronology ) Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated Awards All - Pro Numbers ( retired ) Hall of Fame Lore Nicknames AFL Merger International Foreign players London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S. Media TV NFL Network Radio Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement NFLPA Player conduct Suspensions Player misconduct Combine Draft Training camp Rivalries NFL Foundation Tied games Canceled games Lockouts Controversies Cheerleading Mascots Color Rush Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_NFL_franchise_post-season_droughts&oldid=807204588 '' Categories : National Football League lists National Football League playoffs Playoff streaks American football records and statistics Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 26 October 2017 , at 15 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
when was the last time cleveland browns went to playoffs
[ "\nPlayoff Droughts [1][2]\n\n0Team0\nLast earned appearance in post-season\nSeasons\n\n\nBuffalo Bills ^\n1999 AFC Wild Card Playoffs\n17\n\n\nCleveland Browns ^\n2002 AFC Wild Card Playoffs\n14\n\n\nLos Angeles Rams ^\n2004 NFC Divisional Playoffs\n12\n\n\nJacksonville Jaguars ^\n2007 AFC Divisional Playoffs\n9\n\n\nTampa Bay Buccaneers\n2007 NFC Wild Card Playoffs\n9\n\n\nTennessee Titans †\n2008 AFC Divisional Playoffs\n8\n\n\nNew York Jets\n2010 AFC Championship Game\n6\n\n\nChicago Bears\n2010 NFC Championship Game\n6\n\n\nPhiladelphia Eagles\n2013 NFC Wild Card Playoffs\n3\n\n\nLos Angeles Chargers\n2013 AFC Divisional Playoffs\n3\n\n\nNew Orleans Saints\n2013 NFC Divisional Playoffs\n3\n\n\nSan Francisco 49ers\n2013 NFC Championship Game\n3\n\n\nBaltimore Ravens\n2014 AFC Divisional Playoffs\n2\n\n\nIndianapolis Colts\n2014 AFC Championship Game\n2\n\n\nCincinnati Bengals\n2015 AFC Wild Card Playoffs\n1\n\n\nMinnesota Vikings\n2015 NFC Wild Card Playoffs\n1\n\n\nWashington Redskins\n2015 NFC Wild Card Playoffs\n1\n\n\nArizona Cardinals\n2015 NFC Championship Game\n1\n\n\nDenver Broncos\nSuper Bowl L\n1\n\n\nCarolina Panthers\nSuper Bowl L\n1\n\n\n2016 Playoff Teams\n\n\nMiami Dolphins\n2016 AFC Wild Card Playoffs\n—\n\n\nOakland Raiders\n2016 AFC Wild Card Playoffs\n—\n\n\nNew York Giants\n2016 NFC Wild Card Playoffs\n—\n\n\nDetroit Lions\n2016 NFC Wild Card Playoffs\n—\n\n\nKansas City Chiefs\n2016 AFC Divisional Playoffs\n—\n\n\nHouston Texans\n2016 AFC Divisional Playoffs\n—\n\n\nDallas Cowboys\n2016 NFC Divisional Playoffs\n—\n\n\nSeattle Seahawks\n2016 NFC Divisional Playoffs\n—\n\n\nPittsburgh Steelers\n2016 AFC Championship Game\n—\n\n\nGreen Bay Packers\n2016 NFC Championship Game\n—\n\n\nNew England Patriots\nSuper Bowl LI\n—\n\n\nAtlanta Falcons\nSuper Bowl LI\n—\n\n" ]
[ "2002" ]
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Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2017
Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2017 - wikipedia Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2017 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Li'l Champs 2017 सुरों का दंगल Suron Ka Dangal Created by Zee TV , Gajendra Singh Presented by Aditya Narayan Judges Himesh Reshammiya Javed Ali Neha Kakkar Country of origin India Original language ( s ) Hindi No. of episodes 69 Production Producer ( s ) Essel Vision Productions Running time 60 - 120 minutes Release Original network Zee TV Picture format 576i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release February 25 , 2017 -- 29 October 2017 Chronology Preceded by Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2014 Related shows Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs External links Website Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2017 ( stylised as Saregamapa Li'l Champs ) is a singing competition television series , which premiered on February 25 , 2017 on Zee TV . The series airs every Saturday and Sunday nights at 9 pm . In a ' Back to School ' format that lends itself to a spirited atmosphere of camaraderie and fun , the L'il Champs will represent their schools . For the first time in L'il Champs , they have incorporated the format created for Sa Re Ga Ma Pa 2016 . There is a 30 - member Grand Jury which grades the contestants and the average percentage of their scores is displayed . Himesh Reshammiya , Neha Kakkar and Javed Ali are the mentors in the show , whereas Aditya Narayan is the host . The show went off air on 29 October 2017 following the Great Grand Finale in Jaipur . Shreyan Bhattacharya and Anjali Gaikwad were announced as the winners . Contents ( hide ) 1 Format 2 Grand Jury 3 Top 15 Contestants 4 References Format Children aged 5 - 14 years participate in a singing competition . In the auditions round , they have 100 seconds to impress the three judges and the 30 - members of the grand jury . If two of the three judges say YES and they secure at least 50 per cent of the support of the Grand Jury , then the contestant progresses to the next round . In the Gala round , the judges select the ' Student of the Week ' who is the best performer according to them . The contestant gets to sit on a ' flying sofa ' , which indicates that the contestant is safe from next week 's elimination . The audience vote will come in later in the competition . The contestant with the highest votes in the final round will win the competition . Grand jury The show has a panel of 30 jury members who are experts from the music industry . They closely assess the contestants from the audition stage wherein they help the mentors in the selection process and are present in the show during the studio rounds too . Some of them are : Pandit Ajay Pohankar ( Classical maestro ) Ami Mishra ( singer , composer ) Amit Mishra ( singer ) Aneek Dhar ( singer , winner of Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2007 ) Arpita Mukherjee ( singer ) , winner of Sa Re Ga Ma Pa : Golden Voice Hunt ) Arvinder Singh ( singer ) Asees Kaur ( singer ) Bhavya Pandit ( singer ) Chintu Singh ( guitarist ) Debojit Saha ( singer , winner of Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2005 ) Earl Edgar URL ( rapper , singer ) Eric Pillai ( mixing engineer & music producer ) Ghanshyam Vaswani ( singer ) Hamsika Iyer ( singer ) Hrishikesh Chury ( singer ) Jalees Sherwani ( lyricist ) Jasraj Jayant Joshi ( singer , winner of Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2012 ) Jolly Mukherjee ( singer ) Kamal Khan ( singer , winner of Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Singing Superstar ) Kiran Kamath ( music producer , DJ ) Manasi Scott ( singer , songwriter ) Murtaza Khan ( singer ) Nandini Srikar ( singer ) Nikhil Paul George ( singer , record producer & composer ) Padma Wadkar ( singer , winner of the first series of Sa Re Ga Ma in 1995 ) DJ Paroma ( celebrity DJ ) Pavni Pandey ( singer ) Prashant Ingole ( lyricist ) Raja Hasan ( singer , contestant on Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2007 ) Ram Shankar ( singer & composer ) Raman Mahadevan ( singer ) Ranjeet Rajwada ( singer , contestant on Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Singing Superstar ) Ronu Majumdar ( flautist ) Sachin Kumar Valmiki ( singer ) Sandeep Batraa ( singer , contestant on Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2005 and Fame Gurukul ) Sarfraz Ahmed Khan ( Sufi maestro ) Shabbir Ahmed ( lyricist ) Shamsher Singh ( composer , brother of Daler Mehndi and Mika Singh ) Shashi Suman ( singer & composer ) Shibani Kashyap ( singer ) Shriram Iyer ( singer ) Sumedha Karmahe ( singer , contestant on Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2007 ) Suzanne D'Mello ( singer ) Vaishali Made ( singer , winner of Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2009 ) Dr. Vinod Hasal ( Kathak exponent ) Vipin Aneja ( singer ) Yashita Yashpal Sharma ( singer , contestant on Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2009 ) Top 15 Contestants Contestant Age ( in years ) From hide Result Adnan Hussain Sabri 12 Mumbai Maharashtra Eliminated Dhroon Tickoo 11 Amritsar Punjab Runner - up Jasu Khan Mir 13 Rajasthan Eliminated Rajashree Bag 14 Kolkata West Bengal Eliminated Riya Biswas 13 Kolkata West Bengal Runner - up Saimann Sewa 13 Siliguri Eliminated Satyajeet Jena 12 Bhubaneshwar Odisha Quits on June 24 , 2017 Shaktiswaroopa Panda 9 Odisha Eliminated Shanmukhapriya 14 Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh Runner - up Shreyan Bhattacharya 11 Midnapur West Bengal Winner Sonakshi Kar 13 Kolkata West Bengal Runner - up Tanya Tiwari 13 Varanasi Uttar Pradesh Eliminated Utkarsh Wankhede 11 Nagpur Maharashtra Eliminated Yumna Ajin 11 Kerala Runner - up Jayas Kumar Delhi Runner - up Anjali Gaikwad 11 Ahmednagar , Maharashtra Winner References Jump up ^ Zee TV - Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2017 ^ Jump up to : `` Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Lil Champs 2017 : Anjali Gaikwad and Shreyan Bhattacharya are the winners of the show '' . Retrieved 9 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Li'l Champs winners : Shreyan Bhattacharya , Anjali Gaikwad jointly lift the trophy '' . The Indian Express . 29 October 2017 . Retrieved 9 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2017 - Format Jump up ^ Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2017 - Grand Jury Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2005 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Ek Main Aur Ek Tu Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2007 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2009 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Mega Challenge Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Singing Superstar Sa Re Ga Ma Pa 2012 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs International Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2009 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2011 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2014 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2017 Regional shows Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Marathi L'il Champs Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge USA 2008 Zee Tamil Sa Re Ga Ma Pa 2009 Challenge Programs currently broadcast by Zee TV Soap operas Aap Ke Aa Jane Se Bhootu Kaliren Kumkum Bhagya Kundali Bhagya Jeet Gayi Toh Piya Morey Piyaa Albela Woh Apna Sa Zindagi Ki Mahek Ishq Subhan Allah Reality shows Dance India Dance Weekend shows Fear Files Reality television shows in India Adventure Fear Factor India ( Fear Factor : Khatron Ke Khiladi ) Survivor India Roadies Comedy Comedy Circus Comedy Nights Bachao Comedy Nights Live Comedy Nights with Kapil Majaa Talkies Comedy Superstars Laugh India Laugh Lunars Comedy Express Mirakkel The Great Indian Laughter Challenge The Kapil Sharma Show Dance D 4 Dance Dance Bangla Dance Dance India Dance Dance Plus Dance Champions Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa Jodi Number One Kings of Dance ( season 2 ) Just Dance Nach Baliye Dating MTV Splitsvilla Power Couple Food Dhe Chef Foodistan MasterChef India Kitchen Champion Game 10 Ka Dum Deal Ya No Deal India Poochega Sabse Shaana Kaun ? Kaiyil Oru Kodi - Are You Ready ? Kannadada Kotyadhipati Kaun Banega Crorepati Minute To Win It Neengalum Vellalam Oru Kodi Ningalkkum Aakaam Kodeeshwaran Music Antakshari Intercollegiate Championship Bol Baby Bol Asianet Super Voice Quiz Bournvita Quiz Contest Dadagiri Unlimited Disney Q Family Mastermind Jabab Kinte Chai Kya Aap Paanchvi Pass Se Tez Hain ? Quizzing in India Sell Me the Answer Thatt Antha Heli Singing Airtel Super Singer Airtel Super Singer Junior Fame Gurukul Idea Star Singer Indian Idol Sa Re Ga Ma Pa ( Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs ) Voice of India Lip Sing Battle Sports Box Cricket League BCL Punjab Zee 20 Cricket League Others Bigg Boss Bigg Boss Bangla Bigg Boss Tamil Bigg Boss Kannada Bigg Boss Malayalam Bigg Boss Telugu Biggest Loser Jeetega India 's Got Talent Lead India Malayalee House National Bingo Night Nayika Nayakan Sacch Ka Saamna Defunct Ad Mad Show Antakshari -- The Great Challenge Baazi Kiski Biggest Loser Jeetega Boogie Woogie Champions of the World Dance Premier League Deal Ya No Deal Fame X India 's Magic Star Iss Jungle Se Mujhe Bachao Jo Jeeta Wohi Super Star Junoon Lead India Mastermind India Perfect Bride National Bingo Night Sawaal Dus Crore Ka Swayamwar Titan Antakshari Zee Cinestars Zor Ka Jhatka Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sa_Re_Ga_Ma_Pa_L%27il_Champs_2017&oldid=841236171 '' Categories : 2010s Indian television series Hindi - language television programs Music competitions in India Singing talent shows Television shows set in Mumbai Zee TV television series Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from August 2017 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 14 May 2018 , at 18 : 26 ( UTC ) . 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who is the winner of sa re ga ma pa little champ
[ "For the first time in L'il Champs, they have incorporated the format created for Sa Re Ga Ma Pa 2016. There is a 30-member Grand Jury which grades the contestants and the average percentage of their scores is displayed. Himesh Reshammiya, Neha Kakkar and Javed Ali are the mentors in the show, whereas Aditya Narayan is the host.[1] The show went off air on 29 October 2017 following the Great Grand Finale in Jaipur. Shreyan Bhattacharya and Anjali Gaikwad were announced as the winners.[2][3]\n", "For the first time in L'il Champs, they have incorporated the format created for Sa Re Ga Ma Pa 2016. There is a 30-member Grand Jury which grades the contestants and the average percentage of their scores is displayed. Himesh Reshammiya, Neha Kakkar and Javed Ali are the mentors in the show, whereas Aditya Narayan is the host.[1] The show went off air on 29 October 2017 following the Great Grand Finale in Jaipur. Shreyan Bhattacharya and Anjali Gaikwad were announced as the winners.[2][3]\n" ]
[ "Shreyan Bhattacharya", "Anjali Gaikwad" ]
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Good Times
Good Times - wikipedia Good Times For the Chinese television series , see Good Times ( TV series ) . For other uses , see Good Times ( disambiguation ) . Good Times Genre Sitcom Created by Eric Monte and Mike Evans Developed by Norman Lear Directed by Gerren Keith Herbert Kenwith Bob LaHendro Donald McKayle Perry Rosemond Starring Esther Rolle ( Seasons 1 - 4 , 6 ) John Amos ( Seasons 1 -- 3 ) Jimmie Walker Ja'net Dubois Bern Nadette Stanis Ralph Carter Johnny Brown ( Seasons 2 - 6 ) Janet Jackson ( Seasons 5 -- 6 ) Ben Powers ( Season 6 ) Theme music composer Dave Grusin Alan Bergman Marilyn Bergman Opening theme `` Good Times '' performed by Jim Gilstrap and Blinky Williams Composer ( s ) Dave Grusin Alan and Marilyn Bergman Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 6 No. of episodes 133 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Norman Lear ( 1974 -- 75 ) Allan Manings ( 1974 -- 77 ) Austin and Irma Kalish ( 1976 -- 78 ) Norman Paul ( 1975 -- 79 ) Producer ( s ) Allan Manings Jack Elinson ( 1975 -- 76 ) Norman Paul Austin and Irma Kalish Lloyd Turner ( 1977 -- 78 ) Gordon Mitchell ( 1977 -- 78 ) Sid Dorfman ( 1978 -- 79 ) Production location ( s ) CBS Television City , Hollywood , California ( 1974 -- 75 ) Metromedia Square , Hollywood , California ( 1975 -- 79 ) Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 22 -- 24 minutes Production company ( s ) Tandem Productions Distributor PITS Films ( 1979 -- 1984 ) Embassy Telecommunications ( 1984 -- 1986 ) Embassy Communications ( 1986 -- 1988 ) Columbia Pictures Television ( 1988 -- 1995 ) Columbia TriStar Television ( 1995 -- 2002 ) Sony Pictures Television ( 2002 -- present ) Release Original network CBS Original release February 8 , 1974 ( 1974 - 02 - 08 ) -- August 1 , 1979 ( 1979 - 08 - 01 ) Chronology Preceded by All in the Family Maude Related shows Checking In The Jeffersons Archie Bunker 's Place Gloria 704 Hauser Good Times is an American sitcom that aired on CBS from February 8 , 1974 , to August 1 , 1979 . Created by Eric Monte and Mike Evans , and developed by Norman Lear , the series ' primary executive producer , it was television 's first African American two - parent family sitcom . Good Times was billed as a spin - off of Maude , which was itself a spin - off of All in the Family . Contents 1 Synopsis 1.1 Cast conflicts 1.2 Final seasons 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Minor characters 2.3 Notable guest stars 3 Production notes 3.1 Theme song and opening sequence 4 Episodes 5 Reception 5.1 Ratings 6 Awards and nominations 7 Syndication 8 DVD releases 9 References 10 External links Synopsis ( edit ) John Amos and Esther Rolle , 1974 Florida and James Evans and their three children live at 921 North Gilbert Avenue , apartment 17C , in a housing project in a poor , black neighborhood in inner - city Chicago . The project is unnamed on the show , but is implicitly the infamous Cabrini -- Green projects , shown in the opening and closing credits . Florida and James have three children : James Jr. , also known as `` J.J. '' ; Thelma ; and Michael , called `` the militant midget '' by his father due to his passionate activism . When the series begins , J.J. is seventeen years old , Thelma is sixteen , and Michael is eleven . Their exuberant neighbor , and Florida 's best friend , is Willona Woods , a recent divorcée who works at a boutique . Their building superintendent is Nathan Bookman ( seasons 2 -- 6 ) , who James , Willona and later J.J. refer to as `` Buffalo Butt '' , or , even more derisively , `` Booger '' . Jimmie Walker and Esther Rolle , 1974 The characters originated on the sitcom Maude as Florida and Henry Evans , with Florida employed as Maude Findlay 's housekeeper in Tuckahoe , New York , and Henry employed as a New York City firefighter . When producers decided to feature the Florida character in her own show , they changed the characters ' history to fit a new series that was well into development rather than start from scratch to create a consistent starring vehicle . Henry 's name became James , he worked various odd jobs , there was no mention of Maude , and the couple lived in Chicago . Episodes of Good Times deal with the characters ' attempts to overcome poverty living in a high rise project building in Chicago . James Evans often works at least two jobs , mostly manual labor such as dishwasher , construction laborer , etc . Often he is unemployed , but he is a proud man who will not accept charity . When he has to , he hustles money playing pool , although Florida disapproves of this . Cast conflicts ( edit ) Good Times was intended to be a good show for Esther Rolle and John Amos . Both expected the show to deal with serious topics in a comedic way while providing positive characters for viewers to identify with . However , Jimmie Walker 's character of J.J. was an immediate hit with audiences and became the breakout character of the series . J.J. 's frequent use of the expression `` Dy - no - mite ! '' ( often in the phrase `` Kid Dy - no - mite ! '' ) , credited to director John Rich , became a popular catchphrase ( later included in TV Land 's The 100 Greatest TV Quotes and Catch Phrases special ) . Rich insisted Walker say it in every episode . Walker and executive producer Norman Lear were skeptical of the idea , but the phrase and the J.J. Evans character caught on with the audience . As a result of the character 's popularity , the writers focused more on J.J. 's comedic antics instead of serious issues . Through seasons two and three , Rolle and Amos grew increasingly disillusioned with the direction of the show and especially with J.J. 's antics and stereotypically buffoonish behavior . Rolle was vocal about her hate of his character . In a 1975 interview with Ebony magazine she stated : He 's 18 and he does n't work . He ca n't read or write . He does n't think . The show did n't start out to be that ... Little by little -- with the help of the artist , I suppose , because they could n't do that to me -- they have made J.J. more stupid and enlarged the role . Negative images have been slipped in on us through the character of the oldest child . Although doing so less publicly , Amos also was outspoken about his dissatisfaction with the J.J. character . Amos stated : The writers would prefer to put a chicken hat on J.J. and have him prance around saying `` DY - NO - MITE '' , and that way they could waste a few minutes and not have to write meaningful dialogue . While Amos was less public with his dissatisfaction , he was ultimately fired after season three due to disagreements with Norman Lear . Amos ' departure was initially attributed to his desire to focus on a film career , but he admitted in a 1976 interview that Lear called him and told him that his contract option with the show was not being renewed . Amos stated , `` That 's the same thing as being fired . '' The producers decided not to recast the character of James Evans , instead opting to kill off the character in the two - part season four episode , `` The Big Move '' . Final seasons ( edit ) By the end of season four , Esther Rolle had also become dissatisfied with the show 's direction and decided to leave the series . In the final two episodes of the season , `` Love Has a Spot On His Lung '' , Rolle 's character gets engaged to Carl Dixon ( Moses Gunn ) , a man she began dating toward the end of season four . In the season five premiere episode , it is revealed that Florida and Carl married off screen and moved to Arizona for the sake of Carl 's health . With Amos and Rolle gone , Ja'net Dubois took over as the lead character , as Willona checked in on the Evans children since they were now living alone . In season five Janet Jackson joined the cast , playing Penny Gordon Woods , an abused girl who is abandoned by her mother and eventually adopted by Willona . Before taping of season six began , CBS and the show 's producers decided that they had to do `` something drastic '' to increase viewership . According to then - vice president of CBS programming Steve Mills , `` We had lost the essence of the show . Without parental guidance the show slipped . Everything told us that : our mail , our phone calls , our research . We felt we had to go back to basics . '' Producers approached Esther Rolle with an offer to appear in a guest role on the series . Rolle was initially hesitant but when producers agreed to a number of her demands ( including an increased salary and higher quality scripts ) , she agreed to return to the series on a full - time basis . Rolle also wanted producers to make the character of J.J. more responsible , as she felt the character was a poor role model for black American youths . She also requested that producers write out the character of Carl Dixon ; Rolle reportedly disliked the storyline surrounding the Carl Dixon character , as she believed Florida would not have moved on so quickly after James ' death or leave her children . Rolle also thought the writers had disregarded Florida 's devout Christian beliefs by having her fall for and marry Carl , who was an atheist . In the season six premiere episode `` Florida 's Homecoming : Part 1 '' , Florida returns from Arizona without Carl to attend Thelma 's upcoming wedding to professional football player Keith Anderson ( Ben Powers , who joined the cast for the final season ) . In a rare uncut version of `` Florida 's Homecoming : Part 2 '' , after Florida arrives home from Arizona , Willona briefly pulls her aside and mentions Carl , to which Florida sadly smiles and shakes her head implying that Carl had died from cancer . Florida later mentions Carl one last time when she tells Michael about a book they 'd both bought him . Despite changes in the series at Esther Rolle 's request and her return , ratings did not improve and CBS canceled the series during the 1978 -- 79 season . In the series finale , `` The End of the Rainbow '' , each character finally gets a `` happy ending . '' J.J. gets his big break as an artist for a comic book company with his newly created character , DynoWoman , which is based on Thelma ( much to her surprise and delight ) , and is moving into an apartment with some lady friends . Michael attends college and moves into an on - campus dorm . Keith 's bad knee heals due to his exercise and own physical therapy , leading to the Chicago Bears offering him a contract to play football . Keith announces that he and Thelma are moving into a luxury apartment in the city 's upscale Gold Coast district . Thelma also announces that she is pregnant with the couple 's first child . Keith offers Florida the chance to move in with them so she can help Thelma with the new baby . Willona becomes the head buyer of the boutique she works in and announces that she and Penny are also moving out of the projects . Willona then reveals that her new apartment is in the same apartment building that Keith , Thelma and Florida are moving to ; once again , she and Penny become the Evans ' downstairs neighbors . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Actor Character Seasons 5 6 Esther Rolle Florida Evans Main Main John Amos James Evans Main Ja'net Dubois Willona Woods Main Jimmie Walker James `` J.J. '' Evans Jr . Main Ralph Carter Michael Evans Main Bern Nadette Stanis Thelma Evans Anderson Main Johnny Brown Nathan Bookman Recurring Main Janet Jackson Millicent `` Penny '' Gordon Woods Main Ben Powers Keith Anderson Main Bern Nadette Stanis was credited as `` Bern Nadette '' during early episodes of season one , and later as `` Bernnadette Stanis . '' Minor characters ( edit ) Johnny Brown as superintendent Nathan ( `` Buffalo Butt '' ) Bookman Ned the Wino ( Raymond Allen ) is the local drunk who frequents the neighborhood and the apartment building where the Evans family reside . In the season one episode `` Black Jesus '' , J.J. uses Ned the Wino as the model for a portrait of Jesus . Another episode is centered on Michael 's plan to `` clean up '' Ned and get him off the booze by letting him stay at the Evans ' house . Carl Dixon ( Moses Gunn ) is an atheist shop owner who Michael briefly works for . Despite their religious differences , Carl and Florida begin dating and become engaged in the final episode of season four . Carl breaks off the engagement after he is diagnosed with lung cancer . After a talk from Bookman , Carl again asks Florida for her hand in marriage . The two marry off - screen and move to Arizona . Florida returns at the beginning of season six , without Carl , for Thelma 's wedding . Carl is referenced briefly in episode two of season six , but he is never mentioned again ( Florida continues to use the surname Evans instead of Dixon ) . ( Esther Rolle decided to come back to the show if the character was written out . ) Florida then revealed he died from his battle of lung cancer . Marion `` Sweet Daddy '' Williams ( Theodore Wilson ) is a menacing neighborhood numbers runner and pimp , who has a reputation for wearing flashy clothing and jewelry . He is usually accompanied by bodyguards ( one portrayed by Bubba Smith , the other by series painter Ernie Barnes ) and comes across as cool and threatening , but has shown a soft heart on occasion , particularly when he decided not to take an antique locket ( to settle a debt ) that Florida had given to Thelma because it had reminded him of his late mother . ( Wilson also plays a club owner named Stanley in the season four episode , `` The Comedian and the Loan Sharks '' ) . Alderman Fred C. Davis ( Albert Reed , Jr . ) is a local politician with a slightly shady disposition whom the Evans generally despise . Spoofing President Richard M. Nixon , he would state in a speech `` I am not a crook . '' He frequently relies on the support of the Evans family ( his `` favorite project family '' ) for reelection or support and resorts to threats of eviction to secure their support . In a running joke , Alderman Davis frequently forgets Willona 's name and calls her another similar - sounding name that began with a `` W '' ( such as Wilhemina , Winnifrieda , Winsomnium , Wyomia and even Waldorf - Astoria ) , thus earning him her everlasting ire as well as the nickname `` Baldy '' . Lenny ( Dap ' Sugar ' Willie ) is a neighborhood hustler and peddler who tries to sell presumably stolen items that are usually attached to the lining of his fur coat . He usually approaches people with a laid - back rap and a rhyme ( `` my name is Len - nay , if I ai n't got it , there ai n't an - nay '' ) . He is typically rebuffed by the people he approaches and responds by saying `` that 's cold '' or uses a small brush to `` brush off '' the negativity . `` Grandpa '' Henry Evans ( Richard Ward ) is James ' long lost father . He abandoned the family years before because he was ashamed that he could not do more to provide for them . This hurt James deeply , who disregarded his father 's existence , telling everyone he was dead . Thelma learns about her grandfather while doing some family research . She meets him and invites him to the Evans ' home to surprise James for his birthday , not knowing that James was well aware of his whereabouts but chose to stay out of his life . After Henry arrives at the Evans home and meets the rest of the family , he realizes that James would not welcome him in the home and decides to leave . Florida convinces him to stay and talk to James and explains that there may never be another chance to do so . Henry and James have a heart - to - heart talk , with Henry being remorseful and apologetic . James ultimately forgives his father . After James ' death , the Evans family embraces Henry into the family , alongside his common law ( and eventually legal ) wife Lena in later episodes . Wanda ( Helen Martin ) is another resident in the apartment building where the Evans reside . Earlier episodes show her at a women 's support group , and the tenants rallying around her by giving her a rent party . Later episodes show her appearing and crying at several funerals , whether she knew the person or not , thus earning her the nickname `` Weeping Wanda '' from J.J. and Willona . Lynnetta Gordon ( Chip Fields ) is Penny 's abusive biological mother . Her first appearance is in the four part Fifth season opening episode , `` The Evans Get Involved '' . Lynnetta 's father abandoned her when she became pregnant at 16 . As a result , she takes her anger and frustrations out on Penny , including burning her with a hot iron . After the abuse is finally brought to light , she tells the Evans family that she , herself , was abused as a child . She gets into a fighting match with Willona and Thelma , and they plead for her to seek therapy . Just before she disappears , she expresses regret for hurting her child , telling Willona that Penny deserves better than her . This clears the way for Willona to adopt Penny . She reappears more than a year later , in the sixth - season episode , `` A Matter of Mothers '' , having gotten married , and reveals that her new husband is from a very wealthy family . She uses her husband 's wealth to send Penny anonymous gifts , and in an effort to regain custody of Penny , she also attempts to frame Willona as an unfit adoptive mother who throws wild parties with less than wholesome attendees . However , her scheme is exposed by being recorded on tape admitting that the scheme was a set up to get Penny back . After trying to get the tape from Penny and threatening to hurt her again , which is stopped by Willona , Penny tells her birth mother that no matter what anyone says , she will always consider Willona her mother . Devastated , she agrees to drop the charges against Willona and leaves Penny with her , never to be seen again . Cleatus ( Jack Baker ) is a cousin of J.J. Evans , Thelma Evans Anderson , and Michael Evans and nephew of Florida Evans and James Evans . He made one appearance in the episode `` Cousin Cleatus '' . Violet Bookman ( Marilyn Coleman ) is the wife of Bookman ( episodes : `` Bye , Bye Bookman '' and `` Willona , the Other Woman '' in season 5 ) . Notable guest stars ( edit ) Louis Gossett , Jr. as Florida 's brother , Wilbert J.A. Preston as Walter Ingles , friend of Willona Woods ( Ja'net Dubois ) ( 1976 ) Debbie Allen as J.J. 's heroin - addicted fiancée , Diana in `` J.J. 's Fiancee ( Parts 1 & 2 ) '' ( season 3 ) Matthew `` Stymie '' Beard ( former Our Gang child actor ) in five episodes , including four appearances as James ' friend Monty Sorrell Booke as Mr. Galbraith , J.J. 's boss at the ad agency ( season 5 , episode 17 ) Roscoe Lee Browne as a shady televangelist Reverend Sam `` the Happiness Man '' , who befriended James in the military ( season 1 , episode 4 ) T.K. Carter as J.J. 's friend `` Head '' ( part of the `` Awesome Foursome '' , later the `` Gleesome Threesome '' , the `` Gruesome Twosome '' and the `` Lonesome Onesome '' , as stated in the episode `` The New Car '' Rosalind Cash as Thelma 's teacher , Jessica Bishop , who becomes romantically involved with a much younger J.J. ( season 4 , episode 3 ) Judith Cohen as herself in the episode `` The Judy Cohen Story '' ( season 4 , episode 12 ) Gary Coleman as Gary , a sharp - tongued classmate of Penny 's in two season five episodes Conchata Ferrell as Miss Johnson , Willona 's supervisor at her short - lived second job as security in a department store ( season 5 , episode 6 ) Kim Fields ( real - life daughter of Chip Fields ) as Penny 's friend , Kim , who has a tendency to add the suffix `` - ness '' to emphasize her anxiety such as `` hopelessnessness '' ( 2 season 6 episodes ) Carl Franklin as Larry , Thelma 's fiancé ' , ultimately breaking up when Larry is offered a job on the West Coast and Thelma is not ready to accompany him ( 2 episodes ) Alice Ghostley as Ms Dobbs , a social worker who is working on Penny being adopted by Willona ( 3 episodes ) Ron Glass as Michael 's elementary school principal ( 2.4 ) ; also made an appearance as a blind encyclopedia salesman who tries to swindle the Evans family ( 2.8 ) Louis Gossett , Jr. , in season two as Thelma 's older boyfriend ( Florida and James object to their relationship because of the age difference ) ( 2.6 ) ; also appears as Uncle Wilbert ( Florida 's brother ) , who comes from Detroit to look in on the family while James is away ( 3.8 ) Robert Guillaume as Fishbone the wino in the episode `` Requiem for a Wino '' ( season 5 , episode 11 ) Phillip Baker Hall as Motel Owner in the episode `` J.J. 's Fiancee ( Part 2 ) '' ( season 3 , episode 18 ) Shirley Hemphill as `` Roz '' , the dimwitted sister of Edna , who was being tutored by Thelma ( season 4 , episode 10 ) Gordon Jump as Mr. Rogers , the head of security at Willona 's short - lived second job as security in a department store ( season 5 , episode 6 ) Paula Kelly as Dr. Kelly in the episode `` Where Have All The Doctors Gone '' ( season 6 , episode 17 ) Jay Leno as `` Young Man '' in the season three 's `` J.J. in Trouble '' , which was one of the first times that the subject of `` VD '' ( STD ) was addressed on a primetime series Calvin Lockhart as Florida 's cousin Raymond , who earned his riches by betting on horses ( season 6 , episode 23 ) Don Marshall as FBI Agent Lloyd in the episode `` The Investigation '' ( season 3 , episode 20 ) . Paul Mooney as `` The Second Guy '' in the episode `` J.J. and T.C. '' ( season 6 ) Debbi Morgan as Samantha , a date of J.J. 's ( 3.23 ) ; and as Ellen ( 4.18 ) J.A. Preston as Walter Ingles in the episode `` Wilona 's Dilemma '' ( season 3 , episode 10 ) Charlotte Rae as a hiring manager for a sales job that Florida stole from James ( season 2 , episode 14 ) Sheryl Lee Ralph as Vanessa in the episode `` J.J. and The Plumber 's Helper '' ( season 6 , episode 9 ) Bubba Smith as Claude , a bodyguard / thug working for Marion `` Sweet Daddy '' Williams ( 4 season 6 episodes ) Thalmus Rasulala as Ernie Harris , a childhood friend of James with a gambling problem ( season 3 , episode 20 ) Philip Michael Thomas as Eddie , Thelma 's college - age boyfriend ( season 1 , episode 6 ) Adam Wade as successful businessman Frank Mason , Willona 's boyfriend ( 2 season 5 episodes ) Vernee Watson - Johnson as Thelma 's friend and college mate Valerie , in the episode `` Thelma 's African Romance ( Part 1 ) '' ( season 4 ) Carl Weathers as Calvin Brooks , husband of the ' nude ' model for J.J. 's painting ( season 2 , episode 16 ) Hal Williams as one of the movers in a season one episode ; James ' friend , Willie Washington ( season 2 ) ; and Mr. Mitchell , the father of Earl Mitchell , who is an art student of J.J. 's ( season 6 ) John Witherspoon as Officer Lawson in the episode `` A Matter of Mothers '' ( season 6 , episode 20 ) Production notes ( edit ) Co-creator Mike Evans ( 1975 ) Good Times was created by Eric Monte and actor Mike Evans . The series also features a character named `` Michael Evans '' , after co-creator Mike Evans who portrayed Lionel Jefferson on the Norman Lear - produced series All in the Family and The Jeffersons . Theme song and opening sequence ( edit ) The gospel - styled theme song was composed by Dave Grusin with lyrics written by Alan and Marilyn Bergman . It was sung by Jim Gilstrap and Motown singer Blinky Williams with a gospel choir providing background vocals . The lyrics to the theme song are notorious for being hard to discern , notably the line `` Hangin ' in a chow line '' / `` Hangin ' in and jivin ' '' ( depending on the source used ) . Dave Chappelle used this part of the lyrics as a quiz in his `` I Know Black People '' skit on Chappelle 's Show in which the former was claimed as the answer . The insert for the Season One DVD box set has the lyric as `` Hangin ' in a chow line '' . However , the Bergmans confirmed that the lyric is actually `` Hangin ' in and jivin ' . '' Slightly different lyrics were used for the closing credits , with the song beginning on a verse instead of the chorus . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Good Times episodes Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) L -- R : Ralph Carter , Bern Nadette Stanis , Jimmie Walker , Esther Rolle and John Amos The program premiered in February 1974 ; high ratings led CBS to renew the program for the 1974 -- 75 season , as it was the seventeenth - highest - rated program that year . During its first full season on the air , 1974 -- 75 , the show was the seventh - highest - rated program in the Nielsen ratings , with more than 25 % of all American households tuning into an episode each week . Three of the top ten highest - rated programs on American TV that season centered on the lives of African - Americans : Sanford and Son , The Jeffersons , and Good Times . The Nielsen ratings for the series declined over time , partly because of its many time slot changes and the departure of John Amos . The ratings went down considerably when the show entered its final two seasons : Season TV Season No. of Episodes Time slot ( ET ) Nielsen ratings Rank Rating 1973 -- 1974 13 Friday at 8 : 30 pm 17 21.4 ( Tied with Barnaby Jones ) 1974 -- 1975 24 Tuesday at 8 : 00 pm 7 25.8 1975 -- 1976 24 24 21.0 1976 -- 1977 24 Wednesday at 8 : 00 pm ( Episodes 1 - 15 , 17 - 24 ) Wednesday at 8 : 30 pm ( Episode 16 ) 26 20.5 5 1977 -- 1978 24 Wednesday at 8 : 00 pm ( Episodes 1 , 3 - 16 ) Wednesday at 8 : 30 pm ( Episode 2 ) Monday at 8 : 00 pm ( Episodes 17 - 24 ) 53 N / A 6 1978 -- 1979 22 Saturday at 8 : 00 pm ( Episode 1 ) Saturday at 8 : 30 pm ( Episodes 2 - 10 ) Wednesday at 8 : 30 pm ( Episodes 11 - 22 ) 83 14.4 Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Association Recipient ( s ) / work Result Golden Globe Awards Best Supporting Actor -- Television Jimmie Walker Nominated Best TV Actress -- Musical / Comedy Esther Rolle Nominated Best Supporting Actor -- Television Jimmie Walker Nominated Humanitas Prize 30 Minute Category John Baskin and Roger Shulman / episode : `` The Lunch Money Ripoff '' Nominated 30 Minute Category Bob Peete / episode : `` My Girl Henrietta '' Nominated 2006 TV Land Awards Impact Award John Amos , Ralph Carter , Ja'net DuBois , Esther Rolle ( posthumously ) , BernNadette Stanis , and Jimmie Walker Won Syndication ( edit ) Cable network TV One aired reruns of the show since its launch on January 19 , 2004 , with the exception of a period from 2002 until June 2013 . Good Times had also aired at various times on TV Land and on the Canadian specialty cable channel DejaView . Minisodes of the show are available for free on Crackle . Additionally , digital multicast network Antenna TV also aired episodes of the show until January 1 , 2018 , when GetTV , operated by Sony ( which distributes the show ) began airing the program . Good Times airs on GetTV with a TV - PG rating . Also , most episodes run on TV One with a TV - G rating , with the exception being the Season 3 episode `` J.J. in Trouble '' , in which J.J. fears he may have contracted an STD ; this episode airs on TV One with a TV - 14 rating , as well as the `` parental guidance is suggested '' slide that preceded the episode when it was originally broadcast on CBS . In the past , it aired on TV Land with a TV - PG rating . DVD releases ( edit ) Sony Pictures Home Entertainment released the entire series on DVD in Region 1 between February 2003 and August 2006 , with a complete box set following the separate seasons on October 28 , 2008 . Season 1 was released on DVD in Region 4 on December 27 , 2006 . On August 27 , 2013 , it was announced that Mill Creek Entertainment had acquired the rights to various television series from the Sony Pictures library including Good Times . They have subsequently re-released the first four seasons on DVD . On September 1 , 2015 , Mill Creek Entertainment re-released Good Times - The Complete Series on DVD in Region 1 . DVD name Ep # Release date The Complete First Season 13 February 4 , 2003 January 21 , 2014 ( re-release ) The Complete Second Season 24 February 3 , 2004 January 21 , 2014 ( re-release ) The Complete Third Season 24 August 10 , 2004 May 20 , 2014 ( re-release ) The Complete Fourth Season 24 February 15 , 2005 May 20 , 2014 ( re-release ) The Complete Fifth Season 24 August 23 , 2005 The Complete Sixth and Final Season 24 August 1 , 2006 The Complete Series 133 October 28 , 2008 September 1 , 2015 ( re-release ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Cabrini - Green Set For Demolition '' . cbslocal.com . December 9 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Simms , Gregory ( September 8 , 1977 ) . `` Ja'Net DuBois Tells Diet And ' Good Times ' Secrets During Swing Through Chi '' . Jet . Vol. 52 no . 25 . Johnson Publishing Company . pp. 62 -- 63 . ISSN 0021 - 5996 . ^ Jump up to : Brooks , Tim ; Marsh , Earle F. ( October 17 , 2007 ) . The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows , 1946 - Present ( 9 ed . ) . Ballantine Books . p. 869 . ISBN 0 - 345 - 49773 - 2 . Jump up ^ The Star Ledger . December 11 , 2006 Jump up ^ `` Jimmie ' J.J. ' Walker lights ' Dy - no - mite ' on gay marriage , Leno and dating '' . CNN . July 16 , 2012 . Retrieved February 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fearn - Banks , Kathleen ( August 4 , 2009 ) . The A to Z of African - American Television . 49 . Scarecrow Press . p. 169 . ISBN 0 - 810 - 86348 - 0 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Louie ( September 1975 ) . `` Bad Times On the ' Good Times ' Set '' . Ebony . Vol. 30 no . 11 . Johnson Publishing Company . p. 35 . ISSN 0012 - 9011 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , John L. ( April 14 , 2006 ) . `` Plotting His Next Big Break '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2016 . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' I Was Fired , ' Reveals Good Times ' John Amos '' . Jet . Vol. 50 no . 10 . Johnson Publishing Company . May 27 , 1976 . p. 57 . ISSN 0021 - 5996 . Jump up ^ Dawidziak , Mark ( January 17 , 1994 ) . `` Lear , Amos paired up again '' . Herald - Journal . p . C3 . Retrieved February 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 5000 Episodes and No Commercials : The Ultimate Guide to TV Shows On DVD . Random House Digital , Inc . November 9 , 2011 . p. 125 . ISBN 0 - 307 - 79950 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Marguiles , Lee ( June 10 , 1978 ) . `` Esther Rolle Returning To ' Good Times ' '' . St. Petersburg Times . p. 11B . Retrieved February 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Beck , Marilyn ( September 23 , 1977 ) . `` It 's ' good times ' for Ja'net Dubois '' . St. Petersburg Times . p. 14D . Retrieved February 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Tim ; Marsh , Earle F. ( October 17 , 2007 ) . The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows , 1946 - Present ( 9 ed . ) . Ballantine Books . p. 552 . ISBN 0 - 345 - 49773 - 2 . Jump up ^ Newcomb 2004 p. 1012 ^ Jump up to : Bodroghkozy , Aniko ( January 1 , 2012 ) . Equal Time : Television and the Civil Rights Movement . University of Illinois Press . p. 223 . ISBN 0 - 252 - 09378 - X . Jump up ^ J.J. 's Fiancee with guest star Debbie Allen at IMDb Jump up ^ Lewis , Dan ( February 19 , 1974 ) . `` Good Times Is Maude Spinoff '' . St. Joseph News - Press . p. 15 . Retrieved February 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Backstage with ... Alan and Marilyn Bergman '' . timeout.com . Time Out New York . February 1 , 2007 . Retrieved July 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Good Times In Trouble ; Jeffersons Holding Own '' . Jet . Vol. 55 no . 13 . Johnson Publishing Company . December 14 , 1978 . p. 64 . ISSN 0021 - 5996 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Tim ; Marsh , Earle ( 2007 ) . The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows 1946 - Present ( Ninth Edition ) . Ballantine Books . pp. 1687 -- 1688 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 49773 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.revealshot.com/good-times-movie-is-bad-idea-but-could-be-cathartic-for-series-co-creator-eric-monte/ Jump up ^ Lacey , Gord ( August 27 , 2013 ) . `` Mill Creek Entertainment Signs Deals With Sony Pictures Home Entertainment To Expand Their Distribution Partnership '' . tvshowsondvd.com . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( November 8 , 2013 ) . `` Dyn - O - Mite ! Mill Creek Brings the First Two Seasons Back to DVD Soon ! '' . tvshowsondvd.com . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( April 15 , 2014 ) . `` Good Times - We 've Got Mill Creek 's Box Art Now for Their 3rd and 4th Season Re-Releases ! '' . tvshowsondvd.com . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Good Times DVD news : Announcement for Good Times - The Complete Series - TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 07 - 10 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Good Times . Good Times on IMDb Good Times at TV.com Good Times at TVLand.com Good Times at The Interviews : An Oral History of Television Maude Characters Maude Findlay Episodes `` Maude '' ( pilot ) Spin - offs Good Times ( 1974 -- 1979 ) Episodes Mr. Dugan ( 1979 ; unaired ) Hanging In ( 1979 ) Related All in the Family ( 1971 -- 1979 ) Episodes `` And Then There 's Maude '' ( theme song ) All in the Family Main characters Archie Bunker Edith Bunker Gloria Stivic Michael Stivic Stephanie Mills Recurring characters Joey Stivic George Jefferson Louise Jefferson Lionel Jefferson Henry Jefferson Episodes `` Maude '' `` Cousin Liz '' `` Edith 's 50th Birthday '' `` Edith 's Crisis of Faith '' `` The 200th Episode Celebration of All in the Family '' Related series Based on Till Death Us Do Part Spin - offs Maude ( 1972 -- 1978 ) ( episodes ) Good Times ( 1974 -- 1979 ) ( episodes ) The Jeffersons ( 1975 -- 1985 ) ( episodes ) Checking In ( 1981 ) Gloria ( 1982 -- 1983 ) Sequels Archie Bunker 's Place ( 1979 -- 1983 ) ( episodes ) 704 Hauser ( 1994 ) Norman Lear Created The Deputy ( 1959 -- 61 ) All in the Family ( 1971 -- 79 ) Maude ( 1972 -- 78 ) The Nancy Walker Show ( 1976 ) All That Glitters ( 1977 ) Fernwood 2 Night ( 1977 ) America 2 - Night ( 1978 ) In the Beginning ( 1978 ) Apple Pie ( 1978 ) Hanging In ( 1979 ) Palmerstown , U.S.A. ( 1980 -- 81 ) a.k.a. Pablo ( 1984 ) Sunday Dinner ( 1991 ) 704 Hauser ( 1994 ) Guess Who Died ( 2018 ) Developed Good Times ( 1974 -- 79 ) Sanford and Son ( 1972 -- 78 ) Mary Hartman , Mary Hartman ( 1976 -- 78 ) The Jeffersons ( 1975 -- 85 ) One Day at a Time ( 1975 -- 84 ) The Dumplings ( 1976 ) All 's Fair ( 1976 -- 77 ) Sanford Arms ( 1977 ) The Baxters ( 1979 -- 81 ) Film Come Blow Your Horn ( screenwriter ; 1963 ) Divorce American Style ( screenwriter ; 1967 ) The Night They Raided Minsky 's ( screenwriter ; 1968 ) Cold Turkey ( director ; 1971 ) The Princess Bride ( producer ; 1987 ) Pete Seeger : The Power of Song ( producer ; 2007 ) Related articles Tandem Productions ELP Communications Act III Communications People for the American Way Business Enterprise Trust Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Good_Times&oldid=855812085 '' Categories : 1974 American television series debuts 1979 American television series endings 1970s American black sitcoms American television spin - offs CBS network shows English - language television programs Media portrayals of the working class Television series by Sony Pictures Television Television shows set in Chicago Television series about families Hidden categories : TV.com template with ID same as Wikidata Articles using Template : The Interviews title Talk Contents About Wikipedia አማርኛ Español Italiano Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 21 August 2018 , at 00 : 55 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who sang the theme song for the tv show good times
[ "Good Times\nGenre\nSitcomCreated by\nEric Monte and Mike EvansDeveloped by\nNorman LearDirected by\nGerren KeithHerbert KenwithBob LaHendroDonald McKaylePerry RosemondStarring\nEsther Rolle (Seasons 1-4, 6)John Amos (Seasons 1–3)Jimmie WalkerJa'net DuboisBern Nadette StanisRalph CarterJohnny Brown (Seasons 2-6)Janet Jackson (Seasons 5–6)Ben Powers (Season 6)Theme music composer\nDave GrusinAlan BergmanMarilyn BergmanOpening theme\n\"Good Times\" performed by Jim Gilstrap and Blinky WilliamsComposer(s)\nDave GrusinAlan and Marilyn BergmanCountry of origin\nUnited StatesOriginal language(s)\nEnglishNo. of seasons\n6No. of episodes\n133 (list of episodes)ProductionExecutive producer(s)\nNorman Lear (1974–75)Allan Manings (1974–77)Austin and Irma Kalish (1976–78)Norman Paul (1975–79)Producer(s)\nAllan ManingsJack Elinson (1975–76)Norman PaulAustin and Irma KalishLloyd Turner (1977–78)Gordon Mitchell (1977–78)Sid Dorfman (1978–79)Production location(s)\nCBS Television City, Hollywood, California (1974–75)Metromedia Square, Hollywood, California (1975–79)Camera setup\nMulti-cameraRunning time\n22–24 minutesProduction company(s)\nTandem ProductionsDistributor\nPITS Films(1979–1984)Embassy Telecommunications(1984–1986)Embassy Communications (1986–1988)Columbia Pictures Television (1988–1995)Columbia TriStar Television (1995–2002)Sony Pictures Television (2002–present)ReleaseOriginal network\nCBSOriginal release\nFebruary 8, 1974 (1974-02-08) – August 1, 1979 (1979-08-01)ChronologyPreceded by\nAll in the FamilyMaudeRelated shows\nChecking InThe JeffersonsArchie Bunker's PlaceGloria704 Hauser", "Good Times\nGenre\nSitcomCreated by\nEric Monte and Mike EvansDeveloped by\nNorman LearDirected by\nGerren KeithHerbert KenwithBob LaHendroDonald McKaylePerry RosemondStarring\nEsther Rolle (Seasons 1-4, 6)John Amos (Seasons 1–3)Jimmie WalkerJa'net DuboisBern Nadette StanisRalph CarterJohnny Brown (Seasons 2-6)Janet Jackson (Seasons 5–6)Ben Powers (Season 6)Theme music composer\nDave GrusinAlan BergmanMarilyn BergmanOpening theme\n\"Good Times\" performed by Jim Gilstrap and Blinky WilliamsComposer(s)\nDave GrusinAlan and Marilyn BergmanCountry of origin\nUnited StatesOriginal language(s)\nEnglishNo. of seasons\n6No. of episodes\n133 (list of episodes)ProductionExecutive producer(s)\nNorman Lear (1974–75)Allan Manings (1974–77)Austin and Irma Kalish (1976–78)Norman Paul (1975–79)Producer(s)\nAllan ManingsJack Elinson (1975–76)Norman PaulAustin and Irma KalishLloyd Turner (1977–78)Gordon Mitchell (1977–78)Sid Dorfman (1978–79)Production location(s)\nCBS Television City, Hollywood, California (1974–75)Metromedia Square, Hollywood, California (1975–79)Camera setup\nMulti-cameraRunning time\n22–24 minutesProduction company(s)\nTandem ProductionsDistributor\nPITS Films(1979–1984)Embassy Telecommunications(1984–1986)Embassy Communications (1986–1988)Columbia Pictures Television (1988–1995)Columbia TriStar Television (1995–2002)Sony Pictures Television (2002–present)ReleaseOriginal network\nCBSOriginal release\nFebruary 8, 1974 (1974-02-08) – August 1, 1979 (1979-08-01)ChronologyPreceded by\nAll in the FamilyMaudeRelated shows\nChecking InThe JeffersonsArchie Bunker's PlaceGloria704 Hauser" ]
[ "Jim Gilstrap", "Blinky Williams" ]
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So Awkward
So Awkward - wikipedia So Awkward Jump to : navigation , search So Awkward Genre Sitcom Created by Julie Bower Written by Julie Bower Mark Oswin Bede Blake Matt Brito Anthony McMurray Directed by Rebecca Rycroft Jordan Hogg Ian Curtis Starring Cleo Demetriou Sophia Dall'Aglio Ameerah Falzon - Ojo Jamie Flatters Archie Lyndhurst Carla Mendonça Clive Rowe Composer ( s ) Samuel Karl Bohn Country of origin Britain No. of series No. of episodes 27 Production Executive producer ( s ) Alan Marke Jim Reid Sue Nott Chris Rose Producer ( s ) Sally Martin Editor ( s ) Justin James Lindsey Dillon - Massey Running time 28 minutes Production company ( s ) Channel X Release Original network CBBC Picture format 16 : 9 1080i Audio format Stereo Original release 21 May 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 21 ) -- Present External links www.bbc.co.uk/cbbc/shows/so-awkward So Awkward is a sitcom series on CBBC . It stars Cleo Demetriou as Lily Hampton , Ameerah Falzon - Ojo as Jas ( Jasmine ) Salford , and Sophia Dall'aglio as Martha Fitzgerald . The thirteen - episode first series began on May 21 , 2015 , and finished on August 6 , 2015 . Another thirteen - episode series began on August 25 , 2016 and ended on November 17 , 2016 , followed by a thirteen - episode third series - which began on August 31 , 2017 , and will end on December 7 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Episodes 3.1 Series 1 ( 2015 ) 3.2 Series 2 ( 2016 ) 3.3 Series 3 ( 2017 ) 4 References 5 External links Plot Filmed in Manchester , So Awkward is a TV series with three socially awkward 13 year old girls , Lily Hampton , Jas Salford and Martha Fitzgerald , trying to fit in at school and deal with day - to - day life at school , boys and parental dramas . Cast Cleo Demetriou as Lily Hampton Ameerah Falzon - Ojo as Jasmine Salford Sophia Dall'aglio as Martha Fitzgerald Samuel Small as Rob Edwards Archie Lyndhurst as Ollie Coulton Jamie Flatters as Matt Furnish Susan Earl as Mrs Griggs Kay Purcell as Mrs Rennison Alex Carter as Mr Jeff Malone Laura Aikman as Miss Vicky Parfitt Clive Rowe as Mr Salford Carla Mendonça as Mrs Fitzgerald Vicky Hall as Mrs Hampton Flynn Horne as Jason Hampton Episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 13 May 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 21 ) August 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 06 ) 13 August 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 25 ) November 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 17 ) 15 August 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 31 ) December 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 07 ) Series 1 ( 2015 ) No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date `` Parentology '' Rebecca Ryworth Julie Bower 21 May 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 21 ) Martha feels abandoned by her workaholic mother , so she tries to get into trouble at school to be noticed , with the help of Jas . Unfortunately , this is not as easy as it seems . When her mum realises that Martha is feeling abandoned she tries to fix it , but Martha realises that she would rather have her workaholic mother the way she was before . Meanwhile , Lily is tired of her mother knitting her embarrassing jumpers and asking her if she has a boyfriend . She gives up and pretends that Ollie is her boyfriend , with disastrous results `` Friendundancy '' Rebecca Ryworth Julie Bower 21 May 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 21 ) Mufti Day is arriving , and Lily does n't want to wear one of Jas ' quirky and weird outfits again . She runs into Natasha Jones , and accidentally suggests they all wear yellow , and ends up trying to change between Jas ' and Natasha 's outfits . She finally gives up when she forgets that Jas had transferred into her Art class the week before . Lily embraces Jas ' zombie idea , and they end up setting a cool trend . Meanwhile Martha turns into a Goth , and Ollie decides that due to his fear of clothes he ca n't take the girls talking about clothes any more . Ollie gives the girls a ' friendundancy ' form to sign . `` A Minus '' Jordan Hogg Bede Blake 28 May 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 28 ) Martha is mortified when she gets an A - on her test , so she revises so much that she begins to faint all over the place . Mrs. Griggs gets worried about her , so she decides to make Matt her ' fun ' tutor . At first Martha is annoyed , but she soon learns that she can have fun , and she helps get Matt 's grades up . Lily is jealous that Martha is spending so much with Matt , and Ollie is jealous that Martha is always with Matt , so Jas comes up with a plan to put them together . `` The Nox Factor '' Jordan Hogg Julie Bower 4 June 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 04 ) Martha 's mum buys three tickets to a science talk hosted by a famous scientist , Dr. Nox . Lily and Jas both fancy him , so they compete at being a better friend so Martha will take them . In the end , Martha goes to ask Mrs. Griggs who she should pick . After failing to convince Martha to take her , Mrs. Griggs confiscates the tickets , but accidentally leaves them in a book which she later returns to the library . Meanwhile , Ollie wants to prove to everyone else that he is better than Dr. Nox , with Matt 's help . 5 5 `` Mr. Sicky Bear '' Jordan Hogg Julie Bower 11 June 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 11 ) Jas really wants to be Juliet in the play in assembly , but catches a cold . She accidentally passes the cold on to Martha and they both have to take a few days off . Martha stays at Jas ' house . When she gets there though , she discovers Jas ' house is a mess and spends ages cleaning . She also washes a teddy that Jas ' dad uses to cheer up Jas when she is sick , which deeply upsets Jas and her dad . Meanwhile , because Jas is sick , Ollie really wants Lily to be Juliet in the play . However , she does n't want to betray Jas even though Romeo is Matt Furnish , her crush . 6 6 `` Love Machine '' Jordan Hogg Bede Blake 18 June 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 18 ) Lily is worried that she and Matt might not be compatible , so Jas adapts some plant compatibility software , which tells you how compatible you are with someone , or who your perfect match is from the entire school database . When Lily finds out that she and Matt are 97 % compatible , she becomes worried and tries to figure out what the 3 percent is . When Jas enters Mrs. Griggs into the software , she is horrified to find out that the perfect match is her own father ! She becomes worried when Mrs. Griggs gives her a letter to give to her dad , and hides it thinking that it was a date offer . However , when Lily has the same envelope , Jas finds out that it was just a request to help out at the school fair . 7 7 `` Library vs. Tree '' Rebecca Ryworth Mark Oswin 25 June 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 25 ) Martha is campaigning to get a new library built , but when campaigning works , they find out that Jas ' favourite tree would have to be cut down . A fierce battle between Martha and Jas and their parents ensues . When it is all over they find that plans for the library have been cancelled , but then find out that the tree will still be cut down for a new sports centre . 8 8 `` Space Over '' Rebecca Ryworth Julie Bower 2 July 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 02 ) When Lily finds out that Matt is going out with a girl called Greta Masters , she becomes very upset . Jas organises a sleepover to cheer her up , but Martha is upset because a rare comet sighting is on the same night . She attempts to sneak Ollie into the attic of Lily 's house so that they can see the comet . 9 9 `` Fitzgerald vs Fitzgerald '' Jordan Hogg Matt Brito 9 July 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 09 ) When the Careers advisor suggests that Martha can not become a human rights lawyer and that she should aim lower , she campaigns against her mother to bring back the schools vending machine because Jas can not focus without the chocolate from it . She is nearly beaten , but proves that her mother did n't sign it . Because Martha 's mother used her signature stamp , it was n't a legal document . 10 10 `` Rox My World '' Rebbeca Rycroft Bede Blake 16 July 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 16 ) The girls have teamed up to enter a National Young Inventors competition . Lily and Martha fall out when Lily leaves the team to join Matt 's team , and Martha replaces Lily with super-geek Roxanne Bunce . Roxanne has recently returned from a science exchange programme in France , and during that time she has undergone a major transformation - the super-geek has become super-cool , now calling herself Roxy . Matt Furnish falls head - over-heels for Roxy and comes to Lily for advice on how to impress her . Lily ends up giving the boy she likes lessons in how to chat up another girl . Meanwhile , Lily does n't realise Jas in turn has been advising Roxy on how to secure Matt as a boyfriend . 11 11 `` Good Girls '' Rebecca Rycroft Mark Oswin 30 July 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 30 ) When Lily loses her tie , she is encouraged unwittingly to ' steal ' a tie by an older pupil whom she helped earlier . Meanwhile , Martha is called a snitch and denies this . 12 12 `` Everyone Loves Clementine '' Rebecca Rycroft Matt Brito 30 July 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 30 ) Lily borrows books from the library and leaves them on top of a car while she ties her shoe laces but the trouble starts when the car drives off with them . The books were due back that day and as Lily does n't want to get banned from the library she makes up Clementine to say that Clementine lost the books so Jas tries to make Clementine as convincing as possible , but even more trouble is about to happen when she get carried away . 13 13 `` Pouncing Tigers '' Jordan Hogg Julie Bower 6 August 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 06 ) Series 2 ( 2016 ) No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date 14 `` Dinner Date '' Ian Curtis Anthony McMurray 25 August 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 25 ) Lily invites Matt round for dinner , but things do n't go as planned . Meanwhile Martha 's obsession with emulating her idol makes Ollie jealous . 15 `` PSHE Hee Hee '' Ian Curtis Anthony McMurray 1 September 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 01 ) Martha fears Mr Malone is not teaching PHSE well enough , so is worried that she will fail , while Lily is worried that she ca n't make Matt laugh . 16 `` Locustium Insectium '' Ian Curtis Julie Bower 8 September 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 08 ) Jas looks after the school locusts and becomes devoted to them ; Lily 's attempts to cover up the locusts ' escape from her rapidly get out of hand . Meanwhile , Martha and Ollie get preoccupied by their competing phone apps . 17 `` The Kiss '' Ian Curtis Lucy Guy 15 September 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 15 ) Lily is determined to kiss Matt to prove they really are boyfriend and girlfriend , Martha and Ollie do a project on the transfer of germs , and Mr Malone suspects Mrs Griggs is flirting with him . 18 5 `` Slang Gang '' Ian Curtis Anthony MacMurray 22 September 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 22 ) Martha and Ollie build a slang generator machine to help them come up with a cool slogan for the school graffiti wall . Meanwhile , Jas tries to track down the inventor of a new slang word going round the school and Lily wonders what 's in Matt 's diary . 19 6 `` Girls & Boys '' Ian Curtis Adam G Goodwin and Jonathan Parkyn 29 September 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 29 ) The girls are mistaken for boys when dressing up for drama , and Lily keeps up the pretense in order to get closer to Matt . Ollie , without his contact lenses and trying to avoid wearing his old glasses , strikes up a friendship with Lily 's alter ego ' Liam ' . 20 7 `` BFF '' Ian Curtis Matt Brito 6 October 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 06 ) When Mrs Hampton volunteers to help out at the upcoming food festival at school Lily worries that her mother is going to embarrass her , but when Jas tries to help it only leads to jealousy . Meanwhile , Martha becomes an accidental rebel and risks her place on the chess team . 21 8 `` Race To The Bottom '' Jordan Hogg Mark Oswin 13 October 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 13 ) 22 9 `` Party Clause '' Jordan Hogg Julie Bower 20 October 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 20 ) 23 10 `` What Would Emmeline Do '' Jordan Hogg Lucy Guy 27 October 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 27 ) 24 11 `` The Salford Curse '' Jordan Hogg Jonathan Parkyn and Adam G Goodwin 3 November 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 03 ) Ollie and Martha feel that Cassie and Maxwell are trying to replace them as they are copying what Ollie and Martha do but better so they feel as they have to stop Cassie and Maxwell by sabotaging their lemonade stand , meanwhile Keith Salford is coaching the school hockey team and is relying on Jas to not get distracted and stop the other team from scoring but gets nervous when she believes she is under a curse . Lily is not apart of any of these things and feels as if she has just lost her friends so she tries to get them to notice how great friends they were and how it would be great if they were still friends . 25 12 `` Eye Contact '' Jordan Hogg Holly Phillips 10 November 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 10 ) 26 13 `` Totes Emosh '' Jordan Hogg Julie Bower 17 November 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 17 ) Martha is troubled when she 's the only one who has n't cried in assembly meaning she has to find a way to get the different feelings which make her cry if she wants to change the world , meanwhile Matt wants to audition for a school band with another popular girl which makes lily jealous . Matt does n't get the place in the band but still wants to perform so he decides to perform in front of the school but when he loses his voice he needs Lily 's help . Lily ends up singing the song which leads into Matt and Lily becoming a couple . Series 3 ( 2017 ) No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date 27 `` The Two Mrs. Hamptons '' Ian Curtis Anthony MacMurray 31 August 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 31 ) Lily realises she 's turning out to be just like her mum . When she discovers her mum 's school grades suddenly dropped from straight As to Cs and Ds the year she got her first boyfriend , Lily is desperate to avoid the same thing happening to her now she 's officially going out with Rob . She tries different strategies - hanging out with younger kids Cassie and Maxwell to keep herself young and planning an educational Saturday afternoon out with Rob rather than going trainer shopping . None of her strategies work . Meanwhile Rufus , who has a big crush on Martha , is helping her with her conversational Spanish . When Rufus asks Martha out and she says no he figures she must already have a boyfriend and guesses it 's Ollie . Uncomfortable with the situation , yet anxious still to keep Rufus as her tutor , Martha decides to pretend she is actually going out with Ollie . 28 `` Ms Perfect '' Ian Curtis Anthony MacMurray 7 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 07 ) History teacher Mr Malone is jealous when new geography teacher Ms Parfitt arrives on the scene and all the pupils are excited about how brilliant a teacher she is . When it 's announced there is not enough money to fund both a geography and history field trip and the most popular trip will be the one that gets the funding , both teachers go head to head in a fierce competition to get their field trip chosen . Dirty tactics are employed by Mr Malone - he steals Ms Parfitt 's coffee supply , so she 's super-sleepy and unable to teach and tries to find out how she produces real smoke from her model volcano in class - almost getting himself blown up in the process . Meanwhile , Lily is complaining Rob is too ' boy ' - she finds his boisterousness and burping gross and decides to give him a dose of his own medicine . It backfires - she eats disgustingly in his presence intending to shock him , but he does n't even notice . By contrast , Ollie is sick of being treated by the others as one of the girls and Rob agrees to teach Ollie to be more ' boy ' . 29 `` Science Chic '' TBA TBA 14 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 14 ) A business studies competition is announced at school , and both Lily and Martha desperately want to be project manager . Lily thinks she would be the best candidate because the task is to organise a fashion show and she is more creative . Martha wants to be project manager so she gets to meet her business hero Sir Adam Salt . It is decided the role will go to the one who can come up with the best outfit design . Lily is confident she will win , but against the odds Martha wins with her ' lab coat ' design . Martha gets carried away and turns into a true fashionista . Lily is upset that Martha has taken over her natural role , and Martha in turn is jealous when she discovers Lily and Ollie happily working on the spreadsheet . To add insult to injury , Martha 's mother tries to muscle in and redesign the collection. Meanwhile , when Jas accidentally wrecks the shelves in Mrs Rennison 's office , Mr Salford is roped into repairing them . Jas mistakenly thinks her dad is a DIY expert - he is actually hopeless but has never had the heart to tell Jas . 30 `` A Room of Her Own '' TBA TBA 21 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 21 ) Lily decides her bedroom is babyish and needs a makeover to reflect the fact she is now a sophisticated teen . So Lily and her mum decide to donate all her old toys to the upcoming school charity auction . Jas and Lily 's mum secretly plan to redecorate her room as a surprise when Lily is out . Meanwhile in Life Lessons class Martha and Ollie volunteer to be parents to a new ' baby app ' , thinking it 'll be an easy task . Utterly defeated by the baby app 's constant crying and demands they palm ' baby ' off on Cassie and Maxwell , who in turn are soon at their wits ' end . 31 5 `` Never the Bridsemaid , Never the Bride '' TBA TBA 28 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) Jas is asked to be a bridesmaid and is worried about being too clumsy to pull it off . Lily suggests staging a mock wedding so Jas can have a rehearsal - with herself and Rob as the bride and groom ! Lily goes all Bridezilla . As she plans the big day she gets so carried away that she actually has no time for Rob and snubs him , just when he 's ready to take their relationship to the next level and ask Lily on a romantic meal out . Meanwhile , Mr Salford has been asked to make a presentation to become the area youth hockey rep . Terrified of public speaking , he gets Mrs Griggs to help him . Mrs Griggs declares he must make a speech at the fake wedding . 32 6 `` Fly Me to the Moon '' TBA TBA 5 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 05 ) No - one wants to be Jas ' partner for Experiment Friday , as her science projects are always too crazy and ambitious - meaning she gets really low marks . However , first Rufus is roped in to ' Team Jas ' and then Ollie and Rob . Jas calls Ollie and Rob to the art room and when they get there it 's all in darkness , until the lights suddenly come on and Jas and Rufus announce from the control room next door ' You 're going to the moon ! ' . She has transformed the art room into a spaceship to conduct an experiment into how teenage boys deal with being cooped up together on a long space voyage . Meanwhile , Lily and Martha have been paired with Cassie and Maxwell for Experiment Friday . Lily is fretting that she and Rob are obviously incompatible as he hates her favourite naturalist Steve Batchelor and Cassie and Maxwell decide to ' study ' Lily as part of their science project , researching teen relationship issues . 33 7 `` Hormone Horror '' TBA TBA 12 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) Martha starts acting oddly , getting emotional and over-reacting to things . She 's horrified to realise that her hormones are kicking in . Lily sympathises - she feels the same . Jas is n't feeling any effects from her hormones but , not wanting to feel left out , decides to fake it . Faced with two seemingly hormonal teenagers , Mrs Fitzgerald and Mr Salford join forces to address their problem . Deciding that exercise is a great antidote , they try to encourage Jas and Martha to join the new street dance class Ms Parfitt is running . Meanwhile , Mrs Griggs wants to be best friends with Ms Parfitt and thinks Ms Parfitt 's street dance class is the perfect opportunity to impress her . 34 8 TBA TBA TBA 19 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 19 ) Martha and Ollie throw Cassie and Maxwell off the maths team , desperate not to be outshone as they were last year by the lightning - fast buzzer technique of the younger pair . Outraged , Cassie and Maxwell vow to fight for their rightful places on the team . After what he considers a near - death experience stranded up a ladder , Alfie is determined to compile and complete a ' bucket list ' before it 's too late . Jas thinks she 's helping him by encouraging him to do the scariest things she can think of , but poor Alfie becomes increasingly traumatised . Jas realises that she really needs to help him achieve his own personal goal - spending time with Martha ! Meanwhile , Rob has to attend a History Catch - Up Club run by Mr Malone . Lily is frustrated , as she 's hardly getting to see Rob at all and Ms Parfitt is jealous of the club 's popularity . 35 9 TBA TBA TBA 26 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 26 ) 36 10 TBA TBA TBA 2 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 02 ) 37 11 TBA TBA TBA 9 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 09 ) 38 12 TBA TBA TBA 16 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) 39 13 TBA TBA TBA 23 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 23 ) 40 14 TBA TBA TBA 30 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 30 ) 41 15 TBA TBA TBA 7 December 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 07 ) References ^ Jump up to : `` Forecast students to star in new CBBC Sitcom '' . Forecast Academy . 19 May 2014 . Retrieved 4 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Next Step -- Episode Guide '' . Zap2it . Retrieved 16 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Series 2 Dinner Date Credits '' . BBC . Retrieved 12 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` So Awkward Series 2 : 1 . Dinner Date '' . BBC . Retrieved 12 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Series 2 PSHE Hee Hee Credits '' . BBC . Retrieved 12 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` So Awkward Series 2 : 2 . PSHE Hee Hee '' . BBC . Retrieved 12 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Series 2 Locustium Insectium Credits '' . BBC . Retrieved 12 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` So Awkward Series 2 : 3 . Locustium Insectium '' . BBC . Retrieved 12 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Series 2 The Kiss Credits '' . BBC . Retrieved 12 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` So Awkward Series 2 : 4 . The Kiss '' . BBC . Retrieved 12 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Series 2 Slang Gang Credits '' . BBC . Retrieved 12 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` So Awkward Series 2 : 5 . Slang Gang '' . BBC . Retrieved 12 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Series 2 Girls & Boys Credits '' . BBC . Retrieved 12 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` So Awkward Series 2 : 6 . Girls & Boys '' . BBC . Retrieved 12 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Series 2 BFF Credits '' . BBC . Retrieved 12 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` So Awkward Series 2 : 7 . BFF '' . BBC . Retrieved 12 October 2016 . External links So Awkward - CBBC Online So Awkward on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=So_Awkward&oldid=806607396 '' Categories : 2015 British television programme debuts 2010s British children 's television series BBC high definition programmes BBC children 's television programmes Children 's television sitcoms British teen sitcoms English - language television programs Television shows set in the United Kingdom Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use dmy dates from May 2016 Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Episode list using the default LineColor Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 23 October 2017 , at 02 : 13 . About Wikipedia
who plays rob in so awkward season 3
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The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy
The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy - wikipedia The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy For other uses , see The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy ( disambiguation ) and Hitchhiker 's Guide ( disambiguation ) . The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy First edition cover of The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy ( novel ) Created by Douglas Adams Original work The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy Primary and Secondary Phases ( 1978 -- 80 ) Print publications Book ( s ) The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy : The Original Radio Scripts ( 1985 ) Novel ( s ) The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy ( 1979 ) The Restaurant at the End of the Universe ( 1980 ) Life , the Universe and Everything ( 1982 ) So Long , and Thanks for All the Fish ( 1984 ) Mostly Harmless ( 1992 ) And Another Thing ... ( 2009 ) Films and television Film ( s ) The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy ( 2005 ) Television series The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy ( 1981 ) Games Video game ( s ) The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy ( 1984 ) Starship Titanic ( 1997 ) Audio Radio programme ( s ) The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy Primary and Secondary Phases ( 1978 -- 80 ) The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy Tertiary to Quintessential Phases ( 2004 -- 05 ) The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy Hexagonal Phase ( 2018 ) The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy ( sometimes referred to as HG2G , HHGTTG or H2G2 ) is a comedy science fiction series created by Douglas Adams . Originally a radio comedy broadcast on BBC Radio 4 in 1978 , it was later adapted to other formats , including stage shows , novels , comic books , a 1981 TV series , a 1984 video game , and 2005 feature film . A prominent series in British popular culture , The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy has become an international multi-media phenomenon ; the novels are the most widely distributed , having been translated into more than 30 languages by 2005 . In 2017 , BBC Radio 4 announced a 40th - anniversary celebration with Dirk Maggs , one of the original producers , in charge . This sixth series of the sci - fi spoof has been based on Eoin Colfer 's book And Another Thing , with additional unpublished material by Douglas Adams . The first of six new episodes was broadcast on 8 March 2018 . The broad narrative of Hitchhiker follows the misadventures of the last surviving man , Arthur Dent , following the demolition of the planet Earth by a Vogon constructor fleet to make way for a hyperspace bypass . Dent is rescued from Earth 's destruction by Ford Prefect , a human - like alien writer for the eccentric , electronic travel guide The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy , by hitchhiking onto a passing Vogon spacecraft . Following his rescue , Dent explores the galaxy with Prefect and encounters Trillian , another human that had been taken from Earth prior to its destruction by the President of the Galaxy , the two - headed Zaphod Beeblebrox , and the depressed Marvin , the Paranoid Android . Certain narrative details were changed between the various adaptations . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Background 3 Original radio series 4 Novels 4.1 The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy 4.2 The Restaurant at the End of the Universe 4.3 Life , the Universe and Everything 4.4 So Long , and Thanks for All the Fish 4.5 Mostly Harmless 4.6 And Another Thing ... 5 Omnibus editions 5.1 The More Than Complete Hitchhiker 's Guide 5.2 The Ultimate Hitchhiker 's Guide 6 Other Hitchhiker 's - related books and stories 6.1 Related stories 6.2 Published radio scripts 7 Television series 7.1 Other television appearances 8 Radio series three to five 9 Radio series six 10 Film 11 Stage shows 12 Live radio adaptation 13 LP album adaptations 14 Audiobook adaptations 15 Interactive fiction and video games 16 Comic books 17 `` Hitch - Hikeriana '' 18 International phenomenon 19 Spelling 20 See also 21 References 22 External links 22.1 Official sites 22.2 Other links Plot ( edit ) The various versions follow the same basic plot but they are in many places mutually contradictory , as Adams rewrote the story substantially for each new adaptation . Throughout all versions , the series follows the adventures of Arthur Dent , a hapless Englishman , following the destruction of the Earth by the Vogons , a race of unpleasant and bureaucratic aliens , to make way for an intergalactic bypass . Dent 's adventures intersect with several other characters : Ford Prefect ( who named himself after the Ford Prefect car to blend in with what was assumed to be the dominant life form , automobiles ) , an alien from a small planet somewhere in the vicinity of Betelgeuse and a researcher for the eponymous guidebook , who rescues Dent from Earth 's destruction ; Zaphod Beeblebrox , Ford 's eccentric semi-cousin and the Galactic President ; the depressed robot Marvin the Paranoid Android ; and Trillian , formerly known as Tricia McMillan , a woman Arthur once met at a party in Islington and the only other human survivor of Earth 's destruction thanks to Beeblebrox ' intervention . Background ( edit ) The first radio series comes from a proposal called `` The Ends of the Earth '' : six self - contained episodes , all ending with Earth 's being destroyed in a different way . While writing the first episode , Adams realized that he needed someone on the planet who was an alien to provide some context , and that this alien needed a reason to be there . Adams finally settled on making the alien a roving researcher for a `` wholly remarkable book '' named The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy . As the first radio episode 's writing progressed , the Guide became the centre of his story , and he decided to focus the series on it , with the destruction of Earth being the only hold - over . Adams claimed that the title came from a 1971 incident while he was hitchhiking around Europe as a young man with a copy of the Hitch - hiker 's Guide to Europe book : while lying drunk in a field near Innsbruck with a copy of the book and looking up at the stars , he thought it would be a good idea for someone to write a hitchhiker 's guide to the galaxy as well . However , he later claimed that he had told this story so many times that he had forgotten the incident itself , and only remembered himself telling the story . His friends are quoted as saying that Adams mentioned the idea of `` hitch - hiking around the galaxy '' to them while on holiday in Greece in 1973 . Adams 's fictional Guide is an electronic guidebook to the entire universe , originally published by Megadodo Publications , one of the great publishing houses of Ursa Minor Beta . The narrative of the various versions of the story are frequently punctuated with excerpts from the Guide . The voice of the Guide ( Peter Jones in the first two radio series and TV versions , later William Franklyn in the third , fourth and fifth radio series , and Stephen Fry in the movie version ) , also provides general narration . Original radio series ( edit ) See also : The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy ( radio series ) and The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy Primary and Secondary Phases The first radio series of six episodes ( called `` Fits '' after the names of the sections of Lewis Carroll 's nonsense poem `` The Hunting of the Snark '' ) was broadcast in 1978 on BBC Radio 4 . Despite a low - key launch of the series ( the first episode was broadcast at 10 : 30 pm on Wednesday , 8 March 1978 ) , it received generally good reviews and a tremendous audience reaction for radio . A one - off episode ( a `` Christmas special '' ) was broadcast later in the year . The BBC had a practice at the time of commissioning `` Christmas Special '' episodes for popular radio series , and while an early draft of this episode of The Hitchhiker 's Guide had a Christmas - related plotline , it was decided to be `` in slightly poor taste '' and the episode as transmitted served as a bridge between the two series . This episode was released as part of the second radio series and , later , The Secondary Phase on cassettes and CDs . The Primary and Secondary Phases were aired , in a slightly edited version , in the United States on NPR Playhouse . The first series was repeated twice in 1978 alone and many more times in the next few years . This led to an LP re-recording , produced independently of the BBC for sale , and a further adaptation of the series as a book . A second radio series , which consisted of a further six episodes , and bringing the total number of episodes to 12 , was broadcast in 1980 . The radio series ( and the LP and TV versions ) greatly benefited from the narration of noted comedy actor Peter Jones as The Book . He was cast after it was decided that a `` Peter Jonesy '' sort of voice was required . This led to a three - month search for an actor who sounded exactly like Peter Jones , which was unsuccessful . The producers then hired Peter Jones as exactly the `` Peter Jonesy '' voice they were looking for . The series was also notable for its use of sound , being the first comedy series to be produced in stereo . Adams said that he wanted the programme 's production to be comparable to that of a modern rock album . Much of the programme 's budget was spent on sound effects , which were largely the work of Paddy Kingsland ( for the pilot episode and the complete second series ) at the BBC Radiophonic Workshop and Dick Mills and Harry Parker ( for the remaining episodes ( 2 -- 6 ) of the first series ) . The fact that they were at the forefront of modern radio production in 1978 and 1980 was reflected when the three new series of Hitchhiker 's became some of the first radio shows to be mixed into four - channel Dolby Surround . This mix was also featured on DVD releases of the third radio series . The theme tune used for the radio , television , LP and film versions is `` Journey of the Sorcerer '' , an instrumental piece composed by Bernie Leadon and recorded by The Eagles on their album One of These Nights . Only the transmitted radio series used the original recording ; a sound - alike cover by Tim Souster was used for the LP and TV series , another arrangement by Joby Talbot was used for the 2005 film , and still another arrangement , this time by Philip Pope , was recorded to be released with the CDs of the last three radio series . Apparently , Adams chose this song for its futuristic - sounding nature , but also for the fact that it had a banjo in it , which , as Geoffrey Perkins recalls , Adams said would give an `` on the road , hitch - hiking feel '' to it . The twelve episodes were released ( in a slightly edited form , removing the Pink Floyd music and two other tunes `` hummed '' by Marvin when the team land on Magrathea ) on CD and cassette in 1988 , becoming the first CD release in the BBC Radio Collection . They were re-released in 1992 , and at this time Adams suggested that they could retitle Fits the First to Sixth as `` The Primary Phase '' and Fits the Seventh to Twelfth as `` The Secondary Phase '' instead of just `` the first series '' and `` the second series '' . It was at about this time that a `` Tertiary Phase '' was first discussed with Dirk Maggs , adapting Life , the Universe and Everything , but this series would not be recorded for another ten years . Main cast : Simon Jones as Arthur Dent Geoffrey McGivern as Ford Prefect Susan Sheridan as Trillian Mark Wing - Davey as Zaphod Beeblebrox Stephen Moore as Marvin , the Paranoid Android Richard Vernon as Slartibartfast Peter Jones as The Book Novels ( edit ) The novels are described as `` a trilogy in five parts '' , having been described as a trilogy on the release of the third book , and then a `` trilogy in four parts '' on the release of the fourth book . The US edition of the fifth book was originally released with the legend `` The fifth book in the increasingly inaccurately named Hitchhiker 's Trilogy '' on the cover . Subsequent re-releases of the other novels bore the legend `` The ( first , second , third , fourth ) book in the increasingly inaccurately named Hitchhiker 's Trilogy '' . In addition , the blurb on the fifth book describes it as `` the book that gives a whole new meaning to the word ' trilogy ' '' . The plots of the television and radio series are more or less the same as that of the first two novels , though some of the events occur in a different order and many of the details are changed . Much of parts five and six of the radio series were written by John Lloyd , but his material did not make it into the other versions of the story and is not included here . Many consider the books ' version of events to be definitive because they are the most readily accessible and widely distributed version of the story . However , they are not the final version that Adams produced . Before his death from a heart attack on 11 May 2001 , Adams was considering writing a sixth novel in the Hitchhiker 's series . He was working on a third Dirk Gently novel , under the working title The Salmon of Doubt , but felt that the book was not working and abandoned it . In an interview , he said some of the ideas in the book might fit better in the Hitchhiker 's series , and suggested he might rework those ideas into a sixth book in that series . He described Mostly Harmless as `` a very bleak book '' and said he `` would love to finish Hitchhiker on a slightly more upbeat note '' . Adams also remarked that if he were to write a sixth instalment , he would at least start with all the characters in the same place . Eoin Colfer , who wrote the sixth book in the Hitchhiker 's series in 2008 -- 09 , used this latter concept but none of the plot ideas from The Salmon of Doubt . The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy ( edit ) Main article : The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy ( novel ) In The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy ( published in 1979 ) , the characters visit the legendary planet Magrathea , home to the now - collapsed planet - building industry , and meet Slartibartfast , a planetary coastline designer who was responsible for the fjords of Norway . Through archival recordings , he relates the story of a race of hyper - intelligent pan-dimensional beings who built a computer named Deep Thought to calculate the Answer to the Ultimate Question of Life , the Universe , and Everything . When the answer was revealed to be 42 , Deep Thought explained that the answer was incomprehensible because the beings did n't know what they were asking . It went on to predict that another computer , more powerful than itself would be made and designed by it to calculate the question for the answer . ( Later on , referencing this , Adams would create the 42 Puzzle , a puzzle which could be approached in multiple ways , all yielding the answer 42 . ) The computer , often mistaken for a planet ( because of its size and use of biological components ) , was the Earth , and was destroyed by Vogons to make way for a hyperspatial express route five minutes before the conclusion of its 10 - million - year program . Two members of the race of hyper - intelligent pan-dimensional beings who commissioned the Earth in the first place disguise themselves as Trillian 's mice , and want to dissect Arthur 's brain to help reconstruct the question , since he was part of the Earth 's matrix moments before it was destroyed , and so he is likely to have part of the question buried in his brain . Trillian is also human but had left Earth six months previously with Zaphod Beeblebrox , President of the Galaxy . The protagonists escape , setting the course for `` The Restaurant at the End of the Universe '' . The mice , in Arthur 's absence , create a phony question since it is too troublesome for them to wait 10 million years again just to cash in on a lucrative deal . The book was adapted from the first four radio episodes . It was first published in 1979 , initially in paperback , by Pan Books , after BBC Publishing had turned down the offer of publishing a novelization , an action they would later regret . The book reached number one on the book charts in only its second week , and sold over 250,000 copies within three months of its release . A hardback edition was published by Harmony Books , a division of Random House in the United States in October 1980 , and the 1981 US paperback edition was promoted by the give - away of 3,000 free copies in the magazine Rolling Stone to build word of mouth . In 2005 , Del Rey Books rereleased the Hitchhiker series with new covers for the release of the 2005 movie . To date , it has sold over 14 million copies . A photo - illustrated edition of the first novel appeared in 1994 . The Restaurant at the End of the Universe ( edit ) Main article : The Restaurant at the End of the Universe In The Restaurant at the End of the Universe ( published in 1980 ) , Zaphod is separated from the others and finds he is part of a conspiracy to uncover who really runs the Universe . Zaphod meets Zarniwoop , a conspirator and editor for The Guide , who knows where to find the secret ruler . Zaphod becomes briefly reunited with the others for a trip to Milliways , the restaurant of the title . Zaphod and Ford decide to steal a ship from there , which turns out to be a stunt ship pre-programmed to plunge into a star as a special effect in a stage show . Unable to change course , the main characters get Marvin to run the teleporter they find in the ship , which is working other than having no automatic control ( someone must remain behind to operate it ) , and Marvin seemingly sacrifices himself . Zaphod and Trillian discover that the Universe is in the safe hands of a simple man living on a remote planet in a wooden shack with his cat . Ford and Arthur , meanwhile , end up on a spacecraft full of the outcasts of the Golgafrinchan civilization . The ship crashes on prehistoric Earth ; Ford and Arthur are stranded , and it becomes clear that the inept Golgafrinchans are the ancestors of modern humans , having displaced the Earth 's indigenous hominids . This has disrupted the Earth 's programming so that when Ford and Arthur manage to extract the final readout from Arthur 's subconscious mind by pulling lettered tiles from a Scrabble set , it is `` What do you get if you multiply six by nine ? '' Arthur then comments , `` I 've always said there was something fundamentally wrong with the universe . '' The book was adapted from the remaining material in the radio series -- covering from the fifth episode to the twelfth episode , although the ordering was greatly changed ( in particular , the events of Fit the Sixth , with Ford and Arthur being stranded on pre-historic Earth , end the book , and their rescue in Fit the Seventh is deleted ) , and most of the Brontitall incident was omitted , instead of the Haggunenon sequence , co-written by John Loyd , the Disaster Area stunt ship was substituted -- this having first been introduced in the LP version . Adams himself considered Restaurant to be his best novel of the five . Life , the Universe and Everything ( edit ) Main article : Life , the Universe and Everything In Life , the Universe and Everything ( published in 1982 ) , Ford and Arthur travel through the space - time continuum from prehistoric Earth to Lord 's Cricket Ground . There they run into Slartibartfast , who enlists their aid in preventing galactic war . Long ago , the people of Krikkit attempted to wipe out all life in the Universe , but they were stopped and imprisoned on their home planet ; now they are poised to escape . With the help of Marvin , Zaphod , and Trillian , our heroes prevent the destruction of life in the Universe and go their separate ways . This was the first Hitchhiker 's book originally written as a book and not adapted from radio . Its story was based on a treatment Adams had written for a Doctor Who theatrical release , with the Doctor role being split between Slartibartfast ( to begin with ) , and later Trillian and Arthur . The front cover of The Ultimate Hitchhiker 's Guide , a collection of the five books in the series written before Adams 's death , a leatherbound volume published in the United States by Portland House , a division of Random House , in 1997 In 2004 it was adapted for radio as the Tertiary Phase of the radio series . So Long , and Thanks for all the Fish ( edit ) Main article : So Long , and Thanks for All the Fish This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In So Long , and Thanks for All the Fish ( published in 1984 ) , Arthur returns home to Earth , rather surprisingly since it was destroyed when he left . He meets and falls in love with a girl named Fenchurch , and discovers this Earth is a replacement provided by the dolphins in their Save the Humans campaign . Eventually , he rejoins Ford , who claims to have saved the Universe in the meantime , to hitch - hike one last time and see God 's Final Message to His Creation . Along the way , they are joined by Marvin , the Paranoid Android , who , although 37 times older than the universe itself ( what with time travel and all ) , has just enough power left in his failing body to read the message and feel better about it all before expiring . This was the first Hitchhiker 's novel which was not an adaptation of any previously written story or script . In 2005 it was adapted for radio as the Quandary Phase of the radio series . Mostly Harmless ( edit ) Main article : Mostly Harmless Finally , in Mostly Harmless ( published in 1992 ) , Vogons take over The Hitchhiker 's Guide ( under the name of InfiniDim Enterprises ) , to finish , once and for all , the task of obliterating the Earth . After abruptly losing Fenchurch and traveling around the galaxy despondently , Arthur 's spaceship crashes on the planet Lamuella , where he settles in happily as the official sandwich - maker for a small village of simple , peaceful people . Meanwhile , Ford Prefect breaks into The Guide 's offices , gets himself an infinite expense account from the computer system , and then meets The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy , Mark II , an artificially intelligent , multi-dimensional guide with vast power and a hidden purpose . After he declines this dangerously powerful machine 's aid ( which he receives anyway ) , he sends it to Arthur Dent for safety ( `` Oh yes , whose ? '' -- Arthur ) . Trillian uses DNA that Arthur donated for traveling money to have a daughter , and when she goes to cover a war , she leaves her daughter Random Frequent Flyer Dent with Arthur . Random , a more than typically troubled teenager , steals The Guide Mark II and uses it to get to Earth . Arthur , Ford , Trillian , and Tricia McMillan ( Trillian in this alternate universe ) follow her to a crowded club , where an anguished Random becomes startled by a noise and inadvertently fires her gun at Arthur . The shot misses Arthur and kills a man ( the ever - unfortunate Agrajag ) . Immediately afterwards , The Guide Mark II causes the removal of all possible Earths from probability . All of the main characters , save Zaphod , were on Earth at the time and are apparently killed , bringing a good deal of satisfaction to the Vogons . In 2005 it was adapted for radio as the Quintessential Phase of the radio series , with the final episode first transmitted on 21 June 2005 . And another Thing ... ( edit ) Main article : And Another Thing ... ( novel ) It was announced in September 2008 that Eoin Colfer , author of Artemis Fowl , had been commissioned to write the sixth instalment entitled And Another Thing ... with the support of Jane Belson , Adams 's widow . The book was published by Penguin Books in the UK and Hyperion in the US in October 2009 . The story begins as death rays bear down on Earth , and the characters awaken from a virtual reality . Zaphod picks them up shortly before they are killed , but completely fails to escape the death beams . They are then saved by Bowerick Wowbagger , the Infinitely Prolonged , whom they agree to help kill . Zaphod travels to Asgard to get Thor 's help . In the meantime , the Vogons are heading to destroy a colony of people who also escaped Earth 's destruction , on the planet Nano . Arthur , Wowbagger , Trillian and Random head to Nano to try to stop the Vogons , and on the journey , Wowbagger and Trillian fall in love , making Wowbagger question whether or not he wants to be killed . Zaphod arrives with Thor , who then signs up to be the planet 's God . With Random 's help , Thor almost kills Wowbagger . Wowbagger , who merely loses his immortality , then marries Trillian . Thor then stops the first Vogon attack and apparently dies . Meanwhile , Constant Mown , son of Prostetnic Jeltz , convinces his father that the people on the planet are not citizens of Earth , but are , in fact , citizens of Nano , which means that it would be illegal to kill them . As the book draws to a close , Arthur is on his way to check out a possible university for Random , when , during a hyperspace jump , he is flung across alternate universes , has a brief encounter with Fenchurch , and ends up exactly where he would want to be . And then the Vogons turn up again . In 2017 it was adapted for radio as the Hexagonal Phase of the radio series , with its premiere episode first transmitted on 8 March 2018 ( exactly forty years , to the day , from the first episode of the first series , the Primary Phase ) . Omnibus editions ( edit ) Two omnibus editions were created by Douglas Adams to combine the Hitchhiker series novels and to `` set the record straight '' . The stories came in so many different formats that Adams stated that every time he told it he would contradict himself . Therefore , he stated in the introduction of The More Than Complete Hitchhiker 's Guide that `` anything I put down wrong here is , as far as I 'm concerned , wrong for good . '' The two omnibus editions were The More Than Complete Hitchhiker 's Guide , Complete and Unabridged ( published in 1987 ) and The Ultimate Hitchhiker 's Guide , Complete and Unabridged ( published in 1997 ) . The more than Complete Hitchhiker 's Guide ( edit ) Published in 1987 , this 624 - page leatherbound omnibus edition contains `` wrong for good '' versions of the four Hitchhiker series novels at the time , and also includes one short story : The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy The Restaurant at the End of the Universe Life , the Universe and Everything So Long , and Thanks for All the Fish `` Young Zaphod Plays it Safe '' The Ultimate Hitchhiker 's Guide ( edit ) Published in 1997 , this 832 - page leatherbound final omnibus edition contains five Hitchhiker series novels and one short story : The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy The Restaurant at the End of the Universe Life , the Universe and Everything So Long , and Thanks for All the Fish Mostly Harmless `` Young Zaphod Plays it Safe '' Also appearing in The Ultimate Hitchhiker 's Guide , at the end of Adams 's introduction , is a list of instructions on `` How to Leave the Planet '' , providing a humorous explanation of how one might replicate Arthur and Ford 's feat at the beginning of Hitchhiker 's . Other Hitchhiker 's - related Books and stories ( edit ) Related stories ( edit ) A short story by Adams , `` Young Zaphod Plays It Safe '' , first appeared in The Utterly Utterly Merry Comic Relief Christmas Book , a special large - print compilation of different stories and pictures that raised money for the then - new Comic Relief charity in the UK . The story also appears in some of the omnibus editions of the trilogy , and in The Salmon of Doubt . There are two versions of this story , one of which is slightly more explicit in its political commentary . A novel , Douglas Adams ' Starship Titanic : A Novel , written by Terry Jones , is based on Adams 's computer game of the same name , Douglas Adams 's Starship Titanic , which in turn is based on an idea from Life , the Universe and Everything . The idea concerns a luxury passenger starship that suffers `` sudden and gratuitous total existence failure '' on its maiden voyage . Wowbagger the Infinitely Prolonged , a character from Life , the Universe and Everything , also appears in a short story by Adams titled `` The Private Life of Genghis Khan '' which appears in some early editions of The Salmon of Doubt . Published radio Scripts ( edit ) Douglas Adams and Geoffrey Perkins collaborated on The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy : The Original Radio Scripts , first published in the United Kingdom and United States in 1985 . A tenth - anniversary ( of the script book publication ) edition was printed in 1995 , and a twenty - fifth - anniversary ( of the first radio series broadcast ) edition was printed in 2003 . The 2004 series was produced by Above The Title Productions and the scripts were published in July 2005 , with production notes for each episode . This second radio script book is entitled The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy Radio Scripts : The Tertiary , Quandary and Quintessential Phases . Douglas Adams gets the primary writer 's credit ( as he wrote the original novels ) , and there is a foreword by Simon Jones , introductions by the producer and the director , and other introductory notes from other members of the cast . Television series ( edit ) Main article : The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy ( TV series ) The popularity of the radio series gave rise to a six - episode television series , directed and produced by Alan J.W. Bell , which first aired on BBC 2 in January and February 1981 . It employed many of the actors from the radio series and was based mainly on the radio versions of Fits the First to Sixth . A second series was at one point planned , with a storyline , according to Alan Bell and Mark Wing - Davey that would have come from Adams 's abandoned Doctor Who and the Krikkitmen project ( instead of simply making a TV version of the second radio series ) . However , Adams got into disputes with the BBC ( accounts differ : problems with budget , scripts , and having Alan Bell involved are all offered as causes ) , and the second series was never made . Elements of Doctor Who and the Krikkitmen were instead used in the third novel , Life , the Universe and Everything . The main cast was the same as the original radio series , except for David Dixon as Ford Prefect instead of McGivern , and Sandra Dickinson as Trillian instead of Sheridan . Interview with Sandra Dickinson on 1st June 2018 , where she talks about The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy . Other television appearances ( edit ) Segments of several of the books were adapted as part of the BBC 's The Big Read survey and programme , broadcast in late 2003 . The film , directed by Deep Sehgal , starred Sanjeev Bhaskar as Arthur Dent , alongside Spencer Brown as Ford Prefect , Nigel Planer as the voice of Marvin , Stephen Hawking as the voice of Deep Thought , Patrick Moore as the voice of the Guide , Roger Lloyd - Pack as Slartibartfast , and Adam Buxton and Joe Cornish as Loonquawl and Phouchg . Radio series three to five ( edit ) Main article : The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy Tertiary to Quintessential Phases On 21 June 2004 , the BBC announced in a press release that a new series of Hitchhiker 's based on the third novel would be broadcast as part of its autumn schedule , produced by Above the Title Productions Ltd . The episodes were recorded in late 2003 , but actual transmission was delayed while an agreement was reached with The Walt Disney Company over Internet re-broadcasts , as Disney had begun pre-production on the film . This was followed by news that further series would be produced based on the fourth and fifth novels . These were broadcast in September and October 2004 and May and June 2005 . CD releases accompanied the transmission of the final episode in each series . The adaptation of the third novel followed the book very closely , which caused major structural issues in meshing with the preceding radio series in comparison to the second novel . Because many events from the radio series were omitted from the second novel , and those that did occur happened in a different order , the two series split in completely different directions . The last two adaptations vary somewhat -- some events in Mostly Harmless are now foreshadowed in the adaptation of So Long and Thanks For All The Fish , while both include some additional material that builds on incidents in the third series to tie all five ( and their divergent plotlines ) together , most especially including the character Zaphod more prominently in the final chapters and addressing his altered reality to include the events of the Secondary Phase . While Mostly Harmless originally contained a rather bleak ending , Dirk Maggs created a different ending for the transmitted radio version , ending it on a much more upbeat note , reuniting the cast one last time . The core cast for the third to fifth radio series remained the same , except for the replacement of Peter Jones by William Franklyn as the Book , and Richard Vernon by Richard Griffiths as Slartibartfast , since both had died . ( Homage to Jones ' iconic portrayal of the Book was paid twice : the gradual shift of voices to a `` new '' version in episode 13 , launching the new productions , and a blend of Jones and Franklyn 's voices at the end of the final episode , the first part of Maggs ' alternative ending . ) Sandra Dickinson , who played Trillian in the TV series , here played Tricia McMillan , an English - born , American - accented alternate - universe version of Trillian , while David Dixon , the television series ' Ford Prefect , made a cameo appearance as the `` Ecological Man '' . Jane Horrocks appeared in the new semi-regular role of Fenchurch , Arthur 's girlfriend , and Samantha Béart joined in the final series as Arthur and Trillian 's daughter , Random Dent . Also reprising their roles from the original radio series were Jonathan Pryce as Zarniwoop ( here blended with a character from the final novel to become Zarniwoop Vann Harl ) , Rula Lenska as Lintilla and her clones ( and also as the Voice of the Bird ) , and Roy Hudd as Milliways compere Max Quordlepleen , as well as the original radio series ' announcer , John Marsh . The series also featured guest appearances by such noted personalities as Joanna Lumley as the Sydney Opera House Woman , Jackie Mason as the East River Creature , Miriam Margolyes as the Smelly Photocopier Woman , BBC Radio cricket legends Henry Blofeld and Fred Trueman as themselves , June Whitfield as the Raffle Woman , Leslie Phillips as Hactar , Saeed Jaffrey as the Man on the Pole , Sir Patrick Moore as himself , and Christian Slater as Wonko the Sane . Finally , Adams himself played the role of Agrajag , a performance adapted from his book - on - tape reading of the third novel , and edited into the series created some time after the author 's death . Tertiary , Quandary and Quintessential Phase Main cast : Simon Jones as Arthur Dent Geoffrey McGivern as Ford Prefect Susan Sheridan as Trillian Mark Wing - Davey as Zaphod Beeblebrox Stephen Moore as Marvin , the Paranoid Android Richard Griffiths as Slartibartfast Sandra Dickinson as Tricia McMillan Jane Horrocks as Fenchurch Rula Lenska as the Voice of the Bird Samantha Béart as Random William Franklyn as The Book Radio series six ( edit ) The first of six episodes in a sixth series , the Hexagonal Phase , was broadcast on BBC Radio 4 on 8 March 2018 and featured Professor Stephen Hawking introducing himself as the voice of The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy Mk II by saying : `` I have been quite popular in my time . Some even read my books . '' Film ( edit ) Main article : The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy ( film ) After several years of setbacks and renewed efforts to start production and a quarter of a century after the first book was published , the big - screen adaptation of The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy was finally shot . Pre-production began in 2003 , filming began on 19 April 2004 and post-production began in early September 2004 . After a London premiere on 20 April 2005 , it was released on 28 April in the UK and Australia , 29 April in the United States and Canada , and 29 July in South Africa . ( A full list of release dates is available at the IMDb . ) The movie stars Martin Freeman as Arthur , Mos Def as Ford , Sam Rockwell as President of the Galaxy Zaphod Beeblebrox and Zooey Deschanel as Trillian , with Alan Rickman providing the voice of Marvin the Paranoid Android ( and Warwick Davis acting in Marvin 's costume ) , and Stephen Fry as the voice of the Guide / Narrator . The plot of the film adaptation of Hitchhiker 's Guide differs widely from that of the radio show , book and television series . The romantic triangle between Arthur , Zaphod , and Trillian is more prominent in the film ; and visits to Vogsphere , the homeworld of the Vogons ( which , in the books , was already abandoned ) , and Viltvodle VI are inserted . The film covers roughly events in the first four radio episodes , and ends with the characters en route to the Restaurant at the End of the Universe , leaving the opportunity for a sequel open . A unique appearance is made by the Point - of - View Gun , a device specifically created by Adams himself for the movie . Commercially the film was a modest success , taking $21 million in its opening weekend in the United States , and nearly £ 3.3 million in its opening weekend in the United Kingdom . The film was released on DVD ( Region 2 , PAL ) in the UK on 5 September 2005 . Both a standard double - disc edition and a UK - exclusive numbered limited edition `` Giftpack '' were released on this date . The `` Giftpack '' edition includes a copy of the novel with a `` movie tie - in '' cover , and collectible prints from the film , packaged in a replica of the film 's version of the Hitchhiker 's Guide prop . A single - disc widescreen or full - screen edition ( Region 1 , NTSC ) were made available in the United States and Canada on 13 September 2005 . Single - disc releases in the Blu - ray format and UMD format for the PlayStation Portable were also released on the respective dates in these three countries . Stage shows ( edit ) Flyer for the 1979 stage production at the ICA of The Hitchhiker 's Guide To The Galaxy . Adam Pope playing Zaphod in an amateur production of HHGTTG by Prudhoe 's Really Youthful Theatre Company There have been multiple professional and amateur stage adaptations of The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy . There were three early professional productions , which were staged in 1979 and 1980 . The first of these was performed at the Institute of Contemporary Arts in London , between 1 and 19 May 1979 , starring Chris Langham as Arthur Dent ( Langham later returned to Hitchhiker 's as Prak in the final episode of 2004 's Tertiary Phase ) and Richard Hope as Ford Prefect . This show was adapted from the first series ' scripts and was directed by Ken Campbell , who went on to perform a character in the final episode of the second radio series . The show ran 90 minutes , but had an audience limited to eighty people per night . Actors performed on a variety of ledges and platforms , and the audience was pushed around in a hovercar , 1 / 2000th of an inch above the floor . This was the first time that Zaphod was represented by having two actors in one large costume . The narration of `` The Book '' was split between two usherettes , an adaptation that has appeared in no other version of H2G2 . One of these usherettes , Cindy Oswin , went on to voice Trillian for the LP adaptation . The second stage show was performed throughout Wales between 15 January and 23 February 1980 . This was a production of Clwyd Theatr Cymru , and was directed by Jonathan Petherbridge . The company performed adaptations of complete radio episodes , at times doing two episodes in a night , and at other times doing all six episodes of the first series in single three - hour sessions . This adaptation was performed again at the Oxford Playhouse in December 1981 , the Bristol Hippodrome , Plymouth 's Theatre Royal in May -- June 1982 , and also at the Belgrade Theatre , Coventry , in July 1983 . The third and least successful stage show was held at the Rainbow Theatre in London , in July 1980 . This was the second production directed by Ken Campbell . The Rainbow Theatre had been adapted for stagings of rock operas in the 1970s , and both reference books mentioned in footnotes indicate that this , coupled with incidental music throughout the performance , caused some reviewers to label it as a `` musical '' . This was the first adaptation for which Adams wrote the `` Dish of the Day '' sequence . The production ran for over three hours , and was widely panned for this , as well as for the music , laser effects , and the acting . Despite attempts to shorten the script , and make other changes , it closed three or four weeks early ( accounts differ ) , and lost a lot of money . Despite the bad reviews , there were at least two stand - out performances : Michael Cule and David Learner both went on from this production to appearances in the TV adaptation . In December 2011 a new stage production was announced to begin touring in June 2012 . This included members of the original radio and TV casts such as Simon Jones , Geoff McGivern , Susan Sheridan , Mark Wing - Davey and Stephen Moore with VIP guests playing the role of the Book . It was produced in the form of a radio show which could be downloaded when the tour was completed . This production was based on the first four Fits in the first act , with the second act covering material from the rest of the series . The show also featured a band , who performed the songs `` Share and Enjoy '' , the Krikkit song `` Under the Ink Black Sky '' , Marvin 's song `` How I Hate The Night '' , and `` Marvin '' , which was a minor hit in 1981 . The production featured a series of `` VIP guests '' as the voice of The Book including Billy Boyd , Phill Jupitus , Rory McGrath , Roger McGough , Jon Culshaw , Christopher Timothy , Andrew Sachs , John Challis , Hugh Dennis , John Lloyd , Terry Jones and Neil Gaiman . The tour started on 8 June 2012 at the Theatre Royal , Glasgow and continued through the summer until 21 July when the final performance was at Playhouse Theatre , Edinburgh . The production started touring again in September 2013 , but the remaining dates of the tour were cancelled due to poor ticket sales . Live radio adaptation ( edit ) On Saturday 29 March 2014 , Radio 4 broadcast an adaptation in front of a live audience , featuring many members of the original cast including Stephen Moore , Susan Sheridan , Mark Wing - Davey , Simon Jones and Geoff McGivern , with John Lloyd as the book . The adaptation was adapted by Dirk Maggs primarily from Fit the First , including material from the books and later radio Fits as well as some new jokes . It formed part of Radio 4 's Character Invasion series . LP album adaptations ( edit ) The first four radio episodes were adapted for a new double LP , also entitled The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy ( appended with `` Part One '' for the subsequent Canadian release ) , first by mail - order only , and later into stores . The double LP and its sequel were originally released by Original Records in the United Kingdom in 1979 and 1980 , with the catalogue numbers ORA042 and ORA054 respectively . They were first released by Hannibal Records in 1982 ( as HNBL 2301 and HNBL 1307 , respectively ) in the United States and Canada , and later re-released in a slightly abridged edition by Simon & Schuster 's Audioworks in the mid-1980s . Both were produced by Geoffrey Perkins and featured cover artwork by Hipgnosis . The script in the first double LP very closely follows the first four radio episodes , although further cuts had to be made for reasons of timing . Despite this , other lines of dialogue that were indicated as having been cut when the original scripts from the radio series were eventually published can be heard in the LP version . The Simon & Schuster cassettes omit the Veet Voojagig narration , the cheerleader 's speech as Deep Thought concludes its seven - and - one - half - million - year programme , and a few other lines from both sides of the second LP of the set . Hitchhiker 's theme , Journey of the Sorcerer , Original Records version excerpt Problems playing this file ? See media help . Most of the original cast returned , except for Susan Sheridan , who was recording a voice for the character of Princess Eilonwy in The Black Cauldron for Walt Disney Pictures . Cindy Oswin voiced Trillian on all three LPs in her place . Other casting changes in the first double LP included Stephen Moore taking on the additional role of the barman , and Valentine Dyall as the voice of Deep Thought . Adams 's voice can be heard making the public address announcements on Magrathea . Because of copyright issues , the music used during the first radio series was either replaced , or in the case of the title it was re-recorded in a new arrangement . Composer Tim Souster did both duties ( with Paddy Kingsland contributing music as well ) , and Souster 's version of the theme was the version also used for the eventual television series . The sequel LP was released , singly , as The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy Part Two : The Restaurant at the End of the Universe in the UK , and simply as The Restaurant at the End of the Universe in the USA . The script here mostly follows Fit the Fifth and Fit the Sixth , but includes a song by the backup band in the restaurant ( `` Reg Nullify and his Cataclysmic Combo '' ) , and changes the Haggunenon sequence to `` Disaster Area '' . Reg Nullify and his Cataclysmic Combo excerpt Problems playing this file ? See media help . As the result of a misunderstanding , the second record was released before being cut down in a final edit that Douglas Adams and Geoffrey Perkins had both intended to make . Perkins has said , `` ( I ) t is far too long on each side . It 's just a rough cut . ( ... ) I felt it was flabby , and I wanted to speed it up . '' The Simon & Schuster Audioworks re-release of this LP was also abridged slightly from its original release . The scene with Ford Prefect and Hotblack Desiato 's bodyguard is omitted . Sales for the first double - LP release were primarily through mail order . Total sales reached over 60,000 units , with half of those being mail order , and the other half through retail outlets . This is in spite of the facts that Original Records ' warehouse ordered and stocked more copies than they were actually selling for quite some time , and that Paul Neil Milne Johnstone complained about his name and then - current address being included in the recording . This was corrected for a later pressing of the double - LP by `` cut ( ting ) up that part of the master tape and reassembl ( ing ) it in the wrong order '' . The second LP release ( `` Part Two '' ) also only sold a total of 60,000 units in the UK . The distribution deals for the United States and Canada with Hannibal Records and Simon and Schuster were later negotiated by Douglas Adams and his agent , Ed Victor , after gaining full rights to the recordings from Original Records , which went bankrupt . Audiobook adaptations ( edit ) There have been three audiobook recordings of the novel . The first was an abridged edition ( ISBN 0 - 671 - 62964 - 6 ) , recorded in the mid-1980s for the EMI label Music For Pleasure by Stephen Moore , best known for playing the voice of Marvin the Paranoid Android in the radio series and in the TV series . In 1990 , Adams himself recorded an unabridged edition for Dove Audiobooks ( ISBN 1 - 55800 - 273 - 1 ) , later re-released by New Millennium Audio ( ISBN 1 - 59007 - 257 - X ) in the United States and available from BBC Audiobooks in the United Kingdom . Also by arrangement with Dove , ISIS Publishing Ltd produced a numbered exclusive edition signed by Douglas Adams ( ISBN 1 - 85695 - 028 - X ) in 1994 . To tie - in with the 2005 film , actor Stephen Fry , the film 's voice of the Guide , recorded a second unabridged edition ( ISBN 0 - 7393 - 2220 - 6 ) . In addition , unabridged versions of books 2 - 5 of the series were recorded by Martin Freeman for Random House Audio . Freeman plays Arthur in the 2005 film adaptation . Audiobooks 2 - 5 follow in order and include : The Restaurant at the End of the Universe ( ISBN 9780739332085 ) ; Life , the Universe , and Everything ( ISBN 9780739332108 ) ; So Long , and Thanks for All the Fish ( ISBN 9780739332122 ) ; and Mostly Harmless ( ISBN 9780739332146 ) . Interactive fiction and video games ( edit ) Main article : The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy ( video game ) Sometime between 1982 and 1984 ( accounts differ ) , the British company Supersoft published a text - based adventure game based on the book , which was released in versions for the Commodore PET and Commodore 64 . One account states that there was a dispute as to whether valid permission for publication had been granted , and following legal action the game was withdrawn and all remaining copies were destroyed . Another account states that the programmer , Bob Chappell , rewrote the game to remove all Hitchhiker 's references , and republished it as `` Cosmic Capers '' . Officially , the TV series was followed in 1984 by a best - selling `` interactive fiction '' , or text - based adventure game , distributed by Infocom . It was designed by Adams and Infocom regular Steve Meretzky and was one of Infocom 's most successful games . As with many Infocom games , the box contained a number of `` feelies '' including a `` Do n't panic '' badge , some `` pocket fluff '' , a pair of peril - sensitive sunglasses ( made of cardboard ) , an order for the destruction of the Earth , a small , clear plastic bag containing `` a microscopic battle fleet '' and an order for the destruction of Arthur Dent 's house ( signed by Adams and Meretzky ) . In September 2004 , it was revived by the BBC on the Hitchhiker 's section of the Radio 4 website for the initial broadcast of the Tertiary Phase , and is still available to play online . This new version uses an original Infocom datafile with a custom - written interpreter , by Sean Sollé , and Flash programming by Shimon Young , both of whom used to work at The Digital Village ( TDV ) . The new version includes illustrations by Rod Lord , who was head of Pearce Animation Studios in 1980 , which produced the guide graphics for the TV series . On 2 March 2005 it won the Interactive BAFTA in the `` best online entertainment '' category . A sequel to the original Infocom game was never made . An all - new , fully graphical game was designed and developed by a joint venture between The Digital Village and PAN Interactive ( no connection to Pan Books / Pan Mcmillan ) . This new game was planned and developed between 1998 and 2002 , but like the sequel to the Infocom game , it also never materialised . In April 2005 , Starwave Mobile released two mobile games to accompany the release of the film adaptation . The first , developed by Atatio , was called `` The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy : Vogon Planet Destructor '' . It was a typical top - down shooter and except for the title had little to do with the actual story . The second game , developed by TKO Software , was a graphical adventure game named `` The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy : Adventure Game '' . Despite its name , the newly designed puzzles by TKO Software 's Ireland studio were different from the Infocom ones , and the game followed the movie 's script closely and included the new characters and places . The `` Adventure Game '' won the IGN 's `` Editors ' Choice Award '' in May 2005 . On 25 May 2011 , Hothead Games announced they were working on a new edition of The Guide . Along with the announcement , Hothead Games launched a teaser web site made to look like an announcement from Megadodo Publications that The Guide will soon be available on Earth . It has since been revealed that they are developing an iOS app in the style of the fictional Guide . Comic Books ( edit ) The front cover of the DC Comics adaptation of the first book In 1993 , DC Comics , in conjunction with Byron Preiss Visual Publications , published a three - part comic book adaptation of the novelisation of The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy . This was followed up with three - part adaptations of The Restaurant at the End of the Universe in 1994 , and Life , the Universe and Everything in 1996 . There was also a series of collectors ' cards with art from and inspired by the comic adaptations of the first book , and a graphic novelisation ( or `` collected edition '' ) combining the three individual comic books from 1993 , itself released in May 1997 . Douglas Adams was deeply opposed to the use of American English spellings and idioms in what he felt was a very British story , and had to be talked into it by the American publishers , although he remained very unhappy with the compromise . The adaptations were scripted by John Carnell . Steve Leialoha provided the art for Hitchhiker 's and the layouts for Restaurant . Shepherd Hendrix did the finished art for Restaurant . Neil Vokes and John Nyberg did the finished artwork for Life , based on breakdowns by Paris Cullins ( Book 1 ) and Christopher Schenck ( Books 2 -- 3 ) . The miniseries were edited by Howard Zimmerman and Ken Grobe . `` Hitch - Hikeriana '' ( edit ) Do n't Panic towel Many merchandising and spin - off items ( or `` Hitch - Hikeriana '' ) were produced in the early 1980s , including towels in different colours , all bearing the Guide entry for towels . Later runs of towels include those made for promotions by Pan Books , Touchstone Pictures / Disney for the 2005 movie , and different towels made for ZZ9 Plural Z Alpha , the official Hitchhiker 's Appreciation society . Other items that first appeared in the mid-1980s were T - shirts , including those made for Infocom ( such as one bearing the legend `` I got the Babel Fish '' for successfully completing one of that game 's most difficult puzzles ) , and a Disaster Area tour T - shirt . Other official items have included `` Beeblebears '' ( teddy bears with an extra head and arm , named after Hitchhiker 's character Zaphod Beeblebrox , sold by the official Appreciation Society ) , an assortment of pin - on buttons and a number of novelty singles . Many of the above items are displayed throughout the 2004 `` 25th Anniversary Illustrated Edition '' of the novel , which used items from the personal collections of fans of the series . Stephen Moore recorded two novelty singles in character as Marvin , the Paranoid Android : `` Marvin '' / `` Metal Man '' and `` Reasons To Be Miserable '' / `` Marvin I Love You '' . The last song has appeared on a Dr. Demento compilation . Another single featured the re-recorded `` Journey of the Sorcerer '' ( arranged by Tim Souster ) backed with `` Reg Nullify In Concert '' by Reg Nullify , and `` Only the End of the World Again '' by Disaster Area ( including Douglas Adams on bass guitar ) listen ( help info ) . These discs have since become collector 's items . The 2005 movie also added quite a few collectibles , mostly through the National Entertainment Collectibles Association . These included three prop replicas of objects seen on the Vogon ship and homeworld ( a mug , a pen and a stapler ) , sets of `` action figures '' with a height of either 3 or 6 inches ( 76 or 150 mm ) , a gun -- based on a prop used by Marvin , the Paranoid Android , that shoots foam darts -- a crystal cube , shot glasses , a ten - inch ( 254 mm ) high version of Marvin with eyes that light up green , and `` yarn doll '' versions of Arthur Dent , Ford Prefect , Trillian , Marvin and Zaphod Beeblebrox . Also , various audio tracks were released to coincide with the movie , notably re-recordings of `` Marvin '' and `` Reasons To Be Miserable '' , sung by Stephen Fry , along with some of the `` Guide Entries '' , newly written material read in - character by Fry . SpaceX CEO Elon Musk launched his Tesla Roadster into an elliptical heliocentric orbit as part of the initial test launch of the Falcon Heavy . On the car 's dashboard , the phrase `` Do n't Panic ! '' appears , as a nod to the Hitchhiker 's Guide . International phenomenon ( edit ) Many science fiction fans and radio listeners outside the United Kingdom were first exposed to The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy in one of two ways : shortwave radio broadcasts of the original radio series , or by Douglas Adams being `` Guest of Honour '' at the 1979 World Science Fiction Convention , Seacon , held in Brighton , England . It was there that the radio series was nominated for a Hugo Award ( the first radio series to receive a nomination ) but lost to Superman . A convention exclusively for H2G2 , Hitchercon I , was held in Glasgow , Scotland , in September 1980 , the year that the official fan club , ZZ9 Plural Z Alpha , was organised . In the early 1980s , versions of H2G2 became available in the United States , Canada , Germany ( Per Anhalter durch die Galaxis ) , Denmark ( Håndbog for vakse galakseblaffere ) , the Netherlands ( Transgalactisch Liftershandboek ) , Sweden ( Liftarens guide till galaxen ) , Finland ( Linnunradan Käsikirja Liftareille ) and also Israel ( מדריך הטרמפיסט לגלקסיה ) . In the meantime the book has been translated into more than thirty languages , such as Bulgarian ( Пътеводител на галактическия стопаджия ) , Czech ( Stopařův průvodce Galaxií ) , Farsi / Persian ( راهنمای مسافران مجانی کهکشان ) , French ( Le routard galactique ) , Greek ( Γυρίστε το Γαλαξία με Ωτο - στόπ ) , Hungarian ( Galaxis Útikalauz stopposoknak ) , Italian ( Guida galattica per gli autostoppisti ) , Japanese ( 銀河 ヒッチハイク ・ ガイド ) , Korean ( 은하수 를 여행 하는 히치하이커 를 위한 안내서 ) , Latvian ( Galaktikas ceļvedis stopētājiem ) , Norwegian ( Haikerens guide til Galaksen , first published as På tommeltotten til melkeveien ) , Brazilian Portuguese ( Guia do Mochileiro das Galáxias ) , Portuguese ( À Boleia Pela Galáxia ) , Polish ( Autostopem przez galaktykę ) , Romanian ( Ghidul autostopistului galactic ) , Russian ( Автостопом по Галактике ) , Serbian ( Autostoperski vodič kroz galaksiju ) , Slovenian ( Štoparski vodnik po Galaksiji ) , Spanish ( Guía del autoestopista galáctico ) , Slovak ( Stopárov sprievodca galaxiou ) , Czech ( Stopařův průvodce galaxií ) and Turkish ( Otostopçunun Galaksi Rehberi ) . Spelling ( edit ) The different versions of the series spell the title differently − thus Hitch - Hiker 's Guide , Hitch Hiker 's Guide and Hitchhiker 's Guide are used in different editions ( US or UK ) , formats ( audio or print ) and compilations of the book , with some omitting the apostrophe . Some editions used different spellings on the spine and title page . The h2g2 's English Usage in Approved Entries claims that Hitchhiker 's Guide is the spelling Adams preferred . At least two reference works make note of the inconsistency in the titles . Both , however , repeat the statement that Adams decided in 2000 that `` everyone should spell it the same way ( one word , no hyphen ) from then on . '' See also ( edit ) Hitchhiking List of minor characters from The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy Places in The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy Phrases from The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy Technology in The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy Races and species in The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy cast lists `` The Last Question '' , a story written by Isaac Asimov that inspired Deep Thought Timeline of The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy versions Towel Day References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ The spelling of Hitchhiker 's Guide has varied in different editions . For consistency this article always spells it this way . See Spelling of Hitchhiker 's Guide . Jump up ^ `` Jo Kent saves cult hg2g game from scrapheap '' . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy '' . Douglasadams.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ Gaiman , Neil ( 2003 ) . Do n't Panic : Douglas Adams and the `` Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy '' . Titan Books . pp. 144 -- 145 . ISBN 1 - 84023 - 742 - 2 . Jump up ^ Simpson , M.J. ( 2005 ) . The Pocket Essential Hitchhiker 's Guide ( Second ed . ) . Pocket Essentials . p. 120 . ISBN 1 - 904048 - 46 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` The Ultimate Reference Guide to British Popular Culture '' . Oxford Royale. 23 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy to land back on Radio 4 '' . BBC mediacentre , 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy : Hexagonal Phase '' . BBC online , 28 February 2018 . Jump up ^ See for example `` Introduction : A Guide to the Guide - some unhelpful remarks by the author '' by Adams p. vi - xi in the compilation `` The Ultimate Hitchhiker 's Guide '' ISBN 0 - 517 - 14925 - 7 Jump up ^ Webb , Nick ( 2005 ) . Wish You Were Here : The Official Biography of Douglas Adams ( First US hardcover ed . ) . Ballantine Books . p. 100 . ISBN 0 - 345 - 47650 - 6 . Jump up ^ Simpson , M.J. ( 2003 ) . Hitchhiker : A Biography of Douglas Adams ( First US ed . ) . Justin Charles & Co. p. 340 . ISBN 1 - 932112 - 17 - 0 . Jump up ^ Merriam - Webster Online definition of ' fit ' . Jump up ^ Simpson , M.J. ( 2005 ) . The Pocket Essential Hitchhiker 's Guide ( Second ed . ) . Pocket Essentials . p. 33 . ISBN 1 - 904048 - 46 - 3 . Jump up ^ Adams , Douglas ( 2003 ) . Geoffrey Perkins ( ed . ) , additional Material by M.J. Simpson. , ed . The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy : The Original Radio Scripts ( 25th Anniversary ed . ) . Pan Books . p. 147 . ISBN 0 - 330 - 41957 - 9 . Jump up ^ Adams , Douglas . The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy : The Original Radio Scripts ( 25th Anniversary ed . ) . Geoffrey Perkins . ISBN 978 - 1 - 447 - 20488 - 6 . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Hitchhiker 's Guide To The Galaxy '' . www.bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 22 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Adams , Douglas ( 2003 ) . Geoffrey Perkins ( ed . ) , additional Material by M.J. Simpson. , ed . The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy : The Original Radio Scripts ( 25th Anniversary ed . ) . Pan Books . p. 32 . ISBN 0 - 330 - 41957 - 9 . Jump up ^ Adams , Douglas ( 2003 ) . Geoffrey Perkins ( ed . ) , additional Material by M.J. Simpson. , ed . The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy : The Original Radio Scripts ( 25th Anniversary ed . ) . Pan Books . p. 253 . ISBN 0 - 330 - 41957 - 9 . Jump up ^ Adams , Douglas . ( 2005 ) . Dirk Maggs , dramatisations and editor. , ed . The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy Radio Scripts : The Tertiary , Quandary and Quintessential Phases . Pan Books . xiv . ISBN 0 - 330 - 43510 - 8 . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Adams , Douglas ( 2002 ) . Peter Guzzardi , ed . The Salmon of Doubt : Hitchhiking the Galaxy One Last Time ( First UK ed . ) . Macmillan . p. 198 . ISBN 0 - 333 - 76657 - 1 . Jump up ^ Simpson , M.J. ( 2003 ) . Hitchhiker : A Biography of Douglas Adams ( First US ed . ) . Justin Charles & Co. p. 131 . ISBN 1 - 932112 - 17 - 0 . Jump up ^ Review of Neil Gaiman 's Do n't Panic Jump up ^ Gaiman , Neil : Do n't Panic : The Official Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy Companion , Chapter 14 . Titan Books Ltd. 1987 -- 1993 Jump up ^ Gaiman , Appendix V : Doctor Who and the Krikkitmen ^ Jump up to : `` New Hitchhiker 's author announced '' . Entertainment / Arts . BBC News . 16 September 2008 . Retrieved 17 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Griffiths , Peter ( 17 September 2008 ) . `` Hitchhiker 's Guide series to ride again '' . Thomson Reuters . Retrieved 17 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Flood , Alison ( 17 September 2008 ) . `` Eoin Colfer to write sixth Hitchhiker 's Guide book '' . Culture -- Books . UK . Retrieved 17 September 2008 . Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p05l1s3f Jump up ^ https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03v379k Jump up ^ https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2018/03/the-hitchhikers-guide-to-the-galaxy-returns-with-the-original-cast/ ^ Jump up to : `` Introduction : A Guide to the Guide - Some unhelpful remarks from the author '' by Adams p. vi - xi in the omnibus edition `` The More Than Complete Hitchhiker 's Guide '' ISBN 0 - 681 - 40322 - 5 Jump up ^ `` Interview with Sandra Dickinson and Jonathan Chambers '' . LondonTheatre1.com . Retrieved 2 June 2018 . Jump up ^ BBC Press Office release , announcing a new series ( the third ) to be transmitted on BBC Radio 4 beginning in September 2004 . Jump up ^ Webb , page 324 . Jump up ^ ( https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b09vm093 BBC Radio 4 schedule Jump up ^ Stamp , Robbie , editor ( 2005 ) . The Making of The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy : The Filming of the Douglas Adams Classic . Boxtree . p. 12 . ISBN 0 - 7522 - 2585 - 5 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ IMDb page for the release dates of the movie adaptation of The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy . Jump up ^ Box office data page , including opening weekends for the US and UK releases of the 2005 movie . Jump up ^ Gaiman , page 61 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Simpson , M.J. ( 2005 ) . The Pocket Essential Hitchhiker 's Guide ( Second ed . ) . Pocket Essentials . pp. 48 -- 57 . ISBN 1 - 904048 - 46 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy set for stage return '' . BBC . 22 December 2011 . Retrieved 23 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Original cast confirmed for Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy stage play '' . BBC . 22 December 2011 . Retrieved 23 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Dave Golder ( 2 June 2012 ) . `` Hitchhiker 's Live Tour : Simon Jones Interview '' . SFX . Future Publishing . Retrieved 2 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Patrick Marmion ( 15 June 2012 ) . `` Hitchhiker 's Guide To The Galaxy Radio Show gets a big thumbs up '' . Daily Mail . Associated Newspapers . Retrieved 2 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Robin Duke ( 19 June 2012 ) . `` Boldly going where few us understood anyway '' . Blackpool Gazette . Johnston Press . Retrieved 2 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Review : The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Glaxy , Royal Concert Hall '' . Nottingham Post . Northcliffe Newspapers Group . 23 June 2012 . Archived from the original on 5 May 2013 . Retrieved 2 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Nikki Jarvis ( 20 June 2012 ) . `` Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy radio show comes to The Churchill Theatre , Bromley '' . Bromley News Shopper . Newsquest . Retrieved 29 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Paul Vale ( 29 June 2012 ) . `` The Hitchhiker 's Guide To The Galaxy Radio Show Live ! '' . The Stage . The Stage Newspaper Limited . Retrieved 2 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy Radio Show LIVE ! '' . Hitchhiker 's Live Website . Jump up ^ `` The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy Radio Show LIVE ! Tour Dates '' . Hitchhiker 's Live Website . Archived from the original on 29 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Dirk Maggs '' . AudioGO BBC Audiobooks website . Jump up ^ `` Hitchhikers Guide tour cancelled '' . chortle.co.uk. 21 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Daily , Western ( 29 March 2014 ) . `` Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy cast reunite ahead of Radio 4 broadcast '' . Western Daily Press . Archived from the original on 14 July 2014 . Retrieved 5 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Simpson , MJ , Hitchhiker , page 143 Jump up ^ Gaiman , Pages 72 -- 73 . ^ Jump up to : Simpson , M.J. ( 2003 ) . Hitchhiker : A Biography of Douglas Adams ( First US ed . ) . Justin Charles & Co. p. 145 . ISBN 1 - 932112 - 17 - 0 . Jump up ^ Simpson , M.J. ( 2003 ) . Hitchhiker : A Biography of Douglas Adams ( First US ed . ) . Justin Charles & Co. p. 144 . ISBN 1 - 932112 - 17 - 0 . Jump up ^ Simpson , M.J. ( 2005 ) . The Pocket Essential Hitchhiker 's Guide ( Second ed . ) . Pocket Essentials . p. 76 . ISBN 1 - 904048 - 46 - 3 . Jump up ^ Simpson , M.J. ( 2003 ) . Hitchhiker : A Biography of Douglas Adams ( First US ed . ) . Justin Charles & Co. p. 148 . ISBN 1 - 932112 - 17 - 0 . Jump up ^ Design Manual for the Interactive Fiction language Inform . Accessed 2 August 2006 . See also their works cited under `` Hitchhiker - 64 '' . Jump up ^ `` Hitchhiker 's Guide '' . infocom-if.org . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` The Hitch Hiker 's Guide to the Galaxy -- The Adventure Game '' . douglasadams.com . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy '' . mobygames.com . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ BBC Radio 4 's Hitchhiker 's Guide homepage . Jump up ^ New online version of the 1984 Hitchhiker 's Guide computer game , by Steve Meretzky and Douglas Adams . Jump up ^ `` BAFTA Official Awards Database '' . Bafta.org . Retrieved 14 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` reports interactive Bafta wins '' . BBC News . 2 March 2005 . Retrieved 14 September 2010 . Jump up ^ In late 2000 the TDV / Pan venture was spun off as a separate company , Phase 3 Studios Jump up ^ `` 1999 TDV Press Release about the graphical ' Hitchhiker 's Guide ' game '' . Tdv.com. 20 September 1999 . Retrieved 14 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Internet Archive Wayback Machine copy of information about the aborted Hitchhiker 's Guide graphical PC game , originally posted on MJ Simpson 's PlanetMagrathea.com site Jump up ^ Webpage about the `` Vogon Planet Destructor '' Archived 1 May 2005 at the Wayback Machine . game hosted at ign.com . Jump up ^ Webpage about The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy : Adventure Game Archived 1 May 2005 at the Wayback Machine . hosted at ign.com . Jump up ^ `` DON 'T PANIC ! '' . Hothead Games . Retrieved 25 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The New Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy '' . Thenewhitchhikersguide.com . Archived from the original on 7 October 2014 . Retrieved 5 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Blum , Matt ( 4 August 2011 ) . `` Simon Jones , the Original Arthur Dent , Discusses the Upcoming Hitchhiker 's iOS App ! '' . Wired . Jump up ^ A wiki devoted to the history of H2G2 themed towels . Jump up ^ http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/spacex-starman-1.4524624 Jump up ^ Style page at h2g2 , with their own justification for using Hitchhiker 's Guide . Jump up ^ Simpson , M.J. ( 2005 ) . The Pocket Essential Hitchhiker 's Guide ( Second ed . ) . Pocket Essentials . ISBN 1 - 904048 - 46 - 3 . Jump up ^ Adams , Douglas ( 2003 ) . Geoffrey Perkins , ed . The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy : The Original Radio Scripts . Additional Material by M.J. Simpson ( 25th Anniversary ed . ) . Pan Books . ISBN 0 - 330 - 41957 - 9 . Bibliography Adams , Douglas ( 2002 ) . Guzzardi , Peter , ed . The Salmon of Doubt : Hitchhiking the Galaxy One Last Time ( first UK ed . ) . Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 333 - 76657 - 1 . -- -- -- -- ( 2003 ) . Perkins , Geoffrey , ed . The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy : The Original Radio Scripts . MJ Simpson , add . mater ( 25th Anniversary ed . ) . Pan Books . ISBN 0 - 330 - 41957 - 9 . Gaiman , Neil ( 2003 ) . Do n't Panic : Douglas Adams and the `` Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy '' . Titan Books . ISBN 1 - 84023 - 742 - 2 . Simpson , M.J. ( 2003 ) . Hitchhiker : A Biography of Douglas Adams ( first US ed . ) . Justin Charles & Co . ISBN 1 - 932112 - 17 - 0 . -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- ( 2005 ) . The Pocket Essential Hitchhiker 's Guide ( second ed . ) . Pocket Essentials . ISBN 1 - 904048 - 46 - 3 . Stamp , Robbie , editor ( 2005 ) . The Making of The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy : The Filming of the Douglas Adams Classic . Boxtree . ISBN 0 - 7522 - 2585 - 5 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Webb , Nick ( 2005 ) . Wish You Were Here : The Official Biography of Douglas Adams ( first US hardcover ed . ) . Ballantine Books . ISBN 0 - 345 - 47650 - 6 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy . Listen to this article ( 2 parts ) ( info ) Part 1 Part 2 This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy '' dated 2008 - 05 - 17 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Official sites ( edit ) `` The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy ( TV series ) '' ( Cult ) . UK : The BBC ( includes information , links and downloads ) . `` 2004 -- 2005 series '' ( Radio 4 ) . UK : The BBC . `` Movies : The Hitchhikers ' Guide to the Galaxy '' ( official site ) . Go . Archived from the original on 28 May 2004 . The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy ( 2005 movie ) on IMDb The Hitch Hikers Guide to the Galaxy ( 1981 TV series ) on IMDb `` Guide '' . h2g2 . UK . `` The Hitchhikers ' Guide to the Galaxy '' . Encyclopedia of Television . Museum.TV . `` Screen Online The Hitchhikers ' Guide to the Galaxy TV series '' . British Film Institute . `` Graphic novels : H2G2 '' . DC Comics . Other links ( edit ) Grime , James ; Adesso , Gerardo ; Moriarty , Phil . `` 42 and Douglas Adams '' . Numberphile . Brady Haran . hide Douglas Adams ' The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy Books Main series The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy The Restaurant at the End of the Universe Life , the Universe and Everything So Long , and Thanks for All the Fish Mostly Harmless Related works `` Young Zaphod Plays It Safe '' Douglas Adams ' Starship Titanic : A Novel The Salmon of Doubt by Eoin Colfer And Another Thing ... Media Radio series Phases 1 & 2 Phases 3 , 4 , 5 & 6 The Original Radio Scripts TV series Film Timeline of The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy versions Cast lists Games The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy Companion media Do n't Panic : The Official Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy Companion Douglas Adams 's Guide to The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy Characters Arthur Dent Ford Prefect Zaphod Beeblebrox Marvin the Paranoid Android Trillian Slartibartfast The Guide Minor characters Races and species Vogons Miscellanea Phrases Places Technology Somebody else 's problem Encyclopedia Galactica In culture h2g2 Hitchcon Towel Day `` Journey of the Sorcerer '' 18610 Arthurdent 25924 Douglasadams Bidenichthys beeblebroxi Erechthias beeblebroxi Portal hide Works by Douglas Adams Novels The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy The Restaurant at the End of the Universe Life , the Universe and Everything So Long , and Thanks for All the Fish Dirk Gently 's Holistic Detective Agency The Long Dark Tea - Time of the Soul Mostly Harmless Short stories `` The Private Life of Genghis Khan '' `` Young Zaphod Plays It Safe '' Books The Meaning of Liff The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy : The Original Radio Scripts Last Chance to See The Deeper Meaning of Liff Douglas Adams 's Guide to The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy The Salmon of Doubt Screenplays Monty Python 's Flying Circus `` Patient Abuse '' Out of the Trees Doctor Who The Pirate Planet City of Death Shada The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy ( TV series ) Hyperland The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy ( film ) Video games The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy Bureaucracy Starship Titanic See also The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy ( series ) Douglas Adams at the BBC The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Future ( BBC radio series ) The Utterly Utterly Merry Comic Relief Christmas Book BNF : cb13173759h ( data ) LCCN : no2010139811 VIAF : 182157875 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Hitchhiker%27s_Guide_to_the_Galaxy&oldid=844155902 '' Categories : The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy 42 1978 radio programme debuts BBC Radio comedy programmes British radio dramas Comic science fiction Novel series Novels by Douglas Adams The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy ( radio series ) Time travel novels Hitchhiking in fiction Radio programs adapted into comics Radio programs adapted into novels Radio programs adapted into plays Radio programs adapted into video games Radio programs adapted into television programs Post-apocalyptic fiction Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Webarchive template wayback links Use British English from June 2011 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2011 Articles needing additional references from March 2018 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Articles containing German - language text Articles containing Danish - language text Articles containing Dutch - language text Articles containing Swedish - language text Articles containing Finnish - language text Spoken articles Articles with inconsistent citation formats Use dmy dates from March 2018 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Български Brezhoneg Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Кыргызча Magyar Nederlands Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Svenska Українська 中文 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 June 2018 , at 00 : 35 ( UTC ) . 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what is the ultimate hitchhiker's guide to the galaxy
[ "Published in 1997, this 832-page leatherbound final omnibus edition contains five Hitchhiker series novels and one short story:" ]
[ "832-page leatherbound final omnibus edition" ]
8384791024456289390
Molly Dobbs
Molly Dobbs - wikipedia Molly Dobbs Molly Dobbs Coronation Street character Portrayed by Vicky Binns Duration 2005 -- 2010 First appearance Episode 6108 5 September 2005 Last appearance Episode 7487 9 December 2010 Created by Tony Wood Book appearances Coronation Street : The Complete Saga Classification Former ; regular Profile Other names Molly Compton Occupation Shop assistant show Family Father Diggory Compton Husband Tyrone Dobbs ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Sons Jack Webster Aunts Pam Hobsworth Molly Cosette Dobbs ( also Compton ) is a fictional character from the British ITV soap opera , Coronation Street . Portrayed by Vicky Binns , the character first appeared on - screen during the episode airing on 5 September 2005 . On 7 May 2010 , Binns announced she was quitting the soap . The character was killed - off on 9 December 2010 in a live episode celebrating the show 's 50th anniversary , when she died from injuries sustained when a tram crashed into the corner shop . Contents 1 Storylines 2 Creation 2.1 Background 2.2 Casting 3 Development 3.1 Personality and identity 3.2 Relationships 4 Reception 5 References 6 External links Storylines ( edit ) Molly is introduced as the daughter of local baker , Diggory Compton . When she first arrives , it becomes clear that she was a victim of bullying at school , with one of the bullies being Fiz Brown . Molly starts to work for Fiz 's boyfriend Kirk Sutherland ( Andrew Whyment ) , whom she flirts with to get revenge on Fiz and wind her up . After briefly working in her father 's shop and at Kirk 's kennels , Molly then starts working for Dev Alahan at D&S Alahans Corner shop . Molly begins dating Tyrone Dobbs and lives with him and his foster parents Jack ( William Tarmey ) and Vera Duckworth ( Liz Dawn ) . Molly forms a close bond and friendship with Vera and asks her for advice about her relationship with Tyrone . Molly is devastated when Vera dies in January 2008 . After Vera 's death , Molly and Tyrone buy the Duckworths ' house and live there with Jack , and also keep Jack and Vera 's grandson Paul Clayton ( Tom Hudson ) in as lodger until he leaves in May 2008 . In May 2008 , Molly decides to make her mark on the Duckworths ' house by removing the stone cladding that Vera had put on the front of the house in 1989 . Jack agrees with this move but Tyrone is not happy as he sees the cladding as a memory of Vera . Eventually as the builders proceed to remove the cladding they inform Molly that the job would be much more expensive as the cladding is ruining the brick work as it is being removed . The cheapest option was for the cladding to remain on the house and Molly agrees , much to Tyrone 's delight . In July 2008 , Tyrone is advised by Jack to propose marriage to Molly at an upmarket restaurant . Tyrone , however , chooses not to propose at that moment . Molly later plans a surprise proposal to Tyrone and the two get engaged , with the help of Molly 's aunt Pam Hobsworth , who arrives in Weatherfield around the same time . In August 2008 , Tyrone decides that Molly should meet his mother Jackie ( Margi Clarke ) . Everything goes to plan , until Molly and Tyrone discover that Jackie is £ 1,000 in debt to an old friend of Tyrone 's father and needs the money to pay this off , much to Molly 's despair . Tyrone agrees to help her and the couple use their wedding savings to pay the man off . This puts their plans on hold for Molly to afford her dream wedding dress . Molly and Tyrone marry ( 2009 ) . In December 2008 , Molly becomes suspicious of Tyrone 's behaviour . He has secretly been selling illegal merchandise with Pam , to help pay for their wedding . Molly mistakenly thinks that Tyrone is having an affair with Minnie Chandra ( Poppy Jhakra ) , after she spots the pair flirting , when in reality Minnie was buying perfume and T - shirts from Tyrone . When Tyrone confesses that he has been selling illegal stock with Pam , Molly is furious and leaves him , saying that she can no longer trust him . She later forgives him , and the couple get married on 12 January 2009 . In Mid 2009 , Molly strikes up a friendship with Tyrone 's workmate Kevin Webster . The pair , along with Jason Grimshaw ( Ryan Thomas ) , train together for the local fun run . Although Kevin jealously accuses Jason of sleeping with Molly , Molly laughs it off and they remain friends . Kevin is the only person to support Molly at the local fun run and , the same night , Kevin looks longingly at photos of Molly at the fun run on his mobile phone . In June 2009 , Molly confronts Kevin to why he is acting so strangely around her ; Kevin reluctantly admits that he is in love with her . Molly slaps him and leaves , but outside the garage she smiles to herself . They later begin an affair which is nearly exposed at Kevin 's wife Sally 's 42nd birthday party in July 2009 , however Molly smooths things over between the couple . Molly ends her affair with Kevin and goes on holiday with Tyrone , however , when she returns in August 2009 she does the fun run again with Kevin and they celebrate by having sex at a nearby hotel . Some weeks later Pam spots Molly kissing Kevin . When Pam confronts Molly about her affair , Molly declares that she is in love with Kevin . However , Pam disapproves and gives her an ultimatum , either she confesses to Tyrone or she ends her relationship with Kevin . As a result , Molly has no choice but to pretend to end her affair with Kevin . However , when she has a conversation with Tyrone about Kevin and Sally 's marriage , Molly discovers that she is not the only liaison of Kevin 's as Tyrone mentions that he has had previous affairs in the past , which she feels insulted by . Molly and Kevin soon confess their love for each other , and pledge to leave their respective spouses and start a new life together . However , Sally had a secret of her own - she had breast cancer . On Christmas Day , just as Kevin is about to tell Sally that he is leaving her , she breaks the news of her illness . Kevin then hurries over to the Dobbs 's house , on the pretence of needing stuffing for the turkey , after seeing Molly sitting Tyrone down . When Tyrone leaves the house to go to the Rovers , Kevin tells Molly about Sally 's breast cancer . Selfishly , Molly tearfully says how unfair it was , not for Sally , but for them . Kevin gets angry and tells her that their relationship is over , as she was the least of his worries , and that he would support Sally through her illness . In January 2010 , Molly promises to be a better wife to Tyrone on their first wedding anniversary . However , on the second anniversary of Vera 's death , Molly tells Tyrone that she is leaving him because she no longer loves him , and he begs her to stay . She denies that she has been seeing someone else and moves into the flat above Dev 's shop . In March 2010 , Molly is shocked to discover that she is four months pregnant , with the possibility of the father either being Kevin or Tyrone . When she informs Kevin of her pregnancy , he refuses to have anything to do with her and he coldly burns the baby scan picture in front of her . With nowhere left to turn , she tells Tyrone about the pregnancy and they reconcile and agree to give their marriage another chance . In April , Molly and Tyrone find out Molly is expecting a baby boy . Kevin is furious and demands Molly has an abortion and to pass it off as a miscarriage . On 19 April 2010 , Tyrone asks Kevin to check up on his car . Whilst fixing it , Kevin is distracted by his daughter Sophie ( Brooke Vincent ) who is upset . Thinking that the car is ready , Tyrone takes it and drives through the countryside with Molly to tell her father Diggory the news about her pregnancy . Kevin realises that the car is missing before he has finished his work on the brakes and frantically calls Molly and Tyrone . Molly tells Tyrone not to answer as she wants to have a peaceful trip . Tyrone loses control of the car when the brakes fail and it leaves the road and somersaults into a field . Molly and Tyrone are both left unconscious . As Tyrone regains consciousness he finds Molly , still unconscious , next to him . Tyrone flags down a passing motorist who calls 999 and Kevin arrives after following an ambulance to the scene . Kevin and Tyrone both watch as Molly is cut from the wreckage . She is rushed to hospital where she has a scan whilst she is still unconscious and the doctors discover there is still a heartbeat from the baby . Tyrone is told , as long as Molly 's life is in the balance , so is the baby 's . Tyrone is horrified of the condition of his wife and the unborn child and turns to Kevin for support . When she regains consciousness Molly asks Pam , who is visiting her , what happened and she reveals that Kevin did not fix the brakes . Kevin feels guilty and arrives at the hospital . Molly accuses him of trying to kill her and the baby . Kevin apologises but a furious Molly tells him to save his story for the police . Kevin panics but with Tyrone by Molly 's side she changes her mind about her decision . Kevin returns to the hospital to thank Molly but says she did n't do it for him she did it for Tyone . Molly then tries to persuade Tyrone to move away from Weatherfield for a fresh start as she did not think it was fair on Tyrone or the baby to be around Kevin . In July 2010 , Molly is thrilled when her neighbour Eileen Grimshaw ( Sue Cleaver ) expresses an interest in buying their house , much to Tyrone 's despair . However , whilst Eileen and Owen Armstrong ( Ian Puleston - Davies ) are examining the house , Molly has a health scare and nearly collapses . At the hospital the doctors tell her that her collapse was caused by stress . Molly changes her mind about moving and decides to remain in Weatherfield . On 6 September 2010 , Molly gives birth to her son , Jack . She suddenly goes into labour in her home and it is left to Sally to deliver the baby as Tyrone is out on a breakdown call - out . After Kevin agrees to himself and Sally being godparents , Molly is furious and tells Kevin that she wants him to play no part in Jack 's life . Kevin then asks Molly for a DNA test to prove he is the father , but she refuses , and chooses to believe that Tyrone is Jack 's father . Kevin steals Jack 's dummy in the Rovers following his christening and sends it away for testing . On 5 November 2010 , Kevin receives the DNA test results , proving that he is the father . He shows the results to Molly and she is distraught and furious with Kevin for going behind her back . Not long afterwards at Jack Duckworth 's wake , Molly tells Kevin that she is still in love with him . However , Kevin tells her that he loves Sally and wants to be with her . Realising that Kevin no longer has feelings for her , Molly is left heart - broken . On 6 December 2010 , Molly leaves Tyrone , telling him that he is not Jack 's father , but she does n't tell him who the father is despite his demands to know . She sets out to leave with Jack , intending to go and stay at her father 's . She goes to the corner shop to say goodbye to her former employer , Sunita Alahan ( Shobna Gulati ) . Kevin comes into the shop to buy some milk and says goodbye to Molly and Jack after she tells him that he will never see his son again . Shortly after Kevin leaves the shop , there is an explosion in ' The Joinery ' bar which throws Molly and Jack to the floor . A tram is then derailed and crashes into the shop and Molly and Jack are buried by rubble . Molly tries to comfort Jack and loses consciousness . She comes round when firefighters arrive , and Jack is removed from the wreckage and taken to hospital . Molly is trapped under a beam and has to be released by heavy lifting gear and cutting equipment . Sally enters the wreckage and sits by Molly 's side to comfort her and keep her conscious . Molly 's condition deteriorates and , when she realises that she is dying , she confesses her affair with Kevin and apologises to Sally , saying that Kevin chose Sally because she was beautiful inside and out and that he loved Sally and their daughters more than herself and Jack . Explaining that Kevin is Jack 's father , Molly asks Sally to look after him and says that Jack is the only thing from the affair she does not regret . After Molly admits this , Sally lets go of her hand . As Molly pleads for Sally not to leave her , her hand goes limp and she dies , with a shocked and devastated Sally by her side . Shortly afterwards Tyrone returns from the hospital and is devastated when Sally emerges from the rubble and informs him of Molly 's death . Creation ( edit ) Background ( edit ) The character of Molly was introduced as the daughter of local baker Diggory Compton ( Eric Potts ) in 2005 . She was a former class mate of character Fiz Brown ( Jennie McAlpine ) ; Molly was very resentful against Fiz , who had bullied her at school . She worked in the bakery until her father 's departure and worked briefly as a kennel - maid before becoming an assistant to Dev Alahan ( Jimmi Harkishin ) at the Corner Shop . Casting ( edit ) Vicky Binns was selected to join Coronation Street as a rival for at - the - time already established character Fiz Brown . In real life , Binns is the best friend of actress Jennie McAlpine who plays Fiz . She told the Manchester Evening News : `` They brought me in to play her rival , which is ridiculous . It really requires some acting . '' . In April 2010 Binns announced that she had quit the show and will leave at the end of her contract which she did when she was killed off in the 50th anniversary when a tram crashed of the viaduct and destroyed the corner shop which Molly was in at the time . Development ( edit ) Personality and identity ( edit ) The Coronation Street official website described Molly as a bubbly , optimistic , friendly and outgoing character . She first arrived in Weatherfield after her father bought the bakery in May 2005 . There were rumours that she would leave along with her father in July 2006 , but she stayed on . Binns says she is grateful that her character appears to be `` un-trendy '' . Molly 's look changed a little at the beginning of 2008 after Binns went on a strict weight loss regime . However , the producer of Coronation Street was supportive of Binns and did not mind changing Molly 's appearance slightly . Binns stated in another interview that Molly is stubborn and that honesty is the element of a relationship she wants most , which was why she was reluctant to forgive Tyrone for his deception . Another focal point of the character 's style is the rucksack which she carried frequently . Binns once stated that she did n't think her character would ever stop wearing it . Gareth McLean of the Radio times even joked that when Molly and Kevin Webster consummated their relationship , he doubted Molly would remove her rucksack . Relationships ( edit ) Molly 's relationship with Tyrone Dobbs ( Alan Halsall ) began in 2006 . Their relationship has been long - term and appeared perfect to begin with . After Molly moves into number 9 to be with Tyrone permanently she wants to take her relationship to the next level and forms a close bond with Vera Duckworth ( Elizabeth Dawn ) who Tyrone regarded as his mother . She even turns to her for advice on furthering her relationship with Tyrone , in scenes which Binns said were really funny . The media called the pairing the next ' Jack and Vera ' with the show 's bosses even stating their potential . Actress Vicky Binns stated in an interview that she was flattered but did n't think they could ever replace the couple adding that : `` You ca n't really replace anyone like that . The show progresses and changes so much with new characters you do n't even know if they 'll keep Molly and Tyrone together . But I suppose Molly is quite bossy and , like Vera , will keep Tyrone under her thumb . '' The characters go on to buy their own home together and eventually get engaged . They hit one of their first difficulties when Molly finds out that Tyrone has been selling illegal goods with her Aunt , Pam Hobsworth ( Kate Anthony ) . Vicky Binns also revealed that she and Alan Halsall , who plays Tyrone , work so well together and hope that they had many more scenes to come and she also stated that in real life , fans approach her in the street to ask where Tyrone is . Tyrone 's best friend and colleague , Kevin Webster ( Michael Le Vell ) , begins a sexual affair with Molly in 2009 , but on Christmas Day that year , he ends the affair after discovering his wife , Sally ( Sally Dynevor ) , has breast cancer . Reception ( edit ) Ian Wylie of The Manchester Evening News praised the character and actress for scenes which aired during the highly publicised death of long - term character Vera Duckworth , stating : `` readers will know how impressed I was by the acting of Vicky Binns in scenes immediately following the death of Vera Duckworth '' . The affair between Molly and Kevin received some negative attention , and criticism for changes in Molly 's character , described by the author and TV critic Grace Dent as transforming her into a `` sex fuelled dick - daft strumpet . '' Vicky Binns , however , was surprised at positive reaction : `` I love playing a minx . Women give me a nudge and a wink when I 'm in the supermarket and say , ' You go girl ! ' '' Ruth Deller of entertainment website Lowculture criticised her affair storyline stating : `` Like the rest of the world , we 've hated the Kevin / Molly storyline . We hate it even more for it turning Molly , previously somewhat likeable , into an out - and - out bitch . Let 's just hope it 's one of those storylines that will be swept under the carpet soon and never mentioned again ... '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Molly Compton '' . ITV.com. 21 August 2007 . Retrieved 29 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Characters Molly Dobbs and dustman Trevor Dean both axed from Coronation Street '' . The Sun . London . 7 May 2010 . Retrieved 10 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Second Corrie Anniversary Death Confirmed '' . Digital Spy. 9 December 2010 . Retrieved 9 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Molly helps out Maria '' . Digital Spy. 5 September 2005 . Retrieved 29 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Lunn , Emma ( 11 February 2008 ) . `` Money '' . The Sun . London . Retrieved 29 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Vera 's stone cladding is to be removed '' . Digital Spy. 20 November 2007 . Retrieved 29 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Tyrone does n't fiance proposal '' . The Sun . London . 16 July 2008 . Retrieved 29 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Bentley , Paul ( 25 July 2008 ) . `` Proposal full of hitches '' . The Sun . London . Retrieved 29 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Tyrone 's scrambled proposal '' . Metro. 17 June 2008 . Retrieved 29 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Car flips and spins through the air in horror Corrie car crash scene '' . The Sun . London . 9 March 2010 . Retrieved 5 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Coronation Street preview - Thursday April 22 , 8.30 pm '' . STV. 13 April 2010 . Retrieved 17 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Coronation Street preview - Friday April 23 , 7.30 pm '' . STV. 13 April 2010 . Retrieved 17 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Coronation Street preview - Friday April 23 , 8.30 pm '' . STV. 13 April 2010 . Retrieved 17 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Molly faces labour with the Websters '' . Digital Spy. 30 August 2010 . Retrieved 5 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : http://danielmeyer.co.uk/second-corrie-50th-week-death-confirmed/ Jump up ^ `` Corrie is driving me barking ! '' . Manchest Evening News . 21 February 2006 . Retrieved 15 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Vicky Binns happy to be untrendy '' . Digital Spy. 28 July 2008 . Retrieved 29 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Life of Wylie : Coronation street : Vicky Binns '' . Manchester Evening News . 7 January 2008 . Retrieved 15 December 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Exclusive : I 've turned into brideszilla after getting ready for Coronation Street wedding '' . Daily Record . 11 December 2005 . Archived from the original on 11 December 2008 . Retrieved 15 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Fame editor ( 29 July 2008 ) . `` Corrie star glad to be ' untrendy ' - Metro.co.uk '' . Metro . Retrieved 3 August 2009 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Gareth McLean ( 19 June 2009 ) . `` The week in soapland - Blogs - Radio Times '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 3 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Jack & Vera : The Joy of Sex '' . Sunday Mail . 26 February 2008 . Retrieved 29 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Vicky Binns ' co-star praise '' . My Park Magazine . 18 July 2008 . Retrieved 15 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Coronation Street : Vicky And Vera '' . Manchester Evening News . 4 June 2008 . Retrieved 15 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Grace Dent 's World of Lather '' . London : The Guardian . 20 June 2009 . Retrieved 27 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Vicky Binns Turns Off Coronation Street '' . STV Entertainment . 16 December 2009 . Retrieved 26 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Deller , Ruth ( 31 October 2009 ) . `` Soapstar Superstars -- September / October '' . Lowculture . Archived from the original on 22 February 2011 . Retrieved 16 May 2010 . External links ( edit ) Profile at ITV.com Profile at What 's On TV Coronation Street characters Present and future characters Ken Barlow Rita Sullivan Peter Barlow Gail McIntyre Tracy Barlow Audrey Roberts Nick Tilsley Kevin Webster Jenny Bradley Sally Webster Sarah Platt Jim McDonald Liz McDonald Steve McDonald Rosie Webster David Platt Norris Cole Sophie Webster Roy Cropper Leanne Battersby Toyah Battersby Tyrone Dobbs Dev Alahan Eileen Grimshaw Maria Connor Kirk Sutherland Bethany Platt Adam Barlow Fiz Brown Simon Barlow Sean Tully Chesney Brown Amy Barlow Michelle Connor Ryan Connor Carla Connor Gary Windass Mary Taylor Lewis Archer Izzy Armstrong Faye Windass Beth Tinker Tim Metcalfe Past characters Sunita Alahan Christine Appleby Shirley Armitage Katy Armstrong Owen Armstrong Danny Baldwin Frankie Baldwin Jamie Baldwin Mike Baldwin Deirdre Barlow Frank Barlow Ida Barlow Susan Barlow Des Barnes Natalie Barnes Janice Battersby Les Battersby Cilla Battersby - Brown Sheila Birtles Emily Bishop Natasha Blakeman Alan Bradley Renee Bradshaw Teresa Bryant Julie Carp Casey Carswell Matt Carter Paul Clayton Liam Connor Paul Connor Kelly Crabtree Hayley Cropper Trevor Dean Marcus Dent Jackie Dobbs Molly Dobbs Rob Donovan Jack Duckworth Terry Duckworth Tommy Duckworth Vera Duckworth Fred Elliott Anne Foster Frank Foster Alec Gilroy Tony Gordon Cheryl Gray Jason Grimshaw Todd Grimshaw Alma Halliwell Richard Hillman Charlotte Hoyle Blanche Hunt Mel Hutchwright Amber Kalirai Ray Langton Bet Lynch Tara Mandal Ciaran McCarthy Becky McDonald Karen McDonald Joe McIntyre Tina McIntyre Darryl Morton Jerry Morton Kayleigh Morton Mel Morton Lloyd Mullaney Karl Munro Hilda Ogden Stan Ogden Ashley Peacock Claire Peacock Pat Phelan Kylie Platt Martin Platt Sian Powers Eva Price Stella Price Graeme Proctor Mark Redman Alf Roberts Maya Sharma Ena Sharples Kirsty Soames John Stape Jed Stone Candice Stowe Luke Strong Charlie Stubbs Percy Sugden Leonard Swindley Dennis Tanner Elsie Tanner Albert Tatlock Ivy Tilsley Vernon Tomlin Shelley Unwin Annie Walker Curly Watts Raquel Watts Bill Webster Betty Williams Violet Wilson Derek Wilton Mavis Wilton Anna Windass Eddie Windass Eddie Yeats Original characters David Barlow Frank Barlow Ida Barlow Ken Barlow Minnie Caldwell Ivan Cheveski Linda Cheveski Christine Appleby May Hardman Esther Hayes Harry Hewitt Lucille Hewitt Florrie Lindley Martha Longhurst Emily Bishop Concepta Riley Ena Sharples Leonard Swindley Dennis Tanner Elsie Tanner Albert Tatlock Annie Walker Jack Walker Lists of characters 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2017 2018 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Molly_Dobbs&oldid=847632265 '' Categories : Coronation Street characters Fictional characters introduced in 2005 Fictional shopkeepers Fictional bakers Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Use British English from March 2014 Use dmy dates from November 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Gaeilge Edit links This page was last edited on 26 June 2018 , at 18 : 32 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
who is the mother of kevin's son in coronation street
[ "On 6 September 2010, Molly gives birth to her son, Jack. She suddenly goes into labour in her home and it is left to Sally to deliver the baby as Tyrone is out on a breakdown call-out.[14] After Kevin agrees to himself and Sally being godparents, Molly is furious and tells Kevin that she wants him to play no part in Jack's life. Kevin then asks Molly for a DNA test to prove he is the father, but she refuses, and chooses to believe that Tyrone is Jack's father. Kevin steals Jack's dummy in the Rovers following his christening and sends it away for testing. On 5 November 2010, Kevin receives the DNA test results, proving that he is the father. He shows the results to Molly and she is distraught and furious with Kevin for going behind her back.\n" ]
[ "Molly" ]
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Home Run Derby (Major League Baseball)
Home Run Derby ( Major league Baseball ) - wikipedia Home Run Derby ( Major league Baseball ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Major League Baseball contest . For the 1960 television show , see Home Run Derby ( TV series ) . ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( July 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Frequency Annual Location Varies ( site of MLB All - Star Game ) Inaugurated 1985 Most Recent July 10 , 2017 ( Marlins Park , Miami ) Next Event July 16 , 2018 ( Nationals Park , Washington , DC ) Current Champion Aaron Judge Current runner - up Giancarlo Stanton Participants American League and National League baseball players Organized by Major League Baseball The Home Run Derby is an annual home run hitting contest in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) customarily held the day before the MLB All - Star Game , which places the contest on a Monday in July . Since the inaugural derby in 1985 , the event has seen several rule changes , evolving from a short outs - based competition , to multiple rounds , and eventually a bracket - style timed event . It is currently sponsored by MLB 's wireless sponsor , T - Mobile . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Overview 2.1 Format 2.1. 1 1985 -- 1990 2.1. 2 1991 -- 2005 2.1. 3 2006 -- 2013 2.1. 4 2014 2.1. 5 Since 2015 2.2 Gold balls 3 Television and radio coverage 3.1 Most watched Home Run Derbys 4 Winners 5 Records 5.1 Most home runs in a single round 5.2 Most single - derby home runs 5.3 Most all - time home runs 5.4 Wins by team 6 Complete scoreboard 6.1 1980s 6.1. 1 1985 6.1. 2 1986 6.1. 3 1987 6.1. 4 1988 6.1. 5 1989 6.2 1990s 6.2. 1 1990 6.2. 2 1991 6.2. 3 1992 6.2. 4 1993 6.2. 5 1994 6.2. 6 1995 6.2. 7 1996 6.2. 8 1997 6.2. 9 1998 6.2. 10 1999 6.3 2000s 6.3. 1 2000 6.3. 2 2001 6.3. 3 2002 6.3. 4 2003 6.3. 5 2004 6.3. 6 2005 6.3. 7 2006 6.3. 8 2007 6.3. 9 2008 6.3. 10 2009 6.4 The 2010s 6.4. 1 2010 6.4. 2 2011 6.4. 3 2012 6.4. 4 2013 6.4. 5 2014 6.4. 6 2015 Great American Ball Park ( Cincinnati ) 6.4. 7 2016 Petco Park ( San Diego ) 6.4. 8 2017 Marlins Park ( Miami ) 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) 2008 Major League Baseball Home Run Derby The event has grown significantly from its roots in the 1980s , when it was not televised . Prior to 1991 , the Home Run Derby was structured as a two - inning event with each player receiving five outs per inning , allowing for the possibility of ties . It is now one of the most - watched events broadcast on ESPN . In 2000 , a `` match play '' - style format was instituted for the second round . The player with the most home runs in the first round faced the player with the least among the four qualifying players , as did the players with the second - and third-most totals . The contestant who won each matchup advanced to the finals . This format was discontinued after the 2003 competition . The field of players selected currently consists of four American League players and four National League players . The first Derby in 1985 featured five from each league , and the 1986 and 1987 events featured three and two players from each league , respectively . In 1996 , the field was again expanded to ten players , five from each league ( though in 1997 , the AL had six contestants to the NL 's four ) . In 2000 , the field reverted to the current four - player - per - league format . The only exception was 2005 , when Major League Baseball changed the selection criteria with eight players representing their home countries rather than their respective leagues . The change was believed to be in promotion of the inaugural World Baseball Classic , played in March 2006 . In 2006 , the selection of four players from each league resumed . In 2011 , the format was revised so that team captains selected the individual sides . Some notable performances in the Derby include Bobby Abreu in 2005 , who won the Derby with a then - record 41 homers , including a then - record 24 in the first round . The first - round record was broken in 2008 by Josh Hamilton , who hit 28 home runs . Though Hamilton 's performance was notable for the length of his home runs , he ultimately lost to Justin Morneau in a brief final round . The overall record was broken in 2016 by Giancarlo Stanton , who finished with a total of 61 home runs , defeating Todd Frazier in the final round . Only two participants , Yoenis Céspedes and Giancarlo Stanton , have won the Home Run Derby without being selected to the All - Star game itself . Overview ( edit ) Format ( edit ) The format has varied since the Home Run Derby started in 1985 . 1985 -- 1990 ( edit ) In the early years of the Home Run Derby , 4 - 10 players from both the AL and NL were selected to participate . Each player was given 2 `` innings '' to hit as many home runs as possible before reaching 5 outs . For the derby , an out is defined as any swing that is not a home run . The winner of the contest was the player with the most total home runs in the two innings . 1991 -- 2005 ( edit ) Beginning in 1991 , the format changed to a 3 - round contest . From 1991 -- 2006 , 8 - 10 players were selected and hit as many home runs as possible before reaching 10 outs in each round . The tally reset for each round , with the top four advancing to the second round , and the top two advancing to the final . In honor of the World Baseball Classic , the 2005 contest featured eight players from different countries . The format remained the same . 2006 -- 2013 ( edit ) The format changed slightly in 2006 . Instead of the tally resetting for each round , it was only reset before the final round . Therefore , the players with the four highest totals after Round 1 advanced to Round 2 , and the players with the two highest sum of Round 1 and 2 advanced to the finals . 2014 ( edit ) The Home Run Derby format was changed significantly in 2014 , as MLB sought to speed - up the contest and increase the drama . In the new bracket format , 5 players from each league faced the other players in their league in Round 1 , with each players having 7 `` outs . '' The player in each league with the highest Round 1 total received a second - round bye , and the players with the second - and third - highest Round 1 totals from each league faced off . The Round 2 winner from each league faced the Round 1 winner , and the Round 3 winner crowned the league winner . The final featured the winner of each league . Each round stands alone , with the score reset for each round . Ties in any round are broken by a 3 - swing swing - off . If the players remain tied , the players engage in a sudden - death swing - off until one player homers . Since 2015 ( edit ) The format was changed once again in 2015 . The most significant change was the elimination of `` outs '' , which was replaced by a time limit . Eight players are seeded based on their season home run totals and are given 5 minutes to hit as many home runs as possible . The winner of each head - to - head matchup advances , until a final winner is determined . If a tie occurs in any match - up , three sets of tiebreakers are employed : first , a 90 - second swing - off decides the winner ; second , best - of - 3 - swing swing - off ; thereafter , sudden - death swingoffs until a winner is determined . Further , a player can get `` bonus time '' in the last minute of each round . During that time , the clock stops for each home run , and does n't restart until a swing does not result in a home run . Additional bonus time could be earned for distance . Players who hit at least two home runs measuring at least 420 feet ( 128.0 m ) are given an extra minute of bonus time . An additional 30 seconds of bonus time is granted if at least one home run measures over 475 feet ( 144.8 m ) . Weather concerns in 2015 lead to a reduction in time from 5 minutes per round to 4 minutes . The clock was not stopped in the final minute , and bonus time was only granted for hitting 2 home runs of over 425 feet ( 129.5 m ) . The format was tweaked slightly in 2016 . The four - minute round length returned , while the minute of bonus time was changed to 30 seconds and required two home runs of 440 feet ( 134.1 m ) or longer . The additional time was removed , while the swing - off ( which was not required ) was reduced to 1 minute . Each batter is allowed one time - out during each round , and two in the finals . By 2017 the first tie - breaker was restored back to 90 seconds . Gold balls ( edit ) From 2005 -- 2013 , a gold ball has been used once a player reaches nine outs ( in 2014 when the T - Mobile Ball came into play , six ; since 2015 , during the final minute ) . If a batter hit a home run using the golden ball , Century 21 Real Estate and Major League Baseball would donate $21,000 ( a reference to the `` 21 '' in `` Century 21 '' ) per home run to charity ( MLB donated to the Boys and Girls Clubs of America , and Century 21 donated to Easter Seals ) . In both 2005 and 2006 , $294,000 was raised for the charities , equaling fourteen golden ball home runs per year . State Farm continued this in 2007 as they designated $17,000 per home run ( one dollar for each of State Farm 's agencies ) , to the Boys and Girls Clubs of America . In the 2007 event , fifteen golden balls were hit for a donation of $255,000 , and ten ( $170,000 ) were hit in the 2008 event . For 2009 , State Farm added $5,000 for all non-Gold Ball homers , and $517,000 was collected . For 2010 , the non-Gold Ball homer was reduced to $3,000 per home run and a total of $453,000 was collected . Since 2014 any homer hit off a T - Mobile Ball resulted in a $10,000 donation to charity by T - Mobile and MLB , to the Boys & Girls Clubs of America . Television and radio coverage ( edit ) On July 11 , 1988 , the day before the Major League Baseball All - Star Game from Cincinnati , TBS televised the annual All - Star Gala from the Cincinnati Zoo . Larry King hosted the broadcast with Craig Sager and Pete Van Wieren handling interviews . The broadcast 's big draw would 've been the Home Run Derby , which TBS intended on taping during the afternoon , and later airing it in prime time during the Gala coverage . Unfortunately , the derby and a skills competition were canceled due to rain . The derby was first nationally televised by ESPN in 1993 on a same - day delayed basis , with the first live telecast in 1998 . Although two hours are scheduled in programming listings for the telecast , it has rarely ever been contained to the timeslot and consistently runs three to four hours . Chris Berman has gained notoriety for his annual hosting duties on ESPN , including his catchphrase , `` Back back back ... Gone ! '' . Berman starts this phrase when the ball is hit , and does not say `` Gone ! '' until the ball lands . The 2008 Derby was the year 's most highly rated basic cable program . Because of the game 's TV popularity , invited players have felt pressure to participate . Notably , Ken Griffey Jr. initially quietly declined to take part in 1998 , partly due to ESPN scheduling the Mariners in their late Sunday game the night before . After a discussion with ESPN 's Joe Morgan and another with Hall of Famer Frank Robinson , Griffey changed his mind , and then won the Derby at Coors Field . In Spanish , the event is televised on Spanish language network ESPN Deportes . ESPN Radio also carries the event annually . Most watched Home Run Derbys ( edit ) Rank Year Winner Ballpark Viewers ( millions ) 2008 Justin Morneau Yankee Stadium 9.1 2017 Aaron Judge Marlins Park 8.6 2009 Prince Fielder Busch Stadium 8.3 Miguel Tejada Minute Maid Park 7.7 5 2002 Jason Giambi Miller Park 7.7 6 2015 Todd Frazier Great American Ballpark 7.1 7 2012 Prince Fielder Kauffman Stadium 6.9 8 2007 Vladimir Guerrero AT&T Park 6.8 9 2006 Ryan Howard PNC Park 6.8 10 2013 Yoenis Céspedes Citi Field 6.7 Winners ( edit ) Prince Fielder accepting his second trophy in 2012 Key Indicates multiple winners in the same year Member of the Baseball Hall of Fame Year Winner Team League Stadium 1985 Parker , Dave Dave Parker Cincinnati Reds NL Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome ( MIN ) 1986 ^ Joyner , Wally Wally Joyner California Angels AL Astrodome ( HOU ) Strawberry , Darryl Darryl Strawberry New York Mets NL Dawson , Andre Andre Dawson Chicago Cubs NL Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum ( OAK ) 1988 Cancelled due to rain 1989 Davis , Eric Eric Davis Cincinnati Reds NL Anaheim Stadium ( CAL ) 1990 Sandberg , Ryne Ryne Sandberg Chicago Cubs NL Wrigley Field ( CHC ) 1991 Ripken Jr. , Cal Cal Ripken Jr . Baltimore Orioles AL SkyDome ( TOR ) 1992 McGwire , Mark Mark McGwire Oakland Athletics AL Jack Murphy Stadium ( SD ) 1993 González , Juan Juan González Texas Rangers AL Oriole Park at Camden Yards ( BAL ) 1994 Griffey Jr. , Ken Ken Griffey Jr. ( 1 ) Seattle Mariners AL Three Rivers Stadium ( PIT ) 1995 Thomas , Frank Frank Thomas Chicago White Sox AL The Ballpark in Arlington ( TEX ) Bonds , Barry Barry Bonds San Francisco Giants NL Veterans Stadium ( PHI ) 1997 Martinez , Tino Tino Martinez New York Yankees AL Jacobs Field ( CLE ) 1998 Griffey Jr. , Ken Ken Griffey Jr. ( 2 ) Seattle Mariners AL Coors Field ( COL ) 1999 Griffey Jr. , Ken Ken Griffey Jr. ( 3 ) Seattle Mariners AL Fenway Park ( BOS ) 2000 Sosa , Sammy Sammy Sosa Chicago Cubs NL Turner Field ( ATL ) 2001 Gonzalez , Luis Luis Gonzalez Arizona Diamondbacks NL Safeco Field ( SEA ) 2002 Giambi , Jason Jason Giambi New York Yankees AL Miller Park ( MIL ) 2003 Anderson , Garret Garret Anderson Anaheim Angels AL U.S. Cellular Field ( CHW ) Tejada , Miguel Miguel Tejada Baltimore Orioles AL Minute Maid Park ( HOU ) 2005 Abreu , Bobby Bobby Abreu Philadelphia Phillies NL Comerica Park ( DET ) 2006 Howard , Ryan Ryan Howard Philadelphia Phillies NL PNC Park ( PIT ) 2007 Guerrero , Vladimir Vladimir Guerrero Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim AL AT&T Park ( SF ) 2008 Morneau , Justin Justin Morneau Minnesota Twins AL Yankee Stadium ( NYY ) 2009 Fielder , Prince Prince Fielder ( 1 ) Milwaukee Brewers NL Busch Stadium ( STL ) Ortiz , David David Ortiz Boston Red Sox AL Angel Stadium of Anaheim ( LAA ) 2011 Canó , Robinson Robinson Canó New York Yankees AL Chase Field ( ARI ) 2012 Fielder , Prince Prince Fielder ( 2 ) Detroit Tigers AL Kauffman Stadium ( KC ) 2013 Céspedes , Yoenis Yoenis Céspedes ( 1 ) Oakland Athletics AL Citi Field ( NYM ) 2014 Céspedes , Yoenis Yoenis Céspedes ( 2 ) Oakland Athletics AL Target Field ( MIN ) 2015 Frazier , Todd Todd Frazier Cincinnati Reds NL Great American Ball Park ( CIN ) 2016 Stanton , Giancarlo Giancarlo Stanton Miami Marlins NL Petco Park ( SD ) 2017 Judge , Aaron Aaron Judge New York Yankees AL Marlins Park ( MIA ) Records ( edit ) Most home runs in a single round ( edit ) Josh Hamilton ( 2008 First Round ) -- 28 Bobby Abreu ( 2005 First Round ) , Giancarlo Stanton ( 2016 First Round ) -- 24 Aaron Judge ( 2017 First Round ) - 23 Justin Bour ( 2017 First Round ) - 22 Giancarlo Stanton ( 2016 Final Round ) -- 20 Most single - derby home runs ( edit ) Note : these numbers exclude swingoffs . Giancarlo Stanton ( 2016 ) -- 61 Aaron Judge ( 2017 ) -- 47 Todd Frazier ( 2016 ) -- 42 Bobby Abreu ( 2005 ) -- 41 Joc Pederson ( 2015 ) , Todd Frazier ( 2015 ) -- 39 Josh Hamilton ( 2008 ) -- 35 David Ortiz ( 2010 ) , Robinson Canó ( 2011 ) , Yoenis Céspedes ( 2013 ) , Miguel Sanó ( 2017 ) -- 32 Adrian Gonzalez ( 2011 ) -- 31 Mark Trumbo ( 2016 ) -- 30 Prince Fielder ( 2012 ) , Yoenis Céspedes ( 2014 ) -- 28 Most all - time home runs ( edit ) Note : these numbers exclude swingoffs . Todd Frazier -- 91 Giancarlo Stanton - 83 Prince Fielder -- 81 David Ortiz - 77 Albert Pujols -- 71 Ken Griffey Jr. -- 70 Jason Giambi -- 67 Sammy Sosa -- 65 Yoenis Céspedes -- 60 Mark McGwire -- 56 Wins by team ( edit ) Rank Team Wins Years New York Yankees 1997 , 2002 , 2011 , 2017 Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim 1986 * , 2003 , 2007 Oakland Athletics 1992 , 2013 , 2014 Chicago Cubs 1987 , 1990 , 2000 Seattle Mariners 1994 , 1998 , 1999 Cincinnati Reds 1985 , 1989 , 2015 Baltimore Orioles 1991 , 2004 Philadelphia Phillies 2005 , 2006 New York Mets 1986 * Texas Rangers 1993 Chicago White Sox 1995 San Francisco Giants Arizona Diamondbacks 2001 Minnesota Twins 2008 Milwaukee Brewers 2009 Boston Red Sox Detroit Tigers 2012 Miami Marlins 2016 5 Tampa Bay Rays 0 Toronto Blue Jays 0 Cleveland Indians 0 Kansas City Royals 0 Houston Astros 0 Atlanta Braves 0 Washington Nationals 0 Pittsburgh Pirates 0 St. Louis Cardinals 0 Colorado Rockies 0 Los Angeles Dodgers 0 San Diego Padres 0 * In 1986 , Wally Joyner of the California Angels and Darryl Strawberry of the New York Mets were declared co-champions . Complete scoreboard ( edit ) 1980s ( edit ) 1985 ( edit ) The Metrodome , Minneapolis -- A.L. 17 , N.L. 16 Player Team Home runs American League Jim Rice Boston Eddie Murray Baltimore Carlton Fisk Chicago Tom Brunansky Minnesota Cal Ripken Jr . Baltimore National League Dave Parker Cincinnati 6 Dale Murphy Atlanta Steve Garvey San Diego Ryne Sandberg Chicago Jack Clark St. Louis 1986 ( edit ) Astrodome , Houston -- N.L. 8 , A.L. 7 Player Team Home runs American League Wally Joyner California Jesse Barfield Toronto Jose Canseco Oakland National League Darryl Strawberry New York Dave Parker Cincinnati Hubie Brooks Montreal Oakland Coliseum , Oakland -- N.L. 6 , A.L. 2 Player Team Home runs American League George Bell Toronto Mark McGwire Oakland National League Andre Dawson Chicago Ozzie Virgil Jr . Atlanta 1988 ( edit ) Home Run Derby canceled due to rain . 1989 ( edit ) Anaheim Stadium , Anaheim -- N.L. 9 , A.L. 5 Player Team Home runs American League Rubén Sierra Texas Mickey Tettleton Baltimore Bo Jackson Kansas City Gary Gaetti Minnesota 0 National League Eric Davis Cincinnati Glenn Davis Houston Howard Johnson New York Kevin Mitchell San Francisco 1990s ( edit ) 1990 ( edit ) Wrigley Field , Chicago -- N.L. 4 , A.L. 1 Player Team Home runs American League Mark McGwire Oakland Ken Griffey Jr . Seattle 0 Jose Canseco Oakland 0 Cecil Fielder Detroit 0 National League Ryne Sandberg Chicago Matt Williams San Francisco Bobby Bonilla Pittsburgh 0 Darryl Strawberry New York 0 1991 ( edit ) SkyDome , Toronto -- A.L. 20 , N.L. 7 Player Team Home runs American League Cal Ripken Jr . Baltimore 12 Cecil Fielder Detroit Joe Carter Toronto Danny Tartabull Kansas City National League Paul O'Neill Cincinnati 5 George Bell Chicago Chris Sabo Cincinnati 0 Howard Johnson New York 0 1992 ( edit ) Jack Murphy Stadium , San Diego -- A.L. 27 , N.L. 13 Player Team Home runs American League Mark McGwire Oakland 12 Ken Griffey Jr . Seattle 7 Joe Carter Toronto Cal Ripken Jr . Baltimore National League Larry Walker Montreal Gary Sheffield San Diego Fred McGriff San Diego Barry Bonds Pittsburgh 1993 ( edit ) Camden Yards , Baltimore -- A.L. 20 , N.L. 12 Player Team Home runs American League Juan González Texas 7 Ken Griffey Jr . Seattle 7 * Cecil Fielder Detroit Albert Belle Cleveland National League Barry Bonds San Francisco 5 Bobby Bonilla New York 5 David Justice Atlanta Mike Piazza Los Angeles 0 * Lost in playoff to Gonzalez 1994 ( edit ) Three Rivers Stadium , Pittsburgh -- A.L. 17 , N.L. 11 Player Team Home runs American League Ken Griffey Jr . Seattle 7 Rubén Sierra Oakland Frank Thomas Chicago Albert Belle Cleveland National League Fred McGriff Atlanta 5 Jeff Bagwell Houston Dante Bichette Colorado Mike Piazza Los Angeles 0 1995 ( edit ) The Ballpark in Arlington , Arlington -- A.L. 40 , N.L. 12 Player Team Home runs American League Frank Thomas Chicago 15 * Albert Belle Cleveland 16 Mo Vaughn Boston 6 Manny Ramirez Cleveland National League Ron Gant Cincinnati Sammy Sosa Chicago Reggie Sanders Cincinnati Raúl Mondesí Los Angeles * Beat Belle in finals Veterans Stadium , Philadelphia -- A.L. 36 , N.L. 23 Player Team Home runs American League Mark McGwire Oakland 15 Brady Anderson Baltimore 11 Jay Buhner Seattle 8 Joe Carter Toronto Greg Vaughn Milwaukee 0 National League Barry Bonds San Francisco 17 Henry Rodríguez Montreal Jeff Bagwell Houston Ellis Burks Colorado Gary Sheffield Florida 0 1997 ( edit ) Jacobs Field , Cleveland -- A.L. 32 , N.L. 29 Player Team Home runs American League Tino Martinez New York 16 * Mark McGwire Oakland 7 Brady Anderson Baltimore Ken Griffey Jr . Seattle Nomar Garciaparra Boston 0 Jim Thome Cleveland 0 National League Larry Walker Colorado 19 Jeff Bagwell Houston 5 Chipper Jones Atlanta Ray Lankford St. Louis * Beat Walker in finals 1998 ( edit ) Coors Field , Denver -- A.L. 53 , N.L. 29 Player Team Home runs American League Ken Griffey Jr . Seattle 19 Rafael Palmeiro Baltimore 10 Jim Thome Cleveland 17 Alex Rodriguez Seattle 5 Damion Easley Detroit National League Vinny Castilla Colorado 12 Moisés Alou Houston 7 Javy López Atlanta 5 Mark McGwire St. Louis Chipper Jones Atlanta 1999 ( edit ) Fenway Park , Boston -- N.L. 39 , A.L. 23 Player Team Home runs American League Ken Griffey Jr . Seattle 16 Nomar Garciaparra Boston B.J. Surhoff Baltimore Shawn Green Toronto John Jaha Oakland National League Jeromy Burnitz Milwaukee 14 Mark McGwire St. Louis 16 * Jeff Bagwell Houston 6 Larry Walker Colorado Sammy Sosa Chicago * Lost to Burnitz in round 2 2000s ( edit ) 2000 ( edit ) Turner Field , Atlanta -- N.L. 41 , A.L. 21 Player Team Round 1 Semis Finals Total Sammy Sosa Cubs 6 11 9 26 Ken Griffey Jr . Reds 6 11 Carl Everett Red Sox 6 6 -- 12 Carlos Delgado Blue Jays 5 -- 6 Edgar Martínez Mariners -- -- Chipper Jones Braves -- -- Vladimir Guerrero Expos -- -- Iván Rodríguez Rangers -- -- Semifinals Finals Ken Griffey Jr . Carlos Delgado Ken Griffey Jr . Sammy Sosa 9 Carl Everett 6 Sammy Sosa 11 2001 ( edit ) Safeco Field , Seattle -- N.L. 41 , A.L. 25 Player Team Round 1 Semis Finals Totals Luis Gonzalez Diamondbacks 5 5 6 16 Sammy Sosa Cubs 8 13 Jason Giambi Athletics 14 6 -- 20 Barry Bonds Giants 7 -- 10 Bret Boone Mariners -- -- Todd Helton Rockies -- -- Alex Rodriguez Rangers -- -- Troy Glaus Angels 0 -- -- 0 Semifinals Finals Jason Giambi 6 Sammy Sosa 8 Sammy Sosa Luis Gonzalez 6 Barry Bonds Luis Gonzalez 5 2002 ( edit ) Miller Park , Milwaukee -- A.L. 42 , N.L. 31 Player Team Round 1 Semis Finals Totals Jason Giambi Yankees 11 6 7 24 Sammy Sosa Cubs 12 5 18 Paul Konerko White Sox 6 6 -- 12 Richie Sexson Brewers 6 -- 10 Torii Hunter Twins -- -- Barry Bonds Giants -- -- Alex Rodriguez Rangers -- -- Lance Berkman Astros -- -- Semifinals Finals Sammy Sosa 5 Richie Sexson Jason Giambi 7 Sammy Sosa Jason Giambi 7 Paul Konerko 6 * Giambi defeated Konerko in a swing off 2003 ( edit ) U.S. Cellular Field , Chicago -- A.L. 47 , N.L. 39 Player Team Round 1 Semis Finals Total Garret Anderson Angels 7 6 9 22 Albert Pujols Cardinals 14 8 26 Jason Giambi Yankees 12 11 -- 23 Jim Edmonds Cardinals -- 8 Gary Sheffield Braves -- -- Carlos Delgado Blue Jays -- -- Richie Sexson Brewers -- -- Bret Boone Mariners 0 -- -- 0 Semifinals Finals Jason Giambi 11 Albert Pujols 14 Albert Pujols 8 Garret Anderson 9 Garret Anderson 6 Jim Edmonds Minute Maid Park , Houston -- A.L. 47 , N.L. 41 Player Team Round 1 Semis Finals Total Miguel Tejada Orioles 7 15 5 27 Lance Berkman Astros 7 10 21 Rafael Palmeiro Orioles 9 5 -- 14 Barry Bonds Giants 8 -- 11 Sammy Sosa Cubs 5 -- -- 5 Jim Thome Phillies -- -- Hank Blalock Rangers -- -- David Ortiz Red Sox -- -- 2005 ( edit ) Comerica Park , Detroit -- N.L. 66 , A.L. 42 Player Home Country Team Round 1 Semis Finals Totals Bobby Abreu Venezuela Phillies 24 6 11 41 Iván Rodríguez Puerto Rico Tigers 7 8 5 20 David Ortiz Dominican Republic Red Sox 17 -- 20 Carlos Lee Panama Brewers 11 -- 15 Hee - seop Choi South Korea Dodgers 5 -- -- 5 Andruw Jones Netherlands Braves 5 -- -- 5 Mark Teixeira USA Rangers -- -- Jason Bay Canada Pirates 0 -- -- 0 * Total rounds record . 2006 ( edit ) PNC Park , Pittsburgh -- N.L. 62 , A.L. 24 Player Team Round 1 Round 2 Subtotal Finals Total Ryan Howard Phillies 8 10 18 5 23 David Wright Mets 16 18 22 Miguel Cabrera Marlins 9 6 15 -- 15 David Ortiz Red Sox 10 13 -- 13 Jermaine Dye White Sox 7 -- 7 -- 7 Lance Berkman Astros -- -- Miguel Tejada Orioles -- -- Troy Glaus Blue Jays -- -- 2007 ( edit ) AT&T Park , San Francisco -- A.L. 42 , N.L. 32 Player Team Round 1 Round 2 Subtotal Finals Total Vladimir Guerrero Angels 5 9 14 17 Alex Ríos Blue Jays 5 12 17 19 Matt Holliday Rockies 5 8 13 -- 13 Albert Pujols Cardinals 4 ( 2 ) 9 13 -- 13 Justin Morneau Twins 4 ( 1 ) -- -- Prince Fielder Brewers -- -- Ryan Howard Phillies -- -- Magglio Ordóñez Tigers -- -- Notes : ^ a Recorded only seven of ten outs before hitting winning home run . Italicized numbers denote swing - offs . 2008 ( edit ) Yankee Stadium , New York -- A.L. 66 , N.L. 39 Player Team Round 1 Round 2 Subtotal Finals Total Justin Morneau Twins 8 9 17 5 22 Josh Hamilton Rangers 28 32 35 Lance Berkman Astros 8 6 14 -- 14 Ryan Braun Brewers 7 7 14 -- 14 Dan Uggla Marlins 6 -- 6 -- 6 Grady Sizemore Indians 6 -- 6 -- 6 Chase Utley Phillies 5 -- 5 -- 5 Evan Longoria Rays -- -- Notes : ^ a New single round record . ^ b Voluntarily ended round with four outs . 2009 ( edit ) Busch Stadium , St. Louis -- N.L. 51 , A.L. 31 Player Team Round 1 Round 2 Subtotal Finals Total Prince Fielder Brewers 11 6 17 6 23 Nelson Cruz Rangers 11 5 16 5 21 Ryan Howard Phillies 7 8 15 -- 15 Albert Pujols Cardinals 5 ( 2 ) 6 11 -- 11 Carlos Peña Rays 5 ( 1 ) -- 5 -- 5 Joe Mauer Twins 5 ( 0 ) -- 5 -- 5 Adrian Gonzalez Padres -- -- Brandon Inge Tigers 0 -- 0 -- 0 Notes : Italicized numbers denote swing - offs . The 2010s ( edit ) Angel Stadium of Anaheim , Anaheim -- A.L. 50 , N.L. 45 Player Team Round 1 Round 2 Subtotal Finals Total David Ortiz Red Sox 8 13 21 11 32 Hanley Ramírez Marlins 9 12 21 5 26 Corey Hart Brewers 13 0 13 -- 13 Miguel Cabrera Tigers 7 5 12 -- 12 Matt Holliday Cardinals 5 -- 5 -- 5 Nick Swisher Yankees -- -- Vernon Wells Blue Jays -- -- Chris Young Diamondbacks -- -- 2011 ( edit ) Chase Field , Phoenix -- A.L. 76 , N.L. 19 Player Team Round 1 Round 2 Subtotal Finals Total Robinson Canó Yankees 8 12 20 12 32 Adrian Gonzalez Red Sox 9 11 20 11 31 Prince Fielder Brewers 5 ( 5 ) 9 -- 9 David Ortiz Red Sox 5 ( 4 ) 9 -- 9 Matt Holliday Cardinals 5 ( 2 ) -- 5 -- 5 José Bautista Blue Jays -- -- Rickie Weeks Jr . Brewers -- -- Matt Kemp Dodgers -- -- Notes : Italicized numbers denote swing - offs . 2012 ( edit ) Kauffman Stadium , Kansas City -- A.L. 61 , N.L. 21 Player Team Round 1 Round 2 Subtotal Finals Total Prince Fielder Tigers 5 11 16 12 28 José Bautista Blue Jays 11 13 ( 2 ) 7 20 Mark Trumbo Angels 7 6 13 ( 1 ) -- 13 Carlos Beltrán Cardinals 7 5 12 -- 12 Carlos González Rockies -- -- Andrew McCutchen Pirates -- -- Matt Kemp Dodgers -- -- Robinson Canó Yankees 0 -- 0 -- 0 Notes : Italicized numbers denote swing - offs . 2013 ( edit ) Citi Field , New York -- A.L. 53 , N.L. 50 Player Team Round 1 Round 2 Subtotal Finals Total Yoenis Céspedes Athletics 17 6 23 9 32 Bryce Harper Nationals 8 8 16 8 24 Michael Cuddyer Rockies 7 8 15 -- 15 Chris Davis Orioles 8 12 -- 12 Pedro Álvarez Pirates 6 -- 6 -- 6 Prince Fielder Tigers 5 -- 5 -- 5 David Wright Mets 5 -- 5 -- 5 Robinson Canó Yankees -- -- Note : ^ a Recorded only five of ten outs before hitting winning home run . 2014 ( edit ) Target Field , Minneapolis -- A.L. 54 , N.L. 24 American League Player Team Round 1 Round 2 Round 3 Finals Total Yoenis Céspedes Athletics 3 ( 2 ) 9 7 9 28 José Bautista Blue Jays 10 * − 14 Adam Jones Orioles − − 7 Josh Donaldson Athletics 3 ( 1 ) − − − Brian Dozier Twins − − − National League Player Team Round 1 Round 2 Round 3 Finals Total Todd Frazier Reds 2 ( 1 ) 6 10 Giancarlo Stanton Marlins 6 * 0 − 6 Troy Tulowitzki Rockies − − 6 Justin Morneau Rockies 2 ( 0 ) − − − Yasiel Puig Dodgers 0 − − − 0 * designates bye round . ( designates swing off home runs ) . Round 2 Round 3 ( Semifinals ) Finals American League José Bautista Adam Jones Yoenis Céspedes 7 Yoenis Céspedes 9 Yoenis Céspedes 9 Todd Frazier National League Giancarlo Stanton 0 Troy Tulowitzki Todd Frazier Todd Frazier 6 2015 Great American Ball Park ( Cincinnati ) ( edit ) Quarterfinals Semifinals Finals Albert Pujols ( LAA ) 10 8 Kris Bryant ( CHC ) 9 Albert Pujols 11 Joc Pederson 12 Joc Pederson ( LAD ) 13 5 Manny Machado ( BAL ) 12 Joc Pederson 14 Todd Frazier 15 Josh Donaldson ( TOR ) 9 6 Anthony Rizzo ( CHC ) 8 Josh Donaldson 9 Todd Frazier 10 Todd Frazier ( CIN ) 14 7 Prince Fielder ( TEX ) 13 2016 Petco Park ( San Diego ) ( edit ) Quarterfinals Semifinals Finals Mark Trumbo ( BAL ) 16 8 Corey Seager ( LAD ) 15 Mark Trumbo 14 5 Giancarlo Stanton 17 Robinson Canó ( SEA ) 7 5 Giancarlo Stanton ( MIA ) 24 5 Giancarlo Stanton 20 Todd Frazier 13 Adam Duvall ( CIN ) 11 6 Wil Myers ( SD ) 10 Adam Duvall 15 Todd Frazier 16 Todd Frazier ( CWS ) 13 7 Carlos González ( COL ) 12 2017 Marlins Park ( Miami ) ( edit ) Quarterfinals Semifinals Finals Giancarlo Stanton ( MIA ) 16 8 Gary Sánchez ( NYY ) 17 8 Gary Sánchez 10 5 Miguel Sanó 11 Mike Moustakas ( KC ) 10 5 Miguel Sanó ( MIN ) 11 5 Miguel Sanó 10 Aaron Judge 11 Cody Bellinger ( LAD ) 15 6 Charlie Blackmon ( COL ) 14 Cody Bellinger 12 Aaron Judge 13 Aaron Judge ( NYY ) 23 7 Justin Bour ( MIA ) 22 See also ( edit ) List of Major League Baseball All - Star Game winners References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Baker , Jim ( Jul 7 , 1999 ) . `` Baseball ; ESPN rift with MLB a real derby ; Dispute heats up over credentials '' . Boston Herald . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Home Run Derby on ESPN is No. 1 on cable TV '' . The Seattle Times . Associated Press . July 23 , 2008 . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2013 . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hiestand , Michael ( July 7 , 2009 ) . `` ESPN adds new graphics for Home Run Derby coverage '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . Monday 's Home Run Derby -- often cable TV 's highest - rated summer event Jump up ^ Castrovince , Anthony ( July 16 , 2013 ) . `` Cespedes beats Harper to claim Derby title '' . MLB.com . Jump up ^ Derby to feature bracketed play as part of new format Jump up ^ Keeney , Tim . `` HR Derby Gets New Format , Rules '' . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Home Run Derby to introduce new format '' . Major League Baseball . Jump up ^ Corcoran , Cliff . `` Home Run Derby Five - Minute Guide : Everything you need to know '' . www.si.com . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ Silverman , Steve . `` Home Run Derby 2016 : Participants , Breakdown of New Rules for All - Star Showcase '' . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The last time Cincinnati hosted the MLB All - Star Game , things got weird '' . The Sporting News . Jump up ^ `` Home Run Derby 2010 : Most Memorable Derby Moments '' . Bleacher Report . 2010 - 07 - 12 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ Multichannel.com Jump up ^ Seattle Post-Intelligencer Jump up ^ MLB.com ( July 7 , 2015 ) . `` 2015 Gillette Home Run Derby Presented By Head & Shoulders Exclusively on ESPN '' . ESPNMediazone.com . Retrieved July 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ MLB.com ( July 11 , 2011 ) . `` Home Run Derby press conference '' . MLB Advanced Media , LP . Retrieved July 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Relatively speaking , viewers still love the Home Run Derby ( 2002 - 2016 viewership ) '' . sportstvratings.com . Retrieved 11 July 2017 . External links ( edit ) MLB.com : Home Run Derby History Baseball-Almanac.com : Home Run Derby Results and Analysis Baseball Research Journal , SABR , `` Home Run Derby Curse , Fact or Fiction ? '' by Joseph McCollum and Marcus Jaiclin Major League Baseball All - Star Game Games 1930s -- 1940s 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s -- 1960s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1959 2 1960 1960 2 1961 1961 2 1962 1962 2 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s -- 1980s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s -- 2000s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s -- 2020s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Players American League All - Stars National League All - Stars Events Futures Game ( All - time roster ) Home Run Derby Legends and Celebrity Softball Game Results and Awards Results MVPs Records See also Managers Broadcasters Final Vote Venues Arch Ward 2 -- Two All - Star Games were played these seasons . Italics indicate future games . Major League Baseball Home Run Derbies 1985 1986 1988 * 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 * The 1988 Home Run Derby was canceled due to rain Home Run Derby champions 1985 : Parker 1986 : Joyner , Strawberry 1987 : Dawson 1988 : ( canceled due to rain ) 1989 : Davis 1990 : Sandberg 1991 : Ripken Jr . 1992 : McGwire 1993 : J. González 1994 : Griffey Jr . 1995 : Thomas 1996 : Bonds 1997 : Martinez 1998 : Griffey Jr . 1999 : Griffey Jr . 2000 : Sosa 2001 : L. Gonzalez 2002 : Giambi 2003 : Anderson 2004 : Tejada 2005 : Abreu 2006 : Howard 2007 : Guerrero 2008 : Morneau 2009 : Fielder 2010 : Ortiz 2011 : Canó 2012 : Fielder 2013 : Céspedes 2014 : Céspedes 2015 : Frazier 2016 : Stanton 2017 : Judge ESPN Major League Baseball Related programs Baseball Tonight ( 1990 -- present ) Sunday Night Baseball ( 1990 -- present ) Monday Night Baseball ( 2002 -- present ) Wednesday Night Baseball ( 1990 -- present ) Thursday Night Baseball ( 2003 -- 2006 ) Radio Major League Baseball on ESPN Radio ( 1998 -- present ) The Baseball Show ( 2005 -- present ) Non-ESPN programming Major League Baseball on ABC ( broadcasters ) Major League Baseball on TSN ( 1984 -- present ) Non-MLB programming College World Series on ESPN Little League World Series ( broadcasters ) Related articles Major League Baseball on cable television ESPN Baseball Tonight ( video game ) Television contracts Home Run Derby ( 1993 -- present ) Commentators Radio Baseball Tonight ALDS NLDS Key figures Dave Barnett Chris Berman Bob Carpenter Pedro Gomez Jim Hughson Sean McDonough Tom Mees Joel Meyers Jon Miller Dave O'Brien Steve Physioc Karl Ravech John Sanders Jon Sciambi Dan Shulman Dave Sims Dewayne Staats Charley Steiner Gary Thorne Steve Zabriskie Color commentators Aaron Boone Dallas Braden Jeff Brantley Dave Campbell Terry Francona Nomar Garciaparra Tony Gwynn Orel Hershiser Norm Hitzges Tommy Hutton Reggie Jackson David Justice Eric Karros Kevin Kennedy Ray Knight Mike Lupica Fred Lynn Buck Martinez Jessica Mendoza Joe Morgan Mark Mulder Jim Palmer Steve Phillips Eduardo Pérez Kirby Puckett Jerry Reuss Jim Rooker Chris Singleton Steve Stone Rick Sutcliffe Bobby Valentine Field reporters Erin Andrews Bonnie Bernstein Duke Castiglione Peter Gammons Tim Kurkjian Gary Miller Wendi Nix Buster Olney Sam Ryan Lore 2,131 ( 1995 ) Chasing Maris ( 1998 ) Civil Rights Game ( 2007 ) Death of Osama bin Laden ( 2011 ) Wild Card Wednesday ( 2011 ) Braves -- Marlins game at Fort Bragg ( 2016 ) Tie - breaker games 1995 AL West Playoff 1998 NL Wild Card Playoff 1999 NL Wild Card Playoff New York Yankees Final game at Yankee Stadium ( 2008 ) Yankees -- Red Sox rivalry Curse of the Bambino Postseason Baseball 's longest postseason game ( 2005 ) AL Division Series 1997 1998 1999 2000 2002 ( coverage aired on ABC Family ) 2003 2005 2006 NL Division Series 1997 1998 1999 2000 2002 ( coverage aired on ABC Family ) 2003 2005 2006 AL Wild Card Game 2015 2017 2019 2021 NL Wild Card Game 2014 2016 2018 2020 Major League Baseball on ESPN Radio Play - by - play Charley Steiner ( 1998 -- 2001 ) Jon Miller ( 1998 -- 2010 ) Dan Shulman ( 2002 -- 2007 ) Gary Thorne ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Jon Sciambi ( 2010 -- present ) Analysts Kevin Kennedy ( 1998 ) Dave Campbell ( 1999 -- 2010 ) Chris Singleton ( 2011 -- present ) Studio hosts Joe D'Ambrosio ( 1998 -- 2007 ) Marc Kestecher ( 2008 -- present ) AL Championship Series 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 NL Championship Series 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 AL Division Series 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 NL Division Series 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 AL Wild Card Game 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 NL Wild Card Game 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 All - Star Game 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 World Series 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Related programs ESPN Major League Baseball Major League Baseball Game of the Week Sunday Night Baseball Commentators All - Star Game ALCS ALDS NLCS NLDS World Series Lore 1998 Major League Baseball home run record chase Death of Osama bin Laden Grand Slam Single Tie - breaker games 1998 NL Wild Card Playoff 1999 NL Wild Card Playoff 2007 NL Wild Card Playoff 2008 AL Central Playoff 2009 AL Central Playoff 2013 AL Wild Card tie - breaker Divisional Series games The Flip Play `` The Bug Game '' Roy Halladay 's postseason no - hitter `` The Illegal Slide Game '' `` The 53 - Minute 7th Inning '' World Series games The Last Night of the Yankee Dynasty Game 6 of the 2011 World Series Walk - off Obstruction Chicago Cubs Steve Bartman ( 2003 ) Curse of the Billy Goat New York Yankees Yankees -- Red Sox rivalry Curse of the Bambino Final game at Yankee Stadium ( 2008 ) Related articles Major League Baseball on the radio Home Run Derby Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Home_Run_Derby_(Major_League_Baseball)&oldid=806774609 '' Categories : Annual sporting events in the United States Recurring events established in 1985 Major League Baseball competitions Major League Baseball Home Run Derby Sports entertainment Hidden categories : Articles that may contain original research from July 2016 All articles that may contain original research Articles needing additional references from July 2016 All articles needing additional references Use mdy dates from October 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano 日本 語 Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2017 , at 02 : 14 . 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who has the record for most home runs in the home run derby
[ "\nGiancarlo Stanton (2016) – 61\nAaron Judge (2017) – 47\nTodd Frazier (2016) – 42\nBobby Abreu (2005) – 41\nJoc Pederson (2015), Todd Frazier (2015) – 39\nJosh Hamilton (2008) – 35\nDavid Ortiz (2010), Robinson Canó (2011), Yoenis Céspedes (2013), Miguel Sanó (2017) – 32\nAdrian Gonzalez (2011) – 31\nMark Trumbo (2016) – 30\nPrince Fielder (2012), Yoenis Céspedes (2014) – 28\n" ]
[ "Giancarlo Stanton" ]
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Ark: Survival Evolved
Ark : Survival Evolved - wikipedia Ark : Survival Evolved Jump to : navigation , search Ark : Survival Evolved Developer ( s ) Studio Wildcard Publisher ( s ) Studio Wildcard Director ( s ) Jesse Rapczak Jeremy Stieglitz Producer ( s ) Navin Supphapholsiri Dave Loyd Designer ( s ) Kayd Hendricks Composer ( s ) Gareth Coker Engine Unreal Engine 4 Platform ( s ) Linux Microsoft Windows OS X PlayStation 4 Xbox One Release August 29 , 2017 Genre ( s ) Action - adventure , survival Mode ( s ) Single - player , multiplayer Ark : Survival Evolved ( stylized as ΛRK ) is an action - adventure survival video game developed by Studio Wildcard in collaboration with Instinct Games , Efecto Studios , and Virtual Basement . It was released in August 2017 for PlayStation 4 , Xbox One , Microsoft Windows , OS X and Linux . In the game , players must survive being stranded on an island filled with roaming dinosaurs and other prehistoric animals , natural hazards , and potentially hostile human players . The game is played from either a third - person or first - person perspective and its open world is navigated on foot or by riding a prehistoric animal . Players can use firearms and improvised weapons to defend against hostile humans and creatures , with the ability to build bases as defense . The game has both single - player and multiplayer options . Development began in October 2014 . The development team conducted research into the physical appearance of the animals , but took creative license for gameplay purposes . One of the game modes , Survival of the Fittest , was released as a free standalone game in March 2016 . Egypt - based developer Instinct Games was hired to facilitate the game 's development . Several expansions to the game have also been released as downloadable content : The Center , Primitive Plus , Scorched Earth , and Ragnarok . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 2 Development 3 Sales 4 References 5 External links Gameplay ( edit ) Ark : Survival Evolved is an action - adventure survival game set in an open world environment and played either from a third - person or first - person perspective . To survive , players must establish a base , with a fire and weapons ; additional activities , such as taming and feeding dinosaurs , require more resources . The game 's world , known as the `` Ark '' , is approximately 48 km ( 19 sq mi ) in size : there is approximately 36 km ( 14 sq mi ) of land with 12 km ( 4.6 sq mi ) of ocean . To build a base , players must gain structure components -- such as floors , doors and windows built with the resources littered throughout the world -- which are earned as they progress and gain levels . These components can be crafted and placed in the world . Players can create any structure , as long as they have the logistics and resources ; the structural integrity of the building is compromised when the pillars and foundations are destroyed . Creating structures out of metal make them the most durable ; only titanosaurs and explosives can damage metal structures . Players can also craft items in the game , such as weapons , by collecting the resources and technology required for crafting . In addition , players can craft and attach accessories to their weapons , such as a scope or flashlight for a pistol or machine gun . Should players take damage , their health meter will gradually regenerate if they have consumed the necessary food , or if they craft items that regenerate the health meter at a faster pace . There are sixty species of dinosaurs in the game . Dinosaurs in the game can be tamed by feeding them food after they have been rendered unconscious , or by using kibble designed especially for each species . Once a dinosaur is tamed , players can utilize the dinosaur 's abilities , such as flight or fast underwater movement , as well as its statistics , such as speed , health and damage . When riding atop certain creatures , players can use their weapons . With the larger dinosaurs , other players can ride on the side with full control of their own weapons . They can also be used to carry items , and players can issue offensive and defensive commands to them ; for example , a pack of Utahraptors can be assigned to defend the base , or a group of Triceratops can be ordered to attack an enemy 's base . The game also features various other animals , such as the dodo , saber - toothed cat , woolly mammoth , Meganeura , Titanomyrma , and Doedicurus . Every creature in the game has living ecosystems and predator hierarchies . Development ( edit ) Preliminary work on Ark : Survival Evolved began in October 2014 . Studio Wildcard , the Seattle - based team behind the game , co-opted Egypt - based developer Instinct Games to facilitate development . When researching for information about the game 's prehistoric species , the development team read `` general audience books '' and online articles , and sought assistance from friends who studied in the fields in biological sciences . When creating the species and world , the team took creative license for gameplay purposes , although there is an in - game reason that the species have diverged from their historical counterparts . The team added features to the game that would appeal to all players , as opposed to specifically players of the survival genre , such as the ability to simply explore the island and compete against large bosses , as a reward for uncovering secrets of the island . They also added an end - game for players to strive towards , as they felt that most survival games lack a final goal . They wanted to `` provide a depth and scope that allows for the world to not just be a means to an end ( ... ) but also a place to explore '' , said creative director Jesse Rapczak . The game , powered by Unreal Engine 4 , contains `` tens of thousands '' of artificial intelligence entities , according to Rapczak . It also features support for virtual reality ( VR ) gameplay ; Rapczak , who has almost three years of experience with head - mounted displays , described the game as being designed with VR in mind from the beginning . The game was initially released through Steam Early Access for Microsoft Windows on June 2 , 2015 , for Linux and OS X on July 1 , 2015 , and through the Xbox Game Preview Program for Xbox One on December 16 , 2015 ; a PlayStation 4 version was released on December 6 , 2016 . The final game will launch in August 2017 ; it was originally intended for release in June 2016 , but was delayed in April . The game will launch with support for Oculus Rift and PlayStation VR , and the Xbox One version will be released via the ID@Xbox program . On March 16 , 2016 , the Survival of the Fittest game mode was released in early access as a free standalone game with no microtransactions ; it was scheduled to fully launch in mid 2016 , but was eventually merged back to the main game as the development team did not wish to monetize on its release , and wanted to ensure that modders can apply the development kit of Survival Evolved to create mods for Survival of the Fittest . There will be various eSports tournaments of the game mode , with a prize pool of US $50,000 . Players who played Survival of the Fittest before it was merged back into the main game can continue to play the game without paying an extra cost , while new players must pay before getting access to it . It will be available for every player who purchases the main game . On September 1 , 2016 , Studio Wildcard released the paid downloadable content ( DLC ) Scorched Earth . The expansion includes a new , desert map as well as several desert - themed resources and items . It also features ten new creatures , some of which are fictional , like the Wyvern . The release of paid DLC for a game still in early access caused negative reaction among players of the game , resulting in lots of negative reviews on Steam right after the expansion launch . The game left early access on August 29 , 2017 , for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 , and Xbox One . The standard version was released alongside an `` Explorer 's Edition '' , which included a season pass with three expansions , and the `` Collector 's Edition '' , which included a season pass as well , a necklace , a map , a notebook , a development team poster , a wooden chest packaging , and the game 's official soundtrack . Sales ( edit ) Within a month of its early access release on Steam , Ark had sold over one million digital copies . By August 2016 , the game had over 5.5 million sales across both Windows and Xbox , with about 1.5 million from the Xbox One platform . References ( edit ) Notes ^ Jump up to : `` Fight for Life in Studio Wildcard 's ARK : Survival Evolved '' . Xbox Wire . Xbox . Microsoft . May 15 , 2015 . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2015 . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rapczak 2015 , 20 : 20 ^ Jump up to : Karunakaran , Jathiesh ( May 12 , 2015 ) . `` Frequently Asked Questions '' . Steam . Valve Corporation . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2015 . Retrieved June 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rapczak 2015 , 31 : 31 Jump up ^ Rapczak 2015 , 31 : 51 Jump up ^ Rapczak 2015 , 41 : 02 ^ Jump up to : `` Ark : Survival Evolved -- A New Breed of Open - World Dinosaur Adventure is Coming '' ( Press release ) . Seattle , Washington : Studio Wildcard . May 11 , 2015 . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rapczak 2015 , 36 : 27 ^ Jump up to : Rapczak , Jesse ( May 11 , 2015 ) . `` Ride dinosaurs in ARK : Survival Evolved , coming soon to PS4 '' . PlayStation Blog . Sony Computer Entertainment . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2015 . Retrieved June 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rapczak 2015 , 7 : 38 ^ Jump up to : `` Ark : Survival Evolved Available Now for Mac and Linux on Steam Early Access '' ( Press release ) . Seattle , Washington : Studio Wildcard . July 1 , 2015 . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2015 . Retrieved July 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rapczak 2015 , 38 : 59 Jump up ^ McCaffrey , Ryan ( December 9 , 2015 ) . `` Ark : Survival Evolved Xbox One Footage and Early Access Details '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2015 . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Yin - Poole , Wesley ( November 30 , 2016 ) . `` Ark : Survival Evolved finally has a PS4 release date '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2016 . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Makuch , Eddie ( April 22 , 2016 ) . `` Dino Game Ark Passes New Sales Milestone on Xbox One and PC , Full Release Delayed '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2016 . Retrieved April 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : O'Conner , Alice ( August 2 , 2016 ) . `` Mod Me Up ! Ark : Survival Of The Fittest No Longer F2P '' . Rock , Paper , Shotgun . Retrieved August 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Morrison , Angus ( March 16 , 2016 ) . `` Ark : Survival of the Fittest becomes free standalone with cash prizes '' . PC Gamer . Future plc . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2016 . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Yin - Poole , Wesley ( August 3 , 2016 ) . `` Ark dev folds Survival of the Fittest back into Survival Evolved '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved August 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ARK : Survival Evolved Pounded With Negative Reviews After Releasing Paid Early Access DLC '' . Game Revolution . September 2 , 2016 . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Community Crunch 98 : Gold Master Edition '' . survivetheark.com . Retrieved 30 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Minotti , Mike ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` Conan Exiles hits 320,000 sold after one week on Steam Early Access '' . Venture Beat . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Calvin , Alex ( August 4 , 2016 ) . `` Ark : Survival Evolved hits 5.5 m on PC and Xbox One '' . The Market for Computer & Video Games . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Sources Rapczak , Jesse ( May 11 , 2015 ) . `` Ark : Survival Evolved . Interview with Jesse Rapczak '' ( Interview ) . Interview with Lirik . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2015 . Retrieved May 14 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Official website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ark:_Survival_Evolved&oldid=803105162 '' Categories : 2017 video games Action - adventure games Dinosaurs in video games Early access video games Linux games Multiplayer and single - player video games Oculus Rift games Open world video games MacOS games PlayStation 4 games PlayStation VR games Science fantasy video games Steam Workshop games Survival video games Unreal Engine games Video games developed in Egypt Video games developed in the United States Video games featuring protagonists of selectable gender Video games with cross-platform play Video games with downloadable content Video games with expansion packs Video games with procedurally generated levels Video games with user - generated gameplay content Windows games Xbox One games Xbox Play Anywhere games Xbox One X enhanced games Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2016 Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Latina Polski Português Русский Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 September 2017 , at 13 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
what does ark mean in ark survival evolved
[ "Ark: Survival Evolved is an action-adventure survival game set in an open world environment and played either from a third-person or first-person perspective. To survive, players must establish a base, with a fire and weapons; additional activities, such as taming and feeding dinosaurs, require more resources.[1] The game's world, known as the \"Ark\", is approximately 48 km2 (19 sq mi) in size:[2] there is approximately 36 km2 (14 sq mi) of land with 12 km2 (4.6 sq mi) of ocean.[3]" ]
[ "The game's world" ]
7094208393654710314
America's Next Top Model (cycle 1)
America 's Next Top Model ( cycle 1 ) - wikipedia America 's Next Top Model ( cycle 1 ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) America 's Next Top Model ( cycle 1 ) Cycle 1 cast Country of origin United States No. of episodes 9 Release Original network UPN Original release May 20 ( 2003 - 05 - 20 ) -- July 15 , 2003 ( 2003 - 07 - 15 ) Additional information Judges Tyra Banks Janice Dickinson Kimora Lee Simmons Beau Quillian No. of contestants 10 Winner Adrianne Curry All - stars Shannon Stewart Cycle chronology Next → Cycle 2 America 's Next Top Model , cycle 1 was the first cycle of America 's Next Top Model . It originally aired on UPN from May to July 2003 , and was hosted by Tyra Banks , who additionally served as its executive producer and presenter . The judging panel consisted of Banks , Janice Dickinson , Kimora Lee Simmons , and Beau Quillian . The cycle 's catchphrase was `` One girl has what it takes '' . This was the only season to feature a cast of only 10 finalists . All later cycles have featured at least 12 finalists . The international destination for the cycle was Paris , France . The winner of the competition was 20 - year - old Adrianne Curry from Joliet , Illinois . Her prizes were a modelling contract with Wilhelmina Models , a photo spread in Marie Claire magazine and a contract with Revlon cosmetics . Contents ( hide ) 1 Contestants 2 Episode summaries 2.1 The Girl Who Wants It Bad 2.2 The Girl Is Here To Win , Not Make Friends 2.3 The Girl Who Gets Rushed To The Emergency Room 2.4 The Girl Who Drives Everyone Crazy 2.5 The Girl Who Everyone Thinks Is Killing Herself 2.6 The Girl Who Deals With A Pervert 2.7 The Girls Get Really Naked 2.8 How The Girls Got Here 2.9 The Girl Who Becomes America 's Next Top Model 3 Summaries 3.1 Call - out order 3.2 Photo shoot guide 3.3 Makeovers 4 Post-Top Model careers 5 References 6 External links Contestants ( ages stated are at start of contest ) Contestant Age Height Hometown Finish Place Tessa Carlson 19 5 ft 9 in ( 1.75 m ) Chicago , Illinois Episode 1 10 Katie Cleary 21 5 ft 9 in ( 1.75 m ) Glenview , Illinois Episode 2 9 Nicole Panattoni 22 5 ft 11 in ( 1.80 m ) Murrieta , California Episode 3 8 Ebony Haith 24 5 ft 10 in ( 1.78 m ) Bronx , New York Episode 4 7 Giselle Samson 18 5 ft 10 in ( 1.78 m ) Corona , California Episode 5 6 Kesse Wallace 21 5 ft 9 in ( 1.75 m ) North Little Rock , Arkansas Episode 6 5 Robin Manning 26 5 ft 9 in ( 1.75 m ) Memphis , Tennessee Episode 7 Elyse Sewell 20 5 ft 10 in ( 1.78 m ) Albuquerque , New Mexico Episode 9 Shannon Stewart 18 5 ft 10.5 in ( 1.79 m ) Franklin , Ohio Adrianne Curry 20 5 ft 10.5 in ( 1.79 m ) Joliet , Illinois Episode summaries The girl who wants it bad First aired May 20 , 2003 Twenty semi-finalists , chosen from thousands of hopefuls , arrived in Los Angeles for the preliminary round of the competition . The contestants were told that only ten of them would make it to the finals , but after their meetings with Tyra Banks and the producers , only eight advanced . Two more contestants , Giselle and Tessa , were added to the final cast following a separate audition . For the week 's photo shoot , the ten finalists modeled J. Lo by Jennifer Lopez swimwear atop a Manhattan skyscraper . The judging session saw Tessa become the first model eliminated from the competition . Featured photographer : Douglas Bizzaro & Elizabeth Moss The girl is here to win , not make friends First aired May 27 , 2003 For the week 's challenge , the nine remaining finalists took part in a mock fashion show . The challenge winner was Giselle . For the photo shoot , the finalists posed for Stuff magazine . The judging session saw Katie become the second model eliminated from the competition . Featured photographer : Barry Hollywood Special guests : Wyclef Jean The girl who gets rushed to the emergency room First aired June 3 , 2003 The eight remaining finalists were given makeovers . They had a challenge on applying make - up , which was won by Elyse . For the week 's photo shoot , the finalists had beauty shots taken with a snake . The judging session saw Nicole become the third model eliminated from the competition . Featured photographer : Troy Ward Special guests : Kim Lepine , Jon Silverman , Max Tucci , Janice Combs , Constance White , Derek Kahn The girl who drives everyone crazy First aired June 10 , 2003 The seven remaining finalists were challenged to polish their acting skills . They were given a challenge on line - reading , which was won by Robin . Instead of a photo shoot , the finalists shot a commercial for Fresh Look contact lenses . The judging session saw Ebony become the fourth model eliminated from the competition . Featured commercial director : Loren Haynes Special guests : Jon Silverman , Alice Spivak , Tracy Staus The girl who everyone thinks is killing herself First aired June 17 , 2003 For the week 's challenge , the six remaining finalists gave interviews , with Elyse winning . The photo shoot was a campaign for Reebok with NFL Rookie of the Year Clinton Portis . The judging session saw Giselle become the fifth model eliminated from the competition . Featured photographer : Daniel Garriga Special guests : Cindy Berger , Jon Silverman , Clinton Portis , Christine Curry , Martin Crandall , Derek Kahn , Steve Santagati The girl who deals with a pervert First aired June 24 , 2003 The five remaining finalists were flown to Paris for the week 's challenge and photo shoot . They did a lingerie shoot for Wonder Bra with male model Brad Pinkert , and for the challenge they attended go - sees . The judging session saw Kesse become the sixth model eliminated from the competition . Featured photographer : Michel Haddi Special guests : Pink , Brad Pinkert , Emma Mackie , Marilyn Gauthier The girls Get really naked First aired July 1 , 2003 For the week 's challenge , the four remaining finalists went to a restaurant and met four men , who judged them on their ability to carry themselves in a couture situation . The challenge winner was Adrianne . The finalists did two photo shoots this week : a black - and - white beauty shoot shot by Tyra Banks , and a nude shoot for Merit Diamond jewelry , the latter of which Robin and Shannon refused to participate in . The finalists were flown back to New York City for the judging session , which saw Robin become the seventh model eliminated from the competition . Featured photographers : Tyra Banks , Patrick Katzman Special guests : Pascal Millet , Derek Khan How the girls got here First aired July 8 , 2003 This episode was an overview of the past seven episodes of the cycle which featured previously unseen footage . The girl who becomes America 's Next Top Model First aired July 8 , 2003 The final three contestants were Adrianne Curry , Elyse Sewell and Shannon Stewart . Elyse became the eighth model eliminated at the penultimate judging session . Adrianne and Shannon competed in a Baby Phat fashion show . The final judging session saw Adrianne crowned America 's Next Top Model . Special guest : Drew Lineham Summaries Call - out order Order Episodes 5 6 7 9 Nicole Ebony Shannon Shannon Kesse Adrianne Elyse Elyse Shannon Adrianne Robin Elyse Nicole Kesse Elyse Kesse Shannon Adrianne Adrianne Shannon Kesse Kesse Giselle Elyse Adrianne Shannon Robin Shannon Elyse Elyse Adrianne Robin Giselle Robin Robin Adrianne Robin 5 Katie Katie Adrianne Adrianne Shannon Elyse Kesse 6 Ebony Nicole Ebony Robin Giselle Giselle 7 Adrianne Giselle Elyse Ebony Ebony 8 Shannon Robin Kesse Nicole 9 Shannon Katie 10 Tessa The contestant was eliminated The contestant won the competition In episode 1 , the pool of 20 semi-finalists was reduced to 8 . Later , two more contestants ( Giselle and Tessa ) were scouted and introduced to the cast . In episode 7 , Robin and Shannon did not participate in the photo shoot . Episode 8 was the recap episode . Photo shoot guide Episode 1 photo shoot : Swimwear on a rooftop Episode 2 photo shoot : Swimwear for Stuff Episode 3 photo shoot : Beauty shots with snakes Episode 4 commercial : Fresh Look contact lenses Episode 5 photo shoot : Reebok ad with Clinton Portis Episode 6 photo shoot : Wonder Bra overlooking the Eiffel Tower Episode 7 photo shoots : Black & white beauty shots , nude campaign for Merit Diamond Makeovers Adrianne -- Weave with bangs Ebony -- Tuft shaved off Elyse -- Pixie cut Giselle -- Dyed red and layered Kesse -- Hair weave with honey blonde highlights , à la Tyra Banks in 1992 Nicole -- Weave trimmed and straightened Robin -- Weave removed and light brown weave added Shannon -- Straight hair weave and more blonde Post-top Model careers This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Tessa Carlson modeled for Noah Kalina and Joey Quintero . Katie Cleary is working with Deal or No Deal and has done print modeling . She has been an on - camera host for TV Guide Channel , E ! News , and HDTV 's Get Out . Her acting credits include Chuck , The Break - Up , The Lake House , and Iron Man 2 . Adrianne Curry collected her prizes and has modeled for several magazines , including Life & Style Weekly , Us Weekly , Star , OK ! , Stuff , People , Maxim , made the Maxim Hot 100 list in 2005 , Max ( Spanish ) Marie Claire , Spanish Marie Claire , Von Dutch , Von Dutch Watches , Salon City , Macy 's , Famous Stars and Straps , Lucky , Ed Hardy , Kinis Bikinis , Beverly Hills Choppers , and Merit Diamonds . She has walked for Jaime Pressly and Pamela Anderson . She was signed with Wilhelmina Models and Avenue Modeller , and is no longer a model . She was married to actor Christopher Knight from 2006 to 2012 . Ebony Haith was signed with Downtown Model Management . Robin Manning is pursuing an acting career and has been in two movies , and has done church - related print work . Nicole Panattoni modeled for various companies . She is married to BMX rider Cory Nastazio . Giselle Samson now works as a hostess for Carnival Cruise . Elyse Sewell has done multiple print ads , and been signed by multiple agencies in Asia . Shannon Stewart has done print work , and has been signed with Ford Models and Elite Model Management . She participated in the America 's Next Top Model All Stars cycle alongside other former contestants , finishing in sixth place . References Jump up ^ `` Would - be supermodel finds her competition shallow '' . Record - Journal . June 2 , 2003 . Retrieved November 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` LOOKING FOR A TOP MODEL '' . Long Beach Press - Telegram . June 3 , 2003 . Retrieved November 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ La Ferla , Ruth . `` Front Row '' . New York Times . Retrieved November 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Why America 's Next Top Model Was Never Better Than Its First Cycle '' . Vulture. 2015 - 12 - 04 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Adrianne Curry Spills ' The Truth ' About ' America 's Next Top Model ' and Hearing ' Crickets ' From Tyra Banks '' . toofab . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20030420131826/http://www.upn.com/shows/top_model/bio_tessa.shtml Jump up ^ `` UPN '' . April 20 , 2003 . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2003 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` UPN '' . April 20 , 2003 . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2003 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` UPN '' . August 1 , 2003 . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2003 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` UPN '' . April 20 , 2003 . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2003 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` UPN '' . April 20 , 2003 . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2003 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` UPN '' . April 20 , 2003 . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2003 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` UPN '' . June 21 , 2003 . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2003 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` UPN '' . April 20 , 2003 . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2003 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` UPN '' . April 20 , 2003 . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2003 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Stephens , Brittney . `` ANTM Contestants : Where Are They Now ? '' . Jump up ^ FashionModelDirectory.com , The FMD - . `` Adrianne Curry -- Fashion Model Models Photos , Editorials & Latest News The FMD '' . The FMD - FashionModelDirectory.com . Retrieved July 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Balser , Erin ( January 10 , 2009 ) . `` Top Model Round - Up : January 10 '' . Topmodelgossip.com . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2009 . Retrieved August 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ward , Kate ( May 12 , 2011 ) . `` ' Top Model All - Stars ' cast reported : Lisa D'Amato , Isis King in ; Jade out '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2011 . Retrieved May 15 , 2011 . External links America 's Next Top Model , cycle 1 on IMDb America 's Next Top Model , cycle 1 at TV.com America 's Next Top Model Fact - O - File History ( hide ) America 's Next Top Model Cycles 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 All - Stars ( 17 ) British Invasion ( 18 ) College Edition ( 19 ) Guys & Girls 20 21 22 23 24 Contestants Winners Adrianne Curry Yoanna House Eva Pigford Naima Mora Nicole Linkletter Danielle Evans CariDee English Jaslene Gonzalez Saleisha Stowers Whitney Thompson McKey Sullivan Nicole Fox Krista White Ann Ward Brittani Kline Lisa D'Amato Sophie Sumner Laura James Jourdan Miller Keith Carlos Nyle DiMarco Other alumni Elyse Sewell Mercedes Scelba - Shorte Yaya DaCosta Toccara Jones Bre Scullark Kim Stolz Cassandra Whitehead Jade Cole Melrose Bickerstaff Eugena Washington Anchal Joseph Renee DeWitt Chantal Jones Heather Kuzmich Lisa Jackson Anya Kop Fatima Siad Dominique Reighard Analeigh Tipton Isis King Allison Harvard Celia Ammerman Natalie Pack Laura Kirkpatrick Jane Randall Esther Petrack AzMarie Livingston Jasmia Robinson Leila Goldkuhl Chantelle Young Related series Modelville ( 2008 ) Stylista ( 2008 ) True Beauty ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=America%27s_Next_Top_Model_(cycle_1)&oldid=837531539 '' Categories : America 's Next Top Model 2003 American television seasons Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Use mdy dates from August 2017 Wikipedia pages semi-protected from banned users Articles needing additional references from November 2011 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from August 2009 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano Português Русский Simple English ไทย Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 April 2018 , at 12 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
when did the first season of americas next top model come out
[ "America's Next Top Model, cycle 1 was the first cycle of America's Next Top Model. It originally aired on UPN from May to July 2003, and was hosted by Tyra Banks, who additionally served as its executive producer and presenter. The judging panel consisted of Banks, Janice Dickinson, Kimora Lee Simmons, and Beau Quillian. The cycle's catchphrase was \"One girl has what it takes\".[1][2][3]" ]
[ "May to July 2003" ]
8301686638195427794
Northern hairy-nosed wombat
Northern hairy - nosed wombat - wikipedia Northern hairy - nosed wombat Jump to : navigation , search Northern hairy - nosed wombat Conservation status Critically Endangered ( IUCN 3.1 ) Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Mammalia Infraclass : Marsupialia Order : Diprotodontia Family : Vombatidae Genus : Lasiorhinus Gray , 1863 Species : L. krefftii Binomial name Lasiorhinus krefftii ( Owen , 1873 ) Northern hairy - nosed wombat range The northern hairy - nosed wombat ( Lasiorhinus krefftii ) is one of three extant species of wombats . It is one of the rarest land mammals in the world and is critically endangered . Its historical range extended across New South Wales , Victoria , and Queensland as recently as 100 years ago , but it is now restricted to one place , a 3 - km range within the 32 - km Epping Forest National Park in Queensland . In 2003 , the total population consisted of 113 individuals , including only around 30 breeding females . In the last census taken in 2013 , the estimated population was 196 individuals , with an additional 9 individuals at the Richard Underwood Nature Refuge at Yarran Downs near St. George in southern Queensland . In recent years , the population has experienced a slow but steady increase to an estimated 230 individuals in 2015 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 Behaviour 3 Taxonomy 3.1 Nomenclature 3.2 Classification 4 Conservation 5 References Description ( edit ) In general , all species of wombat are heavily built , with large heads and short , powerful legs . They have strong claws to dig their burrows , where they live much of the time . It usually takes about a day for an individual to dig a burrow . Northern hairy - nosed wombats have bodies covered in soft , grey fur and even have fur on their noses , a trait that sets them apart from the common wombat . They have longer , more pointed ears and a much broader muzzle than the other two species . Individuals can be 35 cm high , up to 1 m long and weigh up to 40 kg . The species exhibits sexual dimorphism , with females being somewhat larger than males due to the presence of an extra layer of fat . They are slightly larger than the common wombat and able to breed somewhat faster ( giving birth to two young every three years on average ) . The northern hairy - nosed wombat 's nose is very important in its survival because it has very poor eyesight , so it must detect its food in the dark through smell . Behaviour ( edit ) The northern hairy - nosed wombat is nocturnal , living underground in networks of burrows . They avoid coming above ground during harsh weather , as their burrows maintain a constant humidity and temperature . They have been known to share burrows with up to 10 individuals , equally divided by sex . Young are usually born during the wet season , between November and April . When rain is abundant , 50 - 80 % of the females in the population will breed , giving birth to one offspring at a time . Juveniles stay in their mothers ' pouches for 8 to 9 months , and are weaned at 12 months of age . The fat reserves and low metabolic rate of this species permit northern hairy - nosed wombats to go without food for several days when food is scarce . Even when they do feed every day , it is only for 6 hours a day in the winter and 2 hours in the summer , significantly less than a similar - sized kangaroo , which feeds for at least 18 hours a day . Their diet consists of native grasses : black speargrass ( Heteropogon contortus ) , bottle washer grasses ( Enneapogon spp . ) , golden beard grass ( Chrysopogon fallax ) , and three - awned grass ( Aristida spp . ) , as well as various types of roots . The teeth continue to grow beyond the juvenile period , and are worn down by the abrasive grasses they eat. . Its habitat has become infested with African buffel grass , which outcompetes the native grasses on which the wombat prefers to feed . Taxonomy ( edit ) Nomenclature ( edit ) The genus name Lasiorhinus comes from the Latin words lasios , meaning hairy or shaggy , and rhinus , meaning nose . The widely accepted common name is northern hairy - nosed wombat , based on the historical range of the species , as well as the fur , or `` whiskers '' , on its nose . In some older literature , it is referred to as the Queensland hairy - nosed wombat . Classification ( edit ) The northern hairy - nosed wombat shares its genus with one other extant species , the southern hairy - nosed wombat , while the common wombat is in the genus Vombatus . Both Lasiorhinus species differ morphologically from the common wombat by their silkier fur , broader hairy noses , and longer ears . The koala is the most closely related marsupial to wombats , and is categorised in the same suborder , Vombatiformes . Conservation. ( edit ) Threats to the northern hairy - nosed wombat include small population size , predation , competition for food , disease , floods , droughts , wildfires , and habitat loss . Its small , highly localised population makes the species especially vulnerable to natural disasters . Wild dogs are the wombat 's primary predator . The habitat at Epping Forest National Park is now well - protected for better chances of survival . Due to these threats , the northern hairy - nosed wombat is listed as `` endangered '' by the Australian Species Profile and Threats Database ( SPRAT ) , and `` critically endangered '' by the IUCN . Its range is restricted to about 300 ha ( 750 acres ) of the Epping National Forest in east - central Queensland , 120 km northwest of Clermont . To combat the vulnerability of this species , a number of conservation projects have been put into action over recent years . One example was the construction of a two - metre - high , predator - proof fence around 25 km of the park in 2000 . A second population of wombats has been established at Richard Underwood Nature Refuge at Yarran Downs near St. George in southern Queensland . This second population was established in 2008 and is also in a reserve surrounded by a predator - proof fence . Within Epping Forest National Park , increased attention and funds have been given for wombat research and population monitoring , fire management , maintenance of the predator - proof fence , general management , and control of predators and competitors , and elimination of invasive plant species . In addition , the species recovery plan of 2004 to 2008 included communication and community involvement in saving the species and worked to increase the current population in the wild , established other populations within the wombat 's historical range , and worked with zoos to establish a captive husbandry program . Also , a volunteer caretaker program allows volunteers to contribute in monitoring the population and keeping the predator fence in good repair . Finally , DNA fingerprint identification of wombat hairs allows research to be conducted without an invasive trapping or radio - tracking program . Due to the combined efforts of these forces , the northern hairy - nosed wombat population is slowly making a comeback . References ( edit ) Wikispecies has information related to : Lasiorhinus latifrons Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lasiorhinus latifrons . Jump up ^ Groves , C.P. ( 2005 ) . `` Order Diprotodontia '' . In Wilson , D.E. ; Reeder , D.M. Mammal Species of the World : A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference ( 3rd ed . ) . Johns Hopkins University Press . p. 43 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 8221 - 0 . OCLC 62265494 . ^ Jump up to : Taggart , D. ; Martin , R. & Horsup ( 2008 ) . `` Lasiorhinus krefftii '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2008 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved 02 Sept 2009 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Eastwood , K. ( October -- December 2003 ) . `` Saving the northern hairy - nosed wombat '' . Australian Geographic ( 72 ) . Jump up ^ Horsup , Alan ( 23 October 2015 ) . `` Northern hairy - nosed wombat '' . Queensland Government . The State of Queensland ( Department of Environment and Heritage Protection ) . Retrieved 30 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Jew , Darren . `` Northern Hairy - Nosed Wombat '' . Wildlife Preservation Society of Qld . Wildlife Queensland . Retrieved 23 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Banks , Sam ; Hoyle , Horsup ; Sunnucks , Taylor ( 28 February 2006 ) . `` Demographic monitoring of an entire species ( the northern hairy - nosed wombat , Lasiorhinus krefftii ) by genetic analysis of non-invasively collected material '' . Animal Conservation. 6 ( 2 ) : 101 -- 107 . doi : 10.1017 / S1367943003003135 . Retrieved 23 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Johnson , C.N. ; Crossman ( 23 March 2009 ) . `` Dispersal and social organization of the northern hairy - nosed wombat Lasiorhinus krefftii '' . Journal of Zoology. 225 ( 4 ) : 605 -- 613 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1991. tb04328. x . Retrieved 25 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Johnson , C.N. ( November 1991 ) . `` Utilization of habitat by the northern hairy - nosed wombat Lasiorhinus krefftii '' . Journal of Zoology. 225 ( 3 ) : 495 -- 507 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1991. tb03831. x . Retrieved 25 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Gotch , A.F. ( 1979 ) . Mammals , their Latin names explained . Poole : Blanchford Press . Jump up ^ Gordon , G. ; Riney , T. ; Toop , J. ; Lawrie , B.C. ; Godwin , M.D. ( 1985 ) . `` Observations on the Queensland Hairy - nosed Wombat , Lasiorhinus krefftii ( Owen ) '' . Biological Conservation. 33 : 165 -- 195 . doi : 10.1016 / 0006 - 3207 ( 85 ) 90102 - 8 . Jump up ^ Horsup , A. `` Recovery plan for the northern hairy - nosed wombat Lasiorhinus krefftii 2004 - 2008 '' . Report to the Department of Environment and Heritage , Canberra . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Triggs , B ( 2009 ) . Wombats . Collingwood , Australia : CSIRO Publishing . Jump up ^ `` Lasiorhinus krefftii Northern Hairy - nosed Wombat '' . deh.gov.au . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Department of Environment and Resource Management . `` Northern hairy - nosed wombat '' . Queensland Government . Jump up ^ Short , Jeff ; Smith ( 2 May 1994 ) . `` Mammal Decline and Recovery in Australia '' . Journal of Mammalogy. 75 ( 2 ) : 288 -- 301 . doi : 10.2307 / 1382547 . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . Jump up ^ White , Lauren C. ; Horsup , Alan ; Taylor , Andrea C. ; Austin , Jeremy J. ( 2014 ) . `` Improving genetic monitoring of the northern hairy - nosed wombat ( Lasiorhinus krefftii ) '' . Australian Journal of Zoology. 62 ( 3 ) : 246 -- 250 . doi : 10.1071 / zo14031 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ Sloane , M.A. ; Sunnucks , Alpers ; Taylor , Beheragary ( September 2000 ) . `` Highly reliable genetic identification of individual northern hairy - nosed wombats from single remotely collected hairs : a feasible censusing method '' . Molecular Ecology. 9 ( 9 ) : 1233 -- 1240 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 294x. 2000.00993. x . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . Underhill D ( 1993 ) . Australia 's Dangerous Creatures . Sydney NSW : Reader 's Digest . ISBN 0 - 86438 - 018 - 6 . Extant Diprotodontia species Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Infraclass Marsupialia ( hide ) Suborder Vombatiformes Phascolarctidae Phascolarctos Koala ( P. cinereus ) Vombatidae ( Wombats ) Vombatus Common wombat ( V. ursinus ) Lasiorhinus Southern hairy - nosed wombat ( L. latifrons ) Northern hairy - nosed wombat ( L. krefftii ) Suborder Phalangeriformes ( Possums ) ( cont . below ) Phalangeridae ( including Cuscuses ) Ailurops ( Bear cuscuses ) Talaud bear cuscus ( A. melanotis ) Sulawesi bear cuscus ( A. ursinus ) Phalanger Gebe Cuscus ( P. alexandrae ) Mountain cuscus ( P. carmelitae ) Ground cuscus ( P. gymnotis ) Eastern common cuscus ( P. intercastellanus ) Woodlark cuscus ( P. lullulae ) Blue - eyed cuscus ( P. matabiru ) Telefomin cuscus ( P. matanim ) Southern common cuscus ( P. mimicus ) Northern common cuscus ( P. orientalis ) Ornate cuscus ( P. ornatus ) Rothschild 's cuscus ( P. rothschildi ) Silky cuscus ( P. sericeus ) Stein 's cuscus ( P. vestitus ) Spilocuscus Admiralty Island cuscus ( S. kraemeri ) Common spotted cuscus ( S. maculatus ) Waigeou cuscus ( S. papuensis ) Black - spotted cuscus ( S. rufoniger ) Blue - eyed spotted cuscus ( S. wilsoni ) Strigocuscus Sulawesi dwarf cuscus ( S. celebensis ) Banggai cuscus ( S. pelegensis ) Trichosurus ( Brushtail possums ) Northern brushtail possum ( T. arnhemensis ) Short - eared possum ( T. caninus ) Mountain brushtail possum ( T. cunninghami ) Coppery brushtail possum ( T. johnstonii ) Common brushtail possum ( T. vulpecula ) Wyulda Scaly - tailed possum ( W. squamicaudata ) Burramyidae ( Pygmy possums ) Burramys Mountain pygmy possum ( B. parvus ) Cercartetus Long - tailed pygmy possum ( C. caudatus ) Southwestern pygmy possum ( C. concinnus ) Tasmanian pygmy possum ( C. lepidus ) Eastern pygmy possum ( C. nanus ) Suborder Phalangeriformes ( Possums ) ( cont . above ) Tarsipedidae Tarsipes Honey possum ( T. rostratus ) Petauridae Dactylopsila Great - tailed triok ( D. megalura ) Long - fingered triok ( D. palpator ) Tate 's triok ( D. tatei ) Striped possum ( D. trivirgata ) Gymnobelideus Leadbeater 's possum ( G. leadbeateri ) Petaurus Northern glider ( P. abidi ) Yellow - bellied glider ( P. australis ) Biak glider ( P. biacensis ) Sugar glider ( P. breviceps ) Mahogany glider ( P. gracilis ) Squirrel glider ( P. norfolcensis ) Pseudocheiridae Hemibelideus Lemur - like ringtail possum ( H. lemuroides ) Petauroides Greater glider ( P. volans ) Petropseudes Rock - haunting ringtail possum ( P. dahli ) Pseudocheirus Common ringtail possum ( P. peregrinus ) Pseudochirulus Lowland ringtail possum ( P. canescens ) Weyland ringtail possum ( P. caroli ) Cinereus ringtail possum ( P. cinereus ) Painted ringtail possum ( P. forbesi ) Herbert River ringtail possum ( P. herbertensis ) Masked ringtail possum ( P. larvatus ) Pygmy ringtail possum ( P. mayeri ) Vogelkop ringtail possum ( P. schlegeli ) Pseudochirops D'Albertis ' ringtail possum ( P. albertisii ) Green ringtail possum ( P. archeri ) Plush - coated ringtail possum ( P. corinnae ) Reclusive ringtail possum ( P. coronatus ) Coppery ringtail possum ( P. cupreus ) Acrobatidae Acrobates Feathertail glider ( A. pygmaeus ) Distoechurus Feather - tailed possum ( D. pennatus ) Suborder Macropodiformes ( cont . below ) Macropodidae ( includes Wallabies ) Lagostrophus Banded hare - wallaby ( L. fasciatus ) Dendrolagus ( Tree - kangaroos ) Grizzled tree - kangaroo ( D. inustus ) Lumholtz 's tree - kangaroo ( D. lumholtzi ) Bennett 's tree - kangaroo ( D. bennettianus ) Ursine tree - kangaroo ( D. ursinus ) Matschie 's tree - kangaroo ( D. matschiei ) Doria 's tree - kangaroo ( D. dorianus ) Ifola tree - kangaroo ( D. notatus ) Goodfellow 's tree - kangaroo ( D. goodfellowi ) Lowlands tree - kangaroo ( D. spadix ) Golden - mantled tree - kangaroo ( D. pulcherrimus ) Seri 's tree - kangaroo ( D. stellarum ) Dingiso ( D. mbaiso ) Tenkile ( D. scottae ) Dorcopsis Brown dorcopsis ( D. muelleri ) White - striped dorcopsis ( D. hageni ) Black dorcopsis ( D. atrata ) Gray dorcopsis ( D. luctuosa ) Dorcopsulus Small dorcopsis ( D. vanheurni ) Macleay 's dorcopsis ( D. macleayi ) Lagorchestes Spectacled hare - wallaby ( L. conspicillatus ) Rufous hare - wallaby ( L. hirsutus ) Macropus ( includes Kangaroos and Wallaroos ) Subgenus Notamacropus : Agile wallaby ( M. agilis ) Black - striped wallaby ( M. dorsalis ) Tammar wallaby ( M. eugenii ) Western brush wallaby ( M. irma ) Parma wallaby ( M. parma ) Pretty - faced wallaby ( M. parryi ) Red - necked wallaby ( M. rufogriseus ) Subgenus Osphranter : Antilopine kangaroo ( M. antilopinus ) Woodward 's wallaroo ( M. bernadus ) Eastern wallaroo ( M. robustus ) Red kangaroo ( M. rufus ) Subgenus Macropus : Western grey kangaroo ( M. fuliginosus ) Eastern grey kangaroo ( M. giganteus ) Onychogalea ( Nail - tail wallabies ) Bridled nail - tail wallaby ( O. fraenata ) Northern nail - tail wallaby ( O. unguifera ) Petrogale ( Rock - wallabies ) P. brachyotis species - group : Short - eared rock - wallaby ( P. brachyotis ) Wilkins ' rock - wallaby ( P. wilkinsi ) Monjon ( P. burbidgei ) Nabarlek ( P. concinna ) P. xanthopus species - group : Proserpine rock - wallaby ( P. persephone ) Rothschild 's rock - wallaby ( P. rothschildi ) Yellow - footed rock - wallaby ( P. xanthopus ) P. lateralis / penicillata species - group : Allied rock - wallaby ( P. assimilis ) Cape York rock - wallaby ( P. coenensis ) Godman 's rock - wallaby ( P. godmani ) Herbert 's rock - wallaby ( P. herberti ) Unadorned rock - wallaby ( P. inornata ) Black - flanked rock - wallaby ( P. lateralis ) Mareeba rock - wallaby ( P. mareeba ) Brush - tailed rock - wallaby ( P. penicillata ) Purple - necked rock - wallaby ( P. purpureicollis ) Mount Claro rock - wallaby ( P. sharmani ) Setonix Quokka ( S. brachyurus ) Thylogale ( Pademelons ) Tasmanian pademelon ( T. billardierii ) Brown 's pademelon ( T. browni ) Dusky pademelon ( T. brunii ) Calaby 's pademelon ( T. calabyi ) Mountain pademelon ( T. lanatus ) Red - legged pademelon ( T. stigmatica ) Red - necked pademelon ( T. thetis ) Wallabia Swamp wallaby ( W. bicolor ) Suborder Macropodiformes ( cont . above ) Potoroidae Aepyprymnus Rufous rat - kangaroo ( A. rufescens ) Bettongia ( Bettongs ) Eastern bettong ( B. gaimardi ) Boodie ( B. lesueur ) Woylie ( B. penicillata ) Northern bettong ( B. tropica ) Potorous ( Potoroos ) Long - footed potoroo ( P. longipes ) Long - nosed potoroo ( P. tridactylus ) Gilbert 's potoroo (. gilbertii ) Hypsiprymnodontidae Hypsiprymnodon Musky rat - kangaroo ( H. moschatus ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Northern_hairy-nosed_wombat&oldid=802933738 '' Categories : IUCN Red List critically endangered species Critically endangered fauna of Australia Vombatiforms Mammals of Queensland Mammals of New South Wales Marsupials of Australia EDGE species Nature Conservation Act endangered biota Taxa named by Richard Owen Mammals described in 1873 Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates Pages using web citations with no URL Articles with ' species ' microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies تۆرکجه Български Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands Polski Português Română Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 September 2017 , at 11 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
what are the northern hairy nosed wombats predators
[ "Threats to the northern hairy-nosed wombat include small population size, predation, competition for food, disease, floods, droughts, wildfires, and habitat loss. Its small, highly localised population makes the species especially vulnerable to natural disasters. Wild dogs are the wombat's primary predator. The habitat at Epping Forest National Park is now well-protected for better chances of survival." ]
[ "Wild dogs" ]
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The Dolan Twins
The Dolan Twins - Wikipedia The Dolan Twins Jump to : navigation , search The Dolan Twins ( 1999 - 12 - 16 ) December 16 , 1999 ( age 18 ) Nationality American Occupation Comedian YouTube information Years active 2014 - present Subscribers 5,103,699 ( January 4 , 2018 ) Total views 626,375,929 ( January 4 , 2018 ) Associated acts Logan Paul Play buttons 100,000 subscribers 1,000,000 subscribers Ethan and Grayson Dolan ( born December 16 , 1999 ) , collectively known as The Dolan Twins , are an American comedy duo who rose to prominence in May 2013 on the video sharing application Vine . They are currently signed to AwesomenessTV , and have been since 2015 . The twins are from the Long Valley section of Washington Township , Morris County , New Jersey . Since their beginnings , the duo has accumulated over 6.4 million followers on Vine and 4.4 million subscribers on YouTube , and embarked on a world tour titled the `` 4OU '' Tour in 2016 . The duo was also involved in a Twitter ad campaign for the social network 's new stickers feature . At the 2016 Teen Choice Awards , the duo won the awards for Choice Web Star : Male and Choice YouTuber . Awards and nominations Year Nominated Award Result 2016 Teen Choice Awards Choice Web Star : Male Won Choice YouTuber Won 2017 Choice Comedian Won Choice Web Star : Male Nominated Choice YouTuber Nominated Choice Comedy Web Star Nominated References Jump up ^ `` The Dolan Twins Talk YouTube Videos , Tour and More '' . Extra . Retrieved 1 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Nickoloff , Anne . `` Youtube sensations Dolan Twins perform short show at House Of Blues '' . Cleveland.com . Retrieved 1 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Morgan , Emily . `` Dolan Twins : 5 Fast Facts You Need to Know '' . Heavy.com . Retrieved 1 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Brouwer , Bree . `` AwesomenessTV Signs Comedy Sketch Channel The Dolan Twins '' . Tubefilter . Retrieved 1 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Harper , Kathleen . `` Dolan Twins : 5 Things To Know About YouTube Hotties '' . Hollywood Life . Retrieved 1 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Whitehouse , Beth . `` YouTube 's Dolan Twins : 10 things you need to know '' , Newsday , June 8 , 2016 . Accessed March 1 , 2017 . `` ' We 're from a country town called Long Valley , ' Ethan says of New Jersey . '' Jump up ^ Weiss , Geoff. `` 16 - Year - Old Dolan Twins Will Kick Off Worldwide ' 4OU ' Tour This Summer '' . Tubefilter . Retrieved 1 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Weiss , Geoff . `` Twitter Teams With Dolan Twins , Andrea Russett , And Todrick Hall For Video Ad Campaign '' . Tubefilter . Retrieved 1 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Shilliday , Beth . `` Dolan Twins Brought To Tears Over Teen Choice Win -- So Sweet '' . Hollywood Life . Retrieved 1 August 2016 . This biographical article about someone involved with the Internet is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Dolan_Twins&oldid=824456561 '' Categories : Internet celebrities American YouTubers American comedy duos 1999 births Living people YouTube channels People from Washington Township , Morris County , New Jersey Internet stubs Computer specialist stubs Talk View source About Wikipedia বাংলা Dansk Edit links This page was last edited on 7 February 2018 , at 13 : 20 . About Wikipedia
where did the dolan twins live in nj
[ "The twins are from the Long Valley section of Washington Township, Morris County, New Jersey.[6]" ]
[ "the Long Valley section of Washington Township, Morris County, New Jersey" ]
-4749096275428462645
Stephanie Mills (All in the Family)
Stephanie Mills ( All in the Family ) - wikipedia Stephanie Mills ( All in the Family ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Stephanie Mills Portrayed by Danielle Brisebois Information Aliases Rose Marie and Melanie ( by Archie ) Gender Female Family Floyd Mills ( father ) Marilyn Mills , nee Harris ( mother , deceased ) John Harris ( maternal grandfather , deceased ) Estelle Harris ( maternal grandmother ) Mr. Mills ( paternal grandfather ) Tessie Mills ( paternal step - grandmother ) Edith Bunker Archie Bunker Gloria Stivic Mike Stivic Joey Stivic Barbara `` Billie '' Bunker Stephanie Mills ( born around 1969 ) was a character on the 1970s American television situation comedy All in the Family and the follow - up series , Archie Bunker 's Place . She was portrayed by child actress Danielle Brisebois , who joined All in the Family in 1978 . Brisebois continued in the role until Archie Bunker 's Place ended its run in 1983 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Character background 2 See also 3 References 4 Bibliography 5 External links Character background ( edit ) Stephanie was introduced in the All in the Family 's ninth - season premiere as the 9 - year - old niece of Archie and Edith Bunker ( although she was actually the daughter of Edith 's step - cousin ) . Stephanie was abandoned at the doorstep of the Bunkers ' home by her father Floyd Mills , a chronic alcoholic . Floyd was Edith 's step - cousin from her aunt 's second marriage . Stephanie 's mother -- Floyd 's wife , Marilyn -- had died some time earlier in a car accident . Edith is more than delighted to take in Stephanie , but Archie is decidedly less so , especially since he was finally looking forward to some peace and quiet after his daughter and son - in - law , Gloria and Mike `` Meathead '' Stivic , moved to California . Eventually , Stephanie wins over Archie , and he grows to love her as his own daughter . She also appeared to hold liberal views in contrast with the conservative Archie . Shortly after moving in with the Bunkers , Stephanie reveals herself to be Jewish , something that at first upsets Archie . While he learns to live with Stephanie 's religious beliefs , Archie was not stopped from making his usual bigoted remarks against Judaism from time to time . She eventually becomes a member of the Temple Beth Shalom . Stephanie proved to be very talented as a singer and dancer , showcasing her talents on several episodes of All in the Family and Archie Bunker 's Place . She once applied to a fine arts school ( despite Archie 's decidedly reluctant support ) , but she was turned down because of her less - than - stellar grades . On several occasions , Stephanie 's relatives tried to take Stephanie away from the Bunkers . Not long after Edith died , Stephanie 's wealthy grandmother Estelle Harris ( portrayed by Celeste Holm ) sued Archie for custody , citing his bigoted attitudes and blue collar background . A judge sides with Archie , but grants Estelle liberal visitation rights . Stephanie 's father Floyd ( Ben Slack ) also re-appears on occasion , asking to take his daughter back ( in once instance , extorting money from Archie and Edith in exchange for allowing them to keep Stephanie ) ; however , the Bunkers manage to foil him each time . Stephanie first attended an unnamed elementary school and later Ditmars Junior High School . Her best friend ( and sometimes rival ) was classmate Amy Bloom ( played by Seven Anne MacDonald ) . In the latter years of Archie Bunker 's Place , Stephanie would be one of two teenaged girls living under Archie 's roof , the other being Archie 's 18 - year - old niece Barbara Lee `` Billie '' Bunker ( portrayed by Denise Miller ) . Stephanie would also make fewer appearances during the final two seasons of the series . See also ( edit ) All in the Family Archie Bunker 's Place Danielle Brisebois References ( edit ) Bibliography ( edit ) Brooks , Tim and Earl Marsh . The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows , 9th Ed . Ballantine Books , Random House , New York City , New York , 2007 . ISBN 0 - 345 - 49773 - 2 Terrace , Vincent . Television Character and Story Facts : Over 110,000 Details From 1,008 Shows , 1945 -- 1992 . McFarland & Co. Inc. , Jefferson , North Carolina , 1993 . ISBN 0 - 89950 - 891 - X External links ( edit ) hide All in the Family Main characters Archie Bunker Edith Bunker Gloria Stivic Michael Stivic Stephanie Mills Recurring characters Joey Stivic George Jefferson Louise Jefferson Lionel Jefferson Henry Jefferson Episodes `` Maude '' `` Cousin Liz '' `` Edith 's 50th Birthday '' `` Edith 's Crisis of Faith '' `` The 200th Episode Celebration of All in the Family '' Related series Based on Till Death Us Do Part Spin - offs Maude ( 1972 -- 1978 ) ( episodes ) Good Times ( 1974 -- 1979 ) ( episodes ) The Jeffersons ( 1975 -- 1985 ) ( episodes ) Checking In ( 1981 ) Gloria ( 1982 -- 1983 ) Sequels Archie Bunker 's Place ( 1979 -- 1983 ) ( episodes ) 704 Hauser ( 1994 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stephanie_Mills_(All_in_the_Family)&oldid=815743256 '' Categories : All in the Family characters Fictional American Jews Fictional orphans Fictional singers Fictional dancers Child characters in television Fictional characters introduced in 1978 Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from November 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 16 December 2017 , at 21 : 09 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who played stephanie in all in the family
[ "Stephanie Mills (born around 1969) was a character on the 1970s American television situation comedy All in the Family and the follow-up series, Archie Bunker's Place. She was portrayed by child actress Danielle Brisebois, who joined All in the Family in 1978. Brisebois continued in the role until Archie Bunker's Place ended its run in 1983.[citation needed]\n" ]
[ "Danielle Brisebois" ]
1919602871066059487
Married at First Sight (Australian TV series)
Married at first Sight ( Australian TV series ) - Wikipedia Married at first Sight ( Australian TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search This article may require copy editing for grammar , style , cohesion , tone , or spelling . You can assist by editing it . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Married at First Sight Australia Genre Reality Series Directed by Kate Douglas - Walker Presented by John Aiken Trisha Stratford Mel Schilling Narrated by Georgie Gardner Country of origin Australia Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 82 Production Executive producer ( s ) Tara McWilliams John Walsh Location ( s ) Sydney , New South Wales Running time 60 -- 90 minutes Production company ( s ) Endemol Australia ( 2015 -- present ) Release Original network Nine Network Picture format 576i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) ( 2016 - present ) Audio format Stereo Original release 18 May 2015 -- present External links Website Married at First Sight Australia is an Australian reality television series based on the Danish program of the same name . The show is premiered 7 : 00pm every Sunday and 7 : 30pm every Monday , Tuesday and Wednesday on the Nine Network . The show features four to eleven couples , matched by three experts , who agree to marry when they first meet . However , unlike other versions of the show around the world , the couples do not partake in a legally binding marriage due to legal restrictions , but instead meet as strangers at the altar of a commitment ceremony . The couples spend their wedding night in a hotel , then leave for a honeymoon . Upon returning they live together for a month , whereafter they choose whether they will continue their relationship . The first season premiered on 18 May 2015 on the Nine Network . A second season began on 4 April 2016 with the third season premiering later in the same year on 29 August 2016 . A fourth season premiered on Monday 30 January 2017 . The fifth season premiered on Monday 29 January 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Season overview 2 Season 1 ( 2015 ) 2.1 Couples 2.1. 1 Lachlan & Clare 2.1. 2 Roni & Michael 2.1. 3 Zoe & Alex 2.1. 4 James & Michelle 3 Season 2 ( 2016 ) 3.1 Couples 3.1. 1 Erin & Bryce 3.1. 2 Christie & Mark 3.1. 3 Clare & Jono 3.1. 4 Simone & Xavier 4 Season 3 ( 2016 ) 4.1 Couples 4.1. 1 Keller & Nicole 4.1. 2 Mark & Monica 4.1. 3 Jess & Dave 4.1. 4 Bella & Michael 4.1. 5 Craig & Andy 5 Season 4 ( 2017 ) 5.1 Couples 5.1. 1 Jonathan & Cheryl 5.1. 2 Sean & Susan 5.1. 3 Michael & Scarlett 5.1. 4 Nadia & Anthony 5.1. 5 Simon & Alene 5.1. 6 Andy & Vanessa 5.1. 7 Lauren & Andrew 5.1. 8 John & Deborah 5.1. 9 Michelle & Jesse 5.1. 10 Sharon & Nick 5.1. 11 Cheryl & Andrew 6 Season 5 ( 2018 ) 6.1 Couples 6.1. 1 Sarah & Telv 6.1. 2 Dean & Tracey 6.1. 3 Mat & Alycia 6.1. 4 Jo & Sean D 6.1. 5 Davina & Ryan 6.1. 6 Charlene & Patrick 6.1. 7 Melissa & John 6.1. 8 Troy & Ashley 6.1. 9 Gabrielle & Nasser 6.1. 10 Justin & Carly 6.1. 11 Sean T & Blair 7 Season 6 ( 2019 ) 8 Viewership 8.1 Season ratings 8.2 Season 1 ( 2015 ) 8.3 Season 2 ( 2016 ) 8.4 Season 3 ( 2016 ) 8.5 Season 4 ( 2017 ) 8.6 Season 5 ( 2018 ) 8.7 Season 6 ( 2019 ) 9 Controversy and legality 10 References 11 External links Season overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired Season premiere Season finale 6 18 May 2015 22 June 2015 7 4 April 2016 27 April 2016 8 29 August 2016 13 September 2016 29 30 January 2017 3 April 2017 5 32 29 January 2018 21 March 2018 6 2019 2019 Season 1 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) During the first season , four female contestants were matched with their ' perfect ' male partner by a panel of experts . In the first episode , two couples ( Michael & Roni , Clare & Lachlan ) met and wed . In the second episode , another two couples ( Zoe & Alex , Michelle & James ) did the same . They all embarked on married life together for the rest of the season . In the fourth episode , all couples meet each other for the first time and discuss their current experiences . Couples ( edit ) # Couple Age Hometown Occupation Final Decision Status Lachlan McAleer 36 Sydney , New South Wales Farmer Yes Separated Clare Tamas 37 Sydney , New South Wales Marketing Manager Roni Azzopardi 32 Melbourne , Victoria Payroll Manager Broke up before final decision Separated Michael O'Dea 31 Melbourne , Victoria Event Manager Zoe Hendrix 25 Melbourne , Victoria Digital Marketing Executive Yes Currently Together Alex Garner 29 Melbourne , Victoria Plumber Michelle Worsley 34 Sydney , New South Wales Communications Manager Yes Separated James Webster 36 Sydney , New South Wales Sign Writer Lachlan & Clare ( edit ) Lachlan and Clare met and wed in Sydney in the show 's first episode . Despite their decision to continue their relationship at the end of the season , Lachlan and Clare revealed they had split but remain good friends . The Nine Network announced on 26 June 2015 , that Lachlan would participate in the networks upcoming revival of The Farmer Wants a Wife . Roni & Michael ( edit ) Roni and Michael met and wed in Melbourne in the show 's first episode . By the fifth episode , Roni and Michael found that their relationship was not working for them and they mutually decided to split . Zoe & Alex ( edit ) Zoe and Alex met and wed in Melbourne in the show 's second episode . Following the conclusion of the season , Zoe and Alex are the only couple currently still together . In March 2016 , Zoe and Alex revealed that they are planning to get married legally . After suffering a miscarriage in June 2015 , Zoe and Alex revealed that they were expecting their first child in October 2016 . On November 14 , 2016 , Zoe gave birth to their baby girl named Harper - Rose Garner . James & Michelle ( edit ) James and Michelle met and wed in Sydney in the show 's second episode . In early June 2015 , news reports revealed that James and Michelle had split , with Michelle having remarried to a former boyfriend . It was revealed that the two are no longer in contact with each other . Season 2 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) After airing only one episode , the Nine Network on 19 May 2015 , announced that the series had been renewed for a second season which aired on 4 April 2016 . During the second season , four female contestants are matched with their ' perfect ' male partner by a panel of experts . In the first episode , two couples ( Erin & Bryce , Christie & Mark ) meet and wed . In the second episode , another two couples ( Clare & Jono , Simone & Xavier ) do the same . They all embark on married life together for the rest of the series . In the fifth episode , all couples meet each other for the first time and discuss their current experiences . Couples ( edit ) # Couple Age Hometown Occupation Final Decision Status Erin Bateman 26 Melbourne , Victoria Retail Manager Yes Currently Together Bryce Mohr 31 Melbourne , Victoria Business Analyst Christie Jordee 39 Sydney , New South Wales Business Owner Yes Separated Mark Hughes 36 Gippsland , Victoria Farmer Clare Verrall 32 Melbourne , Victoria Recruitment Consultant Broke up before final decision Separated Jono Pitman 28 Melbourne , Victoria Tradie Simone Lee Brennan 29 Sydney , New South Wales Make - Up Artist No Separated Xavier Forsberg 26 Sydney , New South Wales Sales Manager Erin & Bryce ( edit ) Erin and Bryce met and wed in Melbourne in the show 's first episode . In the final episode , they both decided to stay together . They are the only couple currently still together . Since the show ended Erin has started her own fashion label called Boy Is Mine and is writing a fashion lifestyle blog , erinbateman.com . Christie & Mark ( edit ) Christie and Mark met and wed in Sydney in the show 's first episode . In the final episode , they both decided to stay together . On 15 June 2016 , they announced that they had split up . Clare & Jono ( edit ) Clare and Jono met and wed in Melbourne in the show 's second episode and quickly became the season 's most controversial couple . By the fifth episode , Clare decided that their relationship was not working as she felt ' uncomfortable ' with Jono 's constant aggressive outbursts and she decided to end the relationship prior to the couple 's dinner . After the show it was revealed by investigative journalist Siobhan Duck of the Herald Sun that Jono Pitman had previously been arrested and charged with assault after a bar brawl and completed a court ordered anger management course . Jono was then matched with Clare Verrall , who had been open about being attacked on the street by a stranger only months prior to filming and suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder after the incident . A Nine Network spokesperson confirmed they were aware of Jono Pitman 's violent history prior to coupling up the pair . Simone & Xavier ( edit ) Simone and Xavier met and wed in Sydney in the show 's second episode . In the final decision , Simone decided to walk away from the relationship and they are now separated . Season 3 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) It was announced in February 2016 that show should would return with two seasons , season two & three , there will be a bold casting move this season . This season will be the first to include five couples & is set to include the series ' first ever same - sex male couple . During the third season , four female contestants are matched with their ' perfect ' male partner & for the first time a male contestant is matched with his ' perfect ' male partner by a panel of experts . In the first episode , two couples ( Keller & Nicole , Mark & Monica ) met and wed . In the second episode , another two couples ( Jess & Dave , Bella & Michael ) did the same . In the third episode , one more couple ( Craig & Andy ) were wed . They all embark on married life together for the rest of the series . In the sixth episode , all couples ( bar one ) meet each other for the first time and discuss their current experiences . Couples ( edit ) # Couple Age Hometown Occupation Final Decision Status Craig Keller 26 Brisbane , Queensland Mechanical Fitter Yes Separated Nicole Heir 28 Gold Coast , Queensland Teacher Mark Ellam 30 Sydney , New South Wales Firefighter Yes Separated Monica Vanderkley 28 Sydney , New South Wales Project Manager Jess Wardrop 31 Sydney , New South Wales Bank Officer Broke up before final decision Separated Dave Crisp 28 Melbourne , Victoria Account Manager Bella Frizza 30 Gold Coast , Queensland Radio Announcer Yes Separated Michael Hughes 32 Brisbane , Queensland Fashion Accessories Designer 5 Craig Roach 41 Gold Coast , Queensland Hairdresser Broke up before final decision Separated Andy Ankers 41 Sydney , New South Wales Global Account Director Keller & Nicole ( edit ) Keller and Nicole met and wed in Brisbane in the show 's first episode . In the final episode , they both decided to stay together . Since filming , the couple have called it quits . Mark & Monica ( edit ) Mark and Monica met and wed in Sydney in the show 's first episode . In the final episode , they decided to stay in the relationship . Since filming , the couple have decided to break up . Jess & Dave ( edit ) Jess and Dave met and wed in Sydney in the show 's second episode . In the fifth episode , Dave felt their relationship was going nowhere so they broke up . Bella & Michael ( edit ) Bella and Michael met and wed in Brisbane in the show 's second episode . In the final episode , they both agreed to stay together . Since filming , the couple had decided to split up . Craig & Andy ( edit ) Craig and Andy met and wed in New Zealand in the show 's third episode . In the fifth episode , Craig decided to walk away from the relationship during the honeymoon , due to a lack of intimacy . Season 4 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) It was announced on 12 September 2016 the season would return in 2017 with an extended series which saw 10 couples being wed . During the fourth season , 10 female contestants were matched with their ' perfect ' male partner by a panel of experts . In the first episode , two couples ( Cheryl & Jonathan , Sean & Susan ) met and wed in Sydney and Melbourne . In the second episode , another two couples ( Michael & Scarlett , Nadia & Anthony ) met and wed in Sydney . In the third episode , two more couples ( Alene & Simon , Andy & Vanessa ) met and wed in Sydney and Melbourne respectively . In the fourth episode , another two couples ( Lauren & Andrew , Deborah & John ) met and wed in Sydney . In the fifth episode , the final two couples at the same time ( Michelle & Jesse , Sharon & Nick ) met and wed in Perth . Couples ( edit ) # Couple Age Hometown Occupation Final Decision Status Jonathan Troughton 30 Brisbane , Queensland Entrepreneur Broke up before final decision Separated Cheryl Maitland 25 Gold Coast , Queensland Hair Salon Assistant Sean Hollands 35 Maryborough , Queensland Farmer No Separated Susan Rawlings 37 Perth , Western Australia Mining Truck Driver Michael Tomic 30 Perth , Western Australia Data Entry Clerk / Stripper Broke up before final decision Separated Scarlett Cooper 30 Sydney , New South Wales Aspiring Author Nadia Stamp 36 Brisbane , Queensland Flight Attendant / Model No Separated Anthony Manton 33 Sydney , New South Wales Racing Broadcaster 5 Simon McQuillan 36 Ipswich , Queensland Business Owner Yes Separated Alene Khatcherian 31 Sydney , New South Wales Registered Nurse 6 Andy Hills 30 Gold Coast , Queensland Aerodrome Plant Operator No Separated Vanessa Belvedere 31 Melbourne , Victoria Student 7 Lauren Bran 33 Sydney , New South Wales Automotive Aftermarket Sales Broke up before final decision Separated Andrew Jones 38 Perth , Western Australia Firefighter 8 John Robertson 53 Melbourne , Victoria Business Owner Broke up before final decision Separated Deborah Brosnan 53 Sunshine Coast , Queensland Ex Model 9 Michelle Marsh 31 Perth , Western Australia Commercial Cleaner No Separated Jesse Konstantinoff 31 Adelaide , South Australia Retailer 10 Sharon Marsh 31 Perth , Western Australia Business Owner Yes Separated Nick Furphy 30 Melbourne , Victoria Carpenter 11 Cheryl Maitland 25 Gold Coast , Queensland Hair Salon Assistant Broke up before final decision Separated Andrew Jones 38 Perth , Western Australia Firefighter Jonathan & Cheryl ( edit ) Despite having a good start , Jonathan and Cheryl began to develop cracks during their honeymoon in New Zealand . These cracks further deepened at the dinner party which resulted in Jonathan exchanging numbers with Scarlett and the duo spent the night texting . At the first commitment ceremony , Cheryl claimed she did n't wish to continue with Jonathan as `` he seemed more interested in someone else '' . The duo called it quits at the commitment ceremony . Jonathan is now dating someone else . Sean & Susan ( edit ) Sean and Susan broke up but decided to `` stay friends '' citing the fact that they lived too far away from one another and Susan could not live on Sean 's farm . Since the show ended , Susan has not spoken to Sean and is said to be quite upset with the way the producers portrayed her . Michael & Scarlett ( edit ) Things started unraveling for the couple when Michael told Scarlett that he would not move to meet her halfway between their current states due to the fact that he was `` established '' and he thought that because she was less tied down so she could move to him . From that point they really only saw each other as friends and nothing really was going to happen as Scarlett was not Michael 's dream girl . After the first commitment ceremony , the couple decided to go different ways and later that night it came out that Scarlett and Jonathan ( Cheryl 's husband ) had sent text messages to each other for hours the night before . Nadia & Anthony ( edit ) As of the last Commitment Ceremony , they decided to stay together and Anthony said that Nadia would have to move in order for him to provide for them both as he was in a `` niche market '' . Nadia turned up to the reunion dinner alone , and when asked where Anthony was she confided that he had dumped her the day after filming had stopped saying that `` his feelings were n't progressing '' Simon & Alene ( edit ) As of the Final Commitment Ceremony before the Final Decision they had both decided to stay and said that they told everyone that they had feelings for each other . They had decided to stay committed to each other after the experiment . They have since separated . Andy & Vanessa ( edit ) The Final Commitment Ceremony before the Final Decision they decided to stay , though the fact that they may have to do long distance for a while before they decides what happens may cause contention in the long run . Even though the difference in communication made it hard the couple have decided to stay together after the experiment . Andy and Vanessa broke up because of the difference in communication styles . Lauren & Andrew ( edit ) On the wedding night Lauren disappeared leaving Andrew unaware of her whereabouts . After a confrontation meeting , Lauren said she wanted to try again , but Andrew decided that he did not wish to continue the experiment with Lauren . Andrew has since re-entered the experiment with Hair Salon Manager Cheryl . A friend of Lauren 's has since done an interview in which she said the reason that Lauren ran away is because when she went out to a club with Andrew he started abusing a bouncer who would n't let them in because it was past 1am . John & Deborah ( edit ) After meeting and Deborah 's initial disappointment that John was not a Polynesian man or someone with culture , John and Deborah seemed to get on each other 's nerves because John was simply everything she hated . During the honeymoon in Samoa they ended up sleeping in separate beds , and John removed his wedding ring which caused further tension between them . At the commitment ceremony Deborah wanted to give it another crack and so they ended up staying , but the next day John left the experiment saying `` They would n't be anything but friends and that 's not what he was there for '' . Michelle & Jesse ( edit ) As of the Final Commitment Ceremony they are still together , despite Michelle 's doubt on whether she sees Jesse more as a friend than her husband . In their Vow Renewal ceremony , Jesse told Michelle he wants to stay in the relationship but Michelle reveals to him that she wants him in her life forever , but not as her partner , they are now broken up . Sharon & Nick ( edit ) As of the Final Commitment Ceremony they have decided to stay , Nick even going so far as to say `` That he would go where as long as Sharon was by his side '' . Although the original plan was for Nick to move to Perth because of Sharon 's cleaning business , Nick got news that his father has a medical condition so he is unable to leave his family as they would need his help . They have since broken up . Nick was quiet and sweet the complete opposite to his partner Cheryl & Andrew ( edit ) After Cheryl left the experiment after the Jonathan & Scarlett texting scandal , she spoke to the experts and ask if they could set up a date between Andrew and herself . They went on two dates before they deciding that they would re-enter the experiment together as an unmarried couple , this caused controversy around the table at the dinner party as she was at the dinner the week prior with Jonathan . Even though the couple originally had some sparks , they were thrown into the deep end of the experiment having to jump right into the home stays , tensions started to rise when Andrew met Cheryl 's abrasive father for the first time and it did n't go well , Andrew feeling like Cheryl did n't have his back enough against her bullying dad . Andrew chose to leave while Cheryl chose to stay to see if the relationship could be salvaged . When the couples all had a family get together the couple was put into an intense boot camp to see if John the expert could overhaul the bond that they had . They decided to give it another go , but when the boys and girls night came about Andrew spent most of the night bagging out and putting down Cheryl even going as far to say that his runaway bride , Lauren , `` was way more fun '' . Some of the boys took offense to this , namely Sean and Simon , and even silently Andy . Sean and Susan told Cheryl about it the next day but when Cheryl confronted Andrew about it he got snarky and condescending even going so far to start mimicking Cheryl . Andrew and Cheryl chose to leave the experiment at the Final Commitment Ceremony after the video of the boys night was aired to the girls . Season 5 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) In February 2017 , the season was renewed for a fifth season which aired on January 29 , 2018 . On 11 October 2017 , the fifth season was officially confirmed at Nine 's upfronts and again will include 11 couples like the previous season . During the fifth season , 11 female contestants are matched with their ' perfect ' male partner by a panel of experts . In the first episode , the first two couples ( Tracey & Dean , Sarah & Telv ) met and wed in Sydney and Melbourne . In the second episode , another two couples ( Jo & Sean , Alycia & Mat ) met and wed in Sydney and Melbourne . In the third episode , two more couples ( Davina & Ryan , Charlene & Patrick ) met and wed in Warrawong and Melbourne . In the fifth episode , two more couples ( Ashley & Troy , Melissa & John ) met and wed in Gold Coast and Melbourne . In the sixth episode , another two couples ( Gabrielle & Nasser , Carly & Justin ) met and wed in Sydney . In the seventh episode , the final couple ( Blair & Sean ) met and wed in Sydney . Couples ( edit ) # Couple Age Hometown Occupation Final Decision Status Sarah Roza 38 Melbourne , Victoria Beauty Specialist Yes Separated Telv Williams 33 Perth , Western Australia Machinery Technician Dean Wells 39 Sydney , New South Wales Executive Creative Director No Separated Tracey Jewel 34 Perth , Western Australia Marketing Consultant Mathew Lockett 32 Melbourne , Victoria Plumber Broke up before final decision Separated Alycia Galbraith 29 Adelaide , South Australia Student Jo McPharlin 39 Adelaide , South Australia Single Mother Broke up before final decision Separated Sean Donnelly 39 Adelaide , South Australia Pub Manager 5 Davina Rankin 26 Brisbane , Queensland Personal Trainer / Bikini Model Broke up before final decision Separated Ryan Gallagher 29 Sydney , New South Wales Tradesman 6 Charlene Perera 33 Melbourne , Victoria Brand Manager Yes Separated Patrick Miller 34 Melbourne , Victoria Operations Manager 7 Melissa Walsh 53 Mornington Peninsula , Victoria Journalist Yes Separated John Robertson 54 Melbourne , Victoria Business Owner 8 Troy Delmege 35 Sydney , New South Wales IT Accounts Manager No Separated Ashley Airvin 28 Brisbane , Queensland Flight Attendant 9 Gabrielle Bartlett 44 Sydney , New South Wales Marketing Coordinator / Plus Size Model Broke up before final decision Separated Nasser Sultan 50 Sydney , New South Wales Fitness Instructor 10 Justin Fischer 41 Sydney , New South Wales Entrepreneur Broke up before final decision Separated Carly Bowyer 32 Melbourne , Victoria Marketing Manager 11 Sean Thomsen 34 Perth , Western Australia Railway Technician Broke up before final decision Separated Blair Rachel 31 Sydney , New South Wales Executive Assistant Sarah & Telv ( edit ) As of the fifth commitment ceremony they were still together but are now separated . Dean & Tracey ( edit ) In the first commitment ceremony , Dean chose to leave ( which blindsided Tracey ) , while Tracey decided to stay , meaning that they had to stay another week . When they had a second week he stepped up , but at the same time he started a secret flirtationship with Davina . At the dinner party , Dean hooked up with Davina , and at the end of the night Dean and Tracey decided to be intimate . Dean confessed that he had a thing with Davina and that he wanted to make it work with Tracey . As of the fifth commitment ceremony , they are still together . When it came to the vow renewal , Dean said yes and said that he was falling in love with Tracey , but a bomb was dropped when Tracey said that she could not get past the betrayal and hurt at the first two weeks of the experiment . She ultimately said no , leaving Dean gobsmacked at the ' altar ' . Mat & Alycia ( edit ) They have left the experiment between the first and second commitment ceremonies . Jo & Sean d ( edit ) Jo and Sean met in the second episode of the weddings and from the start , Sean was n't very interested . When the first commitment ceremony came about Jo decided to stay while Sean decided to leave so they had to stay . Even though Jo tried Sean had no communication . As of the second commitment , they have both decided to leave . Davina & Ryan ( edit ) Between the first and second commitment ceremonies , Davina started a secret flirtationship with Dean . At the dinner party , Davina hooked up with Dean , leading her to write leave at the second commitment ceremony . Ryan had written stay , so the couple had to stay another week . As of the third commitment ceremony Davina and Ryan have called it quits after the shock of Davina 's cheating scandal . Charlene & Patrick ( edit ) At their final decision they stated that they would stay together and are still currently together to common knowledge . In March 2018 , the couple announced they had split up . Melissa & John ( edit ) As of the fifth commitment ceremony they are still in the experiment . At the Dinner Party , Melissa had to leave early due to her daughter being in labour , and as of the Commitment Ceremony there was still no baby so John was flying solo . As of the fifth commitment ceremony they were still together but announced their amicable split over social media in March 2018 . Troy & Ashley ( edit ) As of the fifth commitment ceremony they are still in the experiment . However at the altar both Ashley and Troy said the relationship was n't working out . Gabrielle & Nasser ( edit ) As of the third commitment ceremony , Gabrielle decided to leave due to a lack of intimacy past the friend stage . Nasser decided to stay , and they came to an impasse at the end meaning that Nasser had a week to turn around . On the wife homestay , Gabrielle rented a apartment so that she would n't bring a strange man around her daughter . On the first night the bed broke and Nasser wanted to leave , but he stayed until they got into an argument and he left refusing to meet Gabrielle 's friends who were on their way over for drinks and a chat . They finally left in the fifth ceremony , they were at peace with everything that went on Justin & Carly ( edit ) As of the second commitment ceremony Carly decided to leave where as Justin decided to stay , so they have to stay for another week . As of the third commitment ceremony , they have decided to stay even though they only spent three days at the homestay . After the blow up at the dinner party , Carly got fed up with Justin 's lack of trying . They have decided to split up . A few weeks after the experiment she entered a relationship with Troy who originally married Ashley . Sean t & Blair ( edit ) They both choose to stay at the second commitment ceremony , but during the grooms home - stay , Sean revealed he had no feelings for Blair . He chose to leave at the third commitment ceremony , while Blair wanted to stay . Although obligated to work it out over the next week , Sean refused to go on Blair 's home stay , essentially ending their relationship . Sean is now in a relationship with Tracey who was in the experiment with Dean . Season 6 ( 2019 ) ( edit ) Viewership ( edit ) Season ratings ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired Preliminary Consolidated Season premiere Season finale Average viewers Average rank Average viewers Average rank 6 18 May 2015 22 June 2015 1.115 # 4 1.195 # 3 7 4 April 2016 27 April 2016 0.915 # 7 0.999 # 6 8 29 August 2016 13 September 2016 0.880 # 7 0.970 # 5 29 30 January 2017 3 April 2017 1.081 # 3 1.186 # 2 5 32 29 January 2018 21 March 2018 1.223 # 1 1.328 # 1 6 2019 2019 Season 1 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Overnight ratings Consolidated ratings Total viewers Ref ( s ) Viewers Rank Viewers Rank Episode 1 18 May 2015 1,134,000 5 65,000 1,199,000 Episode 2 25 May 2015 1,103,000 77,000 1,180,000 Episode 3 1 June 2015 1,116,000 84,000 1,200,000 Episode 4 8 June 2015 971,000 7 99,000 6 1,070,000 5 Episode 5 15 June 2015 1,079,000 85,000 1,164,000 6 Episode 6 22 June 2015 1,290,000 71,000 1,361,000 Season 2 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Overnight ratings Consolidated ratings Total viewers Ref ( s ) Viewers Rank Viewers Rank Episode 1 4 April 2016 771,000 13 86,000 9 857,000 Episode 2 5 April 2016 905,000 6 91,000 5 996,000 Episode 3 11 April 2016 874,000 8 62,000 7 936,000 Episode 4 12 April 2016 880,000 8 85,000 6 965,000 5 Episode 5 18 April 2016 899,000 6 122,000 7 1,021,000 6 Episode 6 19 April 2016 831,000 9 93,000 8 924,000 7 Finale 27 April 2016 1,048,000 66,000 1,114,000 7 Finale - Follow Up 27 April 2016 1,110,000 66,000 1,176,000 Season 3 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Overnight ratings Consolidated ratings Total viewers Ref ( s ) Viewers Rank Viewers Rank Episode 1 29 August 2016 805,000 11 74,000 7 879,000 Episode 2 30 August 2016 810,000 7 60,000 7 870,000 Episode 3 31 August 2016 788,000 9 79,000 7 867,000 Episode 4 5 September 2016 843,000 8 97,000 6 940,000 5 Episode 5 6 September 2016 919,000 5 93,000 1,012,000 6 Episode 6 7 September 2016 974,000 117,000 1,091,000 7 Episode 7 12 September 2016 814,000 9 100,000 8 914,000 8 Episode 8 13 September 2016 1,083,000 101,000 1,184,000 Season 4 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Overnight ratings Consolidated ratings Total viewers Ref ( s ) Viewers Rank Viewers Rank Episode 1 30 January 2017 820,000 10 84,000 9 904,000 Episode 2 31 January 2017 927,000 5 79,000 5 1,006,000 Episode 3 1 February 2017 824,000 6 75,000 5 899,000 Episode 4 5 February 2017 909,000 90,000 999,000 5 Episode 5 6 February 2017 893,000 6 100,000 6 993,000 6 Episode 6 7 February 2017 920,000 6 96,000 1,016,000 7 Episode 7 8 February 2017 905,000 6 112,000 1,017,000 8 Episode 8 12 February 2017 1,064,000 103,000 1,167,000 9 Episode 9 13 February 2017 1,107,000 108,000 1,215,000 10 Episode 10 14 February 2017 1,024,000 119,000 1,143,000 11 Episode 11 20 February 2017 1,096,000 96,000 1,192,000 12 Episode 12 21 February 2017 1,062,000 152,000 1,214,000 13 Episode 13 26 February 2017 1,113,000 129,000 1,242,000 14 Episode 14 27 February 2017 1,101,000 123,000 1,224,000 15 Episode 15 28 February 2017 1,092,000 144,000 1,236,000 16 Episode 16 5 March 2017 1,170,000 86,000 1,256,000 17 Episode 17 6 March 2017 1,099,000 101,000 1,200,000 18 Episode 18 7 March 2017 1,122,000 117,000 1,239,000 19 Episode 19 12 March 2017 1,160,000 91,000 1,251,000 20 Episode 20 13 March 2017 1,060,000 103,000 1,163,000 21 Episode 21 14 March 2017 1,148,000 104,000 1,252,000 22 Episode 22 19 March 2017 1,190,000 102,000 1,292,000 23 Episode 23 20 March 2017 1,239,000 108,000 1,347,000 24 Episode 24 21 March 2017 1,194,000 93,000 1,287,000 25 Episode 25 26 March 2017 1,157,000 72,000 1,229,000 26 Episode 26 27 March 2017 1,163,000 137,000 1,300,000 27 Episode 27 28 March 2017 1,034,000 5 112,000 1,146,000 28 Finale - Part 1 2 April 2017 1,379,000 98,000 1,477,000 29 Finale - Part 2 3 April 2017 1,389,000 107,000 1,496,000 Season 5 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Overnight ratings Consolidated ratings Total viewers Ref ( s ) Viewers Rank Viewers Rank Episode 1 29 January 2018 912,000 7 102,000 5 1,014,000 Episode 2 30 January 2018 907,000 5 101,000 1,008,000 Episode 3 31 January 2018 929,000 81,000 1,010,000 Episode 4 1 February 2018 995,000 96,000 1,091,000 5 Episode 5 4 February 2018 835,000 5 102,000 937,000 6 Episode 6 5 February 2018 879,000 6 101,000 978,000 7 Episode 7 6 February 2018 899,000 7 130,000 1,029,000 8 Episode 8 8 February 2018 938,000 124,000 1,062,000 9 Episode 9 11 February 2018 1,163,000 76,000 1,239,000 10 Episode 10 12 February 2018 1,158,000 89,000 1,247,000 11 Episode 11 13 February 2018 1,057,000 91,000 1,148,000 12 Episode 12 14 February 2018 1,133,000 107,000 1,240,000 13 Episode 13 18 February 2018 1,351,000 101,000 1,452,000 14 Episode 14 19 February 2018 1,296,000 104,000 1,400,000 15 Episode 15 20 February 2018 1,233,000 104,000 1,337,000 16 Episode 16 21 February 2018 1,341,000 132,000 1,473,000 17 Episode 17 25 February 2018 1,536,000 92,000 1,628,000 18 Episode 18 26 February 2018 1,325,000 107,000 1,432,000 19 Episode 19 27 February 2018 1,253,000 102,000 1,355,000 20 Episode 20 28 February 2018 1,315,000 127,000 1,442,000 21 Episode 21 4 March 2018 1,535,000 108,000 1,643,000 22 Episode 22 5 March 2018 1,271,000 98,000 1,369,000 23 Episode 23 6 March 2018 1,267,000 119,000 1,386,000 24 Episode 24 7 March 2018 1,260,000 112,000 1,372,000 25 Episode 25 11 March 2018 1,342,000 107,000 1,429,000 26 Episode 26 12 March 2018 1,256,000 102,000 1,358,000 27 Episode 27 13 March 2017 1,230,000 103,000 1,333,000 28 Episode 28 14 March 2018 1,188,000 132,000 1,320,000 29 Episode 29 18 March 2018 1,446,000 76,000 1,522,000 30 Episode 30 19 March 2018 1,525,000 78,000 1,603,000 31 Finale - Part 1 20 March 2018 1,623,000 127,000 1,750,000 32 Finale - Part 2 21 March 2018 1,753,000 136,000 1,889,000 Season 6 ( 2019 ) ( edit ) Controversy and legality ( edit ) Before the first season went to air , an online petition calling for the series to be axed attracted over 15,000 signatures . There was also criticism that , unlike the original Danish series , such marriages would not be legal under Australian law . Channel 9 admitted that participants would not actually marry . A spokesman said `` In order to comply with the Australian Marriage Act ( 1961 ) which requires one month and one day notification , a marriage in law was not conducted . Each participant embarked on a commitment ceremony with a wedding celebrant with all due intention to commit fully to this union for the duration of the experiment . At the end of the experiment , they are given the option to continue with the relationship or go their separate ways '' . Second season participant Simone Lee Brennan described the program as `` never ( being ) portrayed to its full authenticity , '' suggesting the man she had been paired with , Xavier Forsberg , had been recruited by producers and was seeking a sports - presenting role , rather than an applicant also looking for a relationship . 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Jump up ^ `` Monday 8 June 2015 '' . TV Tonight . 9 June 2015 . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Timeshifted : Monday 8 June 2015 '' . TV Tonight . 14 October 2015 . Retrieved 14 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Monday 15 June 2015 '' . TV Tonight . 16 June 2015 . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Timeshifted : Monday 15 June 2015 '' . TV Tonight . 14 October 2015 . Retrieved 14 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Monday 22 June 2015 '' . TV Tonight . 23 June 2015 . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Timeshifted : Monday 22 June 2015 '' . TV Tonight . 23 June 2015 . Retrieved 1 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 5 April 2016 ) . `` Monday 4 April 2016 '' . Retrieved 5 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 13 April 2016 ) . `` Timeshifted : Monday 4 April 2016 '' . Retrieved 14 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 6 April 2016 ) . `` Tuesday 5 April 2016 '' . Retrieved 6 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 13 April 2016 ) . `` Timeshifted : Tuesday 5 April 2016 '' . Retrieved 14 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 12 April 2016 ) . `` Monday 11 April 2016 '' . Retrieved 12 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 20 April 2016 ) . `` Timeshifted : Monday 11 April 2016 '' . Retrieved 20 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 13 April 2016 ) . `` Tuesday 12 April 2016 '' . Retrieved 13 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 20 April 2016 ) . `` Timeshifted : Tuesday 12 April 2016 '' . Retrieved 20 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 19 April 2016 ) . `` Monday 18 April 2016 '' . Retrieved 19 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 26 April 2016 ) . `` Timeshifted : Monday 18 April 2016 '' . Retrieved 26 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 20 April 2016 ) . `` Tuesday 19 April 2016 '' . Retrieved 20 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 1 May 2016 ) . `` Timeshifted : Tuesday 19 April 2016 '' . Retrieved 1 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Knox , David ( 28 April 2016 ) . `` Wednesday 27 April 2016 '' . Retrieved 28 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Knox , David ( 8 May 2016 ) . `` Timeshifted : Wednesday 27 April 2016 '' . Retrieved 8 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Monday 29 August 2016 '' . TV Tonight . 30 August 2016 . Retrieved 30 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Timeshifted : Monday 29 August 2016 '' . TV Tonight . 10 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday 30 August 2016 '' . TV Tonight . 31 August 2016 . Retrieved 31 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Timeshifted : Tuesday 30 August 2016 '' . TV Tonight . 10 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday 31 August 2016 '' . TV Tonight . 1 September 2016 . Retrieved 1 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Timeshifted : Wednesday 31 August 2016 '' . TV Tonight . 10 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Monday 5 September 2016 '' . TV Tonight . 6 September 2016 . Retrieved 6 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Timeshifted : Monday 5 September 2016 '' . TV Tonight . 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 18 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday 6 September 2016 '' . TV Tonight . 7 September 2016 . Retrieved 7 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Timeshifted : Tuesday 6 September 2016 '' . TV Tonight . 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 18 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday 7 September 2016 '' . TV Tonight . 8 September 2016 . Retrieved 8 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Timeshifted : Wednesday 7 September 2016 '' . TV Tonight . 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 18 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Monday 12 September 2016 '' . TV Tonight . 13 September 2016 . Retrieved 13 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Timeshifted : Monday 12 September 2016 '' . TV Tonight . 21 September 2016 . Retrieved 21 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday 13 September 2016 '' . TV Tonight . 14 September 2016 . Retrieved 14 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Timeshifted : Tuesday 13 September 2016 '' . TV Tonight . 21 September 2016 . Retrieved 21 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 31 January 2017 ) . `` Monday 30 January 2017 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 31 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 12 February 2017 ) . `` Timeshifted : Monday 30 January 2017 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 13 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 1 February 2017 ) . `` Tuesday 31 January 2017 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 1 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 12 February 2017 ) . `` Timeshifted : Tuesday 31 January 2017 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 13 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 2 February 2017 ) . `` Wednesday 1 February 2017 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 2 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 12 February 2017 ) . `` Timeshifted : Wednesday 1 February 2017 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 13 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 6 February 2017 ) . `` Sunday 5 February 2017 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 6 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 19 February 2017 ) . `` Timeshifted : Sunday 5 February 2017 '' . TV Tonight . 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Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 14 February 2018 ) . `` Tuesday 13 February 2018 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 24 February 2018 ) . `` Timeshifted : Tuesday 13 February 2018 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 25 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 15 February 2018 ) . `` Wednesday 14 February 2018 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 24 February 2018 ) . `` Timeshifted : Wednesday 14 February 2018 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 25 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 19 February 2018 ) . `` Sunday 18 February 2018 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 19 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 3 March 2018 ) . `` Timeshifted : Sunday 18 February 2018 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 3 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 20 February 2018 ) . `` Monday 19 February 2018 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 20 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 3 March 2018 ) . `` Timeshifted : Monday 19 February 2018 '' . TV Tonight . 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Retrieved 10 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 28 February 2018 ) . `` Tuesday 27 February 2018 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 28 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 10 March 2018 ) . `` Timeshifted : Tuesday 27 February 2018 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 10 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 1 March 2018 ) . `` Wednesday 28 February 2018 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 1 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 10 March 2018 ) . `` Timeshifed : Wednesday 28 February 2018 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 10 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 5 March 2018 ) . `` Sunday 4 March 2018 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 5 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 14 March 2018 ) . `` Timeshifted : Sunday 4 March 2018 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 6 March 2018 ) . `` Monday 5 March 2018 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 6 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 14 March 2018 ) . `` Timeshifted : Monday 5 March 2018 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . 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Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 14 March 2018 ) . `` Tuesday 13 March 2018 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 14 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 24 March 2018 ) . `` Timeshifted : Tuesday 13 March 2018 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 24 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 15 March 2018 ) . `` Wednesday 14 March 2018 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 24 March 2018 ) . `` Timeshifted : Wednesday 14 March 2018 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 24 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 19 March 2018 ) . `` Sunday 18 March 2018 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 19 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 2 April 2018 ) . `` Timeshifted : Sunday 18 March 2018 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 2 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 20 March 2018 ) . `` Monday 19 March 2018 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 20 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 2 April 2018 ) . `` Timeshifted : Monday 19 March 2018 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 2 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 21 March 2018 ) . `` Tuesday 20 March 2018 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 21 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 2 April 2018 ) . `` Timeshifted : Tuesday 20 March 2018 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 2 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 22 March 2018 ) . `` Wednesday 21 March 2018 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 22 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 2 April 2018 ) . `` Timeshifted : Wednesday 21 March 2018 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 2 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Married at First Sight : Petition calls for axing of Channel 9 show '' . Sydney Morning Herald . 22 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Married At First Sight bride blasts former ' husband ' in explosive tell - all '' . news.com.au . News Corp Australia . 3 January 2017 . Retrieved 4 January 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official Website Nine Network local programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime 20 to One ( 2005 - 2011 , since 2016 ) ARIA Music Awards ( 2001 , 2009 2011 - 2013 , since 2017 ) Australian Ninja Warrior ( since 2017 ) The Block ( 2003 - 04 , since 2010 ) Carols by Candlelight ( since 1952 ) Date Night ( since 2018 ) Doctor Doctor ( since 2016 ) Family Food Fight ( since 2017 ) The AFL Footy Show ( since 1994 ) The NRL Footy Show ( since 1994 ) Footy Classified ( since 2007 ) Married at First Sight ( since 2015 ) Movie Juice ( since 2017 ) RBT ( since 2010 ) The TV Week Logie Awards ( since 1959 ) The Voice ( since 2012 ) This Time Next Year ( since 2017 ) Travel Guides ( since 2017 ) True Story with Hamish & Andy ( since 2017 ) Daytime Millionaire Hot Seat ( since 2009 ) News Nine News ( since 1956 ) Nine News Now ( since 2013 ) 60 Minutes ( since 1979 ) A Current Affair ( 1971 - 1988 since 1988 ) Today Extra ( since 2012 ) Today ( since 1982 ) Weekend Today ( since 2009 ) Sport Sports Sunday ( since 2017 ) Weekends Cybershack The Garden Gurus ( since 2002 ) Getaway ( since 1992 ) Postcards ( since 1999 ) The AFL Sunday Footy Show ( since 1993 ) The NRL Sunday Footy Show ( since 1993 ) Upcoming Bite Club ( 2018 ) Talkin ' ' Bout Your Generation ( 2018 ) Current Australian reality television series Seven Network First Dates Hell 's Kitchen Australia House Rules My Kitchen Rules Seven Year Switch Nine Network Australian Ninja Warrior Family Food Fight Married at First Sight The Block The Voice 9Go ! Meet the Hockers Network Ten Australian Survivor Bachelor in Paradise Australia The Bachelor The Bachelorette MasterChef Australia I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! Shark Tank Eleven Bondi Ink Tattoo Arena The Real Housewives of Melbourne The Real Housewives of Sydney Fox8 Australia 's Next Top Model The Recruit A&E Aussie Pickers Demolition Man Pawn Stars Australia Lifestyle Food The Great Australian Bake Off All Australian reality series Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Married_at_First_Sight_(Australian_TV_series)&oldid=833785180 '' Categories : Nine Network shows 2015 Australian television series debuts 2010s Australian television series Australian reality television series Australian dating and relationship reality television series English - language television programs Wedding television shows Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia articles needing copy edit from February 2018 All articles needing copy edit Use dmy dates from January 2016 Use Australian English from January 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 2 April 2018 , at 12 : 29 . About Wikipedia
how many episodes of married at first sight season 5
[ "\n\nNo.\nTitle\nAir date\nOvernight ratings\nConsolidated ratings\nTotal\nviewers\nRef(s)\n\n\nViewers\nRank\nViewers\nRank\n\n\n1\nEpisode 1\n29 January 2018\n912,000\n7\n102,000\n5\n1,014,000\n[141][142]\n\n\n2\nEpisode 2\n30 January 2018\n907,000\n5\n101,000\n4\n1,008,000\n[143][144]\n\n\n3\nEpisode 3\n31 January 2018\n929,000\n4\n81,000\n2\n1,010,000\n[145][146]\n\n\n4\nEpisode 4\n1 February 2018\n995,000\n1\n96,000\n1\n1,091,000\n[147][148]\n\n\n5\nEpisode 5\n4 February 2018\n835,000\n5\n102,000\n4\n937,000\n[149][150]\n\n\n6\nEpisode 6\n5 February 2018\n879,000\n6\n101,000\n4\n978,000\n[151][152]\n\n\n7\nEpisode 7\n6 February 2018\n899,000\n7\n130,000\n3\n1,029,000\n[153][154]\n\n\n8\nEpisode 8\n8 February 2018\n938,000\n1\n124,000\n1\n1,062,000\n[155][156]\n\n\n9\nEpisode 9\n11 February 2018\n1,163,000\n1\n76,000\n2\n1,239,000\n[157][158]\n\n\n10\nEpisode 10\n12 February 2018\n1,158,000\n1\n89,000\n2\n1,247,000\n[159][160]\n\n\n11\nEpisode 11\n13 February 2018\n1,057,000\n1\n91,000\n2\n1,148,000\n[161][162]\n\n\n12\nEpisode 12\n14 February 2018\n1,133,000\n1\n107,000\n1\n1,240,000\n[163][164]\n\n\n13\nEpisode 13\n18 February 2018\n1,351,000\n1\n101,000\n1\n1,452,000\n[165][166]\n\n\n14\nEpisode 14\n19 February 2018\n1,296,000\n1\n104,000\n1\n1,400,000\n[167][168]\n\n\n15\nEpisode 15\n20 February 2018\n1,233,000\n1\n104,000\n1\n1,337,000\n[169][170]\n\n\n16\nEpisode 16\n21 February 2018\n1,341,000\n1\n132,000\n1\n1,473,000\n[171][172]\n\n\n17\nEpisode 17\n25 February 2018\n1,536,000\n1\n92,000\n1\n1,628,000\n[173][174]\n\n\n18\nEpisode 18\n26 February 2018\n1,325,000\n1\n107,000\n1\n1,432,000\n[175][176]\n\n\n19\nEpisode 19\n27 February 2018\n1,253,000\n1\n102,000\n1\n1,355,000\n[177][178]\n\n\n20\nEpisode 20\n28 February 2018\n1,315,000\n1\n127,000\n1\n1,442,000\n[179][180]\n\n\n21\nEpisode 21\n4 March 2018\n1,535,000\n1\n108,000\n1\n1,643,000\n[181][182]\n\n\n22\nEpisode 22\n5 March 2018\n1,271,000\n1\n98,000\n1\n1,369,000\n[183][184]\n\n\n23\nEpisode 23\n6 March 2018\n1,267,000\n1\n119,000\n1\n1,386,000\n[185][186]\n\n\n24\nEpisode 24\n7 March 2018\n1,260,000\n1\n112,000\n1\n1,372,000\n[187][188]\n\n\n25\nEpisode 25\n11 March 2018\n1,342,000\n1\n107,000\n1\n1,429,000\n[189][190]\n\n\n26\nEpisode 26\n12 March 2018\n1,256,000\n1\n102,000\n1\n1,358,000\n[191][192]\n\n\n27\nEpisode 27\n13 March 2017\n1,230,000\n1\n103,000\n1\n1,333,000\n[193][194]\n\n\n28\nEpisode 28\n14 March 2018\n1,188,000\n1\n132,000\n1\n1,320,000\n[195][196]\n\n\n29\nEpisode 29\n18 March 2018\n1,446,000\n1\n76,000\n1\n1,522,000\n[197][198]\n\n\n30\nEpisode 30\n19 March 2018\n1,525,000\n1\n78,000\n1\n1,603,000\n[199][200]\n\n\n31\nFinale - Part 1\n20 March 2018\n1,623,000\n1\n127,000\n1\n1,750,000\n[201][202]\n\n\n32\nFinale - Part 2\n21 March 2018\n1,753,000\n1\n136,000\n1\n1,889,000\n[203][204]\n\n" ]
[ "32" ]
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Light It Up (Luke Bryan song)
Light It up ( Luke Bryan song ) - wikipedia Light It up ( Luke Bryan song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Light It Up '' Single by Luke Bryan from the album What Makes You Country Released August 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 23 ) Format Digital download Genre Country Length 2 : 58 Label Capitol Nashville Songwriter ( s ) Luke Bryan Brad Tursi Producer ( s ) Jeff Stevens Jody Stevens Luke Bryan singles chronology `` Fast '' ( 2016 ) `` Light It Up '' ( 2017 ) `` Most People Are Good '' ( 2017 ) `` Light It Up '' is a song by American country music artist Luke Bryan . It is the lead single to his sixth studio album , What Makes You Country . Bryan wrote the song with Brad Tursi of the band Old Dominion . Contents ( hide ) 1 Content 2 Music video 3 Commercial performance 4 Charts 4.1 Weekly charts 4.2 Year - end charts 5 Certifications 6 References Content Rolling Stone Country described the song as `` a moody production , underpinned by a programmed beat and choppy piano chords , while icy synthesizer fills lifted from Eighties new wave ratchet up the tension . '' The song is an expression of unrequited love , with the narrator pleading for an unresponsive lover to `` light it up '' , in reference to his cellular phone . Bryan wrote the song with Brad Tursi of the band Old Dominion , while Jeff Stevens and his son Jody produced it . Music video A video directed by Michael Monaco was released on October 26 , 2017 . It features Jimmy Butler in the lead role , in anticipation of a text as described in the lyrics . Commercial performance For the charts dated September 9 , 2017 , `` Light It Up '' debuted at No. 20 on Country Airplay and No. 21 on Hot Country Songs . It sold 18,000 downloads in under two days , and debuting at No. 3 on Country Digital Song Sales . The following week it rose to No. 2 on Country Digital Song Sales with 22,000 copies sold on a full week of sales . It also debuted at number 76 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart for the week of September 16 , 2017 . The song has sold 164,000 copies in the United States as of January 2018 . Charts Weekly charts Chart ( 2015 -- 17 ) Peak position Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 96 Canada Country ( Billboard ) US Billboard Hot 100 57 US Country Airplay ( Billboard ) US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) Year - end charts Chart ( 2017 ) Position US Billboard Country Airplay 59 Preceded by `` Ask Me How I Know '' by Garth Brooks Billboard Country Airplay number - one single December 23 , 2017 Succeeded by `` I 'll Name the Dogs '' by Blake Shelton Certifications Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Gold 40,000 shipments figures based on certification alone References Jump up ^ Whitaker , Sterling ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` Luke Bryan Announces New Album , ' What Makes You Country ' '' . Taste of Country . Jump up ^ Freeman , Jon ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` Hear Luke Bryan 's Chilly New Song ' Light It Up ' '' . Rolling Stone . Jump up ^ Simanek , Jason ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` Listen to Luke Bryan 's Brand - New Single , `` Light It Up '' + Check Out the Lyrics `` . Nash Country Daily . Jump up ^ Stefano , Angela ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` Luke Bryan Drops Brand - New Single , ' Light It Up ' '' . The Boot . Jump up ^ `` Luke Bryan 's ' Light It Up ' Video Stars NBA Player Jimmy Butler '' . Jump up ^ Asker , Jim ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` Old Dominion Scores Third Country Airplay No. 1 ; Luke Bryan Shines ' Light ' on Hot Country Songs '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Bjorke , Matt ( September 5 , 2017 ) . `` Top 30 Digital Country Singles Chart : September 5 , 2017 '' . Roughstock . Jump up ^ Bjorke , Matt ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` Top 30 Digital Country Singles Sales Chart : January 9 , 2018 '' . Roughstock . Retrieved February 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Luke Bryan Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Luke Bryan Chart History ( Canada Country ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Luke Bryan Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Luke Bryan Chart History ( Country Airplay ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Luke Bryan Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Country Airplay Songs -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Luke Bryan -- Light It Up '' . Music Canada . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . ( hide ) Luke Bryan Discography Studio albums I 'll Stay Me Doin ' My Thing Tailgates & Tanlines Crash My Party Kill the Lights What Makes You Country Compilations Spring Break ... Here to Party Extended plays Spring Break 3 ... It 's a Shore Thing Spring Break 4 ... Suntan City Spring Break 6 ... Like We Ai n't Ever Spring Break ... Checkin ' Out Farm Tour ... Here 's to the Farmer Singles `` All My Friends Say '' `` We Rode in Trucks '' `` Country Man '' `` Do I '' `` Rain Is a Good Thing '' `` Someone Else Calling You Baby '' `` Country Girl ( Shake It for Me ) '' `` I Do n't Want This Night to End '' `` Drunk on You '' `` Kiss Tomorrow Goodbye '' `` Crash My Party '' `` That 's My Kind of Night '' `` Drink a Beer '' `` Play It Again '' `` Roller Coaster '' `` I See You '' `` Kick the Dust Up '' `` Strip It Down '' `` Home Alone Tonight '' ( w / Karen Fairchild ) `` Huntin ' , Fishin ' and Lovin ' Every Day '' `` Move '' `` Fast '' `` Light It Up '' `` Most People Are Good '' Guest singles `` The Only Way I Know '' ( w / Jason Aldean and Eric Church ) `` This Is How We Roll '' ( w / Florida Georgia Line ) Other songs `` Buzzkill '' `` Suntan City '' `` Games '' Concert tours Dirt Road Diaries Tour ( 2013 ) That 's My Kind of Night Tour ( 2014 -- 15 ) Kick the Dust Up Tour ( 2015 ) Kill the Lights Tour ( 2016 -- 17 ) Huntin ' , Fishin ' and Lovin ' Every Day Tour ( 2017 ) Related articles Michael Carter Jeff Stevens Cole Swindell `` Good Directions '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Light_It_Up_(Luke_Bryan_song)&oldid=833587132 '' Categories : 2017 singles 2017 songs Luke Bryan songs Capitol Records Nashville singles Songs written by Luke Bryan Songs written by Brad Tursi Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages semi-protected from banned users Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadacountry Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardcountryairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 1 April 2018 , at 13 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who sings the country song light it up
[ "\"Light It Up\" is a song by American country music artist Luke Bryan. It is the lead single to his sixth studio album, What Makes You Country.[1] Bryan wrote the song with Brad Tursi of the band Old Dominion." ]
[ "Luke Bryan" ]
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ICC Cricket Hall of Fame
ICC Cricket Hall of Fame - wikipedia ICC Cricket Hall of Fame ICC Hall of Fame Sport Cricket History First award 2009 The ICC Cricket Hall of Fame `` recognises the achievements of the legends of the game from cricket 's long and illustrious history '' . It was launched by the International Cricket Council ( ICC ) in Dubai on 2 January 2009 , in association with the Federation of International Cricketers ' Associations ( FICA ) , as part of the ICC 's centenary celebrations . The initial inductees were the 55 players included in the FICA Hall of Fame which ran from 1999 to 2003 , but further members are added each year during the ICC Awards ceremony . The inaugural inductees ranged from W.G. Grace , who retired from Test cricket in 1899 , to Graham Gooch , who played his last Test match in 1995 . Living inductees receive a commemorative cap ; Australian Rodney Marsh was the first member of the initial inductees to receive his . Members of the Hall of Fame assist in the selection of future inductees . There are more English players in the Hall of Fame than players from other countries . Only 15 of the 84 inductees played for nations outside England , Australia and the West Indies . South African Barry Richards played the fewest Test matches during his career with four , before South Africa were excluded from participating in international cricket in 1970 . Australian Steve Waugh , inducted in October 2009 , played the most Tests with 168 in an international career spanning 20 years . There are seven women in the Hall of Fame . In 2010 , Rachael Heyhoe Flint , former England women 's cricket team captain who led the team to victory in the inaugural Women 's World Cup in 1973 , became the first woman in the Hall of Fame ; the five other female members are Belinda Clark , inducted in 2011 , Enid Bakewell , inducted in 2012 , Debbie Hockley , inducted in 2013 , Betty Wilson inducted in 2015 , Karen Rolton inducted in 2016 and Claire Taylor inducted in 2018 . Contents 1 Hall of Fame members 2 By team 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Hall of Fame members ( edit ) Derek Underwood was one of the 55 inaugural members of the Hall of Fame . Sunil Gavaskar set world records during his career for the most Test runs and most Test centuries scored by any batsman . Viv Richards represented the West Indies 121 times in Test cricket . Pakistani Imran Khan represented his country in 88 Test matches . Steve Waugh played for Australia in 168 Test matches over 20 years . Richard Hadlee , the first bowler to surpass 400 Test wickets . Claire Taylor is one of five women in the hall of fame , having been inducted in 2018 Inductee Team Induction year Tests First Test Last Test Ref . Curtly Ambrose West Indies 2011 98 2000 Enid Bakewell England 2012 12 1968 1979 Sydney Barnes England 2009 27 1901 1914 Ken Barrington England 82 1955 1968 Bishan Singh Bedi India 2009 67 1966 1979 Alec Bedser England 2009 51 1946 1955 Richie Benaud Australia 2009 63 1952 1964 Allan Border Australia 2009 156 1978 1994 Ian Botham England 2009 102 1977 1992 Geoffrey Boycott England 2009 108 1964 1982 Donald Bradman Australia 2009 52 1928 1948 Greg Chappell Australia 2009 87 1970 1984 Ian Chappell Australia 2009 75 1964 1980 Belinda Clark Australia 2011 15 1991 2005 Denis Compton England 2009 78 1937 1957 Colin Cowdrey England 2009 114 1954 Martin Crowe New Zealand 2015 77 1982 1995 Alan Davidson Australia 2011 44 1953 1963 Kapil Dev India 2009 131 1979 1994 Rahul Dravid India 2018 164 2012 Joel Garner West Indies 58 1977 Sunil Gavaskar India 2009 125 1971 Lance Gibbs West Indies 2009 79 1958 1976 Adam Gilchrist Australia 2013 96 1999 2008 Graham Gooch England 2009 118 1995 David Gower England 2009 117 1978 1992 W.G. Grace England 2009 22 1880 1899 Tom Graveney England 2009 79 1951 1969 Gordon Greenidge West Indies 2009 108 1991 Clarrie Grimmett Australia 2009 37 1925 1936 Richard Hadlee New Zealand 2009 86 1973 1990 Wes Hall West Indies 2015 48 1958 1969 Wally Hammond England 2009 85 1927 1947 Neil Harvey Australia 2009 79 1948 1963 George Headley West Indies 2009 22 1930 1954 Rachael Heyhoe Flint England 22 1960 1979 Jack Hobbs England 2009 61 1908 1930 Debbie Hockley New Zealand 2014 19 1979 Michael Holding West Indies 2009 60 Leonard Hutton England 2009 79 1937 1955 Rohan Kanhai West Indies 2009 79 1957 Imran Khan Pakistan 2009 88 1971 1992 Alan Knott England 2009 95 1967 1981 Anil Kumble India 2015 132 1990 2008 Jim Laker England 2009 46 1948 1959 Brian Lara West Indies 2012 131 1990 2006 Harold Larwood England 2009 21 1926 1933 Dennis Lillee Australia 2009 70 1971 1984 Ray Lindwall Australia 2009 61 1946 1960 Clive Lloyd West Indies 2009 110 1966 1984 George Lohmann England 2016 18 1886 1896 Rod Marsh Australia 2009 96 1970 1984 Malcolm Marshall West Indies 2009 81 1978 1991 Peter May England 2009 66 1951 1961 Glenn McGrath Australia 2012 124 1993 2007 Javed Miandad Pakistan 2009 124 1976 1993 Keith Miller Australia 2009 55 1946 1956 Hanif Mohammad Pakistan 2009 55 1952 1969 Arthur Morris Australia 2016 46 1946 1955 Muttiah Muralitharan Sri Lanka 2016 133 1992 Bill O'Reilly Australia 2009 27 1932 1946 Graeme Pollock South Africa 2009 23 1963 1970 Ricky Ponting Australia 2018 168 1995 2012 Wilfred Rhodes England 2009 58 1899 1930 Barry Richards South Africa 2009 1970 1970 Viv Richards West Indies 2009 121 1991 Andy Roberts West Indies 2009 47 Karen Rolton Australia 2016 14 1995 2009 Bob Simpson Australia 2014 62 1957 1978 Garfield Sobers West Indies 2009 93 1954 Fred Spofforth Australia 2011 18 1877 1887 Brian Statham England 2009 70 1951 1965 Herbert Sutcliffe England 2009 54 1924 1935 Claire Taylor England 2018 15 1999 2009 Fred Trueman England 2009 67 1952 1965 Victor Trumper Australia 2009 48 1899 1912 Derek Underwood England 2009 86 1966 1982 Clyde Walcott West Indies 2009 44 1948 1960 Courtney Walsh West Indies 132 1984 Shane Warne Australia 2013 145 1992 2007 Wasim Akram Pakistan 2009 104 1984 2003 Steve Waugh Australia 2009 168 1985 Everton Weekes West Indies 2009 48 1948 1958 Betty Wilson Australia 2015 11 1948 1958 Frank Woolley England 2009 64 1909 1934 Frank Worrell West Indies 2009 51 1948 1963 Waqar Younis Pakistan 2013 87 2003 Inaugural member inducted in January 2009 . By team ( edit ) Number of members Team Span 28 England 1877 -- present 25 Australia 1877 -- present 18 West Indies 1928 -- present 5 India 1932 -- present 5 Pakistan 1952 -- present New Zealand 1930 -- present South Africa 1889 -- present Sri Lanka 1982 -- present 87 Total See also ( edit ) Australian Cricket Hall of Fame ESPN Cricinfo Legends of Cricket Wisden Cricketers of the Century Six Giants of the Wisden Century References ( edit ) General `` ICC Cricket Hall of Fame '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 19 July 2013 . Specific ^ Jump up to : `` ICC Cricket Hall of Fame '' . International Cricket Council . Archived from the original on 31 January 2011 . Retrieved 25 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` ICC and FICA launch Cricket Hall of Fame '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . 2 January 2009 . Retrieved 28 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ex-England aces dominate ICC list '' . BBC Sport. 2 January 2009 . Retrieved 31 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Profile : Barry Richards '' . Marylebone Cricket Club . Archived from the original on 3 September 2013 . Retrieved 30 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Rachael Heyhoe - Flint first woman inducted into cricket 's Hall of Fame '' . The Guardian . London . 6 October 2010 . Retrieved 25 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Davidson , Spofforth inducted into ICC Hall of Fame , ESPNcricinfo , 12 September 2011 . Retrieved 12 September 2011 Jump up ^ Lara , Enid Bakewell inducted into Hall of Fame , ESPNcricinfo , 14 September 2012 ^ Jump up to : `` Simpson to be inducted into the ICC Cricket Hall of Fame '' . International Cricket Council . Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 . Retrieved 30 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dravid , Ponting and Taylor inducted into ICC Cricket Hall of Fame '' . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Curtly Armbrose '' . cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 13 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` McGrath to join ICC Hall of Fame '' . ABC News . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . 31 December 2012 . Retrieved 1 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sydney Barnes '' . cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 26 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ken Barrington '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bishan Bedi '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 26 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Alec Bedser '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 26 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Richie Benaud '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 26 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Allan Border '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 26 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Ian Botham '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 26 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Geoff Boycott '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 26 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Donald Bradman '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 26 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Greg Chappell '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 26 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ian Chappell '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 26 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Belinda Clark '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 13 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Denis Compton '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 26 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Colin Cowdrey '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 26 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Martin Crowe '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 28 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Alan Davidson '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 13 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kapil Dev '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 26 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Joel Garner '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sunil Gavaskar '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 26 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Lance Gibbs '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 26 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Adam Gilchrist '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 9 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Graham Gooch '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 26 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` David Gower '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 26 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` W.G. Grace '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 26 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Graveney '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 26 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Gordon Greenidge '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 26 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Clarrie Grimmett '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Richard Hadlee '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Wes Hall '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 12 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wally Hammond '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Neil Harvey '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` George Headley '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Rachael Heyhoe - Flint '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Jack Hobbs '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Holding '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Leonard Hutton '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Rohan Kanhai '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Imran Khan '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Alan Knott '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Anil Kumble '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 21 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Laker '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Brian Lara '' . cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 31 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Harold Larwood '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Dennis Lillee '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ray Lindwall '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Clive Lloyd '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` George Lohmann '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 29 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rod Marsh '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Malcolm Marshall '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Peter May ( cricketer ) '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Glenn McGrath '' . cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 7 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Javed Miandad '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Keith Miller '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hanif Mohammad '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Arthur Morris '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 29 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Muttiah Muralidaran -- Hall Of Famers '' . International Cricket Council ( ICC ) . Retrieved 27 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bill O'Reilly '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Graeme Pollock '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Wilfred Rhodes '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Barry Richards '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Viv Richards '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Roberts '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Karen Rolton '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 29 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Garry Sobers '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Frederick Spofforth '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 13 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Brian Statham '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Herbert Sutcliffe '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Fred Trueman '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Victor Trumper '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Derek Underwood '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Clyde Walcott '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Courtney Walsh '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Shane Warne '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 19 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wasim Akram '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Waugh '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Everton Weekes '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Betty Wilson '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 22 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Frank Woolley '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Frank Worrell '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Waqar Younis '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 9 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Records / Test matches / Team records / Results summary '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 5 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Legends of Cricket : Frank Worrell - ' Tough and shrewd but always gracious ' Video '' . Legends of Cricket . ESPN . Retrieved 7 February 2013 . External links ( edit ) ICC Cricket Hall of Fame official website List of ICC Cricket Hall of Famers ICC Cricket Hall of Fame Players Men Barnes Bedi Bedser Benaud Border Botham Boycott Bradman G. Chappell I. Chappell Compton Cowdrey Dev Gavaskar Gibbs Gooch Gower Grace Graveney Greenidge Hadlee Hammond Harvey Headley Hobbs Hutton Kanhai Khan Knott Laker Larwood Lillee Lindwall Lloyd Marsh Marshall May Miandad Miller Mohammad O'Reilly Pollock Rhodes B. Richards V. Richards Roberts Sobers Statham Trueman Underwood Walcott Weekes Woolley Worrell Grimmett Sutcliffe Trumper Akram Waugh Barrington Garner Walsh Ambrose Davidson Spofforth Lara McGrath Gilchrist Warne Younis Simpson Crowe Hall Kumble Lohmann Morris Muralitharan Dravid Ponting Women Heyhoe - Flint Bakewell Clark Wilson Hockley Rolton Taylor Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ICC_Cricket_Hall_of_Fame&oldid=859459790 '' Categories : Cricket museums and halls of fame International Cricket Council Hall of Fame inductees International Cricket Council awards and rankings Organisations based in Dubai Halls of fame in the United Arab Emirates Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles with hCards Featured lists Use dmy dates from November 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Français हिन्दी Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 14 September 2018 , at 05 : 34 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
indian cricketer inducted in icc hall of fame
[ "\n\n\nInductee\n\nTeam\n\nInduction year\n\nTests\n\nFirst Test\n\nLast Test\n\nRef.\n\n\nCurtly Ambrose\n\nWest Indies\n\n2011\n\n98\n\n1988\n\n2000\n\n[10]\n\n\nEnid Bakewell\n\nEngland\n\n2012\n\n12\n\n1968\n\n1979\n\n[11]\n\n\nSydney Barnes\n\nEngland\n\n2009+\n\n27\n\n1901\n\n1914\n\n[12]\n\n\nKen Barrington\n\nEngland\n\n2010\n\n82\n\n1955\n\n1968\n\n[13]\n\n\nBishan Singh Bedi\n\nIndia\n\n2009+\n\n67\n\n1966\n\n1979\n\n[14]\n\n\nAlec Bedser\n\nEngland\n\n2009+\n\n51\n\n1946\n\n1955\n\n[15]\n\n\nRichie Benaud\n\nAustralia\n\n2009+\n\n63\n\n1952\n\n1964\n\n[16]\n\n\nAllan Border\n\nAustralia\n\n2009+\n\n156\n\n1978\n\n1994\n\n[17]\n\n\nIan Botham\n\nEngland\n\n2009+\n\n102\n\n1977\n\n1992\n\n[18]\n\n\nGeoffrey Boycott\n\nEngland\n\n2009+\n\n108\n\n1964\n\n1982\n\n[19]\n\n\nDonald Bradman\n\nAustralia\n\n2009+\n\n52\n\n1928\n\n1948\n\n[20]\n\n\nGreg Chappell\n\nAustralia\n\n2009+\n\n87\n\n1970\n\n1984\n\n[21]\n\n\nIan Chappell\n\nAustralia\n\n2009+\n\n75\n\n1964\n\n1980\n\n[22]\n\n\nBelinda Clark\n\nAustralia\n\n2011\n\n15\n\n1991\n\n2005\n\n[23]\n\n\nDenis Compton\n\nEngland\n\n2009+\n\n78\n\n1937\n\n1957\n\n[24]\n\n\nColin Cowdrey\n\nEngland\n\n2009+\n\n114\n\n1954\n\n1975\n\n[25]\n\n\nMartin Crowe\n\nNew Zealand\n\n2015\n\n77\n\n1982\n\n1995\n\n[26]\n\n\nAlan Davidson\n\nAustralia\n\n2011\n\n44\n\n1953\n\n1963\n\n[27]\n\n\nKapil Dev\n\nIndia\n\n2009+\n\n131\n\n1979\n\n1994\n\n[28]\n\n\nRahul Dravid\n\nIndia\n\n2018\n\n164\n\n1996\n\n2012\n\n[9]\n\n\nJoel Garner\n\nWest Indies\n\n2010\n\n58\n\n1977\n\n1987\n\n[29]\n\n\nSunil Gavaskar\n\nIndia\n\n2009+\n\n125\n\n1971\n\n1987\n\n[30]\n\n\nLance Gibbs\n\nWest Indies\n\n2009+\n\n79\n\n1958\n\n1976\n\n[31]\n\n\nAdam Gilchrist\n\nAustralia\n\n2013\n\n96\n\n1999\n\n2008\n\n[32]\n\n\nGraham Gooch\n\nEngland\n\n2009+\n\n118\n\n1975\n\n1995\n\n[33]\n\n\nDavid Gower\n\nEngland\n\n2009+\n\n117\n\n1978\n\n1992\n\n[34]\n\n\nW. G. Grace\n\nEngland\n\n2009+\n\n22\n\n1880\n\n1899\n\n[35]\n\n\nTom Graveney\n\nEngland\n\n2009+\n\n79\n\n1951\n\n1969\n\n[36]\n\n\nGordon Greenidge\n\nWest Indies\n\n2009+\n\n108\n\n1974\n\n1991\n\n[37]\n\n\nClarrie Grimmett\n\nAustralia\n\n2009\n\n37\n\n1925\n\n1936\n\n[38]\n\n\nRichard Hadlee\n\nNew Zealand\n\n2009+\n\n86\n\n1973\n\n1990\n\n[39]\n\n\nWes Hall\n\nWest Indies\n\n2015\n\n48\n\n1958\n\n1969\n\n[40]\n\n\nWally Hammond\n\nEngland\n\n2009+\n\n85\n\n1927\n\n1947\n\n[41]\n\n\nNeil Harvey\n\nAustralia\n\n2009+\n\n79\n\n1948\n\n1963\n\n[42]\n\n\nGeorge Headley\n\nWest Indies\n\n2009+\n\n22\n\n1930\n\n1954\n\n[43]\n\n\nRachael Heyhoe Flint\n\nEngland\n\n2010\n\n22\n\n1960\n\n1979\n\n[44]\n\n\nJack Hobbs\n\nEngland\n\n2009+\n\n61\n\n1908\n\n1930\n\n[45]\n\n\nDebbie Hockley\n\nNew Zealand\n\n2014\n\n19\n\n1979\n\n1996\n\n[8]\n\n\nMichael Holding\n\nWest Indies\n\n2009+\n\n60\n\n1975\n\n1987\n\n[46]\n\n\nLeonard Hutton\n\nEngland\n\n2009+\n\n79\n\n1937\n\n1955\n\n[47]\n\n\nRohan Kanhai\n\nWest Indies\n\n2009+\n\n79\n\n1957\n\n1974\n\n[48]\n\n\n Imran Khan\n\nPakistan\n\n2009+\n\n88\n\n1971\n\n1992\n\n[49]\n\n\nAlan Knott\n\nEngland\n\n2009+\n\n95\n\n1967\n\n1981\n\n[50]\n\n\nAnil Kumble\n\nIndia\n\n2015\n\n132\n\n1990\n\n2008\n\n[51]\n\n\nJim Laker\n\nEngland\n\n2009+\n\n46\n\n1948\n\n1959\n\n[52]\n\n\nBrian Lara\n\nWest Indies\n\n2012\n\n131\n\n1990\n\n2006\n\n[53]\n\n\nHarold Larwood\n\nEngland\n\n2009+\n\n21\n\n1926\n\n1933\n\n[54]\n\n\nDennis Lillee\n\nAustralia\n\n2009+\n\n70\n\n1971\n\n1984\n\n[55]\n\n\nRay Lindwall\n\nAustralia\n\n2009+\n\n61\n\n1946\n\n1960\n\n[56]\n\n\nClive Lloyd\n\nWest Indies\n\n2009+\n\n110\n\n1966\n\n1984\n\n[57]\n\n\nGeorge Lohmann\n\nEngland\n\n2016\n\n18\n\n1886\n\n1896\n\n[58]\n\n\nRod Marsh\n\nAustralia\n\n2009+\n\n96\n\n1970\n\n1984\n\n[59]\n\n\nMalcolm Marshall\n\nWest Indies\n\n2009+\n\n81\n\n1978\n\n1991\n\n[60]\n\n\nPeter May\n\nEngland\n\n2009+\n\n66\n\n1951\n\n1961\n\n[61]\n\n\nGlenn McGrath\n\nAustralia\n\n2012\n\n124\n\n1993\n\n2007\n\n[62]\n\n\n Javed Miandad\n\nPakistan\n\n2009+\n\n124\n\n1976\n\n1993\n\n[63]\n\n\nKeith Miller\n\nAustralia\n\n2009+\n\n55\n\n1946\n\n1956\n\n[64]\n\n\n Hanif Mohammad\n\nPakistan\n\n2009+\n\n55\n\n1952\n\n1969\n\n[65]\n\n\nArthur Morris\n\nAustralia\n\n2016\n\n46\n\n1946\n\n1955\n\n[66]\n\n\nMuttiah Muralitharan\n\nSri Lanka\n\n2016\n\n133\n\n1992\n\n2010\n\n[67]\n\n\nBill O'Reilly\n\nAustralia\n\n2009+\n\n27\n\n1932\n\n1946\n\n[68]\n\n\nGraeme Pollock\n\nSouth Africa\n\n2009+\n\n23\n\n1963\n\n1970\n\n[69]\n\n\nRicky Ponting\n\nAustralia\n\n2018\n\n168\n\n1995\n\n2012\n\n[9]\n\n\nWilfred Rhodes\n\nEngland\n\n2009+\n\n58\n\n1899\n\n1930\n\n[70]\n\n\nBarry Richards\n\nSouth Africa\n\n2009+\n\n4\n\n1970\n\n1970\n\n[71]\n\n\nViv Richards\n\nWest Indies\n\n2009+\n\n121\n\n1974\n\n1991\n\n[72]\n\n\nAndy Roberts\n\nWest Indies\n\n2009+\n\n47\n\n1974\n\n1983\n\n[73]\n\n\nKaren Rolton\n\nAustralia\n\n2016\n\n14\n\n1995\n\n2009\n\n[74]\n\n\nBob Simpson\n\nAustralia\n\n2014\n\n62\n\n1957\n\n1978\n\n[8]\n\n\nGarfield Sobers\n\nWest Indies\n\n2009+\n\n93\n\n1954\n\n1974\n\n[75]\n\n\nFred Spofforth\n\nAustralia\n\n2011\n\n18\n\n1877\n\n1887\n\n[76]\n\n\nBrian Statham\n\nEngland\n\n2009+\n\n70\n\n1951\n\n1965\n\n[77]\n\n\nHerbert Sutcliffe\n\nEngland\n\n2009\n\n54\n\n1924\n\n1935\n\n[78]\n\n\nClaire Taylor\n\nEngland\n\n2018\n\n15\n\n1999\n\n2009\n\n[9]\n\n\nFred Trueman\n\nEngland\n\n2009+\n\n67\n\n1952\n\n1965\n\n[79]\n\n\nVictor Trumper\n\nAustralia\n\n2009\n\n48\n\n1899\n\n1912\n\n[80]\n\n\nDerek Underwood\n\nEngland\n\n2009+\n\n86\n\n1966\n\n1982\n\n[81]\n\n\nClyde Walcott\n\nWest Indies\n\n2009+\n\n44\n\n1948\n\n1960\n\n[82]\n\n\nCourtney Walsh\n\nWest Indies\n\n2010\n\n132\n\n1984\n\n2001\n\n[83]\n\n\nShane Warne\n\nAustralia\n\n2013\n\n145\n\n1992\n\n2007\n\n[84]\n\n\nWasim Akram\n\nPakistan\n\n2009\n\n104\n\n1984\n\n2003\n\n[85]\n\n\nSteve Waugh\n\nAustralia\n\n2009\n\n168\n\n1985\n\n2004\n\n[86]\n\n\nEverton Weekes\n\nWest Indies\n\n2009+\n\n48\n\n1948\n\n1958\n\n[87]\n\n\nBetty Wilson\n\nAustralia\n\n2015\n\n11\n\n1948\n\n1958\n\n[88]\n\n\nFrank Woolley\n\nEngland\n\n2009+\n\n64\n\n1909\n\n1934\n\n[89]\n\n\nFrank Worrell\n\nWest Indies\n\n2009+\n\n51\n\n1948\n\n1963\n\n[90]\n\n\nWaqar Younis\n\nPakistan\n\n2013\n\n87\n\n1989\n\n2003\n\n[91]\n", "\n\n\nInductee\n\nTeam\n\nInduction year\n\nTests\n\nFirst Test\n\nLast Test\n\nRef.\n\n\nCurtly Ambrose\n\nWest Indies\n\n2011\n\n98\n\n1988\n\n2000\n\n[10]\n\n\nEnid Bakewell\n\nEngland\n\n2012\n\n12\n\n1968\n\n1979\n\n[11]\n\n\nSydney Barnes\n\nEngland\n\n2009+\n\n27\n\n1901\n\n1914\n\n[12]\n\n\nKen Barrington\n\nEngland\n\n2010\n\n82\n\n1955\n\n1968\n\n[13]\n\n\nBishan Singh Bedi\n\nIndia\n\n2009+\n\n67\n\n1966\n\n1979\n\n[14]\n\n\nAlec Bedser\n\nEngland\n\n2009+\n\n51\n\n1946\n\n1955\n\n[15]\n\n\nRichie Benaud\n\nAustralia\n\n2009+\n\n63\n\n1952\n\n1964\n\n[16]\n\n\nAllan Border\n\nAustralia\n\n2009+\n\n156\n\n1978\n\n1994\n\n[17]\n\n\nIan Botham\n\nEngland\n\n2009+\n\n102\n\n1977\n\n1992\n\n[18]\n\n\nGeoffrey Boycott\n\nEngland\n\n2009+\n\n108\n\n1964\n\n1982\n\n[19]\n\n\nDonald Bradman\n\nAustralia\n\n2009+\n\n52\n\n1928\n\n1948\n\n[20]\n\n\nGreg Chappell\n\nAustralia\n\n2009+\n\n87\n\n1970\n\n1984\n\n[21]\n\n\nIan Chappell\n\nAustralia\n\n2009+\n\n75\n\n1964\n\n1980\n\n[22]\n\n\nBelinda Clark\n\nAustralia\n\n2011\n\n15\n\n1991\n\n2005\n\n[23]\n\n\nDenis Compton\n\nEngland\n\n2009+\n\n78\n\n1937\n\n1957\n\n[24]\n\n\nColin Cowdrey\n\nEngland\n\n2009+\n\n114\n\n1954\n\n1975\n\n[25]\n\n\nMartin Crowe\n\nNew Zealand\n\n2015\n\n77\n\n1982\n\n1995\n\n[26]\n\n\nAlan Davidson\n\nAustralia\n\n2011\n\n44\n\n1953\n\n1963\n\n[27]\n\n\nKapil Dev\n\nIndia\n\n2009+\n\n131\n\n1979\n\n1994\n\n[28]\n\n\nRahul Dravid\n\nIndia\n\n2018\n\n164\n\n1996\n\n2012\n\n[9]\n\n\nJoel Garner\n\nWest Indies\n\n2010\n\n58\n\n1977\n\n1987\n\n[29]\n\n\nSunil Gavaskar\n\nIndia\n\n2009+\n\n125\n\n1971\n\n1987\n\n[30]\n\n\nLance Gibbs\n\nWest Indies\n\n2009+\n\n79\n\n1958\n\n1976\n\n[31]\n\n\nAdam Gilchrist\n\nAustralia\n\n2013\n\n96\n\n1999\n\n2008\n\n[32]\n\n\nGraham Gooch\n\nEngland\n\n2009+\n\n118\n\n1975\n\n1995\n\n[33]\n\n\nDavid Gower\n\nEngland\n\n2009+\n\n117\n\n1978\n\n1992\n\n[34]\n\n\nW. G. Grace\n\nEngland\n\n2009+\n\n22\n\n1880\n\n1899\n\n[35]\n\n\nTom Graveney\n\nEngland\n\n2009+\n\n79\n\n1951\n\n1969\n\n[36]\n\n\nGordon Greenidge\n\nWest Indies\n\n2009+\n\n108\n\n1974\n\n1991\n\n[37]\n\n\nClarrie Grimmett\n\nAustralia\n\n2009\n\n37\n\n1925\n\n1936\n\n[38]\n\n\nRichard Hadlee\n\nNew Zealand\n\n2009+\n\n86\n\n1973\n\n1990\n\n[39]\n\n\nWes Hall\n\nWest Indies\n\n2015\n\n48\n\n1958\n\n1969\n\n[40]\n\n\nWally Hammond\n\nEngland\n\n2009+\n\n85\n\n1927\n\n1947\n\n[41]\n\n\nNeil Harvey\n\nAustralia\n\n2009+\n\n79\n\n1948\n\n1963\n\n[42]\n\n\nGeorge Headley\n\nWest Indies\n\n2009+\n\n22\n\n1930\n\n1954\n\n[43]\n\n\nRachael Heyhoe Flint\n\nEngland\n\n2010\n\n22\n\n1960\n\n1979\n\n[44]\n\n\nJack Hobbs\n\nEngland\n\n2009+\n\n61\n\n1908\n\n1930\n\n[45]\n\n\nDebbie Hockley\n\nNew Zealand\n\n2014\n\n19\n\n1979\n\n1996\n\n[8]\n\n\nMichael Holding\n\nWest Indies\n\n2009+\n\n60\n\n1975\n\n1987\n\n[46]\n\n\nLeonard Hutton\n\nEngland\n\n2009+\n\n79\n\n1937\n\n1955\n\n[47]\n\n\nRohan Kanhai\n\nWest Indies\n\n2009+\n\n79\n\n1957\n\n1974\n\n[48]\n\n\n Imran Khan\n\nPakistan\n\n2009+\n\n88\n\n1971\n\n1992\n\n[49]\n\n\nAlan Knott\n\nEngland\n\n2009+\n\n95\n\n1967\n\n1981\n\n[50]\n\n\nAnil Kumble\n\nIndia\n\n2015\n\n132\n\n1990\n\n2008\n\n[51]\n\n\nJim Laker\n\nEngland\n\n2009+\n\n46\n\n1948\n\n1959\n\n[52]\n\n\nBrian Lara\n\nWest Indies\n\n2012\n\n131\n\n1990\n\n2006\n\n[53]\n\n\nHarold Larwood\n\nEngland\n\n2009+\n\n21\n\n1926\n\n1933\n\n[54]\n\n\nDennis Lillee\n\nAustralia\n\n2009+\n\n70\n\n1971\n\n1984\n\n[55]\n\n\nRay Lindwall\n\nAustralia\n\n2009+\n\n61\n\n1946\n\n1960\n\n[56]\n\n\nClive Lloyd\n\nWest Indies\n\n2009+\n\n110\n\n1966\n\n1984\n\n[57]\n\n\nGeorge Lohmann\n\nEngland\n\n2016\n\n18\n\n1886\n\n1896\n\n[58]\n\n\nRod Marsh\n\nAustralia\n\n2009+\n\n96\n\n1970\n\n1984\n\n[59]\n\n\nMalcolm Marshall\n\nWest Indies\n\n2009+\n\n81\n\n1978\n\n1991\n\n[60]\n\n\nPeter May\n\nEngland\n\n2009+\n\n66\n\n1951\n\n1961\n\n[61]\n\n\nGlenn McGrath\n\nAustralia\n\n2012\n\n124\n\n1993\n\n2007\n\n[62]\n\n\n Javed Miandad\n\nPakistan\n\n2009+\n\n124\n\n1976\n\n1993\n\n[63]\n\n\nKeith Miller\n\nAustralia\n\n2009+\n\n55\n\n1946\n\n1956\n\n[64]\n\n\n Hanif Mohammad\n\nPakistan\n\n2009+\n\n55\n\n1952\n\n1969\n\n[65]\n\n\nArthur Morris\n\nAustralia\n\n2016\n\n46\n\n1946\n\n1955\n\n[66]\n\n\nMuttiah Muralitharan\n\nSri Lanka\n\n2016\n\n133\n\n1992\n\n2010\n\n[67]\n\n\nBill O'Reilly\n\nAustralia\n\n2009+\n\n27\n\n1932\n\n1946\n\n[68]\n\n\nGraeme Pollock\n\nSouth Africa\n\n2009+\n\n23\n\n1963\n\n1970\n\n[69]\n\n\nRicky Ponting\n\nAustralia\n\n2018\n\n168\n\n1995\n\n2012\n\n[9]\n\n\nWilfred Rhodes\n\nEngland\n\n2009+\n\n58\n\n1899\n\n1930\n\n[70]\n\n\nBarry Richards\n\nSouth Africa\n\n2009+\n\n4\n\n1970\n\n1970\n\n[71]\n\n\nViv Richards\n\nWest Indies\n\n2009+\n\n121\n\n1974\n\n1991\n\n[72]\n\n\nAndy Roberts\n\nWest Indies\n\n2009+\n\n47\n\n1974\n\n1983\n\n[73]\n\n\nKaren Rolton\n\nAustralia\n\n2016\n\n14\n\n1995\n\n2009\n\n[74]\n\n\nBob Simpson\n\nAustralia\n\n2014\n\n62\n\n1957\n\n1978\n\n[8]\n\n\nGarfield Sobers\n\nWest Indies\n\n2009+\n\n93\n\n1954\n\n1974\n\n[75]\n\n\nFred Spofforth\n\nAustralia\n\n2011\n\n18\n\n1877\n\n1887\n\n[76]\n\n\nBrian Statham\n\nEngland\n\n2009+\n\n70\n\n1951\n\n1965\n\n[77]\n\n\nHerbert Sutcliffe\n\nEngland\n\n2009\n\n54\n\n1924\n\n1935\n\n[78]\n\n\nClaire Taylor\n\nEngland\n\n2018\n\n15\n\n1999\n\n2009\n\n[9]\n\n\nFred Trueman\n\nEngland\n\n2009+\n\n67\n\n1952\n\n1965\n\n[79]\n\n\nVictor Trumper\n\nAustralia\n\n2009\n\n48\n\n1899\n\n1912\n\n[80]\n\n\nDerek Underwood\n\nEngland\n\n2009+\n\n86\n\n1966\n\n1982\n\n[81]\n\n\nClyde Walcott\n\nWest Indies\n\n2009+\n\n44\n\n1948\n\n1960\n\n[82]\n\n\nCourtney Walsh\n\nWest Indies\n\n2010\n\n132\n\n1984\n\n2001\n\n[83]\n\n\nShane Warne\n\nAustralia\n\n2013\n\n145\n\n1992\n\n2007\n\n[84]\n\n\nWasim Akram\n\nPakistan\n\n2009\n\n104\n\n1984\n\n2003\n\n[85]\n\n\nSteve Waugh\n\nAustralia\n\n2009\n\n168\n\n1985\n\n2004\n\n[86]\n\n\nEverton Weekes\n\nWest Indies\n\n2009+\n\n48\n\n1948\n\n1958\n\n[87]\n\n\nBetty Wilson\n\nAustralia\n\n2015\n\n11\n\n1948\n\n1958\n\n[88]\n\n\nFrank Woolley\n\nEngland\n\n2009+\n\n64\n\n1909\n\n1934\n\n[89]\n\n\nFrank Worrell\n\nWest Indies\n\n2009+\n\n51\n\n1948\n\n1963\n\n[90]\n\n\nWaqar Younis\n\nPakistan\n\n2013\n\n87\n\n1989\n\n2003\n\n[91]\n", "\n\n\nInductee\n\nTeam\n\nInduction year\n\nTests\n\nFirst Test\n\nLast Test\n\nRef.\n\n\nCurtly Ambrose\n\nWest Indies\n\n2011\n\n98\n\n1988\n\n2000\n\n[10]\n\n\nEnid Bakewell\n\nEngland\n\n2012\n\n12\n\n1968\n\n1979\n\n[11]\n\n\nSydney Barnes\n\nEngland\n\n2009+\n\n27\n\n1901\n\n1914\n\n[12]\n\n\nKen Barrington\n\nEngland\n\n2010\n\n82\n\n1955\n\n1968\n\n[13]\n\n\nBishan Singh Bedi\n\nIndia\n\n2009+\n\n67\n\n1966\n\n1979\n\n[14]\n\n\nAlec Bedser\n\nEngland\n\n2009+\n\n51\n\n1946\n\n1955\n\n[15]\n\n\nRichie Benaud\n\nAustralia\n\n2009+\n\n63\n\n1952\n\n1964\n\n[16]\n\n\nAllan Border\n\nAustralia\n\n2009+\n\n156\n\n1978\n\n1994\n\n[17]\n\n\nIan Botham\n\nEngland\n\n2009+\n\n102\n\n1977\n\n1992\n\n[18]\n\n\nGeoffrey Boycott\n\nEngland\n\n2009+\n\n108\n\n1964\n\n1982\n\n[19]\n\n\nDonald Bradman\n\nAustralia\n\n2009+\n\n52\n\n1928\n\n1948\n\n[20]\n\n\nGreg Chappell\n\nAustralia\n\n2009+\n\n87\n\n1970\n\n1984\n\n[21]\n\n\nIan Chappell\n\nAustralia\n\n2009+\n\n75\n\n1964\n\n1980\n\n[22]\n\n\nBelinda Clark\n\nAustralia\n\n2011\n\n15\n\n1991\n\n2005\n\n[23]\n\n\nDenis Compton\n\nEngland\n\n2009+\n\n78\n\n1937\n\n1957\n\n[24]\n\n\nColin Cowdrey\n\nEngland\n\n2009+\n\n114\n\n1954\n\n1975\n\n[25]\n\n\nMartin Crowe\n\nNew Zealand\n\n2015\n\n77\n\n1982\n\n1995\n\n[26]\n\n\nAlan Davidson\n\nAustralia\n\n2011\n\n44\n\n1953\n\n1963\n\n[27]\n\n\nKapil Dev\n\nIndia\n\n2009+\n\n131\n\n1979\n\n1994\n\n[28]\n\n\nRahul Dravid\n\nIndia\n\n2018\n\n164\n\n1996\n\n2012\n\n[9]\n\n\nJoel Garner\n\nWest Indies\n\n2010\n\n58\n\n1977\n\n1987\n\n[29]\n\n\nSunil Gavaskar\n\nIndia\n\n2009+\n\n125\n\n1971\n\n1987\n\n[30]\n\n\nLance Gibbs\n\nWest Indies\n\n2009+\n\n79\n\n1958\n\n1976\n\n[31]\n\n\nAdam Gilchrist\n\nAustralia\n\n2013\n\n96\n\n1999\n\n2008\n\n[32]\n\n\nGraham Gooch\n\nEngland\n\n2009+\n\n118\n\n1975\n\n1995\n\n[33]\n\n\nDavid Gower\n\nEngland\n\n2009+\n\n117\n\n1978\n\n1992\n\n[34]\n\n\nW. G. Grace\n\nEngland\n\n2009+\n\n22\n\n1880\n\n1899\n\n[35]\n\n\nTom Graveney\n\nEngland\n\n2009+\n\n79\n\n1951\n\n1969\n\n[36]\n\n\nGordon Greenidge\n\nWest Indies\n\n2009+\n\n108\n\n1974\n\n1991\n\n[37]\n\n\nClarrie Grimmett\n\nAustralia\n\n2009\n\n37\n\n1925\n\n1936\n\n[38]\n\n\nRichard Hadlee\n\nNew Zealand\n\n2009+\n\n86\n\n1973\n\n1990\n\n[39]\n\n\nWes Hall\n\nWest Indies\n\n2015\n\n48\n\n1958\n\n1969\n\n[40]\n\n\nWally Hammond\n\nEngland\n\n2009+\n\n85\n\n1927\n\n1947\n\n[41]\n\n\nNeil Harvey\n\nAustralia\n\n2009+\n\n79\n\n1948\n\n1963\n\n[42]\n\n\nGeorge Headley\n\nWest Indies\n\n2009+\n\n22\n\n1930\n\n1954\n\n[43]\n\n\nRachael Heyhoe Flint\n\nEngland\n\n2010\n\n22\n\n1960\n\n1979\n\n[44]\n\n\nJack Hobbs\n\nEngland\n\n2009+\n\n61\n\n1908\n\n1930\n\n[45]\n\n\nDebbie Hockley\n\nNew Zealand\n\n2014\n\n19\n\n1979\n\n1996\n\n[8]\n\n\nMichael Holding\n\nWest Indies\n\n2009+\n\n60\n\n1975\n\n1987\n\n[46]\n\n\nLeonard Hutton\n\nEngland\n\n2009+\n\n79\n\n1937\n\n1955\n\n[47]\n\n\nRohan Kanhai\n\nWest Indies\n\n2009+\n\n79\n\n1957\n\n1974\n\n[48]\n\n\n Imran Khan\n\nPakistan\n\n2009+\n\n88\n\n1971\n\n1992\n\n[49]\n\n\nAlan Knott\n\nEngland\n\n2009+\n\n95\n\n1967\n\n1981\n\n[50]\n\n\nAnil Kumble\n\nIndia\n\n2015\n\n132\n\n1990\n\n2008\n\n[51]\n\n\nJim Laker\n\nEngland\n\n2009+\n\n46\n\n1948\n\n1959\n\n[52]\n\n\nBrian Lara\n\nWest Indies\n\n2012\n\n131\n\n1990\n\n2006\n\n[53]\n\n\nHarold Larwood\n\nEngland\n\n2009+\n\n21\n\n1926\n\n1933\n\n[54]\n\n\nDennis Lillee\n\nAustralia\n\n2009+\n\n70\n\n1971\n\n1984\n\n[55]\n\n\nRay Lindwall\n\nAustralia\n\n2009+\n\n61\n\n1946\n\n1960\n\n[56]\n\n\nClive Lloyd\n\nWest Indies\n\n2009+\n\n110\n\n1966\n\n1984\n\n[57]\n\n\nGeorge Lohmann\n\nEngland\n\n2016\n\n18\n\n1886\n\n1896\n\n[58]\n\n\nRod Marsh\n\nAustralia\n\n2009+\n\n96\n\n1970\n\n1984\n\n[59]\n\n\nMalcolm Marshall\n\nWest Indies\n\n2009+\n\n81\n\n1978\n\n1991\n\n[60]\n\n\nPeter May\n\nEngland\n\n2009+\n\n66\n\n1951\n\n1961\n\n[61]\n\n\nGlenn McGrath\n\nAustralia\n\n2012\n\n124\n\n1993\n\n2007\n\n[62]\n\n\n Javed Miandad\n\nPakistan\n\n2009+\n\n124\n\n1976\n\n1993\n\n[63]\n\n\nKeith Miller\n\nAustralia\n\n2009+\n\n55\n\n1946\n\n1956\n\n[64]\n\n\n Hanif Mohammad\n\nPakistan\n\n2009+\n\n55\n\n1952\n\n1969\n\n[65]\n\n\nArthur Morris\n\nAustralia\n\n2016\n\n46\n\n1946\n\n1955\n\n[66]\n\n\nMuttiah Muralitharan\n\nSri Lanka\n\n2016\n\n133\n\n1992\n\n2010\n\n[67]\n\n\nBill O'Reilly\n\nAustralia\n\n2009+\n\n27\n\n1932\n\n1946\n\n[68]\n\n\nGraeme Pollock\n\nSouth Africa\n\n2009+\n\n23\n\n1963\n\n1970\n\n[69]\n\n\nRicky Ponting\n\nAustralia\n\n2018\n\n168\n\n1995\n\n2012\n\n[9]\n\n\nWilfred Rhodes\n\nEngland\n\n2009+\n\n58\n\n1899\n\n1930\n\n[70]\n\n\nBarry Richards\n\nSouth Africa\n\n2009+\n\n4\n\n1970\n\n1970\n\n[71]\n\n\nViv Richards\n\nWest Indies\n\n2009+\n\n121\n\n1974\n\n1991\n\n[72]\n\n\nAndy Roberts\n\nWest Indies\n\n2009+\n\n47\n\n1974\n\n1983\n\n[73]\n\n\nKaren Rolton\n\nAustralia\n\n2016\n\n14\n\n1995\n\n2009\n\n[74]\n\n\nBob Simpson\n\nAustralia\n\n2014\n\n62\n\n1957\n\n1978\n\n[8]\n\n\nGarfield Sobers\n\nWest Indies\n\n2009+\n\n93\n\n1954\n\n1974\n\n[75]\n\n\nFred Spofforth\n\nAustralia\n\n2011\n\n18\n\n1877\n\n1887\n\n[76]\n\n\nBrian Statham\n\nEngland\n\n2009+\n\n70\n\n1951\n\n1965\n\n[77]\n\n\nHerbert Sutcliffe\n\nEngland\n\n2009\n\n54\n\n1924\n\n1935\n\n[78]\n\n\nClaire Taylor\n\nEngland\n\n2018\n\n15\n\n1999\n\n2009\n\n[9]\n\n\nFred Trueman\n\nEngland\n\n2009+\n\n67\n\n1952\n\n1965\n\n[79]\n\n\nVictor Trumper\n\nAustralia\n\n2009\n\n48\n\n1899\n\n1912\n\n[80]\n\n\nDerek Underwood\n\nEngland\n\n2009+\n\n86\n\n1966\n\n1982\n\n[81]\n\n\nClyde Walcott\n\nWest Indies\n\n2009+\n\n44\n\n1948\n\n1960\n\n[82]\n\n\nCourtney Walsh\n\nWest Indies\n\n2010\n\n132\n\n1984\n\n2001\n\n[83]\n\n\nShane Warne\n\nAustralia\n\n2013\n\n145\n\n1992\n\n2007\n\n[84]\n\n\nWasim Akram\n\nPakistan\n\n2009\n\n104\n\n1984\n\n2003\n\n[85]\n\n\nSteve Waugh\n\nAustralia\n\n2009\n\n168\n\n1985\n\n2004\n\n[86]\n\n\nEverton Weekes\n\nWest Indies\n\n2009+\n\n48\n\n1948\n\n1958\n\n[87]\n\n\nBetty Wilson\n\nAustralia\n\n2015\n\n11\n\n1948\n\n1958\n\n[88]\n\n\nFrank Woolley\n\nEngland\n\n2009+\n\n64\n\n1909\n\n1934\n\n[89]\n\n\nFrank Worrell\n\nWest Indies\n\n2009+\n\n51\n\n1948\n\n1963\n\n[90]\n\n\nWaqar Younis\n\nPakistan\n\n2013\n\n87\n\n1989\n\n2003\n\n[91]\n", "\n\n\nInductee\n\nTeam\n\nInduction year\n\nTests\n\nFirst Test\n\nLast Test\n\nRef.\n\n\nCurtly Ambrose\n\nWest Indies\n\n2011\n\n98\n\n1988\n\n2000\n\n[10]\n\n\nEnid Bakewell\n\nEngland\n\n2012\n\n12\n\n1968\n\n1979\n\n[11]\n\n\nSydney Barnes\n\nEngland\n\n2009+\n\n27\n\n1901\n\n1914\n\n[12]\n\n\nKen Barrington\n\nEngland\n\n2010\n\n82\n\n1955\n\n1968\n\n[13]\n\n\nBishan Singh Bedi\n\nIndia\n\n2009+\n\n67\n\n1966\n\n1979\n\n[14]\n\n\nAlec Bedser\n\nEngland\n\n2009+\n\n51\n\n1946\n\n1955\n\n[15]\n\n\nRichie Benaud\n\nAustralia\n\n2009+\n\n63\n\n1952\n\n1964\n\n[16]\n\n\nAllan Border\n\nAustralia\n\n2009+\n\n156\n\n1978\n\n1994\n\n[17]\n\n\nIan Botham\n\nEngland\n\n2009+\n\n102\n\n1977\n\n1992\n\n[18]\n\n\nGeoffrey Boycott\n\nEngland\n\n2009+\n\n108\n\n1964\n\n1982\n\n[19]\n\n\nDonald Bradman\n\nAustralia\n\n2009+\n\n52\n\n1928\n\n1948\n\n[20]\n\n\nGreg Chappell\n\nAustralia\n\n2009+\n\n87\n\n1970\n\n1984\n\n[21]\n\n\nIan Chappell\n\nAustralia\n\n2009+\n\n75\n\n1964\n\n1980\n\n[22]\n\n\nBelinda Clark\n\nAustralia\n\n2011\n\n15\n\n1991\n\n2005\n\n[23]\n\n\nDenis Compton\n\nEngland\n\n2009+\n\n78\n\n1937\n\n1957\n\n[24]\n\n\nColin Cowdrey\n\nEngland\n\n2009+\n\n114\n\n1954\n\n1975\n\n[25]\n\n\nMartin Crowe\n\nNew Zealand\n\n2015\n\n77\n\n1982\n\n1995\n\n[26]\n\n\nAlan Davidson\n\nAustralia\n\n2011\n\n44\n\n1953\n\n1963\n\n[27]\n\n\nKapil Dev\n\nIndia\n\n2009+\n\n131\n\n1979\n\n1994\n\n[28]\n\n\nRahul Dravid\n\nIndia\n\n2018\n\n164\n\n1996\n\n2012\n\n[9]\n\n\nJoel Garner\n\nWest Indies\n\n2010\n\n58\n\n1977\n\n1987\n\n[29]\n\n\nSunil Gavaskar\n\nIndia\n\n2009+\n\n125\n\n1971\n\n1987\n\n[30]\n\n\nLance Gibbs\n\nWest Indies\n\n2009+\n\n79\n\n1958\n\n1976\n\n[31]\n\n\nAdam Gilchrist\n\nAustralia\n\n2013\n\n96\n\n1999\n\n2008\n\n[32]\n\n\nGraham Gooch\n\nEngland\n\n2009+\n\n118\n\n1975\n\n1995\n\n[33]\n\n\nDavid Gower\n\nEngland\n\n2009+\n\n117\n\n1978\n\n1992\n\n[34]\n\n\nW. G. Grace\n\nEngland\n\n2009+\n\n22\n\n1880\n\n1899\n\n[35]\n\n\nTom Graveney\n\nEngland\n\n2009+\n\n79\n\n1951\n\n1969\n\n[36]\n\n\nGordon Greenidge\n\nWest Indies\n\n2009+\n\n108\n\n1974\n\n1991\n\n[37]\n\n\nClarrie Grimmett\n\nAustralia\n\n2009\n\n37\n\n1925\n\n1936\n\n[38]\n\n\nRichard Hadlee\n\nNew Zealand\n\n2009+\n\n86\n\n1973\n\n1990\n\n[39]\n\n\nWes Hall\n\nWest Indies\n\n2015\n\n48\n\n1958\n\n1969\n\n[40]\n\n\nWally Hammond\n\nEngland\n\n2009+\n\n85\n\n1927\n\n1947\n\n[41]\n\n\nNeil Harvey\n\nAustralia\n\n2009+\n\n79\n\n1948\n\n1963\n\n[42]\n\n\nGeorge Headley\n\nWest Indies\n\n2009+\n\n22\n\n1930\n\n1954\n\n[43]\n\n\nRachael Heyhoe Flint\n\nEngland\n\n2010\n\n22\n\n1960\n\n1979\n\n[44]\n\n\nJack Hobbs\n\nEngland\n\n2009+\n\n61\n\n1908\n\n1930\n\n[45]\n\n\nDebbie Hockley\n\nNew Zealand\n\n2014\n\n19\n\n1979\n\n1996\n\n[8]\n\n\nMichael Holding\n\nWest Indies\n\n2009+\n\n60\n\n1975\n\n1987\n\n[46]\n\n\nLeonard Hutton\n\nEngland\n\n2009+\n\n79\n\n1937\n\n1955\n\n[47]\n\n\nRohan Kanhai\n\nWest Indies\n\n2009+\n\n79\n\n1957\n\n1974\n\n[48]\n\n\n Imran Khan\n\nPakistan\n\n2009+\n\n88\n\n1971\n\n1992\n\n[49]\n\n\nAlan Knott\n\nEngland\n\n2009+\n\n95\n\n1967\n\n1981\n\n[50]\n\n\nAnil Kumble\n\nIndia\n\n2015\n\n132\n\n1990\n\n2008\n\n[51]\n\n\nJim Laker\n\nEngland\n\n2009+\n\n46\n\n1948\n\n1959\n\n[52]\n\n\nBrian Lara\n\nWest Indies\n\n2012\n\n131\n\n1990\n\n2006\n\n[53]\n\n\nHarold Larwood\n\nEngland\n\n2009+\n\n21\n\n1926\n\n1933\n\n[54]\n\n\nDennis Lillee\n\nAustralia\n\n2009+\n\n70\n\n1971\n\n1984\n\n[55]\n\n\nRay Lindwall\n\nAustralia\n\n2009+\n\n61\n\n1946\n\n1960\n\n[56]\n\n\nClive Lloyd\n\nWest Indies\n\n2009+\n\n110\n\n1966\n\n1984\n\n[57]\n\n\nGeorge Lohmann\n\nEngland\n\n2016\n\n18\n\n1886\n\n1896\n\n[58]\n\n\nRod Marsh\n\nAustralia\n\n2009+\n\n96\n\n1970\n\n1984\n\n[59]\n\n\nMalcolm Marshall\n\nWest Indies\n\n2009+\n\n81\n\n1978\n\n1991\n\n[60]\n\n\nPeter May\n\nEngland\n\n2009+\n\n66\n\n1951\n\n1961\n\n[61]\n\n\nGlenn McGrath\n\nAustralia\n\n2012\n\n124\n\n1993\n\n2007\n\n[62]\n\n\n Javed Miandad\n\nPakistan\n\n2009+\n\n124\n\n1976\n\n1993\n\n[63]\n\n\nKeith Miller\n\nAustralia\n\n2009+\n\n55\n\n1946\n\n1956\n\n[64]\n\n\n Hanif Mohammad\n\nPakistan\n\n2009+\n\n55\n\n1952\n\n1969\n\n[65]\n\n\nArthur Morris\n\nAustralia\n\n2016\n\n46\n\n1946\n\n1955\n\n[66]\n\n\nMuttiah Muralitharan\n\nSri Lanka\n\n2016\n\n133\n\n1992\n\n2010\n\n[67]\n\n\nBill O'Reilly\n\nAustralia\n\n2009+\n\n27\n\n1932\n\n1946\n\n[68]\n\n\nGraeme Pollock\n\nSouth Africa\n\n2009+\n\n23\n\n1963\n\n1970\n\n[69]\n\n\nRicky Ponting\n\nAustralia\n\n2018\n\n168\n\n1995\n\n2012\n\n[9]\n\n\nWilfred Rhodes\n\nEngland\n\n2009+\n\n58\n\n1899\n\n1930\n\n[70]\n\n\nBarry Richards\n\nSouth Africa\n\n2009+\n\n4\n\n1970\n\n1970\n\n[71]\n\n\nViv Richards\n\nWest Indies\n\n2009+\n\n121\n\n1974\n\n1991\n\n[72]\n\n\nAndy Roberts\n\nWest Indies\n\n2009+\n\n47\n\n1974\n\n1983\n\n[73]\n\n\nKaren Rolton\n\nAustralia\n\n2016\n\n14\n\n1995\n\n2009\n\n[74]\n\n\nBob Simpson\n\nAustralia\n\n2014\n\n62\n\n1957\n\n1978\n\n[8]\n\n\nGarfield Sobers\n\nWest Indies\n\n2009+\n\n93\n\n1954\n\n1974\n\n[75]\n\n\nFred Spofforth\n\nAustralia\n\n2011\n\n18\n\n1877\n\n1887\n\n[76]\n\n\nBrian Statham\n\nEngland\n\n2009+\n\n70\n\n1951\n\n1965\n\n[77]\n\n\nHerbert Sutcliffe\n\nEngland\n\n2009\n\n54\n\n1924\n\n1935\n\n[78]\n\n\nClaire Taylor\n\nEngland\n\n2018\n\n15\n\n1999\n\n2009\n\n[9]\n\n\nFred Trueman\n\nEngland\n\n2009+\n\n67\n\n1952\n\n1965\n\n[79]\n\n\nVictor Trumper\n\nAustralia\n\n2009\n\n48\n\n1899\n\n1912\n\n[80]\n\n\nDerek Underwood\n\nEngland\n\n2009+\n\n86\n\n1966\n\n1982\n\n[81]\n\n\nClyde Walcott\n\nWest Indies\n\n2009+\n\n44\n\n1948\n\n1960\n\n[82]\n\n\nCourtney Walsh\n\nWest Indies\n\n2010\n\n132\n\n1984\n\n2001\n\n[83]\n\n\nShane Warne\n\nAustralia\n\n2013\n\n145\n\n1992\n\n2007\n\n[84]\n\n\nWasim Akram\n\nPakistan\n\n2009\n\n104\n\n1984\n\n2003\n\n[85]\n\n\nSteve Waugh\n\nAustralia\n\n2009\n\n168\n\n1985\n\n2004\n\n[86]\n\n\nEverton Weekes\n\nWest Indies\n\n2009+\n\n48\n\n1948\n\n1958\n\n[87]\n\n\nBetty Wilson\n\nAustralia\n\n2015\n\n11\n\n1948\n\n1958\n\n[88]\n\n\nFrank Woolley\n\nEngland\n\n2009+\n\n64\n\n1909\n\n1934\n\n[89]\n\n\nFrank Worrell\n\nWest Indies\n\n2009+\n\n51\n\n1948\n\n1963\n\n[90]\n\n\nWaqar Younis\n\nPakistan\n\n2013\n\n87\n\n1989\n\n2003\n\n[91]\n", "\n\n\nInductee\n\nTeam\n\nInduction year\n\nTests\n\nFirst Test\n\nLast Test\n\nRef.\n\n\nCurtly Ambrose\n\nWest Indies\n\n2011\n\n98\n\n1988\n\n2000\n\n[10]\n\n\nEnid Bakewell\n\nEngland\n\n2012\n\n12\n\n1968\n\n1979\n\n[11]\n\n\nSydney Barnes\n\nEngland\n\n2009+\n\n27\n\n1901\n\n1914\n\n[12]\n\n\nKen Barrington\n\nEngland\n\n2010\n\n82\n\n1955\n\n1968\n\n[13]\n\n\nBishan Singh Bedi\n\nIndia\n\n2009+\n\n67\n\n1966\n\n1979\n\n[14]\n\n\nAlec Bedser\n\nEngland\n\n2009+\n\n51\n\n1946\n\n1955\n\n[15]\n\n\nRichie Benaud\n\nAustralia\n\n2009+\n\n63\n\n1952\n\n1964\n\n[16]\n\n\nAllan Border\n\nAustralia\n\n2009+\n\n156\n\n1978\n\n1994\n\n[17]\n\n\nIan Botham\n\nEngland\n\n2009+\n\n102\n\n1977\n\n1992\n\n[18]\n\n\nGeoffrey Boycott\n\nEngland\n\n2009+\n\n108\n\n1964\n\n1982\n\n[19]\n\n\nDonald Bradman\n\nAustralia\n\n2009+\n\n52\n\n1928\n\n1948\n\n[20]\n\n\nGreg Chappell\n\nAustralia\n\n2009+\n\n87\n\n1970\n\n1984\n\n[21]\n\n\nIan Chappell\n\nAustralia\n\n2009+\n\n75\n\n1964\n\n1980\n\n[22]\n\n\nBelinda Clark\n\nAustralia\n\n2011\n\n15\n\n1991\n\n2005\n\n[23]\n\n\nDenis Compton\n\nEngland\n\n2009+\n\n78\n\n1937\n\n1957\n\n[24]\n\n\nColin Cowdrey\n\nEngland\n\n2009+\n\n114\n\n1954\n\n1975\n\n[25]\n\n\nMartin Crowe\n\nNew Zealand\n\n2015\n\n77\n\n1982\n\n1995\n\n[26]\n\n\nAlan Davidson\n\nAustralia\n\n2011\n\n44\n\n1953\n\n1963\n\n[27]\n\n\nKapil Dev\n\nIndia\n\n2009+\n\n131\n\n1979\n\n1994\n\n[28]\n\n\nRahul Dravid\n\nIndia\n\n2018\n\n164\n\n1996\n\n2012\n\n[9]\n\n\nJoel Garner\n\nWest Indies\n\n2010\n\n58\n\n1977\n\n1987\n\n[29]\n\n\nSunil Gavaskar\n\nIndia\n\n2009+\n\n125\n\n1971\n\n1987\n\n[30]\n\n\nLance Gibbs\n\nWest Indies\n\n2009+\n\n79\n\n1958\n\n1976\n\n[31]\n\n\nAdam Gilchrist\n\nAustralia\n\n2013\n\n96\n\n1999\n\n2008\n\n[32]\n\n\nGraham Gooch\n\nEngland\n\n2009+\n\n118\n\n1975\n\n1995\n\n[33]\n\n\nDavid Gower\n\nEngland\n\n2009+\n\n117\n\n1978\n\n1992\n\n[34]\n\n\nW. G. Grace\n\nEngland\n\n2009+\n\n22\n\n1880\n\n1899\n\n[35]\n\n\nTom Graveney\n\nEngland\n\n2009+\n\n79\n\n1951\n\n1969\n\n[36]\n\n\nGordon Greenidge\n\nWest Indies\n\n2009+\n\n108\n\n1974\n\n1991\n\n[37]\n\n\nClarrie Grimmett\n\nAustralia\n\n2009\n\n37\n\n1925\n\n1936\n\n[38]\n\n\nRichard Hadlee\n\nNew Zealand\n\n2009+\n\n86\n\n1973\n\n1990\n\n[39]\n\n\nWes Hall\n\nWest Indies\n\n2015\n\n48\n\n1958\n\n1969\n\n[40]\n\n\nWally Hammond\n\nEngland\n\n2009+\n\n85\n\n1927\n\n1947\n\n[41]\n\n\nNeil Harvey\n\nAustralia\n\n2009+\n\n79\n\n1948\n\n1963\n\n[42]\n\n\nGeorge Headley\n\nWest Indies\n\n2009+\n\n22\n\n1930\n\n1954\n\n[43]\n\n\nRachael Heyhoe Flint\n\nEngland\n\n2010\n\n22\n\n1960\n\n1979\n\n[44]\n\n\nJack Hobbs\n\nEngland\n\n2009+\n\n61\n\n1908\n\n1930\n\n[45]\n\n\nDebbie Hockley\n\nNew Zealand\n\n2014\n\n19\n\n1979\n\n1996\n\n[8]\n\n\nMichael Holding\n\nWest Indies\n\n2009+\n\n60\n\n1975\n\n1987\n\n[46]\n\n\nLeonard Hutton\n\nEngland\n\n2009+\n\n79\n\n1937\n\n1955\n\n[47]\n\n\nRohan Kanhai\n\nWest Indies\n\n2009+\n\n79\n\n1957\n\n1974\n\n[48]\n\n\n Imran Khan\n\nPakistan\n\n2009+\n\n88\n\n1971\n\n1992\n\n[49]\n\n\nAlan Knott\n\nEngland\n\n2009+\n\n95\n\n1967\n\n1981\n\n[50]\n\n\nAnil Kumble\n\nIndia\n\n2015\n\n132\n\n1990\n\n2008\n\n[51]\n\n\nJim Laker\n\nEngland\n\n2009+\n\n46\n\n1948\n\n1959\n\n[52]\n\n\nBrian Lara\n\nWest Indies\n\n2012\n\n131\n\n1990\n\n2006\n\n[53]\n\n\nHarold Larwood\n\nEngland\n\n2009+\n\n21\n\n1926\n\n1933\n\n[54]\n\n\nDennis Lillee\n\nAustralia\n\n2009+\n\n70\n\n1971\n\n1984\n\n[55]\n\n\nRay Lindwall\n\nAustralia\n\n2009+\n\n61\n\n1946\n\n1960\n\n[56]\n\n\nClive Lloyd\n\nWest Indies\n\n2009+\n\n110\n\n1966\n\n1984\n\n[57]\n\n\nGeorge Lohmann\n\nEngland\n\n2016\n\n18\n\n1886\n\n1896\n\n[58]\n\n\nRod Marsh\n\nAustralia\n\n2009+\n\n96\n\n1970\n\n1984\n\n[59]\n\n\nMalcolm Marshall\n\nWest Indies\n\n2009+\n\n81\n\n1978\n\n1991\n\n[60]\n\n\nPeter May\n\nEngland\n\n2009+\n\n66\n\n1951\n\n1961\n\n[61]\n\n\nGlenn McGrath\n\nAustralia\n\n2012\n\n124\n\n1993\n\n2007\n\n[62]\n\n\n Javed Miandad\n\nPakistan\n\n2009+\n\n124\n\n1976\n\n1993\n\n[63]\n\n\nKeith Miller\n\nAustralia\n\n2009+\n\n55\n\n1946\n\n1956\n\n[64]\n\n\n Hanif Mohammad\n\nPakistan\n\n2009+\n\n55\n\n1952\n\n1969\n\n[65]\n\n\nArthur Morris\n\nAustralia\n\n2016\n\n46\n\n1946\n\n1955\n\n[66]\n\n\nMuttiah Muralitharan\n\nSri Lanka\n\n2016\n\n133\n\n1992\n\n2010\n\n[67]\n\n\nBill O'Reilly\n\nAustralia\n\n2009+\n\n27\n\n1932\n\n1946\n\n[68]\n\n\nGraeme Pollock\n\nSouth Africa\n\n2009+\n\n23\n\n1963\n\n1970\n\n[69]\n\n\nRicky Ponting\n\nAustralia\n\n2018\n\n168\n\n1995\n\n2012\n\n[9]\n\n\nWilfred Rhodes\n\nEngland\n\n2009+\n\n58\n\n1899\n\n1930\n\n[70]\n\n\nBarry Richards\n\nSouth Africa\n\n2009+\n\n4\n\n1970\n\n1970\n\n[71]\n\n\nViv Richards\n\nWest Indies\n\n2009+\n\n121\n\n1974\n\n1991\n\n[72]\n\n\nAndy Roberts\n\nWest Indies\n\n2009+\n\n47\n\n1974\n\n1983\n\n[73]\n\n\nKaren Rolton\n\nAustralia\n\n2016\n\n14\n\n1995\n\n2009\n\n[74]\n\n\nBob Simpson\n\nAustralia\n\n2014\n\n62\n\n1957\n\n1978\n\n[8]\n\n\nGarfield Sobers\n\nWest Indies\n\n2009+\n\n93\n\n1954\n\n1974\n\n[75]\n\n\nFred Spofforth\n\nAustralia\n\n2011\n\n18\n\n1877\n\n1887\n\n[76]\n\n\nBrian Statham\n\nEngland\n\n2009+\n\n70\n\n1951\n\n1965\n\n[77]\n\n\nHerbert Sutcliffe\n\nEngland\n\n2009\n\n54\n\n1924\n\n1935\n\n[78]\n\n\nClaire Taylor\n\nEngland\n\n2018\n\n15\n\n1999\n\n2009\n\n[9]\n\n\nFred Trueman\n\nEngland\n\n2009+\n\n67\n\n1952\n\n1965\n\n[79]\n\n\nVictor Trumper\n\nAustralia\n\n2009\n\n48\n\n1899\n\n1912\n\n[80]\n\n\nDerek Underwood\n\nEngland\n\n2009+\n\n86\n\n1966\n\n1982\n\n[81]\n\n\nClyde Walcott\n\nWest Indies\n\n2009+\n\n44\n\n1948\n\n1960\n\n[82]\n\n\nCourtney Walsh\n\nWest Indies\n\n2010\n\n132\n\n1984\n\n2001\n\n[83]\n\n\nShane Warne\n\nAustralia\n\n2013\n\n145\n\n1992\n\n2007\n\n[84]\n\n\nWasim Akram\n\nPakistan\n\n2009\n\n104\n\n1984\n\n2003\n\n[85]\n\n\nSteve Waugh\n\nAustralia\n\n2009\n\n168\n\n1985\n\n2004\n\n[86]\n\n\nEverton Weekes\n\nWest Indies\n\n2009+\n\n48\n\n1948\n\n1958\n\n[87]\n\n\nBetty Wilson\n\nAustralia\n\n2015\n\n11\n\n1948\n\n1958\n\n[88]\n\n\nFrank Woolley\n\nEngland\n\n2009+\n\n64\n\n1909\n\n1934\n\n[89]\n\n\nFrank Worrell\n\nWest Indies\n\n2009+\n\n51\n\n1948\n\n1963\n\n[90]\n\n\nWaqar Younis\n\nPakistan\n\n2013\n\n87\n\n1989\n\n2003\n\n[91]\n" ]
[ "Bishan Singh Bedi", "Kapil Dev", "Rahul Dravid", "Sunil Gavaskar", "Anil Kumble" ]
-4658749818453709791
Insurance policy
Insurance policy - wikipedia Insurance policy Jump to : navigation , search It has been suggested that Loss run be merged into this article . ( Discuss ) Proposed since September 2016 . In insurance , the insurance policy is a contract ( generally a standard form contract ) between the insurer and the insured , known as the policyholder , which determines the claims which the insurer is legally required to pay . In exchange for an initial payment , known as the premium , the insurer promises to pay for loss caused by perils covered under the policy language . Insurance contracts are designed to meet specific needs and thus have many features not found in many other types of contracts . Since insurance policies are standard forms , they feature boilerplate language which is similar across a wide variety of different types of insurance policies . The insurance policy is generally an integrated contract , meaning that it includes all forms associated with the agreement between the insured and insurer . In some cases , however , supplementary writings such as letters sent after the final agreement can make the insurance policy a non-integrated contract . One insurance textbook states that generally `` courts consider all prior negotiations or agreements ... every contractual term in the policy at the time of delivery , as well as those written afterward as policy riders and endorsements ... with both parties ' consent , are part of the written policy '' . The textbook also states that the policy must refer to all papers which are part of the policy . Oral agreements are subject to the parol evidence rule , and may not be considered part of the policy if the contract appears to be whole . Advertising materials and circulars are typically not part of a policy . Oral contracts pending the issuance of a written policy can occur . Contents ( hide ) 1 General features 2 Structure 3 Parts of an insurance contract 4 Industry standard forms 4.1 Manuscript policies and endorsements 5 References General features ( edit ) The insurance contract or agreement is a contract whereby the insurer promises to pay benefits to the insured or on their behalf to a third party if certain defined events occur . Subject to the `` fortuity principle '' , the event must be uncertain . The uncertainty can be either as to when the event will happen ( e.g. in a life insurance policy , the time of the insured 's death is uncertain ) or as to if it will happen at all ( e.g. in a fire insurance policy , whether or not a fire will occur at all ) . Insurance contracts are generally considered contracts of adhesion because the insurer draws up the contract and the insured has little or no ability to make material changes to it . This is interpreted to mean that the insurer bears the burden if there is any ambiguity in any terms of the contract . Insurance policies are sold without the policyholder even seeing a copy of the contract . In 1970 Robert Keeton suggested that many courts were actually applying ' reasonable expectations ' rather than interpreting ambiguities , which he called the ' reasonable expectations doctrine ' . This doctrine has been controversial , with some courts adopting it and others explicitly rejecting it . In several jurisdictions , including California , Wyoming , and Pennsylvania , the insured is bound by clear and conspicuous terms in the contract even if the evidence suggests that the insured did not read or understand them . Insurance contracts are aleatory in that the amounts exchanged by the insured and insurer are unequal and depend upon uncertain future events . In contrast , ordinary non-insurance contracts are commutative in that the amounts ( or values ) exchanged are usually intended by the parties to be roughly equal . This distinction is particularly important in the context of exotic products like finite risk insurance which contain `` commutation '' provisions . Insurance contracts are unilateral , meaning that only the insurer makes legally enforceable promises in the contract . The insured is not required to pay the premiums , but the insurer is required to pay the benefits under the contract if the insured has paid the premiums and met certain other basic provisions . Insurance contracts are governed by the principle of utmost good faith ( uberrima fides ) which requires both parties of the insurance contract to deal in good faith and in particular it imparts on the insured a duty to disclose all material facts which relate to the risk to be covered . This contrasts with the legal doctrine that covers most other types of contracts , caveat emptor ( let the buyer beware ) . In the United States , the insured can sue an insurer in tort for acting in bad faith . Structure ( edit ) Insurance contracts were traditionally written on the basis of every single type of risk ( where risks were defined extremely narrowly ) , and a separate premium was calculated and charged for each . Only those individual risks expressly described or `` scheduled '' in the policy were covered ; hence , those policies are now described as `` individual '' or `` schedule '' policies . This system of `` named perils '' or `` specific perils '' coverage proved to be unsustainable in the context of the Second Industrial Revolution , in that a typical large conglomerate might have dozens of types of risks to insure against . For example , in 1926 , an insurance industry spokesman noted that a bakery would have to buy a separate policy for each of the following risks : manufacturing operations , elevators , teamsters , product liability , contractual liability ( for a spur track connecting the bakery to a nearby railroad ) , premises liability ( for a retail store ) , and owners ' protective liability ( for negligence of contractors hired to make any building modifications ) . In 1941 , the insurance industry began to shift to the current system where covered risks are initially defined broadly in an `` all risk '' or `` all sums '' insuring agreement on a general policy form ( e.g. , `` We will pay all sums that the insured becomes legally obligated to pay as damages ... '' ) , then narrowed down by subsequent exclusion clauses ( e.g. , `` This insurance does not apply to ... '' ) . If the insured desires coverage for a risk taken out by an exclusion on the standard form , the insured can sometimes pay an additional premium for an endorsement to the policy that overrides the exclusion . Insurers have been criticized in some quarters for the development of complex policies with layers of interactions between coverage clauses , conditions , exclusions , and exceptions to exclusions . In a case interpreting one ancestor of the modern `` products - completed operations hazard '' clause , the Supreme Court of California complained : `` The instant case presents yet another illustration of the dangers of the present complex structuring of insurance policies . Unfortunately the insurance industry has become addicted to the practice of building into policies one condition or exception upon another in the shape of a linguistic Tower of Babel . We join other courts in decrying a trend which both plunges the insured into a state of uncertainty and burdens the judiciary with the task of resolving it . We reiterate our plea for clarity and simplicity in policies that fulfill so important a public service . '' Parts of an insurance contract ( edit ) Declarations - identifies who is an insured , the insured 's address , the insuring company , what risks or property are covered , the policy limits ( amount of insurance ) , any applicable deductibles , the policy period and premium amount . These are usually provided on a form that is filled out by the insurer based on the insured 's application and attached on top of or inserted within the first few pages of the policy . Definitions - Defines important terms used in the rest of the policy . Insuring agreement - Describes the covered perils , or risks assumed , or nature of coverage . This is where the insurance company makes one or more express promises to indemnify the insured . Exclusions - Takes coverage away from the insuring agreement by describing property , perils , hazards or losses arising from specific causes which are not covered by the policy . Conditions - These are specific provisions , rules of conduct , duties , and obligations which the insured must comply with in order for coverage to incept , or must remain in compliance with in order to keep coverage in effect . If policy conditions are not met , the insurer can deny the claim . Policy form - The definitions , insuring agreement , exclusions , and conditions are typically combined into a single integrated document called a policy form , coverage form , or coverage part . When multiple coverage forms are packaged into a single policy , the declarations will state as much , and then there may be additional declarations specific to each coverage form . Traditionally , policy forms have been so rigidly standardized that they have no blank spaces to be filled in . Instead , they always expressly refer to terms or amounts stated in the declarations . If the policy needs to be customized beyond what is possible with the declarations , then the underwriter attaches endorsements or riders . Endorsements - Additional forms attached to the policy that modify it in some way , either unconditionally or upon the existence of some condition . Endorsements can make policies difficult to read for nonlawyers ; they may revise , expand , or delete clauses located many pages earlier in one or more coverage forms , or even modify each other . Because it is very risky to allow nonlawyer underwriters to directly rewrite policy forms with word processors , insurers usually direct underwriters to modify them by attaching endorsements preapproved by counsel for various common modifications . Riders - A rider is used to convey the terms of a policy amendment and the amendment thereby becomes part of the policy . Riders are dated and numbered so that both insurer and policyholder can determine provisions and the benefit level . Common riders to group medical plans involve name changes , change to eligible classes of employees , change in level of benefits , or the addition of a managed care arrangement such as a Health Maintenance Organization or Preferred Provider Organization ( PPO ) . Jackets - The term has several distinct and confusing meanings . In general , it refers to some set of standard boilerplate provisions which accompanies all policies at the time of delivery . Some insurers refer to a package of standard documents shared across an entire family of policies as a `` jacket . '' Some insurers extend this to include policy forms , so that the only parts of the policy not part of the jacket are the declarations , endorsements , and riders . Other insurers use the term `` jacket '' in a manner closer to its ordinary meaning : a binder , envelope , or presentation folder with pockets in which the policy may be delivered , or a cover sheet to which the policy forms are stapled or which is stapled on top of the policy . The standard boilerplate provisions are then printed on the jacket itself . Industry standard forms ( edit ) In the United States , property and casualty insurers typically use similar or even identical language in their standard insurance policies , which are drafted by advisory organizations such as the Insurance Services Office and the American Association of Insurance Services . This reduces the regulatory burden for insurers as policy forms must be approved by states ; it also allows consumers to more readily compare policies , albeit at the expense of consumer choice . In addition , as policy forms are reviewed by courts , the interpretations become more predictable as courts elaborate upon the interpretation of the same clauses in the same policy forms , rather than different policies from different insurers . In recent years , however , insurers have increasingly modified the standard forms in company - specific ways or declined to adopt changes to standard forms . For example , a review of home insurance policies found substantial differences in various provisions . In some areas such as directors and officers liability insurance and personal umbrella insurance there is little industry - wide standardization . Manuscript policies and endorsements ( edit ) For the vast majority of insurance policies , the only page that is heavily custom - written to the insured 's needs is the declarations page . All other pages are standard forms that refer back to terms defined in the declarations as needed . However , certain types of insurance , such as media insurance , are written as manuscript policies , which are either custom - drafted from scratch or written from a mix of standard and nonstandard forms . By analogy , policy endorsements which are not written on standard forms or whose language is custom - written to fit the insured 's particular circumstances are known as manuscript endorsements . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mowbray , Albert H. ; Blanchard , Ralph H. ( 1961 ) . Insurance : Its Theory and Practice in the United States ( 5th ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill . pp. 48 , 51 , 71 . Available through HeinOnline . ^ Jump up to : Wollner KS. ( 1999 ) . How to Draft and Interpret Insurance Policies . Casualty Risk Publishing LLC . ^ Jump up to : Porter K. ( 2007 ) . The Legal Environment of Insurance , § 5.17 . AICPCU . Jump up ^ Mowbray , Albert H. ; Blanchard , Ralph H. ( 1961 ) . Insurance : Its Theory and Practice in the United States ( 5th ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill . p. 54 . Available through HeinOnline . Jump up ^ Rahdert MC. ( 1998 ) . Reasonable Expectations Revisited . Conn . Ins . Law Journal . Jump up ^ Hadland v. NN Investors Life Ins. Co. , 24 Cal . App . 4th 1578 ( 1994 ) . Jump up ^ St. Paul Fire & Marine Insurance Co. v. Albany County School District No. 1 , 763 P. 2d 1255 ( Wyo. 1988 ) . Jump up ^ Standard Venetian Blind Co. v. American Empire Ins. Co. , 503 Pa. 300 , 469 A. 2d 563 ( 1983 ) . ^ Jump up to : Mowbray , Albert H. ; Blanchard , Ralph H. ( 1961 ) . Insurance : Its Theory and Practice in the United States ( 5th ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill . p. 53 . Available through HeinOnline . ^ Jump up to : Clore , Duncan L. ( 1998 ) . Financial Institution Bonds ( 2nd ed . ) . Chicago : American Bar Association . p. 431 . ISBN 9781570736209 . Jump up ^ Mowbray , Albert H. ; Blanchard , Ralph H. ( 1961 ) . Insurance : Its Theory and Practice in the United States ( 5th ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill . p. 69 . Available through HeinOnline . Jump up ^ Mowbray , Albert H. ; Blanchard , Ralph H. ( 1961 ) . Insurance : Its Theory and Practice in the United States ( 5th ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill . p. 61 . Available through HeinOnline . ^ Jump up to : Anderson , Eugene R. ; Stanzler , Jordan S. ; Masters , Lorelie S. ( 2013 ) . Insurance Coverage Litigation ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Wolters Kluwer . p. 1 - 31 . ISBN 9780735511736 . Retrieved 10 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Corban v. United Services Auto . Ass'n , 20 So. 3d 601 ( Miss . 2009 ) ( analyzing `` named perils '' coverage ) . Jump up ^ Vision One v. Philadelphia Indem . Ins. Co. , 174 Wash. 2d 501 , 276 P. 3d 300 ( 2012 ) ( analyzing `` named perils '' and `` specific perils '' coverage ) . Jump up ^ Intermetal Mexicana v. Insurance Co. of North America , 866 F. 2d 71 ( 3d Cir. 1989 ) ( analyzing `` all risks '' coverage ) . Jump up ^ JH France Refractories Co. v. Allstate Ins. Co. , 626 A. 2d 502 , 534 Pa. 29 ( 1993 ) ( analyzing `` all sums '' coverage ) . Jump up ^ Stempel , Jeffrey W. ( 2007 ) . Stempel on Insurance Contracts ( 3rd ed . ) . New York : Aspen Publishers . pp. 2 -- 113 -- 2 -- 116 . ISBN 0735554366 . Jump up ^ Baker v. National Interstate Ins. Co. 180 Cal . App . 4th 1319 , 103 Cal . Rptr . 3d 565 ( 2009 ) . This case explains how the modern clause more clearly excludes both the `` products '' and `` completed operations '' hazards as separate things ( i.e. , each hazard is separately excluded ) , as opposed to the prior version which was held to apply only when both hazards were present . Jump up ^ Insurance Co. of North America v. Electronic Purification Co. , 67 Cal . 2d 679 , 63 Cal . Rptr. 382 , 433 P. 2d 174 ( 1967 ) . Jump up ^ Mowbray , Albert H. ; Blanchard , Ralph H. ( 1961 ) . Insurance : Its Theory and Practice in the United States ( 5th ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill . p. 73 . Available through HeinOnline . Jump up ^ Mathias , Jr. , John H. ; Shugrue , John D. ; Thomas A. , Marrinson ; Daniel J. , Struck ( 2006 ) . `` § 1.01 , Components of an Insurance Policy '' . Insurance Coverage Disputes . New York : Law Journal Press . p. 1 - 2 . ISBN 1588520757 . Retrieved 8 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mathias , Jr. , John H. ; Shugrue , John D. ; Thomas A. , Marrinson ; Daniel J. , Struck ( 2006 ) . `` § 1.01 , Components of an Insurance Policy '' . Insurance Coverage Disputes . New York : Law Journal Press . p. 1 - 6 . ISBN 1588520757 . Retrieved 8 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Mowbray , Albert H. ; Blanchard , Ralph H. ( 1961 ) . Insurance : Its Theory and Practice in the United States ( 5th ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill . p. 72 . Available through HeinOnline . Jump up ^ Mathias , Jr. , John H. ; Shugrue , John D. ; Thomas A. , Marrinson ; Daniel J. , Struck ( 2006 ) . `` § 1.01 , Components of an Insurance Policy '' . Insurance Coverage Disputes . New York : Law Journal Press . p. 1 - 5 . ISBN 1588520757 . Retrieved 8 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Mowbray , Albert H. ; Blanchard , Ralph H. ( 1961 ) . Insurance : Its Theory and Practice in the United States ( 5th ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill . pp. 73 -- 74 . Available through HeinOnline . Jump up ^ Mowbray , Albert H. ; Blanchard , Ralph H. ( 1961 ) . Insurance : Its Theory and Practice in the United States ( 5th ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill . p. 65 . Available through HeinOnline . Jump up ^ Mathias , Jr. , John H. ; Shugrue , John D. ; Thomas A. , Marrinson ; Daniel J. , Struck ( 2006 ) . `` § 1.01 , Components of an Insurance Policy '' . Insurance Coverage Disputes . New York : Law Journal Press . p. 1 - 7 . ISBN 1588520757 . Retrieved 8 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pricing Medical Expense Insurance , '' in Medical Expense Insurance , ( Washington : The Health Insurance Association of America , 1997 ) , 89 . ^ Jump up to : Impact of the Abolition of McCarran - Ferguson Antitrust Exemption for the `` Business of Insurance '' . CRS . Jump up ^ Boardman M. ( 2006 ) . Contra Proferentem : The Allure of Ambiguous Boilerplate . Michigan Law Review . Jump up ^ Policy Issues : ISO Program Revisions . PropertyCasualty360 . Jump up ^ Schwarzc D. ( 2011 ) . Reevaluating Standardized Insurance Policies . The University of Chicago Law Review . See also : Not All Homeowners ' Policies Are Alike . New York Times . Jump up ^ E&O Insights : Directors & Officers Liability Is Not Your Normal Insurance Product . Insurance Journal . Jump up ^ Time To Standardize Personal Umbrella Insurance Policies . IRMI . Jump up ^ Dart Industries , Inc. v. Commercial Union Insurance Co. , 28 Cal . 4th 1059 , 124 Cal . Rptr . 2d 142 , 52 P. 3d 79 ( 2002 ) . Jump up ^ Mathias , Jr. , John H. ; Shugrue , John D. ; Thomas A. , Marrinson ; Daniel J. , Struck ( 2006 ) . `` § 1.03 , Types of Insurance Policies '' . Insurance Coverage Disputes . New York : Law Journal Press . p. 1 - 16 . ISBN 1588520757 . Retrieved 8 March 2017 . ( hide ) Insurance Types of insurance Health Accidental death and dismemberment Dental Disability ( Total permanent disability ) Income protection Long - term care National health Payment protection Life Mortgage life Term life Universal life Variable universal life Whole life Business Bond Business owner Directors and officers liability Fidelity Professional liability Protection and indemnity Trade credit Umbrella Residential Contents Earthquake Flood Home Landlords ' Lenders mortgage Mortgage Property Renters ' Title Transport / Communication Aviation Computer Public auto Marine Satellite Shipping Travel Vehicle Other Reinsurance Casualty Crime Crop Divorce Group Liability No - fault Pet Terrorism Wage War risk Weather Workers ' compensation Takaful Insurance policy and law Insurance policy Insurance law Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act Insurance fraud Other History of insurance Unitised insurance fund List of topics Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Insurance_policy&oldid=833090795 '' Categories : Insurance Contract law Hidden categories : Articles to be merged from September 2016 All articles to be merged Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Italiano עברית Қазақша Lietuvių Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Sicilianu Српски / srpski தமிழ் Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 March 2018 , at 16 : 29 . 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insurance policies may be classified as contracts of
[ "Insurance contracts are generally considered contracts of adhesion because the insurer draws up the contract and the insured has little or no ability to make material changes to it. This is interpreted to mean that the insurer bears the burden if there is any ambiguity in any terms of the contract. Insurance policies are sold without the policyholder even seeing a copy of the contract.[2]:27 In 1970 Robert Keeton suggested that many courts were actually applying 'reasonable expectations' rather than interpreting ambiguities, which he called the 'reasonable expectations doctrine'. This doctrine has been controversial, with some courts adopting it and others explicitly rejecting it.[5] In several jurisdictions, including California, Wyoming, and Pennsylvania, the insured is bound by clear and conspicuous terms in the contract even if the evidence suggests that the insured did not read or understand them.[6][7][8]" ]
[ "adhesion" ]
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Nile
Nile - wikipedia Nile For other uses , see Nile ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Nile The river in Uganda Countries Egypt , Sudan , South Sudan , Ethiopia , Uganda , Congo , Kenya , Tanzania , Rwanda , Burundi , Eritrea Major cities Jinja , Juba , Khartoum , Cairo Physical characteristics Main source White Nile Rwanda 2,700 m ( 8,900 ft ) 02 ° 16 ′ 56 '' S 29 ° 19 ′ 53 '' E  /  2.28222 ° S 29.33139 ° E  / - 2.28222 ; 29.33139 2nd source Blue Nile Lake Tana , Ethiopia 12 ° 02 ′ 09 '' N 037 ° 15 ′ 53 '' E  /  12.03583 ° N 37.26472 ° E  / 12.03583 ; 37.26472 River mouth Mediterranean Sea Egypt Sea level 30 ° 10 ′ N 31 ° 09 ′ E  /  30.167 ° N 31.150 ° E  / 30.167 ; 31.150 Coordinates : 30 ° 10 ′ N 31 ° 09 ′ E  /  30.167 ° N 31.150 ° E  / 30.167 ; 31.150 Length 6,853 km ( 4,258 mi ) Width Maximum width : 2.8 km ( 1.7 mi ) Depth Average depth : 8 -- 11 m ( 26 -- 36 ft ) Discharge Average rate : 2,830 m / s ( 100,000 cu ft / s ) Basin features Basin size 3,400,000 km ( 1,300,000 sq mi ) The Nile River ( Arabic : النيل ‎ , Egyptian Arabic en - Nīl , Standard Arabic an - Nīl ; Coptic : ⲫⲓⲁⲣⲱ , P ( h ) iaro ; Ancient Egyptian : Ḥ'pī and Jtrw ; Biblical Hebrew : הַיְאוֹר ‬ , Ha - Ye'or or הַשִׁיחוֹר ‬ , Ha - Shiḥor ) is a major north - flowing river in northeastern Africa , and is commonly regarded as the longest river in the world , though some sources cite the Amazon River as the longest . The Nile , which is 6,853 km ( 4,258 miles ) long , is an `` international '' river as its drainage basin covers eleven countries , namely , Tanzania , Uganda , Rwanda , Burundi , the Democratic Republic of the Congo , Kenya , Ethiopia , Eritrea , South Sudan , Republic of the Sudan and Egypt . In particular , the Nile is the primary water source of Egypt and Sudan . The Nile River has two major tributaries , the White Nile and Blue Nile . The White Nile is considered to be the headwaters and primary stream of the Nile itself . The Blue Nile , however , is the source of most of the water and silt . The White Nile is longer and rises in the Great Lakes region of central Africa , with the most distant source still undetermined but located in either Rwanda or Burundi . It flows north through Tanzania , Lake Victoria , Uganda and South Sudan . The Blue Nile ( Amharic : ዓባይ , ʿĀbay ) begins at Lake Tana in Ethiopia and flows into Sudan from the southeast . The two rivers meet just north of the Sudanese capital of Khartoum . The northern section of the river flows north almost entirely through the Sudanese desert to Egypt , then ends in a large delta and flows into the Mediterranean Sea . Egyptian civilization and Sudanese kingdoms have depended on the river since ancient times . Most of the population and cities of Egypt lie along those parts of the Nile valley north of Aswan , and nearly all the cultural and historical sites of Ancient Egypt are found along riverbanks . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology and Names 2 Courses 2.1 Sources 2.2 In Uganda 's Nile River 2.3 In South Sudan 's Nile River 2.4 In Sudan 2.5 In Egypt 3 Tributaries of Nile 3.1 Atbara River 3.2 Blue Nile 3.3 Bahr el Ghazal and Sobat River 3.4 Yellow Nile 4 History 4.1 Eonile 4.2 Integrated Nile 4.3 Role in the founding of Egyptian civilization 4.4 Search for the source of the Nile 4.5 Since 1950 5 Water sharing dispute 6 Modern achievements and exploration 6.1 White Nile 6.2 Blue Nile 7 Crossings 7.1 Crossings from Khartoum to the Mediterranean Sea 7.2 Crossings from Rwanda to Khartoum 8 Images and media of the Nile 9 Annotated bibliography 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Etymology and names ( edit ) In the ancient Egyptian language , the Nile is called Ḥ'pī or Iteru ( Hapy ) , meaning `` river '' . In Coptic , the word ⲫⲓⲁⲣⲱ , pronounced piaro ( Sahidic ) or phiaro ( Bohairic ) , means `` the river '' ( lit . p ( h ). iar - o `` the. canal - great '' ) , and comes from the same ancient name . The English name Nile and the Arabic names en - Nîl and an - Nîl both derive from the Latin Nilus and the Ancient Greek Νεῖλος . Beyond that , however , the etymology is disputed . Hesiod at his Theogony refers that Nilus ( Νεῖλος ) was one of the Potamoi ( river gods ) , son of Oceanus and Tethys . Another possible etymology derives it from a Semitic Nahal , meaning `` river '' . The standard English names `` White Nile '' and `` Blue Nile '' , to refer to the river 's source , derive from Arabic names formerly applied only to the Sudanese stretches which meet at Khartoum . Courses ( edit ) See also : White Nile The Nile at Dendera , as seen from the SPOT satellite The Nile 's watershed The Nile near Beni Suef Composite satellite image of the White Nile Above Khartoum , the Nile River is also known as the White Nile , a term also used in a limited sense to describe the section between Lake No and Khartoum . At Khartoum the river is joined by the Blue Nile . The White Nile starts in equatorial East Africa , and the Blue Nile begins in Ethiopia . Both branches are on the western flanks of the East African Rift . The drainage basin of the Nile covers 3,254,555 square kilometers ( 1,256,591 sq mi ) , about 10 % of the area of Africa . The Nile basin is complex , and because of this , the discharge at any given point along the mainstem depends on many factors including weather , diversions , evaporation and evapotranspiration , and groundwater flow . Sources ( edit ) The source of the Nile River is sometimes considered to be Lake Victoria , but the lake has feeder rivers of considerable size . The Kagera River , which flows into Lake Victoria near the Tanzanian town of Bukoba , is the longest feeder , although sources do not agree on which is the longest tributary of the Kagera and hence the most distant source of the Nile River itself . It is either the Ruvyironza , which emerges in Bururi Province , Burundi , or the Nyabarongo , which flows from Nyungwe Forest in Rwanda . The two feeder rivers meet near Rusumo Falls on the Rwanda - Tanzania border . The source of the Nile from an underwater spring at the neck of Lake Victoria , Jinja In 2010 , an exploration party went to a place described as the source of the Rukarara tributary , and by hacking a path up steep jungle - choked mountain slopes in the Nyungwe forest found ( in the dry season ) an appreciable incoming surface flow for many kilometres upstream , and found a new source , giving the Nile a length of 6,758 km ( 4,199 mi ) . Gish Abay is reportedly the place where the `` holy water '' of the first drops of the Blue Nile develop . In Uganda 's Nile river ( edit ) The Nile River leaves Lake Nyanza ( Victoria ) at Ripon Falls near Jinja , Uganda , as the Victoria Nile . It flows north for some 130 kilometers ( 81 mi ) , to Lake Kyoga . The last part of the approximately 200 kilometers ( 120 mi ) river section starts from the western shores of the lake and flows at first to the west until just south of Masindi Port , where the river turns north , then makes a great half circle to the east and north until Karuma Falls . For the remaining part it flows merely westerly through the Murchison Falls until it reaches the very northern shores of Lake Albert where it forms a significant river delta . The lake itself is on the border of DR Congo , but the Nile River is not a border river at this point . After leaving Lake Albert , the river continues north through Uganda and is known as the Albert Nile . In South Sudan 's Nile river ( edit ) The Nile river flows into South Sudan just south of Nimule , where it is known as the Bahr al Jabal ( `` Mountain River '' ) . Just south of the town it has the confluence with the Achwa River . The Bahr al Ghazal , itself 716 kilometers ( 445 mi ) long , joins the Bahr al Jabal at a small lagoon called Lake No , after which the Nile becomes known as the Bahr al Abyad , or the White Nile , from the whitish clay suspended in its waters . When the Nile floods it leaves a rich silty deposit which fertilizes the soil . The Nile no longer floods in Egypt since the completion of the Aswan Dam in 1970 . An anabranch river , the Bahr el Zeraf , flows out of the Nile 's Bahr al Jabal section and rejoins the White Nile . The flow rate of the Bahr al Jabal at Mongalla , South Sudan is almost constant throughout the year and averages 1,048 m / s ( 37,000 cu ft / s ) . After Mongalla , the Bahr Al Jabal enters the enormous swamps of the Sudd region of South Sudan . More than half of the Nile 's water is lost in this swamp to evaporation and transpiration . The average flow rate of the White Nile at the tails of the swamps is about 510 m / s ( 18,000 cu ft / s ) . From here it soon meets with the Sobat River at Malakal . On an annual basis , the White Nile upstream of Malakal contributes about fifteen percent of the total outflow of the Nile River . The average flow of the White Nile at Lake Kawaki Malakal , just below the Sobat River , is 924 m / s ( 32,600 cu ft / s ) ; the peak flow is approximately 1,218 m / s ( 43,000 cu ft / s ) in October and minimum flow is about 609 m / s ( 21,500 cu ft / s ) in April . This fluctuation is due to the substantial variation in the flow of the Sobat , which has a minimum flow of about 99 m / s ( 3,500 cu ft / s ) in March and a peak flow of over 680 m / s ( 24,000 cu ft / s ) in October . During the dry season ( January to June ) the White Nile contributes between 70 percent and 90 percent of the total discharge from the Nile . In Sudan ( edit ) Below Renk the White Nile enters Sudan , it flows north to Khartoum and meets the Blue Nile . The course of the Nile in Sudan is distinctive . It flows over six groups of cataracts , from the sixth at Sabaloka just north of Khartoum northward to Abu Hamed . Due to the tectonic uplift of the Nubian Swell , the river is then diverted to flow for over 300 km south - west following the structure of the Central African Shear Zone embracing the Bayuda Desert . At Al Dabbah it resumes its northward course towards the first Cataract at Aswan forming the ' S ' - shaped Great Bend of the Nile already mentioned by Eratosthenes . In the north of Sudan the river enters Lake Nasser ( known in Sudan as Lake Nubia ) , the larger part of which is in Egypt . In Egypt ( edit ) Below the Aswan High Dam , at the northern limit of Lake Nasser , the Nile resumes its historic course . North of Cairo , the Nile splits into two branches ( or distributaries ) that feed the Mediterranean : the Rosetta Branch to the west and the Damietta to the east , forming the Nile Delta . Tributaries of Nile ( edit ) Atbara river ( edit ) Below the confluence with the Blue Nile the only major tributary is the Atbara River , roughly halfway to the sea , which originates in Ethiopia north of Lake Tana , and is around 800 kilometers ( 500 mi ) long . The Atbara flows only while there is rain in Ethiopia and dries very rapidly . During the dry period of January to June , it typically dries up . It joins the Nile approximately 300 kilometers ( 200 mi ) north of Khartoum . Blue Nile ( edit ) Main article : Blue Nile The Blue Nile Falls fed by Lake Tana near the city of Bahir Dar , Ethiopia Nile Delta from space Annotated view of the Nile and Red Sea , with a dust storm The Blue Nile ( Ge'ez ጥቁር ዓባይ Ṭiqūr ʿĀbbāy ( Black Abay ) to Ethiopians ; Arabic : النيل الأزرق ‎ ; transliterated : an - Nīl al - Azraq ) springs from Lake Tana in the Ethiopian Highlands . The Blue Nile flows about 1,400 kilometres to Khartoum , where the Blue Nile and White Nile join to form the Nile . Ninety percent of the water and ninety - six percent of the transported sediment carried by the Nile originates in Ethiopia , with fifty - nine percent of the water from the Blue Nile ( the rest being from the Tekezé , Atbarah , Sobat , and small tributaries ) . The erosion and transportation of silt only occurs during the Ethiopian rainy season in the summer , however , when rainfall is especially high on the Ethiopian Plateau ; the rest of the year , the great rivers draining Ethiopia into the Nile ( Sobat , Blue Nile , Tekezé , and Atbarah ) have a weaker flow . In harsh and arid seasons and droughts the blue Nile dries out completely . The flow of the Blue Nile varies considerably over its yearly cycle and is the main contribution to the large natural variation of the Nile flow . During the dry season the natural discharge of the Blue Nile can be as low as 113 m / s ( 4,000 cu ft / s ) , although upstream dams regulate the flow of the river . During the wet season the peak flow of the Blue Nile often exceeds 5,663 m / s ( 200,000 cu ft / s ) in late August ( a difference of a factor of 50 ) . Before the placement of dams on the river the yearly discharge varied by a factor of 15 at Aswan . Peak flows of over 8,212 m / s ( 290,000 cu ft / s ) occurred during late August and early September , and minimum flows of about 552 m / s ( 19,500 cu ft / s ) occurred during late April and early May . Bahr el Ghazal and Sobat river ( edit ) The Bahr al Ghazal and the Sobat River are the two most important tributaries of the White Nile in terms of discharge . The Bahr al Ghazal 's drainage basin is the largest of any of the Nile 's sub-basins , measuring 520,000 square kilometers ( 200,000 sq mi ) in size , but it contributes a relatively small amount of water , about 2 m / s ( 71 cu ft / s ) annually , due to tremendous volumes of water being lost in the Sudd wetlands . The Sobat River , which joins the Nile a short distance below Lake No , drains about half as much land , 225,000 km ( 86,900 sq mi ) , but contributes 412 cubic meters per second ( 14,500 cu ft / s ) annually to the Nile . When in flood the Sobat carries a large amount of sediment , adding greatly to the White Nile 's color . Yellow Nile ( edit ) The Yellow Nile is a former tributary that connected the Ouaddaï Highlands of eastern Chad to the Nile River Valley c. 8000 to c. 1000 BC . Its remains are known as the Wadi Howar . The wadi passes through Gharb Darfur near the northern border with Chad and meets up with the Nile near the southern point of the Great Bend . History ( edit ) Further information : Sahara § Climate history Reconstruction of the Oikoumene ( inhabited world ) , an ancient map based on Herodotus ' description of the world , circa 450 BC The Nile ( iteru in Ancient Egyptian ) has been the lifeline of civilization in Egypt since the Stone Age , with most of the population and all of the cities of Egypt resting along those parts of the Nile valley lying north of Aswan . However , the Nile used to run much more westerly through what is now Wadi Hamim and Wadi al Maqar in Libya and flow into the Gulf of Sidra . As sea level rose at the end of the most recent ice age , the stream which is now the northern Nile pirated the ancestral Nile near Asyut , this change in climate also led to the creation of the current Sahara desert , around 3400 BC . Eonile ( edit ) The present Nile is at least the fifth river that has flowed north from the Ethiopian Highlands . Satellite imagery was used to identify dry watercourses in the desert to the west of the Nile . An Eonile canyon , now filled by surface drift , represents an ancestral Nile called the Eonile that flowed during the later Miocene ( 23 -- 5.3 million years before present ) . The Eonile transported clastic sediments to the Mediterranean ; several natural gas fields have been discovered within these sediments . During the late - Miocene Messinian salinity crisis , when the Mediterranean Sea was a closed basin and evaporated to the point of being empty or nearly so , the Nile cut its course down to the new base level until it was several hundred metres below world ocean level at Aswan and 2,400 m ( 7,900 ft ) below Cairo . This created a very long and deep canyon which was filled with sediment when the Mediterranean was recreated . At some point the sediments raised the riverbed sufficiently for the river to overflow westward into a depression to create Lake Moeris . Lake Tanganyika drained northwards into the Nile until the Virunga Volcanoes blocked its course in Rwanda . The Nile was much longer at that time , with its furthest headwaters in northern Zambia . Integrated Nile ( edit ) There are two theories about the age of the integrated Nile . One is that the integrated drainage of the Nile is of young age , and that the Nile basin was formerly broken into series of separate basins , only the most northerly of which fed a river following the present course of the Nile in Egypt and Sudan . Rushdi Said postulated that Egypt itself supplied most of the waters of the Nile during the early part of its history . The other theory is that the drainage from Ethiopia via rivers equivalent to the Blue Nile and the Atbara and Takazze flowed to the Mediterranean via the Egyptian Nile since well back into Tertiary times . Salama suggested that during the Paleogene and Neogene Periods ( 66 million to 2.588 million years ago ) a series of separate closed continental basins each occupied one of the major parts of the Sudanese Rift System : Mellut rift , White Nile rift , Blue Nile rift , Atbara rift and Sag El Naam rift . The Mellut Rift Basin is nearly 12 kilometers ( 7.5 mi ) deep at its central part . This rift is possibly still active , with reported tectonic activity in its northern and southern boundaries . The Sudd swamps which form the central part of the basin may still be subsiding . The White Nile Rift System , although shallower than the Bahr el Arab rift , is about 9 kilometers ( 5.6 mi ) deep . Geophysical exploration of the Blue Nile Rift System estimated the depth of the sediments to be 5 -- 9 kilometers ( 3.1 -- 5.6 mi ) . These basins were not interconnected until their subsidence ceased , and the rate of sediment deposition was enough to fill and connect them . The Egyptian Nile connected to the Sudanese Nile , which captures the Ethiopian and Equatorial headwaters during the current stages of tectonic activity in the Eastern , Central and Sudanese Rift Systems . The connection of the different Niles occurred during cyclic wet periods . The River Atbara overflowed its closed basin during the wet periods that occurred about 100,000 to 120,000 years ago . The Blue Nile connected to the main Nile during the 70,000 -- 80,000 years B.P. wet period . The White Nile system in Bahr El Arab and White Nile Rifts remained a closed lake until the connection of the Victoria Nile to the main system some 12,500 years ago . Role in the founding of Egyptian civilization ( edit ) A felucca traversing the Nile near Aswan The Greek historian Herodotus wrote that `` Egypt was the gift of the Nile '' . An unending source of sustenance , it provided a crucial role in the development of Egyptians civilization . Silt deposits from the Nile made the surrounding land fertile because the river overflowed its banks annually . The Ancient Egyptians cultivated and traded wheat , flax , papyrus and other crops around the Nile . Wheat was a crucial crop in the famine - plagued Middle East . This trading system secured Egypt 's diplomatic relationships with other countries , and contributed to economic stability . Far - reaching trade has been carried on along the Nile since ancient times . Water buffalo were introduced from Asia , and Assyrians introduced camels in the 7th century BC . These animals were killed for meat , and were domesticated and used for ploughing -- or in the camels ' case , carriage . Water was vital to both people and livestock . The Nile was also a convenient and efficient means of transportation for people and goods . The Nile was an important part of ancient Egyptian spiritual life . Hapy was the god of the annual floods , and both he and the pharaoh were thought to control the flooding . The Nile was considered to be a causeway from life to death and the afterlife . The east was thought of as a place of birth and growth , and the west was considered the place of death , as the god Ra , the Sun , underwent birth , death , and resurrection each day as he crossed the sky . Thus , all tombs were west of the Nile , because the Egyptians believed that in order to enter the afterlife , they had to be buried on the side that symbolized death . As the Nile was such an important factor in Egyptian life , the ancient calendar was even based on the 3 cycles of the Nile . These seasons , each consisting of four months of thirty days each , were called Akhet , Peret , and Shemu . Akhet , which means inundation , was the time of the year when the Nile flooded , leaving several layers of fertile soil behind , aiding in agricultural growth . Peret was the growing season , and Shemu , the last season , was the harvest season when there were no rains . Search for the source of the Nile ( edit ) John Hanning Speke c. 1863 . Speke was the Victorian explorer who first reached Lake Victoria in 1858 , returning to establish it as the source of the Nile by 1862 . Henry Morton Stanley in 1872 . Stanley circumnavigated the lake and confirmed Speke 's observations in 1875 . Owing to their failure to penetrate the sudd wetlands of South Sudan , the upper reaches of the Nile remained largely unknown to the ancient Greeks and Romans . Various expeditions failed to determine the river 's source . Agatharcides records that in the time of Ptolemy II Philadelphus , a military expedition had penetrated far enough along the course of the Blue Nile to determine that the summer floods were caused by heavy seasonal rainstorms in the Ethiopian Highlands , but no European of antiquity is known to have reached Lake Tana . The Tabula Rogeriana depicted the source as three lakes in 1154 . Europeans began to learn about the origins of the Nile in the 15th and 16th centuries , when travelers to Ethiopia visited Lake Tana and the source of the Blue Nile in the mountains south of the lake . Although James Bruce claimed to be the first European to have visited the headwaters , modern writers give the credit to the Jesuit Pedro Páez . Páez 's account of the source of the Nile is a long and vivid account of Ethiopia . It was published in full only in the early 20th century , although it was featured in works of Páez 's contemporaries , including Baltazar Téllez , Athanasius Kircher and by Johann Michael Vansleb . Europeans had been resident in Ethiopia since the late 15th century , and one of them may have visited the headwaters even earlier without leaving a written trace . The Portuguese João Bermudes published the first description of the Tis Issat Falls in his 1565 memoirs , compared them to the Nile Falls alluded to in Cicero 's De Republica . Jerónimo Lobo describes the source of the Blue Nile , visiting shortly after Pedro Páez . Telles also used his account . The White Nile was even less understood . The ancients mistakenly believed that the Niger River represented the upper reaches of the White Nile . For example , Pliny the Elder wrote that the Nile had its origins `` in a mountain of lower Mauretania '' , flowed above ground for `` many days '' distance , then went underground , reappeared as a large lake in the territories of the Masaesyli , then sank again below the desert to flow underground `` for a distance of 20 days ' journey till it reaches the nearest Ethiopians . '' A merchant named Diogenes reported that the Nile 's water attracted game such as buffalo . A map of the Nile c. 1911 , a time when its entire primary course ran through British occupations , condominiums , colonies , and protectorates Lake Victoria was first sighted by Europeans in 1858 when the British explorer John Hanning Speke reached its southern shore while traveling with Richard Francis Burton to explore central Africa and locate the great lakes . Believing he had found the source of the Nile on seeing this `` vast expanse of open water '' for the first time , Speke named the lake after the then Queen of the United Kingdom . Burton , recovering from illness and resting further south on the shores of Lake Tanganyika , was outraged that Speke claimed to have proved his discovery to be the true source of the Nile when Burton regarded this as still unsettled . A very public quarrel ensued , which sparked a great deal of intense debate within the scientific community and interest by other explorers keen to either confirm or refute Speke 's discovery . British explorer and missionary David Livingstone pushed too far west and entered the Congo River system instead . It was ultimately Welsh - American explorer Henry Morton Stanley who confirmed Speke 's discovery , circumnavigating Lake Victoria and reporting the great outflow at Ripon Falls on the Lake 's northern shore . European involvement in Egypt goes back to the time of Napoleon . Laird Shipyard of Liverpool sent an iron steamer to the Nile in the 1830s . With the completion of the Suez Canal and the British takeover of Egypt in the 1870s , more British river steamers followed . The Nile is the area 's natural navigation channel , giving access to Khartoum and Sudan by steamer . The Siege of Khartoum was broken with purpose - built sternwheelers shipped from England and steamed up the river to retake the city . After this came regular steam navigation of the river . With British Forces in Egypt in the First World War and the inter-war years , river steamers provided both security and sightseeing to the Pyramids and Thebes . Steam navigation remained integral to the two countries as late as 1962 . Sudan steamer traffic was a lifeline as few railways or roads were built in that country . Most paddle steamers have been retired to shorefront service , but modern diesel tourist boats remain on the river . Village on the Nile , 1891 Since 1950 ( edit ) The confluence of the Kagera and Ruvubu rivers near Rusumo Falls , part of the Nile 's upper reaches Dhows on the Nile The Nile passes through Cairo , Egypt 's capital city . The Nile has long been used to transport goods along its length . Winter winds blow south , up river , so ships could sail up river , and down river using the flow of the river . While most Egyptians still live in the Nile valley , the 1970 completion of the Aswan High Dam ended the summer floods and their renewal of the fertile soil , fundamentally changing farming practices . The Nile supports much of the population living along its banks , enabling Egyptians to live in otherwise inhospitable regions of the Sahara . The rivers 's flow is disturbed at several points by the Cataracts of the Nile , which are sections of faster - flowing water with many small islands , shallow water , and rocks , which form an obstacle to navigation by boats . The Sudd wetlands in Sudan also forms a formidable navigation obstacle and impede water flow , to the extent that Sudan had once attempted to canalize ( the Jonglei Canal ) to bypass the swamps . Nile cities include Khartoum , Aswan , Luxor ( Thebes ) , and the Giza -- Cairo conurbation . The first cataract , the closest to the mouth of the river , is at Aswan , north of the Aswan Dam . This part of the river is a regular tourist route , with cruise ships and traditional wooden sailing boats known as feluccas . Many cruise ships ply the route between Luxor and Aswan , stopping at Edfu and Kom Ombo along the way . Security concerns have limited cruising on the northernmost portion for many years . A computer simulation study to plan the economic development of the Nile was directed by H.A.W. Morrice and W.N. Allan , for the Ministry of Hydro - power of the Republic of the Sudan , during 1955 -- 1957 Morrice was their Hydrological Adviser , and Allan his predecessor . M.P. Barnett directed the software development and computer operations . The calculations were enabled by accurate monthly inflow data collected for 50 years . The underlying principle was the use of over-year storage , to conserve water from rainy years for use in dry years . Irrigation , navigation and other needs were considered . Each computer run postulated a set of reservoirs and operating equations for the release of water as a function of the month and the levels upstream . The behavior that would have resulted given the inflow data was modeled . Over 600 models were run . Recommendations were made to the Sudanese authorities . The calculations were run on an IBM 650 computer . Simulation studies to design water resources are discussed further in the article on hydrology transport models , that have been used since the 1980s to analyze water quality . Despite the development of many reservoirs , drought during the 1980s led to widespread starvation in Ethiopia and Sudan , but Egypt was nourished by water impounded in Lake Nasser . Drought has proven to be a major cause of fatality in the Nile River basin . According to a report by the Strategic Foresight Group around 170 million people have been affected by droughts in the last century with half a million lives lost . From the 70 incidents of drought which took place between 1900 and 2012 , 55 incidents took place in Ethiopia , Sudan , South Sudan , Kenya and Tanzania . Water sharing dispute ( edit ) The Nile 's water has affected the politics of East Africa and the Horn of Africa for many decades . Countries including Uganda , Sudan , Ethiopia and Kenya have complained about Egyptian domination of its water resources . The Nile Basin Initiative promotes a peaceful cooperation among those states . Several attempts have been made to establish agreements between the countries sharing the Nile waters . It is very difficult to have all these countries agree with each other given the self - interest of each country and their political , strategic , and social differences . On 14 May 2010 at Entebbe , Ethiopia , Rwanda , Tanzania and Uganda signed a new agreement on sharing the Nile water even though this agreement raised strong opposition from Egypt and Sudan . Ideally , such international agreements should promote equitable and efficient usage of the Nile basin 's water resources . Without a better understanding about the availability of the future water resources of the Nile River , it is possible that conflicts could arise between these countries relying on the Nile for their water supply , economic and social developments . Modern achievements and exploration ( edit ) White Nile ( edit ) In 1951 , the American John Goddard together with two French explorers became the first to successfully navigate the entire Nile river from its source in Burundi at the potential headsprings of the Kagera River in Burundi to its mouth on the Mediterranean Sea , a journey of approximately 6800 kilometers . Their 9 - month journey is described in the book ' Kayaks down the Nile ' . The White Nile Expedition , led by South African national Hendrik Coetzee , navigated the White Nile 's entire length of approximately 3,700 kilometres ( 2,300 mi ) . The expedition began at the White Nile 's beginning at Lake Victoria in Uganda , on 17 January 2004 and arrived safely at the Mediterranean in Rosetta , four and a half months later . On the 30th of April 2005 a team led by South Africans Peter Meredith and Hendrik Coetzee , following again in the footsteps of John Goddard , navigated the major remote source of the White Nile , the Akagera river that starts as the Ruvyironza in Bururi Province , Burundi , and ends at Lake Victoria , Uganda . In April 2006 , the Ascend the Nile Expedition including two explorers from Britain and one from New Zealand ascended the river from its mouth at Rosetta to one of its sources in Rwanda 's Nyungwe Forest . The Team including Cam McLeay , Neil McGrigor and Garth MacIntyre spent 70 days travelling to the Rwandese source of the Nile covering approximately 6800 kilometres . During the Expedition they were ambushed by the LRA ( Lord 's Resistance Army ) lead by the notorious Joseph Kony , however post-attack six months later they returned to complete the expedition . They measured the length of the river with the help of GPS and claimed to have found the furthest source . Due to the unscientific approach of their expedition , their reluctance to release the GPS data , and not having measured the other contender for the true source of the Nile in Burundi , controversy has ensued . Blue Nile ( edit ) The Blue Nile Expedition , led by geologist Pasquale Scaturro and his partner , kayaker and documentary filmmaker Gordon Brown became the first people to descend the entire Blue Nile , from Lake Tana in Ethiopia to the beaches of Alexandria on the Mediterranean . Their approximately 5,230 kilometres ( 3,250 mi ) journey took 114 days : from 25 December 2003 to 28 April 2004 . Though their expedition included others , Brown and Scaturro were the only ones to complete the entire journey . Although they descended whitewater manually the team used outboard motors for much of their journey . On 29 January 2005 Canadian Les Jickling and New Zealander Mark Tanner completed the first human powered transit of Ethiopia 's Blue Nile . Their journey of over 5,000 kilometres ( 3,100 mi ) took five months . They recount that they paddled through two war zones , regions notorious for bandits , and were arrested at gunpoint . Crossings ( edit ) Crossings from Khartoum to the Mediterranean Sea ( edit ) The following bridges cross the Blue Nile and connect Khartoum to Khartoum North : Mac Nimir Bridge Blue Nile Road & Railway Bridge Burri Bridge Elmansheya Bridge Soda bridge The following bridges cross the White Nile and connect Khartoum to Omdurman : White Nile Bridge Fitayhab Bridge Al Dabbaseen Bridge ( under construction ) Omhuraz Bridge ( proposed ) the following bridges cross from Omdurman : to Khartoum North : Shambat Bridge Halfia Bridge The following bridges cross to Tuti from Khartoum states three cities Khartoum - tuti Bridge Omdurman - Tuti Suspension Bridge ( proposed ) Khartoum North - tuti Bridge ( proposed ) Other bridges Shandi Bridge , Shendi Atbarah Bridge , Atbarah Merowe Dam , Merowe Merowe Bridge , Merowe Aswan Bridge , Aswan Luxor Bridge , Luxor Suhag Bridge , Suhag Assiut Bridge , Assiut Al Minya Bridge , Minya Al Marazeek Bridge , Helwan First Ring Road Bridge ( Moneeb Crossing ) , Cairo Abbas Bridge , Cairo University Bridge , Cairo Qasr al - Nil Bridge , Cairo 6th October Bridge , Cairo Abu El Ela Bridge , Cairo ( removed in 1998 ) New Abu El Ela Bridge , Cairo Imbaba Bridge , Cairo Rod Elfarag Bridge , Cairo Second Ring Road Bridge , Cairo Banha Bridge , Banha Samanoud Bridge , Samanoud Mansoura 2 Bridges , Mansoura Talkha Bridge , Talkha Shirbine high Bridge Shirbine Bridge Kafr Sad -- Farscor Bridge International Coastal Road Bridge Damietta high Bridge , Damietta Damietta Bridge , Damietta Kafr El Zayat Bridges , Kafr El Zayat Zefta Bridge , Zefta This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Crossings from Rwanda to Khartoum ( edit ) Nalubaale Bridge , Jinja , Uganda ( Formerly Owen Falls Bridge ) Karuma Bridge , Karuma , Uganda Pakwach Bridge , Uganda This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Images and media of the Nile ( edit ) Riverboat on the Nile , Egypt 1900 Marsh along the Nile A river boat crossing the Nile in Uganda Murchison Falls in Uganda , between Lake Victoria and Lake Kyoga The Nile in Luxor The river Nile flows through Cairo , here contrasting ancient customs of daily life with the modern city of today . Annotated bibliography ( edit ) The following is an annotated bibliography of key written documents for the Western exploration of the Nile . 17th century Historia da Ethiopia , Pedro Páez ( aka Pero Pais ) , Portugal , 1620 A Jesuit missionary who was sent from Goa to Ethiopia in 1589 and remained in the area until his death in 1622 . Credited with being the first European to view the source of the Blue Nile which he describes in this volume . Voyage historique d'Abissinie , Jerónimo Lobo ( aka Girolamo Lobo ) , Piero Matini , Firenze ; 1693 One of the most important and earliest sources on Ethiopia and the Nile . Jerónimo Lobo ( 1595 -- 1687 ) , a Jesuit priest , stayed in Ethiopia , mostly in Tigre , for 9 years and travelled to Lake Tana and the Blue Nile , reaching the province of Damot . When the Jesuits were expelled from the country , he too had to leave and did so via Massaua and Suakin . `` He was the best expert on Ethiopian matters . After Pais , Lobo is the second European to describe the sources of the Blue Nile and he did so more exactly than Bruce '' ( transl. from Henze ) . 18th century Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile in the Years -- 1768 , 1770 , 1771 , 1772 , and 1773 , James Bruce of Kinnaird . J. Ruthven for G. GJ. and J. Robinson et al. , Edinburgh , 1790 ( 5 Volumes ) With time on his hands and at the urging of a friend , Bruce composed this account of his travels on the African continent , including comments on the history and religion of Egypt , an account of Indian trade , a history of Abyssinia , and other material . Although Bruce would not be confused with `` a great scholar or a judicious critic , few books of equal compass are equally entertaining ; and few such monuments exist of the energy and enterprise of a single traveller '' ( DNB ) . `` The result of his travels was a very great enrichment of the knowledge of geography and ethnography '' ( Cox II , p. 389 . ) Bruce was one of the earliest westerners to search for the source of the Nile . In November 1770 he reached the source of the Blue Nile , and though he acknowledged that the White Nile was the larger stream , he claimed that the Blue Nile was the Nile of the ancients and that he was thus the discoverer of its source . The account of his travels was written twelve years after his journey and without reference to his journals , which gave critics grounds for disbelief , but the substantial accuracy of the book has since been amply demonstrated . 1800 -- 1850 Egypt And Mohammed Ali , Or Travels In The Valley of The Nile , James Augustus St. John , Longman , London , 1834 St. John traveled extensively in Egypt and Nubia in 1832 -- 33 , mainly on foot . He gives a very interesting picture of Egyptian life and politics under Mohammed Ali , a large part of volume II deals with the Egyptian campaign in Syria . Travels in Ethiopia Above the Second Cateract of the Nile ; Exhibiting the State of That Country and Its Various Inhabitants Under the Dominion of Mohammed Ali ; and Illustrating the Antiquities , Arts , and History of the Ancient Kingdom of Meroe , G.A. Hoskins . Longman , Rees , Orme , Brown , Green , & Longman , London ; 1835 . Modern Egypt and Thebes : Being a Description of Egypt ; Including Information Required for Travelers in That Country , Sir Gardner Wilkinson , John Murray , London , 1843 The first known English travelers guide to the Lower Nile Basin . 1850 -- 1900 Lake Regions of Central Equatorial Africa , with Notices of The Lunar Mountains and the Sources of the White Nile ; being The Results of an Expedition Undertaken under the Patronage of Her Majesty 's Government and the Royal Geographical Society of London , In the Years 1857 -- 1859 , Sir Richard Burton . W. Clowes , London ; 1860 Sir Richard Burton 's presentation of his expedition with John Speke . Ultimately , Burton 's view of the sources of the Nile failed and Speke 's prevailed . Travels , researches , and missionary labours , during eighteen years ' residence in eastern Africa . Together with journeys to Jagga , Usambara , Ukambani , Shoa , Abessinia , and Khartum ; and a coasting voyage from Mombaz to Cape Delgado . With an appendix respecting the snow - capped mountains of eastern Africa ; the sources of the Nile ; the languages and literature of Abessinia And eastern Africa , etc. etc. , Rev Dr. J. Krapf , Trubner and Co , London ; 1860 ; Ticknor and Fields , Boston ; 1860 Krapf went to East Africa in the service of the English Church Missionary Society , arriving at Mombasa , Kenya in 1844 and staying in East Africa until 1853 . While stationed there he was the first to report the existence of Lake Baringo and a sighting of the snow - clad Kilimanjaro . Krapf , during his travels , collected information from the Arab traders operating inland from the coast . From the traders Krapf and his companions learned of great lakes and snow - capped mountains , which Krapf claimed to have seen for himself , much to the ridicule of English explorers who could not believe the idea of snow on the equator . However , Krapf was correct and had seen Mounts Kilimanjaro and Kenya , the first European to do so . Egypt , Soudan and Central Africa : With Explorations From Khartoum on the White Nile to the Regions of the Equator , Being Sketches from Sixteen Years ' Travel , John Petherick . William Blackwood , Edinburgh ; 1861 Petherick was a well known Welsh traveler in East Central Africa where he had adopted the profession of mining engineer . This work describes sixteen years of his travel throughout Africa . In 1845 , he entered the service of Mehemet Ali , and was employed in examining Upper Egypt , Nubia , the Red Sea coast and Kordofan in an unsuccessful search for coal . In 1848 , he left the Egyptian service and established himself at El Obeid as a trader and was , at the same time made British Consul for the Sudan . In 1853 , he removed to Khartoum and became an ivory trader . He traveled extensively in the Bahr - el - Ghazal region , then almost unknown , exploring the Jur , Yalo and other affluents of the Ghazal and in 1858 he penetrated the Niam - Niam country . Petherick 's additions to the knowledge of natural history were considerable , being responsible for the discovery of a number of new species . In 1859 , he returned to England where he became acquainted with John Speke , then arranging for an expedition to discover the source of the Nile . While in England , Petherick married and published this account of his travels . He got the idea to join Speke in his travels , and in this volume is an actual subscription and list of subscribers to raise money to send Petherick to join Speke . His subsequent adventures as a consul in Africa were published in a later work . Journal of the Discovery of the Source of the Nile , John Hanning Speke . William Blackwood , Edinburgh , 1863 ; Harper & Brothers , New York ; 1864 Speke had previously made an expedition with Sir Richard Burton under the auspices of the Indian government , during which Speke was convinced that he had discovered the source of the Nile . Burton , however , disagreed and ridiculed Speke 's account . Speke set off on another expedition , recounted here , in the company of Captain Grant . During the course of this expedition he not only produced further evidence for his discoveries but he also met ( later Sir ) Samuel and Florence Baker . Speke and Burton provided them with essential information which helped Baker in the discovery of the Albert Nyanza . The importance of Speke 's discoveries can hardly be overestimated . In discovering the source reservoir of the Nile he succeeded in solving the problem of all ages ; he and Grant were the first Europeans to cross Equatorial Eastern Africa and gained for the world a knowledge of about 800 km ( 500 mi ) of a portion of Eastern Africa previously totally unknown . See also ( edit ) Africa portal Geography portal Bujagali Hydroelectric Power Station Egyptian Public Works Kiira Hydroelectric Power Station Water politics in the Nile Basin Merowe Dam Nalubaale Hydroelectric Power Station Orders of magnitude Vid Flumina , a river of liquid methane and ethane on Saturn 's moon Titan References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Nile River '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Archived from the original on 29 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Amazon Longer Than Nile River , Scientists Say Archived 15 August 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Oloo , Adams ( 2007 ) . `` The Quest for Cooperation in the Nile Water Conflicts : A Case for Eritrea '' ( PDF ) . African Sociological Review . 11 ( 1 ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 27 September 2011 . Retrieved 25 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa Elsanabary `` Teleconnection , Modeling , Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin '' . Canada : University of Alberta . 2012 . Retrieved 23 January 2012 Jump up ^ BGN / PCGN . `` Romanization System for Amharic Archived 13 February 2013 at the Wayback Machine . '' . 1967 . Hosted at the National Geospatial Intelligence Agency , 2013 . Accessed 28 Feb 2014 . Jump up ^ See also : BGN / PCGN romanization . Jump up ^ The river 's outflow from that lake occurs at 12 ° 02 ′ 09 '' N 37 ° 15 ′ 53 '' E  /  12.03583 ° N 37.26472 ° E  / 12.03583 ; 37.26472 Jump up ^ `` What 's the Blue Nile and the White Nile ? -- Times of India '' . The Times of India . Archived from the original on 8 March 2017 . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nile '' . Oxford English Dictionary ( 3 ed . ) . Oxford , England : Oxford University Press . December 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Nile § Name '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 19 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 693 . Jump up ^ An overview is given by : Carles Múrcia ( 2006 ) . ( 1 ) Greek : Νεῖλος : El nom grec del riu Nil pot ser d'origen amazic ? Archived 4 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Aula Orientalis 24 : 269 -- 292 Jump up ^ `` Τηθὺς δ _̓ Ὠκεανῷ Ποταμοὺς τέκε δινήεντας , Νεῖλόν τ _̓ Ἀλφειόν τε καὶ Ἠριδανὸν βαθυδίνην '' ( Hesiod , `` Theogony '' , 337 - 8 ) . Jump up ^ `` Nile '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . Archived from the original on 8 March 2013 . Retrieved 20 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Nile '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 19 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 695 . Jump up ^ `` The Nile River '' . Nile Basin Initiative . 2011 . Archived from the original on 2 September 2010 . Retrieved 1 February 2011 . Jump up ^ EarthTrends : The Environmental Information Portal Archived 27 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ McLeay , Cam ( 2 July 2006 ) . `` The Truth About the Source of R. Nile '' . New Vision . Archived from the original on 9 April 2011 . Retrieved 31 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nile River '' . Archived from the original on 10 January 2007 . Retrieved 5 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Team Reaches Nile 's ' True Source ' '' . BBC News . 31 March 2006 . Archived from the original on 1 June 2013 . Retrieved 4 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Described in Joanna Lumley 's Nile , 7 pm to 8 pm , ITV , Sunday 12 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Journey to the source of the Nile '' . Telegraph . Archived from the original on 3 May 2012 . Retrieved 6 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Next on Egypt 's to - do : Ethiopia and the Nile Archived 9 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Arabic bahr can refer to either seas or large rivers . Jump up ^ Template : Cites web Jump up ^ J.V. Sutcliffe & Y.P. Parks ( 1999 ) . `` 12 '' . The Hydrology of the Nile ( PDF ) . IAHS Special Publication no . 5 . p. 161 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 24 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Robert J. Stern , Mohamed Gamal Abdelsalam : The Origin of the Great Bend of the Nile from SIR - C / X-SAR Imaginary . In : Science , New Series , Vol. 274 , Issue 5293 ( Dec. 6 , 1996 ) , pp. 1696 -- 1698 Jump up ^ as per Strabos Geographika book XVII Jump up ^ Egyptian Dust Plume , Red Sea Archived 22 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Blue Nile River river , Africa '' . Encyclopedia Britannica . Archived from the original on 1 August 2017 . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Marshall et al. , `` Late Pleistocene and Holocene environmental and climatic change from Lake Tana , source of the Blue Nile '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 28 September 2006 . ( 247 KB ) , 2006 Jump up ^ `` Two Niles Meet : Image of the Day '' . earthobservatory.nasa.gov. 26 April 2013 . Archived from the original on 15 April 2017 . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Shahin , Mamdouh ( 2002 ) . Hydrology and Water Resources of Africa . Springer . pp. 276 , 287 -- 288 . ISBN 1 - 4020 - 0866 - X . ; online at Google Books Archived 14 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Sobat River '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online Library Edition . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 21 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Keding , Birgit ( 2000 ) . `` New Data on the Holocene Occupation of the Wadi Howar Region ( Eastern Sahara / Sudan ) '' . Studies in African Archaeology. 7 : 89 -- 104 . Jump up ^ Carmignani , Luigi ; Salvini , Riccardo ; Bonciani , Filippo ( 2009 ) . `` Did the Nile River flow to the Gulf of Sirt during the late Miocene ? '' ( PDF ) . Bollettino della Societa Geologica Italiana ( Italian Journal of Geoscience ) . 128 ( 2 ) : 403 -- 408 . doi : 10.3301 / IJG. 2009.128. 2.403 . Jump up ^ Salvini , Riccardo ; Carmignani , Luigi ; Francionib , Mirko ; Casazzaa , Paolo ( 2015 ) . `` Elevation modelling and palaeo - environmental interpretation in the Siwa area ( Egypt ) : Application of SAR interferometry and radargrammetry to COSMO - SkyMed imagery '' . Catena. 129 : 46 -- 62 . doi : 10.1016 / j. catena. 2015.02. 017 . Jump up ^ Although the ancestral Sahara Desert initially developed at least 7 million years ago , it grew during interglacial periods and shrank during glacial ones . The growth of the current Sahara began about 6,000 years ago . Schuster , Mathieu ; et al. ( 2006 ) . `` The age of the Sahara desert '' ( PDF ) . Science . 311 ( 5762 ) : 821 -- 821 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1120161 . Jump up ^ Warren , John ( 2006 ) . Evaporites : Sediments , Resources and Hydrocarbons . Berlin : Springer . p. 352 . ISBN 3 - 540 - 26011 - 0 . Jump up ^ Said , R. ( 1981 ) . The geological evolution of the River Nile . Springer Verlag . Jump up ^ Williams , M.A.J. ; Williams , F. ( 1980 ) . Evolution of Nile Basin . In M.A.J. Williams and H. Faure ( eds ) . The Sahara and the Nile . Balkema , Rotterdam , pp 207 -- 224 . Jump up ^ Salama , R.B. ( 1987 ) . `` The evolution of the River Nile , The buried saline rift lakes in Sudan '' . J. African Earth Sciences . 6 ( 6 ) : 899 -- 913 . doi : 10.1016 / 0899 - 5362 ( 87 ) 90049 - 2 . Jump up ^ Salama , R.B. ( 1997 ) . Rift Basins of Sudan . African Basins , Sedimentary Basins of the World . 3 . Edited by R.C. Selley ( Series Editor K.J. Hsu ) pp. 105 -- 149 . ElSevier , Amsterdam . ^ Jump up to : Springer , Lisa ; Neil Morris ( 15 January 2010 ) . Art and Culture of Ancient Egypt . The Rosen Publishing Group . p. 8 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4358 - 3589 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Chisholm 1911 , p. 698 . Jump up ^ Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile Jump up ^ History of Ethiopia , circa 1622 Jump up ^ Historia geral da Ethiopia a Alta , 1660 Jump up ^ Mundus Subterraneus , 1664 Jump up ^ The Present State of Egypt , 1678 . Jump up ^ S. Whiteway , editor and translator , The Portuguese Expedition to Abyssinia in 1441 -- 1543 , 1902 . ( Nendeln , Liechtenstein : Kraus Reprint , 1967 ) , p. 241 . Jump up ^ Natural History , 5.10 Jump up ^ Chisholm 1911 , p. 693 . Jump up ^ Shahin , Mamdouh ( 2002 ) . Hydrology and Water Resources of Africa . Springer . pp. 286 -- 287 . ISBN 1 - 4020 - 0866 - X . ; online at Google Books Archived 14 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Big Canal To Change Course of Nile River '' Archived 5 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine ... October 1933 . Popular Science ( short article on top - right of page with map ) . Jump up ^ H.A.W. Morrice and W.N. Allan , Planning for the ultimate hydraulic development of the Nile Valley , Proceedings of the Institute of Civil Engineers , 14 , 101 , 1959 . doi : 10.1680 / iicep. 1959.11963 Jump up ^ M.P. Barnett , Comment on the Nile Valley Calculations , Journal of the Royal Statistical Society , Series B , vol. 19 , 223 , 1957 . JSTOR 2983815 Jump up ^ D.F. Manzer and M.P. Barnett , Analysis by Simulation : Programming Techniques for a High - Speed Digital Computer , in Arthur Maas et al , Design of Water Resource Systems , pp. 324 -- 390 , Harvard University Press , Cambridge , Massachusetts , 1962 . ^ Jump up to : Blue Peace for the Nile , 2009 Archived 8 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine. ; Report by Strategic Foresight Group Jump up ^ The Nile Basin Initiative Archived 27 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Cambanis , Thanassis ( 25 September 2010 ) . `` Egypt and Thirsty Neighbors Are at Odds Over Nile '' . New York Times . Archived from the original on 27 September 2011 . Retrieved 25 September 2010 . Jump up ^ National Geographic wrote an article about this trip in its Magazine issue dated May , 1955 . Jump up ^ https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/439857.Kayaks_down_the_Nile . Jump up ^ National Geographic released a feature film about the expedition in late 2005 entitled The Longest River . Jump up ^ They chronicled their adventure with an IMAX camera and two handheld video cams , sharing their story in the IMAX film Mystery of the Nile released in 2005 , and in a book of the same title . Jump up ^ Mark Tanner , Paddling the Blue Nile in Flood Archived 1 November 2014 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 1 November 2014 Jump up ^ Dorothy Middleton , ' Baker , Florence Barbara Maria , Lady Baker ( 1841 -- 1916 ) ' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford University Press , 2004 accessed 11 Sept 2015 Further reading ( edit ) Jeal , Tim ( 2011 ) . Explorers of the Nile : The Triumph and Tragedy of a Great Victorian Adventure . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 14935 - 7 Tvedt , Terje , ed . The River Nile in the Post-Colonial Age : Conflict and Cooperation Among the Nile Basin Countries ( I.B. Tauris , 2010 ) 293 pages ; studies of the river 's finite resources as shared by multiple nations in the post-colonial era ; includes research by scholars from Burundi , Congo , Egypt , Ethiopia , Kenya , Rwanda , Sudan , Tanzania , and Uganda . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nile . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nile . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Nile A Struggle Over the Nile -- slideshow by The New York Times Thesis Analyzing Nile River Negotiations Geographic data related to Nile at OpenStreetMap Egypt topics History Chronology Prehistoric Ancient topics Achaemenid Ptolemaic Battle of Actium Lighthouse of Alexandria Roman Diocese of Egypt Library of Alexandria Christian Sassanid Muslim Muslim conquest Islamization Fustat Tulunid dynasty Ikhshidid dynasty Fatimid Caliphate Crusader invasions Ayyubid dynasty Mamluk Sultanate Mamluk Ottoman Egypt Eyalet Muhammad Ali dynasty Al - Nahda Khedivate Ethiopian -- Egyptian War ' Urabi revolt Modern French occupation Revolt of Cairo British occupation 1919 revolution World War II Sultanate Kingdom 1948 Arab -- Israeli War Republic Nasser era 1952 revolution Land reform Suez Crisis United Arab Republic Six - Day War Sadat era Yom Kippur War Libyan -- Egyptian War Assassination of Anwar Sadat Mubarak era 2010s crisis 2013 Rabaa massacre By topic Anarchism Capital Cigarette industry Constitution Copts Genetic Healthcare Jews Muslim Brotherhood 1928 - 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hud ( hoopoe ) of Solomon The kalb ( dog ) of the sleepers of the cave The nūn ( fish or whale ) of Jonah The nāqat ( she - camel ) of Saleh The fīl ( elephant ) of the Abyssinians ) Non-related Ḥimār ( domesticated donkey or wild ass ) Qaswarah ( ' Lion ' , ' Beast of prey ' or ' Hunter ' ) Angels Angels of Hell Mālik Zabāniyah Angel of the Trumpet ( Isrāfīl or Raphael ) Jibrīl ( Gabriel ) Mīkāl ( Michael ) ' Izrā'īl Malakul - Mawt ( Azrael , Angel of Death ) Riḍwān Munkar Nakir Harut and Marut Kirāman Kātibīn ( Honourable Scribes ) Raqib Atid Jinn ' Ifrīt ( `` Strong one '' ) Jann Mārid ( `` Rebellious one '' ) Iblīs the Shayṭān ( Devil ) Other Shayāṭīn ( Demons ) Qarīn Prophets Mentioned Ādam ( Adam ) Al - Yasa ' ( Elisha ) Ayyūb ( Job ) Dāwūd ( David ) Dhūl - Kifl ( Ezekiel ? ) Hārūn ( Aaron ) Hūd ( Eber ? ) Idrīs ( Enoch ? ) Ilyās ( Elijah ) ' Imrān ( Joachim the father of Maryam ) Isḥāq ( Isaac ) Ismā'īl ( Ishmael ) Dhabih Ullah Isma'il Ṣādiq al - Wa 'd ( Fulfiller of the Promise ) Lūṭ ( Lot ) Ṣāliḥ Shu'ayb ( Jethro , Reuel or Hobab ? ) Sulaymān ibn Dāwūd ( Solomon son of David ) ' Uzair ( Ezra ? ) Yaḥyā ibn Zakariyyā ( John the Baptist the son of Zechariah ) Ya'qūb ( Jacob ) Isrā'īl ( Israel ) Yūnus ( Jonah ) Dhūn - Nūn ( `` He of the Fish ( or Whale ) '' or `` Owner of the Fish ( or Whale ) '' ) Ṣāḥib al - Ḥūt ( `` Companion of the Whale '' ) Yūsuf ibn Ya'qūb ( Joseph son of Jacob ) Zakariyyā ( Zechariah ) Ulu - l - ' Azm Muḥammad Aḥmad Other names and titles of Muhammad ʿĪsā ( Jesus ) Al - Masīḥ ( The Messiah ) Ibn Maryam ( Son of Mary ) Mūsā Kalīmullāh ( Moses He who spoke to God ) Ibrāhīm Khalīlullāh ( Abraham Friend of God ) Nūḥ ( Noah ) Debatable ones Dhūl - Qarnain ( Cyrus the Great ? ) Luqmān Maryam ( Mary ) Ṭālūt ( Saul or Gideon ? ) Implied Irmiyā ( Jeremiah ) Ṣamū'īl ( Samuel ) Yūsha ' ibn Nūn ( Joshua , companion and successor of Moses ) People of Prophets Evil ones Āzar ( possibly Terah ) Fir'awn ( Pharaoh of Moses ' time ) Hāmān Jālūt ( Goliath ) Qārūn ( Korah , cousin of Moses ) As - Sāmirī Abī Lahab Slayers of Saleh 's she - camel ( Qaddar ibn Salif and Musda ' ibn Dahr ) Good ones Adam 's immediate relatives Martyred son Wife Believer of Ya - Sin Family of Noah Father Lamech Mother Shamkhah bint Anush or Betenos Luqman 's son People of Aaron and Moses Believer of Fir'aun Family ( Hizbil / Hizqil ibn Sabura ) Imra'at Fir'awn ( Āsiyá bint Muzāḥim or Bithiah ) Khidr Magicians of the Pharaoh Moses ' wife Moses ' sister - in - law Mother Sister People of Abraham Mother Abiona or Amtelai the daughter of Karnebo Ishmael 's mother Isaac 's mother People of Jesus Disciples ( including Peter ) Mary 's mother Zechariah 's wife People of Joseph Brothers ( including Binyāmin ( Benjamin ) and Simeon ) Egyptians ' Azīz ( Potiphar , Qatafir or Qittin ) Malik ( King Ar - Rayyān ibn Al - Walīd ) ) Wife of ' Azīz ( Zulaykhah ) Mother People of Solomon Mother Queen of Sheba Vizier Zayd Implied or not specified Abrahah Bal'am / Balaam Barsisa Caleb or Kaleb the companion of Joshua Luqman 's son Nebuchadnezzar II Nimrod Rahmah the wife of Ayyub Shaddad Groups Mentioned Aṣḥāb al - Jannah People of Paradise People of the Burnt Garden Aṣḥāb as - Sabt ( Companions of the Sabbath ) Christian apostles Ḥawāriyyūn ( Disciples of Jesus ) Companions of Noah 's Ark Aṣḥāb al - Kahf war - Raqīm ( Companions of the Cave and Al - Raqaim ? Companions of the Elephant People of al - Ukhdūd People of a township in Surah Ya - Sin People of Yathrib or Medina Qawm Lūṭ ( People of Sodom and Gomorrah ) Nation of Noah Tribes , ethnicities or families A'rāb ( Arabs or Bedouins ) ʿĀd ( people of Hud ) Companions of the Rass Qawm Tubba ' ( People of Tubba ) People of Saba ' or Sheba Quraysh Thamūd ( people of Saleh ) Aṣḥāb al - Ḥijr ( `` Companions of the Stoneland '' ) ' Ajam Ar - Rūm ( literally `` The Romans '' ) Banī Isrā'īl ( Children of Israel ) Mu'tafikāt ( The overthrown cities of Sodom and Gomorrah ) People of Ibrahim People of Ilyas People of Nuh People of Shuaib Ahl Madyan People of Madyan ) Aṣḥāb al - Aykah ( `` Companions of the Wood '' ) Qawm Yūnus ( People of Jonah ) Ya'juj and Ma'juj / Gog and Magog Ahl al - Bayt ( `` People of the Household '' ) Household of Abraham Brothers of Yūsuf Daughters of Abraham 's nephew Lot ( Ritha , Za'ura , et al . ) Progeny of Imran Household of Moses Household of Muhammad ibn Abdullah ibn Abdul - Muttalib ibn Hashim Daughters of Muhammad Wives of Muhammad Household of Salih People of Fir'aun Current Ummah of Islam ( Ummah of Muhammad ) Aṣḥāb Muḥammad ( Companions of Muhammad ) Muhajirun ( Emigrants ) Anṣār Muslims of Medina who helped Muhammad and his Meccan followers , literally ' Helpers ' ) People of Mecca Umm Jamil ( wife of Abu Lahab ) Children of Ayyub Dead son of Sulaiman Qabil / Cain ( son of Adam ) Wali'ah or Wa'ilah / Waala ( wife of Nuh ) Walihah or Wahilah ( wife of Lut ) Ya'jūj wa Ma'jūj ( Gog and Magog ) Yam or Kan'an ( son of Nuh ) Implicitly mentioned Amalek Ahl as - Suffa ( People of the Verandah ) Banu Nadir Banu Qaynuqa Banu Qurayza Iranian people Umayyad Dynasty Aus & Khazraj People of Quba Religious groups Ahl al - dhimmah ( Dhimmi ) Kāfirūn ( Infidels ) Zoroastrians Munāfiq ūn ( Hypocrites ) Muslims People of the Book ( Ahl al - Kitāb ) Naṣārā ( Christian ( s ) or People of the Injil ) Ruhban ( Christian monks ) Qissis ( Christian priest ) Yahūd ( Jews ) Ahbār ( Jewish scholars ) Rabbani / Rabbi Sabians Polytheists Meccan polytheists at the time of Muhammad Mesopotamian polytheists at the time of Abraham and Lot Locations Mentioned Al - Arḍ Al - Muqaddasah ( `` The Holy Land '' ) ' Blessed ' Land In the Arabian Peninsula ( excluding Madyan ) Al - Aḥqāf ( `` The Sandy Plains , '' or `` the Wind - curved Sand - hills '' ) Iram dhāt al - ' Imād ( Iram of the Pillars ) Al - Madīnah ( formerly Yathrib ) ' Arafāt Al - Ḥijr ( Hegra ) Badr Ḥunayn Makkah ( Mecca ) Bakkah Ḥaraman Āminan ( `` Sanctuary ( which is ) Secure '' ) Ka'bah ( Kaaba ) Maqām Ibrāhīm ( Station of Abraham ) Safa and Marwah Saba ' ( Sheba ) ' Arim Saba ' ( Dam of Sheba ) Rass Al - Jannah ( Paradise , literally `` The Garden '' ) Jahannam ( Hell ) In Mesopotamia : Al - Jūdiyy Munzalanm - Mubārakan ( `` Place - of - Landing Blessed '' ) Bābil ( Babylon ) Qaryat Yūnus ( `` Township of Jonah , '' that is Nineveh ) Door of Hittah Madyan ( Midian ) Majma ' al - Baḥrayn Miṣr ( Mainland Egypt ) Salsabīl ( A river in Paradise ) Sinai Region or Tīh Desert Al - Wād Al - Muqaddas Ṭuwan ( The Holy Valley of Tuwa ) Al - Wādil - Ayman ( The valley on the ' righthand ' side of the Valley of Tuwa and Mount Sinai ) Mount Sinai or Mount Tabor Religious locations Bay'a ( Church ) Miḥrāb Monastery Masjid ( Mosque , literally `` Place of Prostration '' ) Al - Mash'ar Al - Ḥarām ( `` The Sacred Grove '' ) Al - Masjid Al - Aqṣā ( Al - Aqsa Mosque , literally `` The Farthest Place - of - Prostration '' ) Al - Masjid Al - Ḥarām ( The Sacred Mosque of Mecca ) Masjid al - Dirar A Mosque in the area of Medina , possibly : Masjid Qubā ' ( Quba Mosque ) The Prophet 's Mosque Salat ( Synagogue ) Implied Antioch Antakya Arabia Ayla Barrier of Dhul - Qarnayn Bayt al - Muqaddas & ' Ariha Bilād ar - Rāfidayn ( Mesopotamia ) Canaan Cave of Seven Sleepers Dār an - Nadwa Al - Ḥijāz ( literally `` The Barrier '' ) Black Stone ( Al - Ḥajar al - Aswad ) & Al - Hijr of Isma'il Cave of Hira & Ghar al - Thawr ( Cave of the Bull ) Ta'if Hudaybiyyah Jordan River Nile River Palestine River Paradise of Shaddad Plant matter Baṣal ( Onion ) Fūm ( Garlic or wheat ) Shaṭ ' ( Shoot ) Sūq ( Stem ) Zar ' ( Seed ) Fruits ' Adas ( Lentil ) Baql ( Herb ) Ḥabb dhul - ' aṣf ( Corn of the husk ) Qith - thá ' ( Cucumber ) Rummān ( Pomegranate ) Tīn ( Fig ) Ukul khamṭ ( Bitter fruit or food of Sheba ) Zaytūn ( Olive ) In Paradise Forbidden fruit of Adam Bushes , trees or plants Plants of Sheba Athl ( Tamarisk ) Sidr ( lote - tree ) Līnah ( Tender palm tree ) Nakhl ( date palm ) Rayḥān ( Scented plant ) Sidrat al - Muntahā Zaqqūm Texts Al - Injīl ( The Gospel of Jesus ) Al - Qur'ān ( The Book of Muhammad ) Ṣuḥuf - i Ibrāhīm ( Scroll ( s ) of Abraham ) At - Tawrāt ( The Torah ) Ṣuḥuf - i - Mūsā ( Scroll ( s ) of Moses ) Tablets of Stone Az - Zabūr ( The Psalms of David ) Umm al - Kitāb ( `` Mother of the Book ( s ) '' ) Objects of people or beings Heavenly Food of Christian Apostles Noah 's Ark Staff of Musa Tābūt as - Sakīnah ( Casket of Shekhinah ) Throne of Bilqis Trumpet of Israfil Mentioned idols ( cult images ) ' Ansāb Idols of Israelites : Baal The ' ijl ( golden calf statue ) of Israelites Idols of Noah 's people : Nasr Suwā ' Wadd Yaghūth Ya'ūq Idols of Quraysh : Al - Lāt Al - ' Uzzá Manāt Jibt and Ṭāghūt Celestial bodies Maṣābīḥ ( literally ' lamps ' ) : Al - Qamar ( The Moon ) Kawākib ( Planets ) Al - Arḍ ( The Earth ) Nujūm ( Stars ) Ash - Shams ( The Sun ) Liquids Mā ' ( Water or fluid ) Nahr ( River ) Yamm ( River or sea ) Sharāb ( Drink ) Events Battle of al - Aḥzāb ( `` the Confederates '' ) Battle of Badr Battle of Hunayn Battle of Khaybar Battle of Tabouk Battle of Uhud Conquest of Mecca Incident of Ifk Laylat al - Mabit Mubahala Sayl al - ' Arim ( Flood of the Great Dam of Marib in Sheba ) The Farewell Pilgrimage ( Hujja al - Wada ' ) Treaty of Hudaybiyyah ' Umrah al - Qaza Yawm ad - Dār Implied Event of Ghadir Khumm Note : The names are sorted alphabetically . Standard form : Islamic name / Biblical name ( title or relationship ) GND : 4042339 - 6 NARA : 10038761 NDL : 00628842 VIAF : 129365562 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nile&oldid=845905900 '' Categories : Nile International rivers of Africa Nile basin Rivers of Egypt Rivers of Sudan Rivers of South Sudan Rivers of Uganda Geography of ancient Egypt Hebrew Bible rivers National parks of Egypt Water transport in Egypt Rivers of Africa Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with inconsistent citation formats Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Articles containing Greek - language text Articles needing additional references from January 2018 All articles needing additional references Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing Arabic - language text Articles containing Coptic - language text Articles containing Amharic - language text Articles containing Latin - language text Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2011 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from August 2011 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2011 Incomplete lists from August 2008 Incomplete lists from April 2009 Use dmy dates from October 2010 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Wikiquote Languages Адыгэбзэ Адыгабзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Armãneashti অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Bislama Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chi - Chewa ChiShona Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Эрзянь Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Fulfulde Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 贛 語 ગુજરાતી 한국어 Hausa Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Ирон IsiXhosa Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Kinyarwanda Kiswahili Kongo Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Ladino Лезги لۊری شومالی Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Lingála Livvinkarjala La . lojban . Magyar मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Mirandés Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Dorerin Naoero Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Napulitano Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий Oromoo Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Patois Перем Коми Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Ποντιακά Português Qaraqalpaqsha Qırımtatarca Română Rumantsch Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла संस्कृतम् Scots Seeltersk Sesotho sa Leboa Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit Tarandíne Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ ᏣᎳᎩ Türkçe Türkmençe Thuɔŋjäŋ Удмурт Українська اردو Vèneto Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Volapük Võro Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 डोटेली Bahasa Hulontalo Kabɩyɛ 177 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 June 2018 , at 22 : 59 ( UTC ) . 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where is the nile river located on the world map
[ "The Nile River (Arabic: النيل‎, Egyptian Arabic en-Nīl, Standard Arabic an-Nīl; Coptic: ⲫⲓⲁⲣⲱ, P(h)iaro; Ancient Egyptian: Ḥ'pī and Jtrw; Biblical Hebrew: הַיְאוֹר‬, Ha-Ye'or or הַשִׁיחוֹר‬, Ha-Shiḥor) is a major north-flowing river in northeastern Africa, and is commonly regarded as the longest river in the world,[1] though some sources cite the Amazon River as the longest.[2] The Nile, which is 6,853 km (4,258 miles) long, is an \"international\" river as its drainage basin covers eleven countries, namely, Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Ethiopia, Eritrea, South Sudan, Republic of the Sudan and Egypt.[3] In particular, the Nile is the primary water source of Egypt and Sudan.[4]" ]
[ "northeastern Africa" ]
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FIFA World Cup qualification
FIFA World Cup qualification - wikipedia FIFA World Cup qualification Jump to : navigation , search For the current qualifying tournament , see 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification . The FIFA World Cup qualification is the process that a national association football team goes through to qualify for the FIFA World Cup finals . The FIFA World Cup is the largest international team sport competition in the world with a qualification process required to reduce the large field of countries from 211 to just 32 for the World Cup finals until the 2022 edition . Qualifying tournaments are held within the six FIFA continental zones ( Africa , Asia , North and Central America and Caribbean , South America , Oceania , Europe ) , and are organized by their respective confederations . For each tournament , FIFA decides beforehand the number of places in the finals allocated to each of the continental zones , based on the numbers or relative strength of the confederations ' teams . The hosts of the World Cup receive an automatic berth . Unlike many other sports , results of the previous World Cups or of the continental championships are not taken into account . Until 2002 , the defending champions also received an automatic berth , but starting from the 2006 World Cup this is no longer the case . The current qualification process is the 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification which commenced in 2015 and will finish in late 2017 . Contents 1 History 1.1 Qualification spots by continent 1.2 Qualification competition entrants over time 1.3 First appearance in qualification by team 1.4 National teams results in World Cup preliminary competition ( 1934 -- 2018 ) 1.5 Top scorers in preliminary competition ( 1934 -- 2018 ) 1.6 First games and goalscorers in preliminary competition ( 1934 -- 2018 ) 2 Current format 2.1 Africa 2.2 Asia 2.3 Europe 2.4 North and Central America and Caribbean 2.5 Oceania 2.6 South America 2.7 Intercontinental play - offs 3 Qualification tournament rules 3.1 Groups 3.2 Home - and - away ties 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) Over many years , the World Cup 's qualification has evolved , from having no qualification at all in 1930 , when the tournament was invitational and only 13 teams entered , to the current two - year process . The first World Cup qualifying match was played on 11 June 1933 when Sweden defeated Estonia 6 -- 2 in Stockholm . The first ever goal in a World Cup qualifying match was scored 7 minutes into the game : it was scored according to some sources by Swedish captain Knut Kroon , or according to other sources by Estonian goalkeeper Evald Tipner ( own goal ) . While the number of teams which qualified for the finals has increased steadily , from 16 between 1934 and 1978 , to 24 between 1982 and 1994 , and finally to 32 starting from 1998 , the qualification format has been basically the same throughout the history of the World Cup . The teams have been grouped continentally , and they competed for a fixed number of places , with one or two places awarded to the winners of intercontinental play - offs . Qualification spots by continent ( edit ) The table below lists the numbers of spots allocated by FIFA for each continent in each tournament . If no places were allocated to a continent , such as in the case of Oceania prior to 1966 and Africa in 1950 , this does not indicate an exclusion of those continents by FIFA , but rather that no country of those continents made an entry to the aforementioned Cups . A large part of Africa was under colonial rule during part of the 20th century , mainly the first half of the century . As of 1954 , only 3 African countries were affiliated to FIFA : Egypt , in 1923 , Sudan , in 1948 , and Ethiopia , in 1952 . Sudan and Ethiopia made entries for no Cup prior to 1958 . Egypt made entries for the 1934 , 1938 and 1954 Cups , though not for the 1930 and 1950 Cups . Though an African country , Egypt entered in 1938 and 1954 in the European group , therefore the table below gives no data about Africa for these two Cups . Places in the intercontinental play - offs count as 0.5 spots . Numbers in bold represent the winners of the intercontinental play - offs . `` + C '' denotes an additional spot for defending champions . `` + H '' denotes an additional spot for hosts . Places allocated for continents Continental zone 1934 ( 16 ) 1938 ( 15 ) 1950 ( 13 ) 1954 ( 16 ) 1958 ( 16 ) 1962 ( 16 ) 1966 ( 16 ) 1970 ( 16 ) ( 16 ) 1978 ( 16 ) 1982 ( 24 ) 1986 ( 24 ) 1990 ( 24 ) 1994 ( 24 ) 1998 ( 32 ) 2002 ( 32 ) 2006 ( 32 ) ( 32 ) 2014 ( 32 ) 2018 ( 32 ) 2022 ( 32 ) 2026 ( 48 ) Africa 0 0.5 0.5 5 5 5 5 + H 5 5 5 9 Asia 0.5 3.5 2.5 + 2H 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 + H 8 Oceania Did Not Exist 0.5 0.5 0.25 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Europe 12 11 + C + H 7 + C 11 + H 9.5 + C + H 8+ 2 × 0.5 9 + H 8 + C 8.5 + H 8.5 + C 13 + H 12.5 + C 13 + H 12 + C 14 + H 13.5 + C 13 + H 13 13 13 + H 13 16 North and Central America and Caribbean 0.5 + H + H 1.25 + H 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 6 South America + H + C 3.5 + C + H + C 2.5 + C 2.5 + H + C 2.5 + C 3.5 + C 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 + H 4.5 4.5 6 Play - Off Tournament Did Not Exist Total 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 24 24 24 24 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 48 In 1938 , Austria withdrew after qualifying after being annexed by Germany and were not replaced , so only 15 teams , 12 of them European , played in the finals . In 1950 , India , Scotland , and Turkey withdrew after qualifying and were not replaced , so only 13 teams , none of them Asian and 6 of them European , played in the finals . Initially in 1958 , Africa and Asia together were given 1 spot , while Europe was given 9 spots . However , after Israel won the African and Asian zone without playing any matches , because of withdrawals of other teams , a special play - off was arranged between them and a European team ( Wales ) . So in effect , Africa and Asia together were given 0.5 spots , while Europe was given 9.5 spots . In 1962 , Europe was given 8 automatic spots , plus 2 additional spots in the intercontinental play - offs , in effect giving them 9 spots . The two European teams played an African team and an Asian team respectively , and both European teams won . Therefore , 10 European teams played in the finals . In 1994 , there were two rounds of intercontinental play - offs . First , an Oceanian team played a team from North and Central America and Caribbean , and the winner then played a South American team . From the 2006 qualifiers on , the defending champion no longer has an automatic spot secured . Qualification competition entrants over time ( edit ) The number of teams entering the qualification process and the number of matches played have been steadily growing over time . Though an African country , Egypt entered in 1938 and 1954 into the European group , therefore being zero the below indicator as for Africa in these years . Number of teams entering qualification ( including automatic qualifiers ) Continental zone 1934 ( 16 ) 1938 ( 15 ) 1950 ( 13 ) 1954 ( 16 ) 1958 ( 16 ) 1962 ( 16 ) 1966 ( 16 ) 1970 ( 16 ) ( 16 ) 1978 ( 16 ) 1982 ( 24 ) 1986 ( 24 ) 1990 ( 24 ) 1994 ( 24 ) 1998 ( 32 ) 2002 ( 32 ) 2006 ( 32 ) ( 32 ) 2014 ( 32 ) 2018 ( 32 ) 2022 ( 32 ) 2026 ( 48 ) Africa 0 0 0 11 6 21 13 24 26 29 29 26 40 38 51 51 53 52 54 Asia 5 7 18 22 21 27 26 29 36 42 39 43 43 46 Oceania 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 7 10 10 12 11 11 11 Europe 21 26 19 29 29 30 33 31 33 32 34 33 33 39 50 51 52 53 53 54 North and Central America and Caribbean 7 5 6 8 10 14 14 17 15 18 16 23 30 35 34 35 35 35 South America 8 6 9 9 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 9 10 10 10 10 10 10 Total entrants 32 37 34 45 55 56 74 75 99 107 109 121 116 147 174 199 198 205 204 210 Teams played 27 21 19 33 46 49 51 68 90 95 103 110 103 130 168 193 194 200 203 208 Matches played 27 22 26 57 89 92 127 172 226 252 306 308 314 497 643 777 847 853 828 663 Goals scored 141 96 121 208 341 325 393 542 620 723 797 801 735 1446 1922 2452 2464 2344 2303 1903 Average goals per match 5.22 4.36 4.65 3.65 3.83 3.53 3.09 3.15 2.74 2.87 2.60 2.60 2.34 2.91 2.99 3.16 2.91 2.75 2.81 2.87 Because the Oceania Football Confederation has used the World Cup Qualifiers as a phase of ( or as the entire ) OFC Nations Cup , there is the possibility that non-FIFA countries may play in matches that double as World Cup qualifiers . In the 2006 qualifiers , New Caledonia were included in the tournament although they were not FIFA members at the date of close of entries . They are , however , included in the 12 nations listed as they joined FIFA during the course of qualification , even though they had been technically eliminated from contention a few days earlier ( a similar situation occurred in the entries for 2010 , with Montenegro 's entry accepted prior to their admission by FIFA ) . By contrast , Tuvalu competed in the 2007 South Pacific Games Football tournament , which doubled as qualifiers for the 2010 World Cup . As they were not FIFA members at the time of the completion of the competition , they are not included in the 11 OFC entrants , although their results counted towards the qualification of other teams . From 1973 to 1989 , the CONCACAF Championship and its qualifying tournament were used to determine CONCACAF 's entrant in the World Cup . The confederation 's champion qualified outright . `` Teams played '' is the total number of teams that played at least one qualifying match . This number includes Tuvalu ( see note 1 ) and South Africa . Although South Africa qualified automatically for 2010 as hosts , they competed in the CAF qualifiers , becoming the first hosts to compete in World Cup qualifying since 1934 . This is because the Confederation of African Football used its 2010 World Cup qualifiers as the qualifying phase for the 2010 Africa Cup of Nations , a tournament for which South Africa had attempted to qualify . First appearance in qualification by team ( edit ) Note : Only teams that played at least one match are considered for the purposes of first appearance . Teams that withdrew prior to the qualification , or that qualified to the World Cup by walkover due to other teams ' withdrawals , are not considered . World Cup Europe South America North , Central America and Caribbean Asia Africa Oceania Total 1934 Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czechoslovakia Estonia France Germany Greece Hungary Irish Free State Italy Lithuania Luxembourg Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Spain Sweden Switzerland Yugoslavia none Cuba Haiti Mexico United States Palestine , British Mandate Egypt none 27 1938 Finland Latvia Norway none none none none none 1950 England Ireland Scotland Turkey Wales none none Syria none none 6 1954 Saar Brazil Chile Paraguay none Japan South Korea none none 6 1958 Denmark East Germany Iceland Soviet Union Argentina Bolivia Colombia Peru Uruguay Canada Costa Rica Guatemala Territory of Curaçao China PR Indonesia Sudan none 16 1962 Cyprus Ecuador Dutch Guyana Honduras none Ethiopia Ghana Morocco Nigeria Tunisia none 9 1966 Albania Venezuela Jamaica Trinidad and Tobago North Korea none Australia 6 1970 none none Bermuda El Salvador none Algeria Cameroon Libya Rhodesia Senegal Zambia New Zealand 9 Malta none Antigua and Barbuda Puerto Rico Hong Kong Iran Iraq Kuwait Malaysia South Vietnam Thailand Congo Dahomey Guinea Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Mauritius Sierra Leone Tanzania Togo Zaire none 21 1978 none none Barbados Dominican Republic Guyana Panama Bahrain Qatar Republic of China Saudi Arabia Singapore Malawi Mauritania Niger Uganda Upper Volta none 14 1982 none none Grenada Macau Gambia Liberia Madagascar Mozambique Somalia Fiji 8 1986 none none none Bangladesh Brunei Jordan India Nepal North Yemen South Yemen United Arab Emirates Angola none 9 1990 none none none Oman Pakistan Gabon none 1994 Faroe Islands San Marino none Nicaragua Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Lebanon Sri Lanka Botswana Burundi Namibia South Africa Swaziland Solomon Islands Tahiti Vanuatu 15 1998 Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Georgia Liechtenstein Macedonia Moldova Slovakia Slovenia Ukraine none Aruba Belize Cayman Islands Dominica Saint Kitts and Nevis Cambodia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Maldives Philippines Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Guinea - Bissau Rwanda Cook Islands Papua New Guinea Tonga Western Samoa 31 2002 Andorra none Anguilla Bahamas British Virgin Islands Montserrat Turks and Caicos Islands U.S. Virgin Islands Guam Laos Mongolia Palestine Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Djibouti Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Mali São Tomé and Príncipe Seychelles American Samoa 21 2006 none none none Afghanistan none New Caledonia Montenegro none none Myanmar Timor - Leste Comoros Tuvalu 5 2014 none none none none none none 0 2018 Gibraltar Kosovo none none Bhutan South Sudan none Total 215 Notes ^ The Czechoslovakia team was officially renamed as the Representation of Czechs and Slovaks during the 1994 qualification , and was then succeeded by the Czech Republic ( first appearance : 1998 ) . ^ Germany was later succeeded by West Germany ( first appearance : 1954 ) , which in turn was succeeded by the reunified Germany ( first appearance : 1994 ) . ^ The Irish Free State was later succeeded by Ireland ( first appearance : 1950 ) , which later became officially known as the Republic of Ireland ( first appearance : 1954 ) . ^ Italy had to qualify for the tournament despite being the host . ^ The Kingdom of Yugoslavia was later succeeded by the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( first appearance : 1950 ) , which was then succeeded by the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( first appearance : 1998 ) , which was later renamed as Serbia and Montenegro ( first appearance : 2006 ) , which in turn was succeeded by Serbia ( first appearance : 2010 ) . ^ Mandatory Palestine was later succeeded by Israel ( first appearance : 1950 ) . ^ Egypt was later succeeded by the United Arab Republic , a political union between Egypt and Syria , which entered the 1962 qualification , but withdrew before playing any matches . Later , Egypt entered the 1966 qualification independently but still under the name `` United Arab Republic '' , but withdrew yet again before playing any matches . The team 's first appearance after it changed its name back to Egypt came in 1974 . ^ Ireland was later succeeded by Northern Ireland ( first appearance : 1954 ) . ^ Turkey entered the 1934 qualification , but withdrew before playing any matches . ^ Brazil entered the 1934 and 1938 qualifications , but on both occasions qualified by walkover due to other teams ' withdrawals . It also qualified automatically for the 1950 World Cup as host . ^ Chile entered the 1934 qualification , but withdrew before playing any matches . It also entered the 1950 qualification , but qualified by walkover due to other teams ' withdrawals . ^ Paraguay entered the 1950 qualification , but qualified by walkover due to other teams ' withdrawals . ^ Japan entered the 1938 qualification , but withdrew before playing any matches . ^ The Soviet Union was later succeeded by Russia ( first appearance : 1994 ) . ^ Argentina entered the 1934 qualification , but qualified by walkover due to other teams ' withdrawals . It also entered the 1938 and 1950 qualifications , but on both occasions withdrew before playing any matches . ^ Bolivia entered the 1950 qualification , but qualified by walkover due to other teams ' withdrawals . ^ Colombia entered the 1938 qualification , but withdrew before playing any matches . ^ Peru entered the 1934 , 1950 and 1954 qualifications , but on all three occasions withdrew before playing any matches . ^ Uruguay entered the 1950 qualification , but qualified by walkover due to other teams ' withdrawals . It also qualified automatically for the 1954 World Cup as defending champion . ^ Costa Rica entered the 1938 qualification , but withdrew before playing any matches . ^ The Territory of Curaçao ( six islands ) was later succeeded by the Netherlands Antilles ( first appearance : 1962 ) , which in turn was succeeded by Curaçao ( one island ; first appearance : 2014 ) . ^ Indonesia entered the 1938 qualification as Dutch East Indies , but qualified by walkover due to other teams ' withdrawals . It also entered the 1950 qualification , but withdrew before playing any matches . ^ Cyprus entered the 1958 qualification , but withdrew before playing any matches . ^ Ecuador entered the 1950 qualification , but withdrew before playing any matches . ^ Dutch Guyana entered the 1938 qualification , but withdrew before playing any matches . It was later succeeded by Suriname ( first appearance : 1978 ) . ^ Venezuela entered the 1958 qualification , but withdrew before playing any matches . ^ El Salvador entered the 1938 qualification , but withdrew before playing any matches . ^ Algeria entered the 1966 qualification , but withdrew before playing any matches . ^ Cameroon entered the 1966 qualification , but withdrew before playing any matches . ^ Libya entered the 1966 qualification , but withdrew before playing any matches . ^ Rhodesia was later succeeded by Zimbabwe ( first appearance : 1982 ) . ^ Senegal entered the 1966 qualification , but withdrew before playing any matches . ^ South Vietnam was later succeeded by Vietnam ( first appearance : 1994 ) . ^ Dahomey was later renamed as Benin ( first appearance : 1986 ) . ^ Guinea entered the 1966 qualification , but withdrew before playing any matches . ^ Zaire was renamed as DR Congo during the 1998 qualification . ^ The Republic of China entered the 1954 and 1958 qualifications , but on both occasions withdrew before playing any matches . It later became officially known as Chinese Taipei ( first appearance : 1982 ) . ^ Upper Volta was later renamed as Burkina Faso ( first appearance : 1990 ) . ^ Liberia entered the 1966 qualification , but withdrew before playing any matches . ^ Madagascar entered the 1974 qualification , but withdrew before playing any matches . ^ India entered the 1950 qualification , but qualified by walkover due to other teams ' withdrawals , and subsequently withdrew from participation in the finals . It also entered the 1974 qualification , but withdrew before playing any matches . ^ North Yemen was later succeeded by Yemen ( first appearance : 1994 ) . ^ The United Arab Emirates entered the 1978 qualification , but withdrew before playing any matches . ^ Oman entered the 1986 qualification , but withdrew before playing any matches . ^ Gabon entered the 1966 and 1974 qualifications , but on both occasions withdrew before playing any matches . ^ Lebanon entered but was disqualified during the 1986 qualification , and the team 's matches from that campaign were annulled . ^ Sri Lanka entered the 1974 and 1978 qualifications , but on both occasions withdrew before playing any matches . ^ Liechtenstein entered the 1994 qualification , but withdrew before playing any matches . ^ The Maldives entered the 1990 qualification , but withdrew before playing any matches . ^ The Philippines entered the 1950 and 1974 qualifications , but on both occasions withdrew before playing any matches . ^ Rwanda entered the 1990 qualification , but withdrew before playing any matches . ^ Western Samoa entered the 1994 qualification , but withdrew before playing any matches . It was later renamed as Samoa ( first appearance : 2002 ) . ^ The Bahamas entered the 1998 qualification , but withdrew before playing any matches . ^ The Central African Republic entered the 1978 qualification , but withdrew before playing any matches . It also entered the 1982 qualification , but was disqualified before playing any matches . ^ Mali entered the 1966 , 1994 and 1998 qualifications , but on all three occasions withdrew before playing any matches . ^ São Tomé and Príncipe entered the 1994 qualification , but withdrew before playing any matches . ^ Myanmar entered the 1950 ( as Burma ) , 1994 and 2002 qualifications , but on all three occasions withdrew before playing any matches . ^ Tuvalu was not a member of FIFA at the time of qualification and had not entered the FIFA World Cup , although matches in the Football tournament of the South Pacific Games did count towards the qualification tournament for the OFC , and Tuvalu 's results did count in determining advancement from this stage . ^ Bhutan entered the 2010 qualification , but withdrew before playing any matches . ^ Confederation subtotals are not given because a few teams have appeared in World Cup qualifiers in multiple confederations . National teams results in World Cup preliminary competition ( 1934 -- 2018 ) ( edit ) Legend Team has won the World Cup Team has qualified for the main tournament through a qualifying process Team has qualified for the main tournament only by walkover ( Cuba and Indonesia ) Team has qualified for the main tournament by walkover but has n't participated there because it withdrew ( India ) Team has n't qualified for the main tournament but is assured of an automatic spot in 2022 as host ( Qatar ) Team has n't qualified for the main tournament Defunct team that has qualified for the main tournament ( East Germany ) Defunct team that never qualified for the main tournament ( Saar and South Yemen ) Team is not a member of FIFA and is not eligible for the main tournament ( Tuvalu ) Teams in bold are still participating in the 2018 qualification . The table is updated to matches played in September 2017 . Team App 's Overall qualification record Points Confederation Pld GF GA GD Total Avg Mexico 16 173 112 37 24 431 122 + 309 373 2.156 CONCACAF Costa Rica 16 170 85 42 43 293 173 + 120 297 1.747 CONCACAF South Korea 14 135 82 36 17 264 86 + 178 282 2.089 AFC Australia 14 137 80 34 23 356 110 + 246 274 2.000 AFC Iran 10 128 78 34 16 267 81 + 186 268 2.094 AFC Netherlands 18 123 80 24 19 291 92 + 199 264 2.146 UEFA United States 18 152 76 36 40 261 179 + 82 264 1.737 CONCACAF Spain 18 115 79 25 11 272 76 + 196 262 2.278 UEFA Argentina 13 134 74 35 25 232 126 + 106 257 1.918 CONMEBOL Portugal 20 137 74 33 30 258 139 + 119 255 1.861 UEFA Sweden 19 127 78 20 29 258 119 + 139 254 2.000 UEFA Serbia ( 2010 -- ) Serbia and Montenegro ( 2006 ) FR Yugoslavia ( 1998 -- 2002 ) SFR Yugoslavia ( 1950 -- 1990 ) Kingdom of Yugoslavia ( 1934 -- 1938 ) 19 126 74 31 21 266 111 + 155 253 2.008 UEFA Belgium 19 131 75 25 31 269 138 + 131 250 1.908 UEFA Czech Republic ( 1998 -- ) Representation of Czechs and Slovaks ( 1994 ) Czechoslovakia ( 1934 -- 1994 ) 19 136 73 29 34 259 115 + 144 248 1.824 UEFA England 16 110 74 25 11 273 67 + 206 247 2.245 UEFA Uruguay 16 152 68 41 43 214 162 + 52 245 1.612 CONMEBOL Italy 16 105 73 24 8 219 67 + 152 243 2.314 UEFA Russia ( 1994 -- ) Soviet Union ( 1958 -- 1990 ) 15 115 73 23 19 227 75 + 152 242 2.104 UEFA Honduras 14 146 68 38 40 250 167 + 83 242 1.658 CONCACAF Germany ( 1994 -- ) West Germany ( 1954 -- 1990 ) Germany ( 1934 -- 1938 ) 14 92 72 18 284 68 + 216 234 2.543 UEFA Saudi Arabia 11 118 68 28 22 232 93 + 139 232 1.966 AFC Brazil 12 108 67 29 12 237 70 + 167 230 2.130 CONMEBOL Japan 14 120 68 26 26 247 85 + 162 230 1.917 AFC Paraguay 17 152 65 30 57 199 187 + 12 225 1.480 CONMEBOL Romania 17 126 66 25 35 219 132 + 87 223 1.770 UEFA Switzerland 19 128 62 32 34 199 142 + 57 218 1.703 UEFA El Salvador 13 140 63 28 49 233 168 + 65 217 1.550 CONCACAF Colombia 16 150 57 45 48 178 156 + 22 216 1.440 CONMEBOL China PR 11 108 66 16 26 230 74 + 156 214 1.981 AFC France 17 109 63 23 23 213 87 + 126 212 1.945 UEFA Scotland 18 123 61 27 35 189 134 + 55 210 1.707 UEFA Chile 15 144 60 29 55 215 191 + 24 209 1.451 CONMEBOL Bulgaria 19 127 60 26 41 208 175 + 33 206 1.622 UEFA Republic of Ireland ( 1954 -- ) Ireland ( 1950 ) Irish Free State ( 1934 -- 1938 ) 20 137 54 42 41 195 164 + 31 204 1.489 UEFA Nigeria 14 102 57 29 16 174 77 + 97 200 1.961 CAF Austria 18 121 57 28 36 208 134 + 74 199 1.645 UEFA Hungary 18 120 57 26 37 213 158 + 55 197 1.642 UEFA Denmark 15 118 56 28 34 205 139 + 66 196 1.661 UEFA Tunisia 14 102 56 27 19 176 83 + 93 195 1.912 CAF Poland 18 115 58 21 36 218 140 + 78 195 1.696 UEFA Trinidad and Tobago 14 135 54 27 54 198 179 + 19 189 1.400 CONCACAF Morocco 14 109 49 38 22 145 80 + 65 185 1.697 CAF Greece 19 124 52 28 44 152 166 − 14 184 1.484 UEFA Guatemala 15 122 49 31 42 194 150 + 44 178 1.459 CONCACAF Canada 14 117 48 34 35 161 136 + 25 178 1.521 CONCACAF New Zealand 13 94 53 17 24 221 97 + 124 176 1.872 OFC Ecuador 15 141 47 33 61 167 197 − 30 174 1.234 CONMEBOL Qatar 11 112 50 22 40 181 121 + 60 172 1.536 AFC Cameroon 13 85 50 21 14 140 64 + 76 171 2.012 CAF Egypt 14 91 51 18 22 162 87 + 75 171 1.879 CAF Iraq 11 101 48 24 29 201 103 + 98 168 1.663 AFC Uzbekistan 6 94 49 19 26 177 95 + 82 166 1.766 AFC Turkey 17 126 47 23 56 174 182 − 8 164 1.302 UEFA Northern Ireland ( 1954 -- ) Ireland ( 1950 ) 18 130 43 35 52 148 156 − 8 164 1.262 UEFA Peru 16 145 42 34 69 161 210 − 49 160 1.103 CONMEBOL Kuwait 12 93 48 14 31 160 92 + 68 158 1.699 AFC Norway 18 124 42 30 52 161 178 − 17 156 1.258 UEFA Zambia 13 94 45 19 30 143 85 + 58 154 1.638 CAF Israel ( 1950 -- ) Palestine , British Mandate ( 1934 -- 1938 ) 20 120 39 34 47 165 177 − 12 151 1.258 UEFA Ivory Coast 11 76 41 24 11 144 65 + 79 147 1.934 CAF United Arab Emirates 9 97 42 20 35 161 111 + 50 146 1.505 AFC Bolivia 16 148 39 28 81 175 280 − 105 145 0.980 CONMEBOL Ghana 13 81 40 20 21 131 65 + 66 140 1.728 CAF Algeria 13 87 39 23 25 123 89 + 34 140 1.609 CAF Jamaica 11 104 37 27 40 115 132 − 17 138 1.327 CONCACAF North Korea 10 83 39 19 25 116 77 + 39 136 1.639 AFC Haiti 14 90 39 17 34 152 120 + 32 134 1.489 CONCACAF Wales 18 118 36 26 56 150 169 − 19 134 1.136 UEFA Syria 14 82 36 19 27 172 94 + 78 127 1.549 AFC Ukraine 6 68 34 22 12 106 50 + 56 124 1.824 UEFA DR Congo ( 1998 -- ) Zaire ( 1974 -- 1998 ) 10 74 34 17 23 123 82 + 41 119 1.608 CAF Croatia 6 58 34 16 8 101 45 + 56 118 2.034 UEFA Bahrain 10 88 31 25 32 105 94 + 11 118 1.341 AFC Finland 19 127 32 21 74 131 284 − 153 117 0.921 UEFA Guinea 12 73 35 10 28 112 90 + 22 115 1.575 CAF Slovakia 6 62 31 14 17 107 63 + 44 107 1.726 UEFA Oman 8 70 29 19 22 115 70 + 45 106 1.514 AFC Panama 11 92 26 22 44 102 152 − 50 100 1.087 CONCACAF Jordan 9 70 28 14 28 105 92 + 13 98 1.400 AFC Iceland 13 104 26 19 59 111 215 − 104 97 0.933 UEFA Venezuela 13 138 24 24 90 119 314 − 195 96 0.696 CONMEBOL Angola 9 61 24 22 15 79 57 + 22 94 1.541 CAF Bosnia and Herzegovina 6 56 27 10 19 107 64 + 43 91 1.625 UEFA Senegal 12 60 23 22 15 84 55 + 29 91 1.517 CAF Thailand 12 89 24 18 47 116 156 − 40 90 1.011 AFC South Africa 7 47 27 8 12 62 40 + 22 89 1.894 CAF Slovenia 6 60 25 14 21 79 65 + 14 89 1.483 UEFA Burkina Faso ( 1990 -- ) Upper Volta ( 1978 ) 8 58 25 10 23 82 75 + 7 85 1.466 CAF Kenya 12 68 23 16 29 77 91 − 14 85 1.250 CAF Hong Kong 12 73 23 14 36 91 128 − 37 83 1.137 AFC Cuba 12 68 20 20 28 85 102 − 17 80 1.176 CONCACAF Zimbabwe ( 1982 -- ) Rhodesia ( 1970 ) 10 61 21 16 24 62 75 − 13 79 1.295 CAF Togo 10 63 21 14 28 68 86 − 18 77 1.222 CAF Libya 10 54 21 12 21 62 60 + 2 75 1.389 CAF Congo 9 60 21 12 27 68 80 − 12 75 1.250 CAF East Germany 9 47 22 8 17 87 65 + 22 74 1.574 defunct Gabon 8 55 21 10 24 57 62 − 5 73 1.327 CAF Indonesia 12 71 19 16 36 87 143 − 56 73 1.028 AFC Solomon Islands 7 54 21 9 24 112 113 − 1 72 1.333 OFC Lebanon 7 56 19 14 23 87 77 + 10 71 1.268 AFC Suriname ( 1978 -- ) Dutch Guyana ( 1962 -- 1974 ) 14 65 19 14 32 91 111 − 20 71 1.092 CONCACAF Fiji 9 53 20 10 23 111 98 + 13 70 1.321 OFC Latvia 8 73 18 14 41 78 130 − 52 68 0.932 UEFA Albania 12 102 18 14 70 72 184 − 112 68 0.667 UEFA Singapore 11 68 19 10 39 74 121 − 47 67 0.985 AFC Lithuania 9 71 17 15 39 58 109 − 51 66 0.930 UEFA New Caledonia 35 18 8 9 87 36 + 51 62 1.771 OFC Malaysia 12 59 16 14 29 69 111 − 42 62 1.051 AFC Sudan 12 64 15 17 32 56 101 − 45 62 0.969 CAF Tahiti 7 43 17 8 18 66 81 − 15 59 1.372 OFC Malawi 10 58 14 16 28 56 83 − 27 58 1.000 CAF Cyprus 15 112 15 13 84 86 293 − 207 58 0.518 UEFA Liberia 9 58 15 12 31 39 84 − 45 57 0.983 CAF Curaçao ( 2014 -- ) Netherlands Antilles ( 1962 -- 2010 ) Territory of Curaçao ( 1958 ) 16 60 13 18 29 53 116 − 63 57 0.950 CONCACAF Turkmenistan 6 40 17 5 18 64 59 + 5 56 1.400 AFC Estonia 9 74 15 11 48 58 164 − 106 56 0.757 UEFA Bermuda 7 36 15 9 12 76 46 + 30 54 1.500 CONCACAF Uganda 9 40 15 7 18 40 56 − 16 52 1.300 CAF Mali 5 38 14 9 15 50 52 − 2 51 1.342 CAF Belarus 6 56 13 12 31 59 92 − 33 51 0.911 UEFA Macedonia 6 58 13 11 34 66 101 − 35 50 0.862 UEFA Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 7 58 14 8 36 77 170 − 93 50 0.862 CONCACAF Yemen ( 1994 -- ) North Yemen ( 1986 -- 1990 ) 9 50 12 11 27 52 80 − 28 47 0.940 AFC Tajikistan 6 36 13 7 16 63 55 + 8 46 1.278 AFC Benin ( 1986 -- ) Dahomey ( 1974 ) 8 44 13 7 24 46 89 − 43 46 1.045 CAF Kazakhstan 6 58 12 10 36 69 124 − 55 46 0.793 UEFA Madagascar 9 36 12 8 16 45 51 − 6 44 1.222 CAF Antigua and Barbuda 10 42 13 5 24 66 93 − 27 44 1.048 CONCACAF Georgia 6 54 9 16 29 51 87 − 36 43 0.796 UEFA Armenia 6 60 10 13 37 50 115 − 65 43 0.717 UEFA Cape Verde 5 32 13 16 34 40 − 6 42 1.312 CAF Sierra Leone 10 45 11 9 25 39 69 − 30 42 0.933 CAF Saint Kitts and Nevis 6 30 11 8 11 64 54 + 10 41 1.367 CONCACAF India 8 43 10 11 22 43 87 − 44 41 0.953 AFC Montenegro 28 10 10 8 45 38 + 7 40 1.429 UEFA Kyrgyzstan 6 31 12 15 38 49 − 11 40 1.290 AFC Ethiopia 11 41 10 10 21 47 65 − 18 40 0.976 CAF Vanuatu 7 37 12 22 76 89 − 13 39 1.054 OFC Vietnam ( 1994 -- ) South Vietnam ( 1974 ) 8 41 11 27 43 81 − 38 36 0.878 AFC Namibia 7 42 9 9 24 37 82 − 45 36 0.857 CAF Dominican Republic 8 29 10 5 14 42 50 − 8 35 1.207 CONCACAF Botswana 6 34 10 5 19 33 52 − 19 35 1.029 CAF Azerbaijan 6 56 7 14 35 27 97 − 70 35 0.625 UEFA Barbados 8 37 10 23 35 73 − 38 34 0.919 CONCACAF Mozambique 8 34 8 8 18 30 50 − 20 32 0.941 CAF Niger 7 30 9 5 16 27 48 − 21 32 1.067 CAF Bangladesh 9 48 9 5 34 33 122 − 89 32 0.667 AFC Palestine 5 26 8 7 11 46 37 + 9 31 1.192 AFC Tanzania 9 33 7 10 16 35 50 − 15 31 0.939 CAF Samoa ( 2002 -- ) Western Samoa ( 1998 ) 6 26 9 16 37 88 − 51 28 1.077 OFC Papua New Guinea 22 7 6 9 43 36 + 7 27 1.227 OFC Belize 6 26 7 6 13 32 54 − 22 27 1.038 CONCACAF Rwanda 6 36 6 9 21 29 54 − 25 27 0.750 CAF Guyana 10 34 7 6 21 36 81 − 45 27 0.794 CONCACAF Moldova 6 56 5 12 39 35 112 − 77 27 0.482 UEFA Faroe Islands 7 68 7 6 55 34 183 − 149 27 0.397 UEFA Grenada 7 25 7 15 49 54 − 5 24 0.960 CONCACAF Burundi 6 20 7 10 17 26 − 9 24 1.200 CAF Gambia 8 24 6 6 12 20 36 − 16 24 1.000 CAF Luxembourg 20 132 5 9 118 68 424 − 356 24 0.182 UEFA Maldives 6 32 7 23 36 120 − 84 23 0.719 AFC Nicaragua 7 22 7 14 25 44 − 19 22 1.000 CONCACAF Saint Lucia 7 24 7 16 32 62 − 30 22 0.917 CONCACAF Tonga 6 22 7 14 23 82 − 59 22 1.000 OFC Chinese Taipei ( 1982 -- ) Republic of China ( 1978 ) 11 58 6 48 35 200 − 165 22 0.379 AFC Puerto Rico 9 25 5 6 14 22 55 − 33 21 0.840 CONCACAF Chad 5 16 6 9 15 23 − 8 19 1.187 CAF Swaziland 7 19 11 15 39 − 24 16 0.842 CAF Nepal 7 30 22 23 100 − 77 16 0.533 AFC Bahamas 5 14 7 20 43 − 23 15 1.071 CONCACAF Philippines 21 14 16 57 − 41 15 0.714 AFC Sri Lanka 7 31 6 22 21 75 − 54 15 0.484 AFC Malta 12 100 9 89 32 296 − 264 15 0.150 UEFA Equatorial Guinea 5 20 14 17 36 − 19 14 0.700 CAF Lesotho 7 24 8 14 14 51 − 37 14 0.583 CAF Aruba 6 16 11 23 42 − 19 13 0.812 CONCACAF Dominica 6 20 13 15 54 − 39 13 0.650 CONCACAF Laos 26 20 23 124 − 101 12 0.462 AFC Liechtenstein 6 58 6 50 23 180 − 157 12 0.207 UEFA Myanmar 14 9 11 38 − 27 11 0.786 AFC Macau 9 35 30 15 165 − 150 11 0.314 AFC Afghanistan 14 10 10 45 − 35 10 0.714 AFC Cook Islands 6 20 16 16 63 − 47 10 0.500 OFC American Samoa 5 18 14 11 136 − 125 10 0.556 OFC Mauritania 6 16 11 13 31 − 18 9 0.562 CAF U.S. Virgin Islands 5 15 0 12 8 80 − 72 9 0.600 CONCACAF Cambodia 5 26 21 16 90 − 74 9 0.346 AFC Andorra 5 50 45 14 156 − 142 9 0.180 UEFA Timor - Leste 14 10 11 55 − 44 8 0.571 AFC Guinea - Bissau 6 12 7 8 19 − 11 7 0.583 CAF São Tomé and Príncipe 8 5 22 − 18 7 0.875 CAF Guam 10 7 51 − 48 7 0.700 AFC Mauritius 7 18 14 14 49 − 35 6 0.333 CAF Bhutan 10 0 8 8 53 − 45 6 0.600 AFC Cayman Islands 6 16 0 5 11 6 35 − 29 5 0.313 CONCACAF Saar 8 − 4 1.000 defunct Central African Republic 10 8 8 21 − 13 0.400 CAF Mongolia 5 14 12 6 51 − 45 0.286 AFC Djibouti 13 11 6 56 − 50 0.308 CAF Pakistan 8 30 0 26 12 118 − 106 0.133 AFC Eritrea 8 0 5 16 − 13 0.375 CAF Comoros 8 0 5 18 − 14 0.375 CAF Somalia 6 11 0 8 26 − 25 0.273 CAF British Virgin Islands 5 10 0 7 7 34 − 27 0.300 CONCACAF Turks and Caicos Islands 5 10 0 9 6 46 − 40 0.300 CONCACAF Brunei 14 0 13 59 − 56 0.214 AFC Seychelles 5 14 0 12 6 36 − 30 0.143 CAF San Marino 7 64 0 62 11 297 − 286 0.031 UEFA South Yemen 0 7 − 3 0.500 defunct South Sudan 0 5 − 4 0.500 CAF Kosovo 8 0 7 20 − 17 0.125 UEFA Tuvalu 0 22 − 20 0.250 OFC Montserrat 5 9 0 8 8 45 − 37 0.111 CONCACAF Anguilla 5 10 0 9 41 − 39 0.100 CONCACAF Gibraltar 8 0 0 8 37 − 34 0 0.000 UEFA Footnotes ^ Only qualifying campaigns are counted where the team played at least one match that was not annulled . ^ The three points for a win system is used . Note that these columns do not represent any official rankings . Top scorers in preliminary competition ( 1934 -- 2018 ) ( edit ) Players in bold are still active . # Nation Player Goals Games played Goal ratio Qualification tournaments Carlos Ruiz 39 47 0.75 2002 ( 8 goals ) , 2006 ( 10 ) , 2010 ( 6 ) , 2014 ( 6 ) , 2018 ( 9 ) Ali Daei 35 50 0.70 1994 ( 7 goals ) , 1998 ( 9 ) , 2002 ( 10 ) , 2006 ( 9 ) Cristiano Ronaldo 29 35 0.83 2006 ( 7 goals ) , 2014 ( 8 ) , 2018 ( 14 ) Karim Bagheri 28 29 0.97 1998 ( 19 goals ) , 2002 ( 8 ) , 2010 ( 1 ) 5 Kazu Miura 27 25 1.08 1994 ( 13 goals ) , 1998 ( 14 ) 6 Andriy Shevchenko 26 40 0.65 1998 ( 4 goals ) , 2002 ( 10 ) , 2006 ( 6 ) , 2010 ( 6 ) 7 Carlos Pavón 25 37 0.68 1998 ( 2 goals ) , 2002 ( 15 ) , 2006 ( 1 ) , 2010 ( 7 ) 8 Jared Borgetti 23 24 0.96 2002 ( 6 goals ) , 2006 ( 14 ) , 2010 ( 3 ) 9 Tim Cahill 23 x x 2006 ( 7 goals ) , 2010 ( 4 ) , 2014 ( 3 ) , 2018 ( 9 ) 10 Edin Džeko 22 25 0.86 2010 ( 9 goals ) , 2014 ( 10 ) , 2018 ( 3 ) 11 Paulo Wanchope 21 37 0.57 1998 ( 6 goals ) , 2002 ( 7 ) , 2006 ( 8 ) 12 Archie Thompson 20 15 1.33 2002 ( 16 goals ) , 2006 ( 2 ) , 2014 ( 2 ) 13 Stern John 20 49 0.41 1998 ( 3 goals ) , 2002 ( 3 ) , 2006 ( 12 ) , 2010 ( 2 ) 14 Vaughan Coveny 19 19 1.00 1998 ( 4 goals ) , 2002 ( 9 ) , 2006 ( 6 ) 15 Emmanuel Sanon 19 20 0.95 1974 ( 11 goals ) , 1978 ( 8 ) 16 Pauleta 19 24 0.79 2002 ( 8 goals ) , 2006 ( 11 ) 17 Zlatan Ibrahimović 19 29 0.66 2002 ( 1 goal ) , 2006 ( 8 ) , 2010 ( 2 ) , 2014 ( 8 ) 18 Hernán Crespo 19 33 0.58 1998 ( 3 goals ) , 2002 ( 9 ) , 2006 ( 7 ) 19 Luis Suárez 19 44 0.43 2010 ( 5 goals ) , 2014 ( 11 ) , 2018 ( 3 ) 20 Didier Drogba 18 19 0.95 2006 ( 9 goals ) , 2010 ( 6 ) , 2014 ( 3 ) 21 Moumouni Dagano 18 24 0.60 2002 ( 1 goal ) , 2006 ( 5 ) , 2010 ( 12 ) 22 Samuel Eto'o 18 29 0.62 2002 ( 3 goals ) , 2006 ( 4 ) , 2010 ( 9 ) , 2014 ( 2 ) 23 Raúl Díaz Arce 18 29 0.62 1994 ( 2 goals ) , 1998 ( 9 ) , 2002 ( 7 ) 24 Marcelo Salas 18 32 0.56 1998 ( 11 goals ) , 2002 ( 4 ) , 2006 ( 1 ) , 2010 ( 2 ) 25 Robbie Keane 18 37 0.49 2002 ( 2 goals ) , 2006 ( 4 ) , 2010 ( 6 ) , 2014 ( 6 ) 26 Clint Dempsey 18 38 0.47 2010 ( 5 goals ) , 2014 ( 8 ) , 2018 ( 5 ) 27 Lionel Messi 18 41 0.44 2010 ( 4 goals ) , 2014 ( 10 ) , 2018 ( 4 ) 28 Iván Zamorano 17 11 1.54 1990 ( 1 goal ) , 1998 ( 12 ) , 2002 ( 4 ) 29 Dimitar Berbatov 17 12 1.42 2002 ( 6 goals ) , 2006 ( 8 ) , 2010 ( 5 ) 30 Alexander Frei 17 14 1.21 2002 ( 5 goals ) , 2006 ( 7 ) , 2010 ( 5 ) 31 Deon McCaulay 17 16 1.06 2010 ( 2 goals ) , 2014 ( 11 ) , 2018 ( 4 ) 32 Alvaro Saborio 17 41 0.41 2006 ( 3 goals ) , 2010 ( 6 ) , 2014 ( 8 ) 33 Steve David 17 x x 1974 ( 13 goals ) , 1978 ( 4 ) ( update of FIFA World Cup 2018 qualifiers in progress , last update : 13 June 2017 ) First games and goalscorers in preliminary competition ( 1934 -- 2018 ) ( edit ) World Cup First game First goal 1934 11 June 1933 ; Sweden 6 -- 2 Estonia 11 June 1933 ; Knut Kroon for Sweden vs. Estonia 1938 16 June 1937 ; Sweden 4 -- 0 Finland 16 June 1937 ; Lennart Bunke for Sweden vs. Finland 1950 2 June 1949 ; Sweden 3 -- 1 Republic of Ireland 2 June 1949 ; Davy Walsh for Republic of Ireland vs. Sweden 1954 9 May 1953 ; Yugoslavia 1 -- 0 Greece 9 May 1953 ; Frane Matošić for Yugoslavia vs. Greece 1958 30 September 1956 ; Austria 7 -- 0 Luxembourg 30 September 1956 ; Gerhard Hanappi for Austria vs. Luxembourg 1962 21 August 1960 ; Costa Rica 3 -- 2 Guatemala 21 August 1960 ; unknown 1966 24 May 1964 ; Netherlands 2 -- 0 Albania 24 May 1964 ; Daan Schrijvers for Netherlands vs. Albania 1970 19 May 1968 ; Austria 7 -- 1 Cyprus 19 May 1968 ; Erich Hof for Austria vs. Cyprus 14 November 1971 ; Malta 0 -- 2 Hungary 14 November 1971 ; Ferenc Bene for Hungary vs. Malta 1978 4 April 1976 ; Panama 3 -- 2 Costa Rica 4 April 1976 ; Javier Jiménez for Costa Rica vs. Panama 1982 26 March 1980 ; Israel 0 -- 0 Northern Ireland 26 March 1980 ; Cyprus 2 -- 3 Republic of Ireland 26 March 1980 ; Paul McGee for Republic of Ireland vs. Cyprus 1986 2 May 1984 ; Cyprus 1 -- 2 Austria 2 May 1984 ; Martin Gisinger for Austria vs. Cyprus 1990 17 April 1988 ; Guyana 0 -- 4 Trinidad and Tobago 17 April 1988 ; Paul Elliot - Allen for Trinidad and Tobago vs. Guyana 1994 21 March 1992 ; Dominican Republic 0 -- 4 Puerto Rico 21 March 1992 ; Marcos Lugris for Puerto Rico vs. Dominican Republic 1998 10 March 1996 ; Dominica 3 -- 3 Antigua and Barbuda 10 March 1996 ; Anthony Dominique for Dominica vs. Antigua and Barbuda 2002 4 March 2000 ; Trinidad and Tobago 5 -- 0 Netherlands Antilles 4 March 2000 ; Honduras 3 -- 0 Nicaragua 4 March 2000 ; Marvin Andrews for Trinidad and Tobago vs. Netherlands Antilles 2006 6 September 2003 ; Ecuador 2 -- 0 Venezuela 6 September 2003 ; Giovanny Espinoza for Ecuador vs. Venezuela 25 August 2007 ; Tahiti 0 -- 1 New Caledonia 25 August 2007 ; Pierre Wajoka for New Caledonia vs. Tahiti 2014 15 June 2011 ; Montserrat 2 -- 5 Belize 15 June 2011 ; Deon McCauley for Belize vs. Montserrat 2018 12 March 2015 ; Timor - Leste 4 -- 1 Mongolia 12 March 2015 ; Chiquito do Carmo for Timor - Leste vs. Mongolia Current format ( edit ) Currently , 32 places are available in the final tournament . One of them is reserved for the host nation , but if two or more nations host the competition jointly , each is awarded a place . From 1934 to 2002 , one berth was reserved for the winners of the previous World Cup . In November 2001 , FIFA announced that the defending champion would no longer get automatic entry to the subsequent tournament , starting with the 2006 finals . This decision was made to address the issue of the returning champions being at a disadvantage to their fellow competitors due to having not played a competitive match in the previous two years . The problem was amply demonstrated at the 2002 FIFA World Cup , as returning champions France tumbled out in the first round , finishing bottom of their group without scoring a single goal . 2002 winner Brazil qualified for 2006 at the top of their qualifiers group . However , Italy , defending champions from 2006 , finished bottom of their group in 2010 , despite playing in the qualifying matches . At Brazil 2014 , 2010 champions Spain finished third in their group and failed to advance to the Round of 16 , despite having qualified as first in their group . FIFA decides beforehand the number of spots awarded to each of the continental zones . For the 2018 World Cup , the following numbers are being used : UEFA ( Europe ) -- 13 berths , plus the host Russia CAF ( Africa ) -- 5 berths AFC ( Asia ) -- 4 berths CONMEBOL ( South America ) -- 4 berths CONCACAF ( North and Central America and Caribbean ) -- 3 berths 2 berths for the winners of intercontinental play - offs between the best team from the OFC ( Oceania ) , as well as additional teams from the AFC , CONMEBOL and CONCACAF . The pairings for these play - offs will be determined by an open draw . The number of berths allocated per continent is widely debated , with the main point of contention being the extent to which berths should be allocated to regions based on sheer population vs. talent . A historically weaker continent , Africa has called for more places , as they are allocated only five in comparison to Europe 's 13 . In early October 2016 , it was announced that the World Cup would have featured 40 teams starting with the 2026 tournament , then FIFA President Gianni Infantino stated his support for a 48 - team World Cup , mainly to address African concerns . On 10 January 2017 , the FIFA Council voted unanimously to expand the World Cup to a 48 team tournament that will open with a group stage consisting of 16 groups of three teams , with two teams progressing from each group to a knockout tournament starting with a round of 32 . Other than a play - off tournament , for the last two World Cup berths , that consists of one team from each confederation ( except for UEFA ) and one additional team from the confederation of the host country , the new format for the qualifying process has yet to be confirmed . These numbers vary slightly between tournaments ( see above ) . Qualification in all zones ends at approximately the same time , in September -- November of the year preceding the finals . The formats of the qualification tournaments differ between confederations and over time . The systems being used in 2018 are outlined below . Africa ( edit ) The CAF qualification process began with two preliminary rounds ( to narrow the field of 53 entrants to 20 teams ) in October 2015 . Zimbabwe were disqualified and therefore ineligible . The group stage consisted of 5 groups of 4 , with the group winners advancing to the World Cup finals . Asia ( edit ) Bhutan and Guam entered the AFC qualification process , while Indonesia were suspended and therefore ineligible . Qualifying was altered significantly from the 2014 method , with changes to the structure of the preliminary rounds -- which were held before the main draw . One home - and - away preliminary round reduced the 12 entrants to 6 , followed by a first group stage with the 6 first round winners joining the top sides and 4 best runners - up from 5 groups of 5 advancing to a final group stage . The winners and runners - up of the two final groups of 5 advanced to the World Cup finals with the two third - placed sides playing off in the fourth round for the right to play in an inter-confederation play - off for a final World Cup spot . The first two rounds also acted as the qualifiers for the expanded 2019 AFC Asian Cup . A total of 24 teams eliminated from World Cup qualification in the second round compete in the third round of 2019 AFC Asian Cup qualification ( which is separate from the third round of 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification ) , where they are divided into six groups of four teams and compete for the remaining slots of the 2019 AFC Asian Cup . The 24 teams consist of the 16 highest ranked teams eliminated in the second round , and the eight teams that advance from the play - off round of 2019 AFC Asian Cup qualification which are contested by the remaining 12 teams eliminated in the second round . Europe ( edit ) The European qualification is unchanged from the 2010 system . The 54 national teams were divided into nine groups of six teams , with the group winners qualifying directly to the finals , and the best eight runners - up playing home - and - away ties for the remaining four places . With the admission of Gibraltar and Kosovo as FIFA members in May 2016 , both national teams made their debuts in World Cup qualifying . With two groups of only five teams in the first round , Kosovo was assigned to group I as it was decided that Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia should not play against Kosovo for security reasons , and Gibraltar was then added to group H . North and Central America and Caribbean ( edit ) See also : Hexagonal ( CONCACAF ) The 2018 CONCACAF qualification process has changed significantly from the 2014 qualification cycle . The first three rounds have teams play home - and - away over two legs . A first preliminary round involved the 14 lowest ranked teams and the seven winners advanced to the second round . The 13 higher ranked sides received byes in the second round and were joined by the seven first round winners ; the ten winners advanced to the third round . Two higher ranked teams received byes in the third round and were joined by ten second round winners ; the six winners advanced to the preliminary group stage . As in 2014 , the remaining 12 teams play in 3 semifinal groups of 4 teams with the top two in each group advancing to a final six - team group . The final round -- often referred to as the `` hexagonal '' because there are six teams involved -- will see the top three teams advance to the World Cup finals , while the fourth placed side will enter an inter-confederation play - off for a final World Cup spot . Oceania ( edit ) Qualification in Oceania was held as part of a further competition . The first stage took place with one group of four lowest ranked teams and the winner advanced to the second stage ( which also acted as the 2016 OFC Nations Cup ) . In the second stage the top three teams advanced to the third round , among them Nations Cup champions New Zealand . Two groups of three teams contest the third round , or final group stage , and the winners of each group will enter a two - leg final . The winners of this final advance to an inter-confederation play - off for a World Cup spot . South America ( edit ) As in recent qualification series CONMEBOL qualification consists of a single group of all entrants . Unlike previous qualifying tournaments where the fixtures were pre-determined , the fixtures were determined by a draw , which was held as part of the 2018 FIFA World Cup Preliminary Draw , on 25 July 2015 . The top 4 teams from the 10 - team group will advance to the World Cup finals , while the fifth placed team will enter an inter-confederation play - off for a World Cup spot . Intercontinental play - offs ( edit ) Like the previous 2014 tournament , the pairings for the two play - offs were determined by an open draw on 25 July 2015 , as part of the aforementioned preliminary draw . Intercontinental play - offs are played as home - and - away ties . Qualification tournament rules ( edit ) Qualification tournaments generally consist of a number of stages , made up of groups or knock - out ties . Groups ( edit ) In all group tournaments , three points are awarded for a win , one for a draw , and none for a loss . FIFA has set the order of the tie - breakers for teams that finish level on points : goal difference in all group matches greater number of goals scored in all group matches Where teams are still not able to be separated , the following tie - breakers are used : greater number of points obtained in matches between the tied teams goal difference in matches between the tied teams greater number of goals scored in matches between the tied teams Where teams are still equal , then a play - off on neutral ground , with extra time and penalties if necessary will be played if FIFA deems such a play - off able to be fitted within the coordinated international match calendar . If this is not deemed feasible , then the result will be determined by the drawing of lot . Note that this order of tie - breaker application has not always been applied . While it was used in the 2010 qualifiers , the qualification for the 2006 World Cup used the head - to - head comparison prior to goal difference ( although this system was -- where applicable -- used in the 2006 finals themselves ) . If these rules had applied in 2006 , then Nigeria would have qualified rather than Angola . Home - and - away ties ( edit ) Most knock - out qualifiers ( such as the inter-confederation play - offs , the second round of UEFA qualifying and many preliminary ties ) are played over two legs . The team that scores a greater aggregate number of goals qualifies . Away goals rule applies . If these rules fail to determine the winner , extra time and penalty shootouts are used . Occasionally -- usually when one entrant lacks adequate facilities to host international matches -- ties are played over a single leg , in which case matches level after 90 minutes will go to extra time and then to a penalty shootout if required . Alternatively , `` home '' matches can be played in neutral countries , or occasionally one team will host both matches . In the latter case the visiting team will still be considered as the `` home '' team for one of the legs -- which may determine which side advances under the away goals rule , as occurred in CONCACAF qualification in 2010 . See also ( edit ) National team appearances in the FIFA World Cup UEFA European Championship qualifying References ( edit ) ^ `` History of the FIFA World Cup preliminary competition ( by year ) '' ( PDF ) . fifa.com . FIFA . November 2009 . Archived from the original on 23 October 2013 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ^ `` FIFA 's 209 member associations '' ( PDF ) . fifa.com . FIFA . July 2012 . ^ `` Fifa makes major policy shift '' . BBC News . 30 November 2001 . ^ `` Current allocation of FIFA World Cup confederation slots maintained '' ( Press release ) . FIFA. 30 May 2015 . ^ `` Africa calls for FIFA to increase World Cup places '' . Ahram Online . Reuters. 18 January 2013 . Retrieved 12 October 2013 . ^ `` New Fifa chief backs 48 - team World Cup '' . heraldlive. 7 October 2016 . It 's an idea , just as the World Cup with 40 teams is already on the table with groups of four or five teams . ^ `` World Cup could expand to 48 teams , Fifa 's Gianni Infantino suggests '' . The Guardian . 3 October 2016 . ^ `` Fifa approves Infantino 's plan to expand World Cup to 48 teams from 2026 '' . The Guardian . 10 January 2017 . ^ `` Bureau of the Council recommends slot allocation for the 2026 FIFA World Cup '' . FIFA. 30 March 2017 . Archived from the original on 9 April 2017 . ^ `` ExCo approves expanded AFC Asian Cup finals '' . AFC. 16 April 2014 . ^ `` World Cup draw looms large in Asia '' . FIFA.com. 13 April 2015 . Completing the tournament 's qualifying contenders will be the next 16 highest ranked teams , with the remaining 12 sides battling it out in play - off matches to claim the last eight spots . ^ `` Uefa retains 2010 World Cup qualifying format for 2014 '' . bbc.co.uk. 21 March 2011 . Retrieved 9 June 2011 . ^ `` FIFA Congress drives football forward , first female secretary general appointed '' . FIFA.com. 13 May 2016 . ^ `` Kosovo to play in Group I in European Qualifiers '' . uefa.org . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) . 9 June 2016 . ^ `` Kosovo and Gibraltar assigned to 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifying groups '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA ) . 9 June 2016 . ^ `` A unanimous decision : A draw will determine the classifications for the World Cup and CONMEBOL Tournaments '' . CONMEBOL.com. 23 January 2015 . External links ( edit ) FIFA World Cup Preliminary Competition Statistics ( from FIFA.com ) FIFA World Cup Preliminary History ( from FIFA.com ) FIFA World Cup 2018 Regulations FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea / Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 2026 2030 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Records and statistics All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Team appearances Teams with no appearances Miscellaneous Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official songs Organisers Trophy Video games Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . International association football FIFA Federations Teams Competitions World Cup U-17 U-20 Confederations Cup Olympics Youth Olympics Universiade World Rankings The Best FIFA Football Awards Timeline of association football Comparison of association football and futsal Africa CAF -- Africa Cup of Nations U-23 U-20 U-17 Regional ( CECAFA , CEMAC , COSAFA , WAFU ) Asia AFC -- Asian Cup U-23 U-19 U-16 U-14 Regional ( ASEAN , EAFF , SAFF , WAFF ) Europe UEFA -- European Championship U-21 U-19 U-17 North America , Central America and the Caribbean CONCACAF -- Gold Cup U-20 U-17 U-15 Regional ( CFU , UNCAF ) Oceania OFC -- Nations Cup U-20 U-17 South America CONMEBOL -- Copa América U-20 U-17 U-15 Non-FIFA NF - Board -- Viva World Cup CONIFA - ConIFA World Football Cup ConIFA European Football Cup IGA - Island Games Games African Games Asian Games Central America Central America and Caribbean East Asian Games Francophonie Games Indian Ocean Island Lusophony Games Mediterranean Games Pan American Games Pan Arab Games Pacific Games South Asian Games Southeast Asian Games See also Geography Codes Player / Club of the Century Women 's football Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FIFA_World_Cup_qualification&oldid=799644352 '' Categories : FIFA World Cup qualification Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Use dmy dates from June 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia עברית मराठी 日本 語 Português Română Русский Svenska Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 September 2017 , at 23 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
number of countries that qualify for world cup
[ "The FIFA World Cup qualification is the process that a national association football team goes through to qualify for the FIFA World Cup finals. The FIFA World Cup is the largest international team sport competition in the world with a qualification process required to reduce the large field of countries from 211 to just 32 for the World Cup finals until the 2022 edition." ]
[ "32" ]
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Car Wash (film)
Car wash ( film ) - wikipedia Car wash ( film ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( June 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Car Wash The poster for the film Directed by Michael Schultz Produced by Art Linson Gary Stromberg Written by Joel Schumacher Starring Franklyn Ajaye Bill Duke George Carlin Irwin Corey Ivan Dixon Antonio Fargas Jack Kehoe Clarence Muse Lorraine Gary The Pointer Sisters Richard Pryor Music by Norman Whitfield Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date October 22 , 1976 ( 1976 - 10 - 22 ) Running time 97 minutes Country United States Language English Car Wash is a 1976 American comedy film released by Universal Pictures . The Art Linson Production was directed by Michael Schultz from a screenplay by Joel Schumacher . Starring Franklyn Ajaye , Bill Duke , George Carlin , Irwin Corey , Ivan Dixon , Antonio Fargas , Jack Kehoe , Clarence Muse , Lorraine Gary , The Pointer Sisters , and Richard Pryor , Car Wash is an episodic comedy about a day in the lives of the employees and the owner , Mr. B ( Sully Boyar ) , of a Los Angeles , California car wash ( filmed at a Westlake car wash at the corner of Rampart Blvd. and 6th St . ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Cast ( in alphabetical order ) 2.1 Other actors 3 Production 4 Reception 5 Music 6 Versions 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Overview ( edit ) Originally conceived as a musical , Car Wash deals with the exploits of a close - knit , multiracial group of employees at a Los Angeles car wash . In an episodic fashion , the film covers a full day , during which all manner of strange visitors make cameo appearances , including Lorraine Gary as a hysterical wealthy woman from Beverly Hills dealing with a carsick son . Richard Pryor also appears in a cameo as a money - hungry evangelist named ' Daddy Rich ' who preaches a pseudo-gospel of prosperity theology ; The Pointer Sisters play the parts of his loyal ( and singing ) entourage , The Wilson Sisters . One main character is Abdullah , formerly Duane ( Bill Duke ) , a Black Muslim revolutionary . Among his other misadventures in the film , he must deal with a man ( `` Professor '' Irwin Corey ) who fits the profile of the notorious `` pop bottle bomber '' being sought that day by the police . It causes employees , customers , and the owner of the car wash , Mr. B ( Sully Boyar ) , to fear for their lives , but the strange man 's `` bomb '' is simply a urine sample he is taking to the hospital . Mr. B 's son Irwin ( Richard Brestoff ) , a left - wing college student who smokes pot in the men 's restroom and carries around a copy of Quotations from Chairman Mao , insists on spending a day with the `` working class '' employees , since he considers them `` brothers '' in the `` struggle '' . As he gets ready to go to work , he sets off motion sensors that give him the first `` human car wash '' , which he takes in a good - natured ( if pot - induced ) stride . George Carlin appears as a taxi driver searching fruitlessly for a prostitute who stiffed him for a fare . The prostitute , Marleen , has her own hopes shattered as a customer with whom she apparently has fallen in love with has given her a false telephone number . Ex-con Lonnie ( Ivan Dixon ) is the foreman of the car wash who tries to mentor Abdullah while struggling to raise two young children and fend off his parole officer ( Jason Bernard ) . Abdullah confronts Lindy ( Antonio Fargas ) and sharply criticizes his cross-dressing , to which Lindy coolly replies , `` I 'm more man than you 'll ever be and more woman than you 'll ever get '' . T.C. ( Franklin Ajaye ) is another young employee who is determined to win a radio call - in contest to win tickets for a rock concert and to convince his estranged girlfriend Mona , who works as a waitress in a diner across the street , to accompany him . Floyd and Lloyd are musicians who have an audition for an agent at the end of their shift and spend the entire movie doing their jazz - blues dance moves in front of bewildered customers . Justin clashes with his girlfriend , Loretta , who wants him to go back to college , but he refuses out of the feeling that a black man like him will not get anywhere in the world with any kind of education . Justin 's elderly grandfather , Snapper , works as the shoe shine man at the car wash and is a follower of Daddy Rich . Other employees include womanizer Geronimo ; Scruggs ( Jack Kehoe ) , a cowboy who works as the gas pump operator ; Hippo , an overweight employee who briefly hooks up with Marleen the prostitute ; Chuco , a scheming Latino employee ; Goody , a Native American employee ; Charlie , a scruffy middle - aged employee ; Sly ( Garrett Morris ) , a con artist employee and bookie who later gets arrested right at the car wash for a series of unpaid parking tickets ; and Earl , who has the attitude of being superior to his colleagues because he does n't get wet , he would appear to think that he is the supervisor at the car wash . Among everything , Mr. B constantly makes passes against the receptionist Marsha ( Melanie Mayron ) as an escape from his troubled home life . Mr. B is constantly tense and worried throughout the film as he fears about his car wash going out of business due to a competitor a few miles down the street . Lonnie , on the other hand , is full of ideas on how to save the car wash that he can not get Mr. B or anyone else to listen to , mostly due to Mr. B being a cheapskate . Later at the end of the movie , Abdullah , after being fired by Mr. B for his unexplained absences , appears in the office with a gun while Lonnie is closing up , intending to rob the business . Lonnie talks him out of it , and the two commiserate at the status society has imposed on them : two proud men forced to work at a meaningless job for meager pay . It 's a melancholy ending to the day as they all go their separate ways , knowing that they 'll be back tomorrow to do it all over again . Cast ( in alphabetical order ) ( edit ) Franklyn Ajaye as T.C. Sully Boyar as Leon ' Mr B . ' Barrow Richard Brestoff as Irwin Barrow George Carlin as the Taxi Driver Irwin Corey as The Mad Bomber Ivan Dixon as Lonnie Bill Duke as Duane - Abdullah Antonio Fargas as Lindy Lauren Jones as Marleen Michael Fennell as Calvin Arthur French as Charlie Lorraine Gary as the Hysterical Lady Darrow Igus as Floyd Leonard Jackson as Earl DeWayne Jessie ( a.k.a. Otis Day ) as Lloyd Jack Kehoe as Scruggs Henry Kingi as Goody Melanie Mayron as Marsha Garrett Morris as Slide Clarence Muse as Snapper Leon Pinkney as Justin The Pointer Sisters as The Wilson Sisters Richard Pryor as Daddy Rich Tracy Reed as Mona Pepe Serna as Chuco James Spinks as Hippo Ray Vitte as Geronimo Renn Woods as Loretta Brooke Adams as Terry Antonie Becker as Charlene Danny DeVito as Joe Antar Mubarak as Sonny Fredericks Otis Sistrunk as Otis Tim Thomerson as Ken Other actors ( edit ) Danny DeVito and Brooke Adams appeared in the movie as Joe and Terry , the owners of a food stand called ' Big Joe 's Dog House ' which is located next to the car wash . Though they had speaking roles , nearly all of their scenes were deleted from the theatrical version and they are only seen in the background . Their scenes were restored for the edited television version . The film also featured the speaking voices of local L.A. disc jockeys Jay Butler , J.J. Jackson , Rod McGrew , Sarina C. Grant , and Cleveland 's Billy Bass , all heard in the background of the film on the fictional `` KGYS '' radio station . Production ( edit ) Originally the project was intended as a stage production , which would feature a replicate car wash on stage . The hope was that , if successful , the project could be adapted as a movie . Upon telling the idea to then head of Universal Ned Tanen , the producers were persuaded to make the film version instead . Joel Schumacher was chosen to write based on his work writing `` Sparkle '' Unusual for film production , the sound track was recorded prior to filming of the movie . The director wanted the actors to actually listen to the same music that would later be added in Post Production while filming the scenes . Reception ( edit ) When the film was originally released , it received mediocre reviews ( though Roger Ebert praised the film , calling it `` a wash - and - wax M * A * S * H '' ) and was not considered a major success . Since its initial release , it has had a small but constant following as a cult film , some notable disciples including Michael Bay and Sandford Bay . The film won the Best Music Award and the Technical Grand Prize at the 1977 Cannes Film Festival plus a nomination for Golden Palm . In the same year it was nominated for Golden Globe , plus it won a Grammy for Best Album of Original Score written for a Motion Picture or Television Special . Gay film historian Vito Russo cites the character Lindy , played by Antonio Fargas , as being both funny and challenging through his gay militancy . Russo deems Lindy 's response to the militant Abdullah as being potentially revolutionary had it not been placed strictly within a comedic context . African American cultural critic Angela Nelson identifies Lindy as a `` sophisticated sissy . '' The `` sophisticated sissy '' characterization is often used as an easy contrast to the `` appropriate '' masculine behaviour that heterosexual black male characters are expected to display . Music ( edit ) Main article : Car Wash ( soundtrack ) Car Wash , recorded by Rose Royce , was a major success , yielding three Billboard R&B Top Ten singles : `` Car Wash '' , `` I Wanna Get Next to You '' , and `` I 'm Going Down '' . The title track , written and produced by Norman Whitfield , was a # 1 hit and was one of the biggest hit singles of the disco era . Meanwhile , The Pointer Sisters ' `` You Gotta Believe '' -- which the group performed during their cameo in the film -- was a Top Twenty R&B hit . The Car Wash soundtrack won a 1977 Grammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack Album . Versions ( edit ) Car Wash had its network television premiere on NBC Monday Night at the Movies in 1978 . Along with the standard dubbing of strong language , many scenes that included the gay character Lindy ( Fargas ) were trimmed or deleted . To replace these shortened scenes , and therefore shortened film , a subplot of a diner owner ( Danny DeVito ) ( scenes shot for the theatrical version but cut prior to release ) were re-inserted . As of 2013 , commercially available versions of the movie were of the original theatrical release , not the revised TV version . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Rabin , Nathan . `` Joel Schumacher '' . Avclub . Retrieved 10 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Rose Royce bio Jump up ^ `` Liner notes '' . Car Wash , motion picture soundtrack . 1976 . Jump up ^ `` Festival de Cannes : Car Wash '' . festival-cannes.com . Archived from the original on 2011 - 09 - 24 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ Russo , pp. 228 -- 29 Jump up ^ Means Coleman , p. 142 Jump up ^ allmusic Biography References ( edit ) Means Coleman , Robin R. ( 1998 ) . African American Viewers and the Black Situation Comedy : Situating Racial Humor . Taylor & Francis . ISBN 0 - 8153 - 3125 - 8 . Russo , Vito ( 1987 ) . The Celluloid Closet : Homosexuality in the Movies ( rev . ed . ) . New York , Harper & Row . ISBN 0 - 06 - 096132 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Car Wash ( film ) Car Wash on IMDb Car Wash at the TCM Movie Database Car Wash at AllMovie Car Wash at Rotten Tomatoes hide Films directed by Michael Schultz Together for Days ( 1972 ) Honeybaby , Honeybaby ( 1974 ) Cooley High ( 1975 ) Car Wash ( 1976 ) Greased Lightning ( 1977 ) Which Way Is Up ? ( 1977 ) Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band ( 1978 ) Scavenger Hunt ( 1979 ) Carbon Copy ( 1981 ) The Jerk , Too ( 1984 ) The Last Dragon ( 1985 ) Krush Groove ( 1985 ) Timestalkers ( 1987 ) Disorderlies ( 1987 ) Tarzan in Manhattan ( 1989 ) Livin ' Large ! ( 1991 ) Day - O ( 1992 ) Shock Treatment ( 1995 ) Killers in the House ( 1998 ) L.A. Law : The Movie ( 2002 ) Woman Thou Art Loosed ( 2004 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Car_Wash_(film)&oldid=849873006 '' Categories : English - language films 1970s comedy films 1976 films American comedy films American LGBT - related films Blaxploitation films American films Films directed by Michael Schultz Films set in Los Angeles Films set in the 1970s Universal Pictures films 1970s LGBT - related films Screenplays by Joel Schumacher African - American films Hidden categories : Articles that may contain original research from June 2014 All articles that may contain original research All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Français Italiano 日本 語 Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 11 July 2018 , at 23 : 56 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who played the cashier in the movie car wash
[ "Among everything, Mr. B constantly makes passes against the receptionist Marsha (Melanie Mayron) as an escape from his troubled home life. Mr. B is constantly tense and worried throughout the film as he fears about his car wash going out of business due to a competitor a few miles down the street. Lonnie, on the other hand, is full of ideas on how to save the car wash that he cannot get Mr. B or anyone else to listen to, mostly due to Mr. B being a cheapskate.\n" ]
[ "Melanie Mayron" ]
-2817650663026015130
Smart key
Smart key - wikipedia Smart key Nissan Intelligent Key A smart key is an electronic access and authorization system that is available either as standard equipment or as an option in several car models . It was first developed by Siemens in 1995 and introduced by Mercedes - Benz under the name `` Key-less Go '' in 1998 on the W220 S - Class , after the design patent was filed by Daimler - Benz on May 17 , 1997 . Contents 1 How it works 2 Nomenclature 3 Insurance standard 4 SmartKeys 5 Display Key 6 Keyless Go 7 Inside Outside detection 8 System reaction times 9 Security requirements 10 Internal LF field dead spots 11 Battery Backup 12 Special Cases 13 History 14 Outlook 15 Effectiveness 16 See also 17 References 18 External links How it works ( edit ) The smart key allows the driver to keep the key fob pocketed when unlocking , locking and starting the vehicle . The key is identified via one of several antennas in the car 's bodywork and a radio pulse generator in the key housing . Depending on the system , the vehicle is automatically unlocked when a button or sensor on the door handle or trunk release is pressed . Vehicles with a smart - key system have a mechanical backup , usually in the form of a spare key blade supplied with the vehicle . Some manufacturers hide the backup lock behind a cover for styling . A push - button ignition switch in place of the immobilizer on a Mitsubishi RVR equipped with the Smart key . Vehicles with a smart - key system can disengage the immobilizer and activate the ignition without inserting a key in the ignition , provided the driver has the key inside the car . On most vehicles , this is done by pressing a starter button or twisting an ignition switch . When leaving a vehicle that is equipped with a smart - key system , the vehicle is locked by either pressing a button on a door handle , touching a capacitive area on a door handle , or simply walking away from the vehicle . The method of locking varies across models . Some vehicles automatically adjust settings based on the smart key used to unlock the car . User preferences such as seat positions , steering wheel position , exterior mirror settings , climate control ( e.g. temperature ) settings , and stereo presets are popular adjustments . Some models , such as the Ford Escape , even have settings to prevent the vehicle from exceeding a maximum speed if it has been started with a certain key . Nomenclature ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( June 2017 ) Bugatti keyless entry remote A woman shows Honda Odyssey ( international ) Smart Entry System Manufacturers use keyless authorization systems under different names : Acura : Keyless Access System Audi : Advanced Key Aston Martin : Keyless Entry and Push Button Start BMW : Comfort Access or Display Key Bugatti : Keyless Entry Remote Cadillac : Adaptive Remote Start & Keyless Access FIAT - Chrysler : Keyless Enter - N - Go Ford : Intelligent Access with push - button start General Motors : Passive Entry Passive Start ( PEPS ) Honda : Smart Entry System Hyundai : Proximity Key and smart entry key Infiniti : Infiniti Intelligent Key with Push - button Ignition Isuzu : Genius Entry Jaguar Cars : Smart Key System Kia Motors : Smart Key System Lexus : Smart Access System Lincoln : Intelligent Access System Mazda : Advanced Keyless Entry & Start System Mercedes - Benz : Keyless Go integrated into SmartKeys Mini : Comfort Access Mitsubishi Motors : FAST Key System Nissan : Nissan Intelligent Key Porsche : Porsche Entry & Drive System Proton : Passive Keyless Entry Renault : Hands Free Keycard Riverside Manufacturing LLC : Intelli - Key SsangYong Motor : Smart Key System Subaru : Keyless Smart Entry With Push - Button Start Suzuki : SmartPass Keyless entry & starting system Tesla : Model S Key Toyota : Smart Key System Volkswagen : Keyless Entry & Keyless Start or KESSY Volvo : Personal Car Communicator `` PCC '' and Keyless Drive or Keyless Drive Mahindra & Mahindra : Smart Key Module Insurance standard ( edit ) In 2005 , the UK motor insurance research expert Thatcham introduced a standard for keyless entry , requiring the device to be inoperable at a distance of more than 10 cm from the vehicle . In an independent test , the Nissan Micra 's system was found to be the most secure , while certain BMW and Mercedes keys failed , being theoretically capable of allowing cars to be driven away while their owners were refueling . Despite these security vulnerabilities , auto theft rates have decreased 7 percent between 2009 and 2010 , and the National Insurance Crime Bureau credits smart keys for this decrease . SmartKeys ( edit ) SmartKeys was developed by Siemens in the mid-1990s and introduced by Mercedes - Benz in 1997 to replace the infrared security system introduced in 1989 . Daimler - Benz filed the first patents for SmartKey on February 28 , 1997 in German patent offices , with multifunction switchblade key variants following on May 17 , 1997 . The device entailed a plastic key to be used in place of the traditional metal key . Electronics that control locking systems and the ignitions made it possible to replace the traditional key with a sophisticated computerized `` Key '' . It is considered a step up from remote keyless entry . The SmartKey adopts the remote control buttons from keyless entry , and incorporates them into the SmartKey fob . Once inside a Mercedes - Benz vehicle , the SmartKey fob , unlike keyless entry fobs , is placed in the ignition slot where a starter computer verifies the rolling code . Verified in milliseconds , it can then be turned as a traditional key to start the engine . The device was designed with cooperation of Siemens Automotive and Huf exclusively for Mercedes - Benz , but many luxury manufacturers have implemented similar technology based on the same idea . In addition to the SmartKey , Mercedes - Benz now integrates as an option Keyless Go ; this feature allows the driver to keep the SmartKey in their pocket , yet giving them the ability to open the doors , trunk as well as starting the car without ever removing it from their pocket . The SmartKey 's electronics are embedded in a hollow , triangular piece of plastic , wide at the top , narrow at the bottom , squared - off at the tip with a half - inch - long insert piece . The side of the SmartKey also hides a traditional Mercedes - Benz key that can be pulled out from a release at top . The metal key is used for valet purposes such as locking the glovebox and / or trunk before the SmartKey is turned over to a parking attendant . Once locked manually , the trunk can not be opened with the SmartKey or interior buttons . The key fob utilizes a radio - frequency transponder to communicate with the door locks , but it uses infrared to communicate with the engine immobilizer system . Original SmartKeys had a limited frequency and could have only been used in line - of - sight for safety purposes . The driver can also point the smart key at the front driver side door while pushing and holding the unlock button on the SmartKey and the windows and the sunroof will open in order to ventilate the cabin . Similarly , if the same procedure is completed while holding the lock button , the windows and sunroof will close . In cars equipped with the Active Ventilated Seats , the summer opening feature will activate the seat ventilation in addition to opening the windows and sunroof . Display Key ( edit ) This section is empty . You can help by adding to it . ( June 2017 ) Keyless Go ( edit ) Keyless Go ( also : Keyless Entry / Go ; Passive Entry / Go ) is Mercedes ' term for an automotive technology which allows a driver to lock and unlock a vehicle without using the corresponding SmartKey buttons . Once a driver enters a vehicle with an equipped Keyless Go SmartKey or Keyless Go wallet - size card , they have the ability to start and stop the engine , without inserting the SmartKey . A transponder built within the SmartKey allows the vehicle to identify a driver . An additional safety feature is integrated into the vehicle , making it impossible to lock a SmartKey with Keyless Go inside a vehicle . Hardware blocks on the Keyless Entry / Go ECU The system works by having a series of LF ( low frequency 125 kHz ) transmitting antennas both inside and outside the vehicle . The external antennas are located in the door handles . When the vehicle is triggered , either by pulling the handle or touching the handle , an LF signal is transmitted from the antennas to the key . The key becomes activated if it is sufficiently close and it transmits its ID back to the vehicle via RF ( Radio frequency > 300 MHz ) to a receiver located in the vehicle . If the key has the correct ID , the PASE module unlocks the vehicle . The hardware blocks of a Keyless Entry / Go Electronic control unit ECU are based on its functionality : transmitting low - frequency LF signals via the 125 kHz power amplifier block receiving radio frequency RF signals ( > 300 MHz ) from the built - in ISM receiver block encrypting and decrypting all relevant data signals ( security ) communicating relevant interface signals with other electronic control units microcontroller Inside outside detection ( edit ) The smart key determines if it is inside or outside the vehicle by measuring the strength of the LF fields . In order to start the vehicle , the smart key must be inside the vehicle . System reaction times ( edit ) The mark of a good passive entry system is that the user never hits the `` wall '' . This happens when the user pulls the door handle to its full extent before the door is unlocked . The handle has to be released and pulled again to gain access . Good systems have an override feature that allows the doors to be opened more quickly . Security requirements ( edit ) It is important that the vehicle ca n't be started when the user and therefore the smart key is outside the vehicle . This is especially important at fueling stations where the user is very close to the vehicle . The internal LF field is allowed to overshoot by a maximum of 10 cm to help minimise this risk . Maximum overshoot is usually found on the side windows where there is very little attenuation of the signal . Relay Station Attack A second scenario exists under the name `` relay station attack '' ( RSA ) . The RSA is based on the idea of reducing the long physical distance between the car and the regular car owner 's SmartKey . Two relay stations will be needed for this : The first relay station is located nearby the car and the second is close to the SmartKey . So on first view , the Keyless Entry / Go ECU and the SmartKey could communicate together . A third person at the car could pull the door handle and the door would open . However , in every Keyless Entry / Go system provisions exist to avoid a successful two - way communication via RSA . Some of the most known are : measuring group delay time to detect illegal high values measuring third - order intercept point to detect illegal intermodulation products measuring field strength of the electric field measuring the response time of 125 kHz LC circuit using a more complex modulation ( i.e. quadrature amplitude modulation ) which ca n't be demodulated and modulated by a simple relay station Furthermore , Keyless Entry / Go communicates with other Control Units within the same vehicle . Depending on the electric car architecture , the following are some Control Systems that can be enabled or disabled : ESCL Electric Steering Column Lock EIS Electronic Ignition Switch Central door locking system Immobiliser Engine Control Unit ( Motor management system ) BCU Body control unit Internal LF field dead spots ( edit ) Dead spots are a result of the maximum overshoot requirement from above . The power delivered to the internal LF antennas has to be tuned to provide the best performance i.e. minimum dead spots and maximum average overshoot . Dead spots are usually near the extremities of the vehicle e.g. the rear parcel shelf . Battery backup ( edit ) If the battery in the smart key becomes depleted , it is necessary for there to be a backup method of opening and starting the vehicle . Opening is achieved by an emergency ( fully mechanical ) key blade usually hidden in the smart key . On some cars starting is achieved by a transponder inside the smart key that does not need batteries to work . The user either has to put the key in a slot or hold it near a special area on the cockpit , where there is another LF antenna ( transponder coil ) hidden behind to compensate for a weakened fob battery . Slots have proven to be problematic , as they can go wrong and the key becomes locked in and can not be removed . Another problem with the slot is it ca n't compensate for a fob battery below certain operating threshold . Most smart key batteries are temperature sensitive causing the fob to become intermittent , fully functional , or inoperative all in the same day . Special cases ( edit ) A Keyless Entry / Go system should be able to detect and handle most of the following cases : SmartKey Transponder was forgotten in the rear trunk More than one SmartKey is present inside the car SmartKey getting lost during the drive Smartkey battery low ( Limp - Home ) History ( edit ) The first Keyless Entry / Go ECU of the MB S - Class car series 1998 / 99 The system is based on a technology invented by Siemens VDO called PASE : Passive Start and Entry System . It operates in the ISM band of radio frequencies . Keyless Entry / Go was introduced first by Mercedes - Benz in the S - Class car series in 1998 . Outlook ( edit ) Today a Keyless Entry / Go system is a state - of - the art technology and still has a lot of potential to optimise . Here are some general trends of the advance ( AD ) and series development ( SD ) : SD : reduction of used LF antennas in low - cost compact cars ( results in a loss of detection quality ) AD : using electric field antennas instead of magnetic field antennas ( cost reduction ) AD : using microwave frequencies ( radar ) instead of an LF and RF combination ( more comfort ) AD : Biometric authentication would identify the user and not the SmartKey transponder Effectiveness ( edit ) A test by ADAC revealed that 20 car models with Keyless Go could be entered and driven away without the key . In London in 2014 , 6,000 cars ( about 17 per day ) were stolen using keyless entry . See also ( edit ) Remote keyless system Transponder car key References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://register.dpma.de/DPMAregister/gsm/register?GSNR=M9704698-0004 Jump up ^ http://www.riversidemfg.com/intelli-key Jump up ^ Thatcham Archived 2007 - 12 - 11 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Auto Express : Micra 's Top of the Fobs Jump up ^ Saylor , Michael ( 2012 ) . The Mobile Wave : How Mobile Intelligence Will Change Everything . Perseus Books / Vanguard Press . p. 100 . ISBN 978 - 1593157203 . Jump up ^ `` Vehicle theft post Sixth Consecutive Yearly Decline '' . NICB. 2010 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ http://register.dpma.de/DPMAregister/gsm/register?GSNR=M9701993-0001 Jump up ^ http://register.dpma.de/DPMAregister/gsm/register?GSNR=M9704698-0001 Jump up ^ http://register.dpma.de/DPMAregister/gsm/register?GSNR=M9704698-0002 Jump up ^ http://register.dpma.de/DPMAregister/gsm/register?GSNR=M9704698-0003 Jump up ^ `` KEYLESS - GO ® '' . Mercedes - Benz USA . Jump up ^ Saarinen , Martin ( 18 March 2016 ) . `` Tests uncover major security risk to keyless cars '' . Auto Express . Retrieved 19 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Keyless - Diebstahl - vom ADAC untersuchte Autos Archived 2016 - 03 - 27 at the Wayback Machine . ADAC , 15 March 2016 Jump up ^ Autos mit Keyless leichter zu klauen ADAC Jump up ^ ADAC demonstrates keyless theft on YouTube Jump up ^ Finnerty , Joe ( 5 February 2015 ) . `` Keyless car crime up as gangs target vans '' . Auto Express . Retrieved 19 March 2016 . External links ( edit ) Market observation and benchmarking of automotive security systems Explanation of smart key systems Relay Attacks on Passive Keyless Entry and Start Systems in Modern Cars Security Flaws of Remote Keyless Entry and Hitag2 Remote Systems Car interior Part of a series of articles on cars Interior equipment Instruments Automotive navigation system Global Positioning System Automotive night vision Backup camera Blind spot monitor Boost gauge Buzzer Carputer Check engine light Electronic instrument cluster Fuel gauge Head - up display Lidar detector Odometer Parking sensor Radar detector Speedometer Tachometer Telematics Idiot light Trip computer Controls Bowden cable Brake Clutch Cruise control Electronic throttle control Gear stick Manettino dial Parking brake Power steering Steering wheel Throttle Anti-theft Alarm Automatic vehicle location Immobiliser Power door locks Remote keyless system Smart key VIN etching Safety Seating Airbag Armrest Automatic seat belts Bench seat Bucket seat Child safety lock Rear - view mirror Rumble seat Seat belt Other elements Air conditioning Automobile accessory power Center console Dashboard Glove compartment Sun visor Convenience Audio Cigarette lighter receptacle Cup holder Car Phone Commons Portal Locksmithing & lock picking Topics Electric strike Key control Key relevance Lock bumping Lock picking Lockout - tagout Maison key system Rekeying Single - point locking Three - point locking Components Bitting Bolt stump Break Interchangeable core Key blank Key code Keyhole Lockset Shear line Split pin Key types Berlin key Bump key Change key Master key Skeleton key Smart key Tubular key Transponder key Mechanical locks Bored cylindrical lock Bramah lock Cylinder lock Disc tumbler lock Key retainer Lever tumbler lock ( Chubb detector lock ) Magnetic - coded lock Magnetic keyed lock Mortise lock Padlock Combination lock Rotary combination lock Time - delay combination locks Pin tumbler lock ( snib ) Protector lock Relocking device Rim lock Time lock Tubular pin tumbler lock Warded lock Wafer tumbler lock Electronic locks Electromagnetic lock Electronic lock Electric strike Magnetic - coded lock Keycard lock Electronic / digital - cylinder pin tumbler lock Specific lock types Bicycle lock Chamber lock Child safety lock Dead bolt Keycard lock Kensington Security Slot Luggage lock Power door locks The Club TSA lock Tools Lockpick Slim Jim Snap gun Tubular lock pick Related Bolt cutter Door chain Exit control lock Famous locksmiths Interlock ( engineering ) Keychain Key ( engineering ) Lock manufacturers Lock puzzle Lock snapping Locksport Two - man rule Category : Locksmithing Keys Locks Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Smart_key&oldid=843679774 '' Categories : Smart devices Automotive technology tradenames Radio electronics Vehicle security systems Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles to be expanded from June 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012 Articles with empty sections from June 2017 All articles with empty sections Talk Contents About Wikipedia Tools 日本 語 Svenska Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 18 : 42 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
when did the first push to start car come out
[ "A smart key is an electronic access and authorization system that is available either as standard equipment or as an option in several car models. It was first developed by Siemens in 1995 and introduced by Mercedes-Benz under the name \"Key-less Go\" in 1998 on the W220 S-Class, after the design patent was filed by Daimler-Benz on May 17, 1997.[1]\n" ]
[ "1998" ]
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(I'd Be) A Legend in My Time
( I 'd Be ) a Legend in My time - Wikipedia ( I 'd Be ) a Legend in My time Jump to : navigation , search `` ( I 'd Be ) A Legend in My Time '' Single by Ronnie Milsap from the album A Legend in My Time B - side `` The Biggest Lie '' Released November 30 , 1974 Genre Country Length 2 : 55 Label RCA Songwriter ( s ) Don Gibson Producer ( s ) Tom Collins , Jack D. Johnson Ronnie Milsap singles chronology `` Please Do n't Tell Me How the Story Ends '' ( 1974 ) `` ( I 'd Be ) A Legend in My Time '' ( 1974 ) `` Too Late to Worry , Too Blue to Cry '' ( 1975 ) `` Please Do n't Tell Me How the Story Ends '' ( 1974 ) `` ( I 'd Be ) A Legend in My Time '' ( 1974 ) `` Too Late to Worry , Too Blue to Cry '' ( 1975 ) `` ( I 'd Be ) A Legend in My Time '' is a song written and recorded by Don Gibson in 1960 . It appeared as the B - side of his hit `` Far Far Away '' , from the album Sweet Dreams . Gibson re-recorded the song on the 1972 album Country Green . Frequently covered , the song is usually titled without the parenthetical lead . Versions have been recorded by Connie Francis , Johnny Cash ( on the album American V : A Hundred Highways ) , B.B. King , Timi Yuro , and Frank Ifield , among others . Roy Orbison covered the track for his 1961 album Lonely and Blue , and recorded a second later version which was featured on his 1967 tribute album to Gibson , Roy Orbison Sings Don Gibson . The song was recorded by Ronnie Milsap and released in November 1974 as the lead single from his album A Legend in My Time . This was Milsap 's sixth country hit and his third number one . The single stayed at number one for a single week and spent a total of ten weeks within the top 40 . Milsap 's recording altered the song from its original 3 / 4 time signature to a 4 / 4 time signature . Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1974 - 1975 ) Peak position US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) Canadian RPM Country Tracks References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . The Billboard Book Of Top 40 Country Hits : 1944 - 2006 , Second edition . Record Research . p. 232 . Jump up ^ Rich , Kienzle ( 2004 ) . Ultimate Ronnie Milsap ( CD booklet ) . Ronnie Milsap . RCA Records . 82876 . Jump up ^ `` Ronnie Milsap -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot Country Songs for Ronnie Milsap . Preceded by `` Kentucky Gambler '' by Merle Haggard Billboard Hot Country Singles number - one single January 25 , 1975 Succeeded by `` City Lights '' by Mickey Gilley RPM Country Tracks number - one single February 15 , 1975 Succeeded by `` Then Who Am I '' by Charley Pride Ronnie Milsap Studio albums Ronnie Milsap Where My Heart Is Pure Love Legend in My Time A Rose By Any Other Name Night Things 20 / 20 Vision It Was Almost Like a Song Only One Love in My Life Images Milsap Magic Out Where the Bright Lights Are Glowing There 's No Gettin ' Over Me Inside Keyed Up One More Try for Love Lost in the Fifties Tonight Christmas with Ronnie Milsap Heart & Soul Stranger Things Have Happened Back to the Grindstone True Believer Sings His Best for Capitol Records Just for a Thrill My Life Then Sings My Soul Compilation albums Greatest Hits Greatest Hits , Vol. 2 Greatest Hits , Vol. 3 40 # 1 Hits 16 Biggest Hits # 1 singles `` Pure Love '' `` Please Do n't Tell Me How the Story Ends '' `` ( I 'd Be ) A Legend in My Time '' `` Daydreams About Night Things '' `` What Goes On When the Sun Goes Down '' `` ( I 'm A ) Stand by My Woman Man '' `` Let My Love Be Your Pillow '' `` It Was Almost Like a Song '' `` What a Difference You 've Made in My Life '' `` Only One Love in My Life '' `` Let 's Take the Long Way Around the World '' `` Back on My Mind Again '' `` Nobody Likes Sad Songs '' `` Why Do n't You Spend the Night '' `` My Heart '' `` Cowboys and Clowns '' `` Smoky Mountain Rain '' `` Am I Losing You '' `` ( There 's ) No Gettin ' Over Me '' `` I Would n't Have Missed It for the World '' `` Any Day Now '' `` He Got You '' `` Inside '' `` Stranger in My House '' `` Do n't You Know How Much I Love You '' `` Show Her '' `` Still Losing You '' `` She Keeps the Home Fires Burning '' `` Lost in the Fifties Tonight ( In the Still of the Night ) '' `` Happy , Happy Birthday Baby '' `` In Love '' `` How Do I Turn You On '' `` Snap Your Fingers '' `` Make No Mistake , She 's Mine '' ( with Kenny Rogers ) `` Where Do the Nights Go '' `` Do n't You Ever Get Tired ( Of Hurting Me ) '' `` A Woman in Love '' `` Stranger Things Have Happened '' Other songs `` Too Late to Worry , Too Blue to Cry '' `` Just in Case '' `` In No Time at All '' `` Prisoner of the Highway '' `` Old Folks '' ( with Mike Reid ) `` Button Off My Shirt '' `` Houston Solution '' `` Are You Lovin ' Me Like I 'm Lovin ' You '' `` Since I Do n't Have You '' `` Turn That Radio On '' `` All Is Fair in Love and War '' `` True Believer '' Related articles Discography Book : Ronnie Milsap This 1970s country song -- related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=(I%27d_Be)_A_Legend_in_My_Time&oldid=792218942 '' Categories : 1974 singles Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles Don Gibson songs Roy Orbison songs Ronnie Milsap songs RPM Country Tracks number - one singles Songs written by Don Gibson Song recordings produced by Tom Collins ( record producer ) RCA Records singles 1960 songs 1970s country song stubs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Singlechart called without song All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Edit links This page was last edited on 25 July 2017 , at 06 : 28 . About Wikipedia
who sang i'd be a legend in my time
[ "\"(I'd Be) A Legend in My Time\" is a song written and recorded by Don Gibson in 1960. It appeared as the B-side of his hit \"Far Far Away\", from the album Sweet Dreams. Gibson re-recorded the song on the 1972 album Country Green." ]
[ "Don Gibson" ]
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Yenisei River
Yenisei River - wikipedia Yenisei River Jump to : navigation , search For the bandy club Yenisey , see Yenisey Krasnoyarsk Bandy Club . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Yenisei ( Енисей ) River Bii - Khem and Kaa - Khem near Kyzyl Countries Mongolia , Russia Regions Tuva , Krasnoyarsk Krai , Khakassia , Irkutsk Oblast , Buryatia , Zabaykalsky Krai Tributaries - right Angara , Lower Tunguska , Stony Tunguska River Cities Kyzyl , Shagonar , Sayanogorsk , Abakan , Divnogorsk , Krasnoyarsk , Yeniseysk , Lesosibirsk , Igarka , Dudinka Source Mungaragiyn - Gol - location ridge Dod - Taygasyn - Noor , Mongolia - elevation 3,351 m ( 10,994 ft ) - length 748 km ( 465 mi ) - coordinates 50 ° 43 ′ 46 '' N 98 ° 39 ′ 49 '' E  /  50.72944 ° N 98.66361 ° E  / 50.72944 ; 98.66361 Mouth Yenisei Gulf Length 3,438 km ( 2,136 mi ) Basin 2,580,000 km ( 996,144 sq mi ) Discharge for Igarka - average 19,600 m / s ( 692,167 cu ft / s ) - max 112,000 m / s ( 3,955,243 cu ft / s ) - min 3,120 m / s ( 110,182 cu ft / s ) The Yenisei basin , including Lake Baikal The Yenisei ( Russian : Енисе́й , Jenisej ; Mongolian : Енисей мөрөн , Yenisei mörön ) ; Buryat : Горлог мүрэн , Gorlog müren ; Tyvan : Улуг - Хем , Ulug - Khem ; Khakas : Ким суг , Kim sug also Romanized Yenisey , Enisei , Jenisej , is the largest river system flowing to the Arctic Ocean . It is the central of the three great Siberian rivers that flow into the Arctic Ocean ( the other two being the Ob and the Lena ) . Rising in Mongolia , it follows a northerly course to the Yenisei Gulf in the Kara Sea , draining a large part of central Siberia , the longest stream following the Yenisei - Angara - Selenga - Ider river system . The maximum depth of the Yenisei is 24 metres ( 80 ft ) and the average depth is 14 metres ( 45 ft ) . The depth of river outflow is 32 metres ( 106 ft ) and inflow is 31 metres ( 101 ft ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Course of the river 2 Lake Baikal 3 Flora and fauna 3.1 Taimyr reindeer herd 4 Navigation 5 History 6 Pollution 7 Gallery 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Course of the River ( edit ) The confluence of the rivers Kaa - Khem and Piy - Khem from the height of bird flight The river flows through Tuva , Khakassia , and the city of Krasnoyarsk . Its tributaries include the Angara , Nizhnyaya Tunguska , Podkamennaya Tunguska , and Tuba rivers . Lake Baikal ( edit ) Main article : Lake Baikal The 320 - kilometre ( 200 mi ) , partly navigable Upper Angara River feeds into the northern end of Lake Baikal from the Buryat Republic but the largest inflow is from the Selenga which forms a delta on the south - eastern side . The river as seen from the trans - Siberian railway near Krasnoyarsk Flora and fauna ( edit ) The Yenisei River basin ( excluding Lake Baikal and lakes of the Khantayka River headwaters ) is home to 55 native fish species , including two endemics : Gobio sibiricus ( a gobionine cyprinid ) and Thymallus nigrescens ( es ) ( a grayling ) . The grayling is restricted to Khövsgöl Nuur and its tributaries . Most fish found in the Yenisei River basin are relatively widespread Euro - Siberian or Siberian species , such as northern pike ( Esox lucius ) , common roach ( Rutilus rutilus ) , common dace ( Leuciscus leuciscus ) , Siberian sculpin ( Cottus poecilopus ) , European perch ( Perca fluviatilis ) and Prussian carp ( Carassius gibelio ) . The basin is also home to many salmonids ( trout , whitefish , charr , graylings , taimen and relatives ) and the Siberian sturgeon ( Acipenser baerii ) . The Yenisei River valley is habitat for numerous flora and fauna , with Siberian pine and Siberian larch being notable tree species . In prehistoric times Scots pine , Pinus sylvestris , was abundant in the Yenisei River valley circa 6000 BC . There are also numerous bird species present in the watershed , including , for example , the hooded crow , Corvus cornix . Taimyr reindeer herd ( edit ) The Taimyr reindeer herd , a migrating tundra reindeer ( R.t. sibiricus ) , the largest reindeer herd in the world , migrated to winter grazing ranges along the Yenisei River . Navigation ( edit ) Inclined plane at Krasnoyarsk Dam The first team to navigate the Yenisei 's entire length , including its violent upper tributary in Mongolia , was an Australian - Canadian effort completed in September 2001 . Ben Kozel , Tim Cope , Colin Angus and Remy Quinter were on this team . Both Kozel and Angus wrote books detailing this expedition , and a documentary was produced for National Geographic Television . A canal inclined plane was built on the river in 1985 at the Krasnoyarsk Dam . History ( edit ) Ancient nomadic tribes such as the Ket people and the Yugh people lived along its banks . The Ket , numbering about 1000 , are the only survivors today of those who originally lived throughout central southern Siberia near the river banks . Their extinct relatives included the Kotts , Assans , Arins , Baikots , and Pumpokols who lived further upriver to the south . The modern Ket lived in the eastern middle areas of the river before being assimilated politically into Russia during the 17th through 19th centuries . Wheat from the Yenisei was sold by Muslims and Uighurs during inadequate harvests to Bukhara and Soghd during the Tahirid era . Russians first reached the upper Yenisei in 1605 , travelling from the Ob River , up the Ket River , portaging and then down the Yenisei as far as the Sym River . During World War II , Nazi Germany and the Japanese Empire agreed to divide Asia along a line that followed the Yenisei River to the border of China , and then along the border of China and the Soviet Union . Pollution ( edit ) Studies have shown that the Yenisey suffers from contamination caused by radioactive discharges from a factory that produced bomb - grade plutonium in the secret city of Krasnoyarsk - 26 , now known as Zheleznogorsk . Gallery ( edit ) The bridge over the Yenisei in Krasnoyarsk , Russia , viewed from the left bank . Vinogradovsky most , the bridge in Krasnoyarsk , Russia , viewed from the left bank The Yenisei ( left ) and the Ob flow into Kara Sea . See also ( edit ) Sayano - Shushenskaya hydroelectric station Yenisey Krasnoyarsk References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Station : Igarka '' . Yenisei Basin . UNH / GRDC . Retrieved 31 March 2013 . Jump up ^ A. Ochir . `` History of the Mongol Oirats '' 1993 Jump up ^ `` Yenisei River '' . Hammond Quick & Easy Notebook Reference Atlas & Webster Dictionary . Hammond . p. 31 . ISBN 0843709227 . Jump up ^ `` Yenisei River : Siberia 's blessing and curse '' . RT . 11 June 2010 . Retrieved 8 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Alan Taylor ( 23 August 2013 ) . `` A Year on the Yenisei River '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 8 June 2014 . Jump up ^ C Michael Hogan ( 13 May 2012 ) . `` Yenisei River '' . Encyclopedia of Earth . Retrieved 23 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Freshwater Ecoregions of the World ( 2008 ) . Yenisei . Retrieved 16 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Stein , Ruediger et al. 2003 . Siberian river run - off in the Kara Sea , Proceedings in Marine Sciences , Elsevier , Amsterdam , 488 pages Jump up ^ C. Michael Hogan . 2009 . Hooded Crow : Corvus cornix , GlobalTwitcher.com , ed , N. Stromberg Jump up ^ Russell , D.E. ; Gunn , A. ( 20 November 2013 ) . `` Migratory Tundra Rangifer '' . NOAA Arctic Research Program . Jump up ^ Kolpashikov , L. ; Makhailov , V. ; Russell , D. ( 2014 ) . `` The role of harvest , predators and socio - political environment in the dynamics of the Taimyr wild reindeer herd with some lessons for North America '' . Ecology and Society . Jump up ^ Baskin , Leonid M. ( 1986 ) , `` Differences in the ecology and behaviour of reindeer populations in the USSR '' , Rangifer , Special Issue ( 1 ) : 333 -- 340 , retrieved 7 January 2015 Jump up ^ Five Months in a Leaky Boat : A River Journey Through Siberia , Kozel , 2003 , Pan Macmillan Jump up ^ Permanent International Association of Navigation Congresses. ( 1989 ) . Ship lifts : report of a Study Commission within the framework of Permanent ... PIANC . ISBN 978 - 2 - 87223 - 006 - 8 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ Vajda , Edward G . `` The Ket and Other Yeniseian Peoples '' . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ Ian Blanchard ( 2001 ) . Mining , Metallurgy and Minting in the Middle Ages : Asiatic supremacy , 425 - 1125 . Franz Steiner Verlag . pp. 271 -- 272 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 515 - 07958 - 7 . Jump up ^ Fisher , Raymond Henry ( 1943 ) . The Russian Fur Trade , 1550 - 1700 . University of California Press . Jump up ^ Weinberg , Gerhard L. Visions of Victory : The Hopes of Eight World War II Leaders Cambridge , England , United Kingdom : 2005 -- Cambridge University Press ( 1 ) Jump up ^ David Hoffman ( 17 August 1998 ) . `` Wastes of War : Radioactivity Threatens a Mighty River '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 13 February 2015 . This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Yenisei '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 28 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . Coordinates : 71 ° 50 ′ 0 '' N 82 ° 40 ′ 0 '' E  /  71.83333 ° N 82.66667 ° E  / 71.83333 ; 82.66667 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Yenisei River . Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Yenisei . Yenisey River at Encyclopædia Britannica Photos of river around Krasnoyarsk area at Boston.com William Barr , ' German paddle - steamers on the Yenisey 1878 - 84 ' , The Journal of the Hakluyt Society , August 2014 . Geographic data related to Yenisei River at OpenStreetMap VIAF : 244579309 GND : 4109125 - 5 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yenisei_River&oldid=795123176 '' Categories : Rivers of Krasnoyarsk Krai Rivers of Khakassia Yenisei basin Drainage basins of the Kara Sea Physiographic provinces Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from July 2007 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia type : river page with obscure country or subdivision Geobox usage tracking for river type Articles containing Russian - language text Articles containing Mongolian - language text Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014 Interlanguage link template link number Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Use dmy dates from March 2017 Talk Navigation Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Ирон Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Олык марий Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Scots Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Тыва дыл Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2017 , at 04 : 44 . 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where does the yenisei river start and end
[ "\n\nYenisei (Енисей)\n\n\nRiver\n\n\n\n\nBii-Khem and Kaa-Khem near Kyzyl\n\n\n\nCountries\nMongolia, Russia\n\n\nRegions\nTuva, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Khakassia, Irkutsk Oblast, Buryatia, Zabaykalsky Krai\n\n\n\n\n\nTributaries\n\n\n - right\nAngara, Lower Tunguska, Stony Tunguska River\n\n\nCities\nKyzyl, Shagonar, Sayanogorsk, Abakan, Divnogorsk, Krasnoyarsk, Yeniseysk, Lesosibirsk, Igarka, Dudinka\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSource\nMungaragiyn-Gol\n\n\n - location\nridge Dod-Taygasyn-Noor, Mongolia\n\n\n - elevation\n3,351 m (10,994 ft)\n\n\n - length\n748 km (465 mi)\n\n\n - coordinates\n50°43′46″N 98°39′49″E / 50.72944°N 98.66361°E / 50.72944; 98.66361\n\n\nMouth\nYenisei Gulf\n\n\n\n\n\nLength\n3,438 km (2,136 mi)\n\n\nBasin\n2,580,000 km2 (996,144 sq mi)\n\n\nDischarge\nfor Igarka[1]\n\n\n - average\n19,600 m3/s (692,167 cu ft/s)\n\n\n - max\n112,000 m3/s (3,955,243 cu ft/s)\n\n\n - min\n3,120 m3/s (110,182 cu ft/s)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nThe Yenisei basin, including Lake Baikal\n\n\n", "\n\nYenisei (Енисей)\n\n\nRiver\n\n\n\n\nBii-Khem and Kaa-Khem near Kyzyl\n\n\n\nCountries\nMongolia, Russia\n\n\nRegions\nTuva, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Khakassia, Irkutsk Oblast, Buryatia, Zabaykalsky Krai\n\n\n\n\n\nTributaries\n\n\n - right\nAngara, Lower Tunguska, Stony Tunguska River\n\n\nCities\nKyzyl, Shagonar, Sayanogorsk, Abakan, Divnogorsk, Krasnoyarsk, Yeniseysk, Lesosibirsk, Igarka, Dudinka\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSource\nMungaragiyn-Gol\n\n\n - location\nridge Dod-Taygasyn-Noor, Mongolia\n\n\n - elevation\n3,351 m (10,994 ft)\n\n\n - length\n748 km (465 mi)\n\n\n - coordinates\n50°43′46″N 98°39′49″E / 50.72944°N 98.66361°E / 50.72944; 98.66361\n\n\nMouth\nYenisei Gulf\n\n\n\n\n\nLength\n3,438 km (2,136 mi)\n\n\nBasin\n2,580,000 km2 (996,144 sq mi)\n\n\nDischarge\nfor Igarka[1]\n\n\n - average\n19,600 m3/s (692,167 cu ft/s)\n\n\n - max\n112,000 m3/s (3,955,243 cu ft/s)\n\n\n - min\n3,120 m3/s (110,182 cu ft/s)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nThe Yenisei basin, including Lake Baikal\n\n\n" ]
[ "Mungaragiyn-Gol", "Yenisei Gulf" ]
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Mackenzie River
Mackenzie River - wikipedia Mackenzie River Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Mackenzie River ( disambiguation ) . Mackenzie River ( Deh - Cho , Kuukpak ) The Mackenzie River in August 2009 Name origin : Alexander Mackenzie , explorer Country Canada Region Yukon , Northwest Territories Tributaries - left Liard River , Keele River , Arctic Red River , Peel River - right Great Bear River Cities Fort Providence , Fort Simpson , Wrigley , Tulita , Norman Wells Source Great Slave Lake - location Fort Providence - elevation 156 m ( 512 ft ) - coordinates 61 ° 12 ′ 15 '' N 117 ° 22 ′ 31 '' W  /  61.20417 ° N 117.37528 ° W  / 61.20417 ; - 117.37528 Mouth Arctic Ocean - location Beaufort Sea , Inuvik Region - elevation 0 m ( 0 ft ) - coordinates 68 ° 56 ′ 23 '' N 136 ° 10 ′ 22 '' W  /  68.93972 ° N 136.17278 ° W  / 68.93972 ; - 136.17278 Coordinates : 68 ° 56 ′ 23 '' N 136 ° 10 ′ 22 '' W  /  68.93972 ° N 136.17278 ° W  / 68.93972 ; - 136.17278 Length 1,738 km ( 1,080 mi ) Basin 1,805,200 km ( 696,992 sq mi ) Discharge for mouth ; max and min at Arctic Red confluence - average 9,910 m / s ( 349,968 cu ft / s ) - max 31,800 m / s ( 1,123,000 cu ft / s ) - min 2,130 m / s ( 75,220 cu ft / s ) Map of the Mackenzie River watershed The Mackenzie River ( Slavey language : Deh - Cho ( tèh tʃhò ) , big river or Inuvialuktun : Kuukpak ( kuːkpɑk ) , great river ) is the largest and longest river system in Canada , and is exceeded only by the Mississippi River system in North America . It flows through a vast , isolated region of forest and tundra entirely within the country 's Northwest Territories , although its many tributaries reach into four other Canadian provinces and territories . The river 's mainstem runs 1,738 kilometres ( 1,080 mi ) in a northerly direction to the Arctic Ocean , draining a vast area nearly the size of Indonesia . It is the largest river flowing into the Arctic from North America , and with its tributaries is one of the longest rivers in the world . Contents ( hide ) 1 Course 2 Watershed 3 Geology 4 Ecology 5 History 6 Human use 7 Tributaries 7.1 Largest 7.2 Full list 8 See also 9 Works cited 10 References 11 External links Course ( edit ) Rising out of the marshy western end of Great Slave Lake , the Mackenzie River flows generally west - northwest for about 300 km ( 190 mi ) , passing the hamlet of Fort Providence . At Fort Simpson it is joined by the Liard River , its largest tributary , then swings towards the Arctic , paralleling the Franklin Mountains as it receives the North Nahanni River . The Keele River enters from the left about 100 km ( 62 mi ) above Tulita , where the Great Bear River joins the Mackenzie . Just before crossing the Arctic Circle , the river passes Norman Wells , then continues northwest to merge with the Arctic Red and Peel rivers . It finally empties into the Beaufort Sea , part of the Arctic Ocean , through the vast Mackenzie Delta . Most of the Mackenzie River is a broad , slow - moving waterway ; its elevation drops just 156 metres ( 512 ft ) from source to mouth . It is a braided river for much of its length , characterized by numerous sandbars and side channels . The river ranges from 2 to 5 km ( 1.2 to 3.1 mi ) wide and 8 to 9 m ( 26 to 30 ft ) deep in most parts , and is thus easily navigable except when it freezes over in the winter . However , there are several spots where the river narrows to less than half a kilometre ( 0.3 mi ) and flows quickly , such as at the Sans Sault Rapids at the confluence of the Mountain River and `` The Ramparts '' , a 40 m ( 130 ft ) deep canyon south of Fort Good Hope . Watershed ( edit ) At 1,805,200 square kilometres ( 697,000 sq mi ) , the Mackenzie River 's watershed or drainage basin is the largest in Canada , encompassing nearly 20 % of the country . From its farthest headwaters at Thutade Lake in the Omineca Mountains to its mouth , the Mackenzie stretches for 4,241 km ( 2,635 mi ) across western Canada , making it the longest river system in the nation and the thirteenth longest in the world . The river discharges more than 325 cubic kilometres ( 78 cu mi ) of water each year , accounting for roughly 11 % of the total river flow into the Arctic Ocean . The Mackenzie 's outflow holds a major role in the local climate above the Arctic Ocean with large amounts of warmer fresh water mixing with the cold seawater . Many major watersheds of North America border on the drainage of the Mackenzie River . Much of the western edge of the Mackenzie basin runs along the Continental Divide . The divide separates the Mackenzie watershed from that of the Yukon River and its headstreams the Pelly and Stewart rivers , which flow to the Bering Strait ; and the Fraser River and Columbia River systems , both of which run to the Pacific Ocean . Lowland divides in the north distinguish the Mackenzie basin from those of the Anderson , Horton , Coppermine and Back Rivers -- all of which empty into the Arctic . Eastern watersheds bordering on that of the Mackenzie include those of the Thelon and Churchill Rivers , both of which flow into Hudson Bay . On the south , the Mackenzie watershed borders that of the North Saskatchewan River , part of the Nelson River system , which empties into Hudson Bay after draining much of south - central Canada . Satellite view of the lower Mackenzie River Through its many tributaries , the Mackenzie River basin covers portions of five Canadian provinces and territories -- British Columbia ( BC ) , Alberta , Saskatchewan , Yukon , and Northwest Territories . The two largest headwaters forks , the Peace and Athabasca Rivers , drain much of the central Alberta prairie and the Rocky Mountains in northern BC then combine into the Slave River at the Peace - Athabasca Delta near Lake Athabasca , which also receives runoff from northwestern Saskatchewan . The Slave is the primary feeder of Great Slave Lake ( contributing about 77 % of the water ) ; other inflows include the Taltson , Lockhart and Hay Rivers , the latter of which also extends into Alberta and BC . Direct tributaries of the Mackenzie from the west such as the Liard and Peel Rivers carry runoff from the mountains of the eastern Yukon . The eastern portion of the Mackenzie basin is dominated by vast reaches of lake - studded boreal forest and includes many of the largest lakes in North America . By both volume and surface area , Great Bear Lake is the biggest in the watershed and third largest on the continent , with a surface area of 31,153 km ( 12,028 sq mi ) and a volume of 2,236 km ( 536 cu mi ) . Great Slave Lake is slightly smaller , with an area of 28,568 km ( 11,030 sq mi ) and containing 2,088 km ( 501 cu mi ) of water , although it is significantly deeper than Great Bear . The third major lake , Athabasca , is less than a third that size with an area of 7,800 km ( 3,000 sq mi ) . Six other lakes in the watershed cover more than 1,000 km ( 390 sq mi ) , including the Williston Lake reservoir , the second - largest artificial lake in North America , on the Peace River . With an average annual flow of 9,910 m / s ( 350,000 cu ft / s ) , the Mackenzie River has a smaller discharge than the St Lawrence but is the fourteenth largest in the world in this respect . About 60 % of the water comes from the western half of the basin , which includes the Rocky , Selwyn , and Mackenzie mountain ranges out of which spring major tributaries such as the Peace and Liard Rivers , which contribute 23 % and 27 % of the total flow , respectively . In contrast the eastern half , despite being dominated by marshland and large lakes , provides only about 25 % of the Mackenzie 's discharge . During peak flow in the spring , the difference in discharge between the two halves of the watershed becomes even more marked . While large amounts of snow and glacial melt dramatically drive up water levels in the Mackenzie 's western tributaries , large lakes in the eastern basin retard springtime discharges . Breakup of ice jams caused by sudden rises in temperature -- a phenomenon especially pronounced on the Mackenzie -- further exacerbate flood peaks . In full flood , the Peace River can carry so much water that it inundates its delta and backs upstream into Lake Athabasca , and the excess water can only flow out after the Peace has receded . Geology ( edit ) As recently as the end of the last glacial period eleven thousand years ago the majority of northern Canada was buried under the enormous continental Laurentide ice sheet . The tremendous erosive powers of the Laurentide and its predecessors , at maximum extent , completely buried the Mackenzie River valley under thousands of meters of ice and flattened the eastern portions of the Mackenzie watershed . When the ice sheet receded for the last time , it left a 1,100 km ( 680 mi ) - long postglacial lake called Lake McConnell , of which Great Bear , Great Slave and Athabasca Lakes are remnants . Significant evidence exists that roughly 13,000 years ago , the channel of the Mackenzie was scoured by one or more massive glacial lake outburst floods unleashed from Lake Agassiz , formed by melting ice west of the present - day Great Lakes . At its peak , Agassiz had a greater volume than all present - day freshwater lakes combined . This is believed to have disrupted currents in the Arctic Ocean and led to an abrupt 1,300 - year - long cold temperature shift called the Younger Dryas . Ecology ( edit ) The Peace River valley is one of the more biologically diverse areas of the Mackenzie basin , with large amounts of forests and floodplain habitat . The Mackenzie River 's watershed is considered one of the largest and most intact ecosystems in North America , especially in the north . Approximately 63 % of the basin -- 1,137,000 km ( 439,000 sq mi ) -- is covered by forest , mostly boreal , and wetlands comprise some 18 % of the watershed -- about 324,900 km ( 125,400 sq mi ) . More than 93 % of the wooded areas in the watershed are virgin forest . There are fifty - three fish species in the basin , none of them endemic . Most of the aquatic species in the Mackenzie River are descendants of those of the Mississippi River and its tributaries . This anomaly is believed to have been caused by hydrologic connection of the two river systems during the Ice Ages by meltwater lakes and channels . Fish in the Mackenzie River proper include the northern pike , some minnows , and lake whitefish , and the river 's shores are lined with sparse vegetation like dwarf birch and willows , as well as numerous peat bogs . Further south the tundra vegetation transitions to black spruce , aspen and poplar forest . Overall , the northern watershed is not very diverse ecologically , due to its cold climate -- permafrost underlies about three - quarters of the watershed , reaching up to 100 m ( 330 ft ) deep in the delta region -- and meager to moderate rainfall , amounting to about 410 millimetres ( 16 in ) over the basin as a whole . The southern half of the basin , in contrast , includes larger reaches of temperate and alpine forests as well as fertile floodplain and riparian habitat , but is actually home to fewer fish species due to large rapids on the Slave River preventing upstream migration of aquatic species . Migratory birds use the two major deltas in the Mackenzie River basin -- the Mackenzie Delta and the inland Peace - Athabasca Delta -- as important resting and breeding areas . The latter is located at the convergence of four major North American migratory routes , or flyways . As recently as the mid-twentieth century , more than 400,000 birds passed through during the spring and up to a million in autumn . Some 215 bird species in total have been catalogued in the delta , including endangered species such as the whooping crane , peregrine falcon and bald eagle . The construction of the W.A.C. Bennett Dam on the Peace River has reduced the seasonal variations of water levels in the delta , causing damage to its ecosystems . Populations of migratory birds in the area have steadily declined since the 1960s . Water mammals such as muskrats breed in the Mackenzie Delta during the spring . History ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( November 2011 ) The Mackenzie Rver enters the Beaufort Sea , July 2017. About 7 percent of the fresh water that flows into the Arctic Ocean each year comes out the Mackenzie and its delta , and much of that comes in large pulses in June and July after the freshet -- when inland ice and snow melts and floods the river . The Mackenzie ( previously Disappointment ) River was named after Scottish explorer Alexander Mackenzie , who travelled the river in the hope it would lead to the Pacific Ocean , but instead reached its mouth on the Arctic Ocean on 14 July 1789 . No European reached its mouth again until Sir John Franklin on 16 August 1825 . The following year he traced the coast west until blocked by ice while John Richardson followed the coast east to the Coppermine River . In 1849 William Pullen reached the Mackenzie from the Bering Strait . The Royal Canadian Mint honoured the 200th anniversary of the naming of the Mackenzie River with the issue of a silver commemorative dollar in 1989 . In 1997 , a cultural landscape along the section of the Mackenzie River at Tsiigehtchic was designated the Nagwichoonjik ( Mackenzie River ) National Historic Site of Canada due to its cultural , social and spiritual significance to the Gwichya Gwich'in . In 2008 , Canadian and Japanese researchers extracted a constant stream of natural gas from a test project at the Mallik methane hydrate field in the Mackenzie Delta . This was the second such drilling at Mallik : the first took place in 2002 and used heat to release methane . In the 2008 experiment , researchers were able to extract gas by lowering the pressure , without heating , requiring significantly less energy . The Mallik gas hydrate field was first discovered by Imperial Oil in 1971 -- 1972 . Human use ( edit ) As of 2001 , approximately 397,000 people lived in the Mackenzie River basin -- representing only 1 % of Canada 's population . Ninety percent of these people lived in the Peace and Athabasca River drainage areas , and mainly in Alberta . The cold northern permafrost regions beyond the Arctic Circle are very sparsely populated , mainly by indigenous peoples . As a result , much of the Mackenzie watershed consists of unbroken wilderness and human activities presently have little influence on water quality or quantity in the basin 's major rivers . Perhaps the heaviest use of the watershed is in resource extraction -- oil and gas in central Alberta , lumber in the Peace River headwaters , uranium in Saskatchewan , gold in the Great Slave Lake area and tungsten in the Yukon . In the agricultural market , the Mackenzie River is filled with a variety of fish species . Especially in the case of oil , these activities are beginning to pose a threat to riverine ecology in the headwaters of the Mackenzie River , by beginning the process of melting some of the permafrost and creating the destabilization of the soil through erosion . During the ice - free season , the Mackenzie is a major transportation link through the vast wilderness of northern Canada , linking the numerous scattered and isolated communities along its course . Canada 's northernmost major railhead is located at the town of Hay River , on the south shore of Great Slave Lake . Goods shipped there by train and truck are loaded onto barges of the Inuit - owned Northern Transportation Company . Barge traffic travels the entire length of the Mackenzie in long `` trains '' of up to fifteen vessels pulled by tugboats , with the sole exception being in a few of the river 's narrows , where the barges are uncoupled and towed one by one through difficult stretches . Goods are shipped as far as the town of Tuktoyaktuk on the eastern end of the Mackenzie Delta . From there they are further distributed among communities along Canada 's Arctic coast and the numerous islands north of it . During the winter , the frozen channel of the Mackenzie River , especially in the delta region , is crisscrossed with ice roads served by dogsleds and snowmobiles . Mackenzie River at Fort Simpson , at the confluence of the Liard River Although the entire main stem of the Mackenzie River is undammed , many of its tributaries and headwaters have been developed for hydroelectricity production , flood control and agricultural purposes . The W.A.C. Bennett Dam and Peace Canyon Dam on the upper Peace River were completed in 1968 and 1980 for power generation purposes . The two dams , both owned by BC Hydro , have a combined capacity of more than 3,650 megawatts ( MW ) . The reservoir of W.A.C. Bennett -- Williston Lake -- is the largest body of fresh water in BC and the ninth largest man - made lake in the world , with a volume of 70.3 km ( 57,000,000 acre ft ) . Williston 's additional purpose of flood control has led to reduced flooding in the Peace River valley , the Peace - Athabasca Delta , and the Slave River , which while providing for better farming conditions , has had significant impacts on wildlife and riparian communities . The decrease in annual flow fluctuations has had impacts as far downstream as the main stem of the Mackenzie because it slows down the spread of essential nutrients which builds up in the form of sediments thus causing the river to become more polluted . Agriculture in the Mackenzie River basin is mainly concentrated in the southern portion of the watershed , namely the valleys of the Peace and Athabasca Rivers . The valley of the former river is considered to be some of the best northern farmland in Canada , due to the high concentration of minerals found in the soil . These conditions are expected to be improved even more by recent trends in climate change , such as warmer temperatures and a longer growing season . It is even said that `` there is enough agricultural capability in the Peace River Valley to provide vegetables to all of northern Canada '' . However , reaches of the Peace River Valley are threatened with flooding by the proposed Site C Dam , which would generate enough electricity to power about 460,000 households . Site C has been the center of a protracted and ongoing environmental battle since the 1970s , and a decision has not yet been reached as to whether or not to build the dam . Site C is not the only proposed water project in the Mackenzie basin . A potential US $ 1 billion run - of - the - river hydroelectricity station on the Slave River would generate at least 1,350 MW of power . Some tentative proposals have gone as far as to include dams on the main stem of the Mackenzie itself . By far the largest engineering project ever slated for the Mackenzie River was the North American Water and Power Alliance ( NAWAPA ) , a vast series of dams , tunnels and reservoirs designed to move 150 km ( 120,000,000 acre ft ) of Arctic meltwater to southern Canada , the western United States and Mexico . The system would involve building massive dams on the Liard , Mackenzie , Peace , Columbia , and Fraser rivers , then pumping water into a 650 km ( 400 mi ) long reservoir in the Rocky Mountain Trench . The water would then flow by gravity to irrigate more than 220,000 km ( 85,000 sq mi ) in the three countries and generate more than 50,000 MW of surplus energy . First proposed in the 1950s , the project 's estimated cost has since risen to over $200 billion . Because of its massive cost and environmental impacts , it is considered unlikely ever to be implemented . The extraction of oil and gas in Alberta along the Mackenzie River is detrimental to its ecosystems because it involves the oil companies to remove large amounts of vegetation in order to make way for all of the equipment that they use to extract the oil from the ground . When the vegetation on the banks get and by removing these plants it destabilizes the soil and with the currents causes the river banks to erode , thus causing the accumulation of sediments in the river . In the event of a pipeline being constructed , the risks of pollution of the Mackenzie River are very high due to the destruction of the environment around it and the chance of an accidental oil spill that could destroy the ecosystems found inside the river . Not only do oil and gas extractions in the north are damaging to the Mackenzie River , they also have detrimental effects on the people who live on the banks of this river because they rely on the water to supply them with the necessary things that they need in order to survive : food , water , and transportation . Tributaries ( edit ) Largest ( edit ) Tributary Length Watershed Discharge km mi km sq mi m / s cu ft / s Liard River 1,115 693 277,100 106,989 2,434 85,960 North Nahanni River 200 124 Root River 220 138 Redstone River 289 180 16,400 6,332 417 14,726 Keele River 410 255 19,000 7,340 600 21,200 Great Bear River 113 70 156,500 60,425 528 18,646 Mountain River 370 230 13,500 5,212 123 4,344 Arctic Red River 500 311 22,000 8,494 161 5,690 Peel River 580 360 28,400 10,965 689 24,332 Full list ( edit ) Tributary Coordinates Great Slave Lake 61 ° 12 ′ 00 '' N 116 ° 40 ′ 56 '' W  /  61.19994 ° N 116.68219 ° W  / 61.19994 ; - 116.68219  ( Great Slave Lake ) Kakisa River 61 ° 04 ′ 08 '' N 117 ° 10 ′ 04 '' W  /  61.06888 ° N 117.16782 ° W  / 61.06888 ; - 117.16782  ( Kakisa River ) Horn River 61 ° 28 ′ 37 '' N 118 ° 04 ′ 56 '' W  /  61.47689 ° N 118.08234 ° W  / 61.47689 ; - 118.08234  ( Horn River ) Bouvier River 61 ° 13 ′ 56 '' N 119 ° 02 ′ 09 '' W  /  61.23230 ° N 119.03584 ° W  / 61.23230 ; - 119.03584  ( Bouvier River ) Redknife River 61 ° 13 ′ 28 '' N 119 ° 22 ′ 08 '' W  /  61.22446 ° N 119.36891 ° W  / 61.22446 ; - 119.36891  ( Redknife River ) Trout River 61 ° 18 ′ 15 '' N 119 ° 50 ′ 40 '' W  /  61.30423 ° N 119.84453 ° W  / 61.30423 ; - 119.84453  ( Trout River ) Jean Marie River 61 ° 31 ′ 58 '' N 120 ° 38 ′ 05 '' W  /  61.53288 ° N 120.63469 ° W  / 61.53288 ; - 120.63469  ( Jean Marie River ) Spence River 61 ° 34 ′ 48 '' N 120 ° 40 ′ 24 '' W  /  61.58009 ° N 120.67331 ° W  / 61.58009 ; - 120.67331  ( Spence River ) Rabbitskin River 61 ° 46 ′ 56 '' N 120 ° 41 ′ 51 '' W  /  61.78209 ° N 120.69758 ° W  / 61.78209 ; - 120.69758  ( Rabbitskin River ) Liard River 61 ° 51 ′ 01 '' N 121 ° 18 ′ 07 '' W  /  61.85037 ° N 121.30185 ° W  / 61.85037 ; - 121.30185  ( Liard River ) Harris River 61 ° 52 ′ 22 '' N 121 ° 19 ′ 33 '' W  /  61.87277 ° N 121.32580 ° W  / 61.87277 ; - 121.32580  ( Harris River ) Martin River 61 ° 55 ′ 35 '' N 121 ° 34 ′ 41 '' W  /  61.92633 ° N 121.57814 ° W  / 61.92633 ; - 121.57814  ( Martin River ) Trail River 62 ° 06 ′ 00 '' N 122 ° 11 ′ 34 '' W  /  62.10005 ° N 122.19286 ° W  / 62.10005 ; - 122.19286  ( Trail River ) North Nahanni River 62 ° 14 ′ 44 '' N 123 ° 19 ′ 43 '' W  /  62.24562 ° N 123.32874 ° W  / 62.24562 ; - 123.32874  ( North Nahanni River ) Root River 62 ° 26 ′ 13 '' N 123 ° 18 ′ 37 '' W  /  62.43685 ° N 123.31020 ° W  / 62.43685 ; - 123.31020  ( Root River ) Willowlake River 62 ° 41 ′ 55 '' N 123 ° 06 ′ 53 '' W  /  62.69863 ° N 123.1148 ° W  / 62.69863 ; - 123.1148  ( Willowlake River ) River Between Two Mountains 62 ° 56 ′ 12 '' N 123 ° 12 ′ 39 '' W  /  62.93655 ° N 123.21081 ° W  / 62.93655 ; - 123.21081  ( River Between Two Mountains ) Wrigley River 63 ° 14 ′ 39 '' N 123 ° 35 ′ 13 '' W  /  63.24410 ° N 123.58691 ° W  / 63.24410 ; - 123.58691  ( Wrigley River ) Ochre River 63 ° 28 ′ 05 '' N 123 ° 41 ′ 23 '' W  /  63.46801 ° N 123.68962 ° W  / 63.46801 ; - 123.68962  ( Ochre River ) Johnson River 63 ° 42 ′ 53 '' N 123 ° 54 ′ 45 '' W  /  63.71486 ° N 123.91245 ° W  / 63.71486 ; - 123.91245  ( Johnson River ) Blackwater River 63 ° 56 ′ 38 '' N 124 ° 10 ′ 19 '' W  /  63.94386 ° N 124.17194 ° W  / 63.94386 ; - 124.17194  ( Blackwater River ) Dahadinni River 63 ° 59 ′ 05 '' N 124 ° 22 ′ 26 '' W  /  63.98472 ° N 124.37399 ° W  / 63.98472 ; - 124.37399  ( Dahadinni River ) Saline River 64 ° 17 ′ 39 '' N 124 ° 29 ′ 58 '' W  /  64.29422 ° N 124.49947 ° W  / 64.29422 ; - 124.49947  ( Saline River ) Redstone River 64 ° 17 ′ 13 '' N 124 ° 33 ′ 18 '' W  /  64.28701 ° N 124.55492 ° W  / 64.28701 ; - 124.55492  ( Redstone River ) Keele River 64 ° 25 ′ 00 '' N 124 ° 48 ′ 00 '' W  /  64.41662 ° N 124.80005 ° W  / 64.41662 ; - 124.80005  ( Keele River ) Great Bear River 64 ° 54 ′ 24 '' N 125 ° 36 ′ 01 '' W  /  64.90671 ° N 125.60034 ° W  / 64.90671 ; - 125.60034  ( Great Bear River ) Little Bear River 64 ° 54 ′ 57 '' N 125 ° 54 ′ 16 '' W  /  64.91581 ° N 125.90435 ° W  / 64.91581 ; - 125.90435  ( Little Bear River ) Carcajou River 65 ° 37 ′ 28 '' N 128 ° 43 ′ 01 '' W  /  65.62446 ° N 128.71682 ° W  / 65.62446 ; - 128.71682  ( Carcajou River ) Mountain River 65 ° 40 ′ 27 '' N 128 ° 50 ′ 19 '' W  /  65.67409 ° N 128.83856 ° W  / 65.67409 ; - 128.83856  ( Mountain River ) Donnelly River 65 ° 49 ′ 34 '' N 128 ° 50 ′ 55 '' W  /  65.82613 ° N 128.84869 ° W  / 65.82613 ; - 128.84869  ( Donnelly River ) Tsintu River 66 ° 07 ′ 55 '' N 129 ° 02 ′ 28 '' W  /  66.13182 ° N 129.04099 ° W  / 66.13182 ; - 129.04099  ( Tsintu River ) Hare Indian River 66 ° 17 ′ 38 '' N 128 ° 37 ′ 26 '' W  /  66.29391 ° N 128.62381 ° W  / 66.29391 ; - 128.62381  ( Hare Indian River ) Loon River 66 ° 28 ′ 11 '' N 128 ° 58 ′ 15 '' W  /  66.46969 ° N 128.97091 ° W  / 66.46969 ; - 128.97091  ( Loon River ) Tieda River 66 ° 37 ′ 44 '' N 129 ° 19 ′ 34 '' W  /  66.62877 ° N 129.32616 ° W  / 66.62877 ; - 129.32616  ( Tieda River ) Gillis River 66 ° 43 ′ 45 '' N 129 ° 47 ′ 26 '' W  /  66.72907 ° N 129.79042 ° W  / 66.72907 ; - 129.79042  ( Gillis River ) Gossage River 66 ° 59 ′ 33 '' N 130 ° 16 ′ 02 '' W  /  66.99237 ° N 130.26712 ° W  / 66.99237 ; - 130.26712  ( Gossage River ) Thunder River 67 ° 28 ′ 41 '' N 130 ° 54 ′ 24 '' W  /  67.47803 ° N 130.90673 ° W  / 67.47803 ; - 130.90673  ( Thunder River ) Tree River 67 ° 15 ′ 11 '' N 132 ° 34 ′ 13 '' W  /  67.25315 ° N 132.57030 ° W  / 67.25315 ; - 132.57030  ( Tree River ) Rabbit Hay River 67 ° 13 ′ 29 '' N 132 ° 45 ′ 40 '' W  /  67.22483 ° N 132.76102 ° W  / 67.22483 ; - 132.76102  ( Rabbit Hay River ) Arctic Red River 67 ° 26 ′ 49 '' N 133 ° 44 ′ 51 '' W  /  67.44700 ° N 133.74743 ° W  / 67.44700 ; - 133.74743  ( Arctic Red River ) Peel River 67 ° 41 ′ 48 '' N 134 ° 31 ′ 52 '' W  /  67.69665 ° N 134.53102 ° W  / 67.69665 ; - 134.53102  ( Peel River ) Rengleng River 67 ° 48 ′ 17 '' N 134 ° 04 ′ 17 '' W  /  67.80485 ° N 134.07145 ° W  / 67.80485 ; - 134.07145  ( Rengleng River ) See also ( edit ) List of rivers of Canada List of rivers of the Northwest Territories Peace River Country Steamboats of the Mackenzie River Peel Watershed Works cited ( edit ) Hodgins , Bruce W. ; Hoyle , Gwyneth ( 1994 ) . Canoeing north into the unknown : a record of river travel , 1874 to 1974 . Dundurn Press . ISBN 0 - 920474 - 93 - 4 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Pielou , E.C. ( 1991 ) . After the Ice Age : The Return of Life to Glaciated North America . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 66812 - 6 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Rivers '' . The Atlas of Canada . Natural Resources Canada . Archived from the original on 2007 - 02 - 02 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Whole Basin overview '' ( PDF ) . Mackenzie River Basin : State of the Aquatic Ecosystem Report 2003 . Saskatchewan Watershed Authority . pp. 15 -- 56 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` MAGS : Daily Discharge Measurements '' . University of Saskatchewan . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Scheffel , Richard L. ; Wernet , Susan J. , eds. ( 1980 ) . Natural Wonders of the World . United States of America : Reader 's Digest Association , Inc. p. 220 . ISBN 0 - 89577 - 087 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : NRCAN Topo Maps for Canada ( Map ) . Cartography by Natural Resources Canada . ACME Mapper . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ Hodgins and Hoyle , p. 135 Jump up ^ `` Mackenzie River : Physical Features '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 1995 edition ) . University of Valencia . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Mackenzie River : The Lower Course '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 1995 edition ) . University of Valencia . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ Hebert , Paul D.N. ( 2008 - 11 - 18 ) . `` Mackenzie River , Canada '' . Encyclopedia of Earth . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Mackenzie River Basin '' . Conservation . World Wildlife Fund . Archived from the original on 14 October 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ Arnell , Nigel W. ( 2005 - 04 - 08 ) . `` Implications of climate change for freshwater inflows to the Arctic Oceans '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Geophysical Research . Far Eastern Federal University . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2 April 2012 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Watersheds ( Map ) . Cartography by CEC , Atlas of Canada , National Atlas , Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía . Commission for Environmental Cooperation ( CEC ) . Archived from the original on 14 April 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Marsh , James . `` Mackenzie River '' . The Canadian Encyclopedia . Historica - Dominion Institute . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Muzik , I. ( 1991 ) . `` Hydrology of Lake Athabasca '' ( PDF ) . Hydrology of Natural and Manmade Lakes . International Association of Hydrological Sciences . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Great Slave Sub-basin '' ( PDF ) . Mackenzie River Basin : State of the Aquatic Ecosystem Report 2003 . Saskatchewan Watershed Authority . pp. 143 -- 168 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2 April 2012 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ Major Drainage Areas of the Yukon Territory ( Map ) . Cartography by Yukon Environment Geomatics . Yukon Environment . Archived from the original on 31 March 2012 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Great Bear Lake '' . World Lakes Database . International Lake Environment Committee Foundation . Archived from the original on 5 June 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Water Sources : Rivers '' . Environment Canada . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ Woo , Ming - Ko ; Thorne , Robin ( 2003 - 03 - 04 ) . `` Streamflow in the Mackenzie Basin , Canada '' ( PDF ) . Arctic Institute of North America . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` The Peace - Athabasca Delta '' . Northern River Basins Study Final Report . Government of Alberta . Archived from the original on 27 September 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ Pielou , p. 193 Jump up ^ Schiermeier , Quirin ( 2010 - 03 - 31 ) . `` River reveals chilling tracks of ancient flood '' . Naturenews . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Younger Dryas '' . NOAA Paleoclimatology . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . 2008 - 08 - 20 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Mackenzie Watershed '' . EarthTrends : Watersheds of the World . World Resources Institute . Archived from the original on 7 August 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ Pielou , p. 190 - 191 Jump up ^ Burridge , Mary ; Mandrak , Nicholas ( 2011 - 08 - 16 ) . `` 105 : Lower Mackenzie '' . Freshwater Ecoregions of the World . World Wildlife Fund , The Nature Conservancy . Archived from the original on 31 March 2012 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ Burridge , Mary ; Mandrak , Nicholas ( 2011 - 08 - 16 ) . `` 104 : Upper Mackenzie '' . Freshwater Ecoregions of the World . World Wildlife Fund , The Nature Conservancy . Archived from the original on 31 March 2012 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Peace - Athabasca Delta : Tar Sands Oil Expansion Threatens America 's Premier Nesting Ground '' . Save BioGems . Natural Resources Defense Council . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Peace - Athabasca Delta '' . Important Bird Areas . Bird Studies Canada . Archived from the original on 2 April 2012 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ Nagwichoonjik ( Mackenzie River ) National Historic Site of Canada . Canadian Register of Historic Places . Retrieved 22 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Brodie ( 2008 - 03 - 31 ) . `` Researchers extract methane gas from under permafrost '' . Northern News Services Online . Archived from the original on 8 June 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Geological Survey of Canada , Mallik 2002 '' . Natural Resources Canada . 2007 - 12 - 20 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 29 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Mackenzie River Watershed '' . Boreal Songbird Initiative . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Wolh , Ellen . `` The Mackenzie : River on the Brink . '' In A World of Rivers , Environmental Change on Ten of the World 's Great Rivers , 300 - 27 . Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Northern Lifeblood : Empowering Northern Leaders to Protect the Mackenzie River Basin from the Risks of Oil Sands Development '' ( PDF ) . Pembina Institute . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` What does North America look like to Canada 's Northern Transportation Company ? '' . Arctic Economics . 2008 - 06 - 12 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Mackenzie River : Barging ahead -- The North 's Native - owned transportation service '' . Canadian Council for Geographic Education . Archived from the original on 28 October 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ Jozic , Jennifer . `` Transportation in the North '' . Northern Research Portal . University of Saskatchewan . p. 3 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` 40 Years On : The Story of the W.A.C. Bennett Dam '' . Hudson 's Hope Museum . Archived from the original on 9 October 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Site C Dam '' . Watershed Sentinel. 2008 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Williston '' . BC Hydro . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Williston Lake '' . World Lakes Database . International Lake Environment Committee . Archived from the original on 5 August 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Flooding in the Peace - Athabasca Delta '' . Regional Aquatics Monitoring Program . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Media Release : Significant BC food source might go under water '' ( PDF ) . It 's Our Valley . 2010 - 04 - 09 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ Feinstein , Asa ( February 2010 ) . Churchill , Brian ; Rowan , Arnica , eds. `` BC 's Peace River Valley and Climate Change : The Role of the Valley 's Forests and Agricultural Land in Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation '' ( PDF ) . It 's Our Valley . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` Peace River Valley : Habitat for biodiversity , food security for British Columbia '' . The British Columbia Environmental Network . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ Fawcett , Max ( 2010 - 04 - 05 ) . `` The Case against the Site C Dam : A reporter 's Peace River journey against a powerful current of dubious assumptions and official spin . First of five parts this week . '' . The Tyee . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Slave River hydro project mixed '' . CBC News . 2010 - 10 - 18 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ Jaque , Dom ( 2009 - 03 - 12 ) . `` Proposed Slave River Hydro Project Update '' ( PDF ) . Alberta Whitewater Association . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2 April 2012 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Some Canadian rivers at risk of drying up '' . WWF Global . World Wildlife Fund . 2009 - 10 - 15 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ LaRouche , Lyndon H. ( January 1988 ) . `` The Outline of NAWAPA '' . The Schiller Institute . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Barry ( 2009 - 12 - 04 ) . `` The Rip Van Winkle of Water Projects -- NAWAPA Reemerges after a 50 Year Slumber '' . Switchboard . Natural Resources Defense Council . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ Wolh , Ellen . `` The Mackenzie : River on the Brink . '' In A World of Rivers , Environmental Change on Ten of the World 's Great Rivers , 300 - 27 . Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 2010 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mackenzie River . Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Mackenzie . Information and a map of the Mackenzie 's watershed Canadian Council for Geographic Education page with a series of articles on the history of the Mackenzie River . Atlas of Canada 's page devoted to Arctic rivers of Canada . MAGS : Daily Discharge Measurements . ( hide ) Hydrography of the Northwest Territories Rivers Arctic Red Back Coppermine Fond du Lac Great Bear Hay Horn Hornaday Kagloryuak Keele Kotaneelee Liard Mackenzie North Nahanni Peel Petitot Redstone Roscoe Slave South Nahanni Trout Yellowknife more ... Lakes Artillery Aylmer Blackwater Boyd Buffalo Clinton - Colden Colville Faber Firedrake Frame Great Bear Great Slave Hottah Howard Kakisa Kasba Keller Lac Belot Lac de Gras Lac des bois ( Northwest Territories ) Lac La Martre Lynx MacKay Mosquito Napaktulik Nonacho Point Sambaa K'e Selwyn Snowbird Tahiryuak Tathlina Tulemalu Wholdaia more ... Coastal features Amundsen Gulf Beaufort Sea Dolphin and Union Strait Fitzwilliam Strait Hazen Strait Husky Lakes Kellett Strait Liddon Gulf M'Clure Strait Minto Inlet Murray Inlet Prince of Wales Strait Richard Collinson Inlet Prince Albert Sound Wilkins Strait VIAF : 234579038 GND : 4036840 - 3 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mackenzie_River&oldid=800741475 '' Categories : Rivers of the Northwest Territories Physiographic provinces Physiographic sections Mackenzie River Tributaries of Hudson Bay Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter Coordinates on Wikidata Geobox usage tracking for river type All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2011 Articles to be expanded from November 2011 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Use dmy dates from April 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans አማርኛ تۆرکجه Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Chi - Chewa Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017 , at 11 : 27 . 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where does the mackenzie river start and end
[ "Rising out of the marshy western end of Great Slave Lake, the Mackenzie River flows generally west-northwest for about 300 km (190 mi), passing the hamlet of Fort Providence. At Fort Simpson it is joined by the Liard River, its largest tributary, then swings towards the Arctic, paralleling the Franklin Mountains as it receives the North Nahanni River. The Keele River enters from the left about 100 km (62 mi) above Tulita, where the Great Bear River joins the Mackenzie. Just before crossing the Arctic Circle, the river passes Norman Wells, then continues northwest to merge with the Arctic Red and Peel rivers. It finally empties into the Beaufort Sea, part of the Arctic Ocean, through the vast Mackenzie Delta.[2][5][6]", "Rising out of the marshy western end of Great Slave Lake, the Mackenzie River flows generally west-northwest for about 300 km (190 mi), passing the hamlet of Fort Providence. At Fort Simpson it is joined by the Liard River, its largest tributary, then swings towards the Arctic, paralleling the Franklin Mountains as it receives the North Nahanni River. The Keele River enters from the left about 100 km (62 mi) above Tulita, where the Great Bear River joins the Mackenzie. Just before crossing the Arctic Circle, the river passes Norman Wells, then continues northwest to merge with the Arctic Red and Peel rivers. It finally empties into the Beaufort Sea, part of the Arctic Ocean, through the vast Mackenzie Delta.[2][5][6]" ]
[ "Rising out of the marshy western end of Great Slave Lake", "empties into the Beaufort Sea, part of the Arctic Ocean, through the vast Mackenzie Delta" ]
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2018 Commonwealth Games
2018 Commonwealth Games - Wikipedia 2018 Commonwealth Games Jump to : navigation , search XXI Commonwealth Games Logo of 2018 Commonwealth Games Host city Gold Coast , Queensland Country Australia Motto Share the Dream Nations participating 71 Commonwealth Teams Athletes participating 4,426 Events 275 in 19 sports Opening ceremony 4 April Closing ceremony 15 April Officially opened by Charles , Prince of Wales Officially closed by Edward , Earl of Wessex Athlete 's Oath Karen Murphy Queen 's Baton Final Runner Sally Pearson Main venue Carrara Stadium Website GC2018.com < XX XXII > Part of a series on 2018 Commonwealth Games ( show ) Bids Venues ( Athletes ' Village ) Concerns and controversies Queen 's Baton Relay Opening ceremony ( Parade of Nations ) Participating teams Medal table Chronological summary Closing ceremony Mascot Festival 2018 CGF CGA The 2018 Commonwealth Games , officially known as the XXI Commonwealth Games and commonly known as Gold Coast 2018 , were an international multi-sport event for members of the Commonwealth that were held on the Gold Coast , Queensland , Australia , between 4 and 15 April 2018 . It was the fifth time Australia had hosted the Commonwealth Games and the first time a major multi-sport event achieved gender equality by having an equal number of events for males and female athletes . More than 4,400 athletes including 300 para athletes from 71 Commonwealth Games Associations took part in the event . The Gambia which withdrew its membership from the Commonwealth of Nations and Commonwealth Games Federation in 2013 , was readmitted on 31 March 2018 and participated in the event . With 275 sets of medals , the games featured 19 Commonwealth sports , including beach volleyball , para triathlon and women 's rugby sevens . These sporting events took place at 14 venues in the host city , two venues in Brisbane and one venue each in Cairns and Townsville . These were the first Commonwealth Games to take place under the Commonwealth Games Federation ( CGF ) presidency of Louise Martin , CBE . The host city Gold Coast was announced at the CGF General Assembly in Basseterre , Saint Kitts , on 11 November 2011 . Gold Coast became the seventh Oceanian city to host the Commonwealth Games . These were the eighth games to be held in Oceania and the Southern Hemisphere . The host nation Australia topped the medal table for the fourth time in the past five Commonwealth Games , winning the most golds ( 80 ) and most medals overall ( 198 ) . England and India finished second and third respectively . Vanuatu , Cook Islands , Solomon Islands , British Virgin Islands and Dominica each won their first Commonwealth Games medals . Contents ( hide ) 1 Host selection 2 Administration 3 Preparation 3.1 Venues 3.1. 1 Venues in Gold Coast 3.1. 2 Venues outside Gold Coast 3.2 Athletes village 3.3 Queen 's baton relay 3.4 Transport 3.5 Anti-doping 4 Participating teams 4.1 Number of athletes by team 5 Calendar 6 Sports 7 Opening ceremony 7.1 Parade of Nations 8 Closing ceremony 9 Medal table 10 Marketing 10.1 Motto 10.2 Emblem 10.3 Mascot 10.4 Medals 11 Concerns and controversies 12 See also 13 References 14 External links Host selection ( edit ) Main article : Bids for the 2018 Commonwealth Games Countdown clock at Surfers Paradise On 22 August 2008 , the Premier of Queensland , Anna Bligh , officially launched Gold Coast City 's bid to host the Commonwealth Games in 2018 . On 7 April 2009 , the ABC reported a land exchange deal between Gold Coast City and State of Queensland for Carrara Stadium . According to Mayor Ron Clarke , the land would aid a potential bid for the 2018 Commonwealth Games . The land exchanged would be used as the site of an aquatics centre . In the same article , Mayor Clarke raised the question of the Australian Federal Government 's commitment to a 2018 Commonwealth Games bid in light of the Government 's support for Australia 's 2018 FIFA World Cup Finals bid . On 16 April 2009 , Queensland Premier Anna Bligh told reporters that a successful Commonwealth Games bid by Gold Coast City could help the tourist strip win a role in hosting the World Cup . `` Some of the infrastructure that would be built for the Commonwealth Games will be useful for Gold Coast City to get a World Cup game out of the soccer World Cup if we 're successful as a nation , '' she said . However the decision on the venues for the 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cups were made eleven months prior to the bid decision for the 2018 Commonwealth Games , so the potential World Cup venues had already been chosen . On 3 June 2009 , Gold Coast City was confirmed as Australia 's exclusive bidder vying for the 2018 Commonwealth Games . `` Should a bid proceed , Gold Coast City will have the exclusive Australian rights to bid as host city for 2018 , '' Bligh stated . `` Recently I met with the president and CEO of the Australian Commonwealth Games Association and we agreed to commission a full and comprehensive feasibility study into the potential for the 2018 Commonwealth Games , '' she said . `` Under the stewardship of Queensland Events new chair , Geoff Dixon , that study is now well advanced . '' On 15 March 2010 , it was announced that the Queensland Government will provide initial funding of A $11 million for the 2018 Commonwealth Games bid . The Premier of Queensland has indicated the Government 's support for the bid to the Australian Commonwealth Games Association . On 31 March 2010 , the Australian Commonwealth Games Association officially launched the bid to host the 2018 Commonwealth Games . In October 2011 , Gold Coast City Mayor Ron Clarke stated that the games would provide a strong legacy for the city after the games have ended . On 31 March 2010 , a surprise bid was made for the 2018 Commonwealth Games by the Sri Lankan city of Hambantota . Hambantota was devastated by the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami , and is undergoing a major face lift . The first phase of the Port of Hambantota is nearing completion and it is funded by the government of China . The Mattala International Airport , which is the second international Airport of Sri Lanka is built close to Hambantota . A new Hambantota International Cricket Stadium had also been built , which had hosted matches in the 2011 Cricket World Cup . On 10 November 2011 , the Hambantota bidders claimed they had already secured enough votes to win the hosting rights . However , on 11 November it was officially announced Gold Coast City had won the rights to host the games . 2018 Commonwealth Games bidding results City Country Votes Gold Coast City Australia 43 Hambantota Sri Lanka 27 Administration ( edit ) In February 2012 , Mark Peters was appointed Chief Executive Officer of the Gold Coast City 2018 Commonwealth Games Corporation . The Queensland Government Minister tasked with overseeing the Games was Kate Jones . Preparation ( edit ) Venues ( edit ) Main article : Venues of the 2018 Commonwealth Games One of the key technical aspects of Gold Coast City 's successful bid was the fact that the city had 80 percent of the planned venues in place before the bidding deadline . The vast majority of venues were located within 20 - minutes driving time of the Athletes Village in Parkwood . Venues in Gold Coast ( edit ) Carrara Stadium hosted the ceremonies and the athletics Carrara Stadium , located in the suburb of Carrara , was the main venue for Athletics , the opening ceremony and the closing ceremony . The seating capacity of the stadium was temporarily increased to 40,000 for the games . Gold Coast Convention and Exhibition Centre hosted netball and the accredited media centre The Gold Coast City Convention and Exhibition Centre , located in the suburb of Broadbeach , hosted Basketball , Netball ( preliminaries ) and Weightlifting events . It also served as the main media centre during of the games . The Broadbeach Bowls Club hosted the Bowls competition . The Hinze Dam , located in the suburb of Advancetown , was the location for the Mountain Bike competition . A new course was constructed to meet international competition requirements and temporary spectator seating for 2,000 spectators . The newly built Coomera Sport and Leisure Centre hosted Gymnastics and Netball ( finals ) . The existing sound stages of the Village Roadshow Studios complex in the suburb of Oxenford hosted the sports of Boxing , Table Tennis and Squash . During Games mode the venue was enhanced to provide for the International Sporting Federation technical venue requirements and provide spectator seating of 3,000 ( boxing ) and 3,200 ( table tennis ) . The Gold Coast Hockey Centre hosted the men 's and women 's Hockey events during the games . The Southport Broadwater Parklands hosted Triathlon and athletic events . The Optus aquatic centre hosted the swimming and diving events . Robina Stadium hosted the Rugby 7s competition and upgraded to meet World Rugby standards . The Elanora / Currumbin Valley area hosted the road racing elements of the cycling programme . Coolangatta Beachfront hosted the beach volleyball event . Venues outside Gold Coast ( edit ) Brisbane , along with the Gold Coast , forms part of the South East Queensland conurbation . Track Cycling was held at the Sleeman Sports Complex in the suburb of Chandler , where a new indoor cycling velodrome ( Anna Meares Velodrome ) was built . The Velodrome 's seat capacity was 4,000 during the games mode . The Shooting disciplines were held at the Belmont Shooting Centre . In Tropical North Queensland , the Cairns Convention Centre and Townsville Entertainment Centre hosted the preliminary rounds of both the men 's and women 's basketball competitions . Athletes Village ( edit ) 2018 Commonwealth Games Village The 2018 Commonwealth Games Athletes Village is located on 59 hectares at Southport , Gold Coast . Sara Carrigan OAM served as the mayor of the athletes village . It provided accommodation and services to 6,600 athletes and officials in 1252 permanent dwellings . There are 1170 one and two bedroom apartments and 82 three bedroom townhouses . It offered services like laundry , refreshments and television and computer spaces and four residential pools . The village consisted a gym which was designed with guidance from the Australian Institute of Sport and equipment and the equipment were sponsored by Technogym . Adjoining the gym was the Athlete Recovery Area which provided services like plunge baths , including accessible baths , saunas , massage and consults from the Sports Medical personnel . The Main Dining served over 18,000 meals per day to the athletes during the games . The village also consisted retail shops , Optus phone store , salon , bar and a games room which featured a number of arcade games , pool tables and game consoles . Queen 's Baton Relay ( edit ) Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games Baton The Gold Coast 2018 Queen 's Baton Relay was launched on Commonwealth Day , 13 March 2017 , on the historic forecourt at Buckingham Palace , signalling the official countdown to the start of the Games . Accompanied by the Duke of Edinburgh and Prince Edward The Earl of Wessex , Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II heralded the start of the relay by placing her ' message to the Commonwealth and its athletes ' into the distinctive loop - design Queen 's Baton which then set off on its journey around the globe . It traveled for 388 days , spending time in every nation and territory of the Commonwealth . The Gold Coast 2018 Queen 's Baton Relay was the longest in Commonwealth Games history . Covering 230,000 km over 388 days , the baton made its way through the six Commonwealth regions of Africa , the Americas , the Caribbean , Europe , Asia and Oceania . The baton landed on Australian soil in December 2017 and then spent 100 days travelling through Australia , finishing its journey at the Opening Ceremony on 4 April 2018 , where the message was removed from the Baton and read aloud by Charles , Prince of Wales . Transport ( edit ) Gold Coast light rail During the games , free public transportation within Queensland region was provided to the ticketholders of the games events . The free transportation services were available on local buses , train and Gold Coast light rail ( G : link ) services in Gold Coast and on TransLink and Qconnect bus services in Cairns and Townsville . The Gold Coast light rail system , connected a number of the key games venues including the Optus Aquatic Centre , Broadwater Parklands and the Gold Coast Convention & Exhibition Centre with the major accommodation centres of Surfers Paradise and Broadbeach and the Athletes Village at Parklands . An extension to the system was announced in October 2015 , connecting the then current terminus at Gold Coast University Hospital to the railway line to Brisbane at Helensvale . The extension opened in December 2017 , in time for the games . Anti-doping ( edit ) The Australian Sports Anti-Doping Authority conducted an anti-doping drive in the months prior to the games , covering around 2500 tests of Australian athletes , as well as 500 tests against international athletes . Three Australians failed drug tests in this process , along with around 20 international athletes , subject to appeal . The Commonwealth Games Federation conducted in - competition testing and , matching protocol at the Olympic Games , launched a sample storage initiative to allow for future testing of samples up to ten years later , should detection technology improve . Participating teams ( edit ) There were 71 nations competing at 2018 Commonwealth Games . Maldives were scheduled to participate , but in October 2016 they withdrew from the Commonwealth . The Gambia returned to the Commonwealth Games after being readmitted as a Commonwealth Games Federation member on 31 March 2018 . Nations expected to compete at the 2018 Commonwealth Games in Gold Coast ( hide ) Participating Commonwealth Games Associations : country name ( number of participants ) Anguilla ( 12 ) Antigua and Barbuda ( 17 ) Australia ( 474 ) ( hosts ) Bahamas ( 31 ) Bangladesh ( 23 ) Barbados ( 45 ) Belize ( 12 ) Bermuda ( 8 ) Botswana ( 26 ) British Virgin Islands ( 10 ) Brunei ( 8 ) Cameroon ( 40 ) Canada ( 282 ) Cayman Islands ( 21 ) Cook Islands ( 18 ) Cyprus ( 46 ) Dominica ( 13 ) England ( 396 ) Falkland Islands ( 15 ) Fiji ( 96 ) The Gambia ( 6 ) Ghana ( 71 ) Gibraltar ( 22 ) Grenada ( 14 ) Guernsey ( 31 ) Guyana ( 23 ) India ( 216 ) Isle of Man ( 31 ) Jamaica ( 106 ) Jersey ( 33 ) Kenya ( 136 ) Kiribati ( 14 ) Lesotho ( 20 ) Malawi ( 19 ) Malaysia ( 177 ) Malta ( 24 ) Mauritius ( 54 ) Montserrat ( 7 ) Mozambique ( 26 ) Namibia ( 28 ) Nauru ( 16 ) New Zealand ( 251 ) Nigeria ( 88 ) Niue ( 19 ) Norfolk Island ( 18 ) Northern Ireland ( 90 ) Pakistan ( 56 ) Papua New Guinea ( 56 ) Rwanda ( 17 ) Saint Helena ( 9 ) Saint Kitts and Nevis ( 7 ) Saint Lucia ( 13 ) Saint Vincent and the Grenadines ( 20 ) Samoa ( 38 ) Scotland ( 226 ) Seychelles ( 25 ) Sierra Leone ( 24 ) Singapore ( 59 ) Solomon Islands ( 14 ) South Africa ( 194 ) Sri Lanka ( 79 ) Swaziland ( 10 ) Tanzania ( 15 ) Tonga ( 13 ) Trinidad and Tobago ( 51 ) Turks and Caicos Islands ( 7 ) Tuvalu ( 7 ) Uganda ( 69 ) Vanuatu ( 18 ) Wales ( 213 ) Zambia ( 36 ) Number of athletes by team ( edit ) ( show ) CGF Code Country Athletes AUS Australia 474 ENG England 396 CAN Canada 282 NZL New Zealand 251 SCO Scotland 226 IND India 216 WAL Wales 213 RSA South Africa 194 MAS Malaysia 177 KEN Kenya 136 JAM Jamaica 106 FIJ Fiji 96 NIR Northern Ireland 90 NGR Nigeria 88 SRI Sri Lanka 79 GHA Ghana 71 UGA Uganda 69 SIN Singapore 59 PAK Pakistan 56 PNG Papua New Guinea MRI Mauritius 54 TTO Trinidad and Tobago 51 CYP Cyprus 46 BAR Barbados 45 CMR Cameroon 40 SAM Samoa 38 ZAM Zambia 36 JEY Jersey 33 BAH Bahamas 31 GGY Guernsey IOM Isle of Man NAM Namibia 28 BOT Botswana 26 MOZ Mozambique SEY Seychelles 25 MLT Malta 24 SLE Sierra Leone BAN Bangladesh 23 GUY Guyana GIB Gibraltar 22 CAY Cayman Islands 21 LES Lesotho 20 SVG Saint Vincent and the Grenadines MAW Malawi 19 NIU Niue COK Cook Islands 18 NFI Norfolk Island VAN Vanuatu ANT Antigua and Barbuda 17 RWA Rwanda NRU Nauru 16 FAI Falkland Islands 15 TAN Tanzania GRN Grenada 14 KIR Kiribati SOL Solomon Islands DMA Dominica 13 LCA Saint Lucia TGA Tonga AIA Anguilla 12 BIZ Belize IVB British Virgin Islands 10 SWZ Swaziland SHN Saint Helena 9 BER Bermuda 8 BRU Brunei MNT Montserrat 7 SKN Saint Kitts and Nevis TCA Turks and Caicos Islands TUV Tuvalu GAM The Gambia 6 Calendar ( edit ) OC Opening ceremony Event competitions Gold medal events CC Closing ceremony April Wed 5 Thu 6 Fri 7 Sat 8 Sun 9 Mon 10 Tue 11 Wed 12 Thu 13 Fri 14 Sat 15 Sun Events Ceremonies OC CC N / A Aquatics Diving 10 Swimming 7 9 8 8 9 9 50 Athletics 5 6 8 7 10 9 9 58 Badminton 5 6 Basketball Beach volleyball Boxing 16 16 Cycling Mountain biking Road cycling Track cycling 6 6 20 Gymnastics Artistic 5 5 14 Rhythmic 6 Hockey Lawn bowls 10 Netball Powerlifting Rugby sevens Shooting 19 Squash 5 Table tennis 9 Triathlon 5 Weightlifting 16 Wrestling 12 Daily medal events 19 17 22 31 33 26 15 24 27 44 17 275 Cumulative total 19 36 58 89 122 148 163 187 214 258 275 April 4th Wed 5th Thu 6th Fri 7th Sat 8th Sun 9th Mon 10th Tue 11th Wed 12th Thu 13th Fri 14th Sat 15th Sun Total events Sports ( edit ) The regulations stated that from the 26 approved sports administered by Commonwealth Governing Bodies , a minimum of ten core sports and maximum of seventeen sports must be included in any Commonwealth Games schedule . The approved sports included the 10 core sports : athletics , badminton , boxing , hockey , lawn bowls , netball ( for women ) , rugby sevens , squash , swimming and weightlifting . Integrated disabled competitions were also scheduled for the Games in nine sports : swimming , athletics , cycling , table tennis , powerlifting and lawn bowls . Along with these events for the first time EAD events in triathlon were held , with the medals added to the final tally for each nation . A record 38 para events were contested at these games . On 8 March 2016 , beach volleyball was announced as the 18th sport . The program was broadly similar to that of the 2014 Commonwealth Games , with the major changes being the dropping of judo , the reintroduction of basketball , the debut of women 's rugby sevens and beach volleyball . On 7 October 2016 , it was announced seven new events for women were added to the sport program , meaning there are an equal number of events for men and women . This marks the first time in history that a major multi-sport event has equality in terms of events . In total 275 events in 18 sports are being contested . Numbers in parentheses indicate the number of medal events contested in each sport . Aquatics Diving ( 10 ) ( details ) Swimming ( 50 ) ( details ) Athletics ( 58 ) ( details ) Badminton ( 6 ) ( details ) Basketball ( 2 ) ( details ) Beach volleyball ( 2 ) ( details ) Boxing ( 16 ) ( details ) Cycling ( details ) Mountain biking ( 2 ) Road ( 4 ) Track ( 20 ) Gymnastics ( details ) Artistic ( 14 ) Rhythmic ( 6 ) Hockey ( 2 ) ( details ) Lawn bowls ( 10 ) ( details ) Netball ( 1 ) ( details ) Rugby sevens ( 2 ) ( details ) Shooting ( 19 ) ( details ) Squash ( 5 ) ( details ) Table tennis ( 9 ) ( details ) Triathlon ( 5 ) ( details ) Weightlifting ( 16 ) ( details ) Powerlifting ( 4 ) ( details ) Wrestling ( 12 ) ( details ) Opening ceremony ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Commonwealth Games opening ceremony The opening ceremony was held at Carrara Stadium in the Gold Coast , Australia , between 20 : 00 and 22 : 40 AEST , on 4 April 2018 . Tickets for the ceremony started at 100 Australian dollars with half price tickets available for children . The Head of the Commonwealth , Queen Elizabeth II , was represented by her son , Charles , Prince of Wales . Parade of nations ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Commonwealth Games Parade of Nations Following tradition , the host of the previous games , Scotland entered first , followed by the rest of the European countries competing . Following this , all countries paraded in alphabetical order from their respective regions . After the European countries entered , countries from Africa , the Americas , Asia , the Caribbean , and lastly Oceania marched in . The host nation of Australia entered last . Each nation was preceded by a placard bearer carrying a sign with the country 's name . Closing ceremony ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Commonwealth Games closing ceremony The closing ceremony was held at Carrara Stadium and was produced by Jack Morton Worldwide at a cost of AU $30 million . Australian pop stars Guy Sebastian , Samantha Jade , Dami Im and The Veronicas were among the performers along with children 's entertainers , The Wiggles . Prince Edward , Earl of Wessex , declared the Games closed and passed the Commonwealth Games flag to Birmingham , England which will host the 2022 Games . Medal table ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Commonwealth Games medal table Only the top ten successful nations are displayed here . The ranking in this table is consistent with International Olympic Committee convention in its published medal tables . By default , the table is ordered by the number of gold medals the athletes from a nation have won ( in this context , a `` nation '' is an entity represented by a Commonwealth Games Association ) . The number of silver medals is taken into consideration next and then the number of bronze medals . If nations are still tied , equal ranking is given and they are listed alphabetically by their three - letter country code . Australia tops the medal table rank with 80 gold , second England with 45 gold and third India with 26 gold . Key * Host nation ( Australia ) 2018 Commonwealth Games medal table Rank CGA Gold Silver Bronze Total Australia ( AUS ) * 80 59 59 198 England ( ENG ) 45 45 46 136 India ( IND ) 26 20 20 66 Canada ( CAN ) 15 40 27 82 5 New Zealand ( NZL ) 15 16 15 46 6 South Africa ( RSA ) 13 11 13 37 7 Wales ( WAL ) 10 12 14 36 8 Scotland ( SCO ) 9 13 22 44 9 Nigeria ( NGR ) 9 9 6 24 10 Cyprus ( CYP ) 8 5 14 Total ( 43 CGAs ) 275 276 289 840 Marketing ( edit ) Borobi Motto ( edit ) The official motto for the 2018 Commonwealth Games was `` Share the Dream '' . It was chosen to highlight the dreams and experience at the games that were shared by participants of the games , ranging from athletes to volunteers and the host country Australia to the world including the Commonwealth nations . Emblem ( edit ) The emblem of the 2018 Commonwealth Games was a silhouette of the skyline and landscape of Gold Coast , the host city of the games . Mascot ( edit ) Main article : Borobi ( mascot ) Borobi was named as the mascot of the 2018 Commonwealth Games in 2016 . Borobi is a blue koala , with indigenous markings on its body . The term `` borobi '' means koala in the Yugambeh language , spoken by the indigenous Yugambeh people of the Gold Coast and surrounding areas . Medals ( edit ) At a charity gala held on 4 November 2017 , the medals for the games were officially unveiled . Australian Indigenous artist Delvene Cockatoo - Collins designed the medals , while they were produced by the Royal Australian Mint . The design of the medals was inspired by the coastline of Gold Coast along with Indigenous culture . Furthermore , Cockatoo - Collins mentioned , `` the medal design represents soft sand lines which shift with every tide and wave , also symbolic of athletic achievement , The continual change of tide represents the evolution in athletes who are making their mark , Records are made and special moments of elation are celebrated '' . Approximately 1,500 medals were created to be distributed to the medallists and each measures approximately 63 millimetres in diameter . The medals weigh between 138 and 163 grams . Concerns and controversies ( edit ) The organising committee decided to bring in the athletes before the start of the closing ceremony . This caused an uproar on social media as , contrary to public expectations , none of the athletes were shown entering the stadium during the ceremony . Broadcast rights holders Channel 7 complained on air about the decision and concluded that , `` it has n't really lived up to expectations '' . Many spectators and athletes left during the ceremony , resulting in a half - empty stadium for much of the event . Following this , the ABC claimed that Channel 7 was briefed on the closing ceremony schedule , a claim which Channel 7 later refuted . At least 13 athletes from four countries - Cameroon , Uganda , Rwanda , and Sierra Leone - absconded during or immediately after the Games . Some missed their competitions . Athletes regularly abscond during major sporting events , and many subsequently claim asylum in their host countries . Most hold nationalities that are deemed high - risk by immigration authorities and find it impossible to get visas outside of exceptional events , such as major games . See also ( edit ) Gold Coast 2018 Queen 's Baton Relay 2018 Asian Games 2018 European Championships 2019 Pan American Games 2019 European Games 2019 Pacific Games References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` This Commonwealth Games will be remembered as a year of ' firsts ' , on and off the field '' . ABC News . 2018 - 04 - 13 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Up to 300 Para athletes participated in the 2018 Commonwealth Games '' . International Paralympic Committee ( IPC ) . 16 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gambia to compete at Gold Coast 2018 after readmitted as CGF member '' . www.insidethegames.biz/ . Dunsar Media . 31 March 2018 . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ABOUT Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games '' . Gold Coast 2018 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ sportscotland . `` Louise Martin elected as CGF President '' . sportscotland.org.uk . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` CGF General Assembly 2011 '' . Commonwealth Games Federation . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Medal Standings - Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games '' . results.gc2018.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` CGF President declares Commonwealth more relevant than ever before as `` Games of Firsts '' draw to a close on Gold Coast `` . Commonwealth Games Federation . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Gold Coast eyes 2018 Games bid with land swap '' . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . 7 April 2009 . Retrieved 26 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bligh pushes bids for Games , World Cup '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 16 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Gold Coast gets sole right to bid for 2018 Commonwealth Games '' . Brisbane Times . 3 June 2009 . Retrieved 26 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Lappeman , Sue ( 15 March 2010 ) . `` Coast Games bid up and running '' . Gold Coast Bulletin . Retrieved 26 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Lappeman , Sue ( 31 March 2010 ) . `` Coast Commonwealth Games bid backed '' . Gold Coast Bulletin . Retrieved 26 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Degun , Tom ( 23 October 2011 ) . `` Legacy benefits to Gold Coast of 2018 Commonwealth Games will be huge , says city 's Mayor '' . Inside the Games . Retrieved 17 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Ardern , Lucy ( 11 November 2011 ) . `` Sri Lanka boasting of Games bid win '' . Gold Coast Bulletin . Retrieved 17 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Candidate City Manual '' ( PDF ) . Commonwealth Games Federation . December 2009 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 5 July 2010 . Retrieved 17 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Ardern , Lucy ( 13 November 2011 ) . `` Coast wins 2018 Commonwealth Games '' . Gold Coast Bulletin . Retrieved 17 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Willoughby , , Shannon . `` Mark Peters named as Games CEO '' . Gold Coast News , 18 February 2012 . Retrieved 14 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Palaszczuk , Annastacia ( 10 February 2017 ) . `` Kate Jones appointed Minister for the Commonwealth Games '' ( Press release ) . Brisbane : Queensland Government . Retrieved 8 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Carrara Stadium Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games '' . Gold Coast 2018 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Gold Coast Convention and Exhibition Centre Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games '' . Gold Coast 2018 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Broadbeach Bowls Club Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games '' . Gold Coast 2018 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Coomera Indoor Sports Centre Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games '' . Gold Coast 2018 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Oxenford Studios Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games '' . Gold Coast 2018 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Gold Coast Hockey Centre Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games '' . Gold Coast 2018 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Southport Broadwater Parklands Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games '' . Gold Coast 2018 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Optus Aquatic Centre Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games '' . Gold Coast 2018 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Robina Stadium Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games '' . Gold Coast 2018 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Coolangatta Beachfront Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games '' . Gold Coast 2018 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Anna Meares Velodrome Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games '' . Gold Coast 2018 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Belmont Shooting Centre Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games '' . Gold Coast 2018 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Cairns Convention Centre Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games '' . Gold Coast 2018 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Townsville Entertainment and Convention Centre Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games '' . Gold Coast 2018 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Games Village '' . Embracing 2018 . 18 April 2017 . Retrieved 12 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Inside the Commonwealth Games Village Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games '' . Gold Coast 2018 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Commonwealth Games Federation - Queen 's Baton Relay '' . www.thecgf.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Your Travel Options Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games '' . Gold Coast 2018 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Stage two of Gold Coast light rail on track for Commonwealth Games '' . Queensland Government . 11 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Commonwealth Games 2018 : Australia athletes banned for doping . The Australian ( 2018 - 04 - 12 ) . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` 71 Nations and Territories. 6 Continents. 2 Billion citizens . 1 commonwealth family '' . www.gc2018.com/ . Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games Corporation . Retrieved 8 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Mackay , Duncan ( 14 October 2016 ) . `` Maldives set to miss Gold Coast 2018 after resigning from Commonwealth '' . www.insidethegames.biz/ . Dunsar Media . Retrieved 16 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gold Coast 2018 to host largest Commonwealth para-sport programme '' . www.paralympic.org/ . International Paralympic Committee . 3 March 2016 . Retrieved 23 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Beach volleyball to be played at the 2018 Gold Coast Commonwealth Games '' . Gold Coast Bulletin . Retrieved 5 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Women 's rugby added to Commonwealth Games '' . www.sportsnet.ca/ . Rogers Media . 7 October 2014 . Retrieved 23 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Level playing field for women at 2018 Commonwealth Games '' . The Scotsman . Edinburgh , Scotland . 7 October 2016 . Retrieved 7 October 2016 . Jump up ^ McKay , Duncan ( 7 October 2016 ) . `` Gold Coast 2018 to offer same amount of medals for men and women after seven events added '' . Insidethegames.biz . Dunsar Media . Retrieved 7 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Opening Ceremony '' . www.gc2018.com/ . Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games Corporation ( GOLDOC ) . Retrieved 20 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Commonwealth Games : Gold Coast event starts with colourful opening ceremony '' . BBC Sport. 4 April 2018 . Retrieved 5 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Giles , Thomas ( 20 December 2017 ) . `` Team Scotland release Gold Coast 2018 parade tartan '' . Insidethegames.biz . Dunsar Media . Retrieved 24 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Commonwealth Games closing ceremony 2018 : All you need to know '' . The Daily Mail . 12 April 2018 . Retrieved 12 April 2018 . Jump up ^ https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1063985/prince-edward-declares-gold-coast-2018-closed-as-flag-passed-to-birmingham-in-ordinary-closing-ceremony Jump up ^ `` The Games '' . Jump up ^ `` Emblem '' . Jump up ^ Larkins , Damien ( 3 April 2016 ) . `` Blue koala Borobi revealed as mascot for 2018 Gold Coast Commonwealth Games '' . ABC News ( Australia ) . Sydney , New South Wales , Australia . Retrieved 5 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Crockford , Toby ( 4 November 2017 ) . `` Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games medals revealed '' . Brisbane Times . Brisbane , Queensland , Australia . Retrieved 4 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Pavitt , Michael ( 4 November 2017 ) . `` Gold Coast 2018 reveal medal designs for Commonwealth Games at charity gala '' . Insidethegames.biz . Dunsar Media . Retrieved 4 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Commonwealth Games closing ceremony slammed on social media as Channel Seven hosts open fire '' . Australian Broadcasting Corporation ( ABC ) . Sydney , Australia . 15 April 2018 . Retrieved 15 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Seven was briefed on closing ceremony '' . ABC News . 2018 - 04 - 16 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ Cunningham , Melissa ( 2018 - 04 - 16 ) . `` Griggs hits back at claims Channel Seven knew plan to snub athletes '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Still no sign of missing African Commonwealth Games athletes '' . NewsComAu . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ Doherty , Ben ( 2018 - 04 - 11 ) . `` Cameroon athletes missing from Commonwealth Games '' . the Guardian . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 19 . External links ( edit ) Gold Coast 2018 official website Embracing 2018 official website Preceded by Glasgow Commonwealth Games Gold Coast XXI Commonwealth Games ( 2018 ) Succeeded by Birmingham Commonwealth Games Commonwealth Games Federation Participating Nations Commonwealth Day Inter-Empire Championships Queen 's Baton Relay Medal Table Sports Records Games 1930 Hamilton 1934 London 1938 Sydney 1950 Auckland 1954 Vancouver 1958 Cardiff 1962 Perth 1966 Kingston 1970 Edinburgh 1974 Christchurch 1978 Edmonton 1982 Brisbane 1986 Edinburgh 1990 Auckland 1994 Victoria 1998 Kuala Lumpur 2002 Manchester 2006 Melbourne 2010 Delhi 2014 Glasgow 2018 Gold Coast 2022 Birmingham 2026 TBA 2030 TBA Commonwealth Youth Games Commonwealth Winter Games Commonwealth Paraplegic Games ← 2018 in Australia → Governor - General -- Sir Peter Cosgrove Prime Minister -- Malcolm Turnbull Chief Justice -- Susan Kiefel Politics and elections Incumbents National Party of Australia leadership election South Australian state election Tasmanian state election Batman by - election Cottesloe state by - election Victorian state election People and culture Deaths Television Film Honours Australia Day Honours Special Honours Sports competitions Commonwealth Games Australian Open Cricket team in South Africa ball - tampering scandal Australia at multi-sport events Commonwealth Games Winter Olympics Winter Paralympics Summer Youth Olympics Big Bash League Women 's Australian Grand Prix Establishments and developments Australian Cycling Academy -- Ride Sunshine Coast The Bend Motorsport Park Electoral district of Badcoe Electoral district of Black Electoral district of Gibson Marshall Ministry Melbourne 400 NRL Women 's The Bend SuperSprint World Series Rugby Disasters Cyclone Kelvin Broome flood Cyclone Marcus Bushfire season Tathra bushfire 2018 in Australia Commonwealth Games portal 2010s portal Queensland portal Australia portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_Commonwealth_Games&oldid=837262685 '' Categories : Commonwealth Games 2018 Commonwealth Games 2018 in multi-sport events Sports competitions on the Gold Coast , Queensland Commonwealth Games in Australia 2018 in Australian sport April 2018 sports events in Oceania Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2018 Use Australian English from April 2012 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Use dmy dates from February 2018 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Cymraeg Deutsch Español Français Gaeilge 한국어 हिन्दी Italiano עברית मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский සිංහල Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Українська اردو 吴语 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 18 : 36 . 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where are the commonwealth games being held this year
[ "The 2018 Commonwealth Games, officially known as the XXI Commonwealth Games and commonly known as Gold Coast 2018, were an international multi-sport event for members of the Commonwealth that were held on the Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia, between 4 and 15 April 2018. It was the fifth time Australia had hosted the Commonwealth Games and the first time a major multi-sport event achieved gender equality by having an equal number of events for males and female athletes.[1]" ]
[ "Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia" ]
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Meant to Be (Bebe Rexha song)
Meant to Be ( Bebe Rexha song ) - wikipedia Meant to Be ( Bebe Rexha song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Meant to Be '' Single by Bebe Rexha featuring Florida Georgia Line from the album All Your Fault : Pt. 2 Released October 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) Format Digital download Genre Country pop Length 2 : 43 Label Warner Bros . Songwriter ( s ) Bleta Rexha Tyler Hubbard Josh Miller David Garcia Producer ( s ) Wilshire Bebe Rexha singles chronology `` Back to You '' ( 2017 ) `` Meant to Be '' ( 2017 ) `` Home '' ( 2017 ) `` Back to You '' ( 2017 ) `` Meant to Be '' ( 2017 ) `` Home '' ( 2017 ) Florida Georgia Line singles chronology `` Let Me Go '' ( 2017 ) Let Me Go 2017 `` Meant to Be '' ( 2017 ) Meant to Be2017 `` Up Down '' ( 2017 ) Up Down 2017 `` Meant to Be '' is a song recorded by American singer Bebe Rexha , featuring American country music duo Florida Georgia Line , from her third extended play ( EP ) All Your Fault : Pt. 2 . It was released to American contemporary hit radio on October 24 , 2017 , by Warner Bros. Records as the second single from the EP . Contents ( hide ) 1 Music video 2 Commercial performance 3 Track listing 4 Charts 5 Certifications 6 Release history 7 References 8 External links Music video ( edit ) The music video directed by Sophie Muller was released on October 23 , 2017 , and it was filmed in Albuquerque , New Mexico . As of April 2018 the video has over 320 million views on YouTube . Commercial performance ( edit ) `` Meant to Be '' entered the US Billboard Hot 100 at number 61 on the chart dated November 11 , 2017 . It has since peaked at number two behind Drake 's `` God 's Plan '' , becoming Rexha 's third top ten hit and her first as a solo lead artist , as well as the second top ten hit for Florida Georgia Line . It is Rexha 's highest - charting single on the chart , surpassing `` Me , Myself & I '' . It also debuted atop the Hot Country Songs chart , becoming Rexha 's first entry on that chart and Florida Georgia Line 's sixth number one . Rexha also became the first female artist to ever debut atop the chart and the third artist overall in country music history . The song has spent 18 weeks at number one on the Hot Country Songs chart , surpassing Taylor Swift 's `` We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together '' as the longest - running number one song on the chart for a lead female artist . The song has sold 682,000 copies in the United States as of March 2018 . Track listing ( edit ) Digital download `` Meant to Be '' ( Acoustic ) -- 2 : 38 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 -- 18 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 49 Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) 16 Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia ) 12 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 10 Canada AC ( Billboard ) 28 Canada CHR / Top 40 ( Billboard ) 21 Canada Country ( Billboard ) 14 Canada Hot AC ( Billboard ) 19 Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) 61 Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 26 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 38 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 60 Greece ( IFPI Greece ) 40 Hungary ( Stream Top 40 ) 28 Ireland ( IRMA ) 30 Israel ( Media Forest TV Airplay ) Malaysia Streaming ( RIM ) 20 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 7 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 18 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 5 Norway ( VG - lista ) 5 Philippines ( Philippine Hot 100 ) 37 Portugal ( AFP ) 54 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 5 Singapore ( RIAS ) 28 Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) 95 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 28 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 8 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 34 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 11 US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 15 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Country Airplay ( Billboard ) US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 34 Preceded by `` Greatest Love Story '' by Lanco Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one single December 16 , 2017 -- April 7 , 2018 Succeeded by incumbent Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 3 × Platinum 210,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 30,000 Norway ( IFPI Norway ) Platinum 10,000 Sweden ( GLF ) 2 × Platinum 80,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Gold 15,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 200,000 United States ( RIAA ) 2 × Platinum 2,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format Label Ref . United States October 24 , 2017 Contemporary hit radio Warner Bros . November 20 , 2017 Country radio Warner Bros . BMLG Italy February 2 , 2018 Contemporary hit radio Warner References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` All Your Fault : Pt. 2 -- EP by Bebe Rexha on iTunes '' . iTunes Store ( US ) . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jamaica 's Kranium sings on the dancehall duet `` Comfortable '' and Florida Georgia Line lend their radiant harmonies to `` Meant to Be , '' a country - pop smash designed to cross over . Jump up ^ `` Music Meeting for November 21 '' . Play IGA . Archived from the original on 21 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top 40 / M Future Releases '' . All Access Media Group . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wass , Mike ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` Bebe Rexha & Florida Georgia Line 's ' Meant To Be ' Video Is A Slice Of Americana '' . Idolator . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha -- Meant to Be ( feat . Florida Georgia Line ) ( Official Music Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Drake 's ' God 's Plan ' Rules Billboard Hot 100 for Seventh Week ; Zedd , Maren Morris & Grey 's ' The Middle ' Hits Top 10 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ Asker , Jim ; Trust , Gary ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` Bebe Rexha & Florida Georgia Line Are ' Meant to Be ' Atop Hot Country Songs Chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` On the Charts : Bebe Rexha , Florida Georgia Line Achieve Rare Country Feat '' . Rolling Stone . December 5 , 2017 . Retrieved December 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` Drake 's ' God 's Plan ' Dominates Billboard Hot 100 for Third Week & Three Songs Enter Top 10 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bjorke , Matt ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` The Top 30 Digital Country Singles : March 5 , 2018 '' . Roughstock . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes - Music - Meant to Be ( Acoustic ) - Single by Bebe Rexha '' . iTunes Store . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Bebe Rexha feat . Florida Georgia Line -- Meant to Be '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved January 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Bebe Rexha feat . Florida Georgia Line -- Meant to Be '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Bebe Rexha feat . Florida Georgia Line -- Meant to Be '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratip . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Bebe Rexha feat . Florida Georgia Line -- Meant to Be '' ( in French ) . Ultratip . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha Chart History ( Canada AC ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha Chart History ( Canada CHR / Top 40 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha Chart History ( Canada Country ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha Chart History ( Canada Hot AC ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201809 into search . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201747 into search . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Track Top - 40 Uge 4 , 2018 '' . Hitlisten . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Bebe Rexha feat . Florida Georgia Line -- Meant to Be '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Greece Official IFPI Charts Digital Singles Chart : Feb 5 , 2018 '' . IFPI Charts . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Stream Top 40 slágerlista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IRMA -- Irish Charts '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` מדיה פורסט - לדעת שאתה באוויר '' . Mediaforest.biz . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Most Streamed International & Domestic Singles in Malaysia : Week 49 ( 1 / 12 / 2017 -- 7 / 12 / 2017 ) '' ( PDF ) . Recording Industry Association of Malaysia . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 10 , 2018 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Bebe Rexha feat . Florida Georgia Line -- Meant to Be '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NZ Top 40 Singles Chart '' . Recorded Music NZ . January 29 , 2018 . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` VG - lista -- Topp 20 Single uke 1 , 2018 '' . VG - lista . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` BillboardPH Hot 100 '' . Billboard Philippines . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- Bebe Rexha feat . Florida Georgia Line -- Meant to Be '' . AFP Top 100 Singles . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Singapore Top 30 Digital Streaming Chart Week 2 '' ( PDF ) . Recording Industry Association ( Singapore ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201811 into search . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201748 into search . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sverigetopplistan -- Sveriges Officiella Topplista '' . Sverigetopplistan . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Bebe Rexha feat . Florida Georgia Line -- Meant to Be '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved February 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved March 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha Chart History ( Country Airplay ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( April 2 , 2018 ) . `` Drake Becomes First Lead Solo Male With Two 10 - Week Billboard Hot 100 No. 1s , as ' God 's Plan ' Stays at the Summit '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Australian Top 50 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . March 26 , 2018 . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Bebe Rexha and Florida Georgia Line -- Meant to Be '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegian single certifications -- Bebe Rexha -- Meant to Be '' ( in Norwegian ) . IFPI Norway . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat '' ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Type Bebe Rexha in the top right search bar . Click on `` Sok '' and select Meant to Be and see certification . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Bebe Rexha ; ' Meant to Be ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Bebe Rexha Ft Florida Georgia Line -- Meant to Be '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Enter Meant to Be in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Bebe Rexha -- Meant to Be '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Future Releases for Country Radio Stations '' . All Access Media Group . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2017 . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://radiodate.it/radio-date/bebe-rexha-feat-florida-georgia-line-meant-to-be-177349-02-02-2018-radiodate/ External links ( edit ) Music video on YouTube Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Bebe Rexha Extended plays I Do n't Wanna Grow Up All Your Fault : Pt. 1 All Your Fault : Pt. 2 Singles `` I Ca n't Stop Drinking About You '' `` I 'm Gonna Show You Crazy '' `` Gone '' `` Me , Myself & I '' `` No Broken Hearts '' `` In the Name of Love '' `` I Got You '' `` The Way I Are ( Dance with Somebody ) '' `` Meant to Be '' `` Home '' Featured singles `` Take Me Home '' `` Hey Mama '' `` All the Way '' `` That 's How You Know '' `` Battle Cry '' `` Back to You '' Concert tours All Your Fault Tour Related articles Discography Black Cards Florida Georgia Line Tyler Hubbard Brian Kelley Studio albums Here 's to the Good Times ( 2012 ) Anything Goes ( 2014 ) Dig Your Roots ( 2016 ) EPs It'z Just What We Do ( 2012 ) Notable singles `` Cruise '' `` Get Your Shine On '' `` Round Here '' `` Stay '' `` This Is How We Roll '' ( with Luke Bryan ) `` Dirt '' `` Sun Daze '' `` Sippin ' on Fire '' `` Anything Goes '' `` Confession '' `` H.O.L.Y. '' `` May We All '' ( with Tim McGraw ) `` God , Your Mama , and Me '' ( with Backstreet Boys ) `` Smooth '' Collaboration singles `` Let Me Go '' ( with Hailee Steinfeld , Alesso , and Watt ) `` Meant to Be '' ( with Bebe Rexha ) `` Up Down '' ( with Morgan Wallen ) Related articles Discography Joey Moi `` Tippin ' Point '' `` Hope You Get Lonely Tonight '' `` Burnin ' It Down '' `` Lights Come On '' `` You Make It Easy '' `` Happens Like That '' Tree Vibez Music Tours Anything Goes Tour Dig Your Roots Tour Smooth Tour Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meant_to_Be_(Bebe_Rexha_song)&oldid=835620762 '' Categories : 2017 songs 2017 singles Warner Bros. Records singles Bebe Rexha songs Florida Georgia Line songs Songs written by Bebe Rexha Country ballads Vocal duets Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles Songs written by Tyler Hubbard Hidden categories : CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Tip Singlechart usages for Wallonia Tip Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadaac Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadachrtop40 Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadacountry Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadahotac Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungarystream Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Philippines Singlechart usages for Portugal Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardcountryairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Norway Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Հայերեն Italiano Nederlands Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 9 April 2018 , at 19 : 57 . About Wikipedia
who sings the country song if it's meant to be
[ "\"Meant to Be\" is a song recorded by American singer Bebe Rexha, featuring American country music duo Florida Georgia Line, from her third extended play (EP) All Your Fault: Pt. 2. It was released to American contemporary hit radio on October 24, 2017, by Warner Bros. Records as the second single from the EP.[3]" ]
[ "Bebe Rexha, featuring American country music duo Florida Georgia Line" ]
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The Beatles in the United States
The Beatles in the United States - wikipedia The Beatles in the United States Jump to : navigation , search History of the Beatles The Beatles arriving at John F. Kennedy Airport , 7 February 1964 The Quarrymen In Hamburg At The Cavern Club Decca audition Beatlemania United Kingdom United States `` More popular than Jesus '' In India Break - up Timeline The Beatles ' rise to prominence in the United States in February 1964 was a significant development in the history of the band 's commercial success . In addition to establishing the Beatles ' international stature , it changed attitudes to popular music in the United States , whose own Memphis - driven musical evolution had made it a global trend - setter . The Beatles ' first visit to the United States came at a time of great popularity in Britain . The band 's UK commercial breakthrough , in late 1962 , had been followed by a year of successful concerts and tours . The start of the Beatles ' popularity in the United States , in early 1964 , was marked by intense demand for the single `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' -- which sold one - and - a-half million copies in under three weeks -- and the band 's arrival the following month . The visit , advertised across the United States on five million posters , was a defining moment in the Beatles ' history , and the starting - point of the British Invasion . Following popular television appearances and concerts during their February 1964 visit , the Beatles returned to the United States in August 1964 , and again in August 1965 , for tours . In August 1966 they returned once more , and although this tour was commercially successful , it coincided with a storm of U.S. public protest after publication of a quote from John Lennon 's remarks about Christianity . The 1966 U.S. tour marked the end of the Beatles ' concert days . The band ceased to perform commercial concerts , instead devoting their efforts to creating new material in the recording studio . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Impact of Beatlemania 1.2 American political climate , early 1964 1.3 Musical influences 2 Live performances 2.1 February 1964 -- First U.S. Concerts 2.2 August 1964 -- First U.S. Tour 2.3 August 1965 -- Second U.S. Tour 2.4 August 1966 -- Third U.S. Tour 3 After the United States 4 Notes 5 References Background ( edit ) Impact of Beatlemania ( edit ) Main articles : Beatlemania in the United Kingdom and The Beatles ' American releases See also : Cultural impact of the Beatles In the United Kingdom , the Beatles had experienced popularity since the start of 1963 . But in the United States , Capitol Records , owned by the band 's record company EMI , had for most of the year declined to issue any of the singles . The phenomenon of Beatlemania in the UK was regarded with amusement by the U.S. press , once it made any comment . When newspaper and magazine articles did begin to appear towards the end of 1963 , they cited the English stereotype of eccentricity , reporting that the UK had developed an interest in something that had come and gone a long time ago in the United States : rock and roll . Headlines included `` The New Madness '' and `` Beatle Bug Bites Britain '' , and writers employed word - play linking `` beetle '' with the `` infestation '' afflicting the UK . In late 1963 , Capitol Records agreed to release the single `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' with a large accompanying promotional campaign , due to Ed Sullivan 's agreement to headline the Beatles on The Ed Sullivan Show . The Beatles ' American television debut was on 18 November 1963 on The Huntley - Brinkley Report , with a four - minute long piece by Edwin Newman . On 22 November 1963 , the CBS Morning News ran a five - minute feature on Beatlemania in the UK which heavily featured their then current UK hit `` She Loves You '' . The evening 's scheduled repeat was cancelled following the assassination of John F. Kennedy the same day . On 10 December , Walter Cronkite decided to transmit the piece again on the CBS Evening News , and the resulting interest led to the rush - release of `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' and -- only weeks before the Beatles ' arrival -- a U.S. commercial breakthrough . American political climate , early 1964 ( edit ) John F. Kennedy Eleven weeks before the Beatles ' arrival in the U.S. President John F. Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas , Texas . The nation was in mourning , in fear , and in disbelief . The assassination came after a fifteen - year build - up of Cold War tension . The motivation and identity of the assassin would be doubted by many Americans for decades , despite the Warren Commission 's issued report in September 1964 . As the United States tried to restore a sense of normality , teenagers in particular struggled to cope , as their disbelief began to be replaced by a personal reaction to what had happened : in school essays , teenagers wrote that `` then it became real '' , and `` I was feeling the whole world is going to collapse on me '' , and `` I never felt so empty in all my life '' . Musical influences ( edit ) Main article : The Beatles § Influences The music industry in Memphis had large role in bringing bands to the attention of the American public , and in the 1960s , many British bands , among them the Beatles , aspired to emulate the sounds of Memphis musicians including Elvis Presley -- without whom , according to Lennon , `` there would not have been the Beatles '' . The sudden popularity of the Beatles , and the British Invasion triggered by their arrival , became a major new influence in the United States , which not only established the popularity of British bands , but also affected the musical style of U.S. bands -- including those subsequently formed in Memphis . During their U.S. tours , the Beatles were introduced to both Elvis Presley and Bob Dylan . Strongly influenced by Presley since before their formation , the band had tried to meet him in the past , but arrangements had fallen through . At Presley 's suggestion , guitars were set up in his living room and the gathering played music for an hour , following which they discussed the music business and exchanged anecdotes . The other meeting , with Dylan , influenced the music subsequently produced by the Beatles as well as shaping Dylan 's own musical style . This was made evident both in Dylan 's controversial adoption of electric guitar , and in changes that were apparent in Lennon 's vocal and guitar - playing styles . However , before their visits to United States in 1964 the Beatles still doubted that they could bring anything new to the country . In apprehensive conversation among the Beatles on board the aircraft to New York February 1964 , McCartney had questioned , `` They 've got their own groups . What are we going to give them that they do n't already have ? '' Live performances ( edit ) February 1964 -- first U.S. concerts ( edit ) An estimated four thousand Beatles ' fans were present on 7 February 1964 as Pan Am Flight 101 left Heathrow Airport . Among the passengers were the Beatles , on their first trip to the United States as a band , with their entourage of photographers and journalists , and Phil Spector . When the group arrived at New York 's newly renamed John F. Kennedy Airport , they were greeted by a second large crowd , with Beatles fans again estimated to number four thousand , and journalists , two hundred . From having so many people packed in a little space , a few people in the crowd got injured . The airport had not previously experienced such a large crowd . With Ed Sullivan , February 1964 After a press conference , where they first met disc jockey Murray the K , the Beatles were put into limousines -- one per Beatle -- and driven to New York City . On the way , McCartney turned on a radio and listened to a running commentary : `` They have just left the airport and are coming to New York City ... '' After reaching the Plaza Hotel , the Beatles were besieged by fans and reporters . Harrison had a fever of 102 ° F ( 39 ° C ) the next day and was ordered to stay in bed , so Neil Aspinall , the band 's personal assistant , replaced Harrison on guitar during the Beatles ' first rehearsal for The Ed Sullivan Show . On 9 February 1964 , the Beatles made their first live U.S. television appearance . 73 million viewers -- about two - fifths of the total American population -- watched the group perform on The Ed Sullivan Show at 8 P.M. According to the Nielsen ratings audience measurement system , the show had the largest number of viewers that had been recorded for a U.S. television program . Two days after the television appearance , on 11 February 1964 , the Beatles ' first U.S. concert took place , at Washington Coliseum , a sports arena in Washington , D.C. The concert was attended by eight thousand fans . The Beatles performed on a central stage in the arena , with the audience on all sides , and there were regular pauses to enable the band to turn their equipment around and perform facing in another direction . The concert generated intense excitement . The following day , the Beatles performed a second concert , in Carnegie Hall , New York , which was attended by two thousand fans . The concert was again well received . Following the Carnegie Hall concert , the Beatles flew to Miami Beach and on Sunday 16 February 1964 made their second television appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show , which this time was broadcast live from the Napoleon Ballroom of the Deauville Hotel in Miami Beach . As it had done on 9 February , the television broadcast attracted around 70 million viewers . On 22 February 1964 , the Beatles returned to the UK . Arriving at Heathrow airport at 7 am , they were met by an estimated ten thousand fans . August 1964 -- first U.S. tour ( edit ) Holding a press conference in 1964 In August 1964 , the Beatles returned to the United States for a second visit , this time remaining for a month - long tour . Epstein was unsure about the group 's popularity in the US , and avoided booking them into stadiums . At the opening date at the Cow Palace , San Francisco on August 19 , over 17,000 fans turned out to see the group . A request was received from the White House press office , which asked for the Beatles to be photographed with the new President of the United States , Lyndon B. Johnson , laying a wreath on the grave of John F. Kennedy . The request was politely declined by Epstein , as it was not the group 's policy to accept `` official '' invitations . During the tour , the Beatles performed at thirty concerts , starting in San Francisco and ending in New York , twenty - three cities in all . One of the major stipulations for the tour was that the band would not perform for segregated audiences or at venues that excluded African Americans . At each venue , the concert was treated as a major event by the local press and attended by between ten and twenty thousand fans , whose enthusiastic response to the Beatles produced sound levels that left the music only semi-audible . The tour earned the Beatles over a million dollars in ticket sales . It also stimulated a further increase in record sales , and resulted in the sale of a considerable quantity of Beatle - related merchandise . By this point in the year , the British Invasion -- started by the Beatles ' previous U.S. visit -- was gathering momentum , and several more UK acts had come to the United States , including The Dave Clark Five , Billy J. Kramer , and Gerry & the Pacemakers . One third of all U.S. top ten hits in 1964 were by British acts . After the tour 's final concert in New York , the Beatles were introduced to Bob Dylan , a meeting brought about at the instigation of the New York journalist Al Aronowitz , who arranged for Dylan to visit the Beatles at their hotel before they returned to the UK . August 1965 -- second U.S. tour ( edit ) Main article : The Beatles ' 1965 U.S. tour In June 1965 , after completing a two - week European tour of France , Italy and Spain , the Beatles attended the London premiere of Help ! , their second film , and then returned to the United States for another two - week tour . The tour commenced at Shea Stadium , New York City on Sunday 15 August 1965 . The circular stadium had been constructed the previous year , opening on 17 April 1964 , with seating arranged in four ascending decks , all of which were filled for the concert . It was the first time in history that a large outdoor stadium had been used for such a purpose , and the event sold out in seventeen minutes . The 1965 tour was highly successful , with well - attended concerts on each of its ten dates . The opening concert at Shea Stadium attracted an audience of fifty - five thousand , the largest of any live concert that the Beatles would perform . The band arrived by armoured car . After the 1965 tour 's final concert , which took place at Cow Palace , San Francisco , the Beatles accepted an invitation to visit Elvis Presley before returning to the UK . August 1966 -- third U.S. tour ( edit ) Main article : The Beatles ' 1966 US tour Following the UK and U.S. releases of their new album Revolver in August 1966 , the Beatles returned to the United States for what would be their last tour . The tour coincided with a storm of U.S. public protest against the Beatles , caused by a published quote from a remark Lennon had made about Christianity . Because of the severity of the protests , which included Beatles ' records being publicly burned and claims being made that the Beatles were `` anti-Christ '' , Epstein had considered cancelling the fourteen - concert tour , fearing for their lives . Nevertheless , the tour went ahead . In Memphis , the city council decided not to let `` municipal facilities be used as a forum to ridicule anyone 's religion '' , and voted to cancel their Beatles concert , although it did in fact take place . There were disturbances during the tour , and one performance was brought to a temporary halt when a member of the audience threw a firecracker , leading the Beatles to believe they were being shot at . In other incidents , telephone threats were received , and the Ku Klux Klan picketed the Beatles ' concerts . The tour ended with a concert at Candlestick Park . Although commercially successful , the tour had been affected by the prevailing mood of controversy , and there had been rows of empty seats at some venues . After the United States ( edit ) See also : The Beatles ' studio years The Beatles ' arrival in the United States in 1964 marked the spread of Beatlemania from the UK to the wider world , established the group 's international stature , and , triggering the British Invasion , caused changes in U.S. popular culture . The Candlestick Park concert at the close of the 1966 U.S. tour marked the end of a four - year period dominated by touring and concerts , including nearly sixty U.S. appearances , and over one thousand four hundred internationally . The Beatles , from the end of their 1966 U.S. tour until their break - up in 1970 , gave no further commercial concerts , instead devoting their efforts to creating new material in the recording studio . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Pawlowski 1990 , p. 175 . ^ Jump up to : Leopold , Todd ( 10 February 2004 ) . `` When The Beatles hit America '' . CNN . Jump up ^ Palmer 1982 , p. 146 . ^ Jump up to : Miles 1997 , pp. 293 - 295 . Jump up ^ Harry 2000 , p. 225 . ^ Jump up to : Gould 2008 , pp. 1 - 2 . Jump up ^ Gould 2008 , p. 196 . Jump up ^ Stark , Steven D. ( 18 May 2006 ) . Meet the Beatles : A Cultural History of the Band That Shook Youth , Gender , and the World . HarperCollins . p. 40 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 000893 - 2 . Retrieved 29 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Daily Nightly - Being for the benefit of Mr. ( Cron ) Kite '' . Dailynightly.msnbc.msn.com. 18 November 1963 . Retrieved 29 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Remembering Walter Cronkite '' . CBS News . 19 July 2009 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Gould 2008 , pp. 216 - 219 . Jump up ^ Gould 2008 , p. 258 . Jump up ^ Gould 2008 , p. 217 . Jump up ^ Jovanovic 2004 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Harry 2000 , p. 881 . Jump up ^ Jovanovic 2004 , pp. 14 - 15 . Jump up ^ Jovanovic 2004 , pp. 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ Jovanovic 2004 , p. 30 . ^ Jump up to : Gould 2008 , pp. 283 - 284 . Jump up ^ Harry 2000 , pp. 881 - 882 . Jump up ^ Harry 2000 , pp. 882 - 883 . ^ Jump up to : Gould 2008 , pp. 252 - 253 . Jump up ^ Gould 2008 , p. 221 . Jump up ^ Spitz 2005 , p. 458 . Jump up ^ Gould 2008 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Spitz 2005 , p. 459 . Jump up ^ Gould 2008 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Spitz 2005 , p. 462 . Jump up ^ Spitz 2005 , p. 464 . Jump up ^ Gilliland 1969 , show 28 . Jump up ^ Kozinn , Alan ( 6 February 2004 ) . `` Critic 's Notebook ; They Came , They Sang , They Conquered '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 4 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Gould 2008 , p. 4 . ^ Jump up to : Gould 2008 , pp. 5 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Gould 2008 , p. 249 . Jump up ^ `` The Beatles kick off first U.S. tour at San Francisco 's Cow Palace '' . history.com . Retrieved 18 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gould 2008 , p. 250 . Jump up ^ Spitz 2005 , p. 620 . Jump up ^ `` The Beatles banned segregated audiences , contract shows '' . BBC News . 18 September 2011 . Retrieved 18 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Gilliland 1969 , show 29 . Jump up ^ Gould 2008 , pp. 250 - 251 . ^ Jump up to : Gould 2008 , p. 281 . Jump up ^ Badman 1999 , p. 193 . ^ Jump up to : Gould 2008 , pp. 346 - 347 . ^ Jump up to : Gould 2008 , pp. 340 - 341 . Jump up ^ Gilliland 1969 , show 39 . ^ Jump up to : Gould 2008 , p. 347 . Jump up ^ Gould 2008 , pp. 249 - 281 . References ( edit ) Badman , Keith ( 1999 ) . The Beatles After the Breakup 1970 -- 2000 : A Day - by - Day Diary . London : Omnibus . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7119 - 7520 - 0 . Badman , Keith ( 2000 ) . The Beatles Off The Record . London : Omnibus Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7119 - 7985 - 7 . Gilliland , John ( 1969 ) . `` The British Are Coming ! The British Are Coming ! : The U.S.A. is invaded by a wave of long - haired English rockers '' ( audio ) . Pop Chronicles . University of North Texas Libraries . Gould , Jonathan ( 2008 ) . Ca n't Buy Me Love : The Beatles , Britain and America . Piatkus Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7499 - 2988 - 6 . Harry , Bill ( 2000 ) . The Beatles Encyclopedia : Revised and Updated . London : Virgin Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7535 - 0481 - 9 . Jovanovic , Rob ( 2004 ) . Big Star : The Story of Rock 's Forgotten Band . London : Fourth Estate . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 714908 - 7 . Miles , Barry ( 1997 ) . Many Years from Now . Vintage - Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7493 - 8658 - 0 . Palmer , Robert ( 1982 ) . Deep Blues : A Musical and Cultural History of the Mississippi Delta ( paperback ed . ) . Penguin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 006223 - 6 . Pawlowski , Gareth L ( 1990 ) . How They Became The Beatles . McDonald & Co ( Publishers ) Ltd . ISBN 978 - 0 - 356 - 19052 - 5 . Spitz , Bob ( 2005 ) . The Beatles : The Biography . Little Brown . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 80352 - 6 . ( hide ) The Beatles John Lennon Paul McCartney George Harrison Ringo Starr Stuart Sutcliffe Pete Best History The Quarrymen In Hamburg At The Cavern Club Decca audition Beatlemania in the United Kingdom North American releases In the United States More popular than Jesus In India Breakup Murder of John Lennon Anthology Love ( Cirque du Soleil ) The Beatles : Rock Band Line - ups Religious views Timeline Live performances 1960 Johnny Gentle Tour Winter 1963 Helen Shapiro UK Tour 1963 Roy Orbison Tour 1964 world tour 1965 European tour 1965 US tour 1965 UK tour 1966 tour of Germany , Japan and the Philippines 1966 US tour Rooftop concert List of live performances Associated places 34 Montagu Square , Marylebone Abbey Road , London Abbey Road Studios The Bag O'Nails Beatlemania Hamburg Beatles - Platz Blue Angel The Casbah Coffee Club Candlestick Park The Cavern Club Kaiserkeller Kinfauns 3 Savile Row The Scotch of St. James Shea Stadium Stanley Street Star - Club Strawberry Field Tittenhurst Park The Top Ten Club Wigmore Street Yellow Submarine sculpture Associated companies Apple Corps Apple Records Harrisongs Lingasong Records Northern Songs Phillips ' Sound Recording Services Seltaeb Startling Music Influence Artists who have covered the Beatles Beatlemania Beatlesque British Invasion Cultural impact The Fest for Beatles Fans The Rutles Tributes Lists Awards and nominations Bootlegs Cover songs Discography Instruments Performers Post-breakup collaborations Recording sessions Songs Sgt . Pepper cover Related media Around the Beatles Beat Bugs The Beatles ( TV series ) The Beatles Anthology ( book ) The Beatles Channel The Beatles Illustrated Lyrics The Beeb 's Lost Beatles Tapes The Beatles Tapes from the David Wigg Interviews Everyday Chemistry In My Life Let It Be ( musical ) Rain : A Tribute to the Beatles Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band ( film ) The Twelfth Album Up Against It Other topics Apple Corps v Apple Computer Apple scruffs Beatle boots Beatles Day Fifth Beatle Lennon -- McCartney Jeff Lynne and the Beatles Paul is dead Recording technology Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Beatles_in_the_United_States&oldid=803900537 '' Categories : History of the Beatles 1964 in music 1964 in American music 1965 in American music 1966 in American music 1964 in British music 1965 in British music 1966 in British music 1960s in American music February 1964 events August 1964 events August 1965 events August 1966 events Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from April 2014 Use British English from April 2014 Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 5 October 2017 , at 11 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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when did the beatles became popular in the us
[ "The Beatles' rise to prominence in the United States in February 1964 was a significant development in the history of the band's commercial success.[1] In addition to establishing the Beatles' international stature, it changed attitudes to popular music in the United States,[2] whose own Memphis-driven musical evolution had made it a global trend-setter.[3]" ]
[ "February 1964" ]
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Artists with the most number-ones on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100
Artists with the most number - ones on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 - wikipedia Artists with the most number - ones on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 Jump to : navigation , search The Beatles arrive at John F. Kennedy International Airport , February 7 , 1964 This is a list of artists with the most number - one songs on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart ( 10 or more ) . The Beatles currently hold the record for the most number - one songs in the 57 - year history of the chart , with 20. Mariah Carey holds the record for the solo artist with the most number - one songs , with 18 . Rihanna is in third place with 14 number - one songs ( including songs that went # 1 with Rihanna as a featured artist ) and Michael Jackson is in fourth place with 13 number - ones ( not including his four chart - toppers with The Jackson 5 and one with usa for africa ) , while The Supremes and Madonna have attained 12 each . Whitney Houston achieved 11 number - ones during her career , while Stevie Wonder and Janet Jackson have scored 10 apiece . Contents ( hide ) 1 First : The Beatles ( 20 ) 2 Second : Mariah Carey ( 18 ) 3 Third : Rihanna ( 14 ) 4 Fourth : Michael Jackson ( 13 ) 5 Fifth : The Supremes and Madonna ( 12 ) 5.1 The Supremes 5.2 Madonna 6 Seventh : Whitney Houston ( 11 ) 7 Eighth : Stevie Wonder and Janet Jackson ( 10 ) 7.1 Stevie Wonder 7.2 Janet Jackson 8 Pre-dating Hot 100 8.1 Elvis Presley ( 11 Pre-Hot 100 era and 6 On Billboard Hot 100 ) 9 See also 10 References First : the Beatles ( 20 ) ( edit ) This section needs expansion with : all hit songs and related albums needed . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2017 ) A collective photograph of each of The Beatles English rock band The Beatles achieved a record holding 20 number one songs on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart between 1964 and their split in 1970 . Some of their hits include `` Ticket To Ride '' , `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' , `` A Hard Day 's Night '' , `` Let It Be '' , and `` Hey Jude '' . Second : Mariah Carey ( 18 ) ( edit ) Carey performing on Good Morning America in May 2013 American singer , songwriter and producer Mariah Carey has achieved 18 number - one songs on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart . Carey 's self - titled debut studio album produced four number - one songs . She achieved her first with `` Vision of Love '' in August 1990 , which reached the peak for four weeks . It was followed by `` Love Takes Time '' later that year in November for three weeks , `` Someday '' in March 1991 for two weeks , and `` I Do n't Wanna Cry '' in May 1991 for two weeks . `` Emotions '' became her fifth consecutive number - one song in October 1991 . This run of five consecutive number - ones means that Carey is the only artist in the history of the Hot 100 to have her first five single releases top the chart . The streak broke when `` Ca n't Let Go '' , released as the single following `` Emotions '' , peaked at number two . Carey 's cover of the Jackson 5 song `` I 'll Be There '' topped the chart for two weeks in August 1992 , and she collected two further chart toppers in 1993 when `` Dreamlover '' peaked atop the chart in September for eight weeks and with `` Hero '' in December for four consecutive weeks . * `` Fantasy '' became the first song to debut atop the Hot 100 by a female artist , and only the second song to debut at number - one after Michael Jackson 's `` You Are Not Alone '' , which did so only one month prior . `` One Sweet Day '' , a duet with Boyz II Men , became her tenth number - one song , spending a record - breaking 16 weeks at the peak of the Hot 100 chart , a record it still holds today . It also debuted at number one , becoming her second single to do so and only the fourth instance on the Hot 100 , following Jackson 's `` Your Are Not Alone '' , Carey 's `` Fantasy '' and Whitney Houston 's `` Exhale ( Shoop Shoop ) '' . `` One Sweet Day '' finished at number one on Billboard 's Hot 100 songs of the decade chart . `` Always Be My Baby '' became the singer 's eleventh number - one in May 1996 for two weeks , tying her with Houston and Madonna for female artist with the most number - ones . In September 1997 , `` Honey '' became Carey 's third single to debut atop the Hot 100 , the most for any artist to date , and only the sixth song in history to do so . It also meant that Carey broke with Houston for joint fifth place , and into joint fourth with Madonna . When `` My All '' peaked at number - one for one week in May 1998 , it meant that Carey became the first artist in the history of the chart to have two runs of five consecutive number - ones , first with `` Vision of Love '' , `` Love Takes Time '' , `` Someday '' , `` I Do n't Wanna Cry '' and `` Emotions '' in 1990 / 91 , and again with `` Fantasy '' , `` One Sweet Day '' , `` Always Be My Baby '' , `` Honey '' and `` My All '' between 1995 -- 98 . The streak broke , however , when Carey 's duet with Houston , `` When You Believe '' , peaked at number 15 . `` Heartbreaker '' topped the chart for two weeks in October 1999 , extending her lead for female artist with the most number - ones , and only third to Elvis Presley ( 17 ) and The Beatles ( 20 ) overall . `` Thank God I Found You '' became Carey 's fifteenth number - one song in February 2000 , meaning that Carey had charted a number - one single for eleven consecutive years starting with `` Vision of Love '' in 1990 , a record she still holds . `` We Belong Together '' spent 14 weeks at number - one in 2005 , while `` Do n't Forget About Us '' became her seventeenth chart topper , tying her with Presley . `` Touch My Body '' became Carey 's eighteenth number - one song on the Hot 100 in 2008 , breaking her tie with Presley and placing her second for the most chart toppers in the history of the chart . It also means that Carey is in fourth place for songwriters with the most - number ones , with 17 , only behind Max Martin ( 21 ) , John Lennon ( 26 ) and Paul McCartney ( 32 ) . Carey and Presley hold the record for having spent 79 weeks at number - one on the Billboard Hot 100 . Carey holds the record for solo artist with the most number - ones . Third : Rihanna ( 14 ) ( edit ) Barbadian singer and songwriter Rihanna has achieved 14 number - one songs on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 , becoming the youngest artist to accomplish this record . Her first number - one was `` SOS '' in May 2006 ; spending three weeks atop the chart . `` Umbrella '' became her second number - one in May 2007 , selling 277,000 downloads in its first week , logging the highest digital sales debut since tracking of downloads began in 2003 , jumping from number 44 to number - one . It spent a total of seven weeks at the summit , and became the second most successful song of 2007 , behind Beyoncé 's `` Irreplaceable '' . On May 15 , 2008 , `` Take a Bow '' peaked at number one on the chart . It logged the second highest debut week sales at the time , as Mariah Carey 's song `` Touch My Body '' debuted with first week sales of 286,000 in April 2008 , meaning that Rihanna occupied two of the top three debut week sales tally , along with `` Umbrella '' , which debuted with 277,000 copies . When `` Disturbia '' became Rihanna 's fourth number - one in August 2008 , it tied her with Carey and Beyoncé for the most number - one songs by a female in the 2000 -- 2009 decade . Rihanna during her Diamonds World Tour in Cologne , June 2013 `` Live Your Life '' , a song by T.I. featuring Rihanna , jumped seventy - nine positions from 80 -- 1 on the Hot 100 , becoming her fifth number - one and set a new record for largest leap to the peak ( at the time ) . It also sold 355,000 copies , besting Carey 's sales of 286,000 with `` Touch My Body '' . `` Rude Boy '' became her sixth in March 2010 , tying her in fifth position with Paula Abdul and Diana Ross for females with the most number - ones , only behind Janet Jackson ( 10 ) , Whitney Houston ( 11 ) , Madonna ( 12 ) and Carey ( 18 ) . It also became the eleventh song in the history of the Hot 100 to feature `` boy '' in the title to top the chart , meaning that a number - one with `` boy '' in the title had occurred in every decade since its inception in 1958 . Her collaboration with Eminem , `` Love the Way You Lie '' , became Rihanna 's seventh chart topper in July 2010 since she made her Hot 100 debut in June 2005 , the most amongst all artists in this time span . In 2010 Rihanna released her fifth album Loud , which included three number one singles . Its lead single , `` Only Girl ( In the World ) '' , reached number one , as did the album 's second single , `` What 's My Name ? '' , featuring rapper Drake . The song reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 before `` Only Girl ( In the World ) '' , the first time in the chart 's history that an album 's lead single reached number one after the second . The third single , `` S&M '' , reached number one on the Hot 100 following the release of its official remix featuring Britney Spears , becoming her tenth number one single , which tied her with Janet Jackson for fourth place among female soloists who have topped the chart . With only four years , eleven months , and two weeks between her first and tenth number one on the chart , Rihanna set a record as the solo artist with the fastest accumulation of ten chart toppers. in 2011 Rihanna released the single , `` We Found Love '' , it topped the Billboard Hot 100 for ten non-consecutive weeks , becoming Rihanna 's longest - running number one single and the longest - running number one of 2011 . In 2012 Rihanna released `` Diamonds '' , which reached number one on the US Billboard Hot 100 , her twelfth number one on the chart which tied her with Madonna and The Supremes as the artists ' with the fourth most number ones on the chart 's history . A year later Eminem released his Rihanna - assisted single , `` The Monster '' , which peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 , which marked Rihanna 's thirteenth chart topper , tying her with Michael Jackson for the third most number ones in the chart 's 55 - year history . Additionally , Rihanna became the fastest solo artist to achieve 13 chart - toppers , surpassing the previous record held by Mariah Carey ( seven - years , eight - month and 19 days ) , with only The Beatles reaching 13 number ones more quickly . In 2016 , Rihanna 's single , `` Work '' peaked at number one on the Hot 100 chart and became Rihanna 's fourteenth number one song in the United States . Subsequently , she became the third artist with most number one songs on the chart following The Beatles with 20 and Carey with 18 . Fourth : Michael Jackson ( 13 ) ( edit ) Jackson in Vienna , Austria , during his Bad World Tour , 1988 . American singer , songwriter and producer Michael Jackson achieved 13 number one songs on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 between 1972 and 1995 prior to his death in June 2009 . Jackson is also the first of two artists to gain five number - one singles from one album ; the other being Katy Perry . In 1972 , `` Ben '' topped the Hot 100 for a week , with Jackson becoming one of the youngest artists to have a number - one hit in America , at age 13 . Jackson 's fifth studio album Off the Wall contained two number - one hits `` Do n't Stop ' til You Get Enough '' and `` Rock with You '' . This was followed by `` Billie Jean '' and `` Beat It '' from the worldwide smash hit album Thriller and `` Say Say Say '' , a duet with Paul McCartney `` , from the latter 's Pipes of Peace album . Bad saw five number - one hits reach number - one from September 1987 to July 1988 : `` I Just Ca n't Stop Loving You '' , `` Bad '' , `` The Way You Make Me Feel '' , `` Man in the Mirror '' , and `` Dirty Diana '' . Dangerous 's lead single , `` Black or White '' , reached number one within a month of its release and ( along with `` Billie Jean '' ) becoming his longest reign at the top at seven consecutive weeks . Finally , his last number - one single `` You Are Not Alone '' debuted at number one , with Jackson becoming the first act in the Billboard Hot 100 's 37 - year history to do so . Fifth : the Supremes and Madonna ( 12 ) ( edit ) The Supremes ( edit ) This section needs expansion with : details of songs and achievements . You can help by adding to it . ( May 2016 ) The Supremes : Diana Ross ( right ) , Mary Wilson ( center ) , Florence Ballard ( left ) performing `` My World Is Empty Without You '' on The Ed Sullivan Show in 1966 . American female singing group The Supremes achieved 12 number one songs on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 between 1964 and 1969 . The first of which Where Did Our Love Go , featured on the album of the same name , became the first of five consecutive number one singles , a first for any female act and the group remains the only girl group to do so . Where Did Our Love Go was then followed by Baby Love and Come See About Me , making The Supremes the first group in Billboard history to have three singles from the same album reach the top position . The final two songs in the streak were Stop ! In the Name of Love and Back in My Arms Again , featured on the album More Hits by The Supremes , made them one of the most successful pop acts of the 60 's , rivalling that of the Beatles . Later , they scored another number one single with I Hear a Symphony , featured on the album of the same name , then another streak of four singles , You Ca n't Hurry Love featured on their number one album Supremes A ' Go Go , a first for girl groups , You Keep Me Hangin ' On and Love Is Here and Now You 're Gone , both featured on the album The Supremes Sing Holland - Dozier - Holland , and finally The Happening , featured on their second number one album Diana Ross & the Supremes : Greatest Hits , a feat that would take decades for another girl group to match . Later on , as ' Diana Ross & The Supremes ' , the group would achieve two more number one hits , the controversial Love Child , on the album of the same name , controversial because of its theme of illegitimacy , and Someday We 'll Be Together , featured on the album Cream of the Crop , which would become the last number one single of the 60 's . Madonna ( edit ) Madonna performing during The MDNA Tour in August 2012 American singer , songwriter and producer Madonna has achieved 12 number one songs on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 . `` Like a Virgin '' from the eponymous second studio album reached number one , despite considerable controversy , and stayed at the top for six consecutive weeks between December 1984 and January 1985 . `` Crazy for You '' from the Vision Quest soundtrack topped the Billboard Hot 100 several months later . A year later , Madonna 's third studio album True Blue saw three singles ( `` Live to Tell '' , `` Papa Do n't Preach '' , and `` Open Your Heart '' ) reached the top of the charts . In late 1987 , `` Who 's That Girl '' became Madonna 's sixth number - one single in the United States . Like a Prayer saw its title track top the chart for three weeks in 1989 . This was followed by `` Vogue '' , `` Justify My Love '' , and `` This Used to Be My Playground '' from her compilation albums and soundtrack albums between 1990 and 1992 . In 1995 , `` Take a Bow '' became Madonna 's longest - running number - one single on the Billboard Hot 100 , staying there for seven consecutive weeks . In 2000 , Madonna received her twelfth ( and currently , last ) number - one single to date with `` Music '' topping the chart for four consecutive weeks . Seventh : Whitney Houston ( 11 ) ( edit ) Houston performing at Welcome Home Heroes with Whitney Houston in 1991 . American singer Whitney Houston achieved 11 number - one songs on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart between 1985 and 1995 before her death in February 2012 . Houston is notable for seven consecutive number - one singles , the only artist to achieve this feat . Whitney Houston spawned three number - one singles : `` Saving All My Love for You '' , `` How Will I Know '' , and `` Greatest Love of All . Houston 's 1987 album Whitney achieved four number - one singles : `` I Wanna Dance with Somebody '' , `` Did n't We Almost Have It All '' , `` So Emotional '' , and `` Where Do Broken Hearts Go '' . These singles were followed by `` I 'm Your Baby Tonight '' and `` All the Man That I Need '' . In 1992 , Houston saw the biggest hit of her career with a cover version of Dolly Parton 's `` I Will Always Love You '' which topped the Hot 100 for 14 consecutive weeks ( at the time , the longest reign at the top of the Billboard Hot 100 ) , and later became the best - selling single by a female artist of all time . The single featuring in the film and soundtrack of The Bodyguard . In 1995 , `` Exhale ( Shoop Shoop ) '' debuted at number one , making Houston the third artist to do so . Eighth : Stevie Wonder and Janet Jackson ( 10 ) ( edit ) Stevie Wonder ( edit ) Wonder performing in 1973 . American singer , songwriter and producer Stevie Wonder has achieved 10 number - one songs on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart . His first number one was from the 1963 live recorded album The 12 Year Old Genius with single `` Fingertips . '' He would not top the charts again until 1973 , when Talking Book ( 1973 , Tamla ) produced two number - one hits , `` Superstition '' and `` You Are the Sunshine of My Life . '' Later , his album Fulfillingness ' First Finale would spawn yet another number - one hit , `` You Have n't Done Nothin ' '' , a scathing attack on then - President Richard Nixon . His next album , the critically acclaimed Songs in the Key of Life , produced two more number - one hits , `` I Wish '' and `` Sir Duke . '' This was followed by `` Ebony and Ivory '' , his collaboration with Paul McCartney , which would become Wonder 's biggest Billboard Hot 100 hit , spending seven weeks at the summit . This was followed by his smash hits `` I Just Called to Say I Love You '' and `` Part - Time Lover . '' His final song ( to date ) to hit number - one was the star - studded `` That 's What Friends Are For , '' the biggest hit of 1986 . Due to Stevie Wonder 's involvement , this would be the last number - one for anyone who had topped the charts prior to the British Invasion . Janet Jackson ( edit ) Jackson performing during her Rock Witchu Tour in 2008 . American singer , songwriter and producer Janet Jackson has achieved 10 number - one songs on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart . Control ( released A&M Records 1986 ) , saw its third single , `` When I Think of You '' reach number - one . Janet Jackson 's Rhythm Nation 1814 ( 1989 , A&M Records ) saw four of its singles reaching number - one in three different years , in 1989 , 1990 , and 1991 , the only album to do so in the history of the Billboard Hot 100 . Then , janet . spawned two number - one hits `` That 's the Way Love Goes '' and `` Again '' ; the former is the longest run at number - one in Jackson 's career . This was followed by `` Together Again '' from The Velvet Rope which topped the chart for two weeks in early 1998 , after debuting at number nine in late December 1997 ; the song is Jackson 's biggest hit worldwide , selling 6 million copies globally . The song `` Does n't Really Matter '' reached number one ; it is included on the soundtrack for the film Nutty Professor II : The Klumps . `` All for You '' reached number one for seven consecutive weeks in 2001 , becoming one of the biggest hits of the year in the United States . Pre-dating Hot 100 ( edit ) Elvis Presley ( 11 pre-hot 100 era and 6 on Billboard Hot 100 ) ( edit ) Presley in a publicity photograph for the 1957 film Jailhouse Rock American singer Elvis Presley achieved 17 number - one songs on Billboard Best Sellers In Stores and Hot 100 charts between 1956 and 1969 prior to his death in August 1977 . Elvis achieved 11 number one singles between 1956 and 1959 before the inception of the Billboard Hot 100 . After its inception , he achieved 7 more number one singles totaling 80 weeks as well as 114 top 40 singles ( twice as much as any other entertainer ) in his entire career . His first number one record was `` Heartbreak Hotel '' in 1956 and his last being `` Suspicious Minds '' in 1969 . Billboard later changed its rules , announcing that Elvis ' classic double sided number one hit single , Hound Dog / Do n't Be Cruel would no longer be counted as two separate number ones , making it possible for Billboard to announce that Mariah Carey had surpassed Elvis Presley as the solo artist with the most No. 1 singles . See also ( edit ) Billboard Hot 100 List of Billboard Hot 100 chart achievements by decade List of number - one hits ( United States ) List of best - charting music artists in the U.S. List of artists who reached number one in the United States List of Billboard Hot 100 chart achievements and milestones References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Vision of Love '' spent four weeks at number one : `` Week of August 4 , 1990 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . August 4 , 1990 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . `` Week of August 11 , 1990 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . August 11 , 1990 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . `` Week of August 18 , 1990 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . August 18 , 1990 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . `` Week of August 25 , 1990 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . August 25 , 1990 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Love Takes Time '' spent three weeks at number one : `` Week of November 10 , 1990 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . November 10 , 1990 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . `` Week of November 17 , 1990 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . November 17 , 1990 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . `` Week of November 24 , 1990 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . November 24 , 1990 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Someday '' spent two at number one : `` Week of March 9 , 1991 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . March 9 , 1991 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . `` Week of March 16 , 1991 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . March 16 , 1991 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` I Do n't Wanna Cry '' spent two weeks at number one : `` Week of May 25 , 1991 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . May 25 , 1991 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . `` Week of June 1 , 1991 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . June 1 , 1991 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bronson , Fred ( August 19 , 2011 ) . `` How Katy Perry 's Hot 100 Record Stacks - Up Against The Beatles , Elvis , Michael , Mariah & Whitney '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mariah Carey Hot 100 Chart History '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` I 'll Be There '' spent two weeks at number one : `` Week of June 20 , 1992 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . June 20 , 1992 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . `` Week of June 27 , 1991 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . June 27 , 1992 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dreamlover '' spent eight weeks at number one : `` Week of September 11 , 1993 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . September 11 , 1993 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . `` Week of September 18 , 1993 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . September 18 , 1993 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . `` Week of September 25 , 1993 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . September 25 , 1993 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . `` Week of October 2 , 1993 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . October 2 , 1993 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . `` Week of October 9 , 1993 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . October 9 , 1993 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . `` Week of October 16 , 1993 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . October 16 , 1993 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . `` Week of October 23 , 1993 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . October 23 , 1993 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . `` Week of October 30 , 1993 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . October 30 , 1993 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hero '' spent eight weeks at number one : `` Week of December 25 , 1993 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . December 25 , 1993 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . `` Week of January 1 , 1994 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . January 1 , 1994 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . `` Week of January 8 , 1994 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . January 8 , 1994 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . `` Week of January 15 , 1994 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . January 15 , 1994 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Elvis 's Top 40 Hits '' . Washington Post . Washington Post . January 7 , 1997 . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McKenna , Jerry ( September 30 , 1995 ) . `` Hot 100 Singles Spotlight '' . Billboard. 107 ( 39 ) . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Trust , Gary ( March 16 , 2014 ) . `` March 16 , 1996 : Mariah Carey , Boyz II Men 's ' One Sweet Day ' Makes History on Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Billboard Hot 100 No. 1 Debuts , a Guide '' . February 23 , 2012 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Always Be My Baby '' spent two weeks at number one : `` Week of May 4 , 1996 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . May 4 , 1996 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . `` Week of May 11 , 1996 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . May 11 , 1996 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nickson 1998 , p. 145 ^ Jump up to : Nickson 1998 , p. 176 ^ Jump up to : `` Week of May 23 , 1998 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . May 5 , 1998 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Heartbreaker '' spent two weeks at number one : `` Week of October 9 , 1999 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . October 9 , 1999 . Retrieved February 14 , 2015 . `` Week of October 16 , 1999 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . October 16 , 1999 . Retrieved February 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bronson 2003 , p. 888 Jump up ^ Lamb , Bill . `` Top 100 Pop Songs of 2000 '' . About.com . Retrieved February 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sue , Jennifer ( December 25 , 2005 ) . `` Mariah Carey Ties Elvis Record on Billboard Chart '' . The Seattle Times . The Seattle Times Company . Retrieved February 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mariah Carey 's `` Touch My Body '' is her 18th # 1 `` . Universal Music Group . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( August 11 , 2015 ) . `` The Weeknd 's ' Ca n't Feel My Face ' Gives Max Martin His 21st No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved November 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bronson , Fred ( April 10 , 2008 ) . `` Chart Beat '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved February 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rihanna 's ' SOS ' Rockets To No. 1 on Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . May 4 , 2006 . Retrieved February 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rihanna Stays Strong on Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . May 11 , 2006 . Retrieved February 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rihanna 's ' SOS ' Signals 3rd Week at No. 1 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . May 18 , 2006 . Retrieved February 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Jonathan ( May 31 , 2007 ) . `` Rihanna , Shop Boyz Rocket to the Top of Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved February 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Jonathan ( July 12 , 2007 ) . `` Rihanna 's ' Umbrella ' Reigns Again on Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved February 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Songs -- Year End 2007 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved February 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Pietroluongo , Silvio ( May 14 , 2008 ) . `` Rihanna 's ' Bow ' Soars 52 Spots To Lead Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved February 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Jonathan ( August 14 , 2008 ) . `` Rihanna Topples Katy Perry on Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved February 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Cohen , Jonathan ( October 9 , 2008 ) . `` T.I Breaks Own Record With Hot 100 Burst '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved February 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Trust , Gary ( March 18 , 2010 ) . `` Chart Beat Thursday : Rihanna , Ludacris , Timbaland '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved February 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pietroluongo , Silvio ( July 21 , 2010 ) . `` Eminem and Rihanna Replace Katy Perry Atop Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved February 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 : Week of September 25 , 2010 '' . Billboard . September 25 , 2010 . Retrieved September 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Rihanna -- Only Girl ( In The World ) '' . australian-charts.com . Retrieved November 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Archive Chart '' . theofficialcharts.com . Retrieved November 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Rihanna 's ' Only Girl ' Rebounds to No. 1 on Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( April 20 , 2011 ) . `` Rihanna 's ' S&M ' Reigns on Hot 100 , Lady Gaga 's ' Judas ' Debuts '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( November 2 , 2011 ) . `` Rihanna 's ' Found ' Her Way Back to Hot 100 Summit '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( December 21 , 2011 ) . `` Rihanna 's ' Love ' Her Longest - Leading Hot 100 No. 1 '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( November 21 , 2012 ) . `` Rihanna 's ' Diamonds ' Shines Atop Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( December 11 , 2013 ) . `` Eminem , Rihanna Rule Hot 100 With ' The Monster ' '' . Billboard . Nielson Soundscan , Inc . Retrieved December 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( December 11 , 2013 ) . `` Eminem , Rihanna Rule Hot 100 With ' The Monster ' '' . Billboard . Nielson Soundscan , Inc . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` Rihanna & Drake Rise to No. 1 on Hot 100 With ' Work ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/elvis/epchart.htm Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/5862369/elvis-presleys-billboard-chart-records Lists of Billboard number - one singles 1940 -- 1959 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 -- 1979 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 -- 1999 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 -- present 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 By decade 1940s 1950 -- 1958 1958 -- 1969 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s See also Hot 100 Year - end List of Billboard Hot 100 chart achievements and milestones Lists of Billboard Hot 100 top - ten singles 1950s 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 See also Number - 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Hop Songs Rhythmic Hot Country Songs Adult Top 40 Mainstream Top 40 Latin Songs Social 50 Artist 100 See also Billboard Radio Monitor ( defunct ) List of Billboard Hot 100 chart achievements and milestones List of Billboard Hot 100 chart achievements by decade Hot Country Songs achievements R&R ( defunct ) Billboard Japan Billboard Greece Billboard Türkiye Billboard Brasil Billboard En Español Billboard K - Town Timeline List of K - pop on the Billboard charts Albums Songs Billboard Philippines Billboard Twitter Real - Time Uncharted ( defunct ) Joel Whitburn Music industry Companies Music publishers BMG Rights Management EMI Music Publishing Imagem Music catalog Sony / ATV Music Publishing Universal Music Publishing Group Warner / Chappell Music Record labels Major : Sony Music Universal Music Group Warner Music Group Independent : Independent UK record labels Retailers Amazon.com Fnac HMV Online music stores ( iTunes Store ) Trans World Entertainment Virgin Megastores Live performance CTS Eventim Live Nation LiveStyle Ticketmaster Genres Avant - 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KOR ) Golden Melody Awards ( TW ) Japan Record Awards Japan Gold Disc Awards New Zealand Music Awards ( NZ ) Anugerah Juara Lagu ( MAS ) Anugerah Industri Muzik ( MAS ) Anugerah Musik Indonesia ( INA ) Dahsyatnya Awards ( INA ) SCTV Awards ( INA ) Anugerah Planet Muzik ( SIN , MAS , BRU , INA ) Europe Eurovision Song Contest ( EU ) Europe Music Awards ( EU ) Junior Eurovision Song Contest ( EU ) Brit Awards ( UK ) Mercury Prize ( UK ) MOBO Awards ( UK ) Kerrang ! Awards ( UK ) Classic Brit Awards ( UK ) Gramophone Award ( UK ) Echo Awards ( GER ) Victoires de la Musique ( FRA ) Grand Prix du Disque ( FRA ) NRJ Music Awards ( FRA ) Diapason d'Or ( FRA ) Sanremo Music Festival Awards ( ITA ) Wind Music Awards ( ITA ) MTV Italian Music Awards Edison Awards ( NLD ) Grammis Awards ( SWE ) Melodifestivalen ( SWE ) Premio Nacional de Música ( SPA ) Dansk Melodi Grand Prix ( DNK ) Melodi Grand Prix ( NOR ) Meteor Music Awards ( IRL ) Choice Music Prize ( IRL ) Russian Music Awards ( RUS ) ZAI Awards / Aurel Awards ( SK ) Anděl Awards ( CZ ) BBC Music Awards ( UK ) A Dal ( HU ) Charts ARIA Charts Billboard Hot 100 Brasil Hot 100 Airplay Canadian Hot 100 Gaon Music Chart Irish Singles Chart Italian Singles Chart GfK Entertainment Charts Entertainment Monitoring Africa Oricon Charts New Zealand Singles Chart SNEP Singles Chart Sverigetopplistan UK Singles Chart Sales certifications ARIA BPI Music Canada FIMI PROMUSICAE RIAA SNEP Publications Billboard HitQuarters Hot Press Kerrang ! Mojo Musica e dischi NME Q Rolling Stone Smash Hits Top of the Pops Other Album - equivalent unit A-side and B - side Backmasking Christian music industry Hidden track Grammy Museum Music video White label Women in music Commons Billboard Year - End charts 1950 -- 1969 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 -- 1989 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 -- 2009 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 -- present 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Artists_with_the_most_number-ones_on_the_U.S._Billboard_Hot_100&oldid=802476456 '' Categories : Billboard charts Superlatives Lists of artists by record chart achievement Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from September 2016 Articles to be expanded from July 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles to be expanded from May 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 26 September 2017 , at 11 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who holds the record for the most number one hits
[ "This is a list of artists with the most number-one songs on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart (10 or more). The Beatles currently hold the record for the most number-one songs in the 57-year history of the chart, with 20.Mariah Carey holds the record for the solo artist with the most number-one songs, with 18. Rihanna is in third place with 14 number-one songs (including songs that went #1 with Rihanna as a featured artist) and Michael Jackson is in fourth place with 13 number-ones (not including his four chart-toppers with The Jackson 5 and one with usa for africa), while The Supremes and Madonna have attained 12 each. Whitney Houston achieved 11 number-ones during her career, while Stevie Wonder and Janet Jackson have scored 10 apiece." ]
[ "The Beatles" ]
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Charity shop
Charity shop - wikipedia Charity shop Jump to : navigation , search `` Thrift shop '' redirects here . For the song , see Thrift Shop . `` Op shop '' redirects here . For the band , see Opshop . A charity shop in Fareham , Hampshire UK A charity shop or thrift shop is a retail establishment run by a charitable organization to raise money . Charity shops are a type of social enterprise . They sell mainly used goods such as clothing , books , CDs , DVDs , and furniture donated by members of the public , and are often staffed by volunteers . Because the items for sale were obtained for free , and business costs are low , the items can be sold at competitive prices . After costs are paid , all remaining income from the sales is used in accord with the organization 's stated charitable purpose . Costs include purchase and / or depreciation of fixtures ( clothing racks , bookshelves , counters , etc . ) , operating costs ( maintenance , municipal service fees , electricity , heat , telephone , limited advertising ) and the building lease or mortgage . Contents ( hide ) 1 Terminology 2 History 3 Popularity 4 Sale of new goods 5 United Kingdom 6 Australia 7 United States 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Terminology ( edit ) Charity shops are also referred to as a thrift store ( U.S. and Canada ) , hospice shop , resale shop ( unless meaning consignment shop ( U.S. ) ) , opportunity shop or op shop ( Australia and New Zealand ) . History ( edit ) Plaque attached to the original Oxfam shop at 17 Broad Street , Oxford One of the earliest charity shops was set up by the Wolverhampton Society for the Blind ( now called the Beacon Centre for the Blind ) in 1899 to sell goods made by blind people to raise money for the Society . During World War I , various fund - raising activities occurred , such as a bazaar in Shepherd Market , London , which made £ 50,000 for the Red Cross . However , it was during the Second World War that the charity shop became widespread . Edinburgh University Settlement opened their ' Thrift Shop for Everyone ' on Nicholson Place , Edinburgh in 1937 , the Red Cross opened up its first charity shop at 17 Old Bond Street , London in 1941 . For the duration of the war , over two hundred `` permanent '' Red Cross gift shops and about 150 temporary Red Cross shops were opened . A condition of the shop licence issued by the Board of Trade was that all goods offered for sale were gifts . Purchase for re-sale was forbidden . The entire proceeds from sales had to be passed to the Duke of Gloucester 's Red Cross or the St John Fund . Most premises were lent free of rent and in some cases owners also met the costs of heating and lighting . The first Oxfam charity shop in the United Kingdom was established by Cecil Jackson - Cole in Broad Street , Oxford , and began trading in December 1947 ( although the shop itself did not open until February 1948 ) . Popularity ( edit ) Truck used by the Suncoast Humane Society Thrift Store to collect donations in Port Charlotte , Florida . Charity shops are often popular with people who are frugal . In the United States , shopping at a charity store has become popular enough to earn a slang term : `` thrifting '' . Environmentalists may prefer buying second - hand goods as this uses fewer natural resources and would usually do less damage to the environment than by buying new goods would , in part because the goods are usually collected locally . In addition , reusing second - hand items is a form of recycling , and thus reduces the amount of waste going to landfill sites . People who oppose sweat shops often purchase second - hand clothing as an alternative to supporting clothing companies with dubious ethical practices . People who desire authentic vintage clothing typically shop at thrift stores since most clothing that is donated is old and out of normal fashion , or is from a recently deceased person who had not updated his clothing for a long time . Second - hand goods are considered to be quite safe . The South Australian Public Health Directorate says that the health risk of buying used clothing is very low . It explains that washing purchased items in hot water is just one of several ways to eliminate the risk of contracting infectious diseases . Sale of new goods ( edit ) Some charity shops , such as the British Heart Foundation , also sell a range of new goods which may be branded to the charity , or have some connection with the cause the charity supports . Oxfam stores , for example , sell fair trade food and crafts . Charity shops may receive overstock or obsolete goods from local for - profit businesses ; the for - profit businesses benefit by taking a tax write - off and clearing unwanted goods from their store instead of throwing the goods out , which is costly . United Kingdom ( edit ) Window display in a UK charity shop . Oxfam has the largest number of charity shops in the UK with over 700 stores . Many Oxfam shops also sell books , and the organization now operates over 70 specialist Oxfam Bookshops , making them the largest retailer of second - hand books in the United Kingdom . Other Oxfam affiliates also have stores , such as Jersey , Germany , Ireland ( 45 shops in NI / ROI ) , the Netherlands and Hong Kong . Other charities with a strong presence on high streets in the UK include The Children 's Society , YMCA , British Heart Foundation , Barnardos , Cancer Research UK , Shelter , Roy Castle Lung Cancer Foundation , Age UK ( formerly Age Concern and Help the Aged ) , Marie Curie Cancer Care , Norwood , Save the Children , Scope , PDSA , Naomi House Children 's Hospice and Sue Ryder Care . Many local hospices also operate charity shops to raise funds . There are over 9,000 charity shops in the UK and Republic of Ireland . Their locations can be found on the Charity Retail Association ( CRA ) website , along with information on charity retail , what shops can and ca n't accept , etc . The CRA is a member organisation for charities which run shops . British charity shops are mainly staffed by unpaid volunteers , with a paid shop manager . Goods for sale are predominantly from donations - 87 % according to the official estimate . Donations should be taken directly to a charity shop during opening hours , as goods left on the street may be stolen or damaged by passers - by or inclement weather . In expensive areas , donations include a proportion of good quality designer clothing and charity shops in these areas are sought out for cut - price fashions . ' Standard ' charity shops sell a mix of clothing , books , toys , videos , DVDs , music ( like CDs , cassette tapes and vinyl ) and bric - a-brac ( like cutlery and ornaments ) . Some shops specialise in certain areas , like vintage clothing , furniture , electrical items , or records . Almost all charity shops sell on their unsold textiles ( i.e. unfashionable , stained or damaged fabric ) to textile processors . Each charity shop saves an average of 40 tonnes of textiles every year , by selling them in the shop , or passing them on to these textile merchants for recycling or reuse . This grosses to around 363,000 tonnes across all charity shops in the UK ; based on 2010 landfill tax value at £ 48 per tonne , the value of textiles reused or passed for recycling by charity shops in terms of savings in landfill tax is £ 17,424,000 p.a. Gift Aid is a UK tax incentive for individual donors where , subject to a signed declaration being held by the charity , income tax paid on donations can be reclaimed by the charity . Although initially intended only for cash donations , the scheme now ( since 2006 ) allows tax on the income earned by charity shops acting as agent for the donor to be reclaimed . Charity shops in the UK get mandatory 80 % relief on business rates on their premises , which is funded by central government ( not by local ratepayers ) and is one illustration of their support for the charity sector and the role of charity shops in raising funds for charities . Charities can apply for discretionary relief on the remaining 20 % , which is an occasional source of criticism from retailers which have to pay in full . Australia ( edit ) In Australia , major national opportunity shop chains include the St. Vincent de Paul Thrift Store ( trading as Vinnies ) which operate 627 shops across Australia , Anglicare Shops , that currently operate in 19 locations across Sydney and the Illawarra also various locations around Australia , the Salvation Army ( trading as Salvos ) , the Red Cross , MS Australia , and the Brotherhood of St. Laurence . Many local charitable organisations , both religious and secular , run opportunity shops . Common among these are missions and animal shelters . United States ( edit ) In the United States , major national charity thrift shop operators include Goodwill Industries , Value Village / Savers , Salvation Army , St. Vincent de Paul Thrift Store , and ReStore ( operated by Habitat for Humanity ) . Regional operators include Deseret Industries in the Western United States , and those run by Bethesda Lutheran Communities in the Upper Midwest . Many local charitable organizations , both religious and secular , operate thrift stores . Common among these are missions , children 's homes , homeless shelters , and animal shelters . In addition , some charity shops are operated by churches as fundraising venues that support activities and missionary work . See also ( edit ) Consignment Car Boot Sale Flea market Give - away shop Jumble sale Surplus store Sustainable clothing References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Thrift Store or Treasure Trove -- You Decide '' . Jump up ^ `` Second - hand goods : A guide for consumers '' ( PDF ) . Public and Environmental Health Service website . Department of Health , Government of South Australia . October 2008 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 1 January 2011 . Retrieved 16 July 2010 . As the risk to health associated with second - hand goods is very low , thorough and hygienic cleaning is all that is required to eliminate the risk of contracting infectious diseases ... Washing second - hand clothing and bedding in hot water ( hotter than 60 ° C ) and detergent kills these disease - causing organisms . Items that can not be washed ... Jump up ^ Charity Retail Association FAQ Archived 6 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Charity Retail Association FAQ Archived 6 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Charity Retail Association Reuse FAQ Archived 6 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ HMRC Gift Aid Archived 6 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Charity Retail Association FAQ Archived 6 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` BBC NEWS -- UK -- England - Cornwall - Call to cut charity shops in town '' . news.bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 9 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` How many Vinnies shops are there ? '' . Retrieved 2 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Habitat for Humanity ReStores '' . Habitat for Humanity . Retrieved 9 May 2017 . External links ( edit ) Charity Retail Association ( UK ) ( hide ) Charitable giving Main topics Alms Altruism Donation Fundraising Philanthropy Volunteering Types of charitable organizations Charitable trust / Registered charity Foundation Private Mutual - benefit nonprofit corporation Non-governmental organization Nonprofit organization Public - benefit nonprofit corporation Religious corporation Voluntary association Charity and religion Dāna Tithe Tzedakah Sadaqah Zakat Charity evaluators Charity Navigator CharityWatch GiveWell Giving What We Can GuideStar Open Philanthropy Project Further topics Alternative giving Benefit concert Charity / thrift / op shop Click - to - donate site Drive Donor intent Earning to give Effective altruism List of charitable foundations wealthiest Master of Nonprofit Organizations Matching funds Telethon Volunteer grant Wall of Kindness Warm - glow giving Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charity_shop&oldid=798497823 '' Categories : Retailing Charity Waste collection Reuse Shops Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from July 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2008 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Dansk Deutsch 한국어 Italiano Magyar Nederlands Polski Português Ripoarisch Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 2 September 2017 , at 07 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
when did the first thrift store open persona 5
[ "However, it was during the Second World War that the charity shop became widespread. Edinburgh University Settlement opened their 'Thrift Shop for Everyone' on Nicholson Place, Edinburgh in 1937, the Red Cross opened up its first charity shop at 17 Old Bond Street, London in 1941. For the duration of the war, over two hundred “permanent” Red Cross gift shops and about 150 temporary Red Cross shops were opened. A condition of the shop licence issued by the Board of Trade was that all goods offered for sale were gifts. Purchase for re-sale was forbidden. The entire proceeds from sales had to be passed to the Duke of Gloucester’s Red Cross or the St John Fund. Most premises were lent free of rent and in some cases owners also met the costs of heating and lighting." ]
[ "1937" ]
-1684576680029365916
List of WWE Champions
List of WWE champions - wikipedia List of WWE champions This article is about a list of wrestlers who have held the current WWE Championship . For a list of wrestlers who have held the now - retired `` World Heavyweight Championship '' , see List of World Heavyweight Champions ( WWE ) . For a list of current title holders in WWE , see List of current champions in WWE . Two - time and current champion AJ Styles The WWE Championship is a professional wrestling world heavyweight championship in WWE , currently on the SmackDown brand . It is the first world title established in WWE , having been introduced in 1963 as the World Wide Wrestling Federation ( WWWF ) World Heavyweight Championship . The promotion was renamed World Wrestling Federation ( WWF ) in 1979 and ended its affiliation with the National Wrestling Alliance ( NWA ) in 1983 , with the title also renamed to reflect the changes . In 2001 , it was unified with the World Championship ( formerly the WCW World Heavyweight Championship ) following the WWF 's buyout of World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) and became the Undisputed WWF Championship . In 2002 , the WWF was renamed World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) and split its roster into two brands , Raw and SmackDown . The title , now renamed WWE Championship , was then designated to the SmackDown brand while WWE established an alternate world title known as the World Heavyweight Championship for the Raw brand . A third alternate world title , the ECW World Heavyweight Championship , was reactivated for the ECW brand in 2006 . It was vacated and decommissioned when the ECW brand disbanded in 2010 . When WWE Champion Randy Orton defeated World Heavyweight Champion John Cena at the TLC pay - per - view on December 15 , 2013 , the World Heavyweight Championship was unified with the WWE Championship , resulting in the retiring of the former and the renaming of the latter to the WWE World Heavyweight Championship . On June 27 , 2016 , the name was shortened back to the WWE Championship before assuming the WWE World Championship name on July 26 , when the brand extension returned . It became designated to the SmackDown brand and WWE again established an alternate world title known as the WWE Universal Championship for the Raw brand . In December 2016 , WWE again shortened the title 's name back to WWE Championship . The championship is generally contested in professional wrestling matches , in which participants execute scripted finishes rather than contend in direct competition . Some reigns were held by champions using a ring name , while others use their real name . The first champion was Buddy Rogers , who won the championship in 1963 . The champion with the single longest reign is Bruno Sammartino with a reign of 2,803 days , while the record for longest combined reign is also held by Sammartino at 4,040 . The current champion is AJ Styles , who is in his second reign . He won the championship by defeating Jinder Mahal on SmackDown in Manchester , England on November 7 , 2017 . Overall , there have been 50 different official champions , with John Cena having the most reigns at thirteen . Seven men in history have held the championship for a continuous reign of one year ( 365 days ) or more : Bruno Sammartino , Pedro Morales , Bob Backlund , Hulk Hogan , Randy Savage , John Cena and CM Punk . Contents 1 Title history 1.1 Names 1.2 Reigns 2 Combined reigns 3 References 4 External links Title History ( edit ) Names ( edit ) Name Years WWWF World Heavyweight Championship April 25 , 1963 -- February 8 , 1971 WWWF Heavyweight Championship February 8 , 1971 -- March 1 , 1979 WWF Heavyweight Championship March 1 , 1979 -- December 26 , 1983 WWF World Heavyweight Championship December 26 , 1983 -- June 29 , 1998 WWF Championship June 29 , 1998 -- December 9 , 2001 Undisputed WWF Championship December 9 , 2001 -- May 6 , 2002 Undisputed WWE Championship May 6 , 2002 -- May 19 , 2002 WWE Undisputed Championship May 19 , 2002 -- September 2 , 2002 WWE Championship September 2 , 2002 -- December 15 , 2013 WWE World Heavyweight Championship December 15 , 2013 -- June 27 , 2016 WWE Championship June 27 , 2016 -- July 25 , 2016 WWE World Championship July 26 , 2016 -- December 9 , 2016 WWE Championship December 10 , 2016 -- present Reigns ( edit ) As of August 29 , 2018 . Key No . The overall championship reign Reign The reign number for the specific champion listed Days The number of the days that the champion held the title for Days recog . The number of days that the promotion officially recognizes the champion as having held the title for † The championship change is not officially recognized by the promotion < 1 The reign lasted less than a day + The current reign is changing daily No . Champion Championship change Reign statistics Notes Ref . Date Event Location Reign Days Days recog . Buddy Rogers April 25 , 1963 N / A Rio de Janeiro , Brazil 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 Won a fictional tournament in Rio de Janeiro after the WWWF left the National Wrestling Alliance ( NWA ) , of which Rogers had been the 7th NWA World Heavyweight Champion since defeating Pat O'Connor on June 30 , 1961 . After Rogers ' one fall loss to Lou Thesz for the title on January 24 , 1963 , Northeast promoters ( led by Vince McMahon Sr. and Toots Mondt ) did not recognize this title change and withdrew their membership from the NWA to form the World Wide Wrestling Federation ( WWWF ) . The WWWF billed Rogers as their world champion since January 25 , but did not recognize him as the first ever WWWF World Heavyweight Champion until April 11 . However , WWE.com lists Rogers ' reign and the establishment of the title beginning on April 25 . Bruno Sammartino May 17 , 1963 House show New York , NY 7003280300000000000 ♠ 2,803 7003280300000000000 ♠ 2,803 Ivan Koloff January 18 , 1971 House show New York , NY 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 Pedro Morales February 8 , 1971 House show New York , NY 7003102700000000000 ♠ 1,027 7003102700000000000 ♠ 1,027 The title was renamed the WWWF Heavyweight Championship when WWWF rejoined the NWA in 1971 . 5 Stan Stasiak December 1 , 1973 House show Philadelphia , PA 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 6 Bruno Sammartino December 10 , 1973 House show New York , NY 7003123700000000000 ♠ 1,237 7003123700000000000 ♠ 1,237 7 Superstar Billy Graham April 30 , 1977 House show Baltimore , MD 7002296000000000000 ♠ 296 7002296000000000000 ♠ 296 8 Bob Backlund February 20 , 1978 House show New York , NY 7002648000000000000 ♠ 648 7003213500000000000 ♠ 2,135 The title was renamed the WWF Heavyweight Championship when the World Wide Wrestling Federation became the World Wrestling Federation in March 1979 . † Antonio Inoki November 30 , 1979 House show Tokushima , Japan 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 -- -- Vacated December 6 , 1979 House show Tokyo , Japan -- -- -- Antonio Inoki immediately vacated the title after a rematch with Bob Backlund ended in a no contest due to the interference of Tiger Jeet Singh . † Bob Backlund December 17 , 1979 House show New York City , NY 7003147000000000000 ♠ 1,470 -- Backlund defeated Bobby Duncum in a Texas Death match to fill the vacancy . WWE recognizes Backlund 's first and second reigns as being uninterrupted and considers this a continuation of the first . 9 The Iron Sheik December 26 , 1983 House show New York City , NY 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 The Iron Sheik won by submission when Bob Backlund 's manager Arnold Skaaland threw in the towel when Backlund was put into Sheik 's camel clutch to prevent any major injury . The title was renamed the WWF World Heavyweight Championship when the WWF ended its affiliation with the NWA . 10 Hulk Hogan January 23 , 1984 House show New York City , NY 7003147400000000000 ♠ 1,474 7003147400000000000 ♠ 1,474 11 André the Giant February 5 , 1988 The Main Event I Indianapolis , IN < 1 < 1 André defeated Hulk Hogan when referee Earl Hebner , who was bribed by Ted DiBiase , scored the three - count , despite Hogan raising his shoulder past the two - count . -- Vacated February 5 , 1988 The Main Event I Indianapolis , IN -- -- -- Immediately after winning the title from Hulk Hogan , André handed the championship belt to Ted DiBiase ; President Jack Tunney ruled this as vacating the title . 12 Randy Savage March 27 , 1988 WrestleMania IV Atlantic City , NJ 7002371000000000000 ♠ 371 7002371000000000000 ♠ 371 Defeated Ted DiBiase in a tournament final to win the vacant title . 13 Hulk Hogan April 2 , 1989 WrestleMania V Atlantic City , NJ 7002364000000000000 ♠ 364 7002364000000000000 ♠ 364 14 The Ultimate Warrior April 1 , 1990 WrestleMania VI Toronto , ON 7002293000000000000 ♠ 293 7002293000000000000 ♠ 293 This was a title for title match , in which Warrior also defended the Intercontinental Championship . 15 Sgt . Slaughter January 19 , 1991 Royal Rumble Miami , FL 7001640000000000000 ♠ 64 7001640000000000000 ♠ 64 16 Hulk Hogan March 24 , 1991 WrestleMania VII Los Angeles , CA 7002248000000000000 ♠ 248 7002248000000000000 ♠ 248 17 The Undertaker November 27 , 1991 Survivor Series Detroit , MI 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 18 Hulk Hogan December 3 , 1991 This Tuesday in Texas San Antonio , TX 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 -- Vacated December 4 , 1991 Superstars of Wrestling New Haven , CT -- -- -- Hulk Hogan was stripped of the title by WWF President Jack Tunney due to the controversy surrounding both of the previous title changes . Aired on tape delay on December 7 , 1991 . 19 Ric Flair January 19 , 1992 Royal Rumble Albany , NY 7001770000000000000 ♠ 77 7001770000000000000 ♠ 77 This was the Royal Rumble match , in which Flair last eliminated Sid Justice to win the vacant title . 20 Randy Savage April 5 , 1992 WrestleMania VIII Indianapolis , IN 7002149000000000000 ♠ 149 7002149000000000000 ♠ 149 21 Ric Flair September 1 , 1992 Prime Time Wrestling Hershey , PA 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 Aired on tape delay on September 14 , 1992 . 22 Bret Hart October 12 , 1992 House show Saskatoon , SK 7002174000000000000 ♠ 174 7002175000000000000 ♠ 175 23 Yokozuna April 4 , 1993 WrestleMania IX Las Vegas , NV < 1 < 1 24 Hulk Hogan April 4 , 1993 WrestleMania IX Las Vegas , NV 5 7001700000000000000 ♠ 70 7001700000000000000 ♠ 70 25 Yokozuna June 13 , 1993 King of the Ring Dayton , OH 7002280000000000000 ♠ 280 7002280000000000000 ♠ 280 26 Bret Hart March 20 , 1994 WrestleMania X New York City , NY 7002248000000000000 ♠ 248 7002248000000000000 ♠ 248 Roddy Piper was the guest referee . 27 Bob Backlund November 23 , 1994 Survivor Series San Antonio , TX 2 ( 3 ) 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 This was a `` Throw in the Towel '' submission match . 28 Diesel November 26 , 1994 House show New York City , NY 7002358000000000000 ♠ 358 7002358000000000000 ♠ 358 29 Bret Hart November 19 , 1995 Survivor Series Landover , MD 7002133000000000000 ♠ 133 7002133000000000000 ♠ 133 This was a no disqualification match . 30 Shawn Michaels March 31 , 1996 WrestleMania XII Anaheim , CA 7002231000000000000 ♠ 231 7002231000000000000 ♠ 231 This was a 60 - minute Iron Man match , in which Michaels won 1 -- 0 in overtime . 31 Sycho Sid November 17 , 1996 Survivor Series New York City , NY 7001630000000000000 ♠ 63 7001630000000000000 ♠ 63 32 Shawn Michaels January 19 , 1997 Royal Rumble San Antonio , TX 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 -- Vacated February 13 , 1997 Raw Lowell , MA -- -- -- Shawn Michaels forfeited the title due to a knee injury . 33 Bret Hart February 16 , 1997 In Your House 13 : Final Four Chattanooga , TN 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 This was a four - way elimination match for the vacant title also involving Stone Cold Steve Austin , The Undertaker , and Vader . 34 Sycho Sid February 17 , 1997 Raw Nashville , TN 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 35 The Undertaker March 23 , 1997 WrestleMania 13 Rosemont , IL 7002133000000000000 ♠ 133 7002133000000000000 ♠ 133 This was a no disqualification match . 36 Bret Hart August 3 , 1997 SummerSlam East Rutherford , NJ 5 7001980000000000000 ♠ 98 7001980000000000000 ♠ 98 Shawn Michaels was guest referee . 37 Shawn Michaels November 9 , 1997 Survivor Series Montreal , QC 7002140000000000000 ♠ 140 7002140000000000000 ♠ 140 This was the Montreal Screwjob . 38 Stone Cold Steve Austin March 29 , 1998 WrestleMania XIV Boston , MA 7001910000000000000 ♠ 91 7001910000000000000 ♠ 91 Mike Tyson was the special outside enforcer . 39 Kane June 28 , 1998 King of the Ring Pittsburgh , PA 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 This was a First Blood match . 40 Stone Cold Steve Austin June 29 , 1998 Raw is War Cleveland , OH 7001900000000000000 ♠ 90 7001900000000000000 ♠ 90 The title was renamed the WWF Championship . -- Vacated September 27 , 1998 Breakdown : In Your House Hamilton , ON -- -- -- Vacated after Kane and The Undertaker simultaneously pinned Stone Cold Steve Austin in a triple threat match . A subsequent match for the vacant title at Judgment Day : In Your House between Kane and The Undertaker ended in a no contest . 41 The Rock November 15 , 1998 Survivor Series St. Louis , MO 7001440000000000000 ♠ 44 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 Defeated Mankind in the finals of a tournament for the vacant title in a recreation of the Montreal Screwjob . WWE recognizes The Rock 's reign as ending on January 4 , 1999 , when the following episode aired on tape delay . 42 Mankind December 29 , 1998 Raw is War Worcester , MA 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 This was a no disqualification match . WWE recognizes Mankind 's reign as beginning on January 4 , 1999 , when the episode aired on tape delay . 43 The Rock January 24 , 1999 Royal Rumble Anaheim , CA 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 This was an `` I Quit '' match , which The Rock won by knocking Mankind unconscious while someone backstage played an audio recording of Mankind saying `` I quit '' while The Rock placed the microphone against his face . WWE recognizes The Rock 's reign as ending on January 31 , 1999 , when the following match aired on tape delay . 44 Mankind January 26 , 1999 Halftime Heat Tucson , AZ 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 This was an Empty Arena match that aired on tape delay as a special during halftime of Super Bowl XXXIII on January 31 , 1999 . WWE recognizes Mankind 's reign as beginning on January 31 . 45 The Rock February 15 , 1999 Raw is War Birmingham , AL 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 This was a ladder match . 46 Stone Cold Steve Austin March 28 , 1999 WrestleMania XV Philadelphia , PA 7001560000000000000 ♠ 56 7001560000000000000 ♠ 56 This was a no disqualification match with Mankind as guest referee . 47 The Undertaker May 23 , 1999 Over the Edge Kansas City , MO 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 Both Vince McMahon and Shane McMahon were guest referees . 48 Stone Cold Steve Austin June 28 , 1999 Raw is War Charlotte , NC 7001550000000000000 ♠ 55 7001550000000000000 ♠ 55 49 Mankind August 22 , 1999 SummerSlam Minneapolis , MN 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 This was a triple threat match also involving Triple H. Jesse Ventura was guest referee . 50 Triple H August 23 , 1999 Raw is War Ames , IA 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 Shane McMahon was guest referee . WWE recognizes Triple H 's reign as ending on September 16 , 1999 , when the following episode aired on tape delay . 51 Vince McMahon September 14 , 1999 SmackDown ! Las Vegas , NV 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Shane McMahon was guest referee . WWE recognizes Vince 's reign as beginning on September 16 , 1999 , when the episode aired on tape delay . -- Vacated September 20 , 1999 Raw is War Houston , TX -- -- -- Vince McMahon vacated the title . 52 Triple H September 26 , 1999 Unforgiven Charlotte , NC 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 This was a six - pack challenge match also involving The Rock , Mankind , Big Show , The British Bulldog , and Kane . Stone Cold Steve Austin was the special outside enforcer . 53 Big Show November 14 , 1999 Survivor Series Detroit , MI 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 This was a triple threat match , also involving The Rock . 54 Triple H January 3 , 2000 Raw is War Miami , FL 7002118000000000000 ♠ 118 7002118000000000000 ♠ 118 On April 17 , 2000 , Chris Jericho defeated Triple H for the WWF Championship after Earl Hebner 's fast - count . Later that night , Triple H forced Hebner to reverse the decision , nullifying Jericho 's reign and continuing Triple H 's . 55 The Rock April 30 , 2000 Backlash Washington , D.C. 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 Shane McMahon was guest referee . 56 Triple H May 21 , 2000 Judgment Day Louisville , KY 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 This was a 60 - minute Iron Man match , which Triple H won 6 -- 5 with Shawn Michaels as guest referee . 57 The Rock June 25 , 2000 King of the Ring Boston , MA 5 7002119000000000000 ♠ 119 7002119000000000000 ♠ 119 This was a six - man tag team match with The Rock , The Undertaker , and Kane vs. Triple H , Vince McMahon , and Shane McMahon . The Rock pinned Vince to win Triple H 's title . 58 Kurt Angle October 22 , 2000 No Mercy Albany , NY 7002126000000000000 ♠ 126 7002126000000000000 ♠ 126 This was a no disqualification match . 59 The Rock February 25 , 2001 No Way Out Las Vegas , NV 6 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 After the WWF purchased World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) in March 2001 , the WCW Championship became a second concurrently active world championship in the WWF . 60 Stone Cold Steve Austin April 1 , 2001 WrestleMania X-Seven Houston , TX 5 7002175000000000000 ♠ 175 7002176000000000000 ♠ 176 This was a no disqualification match . 61 Kurt Angle September 23 , 2001 Unforgiven Pittsburgh , PA 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 62 Stone Cold Steve Austin October 8 , 2001 Raw Indianapolis , IN 6 7001620000000000000 ♠ 62 7001620000000000000 ♠ 62 63 Chris Jericho December 9 , 2001 Vengeance San Diego , CA 7001980000000000000 ♠ 98 7001980000000000000 ♠ 98 Earlier the same night , Jericho defeated ( WCW ) World Champion The Rock for that title . By defeating Stone Cold Steve Austin for the WWF Championship , Jericho unified both titles as the Undisputed WWF Championship . 64 Triple H March 17 , 2002 WrestleMania X8 Toronto , ON 5 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 In late March 2002 , due to the WWF 's roster having doubled in size , the brand extension began , splitting the roster between the Raw and SmackDown brands , represented by the TV shows of the same name . Championships were assigned to be exclusive to a specific brand . The Undisputed Championship and the Women 's Championship were non-exclusive at this time , and were defended on both brands . 65 Hollywood Hulk Hogan April 21 , 2002 Backlash Kansas City , MO 6 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 On May 6 , 2002 , after the World Wrestling Federation was renamed `` World Wrestling Entertainment '' due to a lawsuit by the World Wide Fund for Nature , the title was also renamed : Undisputed WWE Championship and then WWE Undisputed Championship . 66 The Undertaker May 19 , 2002 Judgment Day Nashville , TN 7001630000000000000 ♠ 63 7001630000000000000 ♠ 63 On May 20 , 2002 , Rob Van Dam pinned The Undertaker for the title . Raw owner Ric Flair immediately restarted the match due to The Undertaker 's foot being on the ropes and The Undertaker subsequently pinned Van Dam , nullifying Van Dam 's reign and continuing Undertaker 's . 67 The Rock July 21 , 2002 Vengeance Detroit , MI 7 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 This was a triple threat match , also involving Kurt Angle . 68 Brock Lesnar August 25 , 2002 SummerSlam Uniondale , NY 7001840000000000000 ♠ 84 7001840000000000000 ♠ 84 The following night , Lesnar signed a deal to appear exclusively on the SmackDown brand , making the championship exclusive to the brand . The World Heavyweight Championship was then created for the Raw brand . On September 2 , 2002 , the Undisputed Championship became the WWE Championship as it was no longer `` undisputed '' . 69 Big Show November 17 , 2002 Survivor Series New York , NY 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 70 Kurt Angle December 15 , 2002 Armageddon Sunrise , FL 7002105000000000000 ♠ 105 7002105000000000000 ♠ 105 71 Brock Lesnar March 30 , 2003 WrestleMania XIX Seattle , WA 7002119000000000000 ♠ 119 7002119000000000000 ♠ 119 72 Kurt Angle July 27 , 2003 Vengeance Denver , CO 7001510000000000000 ♠ 51 7001530000000000000 ♠ 53 This was a triple threat match also involving Big Show . WWE recognizes Angle 's reign as ending on September 18 , 2003 , when the following episode aired on tape delay . 73 Brock Lesnar September 16 , 2003 SmackDown ! Raleigh , NC 7002152000000000000 ♠ 152 7002151000000000000 ♠ 151 This was a 60 - minute Iron Man match . WWE recognizes Lesnar 's reign as beginning on September 18 , 2003 , when the episode aired on tape delay . 74 Eddie Guerrero February 15 , 2004 No Way Out Daly City , CA 7002133000000000000 ♠ 133 7002133000000000000 ♠ 133 75 John Bradshaw Layfield June 27 , 2004 The Great American Bash Norfolk , VA 7002280000000000000 ♠ 280 7002280000000000000 ♠ 280 This was a Texas Bullrope match . 76 John Cena April 3 , 2005 WrestleMania 21 Los Angeles , CA 7002280000000000000 ♠ 280 7002280000000000000 ♠ 280 The title became exclusive to the Raw brand following the 2005 WWE draft lottery . 77 Edge January 8 , 2006 New Year 's Revolution Albany , NY 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 Edge cashed in his Money in the Bank contract from WrestleMania 21 immediately after John Cena won an Elimination Chamber match . 78 John Cena January 29 , 2006 Royal Rumble Miami , FL 7002133000000000000 ♠ 133 7002133000000000000 ♠ 133 79 Rob Van Dam June 11 , 2006 ECW One Night Stand New York City , NY 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 Van Dam cashed in his Money in the Bank contract from WrestleMania 22 . This was an Extreme Rules match . The title became property of the new ECW brand due to Van Dam 's status as an ECW wrestler . The ECW World Heavyweight Championship was subsequently reactivated for the brand and awarded to Van Dam . 80 Edge July 3 , 2006 Raw Philadelphia , PA 7001760000000000000 ♠ 76 7001760000000000000 ♠ 76 This was a triple threat match also involving John Cena . The title became exclusive to the Raw brand due to Edge 's status as a Raw superstar . 81 John Cena September 17 , 2006 Unforgiven Toronto , ON 7002380000000000000 ♠ 380 7002381000000000000 ♠ 381 This was a Tables , Ladders , and Chairs match . -- Vacated October 2 , 2007 ECW Dayton , OH -- -- -- Vacated when John Cena suffered a torn right pectoral tendon . 82 Randy Orton October 7 , 2007 No Mercy Rosemont , IL < 1 < 1 Orton was originally scheduled to have a Last Man Standing match against John Cena for the title , but due to Cena vacating the title Vince McMahon awarded it to Orton . 83 Triple H October 7 , 2007 No Mercy Rosemont , IL 6 < 1 < 1 Defeated Randy Orton in the opening match after Vince McMahon accepted Triple H 's open challenge on Orton 's behalf . 84 Randy Orton October 7 , 2007 No Mercy Rosemont , IL 7002203000000000000 ♠ 203 7002203000000000000 ♠ 203 Due to promising the match type , Vince McMahon made Triple H defend the title against Orton in a Last Man Standing match . 85 Triple H April 27 , 2008 Backlash Baltimore , MD 7 7002210000000000000 ♠ 210 7002210000000000000 ♠ 210 This was a fatal four - way elimination match also involving John Cena and John Bradshaw Layfield . The title became exclusive to the SmackDown brand following the 2008 WWE draft . 86 Edge November 23 , 2008 Survivor Series Boston , MA 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 This was a triple threat match also involving Vladimir Kozlov . Jeff Hardy had originally been scheduled to take part in the match , but did not participate after being ( in storyline ) attacked prior to the event . Triple H and Kozlov started the match before Edge was revealed as Hardy 's surprise replacement . 87 Jeff Hardy December 14 , 2008 Armageddon Buffalo , NY 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 This was a triple threat match , also involving Triple H . 88 Edge January 25 , 2009 Royal Rumble Detroit , MI 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 This was a no - disqualification match . 89 Triple H February 15 , 2009 No Way Out Seattle , WA 8 7001700000000000000 ♠ 70 7001690000000000000 ♠ 69 This was an Elimination Chamber match also involving Jeff Hardy , Vladimir Kozlov , The Undertaker , and Big Show . The title became exclusive to the Raw brand following the 2009 WWE draft . 90 Randy Orton April 26 , 2009 Backlash Providence , RI 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 This was a six - man tag team match with Orton , Ted DiBiase , and Cody Rhodes against Triple H , Shane McMahon , and Batista . Orton won the championship due to his team winning . 91 Batista June 7 , 2009 Extreme Rules New Orleans , LA 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 This was a steel cage match . -- Vacated June 9 , 2009 -- -- -- -- -- Vacated when Batista suffered a torn left biceps . 92 Randy Orton June 15 , 2009 Raw Charlotte , NC 7001900000000000000 ♠ 90 7001900000000000000 ♠ 90 This was a fatal four - way match for the vacant title also involving Triple H , John Cena , and Big Show . 93 John Cena September 13 , 2009 Breaking Point Montreal , QC 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 This was an `` I Quit '' match . If anyone interfered on Randy Orton 's behalf , he would have forfeited the title . 94 Randy Orton October 4 , 2009 Hell in a Cell Newark , NJ 5 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 This was a Hell in a Cell match . 95 John Cena October 25 , 2009 Bragging Rights Pittsburgh , PA 5 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 This was a 60 - minute Anything Goes Iron Man match in which Cena won 6 - 5 . If Cena lost , he would have had to leave the Raw brand . 96 Sheamus December 13 , 2009 TLC : Tables , Ladders & Chairs San Antonio , TX 7001700000000000000 ♠ 70 7001700000000000000 ♠ 70 This was a tables match . On February 16 , 2010 , the ECW brand was disbanded and the ECW Championship was deactivated . 97 John Cena February 21 , 2010 Elimination Chamber St. Louis , MO 6 < 1 < 1 This was an Elimination Chamber match also involving Triple H , Randy Orton , Ted DiBiase , and Kofi Kingston . 98 Batista February 21 , 2010 Elimination Chamber St. Louis , MO 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 Mr. McMahon granted SmackDown wrestler Batista a championship match with John Cena after Cena won the Elimination Chamber match . Batista then transferred to the Raw roster after winning the title . 99 John Cena March 28 , 2010 WrestleMania XXVI Glendale , AZ 7 7001840000000000000 ♠ 84 7001840000000000000 ♠ 84 100 Sheamus June 20 , 2010 Fatal 4 - Way Uniondale , NY 7001910000000000000 ♠ 91 7001910000000000000 ♠ 91 This was a fatal four - way match also involving Edge and Randy Orton . 101 Randy Orton September 19 , 2010 Night of Champions Rosemont , IL 6 7001640000000000000 ♠ 64 7001640000000000000 ♠ 64 This was a Six - Pack Elimination Challenge match also involving Edge , John Cena , Chris Jericho , and Wade Barrett . 102 The Miz November 22 , 2010 Raw Orlando , FL 7002160000000000000 ♠ 160 7002159000000000000 ♠ 159 The Miz cashed in his Money in the Bank contract after Randy Orton had successfully defended the WWE Championship against Wade Barrett . 103 John Cena May 1 , 2011 Extreme Rules Tampa , FL 8 7001770000000000000 ♠ 77 7001770000000000000 ♠ 77 This was a triple threat steel cage match also involving John Morrison . 104 CM Punk July 17 , 2011 Money in the Bank Rosemont , IL 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 Punk ( kayfabe ) left WWE the day after with the championship . He returned on the July 25 , 2011 episode of Raw ; his reign was deemed to continue through this period . 105 Rey Mysterio ( and CM Punk ) July 25 , 2011 Raw Hampton , VA ( 1 ) < 1 < 1 Defeated The Miz in a tournament final to crown a new champion . CM Punk was also recognized as WWE Champion . 106 John Cena ( and CM Punk ) July 25 , 2011 Raw Hampton , VA 9 ( 1 ) 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 New Chief Operating Officer Triple H decreed that Rey Mysterio had to face former champion Cena . CM Punk was also recognized as WWE Champion . -- CM Punk August 14 , 2011 SummerSlam Los Angeles , CA -- -- Punk defeated John Cena in a match to determine the undisputed champion . This is considered a continuation of Punk 's first reign . Triple H was guest referee . 107 Alberto Del Rio August 14 , 2011 SummerSlam Los Angeles , CA 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 Del Rio cashed in his Money in the Bank contract after CM Punk was attacked by Kevin Nash . On August 29 , 2011 , the first brand extension ended , allowing the WWE Champion to appear on both Raw and SmackDown . 108 John Cena September 18 , 2011 Night of Champions Buffalo , NY 10 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 109 Alberto Del Rio October 2 , 2011 Hell in a Cell New Orleans , LA 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 This was a triple threat Hell in a Cell match also involving CM Punk . 110 CM Punk November 20 , 2011 Survivor Series New York City , NY 7002434000000000000 ♠ 434 7002435000000000000 ♠ 435 111 The Rock January 27 , 2013 Royal Rumble Phoenix , AZ 8 7001700000000000000 ♠ 70 7001700000000000000 ♠ 70 CM Punk had initially won , but the match was then restarted by Mr. McMahon due to interference by The Shield . 112 John Cena April 7 , 2013 WrestleMania 29 East Rutherford , NJ 11 7002133000000000000 ♠ 133 7002133000000000000 ♠ 133 113 Daniel Bryan August 18 , 2013 SummerSlam Los Angeles , CA < 1 < 1 Triple H was guest referee . 114 Randy Orton August 18 , 2013 SummerSlam Los Angeles , CA 7 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 Orton cashed in his Money in the Bank contract . Triple H was guest referee . 115 Daniel Bryan September 15 , 2013 Night of Champions Detroit , MI 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 -- Vacated September 16 , 2013 Raw Cleveland , OH -- -- -- Vacated after a controversial finish when Daniel Bryan defeated Randy Orton to win the title . A subsequent match for the vacant title at Battleground between Bryan and Orton ended in a no contest . 116 Randy Orton October 27 , 2013 Hell in a Cell Miami , FL 8 7002161000000000000 ♠ 161 7002161000000000000 ♠ 161 Orton defeated Daniel Bryan in a Hell in a Cell match for the vacant title with Shawn Michaels serving as guest referee . On December 15 , 2013 at TLC , Orton defeated John Cena to unify the World Heavyweight Championship with the WWE Championship . The World Heavyweight Championship was retired and the WWE Championship became known as the WWE World Heavyweight Championship . 117 Daniel Bryan April 6 , 2014 WrestleMania XXX New Orleans , LA 7001640000000000000 ♠ 64 7001640000000000000 ♠ 64 This was a triple threat match also involving Batista . -- Vacated June 9 , 2014 Raw Minneapolis , MN -- -- -- Daniel Bryan was stripped of the title due to a neck injury . 118 John Cena June 29 , 2014 Money in the Bank Boston , MA 12 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 This was a ladder match for the vacant title also involving Alberto Del Rio , Bray Wyatt , Cesaro , Kane , Randy Orton , Roman Reigns , and Sheamus . 119 Brock Lesnar August 17 , 2014 SummerSlam Los Angeles , CA 7002224000000000000 ♠ 224 7002224000000000000 ♠ 224 120 Seth Rollins March 29 , 2015 WrestleMania 31 Santa Clara , CA 7002220000000000000 ♠ 220 7002220000000000000 ♠ 220 Rollins cashed in his Money in the Bank contract during a singles match between Brock Lesnar and Roman Reigns , making it a triple threat match and subsequently pinned Reigns . -- Vacated November 4 , 2015 -- -- -- -- -- Vacated after Seth Rollins suffered a torn ACL , MCL , and a damaged meniscus at a live show in Dublin , Ireland . 121 Roman Reigns November 22 , 2015 Survivor Series Atlanta , GA < 1 < 1 Defeated Dean Ambrose in a tournament final to win the vacant title . 122 Sheamus November 22 , 2015 Survivor Series Atlanta , GA 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 Sheamus cashed in his Money in the Bank contract . 123 Roman Reigns December 14 , 2015 Raw Philadelphia , PA 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 This was a title vs. career match . 124 Triple H January 24 , 2016 Royal Rumble Orlando , FL 9 7001700000000000000 ♠ 70 7001700000000000000 ♠ 70 This was the Royal Rumble match in which Roman Reigns defended the title . Reigns was eliminated by Triple H , who lastly eliminated Dean Ambrose . 125 Roman Reigns April 3 , 2016 WrestleMania 32 Arlington , TX 7001770000000000000 ♠ 77 7001770000000000000 ♠ 77 126 Seth Rollins June 19 , 2016 Money in the Bank Las Vegas , NV < 1 < 1 127 Dean Ambrose June 19 , 2016 Money in the Bank Las Vegas , NV 7001840000000000000 ♠ 84 7001840000000000000 ♠ 84 Ambrose cashed in his Money in the Bank contract and the title 's name reverted to WWE Championship . The brand extension returned and the title became exclusive to the SmackDown brand following the 2016 WWE draft . The WWE Universal Championship was created for the Raw brand ; the WWE Championship was renamed to WWE World Championship . 128 AJ Styles September 11 , 2016 Backlash Richmond , VA 7002140000000000000 ♠ 140 7002140000000000000 ♠ 140 In December 2016 , the title 's name was shortened back to WWE Championship . 129 John Cena January 29 , 2017 Royal Rumble San Antonio , TX 13 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 130 Bray Wyatt February 12 , 2017 Elimination Chamber Phoenix , AZ 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 This was an Elimination Chamber match also involving AJ Styles , Baron Corbin , Dean Ambrose , and The Miz . 131 Randy Orton April 2 , 2017 WrestleMania 33 Orlando , FL 9 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 132 Jinder Mahal May 21 , 2017 Backlash Rosemont , IL 7002170000000000000 ♠ 170 7002170000000000000 ♠ 170 133 AJ Styles November 7 , 2017 SmackDown Live Manchester , England 7002295000000000000 ♠ 295 + 7002295000000000000 ♠ 295 + Combined reigns ( edit ) Record 13 - time champion John Cena , shown here with the `` Spinner Belt '' which represented the championship from 2005 -- 2013 Bruno Sammartino , who reigned for a combined 4,040 days as champion As of August 29 , 2018 . † Indicates the current champion < 1 Indications reign was less than a day + Indicates reign is changing daily Rank Wrestler No. of reigns Combined days Combined days recognized by WWE Bruno Sammartino 4,040 Hulk Hogan 6 2,185 Bob Backlund 2,138 John Cena 13 1,254 1,257 5 Pedro Morales 1,027 6 Randy Orton 9 658 660 7 Bret Hart 5 654 655 8 Triple H 9 609 610 9 Brock Lesnar 579 578 10 Stone Cold Steve Austin 6 529 530 11 Randy Savage 520 12 CM Punk 462 463 13 AJ Styles † 435 + 14 Shawn Michaels 396 15 The Rock 8 367 378 16 Diesel 358 17 Kurt Angle 297 299 18 Superstar Billy Graham 296 19 The Ultimate Warrior 293 20 Yokozuna 280 John Bradshaw Layfield 280 22 The Undertaker 238 23 Seth Rollins 220 24 Sheamus 183 184 25 Jinder Mahal 170 26 The Miz 160 159 27 Edge 139 28 Eddie Guerrero 133 29 Roman Reigns 118 Ric Flair 118 31 Chris Jericho 98 32 Sycho Sid 97 33 Alberto Del Rio 84 Dean Ambrose 84 35 Big Show 78 36 Daniel Bryan 65 37 Sgt . Slaughter 64 38 Bray Wyatt 49 39 Mankind 47 36 40 Jeff Hardy 42 41 Batista 37 38 42 The Iron Sheik 28 29 43 Buddy Rogers 22 Rob Van Dam 22 45 Ivan Koloff 21 46 Stan Stasiak 9 47 Vince McMahon 6 -- Antonio Inoki 6 -- 48 Kane 49 Rey Mysterio < 1 André the Giant < 1 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` WWE Entertainment , Inc . Acquires WCW from Turner Broadcasting '' . WWE. 2001 - 03 - 21 . Archived from the original on 2005 - 04 - 08 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chris Jericho Becomes First Undisputed Champion of Professional Wrestling '' . WWE. 2001 - 12 - 09 . Archived from the original on 2006 - 01 - 17 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Wrestling Federation Entertainment Drops The `` F '' To Emphasize the `` E '' for Entertainment `` . WWE. 2002 - 05 - 06 . Archived from the original on 2005 - 03 - 21 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` WWE Entertainment To Make RAW and SmackDown Distinct Television Brands '' . WWE. 2002 - 03 - 27 . Archived from the original on 2005 - 03 - 21 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` WWE Championship History '' . WrestleView . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Retired Championships '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2016 - 01 - 09 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Mike . `` Future of top WWE championship already hinted at '' . PWInsider.com . Retrieved 29 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` WWE Championship '' . WWE . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2016 . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ WWE.com Staff ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` New champion crowned at SmackDown LIVE in U.K. '' WWE.com . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WWE Championship Title History '' . WWE . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Undertaker vs. Hulk Hogan for the WWE Championship '' . WWE . May 19 , 2002 . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2007 . Retrieved April 16 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Nemer , Paul ( 2002 - 09 - 02 ) . `` Full WWE Raw Results -- 9 / 2 / 02 '' . WrestleView.com . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` WWE Championship '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 29 June 2016 . Retrieved 29 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Fernandes , Steven ( 28 June 2016 ) . `` WWE Championship name change official , Bellas and more news '' . Pro Wrestling Insider . Retrieved 29 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` WWE World Championship '' . WWE.com . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Buddy Rogers '' . WWE . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . So in 1961 , when he dethroned Pat O'Connor for the NWA World Championship in Chicago 's Comiskey Park ( ... ) Jump up ^ `` 1963 '' . thehistoryofwwe.com . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . - 1 / 25 / 63 : The World Wide Wrestling Federation ( WWWF ) was formed when promoters in the Northeast refused to acknowledge Rogers ' one - fall loss of the NWA championship . The real reason was that Vince McMahon Sr. wanted to keep Rogers on as his territory 's champion since so much money was being made from his title run . Rogers continued to wrestle as the `` world champion '' in the Northeast region and was recognized as the `` WWWF World Champion '' starting in April . Jump up ^ `` 1963 '' . thehistoryofwwe.com . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . World Champion Buddy Rogers defeated Bobo Brazil Jump up ^ `` 1963 '' . thehistoryofwwe.com . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . WWWF World Champion Buddy Rogers fought Bruno Sammartino to a no contest ; it was prior to this bout that Rogers received the WWWF World Title though he had been billed as ' world champion ' since January Jump up ^ `` WWE World Championship '' . WWE . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Buddy Rogers 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 08 - 28 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Bruno Sammartino 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 03 - 18 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Ivan Koloff 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 07 - 15 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Pedro Morales 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 12 - 10 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Stan Stasiak 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 12 - 10 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Bruno Sammartino 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 07 - 24 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Billy Graham 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 07 - 24 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Backlund 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 11 - 29 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Backlund bio '' . WWE . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` WWWF / WWF / WWE Heavyweight Title History '' . The History of the WWE . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` WWE Championship Title History '' . Jump up ^ `` The Iron Sheik 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 12 - 31 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Hulk Hogan 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 06 - 24 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` Andre the Giant 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 06 - 24 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Randy Savage 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 06 - 24 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Hulk Hogan 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 06 - 24 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` The Ultimate Warrior 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 07 - 03 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Sgt . Slaughter 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 12 - 10 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Hulk Hogan 's third reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 06 - 24 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` The Undertaker 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 06 - 24 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hulk Hogan 's fourth reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 07 - 23 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Ric Flair 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 07 - 23 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Randy Savage 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 12 - 10 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Ric Flair 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 07 - 17 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Bret Hart 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 12 - 31 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Yokozuna 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 12 - 10 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Hulk Hogan 's fifth reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Yokozuna 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 11 - 27 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Bret Hart 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Backlund 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 07 - 17 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Diesel 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 07 - 17 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Bret Hart 's third reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 07 - 17 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Michaels 's reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 07 - 24 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Sycho Sid 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 11 - 23 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shawn Michaels 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 06 - 23 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Bret Hart 's fourth reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Sycho Sid 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 12 - 10 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` The Undertaker 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 06 - 24 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Bret Hart 's fifth reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 11 - 29 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Michaels 's third reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 06 - 24 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Austin 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 07 - 24 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Kane 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 06 - 23 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` Steve Austin 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 06 - 23 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 18 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` The Rock 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 11 - 25 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Mankind 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 11 - 29 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` The Rock 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 07 - 17 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Mankind 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 11 - 06 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` The Rock 's third reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 11 - 25 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Austin 's third reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 11 - 06 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` The Undertaker 's third reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 07 - 30 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Austin 's fourth reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 11 - 29 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Mankind 's third reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 11 - 06 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Triple H 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 06 - 24 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mr. McMahon 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 11 - 06 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Triple H 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 07 - 17 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Show 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 10 - 01 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Triple H 's third reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 07 - 18 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` The Rock 's fourth reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 11 - 30 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` WWE Championship - The Rock '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 11 - 30 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` The Rock 's fifth reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 10 - 01 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Kurt Angle 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 09 - 24 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` The Rock 's sixth reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 09 - 24 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Austin 's fifth reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 10 - 01 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Kurt Angle 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 07 - 18 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Austin 's sixth reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2006 - 01 - 14 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Jericho 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 11 - 06 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Triple H 's fifth reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 06 - 24 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Hulk Hogan 's sixth reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 06 - 24 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` The Undertaker 's fourth reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 07 - 24 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` The Rock 's seventh reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 07 - 26 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Brock Lesnar 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 07 - 21 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Show 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 07 - 17 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Kurt Angle 's third reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 07 - 18 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Brock Lesnar 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 07 - 31 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Kurt Angle 's fourth reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Brock Lesnar 's third reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 07 - 15 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Eddie Guerrero 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 06 - 30 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ Roopansingh , Jaya ( 2004 - 02 - 16 ) . `` Guerrero crowned at No Way Out '' . SLAM ! Wrestling . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` John `` Bradshaw '' Layfield 's first reign `` . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 07 - 15 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ Martin , Adam ( 2004 - 06 - 27 ) . `` WWE Great American Bash ( SmackDown ) PPV Results -- 6 / 27 / 04 '' . WrestleView . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` John Cena 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 06 - 24 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ Martin , Adam ( 2005 - 04 - 03 ) . `` WWE WrestleMania 21 PPV Results -- 4 / 3 / 05 -- Los Angeles , CA '' . WrestleView . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Edge 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2006 - 01 - 11 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ Sokol , Chris ( 2006 - 01 - 09 ) . `` Edge surprise champ after Revolution '' . SLAM ! Wrestling . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` John Cena 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2006 - 02 - 04 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ Martin , Adam ( 2006 - 01 - 29 ) . `` Royal Rumble ( RAW / SmackDown ) PPV Results -- 1 / 29 / 06 -- Miami , FL '' . WrestleView . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Rob Van Dam 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2006 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ Martin , Adam ( 2006 - 06 - 11 ) . `` ECW One Night Stand PPV Results -- 6 / 11 / 06 '' . WrestleView . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Edge 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2006 - 07 - 05 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ Plummer , Dave . `` Raw : Edge wins WWE title '' . SLAM ! Wrestling . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` John Cena 's third reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 09 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Mr. McMahon vacates Cena 's WWE Championship '' . WWE. 2007 - 10 - 02 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Randy Orton 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 11 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` WWE title magic at No Mercy '' . The Sun . 2007 - 10 - 09 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 11 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Triple H 's sixth reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 11 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Randy Orton 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 11 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Triple H 's seventh reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 30 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ Hillhouse , Dave . `` HHH reigns again after Backlash '' . SLAM ! Wrestling . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Edge 's third reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 04 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Your new WWE champions ... '' The Sun . 2008 - 11 - 25 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 10 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Jeff Hardy 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 17 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ Keller , Wade ( 2008 - 12 - 14 ) . `` Keller 's WWE Armageddon PPV report 12 / 14 : Ongoing `` virtual time '' coverage of live event -- John Cena vs. Chris Jericho `` . PWTorch . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Edge 's fourth reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 21 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Martin , Adam ( 2009 - 01 - 25 ) . `` Royal Rumble PPV Results -- 1 / 25 / 09 '' . WrestleView.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 01 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Triple H 's eighth reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 25 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ Martin , Adam ( 2009 - 02 - 15 ) . `` WWE No Way Out Results -- 2 / 15 / 09 '' . WrestleView . Archived from the original on 2012 - 09 - 29 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Orton 's third reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2009 - 04 - 30 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ Martin , Adam ( 2009 - 04 - 26 ) . `` Backlash PPV Results -- 4 / 26 / 09 '' . WrestleView . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 01 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Batista 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 11 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ Martin , Adam ( 2009 - 06 - 07 ) . `` Extreme Rules PPV Results -- 6 / 7 / 09 '' . WrestleView . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 01 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Wounded Animal '' . WWE. 2009 - 06 - 09 . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Orton 's fourth reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 19 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ Golden , Hunter ( 2009 - 06 - 16 ) . `` Raw Results -- 6 / 15 / 09 '' . WrestleView . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 01 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Cena 's fourth reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2009 - 09 - 22 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ Martin , Adam ( 2009 - 09 - 13 ) . `` Breaking Point PPV Results -- 9 / 13 / 09 '' . WrestleView . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 01 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Orton 's fifth reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 08 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ Martin , Adam ( 2009 - 10 - 04 ) . `` Hell in a Cell PPV Results -- 10 / 4 / 09 '' . WrestleView . Archived from the original on 2012 - 09 - 28 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Cena 's fifth reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 29 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ Martin , Adam ( 2009 - 10 - 25 ) . `` Bragging Rights Results -- 10 / 25 / 09 '' . WrestleView . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 01 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Sheamus ' first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2009 - 12 - 17 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ Martin , Adam ( 2011 - 01 - 04 ) . `` WWE TLC PPV Results -- 12 / 13 / 09 '' . Wrestle View . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Cena 's sixth reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2010 - 02 - 25 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Batista 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2010 - 02 - 25 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` John Cena 's seventh reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Sheamus ' second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2010 - 06 - 25 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Randy Orton 's sixth reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2010 - 09 - 24 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` The Miz 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2010 - 12 - 08 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` John Cena 's eighth reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2011 - 05 - 06 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` CM Punk 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2011 - 10 - 07 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Rey Mysterio 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2011 - 09 - 29 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` John Cena 's ninth reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2011 - 10 - 07 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ Woartman , James . `` CM Punk def . John Cena ; Alberto Del Rio cashed in Raw Money in the Bank briefcase ( New Undisputed WWE Champion ) '' . WWE . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Alberto Del Rio 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2011 - 10 - 07 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` John Cena 's tenth reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2011 - 09 - 24 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Alberto Del Rio 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2011 - 10 - 06 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` CM Punk 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2011 - 11 - 24 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Rock 's eighth reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 31 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` John Cena 's eleventh reign '' . WWE . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Daniel Bryan 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2013 - 08 - 22 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Randy Orton 's seventh reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2013 - 08 - 22 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Daniel Bryan 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 20 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ Benigno , Anthony . `` WWE COO Triple H stripped Daniel Bryan of the WWE Championship '' . Retrieved September 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Randy Orton 's eighth reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2013 . Retrieved October 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Daniel Bryan 's third reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2014 - 04 - 10 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Stephanie McMahon strips Daniel Bryan of the WWE World Heavyweight Championship '' . WWE . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` John Cena 's twelfth reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2014 . Retrieved June 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Brock Lesnar 's fourth reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2014 . Retrieved August 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Seth Rollins ' first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seth Rollins suffers knee injury , new WWE World Heavyweight Champion to be crowned at Survivor Series '' . WWE . November 5 , 2015 . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2015 . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Roman Reigns ' first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2015 . Retrieved November 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sheamus ' third reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2015 . Retrieved November 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Roman Reigns ' second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 17 December 2015 . Retrieved 15 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Triple H 's ninth reign '' . WWE . 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Professional wrestling portal External links ( edit ) Official WWE Championship Title History WWE Championship history at Wrestling Titles.com Current championships in WWE Championships Raw Universal reigns Intercontinental reigns Women 's reigns Tag Team reigns Cruiserweight reigns SmackDown WWE reigns United States reigns Women 's reigns Tag Team reigns NXT NXT reigns North American reigns Women 's reigns Tag Team reigns NXT UK United Kingdom reigns Women 's reigns Accomplishments André the Giant Memorial Battle Royal WrestleMania Women 's Battle Royal Dusty Rhodes Tag Team Classic Triple Crown Grand Slam King of the Ring Money in the Bank Royal Rumble Greatest Royal Rumble Slammy Award WWE tournaments Former championships WWE Champions Buddy Rogers Bruno Sammartino Ivan Koloff Pedro Morales Stan Stasiak Superstar Billy Graham Bob Backlund The Iron Sheik Hulk Hogan André the Giant Randy Savage The Ultimate Warrior Sgt . Slaughter The Undertaker Ric Flair Bret Hart Yokozuna Diesel Shawn Michaels Sycho Sid Stone Cold Steve Austin Kane The Rock Mankind Triple H Vince McMahon Big Show Kurt Angle Chris Jericho Brock Lesnar Eddie Guerrero John `` Bradshaw '' Layfield John Cena Edge Rob Van Dam Randy Orton Jeff Hardy Batista Sheamus The Miz CM Punk Rey Mysterio Alberto Del Rio Daniel Bryan Seth Rollins Roman Reigns Dean Ambrose AJ Styles ( current ) Bray Wyatt Jinder Mahal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_WWE_Champions&oldid=857055290 '' Categories : World heavyweight wrestling championships WWE championships Professional wrestling champion lists Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Nederlands Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi ไทย Türkçe Українська 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 07 : 58 ( UTC ) . 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who has the most champions in the wwe
[ "Overall, there have been 50 different official champions, with John Cena having the most reigns at thirteen. Seven men in history have held the championship for a continuous reign of one year (365 days) or more: Bruno Sammartino, Pedro Morales, Bob Backlund, Hulk Hogan, Randy Savage, John Cena and CM Punk.[10]\n" ]
[ "John Cena" ]
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North America
North America - Wikipedia North America `` North American '' redirects here . For other uses , see North American ( disambiguation ) . Not to be confused with Northern America . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) North America Area 24,709,000 km ( 9,540,000 sq mi ) ( 3rd ) Population 579,024,000 ( 2016 ; 4th ) Population density 22.9 / km ( 59.3 / sq mi ) GDP ( nominal ) $22.2 trillion ( 2017 ; 2nd ) GDP ( PPP ) $23.7 trillion ( 2017 ; 3rd ) GDP per capita $45,560 ( 2017 ; 2nd ) Demonym North American Countries 23 sovereign states Dependencies 23 non-sovereign territories Languages English , Spanish , French , and many others Time zones UTC - 10 to UTC Largest cities List of urban areas : New York City Mexico City Los Angeles Chicago Boston Toronto Dallas -- Fort Worth San Francisco Houston Miami Philadelphia North America is a continent entirely within the Northern Hemisphere and almost all within the Western Hemisphere ; it is also considered by some to be a northern subcontinent of the Americas . It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean , to the east by the Atlantic Ocean , to the west and south by the Pacific Ocean , and to the southeast by South America and the Caribbean Sea . North America covers an area of about 24,709,000 square kilometers ( 9,540,000 square miles ) , about 16.5 % of the earth 's land area and about 4.8 % of its total surface . North America is the third largest continent by area , following Asia and Africa , and the fourth by population after Asia , Africa , and Europe . In 2013 , its population was estimated at nearly 579 million people in 23 independent states , or about 7.5 % of the world 's population , if nearby islands ( most notably the Caribbean ) are included . North America was reached by its first human populations during the last glacial period , via crossing the Bering land bridge approximately 40,000 to 17,000 years ago . The so - called Paleo - Indian period is taken to have lasted until about 10,000 years ago ( the beginning of the Archaic or Meso - Indian period ) . The Classic stage spans roughly the 6th to 13th centuries . The Pre-Columbian era ended in 1492 , and the transatlantic migrations -- the arrival of European settlers during the Age of Discovery and the Early Modern period . Present - day cultural and ethnic patterns reflect different kinds of interactions between European colonists , indigenous peoples , African slaves and their descendants . European influences are strongest in the northern parts of the continent while indigenous and African influences are relatively stronger in the south . Because of the history of colonialism , most North Americans speak English , Spanish or French and societies and states commonly reflect Western traditions . Contents 1 Name 2 Extent 2.1 Regions 2.2 Countries , territories , and dependencies 3 History 3.1 Geologic history 3.2 Pre-Columbian 3.3 Colonial period 4 Geography 5 Geology 5.1 Canadian geology 5.2 United States geology 5.3 Central American geology 6 Climate 7 Ecology 8 Demographics 8.1 Languages 8.2 Religions 8.3 Populace 9 Economy 9.1 Transport 9.2 Communications 10 Culture 10.1 Sports 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 External links Name Map of North America , from 1621 The Americas are usually accepted as having been named after the Italian explorer Amerigo Vespucci by the German cartographers Martin Waldseemüller and Matthias Ringmann . Vespucci , who explored South America between 1497 and 1502 , was the first European to suggest that the Americas were not the East Indies , but a different landmass previously unknown by Europeans . In 1507 , Waldseemüller produced a world map , in which he placed the word `` America '' on the continent of South America , in the middle of what is today Brazil . He explained the rationale for the name in the accompanying book Cosmographiae Introductio : ... ab Americo inventore ... quasi Americi terram sive Americam ( from Americus the discoverer ... as if it were the land of Americus , thus America ) . For Waldseemüller , no one should object to the naming of the land after its discoverer . He used the Latinized version of Vespucci 's name ( Americus Vespucius ) , but in its feminine form `` America '' , following the examples of `` Europa '' , `` Asia '' and `` Africa '' . Later , other mapmakers extended the name America to the northern continent , In 1538 , Gerard Mercator used America on his map of the world for all the Western Hemisphere . Some argue that the convention is to use the surname for naming discoveries except in the case of royalty and so a derivation from `` Amerigo Vespucci '' could be problematic . Ricardo Palma ( 1949 ) proposed a derivation from the `` Amerrique '' mountains of Central America -- Vespucci was the first to discover South America and the Amerrique mountains of Central America , which connected his discoveries to those of Christopher Columbus . Alfred E. Hudd proposed a theory in 1908 that the continents are named after a Welsh merchant named Richard Amerike from Bristol , who is believed to have financed John Cabot 's voyage of discovery from England to Newfoundland in 1497 . A minutely explored belief that has been advanced is that America was named for a Spanish sailor bearing the ancient Visigothic name of ' Amairick ' . Another is that the name is rooted in a Native American language . Extent The term North America maintains various definitions in accordance with location and context . In Canadian English , North America may be used to refer to the United States and Canada together . Alternatively , usage sometimes includes Greenland and Mexico ( as in the North American Free Trade Agreement ) , as well as offshore islands . The UN geoscheme for `` North America '' separates Mexico from the United States and Canada , placing it instead within its designated `` Central America '' region , while also treating the islands of the Caribbean separately from the US / Canada definition -- the UN 's `` North America '' definition still includes the Canadian Arctic Archipelago and Greenland together with the US / Canada continental definition , with both insular entities being tectonically on the North American plate . In France , Italy , Portugal , Spain , Romania , Greece , and the countries of Latin America , the cognates of North America usually designate a subcontinent of the Americas comprising Canada , the United States , and Mexico , and often Greenland , Saint Pierre et Miquelon , and Bermuda . North America has been historically referred to by other names . Spanish North America ( New Spain ) was often referred to as Northern America , and this was the first official name given to Mexico . Regions See also : List of regions of Canada and List of regions of the United States Geographically the North American continent has many regions and subregions . These include cultural , economic , and geographic regions . Economic regions included those formed by trade blocs , such as the North American Trade Agreement bloc and Central American Trade Agreement . Linguistically and culturally , the continent could be divided into Anglo - America and Latin America . Anglo - America includes most of Northern America , Belize , and Caribbean islands with English - speaking populations ( though sub-national entities , such as Louisiana and Quebec , have large Francophone populations ; in Quebec , French is an official language along with English ) . The southern North American continent is composed of two regions . These are Central America and the Caribbean . The north of the continent maintains recognized regions as well . In contrast to the common definition of `` North America '' , which encompasses the whole continent , the term `` North America '' is sometimes used to refer only to Mexico , Canada , the United States , and Greenland . The term Northern America refers to the northern-most countries and territories of North America : the United States , Bermuda , St. Pierre and Miquelon , Canada and Greenland . Although the term does not refer to a unified region , Middle America -- not to be confused with the Midwestern United States -- groups the regions of Mexico , Central America , and the Caribbean . The largest countries of the continent , Canada and the United States , also contain well - defined and recognized regions . In the case of Canada these are ( from east to west ) Atlantic Canada , Central Canada , Canadian Prairies , the British Columbia Coast , and Northern Canada . These regions also contain many subregions . In the case of the United States -- and in accordance with the US Census Bureau definitions -- these regions are : New England , Mid-Atlantic , South Atlantic States , East North Central States , West North Central States , East South Central States , West South Central States , Mountain States , and Pacific States . Regions shared between both nations included the Great Lakes Region . Megalopolises have formed between both nations in the case of the Pacific Northwest and the Great Lakes Megaregion . Countries , territories , and dependencies Main article : List of sovereign states and dependent territories in North America Flag Country or territory Area ( km ) Population ( 2016 est . ) Population density ( per km ) Capital Anguilla ( United Kingdom ) 7001910000000000000 ♠ 91 14,764 164.8 The Valley Antigua and Barbuda 7002442000000000000 ♠ 442 100,963 199.1 St. John 's Aruba ( Netherlands ) 7002180000000000000 ♠ 180 104,822 594.4 Oranjestad The Bahamas 7004139430000000000 ♠ 13,943 391,232 24.5 Nassau Barbados 7002430000000000000 ♠ 430 284,996 595.3 Bridgetown Belize 7004229660000000000 ♠ 22,966 366,954 13.4 Belmopan Bermuda ( United Kingdom ) 7001540000000000000 ♠ 54 61,666 1203.7 Hamilton Bonaire ( Netherlands ) 7002294000000000000 ♠ 294 7004120930000000000 ♠ 12,093 41.1 Kralendijk British Virgin Islands ( United Kingdom ) 7002151000000000000 ♠ 151 30,661 152.3 Road Town Canada 7006998467000000000 ♠ 9,984,670 36,289,822 3.4 Ottawa Cayman Islands ( United Kingdom ) 7002264000000000000 ♠ 264 60,765 212.1 George Town Clipperton Island ( France ) 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 0.0 -- Costa Rica 7004511000000000000 ♠ 51,100 4,857,274 89.6 San José Cuba 7005109886000000000 ♠ 109,886 11,475,982 102.0 Havana Curaçao ( Netherlands ) 7002444000000000000 ♠ 444 159,371 317.1 Willemstad Dominica 7002751000000000000 ♠ 751 73,543 89.2 Roseau Dominican Republic 7004486710000000000 ♠ 48,671 10,648,791 207.3 Santo Domingo El Salvador 7004210410000000000 ♠ 21,041 6,344,722 293.0 San Salvador Federal Dependencies of Venezuela ( Venezuela ) 7002342000000000000 ♠ 342 Gran Roque Greenland ( Denmark ) 7006216608600000000 ♠ 2,166,086 56,412 0.026 Nuuk Grenada 7002344000000000000 ♠ 344 107,317 302.3 St. George 's Guadeloupe ( France ) 7003162800000000000 ♠ 1,628 449,975 246.7 Basse - Terre Guatemala 7005108889000000000 ♠ 108,889 16,582,469 128.8 Guatemala City Haiti 7004277500000000000 ♠ 27,750 10,847,334 361.5 Port - au - Prince Honduras 7005112492000000000 ♠ 112,492 9,112,867 66.4 Tegucigalpa Jamaica 7004109910000000000 ♠ 10,991 2,881,355 247.4 Kingston Martinique ( France ) 7003112800000000000 ♠ 1,128 385,103 352.6 Fort - de-France Mexico 7006196437500000000 ♠ 1,964,375 127,540,423 57.1 Mexico City Montserrat ( United Kingdom ) 7002102000000000000 ♠ 102 5,152 58.8 Plymouth ( Brades ) Navassa Island ( United States ) 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 0.0 Nicaragua 7005130373000000000 ♠ 130,373 6,149,928 44.1 Managua Nueva Esparta ( Venezuela ) 7003115100000000000 ♠ 1,151 La Asunción Panama 7004754170000000000 ♠ 75,417 4,034,119 45.8 Panama City Puerto Rico ( United States ) 7003887000000000000 ♠ 8,870 3,667,903 448.9 San Juan Saba ( Netherlands ) 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 7003153700000000000 ♠ 1,537 118.2 The Bottom San Andrés and Providencia ( Colombia ) 7001530000000000000 ♠ 53 7004777010000000000 ♠ 77,701 1468.59 San Andrés Saint Barthélemy ( France ) 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 7003744800000000000 ♠ 7,448 354.7 Gustavia Saint Kitts and Nevis 7002261000000000000 ♠ 261 54,821 199.2 Basseterre Saint Lucia 7002539000000000000 ♠ 539 178,015 319.1 Castries Saint Martin ( France ) 7001540000000000000 ♠ 54 7004298200000000000 ♠ 29,820 552.2 Marigot Saint Pierre and Miquelon ( France ) 7002242000000000000 ♠ 242 6,305 24.8 Saint - Pierre Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 7002389000000000000 ♠ 389 109,643 280.2 Kingstown Sint Eustatius ( Netherlands ) 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 7003273900000000000 ♠ 2,739 130.4 Oranjestad Sint Maarten ( Netherlands ) 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 39,537 1176.7 Philipsburg Trinidad and Tobago 7003513000000000000 ♠ 5,130 1,364,962 261.0 Port of Spain Turks and Caicos Islands ( United Kingdom ) 7002948000000000000 ♠ 948 34,900 34.8 Cockburn Town United States 7006962909100000000 ♠ 9,629,091 322,179,605 32.7 Washington , D.C. United States Virgin Islands ( United States ) 7002347000000000000 ♠ 347 104,913 317.0 Charlotte Amalie Total 7007245009950000000 ♠ 24,500,995 7008541720440000000 ♠ 541,720,440 22.9 History Main article : History of North America Geologic history Principal hydrological divides of Canada , the United States and Mexico Laurentia is an ancient craton which forms the geologic core of North America ; it formed between 1.5 and 1.0 billion years ago during the Proterozoic eon . The Canadian Shield is the largest exposure of this craton . From the Late Paleozoic to Early Mesozoic eras , North America was joined with the other modern - day continents as part of the supercontinent Pangaea , with Eurasia to its east . One of the results of the formation of Pangaea was the Appalachian Mountains , which formed some 480 million years ago , making it among the oldest mountain ranges in the world . When Pangaea began to rift around 200 million years ago , North America became part of Laurasia , before it separated from Eurasia as its own continent during the mid-Cretaceous period . The Rockies and other western mountain ranges began forming around this time from a period of mountain building called the Laramide orogeny , between 80 and 55 million years ago . The formation of the Isthmus of Panama that connected the continent to South America arguably occurred approximately 12 to 15 million years ago , and the Great Lakes ( as well as many other northern freshwater lakes and rivers ) were carved by receding glaciers about 10,000 years ago . North America is the source of much of what humanity knows about geologic time periods . The geographic area that would later become the United States has been the source of more varieties of dinosaurs than any other modern country . According to paleontologist Peter Dodson , this is primarily due to stratigraphy , climate and geography , human resources , and history . Much of the Mesozoic Era is represented by exposed outcrops in the many arid regions of the continent . The most significant Late Jurassic dinosaur - bearing fossil deposit in North America is the Morrison Formation of the western United States . Pre-Columbian The El Castillo pyramid , at Chichén Itzá , Mexico The indigenous peoples of North America have many creation myths by which they assert that they have been present on the land since its creation . The specifics of Paleo - Indian migration to and throughout the Americas , including the exact dates and routes traveled , are subject to ongoing research and discussion . The traditional theory has been that these early migrants moved into the Beringia land bridge between eastern Siberia and present - day Alaska around 25,000 to 11,000 years ago . The few agreements achieved to date are the origin from Central Asia , with widespread habitation of the Americas during the end of the last glacial period , or more specifically what is known as the late glacial maximum , around 13,000 years before present . Some genetic research indicated secondary waves of migration occurred after the initial Paleo - Indian colonization , but prior to modern Inuit , Inupiat and Yupik expansions . Before contact with Europeans , the natives of North America were divided into many different polities , from small bands of a few families to large empires . They lived in several `` culture areas '' , which roughly correspond to geographic and biological zones and give a good indication of the main lifeway or occupation of the people who lived there ( e.g. , the bison hunters of the Great Plains , or the farmers of Mesoamerica ) . Native groups can also be classified by their language family ( e.g. , Athapascan or Uto - Aztecan ) . Peoples with similar languages did not always share the same material culture , nor were they always allies . Anthropologists think that the Inuit people of the high Arctic came to North America much later than other native groups , as evidenced by the disappearance of Dorset culture artifacts from the archaeological record , and their replacement by the Thule people . During the thousands of years of native habitation on the continent , cultures changed and shifted . One of the oldest cultures yet found is the Clovis culture of modern New Mexico . Later cultures include the Mississippian culture and related Mound building cultures , found in the Mississippi river valley and the Pueblo culture of what is now the Four Corners . The more southern cultural groups of North America were responsible for the domestication of many common crops now used around the world , such as tomatoes and squash . Perhaps most importantly they domesticated one of the world 's major staples , maize ( corn ) . The earliest verifiable instance of pre-Columbian trans - oceanic contact by any European culture with the landmasses that geologically constitute the `` mainland '' of modern North America has been dated to the end of the 10th century CE -- this site , situated at the northernmost extent of the island named Newfoundland , is known as L'Anse aux Meadows , where unmistakable evidence of Norse settlement was uncovered in the early 1960s . As a result of the development of agriculture in the south , many important cultural advances were made there . For example , the Maya civilization developed a writing system , built huge pyramids and temples , had a complex calendar , and developed the concept of zero around 400 CE , a few hundred years after the Mesopotamians . The Mayan culture was still present in southern Mexico and Guatemala when the Spanish explorers arrived , but political dominance in the area had shifted to the Aztec Empire whose capital city Tenochtitlan was located further north in the Valley of Mexico . The Aztecs were conquered in 1521 by Hernán Cortés . Colonial period Benjamin West 's The Death of General Wolfe ( 1771 ) depicting the Battle of the Plains of Abraham Main article : European colonization of the Americas Further information : Timeline of the European colonization of North America , British America , French America , Viceroyalty of New Spain , and Russian colonization of the Americas During the Age of Discovery , Europeans explored and staked claims to various parts of North America . Upon their arrival in the `` New World '' , the Native American population declined substantially , because of violent conflicts with the invaders and the introduction of European diseases to which the Native Americans lacked immunity . Native culture changed drastically and their affiliation with political and cultural groups also changed . Several linguistic groups died out , and others changed quite quickly . The names and cultures that Europeans recorded were not necessarily the same as the names they had used a few generations before , or the ones in use today . Britain , Spain , and France took over extensive territories in North America -- and fought over them . In the late 18th century and beginning of the 19th , independence movements that sprung up across the continent , led to the creation of the modern countries in the area . The 13 British colonies on the North Atlantic coast declared independence in 1776 , becoming the United States of America . Canada was formed from the unification of northern territories controlled by Britain and France . New Spain , a territory that stretched from modern - day southern US to Central America , declared independence in 1810 , becoming the First Mexican Empire . In 1823 the former Captaincy General of Guatemala , then part of the Mexican Empire , became the first independent state in Central America , officially changing its name to the United Provinces of Central America . Geography Main article : Geography of North America Satellite imagery of North America North America occupies the northern portion of the landmass generally referred to as the New World , the Western Hemisphere , the Americas , or simply America ( which , less commonly , is considered by some as a single continent with North America a subcontinent ) . North America 's only land connection to South America is at the Isthmus of Panama . The continent is delimited on the southeast by most geographers at the Darién watershed along the Colombia - Panama border , placing all of Panama within North America . Alternatively , some geologists physiographically locate its southern limit at the Isthmus of Tehuantepec , Mexico , with Central America extending southeastward to South America from this point . The Caribbean islands , or West Indies , are considered part of North America . The continental coastline is long and irregular . The Gulf of Mexico is the largest body of water indenting the continent , followed by Hudson Bay . Others include the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the Gulf of California . Before the Central American isthmus formed , the region had been underwater . The islands of the West Indies delineate a submerged former land bridge , which had connected North and South America via what are now Florida and Venezuela . There are numerous islands off the continent 's coasts ; principally , the Arctic Archipelago , the Bahamas , Turks & Caicos , the Greater and Lesser Antilles , the Aleutian Islands ( some of which are in the Eastern Hemisphere proper ) , the Alexander Archipelago , the many thousand islands of the British Columbia Coast , and Newfoundland . Greenland , a self - governing Danish island , and the world 's largest , is on the same tectonic plate ( the North American Plate ) and is part of North America geographically . In a geologic sense , Bermuda is not part of the Americas , but an oceanic island which was formed on the fissure of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge over 100 million years ago . The nearest landmass to it is Cape Hatteras , North Carolina . However , Bermuda is often thought of as part of North America , especially given its historical , political and cultural ties to Virginia and other parts of the continent . Moraine Lake in Banff National Park The vast majority of North America is on the North American Plate . Parts of western Mexico , including Baja California , and of California , including the cities of San Diego , Los Angeles , and Santa Cruz , lie on the eastern edge of the Pacific Plate , with the two plates meeting along the San Andreas fault . The southernmost portion of the continent and much of the West Indies lie on the Caribbean Plate , whereas the Juan de Fuca and Cocos plates border the North American Plate on its western frontier . The continent can be divided into four great regions ( each of which contains many subregions ) : the Great Plains stretching from the Gulf of Mexico to the Canadian Arctic ; the geologically young , mountainous west , including the Rocky Mountains , the Great Basin , California and Alaska ; the raised but relatively flat plateau of the Canadian Shield in the northeast ; and the varied eastern region , which includes the Appalachian Mountains , the coastal plain along the Atlantic seaboard , and the Florida peninsula . Mexico , with its long plateaus and cordilleras , falls largely in the western region , although the eastern coastal plain does extend south along the Gulf . The western mountains are split in the middle into the main range of the Rockies and the coast ranges in California , Oregon , Washington , and British Columbia , with the Great Basin -- a lower area containing smaller ranges and low - lying deserts -- in between . The highest peak is Denali in Alaska . The United States Geographical Survey ( USGS ) states that the geographic center of North America is `` 6 miles ( 10 km ) west of Balta , Pierce County , North Dakota '' at about 48 ° 10 ′ N 100 ° 10 ′ W  /  48.167 ° N 100.167 ° W  / 48.167 ; - 100.167 , about 24 kilometres ( 15 mi ) from Rugby , North Dakota . The USGS further states that `` No marked or monumented point has been established by any government agency as the geographic center of either the 50 States , the conterminous United States , or the North American continent . '' Nonetheless , there is a 4.6 - metre ( 15 ft ) field stone obelisk in Rugby claiming to mark the center . The North American continental pole of inaccessibility is located 1,650 km ( 1,030 mi ) from the nearest coastline , between Allen and Kyle , South Dakota at 43 ° 22 ′ N 101 ° 58 ′ W  /  43.36 ° N 101.97 ° W  / 43.36 ; - 101.97  ( Pole of Inaccessibility North America ) . Geology Main article : Geology of North America Geologic Map of North America published by USGS Sedimentary , volcanic , plutonic , and metamorphic rock types of North America Canadian geology Geologically , Canada is one of the oldest regions in the world , with more than half of the region consisting of precambrian rocks that have been above sea level since the beginning of the Palaeozoic era . Canada 's mineral resources are diverse and extensive . Across the Canadian Shield and in the north there are large iron , nickel , zinc , copper , gold , lead , molybdenum , and uranium reserves . Large diamond concentrations have been recently developed in the Arctic , making Canada one of the world 's largest producers . Throughout the Shield there are many mining towns extracting these minerals . The largest , and best known , is Sudbury , Ontario . Sudbury is an exception to the normal process of forming minerals in the Shield since there is significant evidence that the Sudbury Basin is an ancient meteorite impact crater . The nearby , but less known Temagami Magnetic Anomaly has striking similarities to the Sudbury Basin . Its magnetic anomalies are very similar to the Sudbury Basin , and so it could be a second metal - rich impact crater . The Shield is also covered by vast boreal forests that support an important logging industry . United States geology The lower 48 US states can be divided into roughly five physiographic provinces : The American cordillera The Canadian Shield Northern portion of the upper midwestern United States . The stable platform The coastal plain The Appalachian orogenic belt The geology of Alaska is typical of that of the cordillera , while the major islands of Hawaii consist of Neogene volcanics erupted over a hot spot . North America bedrock and terrain North American cratons and basement rocks Central American geology Central America rests in the Caribbean Plate . Central America is geologically active with volcanic eruptions and earthquakes occurring from time to time . In 1976 Guatemala was hit by a major earthquake , killing 23,000 people ; Managua , the capital of Nicaragua , was devastated by earthquakes in 1931 and 1972 , the last one killing about 5,000 people ; three earthquakes devastated El Salvador , one in 1986 and two in 2001 ; one earthquake devastated northern and central Costa Rica in 2009 , killing at least 34 people ; in Honduras a powerful earthquake killed seven people in 2009 . Volcanic eruptions are common in the region . In 1968 the Arenal Volcano , in Costa Rica , erupted and killed 87 people . Fertile soils from weathered volcanic lavas have made it possible to sustain dense populations in the agriculturally productive highland areas . Central America has many mountain ranges ; the longest are the Sierra Madre de Chiapas , the Cordillera Isabelia , and the Cordillera de Talamanca . Between the mountain ranges lie fertile valleys that are suitable for the people ; in fact , most of the population of Honduras , Costa Rica , and Guatemala live in valleys . Valleys are also suitable for the production of coffee , beans , and other crops . Climate North America map of Köppen climate classification North America is a very large continent which surpasses the Arctic Circle , and the Tropic of Cancer . Greenland , along with the Canadian Shield , is tundra with average temperatures ranging from 10 to 20 ° C ( 50 to 68 ° F ) , but central Greenland is composed of a very large ice sheet . This tundra radiates throughout Canada , but its border ends near the Rocky Mountains ( but still contains Alaska ) and at the end of the Canadian Shield , near the Great Lakes . Climate west of the Cascades is described as being a temperate weather with average precipitation 20 inches ( 510 mm ) . Climate in coastal California is described to be Mediterranean , with average temperatures in cities like San Francisco ranging from 57 to 70 ° F ( 14 to 21 ° C ) over the course of the year . Stretching from the East Coast to eastern North Dakota , and stretching down to Kansas , is the continental - humid climate featuring intense seasons , with a large amount of annual precipitation , with places like New York City averaging 50 inches ( 1,300 mm ) . Starting at the southern border of the continental - humid climate and stretching to the Gulf of Mexico ( whilst encompassing the eastern half of Texas ) is the subtropical climate . This area has the wettest cities in the contiguous U.S. with annual precipitation reaching 67 inches ( 1,700 mm ) in Mobile , Alabama . Stretching from the borders of the continental humid and subtropical climates , and going west to the Cascades Sierra Nevada , south to the southern tip of durango , north to the border with tundra climate , the steppe / desert climate is the driest climate in the U.S. Ecology This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2015 ) See also : List of endangered plants in North America Notable North American fauna include the bison , black bear , prairie dog , turkey , pronghorn , raccoon , coyote and monarch butterfly . Notable plants that were domesticated in North America include tobacco , maize , squash , tomato , sunflower , blueberry , avocado , cotton , chile pepper and vanilla . Demographics Further information : Demographics of the United States , Demographics of Canada , and Demographics of Mexico Non-native nations ' control and claims over North America c. 1750 -- 2008 Native languages of the US , Canada and Greenland Economically , Canada and the United States are the wealthiest and most developed nations in the continent , followed by Mexico , a newly industrialized country . The countries of Central America and the Caribbean are at various levels of economic and human development . For example , small Caribbean island - nations , such as Barbados , Trinidad and Tobago , and Antigua and Barbuda , have a higher GDP ( PPP ) per capita than Mexico due to their smaller populations . Panama and Costa Rica have a significantly higher Human Development Index and GDP than the rest of the Central American nations . Additionally , despite Greenland 's vast resources in oil and minerals , much of them remain untapped , and the island is economically dependent on fishing , tourism , and subsidies from Denmark . Nevertheless , the island is highly developed . Demographically , North America is ethnically diverse . Its three main groups are Caucasians , Mestizos and Blacks . There is a significant minority of Indigenous Americans and Asians among other less numerous groups . Languages Main article : Languages of North America Languages spoken in the Americas The dominant languages in North America are English , Spanish , and French . Danish is prevalent in Greenland alongside Greenlandic , and Dutch is spoken side by side local languages in the Dutch Caribbean . The term Anglo - America is used to refer to the anglophone countries of the Americas : namely Canada ( where English and French are co-official ) and the United States , but also sometimes Belize and parts of the tropics , especially the Commonwealth Caribbean . Latin America refers to the other areas of the Americas ( generally south of the United States ) where the Romance languages , derived from Latin , of Spanish and Portuguese ( but French speaking countries are not usually included ) predominate : the other republics of Central America ( but not always Belize ) , part of the Caribbean ( not the Dutch - , English - , or French - speaking areas ) , Mexico , and most of South America ( except Guyana , Suriname , French Guiana ( France ) , and the Falkland Islands ( UK ) ) . The French language has historically played a significant role in North America and now retains a distinctive presence in some regions . Canada is officially bilingual . French is the official language of the Province of Quebec , where 95 % of the people speak it as either their first or second language , and it is co-official with English in the Province of New Brunswick . Other French - speaking locales include the Province of Ontario ( the official language is English , but there are an estimated 600,000 Franco - Ontarians ) , the Province of Manitoba ( co-official as de jure with English ) , the French West Indies and Saint - Pierre et Miquelon , as well as the US state of Louisiana , where French is also an official language . Haiti is included with this group based on historical association but Haitians speak both Creole and French . Similarly , French and French Antillean Creole is spoken in Saint Lucia and the Commonwealth of Dominica alongside English . Religions Main article : Religion in North America See also : Religions of the world Washington National Cathedral , in Washington , D.C. . The United States has the most people in the world identifying as Christian . Christianity is the largest religion in the United States , Canada and Mexico . According to a 2012 Pew Research Center survey , 77 % of the population considered themselves Christians . Christianity also is the predominant religion in the 23 dependent territories in North America . The United States has the largest Christian population in the world , with nearly 247 million Christians ( 70 % ) , although other countries have higher percentages of Christians among their populations . Mexico has the world 's second largest number of Catholics , surpassed only by Brazil . A 2015 study estimates about 493,000 Christian believers from a Muslim background in North America , most of them belonging to some form of Protestantism . According to the same study religiously unaffiliated ( include agnostic and atheist ) make up about 17 % of the population of Canada and the United States . No religion make up about 24 % of the United States population , and 24 % of Canada total population . Canada , the United States and Mexico host communities of both Jews ( 6 million or about 1.8 % ) , Buddhists ( 3.8 million or 1.1 % ) and Muslims ( 3.4 million or 1.0 % ) . The biggest number of Jewish individuals can be found in the United States ( 5.4 million ) , Canada ( 375,000 ) and Mexico ( 67,476 ) . The United States host the largest Muslim population in North America with 2.7 million or 0.9 % , While Canada host about one million Muslim or 3.2 % of the population . While in Mexico there were 3,700 Muslims in the country . In 2012 , U-T San Diego estimated U.S. practitioners of Buddhism at 1.2 million people , of whom 40 % are living in Southern California . The predominant religion in Central America is Christianity ( 96 % ) . Beginning with the Spanish colonization of Central America in the 16th century , Roman Catholicism became the most popular religion in the region until the first half of the 20th century . Since the 1960s , there has been an increase in other Christian groups , particularly Protestantism , as well as other religious organizations , and individuals identifying themselves as having no religion . Also Christianity is the predominant religion in the Caribbean ( 85 % ) . Other religious groups in the region are Hinduism , Islam , Rastafari ( in Jamaica ) , and Afro - American religions such as Santería and Vodou . Populace North American cities Mexico City Los Angeles Toronto Chicago New York City See also : List of North American countries by population , List of North American cities by population , and List of North American metropolitan areas by population The most populous country in North America is the United States with 318.4 million persons . The second largest country is Mexico with a population of 112,322,757 . Canada is the third most populous country with 32,623,490 . The majority of Caribbean island - nations have national populations under a million , though Cuba , Dominican Republic , Haiti , Puerto Rico ( a territory of the United States ) , Jamaica , and Trinidad and Tobago each have populations higher than a million . Greenland has a small population of 55,984 for its massive size ( 2,166,000 km2 or 836,300 mi2 ) , and therefore , it has the world 's lowest population density at 0.026 pop. / km2 ( 0.067 pop. / mi2 ) . While the United States , Canada , and Mexico maintain the largest populations , large city populations are not restricted to those nations . There are also large cities in the Caribbean . The largest cities in North America , by far , are Mexico City and New York . These cities are the only cities on the continent to exceed eight million , and two of three in the Americas . Next in size are Los Angeles , Toronto , Chicago , Havana , Santo Domingo , and Montreal . Cities in the sunbelt regions of the United States , such as those in Southern California and Houston , Phoenix , Miami , Atlanta , and Las Vegas , are experiencing rapid growth . These causes included warm temperatures , retirement of Baby Boomers , large industry , and the influx of immigrants . Cities near the United States border , particularly in Mexico , are also experiencing large amounts of growth . Most notable is Tijuana , a city bordering San Diego that receives immigrants from all over Latin America and parts of Europe and Asia . Yet as cities grow in these warmer regions of North America , they are increasingly forced to deal with the major issue of water shortages . Eight of the top ten metropolitan areas are located in the United States . These metropolitan areas all have a population of above 5.5 million and include the New York City metropolitan area , Los Angeles metropolitan area , Chicago metropolitan area , and the Dallas -- Fort Worth metroplex . Whilst the majority of the largest metropolitan areas are within the United States , Mexico is host to the largest metropolitan area by population in North America : Greater Mexico City . Canada also breaks into the top ten largest metropolitan areas with the Toronto metropolitan area having six million people . The proximity of cities to each other on the Canada -- United States border and Mexico -- United States border has led to the rise of international metropolitan areas . These urban agglomerations are observed at their largest and most productive in Detroit -- Windsor and San Diego -- Tijuana and experience large commercial , economic , and cultural activity . The metropolitan areas are responsible for millions of dollars of trade dependent on international freight . In Detroit - Windsor the Border Transportation Partnership study in 2004 concluded US $13 billion was dependent on the Detroit -- Windsor international border crossing while in San Diego - Tijuana freight at the Otay Mesa Port of Entry was valued at US $20 billion . North America has also been witness to the growth of megapolitan areas . In the United States exists eleven megaregions that transcend international borders and comprise Canadian and Mexican metropolitan regions . These are the Arizona Sun Corridor , Cascadia , Florida , Front Range , Great Lakes Megaregion , Gulf Coast Megaregion , Northeast , Northern California , Piedmont Atlantic , Southern California , and the Texas Triangle . Canada and Mexico are also the home of megaregions . These include the Quebec City -- Windsor Corridor , Golden Horseshoe -- both of which are considered part of the Great Lakes Megaregion -- and megalopolis of Central Mexico . Traditionally the largest megaregion has been considered the Boston - Washington , D.C. Corridor , or the Northeast , as the region is one massive contiguous area . Yet megaregion criterion have allowed the Great Lakes Megalopolis to maintain status as the most populated region , being home to 53,768,125 people in 2000 . The top ten largest North American metropolitan areas by population as of 2013 , based on national census numbers from the United States and census estimates from Canada and Mexico . Metro Area Population Area Country Mexico City 21,163,226 7,346 km ( 2,836 sq mi ) Mexico New York City 19,949,502 17,405 km ( 6,720 sq mi ) United States Los Angeles 13,131,431 12,562 km ( 4,850 sq mi ) United States Chicago 9,537,289 24,814 km ( 9,581 sq mi ) United States Dallas -- Fort Worth 6,810,913 24,059 km ( 9,289 sq mi ) United States Houston 6,313,158 26,061 km ( 10,062 sq mi ) United States Toronto 6,054,191 5,906 km ( 2,280 sq mi ) Canada Philadelphia 6,034,678 13,256 km ( 5,118 sq mi ) United States Washington , D.C. 5,949,859 14,412 km ( 5,565 sq mi ) United States Miami 5,828,191 15,896 km ( 6,137 sq mi ) United States 2011 Census figures . Economy Main article : Economy of North America See also : List of North American countries by GDP ( nominal ) and List of North American countries by GDP ( PPP ) Rank Country GDP ( PPP , peak year ) millions of USD Peak year United States 20,412,870 2018 Mexico 2,571,680 2018 Canada 1,847,081 2018 Cuba 254,865 2015 5 Dominican Republic 186,048 2018 6 Guatemala 145,514 2018 7 Puerto Rico 130,578 2014 8 Panama 112,204 2018 9 Costa Rica 88,844 2018 10 El Salvador 59,626 2018 Rank Country GDP ( nominal , peak year ) millions of USD Peak year United States 20,412,870 2018 Canada 1,842,627 2013 Mexico 1,314,390 2014 Puerto Rico 105,035 2016 5 Cuba 87,133 2015 6 Guatemala 82,356 2018 7 Dominican Republic 80,413 2018 8 Panama 66,711 2018 9 Costa Rica 61,287 2018 10 El Salvador 29,407 2018 North America 's GDP per capita was evaluated in October 2016 by the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) to be $41,830 , making it the richest continent in the world , followed by Oceania . Canada , Mexico , and the United States have significant and multifaceted economic systems . The United States has the largest economy of all three countries and in the world . In 2016 , the U.S. had an estimated per capita gross domestic product ( PPP ) of $57,466 according to the World Bank , and is the most technologically developed economy of the three . The United States ' services sector comprises 77 % of the country 's GDP ( estimated in 2010 ) , industry comprises 22 % and agriculture comprises 1.2 % . The U.S. economy is also the fastest growing economy in North America and the Americas as a whole , with the highest GDP per capita in the Americas as well . Canada shows significant growth in the sectors of services , mining and manufacturing . Canada 's per capita GDP ( PPP ) was estimated at $44,656 and it had the 11th largest GDP ( nominal ) in 2014 . Canada 's services sector comprises 78 % of the country 's GDP ( estimated in 2010 ) , industry comprises 20 % and agriculture comprises 2 % . Mexico has a per capita GDP ( PPP ) of $16,111 and as of 2014 is the 15th largest GDP ( nominal ) in the world . Being a newly industrialized country , Mexico maintains both modern and outdated industrial and agricultural facilities and operations . Its main sources of income are oil , industrial exports , manufactured goods , electronics , heavy industry , automobiles , construction , food , banking and financial services . The North American economy is well defined and structured in three main economic areas . These areas are the North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) , Caribbean Community and Common Market ( CARICOM ) , and the Central American Common Market ( CACM ) . Of these trade blocs , the United States takes part in two . In addition to the larger trade blocs there is the Canada - Costa Rica Free Trade Agreement among numerous other free trade relations , often between the larger , more developed countries and Central American and Caribbean countries . The North America Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) forms one of the four largest trade blocs in the world . Its implementation in 1994 was designed for economic homogenization with hopes of eliminating barriers of trade and foreign investment between Canada , the United States and Mexico . While Canada and the United States already conducted the largest bilateral trade relationship -- and to present day still do -- in the world and Canada -- United States trade relations already allowed trade without national taxes and tariffs , NAFTA allowed Mexico to experience a similar duty - free trade . The free trade agreement allowed for the elimination of tariffs that had previously been in place on United States - Mexico trade . Trade volume has steadily increased annually and in 2010 , surface trade between the three NAFTA nations reached an all - time historical increase of 24.3 % or US $791 billion . The NAFTA trade bloc GDP ( PPP ) is the world 's largest with US $17.617 trillion . This is in part attributed to the fact that the economy of the United States is the world 's largest national economy ; the country had a nominal GDP of approximately $14.7 trillion in 2010 . The countries of NAFTA are also some of each other 's largest trade partners . The United States is the largest trade partner of Canada and Mexico ; while Canada and Mexico are each other 's third largest trade partners . The Caribbean trade bloc -- CARICOM -- came into agreement in 1973 when it was signed by 15 Caribbean nations . As of 2000 , CARICOM trade volume was US $96 billion . CARICOM also allowed for the creation of a common passport for associated nations . In the past decade the trade bloc focused largely on Free Trade Agreements and under the CARICOM Office of Trade Negotiations ( OTN ) free trade agreements have been signed into effect . Integration of Central American economies occurred under the signing of the Central American Common Market agreement in 1961 ; this was the first attempt to engage the nations of this area into stronger financial cooperation . Recent implementation of the Central American Free Trade Agreement ( CAFTA ) has left the future of the CACM unclear . The Central American Free Trade Agreement was signed by five Central American countries , the Dominican Republic , and the United States . The focal point of CAFTA is to create a free trade area similar to that of NAFTA . In addition to the United States , Canada also has relations in Central American trade blocs . Currently under proposal , the Canada -- Central American Free Trade Agreement ( CA4 ) would operate much the same as CAFTA with the United States does . These nations also take part in inter-continental trade blocs . Mexico takes a part in the G3 Free Trade Agreement with Colombia and Venezuela and has a trade agreement with the EU . The United States has proposed and maintained trade agreements under the Transatlantic Free Trade Area between itself and the European Union ; the US - Middle East Free Trade Area between numerous Middle Eastern nations and itself ; and the Trans - Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership between Southeast Asian nations , Australia , and New Zealand . Transport Main article : Transportation in North America The full Pan American Highway ( including South America ) , from Prudhoe Bay , Alaska to Ushuaia , Argentina The Pan-American Highway route in the Americas is the portion of a network of roads nearly 48,000 km ( 30,000 mi ) in length which travels through the mainland nations . No definitive length of the Pan-American Highway exists because the US and Canadian governments have never officially defined any specific routes as being part of the Pan-American Highway , and Mexico officially has many branches connecting to the US border . However , the total length of the portion from Mexico to the northern extremity of the highway is roughly 26,000 km ( 16,000 mi ) . 2006 map of the North American Class I railroad network The First Transcontinental Railroad in the United States was built in the 1860s , linking the railroad network of the eastern US with California on the Pacific coast . Finished on 10 May 1869 at the famous golden spike event at Promontory Summit , Utah , it created a nationwide mechanized transportation network that revolutionized the population and economy of the American West , catalyzing the transition from the wagon trains of previous decades to a modern transportation system . Although an accomplishment , it achieved the status of first transcontinental railroad by connecting myriad eastern US railroads to the Pacific and was not the largest single railroad system in the world . The Canadian Grand Trunk Railway ( GTR ) had , by 1867 , already accumulated more than 2,055 km ( 1,277 mi ) of track by connecting Ontario with the Canadian Atlantic provinces west as far as Port Huron , Michigan , through Sarnia , Ontario . Communications A shared telephone system known as the North American Numbering Plan ( NANP ) is an integrated telephone numbering plan of 24 countries and territories : the United States and its territories , Canada , Bermuda , and 17 Caribbean nations . Culture Canada and the United States were both former British colonies . There is frequent cultural interplay between the United States and English - speaking Canada . Greenland shares some cultural ties with the indigenous people of Canada but is considered Nordic and has strong Danish ties due to centuries of colonization by Denmark . Spanish - speaking North America shares a common past as former Spanish colonies . In Mexico and the Central American countries where civilizations like the Maya developed , indigenous people preserve traditions across modern boundaries . Central American and Spanish - speaking Caribbean nations have historically had more in common due to geographical proximity . Northern Mexico , particularly in the cities of Monterrey , Tijuana , Ciudad Juárez , and Mexicali , is strongly influenced by the culture and way of life of the United States . Of the aforementioned cities , Monterrey has been regarded as the most Americanized city in Mexico . Immigration to the United States and Canada remains a significant attribute of many nations close to the southern border of the US . The Anglophone Caribbean states have witnessed the decline of the British Empire and its influence on the region , and its replacement by the economic influence of Northern America . In the Anglophone Caribbean . This is partly due to the relatively small populations of the English - speaking Caribbean countries , and also because many of them now have more people living abroad than those remaining at home . Northern Mexico , the Western United States and Alberta , Canada share a cowboy culture . Sports Canada , Mexico and the US submitted a joint bid to host the 2026 FIFA World Cup . The following table shows the most prominent sports leagues in North America , in order of average revenue . League Sport Primary country Founded Teams Revenue US $ ( bn ) Average Attendance National Football League ( NFL ) American football United States 1920 32 $9.0 7004676040000000000 ♠ 67,604 Major League Baseball ( MLB ) Baseball United States Canada 1869 30 $8.0 7004304580000000000 ♠ 30,458 National Basketball Association ( NBA ) Basketball United States Canada 1946 30 $5.0 7004173470000000000 ♠ 17,347 National Hockey League ( NHL ) Ice hockey United States Canada 1917 31 $3.3 7004177200000000000 ♠ 17,720 Liga MX Football ( soccer ) Mexico 1943 18 $0.6 7004255570000000000 ♠ 25,557 Major League Soccer ( MLS ) Football ( soccer ) United States Canada 20 $0.5 7004215740000000000 ♠ 21,574 Jump up ^ MLS plans to expand to 21 teams in 2017 , and to 24 teams by 2020 . See also Main article : Outline of North America Flags of North America List of cities in North America Table manners in North America North America portal Geography portal Notes Jump up ^ This North American density figure is based on a total land area of 23,090,542 km only , considerably less than the total combined land and water area of 24,709,000 km . ^ Jump up to : Depending on definitions , Aruba , Bonaire , Curaçao , Panama , and Trinidad and Tobago have territory in either or both of North and South America . Jump up ^ Since the Lucayan Archipelago is located in the Atlantic Ocean rather than Caribbean Sea , the Bahamas are part of the West Indies but are not technically part of the Caribbean , although the United Nations groups them with the Caribbean . Jump up ^ Because of ongoing activity of the Soufriere Hills volcano beginning in July 1995 , much of Plymouth was destroyed and government offices were relocated to Brades . Plymouth remains the de jure capital . Jump up ^ Panama is generally considered a North American country , though some authorities divide it at the Panama Canal . Figures listed here are for the entire country . Jump up ^ Since the Lucayan Archipelago is located in the Atlantic Ocean rather than Caribbean Sea , the Turks and Caicos Islands are part of the West Indies but are not technically part of the Caribbean , although the United Nations groups them with the Caribbean . Jump up ^ Includes the states of Hawaii and Alaska which are both separated from the US mainland , with Hawaii is distant from the North American landmass in the Pacific Ocean and therefore more commonly associated with the other territories of Oceania while Alaska is located between Asia ( Russia ) and Canada . References ^ Jump up to : International Monetary Fund ( October 2016 ) . `` List of North American countries by GDP per capita '' . World Economic Outlook . International Monetary Fund . Archived from the original on 24 September 2017 . Retrieved 22 February 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Demographia.com '' ( PDF ) . ^ Jump up to : `` North America '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 3 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Map And Details Of All 7 Continents '' . worldatlas.com . Retrieved September 2 , 2016 . In some parts of the world students are taught that there are only six continents , as they combine North America and South America into one continent called the Americas . Jump up ^ `` North America Land Forms and Statistics '' . World Atlas.com . Retrieved 16 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` North America Fast Facts '' . World Atlas.com . Retrieved 16 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Amerigo Vespucci '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 7 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Herbermann , Charles George , ed. ( 1907 ) . The Cosmographiæ Introductio of Martin Waldseemüller in Facsimile . Translated by Edward Burke and Mario E. Cosenza , introduction by Joseph Fischer and Franz von Wieser . New York : The United States Catholic Historical Society . p. 9 . Latin : `` Quarta pars per Americum Vesputium ( ut in sequentibus audietur ) inventa est , quam non video , cur quis jure vetet , ab Americo inventore sagacis ingenii viro Amerigen quasi Americi terram sive Americam dicendam , cum et Europa et Asia a mulieribus sua sortita sint nomina . '' ^ Jump up to : Jonathan Cohen . `` The Naming of America : Fragments We 've Shored Against Ourselves '' . Retrieved 3 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Lloyd , John ; Mitchinson , John ( 2006 ) . The Book of General Ignorance . Harmony Books . p. 95 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 39491 - 0 . New countries or continents were never named after a person 's first name , but always after the second ... Jump up ^ Burchfield , R.W. , ed. ( 2004 ) . `` '' America `` '' . Fowler 's Modern English Usage . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 48 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 861021 - 1 . the term ' North America ' is mostly used to mean the United States and Canada together . Countries to the south of the United States are described as being in Central America ( Mexico , Nicaragua , etc . ) or South America ( Brazil , Argentina , etc . ) . See also : McArthur , Tom ( 1992 ) . `` North American '' . The Oxford Companion to the English Language . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 707 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 214183 - X . ^ Jump up to : `` The World Factbook -- North America '' . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 20 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Countries in North America -- Country Reports '' . Country Reports . Archived from the original on 27 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` North America : World of Earth Science '' . eNotes Inc . Archived from the original on 20 December 2010 . Retrieved 20 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` North American Region '' . The Trilateral Commission . Archived from the original on 21 October 2012 . 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Retrieved 18 December 2016 . `` In Europe and other parts of the world , many students are taught of six continents , where North and South America are combined to form a single continent of America . Thus , these six continents are Africa , America , Antarctica , Asia , Australia , and Europe . '' Jump up ^ `` Continents '' . Retrieved 18 December 2016 . `` six - continent model ( used mostly in France , Italy , Portugal , Spain , Romania , Greece , and Latin America ) groups together North America + South America into the single continent America . '' Jump up ^ `` AMÉRIQUE '' ( in French ) . Retrieved 18 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` America '' ( in Italian ) . Retrieved 18 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Acta Solemne de la Declaración de Independencia de la América Septentrional '' ( Solemn Act of the Declaration of Independence of Northern America ) . Archivos de la Independencia ( in Spanish ) . Archivo General de la Nación . Retrieved 8 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Central America . 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United Nations Statistics Division . 2008 . Retrieved 14 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` World Population Prospects : The 2017 Revision '' . ESA.UN.org ( custom data acquired via website ) . United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs , Population Division . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Population estimates are taken from the Central Bureau of Statistics Netherlands Antilles . `` Statistical information : Population '' . Government of the Netherlands Antilles . Archived from the original on 1 May 2010 . Retrieved 14 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Land area figures taken from `` The World Factbook : 2010 edition '' . Government of the United States , Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 14 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : These population estimates are for 2010 , and are taken from `` The World Factbook : 2010 edition '' . Government of the United States , Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 14 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Dalziel , I.W.D. 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Retrieved 5 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mexico , Economy '' . U.S. Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 1 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Stratfor Global Market -- Mexico '' . Stratfor. 30 August 2007 . Archived from the original on 7 March 2012 . Retrieved 30 May 2010 . ^ Jump up to : De la Torre , Miguel ; Benavides , Benigno ; Saldaña , José ; Fernández , Jesús ( 2008 ) . `` Las profesiones en México : condiciones económicas , culturales y sociales '' . Sociología y Profesión ( Sociology and Profession ) ( in Spanish ) . Monterrey : Nuevo León Autonomous University ( UANL ) . p. 116 . ISBN 970 - 24 - 0051 - 1 . La economía de América del Norte se encuentra bien definida y estructurada en tres principales áreas económicas : el Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del Norte ( TLCAN ) , el CARICOM y el Mercado Común Centroamericano Jump up ^ `` Regional Trade Blocs '' . University of California , Santa Cruz . Retrieved 10 June 2011 . Jump up ^ North American Free Trade Agreement . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 10 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Fergusson , Ian . `` CRS Report for Congress : United States - Canada Trade and Economic Relationship -- Prospects and Challenges '' ( PDF ) . Congress Research Service . Archived from the original on 11 August 2006 . Retrieved 9 June 2011 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` NAFTA Trade Volume Increases '' . Archived from the original on 8 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Report Countries by GDP ( PPP ) '' . International Monetary Fund . 14 September 2006 . Retrieved 31 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` BEA News Release : Gross Domestic Product '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Bureau of Economic Analysis . Retrieved 3 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` United States Foreign Trade Highlights '' . United States of America Bureau of the Census . Retrieved 3 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Manufacturing Association '' . Retrieved 9 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mexico Free Trade Agreements '' ( PDF ) . Federation of American Scientists . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 23 June 2011 . Retrieved 9 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Central American Community and Market '' . Pearson Education . Retrieved February 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ceremony at `` Wedding of the Rails '' , May 10 , 1869 at Promontory Point , Utah `` . World Digital Library . 10 May 1869 . Retrieved 20 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Emmot , Robert ( 1 June 2011 ) . `` Special report : If Monterrey falls Mexico falls -- Reuters '' . Reuters . Jump up ^ `` The ' Big Five ' in North American Pro Sports '' , FiveThrityEight , Nate Silver , 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` MLS vs the major leagues : can soccer compete when it comes to big business ? '' , Guardian.com , 12 March 2014 . 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where is north america located on the map
[ "North America is a continent entirely within the Northern Hemisphere and almost all within the Western Hemisphere; it is also considered by some to be a northern subcontinent of the Americas.[3][4] It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the west and south by the Pacific Ocean, and to the southeast by South America and the Caribbean Sea.\n", "North America is a continent entirely within the Northern Hemisphere and almost all within the Western Hemisphere; it is also considered by some to be a northern subcontinent of the Americas.[3][4] It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the west and south by the Pacific Ocean, and to the southeast by South America and the Caribbean Sea.\n" ]
[ "within the Northern Hemisphere", "almost all within the Western Hemisphere" ]
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Insect wing
Insect wing - wikipedia Insect wing Jump to : navigation , search Original veins and wing posture of a dragonfly Hoverflies hovering to mate A cockchafer 's hardened forewings raised , hindwings unfolding Insect wings are adult outgrowths of the insect exoskeleton that enable insects to fly . They are found on the second and third thoracic segments ( the mesothorax and metathorax ) , and the two pairs are often referred to as the forewings and hindwings , respectively , though a few insects lack hindwings , even rudiments . The wings are strengthened by a number of longitudinal veins , which often have cross-connections that form closed `` cells '' in the membrane ( extreme examples include the dragonflies and lacewings ) . The patterns resulting from the fusion and cross-connection of the wing veins are often diagnostic for different evolutionary lineages and can be used for identification to the family or even genus level in many orders of insects . Physically , some insects move their flight muscles directly , others indirectly . In insects with direct flight , the wing muscles directly attached to the wing base , so that a small downward movement of the wing base lifts the wing itself upward . Those insects with indirect flight have muscles that attach to and deform the thorax , causing the wings to move as well . The wings are present in only one sex ( often the male ) in some groups such as velvet ants and Strepsiptera , or are selectively lost in `` workers '' of social insects such as ants and termites . Rarely , the female is winged but the male not , as in fig wasps . In some cases , wings are produced only at particular times in the life cycle , such as in the dispersal phase of aphids . Wing structure and colouration often vary with morphs , such as in the aphids , migratory phases of locusts and polymorphic butterflies . At rest , the wings may be held flat , or folded a number of times along specific patterns ; most typically , it is the hindwings which are folded , but in a few groups such as the vespid wasps , it is the forewings . How and why insect wings evolved is not well understood . Three main theories on the origins of insect flight are that wings developed from paranotal lobes , extensions of the thoracic terga ; that they are modifications of movable abdominal gills as found on aquatic naiads of mayflies ; and that insect wings arose from the fusion of pre-existing endite and exite structures each with pre-existing articulation and tracheation . Contents ( hide ) 1 Morphology 1.1 Internal 1.2 Venation 1.3 Fields 1.4 Joints 1.5 Muscles 1.6 Coupling , folding , and other features 2 Flight 2.1 Flight mechanisms 2.2 Aerodynamics 3 Evolution 3.1 Fossils 3.2 Hypotheses 4 Morphogenesis 5 Nomenclature 6 Adaptations 6.1 Variation 6.2 Coleoptera 6.3 Lepidoptera 6.4 Odonata 6.5 Orthoptera 6.6 Phasmatodea 6.7 Dermaptera 6.8 Hemiptera 6.9 Diptera 6.10 Blattodea 6.11 Hymenoptera 6.12 Other families 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Morphology ( edit ) Internal ( edit ) Each of the wings consists of a thin membrane supported by a system of veins . The membrane is formed by two layers of integument closely apposed , while the veins are formed where the two layers remain separate ; sometimes the lower cuticle is thicker and more heavily sclerotized under a vein . Within each of the major veins there is a nerve and a trachea , and , since the cavities of the veins are connected with the hemocoel , hemolymph can flow into the wings . As the wing develops , the dorsal and ventral integumental layers become closely apposed over most of their area forming the wing membrane . The remaining areas form channels , the future veins , in which the nerves and tracheae may occur . The cuticle surrounding the veins becomes thickened and more heavily sclerotized to provide strength and rigidity to the wing . Two types of hair may occur on the wings : microtrichia , which are small and irregularly scattered , and macrotrichia , which are larger , socketed , and may be restricted to veins . The scales of Lepidoptera and Trichoptera are highly modified macrotrichia . Venation ( edit ) Venation of insect wings , based on the Comstock -- Needham system In some very small insects , the venation may be greatly reduced . In Chalcidoidea ( Chalcid wasps ) , for instance , only the subcosta and part of the radius are present . Conversely , an increase in venation may occur by the branching of existing veins to produce accessory veins or by the development of additional , intercalary veins between the original ones , as in the wings of Orthoptera ( grasshoppers and crickets ) . Large numbers of cross-veins are present in some insects , and they may form a reticulum as in the wings of Odonata ( dragonflies and damselflies ) and at the base of the forewings of Tettigonioidea and Acridoidea ( katydids and grasshoppers respectively ) . The archedictyon is the name given to a hypothetical scheme of wing venation proposed for the very first winged insect . It is based on a combination of speculation and fossil data . Since all winged insects are believed to have evolved from a common ancestor , the archedictyon represents the `` template '' that has been modified ( and streamlined ) by natural selection for 200 million years . According to current dogma , the archedictyon contained 6 -- 8 longitudinal veins . These veins ( and their branches ) are named according to a system devised by John Comstock and George Needham -- the Comstock -- Needham system : Costa ( C ) -- the leading edge of the wing Subcosta ( Sc ) -- second longitudinal vein ( behind the costa ) , typically unbranched Radius ( R ) -- third longitudinal vein , one to five branches reach the wing margin Media ( M ) -- fourth longitudinal vein , one to four branches reach the wing margin Cubitus ( Cu ) -- fifth longitudinal vein , one to three branches reach the wing margin Anal veins ( A1 , A2 , A3 ) -- unbranched veins behind the cubitus The costa ( C ) is the leading marginal vein on most insects , although sometimes there is a small vein above the costa called the precosta , although in almost all extant insects , the precosta is fused with the costa ; The costa rarely ever branches because it is at the leading edge , which is associated at its base with the humeral plate . The trachea of the costal vein is perhaps a branch of the subcostal trachea . Located after the costa is the third vein , the subcosta , which branches into two separate veins : the anterior and posterior . The base of the subcosta is associated with the distal end of the neck of the first axillary ( see section below ) . The fourth vein is the radius ( R ) , which is branched into five separate veins . The radius is generally the strongest vein of the wing . Toward the middle of the wing , it forks into a first undivided branch ( R1 ) and a second branch , called the radial sector ( Ra ) , which subdivides dichotomously into four distal branches ( R2 , R3 , R4 , R5 ) . Basally , the radius is flexibly united with the anterior end of the second axillary ( 2Ax ) . The fifth vein of the wing is the media . In the archetype pattern ( A ) , the media forks into two main branches : a media anterior ( MA ) , which divides into two distal branches ( MA1 , MA2 ) , and a median sector , or media posterior ( MP ) , which has four terminal branches ( M1 , M2 , M3 , M4 ) . In most modern insects the media anterior has been lost , and the usual `` media '' is the four - branched media posterior with the common basal stem . In the Ephemerida , according to present interpretations of the wing venation , both branches of the media are retained , while in Odonata the persisting media is the primitive anterior branch . The stem of the media is often united with the radius , but when it occurs as a distinct vein its base is associated with the distal median plate ( m ' ) or is continuously sclerotized with the latter . The cubitus , the sixth vein of the wing , is primarily two branched . The primary forking of the takes place near the base of the wing , forming the two principal branches ( Cu1 , Cu2 ) . The anterior branch may break up into a number of secondary branches , but commonly it forks into two distal branches . The second branch of the cubitus ( Cu2 ) in Hymenoptera , Trichoptera , and Lepidoptera was mistaken by Comstock and Needham for the first anal . Proximally the main stem of the cubitus is associated with the distal median plate ( m ' ) of the wing base . Postcubitus ( Pcu ) is the first anal of the Comstock -- Needham system . The postcubitus , however , has the status of an independent wing vein and should be recognized as such . In nymphal wings , its trachea arises between the cubital trachea and the group of vannal tracheae . In the mature wings of more generalized insect the Postcubitus is always associated proximally with the cubitus and is never intimately connected with the flexor sclerite ( 3Ax ) of the wing base . In Neuroptera , Mecoptera , and Trichoptera the postcubitus may be more closely associated with the vannal veins , but its base is always free from the latter . The postcubitus is usually unbranched ; it is primitively two branched . The vannal veins ( lV to nV ) are the anal veins that are immediately associated with the third axillary , and which are directly affected by the movement of this sclerite that brings about the flexion of the wings . In number the vannal veins vary. from 1 to 12 , according to the expansion of the vannal area of the wing . The vannal tracheae usually arise from a common tracheal stem in nymphal insects , and the veins are regarded as branches of a single anal vein . Distally the vannal veins are either simple or branched . Jugal Veins ( J ) of the jugal lobe of the wing is often occupied by a network of irregular veins , or it may be entirely membranous ; but sometimes it contains one or two distinct small veins , the first jugal vein , or vena arcuata , and the second jugal vein , or vena cardinalis ( 2J ) . C - Sc cross-veins -- run between the costa and subcosta R cross-veins -- run between adjacent branches of the radius R-M cross-veins -- run between the radius and media M - Cu cross-veins -- run between the media and cubitus All the veins of the wing are subject to secondary forking and to union by cross-veins . In some orders of insects the cross-veins are so numerous that the whole venational pattern becomes a close network of branching veins and cross-veins . Ordinarily , however , there is a definite number of cross-veins having specific locations . The more constant cross-veins are the humeral cross-vein ( h ) between costa and subcosta , the radial cross-vein ( r ) between R and the first fork of Rs , the sectorial cross-vein ( s ) between the two forks of R8 , the median cross-vein ( m -- m ) between M2 and M3 , and the mediocubital cross-vein ( m - cu ) between media and cubitus . The veins of insect wings are characterized by a convex - concave placement , such as those seen in mayflies ( i.e. , concave is `` down '' and convex is `` up '' ) which alternate regularly and by its triadic type of branching ; whenever a vein forks there is always an interpolated vein of the opposite position between the two branches . A concave vein will fork into two concave veins ( with the interpolated vein being convex ) and the regular alteration of the veins is preserved . The veins of the wing appear to fall into an undulating pattern according to whether they have a tendency to fold up or down when the wing is relaxed . The basal shafts of the veins are convex , but each vein forks distally into an anterior convex branch and a posterior concave branch . Thus the costa and subcosta are regarded as convex and concave branches of a primary first vein , Rs is the concave branch of the radius , posterior media the concave branch of the media , Cu1 and Cu2 are respectively convex and concave , while the primitive Postcubitus and the first vannal have each an anterior convex branch and a posterior concave branch . The convex or concave nature of the veins has been used as evidence in determining the identities of the persisting distal branches of the veins of modern insects , but it has not been demonstrated to be consistent for all wings . Fields ( edit ) Wing areas are delimited and subdivided by fold - lines along which the wing can fold , and flexion - lines along which the wing can flex during flight . The fundamental distinction between the flexion - lines and the fold - lines is often blurred , as fold - lines may permit some flexibility or vice versa . Two constants that are found in nearly all insect wings are the claval ( a flexion - line ) and jugal folds ( or fold line ) ; forming variable and unsatisfactory boundaries . Wing foldings can very complicated , with transverse folding occurs in the hindwings of Dermaptera and Coleoptera , and in some insects the anal area can be folded like a fan . There are about four different fields found on the insect wings : Remigium Anal area ( vannus ) Jugal area Axillary area Alula Most veins and crossveins occur in the anterior area of the remigium , which is responsible for most of the flight , powered by the thoracic muscles . The posterior portion of the remigium is sometimes called the clavus ; the two other posterior fields are the anal and jugal ares . When the vannal fold has the usual position anterior to the group of anal veins , the remigium contains the costal , subcostal , radial , medial , cubital , and postcubital veins . In the flexed wing the remigiumturns posteriorly on the flexible basal connection of the radius with the second axillary , and the base of the mediocubital field is folded medially on the axillary region along the plica basalis ( bf ) between the median plates ( m , m ' ) of the wing base . The vannus is bordered by the vannal fold , which typically occurs between the postcubitus and the first vannal vein . In Orthoptera it usually has this position . In the forewing of Blattidae , however , the only fold in this part of the wing lies immediately before the postcubitus . In Plecoptera the vannal fold is posterior to the postcubitus , but proximally it crosses the base of the first vannal vein . In the cicada the vannal fold lies immediately behind the first vannal vein ( lV ) . These small variations in the actual position of the vannal fold , however , do not affect the unity of action of the vannal veins , controlled by the flexor sclerite ( 3Ax ) , in the flexion of the wing . In the hindwings of most Orthoptera a secondary vena dividens forms a rib in the vannal fold . The vannus is usually triangular in shape , and its veins typically spread out from the third axillary like the ribs of a fan . Some of the vannal veins may be branched , and secondary veins may alternate with the primary veins . The vannal region is usually best developed in the hindwing , in which it may be enlarged to form a sustaining surface , as in Plecoptera and Orthoptera . The great fanlike expansions of the hindwings of Acrididae are clearly the vannal regions , since their veins are all supported on the third axillary sclerites on the wing bases , though Martynov ( 1925 ) ascribes most of the fan areas in Acrididae to the jugal regions of the wings . The true jugum of the acridid wing is represented only by the small membrane ( Ju ) mesad of the last vannal vein . The jugum is more highly developed in some other Polyneoptera , as in the Mantidae . In most of the higher insects with narrow wings the vannus becomes reduced , and the vannal fold is lost , but even in such cases the flexed wing may bend along a line between the postcubitus and the first vannal vein . The Jugal Region , or Neala , is a region of the wing that is usually a small membranous area proximal to the base of the vannus strengthened by a few small , irregular veinlike thickenings ; but when well developed it is a distinct section of the wing and may contain one or two jugal veins . When the jugal area of the forewing is developed as a free lobe , it projects beneath the humeral angle of the hindwing and thus serves to yoke the two wings together . In the Jugatae group of Lepidoptera it bears a long finger - like lobe . The jugal region was termed the neala ( `` new wing '' ) because it is evidently a secondary and recently developed part of the wing . The axillary region is region containing the axillary sclerites has in general the form of a scalene triangle . The base of the triangle ( a-b ) is the hinge of the wing with the body ; the apex ( c ) is the distal end of the third axillary sclerite ; the longer side is anterior to the apex . The point d on the anterior side of the triangle marks the articulation of the radial vein with the second axillary sclerite . The line between d and c is the plica basalis ( bf ) , or fold of the wing at the base of the mediocubital field . At the posterior angle of the wing base in some Diptera there is a pair of membranous lobes ( squamae , or calypteres ) known as the alula . The alula is well developed in the house fly . The outer squama ( c ) arises from the wing base behind the third axillary sclerite ( 3Ax ) and evidently represents the jugal lobe of other insects ( A , D ) ; the larger inner squama ( d ) arises from the posterior scutellar margin of the tergum of the wing - bearing segment and forms a protective , hoodlike canopy over the halter . In the flexed wing the outer squama of the alula is turned upside down above the inner squama , the latter not being affected by the movement of the wing . In many Diptera a deep incision of the anal area of the wing membrane behind the single vannal vein sets off a proximal alar lobe distal to the outer squama of the alula . Joints ( edit ) The various movements of the wings , especially in insects that flex the wings horizontally over the back when at rest , demand a more complicated articular structure at the wing base than a mere hinge of the wing with the body . Each wing is attached to the body by a membranous basal area , but the articular membrane contains a number of small articular sclerites , collectively known as the pteralia . The pteralia include an anterior humeral plate at the base of the costal vein , a group of axillaries ( Ax ) associated with the subcostal , radial , and vannal veins , and two less definite median plates ( m , m ' ) at the base of the mediocubital area . The axillaries are specifically developed only in the wing - flexing insects , where they constitute the flexor mechanism of the wing operated by the flexor muscle arising on the pleuron . Characteristic of the wing base is also a small lobe on the anterior margin of the articular area proximal to the humeral plate , which , in the forewing of some insects , is developed into a large , flat , scale - like flap , the tegula , overlapping the base of the wing . Posteriorly the articular membrane often forms an ample lobe between the wing and the body , and its margin is generally thickened and corrugated , giving the appearance of a ligament , the so - called axillary cord , continuous mesally with the posterior marginal scutellar fold of the tergal plate bearing the wing . The articular sclerites , or pteralia , of the wing base of the wing - flexing insects and their relations to the body and the wing veins , shown diagrammatically , are as follows : Humeral plates First Axillary Second Axillary Third Axillary Fourth Axillary Median plates ( m , m ' ) The humeral plate is usually a small sclerite on the anterior margin of the wing base , movable and articulated with the base of the costal vein . Odonata have their humeral plate greatly enlarged , with two muscles arising from the episternum inserted into the Humeral plates and two from the edge of the epimeron inserted into the axillary plate . The first axillary sclerite ( lAx ) is the anterior hinge plate of the wing base . Its anterior part is supported on the anterior notal wing process of the tergum ( ANP ) ; its posterior part articulates with the tergal margin . The anterior end of the sclerite is generally produced as a slender arm , the apex of which ( e ) is always associated with the base of the subcostal vein ( Sc ) , though it is not united with the latter . The body of the sclerite articulates laterally with the second axillary . The second axillary sclerite ( 2Ax ) is more variable in form than the first axillary , but its mechanical relations are no less definite . It is obliquely hinged to the outer margin of the body of the first axillary , and the radial vein ( R ) is always flexibly attached to its anterior end ( d ) . The second axillary presents both a dorsal and a ventral sclerotization in the wing base ; its ventral surface rests upon the fulcral wing process of the pleuron . The second axillary , therefore , is the pivotal sclerite of the wing base , and it specifically manipulates the radial vein . The third axillary sclerite ( 3Ax ) lies in the posterior part of the articular region of the wing . Its form is highly variable and often irregular , but the third axillary is the sclerite on which is inserted the flexor muscle of the wing ( D ) . Mesally it articulates anteriorly ( f ) with the posterior end of the second axillary , and posteriorly ( b ) with the posterior wing process of the tergum ( PNP ) , or with a small fourth axillary when the latter is present . Distally the third axillary is prolonged in a process which is always associated with the bases of the group of veins in the anal region of the wing here termed the vannal veins ( V ) . The third axillary , therefore , is usually the posterior hinge plate of the wing base and is the active sclerite of the flexor mechanism , which directly manipulates the vannal veins . The contraction of the flexor muscle ( D ) revolves the third axillary on its mesal articulations ( b , f ) and thereby lifts its distal arm ; this movement produces the flexion of the wing . The Fourth Axillary sclerite is not a constant element of the wing base . When present it is usually a small plate intervening between the third axillary and the posterior notal wing process and is probably a detached piece of the latter . The median plates ( m , m ' ) are also sclerites that are not so definitely differentiated as specific plates as are the three principal axillaries , but nevertheless they are important elements of the flexor apparatus . They lie in the median area of the wing base distal to the second and third axillaries and are separated from each other by an oblique line ( bf ) which forms a prominent convex fold during flexion of the wing . The proximal plate ( m ) is usually attached to the distal arm of the third axillary and perhaps should be regarded as a part of the latter . The distal plate ( m ' ) is less constantly present as a distinct sclerite and may be represented by a general sclerotization of the base of the mediocubital field of the wing . When the veins of this region are distinct at their bases , they are associated with the outer median plate . Muscles ( edit ) The diamond - shaped alary muscles ( green ) of the mosquito Anopheles gambiae and their structural relationship to the tube - like heart ( also in green ) . Red depicts pericardial cells , blue cell nuclei . The muscles that control flight in insects can take up to 10 % to 30 % of the total body mass . The muscles that control flight vary with the two types of flight found in insects : indirect and direct . Insects that use first , indirect , have the muscles attach to the tergum instead of the wings , as the name suggests . As the muscles contract , the thoracic box becomes distorted , transferring the energy to the wing . There are two `` bundles '' of muscles , those that span parallel to the tergum , the dorsolongitudinals , and those that are attached to the tegum and extend to the sternum , the dorsoventrals . In direct muscle , the connection is directly from the pleuron ( thoracic wall ) to individual sclerites located at the base of the wing . The subalar and basalar muscles have ligament attachments to the subalar and basalar sclerites . Here resilin , a highly elastic material , forms the ligaments connecting flight muscles to the wing apparatus . In more derived orders of insects , such as Diptera ( flies ) and Hymenoptera ( wasp ) , the indirect muscles occupy the greatest volume of the pterothorax and function as the primary source of power for the wingstroke . Contraction of the dorsolongitudinal muscles causes the severe arching of the notum which depresses the wing while contraction of the dorsoventral muscles causes opposite motion of notum . Other more primitive insects , such as Orthoptera ( locusts ) , Coleoptera ( beetles ) , and Odonata ( dragonflies ) use direct muscles that are responsible for developing the needed power for the up and down strokes . Insect wing muscle is a strictly aerobic tissue . Per unit protein it consumes fuel and oxygen at rates taking place in a very concentrated and highly organized tissue so that the steady - state rates per unit volume represent an absolute record in biology . The fuel and oxygen rich blood is carried to the muscles through diffusion occurring in large amounts , in order to maintain the high level of energy used during flight . Many wing muscles are large and may be as large as 10 mm in length and 2 mm in width . Moreover , in some Diptera the fibres are of giant dimensions . For instance , in the very active Rutilia , the cross-section is 1800 μm long and more than 500 μm wide . The transport of fuel and oxygen from the surroundings to the sites of consumption and the reverse transport of carbon dioxide therefore represent a challenge to the biologist both in relation to transport in the liquid phase and in the intricate system of air tubes , i.e. in the tracheal system . Coupling , folding , and other features ( edit ) In many insect species , the forewing and hindwing are coupled together , which improves the aerodynamic efficiency of flight . The most common coupling mechanism ( e.g. , Hymenoptera and Trichoptera ) is a row of small hooks on the forward margin of the hindwing , or `` hamuli '' , which lock onto the forewing , keeping them held together ( hamulate coupling ) . In some other insect species ( e.g. , Mecoptera , Lepidoptera , and some Trichoptera ) the jugal lobe of the forewing covers a portion of the hindwing ( jugal coupling ) , or the margins of the forewing and hindwing overlap broadly ( amplexiform coupling ) , or the hindwing bristles , or frenulum , hook under the retaining structure or retinaculum on the forewing . When at rest , the wings are held over the back in most insects , which may involve longitudinal folding of the wing membrane and sometimes also transverse folding . Folding may sometimes occur along the flexion lines . Though fold lines may be transverse , as in the hindwings of beetles and earwigs , they are normally radial to the base of the wing , allowing adjacent sections of a wing to be folded over or under each other . The commonest fold line is the jugal fold , situated just behind the third anal vein , although , most Neoptera have a jugal fold just behind vein 3A on the forewings . It is sometimes also present on the hindwings . Where the anal area of the hindwing is large , as in Orthoptera and Blattodea , the whole of this part may be folded under the anterior part of the wing along a vannal fold a little posterior to the claval furrow . In addition , in Orthoptera and Blattodea , the anal area is folded like a fan along the veins , the anal veins being convex , at the crests of the folds , and the accessory veins concave . Whereas the claval furrow and jugal fold are probably homologous in different species , the vannal fold varies in position in different taxa . Folding is produced by a muscle arising on the pleuron and inserted into the third axillary sclerite in such a way that , when it contracts , the sclerite pivots about its points of articulation with the posterior notal process and the second axillary sclerite . As a result , the distal arm of the third axillary sclerite rotates upwards and inwards , so that finally its position is completely reversed . The anal veins are articulated with this sclerite in such a way that when it moves they are carried with it and become flexed over the back of the insect . Activity of the same muscle in flight affects the power output of the wing and so it is also important in flight control . In orthopteroid insects , the elasticity of the cuticle causes the vannal area of the wing to fold along the veins . Consequently , energy is expended in unfolding this region when the wings are moved to the flight position . In general , wing extension probably results from the contraction of muscles attached to the basalar sclerite or , in some insects , to the subalar sclerite . Flight ( edit ) Australian Emperor in flight ; it uses the direct flight mechanism . Main article : Insect flight Flight mechanisms ( edit ) Two groups of relatively large insects , the Ephemeroptera ( mayflies ) and the Odonata ( dragonflies and damselflies ) have the flight muscles attached directly to their wings ; the wings can beat no faster than the rate at which nerves can send impulses to command the muscles to beat . All other living winged insects fly using a different mechanism , involving indirect flight muscles which cause the thorax to vibrate ; the wings can beat faster than the rate at which the muscles receive nerve impulses . This mechanism evolved once , and is the defining feature ( synapomorphy ) for the infraclass Neoptera . Aerodynamics ( edit ) Main article : Insect aerodynamics There are two basic aerodynamic models of insect flight . Most insects use a method that creates a spiralling leading edge vortex . Some very small insects use the fling and clap or Weis - Fogh mechanism in which the wings clap together above the insect 's body and then fling apart . As they fling open , the air gets sucked in and creates a vortex over each wing . This bound vortex then moves across the wing and , in the clap , acts as the starting vortex for the other wing . Circulation and lift are increased , at the price of wear and tear on the wings . Many insects can hover by beating their wings rapidly , requiring sideways stabilization as well as lift . A few insects use gliding flight , without the use of thrust . It is found in some species of arboreal ants , known as gliding ants . Evolution ( edit ) Sometime in the Carboniferous Period , some 350 million years ago , when there were only two major land masses , insects began flying . How and why insect wings developed , however , is not well understood , largely due to the scarcity of appropriate fossils from the period of their development in the Lower Carboniferous . Three main theories on the origins of insect flight are that wings developed from paranotal lobes , extensions of the thoracic terga ; that they are modifications of movable abdominal gills as found on aquatic naiads of mayflies ; or that they developed from thoracic protrusions used as radiators . Fossils ( edit ) Holotype wing of the extinct Cimbrophlebia brooksi . 49.5 Million Years old ; `` Boot Hill '' , Klondike Mountain Formation , Washington , USA . Fossils from the Devonian ( 400 million years ago ) are all wingless , but by the Carboniferous ( 320 million years ago ) , more than 10 different genera of insects had fully functional wings . There is little preservation of transitional forms between the two periods . The earliest winged insects are from this time period ( Pterygota ) , including the Blattoptera , Caloneurodea , primitive stem - group Ephemeropterans , Orthoptera and Palaeodictyopteroidea . Very early Blattopterans ( during the Carboniferous ) had a very large discoid pronotum and coriaceous forewings with a distinct CuP vein ( an unbranched wing vein , lying near the claval fold and reaching the wing posterior margin ) . Even though the oldest definitive insect fossil is the Devonian Rhyniognatha hirsti , estimated at 396 -- 407 million years old , it possessed dicondylic mandibles , a feature associated with winged insects . During the Permian , the dragonflies Odonata were the dominant aerial predator and probably dominated terrestrial insect predation as well . True Odonata appeared in the Permian and all are amphibian . Their prototypes are the oldest winged fossils , go back to the Devonian , and are different from other wings in every way . Their prototypes may have had the beginnings of many modern attributes even by late Carboniferous and it is possible that they even captured small vertebrates , for some species had a wing span of 71 cm . The earliest beetle - like species during the Permian had pointed , leather like forewings with cells and pits . Hemiptera , or true bugs had appeared in the form of Arctiniscytina and Paraknightia having forewings with unusual venation , possibly diverging from Blattoptera . A single large wing from a species of Diptera in the Triassic ( 10 mm instead of usual 2 -- 6 mm ) was found in Australia ( Mt . Crosby ). This family Tilliardipteridae , despite of the numerous ' tipuloid ' features , should be included in Psychodomorpha sensu Hennig on account of loss of the convex distal 1A reaching wing margin and formation of the anal loop . Hypotheses ( edit ) Diagram of different theories A Hypothetical wingless ancestor B Paranotal theory : Hypothetical insect with wings from the back ( Notum ) C Hypothetical insect with wings from the Pleurum D Epicoxal theory Hypothetical insect with wings from annex of the legs 1 Notum ( back ) 2 Pleurum 3 Exit ( outer attachments of the legs ) Paranotal hypothesis : This hypothesis suggests that the insect 's wings developed from paranotal lobes , a preadaptation found in insect fossils that is believed to have assisted stabilization while hopping or falling . In favor of this hypothesis is the tendency of most insects , when startled while climbing on branches , to escape by dropping to the ground . Such lobes would have served as parachutes and enable the insect to land more softly . The theory suggests that these lobes gradually grew larger and in a later stage developed a joint with the thorax . Even later would appear the muscles to move these crude wings . This model implies a progressive increase in the effectiveness of the wings , starting with parachuting , then gliding and finally active flight . Still , lack of substantial fossil evidence of the development of the wing joints and muscles poses a major difficulty to the theory , as does the seemingly spontaneous development of articulation and venation , and it has been largely rejected by experts in the field . Epicoxal hypothesis : This theory suggested that a possible origin for insect wings might have been the movable abdominal gills found in many aquatic insects , such as on naiads of mayflies . According to this theory these tracheal gills , which started their way as exits of the respiratory system and over time were modified into locomotive purposes , eventually developed into wings . The tracheal gills are equipped with little winglets that perpetually vibrate and have their own tiny straight muscles . Endite - exite hypothesis : The hypothesis with perhaps the strongest evidence is that which stems from the adaptation of endites and exites , appendages on the respective inner and outer aspects of the primitive arthropod limb . This was advanced by Trueman based on a study by Goldschmidt in 1945 on Drosophila melanogaster , in which a pod variation displayed a mutation transforming normal wings to what was interpreted as a triple - jointed leg arrangement with some additional appendages but lacking the tarsus , where the wing 's costal surface normally would be . This mutation was reinterpreted as strong evidence for a dorsal exite and endite fusion , rather than a leg , with the appendages fitting in much better with this hypothesis . The innervation , articulation and musculature required for the evolution of wings are already present in podomeres . Paranota plus leg gene recruitment hypothesis : The fossil larvae of Coxoplectoptera provided important new clues to the disputed question of the evolutionary origin of insect wings . Before the larvae fossil discovery the paranotal - hypothesis and the leg - exite - hypothesis have been considered as incompatible alternative explanations , which have both been supported by a set of evidences from the fossil record , comparative morphology , developmental biology and genetics . The expression of leg genes in the ontogeny of the insect wing has been universally considered as conclusive evidence in favour of the leg - exite - hypothesis , which proposes that insect wings are derived from mobile leg appendages ( exites ) . However , the larvae of Coxoplectoptera show that the abdominal gills of mayflies and their ancestors , which are generally considered as corresponding structures to insect wings , articulated within the dorsal tergite plates . This can not be seen in modern mayfly larvae , because their abdominal tergites and sternites are fused to rings , without any traces left even in embryonic development . If larval gills and wings are corresponding ( `` serial homologous '' ) structures and thus share the same evolutionary origin , the new results from Coxoplectoptera demonstrate that also wings are of tergal origin , as proposed by the classical paranotal - hypothesis . Staniczek , Bechly & Godunko ( 2011 ) therefore suggested a new hypothesis that could reconcile the apparently conflicting evidence from paleontology and developmental genetics : wings first originated as stiff outgrowths of tergal plates ( paranota ) , and only later in evolution became mobile , articulated appendages through secondary recruiting of leg genes . Suggestions have been made that wings may have evolved initially for sailing on the surface of water as seen in some stoneflies . An alternative idea is that it drives from directed aerial gliding descent -- a preflight phenomena found in some apterygote , a wingless sister taxa to the winged insects . The earliest fliers were similar to dragonflies with two sets of wings , direct flight muscles , and no ability to fold their wings over their abdomens . Most insects today , which evolved from those first fliers , have simplified to either one pair of wings or two pairs functioning as a single pair and using a system of indirect flight muscles . Natural selection has played an enormous role in refining the wings , control and sensory systems , and anything else that affects aerodynamics or kinematics . One noteworthy trait is wing twist . Most insect wings are twisted , as are helicopter blades , with a higher angle of attack at the base . The twist generally is between 10 and 20 degrees . In addition to this twist , the wing surfaces are not necessarily flat or featureless ; most larger insects have wing membranes distorted and angled between the veins in such a way that the cross-section of the wings approximates an airfoil . Thus , the wing 's basic shape already is capable of generating a small amount of lift at zero angle of attack . Most insects control their wings by adjusting tilt , stiffness , and flapping frequency of the wings with tiny muscles in the thorax ( below ) . Some insects evolved other wing features that are not advantageous for flight , but play a role in something else , such as mating or protection . Evolution of the ways the wings at rest to the body to create wings do not fold back ( recent Archaeoptera ) spread laterally ( large bubbles ) over the back against one another ( damselflies , mayflies ) Folding ( Neoptera ) wings not foldable ( e.g. , stoneflies ) Folding fan-fold ( e.g. , front wings of wasps ) Cross fold ( such as the rear wing of the beetle ) Subjects folding ( such as the rear wing of the earwigs ) Some insects , occupying the biological niches that they do , need to be incredibly maneuverable . They must find their food in tight spaces and be capable of escaping larger predators -- or they may themselves be predators , and need to capture prey . Their maneuverability , from an aerodynamic viewpoint , is provided by high lift and thrust forces . Typical insect fliers can attain lift forces up to three times their weight and horizontal thrust forces up to five times their weight . There are two substantially different insect flight mechanisms , and each has its own advantages and disadvantages -- just because odonates have a more primitive flight mechanism does not mean they are less able fliers ; they are , in certain ways , more agile than anything that has evolved afterward . Morphogenesis ( edit ) While the development of wings in insects is clearly defined in those who are members of Endopterygota , which undergo complete metamorphosis ; in these species , the wing develops while in the pupal stage of the insects life cycle . However , insects that undergo incomplete metamorphosis do not have a pupal stage , therefore they must have a different wing morphogenesis . Insects such as those that are hemimetabolic have wings that start out as buds , which are found underneath the exoskeleton , and do not become exposed until the last instar of the nymph . The first indication of the wing buds is of a thickening of the hypodermis , which can be observed in insect species as early the embryo , and in the earliest stages of the life cycle . During the development of morphological features while in the embryo , or embryogenesis , a cluster of cells grow underneath the ectoderm which later in development , after the lateral ectoderm has grown dorsally to form wind imaginal disc . An example of wing bud development in the larvae , can be seen in those of White butterflies ( Pieris ) . In the second instar the histoblast become more prominent , which now form a pocket - like structure . As of the third and fourth instars , the histoblast become more elongated . This greatly extended and evaginated , or protruding , part is what becomes the wing . By the close of the last instar , or fifth , the wing is pushed out of the wing - pocket , although continues to lie under the old larval cuticle while in its prepupal stage . It is not until the butterfly is in its pupal stage that the wing - bud becomes exposed , and shortly after eclosion , the wing begins to expand and form its definitive shape . The development of tracheation of the wings begin before the wing histoblast form , as it is important to note that they develop near a large trachea . During the fourth instar , cells from the epithelium of this trachea become greatly enlarged extend into the cavity of the wing bud , with each cell having developed a closely coiled tracheole . Each trachcole is of unicellular origin , and is at first intracellular in position ; while tracheae are of multicellular origin and the lumen of each is intercellular in position . The development of tracheoles , each coiled within a single cell of the epithelium of a trachea , and the subsequent opening of communication between the tracheoles and the lumen of the trachea , and the uncoiling and stretching out of the tracheoles , so that they reach all parts of the wing . In the earlier stages of its development , the wing - bud is not provided with special organs of respiration such as tracheation , as it resembles in this respect the other portions of the hypodermis of which it is still a part . It should be noted , however , that the histoblast is developed near a large trachea , a cross-section of which is shown in , which represents sections of these parts of the first , second , third and fourth instars respectively . At the same time the tracheoles uncoil , and extend in bundles in the forming vein - cavities of the wing - bud . At the molt that marks the beginning of the pupal stadium stage , they become functional . At the same time , the larval tracheoles degenerate ; their function having been replaced by the wing tracheae . Nomenclature ( edit ) Most of the nomenclature of insect orders is based on the Ancient Greek word for wing , πτερόν ( pteron ) , as the suffix - ptera . Scientific Name linguistic root Translation of the Scientific name English Name Anisoptera ἀνισο - ( aniso - ) Unequal wings Dragonfly Aptera ἀ - ( a - ) , not Wingless Apterygotans , now obsolete Apterygota πτερύγιον ( pterygion small wing ) ἀ - ( a - ) , not Wingless Apterygotans Coleoptera Κολεός ( koleos , sheath ) Hardened wings Beetles Dermaptera Δέρμα ( derma , skin , leather ) Leather wings Earwigs Diaphanopterodea Διαφανής ( diaphanes , transparent or translucent ) With transparent wings diaphanopteroideans Dictyoptera Δίκτυον ( diktyon , network ) Wings with netted venation Cockroaches , mantises and termites Diptera Δύο - ( dyo - , two ) Two wings Flies Embioptera ἐ - ( en , inside ; βίος bios , life ) Interior living winged insects Webspinners Endopterygota ἐντός ( entos , inside ; πτερύγιον , small wing ) Inside wings Holometabolous insects Ephemeroptera ἐφήμερος ( ephemeros about one day long ) Short lived winged insects Mayflies Exopterygota ἔξω ( exo , external ) Outdoor flying insects Insects that undergo incomplete metamorphosis Hemiptera ἡμι - ( hemi - , half ) Halfwinged insects Hemiptera ( true bugs , leafhoppers , aphids , etc . ) Heteroptera ἑτερο - ( hetero - , different ) Different winged True bugs Homoptera ὅμο - ( homo - , similar ) Same winged now obsolete Hymenoptera ὑμένιον ( hymenion , membrane ) Insects with wings of thin membranes bees , wasps , ants , etc . Isoptera ἶσον ( ison , equal ) Same winged Termites Lepidoptera Λεπίς ( lepis , scale ) Scaled wings Butterflies & Moths Lonchopteridae Λόγχη ( lonchi , lance ) Lance wings Lance flies Mecoptera μῆκος ( mekos , length ) Long wings Snake flies , etc . Megaloptera Μεγαλο - ( megalo - , large ) Large wings Dobsonflies , fishflies Neuroptera νεῦρον ( neuron , vein ) Veined wing Lacewings , owlflies , antlions , etc . Neoptera νέος ( neos , new , young ) New wings Includes all currently living orders of flying insects except mayflies and dragonflies Oligoneoptera ὀλίγον - ( oligon - , few ) νέος ( neos or new ) New with little veins Division of the Neoptera Orthoptera ὀρθο ( ortho - , straight ) Straight wings Grasshoppers , katydids , and crickets Palaeodictyoptera Παλαιός ( palaios - , old ) δίκτυον ( diktyon meaning network ) Old veined wings Primitive palaeozoic paleopterous insects Palaeoptera Παλαιός ( Palaios , old ) Old wings Mayflies , dragonflies , and several fossil orders Paraneoptera Παρα - ( Para - ) νέος ( neos , new ) Part of Neoptera , mostly with piercing mouthparts True bugs , lice , barklice , thrips Phthiraptera Φθείρ ( phtheir , lice ) ἀ , a - , not Lice without wings Animal lice Plecoptera Πλέκειν ( plekein , fold ) Folded wings Stoneflies Polyneoptera Πολύς ( polys , many νέοςneosnew ) Many veined wings Neoptera with hemimetabolous development Psocoptera Ψώχω ( psocho , to rub ) Rubbing wings Barklice , booklice Pterygota Πτερύγιον ( pterygion , wing ) Winged insects In class , unlike Apterygota , including winged and wingless secondary systems Raphidioptera ῥαφίς ( rhaphis , needle ) Needle wings Snakeflies Siphonaptera Σίφων ( siphon , tube ) ἀ - or without Wingless siphon Fleas Strepsiptera Στρέψις ( strepsis , to turn around ) Rotating or twisted wings twisted - winged parasites Thysanoptera Θύσανοι ( thysanoi , fringes ) Fringe winged Thrips Trichoptera Τρίχωμα ( trichoma , hair ) Haired wings Caddisflies Zoraptera Ζωρός ( zōros meaning strong ) Strong wings Zorapterans Zygoptera ζεῦγος ( zeugos meaning pair ) Paired wings Damselflies Adaptations ( edit ) Variation ( edit ) Insect wings are fundamental in identifying and classifying species as there is no other set of structures in studying insects more significant . Each order and insect family has distinctive wing shapes and features . In many cases , even species may be distinguished from each other by differences of color and pattern . For example , just by position one can identify species , albeit to a much lesser extent . Though most insects fold their wings when at rest , dragonflies and some damselflies rest with their wings spread out horizontally , while groups such as the caddisflies , stoneflies , alderflies , and lacewings hold their wings sloped roof - like over their backs . A few moths wrap their wings around their bodies , while many flies and most butterflies close their wings together straight upward over the back . Many times the shape of the wings correlates with the type of insect flight . The best - flying insects tend to have long , slender wings . In many species of Sphingidae ( sphinx moths ) , the forewings are large and sharply pointed , forming with the small hindwings a triangle that is suggestive of the wings of fast , modern airplanes . Another , possibly more important correlation , is that of the size and power of the muscles to the speed and power of flight . In the powerfully flying insects , the wings are most adapted for the stresses and aerodynamics of flight . The veins are thicker , stronger , and closer together toward the front edge ( or `` leading edge '' ) and thinner yet flexible toward the rear edge ( or `` trailing edge '' ) . This makes the insect wing an excellently constructed airfoil , capable of exerting both propulsion and lift while minimizing drag . Variation of the wing beat may also occur , not just amongst different species , but even among individuals at different times . In general , the frequency is dependent upon the ratio between the power of the wing muscles and the resistance of the load . Large - winged , light - bodied butterflies may have a wing beat frequency of 4 -- 20 per second whereas small - winged , heavy - bodied flies and bees beat their wings more than 100 times a second and mosquitoes can beat up to 988 -- 1046 times a second . The same goes for flight ; though it is generally difficult to estimate the speed of insects in flight , most insects can probably fly faster in nature than they do in controlled experiments . Coleoptera ( edit ) In species of Coleoptera ( beetles ) , the only functional wings are the hindwings . The hindwings are longer than the elytra , folded longitudinally and transversely under the elytra . The wing is rotated forwards on its base into flight position . This action spread the wing and unfolded longitudinally and transversely . There is the spring mechanism in the wing structure , sometimes with the help of abdomen movement , to keep the wing in folded position . The beetle wing venation is reduced and modified due to the folding structure , which include : Cross folding in the wings of beetles The hindwing , spread : by folding lines , it is divided into five fields that are completed each to the rear . The same wing , half folded : The two joints of the cross-folding form an obtuse angle . The right is already in the wings folded in three layers . With greater resolution , the third arch of the wing margin in the first and second is visible . To the left of the fifth arch appears in the fourth . The same wing , folded completely : The five fields are aligned ( The elytra have been removed ) . Costa ( C ) , Subcosta posterior ( ScP ) -- at the leading wing marginal , fused for most of the length . Radius anterior ( RA ) -- divided into two branches beyond the middle of the wing . Radius posterior ( RP ) -- basal connection is lost . Media posterior ( MP ) -- branches , long and strong vein . Cubitus anterior ( CuA ) Anal veins ( AA , AP ) -- veins behind the cubitus , separated by anal fold . In most species of beetles , the front pair of wings are modified and sclerotised ( hardened ) to form elytra and they protect the delicate hindwings which are folded beneath . The elytra are connected to the pterathorax ; being called as such because it is where the wings are connected ( pteron meaning `` wing '' in Greek ) . The elytra are not used for flight , but tend to cover the hind part of the body and protect the second pair of wings ( alae ) . The elytra must be raised in order to move the hind flight wings . A beetle 's flight wings are crossed with veins and are folded after landing , often along these veins , and are stored below the elytra . In some beetles , the ability to fly has been lost . These include some ground beetles ( family Carabidae ) and some `` true weevils '' ( family Curculionidae ) , but also some desert and cave - dwelling species of other families . Many of these species have the two elytra fused together , forming a solid shield over the abdomen . In a few families , both the ability to fly and the elytra have been lost , with the best known example being the glow - worms of the family Phengodidae , in which the females are larviform throughout their lives . Lepidoptera ( edit ) The two pairs of wings are found on the middle and third segment , or mesothorax and metathorax respectively . In the more recent genera , the wings of the second segment are much more pronounced , however some more primitive forms have similarly sized wings of both segments . The wings are covered in scales arranged like shingles , forming the extraordinary variety seen in color . The mesothorax is evolved to have more powerful muscles to propel moth or butterfly through the air , with the wing of said segment having a stronger vein structure . The largest superfamily , Noctuidae , has the wings modified to act as Tympanal or hearing organs Modifications in the wing 's venation include : Costa ( C ) -- not found in Butterflies . Subcosta ( Sc ) + Radius 1 ( Sc + R1 ) -- at the leading wing marginal , fused or very close for most of the length , in hindwing fused and well developed in the humeral area , subcosta never branches in butterfly . Radius ( R2 - R5 ) -- radius divides into branches beyond the middle of the wing up to five branches in Papilionidae . On forewing , the last R is stalked in all butterflies except Hesperiidae is separated . Radius sector ( Rs ) -- in hindwing . Media ( M1 - M3 ) -- the basal section has been lost . Cubitus anterior ( CuA1 - CuA2 ) -- CuP section has been lost . Anal veins ( A , 1A + 2A , 3A ) -- either one vein A , or two veins 1A + 2A , 3A . Humeral vein -- The hindwing of most butterflies has the humeral vein , except Lycaenidae There is the enlargement of the humeral area of the hindwing which is overlapped with the forewing . The humeral vein strengthened the hindwing overlapped area so that the two wings coupling better . The wings , head parts of thorax and abdomen of Lepidoptera are covered with minute scales , from which feature the order ' Lepidoptera ' derives its names , the word `` lepteron '' in Ancient Greek meaning ' scale ' . Most scales are lamellar , or blade - like and attached with a pedicel , while other forms may be hair - like or specialized as secondary sexual characteristics . The lumen or surface of the lamella , has a complex structure . It gives color either due to the pigmentary colors contained within or due to its three - dimensional structure . Scales provide a number of functions , which include insulation , thermoregulation , aiding gliding flight , amongst others , the most important of which is the large diversity of vivid or indistinct patterns they provide which help the organism protect itself by camouflage , mimicry , and to seek mates . Odonata ( edit ) Species of Odonata ( Damselflies and dragonflies ) both have two pairs of wings which are about equal in size and shape and are clear in color . There are five , if the R + M is counted as 1 , main vein stems on dragonfly and damselfly wings , and wing veins are fused at their bases and the wings can not be folded over the body at rest , which also include : Dragonfly Damselfly Costa ( C ) -- at the leading edge of the wing , strong and marginal , extends to the apex of the wing . Subcosta ( Sc ) -- second longitudinal vein , it is unbranched , joins C at nodus . Radius and Media ( R + M ) -- third and fourth longitudinal vein , the strongest vein on the wing , with branches , R1 - R4 , reach the wing margin , the media anterior ( MA ) are also reach the wing margin . IR2 and IR3 are intercalary veins behind R2 and R3 respectively . Cubitus ( Cu ) -- fifth longitudinal vein , cubitus posterior ( CuP ) is unbranched and reach the wing margin . Anal veins ( A1 ) -- unbranched veins behind the cubitus . A nodus is formed where the second main vein meets the leading edge of the wing . The black pterostigma is carried near the wing tip . The main veins and the crossveins form the wing venation pattern . The venation patterns are different in different species . There may be very numerous crossveins or rather few . The Australian Flatwing Damselfly 's wings are one of the few veins patterns . The venation pattern is useful for species identification . Almost all Anisoptera settle with the wings held out sideways or slightly downward , however most Zygoptera settle with the wings held together , dorsal surfaces apposed . The thorax of Zygoptera is so oblique that when held in this way the wings fit neatly along the top of the abdomen . They do not appear to be held straight up as in butterflies or mayflies . In a few zygopteran families the wings are held horizontally at rest , and in one anisopteran genus ( e.g. Cordulephya , Corduliidae ) the wings are held in the typical damselfly resting position . Adult species possess two pairs of equal or subequal wings . There appear to be only five main vein stems . A nodus is formed where the second main vein ( subcosta ) meets the leading edge of the wing . In most families a conspicuous pterostigma is carried near the wing tip . Identification as Odonata can be based on the venation . The only likely confusion is with some lacewings ( order Neuroptera ) which have many crossveins in the wings . Until the early years of the 20th century Odonata were often regarded as being related to lacewings and were given the ordinal name Paraneuroptera , but any resemblance between these two orders is entirely superficial . In Anisoptera the hindwing is broader than the forewing and in both wings a crossvein divides the discoidal cell into a Triangle and Supertriangle . Orthoptera ( edit ) Species of Orthoptera ( grasshoppers and crickets ) have forewings that are tough opaque tegmina , narrow which are normally covering the hindwings and abdomen at rest . The hindwings are board membranous and folded in fan - like manner , which include the following venation : Costa ( C ) -- at the leading marginal of the forewing and hindwing , unbranched . Subcosta ( Sc ) -- second longitudinal vein , unbranched . Radius ( R ) -- third longitudinal vein , branched to Rs in forewing and hindwing . Media anterior ( MA ) -- fourth longitudinal vein , branched in basal part as Media posterior ( MP ) . Cubitus ( Cu ) -- fifth longitudinal vein , on forewing and hindwing dividing near the wing base into branched CuA , and unbranched CuP . Anal veins ( A ) -- veins behind the cubitus , unbranched , two in forewing , many in hindwing . Phasmatodea ( edit ) Costa ( C ) -- at the leading marginal of the hindwing , unbranched , absent in forewing . Subcosta ( Sc ) -- second longitudinal vein , unbranched . Radius ( R ) -- third longitudinal vein , branched to Rs in hindwing , unbranched in forewing . Media anterior ( MA ) -- fourth longitudinal vein , branched in basal part as Media posterior ( MP ) . Cubitus ( Cu ) -- fifth longitudinal vein , unbranched . Anal veins ( A ) -- veins behind the cubitus , unbranched , two in forewing , many in hindwing 1A - 7A in one group and the rest in another group . Stick insect have forewings that are tough , opaque tegmina , short and covering only the base part of the hindwings at rest . Hindwings from costa to Cubitus are tough and opaque like the forewings . The large anal area are membranous and folded in fan - like manner . There are no or very few branching in stick insect wing veins . Dermaptera ( edit ) Unfolding of earwig wing The front and rear wings at rest : The front wing covers most of the hindwing , with only the joint projects in the form of a quarter circle forward with a central white spot under the forewing . On the right hand side of the forewing is opened to the right ( blue arrow ) , which from this perspective appears narrower than it is with the rear wing still folded completely ... The front wing is open to the left ( blue arrow ) with the right side of the forewing removed ; the hindwing is half open . With greater resolution , the multiple folding is shown , resembling a fan which is parallel to the lines b and c . The arrow points to the e point where the fan is closed again , having been folded by 180 ° ... Other orders such as the Dermaptera ( earwigs ) , Orthoptera ( grasshoppers , crickets ) , Mantodea ( praying mantis ) and Blattodea ( cockroaches ) have rigid leathery forewings that are n't flapped while flying , sometimes called tegmen ( pl . tegmina ) , elytra , or pseudoelytron . Hemiptera ( edit ) In Hemiptera ( true bugs ) , the forewings may be hardened , though to a lesser extent than in the beetles . For example , the anterior part of the front wings of stink bugs is hardened , while the posterior part is membranous . They are called hemelytron ( pl . hemelytra ) . They are only found in the suborder Heteroptera ; the wings of the Homoptera , such as the cicada , are typically entirely membranous . Both forewings and hindwings of Cicada are membranous , most species are glass - like although some are opaque . Cicadas are not good fliers and most fly only a few seconds . When flying , forewing and hindwing are hooked together by a grooved coupling along the hindwing costa and forewing margin . Most species have a basic venation as shown in the following picture . Costa ( C ) -- at the leading wing marginal , in forewing extends to the node and lies close to Sc + R . Subcosta + Radius ( Sc + R ) -- in forewing Sc and R fused together to the node . Radial sector ( Rs ) arises near the node and unbranches . Radius anterior ( RA ) Radius posterior ( RP ) Media ( M ) -- branches to M1 to M4 . Cubitus anterior ( CuA ) -- branches to CuA1 and CuA2 . Cubitus posterior ( CuP ) -- unbranches . Anal veins ( A ) -- veins behind the cubitus , 1A and 2A fused in the forewing , CuP and 2A are folded . Also notice there are the ambient veins and peripheral membranes on the margin of both wings . Diptera ( edit ) In the Diptera ( true flies ) , there is only one pair of functional wings , with the posterior pair of wings are reduced to halteres , which help the fly to sense its orientation and movement , as well as to improve balance by acting similar to gyroscopes . In Calyptratae , the very hindmost portion of the wings are modified into somewhat thickened flaps called calypters which cover the halteres . Costa ( C ) -- not found in Diptera . Subcosta ( Sc ) -- became the leading wing vein , unbranched . Radius ( R ) -- branched to R1 - R5 . Media ( M ) -- branched to M1 - M4 . Cubitus anterior ( CuA ) - unbranched , CuP is reduced in Diptera . Some species CuA and 1A are separated , some species meets when reaching the wing margin , some species fused . Anal veins ( A ) -- only two anal veins 1A and 2A are present , 2A is not distinctive in some species . Discal Cell ( dc ) -- well defined in most species . Blattodea ( edit ) Species of Blattodea ( cockroaches ) have a forewing , are also known as tegmen , that is more or less sclerotized . It is used in flight as well as a form of protection of the membranous hindwings . The veins of hindwing are about the same as front wing but with large anal lobe folded at rest between CuP and 1A . The anal lobe usually folded in a fan - like manner . Costa ( C ) -- at the leading edge of the wing . Subcosta ( Sc ) -- second longitudinal vein , it is relatively short . Radius ( R ) -- third longitudinal vein , with many pectinate branches . Media ( M ) -- fourth longitudinal vein , reach the wing margin . Cubitus anterior ( CuA ) -- fifth longitudinal vein , with dichotomous branches occupy large part of tegmen . Cubitus posterior ( CuP ) -- is unbranched , curved and reach the wing margin . Anal veins ( A ) -- veins behind the cubitus . Hymenoptera ( edit ) An example of Longitudinal folding in wasps ( Vespidae ) The main fold line of the forewing seen half way up as a bright horizontal line . The wing part that is behind this line is turned back down . The narrow strip at the front edge of the wing is in front of the first strong wire folded forward and down . So in rest position , the outer lining forms the tough outer edge of the wing , which protects the sides of the abdomen as a shock absorber . The rear wing is covered largely by the forewing . The Hymenoptera adults , include sawflies , wasps , bees and non-working ants , all of which have two pairs of membranous wings . Costa ( C ) -- not found in Hymenoptera . Subcosta ( Sc ) -- unbranched . Radius ( R ) -- branched to R1 - R5 . Media ( M ) -- M is unbranched , in forewing M is fused with Rs for part of its length . Cubitus ( CuA ) -- unbranched , CuP is absent in Hymenoptera . Anal veins ( A ) -- only two anal veins 1A and 2A are present , 2A is not distinctive in some species . Wing - coupling -- Row of hooks on the leading edge of hindwing engage the hind margin of the forewing , strongly couple the wings in flight . Line of wing folding -- Some species , including Vespidae , the forewing are longitudinally folded along the ' line of wing folding ' at rest . Pterostigma -- is present for some species . The forward margin of the hindwing bears a number of hooked bristles , or `` hamuli '' , which lock onto the forewing , keeping them held together . The smaller species may have only two or three hamuli on each side , but the largest wasps may have a considerable number , keeping the wings gripped together especially tightly . Hymenopteran wings have relatively few veins compared with many other insects , especially in the smaller species . Other families ( edit ) Termites are relatively poor fliers and are readily blown downwind in wind speeds of less than 2 km / h , shedding their wings soon after landing at an acceptable site , where they mate and attempt to form a nest in damp timber or earth . Wings of most termites have three heavy veins along the basal part of the front edge of the forewing and the crossveins near the wing tip are angled , making trapezoidal cells . Although subterranean termite wings have just two major veins along the front edge of the forewing and the cross veins towards the wingtip are perpendicular to these veins , making square and rectangular cells . Species of Thysanoptera ( thrips ) have slender front and hindwings with long fringes of hair , called fringed wings . While species of Trichoptera ( caddisfly ) have hairy wings with the front and hindwings clothed with setae . 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Zool. 62 ( 6 ) : 1150 -- 1160 . doi : 10.1139 / z84 - 166 . Jump up ^ Wakeling JM Ellington CP ( 1997 ) . `` Dragonfly flight III lift and power requirements '' . Journal of Experimental Biology . 200 ( Pt 3 ) : 583 -- 600 ( 589 ) . PMID 9318294 . Jump up ^ Matsuda R ( 1970 ) . `` Morphology and evolution of the insect thorax '' . Mem . Ent . Soc . Can . 102 ( 76 ) : 1 -- 431 . doi : 10.4039 / entm10276fv . Jump up ^ V.A. Blagoderov ; E.D. Lukashevich ; M.B. Mostovski ( 2002 ) . `` Order Diptera Linné , 1758 . The true flies '' . In A.P. Rasnitsyn ; D.L.J. Quicke . History of Insects . Kluwer Academic Publishers . ISBN 1 - 4020 - 0026 - X . Jump up ^ Trueman JWH ( 1990 ) , Comment : evolution of insect wings : a limb exite plus endite model Canadian Journal of Zoology Jump up ^ Staniczek , A.H. ; Bechly , G. & Godunko , R.J. ( 2011 ) . `` Coxoplectoptera , a new fossil order of Palaeoptera ( Arthropoda : Insecta ) , with comments on the phylogeny of the stem group of mayflies ( Ephemeroptera ) '' ( PDF ) . Insect Systematics & Evolution. 42 ( 2 ) : 101 -- 138 . doi : 10.1163 / 187631211X578406 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Adrian L.R. Thomas ; R. Åke Norberg ( 1996 ) . `` Skimming the surface -- the origin of flight in insects ? '' . Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 11 ( 5 ) : 187 -- 188 . doi : 10.1016 / 0169 - 5347 ( 96 ) 30022 - 0 . Jump up ^ Yanoviak SP , Kaspari M , Dudley R ( 2009 ) . `` Gliding hexapods and the origins of insect aerial behaviour '' . Biology Letters. 5 ( 4 ) : 510 -- 2 . PMC 2781901 . PMID 19324632 . doi : 10.1098 / rsbl. 2009.0029 . ^ Jump up to : H. Comstock , Henry ( 1918 ) . The Wings of Insects . Ithaca , NY : The Comstack Publishing Company . ^ Jump up to : `` Insect Wings in General '' . Aerodynamics of Insects . Cislunar Aerospace . 1997 . Retrieved March 28 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Chew , Peter ( May 9 , 2009 ) . `` Insect Wings '' . Brisbane Insects and Spiders . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ Scoble , MJ. ( 1992 ) . The Lepidoptera : Form , function , and diversity . Oxford Univ . Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4020 - 6242 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Scoble ( 1995 ) . Section Scales , ( pp 63 -- 66 ) . Jump up ^ Vukusic , P. ( 2006 ) . `` Structural color in Lepidoptera '' ( PDF ) . Current Biology . 16 ( 16 ) : R621 -- 3 . PMID 16920604 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cub. 2006.07. 040 . Retrieved 11 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Trueman , John W.H. ; Richard J. Rowe ( 16 October 2009 ) . `` Odonata . Dragonflies and damselflies . '' . Tolweb.org . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ Abe T. , Bignell D.E ; Higashi M ( 2000 ) . Termites : evolution , sociality , symbioses , ecology , ecolab . Kluwer academic publishers . ISBN 0 - 7923 - 6361 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Termite '' . Texas AgriLife Extension Service . References ( edit ) Triplehorn , Charles A. ; Johnson Norman F. ( 2005 ) . Borror and DeLong 's introduction to the study of insects ( 7th ed . ) . Thomson Brooks / Cole . ISBN 0 - 03 - 096835 - 6 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Insect wing . Brisbane University course on insect wings North - Carolina State University course on insect wings Insect wing drawings ( hide ) Fins , limbs and wings Fins Aquatic locomotion Cephalopod fin Fish locomotion Fin and flipper locomotion Caudal fin Dorsal fin Fish fin flipper Lobe - finned fish Ray - finned fish Pectoral fins Limbs Limb development Limb morphology digitigrade plantigrade unguligrade uniped biped facultative biped triped quadruped Arthropod Cephalopod Tetrapod dactyly Digit Wings Flying and gliding animals Bat wing Bird wing keel skeleton feathers Insect wing Pterosaur wing Wingspan Evolution Evolution of fish Evolution of tetrapods Evolution of birds Origin of birds Origin of avian flight Evolution of cetaceans Comparative anatomy Convergent evolution Analogous structures Homologous structures Related Animal locomotion Gait Robot locomotion Samara Terrestrial locomotion Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water Rotating locomotion Undulatory locomotion Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Insect_wing&oldid=798701355 '' Categories : Insect anatomy Animal flight Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles containing Greek - language text Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français Hrvatski Italiano Lumbaart Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Picard Polski Português Русский Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Українська Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 3 September 2017 , at 08 : 49 . 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where are the elytra located if they are present on an insect
[ "In most species of beetles, the front pair of wings are modified and sclerotised (hardened) to form elytra and they protect the delicate hindwings which are folded beneath.[16] The elytra are connected to the pterathorax; being called as such because it is where the wings are connected (pteron meaning \"wing\" in Greek). The elytra are not used for flight, but tend to cover the hind part of the body and protect the second pair of wings (alae). The elytra must be raised in order to move the hind flight wings. A beetle's flight wings are crossed with veins and are folded after landing, often along these veins, and are stored below the elytra. In some beetles, the ability to fly has been lost. These include some ground beetles (family Carabidae) and some \"true weevils\" (family Curculionidae), but also some desert and cave-dwelling species of other families. Many of these species have the two elytra fused together, forming a solid shield over the abdomen. In a few families, both the ability to fly and the elytra have been lost, with the best known example being the glow-worms of the family Phengodidae, in which the females are larviform throughout their lives.[3][16]" ]
[ "connected to the pterathorax" ]
-7190552801569945775
The Big Bang Theory
The Big Bang Theory - Wikipedia The Big Bang Theory Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the television series . For the scientific theory , see Big Bang . For other uses , see Big Bang Theory ( disambiguation ) . `` TBBT '' redirects here . For the Discovery Channel series , see The Big Brain Theory . The Big Bang Theory Genre Sitcom Created by Chuck Lorre Bill Prady Directed by Mark Cendrowski Starring Johnny Galecki Jim Parsons Kaley Cuoco Simon Helberg Kunal Nayyar Sara Gilbert Mayim Bialik Melissa Rauch Kevin Sussman Laura Spencer Theme music composer Barenaked Ladies Opening theme `` Big Bang Theory Theme '' Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 11 No. of episodes 236 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Chuck Lorre Steven Molaro Bill Prady Producer ( s ) Faye Oshima Belyeu Editor ( s ) Peter Chakos Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 18 -- 22 minutes Production company ( s ) Chuck Lorre Productions Warner Bros. Television Distributor Warner Bros. Television Distribution Release Original network CBS Picture format HDTV 1080i Audio format Dolby Digital 5.1 Original release September 24 , 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 24 ) -- present ( present ) Chronology Related shows Young Sheldon External links Website www.cbs.com/shows/big_bang_theory/ The Big Bang Theory is an American television sitcom created by Chuck Lorre and Bill Prady , both of whom serve as executive producers on the series , along with Steven Molaro . All three also serve as head writers . The show premiered on CBS on September 24 , 2007 . The series ' tenth season premiered on September 19 , 2016 . In March 2017 , the series was renewed for two additional seasons , bringing its total to twelve , and running through the 2018 -- 19 television season . The eleventh season premiered on September 25 , 2017 . The show is primarily centered on five characters living in Pasadena , California : Leonard Hofstadter and Sheldon Cooper , both physicists at Caltech , who share an apartment ; Penny , a waitress and aspiring actress who later becomes a pharmaceutical representative and who lives across the hall ; and Leonard and Sheldon 's similarly geeky and socially awkward friends and co-workers , aerospace engineer Howard Wolowitz and astrophysicist Raj Koothrappali . The geekiness and intellect of the four men are contrasted for comic effect with Penny 's social skills and common sense . Over time , supporting characters have been promoted to starring roles : Leslie Winkle , a physicist who dated Leonard and Howard ; neuroscientist Amy Farrah Fowler , who joins the group after being matched to Sheldon on a dating website ( and later becomes Sheldon 's girlfriend ) ; Bernadette Rostenkowski , Howard 's wife ( previously his girlfriend ) , a microbiologist and former part - time waitress alongside Penny ; Stuart Bloom , the cash - strapped owner of the comic book store the characters often visit ; and Emily Sweeney , a dermatologist who dated Raj . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 1.1 Theme song 1.2 Actors ' salaries 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Scientist cameos 3 Episodes 4 Recurring themes and elements 4.1 Science 4.2 Science fiction media 4.3 Leonard and Penny 's relationship 4.4 Sheldon and Amy 's relationship 4.5 Howard 's mother 4.6 Vanity cards 4.7 The Theorists 5 Reception 5.1 Critical reception 5.2 U.S. standard ratings 5.3 UK distribution and ratings 5.4 Canadian ratings 6 Broadcast 6.1 Syndication 6.2 Online media 7 Home media 8 Awards and nominations 9 Merchandise 10 Spin - off series 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links Production The structure of the original , unaired pilot , developed for the 2006 -- 07 television season , was substantially different from the series ' current form . The only characters retained in both pilots were Leonard ( Johnny Galecki ) and Sheldon ( Jim Parsons ) , who are named after Sheldon Leonard , a longtime figure in episodic television as producer , director and actor . Althea ( Vernee Watson ) was a character featured in both pilots and the first series episode . Two female leads were Canadian actress Amanda Walsh as Katie , `` a street - hardened , tough - as - nails woman with a vulnerable interior , '' and Iris Bahr as Gilda , a scientist colleague and friend of the male characters . Sheldon and Leonard meet Katie after she breaks up with a boyfriend and they invite her to share their apartment . Gilda is threatened by Katie 's presence . Test audiences reacted negatively to Katie , but they liked Sheldon and Leonard . The original pilot used Thomas Dolby 's hit `` She Blinded Me with Science '' as its theme song . Although the show was not picked up , its creators were given an opportunity to retool it and produce a second pilot . They brought in the remaining cast and retooled the show to its final format . Katie was replaced by Penny ( Kaley Cuoco ) . The original unaired pilot never has officially been released , but it has circulated on the Internet . On the evolution of the show , Chuck Lorre said , `` We did the ' Big Bang Pilot ' about two and a half years ago , and it sucked ... but there were two remarkable things that worked perfectly , and that was Johnny and Jim . We rewrote the thing entirely and then we were blessed with Kaley and Simon and Kunal . '' As to whether the world will ever see the original pilot on a future DVD release , Lorre said , `` Wow , that would be something . We will see . Show your failures ... '' The first and second pilots of The Big Bang Theory were directed by James Burrows , who did not continue with the show . The reworked second pilot led to a 13 - episode order by CBS on May 14 , 2007 . Prior to its airing on CBS , the pilot episode was distributed on iTunes free of charge . The show premiered on September 24 , 2007 , and was picked up for a full 22 - episode season on October 19 , 2007 . The show is filmed in front of a live audience , and is produced by Warner Bros. Television and Chuck Lorre Productions . Production was halted on November 6 , 2007 , due to the Writers Guild of America strike . Nearly three months later , on February 4 , 2008 , the series was temporarily replaced by a short - lived sitcom , Welcome to the Captain . The series returned on March 17 , 2008 , in an earlier time slot and ultimately only 17 episodes were produced for the first season . After the strike ended , the show was picked up for a second season , airing in the 2008 -- 2009 season , premiering in the same time slot on September 22 , 2008 . With increasing ratings , the show received a two - year renewal through the 2010 -- 11 season in 2009 . In 2011 , the show was picked up for three more seasons . In March 2014 , the show was renewed again for three more years through the 2016 -- 17 season . This marks the second time the series has gained a three - year renewal . In March 2017 , the series was renewed for two additional seasons , bringing its total to 12 , and running through the 2018 -- 19 television season . David Saltzberg , a professor of physics and astronomy at the University of California , Los Angeles , checks scripts and provides dialogue , mathematics equations , and diagrams used as props . According to executive producer / co-creator Bill Prady , `` We 're working on giving Sheldon an actual problem that he 's going to be working on throughout the ( first ) season so there 's actual progress to the boards ... We worked hard to get all the science right . '' Several of the actors in The Big Bang Theory previously worked together on the sitcom Roseanne , including Johnny Galecki , Sara Gilbert , Laurie Metcalf ( who plays Sheldon 's mother , Mary Cooper ) , and Meagen Fay ( who plays Bernadette 's mother ) . Additionally , Lorre was a writer on the series for several seasons . Theme song Single cover for `` Big Bang Theory Theme '' by Barenaked Ladies ( 2007 ) The Canadian alternative rock band Barenaked Ladies wrote and recorded the show 's theme song , which describes the history and formation of the universe and the Earth . Co-lead singer Ed Robertson was asked by Lorre and Prady to write a theme song for the show after the producers attended one of the band 's concerts in Los Angeles . By coincidence , Robertson had recently read Simon Singh 's book Big Bang , and at the concert improvised a freestyle rap about the origins of the universe . Lorre and Prady phoned him shortly thereafter and asked him to write the theme song . Having been asked to write songs for other films and shows , but ending up being rejected because of producer 's favor of other artist 's song , Robertson agreed to write the theme only after learning that Lorre and Prady had not asked anyone else . On October 9 , 2007 , a full - length ( 1 minute and 45 seconds ) version of the song was released commercially . Although some sources identify the song title as `` History of Everything , '' the cover art for the single identifies the title as `` Big Bang Theory Theme . '' A music video also was released via special features on The Complete Fourth Season DVD and Blu - ray set . The theme was included on the band 's greatest hits album , Hits from Yesterday & the Day Before , released on September 27 , 2011 . In September 2015 , TMZ uncovered court documents showing that Steven Page sued former bandmate Robertson over the song , alleging that he was promised 20 % of the proceeds , but that Robertson has kept that money entirely for himself . Actors ' salaries For the first three seasons , Galecki , Parsons , and Cuoco , the three main stars of the show , received at most $60,000 per episode . The salary for the three went up to $200,000 per episode for the fourth season . Their per - episode pay went up an additional $50,000 in each of the following three seasons , culminating in $350,000 per episode in the seventh season . In September 2013 , Bialik and Rauch renegotiated the contracts they held since they were introduced to the series in 2010 . On their old contracts , each was making $20,000 -- $30,000 per episode , while the new contracts doubled that , beginning at $60,000 per episode , increasing steadily to $100,000 per episode by the end of the contract , as well as adding another year for both . By season seven , Galecki , Parsons , and Cuoco were also receiving 0.25 % of the series ' back - end money . Before production began on the eighth season , the three plus Helberg and Nayyar , looked to renegotiate new contracts , with Galecki , Parsons , and Cuoco seeking around $1 million per episode , as well as more back - end money . Contracts were signed in the beginning of August 2014 , giving the three principal actors an estimated $1 million per episode for three years , with the possibility to extend for a fourth year . The deals also include larger pieces of the show , signing bonuses , production deals , and advances towards the back - end . Helberg and Nayyar were also able to renegotiate their contracts , giving them a per - episode pay in the `` mid-six - figure range '' , up from around $100,000 per episode they each received in years prior . The duo , who were looking to have salary parity with Parsons , Galecki , and Cuoco , signed their contracts after the studio and producers threatened to write the characters out of the series if a deal could not be reached before the start of production on season eight . By season 10 , Helberg and Nayyar reached the $1 million per episode parity with Parsons , Galecki , and Cuoco , due to a clause in their deals signed in 2014 . In March 2017 , the main cast members ( Galecki , Parsons , Cuoco , Helberg , and Nayyar ) took a 10 % pay cut to allow Bialik and Rauch an increase in their earnings . This put Galecki , Parsons , Cuoco , Helberg and Nayyar at $900,000 per episode , with Parsons , Galecki , and Helberg also receiving overall deals with Warner Bros. Television . By the end of April , Bialik and Rauch had signed deals to earn $500,000 per episode , each , with the deals also including a separate development component for both actors . The deal was an increase from the $175,000 -- $200,000 the duo had been making per episode . Cast and characters This section describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : List of The Big Bang Theory characters Main characters in The Big Bang Theory . First row from left : Rajesh Koothrappali , Leonard Hofstadter , Penny , Sheldon Cooper , and Howard Wolowitz , second row from left : Bernadette Rostenkowski - Wolowitz and Amy Farrah Fowler These actors are credited in all episodes of the series : Johnny Galecki as Leonard Hofstadter : An experimental physicist with an IQ of 173 , who received his PhD when he was 24 years old . Leonard is a nerd who loves video games , comic books , and Dungeons & Dragons . Leonard is the straight man of the series , in which he shares an apartment in Pasadena , CA , with Sheldon . Leonard is smitten with his new neighbor Penny when they first meet , and they eventually marry . Jim Parsons as Sheldon Cooper : Originally from Galveston , Texas , Sheldon was a child prodigy with an eidetic memory who began college at the age of eleven , and earned a PhD at age sixteen . He is a theoretical physicist researching quantum mechanics and string theory , and despite his IQ of 187 , he finds many routine aspects of social situations difficult to grasp . He is determined to have his own way , continually boasts of his intelligence , and he has an extremely ritualized way of living . Despite these quirks , he begins a relationship with Amy Farrah Fowler . Kaley Cuoco as Penny : An aspiring actress from Omaha , Nebraska . Penny moves in across the hall from Sheldon and Leonard . She waits and occasionally tends the bar at the Cheesecake Factory . After giving up hope of becoming a successful actress , Penny becomes a pharmaceutical sales representative . Penny becomes friends with Bernadette and Amy , and they often hang out in each other 's apartments . Penny and Leonard form a relationship and eventually marry . Simon Helberg as Howard Wolowitz : An aerospace engineer . Howard is Jewish and lives with his mother , Debbie ( Carol Ann Susi ) . Unlike Sheldon , Leonard , Raj , Bernadette and Amy , Howard does not hold a doctorate . He goes into space , training as an astronaut and serving as a payload specialist . Howard initially fancies himself a womanizer , but he later starts dating Bernadette , and they get engaged and married . Howard also has a tendency to waste money on toys and argues with Bernadette because of his oddly low income as an engineer and her high income as a pharmaceutical biochemist . Kunal Nayyar as Rajesh Koothrappali : A particle astrophysicist originally from New Delhi , India . Raj is initially unable to talk to women unless he drinks alcohol . Raj also has very feminine tastes and often takes on a stereotypical female role . Raj later dates Lucy ( Kate Micucci ) , who also suffers from social anxiety , but it eventually ends ; he later speaks to Penny without alcohol and thus overcomes his selective mutism . He begins dating Emily and their relationship later becomes exclusive . Raj also has a Yorkshire Terrier named Cinnamon . These actors were first credited as guest stars and later promoted to main cast : Sara Gilbert as Leslie Winkle ( recurring season 1 , starring season 2 , guest seasons 3 , 9 ) : A physicist who works in the same lab as Leonard . In appearance , she is essentially Leonard 's female counterpart , and has conflicting scientific theories with Sheldon . Leslie has casual sex with Leonard and later Howard . Gilbert was promoted to a main cast member during the second season , but resumed guest star status because producers could not come up with enough material for the character . Gilbert returned to The Big Bang Theory for its 200th episode . Melissa Rauch as Bernadette Rostenkowski - Wolowitz ( recurring season 3 , starring seasons 4 -- ) : A young woman who initially is a co-worker at The Cheesecake Factory with Penny to pay her way through graduate school , where she is studying microbiology . Bernadette is introduced to Howard by Penny ; at first , they do not get along , apparently having nothing in common . They date and later get engaged and married . Although generally a sweet and good - natured person , Bernadette has a short fuse and can be vindictive and lash out when provoked . Mayim Bialik as Amy Farrah Fowler ( guest star season 3 , starring seasons 4 -- ) : A woman selected by an online dating site as Sheldon 's perfect mate . Amy is from Glendale , CA . While she and Sheldon initially share social cluelessness , after befriending Penny and Bernadette she eventually becomes more interested in social and romantic interaction . Her relationship with Sheldon slowly progresses to the point at which Sheldon considers her his girlfriend . Amy believes she and Penny are best friends , a sentiment that Penny does not initially share . Amy has a PhD in neurobiology . Kevin Sussman as Stuart Bloom ( recurring seasons 2 -- 5 , 7 , starring seasons 6 , 8 -- ) : A mild - mannered , under - confident owner of a comic book store . A competent artist , Stuart is a graduate of the prestigious Rhode Island School of Design , and though he is socially awkward he possesses slightly better social skills . Stuart implies he is in financial trouble and that the comic book store now also is his home . He is later invited to join the guys ' group while Howard is in space . Stuart gets a new job caring for Howard 's mother later . After Mrs. Wolowitz 's death , Stuart continues to live in her home , along with Howard and Bernadette , until he finds a place of his own . Laura Spencer as Emily Sweeney ( recurring seasons 7 -- 8 , starring season 9 ) : A dermatologist at Huntington Hospital . Emily went to Harvard and delights in the macabre and states that she likes her job because she can cut things with knives . Prior to meeting Raj , Emily was set up on a blind date with Howard . After finding Emily 's online dating profile , Raj has Amy contact her as his wingman instead . Their relationship becomes exclusive , but Raj later breaks up with Emily when he becomes infatuated with the bartender Claire ( Alessandra Torresani ) . Scientist cameos See also : List of The Big Bang Theory characters § Guest stars appearing as themselves As the theme of the show revolves around science , many distinguished and high - profile scientists have appeared as guest stars on the show . Famous astrophysicist and Nobel laureate George Smoot had a cameo appearance in the second season . Theoretical physicist Brian Greene also appeared on the show in the fourth season . Astrophysicist , science populizer , and physics outreach specialist Neil deGrasse Tyson also appeared in the fourth season . Cosmologist Stephen Hawking made a short guest appearance in the fifth - season episode ; in the eighth season , Hawking video conferences with Sheldon and Leonard , and makes another appearance in the 200th episode . In the fifth and sixth seasons , NASA astronaut Michael J. Massimino played himself multiple times in the role of Howard 's fellow astronaut . Bill Nye appeared in the seventh season , and Elon Musk made an appearance in the ninth season . Episodes Main article : List of The Big Bang Theory episodes Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Viewers ( millions ) Viewers rank 18 -- 49 rating / share 18 -- 49 rank 17 September 24 , 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 24 ) May 19 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 19 ) 8.31 68 3.3 / 8 46 23 September 22 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 22 ) May 11 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 11 ) 10.03 40 N / A N / A 23 September 21 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 21 ) May 24 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 24 ) 14.22 12 5.3 / 13 5 24 September 23 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 23 ) May 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 19 ) 13.21 13 4.4 / 13 7 5 24 September 22 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 22 ) May 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 10 ) 15.82 8 5.5 / 17 6 6 24 September 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 27 ) May 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 16 ) 18.68 6.2 / 19 7 24 September 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 26 ) May 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 15 ) 19.96 6.2 / 20 8 24 September 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 22 ) May 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 07 ) 19.05 5.6 / 17 9 24 September 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 21 ) May 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 12 ) 20.36 5.8 / 19 10 24 September 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 19 ) May 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 11 ) 18.99 4.9 / 19 11 TBA September 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 25 ) TBA TBA TBA TBA TBA Recurring themes and elements Science Much of the series focuses on science , particularly physics . The four main male characters are employed at Caltech and have science - related occupations , as do Bernadette and Amy . The characters frequently banter about scientific theories or news ( notably around the start of the show ) , and make science - related jokes . Science has also interfered with the characters ' romantic lives . Leslie breaks up with Leonard when he sides with Sheldon in his support for string theory rather than loop quantum gravity . When Leonard joins Sheldon , Raj , and Howard on a three - month Arctic research trip , it separates Leonard and Penny at a time their relationship is budding . When Bernadette takes an interest in Leonard 's work , it makes both Penny and Howard envious and results in Howard confronting Leonard , and Penny asking Sheldon to teach her physics . Sheldon and Amy also briefly end their relationship after an argument over which of their fields is superior . David Saltzberg , who has a PhD in physics , has served as the science consultant for the show for six seasons and attends every taping . While Saltzberg knows physics , he sometimes needs assistance from Mayim Bialik , who has a PhD in neuroscience . Saltzberg sees early versions of scripts which need scientific information added to them , and he also points out where the writers , despite their knowledge of science , have made a mistake . He is usually not needed during a taping unless a lot of science , and especially the whiteboard , is involved . Science fiction media Star Trek : The Next Generation actor Wil Wheaton has a recurring role as a fictional version of himself on the show . The four main male characters are all avid science fiction , fantasy , and comic book fans and memorabilia collectors . Star Trek in particular is frequently referenced and Sheldon identifies strongly with the character of Spock , so much so that when he is given a used napkin signed by Leonard Nimoy as a Christmas gift from Penny he is overwhelmed with excitement and gratitude ( `` I possess the DNA of Leonard Nimoy ? ! '' ) . Star Trek : The Original Series cast member George Takei has made a cameo , and Leonard Nimoy made a cameo as the voice of Sheldon 's vintage Mr. Spock action figure ( both cameos were in dream sequences ) . Star Trek : The Next Generation cast members Brent Spiner and LeVar Burton have had cameos as themselves , while Wil Wheaton has a recurring role as a fictionalized version of himself . They are also fans of Star Wars , Battlestar Galactica , and Doctor Who . In the episode `` The Ornithophobia Diffusion '' , when there is a delay in watching Star Wars on Blu - ray , Howard complains , `` If we do n't start soon , George Lucas is going to change it again '' ( referring to Lucas ' controversial alterations to the films ) and in `` The Hot Troll Deviation '' , Katee Sackhoff of Battlestar Galactica appeared as Howard 's fantasy dream girl . The characters have different tastes in franchises with Sheldon praising Firefly but disapproving of Leonard 's enjoyment of Babylon 5 . With regard to fantasy , the four make frequent references to The Lord of the Rings and Harry Potter novels and movies . Additionally , Howard can speak Sindarin , one of the two Elvish languages from The Lord of the Rings . Wednesday night is the group 's designated `` comic book night '' because that is the day of the week when new comic books are released . The comic book store is run by fellow geek and recurring character Stuart . On a number of occasions , the group members have dressed up as pop culture characters , including The Flash , Aquaman , Frodo Baggins , Superman , Batman , Spock , The Doctor , Green Lantern , and Thor . As a consequence of losing a bet to Stuart and Wil Wheaton , the group members are forced to visit the comic book store dressed as Catwoman , Wonder Woman , Batgirl , and Supergirl . DC Comics announced that , to promote its comics , the company will sponsor Sheldon wearing Green Lantern T - shirts . Various games have been featured , as well as referenced , on the series ( e.g. World of Warcraft , Halo , Mario , etc . ) , including fictional games like Mystic Warlords of Ka'a ( which became a reality in 2011 ) and Rock - paper - scissors - lizard - Spock . Leonard and Penny 's relationship One of the recurring plot lines is the relationship between Leonard and Penny . Leonard becomes attracted to Penny in the pilot episode and his need to do favors for her is a frequent point of humor in the first season . Meanwhile , Penny dates a series of muscular , attractive , unintelligent , and insensitive jocks . Their first long term relationship begins when Leonard returns from a three - month expedition to the North Pole in the season 3 premiere . However , when Leonard tells Penny that he loves her , she realizes she can not say it back . Both Leonard and Penny go on to date other people ; most notably with Leonard dating Raj 's sister Priya for much of season 4 . This relationship is jeopardized when Leonard comes to falsely believe that Raj has slept with Penny , and ultimately ends when Priya sleeps with a former boyfriend in `` The Good Guy Fluctuation '' . Penny , who admits to missing Leonard in `` The Roommate Transmogrification '' , accepts his request to renew their relationship in `` The Beta Test Initiation '' . After Penny suggests having sex in `` The Launch Acceleration '' , Leonard breaks the mood by proposing to her . Penny says `` no '' but does not break up with him . She stops a proposal a second time in `` The Tangible Affection Proof '' . In the sixth - season episode , `` The 43 Peculiarity '' , Penny finally tells Leonard that she loves him . Although they both feel jealousy when the other receives significant attention from the opposite sex , Penny is secure enough in their relationship to send him off on an exciting four - month expedition without worrying in `` The Bon Voyage Reaction '' . After Leonard returns , their relationship blossoms over the seventh season . In the penultimate episode `` The Gorilla Dissolution '' , Penny admits that they should marry and when Leonard realizes that she is serious , he proposes with a ring that he had been saving for years . Leonard and Penny decide to elope to Las Vegas in the season 8 finale , but beforehand , wanting no secrets , Leonard admits to kissing another woman , Mandy Chow ( Melissa Tang ) while on an expedition on the North Sea . Despite this , Leonard and Penny finally elope in the season 9 premiere . Sheldon and Amy 's relationship In the third - season finale , Raj and Howard search for a woman compatible with Sheldon and discover neurobiologist Amy Farrah Fowler . Like him , she has a history of social ineptitude and participates in online dating only to fulfill an agreement with her mother . This spawns a storyline in which Sheldon and Amy communicate daily while insisting to Leonard and Penny that they are not romantically involved . In `` The Agreement Dissection '' , Sheldon and Amy talk in her apartment after a night of dancing and she kisses him on the lips . Instead of getting annoyed , Sheldon says `` fascinating '' and later asks Amy to be his girlfriend in `` The Flaming Spittoon Acquisition '' . The same night he draws up `` The Relationship Agreement '' to verify the ground rules of him as her boyfriend and vice versa ( similar to his `` Roommate Agreement '' with Leonard ) . Amy agrees but later regrets not having had a lawyer read through it . In the episode `` The Launch Acceleration '' , Amy tries to use her `` neurobiology bag of tricks '' to increase the attraction between herself and Sheldon . In the final fifth - season episode `` The Countdown Reflection '' , Sheldon takes Amy 's hand as Howard is launched into space . In the sixth season first episode `` The Date Night Variable '' , after a dinner in which Sheldon fails to live up to this expectation , Amy gives Sheldon an ultimatum that their relationship is over unless he tells her something from his heart . Amy accepts Sheldon 's romantic speech even after learning that it is a line from the first Spider - Man movie . In `` The Cooper / Kripke Inversion '' Sheldon states that he has been working on his discomfort about physical contact and admits that `` it 's a possibility '' that he could one day have sex with Amy . Amy is revealed to have similar feelings in `` The Love Spell Potential '' . Sheldon explains that he never thought about intimacy with anyone before Amy . `` The Locomotive Manipulation '' is the first episode in which Sheldon initiates a kiss with Amy . Although initially done in a fit of sarcasm , he discovers that he enjoys the feeling . Consequently , Sheldon slowly starts to open up over the rest of the season , and starts a more intimate relationship with Amy . However , in the season finale , Sheldon leaves temporarily to cope with several changes and Amy becomes distraught . However , in `` The Prom Equivalency '' , he hides in his room to avoid going to a mock prom reenactment with her . In the resulting stand - off , Amy is about to confess that she loves Sheldon , but he surprises her by saying that he loves her too . This prompts Amy to have a panic attack . In the season eight finale , Sheldon and Amy get into a fight about commitment on their 5 - year anniversary . Amy tells Sheldon that she needs to think about the future of their relationship , unaware that Sheldon was about to propose to her . Season nine sees Sheldon harassing Amy about making up her mind until she breaks up with him . Both struggle with singlehood and trying to be friends for the next few weeks until they reunite in episode ten and have sex for the first time on Amy 's birthday . Howard 's mother In scenes set at Howard 's home , he interacts with his rarely - seen mother ( voiced by Carol Ann Susi until her death ) by shouting from room to room in the house . She similarly interacts with other characters in this manner . She reflects the Jewish mother stereotype in some ways , such as being overly controlling of Howard 's adult life and sometimes trying to make him feel guilty about causing her trouble . She is dependent on Howard , as she requires him to help her with her wig and makeup in the morning . Howard in turn is attached to his mother to the point where she still cuts his meat for him , takes him to the dentist , does his laundry and `` grounds '' him when he returns home after briefly moving out . Until Howard 's marriage to Bernadette in the fifth - season finale , Howard 's former living situation led Leonard 's psychiatrist mother to speculate that he may suffer from some type of pathology , and Sheldon to refer to their relationship as Oedipal . In season 8 , Howard 's mother dies in her sleep while in Florida , which devastates Howard and Stuart , who briefly lived with Mrs. Wolowitz . Vanity cards Like most shows created by Chuck Lorre , The Big Bang Theory ends by showing a vanity card written by Lorre after the credits , followed by the Warner Bros. Television closing logo . These cards are archived on Lorre 's website . The Theorists Through the use of his vanity cards at the end of episodes , Lorre alleged that the program had been plagiarized by a show produced and aired in Belarus . Officially titled Теоретики ( The Theorists ) , the show features `` clones '' of the main characters , a similar opening sequence , and what appears to be a very close Russian translation of the scripts . Lorre expressed annoyance and described his inquiry with the Warner Bros. legal department about options . The television production company and station 's close relationship with the Belarus government was cited as the reason that any attempt to claim copyright infringement would be in vain because the company copying the episodes is operated by the government . However , no legal action was required to end production of the other show : as soon as it became known that the show was unlicensed , the actors quit and the producers cancelled it . Dmitriy Tankovich ( who plays Leonard 's counterpart , `` Seva '' ) said in an interview , `` I 'm upset . At first , the actors were told all legal issues were resolved . We did n't know it was n't the case , so when the creators of The Big Bang Theory started talking about the show , I was embarrassed . I ca n't understand why our people first do , and then think . I consider this to be the rock bottom of my career . And I do n't want to take part in a stolen show '' . Reception Critical reception Initial reception for the series was mixed . The review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 55 % approval rating for the first season based on reviews from 22 critics , with an average rating of 5.18 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` The Big Bang Theory brings a new class of character to mainstream television , but much of the comedy feels formulaic and stiff . '' On Metacritic , the season holds a score of 57 out of 100 , based on reviews from 23 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Later seasons received more acclaim and in 2013 , TV Guide ranked the series # 52 on its list of the 60 Best Series of All Time . US standard Ratings The Big Bang Theory started off slowly in the ratings , failing to make the top 50 in its first season ( ranking 68th ) , and ranking 40th in its second season . When the third season premiered on September 21 , 2009 , however , The Big Bang Theory ranked as CBS 's highest - rated show of that evening in the adults 18 -- 49 demographic ( 4.6 / 10 ) along with a then - series - high 12.83 million viewers . After the first three seasons aired at different times on Monday nights , CBS moved the show to Thursdays at 8 : 00 ET for the 2010 -- 2011 schedule , to be in direct competition with NBC 's Comedy Block and Fox 's American Idol ( then the longest reigning leading primetime show on U.S. television from 2004 to 2011 ) . During its fourth season , it became television 's highest rated comedy , just barely beating out eight - year champ Two and a Half Men . However , in the age 18 -- 49 demographic ( the show 's target age range ) , it was the second highest rated comedy , behind ABC 's Modern Family . The fifth season opened with viewing figures of over 14 million . The sixth season boasts some of the highest - rated episodes for the show so far , with a then - new series high set with `` The Bakersfield Expedition '' , with 20 million viewers , a first for the series , which along with NCIS , made CBS the first network to have two scripted series reach that large an audience in the same week since 2007 . In the sixth season , the show became the highest rated and viewed scripted show in the 18 -- 49 demographic , trailing only the live regular NBC Sunday Night Football coverage , and was third in total viewers , trailing NCIS and Sunday Night Football . Season seven of the series opened strong , continuing the success gained in season six , with the second episode of the premiere , `` The Deception Verification '' , setting the new series high in viewers with 20.44 million . Showrunner Steve Molaro , who took over from Bill Prady with the sixth season , credits some of the show 's success to the sitcom 's exposure in off - network syndication , particularly on TBS , while Michael Schneider of TV Guide attributes it to the timeslot move two seasons earlier . Chuck Lorre and CBS Entertainment president Nina Tassler also credit the success to the influence of Molaro , in particular the deepening exploration of the firmly established regular characters and their interpersonal relationships , such as the on - again , off - again relationship between Leonard and Penny . Throughout much of the 2012 -- 13 season , The Big Bang Theory placed first in all of syndication ratings , receiving formidable competition from only Judge Judy and Wheel of Fortune ( first - run syndication programs ) . By the end of the 2012 -- 13 television season , The Big Bang Theory had dethroned Judge Judy as the ratings leader in all of syndicated programming with 7.1 , Judy descending to second place for that season with a 7.0 . The Big Bang Theory did not place first in syndication ratings for the 2013 -- 14 television season , beaten out by Judge Judy . Season Timeslot ( ET ) Episodes First aired Last aired TV season Rank Avg . viewers ( millions ) 18 -- 49 rating ( average ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Monday 8 : 30pm ( 1 -- 8 ) Monday 8 : 00pm ( 9 -- 17 ) 17 September 24 , 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 24 ) 9.52 May 19 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 19 ) 7.34 2007 -- 08 68 8.31 3.3 / 8 ( 46 ) Monday 8 : 00pm ( 1 -- 14 , 16 -- 23 ) Monday 9 : 30pm ( 15 ) 23 September 22 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 22 ) 9.36 May 11 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 11 ) 9.81 2008 -- 09 40 10.03 N / A Monday 9 : 30pm ( 1 -- 19 , 21 -- 23 ) Monday 9 : 00pm ( 20 ) 23 September 21 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 21 ) 12.96 May 24 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 24 ) 14.78 2009 -- 10 12 14.22 5.3 / 13 ( 5 ) Thursday 8 : 00pm 24 September 23 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 23 ) 14.04 May 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 19 ) 11.30 2010 -- 11 13 13.21 4.4 / 13 ( 7 ) 5 24 September 22 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 22 ) 14.30 May 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 10 ) 13.72 2011 -- 12 8 15.82 5.5 / 17 ( 6 ) 6 24 September 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 27 ) 15.66 May 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 16 ) 15.48 2012 -- 13 18.68 6.2 / 19 ( 2 ) 7 24 September 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 26 ) 18.99 May 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 15 ) 16.73 2013 -- 14 19.96 6.2 / 20 ( 2 ) 8 Monday 8 : 00pm ( 1 -- 6 ) Thursday 8 : 00pm ( 7 -- 24 ) 24 September 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 22 ) 18.08 May 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 07 ) 14.64 2014 -- 15 19.05 5.6 / 17 ( 4 ) 9 24 September 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 21 ) 18.20 May 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 12 ) 14.73 2015 -- 16 20.36 5.8 / 19 ( 3 ) 10 Monday 8 : 00pm ( 1 -- 5 ) Thursday 8 : 00pm ( 6 -- 24 ) 24 September 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 19 ) 15.82 May 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 11 ) 12.99 2016 -- 17 18.99 4.9 / 19 ( 3 ) 11 TBA September 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 25 ) 17.65 TBA TBD 2017 -- 18 TBD TBD TBD UK distribution and Ratings The show made its United Kingdom debut on Channel 4 on February 14 , 2008 . The show was also shown as a ' first - look ' on Channel 4 's digital offshoot E4 prior to the main channel 's airing . While the show 's ratings were not deemed strong enough for the main channel , they were considered the opposite for E4 . For each following season , all episodes were shown first - run on E4 , with episodes only aired on the main channel in a repeat capacity , usually on a weekend morning . From the third season , the show aired in two parts , being split so that it could air new episodes for longer throughout the year . This was due to rising ratings . The first part began airing on December 17 , 2009 at 9 : 00 p.m. while the second part , containing the remaining eleven episodes , began airing in the same time period from May 6 , 2010 . The first half of the fourth season began airing on November 4 , 2010 , at 9 : 00 p.m. , drawing 877,000 viewers , with a further 256,000 watching on the E4 + 1 hour service . This gave the show an overall total of 1.13 million viewers , making it E4 's most watched programme for that week . The increased ratings continued over subsequent weeks . The fourth season 's second half began on June 30 , 2011 . Season 5 began airing on November 3 , 2011 at 8 : 00 p.m. as part of E4 's Comedy Thursdays , acting as a lead - in to the channel 's newest comedy , Perfect Couples . Episode 19 , the highest - viewed episode of the season , attracted 1.4 million viewers . Season 6 premiered on November 15 , 2012 , with 1.89 million viewers and a further 469,000 on the time shift channel , bringing the total to 2.31 million , E4 's highest viewing ratings of 2012 , and the highest the channel had received since June 2011 . The sixth season returned in mid 2013 to finish airing the remaining episodes . Season 7 premiered on E4 on October 31 , 2013 at 8 : 30pm and hit multiple ratings records this season . The second half of season seven aired in mid 2014 . The eighth season premiered on E4 on October 23 , 2014 at 8 : 30 p.m. During its eighth season , The Big Bang Theory shared its 8 : 30 p.m. time period with fellow CBS comedy , 2 Broke Girls . Following the airing of the first eight episodes of that show 's fourth season , The Big Bang Theory returned to finish airing its eighth season on March 19 , 2015 . Netflix UK & Ireland announced on February 13 , 2016 that seasons 1 -- 8 would be available to stream from February 15 , 2016 . Canadian Ratings The Big Bang Theory started off quietly in Canada , but managed to garner major success in later seasons . The Big Bang Theory is telecast throughout Canada via the CTV Television Network in simultaneous substitution with cross-border CBS affiliates . Now immensely popular in Canada , The Big Bang Theory is also rerun daily on the Canadian cable channel The Comedy Network . The season 4 premiere garnered an estimated 3.1 million viewers across Canada . This is the largest audience for a sitcom since the series finale of Friends ( 12.4 million viewers ) . The Big Bang Theory has pulled ahead and has now become the most - watched entertainment television show in Canada . Broadcast The Big Bang Theory premiered in the United States on September 24 , 2007 on CBS . The series debuted in Canada on CTV in September 2007 . On February 14 , 2008 , the series debuted in the United Kingdom on channels E4 and Channel 4 . In Australia the first seven seasons of the series began airing on the Seven Network and 7mate from October 2015 and also gained the rights to season 8 in 2016 , though the Nine Network has rights to air seasons nine & ten . Syndication In May 2010 , it was reported that the show had been picked up for syndication , mainly among Fox 's owned and operated stations and other local stations , with Warner Bros. Television 's sister cable network TBS holding the show 's cable syndication rights . Broadcast of old shows began airing in September 2011 . TBS now airs the series in primetime on Tuesdays , Wednesdays , and Thursdays , with evening broadcasts on Saturdays ( TBS 's local sister station in Atlanta also holds local weeknight rights to the series ) . Although details of the syndication deal have not been revealed , it was reported the deal `` set a record price for a cable off - network sitcom purchase '' . CTV holds national broadcast syndication rights in Canada , while sister cable network The Comedy Network holds cable rights . Online media Warner Bros. Television controls the online rights for the show . Full episodes are available at tv.com , while short clips and recently aired full episodes are available on cbs.com . In Canada , recent episode ( s ) and pictures are available on CTV.ca . After the show has aired in New Zealand the shows are available in full online at TVNZ 's on demand web service . Home media Name Release dates No. of episodes Additional Information Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 The Complete First Season September 2 , 2008 January 12 , 2009 April 3 , 2009 17 3 - disc box set `` Quantum Mechanics of The Big Bang Theory : Series Cast and Creators on Why It 's Cool to Be a Geek '' . Gag reel ( Blu - ray exclusive ) The Complete Second Season September 15 , 2009 October 19 , 2009 March 3 , 2010 23 4 - disc box set Gag reel `` Physicist to the Stars : Real - Life Physicist / UCLA professor David Saltzberg 's consulting relationship to the Show '' `` Testing the Infinite Hilarity Hypothesis in relation to the Big Bang Theory : Season 2 's Unique Characters and Characteristics '' The Complete Third Season September 14 , 2010 September 27 , 2010 October 13 , 2010 23 3 - disc box set Set tour with Simon Helberg and Kunal Nayyar Inside look on the third season Gag reel The Complete Fourth Season September 13 , 2011 September 26 , 2011 October 5 , 2011 24 3 - disc box set Story of show 's theme song with Barenaked Ladies Music video for the theme song Cast interviews Gag reel The Complete Fifth Season September 11 , 2012 September 3 , 2012 October 3 , 2012 24 3 - disc box set `` The Big Bang Theory at 100 '' `` The Big Bang Theory 's Laws of Reflection '' `` Professors of Production '' Gag reel The Complete Sixth Season September 10 , 2013 September 2 , 2013 October 11 , 2013 24 3 - disc box set `` The Big Bang Theory : The Final Comedy Frontier '' `` Houston , We Have a Sitcom '' `` Electromagnetism : The Best Relationship Moments '' `` The Big Bang Theory at Paleyfest 2013 '' Gag reel The Complete Seventh Season September 16 , 2014 September 8 , 2014 September 17 , 2014 24 String Theory Serenade James Earl Jones : The Un-Conventional Guest Star BBTea Time The Big Bang Theory 's May the 4th The Convention Conundrum The Big Cendrowski 2013 Comic - Con Panel Gag Reel The Complete Eighth Season September 15 , 2015 September 14 , 2015 September 16 , 2015 24 Shooting Stars : BBT on BBT 2014 The Big Bang Theory Comic - Con Panel Constellation Prize Here 's To You , Carol Ann Susi It 's A Quark ... It 's An Atom ... It 's the # BBTSuperfans ! Gag Reel The Complete Ninth Season September 13 , 2016 August 29 , 2016 August 31 , 2016 24 The Big Bang Theory Gives Back BBT : The Big 200 ! Love IS Rocket Science Just Ask BBT : If I Had To Go To Mars ... Just Ask BBT : Who Will Get The Couch ? 2015 Comic - Con Panel Gag Reel The first and second seasons were only available on DVD upon their time of release in 2008 and 2009 . Starting with the release of the third season in 2010 and continuing every year with every new season , a Blu - ray disc set has also been released in conjunction with the DVD . In 2012 , Warner Bros. released the first two seasons on Blu - ray , marking the first time that all episodes were available on the Blu - ray disc format . Awards and nominations Main article : List of awards and nominations received by The Big Bang Theory In August 2009 , the sitcom won the best comedy series TCA award and Jim Parsons ( Sheldon ) won the award for individual achievement in comedy . In 2010 , the show won the People 's Choice Award for Favorite Comedy , while Parsons won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series . On January 16 , 2011 , Parsons was awarded a Golden Globe for Best Performance by an Actor in a Television Series -- Comedy or Musical , an award that was presented by co-star Kaley Cuoco . On September 18 , 2011 , Parsons was again awarded an Emmy for Best Actor in a Comedy Series . On January 9 , 2013 , the show won People 's Choice Award for Favorite Comedy for a second time . August 25 , 2014 , Jim Parsons was awarded an Emmy for Best Actor in a Comedy Series . The Big Bang Theory also won the 2016 People 's Choice Awards for under Favorite TV Show and Favorite Network TV Comedy with Jim Parsons winning Favorite Comedic TV Actor . On January 20 , 2016 , The Big Bang Theory also won the International category at the UK 's National Television Awards . Merchandise On March 16 , 2014 , a Lego Ideas project portraying the living room scene in Lego style with the main cast as minifigures reached 10,000 supporters on the platform , which qualified it to be considered as an official set by the Lego Ideas review board . On November 7 , 2014 , Lego Ideas approved the design and began refining it . The set was released in August 2015 , with an exclusive pre-sale taking place at the San Diego Comic - Con International . Spin - off series Main article : Young Sheldon In November 2016 , it was reported that CBS was in negotiations to create a spin - off of The Big Bang Theory centered on Sheldon as a young boy . The prequel series , described as `` a Malcolm in the Middle-esque single - camera family comedy '' would be executive produced by Lorre and Molaro , with Prady expected to be involved in some capacity , and intended to air in the 2017 -- 18 season alongside The Big Bang Theory . The initial idea for the series came from Parsons , who passed it along to The Big Bang Theory producers . In early March 2017 , Iain Armitage was cast as the younger Sheldon , as well as Zoe Perry as his mother , Mary Cooper . Perry is the real - life daughter of Laurie Metcalf , who portrays Mary Cooper on The Big Bang Theory . On March 13 , 2017 , CBS ordered the spin - off Young Sheldon series . Jon Favreau will direct and executive produce the pilot . Created by Lorre and Molaro , the series follows 9 - year - old Sheldon Cooper as he attends high school in East Texas . Alongside Armitage as 9 - year - old Sheldon Cooper and Perry as Mary Cooper , Lance Barber stars as George Cooper , Sheldon 's father ; Raegan Revord stars as Missy Cooper , Sheldon 's twin sister ; and Montana Jordan as George Cooper , Sheldon 's older brother . Jim Parsons reprises his role as adult Sheldon Cooper , as narrator for the series . Parsons , Lorre , Molaro and Todd Spiewak will also serve as executive producers on the series , for Chuck Lorre Productions , Inc. in association with Warner Bros. Television . It is scheduled to begin airing on November 2 , 2017 , after The Big Bang Theory . It had a special preview on September 25 , 2017 . Notes Jump up ^ During season 5 , episode 21 ( `` The Hawking Excitation '' ) , Raj states that Sheldon had begged three times before : He begged the Fox network not to cancel Firefly , he begged TNT to cancel Babylon 5 , and when he got food poisoning , he begged a deity he does not believe in to end his life quickly . 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Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : ' Big Bang Theory ' promotes Melissa Rauch to series regular '' . Ausiellofiles.ew.com . October 25 , 2010 . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2010 . Retrieved October 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Michael Ausiello ( November 15 , 2010 ) . `` ' Bang Theory ' Ups Mayim Bialik to Regular '' . www.deadline.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Lunar Excitation '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 3 . Episode 23 . May 24 , 2010 . Event occurs at 12 : 03 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` Big Bang Theory Makes ' Stuart ' a Series Regular '' . TVLine.com . Retrieved August 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory : Laura Spencer Promoted to Series Regular '' . TVLine.com . Retrieved October 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sanders , Robert ( February 23 , 2009 ) . `` Cosmologist George Smoot meets TV 's ' Big Bang ' nerds '' . University of California Berkley . Jump up ^ `` Professor Stephen Hawking films Big Bang Theory cameo '' . BBC . March 12 , 2012 . 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Retrieved May 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kissell , Rick ( May 20 , 2014 ) . `` NBC Wraps TV Season As Demo Champ for First Time Since ' 04 '' . Variety . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 21 , 2015 ) . `` Full 2014 -- 15 TV Season Series Rankings : Football & ' Empire ' Ruled '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2015 . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full 2015 -- 16 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 26 , 2015 . Retrieved May 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Final 2016 - 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 26 , 2017 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Codpiece Topology '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 2 . Episode 2 . September 29 , 2008 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Gorilla Experiment '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 3 . Episode 10 . December 7 , 2009 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Zazzy Substitution '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 4 . Episode 3 . October 7 , 2010 . 12 : 00 minutes in . CBS . I move our relationship terminate immediately Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( May 17 , 2013 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' : A Behind the Scenes Diary of the Sweet Season 6 Finale '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Watercutter , Angela ( September 22 , 2011 ) . `` TV Fact - Checker : Dropping Science on The Big Bang Theory '' . wired.com . Retrieved May 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Bath Item Gift Hypothesis '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 2 . Episode 11 . December 15 , 2008 . Event occurs at 18 : 00 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Russian Rocket Reaction '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 5 . Episode 5 . October 13 , 2011 . Event occurs at 19 : 48 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Toast Derivation '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 4 . Episode 17 . February 24 , 2011 . 20 : 47 minutes in . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Large Hadron Collision '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 3 . Episode 15 . February 8 , 2010 . 12 : 02 minutes in . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Hofstadter Isotope '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 2 . Episode 20 . April 13 , 2009 . 1 : 01 minutes in . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Middle - Earth Paradigm '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 1 . Episode 6 . October 29 , 2007 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Wheaton Recurrence '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 3 . Episode 19 . April 12 , 2010 . CBS . Jump up ^ Did You Notice Sheldon 's Green Lantern T - Shirt Last Night ? DC Comics Jump up ^ `` Big Bang Theory '' Fake Game Turns Real , Chris Marlow , Digital Media Wire , September 23 , 2011 Jump up ^ The Big Bang Theory , Episode 6 / 23 , `` The Love Spell Potential . Jump up ^ `` The Countdown Reflection '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 5 . Episode 24 . May 10 , 2012 . 19 : 54 minutes in . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Cohabitation Formulation '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 4 . Episode 16 . February 17 , 2011 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Maternal Capacitance '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 2 . Episode 15 . February 9 , 2009 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Apology Insufficiency '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 4 . Episode 7 . November 4 , 2010 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` Chuck Lorre Productions -- Vanity Cards '' . Chucklorre.com . May 19 , 2011 . Retrieved July 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lyons , Margaret ( February 9 , 2010 ) . `` ' The Theorists ' : ' Big Bang Theory ' 's big Belarusian rip - off '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Lorre , Chuck ( February 8 , 2010 ) . `` Vanity Card # 277 '' . `` The Official Vanity Card Archives '' . Chuck Lorre Productions . Jump up ^ `` STV cancelled the pirated show ' The Theorists ' '' . Xaptbir97 . February 18 , 2010 . ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ `` ' The Theorists ' actors do n't want to stay with a stolen project '' . Xaptbir97. April 28 , 2017 . ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fretts , Bruce ; Roush , Matt ( December 23 , 2013 ) . `` TV Guide Magazine 's 60 Best Series of All Time '' . TV Guide . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CBS opens the new season with a big bang `` The Big Bang Theory '' Premieres with its largest audience ever and highest adult 3 -- 12 rating `` . Cbspressexpress.com . Retrieved October 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hinckley , David ( July 29 , 2010 ) . `` CBS moves ' The Big Bang Theory ' to Thursday nights this fall to ' challenge ' other shows '' . Daily News . New York . Retrieved June 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( September 23 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Finals : ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' The X Factor , ' ' Parks & Recreation ' and ' Whitney ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 11 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' 30 Rock ' & ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustment for ' Scandal ' '' . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 29 , 2013 ) . `` Complete List Of 2012 -- 13 Season TV Show Ratings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops , Followed By ' The Big Bang Theory , ' ' The Voice ' & ' Modern Family ' '' . Retrieved June 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic . `` Full 2012 -- 2013 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( May 23 , 2013 ) . `` Full 2012 -- 2013 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Retrieved May 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 27 , 2013 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Hits New Viewer Record '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hot List 2013 '' . TV Guide . p. 21 . Jump up ^ Schneider , Michael ( January 28 , 2013 ) . `` Bigger Bang Than Ever '' . TV Guide . pp. 6 and 7 . Jump up ^ `` Syndication Ratings : At Syndie Season 's End , ' Phil , ' ' Judy , ' ' ET , ' ' Wheel , ' ' Big Bang ' on Top -- September 4 , 2013 17 : 41 : 39 Broadcasting & Cable '' . Broadcastingcable.com . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2013 . Retrieved September 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Albiniak , Paige ( September 3 , 2014 ) . `` Syndication Ratings : ' Judge Judy ' Year 's Top Show , While ' Dr. Phil ' Leads Talk '' . Broadcasting & Cable . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( October 3 , 2007 ) . `` Nielsen Top 20 New Shows TV Ratings , Sept 24 -- 30 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2009 . Retrieved June 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings ( Wk of 5 / 19 ) '' ( Press release ) . ABC Medianet . May 28 , 2008 . Retrieved December 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Van De Kamp , Justin ( June 1 , 2008 ) . `` TV Ratings : 2007 -- 2008 Season Top - 200 '' . Televisionista . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shows A-Z -- big bang theory , the on cbs '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( September 23 , 2008 ) . `` Ratings Monday , September 22 : First Night Wins to ABC , CBS & NBC '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2010 . Retrieved June 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 12 , 2010 ) . `` Monday Ratings : House wins , Castle hangs on '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( September 22 , 2009 ) . `` Monday broadcast final numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` CBS WINS THE FINAL MONDAY OF THE SEASON IN KEY DEMOS '' . CBS . May 25 , 2010 . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Season Program Rankings ( Through 5 / 31 ) '' ( Press release ) . ABC Medianet . June 2 , 2009 . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2009 . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : `` Sunday Night Football '' , `` Glee '' , `` Grey 's Anatomy '' , `` Dancing with the Stars '' Top Premiere Week Archived October 1 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine. , TV By the Numbers , September 28 , 2010 Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 20 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' The Office , ' ' Grey 's , ' ' Mentalist ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva ( May 27 , 2010 ) . `` Full Series Rankings For The 2009 -- 10 Broadcast Season '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( September 23 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Finals : ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' The X Factor , ' ' Parks & Recreation ' and ' Whitney ' Adjusted Up '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . Retrieved September 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 11 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Idol ' , ' Vampire Diaries ' , ' Office ' , ' Secret Circle ' , ' Grey 's ' Adjusted Up ; ' Touch ' , ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Full 2010 -- 2011 TV Season Series Rankings '' . deadline.com . May 27 , 2011 . Retrieved May 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 28 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , Adjusted Up ; ' Parks & Rec . ' , ' Up All Night ' , ' SNL : Weekend Update ' , ' The Office ' , ' Glee ' , ' Scandal ' , ' Rock Center ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 17 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Hannibal ' , ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' The Vampire Diaries ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' & ' Office ' Retrospective Adjusted Up '' . Retrieved May 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 24 , 2012 ) . `` Full 2011 - 2012 Season Series Ratings - Deadline.com '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 27 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' The Michael J Fox Show ' & ' The X Factor ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Crazy Ones ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 16 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up ; ' Reign ' & ' The Millers ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kissell , Rick ( May 20 , 2014 ) . `` NBC Wraps TV Season As Demo Champ for First Time Since ' 04 '' . Variety . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( May 23 , 2013 ) . `` Full 2012 -- 2013 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Retrieved May 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 12 , 2014 ) . `` ' Gotham ' Has Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings Increase ; ' Gotham ' & ' Red Band Society ' Top Percentage Gains & ' How To Get Away With Murder ' Tops Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week Ending September 28 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2014 . Retrieved October 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 8 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up ; ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 21 , 2015 ) . `` Full 2014 -- 15 TV Season Series Rankings : Football & ' Empire ' Ruled '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2015 . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up ; ' Significant Mother ' , ' Life in Pieces ' & ' Penn & Teller ' Adjusted Down - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 13 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory , ' ' The Catch ' and ' Legends of Tomorrow ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Gotham ' adjust up , ' Kevin ' and ' Good Place ' hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory , ' ' Masterchef Junior ' adjust up , ' The Blacklist ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Final 2016 -- 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 26 , 2017 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang ' and ' Young Sheldon ' adjust up , ' Good Doctor , ' ' DWTS , ' ' The Brave , ' ' Me , Myself & I ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes '' . Barb.co.uk . July 17 , 2011 . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2012 . Retrieved July 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Big Bang Theory ' returns to form for E4 with 1.4 m '' . Digital Spy . May 18 , 2012 . Retrieved August 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Millar , Paul ( November 16 , 2012 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' becomes E4 's most - watched show of the year -- TV News '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved December 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Big Bang Theory '' . Geektown . Retrieved January 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` E4 Sets UK Premiere Date For ' The Big Bang Theory ' Season 8 -- TVWise '' . TVWise . Jump up ^ `` E4 Sets UK Return Date For ' The Big Bang Theory ' Season 8 '' . TVWise . March 6 , 2015 . Retrieved March 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Netflix UK & Ireland ( @ NetflixUK ) ( February 13 , 2016 ) . `` Smart is the new sexy . Seasons 1 -- 8 of The Big Bang Theory hit Netflix UK on February 15th . '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` No Theory : Big Bang Canada 's No. 1 Show '' . TV Feeds My Family . Retrieved October 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TV Thursday : The Big Bang Theory '' . Postmedia News , Canada.com . January 3 , 2013 . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2013 . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Next Time . `` The Big Bang Theory '' . Channel 4 . Retrieved December 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory on Seven '' ( PDF ) . Seven West Media . September 1 , 2015 . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nine to lose free to air TV rights to The Big Bang Theory to Seven '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Jump up ^ Pavan ( August 1 , 2011 ) . `` TBS Fall 2011 Schedule ; ION Adds Monk , Psych This Month , House in Fall 2012 -- SitcomsOnline.com News Blog '' . Blog.sitcomsonline.com . Retrieved August 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Stelter , Brian ( May 16 , 2010 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Gets Syndication Deal '' . New York Times . Retrieved September 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Company credits for `` The Big Bang Theory '' `` . IMDB . Retrieved February 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ James McQuivey . `` Why CBS pulled The Mentalist from CBS.com '' . OmniVideo . Retrieved February 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory : Watch Episodes and Video and Join the Ultimate Fan Community '' . CBS . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Watch the Big Bang Theory Online on CTV '' . Shows.ctv.ca . Retrieved August 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory -- The Complete First Season : Johnny Galecki , Jim Parsons : Movies & TV '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved October 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Big Bang Theory -- Season 1 ( DVD ) ( 2007 ) : Amazon.co.uk : Johnny Galecki , Jim Parsons , Kaley Cuoco : DVD '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved October 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory -- Complete 1st Season '' . mightyape.co.nz . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory Season 2 DVD coming in September '' . The-big-bang-theory.com . Retrieved October 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Big Bang Theory -- Season 2 ( DVD ) : Amazon.co.uk : DVD '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved October 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory -- Complete 2nd Season ( 4 Disc Set ) '' . mightyape.co.nz . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory : The Complete Third Season DVD -- Warner Bros. : WBshop.com -- The Official Online Store of Warner Bros. Studios '' . WBshop.com . October 13 , 2010 . Retrieved July 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory -- Season 3 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Buy Big Bang Theory , The -- The Complete 3rd Season ( 3 Disc Set ) @ EzyDVD '' . Ezydvd.com.au . September 29 , 2010 . Retrieved July 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory : The Complete Fourth Season DVD -- Warner Bros. : WBshop.com -- The Official Online Store of Warner Bros. Studios '' . WBshop.com . Retrieved July 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory -- Season 4 ( DVD ) ( 2011 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Big Bang Theory , The -- Season 4 '' . Jb HiFi . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory : The Complete Fifth Season ( Blu - ray ) '' . Warner Bros. Archived from the original on February 25 , 2014 . Retrieved August 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory -- Season 5 ( DVD ) ( 2012 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Big Bang Theory , The -- Season 5 '' . Jb HiFi . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory -- Blu - rays , DVDs for ' The Complete 6th Season ' : Possible Date , Cost , Box Art '' . tvshowsondvd.com . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory -- Season 6 ( DVD ) : Amazon.co.uk : Johnny Galecki , Jim Parsons , Kaley Cuoco , Simon Helberg : Film & TV '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved December 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Big Bang Theory , The -- Season 6 '' . Jb HiFi . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( June 11 , 2014 ) . `` The Big Bang Theory -- Date , Cost , and LOTS of Extras for ' The Complete 7th Season ' '' . TVShowsOnDVD . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory -- Season 7 ( DVD ) ( 2014 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Big Bang Theory , The -- Season 7 '' . Jb HiFi . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( June 16 , 2015 ) . `` The Big Bang Theory -- Blu - ray Disc , DVD Press Release for ' The Complete 8th Season ' Set '' . TVShowsOnDVD . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory -- Season 8 ( DVD ) ( 2015 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Big Bang Theory , The -- Season 8 '' . Jb HiFi . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( June 8 , 2016 ) . `` The Big Bang Theory -- Warner 's Press Release Announces DVDs , Blu - rays for ' The Complete 9th Season ' '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory -- Season 9 ( DVD ) ( 2016 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Big Bang Theory , The -- Season 9 '' . Jb HiFi . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( May 20 , 2008 ) . `` The Big Bang Theory -- It 's Official : September Release Date Provided for Big Bang 's 1st Season DVDs '' . TVShowsOnDVD . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( June 2 , 2009 ) . `` The Big Bang Theory -- Warner 's Formal Press Release Arrives for The Complete 2nd Season '' . TVShowsOnDVD . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( July 2 , 2010 ) . `` The Big Bang Theory -- Full Press Release , Finished Packaging for the 3rd Season on DVD and Blu '' . TVShowsOnDVD . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( January 27 , 2012 ) . `` The Big Bang Theory -- Blu - ray Releases Coming Soon for the Sitcom 's 1st and 2nd Seasons ! '' . TVShowsOnDVD . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The TCA Awards turn 25 -- Sepinwall on TV New Jersey Entertainment -- TV & Film '' . NJ.com . August 2 , 2009 . Retrieved October 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 61st Primetime Emmy Awards Academy of Television Arts & Sciences '' . Cdn.emmys.tv . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2009 . Retrieved January 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 66th Primetime Emmy Awards Winner List '' . Retrieved August 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 People 's Choice Awards : See The Winners Here -- MTV '' . MTV News . Jump up ^ `` Winners National Television Awards '' . National Television Awards . Jump up ^ `` Lego Ideas The Big Bang Theory List '' . Retrieved September 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( November 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Eyes Young Sheldon Spinoff Prequel Series On CBS '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( November 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' Sheldon Prequel Series in the Works at CBS '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang ' Sheldon Spinoff Inches Closer With Iain Armitage & Zoe Perry Castings '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Spinoff ' Young Sheldon ' Gets CBS Series Order , Rounds Out Cast ; Jon Favreau Set To Direct '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` CBS Fall 2017 Schedule : No Major Changes , ' Young Sheldon ' Joins ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' S.W.A.T. ' On Thursday '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . External links The Big Bang Theory portal Television portal Comedy portal Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Big Bang Theory Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Big Bang Theory . Official website `` Official Vanity Card Archives '' . The Big Bang Theory . Chuck Lorre Productions . The Big Bang Theory on IMDb The Big Bang Theory at Rotten Tomatoes The Big Bang Theory Characters Leonard Hofstadter Sheldon Cooper Penny Howard Wolowitz Raj Koothrappali Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' Season 2 `` The Terminator Decoupling '' Season 3 `` The Jiminy Conjecture '' Season 4 `` The Cruciferous Vegetable Amplification '' `` The Hot Troll Deviation '' `` The Love Car Displacement '' `` The Toast Derivation '' `` The Roommate Transmogrification '' Season 5 `` The Skank Reflex Analysis '' `` The Infestation Hypothesis '' `` The Wiggly Finger Catalyst '' `` The Russian Rocket Reaction '' `` The Rhinitis Revelation '' `` The Good Guy Fluctuation '' `` The Isolation Permutation '' `` The Flaming Spittoon Acquisition '' `` The Shiny Trinket Maneuver '' `` The Recombination Hypothesis '' `` The Beta Test Initiation '' `` The Werewolf Transformation '' `` The Hawking Excitation '' `` The Stag Convergence '' `` The Countdown Reflection '' Season 6 `` The Fish Guts Displacement '' `` The Santa Simulation '' `` The Egg Salad Equivalency '' Season 7 `` The Hofstadter Insufficiency '' `` The Convention Conundrum '' Season 8 `` The Locomotion Interruption '' Season 9 Season 10 Season 11 Recurring concepts `` Soft Kitty '' Related articles Awards and nominations Bazinga ( genus ) Euglossa bazinga Young Sheldon Portal Book TCA Award for Outstanding Achievement in Comedy The Cosby Show , season 1 ( 1985 ) The Cosby Show , season 2 ( 1986 ) It 's Garry Shandling 's Show , season 1 ( 1987 ) Frank 's Place , season 1 / The Wonder Years , season 1 ( 1988 ) Murphy Brown , season 1 ( 1989 ) The Simpsons , season 1 ( 1990 ) Murphy Brown , season 3 ( 1991 ) Seinfeld , season 3 ( 1992 ) Seinfeld , season 4 ( 1993 ) Frasier , season 1 ( 1994 ) Frasier , season 2 ( 1995 ) Frasier , season 3 ( 1996 ) The Larry Sanders Show , season 5 ( 1997 ) The Larry Sanders Show , season 6 ( 1998 ) Sports Night , season 1 ( 1999 ) Malcolm in the Middle , season 1 ( 2000 ) Malcolm in the Middle , season 2 ( 2001 ) The Bernie Mac Show , season 1 ( 2002 ) The Daily Show with Jon Stewart , season 7 / season 8 ( 2003 ) Arrested Development , season 1 ( 2004 ) Arrested Development , season 2 ( 2005 ) The Office , season 2 ( 2006 ) The Office , season 3 ( 2007 ) 30 Rock , season 2 ( 2008 ) The Big Bang Theory , season 2 ( 2009 ) Modern Family , season 1 ( 2010 ) Modern Family , season 2 ( 2011 ) Louie , season 2 ( 2012 ) The Big Bang Theory , season 6 / Parks and Recreation , season 5 ( 2013 ) Louie , season 4 / Veep , season 3 ( 2014 ) Inside Amy Schumer , season 3 ( 2015 ) Black - 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( 2017 ) Television series created by Chuck Lorre Frannie 's Turn ( 1992 ) Grace Under Fire ( 1993 -- 98 ) Cybill ( 1995 -- 98 ) Dharma & Greg ( 1997 -- 2002 ) Two and a Half Men ( 2003 -- 15 ) The Big Bang Theory ( since 2007 ) Mom ( since 2013 ) Disjointed ( since 2017 ) Young Sheldon ( since 2017 ) The Kominsky Method ( TBA ) VIAF : 184185822 LCCN : no2010180132 GND : 7850552 - 5 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Big_Bang_Theory&oldid=807677758 '' Categories : The Big Bang Theory 2007 American television series debuts 2000s American comedy television series 2010s American comedy television series American television sitcoms CBS network shows Cultural depictions of scientists English - language television programs Nerd culture Physics in fiction Television series by Warner Bros. Television Television series created by Chuck Lorre Television shows set in Pasadena , California Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2016 Articles with Russian - language external links Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use American English from March 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Pages using infobox television with editor parameter All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from February 2017 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Use mdy dates from March 2017 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Alemannisch Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Boarisch Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2017 , at 13 : 51 . 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when do new episodes of the big bang theory start
[ "The Big Bang Theory is an American television sitcom created by Chuck Lorre and Bill Prady, both of whom serve as executive producers on the series, along with Steven Molaro. All three also serve as head writers. The show premiered on CBS on September 24, 2007.[3] The series' tenth season premiered on September 19, 2016.[4] In March 2017, the series was renewed for two additional seasons, bringing its total to twelve, and running through the 2018–19 television season. The eleventh season premiered on September 25, 2017.[5]" ]
[ "September 25, 2017" ]
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List of Game of Thrones characters
List of Game of Thrones characters - wikipedia List of Game of Thrones characters Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the television series . For the main characters of the novels , see List of A Song of Ice and Fire characters . ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may only interest a specific audience . Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information , and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia 's inclusion policy . ( April 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may be too long to read and navigate comfortably . Please consider splitting content into sub-articles , condensing it , or adding or removing subheadings. ( April 2016 ) This article contains too many pictures , charts or diagrams for its overall length . Please help to improve this article in accordance with the Manual of Style on use of images . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The characters from the American medieval fantasy television series Game of Thrones are based on their respective counterparts from author George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire series of novels . Set in a fictional universe that has been referred to so far as `` The Known World , '' the series follows a civil war for the Iron Throne of the continent of Westeros , fought between the rival royal and noble families and their respective supporters . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main cast 1.2 Supporting cast 2 Main characters 2.1 Eddard `` Ned '' Stark 2.2 Robert Baratheon 2.3 Jaime Lannister 2.4 Catelyn Stark 2.5 Cersei Lannister 2.6 Daenerys Targaryen 2.7 Jorah Mormont 2.8 Petyr `` Littlefinger '' Baelish 2.9 Viserys Targaryen 2.10 Jon Snow 2.11 Sansa Stark 2.12 Arya Stark 2.13 Robb Stark 2.14 Theon Greyjoy 2.15 Brandon `` Bran '' Stark 2.16 Joffrey Baratheon 2.17 Sandor `` The Hound '' Clegane 2.18 Tyrion Lannister 2.19 Khal Drogo 2.20 Tywin Lannister 2.21 Davos Seaworth 2.22 Samwell Tarly 2.23 Margaery Tyrell 2.24 Stannis Baratheon 2.25 Melisandre 2.26 Jeor Mormont 2.27 Bronn 2.28 Varys 2.29 Shae 2.30 Ygritte 2.31 Talisa Maegyr 2.32 Gendry 2.33 Tormund Giantsbane 2.34 Gilly 2.35 Brienne of Tarth 2.36 Ramsay Bolton 2.37 Ellaria Sand 2.38 Daario Naharis 2.39 Missandei 2.40 Jaqen H'ghar 2.41 Tommen Baratheon 2.42 Roose Bolton 2.43 The High Sparrow 3 Supporting characters 3.1 House Arryn 3.2 House Baratheon 3.3 House Bolton 3.4 House Frey 3.5 House Greyjoy 3.6 House Lannister 3.7 House Martell 3.8 House Stark 3.9 House Targaryen 3.10 House Tully 3.11 House Tyrell 3.12 People of Essos 3.13 People of Westeros 3.14 Royal court and officials 3.15 Night 's Watch 3.16 Beyond the Wall 3.17 Animals 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Cast ( edit ) Main cast ( edit ) The following cast members have been credited as main cast in the opening credits : Actor / Actress Character Appearances 5 6 7 8 Sean Bean Eddard `` Ned '' Stark Starring Recurring Guest Mark Addy Robert Baratheon Starring Nikolaj Coster - Waldau Jaime Lannister Starring Michelle Fairley Catelyn Stark Starring Lena Headey Cersei Lannister Starring Emilia Clarke Daenerys Targaryen Starring Iain Glen Jorah Mormont Starring Aidan Gillen Petyr `` Littlefinger '' Baelish Starring Harry Lloyd Viserys Targaryen Starring Kit Harington Jon Snow Starring Sophie Turner Sansa Stark Starring Maisie Williams Arya Stark Starring Richard Madden Robb Stark Starring Alfie Allen Theon Greyjoy Starring TBA Isaac Hempstead Wright Bran Stark Starring Starring Jack Gleeson Joffrey Baratheon Starring Rory McCann Sandor `` The Hound '' Clegane Starring Starring Peter Dinklage Tyrion Lannister Starring Jason Momoa Khal Drogo Starring Charles Dance Tywin Lannister Recurring Starring Liam Cunningham Davos Seaworth Starring John Bradley Samwell Tarly Recurring Starring Natalie Dormer Margaery Tyrell Starring Stephen Dillane Stannis Baratheon Starring Carice van Houten Melisandre Starring TBA James Cosmo Jeor Mormont Recurring Starring Jerome Flynn Bronn Recurring Starring TBA Conleth Hill Varys Recurring Starring TBA Sibel Kekilli Shae Recurring Starring Rose Leslie Ygritte Recurring Starring Oona Chaplin Talisa Maegyr Recurring Starring Joe Dempsie Gendry Recurring Starring Starring TBA Kristofer Hivju Tormund Giantsbane Recurring Starring TBA Hannah Murray Gilly Recurring Starring TBA Gwendoline Christie Brienne of Tarth Recurring Starring TBA Iwan Rheon Ramsay Bolton Recurring Starring Indira Varma Ellaria Sand Recurring Starring Michiel Huisman Daario Naharis Recurring Starring TBA Nathalie Emmanuel Missandei Recurring Starring Tom Wlaschiha Jaqen H'ghar Guest Recurring Starring TBA Dean - Charles Chapman Tommen Baratheon Recurring Recurring Starring Michael McElhatton Roose Bolton Recurring Starring Jonathan Pryce The High Sparrow Recurring Starring In seasons 6 and 7 , Sebastian Croft portrays Ned Stark as a child and Robert Aramayo portrays him as a young man . In season 5 , Nell Williams portrays Cersei Lannister in a flashback scene . In season 3 , Daario Naharis is portrayed by Ed Skrein . In season 1 , Jaqen H'ghar appears in one scene , portrayed by an uncredited extra . In seasons 1 and 2 , Tommen Baratheon is portrayed by Callum Wharry . Supporting cast ( edit ) Additionally the following cast members have appeared in 10 or more episodes of the show while maintaining a ' recurring ' status : Actor / Actress Character Appearances 5 6 7 8 Julian Glover Grand Maester Pycelle Recurring Ian Beattie Meryn Trant Recurring Kristian Nairn Hodor Recurring Recurring Mark Stanley Grenn Recurring Natalia Tena Osha Recurring Recurring Art Parkinson Rickon Stark Recurring Recurring Esmé Bianco Ros Recurring Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson Gregor Clegane Recurring Recurring Dominic Carter Janos Slynt Recurring Recurring Eugene Simon Lancel Lannister Recurring Recurring Nell Tiger Free Myrcella Baratheon Recurring Recurring Guest Ron Donachie Rodrik Cassel Recurring Recurring Donald Sumpter Maester Luwin Recurring Amrita Acharia Irri Recurring Roxanne McKee Doreah Recurring Ian Gelder Kevan Lannister Recurring Guest Recurring Ian McElhinney Barristan Selmy Recurring Recurring Luke Barnes Rast Recurring Recurring Peter Vaughan Maester Aemon Recurring Guest Recurring Josef Altin Pypar Recurring Guest Recurring Owen Teale Alliser Thorne Recurring Recurring Brian Fortune Othell Yarwyck Recurring Recurring Finn Jones Loras Tyrell Guest Recurring Ben Hawkey Hot Pie Guest Recurring Guest Guest TBA Richard Dormer Beric Dondarrion Guest Recurring Guest Recurring TBA Daniel Portman Podrick Payne Recurring TBA Ben Crompton Eddison Tollett Recurring Guest TBA Gemma Whelan Yara Greyjoy Recurring Guest Recurring TBA Tara Fitzgerald Selyse Florent Guest Recurring William & James Wilson Little Sam Recurring TBA Jacob Anderson Grey Worm Recurring Anton Lesser Qyburn Recurring TBA Diana Rigg Olenna Tyrell Recurring Kerry Ingram Shireen Baratheon Recurring Ellie Kendrick Meera Reed Recurring Recurring TBA Thomas Brodie - Sangster Jojen Reed Recurring Paul Kaye Thoros of Myr Recurring Guest Recurring Brenock O'Connor Olly Recurring Roger Ashton - Griffiths Mace Tyrell Recurring Faye Marsay The Waif Recurring Michael Condron Bowen Marsh Recurring In season 6 , Sam Coleman portrays Hodor as a child ( originally named Wylis ) . In season 1 , Gregor Clegane is portrayed by Conan Stevens and by Ian Whyte in season 2 . In seasons 1 and 2 , Myrcella Baratheon is portrayed by Aimee Richardson . In season 6 , Rodrik Cassel is portrayed by Fergus Leathem in flashback scenes . In season 1 , Beric Dondarrion is portrayed by David Michael Scott . In season 2 , Selyse Florent is portrayed by uncredited extra Sarah MacKeever . Introduced in Season 1 Lino Facioli as Robin Arryn Gethin Anthony as Renly Baratheon Francis Magee as Yoren Elyes Gabel as Rakharo David Bradley as Walder Frey Joseph Mawle as Benjen Stark Dennis McKeever as an officer of the Night 's Watch Steven Blount and John Stahl as Rickard Karstark Susan Brown as Septa Mordane Dar Salim as Qotho Gerard Jordan and uncredited extra as Biter Andy Beckwith and uncredited extra as Rorge Kate Dickie as Lysa Arryn Jamie Sives as Jory Cassel Wilko Johnson as Ilyn Payne Eros Vlahos as Lommy Greenhands Emun Elliott as Marillion Clive Mantle as Greatjon Umber Mia Soteriou as Mirri Maz Duur Miltos Yerolemou as Syrio Forel Andrew Wilde as Tobho Mott Roger Allam as Illyrio Mopatis Jefferson Hall as Hugh of the Vale Margaret John as Old Nan Mark Lewis Jones as Shagga Bronson Webb as Will Rob Ostlere as Waymar Royce Dermot Keaney as Gared John Standing as Jon Arryn Rhodri Hosking as Mycah Antonia Christophers as Mhaegen Sahara Knite as Armeca Introduced in Season 2 Josephine Gillan as Marei Sara Dylan as a handmaid Steven Cole as Kovarro Tony Way as Dontos Hollard Robert Pugh as Craster Nonso Anozie as Xaro Xhoan Daxos Ralph Ineson as Dagmer Cleftjaw Patrick Malahide as Balon Greyjoy Edward Dogliani and Ross O'Hennessy as the Lord of Bones Ian Hanmore as Pyat Pree Fintan McKeown as Amory Lorch Forbes KB as Lorren Simon Armstrong as Qhorin Halfhand Lucian Msamati as Salladhor Saan Andy Kellegher as Polliver Nicholas Blane as the Spice King Karl Davies as Alton Lannister Roy Dotrice as Hallyne Oliver Ford Davies as Maester Cressen Maisie Dee as Daisy David Coakley as Drennan Peter Ballance as Farlen Paul Caddell as Jacks Aidan Crowe as Quent Tyrone McElhennon as Torrhen Karstark Anthony Morris as the Tickler Slavko Juraga as the Silk King Laura Pradelska as Quaithe David Fynn as Rennick Introduced in Season 3 Tobias Menzies as Edmure Tully Charlotte Hope as Myranda Noah Taylor as Locke Clive Russell as Brynden Tully Will Tudor as Olyvar Tom Brooke and Daniel Tuite as Lothar Frey Tim Plester as Black Walder Rivers Paul Bentley as the second High Septon Mackenzie Crook as Orell Philip McGinley as Anguy Ciarán Hinds as Mance Rayder Burn Gorman as Karl Tanner Dan Hildebrand as Kraznys mo Nakloz Dean - Charles Chapman as Martyn Lannister Timothy Gibbons as Willem Lannister Alexandra Dowling as Roslin Tully Mark Killeen as Mero Ramon Tikaram as Prendahl na Ghezn Will O'Connell as Todder Pixie Le Knot as Kayla Jamie Michie as Steelshanks Walton Clifford Barry as Greizhen mo Ullhor George Georgiou as Razdal mo Eraz Introduced in Season 4 Rupert Vansittart as Yohn Royce Joel Fry as Hizdahr zo Loraq Pedro Pascal as Oberyn Martell Elizabeth Webster as Walda Bolton Struan Rodger and Max von Sydow as the Three - eyed Raven Octavia Alexandru and Kae Alexander as Leaf Mark Gatiss as Tycho Nestoris Yuri Kolokolnikov as Styr Reece Noi as Mossador Joseph Gatt as the Thenn Warg Gary Oliver as Ternesio Terys Lu Corfield as the Mole 's Town madam Lois Winstone as a Mole 's Town prostitute Alisdair Simpson as Donnel Waynwood Paola Dionisotti as Anya Waynwood Deirdre Monaghan as Morag Jane McGrath as Sissy Sarine Sofair as Lhara Introduced in Season 5 Rosabell Laurenti Sellers as Tyene Sand Jessica Henwick as Nymeria Sand Keisha Castle - Hughes as Obara Sand Hannah Waddingham as Septa Unella DeObia Oparei as Areo Hotah Alexander Siddig as Doran Martell Toby Sebastian as Trystane Martell Enzo Cilenti as Yezzan zo Qaggaz Murray McArthur as Dim Dalba Adewale Akinnuoye - Agbaje as Malko Birgitte Hjort Sørensen as Karsi Zahary Baharov as Loboda J.J. Murphy as Denys Mallister Jodhi May as Maggy the Frog Nell Williams as young Cersei Lannister Isabella Steinbarth as Melara Hetherspoon Ali Lyons as Johnna Oengus MacNamara as the thin man Hattie Gotobed as Ghita Meena Rayann as Vala Introduced in Season 6 Richard Rycroft as Maester Wolkan Pilou Asbæk as Euron Greyjoy Bella Ramsey as Lyanna Mormont Tim McInnerny as Robett Glover James Faulkner as Randyll Tarly Freddie Stroma and Tom Hopper as Dickon Tarly Paul Rattray as Harald Karstark Richard E. Grant as Izembaro Joe Naufahu as Khal Moro Essie Davis as Lady Crane Lucy Hayes as Kitty Frey Dean S. Jagger as Smalljon Umber Michael Feast as Aeron Greyjoy Kevin Eldon as Camello Eline Powell as Bianca Leigh Gill as Bobono Rob Callender as Clarenzo Gerald Lepkowski as Zanrush Souad Faress as High Priestess of the Dosh Khaleen Sean Blowers as Wyman Manderly Tom Varey as Cley Cerwyn Samantha Spiro as Melessa Tarly Rebecca Benson as Talla Tarly Ania Bukstein as Kinvara Ian McShane as Brother Ray Jóhannes Haukur Jóhannesson as Lem Lemoncloak Ricky Champ as Gatins Ian Davies as Morgan Nathanael Saleh as Arthur Annette Hannah as Frances Eddie Jackson as Belicho Paenymion Andrei Claude as Khal Rhalko Tamer Hassan as Khal Forzho Staz Nair as Qhono Chuku Modu as Aggo Deon Lee - Williams as Iggo Hannah John - Kamen as Ornella Sebastian Croft as child Eddard Stark Matteo Elezi as child Benjen Stark Cordelia Hill as child Lyanna Stark Sam Coleman as young Wylis / Hodor Annette Tierney as young Old Nan Fergus Leathem as young Rodrik Cassel Robert Aramayo as young Eddard Stark Luke Roberts as Arthur Dayne Eddie Eyre as Gerold Hightower Leo Woodruff as young Howland Reed Wayne Foskett as Rickard Stark David Rintoul as Aerys ' The Mad King ' Targaryen Aisling Franciosi as young Lyanna Stark Introduced in Season 7 Jim Broadbent as Archmaester Ebrose Brendan Cowell as Harrag Megan Parkinson as Alys Karstark Harry Grasby as Ned Umber Wilf Scolding as Rhaegar Targaryen Tom Chadbon as High Septon Maynard Non-human characters cast Richard Brake and Vladimir Furdik as the Night King Ian Whyte as the giant Wun Weg Wun Dar Wun and various White Walkers Ross Mullan as various White Walkers Tim Loane as a White Walker Ian Whyte as the giant Dongo the Dommed Neil Fingleton as the giant Mag Mar Tun Doh Weg Spencer Wilding as a White Walker Main characters ( edit ) Eddard `` Ned '' Stark ( edit ) Sean Bean Main article : Ned Stark Ned Stark ( season 1 , 6 - 7 ) portrayed by Sean Bean in season 1 as an adult , and by Sebastian Croft in season 6 as a child , and Robert Aramayo in season 6 and 7 as a young adult . Eddard `` Ned '' Stark of House Stark , Lord of Winterfell and Warden of the North , becomes the Hand of the King after Lord Jon Arryn 's death . He is known for his sense of honor and justice . He took part in Robert 's Rebellion after his sister Lyanna was kidnapped by Crown Prince Rhaegar Targaryen . When Ned 's father and brother went south to reclaim her , the `` Mad King '' Aerys Targaryen burned both of them alive . Ned and Robert Baratheon led the rebellion to unseat him from the throne . As the show opens , Ned has been content to remain in the north , but after the death of Lord Jon Arryn , he is convinced that it is his duty to accept the position of Hand of the King . Ned is not interested in politics , and prefers to rule with honor and follow the law . While investigating the reason for the death of Jon Arryn , he discovers that all three of Robert 's children with Queen Cersei were fathered by Cersei 's twin brother Jaime . When Ned confronts Cersei about the truth , she has him imprisoned for treason after he publicly denounces Joffrey . Ned is convinced by Varys that if he goes to his death honorably , as he is prepared to do , his daughters will suffer for it . To protect them , he sacrifices his honor and publicly declares that he was plotting to steal the throne and that Joffrey is the true king . Despite Cersei 's promise that Ned would be allowed to join the Night 's Watch in exile , Joffrey orders Ned 's execution for his own amusement and later torments Sansa by forcing her to look at her father 's head . His bones are later returned to Catelyn in the Stormlands by Petyr Baelish , who laments Ned 's downfall and that he was too honorable to seize power through force , rather insisting the throne pass to Lord Stannis Baratheron , Robert 's younger brother . Baelish 's preferred course of action , revealed only to Ned , had been to seize Cersei and her children first and rule in Joffrey 's name as Regent and Lord Protector . Ned 's execution , however , is not in vain , since he notifies Stannis of the truth of Joffrey 's parentage , and Stannis informs all of Westeros , which sets into motion the War of Five Kings against House Lannister . Robert Baratheon ( edit ) Mark Addy Main article : Robert Baratheon Robert Baratheon ( season 1 ) portrayed by Mark Addy . Robert Baratheon of House Baratheon , formerly a fierce warrior , became King of the Seven Kingdoms after leading a rebellion against Aerys II Targaryen . He was betrothed to Ned Stark 's sister Lyanna and loved her deeply , and she was kidnapped by Rhaegar Targaryen . Her father and another brother were killed when they went to King 's Landing to reclaim her , which resulted in Robert and Ned Stark 's revolt known as Robert 's Rebellion , whereupon the Targaryens were all slaughtered or routed from the Kingdoms . Since Robert 's family had closer ties to the former Royal family , this put Robert on the Iron Throne . Now , Robert has grown fat and miserable ; he has no more wars to fight , is surrounded by plotters and sycophants , hates and is bored by the constant work needed to manage the Kingdoms properly , and trapped in a political marriage to the scheming Cersei Lannister , whom he has never loved . He is unaware that none of his three children are his , but instead Jaime Lannister 's . Under his reign , the realm has been bankrupted , and Robert is deeply in debt to his wife 's family . Killed while hunting , he unknowingly leaves no rightful heir behind . His bastards are ordered dead by Joffrey , many of which are killed , and Gendry is subsequently forced to flee the capital . Jaime Lannister ( edit ) Nikolaj Coster - Waldau Main article : Jaime Lannister Jaime Lannister ( season 1 -- present ) portrayed by Nikolaj Coster - Waldau . Ser Jaime Lannister of House Lannister is a member of the Kingsguard and an exceptionally skilled swordsman . He is the Queen 's twin brother and has carried on an incestuous love affair with her all his life , fathering all three of her living children . He truly does love his sister and will do anything , no matter how rash , to stay close to her . He is nicknamed `` Kingslayer '' for killing the previous King , Aerys II , whom he was sworn to protect . He was allowed to keep his post in the current Kingsguard as he and his influential father helped Robert win the war , but no one feels he deserves this post , which frustrates Jaime . Despite Eddard Stark 's animosity against him for forsaking his oath to protect the King during Robert 's Rebellion , Jaime has great respect for Eddard , whom he considers a great warrior and his equal . Unlike his father and sister , Jaime cares deeply about his younger brother Tyrion . In Season 2 , Catelyn releases and sends Jaime to King 's Landing under Brienne of Tarth 's watch in exchange for a pledge to send her daughters home . On the journey , they are captured by the violent Locke , a man - at - arms under Roose Bolton , a Northern Lord . On their way to Harrenhal , now held by Bolton , the lowborn Locke cuts off Jaime 's sword hand to taunt his position and privilege . Jaime survives and is allowed to depart Harrenhal on condition that he acquits Bolton from any guilt . During his time in Harrenhal , Jaime reveals to Brienne on why he killed King Aerys II . Once freed , Jaime travels to King 's Landing with Brienne and disgraced Maester Qyburn , given by Bolton to tend to his injury , in tow . At the end of Season 3 , they arrive at the gates and Jaime reunites with Cersei . In season 4 , Jaime is fitted with a golden prosthetic hand and given a new sword , and is trained by Bronn in fencing with his left hand . Jaime is one of the few people in King 's Landing who believe in Tyrion 's innocence in killing Joffrey , and does his best to comfort his younger brother , while outright refusing Cersei 's order to kill Tyrion before his trial . When Tyrion is sentenced to death , Jaime frees Tyrion from captivity and arranges for him to be smuggled to Essos with Varys 's help . Jaime tells Cersei that he will travel to Dorne and bring Myrcella back . Myrcella says that she likes it in Dorne and does n't want to go back to King 's Landing . However , she eventually leaves with her uncle and Trystane , after Doran bargains to have his son take his seat on the Small Council . On the journey home , Jaime reveals his incestuous relationship to Cersei to their daughter , who then reveals she knows and is glad that Jaime is her father and hugs him , but moments later Myrcella collapses from poison and dies . In season 6 , Jaime returns to King 's Landing with Myrcella 's body and sends Doran a letter requesting the heads of Ellaria , Obara , Nymeria and Tyene , but later hears that both Doran and Trystane were killed by the Sands . In response to Cersei 's humiliation by the Faith Militant , Jaime ponders murdering the High Sparrow and marching on the Great Sept of Baelor with the army of House Tyrell to forcibly rescue Margaery from custody . He is foiled , however , when Tommen declares an allegiance between the Faith and the Crown , and dismisses Jaime from the Kingsguard , clearly on the High Sparrow 's orders . Jaime is later sent to the Riverlands with Bronn to oversee the surrender of Riverrun . He parleys with Brynden `` The Blackfish '' Tully , to no avail , and then falsely threatens Edmure Tully with the murder of his baby son if he does not get his men to surrender the castle . The castle eventually falls to the Lannisters and Freys . Jaime briefly crosses paths with Brienne and Podrick , but allows them to leave peacefully . He returns to King 's Landing shortly after the Great Sept 's destruction , and enters the Red Keep to see Cersei being crowned Queen . In Season 7 he commands the Lannister army , capturing Highgarden but suffering defeat when ambushed by Daenerys ' Dothraki forces and dragons . He clashes with Cersei over the threat from the Army of the Dead , and when she breaks her word over sending military support he leaves her and rides north alone . Catelyn Stark ( edit ) Michelle Fairley Main article : Catelyn Stark Catelyn Stark ( season 1 -- 3 ) portrayed by Michelle Fairley . Catelyn Stark of House Stark and House Tully ( née Tully ) , Lady of Winterfell , is the wife of Lord Eddard Stark . Born to the Lord and Lady of the Riverlands , she is the elder sister of Lysa Arryn , Lady of the Vale and Mistress of the Eyrie , and Lord Edmure Tully , Lord of Riverrun . After deducing that the Lannisters are responsible for the attempt on Bran Stark 's life , she travels to King 's Landing to warn Ned , and on her return trip has a chance encounter with Tyrion Lannister . Since Catelyn does not know about Tyrion 's complete innocence , she decides to take him captive because she believes that he is behind the attempt on her son 's life . She takes him to her sister , Lysa Arryn , so that he can be brought to justice but is not successful , as Tyrion is found innocent after a trial by combat . After her husband is arrested and her eldest son Robb goes to war for his release , she joins her son 's war council . Upon learning that her husband was executed by orders of King Joffrey , she vows to her son Robb that the Lannister family will pay with their lives . Throughout Season 2 , she aids her son Robb in the rebellion by advising him and attempting to broker alliances . While trying to form an alliance with Renly Baratheon , another claimant to the Iron Throne , she takes Brienne of Tarth into her service as an armswoman after Renly 's assassination . She frees Jaime Lannister , a valuable hostage to the Starks , in an attempt to exchange him for her captive daughters . Robb , feeling betrayed by what his mother has done , puts her under house arrest . Catelyn travels north with her son to her father 's funeral at her childhood home of Riverrun . She is killed in the Red Wedding Massacre after her desperate ( and futile ) pleas to the Freys to spare her son , threatening to slit Lady Frey 's throat if Robb dies . She keeps her promise , and is herself killed moments later when `` Black '' Walder Frey cuts her throat to the bone . In Season 4 , it is stated that her body was stripped naked and thrown into the river after the massacre as a mockery of House Tully 's funeral traditions . Though House Stark is stripped of all lands and titles by House Lannister as a result of Robb 's death and his ultimately failed rebellion against the Iron Throne , Catelyn and her son are later avenged in Season 6 and the first episode of Season 7 when her eldest daughter Sansa Stark and Sansa 's half brother Jon Snow successfully overthrow House Bolton and retake Winterfell and Jon is crowned the King in the North by the remaining Northern lords , wildlings , and Knights of the Vale , restoring Stark rule in the North in the process , while her youngest daughter Arya Stark returns to Westeros , murders Walder Frey , and later uses his face to disguise herself as him to poison all his sons and male descendants at the Twins , ultimately avenging the Red Wedding and exterminating House Frey . Cersei Lannister ( edit ) Lena Headey Main article : Cersei Lannister Cersei Lannister ( season 1 -- present ) portrayed by Lena Headey . Cersei Lannister of House Lannister and House Baratheon , Queen of the Seven Kingdoms of Westeros , is the wife of King Robert Baratheon . Her father arranged the marriage when she was a teenager , initiating himself as a political counselor for King Robert . The Lannisters are the richest family in Westeros , which is why Robert was interested in a marriage between them . Cersei has a twin brother , Jaime , with whom she has been involved in an incestuous affair from early childhood . All three of Cersei 's children are Jaime 's . Cersei 's main character attribute is her desire for power and her deep loyalty to her father , children , and brother Jaime . Cersei learns that her husband Robert is in danger of finding out that the children he sees as his heirs to the throne are not his . Robert meets his end as the result of a boar attack on a hunting trip , before Ned Stark tells him of the truth about his children . Cersei works quickly to instate her oldest son , Joffrey , on the throne , with her as his chief political advisor and Queen Regent . Joffrey quits listening to his mother , and by the beginning of the second season her father decides Cersei does not exercise enough control over her son , and her father sends his youngest son Tyrion as an additional political advisor . Cersei and Tyrion do not get along , and constantly try to undermine each other 's authority over the crown . As of the end of season 2 , Tyrion has accumulated more sway over the Iron Throne , and has shipped Cersei 's only daughter off against Cersei 's will to be married to the prince of Dorne . In season 3 , she takes pleasure in Tyrion 's diminished position and taunts him for being forced into a marriage pact with Sansa Stark , only to be told by her father that he intends to marry her to Loras Tyrell . At the end of the season , the two siblings ponder at their respective marriages , and Cersei reunites with Jaime in her bedchamber as he unexpectedly returns from captivity . In season 4 , she has Tyrion arrested after Joffrey is fatally poisoned . It is implied that she knows Tyrion 's guilt is highly unlikely , but just wants to see him dead , though Jaime refuses to carry out the order . Indeed , at Tyrion 's trial , it is obvious that Cersei has manipulated the entire procedure so that the only witnesses ( herself , Lord Varys , Meryn Trant , Grand Maester Pycelle and Shae ) give either incomplete or entirely false testimonies to implicate Tyrion and Sansa further in the murder . When Tyrion demands a trial by combat , Cersei quickly chooses Ser Gregor `` The Mountain '' Clegane as her champion to diminish Tyrion 's chances of acquittal , and has Bronn betrothed to a noblewoman so that Tyrion can not choose him as his champion . Cersei 's wish comes true when Tyrion 's champion , Oberyn Martell , is killed by Clegane , but she still refuses to marry Loras , even threatening her father with revealing the truth about her relationship with Jaime and the parentage of her children . Tywin rebuffs her threats , though he himself is killed by an escaping Tyrion soon afterwards . Cersei attends Tywin 's funeral and later orders a bounty on Tyrion 's head . Cersei and Jaime receive a message from Dorne : a small viper statue with a necklace in its fangs . Cersei tells Jaime that the necklace belongs to their daughter , Myrcella , who was sent to Dorne by Tyrion . Jaime tells Cersei that he will travel to Dorne and bring Myrcella back . Cersei meets with two hunters who have brought her a severed head , though she is disappointed to find that it is not Tyrion 's head . Qyburn lays claim to the head for his research and the two walk to a small council meeting . With the office of Hand of the King vacant , Cersei tells the council that she will stand in temporarily until Tommen chooses a new Hand . She appoints Mace Tyrell as the new Master of Coin and Qyburn as the new Master of Whisperers . When Cersei tries to appoint her uncle Kevan as the Master of War , he declines , telling her that as the queen mother she holds no power , and has no interest in serving in a council filled with her sycophants . In defiance of Cersei 's `` orders '' , Kevan states that he will return to Casterly Rock until he hears direct word from Tommen that he is required . Tommen soon weds Margaery Tyrell . Under Margaery 's influence , Tommen drops hints that he would like Cersei to return to Casterly Rock , but she refuses , and confronts Margaery , who insults her . Cersei catches the High Septon being punished for entering a brothel by her cousin Lancel , who has become a member of the Faith Militant , an extremist group that worships the Seven . Cersei talks to their leader , the High Sparrow , and instates him as the new High Septon . The Faith Militant then aggressively puncture all barrels of wine and trash Petyr Baelish 's brothel . They also arrest Margaery 's brother Loras on the grounds of his homosexuality . Tommen , at Margaery 's insistence , tries to get Cersei to release Loras , but Cersei swears she had nothing to do with it , After a trial , Loras is arrested after a prostitute named Olyvar testifies against Loras . Margaery is also arrested for lying about Loras ' sexual orientation , and both are put in dungeons . All of this delights Cersei , who goes to see Margaery in her cell and brings her a bowl of venison stew . Cersei has one final talk with the High Sparrow about the accomplishments of the pair , but he soon reveals that Lancel has confessed everything ( in Season 1 , Cersei had sex with him in Jaime 's absence ) . Cersei is subsequently arrested for adultery , incest , and murder ( it was her plan to get Robert drunk so that he would injure himself while hunting ) . She is only visited in her cell by Qyburn , who tells her that Grand Maester Pycelle has seized power of the throne , and that Kevan is serving as hand of the king . Cersei is distraught to learn that Tommen , anguished over his wife 's and mother 's arrests , has not been eating . Cersei is also visited by a septa , who orders her to confess to her sins . Cersei refuses , and she is hit by the septa . Weakened , Cersei is forced to lick the water off the floors of the cell . She eventually agrees to reveal herself to the High Septon , confessing her incestuous relationship to Lancel Lannister but refusing to admit more serious offences , which would be harder for the Faith to prove . The High Sparrow allows her to leave captivity in favor of house arrest in the Red Keep , pending the trial , but only if she agrees to do `` atonement '' for her sins by being shaved and walking naked through the streets of King 's Landing . Cersei endures the walk with great resolve , bleeding and covered in filth as she eventually reaches the Keep , where she reunites with her uncle Kevan , now Hand of the King , and Qyburn , who introduces her to the newest member of the Kingsguard , a freakishly large , silent giant implied to be the reanimated corpse of Gregor Clegane . In season 6 , Cersei remains under house arrest and is not allowed to attend the funeral of Myrcella , who was ultimately killed by Ellaria Sand . Though her initial plan is to demand a trial by combat and name Gregor as her champion , she is foiled when Tommen falls under the control of the High Sparrow and abolishes the practice , stripping Cersei of her trump card . In desperation , Cersei has Qyburn look into an `` old rumour '' , which turns out to be the Mad King 's wildfire caches . On the day of her and Loras 's trial , Cersei destroys the Great Sept of Baelor with the wildfire and kills hundreds of people , including Margaery , Loras , Mace Tyrell , Kevan , Lancel , the High Sparrow and the entire Faith Militant , and also has Grand Maester Pycelle killed in his chambers . With her enemies out of the way , Cersei crowns herself Queen and names Qyburn as her Hand . In Season 7 Cersei consolidates her position through alliances with the Tarlys and with Euron Greyjoy , who help her to capture Highgarden , destroy much of Daenerys ' fleet and take revenge on Ellaria Sand and the Sand Snakes . She tells Jamie she is pregnant and it pleases him when she says that she will name him as the father . Cersei agrees to Tyrion 's request for a parley with the Targaryen party , and is visibly shocked by the wight that has been brought south . She agrees to send a military force north to help the fight against the Army of the Dead , but reveals to Jamie that she has no intention of keeping her word . Jamie argues , and although Cersei threatens to have him killed she takes no action against him as he leaves her to go north . Daenerys Targaryen ( edit ) Emilia Clarke Main article : Daenerys Targaryen Daenerys Targaryen ( season 1 -- present ) portrayed by Emilia Clarke . Daenerys Targaryen is the exiled princess of the Targaryen dynasty . Also called `` the Stormborn '' , she and her brother Viserys were smuggled to Essos during the end of Robert 's Rebellion . For seventeen years , she has been under the care of Viserys , whom she fears , as he is abusive to her whenever she displeases him . In exchange for an army , Viserys marries her to the powerful Dothraki warlord Khal Drogo , making her a Khaleesi , a queen of the Dothraki . Daenerys is at first afraid of her new husband but after learning the Dothraki language , she manages to get past their barriers . She begins to understand him and genuinely falls in love with him after learning Drogo is an intelligent leader and a kind man . After embracing the Dothraki culture , she becomes stronger and rebels against her brother . She later becomes pregnant with Drogo 's son who is prophesied by the Dothraki to be the `` Stallion Who Mounts the World '' . After her brother 's death and an assassination attempt by Robert Baratheon , Drogo vows to Daenerys that he will conquer the Seven Kingdoms for her and their unborn son . However , during their journey Drogo suffers from blood poisoning due to an infected wound incurred during a fight with a Dothraki tribesman . Daenerys is forced to seek the help of healer Mirri Maz Duur to save his life using blood magic . Mirri tricks Daenerys by using her unborn son 's life as a sacrifice to heal Drogo , leaving him in a permanent catatonic state , and forcing Daenerys to end her husband 's life . Losing both her husband and son , Daenerys punishes Mirri by having her burnt at the stake . She also lays the three dragon eggs she received as a wedding gift onto Khal Drogo 's body , then steps into the burning funeral pyre . After the fire extinguishes itself , the Khaleesi and three baby dragons , named Drogon , Rhaegal , and Viserion , are found alive and unharmed . Daenerys takes the baby dragons and the remaining tribe to gather new allies and reclaim the Iron Throne . She becomes the first female Dothraki leader . In Season 2 , she is lost in the Red Waste , a stretch of barren land . She and her khalasar eventually make it to Qarth , where the nobles are more interested in her dragons than her conquering Westeros . When her dragons are stolen by Pyat Pree , she goes into the House of the Undying and retrieves them , killing Pyat Pree . In the second season 's finale , she imprisons her host Xaro Xoan Daxos for having helped Pyat Pree . Her horde loot Xaro 's mansion to buy a ship . Daenerys travels from Qarth to Astapor , a city in Slaver 's Bay , where she negotiates the purchase of elite eunuch soldiers called the Unsullied . She also meets the famed knight Ser Barristan Selmy , and accepts him into her queensguard . On her departure from the city , she frees the slaves and has Drogon torch its elders . By the end of Season 3 , although her power has not yet been tested , she has acquired the loyalty of tens of thousands of freed slaves from Astapor and Yunkai , her remaining Dothraki brethren ( and two former Westerosi soldiers whom she encountered through the Dothraki , who advise her ) 2,000 ' Second Sons ' cavalrymen , 8,000 ' Unsullied ' elite infantry , and three rapidly growing dragons . The stay in Slaver 's Bay has made her question her motives , however , and she takes up the cause of ending slavery as well , donning the honorific `` Breaker of Chains '' as the slaves hold her to the sky , praising her as their Mhysa , or `` Mother '' . Daenerys later frees the slaves from Meereen , the last of the slave cities in Slaver 's Bay , but realizes that she is slowly losing control of her dragons , especially when Drogon shows signs of aggression towards her when she tries to break up a fight between them over food . Aware that she does not have enough men to conquer Westeros just yet , Daenerys resolves to remain in Slaver 's Bay and rule as Queen for the time being . She eventually learns of Jorah 's original purpose , which was to spy on her for Robert Baratheon , and orders him to leave Meereen on threat of execution . After she receives too many complaints about her dragons , Daenerys , locks Rhaegal and Viserion of them in the catacombs beneath Meereen before searching for Drogon . Meanwhile , Daenerys faces a new threat to her rule in the form of the Sons of the Harpy , a resistance movement against her and the Unsullied . She considers freeing her dragons , but they attempt to attack her , making her realize that they are no longer loyal to her . After Daario and Grey Worm arrest a member of the Sons of the Harpy , Mossador implores Daenerys to execute their captive , but Barristan tells her of the Mad King 's actions against his enemies , which included burning them with wildfire while laughing . He asks her not to execute the captive without a fair trial , and she agrees with him . Mossador goes against her wishes , and kills the captive Son of the Harpy . Daenerys has him publicly executed , which leads a riot to break out between the old masters and the freed slaves . At night , Daenerys finds that Drogon has returned , but when she tries to touch his face , he flies away . Soon afterward , a group of Unsullied patrolling the streets of Meereen are stopped by a crying woman who points them to an alleyway . The Unsullied head in to investigate , but it is revealed that the entire affair was a set up after they are soon cornered by a group of the Sons of the Harpy . The Unsullied attempt to fight back , but the Sons of the Harpy kill many of them . Barristan Selmy sees the commotion and tries to help , killing many of the Sons of the Harpy , but gets badly wounded , and dies . Grey Worm also sustains serious but nonfatal injuries . Daenerys is furious after learning what has happened to Barristan , and rounds up the leaders of the great Meereenese houses . She takes them into the catacombs where she randomly has one of them shoved forward . The Meereenese lord is promptly killed by dragonfire from Rhaegal , and he and Viserion eat him . Daenerys then has all the lords arrested , including her former adviser Hizdahr zo Loraq , whom she decides to marry to win over the Meereenese nobles . To respect the culture of the area , she agrees to have the fighting pits reinstated ( she had previously declined due to her distaste for killing for sport ) . Hizdahr convinces Daenerys to go to one of the pits to see the contestants battling over who will go to the final competition . Daenerys is sickened by the bloodshed , and gets up to leave , but her attention is turned by one masked competitor who defeats all of the other competitors without killing any of them . This competitor turns out to be Jorah Mormont , who is trying to win over Daenerys ' favor after being banished . Daenerys orders the Unsullied to take him away , but Jorah announces that he has brought her a gift , and Tyrion Lannister reveals himself to Daenerys . After a round of questioning , Daenerys banishes Jorah once again , but takes Tyrion on as her adviser . On the great opening of Daznak 's Pit , Jorah resurfaces as a voluntary contender on the arena , but Daenerys refuses to stop the games to spare his life . Jorah eventually prevails and saves her life by impaling with his spear an attacker from the Sons of the Harpy , who appear in legions and attack Daenerys ' guards . Cornered at the midst of the arena , defeat seems immediate when Drogon returns , killing many Sons of the Harpy despite being wounded by several of their spears . Daenerys manages to rekindle their bond and climbs his back , riding off into the distance to a stunned crowd . She roams the Great Steppe north of the city , where Drogon seems reluctant to obey her commands or even hunt for food . Strolling about on her own , Daenerys is faced with an incoming Dothraki khalasar of great numbers , and after dropping a ring to the ground to leave a trail , she is surrounded . In season 6 , the Dothraki take her to Vaes Dothrak , where she identifies herself to Khal Moro as Drogo 's former wife . Out of respect for Dothraki traditions , they take Daenerys to join the Dosh Khaleen , which consisted of the wives of deceased khals . Daenerys refuses and instead burns the temple down with all the khals still inside , naming herself as the new leader of the Dothraki . She returns to Meereen with her new army and destroys the slaver fleet assaulting the city with her dragons . In the aftermath , Daenerys meets with Theon and Yara Greyjoy , who offer their support for her claim so that they can overthrow their uncle Euron . Daenerys accepts their aid and secures help from the Reach and Dorne , names Tyrion as her hand , but breaks up with Daario , ordering him to stay behind and govern Slaver 's Bay in her absence . With her new army , Daenerys finally sets sail for Westeros . In Season 7 Daenerys finally uses her dragons in battle , annihilating a Lannister force and their baggage train with fire . Daenerys welcomes Jon Snow to Dragonstone , seeing him as a friend and ally , insisting that he bend the knee to her but exhibiting patience with his refusal . She believes his tales of white walkers and agrees to let him mine dragonglass ( obsidian ) from her land . When Jon 's expedition north of the Wall gets into trouble Daenerys takes her dragons to rescue them , and is devastated when the Night King kills one . On the ship back to Dragonstone she and Jon make love . Jorah Mormont ( edit ) Iain Glen Main article : Jorah Mormont Jorah Mormont ( season 1 -- present ) portrayed by Iain Glen . Ser Jorah Mormont of House Mormont is an exiled knight in the service of Daenerys Targaryen and the son of Jeor Mormont of the Night 's Watch . To fund his wife 's extravagant lifestyle , he sold poachers on his land to slave traders , which is illegal in the Seven Kingdoms . Rather than face punishment by Lord Stark , he fled to Essos and learned the lifestyle of the Dothraki who embrace him as one of their own and know him as `` Jorah The Andal '' . Jorah serves as an adviser to the Targaryens on both political and cultural matters of both the Seven Kingdoms and Essos . Jorah is actually spying on the Targaryens for Lord Varys in exchange for a pardon on his crimes . But after learning more about Daenerys , Jorah falls in love with her and decides to protect and help her regain the Iron Throne . After she is widowed , he remains with her and becomes the first knight of her Queensguard . He serves Daenerys as an adviser throughout Season 2 and tries to help her claim her birthright as queen of the Seven Kingdoms . In Season 3 , he plays an important part in the capture of Yunkai , together with Unsullied commander Grey Worm and Daario Naharis , Lieutenant and leader of the Second Sons . Led by Daario , the trio infiltrates the city and kills a number of Yunkish guards to open a gate , ensuring the capture of Yunkai . Jorah later assists Daenerys and her army in conquering Meereen , and later informs her of Joffrey 's death , but at the same time dissuades her from invading King 's Landing , since she is not strong enough to take all of Westeros yet . When Daenerys appears to begin a romantic relationship with Daario , Jorah voices his disapproval . Daenerys eventually discovers that Jorah 's original mission was to spy on her for the `` usurper '' Robert Baratheon , which led to her and her unborn son almost being killed by the wine merchant in Vaes Dothrak , and exiles him from Meereen on the threat of death . Jorah subsequently departs alone . He runs into Tyrion Lannister in Volantis , kidnapping him to deliver to `` the Queen '' , meaning Daenerys . Sailing through the ruins of Valyria , the couple are assaulted by stone men long decayed by greyscale , and Jorah is seemingly infected by the disease as one of the stone men touches his hand . He drags Tyrion safely to land , where the couple are captured by pirates . Tyrion convinces them to take them to Meereen to be sold as slaves in the fighting pits , where they are bought by master Yezzan zo Qaggaz , and successfully escape during a tourney . Upon seeing Jorah again , Daenerys orders him taken away . Tyrion manages to convince her of his worth and urges her to take him as her adviser , upon which he advises her , correctly in his opinion , to have Ser Jorah banished for his treason , having concealed the true nature of his service to her although he had several chances of doing so . Jorah is exiled a second time , and returns to Yezzan , wishing to fight in the pits before the Queen to see . He does so , and eventually emerges as the victor ; brandishing his spear , he impales an assassin from the Sons of the Harpy about to stab Daenerys , and protects her as she is forced to flee into the pit as more harpies emerge . They are eventually saved by Drogon , who absconds Daenerys on his back , and Jorah resolutely decides to track her into the wild to wherever she has gone , joined by Daario Naharis , while Tyrion stays behind to govern Meereen . They track her to Vaes Dothrak and witness Daenerys kill all the khals and take control of the Dothraki . Daenerys , however , learns of Jorah 's greyscale infection , and orders him to find a cure and then rejoin her cause . At the Citadel in Oldtown , Samwell Tarly defies orders to subject Jorah to a dangerous and painful cure . It is successful and Jorah returns to Daenerys , who revokes his banishment . Jorah goes north of the Wall with Jon Snow to capture a wight . He refuses Jon 's attempt to gift him Longclaw , the Mormonts ' ancestral valerian steel sword , as he had brought dishonour on the Mormont name . Petyr `` Littlefinger '' Baelish ( edit ) Aidan Gillen Main article : Petyr Baelish Petyr Baelish ( season 1 -- 7 ) portrayed by Aidan Gillen . Lord Petyr Baelish , nicknamed `` Littlefinger , '' is the Master of Coin in King Robert Baratheon 's Small Council . He grew up with Catelyn Tully and fought Ned 's brother Brandon for her hand . Petyr is a master manipulator who knows the ongoing affairs within the Seven Kingdoms thanks to his spies . While Petyr at first is assumed to be an ally of Ned , he secretly resents him for marrying Catelyn and so he betrayed him when he tried to arrest Joffrey and Cersei . Despite that , Petyr aims to take the Iron Throne to punish the powerful nobles who used to look down on him . During season 2 , he convinces Catelyn to release Jaime in exchange for her daughters and brokers an alliance between House Lannister and House Tyrell . He then returns to King 's Landing with the Tyrell army in time to rescue the city . For his efforts , he is made Lord of Harrenhal , though the castle is held by Northmen . In Season 3 , he discovers Ros is secretly working for Varys and gives her to Joffrey to be killed before departing to the Eyrie , where he is to marry Lysa Arryn to secure her loyalty to the Iron Throne . He will thence be Lord Paramount of both the Vale ( as Lysa Arryn 's consort ) and the Riverlands ( after the downfall of the Tullys at the Red Wedding ) , though he has yet to see Harrenhal . In Season 4 , Littlefinger returns in secret to the area around King 's Landing . He has spent weeks in the Vale , and is confirmed to be getting married to Lysa . Petyr helps Olenna Tyrell orchestrate the assassination of King Joffrey at his wedding to Margaery , something Olenna wanted very badly as it would save her granddaughter from Joffrey 's beastly nature . This serves to strengthen his new alliance with House Tyrell . Petyr also gets Sansa Stark -- Ned and Catelyn 's eldest surviving daughter -- out of King 's Landing by ordering court fool and former knight Dontos Hollard to bring her to him . Under the guise of making payment , Petyr has Dontos killed by his archers to silence him . He also begins acting as a mentor for her , and promises Sansa she is safe with him . When asked what he wants by her , he simply says `` everything '' . When they arrive in the Vale , it is revealed that he and Lysa have been having an affair for quite some time , and that it was Lysa who poisoned Jon Arryn on Petyr 's request . Petyr and Lysa marry that same day , and loudly consummate their marriage . However , Petyr later confides to Sansa that the reason he had Joffrey killed was to avenge Catelyn , and goes as far as to kiss her , with Lysa looking on unnoticed . When confronted by Lysa , who in a rage attempted to kill Sansa , Petyr kills Lysa instead , calmly pushing her through the Moon Door -- a hole in the floor looking down hundreds of feet to the rocks below the Eyrie , and the preferred method of execution in the Vale of Arryn , incidentally -- to her death on the rocks below . Sansa stands up for Petyr when he is questioned by other lords and ladies of the Vale on the matter of Lysa 's apparent `` suicide , '' and confirms that Lysa did indeed kill herself , however , and he is cleared of all charges . As the new Lord Paramount of the Vale , Petyr then begins talking the lords and ladies into supporting Lysa 's sickly and mentally challenged son , Robin Arryn , though it is implied that his real intention is for Robin to die . In Season 5 , Petyr and Sansa depart the Eyrie for a place that Petyr promises Sansa that Cersei will never find her , leaving Robin in the care of Yohn Royce . At an inn Podrick Payne along with Brienne of Tarth sees Petyr and Sansa eating in the back of the inn , guarded by knights . Brienne approaches and pledge her life to Sansa but Petyr accuses her of Renly Baratheon 's murder , Brienne explains that Renly was killed by a shadow with Stannis 's face . Sansa tells Brienne that she does n't want her protection , and asks her to leave . Petyr attempts to have his guards take Brienne into their custody , but she flees with Podrick , stealing a horse and releasing several others . Petyr arranges a marriage between Sansa Stark and Ramsay Bolton so that Sansa can return to Winterfell , though Ramsay brutally rapes Sansa on their wedding night despite Ramsay 's promise to never harm her . After dropping Sansa off at Winterfell , he leaves for King 's Landing , where he provides a prostitute named Olyvar for Cersei to convict Loras Tyrell of his homosexuality . He also promises to march North with the strength of the Vale in his back to depose whatever victor comes out of the struggle between Roose Bolton and Stannis Baratheon , and swears to Cersei to bring her Sansa 's head if he succeeds . In return , Cersei promises to make him Warden of the North in addition to already claimed titles of Lord of Harrenhal and Lord Paramount of the Vale . However , Baelish later betrays Cersei by providing Olenna Tyrell with information about her affair with Lancel Lannister , which Olenna then uses to have Cersei arrested by the High Sparrow . In season 6 , after hearing of Sansa 's escape from Winterfell , Baelish rides North to her aid and apologises for having underestimated Ramsay , but Sansa refuses to believe him and sends him away . However , Baelish later receives a call for help from Sansa to aid her and Jon Snow in retaking Winterfell from Ramsay , and he and the Vale Knights arrive in time to smash the Bolton army and secure victory for the Starks . He later approaches Sansa and admits that he desires to sit on the Iron Throne with Sansa as his Queen , but she turns him down . As Jon is declared the new King in the North , Baelish glares sinisterly at Sansa , clearly intending to take action against them . In season 7 he remains at Winterfell , where he continues to mentor Sansa in political intrigue . He sees Arya as a threat and through manipulation and poisoned words he encourages Sansa and Arya to think the worst of each other . He does not see the threat from Bran , who can see all of his past actions . Baelish is startled to be put on trial for treason and murder . Sansa accuses him of murdering Jon and Lysa Arryn and setting family member against family member . Bran tells that the dagger with which he was nearly killed was Baelish 's , and that Baelish put a knife to Ned Stark 's throat . Arya waits for Sansa 's judgement and then slit 's Baelish 's throat . Viserys Targaryen ( edit ) Harry Lloyd Main article : Viserys Targaryen Viserys Targaryen ( season 1 ) portrayed by Harry Lloyd . Viserys Targaryen is the exiled prince and heir of the Targaryen dynasty . Known as `` The Beggar King '' for his search for an army to recapture his throne . A narcissist , he is arrogant and self - centered , caring only about himself and looking down on others especially to his sister Daenerys . In exchange for an army to help regain the Iron Throne , Viserys marries off his sister to the powerful Dothraki warlord Khal Drogo and follows his horde 's journey to the Dothraki capital to ensure Drogo will keep his end of the bargain . But as they journey , it becomes evident that Viserys does not have leadership skills to reclaim the throne as his arrogance and disrespect for the Dothraki does not win him any hearts . Furthermore , Daenerys , who he has always threatened throughout his life , starts to stand up to him . Realizing that Daenerys is loved by the Dothraki and her and Drogo 's unborn son is prophet to unite the world , Viserys realizes that it is not he but Daenerys who will reclaim the Iron Throne . In a fit of drunken rage , he threatens Drogo to give him his army now or he will kill his unborn son . Having enough of his behavior , Drogo kills Viserys by giving him a `` Golden Crown '' ; molten gold poured over his head . Daenerys listlessly watches her brother 's agonizing death , proclaiming that he was n't a true dragon , as `` fire can not kill a dragon '' . Daenerys later names one of her dragons Viserion , as a tribute to Viserys . Jon Snow ( edit ) Main article : Jon Snow ( character ) Jon Snow ( season 1 -- present ) portrayed by Kit Harington . Kit Harington Jon Snow of House Stark and the Night 's Watch is the secret son of Rhaegar Targaryen and Lyanna Stark , though raised as the bastard son of Lyanna 's brother , Ned Stark . In the first season , Jon joins the Night 's Watch . Jon is a talented fighter , but his sense of compassion and justice brings him into conflict with his harsh surroundings . Ned claims that Jon 's mother was a wet nurse named Wylla . His dire wolf is called Ghost due to his albinism and quiet nature . Jon soon learns that the Watch is no longer a glorious order , but is now composed mostly of society 's rejects , including criminals and exiles . Initially , he has only contempt for his low - born brothers of the Watch , but he puts aside his prejudices and befriends his fellow recruits , especially Samwell Tarly , after they unite against the cruel master - at - arms , Ser Alliser Thorne . He chooses to take his vows before the Old Gods of the North , and to his disappointment he is made steward to Lord Commander Jeor Mormont rather than a ranger . He eventually realizes that he is being groomed for command . He saves Mormont 's life by slaying a wight , a corpse resurrected by the White Walkers . In return , he receives Longclaw , the ancestral blade of House Mormont . When Eddard is arrested for treason , Jon is torn between his family and his vows . After Eddard 's execution , he tries to join Robb 's army but is convinced to come back by his friends . Shortly after , he joins the large force Mormont leads beyond the Wall . Jon is part of a small scouting party in Season 2 . When the party is overtaken by wildlings , Jon is ordered to appear to defect and join the wildlings so he can discover their plans . On affirming his loyalty to the King - Beyond - the - Wall , Mance Rayder , he travels toward the Wall with the wildlings and is seduced by one , the flame - haired Ygritte . Upon crossing the wall , he refuses to behead a farmer whose escape might alert the Night 's Watch of their coming , and is subsequently branded an enemy of the wildlings . Ygritte shields him from her comrades but ultimately confronts and injures Jon when he stops to drink . He manages to escape back to the wall , injured by three arrows , where he reunites with his comrades and informs the commanders of Mance Rayder 's plans . Jon subsequently resumes his training at the Wall and suggests an expedition to Craster 's Keep in order to kill the Night 's Watch mutineers who may tell Mance of the Wall 's weak defences if caught . Jon 's request is granted and he bands together a group of rangers to aid him , among them the new recruit Locke , who has actually come to kill Jon on Roose Bolton 's orders . Jon successfully attacks Craster 's Keep and kills the mutineers , while Locke is killed by Hodor during an attempt to kill Bran , who was captive at Craster 's Keep . However , Jon 's proposal to barricade the entrance to Castle Black to stop the wildlings from entering is denied . He survives the wildling attack on Castle Black , personally killing Styr and taking Tormund Giantsbane prisoner . In the aftermath , he departs Castle Black to hunt down Mance Rayder , giving his sword to Sam . He quickly locates Mance on the pretence of parleying , but he is found out . Before he is killed , however , Jon is saved by the timely arrival by Stannis Baratheon , who places Mance and his men under arrest , and accompanies Jon back to Castle Black . Jon later burns Ygritte 's body in the woods . In Season 5 , Stannis attempts to use Jon as an intermediary between himself and Mance , hoping to rally the wildling army to help him retake the North from Roose Bolton and gain Jon 's support in avenging his family . Jon fails to convince Mance , and when Mance is burned at the stake by Stannis ' red priestess Melisandre , Jon shoots him from afar to give him a quick death . After that Jon is chastised by Stannis for showing mercy to Mance . Stannis shows Jon a letter he received from Bear Island , stating that former Lord Commander Jeor Mormont 's relatives will only recognize a Stark as their King . Ser Davos tells Jon that the Night 's Watch will elect a new Lord Commander that night , and that it is almost assured that Ser Alliser will win . Stannis asks Jon to kneel before him and pledge his life to him , and in exchange he will legitimize Jon , making him Jon Stark , and giving him Winterfell . In the great hall , Jon tells Sam that he will refuse Stannis 's offer , as he swore an oath to the Night 's Watch . After Ser Alliser and Denys Mallister are announced as possible candidates , Sam gives a speech imploring his brothers to vote for Jon , reminding them all how he led the mission to Craster 's Keep to avenge Commander Mormont 's death and how he led the defense of Castle Black . After the voting is complete , the ballots are tallied and show a tie between Jon and Ser Alliser . Maester Aemon casts the deciding vote in favor of Jon , making him the new Lord Commander of the Night 's Watch . To lessen the animosity between the two , Jon makes Ser Alliser First Ranger . Melisandre takes an interest in Jon , visiting him in his quarters and trying to have sex with him . Jon refuses , out of respect for Ygritte and his Night 's Watch vows . Jon makes plans to give the wildlings the lands south of the wall , known as `` the gift . '' He wants the Night 's Watch and the wildlings to unite against the threat of the White Walkers . These more liberal views are not taken well by the men of the Night 's Watch , in particular Ser Alliser and a young boy named Olly , whose village was massacred by wildlings . Jon then makes a trip north of the Wall to the wildling village of Hardhome , where he hopes to get the wildlings to join his cause . However , before many of them can get on boats to leave , a massive group of White Walkers arrives on the scene . A massive battle ensues , in which many wildlings are killed . The last remaining Night 's Watchmen and wildlings , including Jon , depart from Hardhome , defeated . As they return to the Wall , they are let in by Ser Alliser Thorne , who disapproves of his drastic action of joining forces with the wildlings . Shortly after , Jon sends Sam and Gilly to safety in Oldtown , approving of their relationship and Sam 's motives of keeping her safe . He is later approached by Davos asking for men , and later Melisandre , whose silence confirms Stannis 's defeat . That evening , Jon is met by Olly who claims that a range has arrived with knowledge of Jon 's uncle Benjen . However , Jon discovers that he has been fooled and a group of mutineers , led by Ser Alliser Thorne , stab Jon repeatedly , with Olly dealing the final blow , leaving him to die in the snow . In season 6 , Jon 's body is discovered and protected by Davos and his loyal brothers . After the mutineers are dealt with , Jon is resurrected by Melisandre and has the mutineers executed before resigning from the Night 's Watch . Shortly afterwards , he is reunited with Sansa , who fled for the Wall to escape from Ramsay Bolton . Though initially reluctant , Jon decides to take Winterfell back from Ramsay after Ramsay sends him a threatening letter demanding Sansa 's return on threat of murdering Rickon . Securing help from several Northern houses , Jon attacks Winterfell and manages to overcome the Bolton army thanks to the Knights of the Vale , though Rickon is killed in the process . Jon breaches Winterfell and almost kills Ramsay , but takes him prisoner and leaves Sansa to finish him . In the aftermath , Jon is named the new King in the North by the Northern Lords . In season 7 Jon refuses to be as ruthless as Sansa and other lords expect , letting the children of the treacherous Northern Lords who had fought for the Boltons keep their ancestral homes . Believing that the North is not strong enough to stand alone against the White Walkers and their army , he goes to Dragonstone to persuade Daenerys Targaryen to help . She is hospitable and interested in an alliance but his refusal to bend the knee to her as a condition of the alliance is a sticking point . Jon meets Theon and wants to kill him but restrains himself because Theon had eventually helped Sansa to escape the Boltons . Later Jon appears to forgive Theon , telling the conflicted Theon that he can be both Greyjoy and Stark . Jon decides that the only way to convince Daenerys and the other houses of Westeros of the White Walker threat is to capture a wight and display it in the south . He takes a group of comrades north of the Wall and they capture a wight but are surrounded by an army too large to fight . Jon orders a raven to be sent and they wait on an island while thousands of wights line the shore waiting for the water to freeze . Daenerys arrives and most of the party climb on her dragon and are saved , but they are forced to leave while Jon is still fighting . Expecting to die , he is saved by the arrival of his uncle Benjen who sacrifices himself to send Jon to safety . Jon wakes on Daenerys ' ship , and tells her he will bend the knee . They make love . Meanwhile at Winterfell Sam and Bran share pieces of information until they both realise that Jon is the legitimate son of Rhaegar Targaryen and his willing bride Lyanna Stark , and that this makes him the rightful heir to the Iron Throne . Sansa Stark ( edit ) Sophie Turner Main article : Sansa Stark Sansa Stark ( season 1 -- present ) portrayed by Sophie Turner . Sansa Stark of House Stark is the first daughter and second child of Eddard and Catelyn Stark . She was also the future bride of Prince Joffrey , and thus the future Queen of the Seven Kingdoms as well . Her direwolf is called Lady , she is the smallest of the pack . Sansa is naive and wants to live the life of a fairy tale princess and is unwilling to see the harsh realities of the kingdom 's politics and rivalries . Her fantasy begins to shatter when Lady is killed , and the situation continues to worsen when her father is arrested for treason . She becomes a hostage to the Lannisters in order for them to have a legitimate claim for the North . Her naïveté is finally shattered when King Joffrey executes her father despite promising her that he would spare him . Sansa is forced to put up an act or endure Joffrey 's cruelty . Throughout Season 2 , she suffers under Joffrey 's abuse until Tyrion puts a stop to it . By the Season 2 finale , Joffrey breaks his engagement with Sansa to marry Margaery Tyrell . However , she is still a hostage ; but Petyr Baelish promises to help her return to Winterfell . In Season 3 , she is married to Tyrion to secure the Lannisters the North should Robb Stark die . The marriage is unhappy and yet to be consummated , and after Robb 's death -- upon which Joffrey insists to be given his head to present to Sansa , a request coldly ignored by his grandfather -- she is unable to speak to him . In Season 4 , Sansa has been mourning her family for weeks and is starving herself in depression . She attends Joffrey 's wedding with Tyrion and witnesses Joffrey 's death . Dontos Hollard immediately spirits her away from the wedding , moments ahead of Cersei 's orders to have her and Tyrion arrested . Dontos brings Sansa to a ship concealed in fog , and she is greeted by Petyr Baelish . Under the guise of making payment , Petyr has the fool killed by his archers , with Petyr explaining that killing Dontos was the only way to ensure his silence -- her disappearance when Joffrey died , the execution of her father , deaths of her family and years of torment at the king 's hand , will all be considerable motive for Sansa helping Tyrion murder Joffrey . Currently , a thousand of the City Watch are searching for her , Cersei thirsts for vengeance , and Tyrion himself stands trial . Sansa is assured she has finally escaped King 's Landing and is safe with Lord Baelish , who takes her to her Aunt Lysa for shelter . Lysa takes Sansa in warmly and has her betrothed to her son , Robin . However , Sansa realises the worst is far from over when Lysa , who is smitten with Petyr , accuses Sansa of trying to seduce him , and she discovers that Robin is a spoiled and rude child , slapping him at one point . When Petyr unexpectedly kisses Sansa , Lysa becomes enraged and nearly pushes Sansa through the castle 's Moon Door , but Petyr intervenes by pacifying Lysa and then pushing her through the Moon Door to her death before Sansa 's eyes , making Sansa realise that Petyr may have romantic or lustful feelings for her . Sansa speaks up for Petyr when he is questioned about his involvement in Lysa 's death , but Sansa reaffirms Petyr 's claim that Lysa killed herself due to her own instability and insecurities . Afterward she told Petyr that her reason to protect him in the hearing was because she knew he was the only person she could count on to protect her , demonstrated by his initiative in getting her out of King 's Landing while everyone else in power there only wanted to use her as a pawn . In Season 5 , she and Petyr leave the Eyrie for a place Petyr promises where Cersei will never find her . At an In , Brienne of Tarth materializes unexpectedly and declares herself for Sansa . Petyr doubts that Sansa would want a sworn shield who let both of her previous masters die , even when Brienne reveals the true , somewhat unbelievable circumstances of Renly 's death . Sansa seems inclined to agree , pointing out that Brienne was present at Joffrey 's wedding , to which the warrior replies that neither of them wanted to be there . Sansa rejects Brienne 's offer of service and watches as she handily defeats the guards and escapes . Petyr tells her that he has arranged for her to be married to Ramsay Bolton , the son of Lord Roose Bolton . This will put her back in Winterfell , which the Boltons now occupy as a reward for their role in the deaths of Robb and Catelyn . Though Ramsay initially seems interested in Sansa , his psychopathic nature quickly shows through , and Sansa is disgusted . She is also antagonized by Myranda , the kennelmaster 's daughter , who is in a sexual relationship with Ramsay . Myranda frequently makes veiled threats to Sansa , and shows her what has become of Theon Greyjoy , who was Eddard Stark 's ward and whom she grew up with . Sansa is horrified to find that after Ramsay emasculated him , he has taken on a submissive , sullen persona called Reek . After Sansa and Ramsay are wed , he brutally rapes her while forcing Reek to watch . Later , Sansa attempts to talk to Reek , who is unresponsive to her attempts to make him act like his old self by repeatedly calling him Theon instead of Reek . At one point , Reek mistakenly lets slip that her younger brothers , Bran and Rickon , are alive , when she had assumed that they were dead . This realization gives Sansa hope in the midst of her unfortunate situation . As Stannis Baratheon 's army sneaks up on Winterfell and is greeted by the bulk of the Bolton forces , Sansa manages to escape her chamber but is stopped by Myranda , who threatens her with a bow . Reminding Sansa that she has nothing left to live for in Ramsay 's custody , she is unexpectedly saved by Reek , who breaks his spell of subjugation by throwing Myranda over the bannister . The Bolton 's return to Winterfell and , knowing the dire consequences Ramsay would have in place for the both of them when he finds Myranda 's body , the couple flee to the wall in terror , where they make the jump off the ledge . In season 6 , Sansa makes it to the Wall with help from Brienne and Podrick and reunites with Jon , while Theon returns home . After Jon receives a threatening letter from Ramsay demanding Sansa back , Sansa and Jon decide to fight back against Ramsay and retake the North . Sansa briefly meets with Petyr Baelish , but turns him down for his role in handing her to the Boltons . Realizing that with their meager forces they are still outnumbered , Sansa writes to Baelish for help and he arrives in time with the Vale Knights to smash the Bolton army and help Jon secure victory . After Ramsay is killed , Baelish admits to Sansa that he wants her to rule alongside him as his Queen , but Sansa turns him down . When Jon is named the new King in the North , Sansa notices Baelish glaring at her . In Season 7 Sansa finds some of Jon 's decisions infuriating but remains loyal to him . She maintains her support of Jon even when he leaves Winterfell against her advice and the Northern Lords ' objections , and even when some of them hint that they 're ready to drop their support of Jon and name her their ruler . Sansa is overjoyed to see Arya and Bran return to Winterfell , though she is unnerved by how much they have changed : Bran 's loss of humanity and Arya 's ruthlessness . Petyr Baelish sees Arya as a threat to his influence with Sansa and attempts to drive a wedge between the sisters . He appears at first to be succeeding but at some point the three Starks realise what Baelish is doing . Sansa pretends to believe Baelish as he insinuates that Arya is plotting her murder . Then to his surprise she accuses him of various crimes in front of the Northern Lords , before finding him guilty and allowing Arya to execute him . Arya Stark ( edit ) Maisie Williams Main article : Arya Stark Arya Stark ( season 1 -- present ) portrayed by Maisie Williams . Arya Stark of House Stark is the younger daughter and third child of Lord Eddard and Catelyn Stark of Winterfell . Ever the tomboy , Arya would rather be training to use weapons than sewing with a needle . Her direwolf is called Nymeria . When Ned is arrested for treason , her `` dancing master '' Syrio Forel helps her escape the Lannisters . She is later disguised as an orphan boy by Yoren , a Night 's Watch recruiter , in hopes of getting her back to Winterfell . From then on , she takes the name Arry . During Season 2 , Yoren 's convoy is attacked by the Lannisters who are under orders by King Joffrey to find and kill Robert 's bastard children . Before she is captured , she releases the prisoner Jaqen H'ghar and two others , saving their lives . She and the rest of the captured recruits are sent to Harrenhal under Gregor Clegane who cruelly tortures and kills prisoners everyday . At the same time , she follows the advice of the late Yoren and makes a list of those she wants dead like a prayer . When Tywin Lannister arrives at Harrenhal , he orders the killing of prisoners stopped and makes Arya his cup bearer after figuring out she is a girl . Tywin forms an unlikely friendship with Arya due to her intelligence while remaining unaware of her true identity . Arya reunites with Jaqen who offers to kill three lives in exchange for the three lives she saved . The first two she picks , the Tickler , Harrenhal 's torturer and Ser Amory Lorch , after he catches Arya reading one of Tywin 's war plans and tries to inform Tywin . After she fails to find Jaqen to kill Tywin , after he heads out to face Robb 's forces , she forces Jaqen to help her , Gendry and Hot Pie escape Harrenhal after choosing Jaqen as her third name , for which she promises to `` unname '' him if he helps them . After successfully escaping , Jaqen gives her an iron coin and tells her to give it to any Braavosi and say `` Valar morghulis '' if she ever needs to find him . Arya , Gendry and Hot Pie head north for Riverrun and Arya 's mother Lady Stark , but are captured by the Brotherhood Without Banners and taken to the Inn at the Crossroads . There , Arya is horrified to be reunited with the vile Sandor Clegane , one of the Brotherhood 's prisoners . Arya and Gendry travel with the Brotherhood to meet their leader , now friends with them as they know Arya is Ned Stark 's daughter . She escapes them after the Brotherhood acquits Sandor Clegane of murder after a trial by combat and selling Gendry to Melisandre to be sacrificed . Captured by Sandor , she is taken to the Twins to be ransomed to her brother , only to see his wolf and forces slaughtered and her brother paraded headless on a horse . Sandor knocks her unconscious and saves her from the ensuing slaughter , and she subsequently kills her first man when falling upon a party of Freys , boasting of how they mutilated her brother 's corpse . In season 4 , Sandor decides to ransom her to her Aunt Lysa Arryn in the Vale . With Sandor 's help , Arya later retrieves her sword , Needle ( a gift from Jon Snow ) , and kills the sadistic soldier Polliver , who stole it from her . Along the way , Arya slowly begins to bond with Sandor , helping to heal one of his wounds when they are attacked . They eventually arrive at the Vale , but are told that Lysa Arryn killed herself three days prior . Arya laughs with disbelief . Later , Arya and Sandor are found by Brienne of Tarth and Podrick Payne . Arya refuses to leave with Brienne , assuming her to be an agent of the Lannisters . In the ensuing fight between Brienne and Sandor , Sandor is wounded and begs Arya to kill him , but she just steals his silver and leaves him to die . She then manages to catch a boat to Braavos , befriending the Braavosi captain by showing him the coin Jaqen gave her outside Harrenhal . In Season 5 Arya arrives in Braavos , and the ship 's captain , Ternesio takes her to the House of Black and White . She is turned away by the doorman , even after showing the iron coin given to her by Jaqen H'ghar . After spending the night sitting in front of the House , she throws the coin into the water and leaves . Later , after killing a pigeon , Arya is confronted by a group of thieves in the street . Arya prepares to fight them , but the thieves flee when the doorman appears . He walks her back to the House of Black and White , and gives her the iron coin . He then changes his face to Jaqen , and informs Arya that she must become no one before taking her inside the House . Arya 's training progresses , during which she gets better and better at lying about her identity . Jaqen eventually gives her her first new identity , as Lana , a girl who sells oysters on the streets of Braavos . She eventually encounters Meryn Trant , who she tortures and executes in retaliation for Syrio 's death , revealing her identity and motive in the process . When she returns to the House of Black and White she is confronted by Jaqen H'ghar and the Waif , who tell her that Meryn 's life was not hers to take and that a debt must be paid . Arya screams as she begins to lose her eyesight . In season 6 , she briefly lives as a beggar in the streets of Braavos , regularly beaten and abused by the Waif , until Jaqen has her trained without her sight and ultimately returns her sight to her . Arya is tasked with assassinating an actress , Lady Crane , but becomes reluctant when she discovers Crane is a decent person and the one who wants her dead is a jealous , less - talented actress . She ultimately botches the assassination and is almost killed by the Waif in retaliation , but seeks shelter with Crane to recover . The Waif tracks her down and a chase ensues throughout Braavos until Arya lures her to her hideout and kills her . She adds the Waif 's face to the Hall of Faces , impressing Jaqen , but Arya ends her training with the Faceless Men and returns to Westeros , where she resumes her vengeance by murdering Walder Frey . At the start of season 7 we see Walder Frey hosting a feast for every male Frey and asking them to drink a toast . As they start to choke , he tells them it was a mistake to leave any Starks alive , and as they die of poison Walder reveals to the servants and wives present that he is really Arya Stark . Arya heads for King 's Landing to kill Cersei , but on learning that Jon Snow has retaken Winterfell she turns around and heads north . She and Sansa have a happy but awkward reunion . Arya is also reacquainted with Brienne , who she insists spar with her . Brienne is surprised by Arya 's skill and needs to raise her effort in order to match Arya , but Arya still scores victories in the brief fight . When Sansa refuses the suggestion of some of the Northern Lords ' that she should be the ruler of the North and not Jon she disagrees with them but does not punish them . Arya is angry , saying to Sansa that she should have executed them for treason . Arya is suspicious of Petyr Baelish and spies on him hiding a message , unaware perhaps that he hid it while he knew she was watching . The message is years old , written to Robb by Sansa when she thought she could save her father by obeying Cersei , but Arya tells Sansa it is a betrayal . Sansa finds Arya 's bag of faces and is shocked . At some point , the girls realise that Baelish is playing them against each other . With Baelish lulled into thinking his plan is working well , Sansa publicly accuses him of murder and treason . Arya waits for the guilty verdict and executes him . Robb Stark ( edit ) Richard Madden Main article : Robb Stark Robb Stark ( season 1 -- 3 ) portrayed by Richard Madden . Robb Stark of House Stark is the eldest son of Eddard and Catelyn Stark and the heir to Winterfell . His dire wolf is called Grey Wind . Robb becomes involved in the war against the Lannisters after his father , Ned Stark , is arrested for treason . Robb summons his bannermen for war against House Lannister and marches to the Riverlands . Eventually , crossing the river at the Twins becomes strategically necessary . To win permission to cross , Robb agrees to marry a daughter of Walder Frey , Lord of the Twins . Robb leads the war effort against the Lannisters and successfully captures Jaime . After Ned is executed , the North and the Riverlands declare their independence from the Seven Kingdoms and proclaim Robb as their new King , `` The King in The North '' . He wins a succession of battles in Season 2 , earning him the nickname the Young Wolf . However , he feels that he botched the political aspects of war . He sends Theon to the Iron Islands hoping that he can broker an alliance with Balon Greyjoy , Theon 's father . In exchange for Greyjoy support , Robb as King in the North will recognize the Iron Islands ' independence . He also sends his mother Catelyn to deal with Stannis Baratheon and Renly Baratheon , both of whom are fighting to be the rightful king . Theon and Catelyn fail in their missions , and Balon launches an invasion of the North . Robb falls in love with Talisa Maegyr , a healer from Volantis due to her kindness and spirit . Despite his mother 's protest , Robb breaks his engagement with the Freys and marries Talisa in the 2nd - season finale . On news of his grandfather , Lord Hoster Tully 's , death , Robb and his party travel north to Riverrun for the funeral , where the young king is reunited with his great - uncle , Ser Brynden `` Blackfish '' Tully , and his uncle , Edmure Tully , the new lord of Riverrun . While at Riverrun , Robb makes the decision to execute Lord Rickard Karstark for the murders of two teenage squires related to the Lannisters , a decision that loses the support of the Karstarks and leads Robb to make the ultimately fatal decision to ask the Freys for their alliance . He is killed in the Red Wedding Massacre , after witnessing the murder of his pregnant wife and their child . Lord Bolton personally executes Robb , stabbing him through the heart while taunting that `` the Lannisters send their regards '' , in fact a promise made to Jaime ( who had no knowledge of Bolton 's impending treason ) when leaving for the Twins . His corpse is later decapitated and Grey Wind 's head is sewn on and paraded around as the Stark forces are slaughtered by the Freys and the Boltons . Theon Greyjoy ( edit ) Alfie Allen Main article : Theon Greyjoy Theon Greyjoy ( season 1 -- present ) portrayed by Alfie Allen . Theon Greyjoy of House Greyjoy is the youngest son of Lord Balon Greyjoy of the Iron Islands . He is the hostage and ward of Lord Eddard Stark , stemming from the failed Greyjoy Rebellion . Despite his position , he remains loyal to Eddard and is good friends with his sons Robb and Jon . While he has never questioned his position , he soon begins to have doubts after Tyrion tells him he is nothing more than a servant to the Starks and not everyone respects him . Nevertheless , Theon initially remains loyal to Robb after he goes to war with the Lannisters and supports his decision to have the North secede from the Seven Kingdoms and form their own kingdom . He is sent to the Iron Islands in Season 2 to seek a Stark alliance with the Greyjoys . However , his father criticizes Theon for accepting the northern lifestyle and rejects Robb 's proposal . Wishing to prove to his father that he is a true Ironborn , he joins his family 's invasion of the North . To gain the respect of his men , he ignores his orders to raid the shores and captures Winterfell . The situation worsens for Theon when he is forced to kill his old mentor Ser Rodrik Cassel and fakes the deaths of Bran and Rickon Stark to the people of Winterfell after they escape by killing two orphans . Regretting what he has done and with no help coming from his family , Theon decides to die fighting with his men defending Winterfell from a Stark force led by Roose Bolton 's bastard son . However , he is betrayed by his men due to Robb 's offer of clemency and safe return to the Iron Islands if they give up Theon . Theon is taken captive and kept in an unknown castle , where he is briefly tortured , but later manages to escape with the help of a serving boy who claims to works for his sister Yara . He is brought back to the very castle he escaped from , the serving boy proving to actually be his captor and torturer , Ramsay Snow , Lord Bolton 's sadistic bastard . Theon is subsequently brutally tortured , flayed and eventually emasculated by Ramsay , who forces him to rename himself Reek , and beats him until he submits to his new name ( before his emasculation he told Ramsay that he regretted betraying Robb and calls Ned Stark his `` real father '' ) . Theon 's penis is sent in a box to his father , with Ramsay threatening to mutilate Theon further unless the Ironmen retreat from the North , which Balon refuses . He states that as Theon defied him by attacking Winterfell , claiming him a `` fool '' and `` not a man anymore '' , to which Yara responds she intends to save her brother of her own accord . In season 4 , Theon has been freed from his restraints by Ramsay , but is forced to work for him as a servant and answer to the name Reek . Roose Bolton later orders Ramsay to launch an attack on Moat Cailin , an Ironborn - occupied fortress that is preventing him from entering the Northern lands , and to take Theon with him . Before they leave , however , the Dreadfort is attacked by Yara and a group of men , but Theon refuses to flee with her , believing it may be another trick on Ramsay 's part , forcing Yara to leave without him . As a reward , Ramsay gives Theon a bath and asks for his help in taking Moat Cailin . Theon masquerades as himself and tricks the Ironborn into opening Moat Cailin , leading to them all being flayed by the Bolton army , and subsequently accompanies the Boltons to Winterfell . In Winterfell , he rekindles his relationship with Sansa , who is to be married to Ramsay . On their wedding night Sansa is raped by Ramsay , who forces Theon to watch . Sansa tries to get Theon to save her from Ramsay , but he refuses and eventually admits that he did not kill her brothers . As the Baratheon army arrives at Winterfell to fight the Boltons , he helps her escape by killing Ramsay 's sadistic lover , Myranda , as she threatens Sansa with a bow . The couple climb the crest of the wall , and jump . In season 6 , after they are reunited with Brienne and Podrick , Theon returns to the Iron Islands , where he discovers that his father has been killed . He endorses Yara to succeed their father , but are usurped by their uncle , Euron , the one responsible for murdering Balon . Theon and Yara flee the Iron Islands for Meereen , offering their support to Daenerys Targaryen in return for her aiding them in overthrowing Euron . In season 7 Daenerys sends Yara 's fleet , with Theon and the Sand Snakes , to invade Westeros , but the fleet is set upon with fire by Euron Greyjoy . Euron boards Yara 's ship and captures her as Theon watches . He taunts Theon and challenges him to rescue Yara , but Theon jumps into the sea instead . Theon is found by some Iron Islanders , supporters of Yara who are disgusted with Theon for running away when his sister was taken . He returns to Dragonstone and meets Jon , who is furious at Theon 's many betrayals and only lets him live because of his eventual help for Sansa . Later Theon tells Jon how hard it was to be torn between his Greyjoy and his Stark allegiances . Jon , softening to Theon , tells him he is both Stark and Greyjoy . Theon meets Euron at the parley in the Dragonpit , an Euron taunts him that he still has Yara . When the few remaining Iron Islanders on Dragonstone announce they are planning on sailing off to be independent pirates , Theon urges them to help him to free Yara instead . Their leader is contemptuous and beats Theon , but Theon refuses to stay down , fights , and eventually prevails . The Iron Islanders , a dozen or so men , agree to help Theon rescue Yara . Brandon `` Bran '' Stark ( edit ) Isaac Hempstead Wright Main article : Bran Stark Bran Stark ( season 1 -- 4 , 6 -- present ) portrayed by Isaac Hempstead Wright . Brandon `` Bran '' Stark of House Stark is the second son and fourth child of Eddard and Catelyn Stark . He was named after his deceased uncle , Brandon . His dire wolf is called Summer . During the King 's visit to Winterfell , he accidentally came across Cersei and Jaime Lannister engaging in sex , following which Bran is shoved from the window by Jaime , permanently crippling his legs . An assassin tries to kill Bran , but Summer , the direwolf companion , kills the assassin . Bran , when he awakens , finds that he is crippled from the waist down , forced to be carried everywhere by Hodor , and he can not remember the events immediately before his fall . Slowly , he realizes that he has gained the ability to assume Summer 's consciousness , making him a warg or a skinchanger . After his older brother , Robb , is crowned King in the North , Bran becomes Robb 's heir and the Lord of Winterfell . After Theon Greyjoy captures Winterfell , Bran goes into hiding . To cement his claim on Winterfell , Theon kills two orphan boys and tells the people of Winterfell that Bran , and his younger brother Rickon Stark , are dead . After Theon 's men betray him and Winterfell is sacked , Bran , Rickon , Hodor , Osha and their direwolves head north to find his older brother Jon Snow for safety . They ultimately stumble upon Jojen and Meera Reed , two siblings who aid them in their quest . After coming close to the wall , Osha departs with Rickon for Last Hearth while Bran insists on following his visions beyond the Wall . He also encounters Sam and Gilly , who tries to persuade him not to , but Bran claims it is his destiny and leaves through the gate with Hodor and the Reeds . Along the way , Bran and the others stumble across Craster 's Keep , where they are captured and held hostage by the Night 's Watch mutineers led by Karl . Night 's Watch rangers led by Jon eventually attack Craster 's Keep to kill the mutineers , but Locke , a new recruit but secretly a spy for Roose Bolton , attempts to take Bran away and kill him elsewhere . Bran wargs into Hodor and kills Locke by snapping his neck , but Bran and his group are forced to continue on their journey without alerting Jon , whom Jojen claims would stop them . They eventually reach the three - eyed raven in a cave , who claims he can not restore Bran 's legs , but will make him fly instead . In season 6 , Bran experiences several visions , such as the origins of the White Walkers , the origin of Hodor , and the truth behind the parentage of Jon Snow . After an attack by the White Walkers which results in the deaths of the Three - eyed raven and Hodor , Bran and Meera escape and are rescued by Bran 's undead uncle , Benjen , who takes them back to the Wall . He later sees a vision of Jon Snow 's birth , learning that he is actually the child of Lyanna Stark . In season 7 Bran appears to have lost much of his personality . He arrives back at Winterfell . Meera says she must leave and is upset by Bran 's cold reaction . Sansa is glad to see Bran but is unnerved by his assertion that he is now the Three Eyed Raven . He spends most of his time in the Winterfell Godswood by the Heart Tree . He meets Petyr Baelish and looks into Baelish 's past . He testifies when Sansa puts Baelish on trial that Baelish betrayed Ned and sent the assassin to kill Bran . Sam Tarly arrives at Winterfell , and Bran tells Sam that Jon is Jon Sand , having been born to Lyanna Stark in Dorne . Sam replies that the High Septon had secretly married Lyanna to Rhaegar Targaryen , and asks Bran if he can confirm it . Bran directs his visions to Lyanna and Rhaegar 's wedding and confirms that Jon Snow was named Aegon Targaryen and is the rightful heir to the Iron Throne . Joffrey Baratheon ( edit ) Jack Gleeson Main article : Joffrey Baratheon Joffrey Baratheon ( season 1 -- 4 ) portrayed by Jack Gleeson . Joffrey Baratheon of House Baratheon is the Crown Prince of the Seven Kingdoms . He is the eldest of Cersei Lannister 's children and heir to the Iron Throne . Vicious and cruel , he has a short temper and believes he can do anything he wants . He is also a coward when confronted by those who are n't afraid of him . Joffrey is also unaware that King Robert is not his real father -- who , in reality , is Jaime Lannister . After Robert 's death , the Lannisters make Joffrey the King against his father 's will , and Joffrey becomes a cruel ruler and a Puppet King used by his mother . Joffrey makes a mistake when , against Cersei 's and Sansa 's wishes , he refuses to honor his promise of sparing Ned ; instead , Joffrey has him executed . His act worsens the situation with the Lannisters ' war effort as Jaime is captured by the Starks and his uncles Renly and Stannis have challenged his claim to the Iron Throne . He frequently orders his Kingsguard to beat Sansa . His cruelty and ignorance of the commoners ' suffering makes him unpopular after he orders the City Watch to kill all of his father 's bastard children in King 's Landing which would later lead to a riot where he is almost killed . When Stannis attacks King 's Landing , Joffrey serves only as a figurehead and avoids the heavy fighting . When the battle eventually turns in Stannis ' favor , Cersei calls her son into the safety of the castle , damaging the morale of his army . The battle is only won by his grandfather Tywin and the forces of House Tyrell . To cement the alliance between their families , Joffrey 's engagement to Sansa is annulled so he can marry Margaery Tyrell . Upon the end of Season 3 , the marriage is yet to take place , and rifts are growing between Joffrey and his uncle and grandfather , who are ( in their respective ways ) rebutting his cruelty . He also seems to take little interest in his bride , but is amazed and altered by her ways of winning the people 's favor , in which he takes part . In Season 4 , Joffrey finally marries Margaery , but he dies at the wedding after being poisoned , and his uncle Tyrion is accused and arrested . It is confirmed , however , he was poisoned by Olenna Tyrell , with assistance from Petyr Baelish and Dontos Hollard , as she wanted to protect Margaery from the physical and emotional abuse that Joffrey had very clearly inflicted on Sansa . Olenna later confides to Margaery that she would never have let her marry `` that beast '' . Following Joffrey 's funeral , his younger brother and heir , Tommen , is crowned King . Sandor `` the Hound '' Clegane ( edit ) Rory McCann Main article : Sandor Clegane Sandor Clegane ( season 1 -- 4 , 6 -- present ) portrayed by Rory McCann . Sandor Clegane , nicknamed `` The Hound , '' for his savage nature , is the younger brother of Ser Gregor Clegane and a retainer to House Lannister . He is also Joffrey Baratheon 's personal bodyguard . The right side of his face was grievously burned when he was only a boy after his brother accused him of stealing one of his toys and pushed Sandor 's face into a brazier , leaving the right side of his face hideously scarred , and a lifelong fear of fire . He is taciturn and brutal , but not without compassion . He is protective towards Sansa after she is captured by the Lannisters . After Joffrey becomes King , Sandor is made a member of the Kingsguard . Although he is still faithful to Joffrey , he frequently defends Sansa from Joffrey 's attempts to shame and physically abuse her . During the siege on King 's Landing , when wildfire is used to destroy Stannis ' ships , Sandor succumbs to his fear of fire and abandons the fight , insulting Joffrey as he leaves . Before fleeing the city , he seeks out Sansa and offers to take her along . She refuses but she recognizes that he had been afraid in the battle . Sandor is later captured by the Brotherhood Without Banners , and is reunited with Arya at the Inn of the Kneeling Man . He is acquitted from murdering Mycah in a trial by combat with the leader of the Brotherhood , Beric Dondarrion , and released . Taking Arya Stark prisoner , he travels to the Twins hoping to ransom her , but arrives just as the slaughter of the Starks at The Red Wedding begins and rides off with a shocked Arya in tow . When she attacks a pack of Frey soldiers and stabs one of them to death , he intervenes on her behalf and disposes of the rest . Sandor then decides to take Arya to the Vale instead , to ransom her to her Aunt Lysa Arryn . The two kill several Lannister soldiers as he leaves , causing Tywin Lannister to place a bounty on his head . Sandor and Arya are attacked by Lannister soldiers seeking the bounty and Sandor is bitten on the neck , which Arya heals after the attackers are killed . They eventually arrive at the Vale , but are told that Lysa Arryn is dead . They subsequently stay near the Vale , but are found by Brienne of Tarth and Podrick Payne , who are searching for the Stark girls . Assuming Brienne to be a Lannister agent after the bounty , Sandor refuses to hand Arya over and a fight ensues between him and Brienne . Brienne eventually bites Sandor 's ear off and beats him off a cliff . He survives the fall , but is mortally wounded . He is found by Arya , whom he attempts to provoke into killing him , but she just stares blankly and then steals his silver and leaves him to die , screaming for Arya to kill him . Sandor is presumed dead , yet it is revealed in the sixth season that he was rescued by Ray ( Ian McShane ) who takes him to live with his colony of pacifists . After the colony is slaughtered by the Brotherhood without Banners , Sandor is the sole survivor , and he hunts down the men responsible . He tracks the Brotherhood , but finds the perpetrators being executed by Beric Dondarrion for their actions . After reminiscing over past events , Beric and Thoros persuade Sandor to join them , as they are heading North to aid Jon Snow in the coming battle against the White Walkers . They reach Eastwatch By Sea and are imprisoned by a suspicious Tormund Giantsbane . Jon Snow arrives on a mission to capture a wight and Sandor , with Beric , Thoros and Tormund join him . Sandor then travels with Jon and the wight to King 's Landing for the parley in the Dragonpit , and shows the wight to Cersei . There , Sandor has an uneasy but peaceful reacquaintance with Brienne , and a hostile one with his brother Gregor , telling him that one day he ( Sandor ) will kill Gregor . Tyrion Lannister ( edit ) Peter Dinklage Main article : Tyrion Lannister Tyrion Lannister ( season 1 -- present ) portrayed by Peter Dinklage . Nicknamed `` The Imp '' or `` Halfman '' , Tyrion Lannister of House Lannister is the younger brother of Cersei and Jaime Lannister . He is a dwarf ; and his mother died during his birth , for which his father , Tywin Lannister , blames him . While not physically powerful , Tyrion has a cunning mind and often uses to his advantage the fact that others constantly underestimate him . In Season Three , Tyrion is given the job of Master of Coin , a role that he is unprepared and inexperienced for . Tyrion is commanded by his father to marry Sansa Stark ; however , on the wedding night , Tyrion refuses to consummate his marriage and instead lets Sansa sleep alone , promising not to touch her unless she wanted him to . The death of her brother Robb , in which Tyrion took no part , causes a further rift between the couple and between Tyrion and his father , who he claims ca n't distinguish between his interests and his often - praised ideal of devotion to family . Tywin bitterly claims that he had wanted to drown Tyrion upon birth , but stayed himself for the sake of duty . In season 4 , Tyrion welcomes Prince Oberyn Martell of Dorne to King 's Landing for Joffrey 's wedding to Margaery Tyrell , though Oberyn implies to Tyrion that his true purpose is to seek vengeance for his sister , who was murdered by Ser Gregor Clegane on Tywin 's orders . When Joffrey is fatally poisoned , Tyrion is framed and arrested . Tyrion , however , implies that Cersei knows of his innocence and just wants him dead . At Tyrion 's trial , he demands a trial by combat . Tyrion is approached by Oberyn , who volunteers to be his champion in order to fight Cersei 's champion , Ser Gregor Clegane . When Oberyn loses the fight and is killed , Tyrion is sentenced to death . Jaime , however , frees Tyrion and arranges for him to escape King 's Landing . Tyrion goes to confront Tywin in his chambers but finds Shae , who testified against him and is now Tywin 's lover . After a brief struggle , Tyrion strangles Shae to death , and Tyrion shoots Tywin to death with Joffrey 's crossbow . Tyrion is then placed in a crate and smuggled off to Essos with help from Varys . They arrive in Pentos , where Varys manages to convince Tyrion to travel with him to Meereen and aid Daenerys Targaryen in retaking the Iron Throne . Tyrion is bound and gagged by Jorah Mormont , who says that he will take him to Daenerys . Daenerys takes them both to her home in the Great Pyramid of Meereen and asks Tyrion why he is here . Tyrion tells her everything , including Varys ' plan . He initially counsels her to stay in Meereen , but Daenerys makes it plain to him that her eyes are still on Westeros . Tyrion tells Daenerys how hard it will be to win the love of both the common people and the nobles . He later joins her at the opening celebrations of Daznak 's Pit , where Jorah unexpectedly reappears to defeat every other foe on the arena . As the Sons of the Harpy attack , Tyrion manages to survive by fleeing to the midst of the arena , where they are rescued by Drogon , while Daenerys is spirited away on his back . In season 6 , Tyrion struggles to maintain peace in Meereen , particularly when the Sons of the Harpy burn the entire Meereenese Navy , stranding them in Slaver 's Bay . Following an alliance with Theon and Yara Greyjoy , Tyrion advises Daenerys to break up with Daario so that she may pursue a marriage alliance in Westeros . In gratitude for Tyrion 's loyalty , Daenerys names him her official Hand , and he accompanies her back to Westeros . In season 7 Tyrion 's advice to Daenerys often conflicts with her views , and he has mixed success in directing her actions . He sneaks into King 's Landing and meets with Jamie to set up a meeting between Cersei and Daenerys , which eventually happens in the Dragonpit outside the city . At the meeting a captured wight is produced to convince Cersei that the worst threat is from beyond the Wall . When Cersei is not convinced , Tyrion risks execution to meet with his sister to try again to persuade her . He is unexpectedly allowed to leave Cersei 's presence alive , and thinks he has secured an agreement from her to help with the fight against the Wight Walkers . Khal Drogo ( edit ) Jason Momoa Main article : Khal Drogo Khal Drogo ( season 1 -- 2 ) portrayed by Jason Momoa . Khal Drogo is a warlord of the Dothraki people . He is to marry Daenerys Targaryen , as arranged by her brother Viserys . He is undefeated in battle . Viserys Targaryen conspired with Magister Illyrio to marry Daenerys to Drogo in order to get his support in an invasion of Westeros . Though Daenerys was initially unhappy with the arrangement , Drogo proves to be a sensitive husband and lover despite his fearsome behavior with his men . After a failed poisoning attempt on Daenerys ' life , he promises to invade Westeros to reclaim the Seven Kingdoms for the Targaryens , but Viserys 's impertinence ultimately causes Drogo to kill him . Drogo maintains his promise for the benefit of his wife , but is wounded by an enemy khal before he could begin the invasion . The wound festers and Drogo becomes so sick that he is unable to ride his horse , a sign of weakness to the Dothraki . Most of his khalasar abandons him , but Daenerys unknowingly sacrifices their unborn child for a spell to revive him . The spell works , but leaves him a brain - dead husk of his former self . Daenerys smothers him out of pity , and the flames of his funeral pyre ultimately hatch her dragon eggs . Tywin Lannister ( edit ) Charles Dance Main article : Tywin Lannister Tywin Lannister ( season 1 -- 5 ) portrayed by Charles Dance . Lord of Casterly Rock , Shield of Lannisport and Warden of the West , Tywin of House Lannister is a calculating , ruthless , and controlling man . He is also the former Hand of King Aerys II . He is the father of Cersei , Jaime , and Tyrion . After Eddard Stark 's arrest , Joffrey names him Hand of the King once more , but after Jaime is taken captive by the Starks , Eddard is unexpectedly executed by Joffrey , and Renly and Stannis Baratheon challenge Joffrey 's claim to the throne ; Tywin elects to remain in the field commanding his forces until he wins his war , and in the meantime gives the position of Hand of the King to Tyrion . Tywin continues the war through Season 2 at Harrenhal where he criticizes his commanders for losing and underestimating the Stark army led by King Robb Stark . While there , he forms an unlikely friendship with his cup bearer , unaware that she is actually Arya Stark . Originally , he was about to attack Robb 's forces while they are distracted by the Greyjoys seizing Winterfell , but changes his mind and helps the defenders of King 's Landing drive Stannis Baratheon 's forces away . He assumes his position of Hand of the King once again and arranges for Joffrey to marry Margaery Tyrell to secure an alliance between the Lannisters and Tyrells . In the third season , as Hand of the King , he fortifies his position as de facto leader of the Seven Kingdoms , and he successfully defeats Robb Stark , the King in the North , by forging an alliance with the lords Frey and Bolton , who betray and kill Stark and his men . The crown subsequently pardons and rewards them with Riverrun and the North , respectively , though Tywin is criticized by Tyrion for winning the war through such an unscrupulous scheme . He also has to deal with an increasingly belligerent Joffrey , who chides his grandfather as a coward who `` hid under Casterly Rock '' while Robert Baratheon led the rebellion against Aerys Targaryen , and complicated relations with his children as he forces them into marriage alliances with Sansa Stark and Loras Tyrell , to secure the support of the Tyrells and Lannister dominion in the North ( now Sansa 's heirdom , as all her brothers are presumed dead ) . In the fourth season , Tywin is present at the royal wedding where Joffrey dies , and has King 's Landing closed off to prevent Sansa from escaping ( although she escapes with help from Petyr Baelish and Dontos Hollard ) . He grooms Joffrey 's younger brother , Tommen , to becoming the new King , and appears determined to make sure Tommen becomes a much better King than Joffrey was . The presence of Prince Oberyn Martell of Dorne poses a new problem , however , as he resurfaces the Martell -- Lannister antagonism over the rape and murder of his sister Elia by Gregor `` The Mountain '' Clegane during the Robert 's Rebellion ; Oberyn believes the deed was done on Tywin 's order . Tywin denies the allegations and promises Oberyn justice in exchange for Oberyn serving as one of the judges at Tyrion 's trial . At the trial , when several supposed witnesses give false statements regarding Tyrion 's supposed guilt , Tywin promises Jaime in private that if Tyrion is found guilty and pleads for mercy , he will exile him to the Night 's Watch but only if Jaime ceases to be a Kingsguard and takes his place as heir to House Lannister . However , Tyrion loses his composure , lashes out at Tywin and demands a trial by combat , to Tywin 's anger . When Tyrion 's champion , Oberyn , loses the fight and is killed , Tywin sentences his son to death . Later , when Jamie helps Tyrion escape , Tyrion discovers that Tywin was having an affair with Shae , Tyrion 's former lover , who falsely testified against him at his trial . Tywin is ambushed by Tyrion while in a privy , wielding Joffrey 's crossbow . Tywin attempts to reason with Tyrion , swearing that he would never have had him executed , but also -- upon Tyrion showing regret for Shae 's death -- taunts him as `` afraid of a dead whore '' . In rage , Tyrion shoots Tywin twice in the chest , killing him . His body is discovered shortly afterwards , and a grand funeral is held in the Sept of Baelor . As revealed by Davos Seaworth , he was 67 years old . Tywin 's death heralds instability in the Seven Kingdoms , with the arrival of the Sparrows in the capital , and rivalry rising between Cersei , who aspires to her father 's position but lacks many of his statesmanlike qualities , and the Tyrells . The Boltons also lose the potential Lannister military support just when they are faced with Stannis Baratheon planning to take Winterfell on his way to the Iron Throne . Davos Seaworth ( edit ) Liam Cunningham Main article : Davos Seaworth Davos Seaworth ( season 2 -- present ) portrayed by Liam Cunningham . Ser Davos Seaworth , also known as `` The Onion Knight '' , is a former smuggler and knight in the service of Stannis Baratheon ; he serves as one of Stannis 's most trusted advisers . In his smuggling days , he was said to handle a ship at night better than anyone . Before the events of the series , he earned his knighthood by smuggling fish and onions to the besieged Stannis Baratheon and his army during Robert Baratheon 's rebellion . Before knighting him , Stannis removed the last joints from four fingers on his right hand as punishment for his years of smuggling ; believing these joints bought his family a better future , Davos keeps them in a pouch around his neck for luck . In Season 2 , he loyally supports Stannis ' claim on the throne and his honesty and willingness to voice his unaltered opinion makes him Stannis ' most trusted adviser , though Stannis often dislikes what he hears . An agnostic , he does n't accept the priestess Melisandre and her god R'hllor but does not object to her because Stannis is also a follower of R'hllor . He fights in the Battle of the Blackwater , where his ships are caught in a giant explosion of wild fire . His son Matthos is killed and Davos is thrown out to sea . He is picked up by the pirate Salladhor Saan , who returns him to King Stannis . Upon attacking Melisandre for the loss of his son , he is imprisoned and later condemned to death for releasing Gendry . Stannis had intended to sacrifice the boy to R'hllor and hence regards Davos ' actions as treason , but Davos shows him a letter from Maester Aemon from the Night 's Watch , detailing the death of Lord Commander Jeor Mormont and Samwell Tarly witnessing the growing army of White Walkers . Stannis pardons Davos upon Melisandre 's request , as she claims R'hllor calls them to travel to the Wall to help the Night 's Watch protect the kingdom from the White Walkers . In season 4 , Davos is still at odds with Stannis for releasing Gendry ( as Stannis claims that Robb Stark and Joffrey Baratheon are dead thanks to Gendry 's blood ) and failing to find him a suitable army , but Davos decides to write a letter to the Iron Bank of Braavos so that they may provide them with the currency to purchase an army to aid the Night 's Watch against the 100,000 strong wildling army led by Mance Rayder . Despite the Iron Bank 's reluctance to back Stannis , Davos manages to convince them and they acquire the loan . Davos then tracks Salladhor Saan to aid them in exchange for gold . He and Stannis arrive at the Wall in time to save Jon Snow from Mance Rayder . In season 5 , Davos remains at the Wall with Stannis to help him in his campaign to retake the North from Roose Bolton . Davos is aware that the Night 's Watch will choose a new Lord Commander and believes that Ser Alliser Thorne will win . He tries to convince Jon Snow to accept Stannis 's offer of legitimization since Thorne will most likely punish Jon for showing Mance Rayder mercy during the execution . Later , Davos departs from the Wall with Stannis , to help him take Winterfell . As the army becomes snowbound , he is returned to the Wall on Stannis ' command , sharing a heartfelt moment with Shireen , where he thanks her for learning him to read and promises to be back within days . Arriving at the Wall , he unsuccessfully tries to convince Jon of their cause , when the couple is suddenly joined by a lone Melisandre , whose sullen demeanour is enough to tell Jon and Davos that Stannis and Shireen are dead . In season 6 , after Jon is killed in a mutiny , Davos leads Jon 's loyal friends against the mutineers led by Alliser Thorne and they achieve victory thanks to the wildlings ' help . Davos later persuades Melisandre to attempt to resurrect Jon , which she succeeds in doing , and becomes one of Jon 's top lieutenants in his campaign to retake Winterfell from the Boltons , successfully persuading Lyanna Mormont to supply them with men . He takes part in the Battle of the Bastards and survives , but in the process learns that Shireen was actually burned at the stake by Melisandre . He confronts her about it in front of Jon and she admits her role in Shireen 's death , and he demands permission from Jon to execute Melisandre , though Jon has her exiled instead . Davos later joins the Northern Lords in proclaiming Jon the new King in the North . In season 7 Davos travels with Jon to Dragonstone . He helps Tyrion Lannister to sneak into King 's Landing for a meeting with Jamie Lannister . While in King 's Landing he seeks out Gendry and finds him in a smithy , and brings him back to Dragonstone . Samwell Tarly ( edit ) John Bradley Main article : Samwell Tarly Samwell Tarly ( season 1 -- present ) portrayed by John Bradley . Samwell Tarly of House Tarly and the Night 's Watch is the eldest son and former heir of Lord Randyll Tarly , is a new recruit to the Night 's Watch . He was sent to the Wall by his father , who disowned him for his cowardice . He becomes Jon 's best friend after Jon conspires with the others in their trainee class to go easy on him . While not a warrior , he is very smart and insightful . He is inducted into the Stewards and assigned to Maester Aemon . He travels beyond the Wall in place of Aemon and falls in love with Gilly , one of Craster 's daughter - wives . Later in Season 2 , he finds obsidian `` Dragon glass . '' At the end of the season he becomes a witness to the numerous army of White Walkers and Wights marching to the Fist of the First Men . He manages to escape with a few Night 's Watch Men including Lord Commander Jeor Mormont , and they make it back to Craster 's Keep . Escaping the slaughter of the Nights Watch mutineers -- which ended in Lord Mormont 's death -- Sam is attacked by a White Walker when making a fire but manages to kill it using the Dragonglass . Alongside Gilly , he manages to cross the Wall and return to Castle Black to bring news of Mormont 's death and reunite with Jon . In season 4 , fearing for Gilly 's safety , Sam takes her to work in an inn in Mole 's Town , but later regrets his decision , especially after Mole 's Town is attacked by wildlings ( though he is unaware that Gilly was spared by Ygritte ) . He reunites with Gilly , however , when she returns to Castle Black unharmed , and he locks her in the food storage for her safety when the wildlings attack , kissing her for the first time . Sam himself participates in the battle , at one point shooting a huge Thenn through the head with a crossbow and holding the dying Pyp in his arms . In the aftermath , he discovers Janos Slynt to have hidden himself in the food storage with Gilly , and is given Jon 's sword to look after as Jon leaves Castle Black to hunt down Mance Rayder . He is later present at the burning of the bodies of those who were killed in the battle for The Wall . In season 5 , he expresses concern that if Ser Alliser Thorne is elected the new Lord Commander of the Night 's Watch , Gilly and the other wildlings will be executed . At Mance Rayder 's execution he comforts Gilly as she could n't bare to watch . Sam is reading a book on previous Lord Commanders while Princess Shireen Baratheon teaches Gilly how to read . He also learns how the young princess survived Greyscale and that Gilly also had sisters who perished from the disease . At the choosing for the 998th Lord Commander of the Night 's Watch , Jon Snow reveals Stannis 's offer of legitimization to Sam . Jon states that it was always his dream to be Lord of Winterfell , but he reveals that he will decline the king 's offer , much to Sam 's surprise . When Maester Aemon asks if there are any more candidates wishing to run against Ser Alliser Thorne and Ser Denys Mallister , Sam puts Jon 's name forward as a candidate . Janos Slynt mocks Sam by calling him `` Slayer '' and pointing out his love for Gilly being similar to Jon 's love for Ygritte , and Sam retaliates by publicly mocking Slynt for hiding in the pantry with Gilly and her baby during the wildling attack . Sam reminds all of the black brothers present that Jon was Jeor Mormont 's personal steward , that he led the force to deal with the mutineers at Craster 's Keep , and took command of Castle Black 's garrison during the wildling attack when Thorne was wounded . Sam 's speech ultimately results in Jon being chosen as the new Lord Commander of the Night 's Watch . Events at the wall go on as normal , until the death of Maester Aemon of old age . Sam is present at the maester 's death . Shortly afterward , he catches two Night 's Watchmen attempting to rape Gilly . He attempts to defend her , but the two harshly beat him , and he is only saved by Jon 's direwolf , Ghost . While tending Sam 's wounds , Gilly has sex with Sam . He later leaves with her , convincing Jon that he will aid the Watch much more as a trained maester in Oldtown . His self - confessed motive , however , is to spirit Gilly and her baby -- now named `` Sam '' after her lover -- away to safety , of which Jon approves . In season 6 , Sam and Gilly briefly stop at Horn Hill , where Sam contemplates leaving Gilly and little Sam with his family , but after an uneasy reunion with his father , Sam decides to take Gilly and the baby with him , and steals the House Tarly Valyrian steel sword , Heartsbane , to learn the secrets behind Valyrian steel . He reaches the citadel in the season finale . In season 7 Sam is a skivvy for the Archmaester , collecting chamber pots and rescribing old scrolls . He meets Jorah Mormont , nearly lost to the disease greyscale , and cures him using a painful and risky treatment in defiance of the Archmaester 's orders . Sam is frustrated that the Archmaester will not take the White Walker threat seriously . Eventually he helps himself to scrolls he thinks may be important from the library and heads back north with Gilly and little Sam . Gilly finds in a High Septon 's diary that Prince Rhaegar annulled his marriage to Ella Martell of Dorne ; Sam ignores this at first but by the time he reaches Winterfell and meets Bran he has read for himself that the High Septon went on to marry Rhaegar to Lyanna Stark in secret . Sam and Bran put their information together to conclude that Jon Snow was born legitimate , named Aegon Targaryen , and the rightful heir to the Iron Throne . Margaery Tyrell ( edit ) Natalie Dormer Main article : Margaery Tyrell Margaery Tyrell ( season 2 -- 6 ) portrayed by Natalie Dormer . Margaery of House Tyrell is the only daughter of Lord Mace Tyrell , and has recently married the late King Robert 's brother , Renly Baratheon , as part of House Tyrell 's support for his bid to seize the Iron Throne from King Joffrey . Somewhere in her mid to late twenties , she is surprisingly canny and cunning . She is aware of her husband 's homosexual orientation and inclinations towards her brother . Despite her knowledge of this , she actively attempts to become pregnant as to secure the alliance between their families . When Renly is killed , the Tyrells ally with House Lannister and she is planned to marry to King Joffrey . In a departure from her characterization in the novels , where her personal motivations are unclear , Margaery 's naked ambition is made obvious . Upon arriving at King 's Landing , she offers Sansa to marry her brother Loras , but the plot is thwarted and Sansa is married to Tyrion Lannister to secure the North should Robb Stark die . At the end of Season 3 , her marriage to Joffrey is impending , though her influence over him appears to grow , causing friction between her and Queen Regent Cersei . Cersei coldly implies she could have her killed at any time . In season 4 , Margaery and Joffrey are married , but Joffrey dies at the wedding after being poisoned . Since Margaery still can not become queen this way , she is betrothed to Joffrey 's younger brother and heir , Tommen , and visits him one night in his chamber to get to know him better . She is among the many people in King 's Landing who believe Tyrion Lannister is not responsible for Joffrey 's death , and her grandmother , Olenna Tyrell , confirms to her that it was she who orchestrated it , leaving Margaery visibly shocked , until Olenna claims that it was to protect her from Joffrey 's abuse ( which he had quite clearly inflicted on Sansa while she was betrothed to him ) . Margaery is later present at Tyrion 's trial , where she is visibly uncomfortable at the possibility of Tyrion being punished for the crime her grandmother committed . After Tyrion kills Tywin and escapes , Margaery attends Tywin 's funeral . Margaery marries Tommen soon afterward , as Tommen is now the king . The wedding suffers no problems , and Margaery finally becomes a queen . After consummating the marriage with Tommen , Margaery , who has him completely in her thrall , suggests that Tommen send Cersei back to Casterly Rock . Tensions between Cersei and Margaery increase as Cersei confronts her about Tommen . Margaery insults Cersei , angering her . Cersei then has Margaery 's brother , Loras , arrested by the extremist religious movement the Sparrows for homosexual activities . At a trial , Margaery testifies that Loras is not guilty . However , when evidence is procured , Loras gets arrested , along with Margaery , as she lied in her testimony . The High Sparrow reveals that she and Loras will face trial , but that they may receive the `` mother 's mercy '' if they were to confess their crimes . Margaery later feigns surrender to protect her family , and joins Tommen in making an alliance with the Faith . On the day of Cersei 's trial , however , Margaery is killed in the explosion which destroys the Great Sept of Baelor . Stannis Baratheon ( edit ) Stephen Dillane Main article : Stannis Baratheon Stannis Baratheon ( season 2 -- 5 ) portrayed by Stephen Dillane . Stannis Baratheon of House Baratheon , Lord of Dragonstone , is the elder of Robert Baratheon 's younger brothers . A brooding , humorless man known for a hard and unyielding sense of justice , he is obsessed with slights real and imagined . With Robert dying , Ned sends him a letter appointing him as the legitimate heir and becomes another challenger for the Iron Throne after his nephew Joffrey becomes King . By Season 2 , he has fallen under the influence of Melisandre , a priestess of R'hllor . After Robert 's death , Stannis claims himself the true heir to the Iron Throne as Cersei 's children are illegitimate and names himself King of the Seven Kingdoms . However , most of the Baratheon bannermen support the claim of the more charismatic Renly . When Renly is mysteriously slain , many of Renly 's bannermen immediately swear allegiance to Stannis . He then attacks King 's Landing by sailing up the Blackwater Bay . However , due to Tyrion 's plan using wild fire and reinforcements by the Lannisters and Tyrell Cavalry , he loses the Battle of Blackwater . Despite this setback , he is convinced to continue fighting by Melisandre , and is further convinced by her magic as she lets him see a vision of a battle in the flames . He acquires one of Robert 's bastards , Gendry , from the Brotherhood Without Banners and plans to sacrifice him to further his quest for the Iron Throne . After Davos questions his course of action , Stannis has three leeches drawn with Gendry 's blood and throws them into a fire , calling for the death of Robb Stark , Balon Greyjoy and Joffrey Baratheon . Upon the news of Robb 's death , Davos releases Gendry to prevent him from being burned . Stannis subsequently sentences his Hand to death but is swayed by Melisandre , who encourages him to travel North to aid the Night 's Watch against the threat emerging from beyond the Wall . In season 4 , Stannis hears of Joffrey 's death and chastises Davos again for releasing Gendry and not finding him a suitable army , prompting Davos to write to the Iron Bank of Braavos in Stannis 's name to help pay for an army . The Iron Bank very nearly refuses Stannis ' request , even subtly belittling him in the process , but Davos manages to convince them that Stannis is easily the only one they can turn to since Tywin Lannister is nearing old age . Stannis and his army arrive at the Wall shortly after the Battle for Castle Black , interrupting a supposed parley between Jon Snow and Mance Rayder . Stannis learns that Jon is Ned Stark 's son , and on Jon 's advice , he places Mance and his men under arrest . He is later present at the funeral of the Night 's Watch brothers who died during the Battle for Castle Black . In season 5 , Stannis begins plans to retake the North from Roose Bolton , hoping to recruit Mance 's wildling army , if Mance will bend the knee to him . Mance refuses , and Stannis orders him burned at the stake . Although Stannis was not pleased that Jon interfered with Mance 's execution , he presents Jon an enticing offer . If Jon bends the knee and swears his loyalty to Stannis , the king will legitimize him as Jon Stark , making him the Lord of Winterfell . Stannis , after receiving a message from Lyanna Mormont , knows that having a Stark on his side is the best chance of rallying the Northerners to his cause . Stannis departs from the Wall soon afterward , on a mission to take Winterfell from the Boltons . However , his party is delayed by a large snowstorm that ravages the North , and Ramsay Bolton and his men sabotage his supplies by burning them . He eventually agrees , most reluctantly , to sacrifice his daughter to the Lord of Light , sending Davos to the Wall to find supplies as he knows he would never approve of this most drastic action . Conferring with his daughter before her sacrifice , he admits that he will hate himself forever , but goes through with the act , witnessing tearfully as his daughter succumbs . The next day , the blizzard has lifted , though half his army , including all the sellswords have mutinied , taking all the horses to join the Boltons . Selyse is found hanged in a woods , having broken and relented the sacrifice of their child in the last minute and taken her own life . Stannis decides to finish the march on Winterfell by foot , where his greatly diminished army is greeted by a massive cavalry force led by Ramsay which defeats him . Fending off remaining Bolton soldiers in a nearby grove , Stannis succumbs by a tree , where he is greeted by Brienne of Tarth , reminding him of his fratricide . Stannis accepts responsibility and tells Brienne to fulfil her duty , and she lifts her sword and swings . Melisandre ( edit ) Carice van Houten Main article : Melisandre Melisandre ( season 2 -- present ) portrayed by Carice van Houten . Also known as `` The Red Woman '' , a priestess of R'hllor in service to Stannis Baratheon . Melisandre has prophetic powers that give her partial knowledge of future events . Unlike many other people in Westeros with access to prophecy , Melisandre has absolute faith in her own interpretation . Melisandre believes Stannis is the chosen one who will convert the people of Westeros into followers of R'hllor . She convinces Stannis of this by using various methods , including seduction . Many , most notably Stannis ' trusted adviser Davos Seaworth , believe she is leading their king astray . She has magical powers which help her survive Maester Cressen 's attempt to kill her with poison . She also gives birth to a shadow demon which is sent to kill Renly Baratheon and tries to convince Stannis to sacrifice Gendry , the bastard son of Robert Baratheon , because he has king 's blood , claiming R'hllor will reward the gift with an easier path to the Iron Throne . After Gendry 's escape , she intercepts a letter from the Night 's Watch , seeing the prophetic `` Other '' as the force behind the White Walkers ' march on the wall , and insists that Stannis takes up the cause of stopping them . She dismisses `` this war of five kings '' ( now actually three ) as unimportant and insists that Stannis take the help of Davos Seaworth , despite his betrayal . In season 4 , Melisandre accompanies Stannis , Davos and their army to the Wall , narrowly saving Jon Snow from Mance Rayder . At the funeral of the Night 's Watch brothers who fell during the Battle for Castle Black , Melisandre exchanges a knowing glance with Jon . In season 5 , she remains at the Wall with Stannis and shows interest in Jon . She attempts to seduce Jon , but he refuses to have sex with her . Eventually , she departs from the Wall with Stannis and Davos on their mission to take Winterfell . When a large snowstorm delays them , Melisandre suggests that Stannis sacrifice his daughter Shireen , but Stannis refuses . After a Bolton raiding party kills many of the horses and burns their supplies , he eventually gives in and allows the priestess to burn his only child . Melisandre declares soon after that the blizzard has been lifted , but after half of Stannis ' forces desert him , dismayed and disgusted , she rides for the Wall , where she is accosted by Jon and Davos . In season 6 , after persuasion by Davos , Melisandre attempts to resurrect Jon , who was killed in a mutiny , and succeeds , restoring her faith in the Lord of Light . She remains at Jon 's side through his campaign to retake the North from the Boltons , and witnesses the Bolton banners being lowered to the ground as in one of her visions . However , she is accused of murdering Shireen by Davos . With obvious regret , she admits what she did , but pleads with Jon not to execute her , claiming that she can help in the coming battle against the Night King . Remembering her role in resurrecting him , Jon does not execute Melisandre , but has her exiled from the North . In season 7 she arrives at Dragonstone and urges Daenerys to make an ally of Jon Snow . She tells Varys she is leaving Westeros but that she will return , as it is her destiny to die there . Jeor Mormont ( edit ) James Cosmo Main article : Jeor Mormont Jeor Mormont ( season 1 -- 3 ) portrayed by James Cosmo . Jeor Mormont , the 997th Lord Commander of the Night 's Watch , is the estranged father of Ser Jorah . He gave up his lands to serve the Night 's Watch . His son 's shaming of their house weighs heavily on him . He personally requests that Jon Snow be made his personal steward , and gives him the Hand - and - a-Half sword ( also known as a bastard sword ) of their house , Longclaw . He has the pommel reshaped into a wolf 's head . To investigate the return of wights , the disappearance of several Rangers , and rumors of a wildling army , Jeor leads an expeditionary force beyond the Wall in Season 2 . In Season 3 , after returning to Craster 's Keep , he is slain by Rast in the ensuing mutiny , but manages to strangle him briefly before succumbing to his wounds . His death ignites Maester Aemon 's call for the lords of Westeros to aid the Night 's Watch , which convinces Stannis Baratheon the time is ripe to fight the onslaught of the White Walkers . His corpse is apparently desecrated afterwards , as in season 4 , Karl Tanner is shown drinking wine from a skull he claims is Jeor 's . Bronn ( edit ) Jerome Flynn Main article : Bronn ( character ) Bronn ( season 1 -- present ) portrayed by Jerome Flynn . Bronn is a sellsword with a sardonic sense of humor . He initially serves under Catelyn Stark and aids her in arresting Tyrion Lannister and taking him to the Vale to stand trial for the murder of Jon Arryn and attempted murder of Bran Stark . During the trial , Bronn realises that Tyrion will most likely be executed by the insane Lysa Arryn despite the impossibility of his guilt , and volunteers to fight for Tyrion when he demands a trial by combat . Bronn defeats Lysa Arryn 's champion and becomes Tyrion 's companion and protector , accompanying him back to King 's Landing . After they arrive , Bronn 's service to Tyrion earns him a position as Commander of the City Watch after Janos Slynt is revealed to be accepting bribes from the Lannisters . When Stannis Baratheon attacks the city by sailing up the Blackwater Bay , he shoots a flaming arrow to a ship containing wild fire which destroys half of Stannis ' fleet , and kills several of the attackers in defence of the city . However , Bronn is stripped of his position after Tywin Lannister takes his seat as Hand of The King , but is knighted taking the name Ser Bronn of the Blackwater for his service . He subsequently demands more gold for protecting Lord Tyrion and remains his confidante , though discord is increasing between the two . When Tyrion is forced to marry Sansa Stark , Bronn claims he desires her sexually , which Tyrion takes as a grave insult . In Season 4 , Tyrion pays him to train Jaime Lannister in fencing with his left hand , as well as get Shae out of King 's Landing , which he assures was completed . Bronn later implores Jaime to visit and help Tyrion after he is accused of murdering Joffrey , telling Jaime that Tyrion originally named him as his defender while on trial in the Vale before Bronn volunteered . Bronn is later betrothed to a rich woman by Cersei in order to stop Tyrion from naming him as his champion . Bronn visits Tyrion in his cell to inform him , and tells him that he most likely would not have been prepared to fight Ser Gregor Clegane , Cersei 's champion , anyway . He bids Tyrion farewell and they part ways as friends . In Season 5 , Bronn is taking a stroll with his betrothed , Lollys Stokeworth , just outside Castle Stokeworth . Lollys talks at length about the upcoming wedding , but Bronn seems uninterested about discussing it . He does comfort Lollys when she talks about her sister Felyse , saying that mean people will always get what they deserve . The two are interrupted when they see Jaime near the castle . Jaime intends to bring Myrcella Baratheon back from Dorne to King 's Landing and wants Bronn to help him . He also reveals that Cersei has arranged for Willas Bracken to wed Lollys instead of him , which angers Bronn , as he and Cersei had an agreement . Jaime tells Bronn that he will get a much better girl and a much better castle once they return from Dorne . Bronn and Jaime infiltrate the Water Gardens and find Myrcella with Trystane Martell , but are intercepted by the Sand Snakes , Oberyn Martell 's bastard daughters , who seek to kill Myrcella as revenge against Cersei for Oberyn 's death . Bronn sustains a cut while fighting Tyene Sand before they are all arrested by the Dornish guard . While in custody , Bronn almost dies from poison due to Tyene 's blade being coated in it , though she gives him the antidote . Though he struck Trystane during the struggle , Bronn is ultimately spared and allowed to return to King 's Landing with Jaime , after Areo Hotah strikes him across the face in retribution for harming Trystane . In season six , he accompanies Jaime to the Riverlands to retake Riverrun from Brynden Tully for the Freys , and returns to King 's Landing afterwards . In season seven he accompanies Jamie to capture Highgarden , reminding Jamie that he is still owed a highborn wife and a castle by the Lannisters . When the baggage train and force of soldiers he and Jamie are travelling with is attacked by Daenerys ' Dothraki and dragons he attempts to use a scorpion ( giant crossbow ) to shoot down Daenerys ' dragon . One of his shots wings the dragon but does not kill it , and the scorpion is destroyed by fire . Bronn sees Jamie about to make a suicidal charge at Daenerys and shoves him into the water just as the dragon is about to incinerate him . In King 's Landing Bronn leads Jamie down into the lower levels of the Red Keep , ostensibly to practice with swords , before revealing he had been asked by Tyrion to bring Jamie to a meeting . Cersei describes this as treason , but Jamie takes no action against Bronn . Varys ( edit ) Conleth Hill Main article : Varys Varys ( season 1 -- present ) portrayed by Conleth Hill . Varys , sometimes called The Spider , is a major character in the second , third , fourth and fifth seasons . He initially appeared as a recurring character in the first season and debuted in `` Lord Snow '' . Varys is bald and tends towards fat , due to his castration . Varys is a eunuch and the Master of Whisperers on the king 's small council . He is the Master of Whisperers , the King 's foremost spymaster and intelligence agent . He holds no inherited title , castle or lands in Westeros , but is called `` Lord '' as a courtesy due to his position on the council , which traditionally is made up of high lords . He is a skilled manipulator and commands a network of informants across two continents . He often puts on the public persona of being nothing more than a pudgy man well suited to the pleasantries of court life ; humble , obsequious , fawning , and a little effeminate . This is simply a facade that Varys has developed , which often leads those who do not know him well to underestimate him as a cheerful and vapid flatterer . In reality he is a cunning and ruthless manipulator of court politics , on - par with Master of Coin Petyr `` Littlefinger '' Baelish , with whom he frequently spars . Unlike Baelish , Varys insists that his goals are to achieve what he honestly feels is best for the realm , though of course , what he and the current king feel is best might be two separate things . Varys was born across the Narrow Sea in Lys . He was born a slave , and as a child he traveled with a troupe of actors all around the different Free Cities until a sorcerer in the city of Myr made an offer Varys ' master could n't refuse . Varys was sold to the sorcerer , who gave him a potion that made him unable to move or speak but did n't dull his perceptions or sense of pain , and emasculated him ( cutting off his testes and penis both ) to use his sexual organs in a magical ritual , burning them in a brazier . Afterward the sorcerer had no use for Varys and threw him in the streets to die . Instead Varys resolved to live no matter what : begging , stealing , and selling the sexual use of what parts remained to him , doing anything to survive . He also became an excellent thief , but soon learned that stolen information was often a far more valuable commodity than any physical goods , and he worked his way up from the slums of Myr . He became a master spy and information trafficker , and his influence and reputation grew so great that he eventually found himself as a member of the small council in the Seven Kingdoms . His experience at the hands of the sorcerer had also left him with a bitter hatred for magic and its practitioners . Varys 's true loyalties remain a mystery , though he claims to serve `` the realm '' , and abhors the suffering and political instability brought by the war . After Littlefinger 's confidante Ros is severely beaten by Joffrey 's guards and he fails to intervene , Varys takes her into his service as a spy . Littlefinger finds out and has her killed , taunting Varys that he could n't protect her . Varys affirms his course as a means to prevent chaos befalling the realm , claiming that Littlefinger `` would see the Seven Kingdoms burn , if he could be king over the ashes . '' Varys later informs Tyrion that Cersei has discovered his relationship with Shae . Though he claims he will not lie for him , he implores Tyrion to send Shae away for her own safety . Varys later testifies against Tyrion at his trial for murdering Joffrey , but when Tyrion is convicted , Jaime enlists Varys 's help in smuggling Tyrion out of King 's Landing to Essos . As Varys prepares to go back , he hears the tolling bells , making him realise that Tyrion 's escape has been discovered ( along with his murder of Tywin ) , so he stays on the boat with Tyrion . In Season 5 , he and Tyrion arrive in Pentos , where he convinces Tyrion to travel with him to Meereen and aid Daenerys Targaryen in retaking the Iron Throne . Travelling to Volantis , Varys and Tyrion discuss the former 's brief tenure as Hand of the King . Tyrion laments not leaving King 's Landing with Shae when he had the chance , but tells Varys that he enjoyed serving as Hand . Varys eventually surfaces in Meereen , where he confers with Tyrion about the future of the city and the Seven Kingdoms . In season 6 , after helping Tyrion broker an alliance with the slave masters , he departs Meereen to find new friends in Westeros , and secures help from Olenna Tyrell and Ellaria Sand to aid Daenerys . In season 7 he is challenged by Daenerys over having served Robert Baratheon after Robert took her father 's throne , and over his role in the attempt on her life in season 1 . She pardons him . Varys is told by Mellisandre that both she and he are destined to die in Westeros . Shae ( edit ) Sibel Kekilli Main article : Shae ( character ) Shae ( season 1 -- 4 ) portrayed by Sibel Kekilli . Shae is a young camp follower in whom Tyrion Lannister takes particular interest . She is from Lorath , one of the Free Cities across the Narrow Sea . Tyrion falls in love with her and in order to hide her from his father , Tyrion appoints Shae to be Sansa 's handmaiden . As her handmaiden , Shae is the only person Sansa trusts and confides to her about her problems and what she really thinks about the Lannisters . In turn , Shae becomes protective of Sansa and attempts to help her in any way she can . In Season 3 , she becomes jealous of Tyrion after his marriage to Sansa and is confronted by Varys , who urges her to leave the Seven Kingdoms , which she refuses to do , thinking that Tyrion has something to do with Varys talking to her . In Season 4 , Tyrion is forced to send Shae away from King 's Landing on a ship after her presence is discovered by Cersei and his father is told , insulting her in the process . Shae , however , does not leave King 's Landing , and resurfaces at Tyrion 's trial for murdering Joffrey , where she falsely claims that both Tyrion and Sansa were responsible for Joffrey 's death . It is revealed , however , that Shae was having an affair with Tywin . After Tyrion is freed by Jaime , he finds Shae sleeping in Tywin 's bed , making him realise the horrible truth . Shae attempts to kill Tyrion with a knife , but he strangles her to death . Ygritte ( edit ) Rose Leslie Main article : Ygritte Ygritte ( season 2 -- 4 ) portrayed by Rose Leslie . A Wildling girl with red hair ( `` kissed by fire '' , a sign of luck among the Wildlings ) and a follower of Mance Rayder . In Season 2 , she is captured in the Skirling Pass by Jon Snow and Qhorin Halfhand . She manages to escape , but is recaptured by Jon , separating him from his brothers in the process . Later she leads him into Rattleshirt 's ambush . After this they lead Jon to Mance Rayder 's wildling camp , where he pretends to defect to the Wildlings to discover their plans . She then travels with him to the wall , and during this journey she seduces him . However , when confronted with killing an innocent horse farmer for the watch who scaled the wall , Jon escapes the wildling 's clutches on horseback . But while resting , Ygritte manages to catch up with Jon at which point she confesses her love for him and then , blinded by tears , shoots him multiple times while he escapes towards the wall . In Season 4 , Ygritte starts raiding villages south of the wall with her group , clearly thirsting for vengeance against Jon , although Tormund suspects she let him go . When the wildlings attack Mole 's Town , Ygritte slaughters all the women present , but notices Gilly hiding with her baby son , and spares her life . When the wildlings finally reach Castle Black and attack , Ygritte kills many Night 's Watch brothers with her archery skills , among them Pyp . When confronted by Jon , however , she can not bring herself to shoot him , and is shot in the back by Olly , a boy whose father Ygritte previously killed . Ygritte subsequently dies in Jon 's arms , and her body is later burned by Jon himself , separately from the other soldiers , in her homeland , north of the Wall . Talisa Maegyr ( edit ) Oona Chaplin Main article : Talisa Maegyr Talisa Maegyr ( season 2 -- 3 ) portrayed by Oona Chaplin . Talisa Maegyr is a healer working on the battlefields of the War of the Five Kings . She claims to be from the Free City of Volantis . No character named Talisa appears in the books . Oona Chaplin was originally announced to play a character called Jeyne , which many thought to mean she would play Jeyne Westerling , a character from the books . Talisa follows Robb Stark 's army camp as it moves . One day as they talk they are interrupted by news that Catelyn has released Robb 's key prisoner Jaime Lannister . Talisa later goes to comfort Robb . After she reveals more of her past to him , they admit their shared feelings for one another and sleep together . Talisa and Robb marry in secret before a septon . In season 3 , Talisa reveals that she is pregnant , although she and her unborn child are stabbed to death by Lothar Frey in the Red Wedding Massacre , the first in the hall to be attacked . Gendry ( edit ) Joe Dempsie Main article : Gendry Gendry ( season 1 -- 3 , 7 - present ) portrayed by Joe Dempsie . Gendry is an apprentice blacksmith in King 's Landing and an unacknowledged bastard of King Robert . During Season 1 , Eddard tells the smith that if Gendry ever shows interest in wielding a sword to send him to Eddard . Gendry shows promise as a smith and makes a helmet in the shape of a bull 's head ; Eddard compliments the helmet , offering to purchase it . Gendry refuses , to the shame of the master smith . After Eddard Stark 's fall and eventual execution , arrangements are made for Yoren of the Night 's Watch to take Gendry to the Wall with him ; he travels North with Yoren and other recruits , including Arry , Lommy Greenhands , Hot Pie and Jaqen H'ghar . During their journey , they are stopped by the Goldcloaks , who demand that Yoren give up Gendry as King Joffrey wants all of his father 's bastards killed but are forced to leave by Yoren . Later , Gendry reveals to Arry that he knows she is a girl disguised as a boy all along and is surprised to learn she is Arya , Ned Stark 's daughter . After the Goldcloaks get help from Ser Amory Lorch and his men who kill Yoren , Gendry 's life is saved by Arya when she lies to the Goldcloaks that Lommy , who was killed during the attack , was Gendry . Gendry and the rest of recruits are sent to Harrenhal where Ser Gregor Clegane arbitrarily has many of the prisoners tortured and killed . Gendry was about to suffer this fate but is saved by the arrival of Lord Tywin Lannister , who chides Clegane 's men for their reckless behavior . Thanks to Jaqen , Arya , Gendry and Hot Pie are able to escape Harrenhal . As they head towards the Riverlands , the group encounters the Brotherhood Without Banners , a group of Outlaws that defend the weak . Inspired , he decides to join the Brotherhood but is betrayed by them when they sell him to Lady Melisandre as ordered by the Lord of Light . Melisandre later reveals to Gendry that King Robert was his father and she is bringing him to meet his uncle , King Stannis . But in truth , Melisandre and Stannis planned to use him for her blood magic where Stannis uses his nephew 's blood to make a death curse on the usurpers to his throne , Joffrey , Robb , and Balon Greyjoy . Before they can use him as a sacrifice , Davos Seaworth helps Gendry escape and puts him on a boat to King 's Landing . Unable to swim or row , Gendry is nevertheless convinced that the Red Woman has a surer death in spare for him , and Davos asks him to `` have a bowl'o brown for me '' when returning to Flea Bottom . In Season 7 Davos , on a clandestine visit to King 's Landing , seeks out Gendry and finds him working as a smith . Gendry needs no persuading to go with Davos to Dragonstone . There he meets Jon Snow and volunteers to go with Jon on a mission north of the Wall to capture a wight . During the mission he is sent back to the Wall to summon help . He gets word to Daenerys , and later leaves with the others on the Targaryen ship . Tormund Giantsbane ( edit ) Kristofer Hivju Main article : Tormund Giantsbane Tormund Giantsbane ( season 3 -- 7 ) portrayed by Kristofer Hivju . A wildling raider known for his many titles , `` Giantsbane '' being foremost . Loud and gregarious , he is one of Mance 's top generals , fierce and terrible in combat . Tormund takes a liking to Jon after he joins them and even gives him advice over his relationship with Ygritte . Tormund leads a group of wildlings south of the Wall to await the signal of Mance Rayder to attack the Night 's Watch . He later leads the attack on Mole 's Town . When the army reaches Castle Black , he duels and severely wounds Ser Alliser Thorne , but is brought down by several arrows and taken prisoner for questioning . After his wounds are healed by Maester Aemon , Jon briefly approaches him , and he tells Jon that Ygritte loved him , citing Ygritte 's apparent desire to kill him as proof . He is later present at Mance 's execution , and is visibly saddened at his friend 's death . He is eventually freed by Jon , who he accompanies to Hardhome , where he attempts to convince the local wildlings to join the Night 's Watch in the battle against their common enemy . As Hardhome is overrun by wights and white walkers , Tormund ferociously fights them off and escapes to the boats with Jon . He later passes through the Wall and into the Seven Kingdoms along with the rest of the wildlings . In season 6 , after hearing of Jon 's murder , he rushes back to Castle Black to bring down the ones responsible , and later witnesses Jon 's resurrection and execution of the mutineers . From there on , Tormund becomes one of Jon 's lieutenants in his campaign to retake the North from Ramsay Bolton . In the ensuing battle , he fights and kills Smalljon Umber , and witnesses Jon defeat Ramsay after Ramsay shoots Wun Wun dead . He is later present when Jon is named the new King in the North . In season 7 Tormund and a group of Free Folk go to Eastwatch at the end of the Wall , expecting the Army of the Dead to approach the Wall at that point . When Jon arrives there on his way north to capture a wight , Tormund volunteers to go along . Tormund is enamoured of Brienne of Tarth and says he hopes to make big monstrous babies with her . Tormund is at Eastwatch - by - the - Sea with Beric Dondarrion when the Night King attacks with Viserion , now resurrected as a wight dragon , or `` ice dragon '' . Following the breaching of the Wall , it is uncertain if Tormund and Beric made it out alive as they were last seen running for their lives . Gilly ( edit ) Hannah Murray Main article : Gilly ( A Song of Ice and Fire ) Gilly ( season 2 -- present ) portrayed by Hannah Murray . A young wildling girl who lives north of the Wall , Gilly is one of many daughters of Craster , a wildling who takes all his daughters as wives once they grow up into women . She has a son with her father Craster . Samwell falls for her and becomes protective of her . After Craster is killed and Commander Mormont 's rangers turn on each other , Samwell runs with Gilly and her son to Castle Black . Along their journey , Gilly becomes fascinated with Samwell over his knowledge and his bravery of defending her son from a White Walker . After the three of them manage to reach Castle Black , Maester Aemon allows Gilly and her son to stay with them . In gratitude for Samwell helping them , Gilly names her son after Sam . In Season 4 , Gilly settles in a nearby inn close to Castle Black , with Sam 's assistance . The Inn is later attacked by wildlings , but Gilly hides with her son . They are found by Ygritte , who spares them . They make it back to Castle Black safely , where Sam hides them in the food storage , and kisses Gilly for the first time in case he dies . She is also visibly surprised when Janos Slynt hides in the food storage as well . Gilly remains unharmed throughout the battle , and reunites with Sam in the aftermath . In season 5 , she expresses concern of being sent away or executed if Ser Alliser Thorne becomes the new Lord Commander . She is later present at Mance Rayder 's execution . Gilly has begun to learn letters from Princess Shireen Baratheon , with Samwell watching over the two . Gilly also reveals to Shireen that she had sisters that also had Greyscale , but they were quarantined away from the other women at Craster 's Keep and eventually succumbed to the disease . After Maester Aemon 's death , during Jon 's absence in Hardhome , she is almost sexually assaulted by two members of the Watch , but is saved by Sam and Ghost , after which she willingly makes love to him . She and her baby later leave Castle Black for Oldtown with Sam on Jon Snow 's orders . Along the way , they stop at Horn Hill , where Sam initially intends to leave Gilly and the baby with his family , but despite Randyll Tarly allowing them to stay , Sam decides to take them with him to the Citadel in Oldtown . In the sixth - season finale , they arrive . Later in Oldtown Gilly enthusiastically makes use of her newfound literacy , and in the diaries of a former High Septon she learns that a prince named Rhaegar Targaryen had his marriage annulled in Dorne . At the end of season seven she has gone back north with Sam and Little Sam and reached Winterfell . Brienne of Tarth ( edit ) Gwendoline Christie Main article : Brienne of Tarth Brienne of Tarth ( season 2 -- present ) portrayed by Gwendoline Christie . A former member of Renly Baratheon 's Kingsguard . She is a highly trained and skilled warrior made dangerous by the fact that men underestimate her . She is considered ugly because she is abnormally large in height and build , androgynous , and stronger than most men . She wishes to prove her valor in a worthy cause to win respect and acceptance . She becomes infatuated with Renly after he shows her kindness and courtesy , and she wins a place in his Kingsguard after winning a tournament melee against Ser Loras . Renly trusts Brienne because of her loyalty and her willingness to die for him . She is present at Renly 's death and is falsely accused of his murder . She flees with Catelyn Stark and enters her service . Later Catelyn decides to release Jaime Lannister in exchange for her daughters Sansa and Arya , Brienne is sent to protect Jaime on the journey and to escort the Stark girls back . On the journey back to King 's Landing , both are captured by the violent Roose Bolton , who holds them at Harrenhal . While there , Brienne learns the truth behind Jaime 's murder of the Mad King , but is forced to stay behind while Bolton 's men accompany Jaime back to King 's Landing , although Jaime rescues Brienne from Harrenhal upon learning that Bolton 's unruly henchman , Locke , intends to feed her to his bear . Brienne succeeds in getting Jaime home safely . In Season 4 , Brienne remains in King 's Landing sworn to Jaime , and tensions arise between them again when Jaime refuses to uphold his promise to return Arya and Sansa to Catelyn , on the basis that Catelyn is dead , Arya is missing and Sansa is married to Tyrion . Brienne is later present at Joffrey and Margaery 's wedding , where Cersei implies that Brienne has fallen in love with Jaime , an accusation she answers with silence . Brienne is eventually sent on a mission by Jaime to find and protect Sansa . Jaime provides her with Joffrey 's sword , which she names `` Oathkeeper '' , new armour and Podrick Payne to serve as her new squire . As she leaves , she almost breaks down in tears , and looks back at Jaime while on her horse , which causes Jaime to realise her feelings for him . On the way , Brienne and Podrick stop at an inn and meet Hot Pie , who tells them that Arya Stark may still be alive . They eventually find Arya and Sandor `` The Hound '' Clegane near the Vale . Brienne and Arya initially bond over both being women who prefer to fight , but her sword causes Arya and Sandor to believe she may be a Lannister agent after the bounty on Sandor 's head . A fight ensues between Brienne and Sandor , in which Sandor injures Brienne , but Brienne manages to bite Sandor 's ear off and hit him off a cliff to his apparent death . Arya disappears during the fight , and Brienne and Podrick set out to search for her , though she is visibly distraught that Arya refused her help . Brienne and Podrick stop at an inn . While eating , Podrick sees Sansa and Petyr Baelish eating in the back of the inn , guarded by knights . Brienne orders Podrick to secure more horses , and then moves toward Petyr and Sansa . After Petyr allows her to approach , Brienne pledges her life to Sansa . When Petyr accuses her of Renly Baratheon 's murder , Brienne explains that Renly was killed by a shadow with Stannis 's face . Sansa tells Brienne that she does n't want her protection , and asks her to leave . Petyr attempts to have his guards take Brienne into their custody , but she flees with Podrick , stealing a horse and releasing several others . The guards give chase , and Brienne and Podrick are separated . After evading her pursuers , Brienne sees Sansa and Petyr fleeing . She searches for Podrick , and saves him from two of the knights . Podrick suggests that they stop pursuing Sansa as she refused their help , but Brienne is adamant that she will not be safe with Lord Baelish . She follows the couple to Moat Cailin and then to Winterfell , where she watches the high tower from a village outside , with Sansa promised escape if she lights a candle in the highest tower . As Stannis Baratheon 's army approaches , Sansa lights the candle and Brienne prepares to get her , only to find Stannis gravely wounded on the battlefield . She asks him for the truth about Renly 's death , to which he confesses guilt , and executes him with her sword . Shortly afterwards , she and Podrick rescue Sansa and Theon Greyjoy after they flee Winterfell , and Sansa accepts Brienne into her service . She takes her to Jon Snow at Castle Black , but later heads to the Riverlands to recruit Brynden Tully 's help in for Jon and Sansa to retake Winterfell from Ramsay , but is unsuccessful . She also shares an uneasy reunion with Jaime in the process . When Riverrun falls , Brienne escapes with Podrick in a boat . Back at Winterfell in season 7 , Brienne meets Arya again . Arya demands that Brienne spar with her , and Brienne soon finds that she can not easily beat Arya , who manages to point a sword at her throat . Brienne is sent by Sansa to the parley at the Dragonpit , where she meets The Hound , who she thought she had killed ... Ramsay Bolton ( edit ) Iwan Rheon Main article : Ramsay Bolton Ramsay Bolton ( season 3 -- 6 ) portrayed by Iwan Rheon . The illegitimate son of Roose Bolton , Ramsay Snow of House Bolton is cruel , sadistic and very cunning . After the Ironborn captures Winterfell , he marches on the castle 's token garrison and offers it safe passage for surrender ; after the gates are opened , he captures Theon and flays the other defenders . At the Dreadfort , Theon is put through gruesome physical and psychological torture on Ramsay 's instigation , though he himself watches in guise of a cleaning boy . He helps Theon Greyjoy escape from captivity , claiming to be a servant of Theon 's sister , Yara , and promises to help him reach her , but ends up only leading Theon back to his original place of imprisonment to taunt him further . He tortures Theon by flaying his fingers and forces him to beg to have them cut off . He ultimately emasculates him and has his manhood sent in a box to the Iron Islands to press Balon to evacuate the North , suggesting he could dismember Theon slowly and send him home in boxes if his demands are not met . He forces Theon to become his new servant , who is now called Reek , and beats him until he accepts the name . In Season 4 , Ramsay along with his now slave servant , Reek , hunt down a servant girl named Tansy . Ramsay hunts her for sport and in the end feeds her to his dogs ( bastards girls ) . Ramsay has followed his father in pledging loyalty to the Lannisters , and remains Acting Lord of the Dreadfort until Roose and his men arrive ( having been smuggled back into the North to avoid the Ironborn ) . Ramsay warmly greets his father , new stepmother `` Fat '' Walda Frey , and friend Locke , but he is chastised by his father for torturing Theon , who would have proved a valuable hostage . Roose enlists his son in his plans to reconquer the North from the invading Ironborn -- his father assigns Ramsay , `` Reek '' and what men Ramsay has to capture Moat Cailin from the Ironborn , in exchange for Roose considering legitimizing Ramsay as a full member of his family , a prospect that delights Ramsay . When Yara and some Ironborn killers attack the Dreadfort and attempt to take Theon , Ramsay confronts her in the dungeons and sets the hounds on her , forcing her to flee without Theon , who refused to go with her believing it was another trick of Ramsay 's , and too broken and frightened to take the risk . As a reward for Theon 's loyalty , Ramsay gives him a bath , bathing Theon himself , and asks for his help in taking Moat Cailin . Ramsay sends Reek into Moat Cailin with a peace banner and a letter promising safe passage to the Stoney Shore . Reek pretends to be his former self , Theon Greyjoy , and convinces the ironborn to surrender . Ramsay breaks his promise and flays the Ironborn living and displays their bodies on stakes . As a reward , Ramsay is legitimized by his father and takes the name , Ramsay Bolton , discarding the surname `` Snow '' for good , much to Ramsay 's delight . Ramsay and the rest of the Bolton forces then march on towards Winterfell , the Boltons ' new home . To solidify their claim for legitimacy , he is provided Sansa Stark as a suitable bride , who he promises never to harm before Baelish , but nevertheless brutally rapes her on their wedding night . He later skins a woman alive for attempting to light a candle in the high tower of Winterfell , which would signal to Brinne ( waiting in the village outside the walls ) that Sansa was in need of rescue . At the battle of Winterfell between Baratheon and Bolton forces , he rides out to greet Stannis , destroying his army and killing most of his men but meanwhile , Reek rebels against his master and kills his lover , Myranda , escaping with Sansa in the process . With his position as Roose 's heir in question following Sansa 's disappearance and the birth of Roose 's baby boy , Ramsay kills Roose , Walda and the baby and becomes the new Lord of Winterfell , securing help from House Karstark and House Umber , the latter giving him Rickon Stark as a hostage . He kills Osha and sends a letter to Jon Snow demanding Sansa 's return , but Jon and Sansa decide to challenge Ramsay and retake Winterfell . Ramsay parleys with Jon and refuses his offer to a one - on - one duel . On the day of the battle , Ramsay lures Jon and his men into a trap by murdering Rickon , but his forces are smashed by the Knights of the Vale . Ramsay flees back to Winterfell , where Jon beats him severely and orders him locked up as a prisoner . That night , Ramsay is fed to his own hounds , bringing House Bolton to extinction . Ellaria Sand ( edit ) Indira Varma Main article : Ellaria Sand Ellaria Sand ( season 4 -- 7 ) portrayed by Indira Varma . The sexually promiscuous paramour of Oberyn Martell , she is the mother of the four youngest Sand Snakes . She is later present at Tyrion 's trial by combat , where Oberyn fights Gregor Clegane in Tyrion 's name , and is horrified when Oberyn is killed . In Season 5 Ellaria arrives at Dorne at the Water Gardens , Ellaria , still in mourning clothes , observes Trystane Martell and Myrcella Baratheon from a distance . She approaches Prince Doran Martell , but her path is initially blocked by Captain Areo Hotah . Ellaria threatens Areo before the captain is ordered by Doran to stand down . Angrily , Ellaria scolds Doran for his apparent inaction at the news of Oberyn 's death . Doran plans to bury and mourn his beloved brother , but Ellaria and Oberyn 's daughters want the Dornish people to take up arms and avenge their fallen prince . She also voices her contempt for Myrcella and wants to harm her in order to send Cersei Lannister a message . Doran strictly forbids this , stating that under his rule , they will not mutilate little girls for revenge . Ellaria voices doubts that Doran will remain in power if he continues to do nothing and leaves . She meets up with Oberyn 's three bastard daughters , the Sand Snakes ( Obara , Nymeria , and Tyene ) , and tells them that they must capture Myrcella and kill her out of revenge for Oberyn 's death . However , when the Sand Snakes attempt this , both them and Ellaria are captured by Doran 's guard . She pleads for mercy and is forgiven , being explicitly warned by Doran that he `` never gives anyone a third chance '' . She says goodbyes to Myrcella Baratheon , who forgives her and shares an unexpected kiss , concealing a sinister induction of poison into the girl 's mouth . Ellaria watches the ship sail and administers the antidote to herself while contemplating what will come when Doran realises what she has done . In Season 6 , apparently having made amends with Doran , she strolls with him in the Water Gardens while reminiscing about Oberyn . When the maester brings a letter from Jaime Lannister with the news of Myrcella 's death , Doran realizes it was Ellaria 's work , but she stabs him to death before he can react . Ellaria taunts a dying Doran for his weak rule and inaction at the deaths of Elia and Oberyn . With his dying breath , Doran begs Ellaria to spare Trystane 's life , but she refuses , telling him that both him and his son are weak and weak men will never rule Dorne again before leaving him to die on the floor . Later , Ellaria sends Obara and Nymeria to King 's Landing to kill Trystane , bringing the extinction of House Martell and usurping power over Dorne . After hearing of the destruction of the Great Sept of Baelor , Cersei 's work which claimed the lives of almost all of House Tyrell , Ellaria invites Olenna Tyrell to Dorne to discuss an alliance against Cersei , and reveals that through Varys , she has declared for Daenerys Targaryen . In Season 7 , Ellaria and her daughter Tyene are captured by Euron Greyjoy and brought to Cersei . Taking the Sands to the dungeons , Cersei taunts Ellaria , and kisses Tyene with the same poison used to kill Myrcella . She leaves Ellaria to watch Tyene die , telling Ellaria she will be kept alive until her daughter 's body is completely decomposed . Daario Naharis ( edit ) Michiel Huisman Main article : Daario Naharis Daario Naharis ( season 3 -- 6 ) portrayed by Ed Skrein in season 3 , and by Michiel Huisman from season 4 onwards . Daario is a confident and seductive warrior who is a lieutenant in the Second Sons , a group of 2000 mercenaries . Daario has an unusual code of honor : he wo n't sleep with sex workers or kill innocents as he believes in making love with women who want to make love with him and killing those who want to kill him . Under the leadership of his Captain Mero and second in command Prendhal na Ghezn , the Second Sons were hired by the Slaver city Yunkai to fight against Daenerys ' army . Smitten with Daenerys , Daario refused to obey his superiors when they decided to assassinate her , which forced him to kill Mero and Prendhal in self - defense . With the Second Sons under his command , Daario and his men pledge their allegiance to Daenerys . In season 4 , Daario attempts to romance Daenerys by offering her flowers and lecturing her about the special use of these flowers , as he claims it is important to know the land she is going to rule . At the gate of Meereen , Daario volunteers to fight Meereen 's champion in single combat after Daenerys rejects the rest of her inner circle from fighting . Daario declines the use of a horse , noting that they are n't as intelligent as humans . Daario ends the duel with ruthless efficiency , striking down the horse with his stiletto and decapitating the dazed champion with his arakh . Later on after conquering Meereen , Daario sneaks into Daenerys ' private chambers and gives her more flowers . As Daenerys initially refuses him , he tells her he only has two talents in his life : war and women , and that in Meereen he serves no purpose . Daario asks her to let him do what he does best , killing her enemies . Instead , Daenerys focuses on the other thing Daario claims to be good at and orders him to take off his clothes . The morning after , Daenerys informs Jorah that she has sent Daario , Hizdahr zo Loraq and the Second Sons to Yunkai in order to bargain with the masters who retaken control of the city . In season 5 , Daario returns with Hizdahr zo Loraq , informing Daenerys that the mission was successful , but the masters want Daenerys to reopen the fighting pits in return . Daenerys refuses , and while in bed , Daario attempts to convince her otherwise , claiming that it was his early life in the fighting pits that led him to join the Second Sons and meet Daenerys in the first place . After Barristan Selmy is killed and Grey Worm left near death , Daenerys heeds Daario 's advice and reopens the pits , but refuses Daario 's advice on publicly executing all the slave masters . Daario is present on the opening day of the fighting games , and banters with Hizdahr and Tyrion Lannister about who will win the competition . He fights to protect Daenerys when the Sons of the Harpy launch another attack and watches her fly away on Drogon . In the aftermath , Daario advises Tyrion , Grey Worm and Missandei to stay in Meereen and hold the city together while he and Jorah depart to search for Daenerys . In season 6 , they finally track Daenerys to Vaes Dothrak and witness Daenerys slaughter the khals and become the new ruler of the Dothraki . Daario leads the Dothraki back to Meereen to slaughter the Sons of the Harpy once and for all , but on Tyrion 's advice , Daenerys breaks up with Daario and leaves him to govern Slaver 's Bay so that she may pursue a marriage alliance in Westeros . Daario reluctantly accepts while proclaiming his love for Daenerys . Missandei ( edit ) Nathalie Emmanuel Main article : Missandei Missandei ( season 3 - present ) portrayed by Nathalie Emmanuel Personal servant to Daenerys Targaryen . She was freed from being a slave working as translator for Kraznys mo Nakloz when Daenerys insisted during negotiations with Kraznys mo Nakloz that Missandei was given to her as a gift . She effectively serves as the replacement of Doreah after she betrayed Daenerys in Qarth . She later begins to teach Grey Worm how to speak the common tongue , and they develop romantic feelings for each other , despite Grey Worm being an Unsullied who was castrated at youth . She is visibly saddened when another Unsullied , White Rat , is killed in a brothel by the Sons of the Harpy . After Grey Worm is almost killed in an attack , Missandei kisses him after he reveals that for the first time , he felt fear , since he thought he would never see her again . On the opening day of the fighting games , the Sons of the Harpy launch another attack . Missandei is narrowly saved by Tyrion Lannister , and watches as Daenerys flies away on Drogon . She later remains in Meereen with Tyrion and Grey Worm to help keep the city together . Despite an attack by the slaver masters ' fleet , Meereen is saved when Daenerys returns with the Dothraki and unleashes her dragons on the fleet , which Missandei witnesses . She later accompanies Daenerys on her voyage back to Westeros . She makes love with Grey Worm and worries for him when he is sent to attack Casterly Rock . Jaqen H'ghar ( edit ) Tom Wlaschiha Main article : Jaqen H'ghar `` Jaqen H'ghar '' ( season 2 , 5 -- 6 ) portrayed by Tom Wlaschiha . Sly , enigmatic , and a dangerous criminal , Jaqen is part of Yoren 's group of recruits taken from King 's Landing to join the Night 's Watch . A foreigner from Braavos , though he originally claims Lorath , he speaks in third person , referring to himself as `` A man '' . On the journey , he meets Arya Stark . When the group is attacked by Lannister bannermen , Arya frees him and two other prisoners , saving them from a fire . He finds Arya again at Harrenhal , where he has since disguised himself as a Lannister guard . He asks her to name three people for him to kill to repay the three deaths she stole from the Many - Faced God , but he refuses to help her in any other way . She chooses two of her enemies , the Tickler , the torturer of Harrenhal , and Ser Amory Lorch , the man who killed Yoren and tried to expose her to Tywin Lannister , and chooses Jaqen himself as the third . Arya `` unnames '' him after he agrees to help her escape . After the break - out , he gives Arya an iron coin , instructing her to give it to any Braavosi and say `` Valar Morghulis '' ( `` All Men Must Die '' in High Valyrian ) should she need more help . He then magically changes his appearance , assumes a new identity , and departs . He and Arya are reunited when she arrives at the House of Black and White in Braavos and he begins training her to become a Faceless Man , though the task proves difficult since Arya is still too attached to her past as a Stark . Jaqen later tasks her with assassinating a fraudulent insurance broker , but she reneges on her mission and instead steals one of the masks to murder Meryn Trant , the Kingsguard who killed Syrio Forel , Arya 's first mentor . In retribution , Jaqen confronts Arya and condemns her to lose her eyesight . In the sixth season , Jaqen brings Arya back to the House of Black and White and eventually returns her sight . He orders her to assassinate Lady Crane , and reluctantly orders her death when Arya botches the assassination , but is impressed upon learning that Arya killed the Waif instead . Though he tells her she is now `` No One '' , she asserts her identity as Arya Stark and leaves Braavos . Tommen Baratheon ( edit ) Dean - Charles Chapman Main article : Tommen Baratheon Tommen Baratheon ( season 1 -- 2 , 4 -- 6 ) portrayed by Callum Whaary in seasons 1 and 2 , and by Dean - Charles Chapman from season 4 onwards . Tommen Baratheon of House Baratheon is the prince presented as the youngest son of King Robert Baratheon and Queen Cersei Lannister . Like his older siblings Joffrey and Myrcella his actual father is his uncle Ser Jaime Lannister . Like his sister he is good - natured and passive in contrast to his brother Joffrey and is fond of his uncle Tyrion . In Season 2 , when Myrcella was shipped off to Dorne as part of a marriage alliance between the Lannisters and Dorne , Tommen wept when his sister for which Joffrey chastises him . During the battle of the Black Water , he sits with Cersei as she prepares to give him night shade drops for a quick , painless death rather than a brutal one , until Tywin announces that they won the battle . In Season 4 he is present at Joffrey and Margaery 's wedding , he also attended Joffrey 's funeral for which Tywin proceeds to tell Tommen what makes a good king , ignoring Cersei 's angry glares . Margaery later visits Tommen one night where he reveals his pet cat Ser Pounce , as well as the fact that he and Joffrey did n't get along and he and Margaery bond over their mutual relief that they are free of him . Tommen agrees that he 'd like Margaery to visit him again . Margaery departs , but not before giving him a kiss on the forehead . A ceremony is held in the Red Keep where the High Septon officially crowns Tommen as king . At Tyrion 's trial Tommen excuses himself from the trial , possibly on Tywin 's advice . In Season 5 during the wake of his grandfather , Tommen is approached by Margaery , who shares a few close words with the king and holds his hand briefly . All of this is observed by Cersei from afar . Tommen and Margaery later marry and consummate that same night , whereupon Margaery begins to manipulate Tommen into trying to send Cersei home . When he does , Cersei immediately begins scheming to get rid of the Tyrells . After Loras Tyrell is arrested for his homosexuality , Tommen furiously confronts Cersei and demands Loras 's release , and tries to speak with the High Septon , though he is impeded by the Faith Militant and refuses to allow bloodshed in front of the Great Sept of Baelor . When Margaery is arrested for lying on Loras 's behalf , Tommen considers attacking the Sept to free his wife and brother - in - law , but Cersei persuades him to stand down , and when Cersei herself is arrested , Tommen falls into a depression and goes on a hunger strike , refusing to see anyone . In the sixth season , Tommen attends Myrcella 's funeral and confronts the High Sparrow , demanding him to allow Cersei to see her daughter . Later , he officially announces an alliance between the Crown and the Faith , and abolishes trial by combat , having effectively fallen under the High Sparrow 's influence . When Cersei destroys the Great Sept of Baelor , killing thousands of people , including Margaery , Loras , Mace , Kevan and the High Sparrow , Tommen witnesses it from his quarters , and , unable to do anything as the Mountain blocks the doorway , he commits suicide by jumping through the window , leaving his crown on the table before doing so . His body is later burned and buried beneath the Sept 's ruins , with Tywin , Joffrey and Myrcella . Roose Bolton ( edit ) Main article : Roose Bolton Roose Bolton ( season 2 -- 6 ) portrayed by Michael McElhatton . A Bannerman of the North and Lord of the Dreadfort . The Bolton family have a nasty history of keeping to very old , and barbaric ways , including flaying their enemies alive , and Roose is no exception , being suspected of not feeling any emotion . His cunning makes him a valuable ally , but his unpredictable nature makes him a dangerous one . In Season 2 , Roose has declared for the King in the North and serves as a chief member of Robb Stark 's war council . In secret , Roose feels the Stark cause is lost due to the fact Robb never once listened or heeded his advice , and so acts to secure Bolton predominance in the North -- he sends his bastard son Ramsay to take Winterfell from the Ironborn ( for his own amusement , Ramsay burns the castle to the ground and flays the defenders after offering them safe passage ) , and afterwards claims the Ironborn destroyed the castle and apparently killed Robb 's younger brothers Bran and Rickon . In Season 3 , Roose works with Walder Frey at Tywin Lannister 's request to betray the Starks at Edmure Tully 's wedding at the Twins . The ambush results in the destruction of the Stark forces by Bolton and Frey men , and deaths of all three Starks and Northern lords present in Walder Frey 's hall -- Roose personally kills the King in the North with a single stab through the heart , chiding that `` the Lannisters send their regards '' . For his loyalty he is named Warden of the North by the crown ( although Tywin Lannister intends to reclaim the title by marrying his son Tyrion to Sansa Stark , the presumed heir to Winterfell ) . In Season 4 , Roose and his men return to the North where he chastises Ramsay for having tortured Theon , as he was a valuable hostage . He also plans to reconquer his new lands from the invading Ironborn , since Tywin is refusing to help him , while ordering his man - at - arms , Locke , to hunt down and kill the remaining Stark boys and Jon Snow ( although Locke is killed by Bran Stark in the attempt ) . With help from Ramsay and Theon Greyjoy , Roose manages to drive the remaining Ironborn out of the Northern lands , and Roose legitimizes Ramsay as his true son . The Bolton 's make their way to Winterfell , although they still face opposition from the Northerners -- who are furious with the Boltons for betraying the Starks -- and Stannis Baratheon , who aims to rally the North as a springboard against House Lannister rule and bring the Boltons down in the process . Roose has Ramsay married to Sansa Stark the true heir of Winterfell . As Stannis eventually nears , snowbound trapped by a blizzard , he approves of Ramsay 's raiding of the Baratheon camp , where they successfully destroys most of their supplies and siege engines , diminishing Baratheon chances of taking the North . Stannis ultimately perishes in the ensuing battle , but Sansa escapes from Winterfell with Theon 's help . Roose threatens Ramsay with being disinherited if Sansa is not found . When news reaches him of Sansa 's disappearance and the birth of his son with Walda , Roose is killed by Ramsay . The High Sparrow ( edit ) Jonathan Pryce Main article : High Sparrow The High Sparrow ( season 5 -- 6 ) portrayed by Jonathan Pryce . A devout and pious man , the High Sparrow came to King 's Landing after Tywin Lannister 's death to serve the poor , downtrodden and infirm . He quickly amasses a large following , including Cersei 's cousin and former lover Lancel , who swarm over the city , ministering to the needy and denouncing corruption . He is first noticed by Cersei Lannister when his followers assault and humiliate the High Septon at a brothel . Although she considers capturing and executing him , Cersei decides to use him in her schemes against the Tyrell family . She pretends to agree with his religious views and appoints him as the new High Septon . She also reinstates what had been a long - defunct military order called the Faith Militant , giving them the legal authority to pursue , torture and imprison anyone whom they believed was defying religious principles , no matter their rank or wealth . She tells him of Ser Loras Tyrell 's homosexuality , which leads to his arrest by the Faith an inquest presided over by the High Sparrow . Loras 's lover Olyvar gives incriminating testimony , so the High Sparrow has both Ser Loras and his sister , Queen Margaery , incarcerated , the latter for perjuring herself when she lied to protect her brother . Loras and Margaery 's grandmother , Lady Olenna , attempts to bribe the High Sparrow into offering clemency and is surprised to find that he is uninterested . After Lancel confesses of his and Cersei 's affair and of her role in Robert Baratheon 's death , the High Sparrow turns on the Queen mother and has her arrested and imprisoned . When Cersei decides to plead for mercy , the High Sparrow listens to her confession of adultery and , on the condition that she stand for trial for her other sins , permits her to return to the Red Keep but only after she performs a walk of Atonement , in which her hair is cut and she must walk naked through the mob . The High Sparrow soon brings Tommen and Margaery under his influence , effectively becoming the new ruler of King 's Landin , but he is ultimately killed when Cersei rigs the Great Sept of Baelor with wildfire and detonates it with thousands of people inside . Supporting characters ( edit ) House Arryn ( edit ) Robin Arryn ( season 1 , 4 -- 6 ) portrayed by Lino Facioli . Lino Facioli Robin Arryn , Lord of the Eyrie and Defender of the Vale , is the only child of Jon and Lysa Arryn and a sickly boy doted on by his mother . He is still breastfed despite being well into pre-adolescence , and is mentally and socially maladjusted . He enjoys seeing people executed by defenestration , whether they are guilty or not ( of note , Robin seems to enjoy seeing anything fall through the moon door , since the first thing he does when Petyr Baelish brings him a toy is to gleefully throw it through the moon door ) . In Season 1 , he is present at Tyrion Lannister 's trial , but shows little to no interest in the details and continuously begs his mother to make the `` little Lannister baby - man '' fly , which would mean Tyrion being executed , although Tyrion is acquitted . In Season 4 , he greets Petyr `` Littlefinger '' Baelish as `` Uncle Petyr '' and meets his cousin , Sansa Stark , for the first time . Lysa later mentions in conversation that Robin and Sansa are to be betrothed . However , tensions arise between them when Robin ruins Sansa 's snow castle of Winterfell and Sansa slaps Robin in retaliation . After Lysa is killed , Petyr proposes that Robin be taken on several tours of the Vale so as to prepare him for ruling it one day as its new Lord , though Petyr implies that his intention is for Robin to be killed in the process . In season 5 , Robin is being trained in the art of fighting , but lacks the skill and determination due to his upbringing . Petyr leaves him in the care of Yohn Royce . In season 6 , Robin is informed of Sansa 's escape from House Bolton , and through Petyr 's manipulations , Robin gives the order for the Knights of the Vale to aid her and Jon Snow against Ramsay Bolton . Yohn Royce ( season 4 -- present ) portrayed by Rupert Vansittart . Rupert Vansittart Yohn Royce , known as `` Bronze Yohn '' , is the head of House Royce of Runestone , a powerful vassal house of House Arryn . Like Lady Waynwood , he suspects Petyr Baelish of having murdered Lysa Arryn , but her death is eventually ruled a suicide . In season 5 , he takes Robin Arryn in as his ward . In the sixth season , he is summoned by Baelish to lead the Knights of the Vale to aid Sansa Stark and Jon Snow against the Boltons . In the aftermath , after voicing his disapproval of the wildlings , Yohn joins the Northern Lords in proclaiming Jon the new King in the North . When Baelish is accused by Sansa of Lysa 's murder , Yohn supports Sansa 's decision to try Baelish . Anya Waynwood ( season 4 ) portrayed by Paola Dionisotti . Lady Anya Waynwood is the head of House Waynwood , a powerful vassal house of House Arryn . She suspects Petyr Baelish of murdering Lysa Arryn , but the death is ruled a suicide . Lysa Arryn ( season 1 , 4 ) portrayed by Kate Dickie . Kate Dickie Lysa Arryn ( née Tully ) , currently Mistress of the Eyrie , is the widow of Lord Jon Arryn . Born to the Lord and Lady of the Riverlands , she is the younger sister of Catelyn Stark , Lady of Winterfell , and the older sister of Lord Edmure Tully , Lord of Riverrun . She has grown mentally unstable since the death of her husband , and is convinced that as long as she stays boarded up in the Eyrie she will be safe . Justice for her husband rarely crosses her mind , unless exacting it does n't mean bestirring herself or her guards from her castle . She is also overly protective of her son , Robin Arryn , which has made him a weak and spoiled child . In season 1 , Lysa sends Catelyn a letter suggesting that the Lannisters were responsible for the death of Jon Arryn , which prompts Catelyn to investigate . Tyrion Lannister is later taken before Lysa to face justice for attempting to murder Bran Stark . Though Tyrion is innocent , Lysa appears uninterested in the details and even accuses him of murdering Jon . Lysa loses when Tyrion demands a trial by combat and Tyrion 's champion , Bronn , wins . She later receives word that Robb Stark is marching on King 's Landing to rescue Ned Stark , who has been wrongfully imprisoned , but fails to tell Catelyn . Catelyn confronts her and pleads for help , but Lysa refuses to provide Catelyn with more men , since her only concern is Robin 's safety . By season 3 , the Vale has remained untouched by the war , and she is betrothed to Littlefinger , who travels to the Vale to marry her . In season 4 , it is revealed that Lysa and Littlefinger have been having an affair for quite some time , and are the ones responsible for poisoning Jon Arryn and ( though indirectly ) Joffrey Baratheon . When Littlefinger returns from King 's Landing with Sansa Stark , Lysa greets her niece warmly and insists on marrying Littlefinger that same day . Later , however , Lysa accuses Sansa of seducing Littlefinger , but when Sansa insists that she did not , Lysa immediately calms down and tells Sansa that she is to marry Robin . However , Lysa catches Petyr kissing Sansa and angrily confronts Sansa about it , threatening to push her through the moon door , but Petyr intervenes and pacifies Lysa , before telling her that the one woman he only truly ever loved was Catelyn , and pushing her through the moon door to her death . Her death is ruled a suicide thanks to lies by Petyr and Sansa . House Baratheon ( edit ) Myrcella Baratheon ( season 1 -- 2 , 5 -- 6 ) portrayed by Aimee Richardson on season 1 and 2 , and by Nell Tiger Free on seasons 5 and 6 . Aimee Richardson The Royal Princess , Myrcella is the younger sister of Prince Joffrey and only daughter of Cersei Lannister . She , like her brothers , is also the child of her mother 's brother , Jaime , though she remains unaware of this . Unlike her older brother Joffrey , Myrcella is a kind and good person and enjoys being with her uncle Tyrion who in turn dotes on his niece . As part of an alliance between House Lannisters and Martell , Myrcella is betrothed to Trystane Martell , son of Prince Doran Martell of Dorne , and sent to Dorne as a ward of House Martell . For over two years , she has been a guest and ward of Prince Doran , betrothed to his son , but her position has become tenuous with the death of Oberyn Martell , the Prince 's brother . In season 5 , Myrcella is shown at the Water Gardens with her betrothed , with whom she seems to have a good relationship . Unbeknownst to her , she has become a part of Ellaria Sand 's plans for revenge although Prince Doran refuses that the young princess be hurt as part of their revenge against the Lannisters . Myrcella is nearly taken by the Sand Snakes but is rescued by the Prince 's Guard . She later tells her uncle that she now considers Dorne her home and wants to marry Trystane . A while later , Prince Doran allows her to return to the capital with Jaime on the condition that Trystane accompany them , where he will become a member of the Small Council . On the jetty , about to board the ship , she forgives Ellaria Sand , who unexpectedly gives her a kiss on the mouth . On board the ship , Jaime awkwardly attempts to explain the true nature of his relationship with her mother , to which Myrcella responds that she already knows , having `` felt '' it for a long time . Jaime embraces his daughter , only to discover in horror that she is bleeding from a poison imbued orally by Ellaria . She collapses and dies in his arms . In season 6 , her body is returned to King 's Landing and laid to rest in the Great Sept of Baelor . Her funeral is attended only by Jaime and Tommen . Selyse Florent ( season 2 -- 5 ) portrayed by Tara Fitzgerald . Tara Fitzgerald Selyse Baratheon ( née Florent ) is the wife of Stannis Baratheon who is kept locked in a tower on Dragonstone . She married Stannis sometime before the events of Robert 's Rebellion . Selyse is a fervent worshiper of R'hllor and a supporter of Melisandre . She keeps the preserved corpses of her stillborn sons in jars in her chambers , seemingly even to Stannis 's disgust , but expresses resentment over their daughter , Shireen , who suffers from greyscale and who Selyse sees as a demon , though she is only stopped from abusing her by Stannis . She later accompanies her husband to the Wall , and is present at the funeral of the Night 's Watch brothers who died in the Battle of Castle Black . She later witnesses Mance Rayder 's execution and accompanies her husband on the march to Winterfell . After their army becomes trapped in a blizzard , she accepts Melisandre 's advice to have Shireen sacrificed as a gift to the Lord of Light , only to recant in the last moments , refusing to stand by as her daughter burns to death . Restrained by Baratheon soldiers , she collapses in screams of agony . The next morning , Selyse hangs herself out of grief . Shireen Baratheon ( season 3 -- 5 ) portrayed by Kerry Ingram . Kerry Ingram Shireen is the young daughter of Stannis Baratheon and Selyse Florent . Her face is disfigured by the disease Greyscale , but she is not yet crippled by it . She is a friend of Davos Seaworth and visits him during his captivity at Dragonstone with books , convincing him to teach himself to read , which he does . Though she does not get on well with Melisandre and has a bleak relationship with her mother , she shares a strong bond with her father , who loves her dearly . She later accompanies her father to the Wall , where she witnesses the funeral of the Night 's Watch brothers who died in the Battle of Castle Black , as well as the execution of Mance Rayder , and also becomes friends with Gilly and Samwell Tarly . She is sacrificed to the Red God , when Stannis ' army is stuck in a snow storm on the way to Winterfell , crying out for her parents who witness her death in tears . Surprisingly , this leads to the departure of half of Stannis 's army , the latter eventually losing his battle against the Boltons . Renly Baratheon ( season 1 -- 2 ) portrayed by Gethin Anthony . Renly Baratheon , Lord of Storm 's End , is the youngest brother of King Robert and Master of Laws in the Small Council . He is popular with the people because he is handsome , jovial , and throws extravagant balls and masquerades . He is not fond of fighting or bloodshed , and would rather make friends than kill enemies . He is secretly the lover of Ser Loras Tyrell , the Knight of the Flowers , who convinces him that those qualities make him better ruling material than either of his older brothers . While Robert lies dying , Renly attempts to convince Ned of this , and that the two of them should kidnap Joffrey and rule the realm themselves . However , Ned refuses , so Renly , Loras , and their followers flee south . Once Joffrey becomes King and has Ned executed , Renly challenges his nephew 's claim to the throne . Renly declares himself King of the Seven Kingdoms during Season 2 and wins the support of the Baratheon bannermen and the support of other houses , despite Stannis ' better claim . He also seals an alliance with the powerful House Tyrell and its bannermen ( including Randyll Tarly , father of Samwell Tarly ) by marrying Margaery Tyrell . He leads his massive army slowly through southern Westeros , biding his time . Catelyn Stark tries to convince Renly and Stannis to put aside their differences and unite against the Lannisters but it fails as both brothers refuses to give their claim for the throne . On the night before a battle between his and Stannis ' forces , Renly agrees to Catelyn to allow the North and Riverlands be an independent kingdom if they allied with him , but on the condition that Robb Stark swear fealty to him . However , Renly is assassinated by Melisandre , who gives birth to a shadow demon and sends it to kill Renly in order to remove him from Stannis ' path . Stannis is initially unaware of the nature of Melisandre 's crime , and is later visibly shocked and saddened of the role he played in his brother 's death , which he visibly regrets . Salladhor Saan ( season 2 -- 4 ) portrayed by Lucian Msamati . Lucian Msamati The Prince of the Narrow Sea , Salladhor is a notorious pirate , trader , and smuggler from Lys . An old friend of Davos , he now sails for Stannis Baratheon on his ship , the Valyrian and his fleet of thirty ships . He has little patience for those that worship R'hollor -- Melisandre 's God -- since he has traveled the world and seen many gods and has come to the conclusion the only true god is between a woman 's legs . He agrees to work with Stannis after Davos promises him and his pirates they will be paid in gold and plunder from King 's Landing . Salladhor even goes as far as to request the chance to bed Cersei Lannister after the battle , but Davos refuses , unsure if Cersei will be alive at the time . After the Battle of the Blackwater , he finds Davos stranded on a rock and rescues him , but considers his allegiance broken and departs from Stannis ' cause after dropping Davos off at Dragonstone , warning him that the Red Woman will pose a threat to him . In season 4 , Davos tracks him in Braavos , and offers him gold in exchange for his help in gathering a new army to help them aid the Night 's Watch . Matthos Seaworth ( season 2 ) portrayed by Kerr Logan . Davos ' son and second - in - command on his father 's ship , Black Betha . Matthos is a devout follower of the Lord of Light and continually tries to convince his father to convert . During the Battle of Blackwater , the Black Betha is caught in a wildfire explosion , killing Matthos . Maester Cressen ( season 2 ) portrayed by Oliver Ford - Davies . Oliver Ford Davies Cressen is the aged Maester of Dragonstone , and skeptical of Melisandre 's predictions and the ambitions she has instilled in Lord Stannis to proclaim himself king , claiming `` since that boar killed his brother , every lord wants a coronation '' . He is disgusted when Melisandre sets idols of the Seven gods on fire in the name of her god -- R'hollor . He dies in a suicidal attempt to kill Melisandre , offering to share a poisoned cup of wine that did n't affect her , but killed the aged Cressen almost instantly . House Bolton ( edit ) `` Fat '' Walda Bolton ( season 4 -- 6 ) portrayed by Elizabeth Webster . Walda Bolton ( née Frey ) is a granddaughter of Lord Walder Frey . She is the new wife of Roose Bolton , the Lord of the Dreadfort . During the wedding feast of Edmure Tully and Roslin Frey , Lord Bolton recounts to Catelyn Stark and Ser Brynden `` Blackfish '' Tully how Lord Walder Frey proposed him to marry one of his granddaughters and offered her weight in silver as dowry . Lord Bolton then adds he chose the fattest bride available and she has made him very rich . In Season 4 , she arrives at the Dreadfort with her new husband and his men ( having been smuggled back into the North to avoid the Ironborn ) and is greeted warmly by Ramsay Snow as `` mother '' . She accompanies the Boltons to Winterfell , and receives Sansa Stark and Petyr Baelish along with her husband and stepson . In season 5 it is revealed that she is pregnant , which makes Ramsay feel threatened for his position as Roose 's heir . In season 6 , after she gives birth to a boy , she and her baby are mauled to death by Ramsay 's hounds , shortly after Ramsay kills his father . Harald Karstark ( season 6 ) portrayed by Paul Rattray . The lord of Karhold and the son of Rickard Karstark , who was executed by Robb Stark . He declares for House Bolton in order to counter any Stark force that Sansa may muster after escaping Winterfell , and witnesses Ramsay kill Roose . In the subsequent battle between the Bolton forces and Jon Snow 's army , Harald leads the Karstark men into battle , but he disappears in the ensuing conflict . Although his death is not shown , Jon Snow confirms it in the season 7 premiere . Jon Umber ( season 6 ) portrayed by Dean S. Jagger . `` Smalljon '' Umber is the son of Greatjon Umber , one of House Stark 's most powerful banner men . `` Smalljon '' became Lord of Last Hearth , the northernmost of the castles in the North , after his father 's death . Smalljon , however , chooses to side with the Boltons by handing his father 's wards , Rickon Stark and Osha , to Ramsay Snow as an alliance gift , to gain Ramsay 's help in countering Jon Snow and his wildling army . In the subsequent battle between Ramsay 's forces and Jon Snow 's army , he leads the Umber forces into battle and fights Tormund Giantsbane . Though it seems as if he will win , Smalljon is momentarily distracted by the arrival of the Knights of the Vale , long enough for Tormund to bite his throat out and stab him to death . Myranda ( season 3 -- 6 ) portrayed by Charlotte Hope . Myranda is a servant of House Bolton . She is one of Ramsay Snow 's bedwarmers and assists in his sadistic schemes , such as seducing Theon Greyjoy in order to give him an erection so Ramsay can castrate him , and helping Ramsay hunt a peasant girl with Ramsay 's hounds solely because she was more attractive than her . She later accompanies the Boltons to Winterfell , and is present when Sansa Stark arrives with Petyr Baelish , eyeing Sansa with jealousy and anger . During Sansa 's stay at Winterfell , Myranda encounters her again with Theon and torments her with stories of Ramsay 's sadism . When Sansa refuses to be bullied , Myranda points an arrow to her , preparing to injure her while leaving her usable for Ramsay to father a child . However , this tips Theon into finally rebelling against the Boltons and he saves Sansa by disarming Myranda and pushing her off the castle wall to her death . Her body is found shortly afterwards by Ramsay , who pays his respects to her before having her fed to the hounds . Locke ( season 3 -- 4 ) portrayed by Noah Taylor . Noah Taylor A man - at - arms sworn to House Bolton , and acts as Roose Bolton 's personal bounty hunter . He captures Brienne of Tarth and Jaime Lannister who were on their way to King 's Landing , Locke later cuts off Jaime 's sword - hand on route to Harrenhal and tries to feed Brienne to a bear rather than hold her ransom , further demonstrating his contempt for wealth and nobility . He holds Harrenhal in Roose Bolton 's name until former Master of Coin Lord Petyr Baelish is been proclaimed Lord of Harrenhal and the Riverlands . In Season 4 , Locke has followed Lord Bolton in pledging loyalty to the Lannisters , and arrives at the Dreadfort with Roose and his men ( having been smuggled back into the North to avoid the Ironborn ) . Locke warmly greets Roose 's bastard Ramsay -- the two are friends and share mutual interests in flaying and mutilation of their enemies . When Roose learns Bran and Rickon Stark are alive , and may pose a threat to his new title as Warden of the North , he commands Locke to go on a hunt to find the boys , in exchange for a thousand acres of land and a holdfast of his own . Locke eventually arrives at the Wall and becomes acquainted with Jon Snow , Bran and Rickon 's half - brother , who he apparently plans to kill as per Ramsay 's suggestion . Locke is one of the few who join Jon on his mission to kill the Night 's Watch mutineers at Craster 's Keep , and in the ensuing battle , he escapes the fray and locates Bran Stark held captive with Jojen Reed , Meera Reed and Hodor . Locke attempts to kidnap Bran and kill him unseen , but Bran uses his warg abilities to enter Hodor 's mind , and kills Locke by snapping his neck . His body is brought back to Craster 's Keep by Eddison Tollett , and burned along with the rest of the slain . House Frey ( edit ) Walder Frey ( season 1 , 3 , 6 -- 7 ) portrayed by David Bradley . David Bradley Lord Walder Frey , nicknamed the `` Late Lord Frey '' , is the head of House Frey , Lord of the Crossing and bannerman to House Tully . He is known for outliving his many wives ( now on his 8th ) and siring over 100 children ( both bastard and trueborn ) . Because the use of the Twins became a strategic necessity for Robb 's host , Walder was able to negotiate marriage contracts for his children to Robb and Arya Stark . But during Season 2 Robb broke his word and married Lady Talisa . For this slight , and willing to take advantage of the war 's changing fortunes , he conspires with Tywin Lannister and Roose Bolton to betray Robb Stark at the wedding of his liege Edmure Tully , which he insists in return for support of his men . Frey hosts the infamous `` Red Wedding '' at which Robb Stark , his wife and mother are all murdered , refusing to spare Robb even as Catelyn holds Lady Frey hostage and threatens to slit her throat , which she does . He is subsequently granted Riverrun and its lands ( though the title Lord Paramount of the Riverlands passes to Harrenhal and House Baelish ) and expresses delight to take another young wife , but his house is irredeemably tarnished by the betrayal and House Tully 's vassals refuse to submit to his rule . In Season 6 , he is outraged when he hears of the Blackfish recapture ' of Riverrun and blames his sons Lothar and Black Walder for allowing him to escape . He then orders them to retake the castle using Edmure Tully as a hostage . Though they successfully retake Riverrun with the help of a Lannister host led by Jaime Lannister , Walder is ambushed shortly afterwards by Arya Stark , who slits his throat in revenge for the Red Wedding . In Season 7 , Arya uses Walder 's face to deceive and poison the rest of his family . `` Lame '' Lothar Frey ( season 3 , 6 ) portrayed by Tom Brooke in season 3 , and by Daniel Tuite in season 6 . One of Lord Walder Frey 's many sons , nicknamed `` Lame Lothar '' because of his twisted leg . He and his half - brother Black Walder are sent by their father to Riverrun to propose a marriage between Lord Edmure Tully and Roslin Frey as terms for House Frey rejoining Robb Stark 's campaign against the Lannisters . He is one of the first to commence the `` Red Wedding '' , stabbing Talisa Stark in the womb several times and killing her and her unborn child . In the sixth season , he is ordered by Walder to retake Riverrun from Brynden Tully . Though they succeed with Lannister help , he is killed by Arya Stark , who subsequently bakes him into a pie . `` Black '' Walder Rivers ( season 3 , 6 ) portrayed by Tim Plester . One of Lord Walder Frey 's many bastard sons , nicknamed `` Black Walder '' for his dark demeanor . He and his half - brother Lame Lothar are sent by their father to Riverrun to propose a marriage between Lord Edmure Tully and Roslin Frey as terms for House Frey rejoining Robb Stark 's campaign against the Lannister . He kills Catelyn Stark at the Red Wedding , after she slits Lady Frey 's throat in retaliation for her son 's death . In the sixth season , he takes part in the siege of Riverrun . Though the Freys reclaim the castle with the help of a Lannister host , Black Walder is killed shortly afterwards along with Lothar by Arya Stark , who bakes them both into a pie . House Greyjoy ( edit ) Yara Greyjoy ( season 2 -- 4 , 6 -- present ) portrayed by Gemma Whelan . Gemma Whelan The daughter of Balon Greyjoy and his wife Alannys Harlaw , and elder sister of Theon . She is fierce and proud , and defies traditional ironborn gender roles by commanding her own ship , the Black Wind . When her brother Theon takes Winterfell , Yara tries to convince him to go back with her to the Iron Islands , but Theon refuses . Theon is betrayed by his own men and given to Ramsay Snow , lord Bolton 's sadistic bastard , who brutally tortures and eventually castrates him . Ramsay sends Theon 's penis in a box to Balon , with Ramsay threatening to mutilate Theon more unless the Ironmen leave the North , whom Ramsay also threatens to flay living . Balon refuses this , but Yara intends to save her brother of her own accord , taking one ship and fifty of the best killers on the Iron islands with her . In season 4 , Yara and her men attack the Dreadfort , but find that Ramsay has broken Theon so badly that he refuses to leave with her and even insists that his name is Reek . Ramsay and his men confront Yara in the dungeon and a battle ensues in which Ramsay frees the hounds and sets them on Yara , who is forced to flee the Dreadfort without Theon , telling her men that Theon is dead . In season 6 , Yara contests the Kingsmoot to decide Balon 's successor and appears to sway the Ironborn by declaring that she will build the world 's largest fleet , but is defeated by Euron , who plans to forge an alliance with Daenerys Targaryen to conquer Westeros . Correctly suspecting that Euron will have them killed , Yara and Theon flee the Iron Islands with their loyalists and the bulk of the Iron Fleet , and head to Meereen to forge an alliance with Daenerys first . After explaining the situation , Yara pledges her forces to Daenerys in return for the Iron Islands ' independence . Yara is ordered to sail to attack King 's Landing . Her fleet is set upon by ships under Euron 's command and she is captured and led in chains through King 's Landing . Euron Greyjoy ( season 6 -- present ) portrayed by Pilou Asbæk . Pilou Asbæk A brother of King Balon Greyjoy , and the uncle of Theon and Yara Greyjoy . Euron is an infamous pirate who has terrorized seas all around the world . He is cunning , ruthless , with a touch of madness . He kills Balon Greyjoy by throwing him off a rope bridge , declaring that Balon 's time is past and that it is time for a new king . At the Kingsmoot he confesses to killing Balon , but convinces the Ironborn that Balon was a poor military commander and declares that he will seduce Daenerys Targaryen and give her the Iron Fleet to conquer Westeros . The Ironborn declare Euron as their king , but before Euron can put Theon and Yara to death he discovers they have fled with the best ships of the Iron Fleet . Undeterred , he orders the Ironborn to begin constructing a new fleet . He uses this fleet to attack Yara 's fleet with fire . He kills two Sand Snakes and captures Yara , Ellaria Sand and Tyene Sand . He gives the Sands to Cersei and keeps Yara prisoner . When he meets Theon he taunts him over his captive sister . Aeron Greyjoy ( season 6 ) portrayed by Michael Feast . Michael Feast A brother of King Balon Greyjoy , and an uncle of Theon and Yara Greyjoy . Aeron is a Drowned Priest in service to the Drowned God . After Balon 's death , Aeron holds a Kingsmoot to determine Balon 's successor . Euron Greyjoy wins the election and is baptized by Aeron . Balon Greyjoy ( season 2 -- 3 , 6 ) portrayed by Patrick Malahide , is the Lord of the Iron Islands and the father of Theon and Yara . Balon wished to continue the conquering ways of his people , which led him to rebel against the Iron Throne 9 years prior to the start of the series . He lost , with two of his three sons killed in the war ; his youngest , Theon , was taken as a ward at Winterfell as a way to keep him from attempting another rebellion . After Theon returns to the Iron Islands with an offer from King Robb Stark for an alliance against the Lannisters , Balon refuses and instead launches beach raids against the North , proclaiming himself King of the Iron islands and the North . Theon , however , is captured and brutally tortured by the sadistic Ramsay Snow , lord Bolton 's bastard , who eventually castrates him . Ramsay sends Theon 's penis in a box to Balon , with Ramsay threatening to mutilate Theon further unless the Ironmen retreat from the North , whom Ramsay also threatens to flay living . Balon refuses , stating that as Theon defied him by attacking Winterfell , claiming him a `` fool '' and `` not a man anymore '' , to which Yara responds she intends to save her little brother of her own accord . In Season 6 , he is confronted by his younger brother , Euron , who declares that Balon has ruled for too long and throws him from a rope bridge to his death . Dagmer Cleftjaw ( season 2 ) portrayed by Ralph Ineson . Ralph Ineson Dagmer is an Ironborn Raider and Theon Greyjoy 's first mate on the Sea Bitch . He suggests that Theon prove himself by taking Winterfell , and persuades him to commit further atrocities to shore up his rule , such as executing Ser Rodrik Cassel for defying Theon and killing two children to pass off as Bran and Rickon Stark . However , when Robb Stark sends Ramsay Snow with an offer to spare the Ironborn if they surrender Winterfell and Theon , he knocks Theon out to hand him over and fatally wounds Maester Luwin . It is revealed in the season three finale that Dagmer and the other ironborn were instead flayed alive by Ramsay Snow and his men . Lorren ( season 2 ) portrayed by Forbes KB . An infamous Ironborn raider better known as Black Lorren . He is considered among the fiercest Ironborn warriors . He is under Theon 's command while taking Winterfell . He is ultimately flayed alive by Ramsay Snow , along with the other Ironborn at Winterfell . House Lannister ( edit ) Gregor Clegane ( season 1 -- 2 , 4 -- present ) portrayed by Conan Stevens in season 1 , by Ian Whyte in season 2 , and by Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson from season 4 onwards . Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson , the third and latest actor to portray Ser Gregor Clegane Ser Gregor Clegane is a huge knight and the elder brother of Sandor Clegane . Called `` The Mountain That Rides '' , he is known for his incredibly cruel nature and uncontrollable temper . His size and strength make him a fearsome warrior , and he has earned a reputation for cruelty and brutality . He is able to wield a two - handed sword one handed . When they were children , Gregor shoved Sandor 's face into a brazier , gruesomely scarring him . In Season 1 , Tywin Lannister sends him to raid the Riverlands . Beric Dondarrion is sent to arrest Gregor . When war breaks out , Gregor is given command of Tywin 's vanguard and left flank and leads his men through intimidation . In Season 2 he is left to command Harrenhal in Tywin 's absence and to find and destroy `` The Brotherhood Without Banners '' , invoking the escape of Arya , Gendry and Hot Pie from Harrenhal . He later abandons the castle after slaughtering the prisoners and is defeated by Edmure Tully at the Stone Mill , but manages to escape back to the Westerlands . Robb chides his uncle , having planned to draw the Mountain into a trap of his own making to be captured or killed . In season 4 , Gregor is chosen as Cersei 's champion for Tyrion 's trial by combat , and fights Oberyn Martell , Tyrion 's champion who wants to kill Clegane as revenge for the needless murder of his sister , Elia Martell Targaryen . Oberyn sustains several serious injuries to Clegane with a weapon that is laced with poison , but Clegane kills Oberyn by crushing his skull , while admitting that he did rape Elia , killed her children and enjoyed it , before collapsing from his own injuries . It is later revealed that Clegane has been poisoned with manticore venom , a poison that Oberyn had laced his weapon with , and that he is slowly dying . Cersei enlists ex-maester Qyburn to save him , though Qyburn claims that the procedure will `` change '' Clegane . The procedure is a seemingly a success , as Gregor has become active again and joins the Kingsguard as a personal knight for Cersei , though the procedure has changed his physical appearance and his behavior . In the sixth season , he continues to act as Cersei 's bodyguard to intimidate all those who may bother or mock her . After Cersei destroys the Great Sept of Baelor and retakes power , she has Gregor torture Septa Unella in revenge for Unella torturing her during her time in prison . Kevan Lannister ( season 1 -- 2 , 5 -- 6 ) portrayed by Ian Gelder . Lord Tywin 's younger brother , Captain of his Guard , Ser Kevan Lannister is a skilled warrior but overshadowed by his brother Tywin to whom he is deeply loyal and obedient . Unlike his older brother , Kevan is very amiable and cares more about the safety of his family members even if it will humiliate the family 's honour . In Season 1 , he is present when Tyrion returns from the Vale and informs him on Jaime 's military victories against Tully bannermen . After Jaime 's capture , he suggests to his brother that they `` should sue for peace '' which is immediately refuted by Tyrion who reminds that Ned Stark 's beheading prevents it . In Season 2 , he sits on a war council in Harrenhal , surmising ( correctly ) that Robb Stark would not march on Casterly Rock until `` at full force '' and also suggests that Cersei and her children leave King 's Landing before Stannis Baratheon sacks the city but the proposition is countered by Tywin , refusing to surrender the Iron Throne . In season 5 , he returns to King 's Landing to attend Tywin 's funeral alongside his only surviving son , Lancel , who has joined the Sparrows movement , which Kevan disapproves . He later refuses to serve on Cersei 's Small Council , in spite her offering him the position of `` Master of War '' , questioning her authority , and returning to Casterly Rock until the King himself calls for him . When his niece is arrested by the Faith Militant for sleeping with his son among other sins , Grand Maester Pycelle summons him back to offer him the position of Hand of the King . He later is present at Cersei 's return to the Red Keep , immediately after her enduring Walk of Atonement . In the sixth season , Kevan continues to serve as Tommen 's Hand while attempting to deal with the High Sparrow without bloodshed and spurning Cersei 's attempts to regain influence in the royal court . On the day of Cersei 's trial , Kevan is killed when Cersei has the Great Sept of Baelor destroyed with wildfire . Lancel Lannister ( season 1 -- 2 , 5 -- 6 ) portrayed by Eugene Simon . Eugene Simon Lancel Lannister is the eldest son of Kevan Lannister and cousin of Cersei , Jaime , and Tyrion Lannister . He served as King Robert 's squire ; in which he is clumsy and incompetent in his duties leading Robert to dislike him intensely . In Season 2 , Cersei knights him for his part in Robert 's death . When Jaime goes to war , Cersei takes Lancel as a lover because he resembles her brother . Tyrion eventually discovers the affair and blackmails Lancel into spying for him . During an attack on King 's Landing , Lancel guards Cersei 's son King Joffrey Baratheon and takes a serious wound in the fighting , causing him to retreat . When Joffrey later abandons the battle out of cowardice , Lancel pleads with Cersei to let him take Joffrey back to the battle in order to inspire the troops , but Cersei , clearly more concerned for Joffrey than the city , refuses to listen . In season 5 , he and his father return to King 's Landing to attend Tywin 's funeral . Lancel joins the sparrows , a devout religious movement , and apologises to Cersei for the sins they committed together , such as their affair and conspiracy to murder Robert Baratheon . With the re-establishment of the Faith Militant , Lancel abandons his family name and leads the sparrows on a rampage throughout King 's Landing , arresting Ser Loras Tyrell in the process . Later , on Littlefinger and Olenna Tyrell 's urging , he confesses his own sins to the High Sparrow , which leads to Cersei 's arrest . In the sixth season , Loras continues to serve in the Faith Militant . On the day of Cersei and Loras 's trial , he is lured by one of Qyburn 's little birds to the catacombs underneath the Great Sept of Baelor , where he is stabbed in the spine , rendering him unable to use his legs . He spots a cache of wildfire rigged to explode and crawls towards it , but is too late to stop the detonation and is the first to die . Polliver ( season 2 , 4 ) portrayed by Andy Kellegher . A Lannister man - at - arms who comes into possession of Arya Stark 's sword ; Needle . He captures Arya -- believing her to be a recruit of the Night 's Watch called `` Arry '' and takes her sword which he then uses to kill a crippled Lommy after he asks Polliver to carry him . In Season 4 , he inadvertently crosses paths with Arya and Sandor `` The Hound '' Clegane in an inn in the north . After a brief exchange of insults , a fight breaks out and Polliver 's comrades are slain by Clegane . Arya wounds Polliver from behind , retrieves Needle and kills him in exactly the same manner that he killed Lommy . Alton Lannister ( season 2 ) portrayed by Karl Davies . A cousin of Cersei , Jaime and Tyrion Lannister , and a captive of Robb Stark . In the books there is no character by this name . Here the character Cleos Frey , also a cousin to the Lannisters , has the role of being a captive of House Stark and delivering terms to House Lannister . While held prisoner in the same cell he talks with his cousin Jaime at Stark 's camp , he talks about the time he was allowed to prove himself by squiring for Jaime in a tourney , however during this encounter he is killed by Jaime in an attempt to escape . Amory Lorch ( season 2 ) portrayed by Fintan McKeown . Ser Amory Lorch is a knight and loyal but brutal bannerman of House Lannister . He catches Arya in stealing a parchment containing war orders concerning her brother Robb Stark . She manages to escape him , then finds and hurries the assassin Jaqen H'ghar , to kill Ser Amory to repay the second of the three `` lives '' he owes her . Before Ser Amory can denounce Arya , he drops dead on the doorstep of Tywin 's chambers with a poisoned dart lodged in his neck , as Tywin ( who comes to believe the attempt was on his life ) raises the alarm . The Mountain subsequently kills a number of Lannister soldiers in his hunt for the culprit , but Jaqen leaves Harrenhal without being captured . Lord Leo Lefford ( season 2 ) portrayed by Vinnie McCabe . Lord Lefford is a powerful Bannerman to Lord Tywin , who fought for him against House Stark . He is Head of House Lefford and Lord of The Golden Tooth . House Martell ( edit ) Tyene Sand ( season 5 -- 7 ) portrayed by Rosabell Laurenti Sellers . Rosabell Laurenti Sellers Tyene Sand is the daughter of Prince Oberyn Martell by Ellaria Sand . Tyene is fiercer than she looks , especially with her twin daggers . She assists her mother in her plot to assassinate Myrcella Baratheon as revenge against Cersei , whose actions led to Oberyn 's death . In the ensuing fight with Jaime Lannister and Bronn , she poisons Bronn by striking him with a poison - coated dagger before they are all arrested . In the cells , she strips in front of Bronn to hasten his heartbeat as well as the poison 's effects , though she shows him mercy and gives him the cure . She later synthesises a similar poison for Ellaria , who uses it to poison Myrcella . She gives Ellaria the antidote before she too is killed . When Doran finds out , Tyene kills Areo Hotah while Ellaria stabs Doran in the chest . Tyene subsequently watches her own uncle die without remorse . She is later present when Ellaria meets with Olenna Tyrell to discuss an alliance with Daenerys Targaryen , where she is silenced by Olenna before she can speak . While journeying to Sunspear with her sisters and Ellaria aboard Yara Greyjoy 's ship , Tyene is captured by Euron Greyjoy while defending her mother and taken as a captive aboard his flagship , Silence . Given as a gift to Cersei , Tyene is chained with her mother in a dungeon . Cersei uses a version of the poison on Tyene and leaves her chained in front of her mother so that Ellaria can watch her daughter not just die but decompose . Nymeria Sand ( season 5 -- 7 ) portrayed by Jessica Henwick . Jessica Henwick Nym Sand is the second eldest of Prince Oberyn 's bastard daughters . Her mother was an Eastern noblewoman who brought Nym up to be cultured , graceful and deadly with a whip . She assists Ellaria Sand in her plot to assassinate Myrcella Baratheon as revenge against Cersei Lannister , whose actions led to Oberyn 's death . Though she is briefly imprisoned by her uncle Doran for her treachery , Ellaria murders Myrcella , and Nym joins her in her coup by ambushing and murdering Trystane Martell . She is later present when Ellaria meets with Olenna Tyrell to discuss an alliance with Daenerys Targaryen , where she is silenced by Olenna . In Season 7 , Nymeria accompanies Ellaria , Yara and Theon Greyjoy , and her sisters on the journey to Sunspear from Dragonstone . After they are ambushed by Euron Greyjoy and his fleet , both Nymeria and Obara confront Euron while Tyene protects Ellaria . After the Lord Reaper of the Iron Islands kills Obara , an enraged Nymeria attacks him with her whip , only to be choked to death and then hung from the prow of the ship with her weapon , next to her sister . Obara Sand ( season 5 -- 7 ) portrayed by Keisha Castle - Hughes . Keisha Castle - Hughes A fearsome warrior , Obara Sand is the eldest bastard daughter of Prince Oberyn Martell . Her mother was a Dornish peasant girl who caught the eye of the Prince . She assists Ellaria Sand in her plot to kill Myrcella Baratheon as revenge against Cersei Lannister , whose actions led to Oberyn 's death . Though she is briefly imprisoned by her uncle Doran for her treachery , Ellaria kills Myrcella , and Obara joins her in her coup by personally murdering Trystane Martell , her own cousin . She is later present when Ellaria meets with Olenna Tyrell to discuss an alliance with Daenerys Targaryen , where she is silenced by Olenna . In Season 7 , Obaara accompanies Ellaria , Yara and Theon Greyjoy , and her sisters on the journey to Sunspear from Dragonstone . After they are ambushed by Euron Greyjoy and his fleet , both Nymeria and Obara confront Euron while Tyene protects Ellaria . Ultimately , Euron proves to be a more skillful fighter and ultimately stabs her in the stomach with her own spear . She is impaled at the front of the ship with her spear , next to her hanging sister , Nymeria . Trystane Martell ( season 5 -- 6 ) portrayed by Toby Sebastian . Toby Sebastian Trystane Martell is Prince Doran 's son and heir to Dorne . His father betrothed him to Myrcella Baratheon as part of the alliance offered by Tyrion Lannister , then acting as Hand of the King . He and Myrcella later grow to love each other and Trystane offers to ask his father if they can marry immediately . He is struck by Bronn when he and Jaime Lannister arrive to take Myrcella back , but Trystane later shows Bronn mercy and decides not to have him mutilated , satisfied with having Areo Hotah strike him in a similar manner instead . Doran allows Trystane to accompany Myrcella back to King 's Landing to take his uncle Oberyn 's place on the Small Council , but Trystane 's life is put in danger when Ellaria Sand secretly poisons Myrcella just as their boat leaves Dorne . Though Jaime prepares to send him back to Dorne unharmed , Trystane refuses to leave , insisting on being present for Myrcella 's funeral , so Jaime instructs him to stay on the boat for his own safety . However , as he is painting funeral stones for Myrcella , he is ambushed and killed by Obara and Nymeria Sand , his own cousins , sent by Ellaria Sand to kill him as part of her coup , though most believe his death was Cersei 's doing . Doran Martell ( season 5 -- 6 ) portrayed by Alexander Siddig . Alexander Siddig Doran Martell is the ruling lord of Dorne and older brother to the late Prince Oberyn Martell . Unlike his brother , Doran is even - tempered and deliberate . In season 4 , he is invited to the wedding of Joffrey Baratheon and Margaery Tyrell , but due to suffering from gout , he is unable to attend and sends Oberyn in his stead . After Oberyn is slain by Gregor Clegane , Doran grieves but takes no action , claiming that Oberyn suffered a self - imposed death in a trial by combat , a legal act , and coldly rebutts Ellaria 's proposal to harm Myrcella Baratheon to exact revenge on the Lannisters . However , after a skirmish in which Jaime Lannister and Bronn fight with the Sand Snakes over possession of Myrcella , Doran orders all locked up , including Ellaria . He later grants Jaime an audience and agrees to allow Myrcella to return to King 's Landing along with his son , Trystane Martell , Myrcella 's betrothed , while threatening Ellaria and the Sand Snakes with severe consequences should they defy him again . However , Ellaria later secretly poisons Myrcella despite Doran 's warning . In the sixth season , Doran finds out about Myrcella 's assassination , but he is immediately killed by Ellaria , while his men stand and watch as he dies . Areo Hotah ( season 5 -- 6 ) portrayed by DeObia Oparei . Areo Hotah is the long - serving captain of Doran Martell 's palace guard , renowned for his loyalty and his longaxe . He arrests Jaime Lannister , Bronn , Ellaria Sand and the Sand Snakes following their battle over Myrcella Baratheon , but releases them all on Doran 's request . As retribution for striking Trystane Martell , Areo strikes Bronn across the face . In the sixth season , after Doran finds out about Myrcella 's death at Ellaria 's hands , he is stabbed and poisoned by Tyene Sand , and dies immediately . Oberyn Martell ( season 4 ) portrayed by Pedro Pascal . Pedro Pascal Prince of Dorne , known as the Red Viper . He is the hot - headed younger brother of Doran Martell , Prince of Dorne and Lord of Sunspear . A renowned warrior and traveler , Oberyn has eight bastard daughters , called the Sand Snakes . His sister , Elia Targaryen , was raped and killed during the Sack of King 's Landing by Ser Gregor Clegane . In season 4 , Oberyn arrives in King 's Landing with his paramour , Ellaria Sand , to attend Joffrey 's wedding in his brother 's stead , and his meeting with Tyrion makes it clear that he has actually come to take revenge against the Lannisters for their role in the deaths of his sister , nephew and niece . At the wedding , Joffrey dies after being poisoned , and Tywin initially suspects Oberyn of having a hand in the murder since Oberyn has a past with poison chemistry , while Oberyn denies involvement and accuses Tywin of ordering Gregor Clegane to rape and murder Elia . The two reach a settlement when Tywin promises Oberyn a meeting with Clegane in exchange for Oberyn serving as one of the three judges at Tyrion 's trial . At the trial , Oberyn implies that he is not convinced of Tyrion 's guilt , and openly questions Cersei 's testimony and asks Shae why Tyrion would tell her about all of his plans to murder Joffrey if he was the perpetrator . When Tyrion demands a trial by combat and Gregor Clegane is chosen as Cersei 's champion , Oberyn volunteers to fight for Tyrion , proclaiming that he will exact his vengeance , starting with Ser Gregor . Martell valiantly fights Clegane , his superior speed making up for Clegane 's size , and manages to wound him in the shoulder and the leg , flooring him . Refusing to kill him immediately , Oberyn furiously demands that Clegane admit to raping and killing Elia and her children , and that the order came from Tywin himself . Distracted for a moment , Oberyn is floored by Clegane , who -- in a manner self - admittedly paraphrasing the murder of Elia -- knocks out his teeth , straddles him and slowly gouges out his eyes , admitting to the rape and murder of Elia before crushing his skull . Tyrion is subsequently sentenced to death , but Oberyn 's objective of vengeance was not in vain , since his spear is revealed to have been laced with the deadly venom of the manticore , which is slowly killing Clegane . Oberyn 's death , however , throws House Martell into chaos , since Ellaria is driven insane to the point that she kills Myrcella Baratheon , Doran Martell and Trystane Martell ( Oberyn 's own brother and nephew , respectively ) to get revenge against the Lannisters . House Stark ( edit ) Robett Glover ( season 6 -- present ) portrayed by Tim McInnerny . Tim McInnerny Robett is the brother of Galbart Glover , the Master of Deepwood Motte . He succeeded him after Galbart 's death in the War of the Five Kings . House Glover were bannermen of House Stark but this changed after the Boltons helped him take Deepwood Motte back from the Ironborn who had captured it . He refuses Jon and Sansa 's request for aid against the Boltons , citing his brother 's death fighting for Robb , the fact that Robb marching to war in the south provided an opportunity for the Ironborn to capture his castle , in the process killing his subjects and imprisoning his family , and finally the fact that Jon 's army is composed primarily of Wildings , who the Northern houses have been fighting for generations . However , after Jon Snow and Sansa Stark successfully recapture Winterfell from the Boltons , with help from Littlefinger and the Knights of the Vale , House Glover becomes sworn to House Stark once more , with Lord Glover apologizing for his previous refusal of aid and crowning Jon the King in the North . Meera Reed ( season 3 -- 4 , 6 -- present ) portrayed by Ellie Kendrick . Ellie Kendrick Jojen 's elder sister and daughter of Lord Howland Reed , Eddard Stark 's old friend from Robert 's Rebellion . In season 3 Meera and her brother join Bran in his journey to the Wall and beyond in order to help him to find the Three - eyed Raven . In season 4 , they stumble across Craster 's Keep and are captured by the Night 's Watch mutineers led by Karl . Meera is almost raped by Karl , but is saved when Bran reveals his identity in order to protect her . Karl later tries again to rape her , but an attack by Night 's Watch rangers saves her , and they manage to escape during the fray . They eventually reach the three - eyed raven in a cave , but are attacked by reanimated skeletons outside it . Jojen is fatally stabbed , and Meera performs a mercy killing on him . In season 6 , she continues to mourn for Jojen . After the cave is attacked by White Walkers , she pulls Bran to safety until the wights catch up . They are rescued by Bran 's uncle , Benjen Stark , who ultimately takes them back to the Wall . When she leaves Bran to go back south to her home , she is devastated that he gives no acknowledgement of her sacrifices or her brother 's . Lyanna Mormont ( season 6 -- present ) portrayed by Bella Ramsey . Lyanna Mormont is the 10 - year - old head of House Mormont of Bear Island . She is the niece of Lord Commander Jeor Mormont of the Night 's Watch and cousin of Ser Jorah Mormont . In the fifth season , she refuses Stannis Baratheon 's request to aid him in his campaign to overthrow the Boltons and rally the North to help him retake the Iron Throne , asserting her loyalty to House Stark . In the sixth season , she is approached by Jon Snow , Sansa Stark and Davos Seaworth for help in retaking Winterfell from Ramsay Bolton . Though Lyanna is ready to refuse , citing Jon as a bastard and Sansa as a Lannister / Bolton wife , she is persuaded to offer help when Davos informs her of the coming battle against the Night King . She accompanies the Mormont forces and witnesses the subsequent battle between Jon and Ramsay 's armies . After the castle is retaken , Lyanna admonishes Wyman Manderly and Robett Glover for refusing Jon 's calls for help , and is the first to proclaim Jon the new King in the North . As Jon and the Northern Lords plan for the coming war she insists that girls as well as boys should be taught military skills . Maester Wolkan ( season 6 -- present ) portrayed by Richard Rycroft . Richard Rycroft A member of the Order of Masters who is in service to House Bolton at Winterfell . He witnesses Ramsay kill Roose and reluctantly summons Walda and the baby for Ramsay to murder as well . After the Boltons ' defeat , he serves the Starks . He unwillingly helps Petyr Baelish cause friction between Sansa and Arya Stark . He builds a wheelchair for Bran . Lyanna Stark ( season 6 ) portrayed by Cordelia Hill as a child , and by Aisling Franciosi as an adult . Aisling Franciosi Lyanna is the sister of Ned Stark , she was promised to wed Robert Baratheon , but she was supposedly kidnapped and raped by Rhaegar Targaryen . During the tourney at Harrenhal , Rhaegar rode past his wife , Elia Martell , and placed a crown of winter roses in Lyanna 's lap . Lyanna in fact loved Rhaegar , and was married to him in secret . At the Tower of Joy , Lyanna is being protected by several members of the Kingsguard when Ned arrives to try to find her . Defeating Ser Arthur Dayne of the Kingsguard , Ned enters the Tower of Joy where he finds Lyanna in a bed of blood , but still alive . Lyanna asks Ned to promise to protect her son , who is revealed to be Jon Snow , and prevent Robert from killing him by hiding his Targaryen lineage . Rickon Stark ( season 1 -- 3 , 6 ) portrayed by Art Parkinson . Rickon Stark is Lord Eddard & Lady Catelyn 's youngest child , naturally aggressive and strong - willed . His black dire wolf Shaggydog shares these qualities also . When Theon Greyjoy captures Winterfell in Season 2 , Rickon hides in the crypts . After Winterfell is sacked and burned , he , Bran , Hodor , the Wildling woman Osha and the direwolves travel through the North . In Season 3 before they reach the Wall , Rickon , his direwolf and Osha split up from the rest of the group heading to Last Hearth , the seathouse of the Umbers . In Season 6 , Rickon and Osha are betrayed by the Umbers to the Boltons following Greatjon Umber 's death , and become hostages of Ramsay Bolton . At the beginning of a grand showdown between the Boltons and the Northern rebels led by Jon Snow , Rickon is released by Ramsay and told to run towards Jon , unaware that it is merely a trap to lure Jon into the open . Just before he can reach Jon , Rickon is shot and killed by Ramsay . Following Ramsay 's defeat , Jon orders Rickon 's body buried in the Winterfell crypt . Hodor ( season 1 -- 4 , 6 ) portrayed by Kristian Nairn . Kristian Nairn Hodor is a huge , physically strong and intellectually disabled stablehand at Winterfell who can only say the word `` Hodor '' . He hides in the crypts along with Osha , Bran and Rickon , faking their escape out of the castle . They eventually leave the crypts only to find the castle destroyed . After speaking to the dying Maester Luwin , it is decided that they must go to the Wall . In Season 3 Bran decides to go beyond the Wall to find the Three - eyed - raven and Hodor helps him alongside with Meera and Jojen Reed after the departure of Rickon and Osha . In season 4 , they stumble across Craster 's Keep , where they are captured by the Night 's Watch mutineers led by Karl . Hodor is chained to a post and abused by some mutineers , who poke him with spears and eventually stab him in the leg to stop him intervening on Bran 's behalf . Hodor is later chained in a hut with the other prisoners , and when Bran is abducted by Locke , Bran wargs into Hodor and uses him to kill Locke by snapping his neck . Hodor frees the others and they escape , eventually reaching the three - eyed raven in his cave . During Season 6 , Bran learns through visions of the past that , as a boy , Hodor was named Wyllis and possessed normal abilities of speech . When the cave is overrun by White Walkers and wights while Bran is viewing the past , Bran simultaneously wargs into Hodor to induce him to carry Bran to safety . Once they exit through a passageway , Meera orders Hodor to `` hold the door '' against the wights ; in the past , Wyllis collapses and repeats this phrase until it slurs into `` Hodor . '' In the present , Hodor is killed as the wights eventually tear through the door , but Meera escapes with Bran . Hodor only ever says one word : `` Hodor '' . However , according to Kristian Nairn 's interview to Vulture , he has developed 70 ways to say it . Osha ( season 1 -- 3 , 6 ) portrayed by Natalia Tena . Natalia Tena Osha is a Wildling woman captured by Robb and held captive at Winterfell . Osha works in the kitchens , often giving Bran advice when she bathes in the godswood . After Winterfell is taken by the turncloak Theon Greyjoy , Osha bends the knee to Theon . After the Sack of Winterfell , Osha helps Bran and Rickon escape , along with their direwolves and Hodor . She gives a mercy kill to wounded Maester Luwin . Later , she and her companions travel to the Wall to seek help . In Season 3 before they reach the Wall , Osha , Rickon and his direwolf split up from the rest of the group heading to Last Hearth , the seathouse of the Umbers . In Season 6 , they are betrayed by the Umbers to the Boltons after Greatjon Umber dies , and become hostages of Ramsay Bolton . Osha later attempts to kill Ramsay , but is instead killed herself . Jojen Reed ( season 3 -- 4 ) portrayed by Thomas Sangster . Thomas Sangster A boy with special insights and son of Lord Howland Reed , Eddard Stark 's old friend from Robert 's Rebellion . In season 3 Jojen and his sister join Bran in his journey to the Wall and beyond in order to help him to find the Three - eyed Raven . In season 4 , they stumble across Craster 's Keep and are captured by the Night 's Watch mutineers led by Karl , during which time Jojen suffers from a seizure . Jojen and the others are freed when Bran wargs into Hodor and has him kill Locke and cut them all loose , but Jojen stops Bran from reuniting with his brother , Jon Snow , since he knows Jon would try and stop their journey . Once they reach their destination , however , they are attacked by reanimated skeletons , and Jojen is stabbed in the ensuing fight . Meera finishes him out of mercy . Rickard Karstark ( season 1 -- 3 ) portrayed by Steven Blount in season 1 , and by John Stahl from season 2 onwards . Rickard Karstark is a Bannerman of the North , Lord of Karhold and he is a chief member of Robb Stark 's war council . The Karstarks are distant cousins of the Starks of Winterfell . Karstark 's sons Harrion and Torrhen was killed by Jaime Lannister and Karstark vows retribution . He is enraged when Catelyn Stark decides to free Jaime in an attempt to secure the safety of her daughters . When Karstark discovers that Edmure Tully has defeated the Lannisters in battle near Riverrun and taken two of his young relatives hostage , Karstark orders his men to kill them . Karstark is subsequently sentenced to death by Robb , and he cryptically warns Robb that his actions will eventually lead to his own demise , just before he is executed . Maester Luwin ( season 1 -- 2 ) portrayed by Donald Sumpter . Donald Sumpter Luwin , Maester of Winterfell , is a chief advisor to Lord Stark . He is one of the few Maesters to have studied magic and the occult . With Robb Stark 's departure , the day - to - day rule of the North falls to Ser Rodrik Cassel and Maester Luwin , acting with Bran 's voice . After Winterfell is taken by Theon , Luwin must advise him because of his valour to serve to the ruler of Winterfell . When Ramsay Snow launches an attack on Winterfell to drive the Ironborn away , Luwin advises Theon to flee to the Wall and join the Night 's Watch , where his crimes will be pardoned , but Theon instead rallies his few remaining men to face Ramsay , and betrayed by his own men . Luwin , in an attempt to save Theon , is stabbed by Dagmer . Bran Stark and his party emerge from hiding to find Winterfell sacked by Ramsay and his men and Luwin dying in the Godswood , where he declares his loyalty and love for the Starks before having Osha perform a mercy killing on him , out of sight of Bran and Rickon . Rodrik Cassel ( season 1 -- 2 ) portrayed by Ron Donachie . Ron Donachie Ser Rodrik Cassel is the Master - at - Arms at Winterfell . After the discovery of the origin of the knife from the attempted assassination of Bran Stark , he accompanies Lady Catelyn Tully to King 's Landing . Later Lady Catelyn decides to join Robb at Moat Cailin , and names Ser Rodrik castellan of Winterfell . When the Ironmen attack Torrhen 's Square , Ser Rodrik gathers a force to expel them , including most of the Winterfell garrison . The Ironborn under Theon Greyjoy then attack and take Winterfell , and Ser Rodrik is captured while defending himself . Ser Rodrik refuses to swear allegiance to Theon , and spits in his face . Theon orders him thrown into the dungeons , but Dagmer insists that Theon execute him in order to gain respect . Theon executes Ser Rodrik himself , but it takes several blows of the sword to behead him and only gains more contempt and hatred from the Northerners . Jory Cassel ( season 1 ) portrayed by Jamie Sives . Jory Cassel was Captain of the Guard at Winterfell and the nephew of Ser Rodrik . Killed by Jaime Lannister during a fight between Jaime 's men and Eddard Stark over Tyrion Lannister 's abduction by Eddard 's wife . Septa Mordane ( season 1 ) portrayed by Susan Brown . Septa Mordane was a priestess of the Faith of the Seven Gods ( of which Catelyn Stark is an observer ) and governess to the young ladies of Winterfell . She was killed by the Lannisters after Eddard Stark 's failed attempt to arrest King Joffrey and Queen Regent Cersei . Old Nan ( season 1 ) portrayed by Margaret John . Old Nan was an old serving woman at Winterfell who tells the Stark children stories from beyond the Wall . She is the great - grandmother of Hodor . Margaret John died before the filming of Season 2 and the writers decided that Old Nan died between seasons instead of recasting the role . Jon Umber ( season 1 ) portrayed by Clive Mantle . Clive Mantle Called `` the Greatjon '' , Lord Umber is the Lord of Last Hearth and a Bannerman of the North . In Season 1 he joins Robb Stark in the war and is the first one calling him The King in the North . In Season 3 , the North loses the war after the death of King Robb , but his youngest brother Rickon heads to the seat of House Umber to seek refuge . In between the third and sixth seasons , Rickon and Osha arrive at Last Hearth , but at some point , Greatjon dies under unknown circumstances and his lands pass to his son , Smalljon Umber , who betrays Rickon and Osha to Ramsay Snow . House Targaryen ( edit ) Grey Worm ( season 3 -- present ) portrayed by Jacob Anderson . Jacob Anderson A captain of the Unsullied , a group of eunuch slave soldiers . His name is pronounced `` Torgo Nudho '' in Valyrian and was chosen by his Astapor slave masters , who choose new names for the Unsullied which are designed to humiliate them and make them think they are not human . Despite this , Grey Worm chose to keep his current name because it was his name on the day Daenerys freed the Unsullied , so he considers it to be a lucky name . He is loyal to Daenerys and does n't like those who insult her . He develops feelings for Missandei , which appear to be reciprocated , and has a friendly rivalry with Daario Naharis . He is gravely injured in Meereen in an attack by the Sons of the Harpy , but ultimately survives . After Daenerys 's disappearance , Grey Worm partially recovers from his injuries and remains in Meereen to help Tyrion Lannister govern the city and maintain peace with the slave masters . When the slave masters go back on the deal and attack Meereen with ships , only to be countered by Daenerys 's dragons , Grey Worm kills Razdal mo Eraz and Belicho Paenymion , and later accompanies Daenerys and her retinue on their voyage to Westeros . From her stronghold on Dragonstone , Daenerys sends Grey Worm and his army to take Casterly Rock . The night before Grey Worm admits to Missandei that now he has her to love , he has begun to know what fear is . They make love . Grey Worm expects Casterly Rock to be hard to win and is surprised to find it barely manned : the capture is effected with ease . He then takes his army east and is outside King 's Landing when Daenerys and Cersei meet in the Dragonpit . Barristan Selmy ( season 1 , 3 -- 5 ) portrayed by Ian McElhinney . Ian McElhinney Ser Barristan Selmy is the Lord Commander of the Kingsguard and a member of the Small Council . Known as `` Barristan the Bold , '' he is considered one of the most famous knights of the Seven Kingdoms . Ned has a tremendous respect for Barristan as he remained loyal to protect the Mad King , Aerys II . He sustained injuries at the Trident which prevented Selmy from taking place in the final battles of the war which ultimately lead to his survival and pardon . When Ned attempts to arrest Cersei and Joffrey , he informs Ser Barristan of Robert 's will and tells his men not to harm him . After Joffrey becomes King and has Ned arrested , Cersei and Joffrey force Ser Barristan into retirement despite the Kingsguard being meant to serve for life , and much to his anger , his position of Commander is to be given to Jaime . His honor insulted , Ser Barristan refuses their offer of a castle and servants in recognition of his service and leaves King 's Landing . Ser Barristan returns in season 3 where he offers his service to Daenerys as a member of her Queensguard to redeem himself for failing her family . He and Ser Jorah Mormont tend to conflict over what actions Daenerys should use with the former preferring honorable choices while the latter preferring pragmatic choices . Barristan later discovers that Jorah 's original purpose was to spy on Daenerys for Robert and Lord Varys , and informs Daenerys , fearing for her safety and leading her to exile Jorah from Meereen on threat of execution . When a resistance movement , the Sons of the Harpy , openly hostile to Daenerys 's conquest and politics , arise , Barristan advises the Queen to remain just with her enemies and tells of her own father 's crimes and cruel attitude which led to his downfall . He eventually sustains mortal injuries in a fight with a group of Sons of the Harpy alongside Grey Worm even though he managed to slay most of them with prowess . He is mourned by Daenerys as she considered him a loyal friend and his death causes her to retaliate on the Great Masters . Hizdahr zo Loraq ( season 4 -- 5 ) portrayed by Joel Fry . Joel Fry Hizdahr is a slave - trader from the city of Meereen , on the coast of Slaver 's Bay , and a scion of the House of Loraq , an ancient and proud line of slavers . He claims to Daenerys Targaryen that his father , who Daenerys ordered crucified , was actually against the crucifixion of children , and requests permission to give his father a proper funeral , which she accepts . Daenerys later has Hizdahr sent to Yunkai along with Daario Naharis as her ambassador to persuade the wise masters there to submit to her rule . In season 5 , he returns with Daario claiming to have succeeded , although the masters want Daenerys to reopen the fighting pits in return , which she refuses , though she grants him a position on her Small Council . After Barristan Selmy is killed and Grey Worm seriously injured in an attack by the Sons of the Harpy , Daenerys agrees to reopen the pits and marry Hizdahr to bring about peace , though Daario insinuates that Hizdahr is working with the Sons of the Harpy . On the opening day of the Great Games , however , the Sons of the Harpy attack again and Hizdahr is killed , revealing that he was loyal to Daenerys the entire time . Mossador ( season 4 -- 5 ) portrayed by Reece Noi . Mossador is a former slave who joined the rebellion against the masters of Meereen . In season 5 , after the Sons of the Harpy rise and kill and Unsullied , Mossador advocates hunting them down and killing them without mercy , arguing that Meereen is not like Westeros and the only language the Meereenese understand is blood and violence . He is executed by Daario Naharis after murdering a captive Son without Daenerys 's consent . Kovarro ( season 2 ) portrayed by Steven Cole . Kovarro is a Dothraki Bloodrider sworn to Daenerys Targaryen . His character does not appear in the books because Kovarro is created for the TV series . He finds Qarth and leads Daenerys there , following the betrayal of Pyat Pree he goes into hiding alongside Jorah Mormont and Daenerys until Daenerys reclaims her dragons . The only thing that interests him in Qarth is stealing all the gold and jewels from Xaro Xoan Daxos . Doreah ( season 1 -- 2 ) portrayed by Roxanne McKee . Roxanne McKee Doreah is a slave bought in order to school Daenerys in the art of love . She was sold to a brothel when she was nine , by her mother . She is bought by Viserys Targaryen and is shown to pleasure him as he tells her stories about the dragons of Westeros . In Season 2 after arriving in Qarth , Doreah is convinced by Xaro Xoan Daxos that Daenerys would n't leave the city and she steals Daenerys dragons and becomes Xaro 's lover . After revealing the plans of Xaro , Daenerys locks him and Doreah alive in a vault . Irri ( season 1 -- 2 ) portrayed by Amrita Acharya . Irri is a slave , bought in order to school Daenerys in Dothraki riding . She 's in love with Rakharo and is deeply distressed by his death and the desecration of his corpse . She and Doreah are shown to be at odds , due to Irri valuing tradition and mythical beliefs of the Dothraki over Doreah 's foreign ideals . In Season 2 she is killed in Qarth during the stealing of the dragons . In a deleted scene it is shown she is strangled to death by Doreah . Rakharo ( season 1 -- 2 ) portrayed by Elyes Gabel . Elyes Gabel Rakharo is a young Bloodrider , favored by , and sworn to Khal Drogo and later Daenerys Targaryen . Deep into the Red Waste while facing starvation Daenerys sends Rakharo , Aggo , and Kovarro to scout in three different directions , using the last remaining horses . Later Rakharo 's horse comes back with his head . It 's assumed that Rakharo is killed by some other Khal . Irri fears that without his head , Rakharo 's soul will become lost and will not find its way to the Night Lands . Rhaegar Targaryen ( Season 7 ) portrayed by Wilf Scolding . Prince Rhaegar Targaryen was the eldest son and heir of King Aerys II Targaryen , and was the Prince of Dragonstone . He was the elder brother of Viserys and Daenerys Targaryen , and the husband of Elia Martell , a distant cousin with whom he had two children , Rhaenys and Aegon Targaryen . However , he annulled his marriage to Elia , and he secretly married Lyanna Stark with whom he has a child , Jon Snow . The parentage of Jon is kept a secret , and he is raised by Lyanna 's brother , Eddard Stark as his bastard to protect him from the enemies of House Targaryen . Rhaegar was the assumed instigator of Robert 's Rebellion after allegedly kidnapping Lyanna , Lord Robert Baratheon 's betrothed . House Tully ( edit ) Edmure Tully ( season 3 , 6 ) portrayed by Tobias Menzies . Tobias Menzies Catelyn and Lysa 's younger brother and the Lord of Riverrun after their father Hoster dies during Season 3 . A brash but good - hearted man , Edmure is not a good tactician but a skilled politician . To restore the alliance with Walder Frey , and to make amends with Robb Stark for unwittingly curtailing his plan to draw Tywin Lannister into battle , Edmure is promised to one of Frey 's daughters , Roslin . Edmure and Roslin are wed and carried off for a `` bedding ceremony '' , after which the Freys slaughter the Stark family in the `` Red Wedding '' . He becomes a prisoner of the Freys after the death of his sister Catelyn and nephew Robb . When his uncle Brynden retakes Riverrun from the Freys , Edmure is used as a hostage to coerce Brynden into surrendering , but he refuses , while the Freys also refuse to kill Edmure . Jaime Lannister later meets with Edmure and falsely threatens his wife and baby child with death if he does not persuade Brynden to stand down . He is subsequently released and allowed into Riverrun , where he gives the order to surrender . The Lannisters and Freys retake the castle and Edmure is taken captive once more to ensure the Tullys ' loyalty . Brynden Tully ( season 3 , 6 ) portrayed by Clive Russell . Clive Russell Commonly known as `` The Blackfish '' , Ser Brynden is the uncle of Catelyn , Lysa , and Edmure , and a seasoned war veteran . He returns to Riverrun during season 3 before his older brother 's death to make amends . He serves as both an adviser and confidant for both his niece Catelyn and grandnephew King Robb Stark . At Edmure 's wedding to Roslin Frey at the Twins , Brynden excuses himself from the feast to `` find a tree to piss on '' , and by so doing narrowly escapes the ensuing Red Wedding massacre when the Freys and Boltons betray the Starks . Lord Frey is visibly untouched by the man 's absence , while Roose Bolton appears disturbed , aware that Brynden is capable of holding Riverrun ( which has been granted to Lord Frey as payment ) against the Iron Throne even with its technical lord , Edmure , in captivity . Brynden indeed retakes Riverrun from the Freys and holds it in Robb 's name , refusing to surrender even when Edmure 's life is threatened . The castle eventually falls when Edmure is allowed inside and gives the order to stand down . Brynden , however , refuses to surrender and chooses to fight to the death . He is later reported dead . Roslin Frey ( season 3 ) portrayed by Alexandra Dowling . Roslin Tully ( née Frey ) is Lord Walder Frey 's daughter and considered the most beautiful one . She was previously the intended bride for Robb Stark , who was unaware of her beauty and went on to marry Talisa Maegyr instead . She is married to Lord Edmure Tully as compensation at what becomes known as the Red Wedding . In the sixth season , it is mentioned that Roslin has given birth to Edmure 's child . House Tyrell ( edit ) Olenna Tyrell ( season 3 -- 7 ) portrayed by Diana Rigg . Diana Rigg Lady Olenna , better known as `` The Queen of Thorns '' , is the sharp - witted grandmother of Loras and Margaery . Considered Tywin Lannister 's female counterpart , Olenna is a matriarch and the real power behind House Tyrell . She has very progressive views where she feels women should be more involved in politics and is accepting of Loras ' homosexuality where the people of Reach have no problems with it . After learning the abuses Sansa suffered by Joffrey , Olenna figured out that Margaery could avoid the same fate by using Joffrey 's love of violence . Because she is fond of Sansa , and to prevent the other nobles from using her as heir of the North , Olenna secretly plots to have Sansa marry Loras . But her plan is foiled by Loras himself , who accidentally reveals it to Littlefinger 's spy . Tywin Lannister gets wind of the plot and stops it by having Sansa marry his son Tyrion and , to secure the Reach , orders Cersei to marry Loras . Lady Olenna is at first against Loras marrying Cersei because she is too old and because of the scandal of her incestual affair with her twin brother , Jaime . Tywin threatens to make Loras join the celibate Kingsguard , which would make Joffrey and Margaery 's children the heirs of Reach , Olenna admits defeat and praises Tywin for getting the best of her . In season 4 , Olenna conspires with Petyr Baelish to have Joffrey poisoned , to protect Margaery from Joffrey 's beastly nature , and advises Margaery to become acquainted with her new match , Tommen Baratheon , Joffrey 's younger brother and heir . She returns to Highgarden shortly afterwards . When Loras is arrested by the recently reinstated Faith Militant for his homosexuality , Margaery writes to her grandmother who returns to the capital in order to protect her grandchildren from Cersei 's schemes . But , mistakenly believing Loras 's arrest was simply meant to humiliate House Tyrell , she helplessly assists to Olyvar 's testimony which incriminates her grandson , as well as to Margaery 's incarceration for perjuring herself in front of the gods in an effort to protect her brother . She later confronts the High Sparrow without results and has a secret meeting with Littlefinger who , blackmailed by Olenna for his part in Joffrey 's death and in order to placate his role in her grandchildren 's imprisonment in providing Olyvar to Cersei , gives valuable information about Lancel and Cersei 's adulterous relationship . This results in the latter 's arrest by the Faith Militant . In the sixth season , Olenna takes steps to free Margaery from the High Sparrow and retake power from the Faith Militant , but the plan is thwarted when Tommen forges an alliance with the Faith and becomes the High Sparrow 's new puppet . Margaery feigns loyalty and manages to instruct Olenna to leave the city when the High Sparrow threatens her life . After hearing of the Great Sept of Baelor 's destruction , which killed Mace , Loras and Margaery , Olenna vows revenge . She accepts an invitation to Dorne by Ellaria Sand , who reveals that she has followed Theon Greyjoy in declaring for Daenerys Targaryen . Seeking vengeance against Cersei for her slain family , Olenna pledges the Tyrell forces to Daenerys as well . When the Lannisters , supported by the turncoat Tarly forces formerly loyal to the Tyrells , attack Highgarden , they win with ease . Jamie Lannister finds Olenna in her tower , ready to be taken cative or killed . Jamie tells Olenna that Cersei had dreamed up horrible deaths for her but that he had persuaded his sister to let him offer Olenna poison instead . After drinking the poison Olenna confesses proudly to Joffrey 's murder . Mace Tyrell ( season 4 -- 6 ) portrayed by Roger Ashton - Griffiths , Roger Ashton - Griffiths is the Lord of Highgarden , Defender of the Marches , High Marshal of the Reach , and Warden of the South , he is the buffoonish father of Loras and Margaery , and Lady Olenna 's son . Lady Olenna has a low opinion of Mace , whom she calls `` Lord Oaf '' . Originally Hand of the King to Renly Baratheon before the latter 's death during the War of the Five Kings , Mace agrees to a Lannister - Tyrell alliance as proposed by Petyr Baelish . He is named Master of Ships on Joffrey 's Small Council , and attends Joffrey and Margaery 's wedding . After Joffrey 's death , Mace serves as one of the judges at the trial of his accused murderer , Tyrion Lannister . He is later present at Tywin Lannister 's funeral and at Tommen and Margaery 's wedding , and , in spite of offering himself as Hand of the King to Tommen , he is instead named Master of Coin by Cersei who , in the aim of keeping him away from the capital while she schemes against his daughter , sends him to renegotiate the royal debt with the Iron Bank of Braavos . He later arrives in Braavos , and is unsuccessful in his attempt to win over Tycho Nestoris , who is unimpressed with his buffoonish ways . In the sixth season , he returns to King 's Landing with the Tyrell army to free Margaery from the Faith Militant alongside Jaime Lannister , but is foiled when Tommen forges an alliance with the High Sparrow . He is later killed in the destruction of the Great Sept of Baelor after being horrified , but unable to protect his son as he was mutilated by the Faith Militant . Loras Tyrell ( season 1 -- 6 ) portrayed by Finn Jones . Finn Jones Ser Loras Tyrell , known as the `` Knight of Flowers , '' is a highly skilled knight and jouster . Known across Westeros for his beauty , he is Renly Baratheon 's former squire and secretly his lover . He is widely known throughout Westeros for defeating Jaime Lannister in a jousting match . In Season 1 , he charms Sansa Stark before his jousting match with Ser Gregor `` The Mountain '' Clegane , but even though he wins , Clegane attacks him in a blind rage and he is only saved by Clegane 's brother , Sandor , who Loras names as the champion in gratitude . In private , while shaving Renly , Loras makes it clear that he disapproves of both Joffrey and Stannis as Robert 's closest heirs , and tells Renly that he would make a great king . In Season 2 when Renly makes his claim for the Iron Throne , Loras and the rest of House Tyrell back his claim and cement their support by marrying Loras 's sister Margaery to Renly . Loras and Renly remain inseparable even after Renly 's wedding . After Renly 's assassination , Loras goes berserk and vows vengeance against Stannis , but secretly blames himself for having pushed Renly to make his claim even though he was lawfully behind Stannis . When the Tyrells join the Lannister cause against Stannis , Loras fights wearing Renly 's armor in honour of the fallen king at the Battle of the Blackwater . During season 3 , his family plots to have him marry Sansa for Sansa and his family 's benefit . However , he accidentally reveals this plot to his new lover and squire , Olyvar , who is actually a spy for Lord Baelish . Tywin stops the Tyrell plot by having Sansa marry his son Tyrion and engages Loras to his daughter Cersei . In season 4 , at Joffrey and Margaery 's wedding , Loras exchanges banter with Jaime , who warns Loras that if he marries Cersei , she will likely kill him in his sleep , and that he will never marry her . Loras counters that Jaime will not marry Cersei either , implying that he knows of his incestuous relationship with Cersei . He is later present at Tyrion 's trial for murdering Joffrey , though he is apparently unaware that his grandmother , Olenna Tyrell , is the true killer . In season 5 , he attends Tywin 's funeral and offers his condolences to Cersei . He continues his sexual relationship with Olyvar , flirtatiously suggesting that they should move to Dorne , where homosexuality is more tolerated , and expresses doubt that to Margaery that he is still obliged to marry Cersei with Tywin gone . He is later present at Tommen and Margaery 's wedding and , during a training session , is suddenly arrested for his homosexuality by the recently reinstated Faith Militant . He denies all of the Faith 's allegations against him , including his affair with Renly , during an inquest presided by the High Sparrow , but eventually loses his temper when Olyvar testifies against him , citing his birthmark `` in the shape of Dorne '' he has on his thigh as proof . This prompts the Faith to incarcerate both him and his sister , the latter for perjuring herself in front of the gods in an effort to protect him , and to open formal trials for them . In the sixth season , after being tortured for almost a year , Loras admits to his `` crimes '' on the day of his trial and joins the Faith Militant in order to survive and a seven - pointed star is carved on his forehead . Though he is accepted into their ranks , he is killed when the Great Sept of Baelor is destroyed by wildfire on Cersei 's orders . Randyll Tarly ( season 6 -- 7 ) portrayed James Faulkner , is the Lord of Horn Hill and the head of House Tarly , a vassal family of House Tyrell of Highgarden . Randyll is the father of Samwell Tarly , and one of the greatest soldiers in Westeros . He has a humorless martinet , is severe and intimidating . He demands martial discipline in the field and in his home . He forces Sam to join the Night 's Watch on threat of death . In the sixth season , he is not pleased when Sam returns to Horn Hill with Gilly and his supposed son with her , and enraged when he realizes Gilly is a wildling . Despite his hatred for the wildlings , Randyll agrees to let Gilly work in the kitchens and raise the baby as a bastard of House Tarly , on the condition that Sam never again set foot in Horn Hill when he leaves for Oldtown . Sam ultimately takes Gilly and the baby with him , and takes House Tarly 's ancestral Valyrian steel sword , Heartsbane . In the seventh season Jamie Lannister persuades Lord Randyll to side with the Lannisters against the Tyrells . This goes well initially as the Tarlys help capture Highgarden , but when Daenerys ambushes the Tarly and Lannister forces they are soundly defeated . Daenerys demands that the Tarlys and their few surviving soldiers , now captives , bend the knee . Randyll refuses and is executed by dragonfire . Melessa Tarly ( season 6 ) portrayed by Samantha Spiro . Lady Melessa of House Florent is the wife Lord Randyll Tarly of Horn Hill and mother of Samwell Tarly of the Night 's Watch . She is a sweet , plump , and adoring mother , and has a soft spot for Samwell . When Sam returns to Horn Hill with Gilly and her baby on the way to Oldtown , she greets him warmly , and becomes infuriated when Randyll insults Sam and Gilly during dinner . Talla Tarly ( season 6 ) portrayed by Rebecca Benson . Lady Talla is a kind , friendly and unpretentious woman , and is the sister of Samwell Tarly . She greets Sam warmly when he returns to Horn Hill with Gilly and her baby on his way to Oldtown . Dickon Tarly ( season 6 -- 7 ) portrayed by Freddie Stroma in season 6 , and by Tom Hopper in season 7 . Tom Hopper Dickon is athletic , a good hunter , an excellent swordsman , manly , not particularly bright but the favorite child of his father , Lord Randyll . He is the younger brother of Samwell Tarly , but was pronounced heir when Samwell was sent to the Night 's Watch . He greets Sam warmly when he returns to Horn Hill with Gilly and her baby on their way to Oldtown , but his dismissal of Sam 's claims that he killed a White Walker is what leads Randyll to realize Gilly is a wildling . Dickon acquits himself well enough in his first real battle , but his second - against Daenerys , her Dothraki and her dragon - ends in defeat . Captured , he is urged by his father to bend the knee to Daenerys and save himself , but instead he stands with his father in refusing . He is executed by dragonfire . People of Essos ( edit ) Tycho Nestoris ( season 4 -- 5 , 7 - present ) portrayed by Mark Gatiss . Mark Gatiss Tycho Nestoris is a representative of the Iron Bank of Braavos . He initially refuses to loan Stannis Baratheon money to help him hire mercenaries , but Davos Seaworth changes his mind . In season 5 , Tycho greets Mace Tyrell , who has been sent to renegotiate the royal debt . In season 7 he arrives in King 's Landing to collect the debt , expecting to be met with a default . He is impressed when Cersei , newly enriched by the captured Tyrell treasury , pays the debt in full and he agrees to Cersei 's request for further funding . Izembaro ( season 6 ) portrayed by Richard E. Grant . Richard E. Grant Izembaro is the manager of a Braavosi troupe of actors , in which he also acts . He portrays King Robert Baratheon and Lord Tywin Lannister in the production of The Bloody Hand . He is outwardly dismissive to his actors , and witnesses Arya Stark foil an assassination attempt on one of his actresses , Lady Crane . He subsequently kicks Bianca , the actress who ordered Crane 's death , out of the troupe . Lady Crane ( season 6 ) portrayed by Essie Davis . Lady Crane is the leading actress in Izembaro 's Braavosi theater troupe . She portrays Queen Cersei Lannister in the production of The Bloody Hand . She becomes a target of the Faceless Men on the request of her jealous co-star , Bianca . She is almost killed by Arya Stark , who poisons her rum but briefly speaks with her , realizing she is an innocent women who is a mere victim of someone else 's selfishness , and thwarts the assassination , warning her about Bianca . Crane subsequently mutilates Bianca 's face and has her expelled from the troupe . Shortly after , she finds Arya severely wounded as retribution for the assassination and cares for her , but is herself killed by the Waif , who was sent to kill Arya . The Waif ( season 5 -- 6 ) portrayed by Faye Marsay . Faye Marsay The Waif is a sadistic young woman who lives in the House of Black and White , a temple to the Many - faced God , in Braavos . She participates in Arya 's training but repeatedly deems her unfit to become a Faceless Man ( assassin ) . After Arya is struck blind for her unsanctioned killing of Ser Meryn Trant , the Waif repeatedly beats and abuses Arya , though Arya learns how to fight without her eyesight and her vision is soon returned to her . When Arya refuses to kill an innocent target , Lady Crane , the Waif is sent to kill her . Though she stabs Arya multiple times , Arya survives . The Waif then kills Lady Crane and pursues the wounded Arya all over Braavos before cornering her in her hideout . Arya , however , extinguishes the room 's only candle and manages to kill the Waif in the ensuing fight . Arya rips her face off and adds it to the Hall of Faces . Yezzan zo Qaggaz ( season 5 -- 6 ) portrayed by Enzo Cilenti . Enzo Cilenti Yezzan zo Qaggaz is a slave - trader from the city of Meereen , on the coast of Slaver 's Bay , and one of the Great Masters , the former ruling elite of the city . He buys Jorah Mormont and Tyrion Lannister after they are captured by Malko and takes them to a fighting pit to train as gladiators , though he loses both Tyrion and Jorah when they are accepted into Daenerys Targaryen 's inner circle . He , along with Razdal mo Eraz and Belicho Paenymion , negotiates with Tyrion in Daenerys 's absence and they reach an accord to end slavery throughout seven years in exchange for ordering the Sons of the Harpy to stand down , but they go back on their word and order a naval assault on Meereen . When Daenerys 's dragons defeat the slaver fleet , Yezzan is betrayed by Razdal and Belicho and handed over to be killed by Grey Worm , who kills the other two instead . Tyrion instructs Yezzan to warn his friends about angering Daenerys further . Razdal mo Eraz ( season 3 , 6 ) portrayed by George Georgiou , is a slave - trader from the city of Yunkai , on the coast of Slaver 's Bay , and one of the Wise Masters , the ruling elite of the city . He attempts to parley with Daenerys for her to leave Yunkai , but she refuses and takes the city . Later , he helps fund the Sons of the Harpy to resist Daenerys 's rule over Slaver 's Bay and breaks a peace treaty with Tyrion Lannister . He is killed by Grey Worm when the slavers ' attack on Meereen is thwarted . Belicho Paenymion ( season 6 ) portrayed by Eddie Jackson , is a prominent noble of the Free City of Volantis , and a member of the `` Old Blood '' , descendants of the original Valyrian settlers of the city . Like most of the Volantene nobility , Belicho is involved in the slave trade and funds the Sons of the Harpy to resist Daenerys . After breaking a peace pact with Tyrion Lannister , his throat is slit by Grey Worm when their attack on Meereen fails . Kinvara ( season 6 ) portrayed by Ania Bukstein , is the High Priestess of the Red Temple of Volantis , one of the high - ranking leaders in the religion of R'hllor , the Lord of Light . Tyrion Lannister and Varys enlist her help in acquiring the common peoples ' support for Daenerys , whom she believes to be the Prince that Was Promised , destined to defeat the Night King . Vala ( season 5 -- 6 ) portrayed by Meena Rayann , is a prostitute in Meereen who is secretly in league with the Sons of the Harpy , a resistance movement against Daenerys Targaryen . Her actions cause the death of several Unsullied and Ser Barristan Selmy . She is later captured by Varys and forced reveal who are funding the Sons of the Harpy on pain of death and her son becoming an orphan . She cooperates and is sent to Pentos with her son to live peacefully . Camello ( season 6 ) portrayed by Kevin Eldon . Kevin Eldon Camello is a member of Izembaro 's comedic theatre troupe in Braavos . He portrays Eddard Stark in the production of `` The Bloody Hand '' . Bobono ( season 6 ) portrayed by Leigh Gill , is a member of Izembaro 's comedic theatre troupe in Braavos . He portrays Tyrion Lannister in the production of `` The Bloody Hand '' . Bianca ( season 6 ) portrayed by Eline Powell , is a member of Izembaro 's comedic theatre troupe in Braavos . She portrays Sansa Stark in the production of `` The Bloody Hand '' . Though she is far less skilled than the lead actress , Lady Crane , she is consumed by jealousy and desires to replace her . She contracts the Faceless Men to have her assassinated , but the assassin , Arya Stark , instead warns Lady Crane about Bianca 's intentions . Lady Crane subsequently mutilates Bianca 's face and Izembaro kicks her out of the troupe . Clarenzo ( season 6 ) portrayed by Rob Callender , is a member of Izembaro 's comedic theatre troupe in Braavos . He portrays Joffrey Baratheon in the production of `` The Bloody Hand '' . Khal Moro ( season 6 ) portrayed by Joe Naufahu . A Dothraki Khal . His khalasar finds Daenerys after she flees Meereen on Drogon 's back . Out of respect for Khal Drogo , Moro takes Daenerys to the Temple of the Dosh Khaleen to live the rest of her life with the widows of former Khals . When Daenerys refuses to submit , Moro and the other Khals threaten her with being raped and killed . Daenerys responds by burning the temple down with the Khals inside and taking over the entire khalasar . High Priestess of the Dosh Khaleen ( season 6 ) portrayed by Souad Faress . The high priestess is the leader of the dosh khaleen , the widows of former Khals . Ornella ( season 6 ) portrayed by Hannah John - Kamen , is a young member of the Dosh khaleen who befriends Daenerys Targaryen . Kraznys mo Nakloz ( season 3 ) portrayed by Dan Hildebrand . A wealthy slaver from the Ghiscari city of Astapor . Sexist and rude , he repeatedly insults to Daenerys in Valyrian , not realizing she speaks the language . He agrees to sell Daenerys 8,000 slave - soldiers called the Unsullied in exchange for one of her dragons , throwing in his translator , Missandei , as a bonus . Daenerys reveals she speaks Valyrian and orders her new army to kill the Astapori slavers . Kraznys is killed by Drogon . Quaithe ( season 2 ) portrayed by Laura Pradelska . Quaithe of the Shadow is an enigmatic priestess of Asshai whom Daenerys meets in Qarth , where she warns Daenerys about the local warlocks . Xaro Xhoan Daxos ( season 2 ) portrayed by Nonso Anozie . Nonso Anozie A rich merchant `` prince '' of Qarth who vouches for Daenerys when she and her then - starving entourage wish to enter the city . He claims extremely humble background , having worked his way to wealth from nothing . He repeatedly asks Daenerys to marry him , but she refuses . Xaro eventually betrays Daenerys , allowing the warlocks to kidnap her dragons and kill several of her people , and crowns himself `` King of Qarth '' as part of a plan to render the city less isolationist . After Daenerys rescues her dragons and returns , she locks him alive in his own vault , finding it to have been empty the whole time . Pyat Pree ( season 2 ) portrayed by Ian Hanmore . Ian Hanmore Pyat Pree is a warlock from the city of Qarth . He tries to lure Daenerys to the House of the Undying , the warlocks ' lair , by stealing her dragons but Daenerys defeats him , rescues her dragons and escapes . The Spice King ( season 2 ) portrayed by Nicholas Blane , is the leader of the Ancient Guild of Spicers , one of the merchant groups vying in Qarth . In the Song of Ice and Fire novels there is no character specifically called ' the Spice King ' . However , there is an ' Ancient Guild of Spicers ' in the city of Qarth . The Spice King is one of many powerful Qarthites whom Daenerys asks for ships and funding to mount a campaign in Westeros , but he is rude to Daenerys in a polite way by pointing out that without an army , she can not regain the Iron Throne . He is killed by the warlock Pyat Pree as part of his coup with Xaro Xoan Daxos . Illyrio Mopatis ( season 1 ) portrayed by Roger Allam . Roger Allam Illyrio Mopatis is a wealthy magister of the free city of Pentos . Illiyrio hosts the Targaryens after their escape from Westeros . He arranges Daenerys ' marriage to Khal Drogo and conspires with Lord Varys for the returning of the Targaryens to power . In season 5 , Varys and Tyrion Lannister take shelter in his mansion when they flee Westeros after the murder of Tywin Lannister . Mirri Maz Duur ( season 1 ) portrayed by Mia Soteriou . Mirri Maz Duur was a `` Maegi '' , or witch - woman , held captive by Khal Drogo 's horde . Before her capture , she had been a godswife ( priestess ) in the Temple of the Great Shepherd . When Drogo and his men attack her town and take her prisoner , Daenerys gives Mirri and the other victims protection from further attacks . When Khal Drogo is wounded in a fight , Daenerys asks for Mirri 's help to cure it , but Mirri betrays her in revenge for the attack on her village , leaving Drogo in a permanent vegetative state and causing the then - pregnant Daenerys to miscarry her son Rhaego . In revenge , Daenerys has Mirri burned to death on Drogo 's funeral pyre . Qotho ( season 1 ) portrayed by Dar Salim . Qotho is a fierce and hot - tempered bloodrider under Khal Drogo . After Drogo 's incapacitation , some of the bloodriders try to stop Daenerys from taking him to the witch Mirri Maz Duur . Qotho kills Quaro in the ensuing fight and is in turn killed by Ser Jorah Mormont . People of Westeros ( edit ) Podrick Payne ( season 2 -- present ) portrayed by Daniel Portman , Daniel Portman is a young squire assigned to Tyrion Lannister . In Season 2 , he fights alongside Tyrion at the Battle of the Blackwater and saves him from an assassination by Ser Mandon Moore . In Season 4 , Podrick is anonymously offered a knighthood in exchange for testifying against Tyrion at his trial for the murder of King Joffrey , but he does not accept or reject the offer -- Tyrion orders Podrick to leave King 's Landing before he is killed . Tyrion makes his brother , Jaime , assure Podrick 's safety , who assigns him to serve Brienne of Tarth . Podrick initially appears to be incompetent but slowly wins Brienne 's trust . Podrick and Brienne eventually find Arya Stark and Sandor Clegane near the Vale . A brawl ensues between Brienne and Sandor , and Podrick loses sight of Arya , much to Brienne 's annoyance . Podrick and Brienne then search for Sansa , finding her with Petyr Baelish and some Vale knights in an inn . A fight ensues , and Podrick is only barely rescued by Brienne . They decide to follow Sansa and Baelish north . During their journey , Brienne slowly opens up to Podrick , and offers to teach him how to use a sword and defend himself . Brienne and Podrick reach the North and take shelter in a nearby inn , sending Sansa a message to signal for help should she need it . Podrick later alerts Brienne when Stannis arrives with his army to retake Winterfell . Podrick and Brienne later save Sansa and Theon Greyjoy from pursuing Bolton soldiers and Podrick manages to slay one with his newfound skills . He and Brienne escort Sansa to find Jon Snow at Castle Black . Sansa sends Brienne and Podrick to the Riverlands to seek the aid of Brynden Tully , where Podrick briefly reunites with Bronn . When Riverrun falls to the Freys , Brynden apparently sacrifices himself to allow Brienne and Podrick to escape in a boat . Though they are seen by Jaime Lannister , he lets them go . At the parley in the Dragonpit , Pod meets Bronn and at Bronn 's suggestion they go for a drink . Beric Dondarrion ( season 1 , 3 , 6 -- present ) portrayed by David Scott in season 1 and by Richard Dormer from season 3 onwards . Richard Dormer Beric Dondarrion is also known as the Lord of Blackhaven and `` The Lightning Lord '' . In season one , Eddard Stark sends him to arrest Gregor Clegane for terrorizing the Riverlands . After Ned 's arrest , he becomes the leader of an outlaw group known as the `` Brotherhood without Banners '' . In season three , it is revealed that Beric has been killed many times but has been resurrected by his friend Thoros of Myr , a red priest . Because of this miracle , Beric and the rest of the Brotherhood convert to the worship of Thoros 's god , whom they call the Lord of Light . Beric and the Brotherhood harry the Lannister army , focusing on protecting commoners . They find Arya , Gendry , and Hot Pie and offer them shelter , and at the same time capture Sandor Clegane , who had deserted from the Lannister army during the Battle of the Blackwater . Clegane is sentenced to trial by combat , and Beric is his opponent . Despite setting his sword ablaze , Beric is slain by Clegane , but is resurrected by Thoros , and allows Clegane to go free . Beric later confides to Arya that it is the sixth time he has been revived from death , though he has slowly been losing his memories each time . He later meets Melisandre when she comes to fetch Gendry . Beric gives him away in return for gold , which prompts Arya to run away . Years later , the Brotherhood encounters Clegane again , after hanging three of their rogue members , and convince him to join their cause , since they are heading North in order to aid Jon Snow against the coming White Walker army . Trying to go around the end of the Wall at Eastwatch , the three are captured by a suspicious Tormund Giantsbane and imprisoned . They later join Jon Snow 's raiding party on their mission to capture a wight . Thoros of Myr ( season 3 , 6 -- 7 ) portrayed by Paul Kaye , Paul Kaye is a red priest who follows the same religion as Melisandre . He later joins the `` Brotherhood Without Banners '' . Thoros was a famous warrior who fought during the Greyjoy rebellion where he wielded a flaming sword in battle . Thoros was initially sent to Westeros as a missionary , to convince King Robert Baratheon to convert to the worship of the Lord of Light , but he became absorbed in the hedonism of Robert 's court , which led him to lose his faith and become a drunkard . Thoros ' faith was renewed during the War of Five Kings when he was able to resurrect his friend Beric using what he believed to be a mundane funeral rite . Since then , Thoros has stayed beside Beric , resurrecting him several more times , though at the cost of some of his memories each time . In the sixth season , he and Beric persuade Sandor Clegane to join their cause , since they are heading North to aid Jon Snow against the White Walkers . In the seventh season , trying to go around the end of the Wall at Eastwatch , the three are captured by a suspicious Tormund Giantsbane and imprisoned . They later join Jon Snow 's raiding party on their mission to capture a wight . Thoros is mauled by an undead polar bear and takes fatal wounds . Hot Pie ( season 1 -- 4 , 7 ) portrayed by Ben Hawkey , is a baker 's boy from King 's Landing recruited by Yoren to join the Watch . He is shown to be a friend of Lommy and together they try to bully Arya , but , instead she beats him . Hot Pie and Arya survive the attack on Yoren 's band by Ser Amory Lorch , along with Gendry and Lommy Greenhands . They are later captured by soldiers of Ser Gregor Clegane , who kill Lommy . Like Arya , Hot Pie is made a servant at Harrenhal , in the kitchens . He escapes Harrenhal with Arya and Gendry and head to Riverrun . On the way , they are captured by the Brotherhood Without Banners , Hot Pie decides to stay at a local Inn to become a cook . In season 4 , Hot Pie meets Brienne of Tarth and Podrick Payne on their journey to find Sansa Stark and tells them that Arya is likely still alive . Then when Arya passes through in season 7 he is able to give her the news that Jon Snow has retaken Winterfell . Septa Unella ( season 5 -- 6 ) portrayed by Hannah Waddingham , Hannah Waddingham Unella is a Septa of the Faith of the Seven and a devoted follower of the High Sparrow . She throws Cersei into a cell beneath the Sept of Baelor and repeatedly commands her to confess her sins . When Cersei finally does , Unella and some septas wash Cersei and cut off most of her hair . During Cersei 's walk of atonement , Unella walks behind her , repeatedly ringing a bell and calling out `` Shame ! '' to the crowd . She continues to abuse Margaery until an alliance is made between the Crown and the Faith , and follows Margaery around wherever she goes . On the day of Cersei and Loras 's trial , however , Unella is captured by Cersei 's forces before the Great Sept of Baelor is destroyed , taking the High Sparrow with it , and kept prisoner to be tortured by Gregor Clegane on Cersei 's orders as revenge for the needless abuse Unella once inflicted on her . Lem Lemoncloak ( season 6 ) portrayed by Jóhannes Haukur Jóhannesson , is a member of the Brotherhood without Banners . He leads an attack on Septon Ray 's small community , without Beric Dondarrion 's consent . He is subsequently sentenced to death , and is hanged by Sandor Clegane , the only survivor of the attack . Brother Ray ( season 6 ) portrayed by Ian McShane , Ian McShane is a former mercenary who now serves the Faith of the Seven . He tries to build a new community in the Riverlands and saves Sandor Clegane from death following his brutal fight with Brienne of Tarth . He and the rest of the community , however , are killed by rogue members of the Brotherhood Without Banners , and Ray is hanged from the unfinished sept , which drives Sandor to seek revenge , as Ray was his friend . Olyvar ( season 3 -- 5 ) portrayed by Will Tudor , Will Tudor is a spy , sex worker , and brothel manager in the employ of Petyr Baelish . In season 3 , he poses as Loras Tyrell 's squire and has a one - night stand with him at Baelish 's request in order to learn the Tyrells ' true motivations for coming to King 's Landing . In season 4 , he becomes a lover of Oberyn Martell . In season 5 , he continues his affair with Loras . His life is put in danger when the Faith Militant are re-established and they target the city 's homosexuals . He escapes due to being fully clothed during the attack and goes into hiding , but he is approached by Cersei and offered immunity from prosecution if he testifies against Loras at his Holy Inquest . Olyvar does so , implicating both Loras and Margaery in the process . Anguy ( season 3 ) portrayed by Philip McGinley , is a commoner from the Dornish Marches , a member of the Brotherhood Without Banners . He is called `` The Archer '' . Rorge ( season 2 , 4 ) portrayed by Andy Beckwith , is a violent criminal from King 's Landing , Rorge is taken from the Black Cells by Yoren to join the Night 's Watch , which is customary for criminals . He , with the other criminals Jaqen H'Ghar and Biter , is kept caged in a cart for their journey north in order to keep from harming the other recruits . When Yoren 's band is attacked by Ser Amory Lorch , Arya saves the three men by giving them an axe so that they can break out of their cage , which has been set on fire . The three join the Lannister soldiers for a time . In season 4 , Rorge and Biter attack Arya and Sandor to collect the bounty on Sandor Clegane 's head , but Biter is killed by Sandor and Rorge by Arya . Biter ( season 2 , 4 ) portrayed by Gerard Jordan , is a violent criminal from King 's Landing , Biter is a frightening man who hisses instead of speaking , and his teeth have been filed to points . Like Jaqen H'Ghar and Rorge , Biter collected by Yoren for the Night 's Watch . When Yoren 's band is attacked by Ser Amory Lorch , Biter and his companions find themselves trapped in the wagon in the middle of a fire , but Arya Stark , throws an axe into the wagon so that they can break free and save themselves . They manage to escape and are later taken into Ser Amory 's service , eventually arriving at Harrenhal . In season 4 , Rorge and Biter attack Arya and Sandor to collect the bounty on Sandor Clegane 's head , but Biter is killed by Sandor and Rorge by Arya . Ros ( season 1 -- 3 ) portrayed by Esmé Bianco , Esmé Bianco is a red - haired sex worker . The Ros of the television adaptation is an amalgam of more than one character from the books , including the unnamed redheaded northern prostitute and Alayaya . She initially lives in a brothel outside the gates of Winterfell , where she is a favorite of Theon Greyjoy , though she has attracted the attention of several others such as Tyrion Lannister and Jon Snow . Later in the season , Ros moves to King 's Landing and is given employment in a brothel owned by Littlefinger . At the start of season 2 , Ros has been promoted , managing the brothel and interviewing new employees . She is later abused by King Joffrey and savagely beaten by Cersei 's men who mistake her for Tyrion 's lover . She later enters an alliance with Varys . Her primary function in season 1 appeared to be one of sexposition , as the backstories and motives of Theon , Littlefinger and Pycelle are all revealed during sexual encounters involving her . In season 2 , she is used mostly as a familiar face for the audience in several key events . Midway through season 3 she is shot dead by King Joffrey after Littlefinger discovers that she has been spying for Varys . Lommy Greenhands ( season 1 -- 2 ) portrayed by Eros Vlahos , Eros Vlahos was a dyer 's apprentice before being caught stealing and sent with Yoren to join the watch . When Yoren 's band is attacked by Ser Amory Lorch , Lommy is one of the survivors , though he is injured in the leg , slowing down Arya and the other escapees . They are later captured by soldiers under the command of Ser Gregor Clegane . Polliver kills Lommy when he learns that he can not walk . When the soldiers ask where Gendry is , Arya tells them that Lommy was Gendry , saving the real Gendry 's life . Syrio Forel ( season 1 ) portrayed by Miltos Yerolemou , Miltos Yerolemou is known as the former First Sword of the Sealord of Braavos , is hired by Lord Eddard to train Arya Stark at `` Water Dancing '' , the Braavosi style of sword fighting . Syrio trained Arya using wooden swords filled with lead . He also mentored her on how to move and think like a warrior : to be perceptive , move with grace , and command her fear . After Eddard Stark 's arrest , Cersei Lannister sends men to capture Arya . Syrio orders Arya to run while he holds them off with only a wooden practice sword . He defeats five guardsmen but can not bring down the armored Meryn Trant , who cuts his practice sword in half . Arya escapes . The fate of Syrio after that is unknown . Royal court and officials ( edit ) Qyburn ( season 3 -- present ) portrayed by Anton Lesser , Anton Lesser is an ex-maester who was found by Robb Stark at Harrenhal . He becomes a servant of Roose Bolton . Qyburn lost his title as a maester when he was caught performing human experiments on live patients . Qyburn justifies his actions for the sake of medical knowledge . He tends to Jaime after the latter loses his right hand and travels with him to King 's Landing in the hope of having his title restored . In season 4 , Qyburn cures Jaime of infection , allowing the skin to heal fully and has a solid gold hand forged for him , earning him Cersei 's respect and gratitude . Cersei later enlists his help in curing Gregor Clegane of a deadly poison inflicted on him by Oberyn Martell in the trial by combat . Qyburn warns that his help may `` change '' Clegane , but when Cersei asks if it will make him weaker , he enthusiastically implies the opposite . After Tywin 's death and Varys 's treason and escape , Cersei appoints him the new Master of Whispers , much to Grand Maester Pycelle 's disapproval . When the Queen mother is imprisoned by the Faith Militant , he is the only one to visit her and informs her of her uncle Kevan 's appointment as the new Hand of the King . When Cersei returns to the Red Keep after her Walk of Atonement , Qyburn warmly greets her and presents her the newest member of the Kingsguard , an undead version of Ser Gregor , the results of his experiments . He sways most of Varys 's little birds to his service and learns of the caches of wildfire that the Mad King had stored underneath King 's Landing . After Cersei removes all of her enemies by destroying the Great Sept of Baelor with everyone inside and later crowning herself Queen , she names Qyburn as her Hand . At the parley in the Dragonpit , while everyone else is terrified by the wight and horrified when it continues to fight after being cut in half , Qyburn is instead fascinated , picking up the dismembered wight 's hand and inspecting it as it twitches . Grand Maester Pycelle ( season 1 -- 6 ) portrayed by Julian Glover , Julian Glover is a Grand Maester of the Seven Kingdoms , is an advisor and member of the Small Council . He had served the previous three kings as Grand Maester before Robert 's reign . Pycelle is later revealed to be a spy for the Lannisters , Cersei specifically , and he who informed her of Jon Arryn 's investigation of her affair with Jaime . To prevent himself from being undermined , Tyrion has Pycelle arrested and sent to the dungeons , but Cersei frees and Tywin Lannister reinstates him . A deleted scene from season 3 shows that Tywin is not fooled by Pycelle 's frail old man guise . In season 4 , Pycelle makes false accusations at Tyrion 's trial , claiming that Tyrion had stolen poisons from his office to murder Joffrey . Later on , when he proves unable to save the poisoned Gregor Clegane and openly doubts Qyburn 's abilities , Cersei orders him to leave , giving his position to Qyburn . He later attends Tywin 's funeral and proposes himself as the next Hand of the King Cersei ignores him and appoints Qyburn as the new Master of Whispers . When Cersei is incarcerated by the Faith Militant , Pycelle summons uncle Kevan from Casterly Rock and gives Kevan him the position of Hand of the King . He is present at Cersei 's return to the Red Keep after her Walk of Atonement . He continues to be dismissive towards both Cersei and Jaime , acknowledging that Cersei no longer holds any power . On the day of Cersei and Loras 's trial , however , he is lured to Qyburn 's laboratory by the little birds and stabbed to death , orchestrated by Cersei and Qyburn . Meryn Trant ( season 1 - 5 ) portrayed by Ian Beattie , Ian Beattie Ser Meryn Trant is an obedient member of the Kingsguard . He seems perfectly willing to do whatever Joffrey commands , no matter how vile the order . In Season 1 , as Eddard Stark is being arrested , he is ordered by Cersei to bring her Arya Stark . Arya 's fencing instructor , Syrio Forel , defends Arya from Ser Meryn and is presumably killed . Meryn is present at Tyrion 's trial for Joffrey 's murder , where he recounts some veiled threats Tyrion had made against Joffrey in season 2 , while conveniently omitting that he and Joffrey had been beating Sansa Stark at the time . In season 5 , he attends Tywin Lannister 's funeral , accompanying Cersei . He is later appointed by the latter to travel as a bodyguard to Mace Tyrell to his meeting with the managers of the Iron Bank of Braavos . In Braavos , he attends a brothel and asks for underage girls . He is ambushed there and killed by Arya . The High Septon ( season 3 -- 5 ) portrayed by Paul Bentley , is the head the Faith of the Seven , the dominant organized religion of southern Westeros . This septon becomes High Septon in season three after the death of his predecessor by the hands of the rioting mob in King 's Landing . He was the officiant at the wedding ceremony of Tyrion Lannister and Sansa Stark and later at the wedding ceremony of King Joffrey Baratheon and Margaery Tyrell . The High Septon also prepares the body of King Joffrey for his funeral and leads the coronation ceremony of King Tommen Baratheon . He is later present at Tywin 's funeral . He is attacked and humiliated by the Sparrows after being found in a brothel . When he tries to make the Small Council help him get revenge against them , Cersei decides to remove him from his position and has him arrested , giving the position to the High Sparrow . Dontos Hollard ( season 2 , 4 ) portrayed by Tony Way , Ser Dontos Hollard is a knight serving at the court of King 's Landing . He shows up drunk at a tourney for Joffrey 's birthday , so the young king threatens to execute him . Sansa saves his life by suggesting he be made a jester instead . In season 4 , Dontos gives Sansa what he says is his mother 's necklace as a gift and helps smuggle her out of King 's Landing after Joffrey is killed , apparently by Tyrion . Dontos takes her to one of Stannis Baratheon 's ships in Blackwater Bay , to Petyr Baelish . Rather than pay Dontos the promised gold , however , Baelish has his men kill Dontos for fear that he will be bribed into talking , and reveals that the whole time , Dontos was working for him , and leaves the necklace , which contained the poison used to kill Joffrey , with his corpse to implicate Tyrion . Hallyne ( season 2 ) portrayed by Roy Dotrice , Roy Dotrice is the chief `` Wisdom '' of the Order of Pyromancers in King 's Landing . Pyromancers , whose magical skill is questioned by Bronn and Tyrion , are primarily used to produce wildfire , a very dangerous , highly combustible chemical weapon . Tyrion uses his help for the Battle of Blackwater . Ilyn Payne ( season 1 -- 2 ) portrayed by Wilko Johnson , Wilko Johnson Ser Ilyn , also called `` The King 's Justice , '' is the mute royal executioner . He lost his tongue for speaking ill of Aerys II during the Mad King 's reign . He carries out Joffrey 's order to execute Eddard Stark and is temporarily given the Stark family sword , Ice . Night 's Watch ( edit ) Eddison Tollett ( season 2 -- present ) portrayed by Ben Crompton , is a steward of the Night 's Watch , known to all as `` Dolorous Edd '' for his dour face and outlook . Despite his continual gloom and doom he is well - liked by the other Brothers in Black , and is one of few Night 's Watchmen to have few if any enemies among his brothers . He is part of the expeditionary force beyond the Wall . In Season 3 he is one of the few remaining survivors from the battle at the Fist of the First men and they manage to retreat to Craster 's Keep . He fights against the mutineers after the death of Lord Commander Mormont . In season 4 , he and Grenn manage to return to Castle Black , but they join Jon Snow on his mission to kill the mutineers . He survives the ensuing battle and is seen dragging Locke 's corpse back to Craster 's Keep with the other slain Night 's Watch brothers . In the wildling attack on Castle Black , Eddison remains atop the Wall on Jon 's orders to stop the wildlings from breaching the gate . He sends down flaming oil barrels and ultimately delivers the blow that sends the wildlings retreating by swinging a huge scythe across the Wall , causing the ice to break and sending many falling to their deaths . He lives through the battle and personally burns Grenn 's body at the funeral . In season 5 , he witnesses Mance Rayder 's execution , supports Jon in becoming the new Lord Commander , and drags Janos Slynt into the courtyard when Jon sentences him to die . He begrudgingly agrees to Jon 's proposal to rescue the wildlings from Hardhome before the White Walkers can reach them . He accompanies Jon and the Night 's Watch to Hardhome and is one of the few who escape the massacre alive . Following Jon 's death in a mutiny , he is one of Jon 's loyalists who find his body and barricade themselves inside his quarters , refusing to acknowledge Thorne 's leadership . Davos Seaworth sends him to fetch Tormund and the wildlings for help , and he succeeds just in time , ordering the mutineers locked up . He witnesses Jon 's resurrection by Melisandre , and the mutineers ' execution . Jon relinquishes his command to Edd , naming him the new acting Lord Commander . When Jon leaves Castle Black to retake Winterfell from Ramsay Bolton , Edd shares a good - natured farewell with him . Benjen Stark ( season 1 , 6 -- 7 ) portrayed by Joseph Mawle , is First Ranger of the Night 's Watch . He is the younger brother of Lord Eddard Stark of Winterfell . Early in the series , he leads a group of Rangers beyond the wall to investigate increased wildling activity , but does not return and his fate is unknown . In the close of season 5 , Alliser appears to Jon to deliver word of Benjen 's whereabouts , though this seems to be a mere trick , used to lure Jon to an assassination . Benjen returns in the sixth season to save Bran Stark and Meera Reed from a pack of wights , and reveals that he was stabbed by a White Walker , but then stabbed by a Child of the Forest to stop him turning into a White Walker , a process which left him undead and unable to pass through the Wall . He later takes Bran and Meera back to the Wall and bids them farewell . When Jon Snow is stranded north of the Wall , half - frozen and under attack by wights , Benjen rides in and puts Jon on his horse . Before he is killed he holds off the wights for long enough that Jon can escape . Alliser Thorne ( season 1 , 4 -- 6 ) portrayed by Owen Teale , Owen Teale is a drill instructor at Castle Black . He fought for Aerys II during Robert 's Rebellion and was sent to the Wall as punishment . He is a bitter , cruel , fanatical and hardened man but knows firsthand what it is like to serve in the Night 's Watch during the winter . The previous winter , he was caught north of the Wall on a ranging mission and he and the other members of his party were forced to eat the rangers who died in order to survive . Thorne returns in Season 4 , now the acting Lord Commander of the Night 's Watch following the death of Jeor Mormont , and becomes friends with Janos Slynt . He advocates Jon 's execution for his actions in season 3 , but Jon is exonerated by Maester Aemon . Thorne later notices that the people like Jon better than him , and will most likely elect Jon as the new Lord Commander , which would make him Thorne 's superior . To avoid this , Thorne , on Slynt 's suggestion , allows Jon to lead a mission to kill the Night 's Watch mutineers in the hopes that Jon will be killed in battle , though Jon survives . Out of spite , Thorne refuses Jon 's proposal to seal off Castle Black to stop the wildlings from breaching . When the wildling army arrives , Alliser grudgingly admits to Jon that he should have listened to him , but valiantly leads his men into battle . Alliser personally duels Tormund Giantsbane , but is wounded . He is last seen being taken inside Castle Black for treatment while yelling for his men to continue fighting . In season 5 , he has been healed but walks with a limp . He appears to be the leading contender for being voted the new official Lord Commander of the Night 's Watch . Though he ultimately loses to Jon Snow by one vote in a three - way race , he is named First Ranger by Jon , which he appears to appreciate . When Jon sentences Slynt to execution for insubordination , Thorne briefly blocks Eddison Tollett 's way , but quickly abandons Slynt to his fate . After Jon 's return from Hardhome , he eventually opens the gate for the incoming wildling refugees , showing deep resentment for the new Lord Commander 's ambition to forge an alliance with the wildling tribes . After Davos ' return to the Wall , Alliser dispatches Olly with word of Benjen Stark 's current state ; the ploy is soon uncovered as a mutiny , wherein a disarmed Jon is trapped and stabbed to death . Alliser delivers the first blow , under the call `` For the Watch ! '' and leaves the Lord Commander dying in the snow . Thorne assumes command once again , but only until Edd brings back the wildlings to save Jon 's loyalists from death . Thorne is arrested for his treachery , and after Jon is resurrected , he is hanged for treason . Olly ( season 4 -- 6 ) portrayed by Brenock O'Connor , Brenock O'Connor Ois a young boy who lived with his mother and father in a village in the Gift , the land given to the Night 's Watch to support themselves . Their village is attacked by a group of wildlings . His father is killed by Ygritte and his mother by Styr . Styr tells Olly that he is going to eat his dead parents and orders him to tell the men of the Night 's Watch at Castle Black in an attempt to draw them out into the open . He then releases Olly , who reaches Castle Black and informs the men of the approaching wildlings , in the process befriending Jon Snow . In the wildling attack on Castle Black , Olly shoots and kills Ygritte from behind in revenge for his father . In season 5 , Jon takes Olly as an apprentice , mirroring his own father - son relationship with Jeor Mormont . When Jon is named the new Lord Commander of the Night 's Watch , Olly is named Jon 's personal steward . He is unhappy with Jon 's efforts to help the wildlings and participates in Jon 's assassination , stabbing Jon through the heart . When Jon 's loyalists and the wildlings rebel , Olly is arrested along with the mutineers , and after Jon 's resurrection , he is executed by hanging . Othell Yarwyck ( season 1 , 4 -- 6 ) portrayed by Brian Fortune , is First Builder of the Night 's Watch . He is based at Castle Black and is tasked with organizing the builders in maintaining the Wall and the castles belonging to the Watch . He is one of the five black brothers who sit in judgment of Jon Snow for his actions during his time with the wildlings . Later , when Jon proposes that they barricade the gates to Castle Black to stop the wildlings from entering , Alliser Thorne coerces Yarwyck into disagreeing . Yarwyck survives the battle against the wildlings . In season 5 , Jon sends him to rebuild a castle called Greyguard , but the order is annulled when Janos Slynt is executed . He staunchly opposes Jon 's proposal to allow the wildlings to pass through the Wall before the White Walkers reach them and later participates in the mutiny against Jon , being the second to stab him . After Jon is resurrected , Yarwyck and the mutineers are hanged for their treason . Bowen Marsh ( season 5 -- 6 ) portrayed by Michael Condron , is First Steward of the Night 's Watch , one of the few authority figures left at Castle Black . He opposes Jon 's proposal to allow the wildlings to pass through the Wall to escape the White Walkers , and later takes part in the mutiny against Jon , being the third to stab him . When Jon is revived by Melisandre , he is executed by hanging . Maester Aemon ( season 1 , 3 -- 5 ) portrayed by Peter Vaughan , Aemon Targaryen is the blind old Maester of the Night 's Watch . He is the great - uncle of Viserys and Daenerys Targaryen . By the time of Robert 's Rebellion , he was too old to travel alone and already blind , because of that and of his oaths , he remained at the Wall while all the members of his family , even his great grand - nephews and nieces , were killed by Lannister bannermen . He carries the anger of that incident with him into the events of Game of Thrones . In Season 1 , he names Samwell Tarly his personal steward because of his intellect and love for reading and tries to convince Jon Snow not to desert the Night 's Watch after he hears of his father 's arrest and his brother 's campaign to save him . At the end of Season 3 , when Sam and Gilly return after the mutiny at Craster 's Keep , he sends all the ravens of the Nights Watch with messages to all the kings and lords of Westeros asking for help defending the Wall . In season 4 , he is present at Jon Snow 's trial . Aemon immediately ascertains that Jon is telling the truth and has him exonerated , claiming that he learned how to detect liars merely by growing up in King 's Landing . Moments before the attack on Castle Black , Aemon speaks with Samwell Tarly about his feelings for Gilly . After the battle , he delivers a eulogy for the fallen before they are burned . In season 5 , Aemon oversees the selection of a new Lord Commander . When Jon Snow and Alliser Thorne tie , Aemon breaks the tie by voting for Jon . He later falls ill , and Jon entrusts his care to Sam , who informs him on his great - niece 's exploits in Slaver 's Bay . Aemon later dies of natural causes after Jon 's departure to Hardhome , spending his last moments with Gilly and Sam , the latter delivering a eulogy at his funeral pyre . Janos Slynt ( season 1 -- 2 , 4 -- 5 ) portrayed by Dominic Carter , was the Commander of the King 's Landing city watch . He was bribed by Littlefinger to conspire against Eddard Stark . He later follows Joffrey 's orders to murder all of Robert 's illegitimate children . Due to his untrustworthiness and brutality , Tyrion has Janos exiled to the Night 's Watch . In season 4 , he is shown to be at odds with Jon Snow and suggests that Alliser Thorne get rid of him before he can be elected as the new Lord Commander . During the wildling attack on Castle Black , Janos hides in the food storage closet . In season 5 , Slynt appears to support Thorne as the new Lord Commander of the Night 's Watch . When Jon is ultimately elected as the new Lord Commander , Janos refuses to obey Jon 's orders and insults him . Jon responds by sentencing Janos to death . Janos ultimately breaks down , realising that Jon is not bluffing , and begs for mercy . Jon at first seems to relent , but ultimately delivers the blow , beheading Slynt . Grenn ( season 1 -- 4 ) portrayed by Mark Stanley , is a brave but not very bright brother of the Night 's Watch who joins at the same time as Jon . He was abandoned by his father when he was a child and had to steal to survive . In Season 1 , he is initially at odds with Jon Snow , especially after Jon breaks his nose during a training session . Grenn , Pypar and Rast ambush Jon in a shed and threaten to harm him until Tyrion appears and tells them to back off , while advising Jon to sympathise with the other brothers . Jon makes amends by helping to train the others and becomes friends with Grenn . In Season 2 , Grenn is part of Lord Commander Joer Mormont 's ranging mission . Once they reach the Fist of the First Men , he is ordered to find firewood with Eddison Tollet and Samwell Tarly . In the process , they find a hidden stash of dragonglass ( obsidian ) daggers . When the White Walkers and wights approach , Grenn and Edd make a run for it , accidentally leaving Sam behind . In Season 3 , he is one of the few remaining survivors of the battle at the Fist of the First men . On the way back to the Wall , Grenn makes amends with Sam by helping him walk along with Edd and Rast , and they manage to retreat to Craster 's Keep . He fights against the mutineers after the death of Lord Commander Mormont , tackling Karl Tanner in the process , but he is subdued and chained up . In season 4 , he and Edd manage to escape from the keep and make it back to Castle Black , but they later join Jon Snow on his mission to kill the mutineers . He survives the ensuing battle and expresses shock at the sight of Locke 's badly snapped neck , wondering aloud what killed him . In the wildling attack on Castle Black , Grenn is ordered by Jon to take five men and hold the castle gates . A giant breaks his way in , and Grenn and the others manage to kill it at the cost of their own lives . His body is later burned by Edd at the funeral . Pypar ( season 1 , 3 -- 4 ) portrayed by Josef Altin , Josef Altin is a brother of the Night 's Watch , informally called `` Pyp '' . He joins at the same time as Jon . Initially , he said that his crime was stealing a wheel of cheese to feed his starving sister . Later , he admits to Jon and Sam that he were merely accused of stealing after refusing the sexual advances of his former lord . In the first season , he is at odds with Jon Snow , who does not hide his superior skills from the other brothers , but he becomes friends with him when Jon , on Tyrion Lannister 's advice , helps to train the other brothers . He is later assigned to the stewards . In season 4 , Pyp participates in the battle against the wildlings at Castle Black with both a sword and a crossbow . He manages to kill one wildling with a crossbow but is himself shot through the neck and killed seconds later by Ygritte and dies in Sam 's arms . His body is later burned at the funeral . Karl Tanner ( season 3 -- 4 ) portrayed by Burn Gorman , Burn Gorman was a steward of the Night 's Watch . In season 3 , Karl survives the Battle at the Fist of the First Men and accompanies the survivors back to the Wall , stopping by Craster 's Keep along the way , where he eyes Craster 's daughters . As tensions between Craster and the brothers of the Watch run higher , particularly after they accuse Craster of starving a fellow ranger to death , Karl challenges Craster and later provokes him into attacking , but he stabs Craster through the mouth and inadvertently triggers a mutiny against Lord Commander Mormont . He is tackled by Grenn , but he subdues him and orders him chained up . In season 4 , Karl is still at Craster 's Keep , lording over it and raping Craster 's daughter - wives . His men eventually catch Bran Stark , Jojen and Meera Reed and Hodor on their quest to find the three - eyed raven and hold them hostage when he learns Bran 's identity . Karl later tries to rape Meera , but he is stopped when Jon Snow leads a band of Night 's Watch brothers to kill the mutineers . Karl fights Jon alone inside Craster 's hut and almost kills him by fighting dirty , but he is stabbed in the back by one of Craster 's wives . Karl moves in to kill her , but Jon stabs him through the mouth from behind . Rast ( season 1 , 3 - 4 ) portrayed by Luke McEwan , was a trainee to the Night 's Watch with a particularly mean spirit . He was arrested for rape and chose the Wall as his punishment . In Season 1 , he is at odds with Jon Snow , who does not hide his superior skills while training , and later threatens him in the armoury with Grenn and Pyp , but he backs off when Tyrion Lannister threatens him . Though Jon later trains him and the other recruits , he does not come to respect Jon and expresses jealousy when Jon is given the sword Longclaw by Lord Commander Jeor Mormont . He takes every opportunity he can to bully Samwell Tarly and only stops when Jon , Grenn and Pyp threaten him . In season 2 , he is part of Mormont 's expedition North of the Wall to find Benjen Stark , and fights in the Battle at the Fist of the First Men . In Season 3 , he is one of the few remaining survivors of that battle and is shown to be visibly upset and angry at the loss of his comrades , taking it out on Sam until Mormont intervenes . They manage to retreat to Craster 's Keep , but Rast grows increasingly angry and resentful of Craster for mistreating them and the others , particularly when a fellow ranger dies of starvation , which Rast attributes to Craster 's stinginess . Rast and Karl Tanner stand up to Craster , resulting in a mutiny in which Karl kills Craster and Rast stabs Mormont in the back for threatening Karl with execution . He and the rest of the mutineers remain at the Keep with Craster 's daughter - wives , although Sam manages to escape , to Rast 's fury . In season 4 , he is visibly uncomfortable with the abuse the mutineers are putting Craster 's daughters through , and is himself being abused by Karl , who spitefully orders Rast to feed Jon 's direwolf , Ghost , who they have caged outside the Keep . When the mutineers capture Bran Stark and his party , Rast recognises Bran as Jon 's brother and taunts Hodor by stabbing him in the leg . Rast later flees from the Keep when Jon leads a band of brothers to kill the mutineers , but he is mauled to death by Ghost , whom Bran had freed . Yoren ( season 1 -- 2 ) portrayed by Francis Magee , is a recruiter for the Night 's Watch . He travels to King 's Landing , where he witnesses Eddard Stark 's execution . Discovering Arya Stark in the crowd , Yoren prevents her from seeing her father 's beheading and disguises her as a boy to hide her among his Night 's Watch recruits and transport her to Winterfell . In the caravan bound for the Wall , Lannister bannerman Ser Amory Lorch demands Yoren hand over a recruit named Gendry . When Yoren refuses , a battle ensues , and Yoren and his men are killed . When he is struck by an arrow he speaks his last words , `` I 've always hated crossbows . Take too long to re-load . '' Before he succumbs to his wound , Yoren kills the man who shot him . Qhorin Halfhand ( season 2 ) portrayed by Simon Armstrong , is an experienced ranger of the Night 's Watch and second - in - command at the Shadow Tower . He is called Halfhand because he lost all the fingers on his right hand except his thumb and forefinger to a wildling axe . Because of this , he was forced to train himself how to fight left - handed . When Qhorin met up with Lord Commander Mormont at the Fist of the First Men , he advised sending three scouting parties into the mountains to determine what Mance had been looking for there , leading one party , including Jon Snow , personally . After becoming separated from Jon , Qhorin searches for him and is captured and his men are killed . While tied up , he discreetly orders Jon to infiltrate the wildlings as a double agent . Later , he sacrifices himself by provoking Jon into a fight , so Jon can gain the wildlings ' trust by killing him . Beyond the Wall ( edit ) Richard Brake Night King ( season 4 -- present ) portrayed by Richard Brake in seasons 4 and 5 , and Vladimir `` Furdo '' Furdik from season 6 , the Night King is the first of and leader of the White Walkers . He converts Craster 's baby sons into White Walkers for his army , and later leads an all - out assault on Hardhome , a wildling settlement . In the ensuing massacre , he witnesses Jon Snow slay one of his lieutenants . In the aftermath , the Night King revives all of the fallen as wights for his army , while sharing a long glance with Jon . The Night King first appeared in Oathkeeper but was not identified until Hardhome . In season 6 , it is revealed through a vision by Bran Stark that the Night King was once of the First Men , the first humans to migrate to Westeros . However , during their wars with the Children of the Forest , the man was kidnapped and forcibly converted into the first White Walker . The Children intended to use them as weapons against the First Men ; however , under the Night King 's leadership , the White Walkers have since gone rogue . The Night King later leads an assault at the cave of the three - eyed raven after breaking its magical seal , where he personally kills the three - eyed raven . In season 7 the Night King throws a spear of ice which kills Daenerys ' dragon Viserion . He touches the dragon and turns it into a wight . When his army reaches the Wall , he rides on Viserion 's back as the dragon 's blue fire destroys the Wall . Three - eyed Raven ( season 4 , 6 ) portrayed by Struan Rodger in season 4 , and Max von Sydow in season 6 , Max von Sydow the Three - eyed Raven is a figure that appears in Bran Stark 's dreams , following his fall and injury . In Bran 's dreams , the raven appears to be trying to lead him into the Stark family crypt , predicting his father 's death . In Season 3 he keeps appearing in Bran 's dreams and wants him to follow him . In season 4 , Bran finally finds him , in the form of a wise old man , who promises to help Bran learn to fly . In season 6 , he trains Bran in greensight and shows him visions of the past . When the Night King marks Bran during a vision gone wrong , he sacrifices himself to allow Bran and Meera to escape . He is slain by the Night King when he attacks with his army . Leaf ( portrayed by Octavia Alexandru in season 4 , and Kae Alexander in season 6 ) appears to rescue Bran , Meera and Hodor from the reanimated skeletons outside the three - eyed raven 's cave and takes them to the three - eyed raven herself . When the Night King attacks with his army , she is killed in the ensuing battle . Wun Weg Wun Dar Wun ( season 5 -- 6 ) portrayed by Ian Whyte , Ian Whyte Wun Wun is a giant from Hardhome . He agrees to Jon 's offer to allow the wildlings pass through the Wall to escape the coming White Walkers , and escapes the ensuing massacre . Upon being alerted of Jon 's death , Wun Wun joins the wildlings in returning to Castle Black to overthrow Alliser Thorne . After Jon is revived from the dead , he pleads with the wildlings to help him retake Winterfell from Ramsay Bolton , and Wun Wun is the first to agree . During the Battle of the Bastards , Wun Wun brings down a number of men and manages to breach the gates to Winterfell , but is shot with enough arrows and spears to bring him to his knees , and ultimately shot dead by Ramsay with an arrow to the eye . Dim Dalba ( season 5 -- 6 ) portrayed by Murray McArthur , Dim Dalba is an elderly warrior and raider and one of the prominent leaders in the Free Folk army gathered by Mance Rayder . Following the defeat of the wildling army in the Battle of Castle Black , he leads his followers to the relative safety of Hardhome . In season 6 , he pledges his army to fight for Jon Snow at the battle against the Boltons . Mance Rayder ( season 3 -- 5 ) portrayed by Ciarán Hinds , Ciarán Hinds Mance Rayder is a former ranger of the Night 's Watch who became the `` King - Beyond - the - Wall '' and the new leader of the Wildlings . He was a wildling child who was raised by the Night 's Watch , becoming one of their best rangers but eventually joining the wildlings . Using the training and tactics he learned from the watch , Mance became the seventh King Beyond the Wall , uniting disparate clans by reminding them that the white walkers and other monsters would kill them all . Mance 's goal is to get his people to the safety of the other side of the wall before the White Walkers could reach it . He plans a two - pronged attack on Castle Black , sending Tormund and Jon across the wall with a small party and preparing an army on the other side . After the advance attack on Castle Black fails , Jon leaves Castle Black to hunt Mance down on pretence of parleying with him . Mance realises Jon 's true intentions and is about to kill him when he and his men are ambushed and defeated by Stannis Baratheon and his army . Mance and Stannis briefly exchange insults when Mance refuses to acknowledge him as the King . Mance is taken prisoner by Stannis . In season 5 , Stannis offers to show Mance mercy if he will bend the knee and pledge allegiance to him , but Mance still refuses , fearing that he will lose his people 's respect in the process . On Stannis 's orders , Mance is burned at the stake by Melisandre , although Jon shoots Mance to cut short his suffering . Lord of Bones ( season 2 -- 3 , 5 ) portrayed by Edward Dogliani in seasons 2 and 3 , and Ross O'Hennessy in season 5 ) , Ross O'Hennessy the Lord of Bones was more often than not referred to as `` Rattleshirt '' , a ruthless wildling leader who uses a giant 's skull as a helmet and the bones of his victims for armour . In Season 2 , he captures Jon Snow and in Season 3 delivers him to Mance . In Season 5 he is beaten to death by Tormud Giantsbane at Hardhome when he refuses to hear Tormund 's proposal for an alliance with the Night 's Watch . Styr ( season 4 ) portrayed by Yuri Kolokolnikov , Yuri Kolokolnikov Star was one of Mance Rayder 's lieutenants and the Magnar - `` Lord '' in the Old Tongue of the First Men -- of the Thenn people , a clan of cannibalistic wildlings . In the battle for Castle Black , he is killed by Jon Snow , who smashes his head in with a hammer . Craster ( season 2 -- 3 ) portrayed by Robert Pugh , is a wildling who has an uneasy friendship with the Night 's Watch . He is a short - tempered , incestuous polygamist who takes all his daughters as wives . Jon Snow wonders aloud why he has no sons , and it is later revealed that he sacrifices them to the White Walkers soon after birth . As their only ally beyond the Wall , Commander Mormont and the Nights Watch are forced to endure his insults and outrageous demands . Several members of the Night 's Watch finally lose their patience with Craster after returning defeated from a battle with the White Walkers when he insults their dead and refuses to share more of his supplies with the hungry rangers . He is killed by Karl , who , with his men proceeds , to raid Craster 's supplies and attack his wives and daughters . Orell ( season 3 ) portrayed by Mackenzie Crook , Mackenzie Crook is a wildling raider and warg , a human capable of entering the minds of animals . Orell does n't trust Jon , as he suspects that Jon is still loyal to the Night 's Watch ; he is also jealous of Jon 's relationship with Ygritte . Orell 's suspicions are confirmed when , during a raid at the North , Jon refuses to kill an innocent horse breeder . Orell claims that Jon always was a `` crow '' and a battle ensues . After a few moments of sword fighting , Jon shoves his sword into Orell 's chest and whispers `` You were right the whole time '' , before pulling it out and leaving Orell to die . Orell wargs into the mind of his eagle with his dying breath and attacks Jon , but Jon is able to fight him off . Animals ( edit ) Drogon ( season 1 -- present ) is the black one of Daenerys 's three dragons . He is visibly the biggest and Daenerys 's favourite dragon . He is named after Khal Drogo , her late husband . Throughout seasons 2 and 3 , Drogon is loyal to Daenerys , but in season 4 , he roars in her face when she tries to stop him from harming the other dragons over food , which makes her realise that she may be losing control over her dragons . While in Meereen , Daenerys receives two complaints from the citizens of Slaver 's Bay about Drogon 's behaviour , one of them a shepherd whose flock of sheep Drogon torched , and the second a farmer whose three - year - old daughter Drogon killed . Though Drogon disappears before he can be captured , he saves Daenerys from an ambush in Daznak 's Pit and flies off with her on his back , though he is wounded by the Sons of the Harpy in the process . Rhaegal ( season 1 -- present ) is the green one of Daenerys 's three dragons . He is named after Daenerys 's deceased brother , Rhaegar Targaryen . When Daenerys begins to lose control over them , she locks Rhaegal and Viserion in the catacombs beneath Meereen . She later goes to visit them , but they attempt to attack her , forcing her to flee . Viserion ( season 1 -- present ) is the yellow one of Daenerys 's three dragons . He is named after Daenerys 's deceased brother , Viserys Targaryen . When Daenerys begins to lose control over them , she locks Rhaegal and Viserion in the catacombs beneath Meereen . She later goes to visit them , but they attempt to attack her , forcing her to flee . Viserion is killed with an ice spear during a battle with the White Walkers beyond the Wall , only to be turned into a wight himself by the Night King . With the Night King riding on his back , Viserion breathes blue fire at the Wall and it begins to disintegrate . Ghost ( seasons 1 -- 6 ) is Jon Snow 's direwolf . He is the albino runt of the litter of puppies , but nevertheless grows into a strong adult . He accompanies Jon to Castle Black . Following the Night 's Watch mutiny , he is imprisoned by Karl and Rast . He is later freed by Bran Stark and mauls Rast to death before re-joining Jon and the loyal Night 's Watch brothers . Though he is taken back to Castle Black , Alliser Thorne spitefully orders Jon to lock Ghost up . When the wildlings reach Castle Black , Jon orders Sam to free Ghost , and the direwolf subsequently helps the Night 's Watch by mauling several wildlings to death . He survives the battle . After Jon departs for Hardhome , Ghost remains at Castle Black and scares off two Night 's Watch bullies after they beat Sam and attempt to rape Gilly . After Jon is murdered Davos and the loyalists bring him to help protect Jon 's body . Once the mutineers led by Alliser Thorne are defeated and arrested thanks to the Wildlings he rests by Jon 's body . Later he is the first to witness Jon come back to life . Once Jon executes the mutineers and reunited with his sister Sansa Ghost leaves Castle Black with Jon . He does n't participate in the battle against the Boltons . After the Starks win he returns to Winterfell with Jon . Summer ( seasons 1 -- 4 , 6 ) is Bran Stark 's direwolf . When an assassin attempts to kill the comatose Bran , Summer tears out his throat with his teeth , saving both Bran and his mother Catelyn . Summer and Shaggydog survive the sacking of Winterfell and join Bran , Rickon and their group on their journey to the Wall to find Jon Snow . When they stumble across Craster 's Keep , Bran mentally takes over Summer 's body to scout the area , but Summer falls into a trap and is imprisoned . He is later freed and continues the journey north with Bran . During the battle with the skeletons outside the three - eyed raven 's cave , Summer mauls several and escapes with Bran into the caves . After the White Walkers and the Wights attack the tree , the group is forced to escape . Only Meera and Bran make it out alive as Hodor , Summer , The Children of The Forest and the Three - Eyed Raven are all slain by the undead while giving Bran time to escape . Shaggydog ( season 1 -- 3 , 6 ) is Rickon Stark 's direwolf . Following the sacking of Winterfell , Shaggydog and Summer join Rickon , Bran and their group on their journey to the Wall to find Jon Snow . Shaggydog accompanies Rickon and Osha to the Great Umber when the journey beyond the wall is deemed too dangerous for Rickon . However , after Greatjon dies , his son Smalljon decides to ally with the Boltons , and goes to Ramsay , to whom he gives Osha and Rickon as hostages , while presenting Shaggydog 's severed head as proof of Rickon 's identity . Nymeria ( season 1 , 7 ) is Arya Stark 's direwolf . On the way to King 's Landing , Joffrey attacks Arya in a play - fight taken too far . Nymeria bites Joffrey in the arm , and she and Arya run away . Knowing that Joffrey will lie to the court , Arya forces Nymeria to flee to prevent her from being killed . A very long time after , Arya reunites with her while in the Riverlands on her way back home to Winterfell , and she learns that she has since joined a pack of wild direwolves . She attempts to urge her to return with her . However , Nymeria refuses , likely due to how long she has been away from home , and remains with her new pack . Grey Wind ( season 1 -- 3 ) is Robb Stark 's direwolf . He accompanies Robb on his campaign against the Lannisters and often fights alongside him in the War of the Five Kings . When Robb is betrayed by Walder Frey and Roose Bolton , Grey Wind is shot dead with crossbows . He and Robb are later decapitated and Grey Wind 's head is sewn onto Robb 's corpse . Lady ( season 1 ) is Sansa Stark 's direwolf . After an incident on the Kingsroad when Nymeria bites Joffrey , Cersei first demands that Nymeria be killed and , when Nymeria can not be found , demands that a wolf be killed . Despite his objections , Ned Stark kills Lady personally , though he sends her body north instead of allowing Cersei to have her skin . See also ( edit ) Characters in A Song of Ice and Fire List of Game of Thrones episodes Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ In the novel series , A Song of Ice and Fire , Robin Arryn was named Robert Arryn . The character 's name has been changed to Robin so as to prevent confusion with Robert Baratheon . Jump up ^ In the novel series , A Song of Ice and Fire , Yara Greyjoy was named Asha Greyjoy . The character 's name has been changed to Yara so as to prevent confusion with Osha . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( July 16 , 2010 ) . `` From HBO '' . Not a Blog . LiveJournal . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Stars Score Hefty Pay Raises for Season 8 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Iain Glen confirms readthrough date '' . Youtube . October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Avery ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` Sophie Turner Drops Massive Spoiler About Sansa Stark 's Fate In Season 8 '' . Jump up ^ `` Maisie Williams Thinks Arya Went Hunting for Trouble This Season '' . Jump up ^ Bradley , Bill ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Actor Says Cut Scene Would 've Explained Confusing Finale Moment '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rory McCann says he 's already training for Clegane Bowl '' . Huffington Post . Jump up ^ `` Liam Cunningham ( Davos ) talks about the filming schedule for Game of Thrones Season 8 '' . January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bradley confirms return '' . August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shepherd , Jack ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 8 filming looks to be underway '' . The Independent . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.refinery29.com/2017/08/170207/rory-mccann-hafpor-julius-bjornsson-the-hound-the-mountain-game-of-thrones-fight Jump up ^ http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/news/game-of-thrones-season-8-filming-cast-belfast-northern-ireland-a8016546.html ^ Jump up to : VanDerWerff , Todd . `` '' Winter is Coming '' Review `` . AV Club . Retrieved March 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ VanDerWerff , Todd . `` '' You Win Or You Die '' Review `` . AV Club . Retrieved March 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ VanDerWerff , Todd . `` '' Valar Morghulis '' Review `` . AV Club . Retrieved March 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones reveals new cast members for Season 3 ! '' . io9.com . July 13 , 2012 . Retrieved July 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones Season 4 : Three Parts Confirmed ! '' . io9.com . May 28 , 2013 . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones ' Kristian Nairn Has 70 Different Ways of Saying ' Hodor ' '' . Vulture . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` There are 70 Ways to Say ' Hodor ' on GAME OF THRONES and Here They Are Nerdist '' . Nerdist . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones Spoilers : Wilf Scolding Is the Actor Who Plays Rhaegar Targaryen '' . Earn The Necklace. 2017 - 08 - 28 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ Garcia , Elio ( August 19 , 2012 ) . `` Two More for S3 : Ramon Tikaram , Dan Hildebrand Join Cast '' . Retrieved August 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones Episodes : EP208 : The Prince of Winterfell '' . Westeros.org . Retrieved February 21 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Game of Thrones cast . Official website George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) A Feast for Crows ( 2005 ) A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) The Winds of Winter ( TBA ) Franchise media Novellas Tales of Dunk and Egg ( 1998 -- 2010 ) The Princess and the Queen ( 2013 ) The Rogue Prince ( 2014 ) The Sons of the Dragon ( 2017 ) TV series Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 Awards Characters Music `` Game of Thrones Theme '' `` The Rains of Castamere '' `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' `` Light of the Seven '' Catch the Throne Live Concert Experience Soundtracks Season 1 5 6 Title sequence After the Thrones Thronecast Video games A Game of Thrones : Genesis Game of Thrones ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones Ascent Game of Thrones ( 2014 ) Other media The World of Ice & Fire ( 2014 ) Board game Card game ( Second edition ) Comic book series Characters Petyr Baelish Joffrey Baratheon Renly Baratheon Robert Baratheon Stannis Baratheon Tommen Baratheon Ramsay Bolton Roose Bolton Bronn Gregor Clegane Sandor Clegane Khal Drogo Gendry Tormund Giantsbane Gilly Theon Greyjoy Cersei Lannister Jaime Lannister Tyrion Lannister Tywin Lannister Oberyn Martell Melisandre Missandei Jorah Mormont Daario Naharis Ellaria Sand Davos Seaworth Jon Snow High Sparrow Arya Stark Bran Stark Catelyn Stark Ned Stark Rickon Stark Robb Stark Sansa Stark Daenerys Targaryen Viserys Targaryen Samwell Tarly Brienne of Tarth Margaery Tyrell Olenna Tyrell Varys Ygritte World Languages Dothraki Valyrian Themes Iron Throne White Walker Miscellaneous Fandom Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Game_of_Thrones_characters&oldid=809014485 '' Categories : Game of Thrones A Song of Ice and Fire characters Lists of American drama television series characters Lists of fantasy television characters Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2017 Wikipedia articles needing style editing from April 2016 All articles needing style editing Articles that may be too long from April 2016 Pages with too many photos All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Български Čeština Español فارسی Français Galego ქართული Latina Magyar მარგალური Nederlands 日本 語 Português Română Русский Suomi Türkçe Тыва дыл Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 November 2017 , at 16 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who plays the head maester in game of thrones
[ "\n\nActor/Actress\nCharacter\nAppearances\n\n\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\n7\n8\n\n\nJulian Glover\nGrand Maester Pycelle\nRecurring\n\n\n\nIan Beattie\nMeryn Trant\nRecurring\n\n\n\nKristian Nairn1\nHodor\nRecurring\n\nRecurring\n\n\n\nMark Stanley\nGrenn\nRecurring\n\n\n\nNatalia Tena\nOsha\nRecurring\n\nRecurring\n\n\n\nArt Parkinson\nRickon Stark\nRecurring\n\nRecurring\n\n\n\nEsmé Bianco\nRos\nRecurring\n\n\n\nHafþór Júlíus Björnsson2\nGregor Clegane\nRecurring\n\nRecurring[11]\n\n\nDominic Carter\nJanos Slynt\nRecurring\n\nRecurring\n\n\n\nEugene Simon\nLancel Lannister\nRecurring\n\nRecurring\n\n\n\nNell Tiger Free3\nMyrcella Baratheon\nRecurring\n\nRecurring\nGuest\n\n\n\nRon Donachie4\nRodrik Cassel\nRecurring\n\nRecurring\n\n\n\nDonald Sumpter\nMaester Luwin\nRecurring\n\n\n\nAmrita Acharia\nIrri\nRecurring\n\n\n\nRoxanne McKee\nDoreah\nRecurring\n\n\n\nIan Gelder\nKevan Lannister\nRecurring\nGuest\n\nRecurring\n\n\n\nIan McElhinney\nBarristan Selmy\nRecurring\n\nRecurring\n\n\n\nLuke Barnes\nRast\nRecurring\n\nRecurring\n\n\n\nPeter Vaughan\nMaester Aemon\nRecurring\n\nGuest\nRecurring\n\n\n\nJosef Altin\nPypar\nRecurring\n\nGuest\nRecurring\n\n\n\nOwen Teale\nAlliser Thorne\nRecurring\n\nRecurring\n\n\n\nBrian Fortune\nOthell Yarwyck\nRecurring\n\nRecurring\n\n\n\nFinn Jones\nLoras Tyrell\nGuest\nRecurring\n\n\n\nBen Hawkey\nHot Pie\nGuest\nRecurring\nGuest\n\nGuest\nTBA\n\n\nRichard Dormer5\nBeric Dondarrion\nGuest\n\nRecurring\n\nGuest\nRecurring\nTBA\n\n\nDaniel Portman\nPodrick Payne\n\nRecurring\nTBA\n\n\nBen Crompton\nEddison Tollett\n\nRecurring\nGuest\nTBA\n\n\nGemma Whelan\nYara Greyjoy\n\nRecurring\nGuest\n\nRecurring\nTBA\n\n\nTara Fitzgerald6\nSelyse Florent\n\nGuest\nRecurring\n\n\n\nWilliam & James Wilson\nLittle Sam\n\nRecurring\nTBA\n\n\nJacob Anderson\nGrey Worm\n\nRecurring[12]\n\n\nAnton Lesser\nQyburn\n\nRecurring\nTBA\n\n\nDiana Rigg\nOlenna Tyrell\n\nRecurring\n\n\n\nKerry Ingram\nShireen Baratheon\n\nRecurring\n\n\n\nEllie Kendrick\nMeera Reed\n\nRecurring\n\nRecurring\nTBA\n\n\nThomas Brodie-Sangster\nJojen Reed\n\nRecurring\n\n\n\nPaul Kaye\nThoros of Myr\n\nRecurring\n\nGuest\nRecurring\n\n\n\nBrenock O'Connor\nOlly\n\nRecurring\n\n\n\nRoger Ashton-Griffiths\nMace Tyrell\n\nRecurring\n\n\n\nFaye Marsay\nThe Waif\n\nRecurring\n\n\n\nMichael Condron\nBowen Marsh\n\nRecurring\n\n\n" ]
[ "Julian Glover" ]
-2539036874092701537
United States one hundred-dollar bill
United States one hundred - dollar bill - wikipedia United States one hundred - dollar bill Jump to : navigation , search One Hundred dollars ( United States ) Value $100 Width 156 mm Height 66.3 mm Weight c. 1.0 g Security features Security fibers , watermark , 3D security ribbon , optically variable ink , microprinting , raised printing , EURion constellation Paper type 75 % cotton 25 % linen Years of printing 1861 -- present Obverse Design Benjamin Franklin , Declaration of Independence , quill pen , inkwell Design date 2009 Reverse Design Independence Hall Design date 2009 The United States one hundred - dollar bill ( $100 ) is a denomination of United States currency . Statesman , inventor , diplomat , and American founding father Benjamin Franklin is featured on the obverse of the bill . On the reverse of the banknote is an image of Independence Hall . The $100 bill is the largest denomination that has been printed since July 13 , 1969 , when the denominations of $500 , $1,000 , $5,000 , and $10,000 were retired . The Bureau of Engraving and Printing says the average life of a $100 bill in circulation is 90 months ( 7.5 years ) before it is replaced due to wear and tear . The bills are also commonly referred to as `` Bens '' , `` Benjamins '' or `` Franklins '' , in reference to the use of Benjamin Franklin 's portrait on the denomination , or as `` C - Notes '' , based on the Roman numeral for 100 . The bill is one of two denominations printed today that does not feature a President of the United States ; the other is the $10 bill , featuring Alexander Hamilton . It is also the only denomination today to feature a building not located in Washington , D.C. , that being Independence Hall located in Philadelphia on the reverse . The time on the clock of Independence Hall on the reverse , according to the U.S. Bureau of Engraving and Printing , showed approximately 4 : 10 on the older contemporary notes and 10 : 30 on the series 2009A notes released in 2013 . One hundred hundred - dollar bills are delivered by Federal Reserve Banks in mustard - colored straps ( $10,000 ) . The Series 2009 $100 bill redesign was unveiled on April 21 , 2010 , and was issued to the public on October 8 , 2013 . The new bill costs 12.6 cents to produce and has a blue ribbon woven into the center of the currency with `` 100 '' and Liberty Bells , alternating , that appear when the bill is tilted . The $100 bill comprises 77 % of all US currency in circulation , although according to former Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke , more than two - thirds of all $100 notes are held outside the United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 Large size note history 2 Small size note history 3 Removal of large denomination bills ( $500 and up ) 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links Large size note History ( edit ) ( approximately 7.4218 × 3.125 in ≅ 189 × 79 mm ) 1863 $100 Legal Tender note Series 1878 $100 silver certificate 1880 $100 Legal Tender 1914 $100 Federal Reserve Note 1922 $100 Gold Certificate 1861 : Three - year 100 - dollar Interest Bearing Notes were issued that paid 7.3 % interest per year . These notes were not primarily designed to circulate and were payable to the original purchaser of the dollar bill . The obverse of the note featured a portrait of General Winfield Scott . 1862 : The first $100 United States Note was issued . Variations of this note were issued that resulted in slightly different wording ( obligations ) on the reverse ; the note was issued again in Series of 1863 . 1863 : Both one and two and one half year Interest Bearing Notes were issued that paid 5 % interest . The one - year Interest Bearing Notes featured a vignette of George Washington in the center , and allegorical figures representing `` The Guardian '' to the right and `` Justice '' to the left . The two - year notes featured a vignette of the U.S. treasury building in the center , a farmer and mechanic to the left , and sailors firing a cannon to the right . 1863 : The first $100 Gold Certificates were issued with a bald eagle to the left and large green 100 in the middle of the obverse . The reverse was distinctly printed in orange instead of green like all other U.S. federal government issued notes of the time . 1864 : Compound Interest Treasury Notes were issued that were intended to circulate for three years and paid 6 % interest compounded semi-annually . The obverse is similar to the 1863 one - year Interest Bearing Note . 1869 : A new $100 United States Note was issued with a portrait of Abraham Lincoln on the left of the obverse and an allegorical figure representing architecture on the right . Although this note is technically a United States Note , TREASURY NOTE appeared on it instead of UNITED STATES NOTE . 1870 : A new $100 Gold Certificate with a portrait of Thomas Hart Benton on the left side of the obverse was issued . The note was one - sided . 1870 : One hundred dollar National Gold Bank Notes were issued specifically for payment in gold coin by participating national gold banks . The obverse featured vignettes of Perry leaving the USS St. Lawrence and an allegorical figure to the right ; the reverse featured a vignette of U.S. gold coins . 1875 : The reverse of the Series of 1869 United States Note was redesigned . Also , TREASURY NOTE was changed to UNITED STATES NOTE on the obverse . This note was issued again in Series of 1878 and Series of 1880 . 1878 : The first $100 silver certificate was issued with a portrait of James Monroe on the left side of the obverse . The reverse was printed in black ink , unlike any other U.S. Federal Government issued bill . 1882 : A new and revised $100 Gold Certificate was issued . The obverse was partially the same as the Series 1870 gold certificate ; the border design , portrait of Thomas H. Benton , and large word GOLD , and gold - colored ink behind the serial numbers were all retained . The reverse featured a perched bald eagle and the Roman numeral for 100 , C . 1890 : One hundred dollar Treasury or `` Coin Notes '' were issued for government purchases of silver bullion from the silver mining industry . The note featured a portrait of Admiral David G. Farragut . The note was also nicknamed a `` watermelon note '' because of the watermelon - shaped 0 's in the large numeral 100 on the reverse ; the large numeral 100 was surrounded by an ornate design that occupied almost the entire note . 1891 : The reverse of the Series of 1890 Treasury Note was redesigned because the Treasury felt that it was too `` busy '' which would make it too easy to counterfeit . More open space was incorporated into the new design . 1891 : The obverse of the $100 Silver Certificate was slightly revised with some aspects of the design changed . The reverse was completely redesigned and also began to be printed in green ink . 1914 : The first $100 Federal Reserve Note was issued with a portrait of Benjamin Franklin on the obverse and allegorical figures representing labor , plenty , America , peace , and commerce on the reverse . 1922 : The Series of 1880 Gold Certificate was re-issued with an obligation to the right of the bottom - left serial number on the obverse . Small size note History ( edit ) ( 6.14 × 2.61 in ≅ 157 × 66 mm ) 1929 : Under the Series of 1928 , all U.S. currency was changed to its current size and began to carry a standardized design . All variations of the $100 bill would carry the same portrait of Benjamin Franklin , same border design on the obverse , and the same reverse with a vignette of Independence Hall . The $100 bill was issued as a Federal Reserve Note with a green seal and serial numbers and as a Gold Certificate with a golden seal and serial numbers . 1933 : As an emergency response to the Great Depression , additional money was pumped into the American economy through Federal Reserve Bank Notes issued under Series of 1929 . This was the only small - sized $100 bill that had a slightly different border design on the obverse . The serial numbers and seal on it were brown . 1934 : The redeemable in gold clause was removed from Federal Reserve Notes due to the U.S. withdrawing from the gold standard . 1934 : Special $100 Gold Certificates were issued for non-public , Federal Reserve bank - to - bank transactions . These notes featured a reverse printed in orange instead of green like all other small - sized notes . The wording on the obverse was also changed to ONE HUNDRED DOLLARS IN GOLD PAYABLE TO THE BEARER ON DEMAND AS AUTHORIZED BY LAW . 1950 : Many minor aspects on the obverse of the $100 Federal Reserve Note were changed . Most noticeably , the treasury seal , gray numeral 100 , and the Federal Reserve Seal were made smaller ; also , the Federal Reserve Seal had spikes added around it . 1963 : Because dollar bills were no longer redeemable in silver , beginning with Series 1963A , WILL PAY TO THE BEARER ON DEMAND was removed from the obverse of the $100 Federal Reserve Note and the obligation was shortened to its current wording , THIS NOTE IS LEGAL TENDER FOR ALL DEBTS , PUBLIC AND PRIVATE . Also , IN GOD WE TRUST was added to the reverse . 1966 : The first and only small - sized $100 United States Note was issued with a red seal and serial numbers . It was the first of all United States currency to use the new U.S. treasury seal with wording in English instead of Latin . Like the Series 1963 $2 and $5 United States Notes , it lacked WILL PAY TO THE BEARER ON DEMAND on the obverse and featured the motto IN GOD WE TRUST on the reverse . The $100 United States Note was issued due to legislation that specified a certain dollar amount of United States Notes that were to remain in circulation . Because the $2 and $5 United States Notes were soon to be discontinued , the dollar amount of United States Notes would drop , thus warranting the issuing of this note . 1990 : The first new - age anti-counterfeiting measures were introduced under Series 1990 with microscopic printing around Franklin 's portrait and a metallic security strip on the left side of the bill . March 25 , 1996 : The first major design change since 1929 took place with the adoption of a contemporary style layout . The main intent of the new design was to deter counterfeiting . New security features included a watermark of Franklin to the right side of the bill , optically variable ink ( OVI ) that changed from green to black when viewed at different angles , a higher quality and enlarged portrait of Franklin , and hard - to - reproduce fine line printing around Franklin 's portrait and Independence Hall . Older security features such as interwoven red and blue silk fibers , microprinting , and a plastic security thread ( which now glows pink ( nominally red ) under a black light ) were kept . The individual Federal Reserve Bank Seal was changed to a unified Federal Reserve Seal along with an additional prefix letter being added to the serial number , w . The first of the Series 1996 bills were produced in October 1995 . February 2007 : The first $100 bills ( a shipment of 128,000 star notes from the San Francisco FRB ) from the Western Currency Facility in Fort Worth , Texas are produced , almost 16 years after the first notes from the facility were produced . The shipment makes the $100 bill the most recently added production to the facility 's lineup . 4.6 billion notes were produced at the facility with series 2006 and Cabral and Paulson signatures , including about 4.15 million star notes . October 8 , 2013 : The newest $100 bill was announced on April 21 , 2010 , and entered circulation on October 8 , 2013 . In addition to design changes introduced in 1996 , the obverse features the brown quill that was used to sign the Declaration of Independence ; faint phrases from the Declaration of Independence ; a bell in the inkwell that appears and disappears depending on the angle at which the bill is viewed ; teal background color ; a borderless portrait of Benjamin Franklin ; a blue `` 3D security ribbon '' ( trademarked `` Motion '' by Crane Currency ) on which images of Liberty Bells shift into numerical designations of `` 100 '' as the note is tilted ; and to the left of Franklin , small yellow 100s whose zeros form the EURion constellation . The reverse features small yellow EURion 100s and has the fine lines removed from around the vignette of Independence Hall . These notes were issued as Series 2009A with Rios - Geithner signatures . Many of these changes are intended not only to thwart counterfeiting but to also make it easier to quickly check authenticity and help vision impaired people . Both views ( obverse and reverse ) of the Series 1934 $100 Gold Certificate . Front of a Series 1966 $100 United States note . Obverse of a Series 2006A $100 note . Joseph - Siffred Duplessis portrait of Benjamin Franklin used on the $100 bill from 1929 until 1996 . H.B. Hall engraving of Joseph - Siffred Duplessis portrait of an older Benjamin Franklin used on the $100 bill 1996 onward . Comparison between a Series 1990 note with a 2013 note ( 1996 design not shown ) . Removal of large denomination bills ( $500 and up ) ( edit ) The Federal Reserve announced the removal of large denominations of United States currency from circulation on July 14 , 1969 . The one - hundred - dollar bill was the largest denomination left in circulation . All the Federal Reserve Notes produced from Series 1928 up to before Series 1969 ( i.e. 1928 , 1928A , 1934 , 1934A , 1934B , 1934C , 1934D , 1950 , 1950A , 1950B , 1950C , 1950D , 1950E , 1963 , 1966 , 1966A ) of the $100 denomination added up to $23.1708 billion . Since some banknotes had been destroyed , and the population was 200 million at the time , there was less than one $100 banknote per capita circulating . As of June 30 , 1969 , the U.S. coins and banknotes in circulation of all denominations were worth $50.936 billion of which $4.929 billion was circulating overseas . So the currency and coin circulating within the United States was $230 per capita . Since 1969 , the demand for U.S. currency has greatly increased . The total amount of circulating currency and coin passed one trillion dollars in March 2011 . Despite the degradation in the value of the U.S. $100 banknote ( which was worth more in 1969 than a U.S. $500 note would be worth today ) , and despite competition from some more valuable foreign notes ( most notably , the 500 euro banknote ) , there are no plans to re-issue banknotes above $100 . The widespread use of electronic means to conduct high - value transactions today has made large - scale physical cash transactions obsolete and therefore , from the government 's point of view , unnecessary for the conduct of legitimate business . Quoting T. Allison , Assistant to the Board of the Federal Reserve System in his October 8 , 1998 testimony before the U.S. House of Representatives , Subcommittee on Domestic and International Monetary Policy , Committee on Banking and Financial Services : There are public policies against reissuing the $500 note , mainly because many of those efficiency gains , such as lower shipment and storage costs , would accrue not only to legitimate users of bank notes but also to money launderers , tax evaders and a variety of other lawbreakers who use currency in their criminal activity . While it is not at all clear that the volume of illegal drugs sold or the amount of tax evasion would necessarily increase just as a consequence of the availability of a larger dollar denomination bill , it no doubt is the case that if wrongdoers were provided with an easier mechanism to launder their funds and hide their profits , enforcement authorities could have a harder time detecting certain illicit transactions occurring in cash . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ U.S. Currency Education Program . `` Weight of a US Banknote '' . uscurrency.gov . US Federal Reserve . Retrieved 19 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` For Collectors : Large Denominations '' . Bureau of Engraving and Printing . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2007 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Money Facts '' . Bureau of Engraving and Printing . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 10 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Redesigned $100 Note '' . Bureau of Engraving and Printing. April 21 , 2010 . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2013 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Matt . `` Why the share of $100 bills in circulation has been going up for over 40 years '' . Quartz . The Atlantic Media Company . Retrieved 8 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mishap At The Money Factory Delays $100 Bill Release '' . CBSMiami / CNN . CBS Local Media . 2013 - 09 - 06 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ USPaperMoney.Info : Series 1996 $100 July 1999 Jump up ^ USPaperMoney.Info : Series 2006 $100 April 2012 Jump up ^ Crane Currency . `` MOTION Micro-Optics Banknote Security '' . Retrieved 6 October 2017 . Jump up ^ uscurrency . `` $100 Note Podcast Episode : 1 '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` US Paper Money information : Serial Number Ranges '' . USPaperMoney.Info . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Some Tables of Historical U.S. Currency and Monetary Aggregates Data '' ( PDF ) . Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Will Jumbo Euro Notes Threaten the Greenback ? '' . U.S. House of Representatives . October 8 , 1998 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 06 . Further reading ( edit ) Friedberg , Arthur ; Ira Friedberg ; David Bowers ( 2005 ) . A Guide Book of United States Paper Money : Complete Source for History , Grading , and Prices ( Official Red Book ) . Whitman Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7948 - 1786 - 6 . Hudgeons , Thomas ( 2005 ) . The Official Blackbook Price Guide to U.S. Paper Money 2006 ( 38th ed . ) . House of Collectibles . ISBN 1 - 4000 - 4845 - 1 . OCLC 244167611 . Wilhite , Robert ( 1998 ) . Standard Catalog of United States Paper Money ( 17th ed . ) . Krause Publications . ISBN 0 - 87341 - 653 - 8 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to 100 United States dollar banknotes . Interactive Note - English Evolution of the $100 Dollar Bill - Landmark Cash United States currency and coinage Topics Federal Reserve System Federal Reserve Note U.S. dollar U.S. Mint Philadelphia San Francisco Denver West Point Bureau of Engraving and Printing Mutilated currency Current coinage Penny ( 1 ¢ ) Nickel ( 5 ¢ ) Dime ( 10 ¢ ) Quarter ( 25 ¢ ) Half dollar ( 50 ¢ ) Dollar ( $1 ) Bullion coinage America the Beautiful Silver Bullion Coins American Buffalo American Gold Eagle American Platinum Eagle American Silver Eagle American Palladium Eagle Current paper money $1 $2 $5 $10 $20 $50 $100 See also Bicentennial coinage Commemoratives Early Commemoratives Modern Commemoratives Confederate dollar Large denominations Obsolete denominations Promotional fake denominations Counterfeit United States currency Mill Coin production In God We Trust E pluribus unum Annuit cœptis Nicknames Replacement banknote Sales tax token Benjamin Franklin January 6 , 1706 -- April 17 , 1790 President of Pennsylvania ( 1785 -- 1788 ) , Ambassador to France ( 1779 -- 1785 ) Second Continental Congress ( 1775 -- 1776 ) Founding of the United States Join , or Die ( 1754 political cartoon ) Albany Plan of Union Albany Congress Hutchinson Letters Affair Committee of Secret Correspondence Committee of Five Declaration of Independence Model Treaty Franco - American alliance Treaty of Amity and Commerce Treaty of Alliance Staten Island Peace Conference Treaty of Paris , 1783 Delegate , 1787 Constitutional Convention Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly Postmaster General Founding Fathers Inventions , other events Franklin 's electrostatic machine Bifocals Franklin stove Glass armonica Gulf Stream exploration , naming , and chart Lightning rod Kite experiment Pay it forward Associators 111th Infantry Regiment Junto club American Philosophical Society Library Company of Philadelphia Pennsylvania Hospital Academy and College of Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Contributionship Union Fire Company Early American currency Fugio Cent United States Postal Service President , Pennsylvania Abolition Society Master , Les Neuf Sœurs Other social contributions and studies Gravesite Writings Silence Dogood letters ( 1722 ) A Dissertation on Liberty and Necessity , Pleasure and Pain ( 1725 ) The Busy - Body letters ( 1729 ) Pennsylvania Gazette ( 1729 -- 1790 ) Poor Richard 's Almanack ( 1732 -- 1758 ) The Drinker 's Dictionary ( 1737 ) `` Advice to a Friend on Choosing a Mistress '' ( 1745 ) `` The Speech of Polly Baker '' ( 1747 ) Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind , Peopling of Countries , etc . ( 1751 ) Experiments and Observations on Electricity ( 1751 ) Birch letters ( 1755 ) The Way to Wealth ( 1758 ) Pennsylvania Chronicle ( 1767 ) Rules by Which a Great Empire May Be Reduced to a Small One ( 1773 ) Proposed alliance with the Iroquois ( 1775 ) A Letter To A Royal Academy ( 1781 ) Remarks Concerning the Savages of North America ( 1784 ) The Morals of Chess ( 1786 ) An Address to the Public ( 1789 ) A Plan for Improving the Condition of the Free Blacks ( 1789 ) The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin ( 1771 -- 90 , pub. 1791 ) Bagatelles and Satires ( pub. 1845 ) Franklin as a journalist Legacy Franklin Court Benjamin Franklin House Benjamin Franklin Institute of Technology Benjamin Franklin National Memorial Franklin Institute Benjamin Franklin Medal Depicted in The Apotheosis of Washington Benjamin Franklin statue , Washington D.C. In popular culture Ben and Me ( 1953 short ) Ben Franklin in Paris ( 1964 musical play ) 1776 ( 1969 musical 1972 film ) Benjamin Franklin ( 1974 miniseries ) Liberty ! ( 1997 documentary series ) Liberty 's Kids ( 2002 animated series ) Benjamin Franklin ( 2002 documentary series ) John Adams ( 2008 miniseries ) Sons of Liberty ( 2015 miniseries ) Sons of Ben ( supporters group for the Philadelphia Union soccer club Refunding Certificate Franklin half dollar One - hundred dollar bill Washington - Franklin stamps other stamps Cities , counties , schools named for Franklin Franklin Field State of Franklin Ships named USS Franklin Ben Franklin effect Related Age of Enlightenment American Enlightenment The New - England Courant The American Museum magazine American Revolution patriots Syng inkstand Family Deborah Read ( wife ) Sarah Franklin Bache ( daughter ) Francis Franklin ( son ) William Franklin ( son ) Richard Bache Jr. ( grandson ) Benjamin F. Bache ( grandson ) Louis F. Bache ( grandson ) William Franklin ( grandson ) Andrew Harwood ( great - grandson ) Alexander Bache ( great - grandson ) Josiah Franklin ( father ) Jane Mecom ( sister ) James Franklin ( brother ) Mary Morrell Folger ( grandmother ) Peter Folger ( grandfather ) Richard Bache ( son - in - law ) Ann Smith Franklin ( sister - in - law ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_one_hundred-dollar_bill&oldid=835801959 '' Categories : Currency introduced in 1861 Works about Benjamin Franklin One - hundred - base - unit banknotes Banknotes of the United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Қазақша Русский Українська 中文 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 April 2018 , at 21 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
when did the new hundred dollar come out
[ "The Series 2009 $100 bill redesign was unveiled on April 21, 2010, and was issued to the public on October 8, 2013.[4] The new bill costs 12.6 cents to produce and has a blue ribbon woven into the center of the currency with \"100\" and Liberty Bells, alternating, that appear when the bill is tilted." ]
[ "October 8, 2013" ]
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History of the Internet
History of the Internet - Wikipedia History of the Internet History of computing Hardware Hardware before 1960 Hardware 1960s to present Software Software Unix Free software and open - source software Computer science Artificial intelligence Compiler construction Computer science Operating systems Programming languages Prominent pioneers Software engineering Modern concepts General - purpose CPUs Graphical user interface Internet Laptops Personal computers Video games World Wide Web By country Bulgaria Poland Romania Soviet Bloc Soviet Union Yugoslavia Timeline of computing before 1950 1950 -- 1979 1980 -- 1989 1990 -- 1999 2000 -- 2009 2010 -- 2019 more timelines ... Glossary of computer science Category Internet An Opte Project visualization of routing paths through a portion of the Internet General ( hide ) Access Censorship Democracy Digital divide Digital rights Freedom of information History of the Internet Internet phenomena Net neutrality Oldest domain names Pioneers Privacy Sociology Usage Governance ( show ) ICANN Internet Engineering Task Force Internet Governance Forum Internet Society Information infrastructure ( show ) Domain Name System Hypertext Transfer Protocol Internet exchange point Internet Protocol Internet protocol suite Internet service provider IP address Internet Message Access Protocol Simple Mail Transfer Protocol Services ( show ) Blogs Microblogging Email Fax File sharing File transfer Games Instant messaging Podcasts Shopping Television Voice over IP World Wide Web search Guides ( show ) Book Index Outline Internet portal The history of the Internet begins with the development of electronic computers in the 1950s . Initial concepts of wide area networking originated in several computer science laboratories in the United States , United Kingdom , and France . The US Department of Defense awarded contracts as early as the 1960s , including for the development of the ARPANET project , directed by Robert Taylor and managed by Lawrence Roberts . The first message was sent over the ARPANET in 1969 from computer science Professor Leonard Kleinrock 's laboratory at University of California , Los Angeles ( UCLA ) to the second network node at Stanford Research Institute ( SRI ) . Packet switching networks such as the NPL network , ARPANET , Tymnet , Merit Network , CYCLADES , and Telenet , were developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s using a variety of communications protocols . Donald Davies first demonstrated packet switching in 1967 at the National Physics Laboratory ( NPL ) in the UK , which became a testbed for UK research for almost two decades . The ARPANET project led to the development of protocols for internetworking , in which multiple separate networks could be joined into a network of networks . The Internet protocol suite ( TCP / IP ) was developed by Robert E. Kahn and Vint Cerf in the 1970s and became the standard networking protocol on the ARPANET , incorporating concepts from the French CYCLADES project directed by Louis Pouzin . In the early 1980s the NSF funded the establishment for national supercomputing centers at several universities , and provided interconnectivity in 1986 with the NSFNET project , which also created network access to the supercomputer sites in the United States from research and education organizations . Commercial Internet service providers ( ISPs ) began to emerge in the very late 1980s . The ARPANET was decommissioned in 1990 . Limited private connections to parts of the Internet by officially commercial entities emerged in several American cities by late 1989 and 1990 , and the NSFNET was decommissioned in 1995 , removing the last restrictions on the use of the Internet to carry commercial traffic . In the 1980s , research at CERN in Switzerland by British computer scientist Tim Berners - Lee resulted in the World Wide Web , linking hypertext documents into an information system , accessible from any node on the network . Since the mid-1990s , the Internet has had a revolutionary impact on culture , commerce , and technology , including the rise of near - instant communication by electronic mail , instant messaging , voice over Internet Protocol ( VoIP ) telephone calls , two - way interactive video calls , and the World Wide Web with its discussion forums , blogs , social networking , and online shopping sites . The research and education community continues to develop and use advanced networks such as JANET in the United Kingdom and Internet2 in the United States . Increasing amounts of data are transmitted at higher and higher speeds over fiber optic networks operating at 1 - Gbit / s , 10 - Gbit / s , or more . The Internet 's takeover of the global communication landscape was almost instant in historical terms : it only communicated 1 % of the information flowing through two - way telecommunications networks in the year 1993 , already 51 % by 2000 , and more than 97 % of the telecommunicated information by 2007 . Today the Internet continues to grow , driven by ever greater amounts of online information , commerce , entertainment , and social networking . Internet history timeline Early research and development : 1965 ( 1965 ) : NPL network planning starts 1966 ( 1966 ) : Merit Network founded 1966 ( 1966 ) : ARPANET planning starts 1967 ( 1967 ) : NPL network packet switching pilot experiment 1969 ( 1969 ) : ARPANET carries its first packets 1970 ( 1970 ) : Network Information Center ( NIC ) 1971 ( 1971 ) : Tymnet packet - switched network 1972 ( 1972 ) : Merit Network 's packet - switched network operational 1972 ( 1972 ) : Internet Assigned Numbers Authority ( IANA ) established 1973 ( 1973 ) : CYCLADES network demonstrated 1974 ( 1974 ) : Telenet packet - switched network 1976 ( 1976 ) : X. 25 protocol approved 1978 ( 1978 ) : Minitel introduced 1979 ( 1979 ) : Internet Activities Board ( IAB ) 1980 ( 1980 ) : USENET news using UUCP 1980 ( 1980 ) : Ethernet standard introduced 1981 ( 1981 ) : BITNET established Merging the networks and creating the Internet : 1981 ( 1981 ) : Computer Science Network ( CSNET ) 1982 ( 1982 ) : TCP / IP protocol suite formalized 1982 ( 1982 ) : Simple Mail Transfer Protocol ( SMTP ) 1983 ( 1983 ) : Domain Name System ( DNS ) 1983 ( 1983 ) : MILNET split off from ARPANET 1985 ( 1985 ) : First . COM domain name registered 1986 ( 1986 ) : NSFNET with 56 kbit / s links 1986 ( 1986 ) : Internet Engineering Task Force ( IETF ) 1987 ( 1987 ) : UUNET founded 1988 ( 1988 ) : NSFNET upgraded to 1.5 Mbit / s ( T1 ) 1988 ( 1988 ) : OSI Reference Model released 1988 ( 1988 ) : Morris worm 1989 ( 1989 ) : Border Gateway Protocol ( BGP ) 1989 ( 1989 ) : PSINet founded , allows commercial traffic 1989 ( 1989 ) : Federal Internet Exchanges ( FIXes ) 1990 ( 1990 ) : GOSIP ( without TCP / IP ) 1990 ( 1990 ) : ARPANET decommissioned 1990 ( 1990 ) : Advanced Network and Services ( ANS ) 1990 ( 1990 ) : UUNET / Alternet allows commercial traffic 1990 ( 1990 ) : Archie search engine 1991 ( 1991 ) : Wide area information server ( WAIS ) 1991 ( 1991 ) : Gopher 1991 ( 1991 ) : Commercial Internet eXchange ( CIX ) 1991 ( 1991 ) : ANS CO + RE allows commercial traffic 1991 ( 1991 ) : World Wide Web ( WWW ) 1992 ( 1992 ) : NSFNET upgraded to 45 Mbit / s ( T3 ) 1992 ( 1992 ) : Internet Society ( ISOC ) established 1993 ( 1993 ) : Classless Inter-Domain Routing ( CIDR ) 1993 ( 1993 ) : InterNIC established 1993 ( 1993 ) : AOL added USENET access 1993 ( 1993 ) : Mosaic web browser released 1994 ( 1994 ) : Full text web search engines 1994 ( 1994 ) : North American Network Operators ' Group ( NANOG ) established Commercialization , privatization , broader access leads to the modern Internet : 1995 ( 1995 ) : New Internet architecture with commercial ISPs connected at NAPs 1995 ( 1995 ) : NSFNET decommissioned 1995 ( 1995 ) : GOSIP updated to allow TCP / IP 1995 ( 1995 ) : very high - speed Backbone Network Service ( vBNS ) 1995 ( 1995 ) : IPv6 proposed 1996 ( 1996 ) : AOL changes pricing model from hourly to monthly 1998 ( 1998 ) : Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers ( ICANN ) 1999 ( 1999 ) : IEEE 802.11 b wireless networking 1999 ( 1999 ) : Internet2 / Abilene Network 1999 ( 1999 ) : vBNS+ allows broader access 2000 ( 2000 ) : Dot - com bubble bursts 2001 ( 2001 ) : New top - level domain names activated 2001 ( 2001 ) : Code Red I , Code Red II , and Nimda worms 2003 ( 2003 ) : UN World Summit on the Information Society ( WSIS ) phase I 2003 ( 2003 ) : National LambdaRail founded 2004 ( 2004 ) : UN Working Group on Internet Governance ( WGIG ) 2005 ( 2005 ) : UN WSIS phase II 2006 ( 2006 ) : First meeting of the Internet Governance Forum 2010 ( 2010 ) : First internationalized country code top - level domains registered 2012 ( 2012 ) : ICANN begins accepting applications for new generic top - level domain names 2013 ( 2013 ) : Montevideo Statement on the Future of Internet Cooperation 2014 ( 2014 ) : NetMundial international Internet governance proposal 2016 ( 2016 ) : ICANN contract with U.S. Dept. of Commerce ends , IANA oversight passes to the global Internet community on October 1st Examples of Internet services : 1989 ( 1989 ) : AOL dial - up service provider , email , instant messaging , and web browser 1990 ( 1990 ) : IMDb Internet movie database 1995 ( 1995 ) : Amazon.com online retailer 1995 ( 1995 ) : eBay online auction and shopping 1995 ( 1995 ) : Craigslist classified advertisements 1996 ( 1996 ) : Hotmail free web - based e-mail 1997 ( 1997 ) : Babel Fish automatic translation 1998 ( 1998 ) : Google Search 1998 ( 1998 ) : Yahoo ! Clubs ( now Yahoo ! Groups ) 1998 ( 1998 ) : PayPal Internet payment system 1999 ( 1999 ) : Napster peer - to - peer file sharing 2001 ( 2001 ) : BitTorrent peer - to - peer file sharing 2001 ( 2001 ) : Wikipedia , the free encyclopedia 2003 ( 2003 ) : LinkedIn business networking 2003 ( 2003 ) : Myspace social networking site 2003 ( 2003 ) : Skype Internet voice calls 2003 ( 2003 ) : iTunes Store 2003 ( 2003 ) : 4Chan Anonymous image - based bulletin board 2003 ( 2003 ) : The Pirate Bay , torrent file host 2004 ( 2004 ) : Facebook social networking site 2004 ( 2004 ) : Podcast media file series 2004 ( 2004 ) : Flickr image hosting 2005 ( 2005 ) : YouTube video sharing 2005 ( 2005 ) : Reddit link voting 2005 ( 2005 ) : Google Earth virtual globe 2006 ( 2006 ) : Twitter microblogging 2007 ( 2007 ) : WikiLeaks anonymous news and information leaks 2007 ( 2007 ) : Google Street View 2007 ( 2007 ) : Kindle , e-reader and virtual bookshop 2008 ( 2008 ) : Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud ( EC2 ) 2008 ( 2008 ) : Dropbox cloud - based file hosting 2008 ( 2008 ) : Encyclopedia of Life , a collaborative encyclopedia intended to document all living species 2008 ( 2008 ) : Spotify , a DRM - based music streaming service 2009 ( 2009 ) : Bing search engine 2009 ( 2009 ) : Google Docs , Web - based word processor , spreadsheet , presentation , form , and data storage service 2009 ( 2009 ) : Kickstarter , a threshold pledge system 2009 ( 2009 ) : Bitcoin , a digital currency 2010 ( 2010 ) : Instagram , photo sharing and social networking 2011 ( 2011 ) : Google+ , social networking 2011 ( 2011 ) : Snapchat , photo sharing 2012 ( 2012 ) : Coursera , massive open online courses Contents ( hide ) 1 Precursors 2 Development of wide area networking 2.1 Inspiration 2.2 Development of packet switching 2.3 Networks that led to the Internet 2.3. 1 NPL network 2.3. 2 ARPANET 2.3. 3 Merit Network 2.3. 4 CYCLADES 2.3. 5 X. 25 and public data networks 2.3. 6 UUCP and Usenet 2.4 Merging the networks and creating the Internet ( 1973 -- 95 ) 2.4. 1 TCP / IP 2.4. 2 From ARPANET to NSFNET 2.4. 3 Transition towards the Internet 2.5 TCP / IP goes global ( 1980s ) 2.5. 1 CERN , the European Internet , the link to the Pacific and beyond 2.5. 2 The early global `` digital divide '' emerges 2.5. 2.1 Africa 2.5. 2.2 Asia and Oceania 2.5. 2.3 Latin America 2.6 Rise of the global Internet ( late 1980s / early 1990s onward ) 2.6. 1 World Wide Web and introduction of browsers 2.6. 2 Use in wider society 1990s to early 2000s ( Web 1.0 ) 2.6. 3 Web 2.0 2.6. 4 The mobile revolution 2.7 Networking in outer space 3 Internet governance 3.1 NIC , InterNIC , IANA and ICANN 3.2 Internet Engineering Task Force 3.2. 1 Request for Comments 3.3 The Internet Society 3.4 Globalization and Internet governance in the 21st century 4 Politicization of the Internet 4.1 Net neutrality 5 Use and culture 5.1 Email and Usenet 5.2 From Gopher to the WWW 5.3 Search engines 5.4 File sharing 5.5 Dot - com bubble 5.6 Mobile phones and the Internet 6 Web technologies 7 Historiography 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Precursors See also : The Victorian Internet The concept of data communication -- transmitting data between two different places through an electromagnetic medium such as radio or an electric wire -- pre-dates the introduction of the first computers . Such communication systems were typically limited to point to point communication between two end devices . Telegraph systems and telex machines can be considered early precursors of this kind of communication . The Telegraph in the late 19th century was the first fully digital communication system . Fundamental theoretical work in data transmission and information theory was developed by Claude Shannon , Harry Nyquist , and Ralph Hartley in the early 20th century . Early computers had a central processing unit and remote terminals . As the technology evolved , new systems were devised to allow communication over longer distances ( for terminals ) or with higher speed ( for interconnection of local devices ) that were necessary for the mainframe computer model . These technologies made it possible to exchange data ( such as files ) between remote computers . However , the point - to - point communication model was limited , as it did not allow for direct communication between any two arbitrary systems ; a physical link was necessary . The technology was also considered unsafe for strategic and military use because there were no alternative paths for the communication in case of an enemy attack . Development of Wide area networking With limited exceptions , the earliest computers were connected directly to terminals used by individual users , typically in the same building or site . Such networks became known as local area networks ( LANs ) . Networking beyond this scope , known as wide area networks ( WANs ) , emerged during the 1950s and became established during the 1960s . Inspiration J.C.R. Licklider , Vice President at Bolt Beranek and Newman , Inc. , proposed a global network in his January 1960 paper Man - Computer Symbiosis : A network of such centers , connected to one another by wide - band communication lines ( ... ) the functions of present - day libraries together with anticipated advances in information storage and retrieval and symbiotic functions suggested earlier in this paper In August 1962 , Licklider and Welden Clark published the paper `` On - Line Man - Computer Communication '' which was one of the first descriptions of a networked future . In October 1962 , Licklider was hired by Jack Ruina as director of the newly established Information Processing Techniques Office ( IPTO ) within DARPA , with a mandate to interconnect the United States Department of Defense 's main computers at Cheyenne Mountain , the Pentagon , and SAC HQ . There he formed an informal group within DARPA to further computer research . He began by writing memos describing a distributed network to the IPTO staff , whom he called `` Members and Affiliates of the Intergalactic Computer Network '' . As part of the information processing office 's role , three network terminals had been installed : one for System Development Corporation in Santa Monica , one for Project Genie at University of California , Berkeley , and one for the Compatible Time - Sharing System project at Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) . Licklider 's identified need for inter-networking would become obvious by the apparent waste of resources this caused . For each of these three terminals , I had three different sets of user commands . So if I was talking online with someone at S.D.C. and I wanted to talk to someone I knew at Berkeley or M.I.T. about this , I had to get up from the S.D.C. terminal , go over and log into the other terminal and get in touch with them ... I said , oh man , it 's obvious what to do : If you have these three terminals , there ought to be one terminal that goes anywhere you want to go where you have interactive computing . That idea is the ARPAnet . Although he left the IPTO in 1964 , five years before the ARPANET went live , it was his vision of universal networking that provided the impetus for one of his successors , Robert Taylor , to initiate the ARPANET development . Licklider later returned to lead the IPTO in 1973 for two years . Development of packet switching Main article : Packet switching The issue of connecting separate physical networks to form one logical network was the first of many problems . Early networks used message switched systems that required rigid routing structures prone to single point of failure . In the 1960s , Paul Baran of the RAND Corporation produced a study of survivable networks for the U.S. military in the event of nuclear war . Information transmitted across Baran 's network would be divided into what he called `` message blocks '' . Independently , Donald Davies ( National Physical Laboratory , UK ) , proposed and was the first to put into practice a local area network based on what he called packet switching , the term that would ultimately be adopted . Larry Roberts applied Davies ' concepts of packet switching for the ARPANET wide area network , and sought input from Paul Baran and Leonard Kleinrock . Kleinrock subsequently developed the mathematical theory behind the performance of this technology building on his earlier work on queueing theory . Packet switching is a rapid store and forward networking design that divides messages up into arbitrary packets , with routing decisions made per - packet . It provides better bandwidth utilization and response times than the traditional circuit - switching technology used for telephony , particularly on resource - limited interconnection links . Networks that led to the Internet NPL network Main article : NPL network Following discussions with J.C.R. Licklider , Donald Davies became interested in data communications for computer networks . At the National Physical Laboratory ( United Kingdom ) in 1965 , Davies designed and proposed a national data network based on packet switching . The following year , he described the use of an `` Interface computer '' to act as a router . The proposal was not taken up nationally but by 1967 , a pilot experiment had demonstrated the feasibility of packet switched networks . By 1969 he had begun building the Mark I packet - switched network to meet the needs of the multidisciplinary laboratory and prove the technology under operational conditions . In 1976 , 12 computers and 75 terminal devices were attached , and more were added until the network was replaced in 1986 . NPL , followed by ARPANET , were the first two networks in the world to use packet switching , and were interconnected in the early 1970s . ARPANET Main article : ARPANET See also : The Internet during the Cold War Robert Taylor was promoted to the head of the information processing office at Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency ( DARPA ) in June 1966 . He intended to realize Licklider 's ideas of an interconnected networking system . Bringing in Larry Roberts from MIT , he initiated a project to build such a network . The first ARPANET link was established between the University of California , Los Angeles ( UCLA ) and the Stanford Research Institute at 22 : 30 hours on October 29 , 1969 . `` We set up a telephone connection between us and the guys at SRI ... '' , Kleinrock ... said in an interview : `` We typed the L and we asked on the phone , `` Do you see the L ? '' `` Yes , we see the L , '' came the response . We typed the O , and we asked , `` Do you see the O . '' `` Yes , we see the O . '' Then we typed the G , and the system crashed ... Yet a revolution had begun '' ... 35 Years of the Internet , 1969 -- 2004 . Stamp of Azerbaijan , 2004 . By December 5 , 1969 , a 4 - node network was connected by adding the University of Utah and the University of California , Santa Barbara . Building on ideas developed in ALOHAnet , the ARPANET grew rapidly . By 1981 , the number of hosts had grown to 213 , with a new host being added approximately every twenty days . ARPANET development was centered around the Request for Comments ( RFC ) process , still used today for proposing and distributing Internet Protocols and Systems . RFC 1 , entitled `` Host Software '' , was written by Steve Crocker from the University of California , Los Angeles , and published on April 7 , 1969 . These early years were documented in the 1972 film Computer Networks : The Heralds of Resource Sharing . ARPANET became the technical core of what would become the Internet , and a primary tool in developing the technologies used . The early ARPANET used the Network Control Program ( NCP , sometimes Network Control Protocol ) rather than TCP / IP . On January 1 , 1983 , known as flag day , NCP on the ARPANET was replaced by the more flexible and powerful family of TCP / IP protocols , marking the start of the modern Internet . International collaborations on ARPANET were sparse . For various political reasons , European developers were concerned with developing the X. 25 networks . Notable exceptions were the Norwegian Seismic Array ( NORSAR ) in 1972 , followed in 1973 by Sweden with satellite links to the Tanum Earth Station and Peter Kirstein 's research group in the UK , initially at the Institute of Computer Science , London University and later at University College London . Merit network The Merit Network was formed in 1966 as the Michigan Educational Research Information Triad to explore computer networking between three of Michigan 's public universities as a means to help the state 's educational and economic development . With initial support from the State of Michigan and the National Science Foundation ( NSF ) , the packet - switched network was first demonstrated in December 1971 when an interactive host to host connection was made between the IBM mainframe computer systems at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor and Wayne State University in Detroit . In October 1972 connections to the CDC mainframe at Michigan State University in East Lansing completed the triad . Over the next several years in addition to host to host interactive connections the network was enhanced to support terminal to host connections , host to host batch connections ( remote job submission , remote printing , batch file transfer ) , interactive file transfer , gateways to the Tymnet and Telenet public data networks , X. 25 host attachments , gateways to X. 25 data networks , Ethernet attached hosts , and eventually TCP / IP and additional public universities in Michigan join the network . All of this set the stage for Merit 's role in the NSFNET project starting in the mid-1980s . CYCLADES The CYCLADES packet switching network was a French research network designed and directed by Louis Pouzin . First demonstrated in 1973 , it was developed to explore alternatives to the early ARPANET design and to support network research generally . It was the first network to make the hosts responsible for reliable delivery of data , rather than the network itself , using unreliable datagrams and associated end - to - end protocol mechanisms . Concepts of this network influenced later ARPANET architecture . X. 25 and public data networks Main articles : X. 25 , Bulletin board system , and FidoNet Play media 1974 ABC interview with Arthur C. Clarke , in which he describes a future of ubiquitous networked personal computers . Based on ARPA 's research , packet switching network standards were developed by the International Telecommunication Union ( ITU ) in the form of X. 25 and related standards . While using packet switching , X. 25 is built on the concept of virtual circuits emulating traditional telephone connections . In 1974 , X. 25 formed the basis for the SERCnet network between British academic and research sites , which later became JANET . The initial ITU Standard on X. 25 was approved in March 1976 . The British Post Office , Western Union International and Tymnet collaborated to create the first international packet switched network , referred to as the International Packet Switched Service ( IPSS ) , in 1978 . This network grew from Europe and the US to cover Canada , Hong Kong , and Australia by 1981 . By the 1990s it provided a worldwide networking infrastructure . Unlike ARPANET , X. 25 was commonly available for business use . Telenet offered its Telemail electronic mail service , which was also targeted to enterprise use rather than the general email system of the ARPANET . The first public dial - in networks used asynchronous TTY terminal protocols to reach a concentrator operated in the public network . Some networks , such as CompuServe , used X. 25 to multiplex the terminal sessions into their packet - switched backbones , while others , such as Tymnet , used proprietary protocols . In 1979 , CompuServe became the first service to offer electronic mail capabilities and technical support to personal computer users . The company broke new ground again in 1980 as the first to offer real - time chat with its CB Simulator . Other major dial - in networks were America Online ( AOL ) and Prodigy that also provided communications , content , and entertainment features . Many bulletin board system ( BBS ) networks also provided on - line access , such as FidoNet which was popular amongst hobbyist computer users , many of them hackers and amateur radio operators . UUCP and Usenet Main articles : UUCP and Usenet In 1979 , two students at Duke University , Tom Truscott and Jim Ellis , originated the idea of using Bourne shell scripts to transfer news and messages on a serial line UUCP connection with nearby University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill . Following public release of the software in 1980 , the mesh of UUCP hosts forwarding on the Usenet news rapidly expanded . UUCPnet , as it would later be named , also created gateways and links between FidoNet and dial - up BBS hosts . UUCP networks spread quickly due to the lower costs involved , ability to use existing leased lines , X. 25 links or even ARPANET connections , and the lack of strict use policies compared to later networks like CSNET and Bitnet . All connects were local . By 1981 the number of UUCP hosts had grown to 550 , nearly doubling to 940 in 1984 . -- Sublink Network , operating since 1987 and officially founded in Italy in 1989 , based its interconnectivity upon UUCP to redistribute mail and news groups messages throughout its Italian nodes ( about 100 at the time ) owned both by private individuals and small companies . Sublink Network represented possibly one of the first examples of the Internet technology becoming progress through popular diffusion . Merging the networks and creating the Internet ( 1973 -- 95 ) Map of the TCP / IP test network in February 1982 TCP / IP Main article : Internet Protocol Suite With so many different network methods , something was needed to unify them . Robert E. Kahn of DARPA and ARPANET recruited Vinton Cerf of Stanford University to work with him on the problem . By 1973 , they had worked out a fundamental reformulation , where the differences between network protocols were hidden by using a common internetwork protocol , and instead of the network being responsible for reliability , as in the ARPANET , the hosts became responsible . Cerf credits Hubert Zimmermann , Gerard LeLann and Louis Pouzin ( designer of the CYCLADES network ) with important work on this design . The specification of the resulting protocol , RFC 675 -- Specification of Internet Transmission Control Program , by Vinton Cerf , Yogen Dalal and Carl Sunshine , Network Working Group , December 1974 , contains the first attested use of the term internet , as a shorthand for internetworking ; later RFCs repeat this use , so the word started out as an adjective rather than the noun it is today . A Stanford Research Institute 's Packet Radio Van , site of the first three - way internetworked transmission . With the role of the network reduced to the bare minimum , it became possible to join almost any networks together , no matter what their characteristics were , thereby solving Kahn 's initial problem . DARPA agreed to fund development of prototype software , and after several years of work , the first demonstration of a gateway between the Packet Radio network in the SF Bay area and the ARPANET was conducted by the Stanford Research Institute . On November 22 , 1977 a three network demonstration was conducted including the ARPANET , the SRI 's Packet Radio Van on the Packet Radio Network and the Atlantic Packet Satellite network . Stemming from the first specifications of TCP in 1974 , TCP / IP emerged in mid-late 1978 in nearly its final form , as used for the first decades of the Internet , known as `` IPv4 '' . which is described in IETF publication RFC 791 ( September 1981 ) . Decomposition of the quad - dotted IPv4 address representation to its binary value IPv4 uses 32 - bit addresses which limits the address space to 2 addresses , i.e. 4294967296 addresses . The last available IPv4 address was assigned in January 2011 . IPv4 is being replaced by its successor , called `` IPv6 '' , which uses 128 bit addresses , providing 2 addresses , i.e. 340 282 366 920 938 463 463 374 607 431 768 211 456 . This is a vastly increased address space . The shift to IPv6 is expected to take many years , decades , or perhaps longer , to complete , since there were four billion machines with IPv4 when the shift began . The associated standards for IPv4 were published by 1981 as RFCs 791 , 792 and 793 , and adopted for use . DARPA sponsored or encouraged the development of TCP / IP implementations for many operating systems and then scheduled a migration of all hosts on all of its packet networks to TCP / IP . On January 1 , 1983 , known as flag day , TCP / IP protocols became the only approved protocol on the ARPANET , replacing the earlier NCP protocol . From ARPANET to NSFNET Main articles : ARPANET and NSFNET BBN Technologies TCP / IP Internet map of early 1986 . After the ARPANET had been up and running for several years , ARPA looked for another agency to hand off the network to ; ARPA 's primary mission was funding cutting edge research and development , not running a communications utility . Eventually , in July 1975 , the network had been turned over to the Defense Communications Agency , also part of the Department of Defense . In 1983 , the U.S. military portion of the ARPANET was broken off as a separate network , the MILNET . MILNET subsequently became the unclassified but military - only NIPRNET , in parallel with the SECRET - level SIPRNET and JWICS for TOP SECRET and above . NIPRNET does have controlled security gateways to the public Internet . The networks based on the ARPANET were government funded and therefore restricted to noncommercial uses such as research ; unrelated commercial use was strictly forbidden . This initially restricted connections to military sites and universities . During the 1980s , the connections expanded to more educational institutions , and even to a growing number of companies such as Digital Equipment Corporation and Hewlett - Packard , which were participating in research projects or providing services to those who were . Several other branches of the U.S. government , the National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) , the National Science Foundation ( NSF ) , and the Department of Energy ( DOE ) became heavily involved in Internet research and started development of a successor to ARPANET . In the mid-1980s , all three of these branches developed the first Wide Area Networks based on TCP / IP . NASA developed the NASA Science Network , NSF developed CSNET and DOE evolved the Energy Sciences Network or ESNet . T3 NSFNET Backbone , c. 1992 NASA developed the TCP / IP based NASA Science Network ( NSN ) in the mid-1980s , connecting space scientists to data and information stored anywhere in the world . In 1989 , the DECnet - based Space Physics Analysis Network ( SPAN ) and the TCP / IP - based NASA Science Network ( NSN ) were brought together at NASA Ames Research Center creating the first multiprotocol wide area network called the NASA Science Internet , or NSI . NSI was established to provide a totally integrated communications infrastructure to the NASA scientific community for the advancement of earth , space and life sciences . As a high - speed , multiprotocol , international network , NSI provided connectivity to over 20,000 scientists across all seven continents . In 1981 NSF supported the development of the Computer Science Network ( CSNET ) . CSNET connected with ARPANET using TCP / IP , and ran TCP / IP over X. 25 , but it also supported departments without sophisticated network connections , using automated dial - up mail exchange . In 1986 , the NSF created NSFNET , a 56 kbit / s backbone to support the NSF - sponsored supercomputing centers . The NSFNET also provided support for the creation of regional research and education networks in the United States , and for the connection of university and college campus networks to the regional networks . The use of NSFNET and the regional networks was not limited to supercomputer users and the 56 kbit / s network quickly became overloaded . NSFNET was upgraded to 1.5 Mbit / s in 1988 under a cooperative agreement with the Merit Network in partnership with IBM , MCI , and the State of Michigan . The existence of NSFNET and the creation of Federal Internet Exchanges ( FIXes ) allowed the ARPANET to be decommissioned in 1990 . NSFNET was expanded and upgraded to 45 Mbit / s in 1991 , and was decommissioned in 1995 when it was replaced by backbones operated by several commercial Internet Service Providers . Transition towards the Internet The term `` internet '' was adopted in the first RFC published on the TCP protocol ( RFC 675 : Internet Transmission Control Program , December 1974 ) as an abbreviation of the term internetworking and the two terms were used interchangeably . In general , an internet was any network using TCP / IP . It was around the time when ARPANET was interlinked with NSFNET in the late 1980s , that the term was used as the name of the network , Internet , being the large and global TCP / IP network . As interest in networking grew and new applications for it were developed , the Internet 's technologies spread throughout the rest of the world . The network - agnostic approach in TCP / IP meant that it was easy to use any existing network infrastructure , such as the IPSS X. 25 network , to carry Internet traffic . In 1982 , one year earlier than ARPANET , University College London replaced its transatlantic satellite links with TCP / IP over IPSS . Many sites unable to link directly to the Internet created simple gateways for the transfer of electronic mail , the most important application of the time . Sites with only intermittent connections used UUCP or FidoNet and relied on the gateways between these networks and the Internet . Some gateway services went beyond simple mail peering , such as allowing access to File Transfer Protocol ( FTP ) sites via UUCP or mail . Finally , routing technologies were developed for the Internet to remove the remaining centralized routing aspects . The Exterior Gateway Protocol ( EGP ) was replaced by a new protocol , the Border Gateway Protocol ( BGP ) . This provided a meshed topology for the Internet and reduced the centric architecture which ARPANET had emphasized . In 1994 , Classless Inter-Domain Routing ( CIDR ) was introduced to support better conservation of address space which allowed use of route aggregation to decrease the size of routing tables . TCP / IP goes global ( 1980s ) CERN , the European Internet , the link to the Pacific and beyond Between 1984 and 1988 CERN began installation and operation of TCP / IP to interconnect its major internal computer systems , workstations , PCs and an accelerator control system . CERN continued to operate a limited self - developed system ( CERNET ) internally and several incompatible ( typically proprietary ) network protocols externally . There was considerable resistance in Europe towards more widespread use of TCP / IP , and the CERN TCP / IP intranets remained isolated from the Internet until 1989 . In 1988 , Daniel Karrenberg , from Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica ( CWI ) in Amsterdam , visited Ben Segal , CERN 's TCP / IP Coordinator , looking for advice about the transition of the European side of the UUCP Usenet network ( much of which ran over X. 25 links ) over to TCP / IP . In 1987 , Ben Segal had met with Len Bosack from the then still small company Cisco about purchasing some TCP / IP routers for CERN , and was able to give Karrenberg advice and forward him on to Cisco for the appropriate hardware . This expanded the European portion of the Internet across the existing UUCP networks , and in 1989 CERN opened its first external TCP / IP connections . This coincided with the creation of Réseaux IP Européens ( RIPE ) , initially a group of IP network administrators who met regularly to carry out coordination work together . Later , in 1992 , RIPE was formally registered as a cooperative in Amsterdam . At the same time as the rise of internetworking in Europe , ad hoc networking to ARPA and in - between Australian universities formed , based on various technologies such as X. 25 and UUCP Net . These were limited in their connection to the global networks , due to the cost of making individual international UUCP dial - up or X. 25 connections . In 1989 , Australian universities joined the push towards using IP protocols to unify their networking infrastructures . AARNet was formed in 1989 by the Australian Vice-Chancellors ' Committee and provided a dedicated IP based network for Australia . The Internet began to penetrate Asia in the 1980s . In May 1982 South Korea became the second country to successfully set up TCP / IP IPv4 network . Japan , which had built the UUCP - based network JUNET in 1984 , connected to NSFNET in 1989 . It hosted the annual meeting of the Internet Society , INET'92 , in Kobe . Singapore developed TECHNET in 1990 , and Thailand gained a global Internet connection between Chulalongkorn University and UUNET in 1992 . The early global `` digital divide '' emerges Internet users in 2015 as a percentage of a country 's population Source : International Telecommunications Union . Main articles : Global digital divide and Digital divide Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions in 2012 as a percentage of a country 's population Source : International Telecommunications Union . Mobile broadband Internet subscriptions in 2012 as a percentage of a country 's population Source : International Telecommunications Union . While developed countries with technological infrastructures were joining the Internet , developing countries began to experience a digital divide separating them from the Internet . On an essentially continental basis , they are building organizations for Internet resource administration and sharing operational experience , as more and more transmission facilities go into place . Africa At the beginning of the 1990s , African countries relied upon X. 25 IPSS and 2400 baud modem UUCP links for international and internetwork computer communications . In August 1995 , InfoMail Uganda , Ltd. , a privately held firm in Kampala now known as InfoCom , and NSN Network Services of Avon , Colorado , sold in 1997 and now known as Clear Channel Satellite , established Africa 's first native TCP / IP high - speed satellite Internet services . The data connection was originally carried by a C - Band RSCC Russian satellite which connected InfoMail 's Kampala offices directly to NSN 's MAE - West point of presence using a private network from NSN 's leased ground station in New Jersey . InfoCom 's first satellite connection was just 64 kbit / s , serving a Sun host computer and twelve US Robotics dial - up modems . In 1996 , a USAID funded project , the Leland Initiative , started work on developing full Internet connectivity for the continent . Guinea , Mozambique , Madagascar and Rwanda gained satellite earth stations in 1997 , followed by Ivory Coast and Benin in 1998 . Africa is building an Internet infrastructure . AfriNIC , headquartered in Mauritius , manages IP address allocation for the continent . As do the other Internet regions , there is an operational forum , the Internet Community of Operational Networking Specialists . There are many programs to provide high - performance transmission plant , and the western and southern coasts have undersea optical cable . High - speed cables join North Africa and the Horn of Africa to intercontinental cable systems . Undersea cable development is slower for East Africa ; the original joint effort between New Partnership for Africa 's Development ( NEPAD ) and the East Africa Submarine System ( Eassy ) has broken off and may become two efforts . Asia and oceania The Asia Pacific Network Information Centre ( APNIC ) , headquartered in Australia , manages IP address allocation for the continent . APNIC sponsors an operational forum , the Asia - Pacific Regional Internet Conference on Operational Technologies ( APRICOT ) . South Korea 's first Internet system , the System Development Network ( SDN ) began operation on 15 May 1982 . SDN was connected to the rest of the world in August 1983 using UUCP ( Unixto - Unix - Copy ) ; connected to CSNET in December 1984 ; and formally connected to the U.S. Internet in 1990 . In 1991 , the People 's Republic of China saw its first TCP / IP college network , Tsinghua University 's TUNET . The PRC went on to make its first global Internet connection in 1994 , between the Beijing Electro - Spectrometer Collaboration and Stanford University 's Linear Accelerator Center . However , China went on to implement its own digital divide by implementing a country - wide content filter . Latin America As with the other regions , the Latin American and Caribbean Internet Addresses Registry ( LACNIC ) manages the IP address space and other resources for its area . LACNIC , headquartered in Uruguay , operates DNS root , reverse DNS , and other key services . Rise of the global Internet ( late 1980s / early 1990s onward ) Main article : Digital revolution Initially , as with its predecessor networks , the system that would evolve into the Internet was primarily for government and government body use . However , interest in commercial use of the Internet quickly became a commonly debated topic . Although commercial use was forbidden , the exact definition of commercial use was unclear and subjective . UUCP Net and the X. 25 IPSS had no such restrictions , which would eventually see the official barring of UUCPNet use of ARPANET and NSFNET connections . ( Some UUCP links still remained connecting to these networks however , as administrators cast a blind eye to their operation . ) Number of Internet hosts worldwide : 1969 -- 2012 Source : Internet Systems Consortium . As a result , during the late 1980s , the first Internet service provider ( ISP ) companies were formed . Companies like PSINet , UUNET , Netcom , and Portal Software were formed to provide service to the regional research networks and provide alternate network access , UUCP - based email and Usenet News to the public . The first commercial dialup ISP in the United States was The World , which opened in 1989 . In 1992 , the U.S. Congress passed the Scientific and Advanced - Technology Act , 42 U.S.C. § 1862 ( g ) , which allowed NSF to support access by the research and education communities to computer networks which were not used exclusively for research and education purposes , thus permitting NSFNET to interconnect with commercial networks . This caused controversy within the research and education community , who were concerned commercial use of the network might lead to an Internet that was less responsive to their needs , and within the community of commercial network providers , who felt that government subsidies were giving an unfair advantage to some organizations . By 1990 , ARPANET 's goals had been fulfilled and new networking technologies exceeded the original scope and the project came to a close . New network service providers including PSINet , Alternet , CERFNet , ANS CO + RE , and many others were offering network access to commercial customers . NSFNET was no longer the de facto backbone and exchange point of the Internet . The Commercial Internet eXchange ( CIX ) , Metropolitan Area Exchanges ( MAEs ) , and later Network Access Points ( NAPs ) were becoming the primary interconnections between many networks . The final restrictions on carrying commercial traffic ended on April 30 , 1995 when the National Science Foundation ended its sponsorship of the NSFNET Backbone Service and the service ended . NSF provided initial support for the NAPs and interim support to help the regional research and education networks transition to commercial ISPs . NSF also sponsored the very high speed Backbone Network Service ( vBNS ) which continued to provide support for the supercomputing centers and research and education in the United States . World Wide Web and introduction of browsers Main articles : World Wide Web , Web browser , and History of the web browser The World Wide Web ( sometimes abbreviated `` www '' or `` W3 '' ) is an information space where documents and other web resources are identified by URIs , interlinked by hypertext links , and can be accessed via the Internet using a web browser and ( more recently ) web - based applications . It has become known simply as `` the Web '' . As of the 2010s , the World Wide Web is the primary tool billions use to interact on the Internet , and it has changed people 's lives immeasurably . Precursors to the web browser emerged in the form of hyperlinked applications during the mid and late 1980s ( the bare concept of hyperlinking had by then existed for some decades ) . Following these , Tim Berners - Lee is credited with inventing the World Wide Web in 1989 and developing in 1990 both the first web server , and the first web browser , called WorldWideWeb ( no spaces ) and later renamed Nexus . Many others were soon developed , with Marc Andreessen 's 1993 Mosaic ( later Netscape ) , being particularly easy to use and install , and often credited with sparking the internet boom of the 1990s . Today , the major web browsers are Firefox , Internet Explorer , Google Chrome , Opera and Safari . A boost in web users was triggered in September 1993 by NCSA Mosaic , a graphical browser which eventually ran on several popular office and home computers . This was the first web browser aiming to bring multimedia content to non-technical users , and therefore included images and text on the same page , unlike previous browser designs ; its founder , Marc Andreessen , also established the company that in 1994 , released Netscape Navigator , which resulted in one of the early browser wars , when it ended up in a competition for dominance ( which it lost ) with Microsoft Windows ' Internet Explorer . Commercial use restrictions were lifted in 1995 . The online service America Online ( AOL ) offered their users a connection to the Internet via their own internal browser . Use in wider Society 1990s to early 2000s ( Web 10 ) During the first decade or so of the public internet , the immense changes it would eventually enable in the 2000s were still nascent . In terms of providing context for this period , mobile cellular devices ( `` smartphones '' and other cellular devices ) which today provide near - universal access , were used for business and not a routine household item owned by parents and children worldwide . Social media in the modern sense had yet to come into existence , laptops were bulky and most households did not have computers . Data rates were slow and most people lacked means to video or digitize video ; media storage was transitioning slowly from analog tape to digital optical discs ( DVD and to an extent still , floppy disc to CD ) . Enabling technologies used from the early 2000s such as PHP , modern Javascript and Java , technologies such as AJAX , HTML 4 ( and its emphasis on CSS ) , and various software frameworks , which enabled and simplified speed of web development , largely awaited invention and their eventual widespread adoption . The Internet was widely used for mailing lists , emails , e-commerce and early popular online shopping ( Amazon and eBay for example ) , online forums and bulletin boards , and personal websites and blogs , and use was growing rapidly , but by more modern standards the systems used were static and lacked widespread social engagement . It awaited a number of events in the early 2000s to change from a communications technology to gradually develop into a key part of global society 's infrastructure . Typical design elements of these `` Web 1.0 '' era websites included : Static pages instead of dynamic HTML ; content served from filesystems instead of relational databases ; pages built using Server Side Includes or CGI instead of a web application written in a dynamic programming language ; HTML 3.2 - era structures such as frames and tables to create page layouts ; online guestbooks ; overuse of GIF buttons and similar small graphics promoting particular items ; and HTML forms sent via email . ( Support for server side scripting was rare on shared servers so the usual feedback mechanism was via email , using mailto forms and their email program . During the period 1997 to 2001 , the first speculative investment bubble related to the Internet took place , in which `` dot - com '' companies ( referring to the ``. com '' top level domain used by businesses ) were propelled to exceedingly high valuations as investors rapidly stoked stock values , followed by a market crash ; the first dot - com bubble . However this only temporarily slowed enthusiasm and growth , which quickly recovered and continued to grow . The changes that would propel the Internet into its place as a social system took place during a relatively short period of no more than five years , starting from around 2004 . They included : The call to `` Web 2.0 '' in 2004 ( first suggested in 1999 ) , Accelerating adoption and commoditization among households of , and familiarity with , the necessary hardware ( such as computers ) . Accelerating storage technology and data access speeds -- hard drives emerged , took over from far smaller , slower floppy discs , and grew from megabytes to gigabytes ( and by around 2010 , terabytes ) , RAM from hundreds of kilobytes to gigabytes as typical amounts on a system , and Ethernet , the enabling technology for TCP / IP , moved from common speeds of kilobits to tens of megabits per second , to gigabits per second . High speed Internet and wider coverage of data connections , at lower prices , allowing larger traffic rates , more reliable simpler traffic , and traffic from more locations , The gradually accelerating perception of the ability of computers to create new means and approaches to communication , the emergence of social media and websites such as Twitter and Facebook to their later prominence , and global collaborations such as Wikipedia ( which existed before but gained prominence as a result ) , and shortly after ( approximately 2007 -- 2008 onward ) : The mobile revolution , which provided access to the Internet to much of human society of all ages , in their daily lives , and allowed them to share , discuss , and continually update , inquire , and respond . Non-volatile RAM rapidly grew in size and reliability , and decreased in price , becoming a commodity capable of enabling high levels of computing activity on these small handheld devices as well as solid - state drives ( SSD ) . An emphasis on power efficient processor and device design , rather than purely high processing power ; one of the beneficiaries of this was ARM , a British company which had focused since the 1980s on powerful but low cost simple microprocessors . ARM architecture rapidly gained dominance in the market for mobile and embedded devices . With the call to Web 2.0 , the period up to around 2004 -- 2005 was retrospectively named and described by some as Web 1.0 . Web 2.0 Main articles : Web 2.0 and Responsive web design The term `` Web 2.0 '' describes websites that emphasize user - generated content ( including user - to - user interaction ) , usability , and interoperability . It first appeared in a January 1999 article called `` Fragmented Future '' written by Darcy DiNucci , a consultant on electronic information design , where she wrote : `` The Web we know now , which loads into a browser window in essentially static screenfuls , is only an embryo of the Web to come . The first glimmerings of Web 2.0 are beginning to appear , and we are just starting to see how that embryo might develop . The Web will be understood not as screenfuls of text and graphics but as a transport mechanism , the ether through which interactivity happens . It will ( ... ) appear on your computer screen , ( ... ) on your TV set ( ... ) your car dashboard ( ... ) your cell phone ( ... ) hand - held game machines ( ... ) maybe even your microwave oven . '' The term resurfaced during 2002 -- 2004 , and gained prominence in late 2004 following presentations by Tim O'Reilly and Dale Dougherty at the first Web 2.0 Conference . In their opening remarks , John Battelle and Tim O'Reilly outlined their definition of the `` Web as Platform '' , where software applications are built upon the Web as opposed to upon the desktop . The unique aspect of this migration , they argued , is that `` customers are building your business for you '' . They argued that the activities of users generating content ( in the form of ideas , text , videos , or pictures ) could be `` harnessed '' to create value . Web 2.0 does not refer to an update to any technical specification , but rather to cumulative changes in the way Web pages are made and used . Web 2.0 describes an approach , in which sites focus substantially upon allowing users to interact and collaborate with each other in a social media dialogue as creators of user - generated content in a virtual community , in contrast to Web sites where people are limited to the passive viewing of content . Examples of Web 2.0 include social networking sites , blogs , wikis , folksonomies , video sharing sites , hosted services , Web applications , and mashups . Terry Flew , in his 3rd Edition of New Media described what he believed to characterize the differences between Web 1.0 and Web 2.0 : `` ( The ) move from personal websites to blogs and blog site aggregation , from publishing to participation , from web content as the outcome of large up - front investment to an ongoing and interactive process , and from content management systems to links based on tagging ( folksonomy ) '' . This era saw several household names gain prominence through their community - oriented operation -- YouTube , Twitter , Facebook , Reddit and Wikipedia being some examples . The mobile revolution Main articles : History of mobile phones and Mobile Web The process of change generally described as `` Web 2.0 '' was itself greatly accelerated and transformed only a short time later by the increasing growth in mobile devices . This mobile revolution meant that computers in the form of smartphones became something many people used , took with them everywhere , communicated with , used for photographs and videos they instantly shared or to shop or seek information `` on the move '' -- and used socially , as opposed to items on a desk at home or just used for work . Location - based services , services using location and other sensor information , and crowdsourcing ( frequently but not always location based ) , became common , with posts tagged by location , or websites and services becoming location aware . Mobile - targeted websites ( such as `` m.website.com '' ) became common , designed especially for the new devices used . Netbooks , ultrabooks , widespread 4G and Wi - Fi , and mobile chips capable or running at nearly the power of desktops from not many years before on far lower power usage , became enablers of this stage of Internet development , and the term `` App '' emerged ( short for `` Application program '' or `` Program '' ) as did the `` App store '' . Networking in outer space Main article : Interplanetary Internet The first Internet link into low earth orbit was established on January 22 , 2010 when astronaut T.J. Creamer posted the first unassisted update to his Twitter account from the International Space Station , marking the extension of the Internet into space . ( Astronauts at the ISS had used email and Twitter before , but these messages had been relayed to the ground through a NASA data link before being posted by a human proxy . ) This personal Web access , which NASA calls the Crew Support LAN , uses the space station 's high - speed Ku band microwave link . To surf the Web , astronauts can use a station laptop computer to control a desktop computer on Earth , and they can talk to their families and friends on Earth using Voice over IP equipment . Communication with spacecraft beyond earth orbit has traditionally been over point - to - point links through the Deep Space Network . Each such data link must be manually scheduled and configured . In the late 1990s NASA and Google began working on a new network protocol , Delay - tolerant networking ( DTN ) which automates this process , allows networking of spaceborne transmission nodes , and takes the fact into account that spacecraft can temporarily lose contact because they move behind the Moon or planets , or because space weather disrupts the connection . Under such conditions , DTN retransmits data packages instead of dropping them , as the standard TCP / IP Internet Protocol does . NASA conducted the first field test of what it calls the `` deep space internet '' in November 2008 . Testing of DTN - based communications between the International Space Station and Earth ( now termed Disruption - Tolerant Networking ) has been ongoing since March 2009 , and is scheduled to continue until March 2014 . This network technology is supposed to ultimately enable missions that involve multiple spacecraft where reliable inter-vessel communication might take precedence over vessel - to - earth downlinks . According to a February 2011 statement by Google 's Vint Cerf , the so - called `` Bundle protocols '' have been uploaded to NASA 's EPOXI mission spacecraft ( which is in orbit around the Sun ) and communication with Earth has been tested at a distance of approximately 80 light seconds . Internet governance Main article : Internet governance As a globally distributed network of voluntarily interconnected autonomous networks , the Internet operates without a central governing body . It has no centralized governance for either technology or policies , and each constituent network chooses what technologies and protocols it will deploy from the voluntary technical standards that are developed by the Internet Engineering Task Force ( IETF ) . However , throughout its entire history , the Internet system has had an `` Internet Assigned Numbers Authority '' ( IANA ) for the allocation and assignment of various technical identifiers needed for the operation of the Internet . The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers ( ICANN ) provides oversight and coordination for two principal name spaces in the Internet , the Internet Protocol address space and the Domain Name System . NIC , InterNIC , IANA and ICANN Main articles : InterNIC , Internet Assigned Numbers Authority , and ICANN The IANA function was originally performed by USC Information Sciences Institute ( ISI ) , and it delegated portions of this responsibility with respect to numeric network and autonomous system identifiers to the Network Information Center ( NIC ) at Stanford Research Institute ( SRI International ) in Menlo Park , California . ISI 's Jonathan Postel managed the IANA , served as RFC Editor and performed other key roles until his premature death in 1998 . As the early ARPANET grew , hosts were referred to by names , and a HOSTS. TXT file would be distributed from SRI International to each host on the network . As the network grew , this became cumbersome . A technical solution came in the form of the Domain Name System , created by ISI 's Paul Mockapetris in 1983 . The Defense Data Network -- Network Information Center ( DDN - NIC ) at SRI handled all registration services , including the top - level domains ( TLDs ) of . mil , . gov , . edu , . org , . net , . com and . us , root nameserver administration and Internet number assignments under a United States Department of Defense contract . In 1991 , the Defense Information Systems Agency ( DISA ) awarded the administration and maintenance of DDN - NIC ( managed by SRI up until this point ) to Government Systems , Inc. , who subcontracted it to the small private - sector Network Solutions , Inc . The increasing cultural diversity of the Internet also posed administrative challenges for centralized management of the IP addresses . In October 1992 , the Internet Engineering Task Force ( IETF ) published RFC 1366 , which described the `` growth of the Internet and its increasing globalization '' and set out the basis for an evolution of the IP registry process , based on a regionally distributed registry model . This document stressed the need for a single Internet number registry to exist in each geographical region of the world ( which would be of `` continental dimensions '' ) . Registries would be `` unbiased and widely recognized by network providers and subscribers '' within their region . The RIPE Network Coordination Centre ( RIPE NCC ) was established as the first RIR in May 1992 . The second RIR , the Asia Pacific Network Information Centre ( APNIC ) , was established in Tokyo in 1993 , as a pilot project of the Asia Pacific Networking Group . Since at this point in history most of the growth on the Internet was coming from non-military sources , it was decided that the Department of Defense would no longer fund registration services outside of the . mil TLD . In 1993 the U.S. National Science Foundation , after a competitive bidding process in 1992 , created the InterNIC to manage the allocations of addresses and management of the address databases , and awarded the contract to three organizations . Registration Services would be provided by Network Solutions ; Directory and Database Services would be provided by AT&T ; and Information Services would be provided by General Atomics . Over time , after consultation with the IANA , the IETF , RIPE NCC , APNIC , and the Federal Networking Council ( FNC ) , the decision was made to separate the management of domain names from the management of IP numbers . Following the examples of RIPE NCC and APNIC , it was recommended that management of IP address space then administered by the InterNIC should be under the control of those that use it , specifically the ISPs , end - user organizations , corporate entities , universities , and individuals . As a result , the American Registry for Internet Numbers ( ARIN ) was established as in December 1997 , as an independent , not - for - profit corporation by direction of the National Science Foundation and became the third Regional Internet Registry . In 1998 , both the IANA and remaining DNS - related InterNIC functions were reorganized under the control of ICANN , a California non-profit corporation contracted by the United States Department of Commerce to manage a number of Internet - related tasks . As these tasks involved technical coordination for two principal Internet name spaces ( DNS names and IP addresses ) created by the IETF , ICANN also signed a memorandum of understanding with the IAB to define the technical work to be carried out by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority . The management of Internet address space remained with the regional Internet registries , which collectively were defined as a supporting organization within the ICANN structure . ICANN provides central coordination for the DNS system , including policy coordination for the split registry / registrar system , with competition among registry service providers to serve each top - level - domain and multiple competing registrars offering DNS services to end - users . Internet Engineering Task Force The Internet Engineering Task Force ( IETF ) is the largest and most visible of several loosely related ad - hoc groups that provide technical direction for the Internet , including the Internet Architecture Board ( IAB ) , the Internet Engineering Steering Group ( IESG ) , and the Internet Research Task Force ( IRTF ) . The IETF is a loosely self - organized group of international volunteers who contribute to the engineering and evolution of Internet technologies . It is the principal body engaged in the development of new Internet standard specifications . Much of the work of the IETF is organized into Working Groups . Standardization efforts of the Working Groups are often adopted by the Internet community , but the IETF does not control or patrol the Internet . The IETF grew out of quarterly meeting of U.S. government - funded researchers , starting in January 1986 . Non-government representatives were invited by the fourth IETF meeting in October 1986 . The concept of Working Groups was introduced at the fifth meeting in February 1987 . The seventh meeting in July 1987 was the first meeting with more than one hundred attendees . In 1992 , the Internet Society , a professional membership society , was formed and IETF began to operate under it as an independent international standards body . The first IETF meeting outside of the United States was held in Amsterdam , The Netherlands , in July 1993 . Today , the IETF meets three times per year and attendance has been as high as ca . 2,000 participants . Typically one in three IETF meetings are held in Europe or Asia . The number of non-US attendees is typically ca . 50 % , even at meetings held in the United States . The IETF is not a legal entity , has no governing board , no members , and no dues . The closest status resembling membership is being on an IETF or Working Group mailing list . IETF volunteers come from all over the world and from many different parts of the Internet community . The IETF works closely with and under the supervision of the Internet Engineering Steering Group ( IESG ) and the Internet Architecture Board ( IAB ) . The Internet Research Task Force ( IRTF ) and the Internet Research Steering Group ( IRSG ) , peer activities to the IETF and IESG under the general supervision of the IAB , focus on longer term research issues . Request for Comments Request for Comments ( RFCs ) are the main documentation for the work of the IAB , IESG , IETF , and IRTF . RFC 1 , `` Host Software '' , was written by Steve Crocker at UCLA in April 1969 , well before the IETF was created . Originally they were technical memos documenting aspects of ARPANET development and were edited by Jon Postel , the first RFC Editor . RFCs cover a wide range of information from proposed standards , draft standards , full standards , best practices , experimental protocols , history , and other informational topics . RFCs can be written by individuals or informal groups of individuals , but many are the product of a more formal Working Group . Drafts are submitted to the IESG either by individuals or by the Working Group Chair . An RFC Editor , appointed by the IAB , separate from IANA , and working in conjunction with the IESG , receives drafts from the IESG and edits , formats , and publishes them . Once an RFC is published , it is never revised . If the standard it describes changes or its information becomes obsolete , the revised standard or updated information will be re-published as a new RFC that `` obsoletes '' the original . The Internet Society The Internet Society ( ISOC ) is an international , nonprofit organization founded during 1992 `` to assure the open development , evolution and use of the Internet for the benefit of all people throughout the world '' . With offices near Washington , DC , USA , and in Geneva , Switzerland , ISOC has a membership base comprising more than 80 organizational and more than 50,000 individual members . Members also form `` chapters '' based on either common geographical location or special interests . There are currently more than 90 chapters around the world . ISOC provides financial and organizational support to and promotes the work of the standards settings bodies for which it is the organizational home : the Internet Engineering Task Force ( IETF ) , the Internet Architecture Board ( IAB ) , the Internet Engineering Steering Group ( IESG ) , and the Internet Research Task Force ( IRTF ) . ISOC also promotes understanding and appreciation of the Internet model of open , transparent processes and consensus - based decision - making . Globalization and Internet governance in the 21st century Since the 1990s , the Internet 's governance and organization has been of global importance to governments , commerce , civil society , and individuals . The organizations which held control of certain technical aspects of the Internet were the successors of the old ARPANET oversight and the current decision - makers in the day - to - day technical aspects of the network . While recognized as the administrators of certain aspects of the Internet , their roles and their decision - making authority are limited and subject to increasing international scrutiny and increasing objections . These objections have led to the ICANN removing themselves from relationships with first the University of Southern California in 2000 , and in September 2009 , gaining autonomy from the US government by the ending of its longstanding agreements , although some contractual obligations with the U.S. Department of Commerce continued . Finally , on October 1 , 2016 ICANN ended its contract with the United States Department of Commerce National Telecommunications and Information Administration ( NTIA ) , allowing oversight to pass to the global Internet community . The IETF , with financial and organizational support from the Internet Society , continues to serve as the Internet 's ad - hoc standards body and issues Request for Comments . In November 2005 , the World Summit on the Information Society , held in Tunis , called for an Internet Governance Forum ( IGF ) to be convened by United Nations Secretary General . The IGF opened an ongoing , non-binding conversation among stakeholders representing governments , the private sector , civil society , and the technical and academic communities about the future of Internet governance . The first IGF meeting was held in October / November 2006 with follow up meetings annually thereafter . Since WSIS , the term `` Internet governance '' has been broadened beyond narrow technical concerns to include a wider range of Internet - related policy issues . Politicization of the Internet Due to its prominence and immediacy as an effective means of mass communication , the Internet has also become more politicized as it has grown . This has led in turn , to discourses and activities that would once have taken place in other ways , migrating to being mediated by internet . Examples include political activities such as public protest and canvassing of support and votes , but also -- The spreading of ideas and opinions ; Recruitment of followers , and `` coming together '' of members of the public , for ideas , products , and causes ; Providing and widely distributing and sharing information that might be deemed sensitive or relates to whistleblowing ( and efforts by specific countries to prevent this by censorship ) ; Criminal activity and terrorism ( and resulting law enforcement use , together with its facilitation by mass surveillance ) . Net neutrality The examples and perspective in this section may not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Net neutrality On April 23 , 2014 , the Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) was reported to be considering a new rule that would permit Internet service providers to offer content providers a faster track to send content , thus reversing their earlier net neutrality position . A possible solution to net neutrality concerns may be municipal broadband , according to Professor Susan Crawford , a legal and technology expert at Harvard Law School . On May 15 , 2014 , the FCC decided to consider two options regarding Internet services : first , permit fast and slow broadband lanes , thereby compromising net neutrality ; and second , reclassify broadband as a telecommunication service , thereby preserving net neutrality . On November 10 , 2014 , President Obama recommended the FCC reclassify broadband Internet service as a telecommunications service in order to preserve net neutrality . On January 16 , 2015 , Republicans presented legislation , in the form of a U.S. Congress H.R. discussion draft bill , that makes concessions to net neutrality but prohibits the FCC from accomplishing the goal or enacting any further regulation affecting Internet service providers ( ISPs ) . On January 31 , 2015 , AP News reported that the FCC will present the notion of applying ( `` with some caveats '' ) Title II ( common carrier ) of the Communications Act of 1934 to the internet in a vote expected on February 26 , 2015 . Adoption of this notion would reclassify internet service from one of information to one of telecommunications and , according to Tom Wheeler , chairman of the FCC , ensure net neutrality . The FCC is expected to enforce net neutrality in its vote , according to The New York Times . On February 26 , 2015 , the FCC ruled in favor of net neutrality by applying Title II ( common carrier ) of the Communications Act of 1934 and Section 706 of the Telecommunications act of 1996 to the Internet . The FCC Chairman , Tom Wheeler , commented , `` This is no more a plan to regulate the Internet than the First Amendment is a plan to regulate free speech . They both stand for the same concept . '' On March 12 , 2015 , the FCC released the specific details of the net neutrality rules . On April 13 , 2015 , the FCC published the final rule on its new `` Net Neutrality '' regulations . On December 14 , 2017 , the F.C.C Repealed their March 12 , 2015 decision by a 3 - 2 vote regarding net neutrality rules . Use and culture Email and Usenet E-mail has often been called the killer application of the Internet . It predates the Internet , and was a crucial tool in creating it . Email started in 1965 as a way for multiple users of a time - sharing mainframe computer to communicate . Although the history is undocumented , among the first systems to have such a facility were the System Development Corporation ( SDC ) Q32 and the Compatible Time - Sharing System ( CTSS ) at MIT . The ARPANET computer network made a large contribution to the evolution of electronic mail . An experimental inter-system transferred mail on the ARPANET shortly after its creation . In 1971 Ray Tomlinson created what was to become the standard Internet electronic mail addressing format , using the @ sign to separate mailbox names from host names . A number of protocols were developed to deliver messages among groups of time - sharing computers over alternative transmission systems , such as UUCP and IBM 's VNET email system . Email could be passed this way between a number of networks , including ARPANET , BITNET and NSFNET , as well as to hosts connected directly to other sites via UUCP . See the history of SMTP protocol . In addition , UUCP allowed the publication of text files that could be read by many others . The News software developed by Steve Daniel and Tom Truscott in 1979 was used to distribute news and bulletin board - like messages . This quickly grew into discussion groups , known as newsgroups , on a wide range of topics . On ARPANET and NSFNET similar discussion groups would form via mailing lists , discussing both technical issues and more culturally focused topics ( such as science fiction , discussed on the sflovers mailing list ) . During the early years of the Internet , email and similar mechanisms were also fundamental to allow people to access resources that were not available due to the absence of online connectivity . UUCP was often used to distribute files using the ' alt. binary ' groups . Also , FTP e-mail gateways allowed people that lived outside the US and Europe to download files using ftp commands written inside email messages . The file was encoded , broken in pieces and sent by email ; the receiver had to reassemble and decode it later , and it was the only way for people living overseas to download items such as the earlier Linux versions using the slow dial - up connections available at the time . After the popularization of the Web and the HTTP protocol such tools were slowly abandoned . From Gopher to the WWW Main articles : History of the World Wide Web and World Wide Web As the Internet grew through the 1980s and early 1990s , many people realized the increasing need to be able to find and organize files and information . Projects such as Archie , Gopher , WAIS , and the FTP Archive list attempted to create ways to organize distributed data . In the early 1990s , Gopher , invented by Mark P. McCahill offered a viable alternative to the World Wide Web . However , in 1993 the World Wide Web saw many advances to indexing and ease of access through search engines , which often neglected Gopher and Gopherspace . As popularity increased through ease of use , investment incentives also grew until in the middle of 1994 the WWW 's popularity gained the upper hand . Then it became clear that Gopher and the other projects were doomed fall short . One of the most promising user interface paradigms during this period was hypertext . The technology had been inspired by Vannevar Bush 's `` Memex '' and developed through Ted Nelson 's research on Project Xanadu and Douglas Engelbart 's research on NLS . Many small self - contained hypertext systems had been created before , such as Apple Computer 's HyperCard ( 1987 ) . Gopher became the first commonly used hypertext interface to the Internet . While Gopher menu items were examples of hypertext , they were not commonly perceived in that way . This NeXT Computer was used by Sir Tim Berners - Lee at CERN and became the world 's first Web server . In 1989 , while working at CERN , Tim Berners - Lee invented a network - based implementation of the hypertext concept . By releasing his invention to public use , he ensured the technology would become widespread . For his work in developing the World Wide Web , Berners - Lee received the Millennium technology prize in 2004 . One early popular web browser , modeled after HyperCard , was ViolaWWW . A turning point for the World Wide Web began with the introduction of the Mosaic web browser in 1993 , a graphical browser developed by a team at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications at the University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign ( NCSA - UIUC ) , led by Marc Andreessen . Funding for Mosaic came from the High - Performance Computing and Communications Initiative , a funding program initiated by the High Performance Computing and Communication Act of 1991 also known as the Gore Bill . Mosaic 's graphical interface soon became more popular than Gopher , which at the time was primarily text - based , and the WWW became the preferred interface for accessing the Internet . ( Gore 's reference to his role in `` creating the Internet '' , however , was ridiculed in his presidential election campaign . See the full article Al Gore and information technology ) . Mosaic was superseded in 1994 by Andreessen 's Netscape Navigator , which replaced Mosaic as the world 's most popular browser . While it held this title for some time , eventually competition from Internet Explorer and a variety of other browsers almost completely displaced it . Another important event held on January 11 , 1994 , was The Superhighway Summit at UCLA 's Royce Hall . This was the `` first public conference bringing together all of the major industry , government and academic leaders in the field ( and ) also began the national dialogue about the Information Superhighway and its implications . '' 24 Hours in Cyberspace , `` the largest one - day online event '' ( February 8 , 1996 ) up to that date , took place on the then - active website , cyber24.com . It was headed by photographer Rick Smolan . A photographic exhibition was unveiled at the Smithsonian Institution 's National Museum of American History on January 23 , 1997 , featuring 70 photos from the project . Search engines Main article : Search engine ( computing ) Even before the World Wide Web , there were search engines that attempted to organize the Internet . The first of these was the Archie search engine from McGill University in 1990 , followed in 1991 by WAIS and Gopher . All three of those systems predated the invention of the World Wide Web but all continued to index the Web and the rest of the Internet for several years after the Web appeared . There are still Gopher servers as of 2006 , although there are a great many more web servers . As the Web grew , search engines and Web directories were created to track pages on the Web and allow people to find things . The first full - text Web search engine was WebCrawler in 1994 . Before WebCrawler , only Web page titles were searched . Another early search engine , Lycos , was created in 1993 as a university project , and was the first to achieve commercial success . During the late 1990s , both Web directories and Web search engines were popular -- Yahoo ! ( founded 1994 ) and Altavista ( founded 1995 ) were the respective industry leaders . By August 2001 , the directory model had begun to give way to search engines , tracking the rise of Google ( founded 1998 ) , which had developed new approaches to relevancy ranking . Directory features , while still commonly available , became after - thoughts to search engines . Database size , which had been a significant marketing feature through the early 2000s , was similarly displaced by emphasis on relevancy ranking , the methods by which search engines attempt to sort the best results first . Relevancy ranking first became a major issue circa 1996 , when it became apparent that it was impractical to review full lists of results . Consequently , algorithms for relevancy ranking have continuously improved . Google 's PageRank method for ordering the results has received the most press , but all major search engines continually refine their ranking methodologies with a view toward improving the ordering of results . As of 2006 , search engine rankings are more important than ever , so much so that an industry has developed ( `` search engine optimizers '' , or `` SEO '' ) to help web - developers improve their search ranking , and an entire body of case law has developed around matters that affect search engine rankings , such as use of trademarks in metatags . The sale of search rankings by some search engines has also created controversy among librarians and consumer advocates . On June 3 , 2009 , Microsoft launched its new search engine , Bing . The following month Microsoft and Yahoo ! announced a deal in which Bing would power Yahoo ! Search . File sharing Main articles : File sharing , Peer - to - peer file sharing , and Timeline of file sharing Resource or file sharing has been an important activity on computer networks from well before the Internet was established and was supported in a variety of ways including bulletin board systems ( 1978 ) , Usenet ( 1980 ) , Kermit ( 1981 ) , and many others . The File Transfer Protocol ( FTP ) for use on the Internet was standardized in 1985 and is still in use today . A variety of tools were developed to aid the use of FTP by helping users discover files they might want to transfer , including the Wide Area Information Server ( WAIS ) in 1991 , Gopher in 1991 , Archie in 1991 , Veronica in 1992 , Jughead in 1993 , Internet Relay Chat ( IRC ) in 1988 , and eventually the World Wide Web ( WWW ) in 1991 with Web directories and Web search engines . In 1999 , Napster became the first peer - to - peer file sharing system . Napster used a central server for indexing and peer discovery , but the storage and transfer of files was decentralized . A variety of peer - to - peer file sharing programs and services with different levels of decentralization and anonymity followed , including : Gnutella , eDonkey2000 , and Freenet in 2000 , FastTrack , Kazaa , Limewire , and BitTorrent in 2001 , and Poisoned in 2003 . All of these tools are general purpose and can be used to share a wide variety of content , but sharing of music files , software , and later movies and videos are major uses . And while some of this sharing is legal , large portions are not . Lawsuits and other legal actions caused Napster in 2001 , eDonkey2000 in 2005 , Kazaa in 2006 , and Limewire in 2010 to shut down or refocus their efforts . The Pirate Bay , founded in Sweden in 2003 , continues despite a trial and appeal in 2009 and 2010 that resulted in jail terms and large fines for several of its founders . File sharing remains contentious and controversial with charges of theft of intellectual property on the one hand and charges of censorship on the other . Dot - com bubble Main article : Dot - com bubble Suddenly the low price of reaching millions worldwide , and the possibility of selling to or hearing from those people at the same moment when they were reached , promised to overturn established business dogma in advertising , mail - order sales , customer relationship management , and many more areas . The web was a new killer app -- it could bring together unrelated buyers and sellers in seamless and low - cost ways . Entrepreneurs around the world developed new business models , and ran to their nearest venture capitalist . While some of the new entrepreneurs had experience in business and economics , the majority were simply people with ideas , and did not manage the capital influx prudently . Additionally , many dot - com business plans were predicated on the assumption that by using the Internet , they would bypass the distribution channels of existing businesses and therefore not have to compete with them ; when the established businesses with strong existing brands developed their own Internet presence , these hopes were shattered , and the newcomers were left attempting to break into markets dominated by larger , more established businesses . Many did not have the ability to do so . The dot - com bubble burst in March 2000 , with the technology heavy NASDAQ Composite index peaking at 5,048.62 on March 10 ( 5,132.52 intraday ) , more than double its value just a year before . By 2001 , the bubble 's deflation was running full speed . A majority of the dot - coms had ceased trading , after having burnt through their venture capital and IPO capital , often without ever making a profit . But despite this , the Internet continues to grow , driven by commerce , ever greater amounts of online information and knowledge and social networking . Mobile phones and the Internet See also : Mobile Web The first mobile phone with Internet connectivity was the Nokia 9000 Communicator , launched in Finland in 1996 . The viability of Internet services access on mobile phones was limited until prices came down from that model , and network providers started to develop systems and services conveniently accessible on phones . NTT DoCoMo in Japan launched the first mobile Internet service , i - mode , in 1999 and this is considered the birth of the mobile phone Internet services . In 2001 , the mobile phone email system by Research in Motion ( now BlackBerry Limited ) for their BlackBerry product was launched in America . To make efficient use of the small screen and tiny keypad and one - handed operation typical of mobile phones , a specific document and networking model was created for mobile devices , the Wireless Application Protocol ( WAP ) . Most mobile device Internet services operate using WAP . The growth of mobile phone services was initially a primarily Asian phenomenon with Japan , South Korea and Taiwan all soon finding the majority of their Internet users accessing resources by phone rather than by PC . Developing countries followed , with India , South Africa , Kenya , the Philippines , and Pakistan all reporting that the majority of their domestic users accessed the Internet from a mobile phone rather than a PC . The European and North American use of the Internet was influenced by a large installed base of personal computers , and the growth of mobile phone Internet access was more gradual , but had reached national penetration levels of 20 -- 30 % in most Western countries . The cross-over occurred in 2008 , when more Internet access devices were mobile phones than personal computers . In many parts of the developing world , the ratio is as much as 10 mobile phone users to one PC user . Web technologies Web pages were initially conceived as structured documents based upon Hypertext Markup Language ( HTML ) which can allow access to images , video , and other content . Hyperlinks in the page permit users to navigate to other pages . In the earliest browsers , images opened in a separate `` helper '' application . Marc Andreessen 's 1993 Mosaic and 1994 Netscape introduced mixed text and images for non-technical users . HTML evolved during the 1990s , leading to HTML 4 which introduced large elements of CSS styling and , later , extensions to allow browser code to make calls and ask for content from servers in a structured way ( AJAX ) . Historiography There are nearly insurmountable problems in supplying a historiography of the Internet 's development . The process of digitization represents a twofold challenge both for historiography in general and , in particular , for historical communication research . A sense of the difficulty in documenting early developments that led to the internet can be gathered from the quote : `` The Arpanet period is somewhat well documented because the corporation in charge -- BBN -- left a physical record . Moving into the NSFNET era , it became an extraordinarily decentralized process . The record exists in people 's basements , in closets ... So much of what happened was done verbally and on the basis of individual trust . '' -- Doug Gale ( 2007 ) See also Book : Internet History of hypertext History of the Internet in Sweden History of the web browser Index of Internet - related articles MH & xmh : Email for Users & Programmers Net neutrality Nerds 2.0. 1 : A Brief History of the Internet On the Internet , nobody knows you 're a dog Outline of the Internet Internet activism Whistleblower Internet censorship References Jump up ^ Kim , Byung - Keun ( 2005 ) . Internationalising the Internet the Co-evolution of Influence and Technology . Edward Elgar . pp. 51 -- 55 . ISBN 1845426754 . Jump up ^ `` Brief History of the Internet '' . Internet Society . Retrieved 9 April 2016 . It happened that the work at MIT ( 1961 - 1967 ) , at RAND ( 1962 - 1965 ) , and at NPL ( 1964 - 1967 ) had all proceeded in parallel without any of the researchers knowing about the other work . 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Jump up ^ USC / ICANN Transition Agreement Jump up ^ ICANN cuts cord to US government , gets broader oversight : ICANN , which oversees the Internet 's domain name system , is a private nonprofit that reports to the US Department of Commerce . Under a new agreement , that relationship will change , and ICANN 's accountability goes global Nate Anderson , September 30 , 2009 Jump up ^ Rhoads , Christopher ( October 2 , 2009 ) . `` U.S. Eases Grip Over Web Body : Move Addresses Criticisms as Internet Usage Becomes More Global '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ Rabkin , Jeremy ; Eisenach , Jeffrey ( October 2 , 2009 ) . `` The U.S. Abandons the Internet : Multilateral governance of the domain name system risks censorship and repression '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ `` Stewardship of IANA Functions Transitions to Global Internet Community as Contract with U.S. Government Ends - ICANN '' . www.icann.org . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ Mueller , Milton L. ( 2010 ) . Networks and States : The Global Politics of Internet Governance . MIT Press . p. 67 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 262 - 01459 - 5 . Jump up ^ Mueller , Milton L. ( 2010 ) . Networks and States : The Global Politics of Internet Governance . MIT Press . pp. 79 -- 80 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 262 - 01459 - 5 . Jump up ^ DeNardis , Laura , The Emerging Field of Internet Governance ( September 17 , 2010 ) . Yale Information Society Project Working Paper Series . Jump up ^ Wyatt , Edward ( April 23 , 2014 ) . `` F.C.C. , in ' Net Neutrality ' Turnaround , Plans to Allow Fast Lane '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ Staff ( April 24 , 2014 ) . `` Creating a Two - Speed Internet '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ Carr , David ( May 11 , 2014 ) . `` Warnings Along F.C.C. 's Fast Lane '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ Crawford , Susan ( April 28 , 2014 ) . `` The Wire Next Time '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ Staff ( May 15 , 2014 ) . `` Searching for Fairness on the Internet '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ Wyatt , Edward ( May 15 , 2014 ) . `` F.C.C. Backs Opening Net Rules for Debate '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ Wyatt , Edward ( November 10 , 2014 ) . `` Obama Asks F.C.C. to Adopt Tough Net Neutrality Rules '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ NYT Editorial Board ( November 14 , 2014 ) . `` Why the F.C.C. Should Heed President Obama on Internet Regulation '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sepulveda , Ambassador Daniel A. ( January 21 , 2015 ) . `` The World Is Watching Our Net Neutrality Debate , So Let 's Get It Right '' . Wired ( website ) . Retrieved January 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Weisman , Jonathan ( January 19 , 2015 ) . `` Shifting Politics of Net Neutrality Debate Ahead of F.C.C. Vote '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 20 , 2015 . 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Jump up ^ Staff ( February 26 , 2015 ) . `` FCC Adopts Strong , Sustainable Rules To Protect The Open Internet '' ( PDF ) . Federal Communications Commission . Retrieved February 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ruiz , Rebecca R. ; Lohr , Steve ( February 26 , 2015 ) . `` In Net Neutrality Victory , F.C.C. Classifies Broadband Internet Service as a Public Utility '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Flaherty , Anne ( February 25 , 2015 ) . `` FACT CHECK : Talking heads skew ' net neutrality ' debate '' . Associated Press . Retrieved February 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Liebelson , Dana ( February 26 , 2015 ) . `` Net Neutrality Prevails In Historic FCC Vote '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved February 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ruiz , Rebecca R. ( March 12 , 2015 ) . `` F.C.C. Sets Net Neutrality Rules '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sommer , Jeff ( March 12 , 2015 ) . `` What the Net Neutrality Rules Say '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ FCC Staff ( March 12 , 2015 ) . `` Federal Communications Commission -- FCC 15 -- 24 -- In the Matter of Protecting and Promoting the Open Internet -- GN Docket No. 14 - 28 -- Report and Order on Remand , Declaratory Ruling , and Order '' ( PDF ) . Federal Communications Commission . Retrieved March 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Reisinger , Don ( April 13 , 2015 ) . `` Net neutrality rules get published -- let the lawsuits begin '' . CNET . Retrieved April 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Federal Communications Commission ( April 13 , 2015 ) . `` Protecting and Promoting the Open Internet -- A Rule by the Federal Communications Commission on 04 / 13 / 2015 '' . Federal Register . Retrieved April 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kang , Cecilia ( 2017 - 12 - 14 ) . `` F.C.C. Repeals Net Neutrality Rules '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Risks Digest '' . Great moments in e-mail history . Retrieved April 27 , 2006 . 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Jump up ^ Movie File - Sharing Booming : Study Archived February 17 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , Solutions Research Group , Toronto , 24 January 2006 Jump up ^ Menta , Richard ( December 9 , 1999 ) . `` RIAA Sues Music Startup Napster for $20 Billion '' . MP3 Newswire . Jump up ^ `` EFF : What Peer - to - Peer Developers Need to Know about Copyright Law '' . W2.eff.org . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2012 . Retrieved January 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kobie , Nicole ( November 26 , 2010 ) . `` Pirate Bay trio lose appeal against jail sentences '' . pcpro.co.uk . PCPRO . Retrieved November 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Poll : Young Say File Sharing OK '' , Bootie Cosgrove - Mather , CBS News , 11 February 2009 Jump up ^ Green , Stuart P. ( 29 March 2012 ) . `` OP - ED CONTRIBUTOR ; When Stealing Is n't Stealing '' . The New York Times . p. 27 . Jump up ^ Nasdaq peak of 5,048.62 Jump up ^ Susmita Dasgupta ; Somik V. Lall ; David Wheeler ( 2001 ) . Policy Reform , Economic Growth , and the Digital Divide : An Econometric Analysis . World Bank Publications . pp. 1 -- 3 . GGKEY : YLS5GEUEBAR . Retrieved 11 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Hillebrand , Friedhelm ( 2002 ) . Hillebrand , Friedhelm , ed . GSM and UMTS , The Creation of Global Mobile Communications . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 0 - 470 - 84322 - 5 . Jump up ^ Christoph Classen , Susanne Kinnebrock & Maria Löblich ( Eds . ) : Towards Web History : Sources , Methods , and Challenges in the Digital Age Archived May 9 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine ... In Historical Social Research 37 ( 4 ) : 97 -- 188 . 2012 . Jump up ^ Barras , Colin ( August 23 , 2007 ) . `` An Internet Pioneer Ponders the Next Revolution '' . Illuminating the net 's Dark Ages . Retrieved February 26 , 2008 . Further reading Abbate , Janet ( 1999 ) . Inventing the Internet . Cambridge , Massachusetts : MIT Press . ISBN 978 - 0262011723 . Cerf , Vinton ( 1993 ) . How the Internet Came to Be . Ryan , Johnny ( 2010 ) . A history of the Internet and the digital future . London , England : Reaktion Books . ISBN 978 - 1861897770 . Thomas Greene ; Larry James Landweber ; George Strawn ( 2003 ) . `` A Brief History of NSF and the Internet '' . National Science Foundation . External links Internet History Timeline -- Computer History Museum Histories of the Internet -- Internet Society Hobbes ' Internet Timeline 12 History of the Internet , a short animated film ( 2009 ) History of the Internet at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) hide Telecommunications History Beacon Broadcasting Cable protection system Cable TV Communications satellite Computer network Drums Electrical telegraph Fax Heliographs Hydraulic telegraph Internet Mass media Mobile phone Optical telecommunication Optical telegraphy Pager Photophone Prepay mobile phone Radio Radiotelephone Satellite communications Semaphore Smartphone Smoke signals Telecommunications history Telautograph Telegraphy Teleprinter ( teletype ) Telephone The Telephone Cases Television Timeline of communication technology Undersea telegraph line Videoconferencing Videophone Videotelephony Whistled language Pioneers Edwin Howard Armstrong John Logie Baird Paul Baran Alexander Graham Bell Tim Berners - Lee Jagadish Chandra Bose Vint Cerf Claude Chappe Donald Davies Lee de Forest Philo Farnsworth Reginald Fessenden Elisha Gray Erna Schneider Hoover Charles K. Kao Hedy Lamarr Innocenzo Manzetti Guglielmo Marconi Antonio Meucci Radia Perlman Alexander Stepanovich Popov Johann Philipp Reis Nikola Tesla Camille Tissot Alfred Vail Charles Wheatstone Vladimir K. 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when did the internet become available in homes
[ "The first public dial-in networks used asynchronous TTY terminal protocols to reach a concentrator operated in the public network. Some networks, such as CompuServe, used X.25 to multiplex the terminal sessions into their packet-switched backbones, while others, such as Tymnet, used proprietary protocols. In 1979, CompuServe became the first service to offer electronic mail capabilities and technical support to personal computer users. The company broke new ground again in 1980 as the first to offer real-time chat with its CB Simulator. Other major dial-in networks were America Online (AOL) and Prodigy that also provided communications, content, and entertainment features. Many bulletin board system (BBS) networks also provided on-line access, such as FidoNet which was popular amongst hobbyist computer users, many of them hackers and amateur radio operators.[citation needed]\n" ]
[ "1979" ]
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Iron Chef America
Iron Chef America - wikipedia Iron Chef America This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Iron Chef America Also known as Iron Chef America : The Series Genre Reality television Cooking show Presented by Alton Brown Kevin Brauch Mark Dacascos Jet Tila Starring Mario Batali ( retired ) Bobby Flay ( retired ) Wolfgang Puck ( retired ) Masaharu Morimoto Cat Cora ( retired ) Michael Symon Jose Garces Marc Forgione Geoffrey Zakarian Alex Guarnaschelli Stephanie Izard Composer ( s ) Craig Marks Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 13 No. of episodes 205 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Stu Schreiberg Producer ( s ) John Bravakis Steve Kroopnick Production location ( s ) Los Angeles , California New York City Editor ( s ) Morgen Kassel Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 46 minutes Release Original network Food Network Original release March 6 , 2005 ( 2005 - 03 - 06 ) -- Present Chronology Related shows Iron Chef Iron Chef UK The Next Iron Chef Iron Chef Gauntlet Iron Chef Showdown External links Website Iron Chef America is an American cooking show based on Fuji Television 's Iron Chef , and is the second American adaptation of the series , following the failed Iron Chef USA that aired in 2001 . The show is produced by Food Network , which also carried a dubbed version of the original Iron Chef . Like the original Japanese program , the program is a culinary game show . In each episode , a new challenger chef competes against one of the resident `` Iron Chefs '' in a one - hour cooking competition based on a secret ingredient or ingredients , and sometimes theme . The show is presented as a successor to the original Iron Chef , as opposed to being a remake . The Chairman is portrayed by actor and martial artist Mark Dacascos , who is introduced as the nephew of the original Japanese chairman Takeshi Kaga . The commentary is provided solely by Alton Brown and Kevin Brauch is the floor reporter . The music is written by composer Craig Marks , who released the soundtrack titled `` Iron Chef America & The Next Iron Chef '' by the end of 2010 . In addition , regular ICA judge and Chopped host Ted Allen provided additional floor commentary for two special battles : Battle First Thanksgiving ( Symon / Flay v. Cora / Morimoto ) and Battle White House Produce ( Batali / Lagasse v. Flay / Comerford ) . Per the introduction fiction from the Battle of the Masters miniseries ( and ignoring story elements from the 2002 Iron Chef Japan Cup Special ) , Chairman Kaga ( the character ) has ordered his nephew to continue the tradition of Kitchen Stadium , initially in Los Angeles , where the Battle of the Masters took place , before establishing a permanent Kitchen Stadium in New York 's Chelsea Market . For the Battle of the Masters , the elder Chairman dispatched two Iron Chefs : Hiroyuki Sakai and Masaharu Morimoto . In Season 11 , the show 's fiction expanded to include international Iron Chefs , spread by the Chairman `` like Johnny Appleseed '' . In the first episode of that season , Iron Chef UK chef Judy Joo competed on the US show against Iron Chef Guarnaschelli as an Iron Chef . Unlike the original Iron Chef or Iron Chef USA , Alton Brown , rather than the Chairman , is credited as the show 's host . In 2017 , Iron Chef Showdown premiered as the spiritual successor to Iron Chef America , with a revised format and returning Iron Chefs Bobby Flay , Jose Garces , Alex Guarnaschelli , and Michael Symon joined by Iron Chef Gauntlet winner Stephanie Izard . On April 5 , 2018 , Food Network announced Iron Chef America returning under its original name , with Jet Tila serving as floor reporter . Notably , Iron Chef Bobby Flay will not be returning , as he dramatically announced his exit from Iron Chef during his last battle on Showdown . Contents 1 The Iron Chefs 1.1 Jackets 2 History 3 Format 3.1 Special battles 3.2 Greatest moments 4 Production details 4.1 Kitchen Stadium 4.2 Subtitles and dubbing 5 Companion shows 5.1 Countdown 5.2 The Next Iron Chef 6 Video game 7 See also 8 References 9 External links The Iron chefs ( edit ) On this version of Iron Chef , the Iron Chefs have either been previous Food Network personalities , are current personalities , were part of the original Iron Chef , or earned their position on The Next Iron Chef . The winning percentage for Iron Chefs participating on Iron Chef America is an average . The win / loss data is based solely on the performance of the participant as an Iron Chef in Iron Chef America : The Series and the Battle of the Masters but does not include the results from Iron Chef Showdown . Iron Chef Seasons Specialty Win Loss Draw Total Win % Mario Batali ( retired ) BOM , 1 - 6 Italian 19 5 0 24 79.2 % Cat Cora ( retired ) 1 - 10 Greek / Mediterranean 21 12 34 63.2 % Bobby Flay ( Semi retired ) BOM , 1 - 12 Southwestern 43 16 61 72.1 % Marc Forgione 9 - Modern American 8 7 0 15 53.0 % Jose Garces 8 - Latin Fusion 16 7 0 23 69.6 % Alex Guarnaschelli 11 - Modern American 7 0 11 63.6 % Stephanie Izard 13 - Modern American 0 0 100.0 % Masaharu Morimoto BOM , 1 - Japanese 26 17 44 60.2 % Wolfgang Puck ( retired ) BOM California cuisine 0 0 100.0 % Michael Symon 5 - Mediterranean 34 7 42 82.1 % Geoffrey Zakarian 10 - Modern American 9 5 0 14 64.3 % ^ 101 Based on weighted average (. 5 victory for a draw ) . The win / loss data is based on the performance of the Iron Chef in Iron Chef America : The Series and the Battle of the Masters . ^ 102 Flay retired as Iron Chef at the end of Iron Chef Showdown . ^ 103 Forgione 's record does not include his victory over Marco Canora in the finale of The Next Iron Chef as Forgione did not hold the title Iron Chef during that battle . ^ 104 Garces ' record does not include his defeat of Flay in Battle Melon , or his victory over Jehangir Mehta in the finale of The Next Iron Chef as Garces did not hold the title Iron Chef during either battle . ^ 105 Guarnaschelli 's record does not include her loss to Cora in Battle Farmer 's Market , or her victory over Amanda Freitag in the finale of The Next Iron Chef as Guarnaschelli did not hold the title Iron Chef during either battle . ^ 106 Morimoto 's record includes his battle as a competitor in the Battle of the Masters . It does not include his 16 - 7 - 1 record in the original Iron Chef during his tenure as the third Iron Chef Japanese . ^ 107 Symon 's record does not include his loss to Morimoto in Battle Asparagus , or his victory over John Besh in the finale of The Next Iron Chef as Symon did not hold the title Iron Chef during either battle . ^ 108 Zakarian 's record does not include his loss to Morimoto in Battle Sardines , or his victory over Elizabeth Falkner in the finale of The Next Iron Chef as Zakarian did not hold the title Iron Chef during either battle . ^ 109 Izard 's record does not include her victories in Iron Chef Gauntlet as Izard did not hold the title Iron Chef at that time , nor her 2 - 0 record on Iron Chef Showdown . Jackets ( edit ) Each Iron Chef wears a specially designed chef 's jacket , a simplified version of the more stylized attire worn by the Japanese Iron Chefs , along with an apron and trousers of their choice for each battle . Through the Battle of the Masters and the show 's first six seasons , the Iron Chefs wore contemporary denim chef 's jackets with individualized solid - colored patches and trim : Batali 's jacket trim was red , Cora 's pink , Flay 's blue , Morimoto 's white , Puck 's green and Symon 's black . On the left shoulder of each jacket was a flag representing the Chef 's country of origin . During the show 's sixth season , designer and Iron Chef America judge Marc Ecko designed new jackets for the Iron Chefs , which were first worn on the 2008 `` Thanksgiving Showdown '' episode . The jackets are individualized for each chef and include features such as short sleeves for Symon 's jacket that make it resemble the black shirts he wears at his restaurant , Lola , or men 's kimono styling and colors for Morimoto 's jacket that suggest the costume he wore on the original Iron Chef . With the exception of Symon and Garces ( whose long sleeves were shortened for his second season on ICA ) , the jackets have long , turn - back sleeves . Colors differ by chef : charcoal grey ( Flay ) , black ( Symon ) , light blue ( Cora ) , silver with a red undershirt ( Morimoto ) , white with light brown trim ( Batali ) , white with green trim ( Lagasse , for Battle White House produce ) , brown with wide red edging ( Garces ) , grey with white trim ( Forgione ) , grey with black trim ( Zakarian ) , and black with white trim ( Guarnaschelli ) . `` Iron Chef '' with the chef 's last name underneath is embroidered in the font from the show 's logo on the left front side of the jacket , in the manner of a traditional chef 's coat . The jackets also include a large embroidered Iron Chef patch on the right arm also bearing the chef 's name , and an American flag on the left sleeve . History ( edit ) Team members assigned to Naval Mobile Construction Battalion , Gulfport , Miss. , give a set of BDUs with her name on them to Chef Cat Cora Iron Chef America first aired as a special titled Iron Chef America : Battle of the Masters . Unlike Iron Chef USA , Iron Chef America quickly earned legitimacy with the appearance of Iron Chefs Hiroyuki Sakai and Masaharu Morimoto . ( Chen Kenichi was also originally slated to appear , but he was absent due to a scheduling conflict . ) The first Battle of the Masters involved Sakai and Flay , with the theme of trout . There , Sakai had made two dishes of note : one was gift - wrapped to commemorate the opening of Kitchen Stadium America , while the other was trout ice cream , a dish that would be repeatedly recalled and referred to later on when anyone used the ice cream maker . Other battles in Battle of the Masters were Morimoto taking on Batali , Morimoto taking on Wolfgang Puck , and a tag team battle where Morimoto and Flay teamed up against Sakai and Batali . Battle of the Masters was largely successful and a regular series was commissioned . The regular series is taped in New York , while Battle of the Masters took place in Los Angeles at Los Angeles Center Studios . Because of his other interests , Puck was forced to decline to appear in the regular series , and Morimoto took his place . Later that season , Cat Cora debuted as an Iron Chef during `` Battle Potato '' , becoming the first female chef to hold the rank . The second season of Iron Chef America began airing in July 2005 . This season saw its first and second ties on the American show : the first aired on July 31 , 2005 , with both challenger and Iron Chef receiving 45 points . In this case , unlike Iron Chef , there is no overtime , although a rematch was suggested by Alton Brown . The third such tied result occurred in Season Three , when Susur Lee challenged Bobby Flay in Battle Bacon . Starting November 2006 , Australia 's SBS , the domestic rights holder to the original Iron Chef program , started airing Iron Chef America : The Battle Of The Masters , replacing the original Japanese incarnation of the program . On December 9 , Season 1 of Iron Chef America began airing . The show was scheduled to run until February 17 , 2007 , but due to viewer feedback , SBS ended broadcast of Iron Chef America three weeks early and resumed showing the original Iron Chef on February 3 , 2007 . Starting in Season 8 , Mario Batali was dropped from the show 's opening sequence , though he continues to appear in on - air promos for the show . Despite his appearance during the special battle in which he was teamed up with Emeril Lagasse against Flay and White House Chef Cristeta Comerford , it is not clear whether or not he will return to compete in Iron Chef America on a regular basis . In a July 2010 interview with Slashfood 's Allen Salkin , Batali explained that his absence from the series was due to travel conflicts with the show 's summer shooting schedule and expressed a desire to appear in 2 - 3 battles for Season 9 . However , in a May 2012 interview with The Atlantic , Batali later explained that he resented the decision to move away from serious food critics to `` skinny little actresses '' and other personalities he felt were n't credible enough to judge his cuisine . After the 2014 season , the show was put on hiatus ; it has not returned as of 2017 and many important personnel have moved on to other projects . On July 25 , 2017 Alton Brown tweeted and Food Network announced that Iron Chef America would be returning in last quarter of 2017 as `` Iron Chef Showdown '' . Format ( edit ) See also : List of Iron Chef America episodes After the active Iron Chefs are introduced by Alton Brown , the challenger chef is introduced . The Iron Chef introduction sequence is sometimes skipped in the holiday shows and other specials . In the first two seasons , the Chairman announced the challenger 's Iron Chef opponent . Starting with Season 3 , the show returned to the format of its predecessor , where the challenger chef selects the Iron Chef they will battle . In reality , the match - ups are determined well in advance in all three incarnations of the show , which is not to say that the challengers have no influence on the selection of their opponent . An ingredient or group of ingredients ( referred to as the `` secret ingredient ( s ) '' ) is revealed , and the cooking begins . On occasion , the ingredients are actually a ' theme meal ; ' for example , eggs , bacon , potatoes , etc. are revealed and thus the `` secret ingredient '' is breakfast . Just as with the original Iron Chef , the `` secret '' ingredient is not truly secret . Both the competitor and the Iron Chef are given a list of three to five ingredients before the battle , of which one will be the secret ingredient . Unlike Iron Chef , where chefs had roughly 5 minutes to discuss their strategy before the battle begins , the revelation of the theme ingredient occurs 45 minutes before the start of the battle . However , this segment is not shown on television , and it is a common assumption that the battle starts immediately after the secret ingredient is revealed . This practice was described on an episode of Unwrapped . The Chairman announces the start of each battle with : `` So now America , with an open heart and an empty stomach , I say unto you in the words of my uncle : ' Allez cuisine ! ' `` There 's the Chairman 's familiar `` Allez Cuisine ! '' the French phrase that calls the Iron Chefs to culinary battle . '' -- Alton Brown ( Flay v. Tsai ) `` Allez cuisine ! '' ( loosely translated as `` Go cook ! '' or `` Start cooking ! '' ) is the phrase that started battles in the original Japanese series ( hence the reference to his uncle , Chairman Kaga ) . On Iron Chef America , both the challenger and the Iron Chef have 60 minutes to prepare a minimum of five dishes based on a theme ingredient . Starting with Season 11 ( 2012 -- 13 ) , the first course is due to the judges 20 minutes after the start . After that point , a `` culinary curveball '' is announced by the chairman . It can be an ingredient , piece of equipment , or plating device . Each chef is required to integrate the item into at least one of their remaining dishes , and receives scoring from the judges based on their use . After the first commercial break , Brown typically asks Kevin Brauch to introduce the judges . Generally , Kevin pays homage to the program 's origins by adding , Konban Wa ( Japanese for `` Good evening '' ) to his introduction . Unlike the original series , none of the judges participate in the running commentary , although Brown or Brauch visit with them roughly mid-battle for their comments on the ongoing action and the secret ingredient . Over the course of the cooking hour , Brown may also provide further information on the theme ingredient , using visual aids as required . The dishes are tasted by the chairman and a panel of three judges , two of whom are professional food critics ( a contrast to the original Iron Chef , which typically had one professional food critic as a judge ) . Like the original Iron Chef , each chef can be awarded up to 20 points by each judge ; consisting of 10 points for taste , 5 for plating ( the appearance or presentation of the dishes ) , and 5 for originality . The rules are explained by Kevin Brauch before judging . The chef with the higher score is declared the winner . If there is a tie , it remains as the final result , unlike Iron Chef , where an overtime battle was immediately called with a new theme ingredient ; however , if the overtime battle also resulted in a tie , that would be the final result . ( Also in contrast with the original , the final scores are subdivided by category , rather than by individual judge . ) Starting with Season 11 ( 2012 -- 13 ) , an additional 10 points per judge is also available : up to 5 points for the first dish presentation , and up to 5 points for the use of the `` culinary curveball '' . The scoring for the first dish is revealed shortly after the dishes are presented to and tasted by the judges , and the total score ( including the `` culinary curveball '' points ) is reserved for the judgment and revelation of the winner . Iron Chef America is not affiliated with any culinary institution , unlike Iron Chef , which was associated with Hattori Nutrition College . Chefs also bring in their own sous - chefs . Like Iron Chef , each chef is allowed two sous - chefs . In tag - team or two - on - one battles , both chefs on one side each bring one sous - chef . On the original Iron Chef , early episodes had two chefs without sous - chefs , while later episodes had two chefs and one sous - chef per side . The sous - chefs employed by the Iron Chefs are as follows : Batali -- Anne Burrell and Mark Ladner Cora -- Lorilynn Bauer , David Schimmel , Ed Cotton , Richard Blais ( other sous - chefs have been employed on occasion ) Flay -- Flay employs a rotating staff of sous - chefs from his restaurants Morimoto -- Ariki Omae , Makoto Okuwa , and Jamison Blankenship ( other sous - chefs have been employed on occasion ) Symon -- Cory Barrett and Derek Clayton Garces -- Dave Conn , MacGregor Mann , Jessica Mogardo Forgione -- rotating staff of sous - chefs from Forgione 's restaurants Zakarian -- Paul Corsentino , Eric Haugen , Alex Guarnaschelli ( before her promotion to Iron Chef ) Guarnaschelli -- Ashley Merriman and Wirt Cook All of the sous - chefs for both the Iron Chef and challenger are informally introduced at some point in the contest , unlike the original Iron Chef . Sous - chefs have occasionally entered into battle against Iron Chefs , including the Iron Chef under whom they worked . The rules in Iron Chef America are thought to favor the Iron Chef less than the original program , however , some challengers have noted favoritism in the selection of theme ingredients . On Iron Chef , the Iron Chef 's food was always tasted second , while on Iron Chef America , the chef whose food is tasted first is determined by toss of coin before the show . Since the tasting and judgment take upwards of 45 minutes to complete ( although it is edited down in post-production ) , the chef serving second is allowed to reheat his or her dishes , as was allowed on Iron Chef . Several of the secrets to how the show is taped were revealed in an episode of Unwrapped entitled `` Food Network Unwrapped 2 . '' It was stated that the chefs find out what the secret ingredient is about 15 minutes before the battle begins because the opening sequence is recorded many times . It is only the final taping of this sequence where the words `` Allez cuisine ! '' are said and the battle begins . Moreover , at the end of the one - hour battle , the chefs must still prepare 4 plates of each of their 5 dishes for the judges and the Chairman . This is done during a 45 - minute period after the battle ends and before tasting begins . They consider this to be part of the competition , and it is timed , but it is not recorded or shown to the viewers . The plates which the audience sees prepared during the one - hour battle are the plates used to obtain close - up footage of the dish for use in the final episode . Usually , on taping days , two different battles will be taped , one beginning at about 10 a.m. and the second at about 4 p.m. A Food Network crew has about 90 minutes between each show to clean the set and prepare for the second show . Chefs provide the producers with shopping lists for each of the possible secret ingredients . Consequently , they can surmise what the secret ingredient will be just before it is officially revealed , based on which of their items were purchased . Special battles ( edit ) ICA will occasionally stage special themed battles , generally during the holiday period . The first of these was held on November 12 , 2006 . A special 90 - minute episode of Iron Chef America pitted two guest Food Network personalities , Giada De Laurentiis and Rachael Ray , the latter of whom does not consider herself a chef due to lack of formal training , against each other after they each received tips and training from Iron Chefs Bobby Flay and Mario Batali , respectively . While the early part of the episode made it appear as though it would be a head - to - head battle , the Chairman announced just prior to the secret ingredient reveal that it would in fact be a tag - team battle , with each of the women joined by the Iron Chef who trained her . The secret ingredient for the special was cranberries . The expanded timeframe allowed for longer cuts of the competition hour and the tasting segments to be presented , and the show as a whole had a more laid - back feel than regular ICA episodes . Plenty of joking and good - natured ribbing took place on both sides of the kitchen , such as Batali 's effort to `` bribe '' the judges with cranberry bellini cocktails . The battle was won by Iron Chef Batali and guest chef Ray . A second special holiday episode premiered on Sunday , November 25 , 2007 . This special , titled Iron Chef America : All Star Holiday Dessert Battle , paired Iron Chef Cat Cora and popular Food Network personality Paula Deen against fellow Food Network chefs Tyler Florence and Robert Irvine , with sugar as the secret ingredient . While this special was the usual 60 - minutes in length , the tone was similar to the previous ICA special , with lots of `` smack talking '' and teasing among the four chefs . Iron Chef Cora and guest chef Deen 's team emerged victorious . On October 26 , 2008 , a Halloween battle took place between Iron Chef Michael Symon and former Next Iron Chef competitor Chris Cosentino . The theme ingredient was offal ( organ meats , pig trotters , coxcombs , etc . ) , an ingredient with which each of the chefs is known to cook routinely . Igor and the Monster from the Broadway production of Young Frankenstein also made a special appearance , assisting with the presentation of the secret ingredient . The victory went to Iron Chef Symon . A 90 - minute `` Thanksgiving Showdown '' premiered on November 16 , 2008 . The secret ingredients were foods that might have been used at the first Thanksgiving feast : duck , lobster , heritage turkey , venison , leeks and walnuts . This battle marked the first time in ICA history that the American Iron Chefs competed against each other , with the team of Bobby Flay and Michael Symon battling against Cat Cora and Masaharu Morimoto . There were two floor reporters for this special : regular floor reporter Kevin Brauch covered Flay and Symon while ICA judge Ted Allen covered Cora and Morimoto . In addition , Mark Ecko appeared early in the episode to present the new Iron Chef jackets and describe the design process . Iron Chefs Flay and Symon defeated Iron Chefs Cora and Morimoto by one point . First Lady Michelle Obama 's White House Kitchen Garden was featured in a new special episode on January 3 , 2010 . The episode , called `` The Super Chef Battle '' , featured Iron Chef Mario Batali and Super Chef Emeril Lagasse against Iron Chef Bobby Flay and White House Executive Chef Cristeta Comerford in a battle that required the chefs to create an American meal , with the produce from the White House garden as the secret ingredient . First Lady Michelle Obama made a special appearance , welcoming the chefs to the White House , and announcing the secret ingredient . This battle was also notable as the first for which the Chairman was not present in Kitchen Stadium . Although the Chairman appeared on video , and presented a supplemental range of sustainable foods to be used in the battle , it fell to announcer Alton Brown to start the battle with the traditional `` Allez cuisine ! '' This battle was also the first that carried a prize : $25,000 was donated to City Meals , a New York charity similar to Meals on Wheels in the names of the winning team . Iron Chef Flay and Chef Comerford defeated Iron Chefs Batali and Lagasse . On January 2 , 2011 , `` Battle Deep Freeze '' aired . The show featured Iron Chef Michael Symon and Chef Anne Burrell facing off against Iron Chef Cat Cora and Chef Robert Irvine . There was no formal secret ingredient , just the theme `` deep freeze . '' The chefs had to prepare 5 dishes , each with a frozen component , on the following five themes : Fruits and Vegetables , Meat , Aromatics , Seafood , and Alcohol . The dishes were either served in or accented by ice carvings . Greatest moments ( edit ) On November 16 , 2008 , the Food Network preceded its `` Thanksgiving Showdown '' ICA special with a half - hour retrospective of the 10 best ICA moments . In the program , the Chairman presents each moment , followed by a female voice - over narration describing the challenge the Iron Chefs face , including live fish , big ingredients , time , the ice cream machine and unorthodox cooking methods . The introduction is followed by a clip of each moment interspersed with comments by the Iron Chefs and ICA judges . Number Title Battle Competitors Moment It 's Alive ! Cobia Mario Batali v. Jamie Oliver Sous chef Gennaro Contaldo 's distraction antics Sugar Smack Sugar Cat Cora / Paula Deen v. Tyler Florence / Robert Irvine Paula Deen 's verbal warfare The Bird is the Word Garlic Mario Batali v. Chris Cosentino Chef Cosentino presents squab brains and talons . Better Dining Through Science Beets Masaharu Morimoto v. Homaro Cantu In an upset , the molecular gastronomists take the battle . 5 Trout in the Machine Trout Bobby Flay v. Hiroyuki Sakai The infamous trout ice cream 6 Edible Art Asparagus Masaharu Morimoto v. Michael Symon Morimoto 's `` stained glass '' sushi 7 I Fought the Clock and the Clock Won Scallops Masaharu Morimoto v. Roberto Donna Donna fails to complete his five dishes . 8 The Wheel 's on Fire Parmigiano Reggiano Mario Batali v. Andrew Carmellini Batali 's Parmesan bowl filled with flaming grappa 9 Smokin ' Hot Chiles Masaharu Morimoto v. Tim Love Morimoto struggles with an unfamiliar ingredient : a jalapeño chile . 10 Size Matters Elk Bobby Flay v. Kent and Kevin Rathbun The chefs battle each other and the largest secret ingredient ever . Production details ( edit ) Kitchen Stadium ( edit ) Located at the Chelsea Market in New York City , Iron Chef America 's version of Kitchen Stadium has a more modern appearance than the one from Iron Chef . Much of the equipment in the kitchen is top - of - the line ; appliances include six burner stove tops , an infrared grill , blast chillers , convection ovens , deep fryers , cutting boards , a plethora of small electrical appliances like blenders and food processors , as well as pantry stations . Both kitchens in Kitchen Stadium are set up with the same appliances , and each pantry station has the same food items including expensive items like saffron . Challengers may also sometimes bring their own equipment to their sections ; most notably , postmodern chef Homaro Cantu brought a Class 4 Laser , liquid nitrogen , and an inkjet printer with edible inks and paper for his signature dishes . One of the most infamous appliances in the kitchen is the ice cream machine ( dubbed by the commentators as the Ice Cream Machine of Doom ) , which is often used to create unusual and abstract flavors of ice cream when chefs attempt to make a dessert course with the theme ingredient . The commentator 's station has Alton Brown standing in front of two large monitors feeding him camera angles from both sides of Kitchen Stadium . To stay informed , he also keeps his laptop open to reference an extensive food database and , in later seasons , an iPad to look up ingredients on the fly . An earbud allows him to be fed information from the culinary producer , who in turn is fed information from two culinary spotters on the floor . The station is much closer to and on the same level as the cooking stations , allowing Alton Brown to converse with the competitors and ask brief questions . Alton Brown has made frequent comments about Kitchen Stadium being `` an orbiting space station '' or `` an underwater facility . '' Brown has also called Kitchen Stadium `` Kitchen Stadium Number One , Two , and so on until number seven as of Battle Eggs . There is a small section in the back of the stadium reserved for the studio audience , which is mostly composed of guests of the chefs . During the first two seasons , the audience is almost never mentioned or shown on camera unless there is a special guest in the audience . Starting with season 3 , the show again takes a cue from its predecessor and gives a little more attention to the audience , particularly when someone close to the challenger or special guests are present . The audience is also now sometimes heard applauding the chefs , although they are ignored by cameras . Despite Kitchen Stadium America 's state - of - the - art appearance , problems arose during the first season . In her battle against Mario Batali , Chef Anita Lo had trouble getting her burners hot enough to cook her food . At one point , one of Lo 's assistants took a pot over to Mario Batali 's side of the kitchen to use his stove , to which Batali happily agreed . In several battles contestants have experienced technical problems with the ice cream machine . Though there have not been serious injuries in Kitchen Stadium America , several contestants have suffered minor cuts from knife slips . In the Behind the Scenes : Iron Chef America special , Iron Chef Hiroyuki Sakai voices his distaste for the modern look of the American Kitchen Stadium . Sakai referred to the kitchen as `` cold . '' Subtitles and dubbing ( edit ) Morimoto speaks English with a thick Japanese accent , and he sometimes speaks in Japanese when describing his dishes . Consequently , his voice is at times dubbed by Joe Cipriano . Cipriano , a veteran TV announcer and Los Angeles radio personality , also provided the voice for Hiroyuki Sakai in Battle of the Masters . When his voice is not dubbed , subtitles may be provided to help viewers understand what Morimoto is saying . In the episode Battle Eggs , Takashi Yagihashi had subtitles when the screen showed whom he challenged ( Michael Symon ) . Companion shows ( edit ) Countdown ( edit ) Iron Chef America Countdown premiered in 2012 . Each half - hour episode features a countdown of five moments on a theme from the television series . The show uses clips from Iron Chef America , as well as commentary from people who participated in the featured moments . The Next Iron Chef ( edit ) Main article : The Next Iron Chef In 2007 , a competition was held to determine who among eight chefs would become the next Iron Chef . The show ran for six episodes , and followed the contestants through a series of eight culinary challenges taking place in the United States , France , and Germany . Contestants were eliminated by a panel of judges at the end of each episode , until the final two chefs returned to the United States to compete in Kitchen Stadium . The final battle featured swordfish as the secret ingredient , and was judged by Iron Chefs Flay , Cora , and Morimoto . Chef Michael Symon was declared the winner of the competition and subsequently joined Iron Chef America . A second season of The Next Iron Chef pitted ten chefs against one another for the title of Iron Chef beginning in October 2009 . This season ran for eight episodes , during which the contestants competed in culinary challenges held in the United States and Japan . Contestants were eliminated by a panel of judges at the end of each episode until the finale , in which chefs Jehangir Mehta and Jose Garces returned to the United States to compete in Kitchen Stadium . The final battle featured various racks and ribs ( pork , buffalo , and beef ) as the secret ingredient , and was judged by the panel along with Iron Chefs Flay , Morimoto , and Symon . Chef Jose Garces was declared the winner of the competition , and joined Iron Chef America as its newest Iron Chef . Garces made his debut as an Iron Chef on January 17 , 2010 against Seattle chefs Rachel Yang and Seif Chirchi in Battle Hawaiian Moi , with Iron Chef Garces emerging victorious . Jose Garces went on to receive the first perfect score ever in Season 9 ( see List of Episodes ) . Food Network launched its third season of The Next Iron Chef in October 2010 . Competition took place in Los Angeles , before moving to Las Vegas . The final battle took place in Kitchen Stadium between Chefs Marco Canora and Marc Forgione , with traditional Thanksgiving proteins , such as turkey , lobster and venison as the secret ingredient . Chef Marc Forgione was declared the winner of the third season of `` The Next Iron Chef '' on November 21 , 2010 . His first battle took place on November 28 , 2010 , against Washington , D.C. - based Chef RJ Cooper . In October 2011 , a fourth season of The Next Iron Chef premiered featuring super chefs like Alex Guarnaschelli , Anne Burrell , Robert Irvine , among others . The December 18 battle in Kitchen Stadium featured Geoffrey Zakarian and Elizabeth Falkner . Zakarian prevailed and was named the winner . His first battle aired on December 25 , 2011 during which he emerged victorious , being the second chef ever to receive a perfect overall score of 60 on Iron Chef America . The fifth season of The Next Iron Chef in November 2012 featured 8 chefs who had previously competed on the show , plus 2 newcomers . In the final battle , Alex Guarnaschelli defeated Amanda Freitag , becoming the second female Iron Chef , as well as the first female to win the competition . She made her debut as an Iron Chef on December 30 , 2012 against Judy Joo from Iron Chef UK . Iron Chef Joo previously judged season 4 of The Next Iron Chef , in which Guarnaschelli had competed and lost . Iron Chef Guarnaschelli was ultimately declared the winner . Video game ( edit ) Main article : Iron Chef America : Supreme Cuisine Cover for the Wii version of Iron Chef America : Supreme Cuisine An Iron Chef America video game , titled Iron Chef America : Supreme Cuisine , was developed for the Wii and Nintendo DS by Black Lantern Studios and published by Destineer . Both versions were released on November 6 , 2008 , having been delayed from the original release date of September 23 , 2008 . The game features `` a series of fast - paced and intense culinary challenges '' and includes the voice acting and likeness of The Chairman ( Mark Dacascos ) , commentator Alton Brown and Iron Chefs Mario Batali , Masaharu Morimoto and Cat Cora , who players can either play or compete against . The Wii version of the game has received mediocre to slightly unfavorable reviews , with an average score of 42 % determined by critical score aggregator Metacritic . The DS version of the game has received overall better scores , with median review score of 62 % . See also ( edit ) List of Iron Chef America episodes Food Network Cooking Channel References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ `` '' Iron Chef America '' returns To Food Network With Classic Fan - favorite Format `` . PR Newswire ( Press release ) . April 5 , 2018 . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sager , Jessica ( 2018 - 02 - 26 ) . `` Bobby Flay thought quitting ' Iron Chef ' on air ' would be good TV ' '' . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ Chen , Joanne ( 2007 - 11 - 21 ) . `` Michael Symon back in action : The Lola chef wins his first Iron Chef competition against Ricky Moore '' . Fortune Small Business . CNN Money . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ Salkin , Allen ( July 29 , 2010 ) . `` Batali 's Humble Dream - Behind the Apron '' . Retrieved 30 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Mario Batali on ' Sadistic ' TV and Martha Stewart on Raising Chickens '' , The Atlantic , May 25 , 2012 Kummer , Corby ( May 25 , 2013 ) . `` Mario Batali on ' Sadistic ' TV and Martha Stewart on Raising Chickens '' . Retrieved 7 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Get Ready to Go Back to Kitchen Stadium for All - New Series Iron Chef Showdown '' . foodnetwork.com . Retrieved 25 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Alton Brown ( @ altonbrown ) ( 25 July 2017 ) . `` Introducing ... # IronChefShowdown on @ foodnetwork '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Fashingbauer Cooper , Gael ; Dehnart , Andy ( 2005 - 08 - 30 ) . `` ' Iron Chef ' ingredients are n't so secret '' . MSNBC . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ Podell , Corey ( 2007 - 09 - 13 ) . `` LAist Interview : Iron Chef America 's Chairman , Mark Dacascos '' . Laist.com . Archived from the original on 2011 - 08 - 07 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Jacki Garfinkel , Iron Chef America : Secrets of Kitchen Stadium '' mediavillage.com Archived April 15 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Kelly , Peter ; Tedd Mann ( 2007 - 05 - 28 ) . `` Diary of an Iron Chef : How Peter Kelly beat celebrity chef Bobby Flay at his own game , the grill '' . MSNBC . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Rene ( 2009 - 11 - 04 ) . `` Michelle Obama welcomes ' Iron Chef America ' Daily Dish '' . Latimesblogs.latimes.com . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Masaharu Morimoto vs Homaro Cantu '' . Iron Chef America . Season 3 . Episode 24 . Jump up ^ Behind the Scenes : Iron Chef America , Food Network Special , hosted by Alton Brown Jump up ^ Alton Brown on Being a Vessel , Next Iron Chef , and His Faith Archived 2012 - 05 - 13 at the Wayback Machine . Eater.com. 2010 - 09 - 28 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 13 Jump up ^ `` Mario Batali vs Anita Lo '' . Iron Chef America . Season 1 . Episode 9 . Jump up ^ `` Iron Chef America Countdown '' . Retrieved 28 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attain Greatness '' . The Next Iron Chef . Season 1 . Episode 6 . 2007 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ Iron Chef America : Supreme Cuisine officially cooked up for Wii , DS , Joystiq . Retrieved March 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ IGN : Alton Brown and Iron Chef Cat Cora Join Destineer 's Iron Chef America : Supreme Cuisine Video Game , IGN . Retrieved August 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Iron Chef America : Supreme Cuisine for Wii Reviews , Ratings , Credits , and More at Metacritic '' . Metacritic.com. 2008 - 11 - 25 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Iron Chef America : Supreme Cuisine for DS Reviews , Ratings , Credits , and More at Metacritic '' . Metacritic.com. 2008 - 11 - 18 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 23 . External links ( edit ) Official website Iron Chef America on IMDb Iron Chef America at TV.com Iron Chef Episodes 2012 revival episodes U.S. versions Iron Chef USA Iron Chef America Episodes The Next Iron Chef Iron Chef America : Supreme Cuisine Iron Chef Gauntlet Iron Chef Showdown Other versions Iron Chef Australia Iron Chef Canada Iron Chef Indonesia Episodes Iron Chef UK Iron Chef Vietnam The Next Iron Chef Vietnam Food Network original programming Current Barefoot Contessa ( since 2002 ) Beat Bobby Flay ( since 2014 ) Best Baker in America ( since 2017 ) Cake Wars ( since 2015 ) Chopped ( since 2009 ) Chopped After Hours ( since 2015 ) Dessert Games ( since 2017 ) Food Network Star ( since 2005 ) Girl Meets Farm ( since 2018 ) The Great Food Truck Race ( since 2010 ) Guy 's Grocery Games ( since 2013 ) Halloween Baking Championship ( since 2015 ) Halloween Wars ( since 2011 ) Holiday Baking Championship ( since 2014 ) Iron Chef America ( since 2005 ) Iron Chef Gauntlet ( since 2017 ) Kids Baking Championship ( since 2015 ) The Kitchen ( since 2014 ) The Pioneer Woman ( since 2011 ) Spring Baking Championship ( since 2015 ) Trisha 's Southern Kitchen ( since 2012 ) Valerie 's Home Cooking ( since 2015 ) Worst Cooks in America ( since 2010 ) Former 1990s debuts Cooking Live ( 1997 -- 2003 ) Emeril Live ( 1997 -- 2010 ) Essence of Emeril ( 1994 -- 2007 ) Good Eats ( 1999 -- 2012 ) How to Boil Water ( 1993 -- 2000 ) 2000s debuts 30 Minute Meals ( 2001 -- 2012 ) $40 a Day ( 2002 -- 2005 ) 5 Ingredient Fix ( 2009 -- 2011 ) A Cook 's Tour ( 2002 -- 2003 ) Ace of Cakes ( 2006 -- 2011 ) Ask Aida ( 2008 -- 2009 ) BBQ with Bobby Flay ( 2004 -- 2007 ) Behind the Bash ( 2006 ) Big Daddy 's House ( 2008 -- 2011 ) Boy Meets Grill ( 2002 -- 2011 ) Chocolate with Jacques Torres ( 2002 -- 2004 ) Cupcake Wars ( 2009 -- 2016 ) Dinner : Impossible ( 2007 -- 2010 ) Everyday Italian ( 2003 -- 2008 ) Extreme Cuisine with Jeff Corwin ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Feasting on Asphalt ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Food 911 ( 2000 -- 2006 ) Food Network Challenge ( 2007 -- 2011 ) Giada at Home ( 2008 -- 2015 ) Giada 's Weekend Getaways ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Glutton for Punishment ( 2007 -- 2011 ) Good Deal with Dave Lieberman ( 2005 -- 2007 ) Guy 's Big Bite ( 2006 -- 2016 ) Ham on the Street ( 2006 ) How 'd That Get on My Plate ? ( 2008 ) The Next Iron Chef ( 2007 -- 2012 ) Party Line with the Hearty Boys ( 2005 -- 2006 ) Paula 's Best Dishes ( 2008 -- 2013 ) Paula 's Home Cooking ( 2002 -- 2012 ) Private Chefs of Beverly Hills ( 2009 -- 2011 ) Rachael Ray 's Tasty Travels ( 2005 -- 2009 ) Road Tasted ( 2006 -- 2008 ) The Secret Life of ... ( 2002 -- 2008 ) Sara 's Secrets ( 2002 -- 2007 ) Sugar Rush ( 2005 -- 2007 ) Ten Dollar Dinners ( 2009 -- 2012 ) Throwdown ! with Bobby Flay ( 2006 -- 2010 ) Tyler 's Ultimate ( 2003 -- 2010 ) Ultimate Recipe Showdown ( 2008 -- 2010 ) Unwrapped ( 2001 -- 2011 ) What Would Brian Boitano Make ? ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Will Work for Food ( 2009 ) 2010s debuts 24 Hour Restaurant Battle ( 2010 -- 2011 ) $24 in 24 ( 2012 ) Aarti Party ( 2010 -- 2011 ) America 's Best Cook ( 2014 ) The Best Thing I Ever Made ( 2011 -- 2013 ) BBQ Blitz ( 2015 ) Brunch @ Bobby 's ( 2010 -- 2015 ) Chef Wanted with Anne Burrell ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Chopped Junior ( 2015 -- 2017 ) Clash of the Grandmas ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Cutthroat Kitchen ( 2013 -- 2017 ) Dessert First with Anne Thornton ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Food Network Star Kids ( 2016 ) Guilty Pleasures ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Heat Seekers ( 2011 -- 2012 ) I Hart Food ( 2017 ) Iron Chef Showdown ( 2017 ) Kid in a Candy Store ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Kids BBQ Championship ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Kitchen Casino ( 2014 ) Kitchen Sink ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Mystery Diners ( 2012 -- 2016 ) Patricia Heaton Parties ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Rachael vs. Guy : Celebrity Cook - Off ( 2012 -- 2014 ) Restaurant Express ( 2013 ) Restaurant : Impossible ( 2011 -- 2016 ) Restaurant Stakeout ( 2012 -- 2014 ) Rewrapped ( 2014 ) Southern at Heart ( 2013 -- 2016 ) Sweet Genius ( 2011 -- 2013 ) Top 5 Restaurants ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Worst Bakers in America ( 2016 ) Pilots and specials The Big Waste ( 2012 ) Kids Halloween Baking Championship ( 2016 ) Rebel Eats ( 2013 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iron_Chef_America&oldid=852432620 '' Categories : 2005 American television series debuts 2000s American television series 2010s American television series American television series based on Japanese television series American television spin - offs Food Network series American cooking television series Iron Chef Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from November 2007 All articles needing additional references Pages using infobox television with editor parameter All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2008 TV.com template with ID same as Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 July 2018 , at 23 : 57 ( UTC ) . 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who has won the most iron chef america
[ "\n\nIron Chef\n\nSeasons\n\nSpecialty\n\nWin\n\nLoss\n\nDraw\n\nTotal\n\nWin %[1]\n\n\nMario Batali (retired)\n\nBOM, 1 - 6\n\nItalian\n\n19\n\n5\n\n0\n\n24\n\n79.2%\n\n\nCat Cora (retired)\n\n1 - 10\n\nGreek/Mediterranean\n\n21\n\n12\n\n1\n\n34\n\n63.2%\n\n\nBobby Flay[2] (Semi retired)\n\nBOM, 1 - 12\n\nSouthwestern\n\n43\n\n16\n\n2\n\n61\n\n72.1%\n\n\nMarc Forgione[3]\n\n9 -\n\nModern American\n\n8\n\n7\n\n0\n\n15\n\n53.0%\n\n\nJose Garces[4]\n\n8 -\n\nLatin Fusion\n\n16\n\n7\n\n0\n\n23\n\n69.6%\n\n\nAlex Guarnaschelli[5]\n\n11 -\n\nModern American\n\n7\n\n4\n\n0\n\n11\n\n63.6%\n\n\nStephanie Izard [6]\n\n13 -\n\nModern American\n\n2\n\n0\n\n0\n\n1\n\n100.0%\n\n\nMasaharu Morimoto[7]\n\nBOM, 1 -\n\nJapanese\n\n26\n\n17\n\n1\n\n44\n\n60.2%\n\n\nWolfgang Puck (retired)\n\nBOM\n\nCalifornia cuisine\n\n1\n\n0\n\n0\n\n1\n\n100.0%\n\n\nMichael Symon[8]\n\n5 -\n\nMediterranean\n\n34\n\n7\n\n1\n\n42\n\n82.1%\n\n\nGeoffrey Zakarian[9]\n\n10 -\n\nModern American\n\n9\n\n5\n\n0\n\n14\n\n64.3%\n" ]
[ "Bobby Flay" ]
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Vestibular system
Vestibular system - wikipedia Vestibular system Jump to : navigation , search The vestibular system , in most mammals , is the sensory system that provides the leading contribution to the sense of balance and spatial orientation for the purpose of coordinating movement with balance . Together with the cochlea , a part of the auditory system , it constitutes the labyrinth of the inner ear in most mammals . As movements consist of rotations and translations , the vestibular system comprises two components : the semicircular canals , which indicate rotational movements ; and the otoliths , which indicate linear accelerations . The vestibular system sends signals primarily to the neural structures that control eye movements , and to the muscles that keep an animal upright . The projections to the former provide the anatomical basis of the vestibulo - ocular reflex , which is required for clear vision ; and the projections to the muscles that control posture are necessary to keep an animal upright . The brain uses information from the vestibular system in the head and from proprioception throughout the body to understand the body 's dynamics and kinematics ( including its position and acceleration ) from moment to moment . Contents ( hide ) 1 Semicircular canal system 1.1 Structure 1.2 Push - pull systems 1.3 Vestibulo - ocular reflex ( VOR ) 1.4 Mechanics 1.5 Central processing 1.6 Projection pathways 2 Otolithic organs 3 Experience from the vestibular system 3.1 Vestibular / somatogyral illusions 4 Pathologies 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Semicircular canal system ( edit ) Cochlea and vestibular system The semicircular canal system detects rotational movements . The semicircular canals are its main tools to achieve this detection . Structure ( edit ) Main article : Semicircular canal Since the world is three - dimensional , the vestibular system contains three semicircular canals in each labyrinth . They are approximately orthogonal ( right angles ) to each other , and are called the horizontal ( or lateral ) , the anterior semicircular canal ( or superior ) and the posterior ( or inferior ) semicircular canal . Anterior and posterior canals may be collectively called vertical semicircular canals . Movement of fluid within the horizontal semicircular canal corresponds to rotation of the head around a vertical axis ( i.e. the neck ) , as when doing a pirouette . The anterior and posterior semicircular canals detect rotations of the head in the sagittal plane ( as when nodding ) , and in the frontal plane , as when cartwheeling . Both anterior and posterior canals are orientated at approximately 45 ° between frontal and sagittal planes . The movement of fluid pushes on a structure called the cupula , which contains hair cells that transduce the mechanical movement to electrical signals Push - pull systems ( edit ) Push - pull system of the semicircular canals , for a horizontal head movement to the right . The canals are arranged in such a way that each canal on the left side has an almost parallel counterpart on the right side . Each of these three pairs works in a push - pull fashion : when one canal is stimulated , its corresponding partner on the other side is inhibited , and vice versa . This push - pull system makes it possible to sense all directions of rotation : while the right horizontal canal gets stimulated during head rotations to the right ( Fig 2 ) , the left horizontal canal gets stimulated ( and thus predominantly signals ) by head rotations to the left . Vertical canals are coupled in a crossed fashion , i.e. stimulations that are excitatory for an anterior canal are also inhibitory for the contralateral posterior , and vice versa . Vestibulo - ocular reflex ( VOR ) ( edit ) The vestibulo - ocular reflex . A rotation of the head is detected , which triggers an inhibitory signal to the extraocular muscles on one side and an excitatory signal to the muscles on the other side . The result is a compensatory movement of the eyes . Main article : Vestibulo - ocular reflex The vestibulo - ocular reflex ( VOR ) is a reflex eye movement that stabilizes images on the retina during head movement by producing an eye movement in the direction opposite to head movement , thus preserving the image on the center of the visual field . For example , when the head moves to the right , the eyes move to the left , and vice versa . Since slight head movements are present all the time , the VOR is very important for stabilizing vision : patients whose VOR is impaired find it difficult to read , because they can not stabilize the eyes during small head tremors . The VOR reflex does not depend on visual input and works even in total darkness or when the eyes are closed . This reflex , combined with the push - pull principle described above , forms the physiological basis of the Rapid head impulse test or Halmagyi - Curthoys - test , in which the head is rapidly and forcefully moved to the side , while observing whether the eyes keep looking in the same direction . Mechanics ( edit ) The mechanics of the semicircular canals can be described by a damped oscillator . If we designate the deflection of the cupula with θ ( \ displaystyle \ theta ) , and the head velocity with q _̇ ( \ displaystyle ( \ dot ( q ) ) ) , the cupula deflection is approximately θ ( s ) = α s ( T 1 s + 1 ) ( T 2 s + 1 ) q _̇ ( s ) ( \ displaystyle \ theta ( s ) = ( \ frac ( \ alpha s ) ( ( T_ ( 1 ) s + 1 ) ( T_ ( 2 ) s + 1 ) ) ) ( \ dot ( q ) ) ( s ) ) α is a proportionality factor , and s corresponds to the frequency . For humans , the time constants T and T are approximately 3 ms and 5 s , respectively . As a result , for typical head movements , which cover the frequency range of 0.1 Hz and 10 Hz , the deflection of the cupula is approximately proportional to the head - velocity . This is very useful , since the velocity of the eyes must be opposite to the velocity of the head in order to have clear vision . Central processing ( edit ) Signals from the vestibular system also project to the cerebellum ( where they are used to keep the VOR effective , a task usually referred to as learning or adaptation ) and to different areas in the cortex . The projections to the cortex are spread out over different areas , and their implications are currently not clearly understood . Projection pathways ( edit ) The vestibular nuclei on either sides of the brain stem exchange signals regarding movement and body position . These signals are sent down the following projection pathways . To the cerebellum . Signals sent to the cerebellum are relayed back as muscle movements of the head , eyes , and posture . To nuclei of cranial nerves III , IV , and VI . Signals sent to these nerves cause the vestibulo - ocular reflex . They allow for the eyes to fix on a moving object while staying in focus . To the reticular formation . Signals sent to the reticular formation signal the new posture the body has taken on , and how to adjust circulation and breathing due to body position . To the spinal cord . Signals sent to the spinal cord allow quick reflex reactions to both the limbs and trunk to regain balance . To the thalamus . Signals sent to the thalamus allow for head and body motor control as well as being conscious of body position . Via the Ventral Pathway , which contributes to vertical orientation and perception of the direction of gravity . Otolithic organs ( edit ) While the semicircular canals respond to rotations , the otolithic organs sense linear accelerations . Humans have two otolithic organs on each side , one called the utricle , the other called the saccule . The utricle contains a patch of hair cells and supporting cells called a macula . Similarly , the saccule contains a patch of hair cells and a macula . Each hair cell of a macula has 40 - 70 stereocilia and one true cilium called a kinocilium . The tips of these cilia are embedded in an otolithic membrane . This membrane is weighted down with protein - calcium carbonate granules called otoliths . These otoliths add to the weight and inertia of the membrane and enhance the sense of gravity and motion . With the head erect , the otolithic membrane bears directly down on the hair cells and stimulation is minimal . When the head is tilted , however , the otolithic membrane sags and bends the stereocilia , stimulating the hair cells . Any orientation of the head causes a combination of stimulation to the utricles and saccules of the two ears . The brain interprets head orientation by comparing these inputs to each other and to other input from the eyes and stretch receptors in the neck , thereby detecting whether the head is tilted or the entire body is tipping . Essentially , these otolithic organs sense how quickly you are accelerating forward or backward , left or right , or up or down . Most of the utricular signals elicit eye movements , while the majority of the saccular signals projects to muscles that control our posture . While the interpretation of the rotation signals from the semicircular canals is straightforward , the interpretation of otolith signals is more difficult : since gravity is equivalent to a constant linear acceleration , one somehow has to distinguish otolith signals that are caused by linear movements from those caused by gravity . Humans can do that quite well , but the neural mechanisms underlying this separation are not yet fully understood . Humans can sense head tilting and linear acceleration even in dark environments because of the orientation of two groups of hair cell bundles on either side of the striola . Hair cells on opposite sides move with mirror symmetry , so when one side is moved , the other is inhibited . The opposing effects caused by a tilt of the head cause differential sensory inputs from the hair cell bundles allow humans to tell which way the head is tilting , Sensory information is then sent to the brain , which can respond with appropriate corrective actions to the nervous and muscular systems to ensure that balance and awareness are maintained . Experience from the vestibular system ( edit ) Experience from the vestibular system is called equilibrioception . It is mainly used for the sense of balance and for spatial orientation . When the vestibular system is stimulated without any other inputs , one experiences a sense of self - motion . For example , a person in complete darkness and sitting in a chair will feel that he or she has turned to the left if the chair is turned to the left . A person in an elevator , with essentially constant visual input , will feel she is descending as the elevator starts to descend . There are a variety of direct and indirect vestibular stimuli which can make people feel they are moving when they are not , not moving when they are , tilted when they are not , or not tilted when they are . Although the vestibular system is a very fast sense used to generate reflexes , including the righting reflex , to maintain perceptual and postural stability , compared to the other senses of vision , touch and audition , vestibular input is perceived with delay . Vestibular / somatogyral illusions ( edit ) Further information : Sensory illusions in aviation Pathologies ( edit ) Diseases of the vestibular system can take different forms , and usually induce vertigo and instability or loss of balance , often accompanied by nausea . The most common vestibular diseases in humans are vestibular neuritis , a related condition called labyrinthitis , Ménière 's disease , and BPPV . In addition , the function of the vestibular system can be affected by tumors on the vestibulocochlear nerve , an infarct in the brain stem or in cortical regions related to the processing of vestibular signals , and cerebellar atrophy . Alcohol can also cause alterations in the vestibular system for short periods and will result in vertigo and possibly nystagmus due to the variable viscosity of the blood and the endolymph during the consumption of alcohol . The common term for this type of sensation is the bed spins . PAN I - The alcohol concentration is higher in the blood than in the vestibular system , hence the endolymph is relatively dense . PAN II - The alcohol concentration is lower in the blood than in the vestibular system , hence the endolymph is relatively dilute . PAN I will result in subjective vertigo in one direction and typically occurs shortly after ingestion of alcohol when blood alcohol levels are highest . PAN II will eventually cause subjective vertigo in the opposite direction . This occurs several hours after ingestion and after a relative reduction in blood alcohol levels . Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo , or BPPV for short , is a condition resulting in acute symptoms of vertigo in people . It is probably caused when pieces that have broken off otoliths have slipped into one of the semicircular canals . In most cases it is the posterior canal that is affected . In certain head positions , these particles shift and create a fluid wave which displaces the cupula of the canal affected , which leads to dizziness , vertigo and nystagmus . A similar condition to BPPV may occur in dogs and other mammals , but the term vertigo can not be applied because it refers to subjective perception . Terminology is not standardized for this condition . A common vestibular pathology of dogs and cats is colloquially known as `` old dog vestibular disease '' , or more formally idiopathic peripheral vestibular disease , which causes sudden episode of loss of balance , circling , head tilt , and other signs . This condition is very rare in young dogs but fairly common in geriatric animals , and may affect cats of any age . Vestibular dysfunction has also been found to correlate with cognitive and emotional disorders , including depersonalization and derealization . See also ( edit ) Dark cell Migraine - associated vertigo Statocyst References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Boulpaep , Emile L. ; Boron , Walter F. ( 2005 ) . Medical physiology : a cellular and molecular approach . St. Louis , Mo : Elsevier Saunders . ISBN 1 - 4160 - 2328 - 3 . OCLC 56963726 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Saladin , Kenneth S. ( 2011 ) . Anatomy & Physiology : The Unity of Form and Function . New York : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 337825 - 9 . OCLC 799004854 . Jump up ^ Vaziri , Siavash ; Connor , Charles E ( 2016 ) . `` Representation of Gravity - Aligned Scene Structure in Ventral Pathway Visual Cortex . '' . Current Biology . 26 : 766 -- 74 . PMID 26923785 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cub. 2016.01. 022 . Lay summary ... the ventral pathway , ... could support perceiving and / or predicting physical events involving objects subject to gravity ... Jump up ^ `` The Physiology of the Senses : Balance '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` The Otolith Organs : The Utricle and Sacculus '' . NCBI Bookshelf - Neuroscience . Jump up ^ Angelaki DE , Cullen KE ( 2008 ) . `` Vestibular system : the many facets of a multimodal sense '' . Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 31 : 125 -- 50 . PMID 18338968 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. neuro. 31.060407. 125555 . Jump up ^ Lawson , B.D. , & Riecke , B.E. ( 2014 ) . The Perception of Body Motion . Handbook of Virtual Environments , CRC Press , 163 - 196 . Jump up ^ Barnett - Cowan , M. , and Harris , L.R. ( 2009 ) , Perceived timing of vestibular stimulation relative to touch , light and sound . Experimental Brain Research , 198 : 221 - 231 . `` doi : 10.1007 / s00221 - 009 - 1779 - 4 '' . Jump up ^ Barnett - Cowan , M. ( 2013 ) , Vestibular perception is slow : a review . Multisensory Research , 26 : 387 - 403 . `` doi : 10.1163 / 22134808 - 00002421 '' . Jump up ^ `` Vertigo '' . University of Maryland Medical Center . Retrieved 13 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Rossmeisl , John ( 2010 ) . `` Vestibular Disease in Dogs and Cats '' . Veterinary Clinics of North America : Small Animal Practice. 40 ( 1 ) : 80 -- 100 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cvsm. 2009.09. 007 . Retrieved 12 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Smith , Paul F ; Darlington , Cynthia L ( 2013 ) . `` Personality changes in patients with vestibular dysfunction . '' . Frontiers in human neuroscience. 7 : 678 . PMC 3810789 . PMID 24194706 . doi : 10.3389 / fnhum. 2013.00678 . Lay summary . patients with vestibular disorders have been reported to experience other personality changes that suggest that vestibular sensation is implicated in the sense of self . These are depersonalization and derealization symptoms such as feeling `` spaced out '' , `` body feeling strange '' and `` not feeling in control of self '' . We propose in this review that these symptoms suggest that the vestibular system may make a unique contribution to the concept of self through information regarding self - motion and self - location that it transmits , albeit indirectly , to areas of the brain such as the temporo - parietal junction Further reading ( edit ) S.M. Highstein , R.R. Fay , A.N. Popper , editors ( 2004 ) . The vestibular system . Berlin : Springer . ISBN 0 - 387 - 98314 - 7 . OCLC 56068617 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ( Comment : A book for experts , summarizing the state of the art in our understanding of the balance system ) Thomas Brandt ( 2003 ) . Vertigo : Its Multisensory Syndromes . Berlin : Springer . ISBN 0 - 387 - 40500 - 3 . OCLC 52472049 . ( Comment : For clinicians , and other professionals working with dizzy patients . ) `` Driver Fatigue : Is Something Missing ? '' ( pdf ) . Christopher Brill , Peter A. Hancock , Richard D. Gilson - University of Central Florida - 2003 . ( Comment : Research on driver or motion - induced sleepiness aka ' sopite syndrome ' links it to the vestibular labyrinths . ) Vestibular system Kathleen Cullen and Soroush Sadeghi , Scholarpedia , 3 ( 1 ) : 3013 . doi : 10.4249 / scholarpedia. 3013 ( 1 ) A preview of an article on how vestibular disorders can cause symptoms that look like mental disorders . External links ( edit ) Vestibular Disorders Association For more information about vestibular ( inner ear balance ) disorders . ( Video ) Head Impulse Testing site ( vHIT ) Site with thorough information about vHIT SensesWeb , which contains animations of all sensory systems , and additional links . Dizzytimes.com Online Community for Sufferers of Vertigo and Dizziness . Vestibular System , Neuroscience Online ( electronic neuroscience textbook ) The sensory system Special senses Sight Visual system Hearing Auditory system Smell Olfactory system Taste ( Gustatory system ) Touch and position Pain Nociception Temperature Thermoception Sense of balance Vestibular system Mechanoreception Pressure vibration Proprioception Sense of body parts and movement Other Sensory receptor Multisensory integration Sensory processing Chemoreception Anatomy of hearing and balance Outer ear Auricle helix antihelix tragus antitragus intertragic notch earlobe Ear canal Auricular muscles Eardrum umbo pars flaccida Middle ear Tympanic cavity Medial structures oval window round window secondary tympanic membrane prominence of facial canal promontory of tympanic cavity Posterior structures mastoid cells aditus to mastoid antrum pyramidal eminence Ossicles Malleus superior ligament lateral ligament anterior ligament Incus superior ligament posterior ligament Stapes annular ligament Muscles stapedius tensor tympani Auditory tube / Eustachian tube Torus tubarius Inner ear / ( membranous labyrinth , bony labyrinth ) Auditory system / Cochlear labyrinth General cochlea Vestibular duct Helicotrema Tympanic duct Modiolus Cochlear cupula Perilymphatic space Perilymph Cochlear aqueduct Cochlear duct / scala media Reissner 's / vestibular membrane Basilar membrane Reticular membrane Endolymph Stria vascularis Spiral ligament Organ of Corti stereocilia tip links Tectorial membrane Sulcus spiralis externus internus Spiral limbus Cells Claudius cell Boettcher cell Vestibular system / Vestibular labyrinth Vestibule Utricle macula Saccule macula Kinocilium Otolith Vestibular aqueduct endolymphatic duct endolymphatic sac Ductus reuniens Semicircular canals Superior semicircular canal Posterior semicircular canal Horizontal semicircular canal Ampullary cupula Ampullae crista ampullaris Physiology of balance and hearing Hearing General Auditory system Bone conduction Otoacoustic emission Tullio phenomenon Pathway inner ear : Hair cells → Spiral ganglion → Cochlear nerve → pons : Cochlear nucleus ( Anterior , Dorsal ) → Trapezoid body → Superior olivary nuclei → midbrain : Lateral lemniscus → Inferior colliculi → thalamus : Medial geniculate nuclei → cerebrum : Acoustic radiation → Primary auditory cortex Balance General Vestibular system Pathway inner ear : Vestibular nerve → pons : Vestibular nuclei ( Medial vestibular nucleus , Lateral vestibular nucleus ) cerebellum : Flocculonodular lobe spinal cord : Vestibulospinal tract ( Medial vestibulospinal tract , Lateral vestibulospinal tract ) thalamus : Ventral posterolateral nucleus cerebrum : Vestibular cortex Vestibulo - oculomotor fibers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vestibular_system&oldid=801105121 '' Categories : Nervous system Vestibular system Sensory systems Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara Français Gaeilge 한국어 Հայերեն עברית Қазақша Nederlands Português Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017 , at 18 : 01 . 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the sense provides information about balance and movement
[ "The vestibular system, in most mammals, is the sensory system that provides the leading contribution to the sense of balance and spatial orientation for the purpose of coordinating movement with balance. Together with the cochlea, a part of the auditory system, it constitutes the labyrinth of the inner ear in most mammals. As movements consist of rotations and translations, the vestibular system comprises two components: the semicircular canals, which indicate rotational movements; and the otoliths, which indicate linear accelerations. The vestibular system sends signals primarily to the neural structures that control eye movements, and to the muscles that keep an animal upright. The projections to the former provide the anatomical basis of the vestibulo-ocular reflex, which is required for clear vision; and the projections to the muscles that control posture are necessary to keep an animal upright." ]
[ "vestibular system" ]
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Enlargement of the European Union
Enlargement of the European Union - wikipedia Enlargement of the European Union The territories of the member states of the European Union ( European Communities pre-1993 ) , animated in order of accession . Territories outside Europe and its immediate surroundings are not shown . The European Union ( EU ) has expanded a number of times throughout its history by way of the accession of new member states to the Union . To join the EU , a state needs to fulfil economic and political conditions called the Copenhagen criteria ( after the Copenhagen summit in June 1993 ) , which require a stable democratic government that respects the rule of law , and its corresponding freedoms and institutions . According to the Maastricht Treaty , each current member state and the European Parliament must agree to any enlargement . The process of enlargement is sometimes referred to as European integration . This term is also used to refer to the intensification of co-operation between EU member states as national governments allow for the gradual harmonisation of national laws . The EU 's predecessor , the European Economic Community , was founded with the Inner Six member states in 1958 , when the Treaty of Rome came into force . Since then , the EU 's membership has grown to twenty - eight , with the latest member state being Croatia , which joined in July 2013 . The most recent territorial enlargement of the EU was the incorporation of Mayotte in 2014 . The most notable territorial reductions of the EU , and its predecessors , were the exit of Algeria upon independence in 1962 and the exit of Greenland in 1985 . As of 2018 , accession negotiations are under way with Serbia ( since 2014 ) , Montenegro ( since 2012 ) and Turkey ( since 2005 ) . Serbia and Montenegro have been described by President of the European Commission Jean - Claude Juncker and Enlargement commissioner Johannes Hahn as the front - runner candidates , and projected that they would join by 2025 , during the next mandate of the European Commission . Negotiations with Turkey have also been ongoing at a slower pace , particularly since the 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt due to objections from the EU to the Turkish government 's response . Additionally , the United Kingdom is negotiating its withdrawal from the EU , following a referendum in which a majority voted in favour of leaving the EU . Contents ( hide ) 1 Criteria 2 Process 2.1 Example 3 Success and fatigue 4 Historical enlargements 4.1 Founding members 4.2 First enlargement 4.3 Mediterranean enlargements 4.4 Post -- Cold War 4.5 Eastern enlargement 4.6 Western Balkans enlargements 4.7 Detail 4.8 Timeline 5 Current enlargement agenda 6 Cancelled enlargements 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Criteria ( edit ) Further information : Copenhagen criteria European Union This article is part of a series on the politics and government of European Union Executive ( show ) European Council President Tusk ( EPP ) Parties List of meetings European Commission Juncker Commission President Juncker ( EPP ) Vice Presidents College Civil Service Secretary - General Selmayr Legislature ( show ) European Parliament President Tajani ( EPP ) Largest groups EPP ( Manfred Weber ) S&D ( Gianni Pittella ) 8th session ( 2014 -- 19 ) 751 MEPs Bureau Vice Presidents Quaestor Conference Legislative procedure Council of the EU Presidency Configurations General Foreign Justice and Home Economic Euro Legislative procedure Voting Secretariat Secretary - General Uwe Corsepius Directorates - general COREPER Judiciary ( show ) Court of Justice Members Rulings General Court Central Bank ( show ) President Draghi ESCB Euro EMU Eurozone Court of Auditors ( show ) Budget OLAF Other bodies ( show ) Agencies Investment Bank CoR EESC Ombudsman National parliaments Policies and issues ( show ) Foreign relations High Representative Federica Mogherini Ext . Action Service Foreign Policy Defence Policy Customs Union Enlargement Budget Four Freedoms Economic Area Area of FS&J Schengen Area Policies Agricultural Energy Fisheries Regional Citizenship Identity Pro-Europeanism Euroscepticism Integration Supranationalism Federalism United States of Europe Multi-speed Opt - outs Enhanced co-op Withdrawal Elections ( show ) 1979 , 1984 , 1989 1994 , 1999 , 2004 , 2009 2014 ( last election ) Political parties Constituencies Referendums Law ( show ) Treaty on European Union Acquis Primacy Subsidiarity Treaties Rome Single European Act Maastricht Amsterdam Nice Lisbon Article 50 Fundamental Rights Membership Treaties of Accession 1972 , 1979 , 1985 , 1994 , 2003 , 2005 , 2011 Other countries Atlas According to the EU treaties , membership of the European Union is open to `` any European State which respects the values referred to in Article 2 and is committed to promoting them '' ( TEU Article 49 ) . Those Article 2 values are `` respect for human dignity , freedom , democracy , equality , the rule of law and respect for human rights , including the rights of persons belonging to minorities . '' This is based on the 1993 `` Copenhagen criteria '' agreed as it became clear many former Eastern Bloc countries would apply to join ; `` Membership requires that candidate country has achieved stability of institutions guaranteeing democracy , the rule of law , human rights , respect for and protection of minorities , the existence of a functioning market economy as well as the capacity to cope with competitive pressure and market forces within the Union . Membership presupposes the candidate 's ability to take on the obligations of membership including adherence to the aims of political , economic and monetary union . '' -- Excerpt from the Copenhagen Presidency conclusions In December 1995 , the Madrid European Council revised the membership criteria to include conditions for member country integration through the appropriate adjustment of its administrative structures : since it is important that European Community legislation be reflected in national legislation , it is critical that the revised national legislation be implemented effectively through appropriate administrative and judicial structures . Finally , and technically outside the Copenhagen criteria , comes the further requirement that all prospective members must enact legislation to bring their laws into line with the body of European law built up over the history of the Union , known as the acquis communautaire . Process ( edit ) Today the accession process follows a series of formal steps , from a pre-accession agreement to the ratification of the final accession treaty . These steps are primarily presided over by the European Commission ( Enlargement Commissioner and DG Enlargement ) , but the actual negotiations are technically conducted between the Union 's Member States and the candidate country . Before a country applies for membership it typically signs an association agreement to help prepare the country for candidacy and eventual membership . Most countries do not meet the criteria to even begin negotiations before they apply , so they need many years to prepare for the process . An association agreement helps prepare for this first step . In the case of the Western Balkans , a special process , the Stabilisation and Association Process exists to deal with the special circumstances there . When a country formally applies for membership , the Council asks the Commission to prepare an opinion on the country 's readiness to begin negotiations . The Council can then either accept or reject the Commission 's opinion ( The Council has only once rejected the Commission 's opinion when the latter advised against opening negotiations with Greece ) . If the Council agrees to open negotiations the screening process then begins . The Commission and candidate country examine its laws and those of the EU and determine what differences exist . The Council then recommends opening negotiations on `` chapters '' of law that it feels there is sufficient common ground to have constructive negotiations . Negotiations are typically a matter of the candidate country convincing the EU that its laws and administrative capacity are sufficient to execute European law , which can be implemented as seen fit by the member states . Often this will involve time - lines before the Acquis Communautaire ( European regulations , directives & standards ) has to be fully implemented . Population and GDP per capita of individual EU member states compared with those of non-member states in Europe . A chapter is said to be closed when both sides have agreed it has been implemented sufficiently , however it can still be re-opened if the Commission feels that the candidate has fallen out of compliance . To assess progress achieved by countries in preparing for accession to the European Union , the European Commission submits regular reports ( yearly ) to the European Council . These serve as a basis for the Council to make decisions on negotiations or their extension to other candidates . Once the negotiations are complete a treaty of accession will be signed , which must then be ratified by all of the member states of the Union , as well as the institutions of the Union , and the candidate country . Once this has been completed it will join the Union on the date specified in the treaty . The entire process , from application for membership to membership has typically taken about a decade , although some countries , notably Sweden , Finland , and Austria have been faster , taking only a few years . The process from application for association agreement through accession has taken far longer , as much as several decades ( Turkey for example first applied for association in the 1950s and has yet to conclude accession negotiations ) . Example ( edit ) The following is an example of an accession process -- Estonia 's path to membership from the 2004 enlargement . Ease of accession depends on the state : how integrated it is with the EU before hand , the state of its economy and public institutions , any outstanding political issues with the EU and ( historically ) how much law to date the EU has built up that the acceding state must adopt . This outline also includes integration steps taken by the accession country after it attains membership . Estonia EU membership timeline Year Date Event Notes 1991 20 August Restoration of independence from USSR Recognition from EU in same month . 1994 18 July Free trade agreement concluded 1995 1 January Free trade agreement in force 12 June Europe Agreement concluded 24 November Applied for Membership 1998 1 January Europe Agreement comes into force Aiding pre-integration March Membership negotiations open 6 chapters opened 1999 17 chapters opened 2000 6 chapters opened 2002 December All chapters closed and negotiations concluded Final chapter ( No. 30 ) was opened and closed at the same time . 2003 8 April Draft accession treaty approved by Estonian government 16 April Treaty of Accession signed 14 September Referendum on membership approved 66.84 % in favour , turnout : 64.02 % 1 May Acceded to EU 28 June Joined ERM Requires 2 years in ERM before euro adoption 2007 21 December Entered the Schengen area 2011 1 January Adoption of the euro 1 May Right to limit migration from 2004 countries expired Only Austria and Germany applied this , the rest of EU countries abolished restrictions before 2011 Success and fatigue ( edit ) Enlargement has been one of the EU 's most successful foreign policies , yet has equally suffered from considerable opposition from the start . French President Charles de Gaulle opposed British membership . A later French President François Mitterrand opposed Greek , Spanish and Portuguese membership fearing that the former dictatorships were not ready and it would reduce the union to a free - trade area . The reasons for the first member states to apply , and for them to be accepted , were primarily economic while the second enlargement was more political . The southern Mediterranean countries had just emerged from dictatorships and wanted to secure their democratic systems through the EEC , while the EEC wanted to ensure the same thing and that their southern neighbours were stable and aligned to NATO . These two principal forces , economic gain and political security , have been behind enlargements since . However , with the recent large enlargements in 2004 , public opinion in Europe has turned against further expansion . It has also been acknowledged that enlargement has its limits ; the EU can not expand endlessly . Former Commission President Romano Prodi favoured granting `` everything but institutions '' to the EU 's neighbour states ; allowing them to co-operate deeply while not adding strain on the EU 's institutional framework . This has in particular been pushed by France and Germany as a privileged partnership for Turkey , membership for which has faced considerable opposition on cultural and logistical grounds . Historical enlargements ( edit ) Interactive map of the enlargement of the European Union , excluding Greenland and Algeria Applications for accession to the European Union * Applicant Issued Accession / failure rationale Albania 2009 - 04 - 28 Official candidate Austria 1989 - 07 - 17 1995 - 01 - 01 Belgium N / A 1952 - 07 - 23 Bosnia and Herzegovina 2016 - 02 - 15 Potential candidate Bulgaria 1995 - 12 - 14 2007 - 01 - 01 Croatia 2003 - 02 - 21 2013 - 07 - 01 Cyprus 1990 - 07 - 03 2004 - 05 - 01 Czech Republic 1996 - 01 - 17 2004 - 05 - 01 Denmark 1961 - 08 - 10 Withdrawn due to veto of UK application 1967 - 05 - 11 1973 - 01 - 01 Estonia 1995 - 11 - 24 2004 - 05 - 01 Finland 1992 - 03 - 18 1995 - 01 - 01 France N / A 1952 - 07 - 23 West Germany N / A 1952 - 07 - 23 Greece 1975 - 06 - 12 1981 - 01 - 01 Hungary 1994 - 03 - 31 2004 - 05 - 01 Iceland 2009 - 07 - 17 Frozen due to election of new government Ireland 1961 - 07 - 31 Withdrawn due to veto of UK application 1967 - 05 - 11 1973 - 01 - 01 Italy N / A 1952 - 07 - 23 Kosovo * -- Potential candidate Latvia 1995 - 09 - 13 2004 - 05 - 01 Lithuania 1995 - 12 - 08 2004 - 05 - 01 Luxembourg N / A 1952 - 07 - 23 Macedonia 2004 - 03 - 22 Official candidate Malta 1990 - 07 - 16 Frozen due to election of new government in October 1996 . Resumed following another election of a new government in September 1998 . 2004 - 05 - 01 Montenegro 2008 - 12 - 15 Negotiating Morocco 1987 - 07 - 20 Rejected by the European Council Netherlands N / A 1952 - 07 - 23 Norway 1962 - 04 - 30 Withdrawn due to veto of UK application 1967 - 07 - 21 Rejected by Norway in referendum 1992 - 11 - 25 Rejected by Norway in referendum Poland 1994 - 04 - 05 2004 - 05 - 01 Portugal 1977 - 03 - 28 1986 - 01 - 01 Romania 1995 - 06 - 22 2007 - 01 - 01 Slovakia 1995 - 06 - 27 2004 - 05 - 01 Slovenia 1996 - 06 - 10 2004 - 05 - 01 Spain 1962 - 02 - 09 Rejected by the European Council 1977 - 06 - 28 1986 - 01 - 01 Serbia 2009 - 12 - 22 Negotiating Sweden 1991 - 07 - 01 1995 - 01 - 01 Switzerland 1992 - 05 - 25 Withdrawn due to public opinion Turkey 1987 - 04 - 14 Negotiating United Kingdom 1961 - 08 - 10 Vetoed by France 1967 - 05 - 10 1973 - 01 - 01 * Applications to the European Coal and Steel Community , European Communities and European Union depending on date . See also : History of the European Union and Statistics relating to enlargement of the European Union Founding members ( edit ) The European Coal and Steel Community ( ECSC ) was proposed by Robert Schuman in his declaration on 9 May 1950 and involved the pooling of the coal and steel industries of France and West Germany . Half of the project states , Belgium , Luxembourg , and the Netherlands , had already achieved a great degree of integration amongst themselves with the organs of Benelux and earlier bilateral agreements . These five countries were joined by Italy and they all signed the Treaty of Paris on 23 July 1952 . These six members , dubbed the ' inner six ' ( as opposed to the ' outer seven ' who formed the European Free Trade Association who were suspicious of such plans for integration ) went on to sign the Treaties of Rome establishing two further communities , together known as the European Communities when they merged their executives in 1967 . In 1962 , Spain , ruled by the military dictator Francisco Franco , issued its first attempt to join the European Communities . Spanish Foreign Affairs minister Fernando María Castiella sent the request form to French Prime Minister Maurice Couve de Murville . This request was rejected by all the member countries in 1964 ; Spain was not a democracy at the time , and thus unable to enter the EEC . The Community did see some loss of territory due to the decolonialisation occurring in their era . Algeria , which was an integral part of France , had a special relationship with the Community . Algeria gained independence on 5 July 1962 and hence left the Community . There was no enlargement until the 1970s . First enlargement ( edit ) Main article : 1973 enlargement of the European Communities The United Kingdom , which had refused to join as a founding member , changed its policy following the Suez crisis and applied to be a member of the Communities . Other EEC members were also inclined to British membership on those grounds . French President Charles de Gaulle vetoed British membership . Once de Gaulle had left office , the door to enlargement was once again opened . The EEC economy had also slowed down and British membership was seen as a way to revitalise the community . Only after a 12 - hour talk between British Prime Minister Edward Heath and French President Georges Pompidou took place did Britain 's third application succeed . After Britain was accepted Prime Minister Edward Heath said : `` For my part , I have no doubt at all that the discussions which we have had will prove of real and lasting benefit , not only to Britain and France , but to Europe as a whole . '' As part of the deal for British entry , France agreed to allow the EEC its own monetary resources . However France made that concession only as Britain 's small agriculture sector would ensure that Britain would be a net contributor to the Common Agricultural Policy dominated EEC budget . Applying together with the UK , as on the previous occasions , were Denmark , Ireland , and Norway . These countries were so economically linked to the UK that they considered it necessary to join the EEC if the UK did . However the Norwegian government lost a national referendum on membership and hence did not accede with the others on 1 January 1973 . Gibraltar joined the Community with the United Kingdom at this point , as can be seen in the long title of the UK European Communities Act 1972 . Mediterranean enlargements ( edit ) Further information : 1981 enlargement of the European Communities and 1986 enlargement of the European Communities The next enlargement would occur for different reasons . The 1970s also saw Greece , Spain , and Portugal emerge from dictatorship . These countries desired to consolidate their new democratic systems by binding themselves into the EEC . Equally , the EEC was unsure about which way these countries were heading and wanted to ensure stability along its southern borders . However François Mitterrand initially opposed their membership fearing they were not ready and it would water the community down to a free trade area . Greece joined the EU in 1981 followed by Spain and Portugal in 1986 . The year 1985 , however , saw the first time a territory voted to leave the Community , when Greenland was granted home rule by Denmark and the territory used its new powers and voted to withdraw from the Community ( See member state territories ) . Morocco and Turkey applied for membership in 1987 . Morocco 's application was turned down as it was not considered European , while Turkey 's application was considered eligible on the basis of the 1963 Ankara Association Agreement , but the opinion of the Commission on the possible candidate status was by then negative . Turkey received candidate status only in 1999 and began official membership negotiations in 2005 , which are still in progress as of 2018 . Post -- Cold War ( edit ) Main article : 1995 enlargement of the European Union The Iron Curtain 's fall enabled eastward enlargement . ( Berlin Wall ) After the 1970s , Europe experienced a downturn which led to leaders launching of the Single European Act which set to create a single market by 1992 . The effect of this was that EFTA states found it harder to export to the EEC and businesses ( including large EFTA corporations such as Volvo ) wished to relocate within the new single market making the downturn worse for EFTA . EFTA states began to discuss closer links with the EEC despite its domestic unpopularity . Austria , Finland and Sweden were neutral in the Cold War so membership of an organisation developing a common foreign and security policy would be incompatible with that . With the end of the Cold War in 1989 , that obstacle was removed , and the desire to pursue membership grew stronger . On 3 October 1990 , the reunification of East and West Germany brought East Germany into the Community without increasing the number of member states . The Community later became the European Union in 1993 by virtue of the Maastricht Treaty , and established standards for new entrants so their suitability could be judged . These Copenhagen criteria stated in 1993 that a country must be a democracy , operate a free market , and be willing to adopt the entire body of EU law already agreed upon . Also in 1993 the European Economic Area was established with the EFTA states except Switzerland . Most of the new EEA states pursued full EU membership as the EEA did not sufficiently satisfy the needs of their export based corporations . The EU has also preferred these states to integrate via the EEA rather than full membership as the EEC wished to pursue monetary integration and did not wish for another round of enlargement to occupy their attention . However , with the EEA 's credibility dented following rejection by businesses and Switzerland , the EU agreed with full membership . This was more readily accepted with the prospect of poorer countries wishing to join ; contributions from richer countries would help balance the EU budget . On 1 January 1995 Austria , Finland , and Sweden acceded to the EU marking its fourth enlargement . The Norwegian government lost a second national referendum on membership . Eastern enlargement ( edit ) Further information : 2004 enlargement of the European Union and 2007 enlargement of the European Union EU 's enlargements in the 2000s and the 2010s : European Union 1 Jan. 1995 -- 30 April 2004 Joined the EU on 1 May 2004 Joined the EU on 1 Jan. 2007 Joined the EU on 1 July 2013 As with the Mediterranean countries in the 1980s , the countries in Central and Eastern Europe had emerged from dictatorships and wanted to consolidate their democracies . They also wanted to join the project of European integration and ensure they did not fall back into the Russian sphere of influence . The EU and NATO offered a guarantee of this , and the EU was also seen as vital to ensuring the economic success of those countries . However , the EU 's desire to accept these countries ' membership applications was less than rapid . The collapse of communism came quickly and was not anticipated . The EU struggled to deal with the sudden reunification of Germany with the addition of its poorer 17 million people and , while keeping its monetary union project on track , it was still at that early stage pointing the EFTA countries in the direction of the EEA rather than full membership . States in Central and Eastern Europe persisted and eventually the above - mentioned issues were cleared . The US also pressured the EU to offer membership as a temporary guarantee ; it feared expanding NATO too rapidly for fear of frightening Russia . Although eventually trying to limit the number of members , and after encouragement from the US , the EU pursued talks with ten countries and a change of mind by Cyprus and Malta helped to offset slightly the influx of large poorer member states from Central and Eastern Europe . In the end , eight Central and Eastern European countries ( the Czech Republic , Estonia , Hungary , Latvia , Lithuania , Poland , Slovakia , and Slovenia ) , plus two Mediterranean countries ( Malta and Cyprus ) were able to join on 1 May 2004 . This was the largest single enlargement in terms of people , and number of countries , though not in terms of GDP . The less developed nature of these countries was of concern to some of the older member states . Some countries , such as the UK , immediately opened their job market to the accession states , whereas most others placed temporary restrictions on the rights of work of the citizens of these states to their countries . The movement westward of some of the labour force of the newly acceded countries that occurred in the aftermath of the enlargement initially spawned clichés among the public opinion and media of some western countries ( such as the `` Polish plumber '' ) , despite the generally conceded benefit to the economies concerned . The official EU media ( the speeches of the European Commission ) frequently referred to the enlargement to the CEE region as `` an historical opportunity '' and `` morally imperative '' , which reflected the desire of the EU to admit these countries as members , even though they were less developed than the Western European countries . Following this Romania and Bulgaria , though were deemed initially as not fully ready by the Commission to join in 2004 , acceded nevertheless on 1 January 2007 . These , like the countries joining in 2004 , faced a series of restrictions as to their citizens not fully enjoying working rights on the territory of some of the older EU members . Bulgaria and Romania are not yet members of the Schengen area ; however , their citizens can travel visa - free to the other EU countries . The socio - economic research on the attitudes towards the integration from both hosting and visiting countries has revealed divergent views. The analysis shows , there are a number of possible factors of the rationalization and understanding of the practices on what the enlargement has been and should be like . Attitudes of even skeptical citizens , do not discard the possibility on future sustainable enlargements . The years subsequent to the EU accession will lead to extensive dialogues between policy - makers , governments , and European citizens about the path for a constructive development . Western Balkans enlargements ( edit ) Further information : 2013 enlargement of the European Union The 2003 European Council summit in Thessaloniki set integration of the Western Balkans as a priority of EU expansion . The EU 's relations with the Western Balkans states were moved from the `` External Relations '' to the `` Enlargement '' policy segment in 2005 . Those states which have not been recognised as candidate countries are considered `` potential candidate countries '' . The move to Enlargement directorate was a consequence of the advancement of the Stabilisation and Association process . Croatia joined on 1 July 2013 , following ratification of the 2011 Accession Treaty by all other EU countries . Albania and the several successor states of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia have all adopted EU integration as an aim of foreign policy . Detail ( edit ) # Official name Date Community countries and OMR Associated territories Excluded territories ECSC Foundation 1952 - 07 - 23 Belgium , Netherlands , Luxembourg , France , Saarland , Italy , West Germany , West Berlin Until the unification of Germany in 1990 the de jure status of West Berlin was that of French , UK and US occupied zones with West German civilian administration . The treaties applied fully during 1952 -- 1990 over the West German and French responsibilities , and during 1973 -- 1990 over the UK responsibilities . From 3 October 1990 West Berlin was fully integrated in the Federal Republic of Germany along with East Germany . Cambodia , Laos , Vietnam , Tunis , Morocco , Guinea , French Cameroon , Togo , Mali , Senegal , Madagascar , DR Congo , Italian Somaliland , Benin , Niger , Upper Volta , Ivory Coast , Chad , Central African Republic , Congo , Gabon , Mauritania , Burundi , Rwanda , Netherlands New Guinea , Algeria , Comoros , Suriname , French Somaliland , French - administration of Vanuatu , West Berlin , Réunion , French Guiana , Martinique , Guadeloupe , Mayotte , St. Pierre and Miquelon , Wallis and Futuna , French Polynesia , New Caledonia , French Southern and Antarctic Lands , Scattered islands in the Indian Ocean , Netherlands Antilles 1953 -- 1957 the above , Saarland joined West Germany the above without the newly independent : Cambodia , Laos , Vietnam , Tunis , Morocco EEC and EURATOM Foundation 1958 - 01 - 01 the above , Algeria , Réunion , French Guiana , Martinique , Guadeloupe Guinea , French Cameroon , Togo , Mali , Senegal , Madagascar , DR Congo , Italian Somaliland , Benin , Niger , Upper Volta , Ivory Coast , Chad , Central African Republic , Congo , Gabon , Mauritania , Burundi , Rwanda , Netherlands New Guinea , Comoros , French Somaliland , French - administration of Vanuatu , Mayotte , St. Pierre and Miquelon , Wallis and Futuna , French Polynesia , New Caledonia , French Southern and Antarctic Lands , Scattered islands in the Indian Ocean the above , Suriname , Netherlands Antilles , West Berlin , without Scattered islands in the Indian Ocean 1958 -- 1962 the above the above , without the newly independent : Guinea , French Cameroon , Togo , Mali , Senegal , Madagascar , DR Congo , Italian Somaliland , Benin , Niger , Upper Volta , Ivory Coast , Chad , Central African Republic , Congo , Gabon , Mauritania , Burundi , Rwanda , Netherlands New Guinea the above 1962 - 07 - 03 the above , without the newly independent : Algeria the above the above 1962 - 09 - 01 the above the above , with Suriname the above , without Suriname Netherlands Antilles Association Convention 1964 - 10 - 1 the above the above , with the Netherlands Antilles the above , without the Netherlands Antilles First Enlargement 1973 - 01 - 01 the above , Ireland , United Kingdom , Gibraltar , Denmark , Greenland the above , Bahamas , Grenada , Seychelles , Solomon Islands , Tuvalu , Dominica , St. Lucia , Kiribati , St. Vincent and the Grenadines , Vanuatu , Belize , Antigua and Barbuda , St. Kitts and Nevis , Brunei , St. Helena , the Pitcairn Islands , the Falkland Islands , the South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands , the British Antarctic Territory , the British Indian Ocean Territory , Anguilla , Montserrat , the British Virgin Islands , the Turks and Caicos Islands , the Cayman Islands , Bermuda the above , the Faroe Islands , Akrotiri and Dhekelia , the Isle of Man , Jersey , Guernsey , Zimbabwe , Hong Kong 1973 -- 1980 the above the above without the newly independent Bahamas , Grenada , Seychelles , the Solomon Islands , Suriname , Tuvalu , Dominica , St. Lucia , Kiribati , St. Vincent and the Grenadines , Vanuatu , Comoros and French Somaliland the above without the newly independent Zimbabwe Second Enlargement 1981 - 01 - 01 the above , Greece the above the above 1981 -- 1984 the above the above without the newly independent Belize , Antigua and Barbuda , St. Kitts and Nevis and Brunei the above 1985 - 01 - 01 the above without Greenland the above , Greenland the above 5 Third Enlargement 1986 - 01 - 01 the above , Spain , Portugal , Azores , Madeira , Plazas de soberanía the above , with Aruba , formerly part of the Netherlands Antilles the above , Macau , East Timor 1990 - 10 - 03 the above , East Germany and West Berlin join to form Germany the above the above without West Berlin 6 Fourth Enlargement 1995 - 01 - 01 the above , Austria , Sweden , Finland the above the above 1997 - 07 - 01 the above the above the above , without Hong Kong ( transferred to China ) 7 1999 - 05 - 01 the above , Scattered islands in the Indian Ocean the above , without Scattered islands in the Indian Ocean the above 1999 - 12 - 20 the above the above the above , without Macau ( transferred to China ) 2002 - 05 - 20 the above the above the above , without the newly independent East Timor 8 Fifth Enlargement 2004 - 05 - 01 the above , Malta , Cyprus , Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania , Poland , Czech Republic , Slovakia , Slovenia , Hungary , Akrotiri and Dhekelia the above the above without Akrotiri and Dhekelia 9 Sixth Enlargement 2007 - 01 - 01 the above , Bulgaria , Romania the above the above 10 2007 - 02 - 22 the above , Clipperton , without Scattered islands in the Indian Ocean the above , Scattered islands in the Indian Ocean , without Clipperton the above 2010 - 10 - 10 the above the above , without the now - dissolved Netherlands Antilles , with Curaçao , Sint Maarten , Bonaire , Sint Eustatius , Saba the above 2012 - 01 - 01 the above , with Saint Martin , without Saint Barthélemy the above , Saint Barthélemy the above 11 Seventh Enlargement 2013 - 07 - 01 the above , Croatia the above the above 12 2014 - 01 - 01 the above , Mayotte the above , without Mayotte the above Timeline ( edit ) Current enlargement agenda ( edit ) Main article : Future enlargement of the European Union Candidates by the order of EU integration progress : Member states Candidates negotiating membership Candidates Potential candidates which have submitted a membership application Potential candidates which have not submitted a membership application Article 49 of the Maastricht Treaty ( as amended ) says that any European state that respects the `` principles of liberty , democracy , respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms , and the rule of law '' , may apply to join the Union . The Copenhagen European Council set out the conditions for EU membership in June 1993 in the so - called Copenhagen criteria ( see Criteria above for details ) . The Western Balkan states had to sign Stabilisation and Association Agreements ( SAAs ) before applying for membership . Turkey applied for membership in 1987 . The Western Balkans have been prioritised for membership since emerging from war during the breakup of Yugoslavia . Albania , Macedonia , Montenegro , Serbia , and Turkey are all recognized as official candidates , and the latter three are undergoing membership talks . Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo * are recognized as potential candidates for membership by the EU . Bosnia has submitted an application for EU membership , while Bosnia and Kosovo have an SAA with the EU . In July 2014 , President of the European Commission Jean - Claude Juncker announced that the EU has no plans to expand in the next five years . Juncker has described Serbia and Montenegro as front - runner candidates , and projected that they would join by 2025 . On 6 February 2018 , the European Commission published its expansion plan , which covers the six Western Balkan countries . The plan envisages that all six applicants could achieve accession as members of the European Union after 2025 . In May 2018 , Bulgaria - holding the rotating presidency of the Council of the European Union - hosted a summit on the Western Balkans , which aimed to facilitate accession by the six , including enhanced regional security cooperation and regional connectivity . It was noteworthy that the Summit referred to ' partners ' rather than states : this reflects the issue that Kosovo is only partially recognised as a state . States that did not , in 2018 , recognise Kosovo include fellow Western Balkan applicant , Serbia , and other EU members : Spain , Slovakia , Cyprus , Romania , and Greece . The European Commission is sensitive to the issue which was addressed in a speech by the EU 's High Representative / Vice-President Federica Mogherini at the European Parliament Plenary Session on the Western Balkan Strategy : `` shared , unequivocal , concrete perspective for European Union integration for each and every one of the six partners . Each at its own pace , with its own specificities and under different conditions , but the direction is clear and is one `` . Cancelled enlargements ( edit ) Not all enlargement negotiations have ended with the accession of a new member state . Norway completed membership negotiations twice , in 1972 and 1994 , but both times membership was rejected in a referendum . Switzerland applied for membership in May 1992 but subsequently froze its application , and formally withdrew it in 2016 . Iceland lodged its application following an economic collapse in 2008 , but froze accession negotiations in 2013 . In 2017 however , Iceland 's newly elected government announced that it may seek to begin talks with the EU on possible future membership once again . However , this did not happen as the government only survived for eight months . New elections were called in October 2017 , leading to a new left - right coalition government in November 2017 . Following the elections , all the parties of the governing coalition oppose EU membership , along with two of the opposition parties , summing up to at least two - thirds of the MPs . Additionally , for more than eight years every single opinion poll published in Iceland has had a solid majority against joining the EU . See also ( edit ) Eastern Europe Eastern Partnership Enlargement of the eurozone Enlargement of NATO Euronest Parliamentary Assembly European integration Future enlargement of the European Union Treaty of Accession 2003 Treaty of Accession 2005 Treaty of Accession 2011 Union for the Mediterranean Withdrawal from the European Union European Free Trade Association European Economic Area Schengen Area Switzerland -- European Union relations Enlargement of Switzerland European Union portal Europe portal hide Enlargement and partners of the European Union Previous enlargements 1973 1981 1986 1995 2007 2013 Statistics Negotiating Montenegro ( status ) Serbia ( status ) Turkey ( status ) Candidate status Albania ( status ) Macedonia ( status ) Potential candidates Bosnia and Herzegovina ( status ) Kosovo * ( under the Belgrade -- Pristina agreement ; status ) Partnerships Free trade agreements Iceland ( relations ) Liechtenstein ( relations ) Norway ( relations ) Switzerland ( relations ) Eastern Partnership Armenia ( relations ) Azerbaijan ( relations ) Belarus ( relations ) Georgia ( relations ) ( accession ) Moldova ( relations ) Ukraine ( relations ) Northern Dimension Russia ( relations ) Union for the Mediterranean Algeria Egypt Israel ( relations ) Jordan ( relations ) Lebanon ( relations ) Mauritania Monaco Morocco ( relations ) Palestine ( relations ) Syria Tunisia Current membership Criteria Withdrawal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Current Article 1 of the Treaty on European Union reads : `` The Union shall be founded on the present Treaty and on the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union . Those two Treaties shall have the same legal value . The Union shall replace and succeed the European Community '' . Jump up ^ `` State of the Union : ROADMAP FOR A MORE UNITED , STRONGER AND MORE DEMOCRATIC UNION 2017 '' ( PDF ) . ec.europa.eu . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Juncker in the 2017 State of the EU : We must maintain a credible enlargement perspective for the Western Balkans '' . europa.rs . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Serbia on course for EU by 2025 , top EU official says '' . Reuters . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` ' They 've pulled up the draw bridge ' Juncker RULES OUT Turkey joining the EU '' . Express UK . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` PRESIDENCY CONCLUSIONS : Copenhagen European Council - 21 - 22 June 1993 '' ( PDF ) . Europarl.europa.eu . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ Article : A success for Konstantinos Karamanli on CVCE.eu ^ Jump up to : `` European Commission - Enlargement : Archives Country Profiles '' . Ec.europa.eu . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Timetable for accession negotiations by chapter and by country ( 1998 -- 2004 ) CVCE.eu ^ Jump up to : Piket , Vincent EU Enlargement and Neighbourhood Policy , Institute for Strategic Studies ^ Jump up to : Beyond Enlargement Fatigue ? The Dutch debate on Turkish accession , European Security Initiative 2006 ^ Jump up to : Bache , Ian and Stephen George ( 2006 ) Politics in the European Union , Oxford University Press . p540 -- 542 Jump up ^ Kardas , Saban ( 13 May 2009 ) Merkel and Sarkozy Call for Privileged Partnership Angers Turkey , Jamestown Foundation Jump up ^ Schauble , Wolfgang ( 2004 ) Talking Turkey , Foreign Affairs Jump up ^ `` EU candidate status for Albania '' . European Commission . 2014 - 06 - 24 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Bosnia and Herzegovina applied for EU membership today '' . The Netherlands EU Presidency 2016 . 15 February 2016 . Retrieved 15 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/countries/index_en.htm Jump up ^ On 3 October 1990 , East Germany joined West Germany through the process of German reunification ; since then , the reunited Germany has been a single member state . Jump up ^ RÚV , Application not formally withdrawn Jump up ^ `` Iceland withdraws EU accession bid '' . Deutsche Welle. 2015 - 03 - 12 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ Iceland 's Ministry of Foreign Affairs ( 2013 - 06 - 13 ) . `` Minister Sveinsson meets with Stefan Füle '' . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ Referred to as `` Kosovo * '' by the EU Jump up ^ `` European Commission - Enlargement - Kosovo * '' . European Commission . 28 June 2013 . Retrieved 28 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Referred to as `` the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia '' by the EU Jump up ^ `` Chronology '' . European Commission . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ Staff writer ( 2006 - 03 - 22 ) . `` EU Mulls Deeper Policy Cooperation with Morocco '' . Defense News . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ European Commission ( 2005 - 11 - 10 ) . `` 1972 '' . The History of the European Union . Retrieved 2006 - 01 - 18 . Jump up ^ European Commission ( 2005 - 11 - 10 ) . `` 1994 '' . The History of the European Union . Retrieved 2006 - 01 - 18 . Jump up ^ The European Offensive . - Government of Castile and Leon . Retrieved 2 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` EU membership application not to be withdrawn '' . swissinfo. 2005 - 10 - 26 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ British Embassy , Bern ( 2006 - 07 - 04 ) . `` EU and Switzerland '' . The UK & Switzerland . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Retirer la demande d'adhésion à l'UE et dire les choses telles qu'elles sont '' . Retrieved 15 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Retrait de la demande d'adhesion de la Suisse a l'UE '' ( PDF ) . Swiss Federal Council . 2016 - 07 - 27 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ European Commission ( 12 January 2015 ) . `` The Schuman Declaration -- 9 May 1950 '' . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ ARTEHISTORIA . `` La ofensiva europea '' . ARTEHISTORIA . Archived from the original on 11 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Spain towards the European Integration , Heidy Cristina Senante Berendes , page 456 - University of Alicante ( Spanish ) Jump up ^ European Economic Community Treaty , Art `` 7 ^ Jump up to : `` 1971 Year in Review Archived 12 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine. , UPI.com '' Jump up ^ For more on Ireland 's attempts at membership see Michael J. Geary , An Inconvenient Wait : Ireland 's Quest for Membership of the EEC , 1957 -- 73 ( Institute of Public Administration , 2009 ) ( ISBN 9781904541837 ) Jump up ^ `` Turkey Secretariat General for EU affairs -- Current situation in accession negotiations '' . Abgs.gov.tr . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Bache , Ian and Stephen George ( 2006 ) Politics in the European Union , Oxford University Press . p543 -- 547 ^ Jump up to : Bache , Ian and Stephen George ( 2006 ) Politics in the European Union , Oxford University Press . p549 -- 550 Jump up ^ Giuseppe D'Amato , Viaggio nell'Hansa baltica . L'Unione europea e l'allargamento ad Est Travel to the Baltic Hansa . Greco&Greco , Milano , 2004 ISBN 88 - 7980 - 355 - 7 Jump up ^ Giuseppe D'Amato , L'EuroSogno ed i nuovi Muri ad Est . L'Unione europea e la dimensione orientale The EuroDream and the New Walls to the East . Greco&Greco , Milano , 2008 ISBN 978 - 88 - 7980 - 456 - 1 Jump up ^ THE NEXT ENLARGEMENT : CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIESSPEECH BY SIR LEON BRITTAN QC TO EUROPAPOLITISCHER KONGRESS ORGANISED BYTHE CDU / CSU GROUP IN THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT -- BERLIN 11 September 1995 and Günter Verheugen Member of the Commission responsible for Enlargement `` Enlargement is irreversible '' Debate on Enlargement in the European Parliament Strasbourg , 3 October 2000 Jump up ^ Schimmelfennig , F. , Börzel , T.A. , Kortenska , E. , Langbein , J. , & Toshkov , D. Enlargement and the Integration Capacity of the EU Interim Scientific Results . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 28 October 2011 . Retrieved 28 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Treaty establishing the European Coal and Steel Community ( Paris , 18 April 1951 ) - CVCE Website '' . Cvce.eu. 1951 - 04 - 18 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` EUR - Lex - 11972B / AFI / DCL / 06 - EN - EUR - Lex '' . Eur-lex.europa.eu . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Vanuatu was a condominium between the United Kingdom and France until its independence in 1980 , and was generally considered to be an overseas territory of both countries Jump up ^ `` The provisions of Part Four of the Treaty were applied to Surinam , by virtue of a Supplementary Act of the Kingdom of the Netherlands to complete its instrument of ratification , from 1 September 1962 to 16 July 1976 . '' , in : eur-lex.europa.eu -- Treaty establishing the European Community ( consolidated version ) -- Text of the Treaty Jump up ^ `` CONVENTION portant révision du traité instituant la Communauté économique européenne en vue de rendre applicable aux Antilles néerlandaises le régime spécial d ' association défini dans la quatrième partie de se traité '' . Euro-lex.europa.eu . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ Although Aruba was only added to the OCT list with the entry into force of the Treaty of Amsterdam in 1999 , it was considered an OCT by the European Communities since leaving the Netherlands Antilles : `` De eilandgebieden zullen dus de rechten en plichten van de LGO - status van het Land de Nederlandse Antillen overnemen , wanneer dat opgeheven wordt . Hetzelfde gebeurde in 1986 toen Aruba van eilandgebied van de Nederlandse Antillen een apart Land binnen het Koninkrijk werd . Hoewel de LGO - bijlage pas in 1999 aan deze situatie werd aangepast , heeft de Europese Gemeenschap Aruba van het begin af aan als LGO behandeld . '' in : Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs -- Grondwettelijke aspecten : Territoriale werking / Antillen ^ Jump up to : The Netherlands Antilles dissolved on 10 October 2010 and contained the islands of Aruba ( which left the Netherlands Antilles in 1986 ) , Bonaire , Curacao , Sint Maarten , Saba and Sint Eustatius . Aruba , Curacao and Sint Maarten are autonomous countries in the Kingdom of Netherlands , and remain overseas territories of the European Union . Bonaire , St Eustatius and Saba , also known as the BES islands , are special municipalities of the Netherlands , and remained legally overseas territories . Jump up ^ Scattered islands in the Indian Ocean are listed in the OCT Annex as Madagascar dependencies 1958 -- 1999 . After Madagascar independence in 1960 they are transferred to Réunion administration until 2005 , when they are transferred to the French Southern and Antarctic Lands , which they joined in 2007 Jump up ^ `` 361 - An evaluation of the EU 's Fifth Enlargement With special focus on Bulgaria and Romania - Fritz Breuss - Fritz Breuss , Research Institute for European Affairs ( Europainstitut ) and Vienna University of Economics and Business Administration - European Commission '' . Ec.europa.eu. 3 June 2009 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` PROTOCOL No 1 : ON AMENDMENTS TO THE STATUTE OF THE EUROPEAN INVESTMENT BANK '' ( DOC ) . Europarl.europa.eu . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ Due to reorganisation in the French overseas territories Saint Barthélemy and Saint Martin leave Guadeloupe ( with France retaing EU law application in the new territories ) and Clipperton is moved from French Polynesia administration to direct Government of France administration Jump up ^ `` EUROPEAN COUNCIL DECISION of 29 October 2010 amending the status with regard to the European Union of the island of Saint - Barthélemy '' ( PDF ) . Eur-lex.europa.eu . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Home '' . Oami.europa.eu . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 16 September 2013 . Retrieved 23 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` RECENT ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENTS IN EU CANDIDATE COUNTRIES '' ( PDF ) . Ecb.europa.eu . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` EU welcomes Croatia 's ' historic moment ' on eve of entry '' . Eubusiness.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` EUROPEAN COUNCIL DECISION of 11 July 2012 amending the status of Mayotte with regard to the European Union '' ( PDF ) . Eur-lex.europa.eu . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` Enlargement - Check current status '' . European Commission . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ Kosovo is the subject of a territorial dispute between the Republic of Kosovo and the Republic of Serbia . The Republic of Kosovo unilaterally declared independence on 17 February 2008 , but Serbia continues to claim it as part of its own sovereign territory . The two governments began to normalise relations in 2013 , as part of the Brussels Agreement . Kosovo has received formal recognition as an independent state from 113 out of 193 United Nations member states . Jump up ^ `` Better Together accused in Juncker row '' . Herald Scotland . Jump up ^ `` State of the Union : ROADMAP FOR A MORE UNITED , STRONGER AND MORE DEMOCRATIC UNION 2017 '' ( PDF ) . ec.europa.eu . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Juncker in the 2017 State of the EU : We must maintain a credible enlargement perspective for the Western Balkans '' . europa.rs . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Strategy for the Western Balkans '' . Europa : European Commission . 6 February 2018 . Retrieved 18 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` EU - Western Balkans summit in Sofia '' . Council of Europe . 17 May 2018 . Retrieved 18 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Martin , Dimitrov ( 23 April 2018 ) . `` Balkans Labeled ' Partners ' Instead of ' States ' for Sofia Summit '' . Balkan Insight . Retrieved 18 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Speech by High Representative / Vice-President Federica Mogherini at the European Parliament Plenary Session on the Western Balkan Strategy '' . European Union External Action Service . 6 February 2018 . Retrieved 18 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` EU membership application not to be withdrawn '' . swissinfo. 2005 - 10 - 26 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ British Embassy , Bern ( 4 July 2006 ) . `` EU and Switzerland '' . The UK & Switzerland . Archived from the original on 28 April 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Retirer la demande d'adhésion à l'UE et dire les choses telles qu'elles sont '' . Retrieved 15 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Retrait de la demande d'adhesion de la Suisse a l'UE '' ( PDF ) . Swiss Federal Council . 2016 - 07 - 27 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ Lawless , Jill ( 2017 - 01 - 11 ) . `` Iceland gets new govt , could restart talks on entering EU '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on 2017 - 01 - 12 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ Gudmundsson , Hjortur J. ( 2017 - 12 - 11 ) . `` Iceland : further from EU membership than ever '' . EUobserver . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 08 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Enlargement of the European Union . Enlargement -- Europa European Union Member States and applicant countries -- CVCE Archival material concerning the enlargement of the European Union can be consulted at the Historical Archives of the European Union in Florence Enlargement and partners of the European Union Previous enlargements 1973 1981 1986 1995 2007 2013 Statistics Negotiating Montenegro ( status ) Serbia ( status ) Turkey ( status ) Candidate status Albania ( status ) Macedonia ( status ) Potential candidates Bosnia and Herzegovina ( status ) Kosovo * ( under the Belgrade -- Pristina agreement ; status ) Partnerships Free trade agreements Iceland ( relations ) Liechtenstein ( relations ) Norway ( relations ) Switzerland ( relations ) Eastern Partnership Armenia ( relations ) Azerbaijan ( relations ) Belarus ( relations ) Georgia ( relations ) ( accession ) Moldova ( relations ) Ukraine ( relations ) Northern Dimension Russia ( relations ) Union for the Mediterranean Algeria Egypt Israel ( relations ) Jordan ( relations ) Lebanon ( relations ) Mauritania Monaco Morocco ( relations ) Palestine ( relations ) Syria Tunisia Current membership Criteria Withdrawal European Union articles History Timeline Pre-1945 1945 -- 57 1958 -- 72 1973 -- 93 1993 -- 2004 Since 2004 Predecessors Timeline Founders European Coal and Steel Community ( 1951 -- 2002 ) European Economic Community ( 1958 -- 1993 / 2009 ) Euratom ( 1958 -- present ) European Communities ( 1967 -- 1993 / 2009 ) Justice and Home Affairs ( 1993 -- 2009 ) Geography Extreme points Geographic centre Largest municipalities Urban areas Larger urban zones Member states Regions ( first - level NUTS ) Special territories Politics Institutions European Council European Commission European Parliament Council of the European Union Court of Justice of the European Union European Central Bank European Court of Auditors Agencies Banking Border and coast security ( Frontex ) Disease prevention and control Environment Foreign affairs ( External Action Service ) Judicial cooperation ( Eurojust ) Law enforcement cooperation ( Europol ) Maritime safety Reconstruction Law Acquis Charter of Fundamental Rights Competition law Copyright law Directive Citizens ' Rights Directive Enhanced cooperation Environmental policy Four freedoms labour mobility Government procurement Journal Mechanism for Cooperation and Verification Legislative procedure Citizens ' Initiative Regulation Rural Development Policy Schengen Area Treaties opt - outs LGBT rights Politics Elections parliamentary constituencies Enlargement 1973 1981 1986 1995 2007 2013 Future Euromyths Political parties ( National parties by affiliation ) Euroscepticism Foreign relations ( defence ) Integration Parliamentary groups Pro-Europeanism Withdrawal ( Brexit ) 2012 Nobel Peace Prize Economy Budget Central bank Agricultural policy Fisheries policy Currencies Energy policy Euro Eurozone Free trade agreements Investment bank Investment fund Regional development Single market Societas Europaea Solidarity Fund Transport Galileo navigation system minimum wage average wage unemployment rate health expense per person Healthcare Health Insurance Card Driving licence European Common Aviation Area Culture Citizenship passports identity cards Cultural policies Demographics Douzelage Driving licence Education House of European History Institute of Innovation and Technology Laissez - passer Languages Media freedom Public holidays Religion Sport Telephone numbers Statistics Symbols Lists Concepts , acronyms , & jargon Agencies Books Companies Cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants Largest cities by population within city limits Directives Tallest buildings Terrorist incidents Vehicle registration plates Theory Eurosphere Intergovernmentalism Multi-speed Neofunctionalism Optimum currency area Supranational union Outline Book Category Portal International reach and expansion of the European Union Theory Integration Eurosphere Pax Europaea Superpower status Federalisation Reach ACP ( Economic Partnership Agreements ) Association Agreement Free trade agreements Common Foreign and Security Policy ( CFSP ) Common Security and Defence Policy ( CSDP ) ( missions ) European Economic Area Stabilisation and Association Process Europeanisation High Representative ( Bosnia ) International Civilian Representative ( Kosovo ) Partnerships European Neighbourhood Policy ( statistics ) Eastern Partnership Northern Dimension Union for the Mediterranean Representation High Representative President of the European Council President of the European Commission Delegations of the European Parliament Assets Economy Euro ( International status and usage ) ECHO Galileo Military Territorial evolution of the world By country Australia Canada France Germany Mexico Poland Russia Switzerland United Kingdom United States By former country British Empire Ottoman Empire By region Baltic states Caribbean North America ( Prior to 1763 Since 1763 ) By country , people , region or period Burgundian and Habsburg in the Low Countries China in Tibet ( 1951 ) Crimea ( 1954 ) German in Central and Eastern Europe Hungarian in the Carpathian Russia ( 1500 -- 1800 ) Vietnam ( 11th -- 18th century ) By international organisation African Union European Union Category Geography portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Enlargement_of_the_European_Union&oldid=850364280 '' Categories : Enlargement of the European Union Hidden categories : Pages using Timeline Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use British English from May 2013 Use dmy dates from May 2013 Articles with attributed pull quotes All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2011 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Bân - lâm - gú Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Kurdî Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Romani Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 文言 中文 30 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 July 2018 , at 12 : 35 ( UTC ) . 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when did the last country join the eu
[ "The EU's predecessor, the European Economic Community,[1] was founded with the Inner Six member states in 1958, when the Treaty of Rome came into force. Since then, the EU's membership has grown to twenty-eight, with the latest member state being Croatia, which joined in July 2013. The most recent territorial enlargement of the EU was the incorporation of Mayotte in 2014. The most notable territorial reductions of the EU, and its predecessors, were the exit of Algeria upon independence in 1962 and the exit of Greenland in 1985.\n" ]
[ "July 2013" ]
3056380758828935087
O.P.P. (song)
O.P.P. ( Song ) - wikipedia O.P.P. ( Song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` O.P.P. '' Single by Naughty by Nature from the album Naughty by Nature B - side `` The Wickedest Man Alive '' Released August 24 , 1991 Format CD , cassette , 12 '' Recorded 1991 ; Unique Recording Studios ( New York City , New York , U.S. ) Genre Hip hop Length 4 : 31 ( album version ) 6 : 41 ( Ultamix remix ) Label Tommy Boy Records Songwriter ( s ) Vincent Brown , Anthony Criss , Keir Gist , Alphonzo Mizell , Deke Richards , Freddie Perren , Liam Kantwill , Berry Gordy , Jr . Producer ( s ) Naughty by Nature Naughty by Nature singles chronology `` Scuffin ' Those Knees '' ( 1989 ) `` O.P.P. '' ( 1991 ) `` Everything 's Gonna Be Alright '' ( 1992 ) `` Scuffin ' Those Knees '' ( 1989 ) `` O.P.P. '' ( 1991 ) `` Everything 's Gonna Be Alright '' ( 1992 ) `` O.P.P. '' is a song by American rap group Naughty by Nature . It was released in August 1991 as the lead single from their self - titled debut album Naughty by Nature . The song was one of the first rap songs to become a pop hit when it reached # 6 in the U.S. and # 35 in the UK in 1991 . It 's declaration , `` Down Wit ' O.P.P '' was a popular catchphrase in the United States in the early - 1990s . It was a hugely successful single , as Allmusic described : `` There was not a bigger , more contagious crossover radio smash in the autumn of 1991 than Naughty by Nature 's ' O.P.P. ' '' In 1998 , the song was named one of the 100 best rap singles by The Source . In 2008 , it was ranked # 22 on VH1 's 100 Greatest Songs of Hip Hop . It also appeared as # 53 on VH1 's 100 Greatest Songs of the ' 90s . Contents ( hide ) 1 Content 2 Track listing 3 Official versions 4 Chart performance 4.1 Peak positions 4.2 End of year charts 5 In popular culture 6 References Content ( edit ) The song samples Melvin Bliss 's `` Synthetic Substitution '' and The Jackson 5 's 1970 smash - hit song `` ABC '' in which Alphonzo Mizell , Freddie Perren , Deke Richards , and Berry Gordy , Jr. got a writing credit for the song . The lyrics concern sexual infidelity , with ' O.P.P. ' standing for ' other peoples ' pussy ' , ' other peoples ' penis ' , and ( euphemistically ) ' other peoples ' property ' . Track listing ( edit ) O.P.P. ( Vocal ) Wickedest Man Alive ( Vocal ) O.P.P. ( Sunny Days Remix ) Wickedest Man Alive ( Instrumental ) O.P.P. ( Instrumental ) Official versions ( edit ) O.P.P. ( Album Version ) O.P.P. ( Vocal ) O.P.P. ( Instrumental ) O.P.P. ( Sunny Days Remix ) Chart performance ( edit ) Peak positions ( edit ) Chart ( 1991 - 92 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 31 Canada Dance ( RPM ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 56 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 25 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 27 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 11 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 6 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 35 US Billboard Hot 100 6 US Hot Rap Singles US Hot R&B / Hip Hop Singles & Tracks 5 US Hot Dance Music / Club Play 7 US Hot Dance Music / Maxi - Singles Sales End of year charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1991 ) Position U.S. Billboard Hot 100 94 Chart ( 1992 ) Position New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 26 In popular culture ( edit ) Will Smith ( in character as Will ) dances to the song next to a car in an episode of the 1990s TV sitcom The Fresh Prince of Bel Air . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ allmusic ( ( ( Naughty by Nature > Overview ) ) ) Jump up ^ rocklist.net Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Naughty By Nature -- O.P.P. '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ Canadian Dance peak Jump up ^ Canadian Top Singles peak Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Naughty By Nature Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Naughty By Nature '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Naughty By Nature -- O.P.P. '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Naughty By Nature -- O.P.P. '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top 100 - 1991 '' . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Charts 1992 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . ( hide ) Naughty by Nature Treach Vin Rock DJ Kay Gee Albums Independent Leaders Naughty by Nature 19 Naughty III Poverty 's Paradise Nineteen Naughty Nine : Nature 's Fury IIcons Anthem Inc . Compilation albums Nature 's Finest Naughty 's Nicest Singles `` Scuffin ' Those Knees '' `` O.P.P. '' `` Everything 's Gonna Be Alright '' `` Uptown Anthem '' `` Hip Hop Hooray '' `` It 's On '' `` Written on Ya Kitten '' `` Clap Yo Hands '' `` Craziest '' `` Feel Me Flow '' `` Mourn You Til I Join You '' `` Dirt All By My Lonely '' `` Live or Die '' `` Jamboree '' `` Holiday '' `` Feels Good ( Do n't Worry Bout a Thing ) '' Related articles Discography Rottin Razkals Naughty by Nature : Tha Mixtape Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=O.P.P._(song)&oldid=832855000 '' Categories : 1991 singles Billboard Rap Songs number - one singles Songs written by Berry Gordy Songs written by Freddie Perren Naughty by Nature songs Music videos directed by Marcus Raboy Songs written by Deke Richards Songs written by Alphonzo Mizell 1991 songs Songs written by Treach Songs written by DJ Kay Gee Songs written by Vin Rock Tommy Boy Records singles Song recordings produced by Naughty by Nature Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Swiss Talk Contents About Wikipedia Magyar Edit links This page was last edited on 28 March 2018 , at 10 : 42 . About Wikipedia
when did opp by naughty by nature come out
[ "\"O.P.P.\" is a song by American rap group Naughty by Nature. It was released in August 1991 as the lead single from their self-titled debut album Naughty by Nature. The song was one of the first rap songs to become a pop hit when it reached #6 in the U.S. and #35 in the UK in 1991. It's declaration, \"Down Wit' O.P.P\" was a popular catchphrase in the United States in the early-1990s. It was a hugely successful single, as Allmusic described: \"There was not a bigger, more contagious crossover radio smash in the autumn of 1991 than Naughty by Nature's ‘O.P.P.'\"[1]" ]
[ "August 1991" ]
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Mark E. Brown
Mark E. Brown - wikipedia Mark E. Brown Jump to : navigation , search Mark Brown 57 Rogers , Arkansas , U.S. Occupation Chief Executive Officer Years active 1983 -- present Website http://markbrownstrategies.com Notes Best known for `` What Happens in Vegas , Stays in Vegas '' campaign Mark E. Brown is an American businessman and former CEO of Zen Entertainment and a former vice president of The Howard Hughes Corporation . His company currently has partnership deals with ESPN Radio , Fox Sports Radio , NBCSports.com , Ultimate Fighting Championship , World Wrestling Entertainment , and casinos such as the Treasure Island Hotel and Casino , Hard Rock Hotel . He is also the former Partner and President of R&R Partners , the ad agency which created the `` What Happens in Vegas , Stays in Vegas '' advertising campaign for the Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Authority . In addition , Brown is founder and director of Service 1st Bank of Nevada , valued in 2010 around $210 million , and previously served as the President of MBC Communications . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and education 2 Career 2.1 R&R Partners 2.2 Other Corporate Involvements 2.3 Zen Gaming 3 External links 4 References Early life and education ( edit ) He attended the University of Nevada , Reno and completed the Executive Program in Management for the John Anderson Graduate School of Management . He is currently a member of the Board of Trustees of the UNLV Foundation . Career ( edit ) Brown started out working as a senior legislative assistant on the staff of former Nevada Senator Chic Hecht . He spent five years in Washington , D.C. overseeing all of Hecht 's U.S. Senate Banking and Energy Committee assignments in the 1980s . After 1989 , he started and operated his own company called The Carrara Group , a government affairs and public relations company which was later acquired by Burson - Marsteller , the world 's largest public relations firm . Following the acquisition he got a job as the Executive Vice President of corporate and government relations and marketing for The Howard Hughes Corporation and from 1994 to 1999 , worked for the company , that is also an affiliate of The Rouse Company . Yet , by 1999 Brown began to transition into the world of Las Vegas casinos . He served as an Executive Vice President of government relations and corporate communications for Station Casinos , Inc. from 1999 to 2000 . R&R Partners ( edit ) Brown was the founder and owner of Brown & Partners in 2000 , which merged with R&R Partners in 2004 . The merger helped bring a $226 million in combined capital in 2005 , when the merger became effective . R&R Partners is considered Nevada 's largest public affairs , public relations and full - service advertising agency . After the merger Brown served as its President and Chief Executive Officer from 2004 to 2007 . The company R&R Partners , is best known for creating the advertising campaign slogan `` What Happens in Vegas , Stays in Vegas '' for the City of Las Vegas . Its `` What happens here '' slogan is not new , see What happens on tour , stays on tour , yet the campaign brought Las Vegas a record - breaking 37.4 million visitors in 2004 . Since then the phrase has been used by many celebrities . Gambling fan Ben Affleck used it on Saturday Night Live . Billy Crystal used it to close the 2004 Oscars . It has been a clue on Wheel of Fortune . In 2004 on The Tonight Show when Jay Leno asked Laura Bush whether she had gambled or had seen a Chippendales show while visiting the Las Vegas Strip , the then First Lady got a big hand by replying , `` Jay , what happened in Vegas , stays in Vegas . '' In later years the phrase was used as the title for a 2008 movie ' What Happens in Vegas ' starring Cameron Diaz and Ashton Kutcher . It has also been used in the 2009 blockbuster hit The Hangover . Other corporate involvements ( edit ) Medicor Ltd : Brown was also involved in Medicor Ltd. as its director in 2003 . The company was founded in 1999 and was based in Las Vegas , Nevada . Medicor , Ltd. , through its subsidiaries , engages in the development , manufacture , and marketing of breast implants and other implants primarily for the aesthetic , plastic , and reconstructive surgery markets worldwide . On June 29 , 2007 , MediCor Ltd , along with its affiliates , filed a voluntary petition for reorganization under Chapter 11 in the US Bankruptcy Court for the District of Delaware . Service1 st Bank of Nevada : He was a founder of Service1 st Bank of Nevada . He has been a director of Service1st Bank of Nevada since January 2007 . Brown serves as a Director of Service1st . The bank 's capital was valued at the end of the first quarter of 2010 around $21 million and later bought by Western Liberty Bancorp and Forbes Lister Jason N. Ader the same year . YourBuyer Worldwide , Inc. : Brown served as the President of YourBuyer Worldwide , Inc. , a global purchasing company . Zen Gaming ( edit ) Brown heard about a social networking Web site proposal that would feature poker and be able to target ads to specific partners , he thought it sounded like a good idea . Thus , he started a holding company called Zen Gaming and acquired nlop.com , a successful online poker site Brown became the Chief Executive Officer of Zen Gaming in 2007 . The website purchased initially had problems in the US with the passing of the Unlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement Act , yet Brown 's combination of membership poker and paid advertising space online offered new potential . Zen Gaming is based out of Las Vegas with wholly owned subsidiary divisions that include NewPoker LLC and Advergaming LLC under which the acquired National League of Poker operates . The company developed and patented two new poker games , Royal hold ' em and No River Hold'em that have been approved by the Nevada Gaming Commission and already are being played in the poker rooms at Treasure Island Hotel and Casino , Hard Rock Hotel and O'Sheas on the Las Vegas Strip . Also , Stephens Media Group , owner of the Review - Journal , is one of Zen Gaming 's first partners . Using the company 's software , the Review - Journal launched a poker site , becoming the first newspaper in the country to offer online poker . Some of Zen Gaming 's other partners include Golden Gaming and Lotus Broadcasting , a radio company that owns the local affiliates for ESPN Radio and Fox Sports Radio , and pair of local rock and Spanish - language stations . It also has partnership deals with NBCSports.com since 2009 . The Zen Gaming 's software platform was selected by Poker Productions , Inc. under a continuing agreement with NBCsports.com to provide poker programming . Poker Productions provides executive production services for the National Heads - Up Poker Championship and the Poker After Dark programs seen on NBC . Brown later made partnerships with the Ultimate Fighting Championship to set up poker rooms at their events . The UFC Poker Rooms leveraged UFC 's massive fan base and tremendous brand equity with Zen 's advergaming platform that the UFC considers `` among the most robust , deeply analytical online Advergaming platforms in the world . '' External links ( edit ) Beneath The Brand - Articles by Mark E. Brown References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : http://www.lvrj.com/business/42869122.html ^ Jump up to : https://www.usatoday.com/travel/destinations/2009-09-27-las-vegas-what-happens-here_N.htm ^ Jump up to : https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB124217791927013441 ^ Jump up to : http://investing.businessweek.com/businessweek/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=326858&privcapId=11668769&previousCapId=3126261&previousTitle=PIRINATE%20Consulting%20Group%20LLC Jump up ^ http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_pwwi/is_200409/ai_n8557992/ Jump up ^ USA Today , Advertising & Marketing . Michael McCarthy , `` Vegas goes back to its naughty roots , '' April 11 , 2005 . Retrieved on August 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/snapshot/snapshot.asp?ticker=MDCRQ:US Jump up ^ http://www.lvrj.com/business/lower-purchase-price-negotiated-for-service1st-bank-of-nevada-96815429.html Jump up ^ https://people.forbes.com/profile/jason-n-ader/37206 Jump up ^ https://www.reuters.com/article/2008/03/13/idUS191928+13-Mar-2008+BW20080313 Jump up ^ http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20071204006035/en/Global-Purchasing-Company-YourBuyer-Worldwide-Opens-Pakistan Jump up ^ http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-172064444.html Jump up ^ http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=48929940 Jump up ^ http://www.pocketfives.com/f7/news-national-league-poker-holds-winning-hand-legal-online-poker-play-19973/ Jump up ^ https://www.reuters.com/article/2008/09/15/idUS193640+15-Sep-2008+PRN20080915 Jump up ^ https://www.reuters.com/article/2009/04/29/idUS257711+29-Apr-2009+GNW20090429 Jump up ^ http://www.ufc.com/news/UFC-Zen-Gaming-Inc-Announce-FreetoPlay-Online-UFC-Poker-Room Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mark_E._Brown&oldid=798898421 '' Categories : 1962 births University of Nevada alumni Living people Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 4 September 2017 , at 13 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who coined the phrase what happens in vegas
[ "Mark E. Brown is an American businessman and former CEO of Zen Entertainment and a former vice president of The Howard Hughes Corporation. His company currently has partnership deals with ESPN Radio, Fox Sports Radio,[1] NBCSports.com, Ultimate Fighting Championship, World Wrestling Entertainment, and casinos such as the Treasure Island Hotel and Casino, Hard Rock Hotel. He is also the former Partner and President of R&R Partners, the ad agency which created the \"What Happens in Vegas, Stays in Vegas\" advertising campaign for the Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Authority.[2][3] In addition, Brown is founder and director of Service 1st Bank of Nevada, valued in 2010 around $210 million, and previously served as the President of MBC Communications.[4]", "Mark E. Brown is an American businessman and former CEO of Zen Entertainment and a former vice president of The Howard Hughes Corporation. His company currently has partnership deals with ESPN Radio, Fox Sports Radio,[1] NBCSports.com, Ultimate Fighting Championship, World Wrestling Entertainment, and casinos such as the Treasure Island Hotel and Casino, Hard Rock Hotel. He is also the former Partner and President of R&R Partners, the ad agency which created the \"What Happens in Vegas, Stays in Vegas\" advertising campaign for the Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Authority.[2][3] In addition, Brown is founder and director of Service 1st Bank of Nevada, valued in 2010 around $210 million, and previously served as the President of MBC Communications.[4]" ]
[ "R&R Partners", "ad agency" ]
3035785590001414174
Eublepharis
Eublepharis - Wikipedia Eublepharis Jump to : navigation , search This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Eublepharis Common leopard gecko ( Eublepharis macularius ) Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Reptilia Order : Squamata Family : Eublepharidae Genus : Eublepharis Gray , 1827 Species Eublepharis angramainyu Eublepharis fuscus Eublepharis hardwickii Eublepharis macularius Eublepharis turcmenicus The genus Eublepharis , also known as the leopard geckos , was first described by the British zoologist John Edward Gray in 1827 . The etymology of their name is ' eu ' = good ( = true ) ' blephar ' = eyelid , and all have fully functional eyelids . Members of this genus are found in eastern and southwestern Asia where they are found in arid and semiarid habitats . These geckos are sturdily built . Their tail is shorter than their snout - vent length and their body is covered with numerous wart - like bumps . The toes do not have adhesive lamellae . Eublepharis are crepuscular or nocturnal ground - dwellers . Included in this group is the popular pet gecko : the leopard gecko . Species of the genus Eublepharis ( edit ) Iraqi eyelid gecko , Eublepharis angramainyu West Indian leopard gecko , Eublepharis fuscus East Indian leopard gecko , Eublepharis hardwickii Common leopard gecko , Eublepharis macularius Afghan leopard gecko , ( Eublepharis macularius afghanicus ) Eublepharis macularius fasciolatus Eublepharis macularius macularius Eublepharis macularius montanus Eublepharis macularius smithi Eublepharis satpuraensis Turkmenistan eyelid gecko , Eublepharis turcmenicus The members of the Goniurosaurus kuroiwae superspecies were formerly considered members of the genus Eublepharis . External links ( edit ) Eublepharis in the Reptile Database Taxon identifiers Wd : Q1500089 ADW : Eublepharis EoL : 33347 ITIS : 818033 NCBI : 96736 This article about a gecko is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eublepharis&oldid=815094995 '' Categories : Eublepharis Lizard genera Taxa named by John Edward Gray Gecko stubs Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from December 2009 All articles lacking sources Articles with ' species ' microformats All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Wikispecies Català Cebuano Deutsch Español Euskara Français Italiano Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray Edit links This page was last edited on 12 December 2017 , at 19 : 03 . About Wikipedia
where do leopard gecko live in the wild
[ "The genus Eublepharis, also known as the leopard geckos, was first described by the British zoologist John Edward Gray in 1827. The etymology of their name is 'eu' = good (=true) |'blephar' = eyelid, and all have fully functional eyelids. Members of this genus are found in eastern and southwestern Asia where they are found in arid and semiarid habitats. These geckos are sturdily built. Their tail is shorter than their snout-vent length and their body is covered with numerous wart-like bumps. The toes do not have adhesive lamellae. Eublepharis are crepuscular or nocturnal ground-dwellers. Included in this group is the popular pet gecko: the leopard gecko." ]
[ "eastern and southwestern Asia where they are found in arid and semiarid habitats" ]
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Sun
Sun - wikipedia Sun Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the star . For other uses , see Sun ( disambiguation ) . The Sun Sun with sunspots and limb darkening as seen in visible light with solar filter . Observation data Mean distance from Earth 1 au ≈ 7011149600000000000 ♠ 1.496 × 10 km 8 min 19 s at light speed Visual brightness ( V ) − 26.74 Absolute magnitude 4.83 Spectral classification G2V Metallicity Z = 0.0122 Angular size 31.6 -- 32.7 minutes of arc Adjectives Solar Orbital characteristics Mean distance from Milky Way core ≈ 7020270000000000000 ♠ 2.7 × 10 km 7004272000000000000 ♠ 27,200 light - years Galactic period ( 2.25 -- 2.50 ) × 10 yr Velocity ≈ 7005220000000000000 ♠ 220 km / s ( orbit around the center of the Milky Way ) ≈ 7004200000000000000 ♠ 20 km / s ( relative to average velocity of other stars in stellar neighborhood ) ≈ 7005370000000000000 ♠ 370 km / s ( relative to the cosmic microwave background ) Physical characteristics Equatorial radius 695,700 km , 696,392 km 7002109000000000000 ♠ 109 × Earth Equatorial circumference 7009437900000000000 ♠ 4.379 × 10 km 109 × Earth Flattening 6994900000000000000 ♠ 9 × 10 Surface area 7018609000000000000 ♠ 6.09 × 10 km 7004120000000000000 ♠ 12,000 × Earth Volume 7027141000000000000 ♠ 1.41 × 10 km 7006130000000000000 ♠ 1,300,000 × Earth Mass 7030198855000000000 ♠ ( 1.988 55 ± 0.000 25 ) × 10 kg 7005333000000000000 ♠ 333,000 × Earth Average density 7003140800000000000 ♠ 1.408 g / cm 6999255000000000000 ♠ 0.255 × Earth Center density ( modeled ) 7005162200000000000 ♠ 162.2 g / cm 7001124000000000000 ♠ 12.4 × Earth Equatorial surface gravity 7002274000000000000 ♠ 274.0 m / s 7001279400000000000 ♠ 27.94 g 7004275422900000000 ♠ 27,542.29 cgs 28 × Earth Moment of inertia factor 6998700000000000000 ♠ 0.070 ( estimate ) Escape velocity ( from the surface ) 7005617700000000000 ♠ 617.7 km / s 55 × Earth Temperature Center ( modeled ) : 7007157000000000000 ♠ 1.57 × 10 K Photosphere ( effective ) : 7003577200000000000 ♠ 5,772 K Corona : ≈ 7006500000000000000 ♠ 5 × 10 K Luminosity ( L ) 7026382800000000000 ♠ 3.828 × 10 W ≈ 7028375000000000000 ♠ 3.75 × 10 lm ≈ 7001980000000000000 ♠ 98 lm / W efficacy Mean radiance ( I ) 7007200900000000000 ♠ 2.009 × 10 W m sr Age ≈ 4.6 billion years Rotation characteristics Obliquity 7.25 ° ( to the ecliptic ) 67.23 ° ( to the galactic plane ) Right ascension of North pole 286.13 ° 19 h 4 min 30 s Declination of North pole + 63.87 ° 63 ° 52 ' North Sidereal rotation period ( at equator ) 25.05 d ( at 16 ° latitude ) 25.38 d 25 d 9 h 7 min 12 s ( at poles ) 34.4 d Rotation velocity ( at equator ) 7003199694444444444 ♠ 7.189 × 10 km / h Photospheric composition ( by mass ) Hydrogen 73.46 % Helium 24.85 % Oxygen 0.77 % Carbon 0.29 % Iron 0.16 % Neon 0.12 % Nitrogen 0.09 % Silicon 0.07 % Magnesium 0.05 % Sulfur 0.04 % The Sun is the star at the center of the Solar System . It is a nearly perfect sphere of hot plasma , with internal convective motion that generates a magnetic field via a dynamo process . It is by far the most important source of energy for life on Earth . Its diameter is about 1.39 million kilometers , i.e. 109 times that of Earth , and its mass is about 330,000 times that of Earth , accounting for about 99.86 % of the total mass of the Solar System . About three quarters of the Sun 's mass consists of hydrogen ( ~ 73 % ) ; the rest is mostly helium ( ~ 25 % ) , with much smaller quantities of heavier elements , including oxygen , carbon , neon , and iron . The Sun is a G - type main - sequence star ( G2V ) based on its spectral class . As such , it is informally and not completely accurately referred to as a yellow dwarf ( its light is closer to white than yellow ) . It formed approximately 4.6 billion years ago from the gravitational collapse of matter within a region of a large molecular cloud . Most of this matter gathered in the center , whereas the rest flattened into an orbiting disk that became the Solar System . The central mass became so hot and dense that it eventually initiated nuclear fusion in its core . It is thought that almost all stars form by this process . The Sun is roughly middle - aged ; it has not changed dramatically for more than four billion years , and will remain fairly stable for more than another five billion years . It currently fuzes about 600 million tons of hydrogen into helium every second , converting 4 million tons of matter into energy every second as a result . This energy , which can take between 10,000 and 170,000 years to escape from its core , is the source of the Sun 's light and heat . In about 5 billion years , when hydrogen fusion in its core has diminished to the point at which the Sun is no longer in hydrostatic equilibrium , the core of the Sun will experience a marked increase in density and temperature while its outer layers expand to eventually become a red giant . It is calculated that the Sun will become sufficiently large to engulf the current orbits of Mercury and Venus , and render Earth uninhabitable . After this , it will shed its outer layers and become a dense type of cooling star known as a white dwarf , which no longer produces energy by fusion , but still glows and gives off heat from its previous fusion . The enormous effect of the Sun on Earth has been recognized since prehistoric times , and the Sun has been regarded by some cultures as a deity . The synodic rotation of Earth and its orbit around the Sun are the basis of solar calendars , one of which is the predominant calendar in use today . Contents ( hide ) 1 Name and etymology 1.1 Religious aspects 2 Characteristics 3 Sunlight 4 Composition 4.1 Singly ionized iron - group elements 4.2 Isotopic composition 5 Structure and energy production 5.1 Core 5.2 Radiative zone 5.3 Tachocline 5.4 Convective zone 5.5 Photosphere 5.6 Atmosphere 5.7 Photons and neutrinos 6 Magnetism and activity 6.1 Magnetic field 6.2 Variation in activity 6.3 Long - term change 7 Life phases 7.1 Formation 7.2 Main sequence 7.3 After core hydrogen exhaustion 8 Motion and location 8.1 Orbit in Milky Way 9 Theoretical problems 9.1 Coronal heating problem 9.2 Faint young Sun problem 10 History of observation 10.1 Early understanding 10.2 Development of scientific understanding 10.3 Solar space missions 11 Observation and effects 12 Planetary system 13 See also 14 Notes 15 References 16 Further reading 17 External links Name and Etymology The English proper name Sun developed from Old English sunne and may be related to south . Cognates to English sun appear in other Germanic languages , including Old Frisian sunne , sonne , Old Saxon sunna , Middle Dutch sonne , modern Dutch zon , Old High German sunna , modern German Sonne , Old Norse sunna , and Gothic sunnō . All Germanic terms for the Sun stem from Proto - Germanic * sunnōn . The Latin name for the Sun , Sol , is used at times as another name for the Sun , but is not commonly used in everyday English . Sol is also used by planetary astronomers to refer to the duration of a solar day on another planet , such as Mars . The related word solar is the usual adjectival term used for the Sun , in terms such as solar day , solar eclipse , and Solar System . A mean Earth solar day is approximately 24 hours , whereas a mean Martian ' sol ' is 24 hours , 39 minutes , and 35.244 seconds . The English weekday name Sunday stems from Old English ( Sunnandæg ; `` Sun 's day '' , from before 700 ) and is ultimately a result of a Germanic interpretation of Latin dies solis , itself a translation of the Greek ἡμέρα ἡλίου ( hēméra hēlíou ) . Religious aspects Main article : Solar deity Solar deities play a major role in many world religions and mythologies . The ancient Sumerians believed that the sun was Utu , the god of justice and twin brother of Inanna , the Queen of Heaven , who was identified as the planet Venus . Later , Utu was identified with the East Semitic god Shamash . Utu was regarded as a helper - deity , who aided those in distress , and , in iconography , he is usually portrayed with a long beard and clutching a saw , which represented his role as the dispenser of justice . From at least the 4th Dynasty of Ancient Egypt , the Sun was worshipped as the god Ra , portrayed as a falcon - headed divinity surmounted by the solar disk , and surrounded by a serpent . In the New Empire period , the Sun became identified with the dung beetle , whose spherical ball of dung was identified with the Sun . In the form of the Sun disc Aten , the Sun had a brief resurgence during the Amarna Period when it again became the preeminent , if not only , divinity for the Pharaoh Akhenaton . In Proto - Indo - European religion , the sun was personified as the goddess * Seh ul . Derivatives of this goddess in Indo - European languages include the Old Norse Sól , Sanskrit Surya , Gaulish Sulis , Lithuanian Saulė , and Slavic Solntse . In ancient Greek religion , the sun deity was the male god Helios , but traces of an earlier female solar deity are preserved in Helen of Troy . In later times , Helios was syncretized with Apollo . In the Bible , Malachi 4 : 2 mentions the `` Sun of Righteousness '' ( sometimes translated as the `` Sun of Justice '' ) , which some Christians have interpreted as a reference to the Messiah ( Christ ) . In ancient Roman culture , Sunday was the day of the Sun god . It was adopted as the Sabbath day by Christians who did not have a Jewish background . The symbol of light was a pagan device adopted by Christians , and perhaps the most important one that did not come from Jewish traditions . In paganism , the Sun was a source of life , giving warmth and illumination to mankind . It was the center of a popular cult among Romans , who would stand at dawn to catch the first rays of sunshine as they prayed . The celebration of the winter solstice ( which influenced Christmas ) was part of the Roman cult of the unconquered Sun ( Sol Invictus ) . Christian churches were built with an orientation so that the congregation faced toward the sunrise in the East . Tonatiuh , the Aztec god of the sun , was usually depicted holding arrows and a shield and was closely associated with the practice of human sacrifice . The sun goddess Amaterasu is the most important deity in the Shinto religion , and she is believed to be the direct ancestor of all Japanese emperors . Characteristics The Sun is a G - type main - sequence star that comprises about 99.86 % of the mass of the Solar System . The Sun has an absolute magnitude of + 4.83 , estimated to be brighter than about 85 % of the stars in the Milky Way , most of which are red dwarfs . The Sun is a Population I , or heavy - element - rich , star . The formation of the Sun may have been triggered by shockwaves from one or more nearby supernovae . This is suggested by a high abundance of heavy elements in the Solar System , such as gold and uranium , relative to the abundances of these elements in so - called Population II , heavy - element - poor , stars . The heavy elements could most plausibly have been produced by endothermic nuclear reactions during a supernova , or by transmutation through neutron absorption within a massive second - generation star . The Sun is by far the brightest object in the Earth 's sky , with an apparent magnitude of − 26.74 . This is about 13 billion times brighter than the next brightest star , Sirius , which has an apparent magnitude of − 1.46 . The mean distance of the Sun 's center to Earth 's center is approximately 1 astronomical unit ( about 150,000,000 km ; 93,000,000 mi ) , though the distance varies as Earth moves from perihelion in January to aphelion in July . At this average distance , light travels from the Sun 's horizon to Earth 's horizon in about 8 minutes and 19 seconds , while light from the closest points of the Sun and Earth takes about two seconds less . The energy of this sunlight supports almost all life on Earth by photosynthesis , and drives Earth 's climate and weather . The Sun does not have a definite boundary , but its density decreases exponentially with increasing height above the photosphere . For the purpose of measurement , however , the Sun 's radius is considered to be the distance from its center to the edge of the photosphere , the apparent visible surface of the Sun . By this measure , the Sun is a near - perfect sphere with an oblateness estimated at about 9 millionths , which means that its polar diameter differs from its equatorial diameter by only 10 kilometres ( 6.2 mi ) . The tidal effect of the planets is weak and does not significantly affect the shape of the Sun . The Sun rotates faster at its equator than at its poles . This differential rotation is caused by convective motion due to heat transport and the Coriolis force due to the Sun 's rotation . In a frame of reference defined by the stars , the rotational period is approximately 25.6 days at the equator and 33.5 days at the poles . Viewed from Earth as it orbits the Sun , the apparent rotational period of the Sun at its equator is about 28 days . Sunlight Main article : Sunlight The solar constant is the amount of power that the Sun deposits per unit area that is directly exposed to sunlight . The solar constant is equal to approximately 7003136800000000000 ♠ 1,368 W / m ( watts per square meter ) at a distance of one astronomical unit ( AU ) from the Sun ( that is , on or near Earth ) . Sunlight on the surface of Earth is attenuated by Earth 's atmosphere , so that less power arrives at the surface ( closer to 7003100000000000000 ♠ 1,000 W / m ) in clear conditions when the Sun is near the zenith . Sunlight at the top of Earth 's atmosphere is composed ( by total energy ) of about 50 % infrared light , 40 % visible light , and 10 % ultraviolet light . The atmosphere in particular filters out over 70 % of solar ultraviolet , especially at the shorter wavelengths . Solar ultraviolet radiation ionizes Earth 's dayside upper atmosphere , creating the electrically conducting ionosphere . The Sun 's color is white , with a CIE color - space index near ( 0.3 , 0.3 ) , when viewed from space or when the Sun is high in the sky . When measuring all the photons emitted , the Sun is actually emitting more photons in the green portion of the spectrum than any other . When the Sun is low in the sky , atmospheric scattering renders the Sun yellow , red , orange , or magenta . Despite its typical whiteness , most people mentally picture the Sun as yellow ; the reasons for this are the subject of debate . The Sun is a G2V star , with G2 indicating its surface temperature of approximately 5,778 K ( 5,505 ° C , 9,941 ° F ) , and V that it , like most stars , is a main - sequence star . The average luminance of the Sun is about 1.88 giga candela per square metre , but as viewed through Earth 's atmosphere , this is lowered to about 1.44 Gcd / m . However , the luminance is not constant across the disk of the Sun ( limb darkening ) . Composition See also : Molecules in stars The Sun is composed primarily of the chemical elements hydrogen and helium . At this time in the Sun 's life , they account for 74.9 % and 23.8 % of the mass of the Sun in the photosphere , respectively . All heavier elements , called metals in astronomy , account for less than 2 % of the mass , with oxygen ( roughly 1 % of the Sun 's mass ) , carbon ( 0.3 % ) , neon ( 0.2 % ) , and iron ( 0.2 % ) being the most abundant . The Sun 's original chemical composition was inherited from the interstellar medium out of which it formed . Originally it would have contained about 71.1 % hydrogen , 27.4 % helium , and 1.5 % heavier elements . The hydrogen and most of the helium in the Sun would have been produced by Big Bang nucleosynthesis in the first 20 minutes of the universe , and the heavier elements were produced by previous generations of stars before the Sun was formed , and spread into the interstellar medium during the final stages of stellar life and by events such as supernovae . Since the Sun formed , the main fusion process has involved fuzing hydrogen into helium . Over the past 4.6 billion years , the amount of helium and its location within the Sun has gradually changed . Within the core , the proportion of helium has increased from about 24 % to about 60 % due to fusion , and some of the helium and heavy elements have settled from the photosphere towards the center of the Sun because of gravity . The proportions of metals ( heavier elements ) is unchanged . Heat is transferred outward from the Sun 's core by radiation rather than by convection ( see Radiative zone below ) , so the fusion products are not lifted outward by heat ; they remain in the core and gradually an inner core of helium has begun to form that can not be fuzed because at this time , the Sun 's core is not hot and dense enough to fuze helium . Overall in today 's photosphere the helium fraction is reduced , and the metallicity is only 84 % of what it was in the protostellar phase ( before nuclear fusion in the core started ) . In future , helium will continue to accumulate in the core , and in about 5 billion years this gradual build - up will eventually cause the Sun to leave the main sequence and become a red giant . The chemical composition of the photosphere is normally considered representative of the composition of the primordial Solar System . The solar heavy - element abundances described above are typically measured both using spectroscopy of the Sun 's photosphere and by measuring abundances in meteorites that have never been heated to melting temperatures . These meteorites are thought to retain the composition of the protostellar Sun and are thus not affected by settling of heavy elements . The two methods generally agree well . Singly ionized iron - group elements In the 1970s , much research focused on the abundances of iron - group elements in the Sun . Although significant research was done , until 1978 it was difficult to determine the abundances of some iron - group elements ( e.g. cobalt and manganese ) via spectrography because of their hyperfine structures . The first largely complete set of oscillator strengths of singly ionized iron - group elements were made available in the 1960s , and these were subsequently improved . In 1978 , the abundances of singly ionized elements of the iron group were derived . Isotopic composition Various authors have considered the existence of a gradient in the isotopic compositions of solar and planetary noble gases , e.g. correlations between isotopic compositions of neon and xenon in the Sun and on the planets . Prior to 1983 , it was thought that the whole Sun has the same composition as the solar atmosphere . In 1983 , it was claimed that it was fractionation in the Sun itself that caused the isotopic - composition relationship between the planetary and solar - wind - implanted noble gases . Structure and energy production The structure of the Sun contains the following layers : Core - the innermost 20 - 25 % of the Sun 's radius , where temperature ( energies ) and pressure are sufficient for nuclear fusion to occur . Hydrogen fuzes into helium ( which can not currently be fuzed at this point in the Sun 's life ) . The fusion process releases energy , and the helium gradually accumulates to form an inner core of helium within the core itself . Radiative zone - convection can not occur until much nearer the surface of the Sun . Therefore between about 20 - 25 % of the radius , and 70 % of the radius , there is a `` radiative zone '' in which energy transfer occurs by means of radiation ( photons ) rather than by convection . Tachocline - the boundary region between the radiative and convective zones . Convective zone - Between about 70 % of the Sun 's radius and a point close to the visible surface , the Sun is cool and diffuse enough for convection to occur , and this becomes the primary means of outward heat transfer , similar to weather cells which form in the earth 's atmosphere . Photosphere - the deepest part of the Sun which we can directly observe with visible light . Because the Sun is a gaseous object , it does not have a clearly - defined surface ; its visible parts are usually divided into a ' photosphere ' and ' atmosphere ' . Atmosphere - a gaseous ' halo ' surrounding the Sun , comprising the chromosphere , transition region , corona and heliosphere . These can be seen when the main part of the Sun is hidden , for example , during a solar eclipse . Core Main article : Solar core The structure of the Sun The core of the Sun extends from the center to about 20 -- 25 % of the solar radius . It has a density of up to 7005150000000000000 ♠ 150 g / cm ( about 150 times the density of water ) and a temperature of close to 15.7 million kelvins ( K ) . By contrast , the Sun 's surface temperature is approximately 5,800 K. Recent analysis of SOHO mission data favors a faster rotation rate in the core than in the radiative zone above . Through most of the Sun 's life , energy has been produced by nuclear fusion in the core region through a series of steps called the p -- p ( proton -- proton ) chain ; this process converts hydrogen into helium . Only 0.8 % of the energy generated in the Sun comes from the CNO cycle , though this proportion is expected to increase as the Sun becomes older . The core is the only region in the Sun that produces an appreciable amount of thermal energy through fusion ; 99 % of the power is generated within 24 % of the Sun 's radius , and by 30 % of the radius , fusion has stopped nearly entirely . The remainder of the Sun is heated by this energy as it is transferred outwards through many successive layers , finally to the solar photosphere where it escapes into space as sunlight or the kinetic energy of particles . The proton -- proton chain occurs around 7037919999999999999 ♠ 9.2 × 10 times each second in the core , converting about 3.7 × 10 protons into alpha particles ( helium nuclei ) every second ( out of a total of ~ 8.9 × 10 free protons in the Sun ) , or about 6.2 × 10 kg / s . Fusing four free protons ( hydrogen nuclei ) into a single alpha particle ( helium nucleus ) releases around 0.7 % of the fused mass as energy , so the Sun releases energy at the mass -- energy conversion rate of 4.26 million metric tons per second ( which requires 600 metric megatons of hydrogen ) , for 384.6 yottawatts ( 7026384600000000000 ♠ 3.846 × 10 W ) , or 9.192 × 10 megatons of TNT per second . However , the large power output of the Sun is mainly due to the huge size and density of its core ( compared to earth and objects on earth ) , with only a fairly small amount of power being generated per cubic metre . Theoretical models of the Sun 's interior indicate a power density , or energy production , of approximately 276.5 watts per cubic metre , which is about the same rate of power production as takes place in reptile metabolism or a compost pile . The fusion rate in the core is in a self - correcting equilibrium : a slightly higher rate of fusion would cause the core to heat up more and expand slightly against the weight of the outer layers , reducing the density and hence the fusion rate and correcting the perturbation ; and a slightly lower rate would cause the core to cool and shrink slightly , increasing the density and increasing the fusion rate and again reverting it to its present rate . Radiative zone Main article : Radiative zone From the core out to about 0.7 solar radii , thermal radiation is the primary means of energy transfer . The temperature drops from approximately 7 million to 2 million kelvins with increasing distance from the core . This temperature gradient is less than the value of the adiabatic lapse rate and hence can not drive convection , which explains why the transfer of energy through this zone is by radiation instead of thermal convection . Ions of hydrogen and helium emit photons , which travel only a brief distance before being reabsorbed by other ions . The density drops a hundredfold ( from 20 g / cm to 0.2 g / cm ) from 0.25 solar radii to the 0.7 radii , the top of the radiative zone . Tachocline Main article : Tachocline The radiative zone and the convective zone are separated by a transition layer , the tachocline . This is a region where the sharp regime change between the uniform rotation of the radiative zone and the differential rotation of the convection zone results in a large shear between the two -- a condition where successive horizontal layers slide past one another . Presently , it is hypothesized ( see Solar dynamo ) that a magnetic dynamo within this layer generates the Sun 's magnetic field . Convective zone Main article : Convection zone The Sun 's convection zone extends from 0.7 solar radii ( 500,000 km ) to near the surface . In this layer , the solar plasma is not dense enough or hot enough to transfer the heat energy of the interior outward via radiation . Instead , the density of the plasma is low enough to allow convective currents to develop and move the Sun 's energy outward towards its surface . Material heated at the tachocline picks up heat and expands , thereby reducing its density and allowing it to rise . As a result , an orderly motion of the mass develops into thermal cells that carry the majority of the heat outward to the Sun 's photosphere above . Once the material diffusively and radiatively cools just beneath the photospheric surface , its density increases , and it sinks to the base of the convection zone , where it again picks up heat from the top of the radiative zone and the convective cycle continues . At the photosphere , the temperature has dropped to 5,700 K and the density to only 0.2 g / m ( about 1 / 6,000 the density of air at sea level ) . The thermal columns of the convection zone form an imprint on the surface of the Sun giving it a granular appearance called the solar granulation at the smallest scale and supergranulation at larger scales . Turbulent convection in this outer part of the solar interior sustains `` small - scale '' dynamo action over the near - surface volume of the Sun . The Sun 's thermal columns are Bénard cells and take the shape of hexagonal prisms . Photosphere The effective temperature , or black body temperature , of the Sun ( 5,777 K ) is the temperature a black body of the same size must have to yield the same total emissive power . Main article : Photosphere The visible surface of the Sun , the photosphere , is the layer below which the Sun becomes opaque to visible light . Above the photosphere visible sunlight is free to propagate into space , and almost all of its energy escapes the Sun entirely . The change in opacity is due to the decreasing amount of H ions , which absorb visible light easily . Conversely , the visible light we see is produced as electrons react with hydrogen atoms to produce H ions . The photosphere is tens to hundreds of kilometers thick , and is slightly less opaque than air on Earth . Because the upper part of the photosphere is cooler than the lower part , an image of the Sun appears brighter in the center than on the edge or limb of the solar disk , in a phenomenon known as limb darkening . The spectrum of sunlight has approximately the spectrum of a black - body radiating at about 6,000 K , interspersed with atomic absorption lines from the tenuous layers above the photosphere . The photosphere has a particle density of ~ 10 m ( about 0.37 % of the particle number per volume of Earth 's atmosphere at sea level ) . The photosphere is not fully ionized -- the extent of ionization is about 3 % , leaving almost all of the hydrogen in atomic form . During early studies of the optical spectrum of the photosphere , some absorption lines were found that did not correspond to any chemical elements then known on Earth . In 1868 , Norman Lockyer hypothesized that these absorption lines were caused by a new element that he dubbed helium , after the Greek Sun god Helios . Twenty - five years later , helium was isolated on Earth . Atmosphere See also : Corona and Coronal loop During a total solar eclipse , the solar corona can be seen with the naked eye , during the brief period of totality . During a total solar eclipse , when the disk of the Sun is covered by that of the Moon , parts of the Sun 's surrounding atmosphere can be seen . It is composed of four distinct parts : the chromosphere , the transition region , the corona and the heliosphere . The coolest layer of the Sun is a temperature minimum region extending to about 7005500000000000000 ♠ 500 km above the photosphere , and has a temperature of about 7003410000000000000 ♠ 4,100 K . This part of the Sun is cool enough to allow the existence of simple molecules such as carbon monoxide and water , which can be detected via their absorption spectra . The chromosphere , transition region , and corona are much hotter than the surface of the Sun . The reason is not well understood , but evidence suggests that Alfvén waves may have enough energy to heat the corona . Above the temperature minimum layer is a layer about 7006200000000000000 ♠ 2,000 km thick , dominated by a spectrum of emission and absorption lines . It is called the chromosphere from the Greek root chroma , meaning color , because the chromosphere is visible as a colored flash at the beginning and end of total solar eclipses . The temperature of the chromosphere increases gradually with altitude , ranging up to around 7004200000000000000 ♠ 20,000 K near the top . In the upper part of the chromosphere helium becomes partially ionized . Taken by Hinode 's Solar Optical Telescope on 12 January 2007 , this image of the Sun reveals the filamentary nature of the plasma connecting regions of different magnetic polarity . Above the chromosphere , in a thin ( about 200 km ) transition region , the temperature rises rapidly from around 20,000 K in the upper chromosphere to coronal temperatures closer to 1,000,000 K . The temperature increase is facilitated by the full ionization of helium in the transition region , which significantly reduces radiative cooling of the plasma . The transition region does not occur at a well - defined altitude . Rather , it forms a kind of nimbus around chromospheric features such as spicules and filaments , and is in constant , chaotic motion . The transition region is not easily visible from Earth 's surface , but is readily observable from space by instruments sensitive to the extreme ultraviolet portion of the spectrum . The corona is the next layer of the Sun . The low corona , near the surface of the Sun , has a particle density around 10 m to 10 m . The average temperature of the corona and solar wind is about 1,000,000 -- 2,000,000 K ; however , in the hottest regions it is 8,000,000 -- 20,000,000 K . Although no complete theory yet exists to account for the temperature of the corona , at least some of its heat is known to be from magnetic reconnection . The corona is the extended atmosphere of the Sun , which has a volume much larger than the volume enclosed by the Sun 's photosphere . A flow of plasma outward from the Sun into interplanetary space is the solar wind . The heliosphere , the tenuous outermost atmosphere of the Sun , is filled with the solar wind plasma . This outermost layer of the Sun is defined to begin at the distance where the flow of the solar wind becomes superalfvénic -- that is , where the flow becomes faster than the speed of Alfvén waves , at approximately 20 solar radii ( 0.1 AU ) . Turbulence and dynamic forces in the heliosphere can not affect the shape of the solar corona within , because the information can only travel at the speed of Alfvén waves . The solar wind travels outward continuously through the heliosphere , forming the solar magnetic field into a spiral shape , until it impacts the heliopause more than 50 AU from the Sun . In December 2004 , the Voyager 1 probe passed through a shock front that is thought to be part of the heliopause . In late 2012 Voyager 1 recorded a marked increase in cosmic ray collisions and a sharp drop in lower energy particles from the solar wind , which suggested that the probe had passed through the heliopause and entered the interstellar medium . Photons and neutrinos See also : solar irradiance High - energy gamma - ray photons initially released with fusion reactions in the core are almost immediately absorbed by the solar plasma of the radiative zone , usually after traveling only a few millimeters . Re-emission happens in a random direction and usually at a slightly lower energy . With this sequence of emissions and absorptions , it takes a long time for radiation to reach the Sun 's surface . Estimates of the photon travel time range between 10,000 and 170,000 years . In contrast , it takes only 2.3 seconds for the neutrinos , which account for about 2 % of the total energy production of the Sun , to reach the surface . Because energy transport in the Sun is a process that involves photons in thermodynamic equilibrium with matter , the time scale of energy transport in the Sun is longer , on the order of 30,000,000 years . This is the time it would take the Sun to return to a stable state , if the rate of energy generation in its core were suddenly changed . Neutrinos are also released by the fusion reactions in the core , but , unlike photons , they rarely interact with matter , so almost all are able to escape the Sun immediately . For many years measurements of the number of neutrinos produced in the Sun were lower than theories predicted by a factor of 3 . This discrepancy was resolved in 2001 through the discovery of the effects of neutrino oscillation : the Sun emits the number of neutrinos predicted by the theory , but neutrino detectors were missing ​ ⁄ of them because the neutrinos had changed flavor by the time they were detected . Magnetism and activity Magnetic field See also : Stellar magnetic field , Sunspots , List of solar cycles , and Solar phenomena Visible light photograph of sunspot , 13 December 2006 Butterfly diagram showing paired sunspot pattern . Graph is of sunspot area . In this false - color ultraviolet image , the Sun shows a C3 - class solar flare ( white area on upper left ) , a solar tsunami ( wave - like structure , upper right ) and multiple filaments of plasma following a magnetic field , rising from the stellar surface . The heliospheric current sheet extends to the outer reaches of the Solar System , and results from the influence of the Sun 's rotating magnetic field on the plasma in the interplanetary medium . The Sun has a magnetic field that varies across the surface of the Sun . Its polar field is 1 -- 2 gauss ( 0.0001 -- 0.0002 T ) , whereas the field is typically 3,000 gauss ( 0.3 T ) in features on the Sun called sunspots and 10 -- 100 gauss ( 0.001 -- 0.01 T ) in solar prominences . The magnetic field also varies in time and location . The quasi-periodic 11 - year solar cycle is the most prominent variation in which the number and size of sunspots waxes and wanes . Sunspots are visible as dark patches on the Sun 's photosphere , and correspond to concentrations of magnetic field where the convective transport of heat is inhibited from the solar interior to the surface . As a result , sunspots are slightly cooler than the surrounding photosphere , and , so , they appear dark . At a typical solar minimum , few sunspots are visible , and occasionally none can be seen at all . Those that do appear are at high solar latitudes . As the solar cycle progresses towards its maximum , sunspots tend form closer to the solar equator , a phenomenon known as Spörer 's law . The largest sunspots can be tens of thousands of kilometers across . An 11 - year sunspot cycle is half of a 22 - year Babcock -- Leighton dynamo cycle , which corresponds to an oscillatory exchange of energy between toroidal and poloidal solar magnetic fields . At solar - cycle maximum , the external poloidal dipolar magnetic field is near its dynamo - cycle minimum strength , but an internal toroidal quadrupolar field , generated through differential rotation within the tachocline , is near its maximum strength . At this point in the dynamo cycle , buoyant upwelling within the convective zone forces emergence of toroidal magnetic field through the photosphere , giving rise to pairs of sunspots , roughly aligned east -- west and having footprints with opposite magnetic polarities . The magnetic polarity of sunspot pairs alternates every solar cycle , a phenomenon known as the Hale cycle . During the solar cycle 's declining phase , energy shifts from the internal toroidal magnetic field to the external poloidal field , and sunspots diminish in number and size . At solar - cycle minimum , the toroidal field is , correspondingly , at minimum strength , sunspots are relatively rare , and the poloidal field is at its maximum strength . With the rise of the next 11 - year sunspot cycle , differential rotation shifts magnetic energy back from the poloidal to the toroidal field , but with a polarity that is opposite to the previous cycle . The process carries on continuously , and in an idealized , simplified scenario , each 11 - year sunspot cycle corresponds to a change , then , in the overall polarity of the Sun 's large - scale magnetic field . The solar magnetic field extends well beyond the Sun itself . The electrically conducting solar wind plasma carries the Sun 's magnetic field into space , forming what is called the interplanetary magnetic field . In an approximation known as ideal magnetohydrodynamics , plasma particles only move along the magnetic field lines . As a result , the outward - flowing solar wind stretches the interplanetary magnetic field outward , forcing it into a roughly radial structure . For a simple dipolar solar magnetic field , with opposite hemispherical polarities on either side of the solar magnetic equator , a thin current sheet is formed in the solar wind . At great distances , the rotation of the Sun twists the dipolar magnetic field and corresponding current sheet into an Archimedean spiral structure called the Parker spiral . The interplanetary magnetic field is much stronger than the dipole component of the solar magnetic field . The Sun 's dipole magnetic field of 50 -- 400 μT ( at the photosphere ) reduces with the inverse - cube of the distance to about 0.1 nT at the distance of Earth . However , according to spacecraft observations the interplanetary field at Earth 's location is around 5 nT , about a hundred times greater . The difference is due to magnetic fields generated by electrical currents in the plasma surrounding the Sun . Variation in activity Measurements from 2005 of solar cycle variation during the last 30 years The Sun 's magnetic field leads to many effects that are collectively called solar activity . Solar flares and coronal - mass ejections tend to occur at sunspot groups . Slowly changing high - speed streams of solar wind are emitted from coronal holes at the photospheric surface . Both coronal - mass ejections and high - speed streams of solar wind carry plasma and interplanetary magnetic field outward into the Solar System . The effects of solar activity on Earth include auroras at moderate to high latitudes and the disruption of radio communications and electric power . Solar activity is thought to have played a large role in the formation and evolution of the Solar System . With solar - cycle modulation of sunspot number comes a corresponding modulation of space weather conditions , including those surrounding Earth where technological systems can be affected . Long - term change Long - term secular change in sunspot number is thought , by some scientists , to be correlated with long - term change in solar irradiance , which , in turn , might influence Earth 's long - term climate . For example , in the 17th century , the solar cycle appeared to have stopped entirely for several decades ; few sunspots were observed during a period known as the Maunder minimum . This coincided in time with the era of the Little Ice Age , when Europe experienced unusually cold temperatures . Earlier extended minima have been discovered through analysis of tree rings and appear to have coincided with lower - than - average global temperatures . A recent theory claims that there are magnetic instabilities in the core of the Sun that cause fluctuations with periods of either 41,000 or 100,000 years . These could provide a better explanation of the ice ages than the Milankovitch cycles . Life phases Main articles : Formation and evolution of the Solar System and Stellar evolution The Sun today is roughly halfway through the most stable part of its life . It has not changed dramatically for over four billion years , and will remain fairly stable for more than five billion more . However , after hydrogen fusion in its core has stopped , the Sun will undergo severe changes , both internally and externally . Formation The Sun formed about 4.6 billion years ago from the collapse of part of a giant molecular cloud that consisted mostly of hydrogen and helium and that probably gave birth to many other stars . This age is estimated using computer models of stellar evolution and through nucleocosmochronology . The result is consistent with the radiometric date of the oldest Solar System material , at 4.567 billion years ago . Studies of ancient meteorites reveal traces of stable daughter nuclei of short - lived isotopes , such as iron - 60 , that form only in exploding , short - lived stars . This indicates that one or more supernovae must have occurred near the location where the Sun formed . A shock wave from a nearby supernova would have triggered the formation of the Sun by compressing the matter within the molecular cloud and causing certain regions to collapse under their own gravity . As one fragment of the cloud collapsed it also began to rotate because of conservation of angular momentum and heat up with the increasing pressure . Much of the mass became concentrated in the center , whereas the rest flattened out into a disk that would become the planets and other Solar System bodies . Gravity and pressure within the core of the cloud generated a lot of heat as it accreted more matter from the surrounding disk , eventually triggering nuclear fusion . Thus , the Sun was born . Main sequence Evolution of the Sun 's luminosity , radius and effective temperature compared to the present Sun . After Ribas ( 2010 ) The Sun is about halfway through its main - sequence stage , during which nuclear fusion reactions in its core fuse hydrogen into helium . Each second , more than four million tonnes of matter are converted into energy within the Sun 's core , producing neutrinos and solar radiation . At this rate , the Sun has so far converted around 100 times the mass of Earth into energy , about 0.03 % of the total mass of the Sun . The Sun will spend a total of approximately 10 billion years as a main - sequence star . The Sun is gradually becoming hotter during its time on the main sequence , because the helium atoms in the core occupy less volume than the hydrogen atoms that were fused . The core is therefore shrinking , allowing the outer layers of the Sun to move closer to the centre and experience a stronger gravitational force , according to the inverse - square law . This stronger force increases the pressure on the core , which is resisted by a gradual increase in the rate at which fusion occurs . This process speeds up as the core gradually becomes denser . It is estimated that the Sun has become 30 % brighter in the last 4.5 billion years . At present , it is increasing in brightness by about 1 % every 100 million years . After core hydrogen exhaustion The size of the current Sun ( now in the main sequence ) compared to its estimated size during its red - giant phase in the future The Sun does not have enough mass to explode as a supernova . Instead it will exit the main sequence in approximately 5 billion years and start to turn into a red giant . As a red giant , the Sun will grow so large that it will engulf Mercury , Venus , and probably Earth . Even before it becomes a red giant , the luminosity of the Sun will have nearly doubled , and Earth will receive as much sunlight as Venus receives today . Once the core hydrogen is exhausted in 5.4 billion years , the Sun will expand into a subgiant phase and slowly double in size over about half a billion years . It will then expand more rapidly over about half a billion years until it is over two hundred times larger than today and a couple of thousand times more luminous . This then starts the red - giant - branch phase where the Sun will spend around a billion years and lose around a third of its mass . Evolution of a Sun - like star . The track of a one solar mass star on the Hertzsprung -- Russell diagram is shown from the main sequence to the post-asymptotic - giant - branch stage . After the red - giant branch the Sun has approximately 120 million years of active life left , but much happens . First , the core , full of degenerate helium ignites violently in the helium flash , where it is estimated that 6 % of the core , itself 40 % of the Sun 's mass , will be converted into carbon within a matter of minutes through the triple - alpha process . The Sun then shrinks to around 10 times its current size and 50 times the luminosity , with a temperature a little lower than today . It will then have reached the red clump or horizontal branch , but a star of the Sun 's mass does not evolve blueward along the horizontal branch . Instead , it just becomes moderately larger and more luminous over about 100 million years as it continues to burn helium in the core . When the helium is exhausted , the Sun will repeat the expansion it followed when the hydrogen in the core was exhausted , except that this time it all happens faster , and the Sun becomes larger and more luminous . This is the asymptotic - giant - branch phase , and the Sun is alternately burning hydrogen in a shell or helium in a deeper shell . After about 20 million years on the early asymptotic giant branch , the Sun becomes increasingly unstable , with rapid mass loss and thermal pulses that increase the size and luminosity for a few hundred years every 100,000 years or so . The thermal pulses become larger each time , with the later pulses pushing the luminosity to as much as 5,000 times the current level and the radius to over 1 AU . According to a 2008 model , Earth 's orbit is shrinking due to tidal forces ( and , eventually , drag from the lower chromosphere ) , so that it will be engulfed by the Sun near the tip of the red giant branch phase , 1 and 3.8 million years after Mercury and Venus have respectively suffered the same fate . Models vary depending on the rate and timing of mass loss . Models that have higher mass loss on the red - giant branch produce smaller , less luminous stars at the tip of the asymptotic giant branch , perhaps only 2,000 times the luminosity and less than 200 times the radius . For the Sun , four thermal pulses are predicted before it completely loses its outer envelope and starts to make a planetary nebula . By the end of that phase -- lasting approximately 500,000 years -- the Sun will only have about half of its current mass . The post-asymptotic - giant - branch evolution is even faster . The luminosity stays approximately constant as the temperature increases , with the ejected half of the Sun 's mass becoming ionised into a planetary nebula as the exposed core reaches 30,000 K . The final naked core , a white dwarf , will have a temperature of over 100,000 K , and contain an estimated 54.05 % of the Sun 's present day mass . The planetary nebula will disperse in about 10,000 years , but the white dwarf will survive for trillions of years before fading to a hypothetical black dwarf . Motion and location Illustration of the Milky Way , showing the location of the Sun The Sun lies close to the inner rim of the Milky Way 's Orion Arm , in the Local Interstellar Cloud or the Gould Belt , at a distance of 7.5 -- 8.5 kpc ( 25,000 -- 28,000 light - years ) from the Galactic Center . The Sun is contained within the Local Bubble , a space of rarefied hot gas , possibly produced by the supernova remnant Geminga , or multiple supernovae in subgroup B1 of the Pleiades moving group . The distance between the local arm and the next arm out , the Perseus Arm , is about 6,500 light - years . The Sun , and thus the Solar System , is found in what scientists call the galactic habitable zone . The Apex of the Sun 's Way , or the solar apex , is the direction that the Sun travels relative to other nearby stars . This motion is towards a point in the constellation Hercules , near the star Vega . Of the 50 nearest stellar systems within 17 light - years from Earth ( the closest being the red dwarf Proxima Centauri at approximately 4.2 light - years ) , the Sun ranks fourth in mass . Orbit in Milky Way The Sun orbits the center of the Milky Way , and it is presently moving in the direction of the constellation of Cygnus . A simple model of the motion of a star in the galaxy gives the galactic coordinates X , Y , and Z as : X ( t ) = X ( 0 ) + U ( 0 ) κ sin ⁡ ( κ t ) + V ( 0 ) 2 B ( 1 − cos ⁡ ( κ t ) ) ( \ displaystyle X ( t ) = X ( 0 ) + ( \ frac ( U ( 0 ) ) ( \ kappa ) ) \ sin ( \ kappa t ) + ( \ frac ( V ( 0 ) ) ( 2B ) ) ( 1 - \ cos ( \ kappa t ) ) ) Y ( t ) = Y ( 0 ) + 2 A ( X ( 0 ) + V ( 0 ) 2 B ) t − Ω 0 B κ V ( 0 ) sin ⁡ ( κ t ) + 2 Ω 0 κ 2 U ( 0 ) ( 1 − cos ⁡ ( κ t ) ) ( \ displaystyle Y ( t ) = Y ( 0 ) + 2A \ left ( X ( 0 ) + ( \ frac ( V ( 0 ) ) ( 2B ) ) \ right ) t - ( \ frac ( \ Omega _ ( 0 ) ) ( B \ kappa ) ) V ( 0 ) \ sin ( \ kappa t ) + ( \ frac ( 2 \ Omega _ ( 0 ) ) ( \ kappa ^ ( 2 ) ) ) U ( 0 ) ( 1 - \ cos ( \ kappa t ) ) ) Z ( t ) = W ( 0 ) ν sin ⁡ ( ν t ) + Z ( 0 ) cos ⁡ ( ν t ) ( \ displaystyle Z ( t ) = ( \ frac ( W ( 0 ) ) ( \ nu ) ) \ sin ( \ nu t ) + Z ( 0 ) \ cos ( \ nu t ) ) where U , V , and W are the respective velocities with respect to the local standard of rest , A and B are the Oort constants , Ω 0 = A − B ( \ displaystyle \ Omega _ ( 0 ) = A-B ) is the angular velocity of galactic rotation for the local standard of rest , κ = − 4 Ω 0 B ( \ displaystyle \ kappa = ( \ sqrt ( - 4 \ Omega _ ( 0 ) B ) ) ) is the `` epicyclic frequency '' , and ν is the vertical oscillation frequency . For the sun , the present values of U , V , and W are estimated as ( U ( 0 ) , V ( 0 ) , W ( 0 ) ) = ( 10.00 , 5.25 , 7.17 ) ( \ displaystyle ( U ( 0 ) , V ( 0 ) , W ( 0 ) ) = ( 10.00 , 5.25 , 7.17 ) ) km / s , and estimates for the other constants are A = 15.5 km / s / kpc , B = − 12.2 km / s / kpc , κ = 37 km / s / kpc , and ν = 74 km / s / kpc . We take X ( 0 ) and Y ( 0 ) to be zero and Z ( 0 ) is estimated to be 17 parsecs . This model implies that the sun circulates around a point that is itself going around the galaxy . The period of the sun 's circulation around the point is 2 π / κ ( \ displaystyle 2 \ pi / \ kappa ) . which , using the equivalence that a parsec equals 1 km / s times 0.978 million years , comes to 166 million years , shorter than the time it takes for the point to go around the galaxy . In the ( X , Y ) coordinates , the sun describes an ellipse around the point , whose length in the Y direction is 2 × ( 2 Ω 0 κ 2 U ( 0 ) ) 2 + ( Ω 0 B κ V ( 0 ) ) 2 = 1035 parsec . ( \ displaystyle 2 \ times ( \ sqrt ( \ left ( ( \ frac ( 2 \ Omega _ ( 0 ) ) ( \ kappa ^ ( 2 ) ) ) U ( 0 ) \ right ) ^ ( 2 ) + \ left ( ( \ frac ( \ Omega _ ( 0 ) ) ( B \ kappa ) ) V ( 0 ) \ right ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) = 1035 ( \ text ( parsec ) ) . ) and whose width in the X direction is 2 × ( U ( 0 ) κ ) 2 + ( V ( 0 ) 2 B ) 2 = 691 parsec ( \ displaystyle 2 \ times ( \ sqrt ( \ left ( ( \ frac ( U ( 0 ) ) ( \ kappa ) ) \ right ) ^ ( 2 ) + \ left ( ( \ frac ( V ( 0 ) ) ( 2B ) ) \ right ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) = 691 ( \ text ( parsec ) ) ) The ratio of length to width of this ellipse , the same for all stars in our neighborhood , is 2 Ω / κ ≈ 1.50 . ( \ displaystyle 2 \ Omega / \ kappa \ approx 1.50 . ) The moving point is presently at X = V ( 0 ) 2 B = − 215 parsec ( \ displaystyle X = ( \ frac ( V ( 0 ) ) ( 2B ) ) = - 215 ( \ text ( parsec ) ) ) Y = 2 Ω 0 κ 2 U ( 0 ) = 405 parsec . ( \ displaystyle Y = ( \ frac ( 2 \ Omega _ ( 0 ) ) ( \ kappa ^ ( 2 ) ) ) U ( 0 ) = 405 ( \ text ( parsec ) ) . ) The oscillation in the Z direction takes the sun ( W ( 0 ) ν ) 2 + Z ( 0 ) 2 = 98 parsec ( \ displaystyle ( \ sqrt ( \ left ( ( \ frac ( W ( 0 ) ) ( \ nu ) ) \ right ) ^ ( 2 ) + Z ( 0 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) = 98 ( \ text ( parsec ) ) ) above the galactic plane and the same distance below it , with a period of 2 π / ν ( \ displaystyle 2 \ pi / \ nu ) or 83 million years , approximately 2.7 times per orbit . Although 2 π / Ω 0 ( \ displaystyle 2 \ pi / \ Omega _ ( 0 ) ) is 222 million years , the value of Ω ( \ displaystyle \ Omega ) at the point around which the sun circulates is Ω ≈ Ω 0 − 2 A R 0 Δ X ≈ 26.1 km / s / kpc ( \ displaystyle \ Omega \ approx \ Omega _ ( 0 ) - ( \ frac ( 2A ) ( R_ ( 0 ) ) ) \ Delta X \ approx 26.1 ( \ text ( km / s / kpc ) ) ) ( see Oort constants ) , corresponding to 235 million years , and this is the time that the point takes to go once around the galaxy . Other stars with the same value of X + V / ( 2 B ) ( \ displaystyle X + V / ( 2B ) ) have take the same amount of time to go around the galaxy as the sun and thus remain in the same general vicinity as the sun . The Sun 's orbit around the Milky Way is perturbed due to the non-uniform mass distribution in Milky Way , such as that in and between the galactic spiral arms . It has been argued that the Sun 's passage through the higher density spiral arms often coincides with mass extinctions on Earth , perhaps due to increased impact events . It takes the Solar System about 225 -- 250 million years to complete one orbit through the Milky Way ( a galactic year ) , so it is thought to have completed 20 -- 25 orbits during the lifetime of the Sun . The orbital speed of the Solar System about the center of the Milky Way is approximately 251 km / s ( 156 mi / s ) . At this speed , it takes around 1,190 years for the Solar System to travel a distance of 1 light - year , or 7 days to travel 1 AU . The Milky Way is moving with respect to the cosmic microwave background radiation ( CMB ) in the direction of the constellation Hydra with a speed of 550 km / s , and the Sun 's resultant velocity with respect to the CMB is about 370 km / s in the direction of Crater or Leo . Theoretical problems Map of the full Sun by STEREO and SDO spacecraft Coronal heating problem Main article : Corona The temperature of the photosphere is approximately 6,000 K , whereas the temperature of the corona reaches 1,000,000 -- 2,000,000 K . The high temperature of the corona shows that it is heated by something other than direct heat conduction from the photosphere . It is thought that the energy necessary to heat the corona is provided by turbulent motion in the convection zone below the photosphere , and two main mechanisms have been proposed to explain coronal heating . The first is wave heating , in which sound , gravitational or magnetohydrodynamic waves are produced by turbulence in the convection zone . These waves travel upward and dissipate in the corona , depositing their energy in the ambient matter in the form of heat . The other is magnetic heating , in which magnetic energy is continuously built up by photospheric motion and released through magnetic reconnection in the form of large solar flares and myriad similar but smaller events -- nanoflares . Currently , it is unclear whether waves are an efficient heating mechanism . All waves except Alfvén waves have been found to dissipate or refract before reaching the corona . In addition , Alfvén waves do not easily dissipate in the corona . Current research focus has therefore shifted towards flare heating mechanisms . Faint young Sun problem Main article : Faint young Sun paradox Theoretical models of the Sun 's development suggest that 3.8 to 2.5 billion years ago , during the Archean eon , the Sun was only about 75 % as bright as it is today . Such a weak star would not have been able to sustain liquid water on Earth 's surface , and thus life should not have been able to develop . However , the geological record demonstrates that Earth has remained at a fairly constant temperature throughout its history , and that the young Earth was somewhat warmer than it is today . One theory among scientists is that the atmosphere of the young Earth contained much larger quantities of greenhouse gases ( such as carbon dioxide , methane ) than are present today , which trapped enough heat to compensate for the smaller amount of solar energy reaching it . However , examination of Archaean sediments appears inconsistent with the hypothesis of high greenhouse concentrations . Instead , the moderate temperature range may be explained by a lower surface albedo brought about by less continental area and the `` lack of biologically induced cloud condensation nuclei '' . This would have led to increased absorption of solar energy , thereby compensating for the lower solar output . History of observation The enormous effect of the Sun on Earth has been recognized since prehistoric times , and the Sun has been regarded by some cultures as a deity . Early understanding The Trundholm sun chariot pulled by a horse is a sculpture believed to be illustrating an important part of Nordic Bronze Age mythology . The sculpture is probably from around 1350 BC . It is displayed at the National Museum of Denmark . See also : The Sun in culture The Sun has been an object of veneration in many cultures throughout human history . Humanity 's most fundamental understanding of the Sun is as the luminous disk in the sky , whose presence above the horizon creates day and whose absence causes night . In many prehistoric and ancient cultures , the Sun was thought to be a solar deity or other supernatural entity . Worship of the Sun was central to civilizations such as the ancient Egyptians , the Inca of South America and the Aztecs of what is now Mexico . In religions such as Hinduism , the Sun is still considered a god . Many ancient monuments were constructed with solar phenomena in mind ; for example , stone megaliths accurately mark the summer or winter solstice ( some of the most prominent megaliths are located in Nabta Playa , Egypt ; Mnajdra , Malta and at Stonehenge , England ) ; Newgrange , a prehistoric human - built mount in Ireland , was designed to detect the winter solstice ; the pyramid of El Castillo at Chichén Itzá in Mexico is designed to cast shadows in the shape of serpents climbing the pyramid at the vernal and autumnal equinoxes . The Egyptians portrayed the god Ra as being carried across the sky in a solar barque , accompanied by lesser gods , and to the Greeks , he was Helios , carried by a chariot drawn by fiery horses . From the reign of Elagabalus in the late Roman Empire the Sun 's birthday was a holiday celebrated as Sol Invictus ( literally `` Unconquered Sun '' ) soon after the winter solstice , which may have been an antecedent to Christmas . Regarding the fixed stars , the Sun appears from Earth to revolve once a year along the ecliptic through the zodiac , and so Greek astronomers categorized it as one of the seven planets ( Greek planetes , `` wanderer '' ) ; the naming of the days of the weeks after the seven planets dates to the Roman era . Development of scientific understanding In the early first millennium BC , Babylonian astronomers observed that the Sun 's motion along the ecliptic is not uniform , though they did not know why ; it is today known that this is due to the movement of Earth in an elliptic orbit around the Sun , with Earth moving faster when it is nearer to the Sun at perihelion and moving slower when it is farther away at aphelion . One of the first people to offer a scientific or philosophical explanation for the Sun was the Greek philosopher Anaxagoras . He reasoned that it was not the chariot of Helios , but instead a giant flaming ball of metal even larger than the land of the Peloponnesus and that the Moon reflected the light of the Sun . For teaching this heresy , he was imprisoned by the authorities and sentenced to death , though he was later released through the intervention of Pericles . Eratosthenes estimated the distance between Earth and the Sun in the 3rd century BC as `` of stadia myriads 400 and 80000 '' , the translation of which is ambiguous , implying either 4,080,000 stadia ( 755,000 km ) or 804,000,000 stadia ( 148 to 153 million kilometers or 0.99 to 1.02 AU ) ; the latter value is correct to within a few percent . In the 1st century AD , Ptolemy estimated the distance as 1,210 times the radius of Earth , approximately 7.71 million kilometers ( 0.0515 AU ) . The theory that the Sun is the center around which the planets orbit was first proposed by the ancient Greek Aristarchus of Samos in the 3rd century BC , and later adopted by Seleucus of Seleucia ( see Heliocentrism ) . This view was developed in a more detailed mathematical model of a heliocentric system in the 16th century by Nicolaus Copernicus . Observations of sunspots were recorded during the Han Dynasty ( 206 BC -- AD 220 ) by Chinese astronomers , who maintained records of these observations for centuries . Averroes also provided a description of sunspots in the 12th century . The invention of the telescope in the early 17th century permitted detailed observations of sunspots by Thomas Harriot , Galileo Galilei and other astronomers . Galileo posited that sunspots were on the surface of the Sun rather than small objects passing between Earth and the Sun . Arabic astronomical contributions include Albatenius ' discovery that the direction of the Sun 's apogee ( the place in the Sun 's orbit against the fixed stars where it seems to be moving slowest ) is changing . ( In modern heliocentric terms , this is caused by a gradual motion of the aphelion of the Earth 's orbit ) . Ibn Yunus observed more than 10,000 entries for the Sun 's position for many years using a large astrolabe . Sol , the Sun , from a 1550 edition of Guido Bonatti 's Liber astronomiae . From an observation of a transit of Venus in 1032 , the Persian astronomer and polymath Avicenna concluded that Venus is closer to Earth than the Sun . In 1672 Giovanni Cassini and Jean Richer determined the distance to Mars and were thereby able to calculate the distance to the Sun . In 1666 , Isaac Newton observed the Sun 's light using a prism , and showed that it is made up of light of many colors . In 1800 , William Herschel discovered infrared radiation beyond the red part of the solar spectrum . The 19th century saw advancement in spectroscopic studies of the Sun ; Joseph von Fraunhofer recorded more than 600 absorption lines in the spectrum , the strongest of which are still often referred to as Fraunhofer lines . In the early years of the modern scientific era , the source of the Sun 's energy was a significant puzzle . Lord Kelvin suggested that the Sun is a gradually cooling liquid body that is radiating an internal store of heat . Kelvin and Hermann von Helmholtz then proposed a gravitational contraction mechanism to explain the energy output , but the resulting age estimate was only 20 million years , well short of the time span of at least 300 million years suggested by some geological discoveries of that time . In 1890 Joseph Lockyer , who discovered helium in the solar spectrum , proposed a meteoritic hypothesis for the formation and evolution of the Sun . Not until 1904 was a documented solution offered . Ernest Rutherford suggested that the Sun 's output could be maintained by an internal source of heat , and suggested radioactive decay as the source . However , it would be Albert Einstein who would provide the essential clue to the source of the Sun 's energy output with his mass - energy equivalence relation E = mc . In 1920 , Sir Arthur Eddington proposed that the pressures and temperatures at the core of the Sun could produce a nuclear fusion reaction that merged hydrogen ( protons ) into helium nuclei , resulting in a production of energy from the net change in mass . The preponderance of hydrogen in the Sun was confirmed in 1925 by Cecilia Payne using the ionization theory developed by Meghnad Saha , an Indian physicist . The theoretical concept of fusion was developed in the 1930s by the astrophysicists Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar and Hans Bethe . Hans Bethe calculated the details of the two main energy - producing nuclear reactions that power the Sun . In 1957 , Margaret Burbidge , Geoffrey Burbidge , William Fowler and Fred Hoyle showed that most of the elements in the universe have been synthesized by nuclear reactions inside stars , some like the Sun . Solar Space missions See also : Solar observatory The Sun giving out a large geomagnetic storm on 1 : 29 pm , EST , 13 March 2012 Play media A lunar transit of the Sun captured during calibration of STEREO B 's ultraviolet imaging cameras The first satellites designed to observe the Sun were NASA 's Pioneers 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 and 9 , which were launched between 1959 and 1968 . These probes orbited the Sun at a distance similar to that of Earth , and made the first detailed measurements of the solar wind and the solar magnetic field . Pioneer 9 operated for a particularly long time , transmitting data until May 1983 . In the 1970s , two Helios spacecraft and the Skylab Apollo Telescope Mount provided scientists with significant new data on solar wind and the solar corona . The Helios 1 and 2 probes were U.S. -- German collaborations that studied the solar wind from an orbit carrying the spacecraft inside Mercury 's orbit at perihelion . The Skylab space station , launched by NASA in 1973 , included a solar observatory module called the Apollo Telescope Mount that was operated by astronauts resident on the station . Skylab made the first time - resolved observations of the solar transition region and of ultraviolet emissions from the solar corona . Discoveries included the first observations of coronal mass ejections , then called `` coronal transients '' , and of coronal holes , now known to be intimately associated with the solar wind . Coronal hole on the Sun forms a question mark ( 22 December 2017 ) In 1980 , the Solar Maximum Mission was launched by NASA . This spacecraft was designed to observe gamma rays , X-rays and UV radiation from solar flares during a time of high solar activity and solar luminosity . Just a few months after launch , however , an electronics failure caused the probe to go into standby mode , and it spent the next three years in this inactive state . In 1984 Space Shuttle Challenger mission STS - 41C retrieved the satellite and repaired its electronics before re-releasing it into orbit . The Solar Maximum Mission subsequently acquired thousands of images of the solar corona before re-entering Earth 's atmosphere in June 1989 . Launched in 1991 , Japan 's Yohkoh ( Sunbeam ) satellite observed solar flares at X-ray wavelengths . Mission data allowed scientists to identify several different types of flares , and demonstrated that the corona away from regions of peak activity was much more dynamic and active than had previously been supposed . Yohkoh observed an entire solar cycle but went into standby mode when an annular eclipse in 2001 caused it to lose its lock on the Sun . It was destroyed by atmospheric re-entry in 2005 . One of the most important solar missions to date has been the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory , jointly built by the European Space Agency and NASA and launched on 2 December 1995 . Originally intended to serve a two - year mission , a mission extension through 2012 was approved in October 2009 . It has proven so useful that a follow - on mission , the Solar Dynamics Observatory ( SDO ) , was launched in February 2010 . Situated at the Lagrangian point between Earth and the Sun ( at which the gravitational pull from both is equal ) , SOHO has provided a constant view of the Sun at many wavelengths since its launch . Besides its direct solar observation , SOHO has enabled the discovery of a large number of comets , mostly tiny sungrazing comets that incinerate as they pass the Sun . A solar prominence erupts in August 2012 , as captured by SDO All these satellites have observed the Sun from the plane of the ecliptic , and so have only observed its equatorial regions in detail . The Ulysses probe was launched in 1990 to study the Sun 's polar regions . It first travelled to Jupiter , to `` slingshot '' into an orbit that would take it far above the plane of the ecliptic . Once Ulysses was in its scheduled orbit , it began observing the solar wind and magnetic field strength at high solar latitudes , finding that the solar wind from high latitudes was moving at about 750 km / s , which was slower than expected , and that there were large magnetic waves emerging from high latitudes that scattered galactic cosmic rays . Elemental abundances in the photosphere are well known from spectroscopic studies , but the composition of the interior of the Sun is more poorly understood . A solar wind sample return mission , Genesis , was designed to allow astronomers to directly measure the composition of solar material . The Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory ( STEREO ) mission was launched in October 2006 . Two identical spacecraft were launched into orbits that cause them to ( respectively ) pull further ahead of and fall gradually behind Earth . This enables stereoscopic imaging of the Sun and solar phenomena , such as coronal mass ejections . The Indian Space Research Organisation has scheduled the launch of a 100 kg satellite named Aditya for 2017 -- 18 . Its main instrument will be a coronagraph for studying the dynamics of the Solar corona . Observation and effects During certain atmospheric conditions , the Sun becomes clearly visible to the naked eye , and can be observed without stress to the eyes . Click on this photo to see the full cycle of a sunset , as observed from the high plains of the Mojave Desert . The Sun , as seen from low Earth orbit overlooking the International Space Station . This sunlight is not filtered by the lower atmosphere , which blocks much of the solar spectrum The brightness of the Sun can cause pain from looking at it with the naked eye ; however , doing so for brief periods is not hazardous for normal non-dilated eyes . Looking directly at the Sun causes phosphene visual artifacts and temporary partial blindness . It also delivers about 4 milliwatts of sunlight to the retina , slightly heating it and potentially causing damage in eyes that can not respond properly to the brightness . UV exposure gradually yellows the lens of the eye over a period of years , and is thought to contribute to the formation of cataracts , but this depends on general exposure to solar UV , and not whether one looks directly at the Sun . Long - duration viewing of the direct Sun with the naked eye can begin to cause UV - induced , sunburn - like lesions on the retina after about 100 seconds , particularly under conditions where the UV light from the Sun is intense and well focused ; conditions are worsened by young eyes or new lens implants ( which admit more UV than aging natural eyes ) , Sun angles near the zenith , and observing locations at high altitude . Viewing the Sun through light - concentrating optics such as binoculars may result in permanent damage to the retina without an appropriate filter that blocks UV and substantially dims the sunlight . When using an attenuating filter to view the Sun , the viewer is cautioned to use a filter specifically designed for that use . Some improvised filters that pass UV or IR rays , can actually harm the eye at high brightness levels . Herschel wedges , also called Solar Diagonals , are effective and inexpensive for small telescopes . The sunlight that is destined for the eyepiece is reflected from an unsilvered surface of a piece of glass . Only a very small fraction of the incident light is reflected . The rest passes through the glass and leaves the instrument . If the glass breaks because of the heat , no light at all is reflected , making the device fail - safe . Simple filters made of darkened glass allow the full intensity of sunlight to pass through if they break , endangering the observer 's eyesight . Unfiltered binoculars can deliver hundreds of times as much energy as using the naked eye , possibly causing immediate damage . It is claimed that even brief glances at the midday Sun through an unfiltered telescope can cause permanent damage . Halo with sun dogs Partial solar eclipses are hazardous to view because the eye 's pupil is not adapted to the unusually high visual contrast : the pupil dilates according to the total amount of light in the field of view , not by the brightest object in the field . During partial eclipses most sunlight is blocked by the Moon passing in front of the Sun , but the uncovered parts of the photosphere have the same surface brightness as during a normal day . In the overall gloom , the pupil expands from ~ 2 mm to ~ 6 mm , and each retinal cell exposed to the solar image receives up to ten times more light than it would looking at the non-eclipsed Sun . This can damage or kill those cells , resulting in small permanent blind spots for the viewer . The hazard is insidious for inexperienced observers and for children , because there is no perception of pain : it is not immediately obvious that one 's vision is being destroyed . A sunrise During sunrise and sunset , sunlight is attenuated because of Rayleigh scattering and Mie scattering from a particularly long passage through Earth 's atmosphere , and the Sun is sometimes faint enough to be viewed comfortably with the naked eye or safely with optics ( provided there is no risk of bright sunlight suddenly appearing through a break between clouds ) . Hazy conditions , atmospheric dust , and high humidity contribute to this atmospheric attenuation . An optical phenomenon , known as a green flash , can sometimes be seen shortly after sunset or before sunrise . The flash is caused by light from the Sun just below the horizon being bent ( usually through a temperature inversion ) towards the observer . Light of shorter wavelengths ( violet , blue , green ) is bent more than that of longer wavelengths ( yellow , orange , red ) but the violet and blue light is scattered more , leaving light that is perceived as green . Ultraviolet light from the Sun has antiseptic properties and can be used to sanitize tools and water . It also causes sunburn , and has other biological effects such as the production of vitamin D and sun tanning . Ultraviolet light is strongly attenuated by Earth 's ozone layer , so that the amount of UV varies greatly with latitude and has been partially responsible for many biological adaptations , including variations in human skin color in different regions of the globe . Planetary System Main article : Solar System The Sun has eight known planets . This includes four terrestrial planets ( Mercury , Venus , Earth , and Mars ) , two gas giants ( Jupiter and Saturn ) , and two ice giants ( Uranus and Neptune ) . The Solar System also has at least five dwarf planets , an asteroid belt , numerous comets , and a large number of icy bodies which lie beyond the orbit of Neptune . See also Book : The Sun Advanced Composition Explorer Antisolar point List of brightest stars Solar energy Sun dogs Sun path Sun - Earth Day Sunday Sungazing Timeline of the far future Star portal Solar System portal Notes ^ Jump up to : All numbers in this article are short scale . One billion is 10 , or 1,000,000,000 . Jump up ^ In astronomical sciences , the term heavy elements ( or metals ) refers to all elements except hydrogen and helium . Jump up ^ Hydrothermal vent communities live so deep under the sea that they have no access to sunlight . Bacteria instead use sulfur compounds as an energy source , via chemosynthesis . Jump up ^ 1.88 Gcd / m is calculated from the solar illuminance of 7005128000000000000 ♠ 128 000 lux ( see sunlight ) times the square of the distance to the center of the Sun , divided by the cross sectional area of the Sun . 1.44 Gcd / m is calculated using 7004980000000000000 ♠ 98 000 lux . Jump up ^ A 50 kg adult human has a volume of about 0.05 m , which corresponds to 13.8 watts , at the volumetric power of the solar center . This is 285 kcal / day , about 10 % of the actual average caloric intake and output for humans in non-stressful conditions . Jump up ^ Earth 's atmosphere near sea level has a particle density of about 2 × 10 m . References ^ Jump up to : Williams , D.R. ( 1 July 2013 ) . `` Sun Fact Sheet '' . NASA Goddard Space Flight Center . Retrieved 12 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Zombeck , Martin V. ( 1990 ) . Handbook of Space Astronomy and Astrophysics 2nd edition . Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ Asplund , M. ; Grevesse , N. ; Sauval , A.J. ( 2006 ) . `` The new solar abundances -- Part I : the observations '' . Communications in Asteroseismology. 147 : 76 -- 79 . Bibcode : 2006CoAst. 147 ... 76A . doi : 10.1553 / cia147s76 . Jump up ^ `` Eclipse 99 : Frequently Asked Questions '' . NASA . Archived from the original on 27 May 2010 . 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Celestial objects within 0 -- 5 light - years → Primary member type Celestial objects by systems . Secondary members are listed in small print . Main - sequence stars G - type Sun ( 0 ly ) rest of Solar System α Cen ( 4.366 ± 0.007 ly ) K - type main - sequence star B red dwarf C ( Proxima Centauri ) ( 4.2430 ± 0.0017 ly ) planet b Italic are systems without known trigonometric parallax . 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where does the sun's luminosity come from
[ "The Sun is roughly middle-aged; it has not changed dramatically for more than four billion[a] years, and will remain fairly stable for more than another five billion years. It currently fuzes about 600 million tons of hydrogen into helium every second, converting 4 million tons of matter into energy every second as a result. This energy, which can take between 10,000 and 170,000 years to escape from its core, is the source of the Sun's light and heat. In about 5 billion years, when hydrogen fusion in its core has diminished to the point at which the Sun is no longer in hydrostatic equilibrium, the core of the Sun will experience a marked increase in density and temperature while its outer layers expand to eventually become a red giant. It is calculated that the Sun will become sufficiently large to engulf the current orbits of Mercury and Venus, and render Earth uninhabitable. After this, it will shed its outer layers and become a dense type of cooling star known as a white dwarf, which no longer produces energy by fusion, but still glows and gives off heat from its previous fusion." ]
[ ", converting 4 million tons of matter into energy" ]
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Philadelphia Flyers
Philadelphia Flyers - Wikipedia Philadelphia Flyers Jump to : navigation , search Philadelphia Flyers 2017 -- 18 Philadelphia Flyers season Conference Eastern Division Metropolitan Founded 1967 History Philadelphia Flyers 1967 -- present Home arena Wells Fargo Center City Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Colors Orange , black , white Media Comcast SportsNet Philadelphia The Comcast Network WCAU ( NBC 10 ) WPEN ( 97.5 The Fanatic ) WPGG ( WPG Talk Radio 104.1 ) Owner ( s ) Comcast Spectacor General manager Ron Hextall Head coach Dave Hakstol Captain Claude Giroux Minor league affiliates Lehigh Valley Phantoms ( AHL ) Reading Royals ( ECHL ) Stanley Cups 2 ( 1973 -- 74 , 1974 -- 75 ) Conference championships 8 ( 1974 -- 75 , 1975 -- 76 , 1976 -- 77 , 1979 -- 80 , 1984 -- 85 , 1986 -- 87 , 1996 -- 97 , 2009 -- 10 ) Presidents ' Trophy 0 Division championships 16 ( 1967 -- 68 , 1973 -- 74 , 1974 -- 75 , 1975 -- 76 , 1976 -- 77 , 1979 -- 80 , 1982 -- 83 , 1984 -- 85 , 1985 -- 86 , 1986 -- 87 , 1994 -- 95 , 1995 -- 96 , 1999 -- 00 , 2001 -- 02 , 2003 -- 04 , 2010 -- 11 ) Official website nhl.com/flyers The Philadelphia Flyers are a professional ice hockey team based in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . They are members of the Metropolitan Division of the Eastern Conference of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . Part of the 1967 NHL Expansion , the Flyers were the first expansion team in the post -- Original Six era to win the Stanley Cup , victorious in 1973 -- 74 and again in 1974 -- 75 . The Flyers are one the most popular teams in the NHL , and are considered to be one of the league 's iconic franchises . The team 's logo is one of the most iconic and recognizable in all of sports . The Flyers ' all - time points percentage of 57.6 % ( as of the 2016 -- 17 NHL season ) is the second - best in the NHL , behind only the Montreal Canadiens ' 59.0 % . Additionally , the Flyers have the most appearances in the conference finals of all 24 expansion teams ( 16 appearances , winning 8 ) , and they are second behind the St. Louis Blues for the most playoff appearances out of all expansion teams ( 38 out of 49 seasons ) . The Flyers have played their home games on Broad Street since their inception , first at the Spectrum from 1967 until 1996 , and then at the Wells Fargo Center from 1996 to the present . The Flyers have had rivalries with several teams over the years . Historically , their biggest adversaries have been the New York Rangers , with an intense rivalry stretching back to the 1970s . They have also waged lengthy campaigns against the New York Islanders in the 70s and 80s , the Boston Bruins , a bruising battle especially in the 1970s , the Washington Capitals , which has always been intense since their days in the Patrick Division , as well as the New Jersey Devils , with whom they traded the Atlantic Division title every season between 1994 -- 95 and 2006 -- 07 , and finally they enjoy a spirited rivalry with their cross-state brethren , the Pittsburgh Penguins , which is considered to be the best rivalry in the league . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 NHL in Philadelphia before 1967 1.2 1966 : Ed Snider brings hockey back to Philadelphia 1.3 1967 -- 1972 : Early days 1.4 1972 -- 1979 : Broad Street Bullies 1.4. 1 Back to back Stanley Cups 1.5 1979 -- 1989 : A new generation takes over 1.6 1989 -- 1997 : Rebuilding a winning team 1.7 1997 -- 2007 : From highs to lows 1.8 2007 -- 2014 : Multiple makeovers 1.9 2014 -- present : The Hextall era 2 Logo and Uniforms 2.1 Colors , name and logo 2.2 Jerseys 2.3 Short - lived additions 3 Players and personnel 3.1 Current roster 3.2 Team captains 3.3 Head coaches 3.4 General managers 3.5 Honored members 3.5. 1 Hall of Famers 3.5. 2 Retired numbers 3.5. 3 Flyers Hall of Fame 4 Team records 4.1 Season - by - season record 4.2 Statistical leaders 4.2. 1 Scoring 4.2. 2 Goaltending 4.3 Single season records 4.3. 1 Regular season 4.3. 2 Playoffs 4.3. 3 Team 5 Radio and television 6 See also 7 References 7.1 Footnotes 8 External links History ( edit ) NHL in Philadelphia before 1967 ( edit ) 1930 -- 31 Philadelphia Quakers team photo . Prior to 1967 Philadelphia had only iced a team in the NHL for one season when the financially struggling Pittsburgh Pirates re-located there in 1930 and played as the Quakers at The Arena at 46th and Market Streets . The club , which like the Flyers was garbed in orange and black , was coached by J. Cooper Smeaton , who was be elected to the Hockey Hall of Fame 30 years later in his far more notable role as an NHL referee . Among the young Quakers ' skaters in 1930 -- 31 was another future Hall of Famer in 19 - year - old rookie center Syd Howe . The Quakers ' only `` claim to fame '' was to establish a single season NHL record for futility which has stood ever since by compiling a dismal record of 4 -- 36 -- 4 , still the fewest games ever won in a season by an NHL club . The Quakers quietly suspended operations after that single dreadful campaign to again leave the Can - Am League 's Philadelphia Arrows as Philadelphia 's lone hockey team . The Quakers ' dormant NHL franchise was finally canceled by the League in 1936 . ) In 1946 , a group led by Montreal and Philadelphia sportsman Len Peto announced plans to put another NHL team in Philadelphia , to build a $2.5 million rink to seat 20,000 where stood the old Baker Bowl and to acquire the franchise of the old Montreal Maroons . The latter was held by the Canadian Arena Company , owner of the Montreal Canadiens . Peto 's group , however , was unable to raise funding for the new arena project by the League - imposed deadline , and the NHL cancelled the Maroons franchise . 1966 : Ed Snider brings Hockey back to Philadelphia ( edit ) While attending a basketball game on November 29 , 1964 , at the Boston Garden , Ed Snider , the then - vice-president of the Philadelphia Eagles , observed a crowd of Boston Bruins fans lining up to purchase tickets to see a last - place ice hockey team . He began making plans for a new arena upon hearing the NHL was looking to expand due to fears of a competing league taking hold on the West Coast and the desire for a new television contract in the United States . Snider made his proposal to the League , which chose the Philadelphia group -- including Snider , Bill Putnam , Jerome Schiff and Philadelphia Eagles owner Jerry Wolman -- over the Baltimore group . On April 4 , 1966 , Putnam announced a name - the - team contest . Details of the contest were released on July 12 . The team name was announced on August 3 . 1967 -- 1972 : early days ( edit ) The new teams were hampered by restrictive rules that kept all major talent with the `` Original Six '' teams . In the NHL Expansion Draft , most of the players available were either aging veterans or career minor - leaguers before expansion occurred . Among the Flyers ' 20 selections were Bernie Parent , Doug Favell , Bill Sutherland , Ed Van Impe , Joe Watson , Lou Angotti , Leon Rochefort and Gary Dornhoefer . Having purchased the minor - league Quebec Aces , the team had a distinctly francophone flavor in its early years , with Parent , Rochefort , Andre Lacroix , Serge Bernier , Jean - Guy Gendron , Simon Nolet and Rosaire Paiement among others . Beginning play in 1967 -- 68 , the Philadelphia Flyers made their debut on October 11 , 1967 , losing 5 -- 1 on the road to the California Seals . They won their first game a week later , defeating the St. Louis Blues on the road , 2 -- 1 . The Flyers made their home debut in front of a crowd of 7,812 , shutting out their intrastate rivals , the Pittsburgh Penguins , 1 -- 0 on October 19 . Lou Angotti was named the first captain in Flyers history , while Rochefort was the Flyers ' top goal scorer after netting a total of 21 goals . With all six expansion teams grouped into the same division , the Flyers were able to win the division with a sub -. 500 record despite being forced to play their last seven home games on the road due to a storm blowing parts of the Spectrum 's roof off . Playoff success , however , did not come so quickly , as the Flyers were upset by St. Louis in a first round , seven - game series . Flyers founder Ed Snider was credited for bringing hockey back to Philadelphia . Angotti left the team in the off - season and was replaced by Van Impe as team captain . Led by Van Impe and the team - leading 24 goals of Andre Lacroix , the Flyers struggled during their sophomore season by finishing 15 games under . 500 . Despite their poor regular season showing in 1968 -- 69 , they made the playoffs . They again lost to St. Louis , however , this time being dispatched in a four - game sweep . Not wanting his team to be physically outmatched again , majority owner Ed Snider instructed General Manager Bud Poile to acquire bigger , tougher players . While Head Coach Keith Allen soon after replaced Poile as GM , this mandate eventually led to one of the most feared teams to ever take the ice in the NHL . The keystone of those teams was acquired when the Flyers took a chance on a 19 - year - old diabetic from Flin Flon , Manitoba , Bobby Clarke , with their second draft pick , 17th overall , in the 1969 NHL Amateur Draft . Keeping to Snider 's mandate , the team also drafted future enforcer Dave Schultz 52nd overall . By the time training camp came around , it was clear that Clarke was the team 's best player , and he quickly became a fan favorite . His 15 goals and 31 assists in his rookie season earned him a trip to the NHL All - Star Game . Despite his arrival , the team struggled in 1969 -- 70 , recording only 17 wins -- the fewest in franchise history ( as of completion of the 2012 -- 13 season -- and set the NHL team record for most ties ( 24 ) . They lost the tiebreaker for the final playoff spot to Oakland , missing the playoffs for the first time . On December 11 , 1969 , the Flyers introduced what became one of the team 's best - known traditions : playing a recording of Kate Smith singing `` God Bless America '' instead of `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' before important games . The perception was that the team was more successful on these occasions , so the tradition grew . The move was initially done by Flyers Promotion Director Lou Scheinfeld as a way to defray national tensions at the time of the Vietnam War : Scheinfeld noticed that people regularly left their seats and walked around during the anthem , but showed more respect and often sang along to `` God Bless America . '' To this day , the team plays the song before major playoff games , currently with Lauren Hart , daughter of Hall of Fame Flyers broadcaster Gene Hart , performing the first part of the song , a recording of Smith singing the second part , and Lauren Hart joining the recording for the finale . As of the close of the 2016 -- 17 season , the Flyers have a record of 100 -- 29 -- 5 when `` God Bless America '' is sung prior to Flyers home games . In 1970 -- 71 , the Flyers returned to the playoffs , but were swept by the Chicago Black Hawks in the first round . Even though the team had improved their record in his second season behind the bench , Head Coach Vic Stasiuk was replaced by Fred Shero in the off - season . Clarke continued to progress as he led the team in scoring in 1971 -- 72 and became the first Flyer to win an NHL award , the Bill Masterton Memorial Trophy for perseverance , sportsmanship and dedication to hockey . However , in the season 's final game , the Flyers needed a win or a tie against the second - year Buffalo Sabres to beat out Pittsburgh for the final playoff spot . The score was tied late in the game , but with just four seconds on the clock , former Flyer Gerry Meehan took a shot from just inside the blue line that eluded Flyers goaltender Doug Favell . The Flyers lost the tiebreaker to Pittsburgh and missed the playoffs . As it turned out , it was the last time the Flyers missed the playoffs for 18 years . 1972 -- 1979 : Broad Street Bullies ( edit ) See also : 1974 Stanley Cup Finals , 1975 Stanley Cup Finals , and 1976 Stanley Cup Finals `` Broad Street Bullies '' redirects here . For the documentary , see Broad Street Bullies ( film ) . Statue depicting Gary Dornhoefer 's overtime goal during the 1973 Stanley Cup playoffs . It was during the 1972 -- 73 season that the Flyers shed the mediocre expansion team label and became the intimidating Broad Street Bullies , a nickname coined by Jack Chevalier and Pete Cafone of the Philadelphia Bulletin on January 3 , 1973 after a 3 -- 1 brawling victory over the Atlanta Flames that led Chevalier to write in his game account , `` The image of the fightin ' Flyers spreading gradually around the NHL , and people are dreaming up wild nicknames . They 're the Mean Machine , the Bullies of Broad Street and Freddy 's Philistines . '' Cafone wrote the accompanying headline , `` Broad Street Bullies Muscle Atlanta . '' That same month , Clarke was the youngest player ( at that time ) in NHL history to be named team captain , replacing Ed Van Impe . Rick MacLeish became the first Flyer to score 50 goals in a season and the Flyers recorded their first winning season . An overtime goal by Gary Dornhoefer in Game 5 turned the tide of their first round series with the Minnesota North Stars in the Flyers ' favor , as the Flyers got their first playoff series win in six games . They were outmatched in the semi-finals by the Montreal Canadiens , however , losing in five games . After the season , Clarke was awarded the Hart Memorial Trophy as the NHL 's Most Valuable Player . Back to back Stanley cups ( edit ) Goaltender Bernie Parent returned to the franchise in the off - season , and the Flyers proved that the expansion teams could challenge the Original Six in 1973 -- 74 . The Bullies continued their rough - and - tumble ways , led by Dave Schultz 's 348 penalty minutes , and reached the top of the West Division with a record of 50 -- 16 -- 12 . The return of Parent proved to be of great benefit , as he established himself as one of if not the best goaltender in the League after winning 47 games , a record which stood for 33 years . Since the Flyers , along with Chicago , allowed the fewest goals in the League , Parent also shared the Vezina Trophy with Chicago 's Tony Esposito . Bobby Clarke , pictured during the 1982 -- 83 season , was the leader of the Broad Street Bullies ; Clarke is widely acknowledged as being one of the greatest hockey players and captains of all time. . Come playoff time , the Flyers swept the Atlanta Flames in four games in the first round . In the Semi-finals , the Flyers faced the New York Rangers . The series , which saw the home team win every game , went seven games . Fortunately for the Flyers , they had home - ice advantage as they advanced to the Stanley Cup Finals by winning Game 7 and in the process made history by becoming the first expansion team to win a playoff series over an Original Six team . Their opponent , Bobby Orr and the Boston Bruins , took Game 1 in Boston , but Bobby Clarke scored an overtime goal in Game 2 to even the series . The Flyers then won Games 3 and 4 at home to take a 3 -- 1 series lead , though Boston won Game 5 to stave off elimination . That set the stage for Game 6 at the Spectrum . The Flyers picked up the lead early when Rick MacLeish scored a first period goal . Late in the game , Orr hauled down Clarke on a breakaway , a penalty which assured the Flyers of victory . Time expired as the Flyers brought the Stanley Cup to Philadelphia for the first time . Parent , having shutout Boston in Game 6 , won the Conn Smythe Trophy as the Playoff MVP . Throughout the 1973 -- 74 season , the Flyers often used a recording of Kate Smith singing `` God Bless America '' instead of the national anthem. Smith herself appeared before Game 6 to lead the crowd in the song , even miming a `` knockout punch '' after her performance . In 1974 -- 75 , Dave Schultz topped his mark from the previous season by setting an NHL record for penalty minutes with 472 . Clarke 's efforts earned him his second Hart Trophy and Parent was the lone recipient of the Vezina Trophy . The Flyers as a team improved their record slightly with a mark of 51 -- 18 -- 11 , the best record in the NHL . After a first - round bye , the Flyers easily swept the Toronto Maple Leafs and were presented with another New York - area team in the Semi-finals . The Flyers looked to be headed toward another sweep against the New York Islanders after winning the first three games . The Islanders , however , fought back by winning the next three games , setting up a deciding seventh game . The Flyers were finally able to shut the door on the Islanders , winning Game 7 , 4 -- 1 . Facing Buffalo in the Stanley Cup Finals , the Flyers won the first two games at home . Game 3 , played in Buffalo , went down in hockey lore as The Fog Game due to an unusual May heat wave in Buffalo that forced parts of the game to be played in heavy fog , as Buffalo 's arena lacked air conditioning . The Flyers lost Games 3 and 4 , but won Game 5 at home in dominating fashion , 5 -- 1 . On the road for Game 6 , Bob Kelly scored the decisive goal and Parent pitched another shutout ( a playoff record fifth shutout ) as the Flyers repeated as Stanley Cup champions . Parent also repeated as the playoff MVP , winning a second consecutive Conn Smythe Trophy . Enforcer Dave Schultz , the most notorious Broad Street Bully , set the NHL record for most penalty minutes in a single season during the 1974 -- 75 season . The highlight of the 1975 -- 76 season had no bearing on the season standings . On January 11 at the Spectrum , the Flyers , as part of the Super Series ' 76 , played a memorable exhibition game against the Soviet Union 's dominant Central Red Army team . As the Bullies had put intimidation to good use the past three years , the Flyers ' rugged style of play led the Soviets to leave the ice midway through the first period , protesting a hit on Valeri Kharlamov , whom Clarke had slashed on the ankle in the famous Summit Series ' 72 , by Ed Van Impe . After some delay , the Soviets returned after they were warned that they would lose their salary for the entire series . The Flyers went on to win the game rather easily , 4 -- 1 , and were the only team to defeat the Red Army outright in the series . After that win , the Spectrum became known as the `` most intimidating building to play in and has the most intimidating fans . '' Head Coach Fred Shero proclaimed , `` Yes we are world champions . If they had won , they would have been world champions . We beat the hell out of a machine . '' Kate Smith singing `` God Bless America '' prior to big games became one of the best known traditions of the Flyers . The Flyers recorded the best record in team history ( points-wise ) with a record of 51 -- 13 -- 16 . The LCB line , featuring Reggie Leach at right - wing , Clarke at center and Bill Barber at left - wing , set an NHL record for goals by a single line with 141 ( Leach 61 , Clarke 30 , Barber 50 ) . Clarke , on his way to a third Hart Trophy , set a club record for points in one season with 119 . Heading into the playoffs , the Flyers squeaked past Toronto in seven games and defeated Boston in five games , with Game 5 featuring a five - goal outburst by Leach , the `` Riverton Rifle , '' to head to a third - straight appearance in the Stanley Cup Finals . However , the Flyers did not come close to a third straight championship without an injured Bernie Parent , as they ran into an up - and - coming dynasty in Montreal , and were swept in four - straight games . Despite the loss , Leach was awarded the Conn Smythe Trophy for scoring a record 19 goals in 16 playoff games . Dethroned , the heyday of the Broad Street Bullies began to come to an end , as prior to the 1976 -- 77 season , tough - guy Dave Schultz was traded to the Los Angeles Kings . Despite a slight drop - off in performance , the Flyers dominated the Patrick Division with what proved to be their fourth - straight division title . After disposing of Toronto in six games , the Flyers found themselves in the Semi-finals for the fifth consecutive season . Pitted against Boston , the Flyers lost Games 1 and 2 at home in overtime and did not return home as they were swept in four - straight games . The Flyers lost their hold on the Patrick Division in 1977 -- 78 and settled for second place . After sweeping the Colorado Rockies in two games in the preliminary round , the Flyers moved on to beat Buffalo in five games . They then faced Boston in the Semi-finals for the second consecutive season , and lost again , this time in five games . Following the season , the Flyers were stunned when Head Coach Shero left to become general manager and head coach of the Rangers . As compensation for Shero , the Flyers received the Rangers ' first - round draft pick in 1978 . Bob McCammon , who had just coached the Flyers ' first year AHL Maine Mariners farm club to a Calder Cup title , replaced Fred Shero behind the bench . After a slow start in 1978 -- 79 , the Flyers switched McCammon with Pat Quinn , Shero 's previous assistant coach , who had replaced McCammon with the Mariners . Adding to the problems , Bernie Parent suffered a career - ending eye injury . The Flyers rallied under Quinn and finished in second place . Matched - up against the Vancouver Canucks in the preliminary round , the Flyers won the series in three games . The Flyers ' season came to an end against Fred Shero 's Rangers in a five - game Quarterfinal loss . 1979 -- 1989 : a New generation Takes over ( edit ) See also : 1980 Stanley Cup Finals , 1985 Stanley Cup Finals , and 1987 Stanley Cup Finals The Flyers began the 1979 -- 80 season with a somewhat controversial move by naming Clarke a playing assistant coach and giving the captaincy to Mel Bridgman . While Clarke was against this initially , he accepted his new role . The Flyers went undefeated for a North American professional sports record 35 - straight games ( 25 -- 0 -- 10 ) , before losing 7 -- 1 to the Minnesota North Stars , a record that still stands to this day . The streak started after the team was 1 -- 1 on October 14 , and ended on January 7 , 1980 . In doing so , the Flyers wrapped up the Patrick Division title with 14 games to spare and the first overall seed in the playoffs . Their regular - season success continued into the playoffs , as the Flyers swept a young Wayne Gretzky and his Edmonton Oilers in the first round , then went on to get revenge against Fred `` The Fog '' Shero and his Rangers by beating them in five before disposing of Minnesota in five to lock up a berth in the Stanley Cup Finals . Facing the Islanders for the Cup , the Flyers ultimately lost in six games on Bob Nystrom 's overtime Cup - winning goal . The end result of the series was marred by controversy , as the Islanders were offside on the play that resulted in their second goal , but the call was not made . Linesman Leon Stickle admitted after the game that he had blown the call . Pelle Lindbergh would win the Vezina after backstopping the Flyers to the 1985 Stanley Cup Finals , before his untimely death in a car accident early next season . After the loss to the Islanders , the last of the Broad Street Bullies guard moved on . Gone were the likes of Leach , MacLeish , Dupont , Kelly , Jimmy Watson and finally Barber and Clarke in 1984 , and taking their spots over the next few seasons were young talent such as Brian Propp , Tim Kerr , Dave Poulin , Pelle Lindbergh and Mark Howe , who upon arrival instantly became the Flyers ' top defenseman for the next decade . The Flyers made early playoff exits the next four years , including three first round exits in a row . After a tough , five - game preliminary round series win against the Quebec Nordiques , the team 's 1980 -- 81 season came to an end as they lost in the Quarterfinals to the Calgary Flames in seven games . They then lost to the Rangers two years in a row in 1981 -- 82 and 1982 -- 83 and then were swept by the Washington Capitals in 1983 -- 84 . It was after the latter of these playoff losses that Bobby Clarke retired and was named vice-president and general manager of the team . Hall of Famer Mark Howe , shown here in 2012 , anchored the Flyers ' blue line in the 1980s . Mike Keenan , a relative unknown at the time , was hired in 1984 to coach the team , and named second - year player Dave Poulin team captain . Behind the goaltending of Pelle Lindbergh ( who led the NHL with 40 wins and was the first European to win the Vezina Trophy ) , the Flyers won a franchise - record 53 games -- best in the League -- during the 1984 -- 85 season . The Flyers rolled through the playoffs by sweeping the Rangers in three games , defeating the Islanders in five and beating Quebec in six to return to the Stanley Cup Finals . Though they defeated the defending Stanley Cup champion Oilers in Game 1 by a score of 4 -- 1 at home , Edmonton won the next four games and the series . A month into the 1985 -- 86 season , Pelle Lindbergh was killed in a car accident . The team rallied and showed perseverance by garnering the best record in the Wales Conference and matching their win total ( 53 ) from the previous year . Tim Kerr scored 58 goals and the defense pairing of Howe and Brad McCrimmon led the League in plus - minus , a + 85 and a + 83 , respectively . Bob Froese filled in admirably in net for Lindbergh , being named a second Team All - Star and sharing the William M. Jennings Trophy with teammate Darren Jensen . Despite their regular season success , an emotionally - exhausted Flyers team lost in the first round of the playoffs to the Rangers in five games . In 1986 , the Flyers were rejuvenated by the ascension of 22 - year - old goaltender Ron Hextall . In his rookie season , he became the third Flyers goaltender to win the Vezina Trophy , joining Parent and Lindbergh . With Hextall providing the critical stops at crucial times , the Flyers captured a third - straight Patrick Division title , and were able to gain revenge on the Rangers by beating them in six games , as well as surviving a tough seven - game test from a gritty Islanders club . The Flyers then defeated the defending Stanley Cup champion Canadiens in a fiery six game series ( notable for a famous bench - clearing brawl during the Game 6 warmup ) to win the Wales Conference and return to the Stanley Cup Finals . As was the case two seasons prior , the Flyers became decimated by injuries , the most significant of which was losing Kerr for the remainder of the playoffs . After falling behind three games to one in the Stanley Cup Finals , the Flyers rallied from a two - goal deficit on the road in Game 5 to extend the series , then won Game 6 at home with another late - game comeback . However , they could not overcome the odds a third time and eventually succumbed to the Oilers , 3 -- 1 , in Game 7 . Hextall was voted playoff MVP , the second time a Flyer won the Conn Smythe Trophy despite being on the losing team ( the other being another Manitoban , Reggie Leach , in 1976 ) . The Flyers stumbled in 1987 -- 88 , finishing third in the Patrick Division ( after a first - place finish the previous three years ) . Hextall became the first NHL goaltender to score a goal by firing the puck into an empty net in a December 8 game against Boston . In their first round playoff series with Washington , the Flyers blew a 3 -- 1 series lead as Washington forced a Game 7 . They then blew a 3 -- 0 lead in Game 7 as Washington won in overtime 5 -- 4 . It was because of this playoff collapse that `` Iron Mike '' was fired . Paul Holmgren was named Keenan 's replacement , the first time a former Flyer was named the club 's head coach . Despite finishing at the . 500 mark in 1988 -- 89 , the Flyers made the playoffs for the 17th consecutive season . Facing first - place Washington in the first round , the Flyers pulled off the upset in six games . Ron Hextall managed to score another empty - net goal in the waning moments of Game 5 , becoming the first NHL goalie to score a goal in the playoffs . The Flyers then defeated Pittsburgh in seven games to make the Wales Conference Finals before bowing out to Montreal in six games . It was the Flyers ' last playoff appearance until 1995 . 1989 -- 1997 : rebuilding a winning team ( edit ) See also : 1997 Stanley Cup Finals The 1989 -- 90 season got off to a bad start for the Flyers , and continued to get worse . Hextall missed all but eight games due to suspension , contract holdout issues and injury , the suspension given for attacking Chris Chelios at the end of the Montreal playoff series the previous spring . Holmgren replaced Dave Poulin as captain in December with Ron Sutter , which led to Poulin 's ( and later that season , Brian Propp 's ) trade to Boston . As a result , the Flyers missed the Stanley Cup playoffs for the first time since 1972 . Bob Clarke , having been with the Flyers organization since he was drafted in 1969 , was fired and replaced as GM by Russ Farwell ; Clarke resurfaced with the Minnesota North Stars . Hextall continued to be hampered by injuries during the 1990 -- 91 season . He only played in 36 games and as a result the Flyers missed the playoffs for the second consecutive year , finishing fifth in the Division and three points short of a playoff spot after a late - season collapse . Prior to the 1991 -- 92 season , the Flyers acquired Rod Brind'Amour from St. Louis . Brind'Amour led the Flyers in goals ( 33 ) , assists ( 44 ) and points ( 77 ) in his first season with the club . With Ron Sutter gone to St. Louis in the Brind'Amour trade , Rick Tocchet was named team captain . As the Flyers continued to flounder , Paul Holmgren was fired midway through the season and replaced by Bill Dineen , father of Flyer Kevin Dineen . On February 19 , the Flyers and Pittsburgh made a major five - player deal which featured Tocchet -- who never grew comfortably into the role of captain -- heading to Pittsburgh and Mark Recchi coming to Philadelphia . Recchi recorded 27 points in his first 22 games as a Flyer , but the team missed the playoffs for the third consecutive year , due in large part to an awful road record ( 10 -- 26 -- 4 ) . With Tocchet traded , the Flyers remained without a captain until Kevin Dineen was named to the post in 1993 -- 94 , and instead went with three alternate captains . In June 1992 , the Flyers persuaded Clarke to return to the team as senior vice president after Jay Snider won the hard fought arbitration battle for 1991 first overall pick Eric Lindros against the Rangers . It was determined that Quebec had made a deal with the Flyers before making a deal with the Rangers . In order to acquire Lindros ' rights , the Flyers parted with six players , trading Steve Duchesne , Peter Forsberg , Ron Hextall , Kerry Huffman , Mike Ricci , Chris Simon , a 1993 first - round draft pick ( Jocelyn Thibault ) , a 1994 first - round draft pick ( Nolan Baumgartner ) and $15 million to Quebec . While Lindros became a preeminent star in Philadelphia , the trade proved heavily lopsided in favor of the Nordiques -- soon to become the Colorado Avalanche -- providing the core of their two Stanley Cup teams and an unprecedented eight - straight division championships , with Forsberg becoming a franchise player . The trio of Lindros , Recchi and Brent Fedyk formed the Crazy Eights line in Lindros ' first two years in the NHL , the eights being the player 's jersey numbers ( 88 , 8 and 18 respectively ) . In 1992 -- 93 , Recchi set the franchise record for points in a season with 123 ( 53 goals and 70 assists ) and Lindros scored 41 goals in 61 games . After struggling early , the Flyers made a run at the playoffs , but came four points short of the last spot . Head Coach Bill Dineen was fired at the season 's end , while Clarke left town again to become general manager of the expansion Florida Panthers . For 1993 -- 94 , Terry Simpson was hired as the new head coach in hopes of returning the Flyers to the playoffs after four consecutive off - years . Recchi recorded 107 points ( 40 goals and 67 assists ) and Lindros 97 ( 44 goals and 53 assists ) , while Mikael Renberg set a Flyers rookie record with 82 points . Offense was generated yet the Flyers still failed to clinch a playoff berth , again falling four points short of the final playoff spot . Jay Snider stepped down as president , forcing his father Ed Snider to take over day - to - day operations . The elder Snider had decided he had seen enough of Farwell as GM , and began courting Bob Clarke to leave his GM post with Florida to return to Philadelphia . Farwell 's last move as GM was firing Simpson after a lackluster performance . Bob Clarke returned to the general manager position prior to the lockout - shortened 1994 -- 95 season and immediately began putting his stamp on the team . New Head Coach Terry Murray replaced Kevin Dineen as team captain with Lindros prior to the start of training camp . In order to shore up the defense , Ron Hextall was re-acquired from the Islanders and high - scoring winger Recchi was traded to Montreal for Eric Desjardins , Gilbert Dionne and John LeClair early in the abbreviated season . The Flyers initially struggled out of the gate , going only 3 -- 7 -- 1 through their first 11 games while being outscored 34 -- 22 . Lindros and LeClair then teamed with Renberg to form the Legion of Doom line , a mix of scoring talent and physical intimidation . In their 37 games ( including the 3 -- 1 victory on February 11 , 1995 , against the New Jersey Devils ) , the Flyers went 25 -- 9 -- 3 and outscored their opponents 128 -- 98 en route . Lindros tied Jaromir Jagr for the regular season scoring lead ( though Jagr won the Art Ross Trophy with more goals ) , and captured the Hart Memorial Trophy as the league 's MVP . The playoff drought came to an end as the Flyers won their first division title in eight years and clinched the second seed in the Eastern Conference . After dispatching Buffalo in five and sweeping the defending Stanley Cup champion Rangers , the Flyers were upset in the Eastern Conference Finals to the eventual Stanley Cup champion New Jersey Devils in six games . Lindros eclipsed the 100 - point mark for the first time in 1995 -- 96 , gathering 115 points , and LeClair scored 51 goals , as the Flyers repeated as Atlantic Division champs and clinched the top seed in the East . Facing the eighth - seeded Tampa Bay Lightning , the Flyers dropped two of the first three games . They rallied by winning three straight games to win the series . After taking two of the first three games against their second - round opponent , Florida , the Flyers were defeated in overtime in Game 4 and double - overtime in Game 5 . An upstart Florida club with stellar goaltending from John Vanbiesbrouck ended the Flyers ' season in Game 6 . The Flyers said goodbye to the Spectrum and prepared to open a new arena -- the CoreStates Center -- for the next season . The 1996 -- 97 season started off slowly , as Lindros missed 30 games , but LeClair still managed to score 50 goals for the second consecutive year . The mid-season acquisition of then - defenseman scoring leader Paul Coffey gave the Flyers a veteran presence . Despite finishing just one point shy of a third straight Atlantic Division title , the Flyers blitzed their way through the first three rounds of the playoffs , dominating Pittsburgh , Buffalo and the Rangers all in five games apiece to win the Eastern Conference championship , and clinch a berth in the Stanley Cup Finals for the first time since 1986 -- 87 . Despite having home ice advantage , the Flyers were swept in four - straight games by the Detroit Red Wings . The goaltending tandem of Hextall and Garth Snow fared poorly in the Finals , as both conceded soft goals , and Murray 's strategy of alternating starters in goal was criticized . After Game 3 which was a 6 -- 1 loss , Murray blasted his team in a closed - door meeting and then described to the media that the Flyers were in a `` choking situation , '' a remark which angered his players and likely cost Murray his job , as his contract was not renewed . Following the 1997 Stanley Cup Finals Mikael Renberg was traded to the Tampa Bay Lightning , in exchange for Chris Gratton , thus splitting up the famed Legion of Doom line . The trio of Lindros , LeClair and Renberg scored a combined total of 666 points in 547 regular season games . 1997 -- 2007 : from highs to lows ( edit ) The man picked to replace Murray as coach , Wayne Cashman , was deemed ill - suited for the job as the Flyers played inconsistently throughout the 1997 -- 98 season . With 21 games to go in the season , Roger Neilson took over as coach while Cashman was retained as an assistant . John LeClair was able to score at least 50 goals for the third consecutive year ( netting 51 ) , the first time for an American - born player , and goaltender Sean Burke was acquired at the trade deadline . Burke proved ineffective in net , as the Flyers were eliminated in the first round by Buffalo in five games . In the off - season , the Flyers went looking for a new goaltender . Burke was let go and Hextall was about to enter his final season as a backup . They chose to sign former Panther John Vanbiesbrouck over former Oiler Curtis Joseph , who ended up signing with Toronto . The 1998 -- 99 season was marred by a life - threatening injury sustained by Eric Lindros on April Fools ' Day during a game against the Nashville Predators , a season - ending injury later diagnosed as a collapsed lung . Up until that point , Lindros was having an MVP - type season with 40 goals and 53 assists in 71 games . Without Lindros , the Flyers had trouble scoring in the playoffs even after having re-acquired Mark Recchi at the trade deadline . Although Vanbiesbrouck allowed nine goals to Joseph 's eleven allowed , the Flyers lost their first round series with Toronto in six games . 1999 -- 2000 was one of the most tumultuous seasons in franchise history and the tumult actually started three months prior to the start of the regular season . In the span of a few days in July , longtime broadcaster Gene Hart died due to illness and defenseman Dmitri Tertyshny , coming off his rookie season , was fatally injured in a freak boating accident . Head Coach Roger Neilson was diagnosed with bone cancer , forcing him to step aside in February 2000 to undergo treatment , so Assistant Coach Craig Ramsay took over as interim coach for the rest of the season ; Neilson later recovered but was informed that he would not return . In January , longtime Flyer and fan favorite Rod Brind'Amour was shipped to the Carolina Hurricanes for Keith Primeau , with the intention of acquiring a big center to complement Lindros . Meanwhile , the strife between Flyers management ( particularly Clarke ) and Lindros , continued to worsen . Less than a month after Ramsay took over , Lindros suffered his second concussion of the season . He played several games after the initial hit and afterwards criticized the team 's training staff for failing to initially diagnose the concussion after it happened . It was after this that the Flyers ' organization decided to strip Lindros of the captaincy on March 27 and name defenseman Eric Desjardins the team 's captain . With Lindros out indefinitely , the Flyers rallied to overcome the distractions and a 15 - point deficit in the standings to win the Atlantic Division and the top seed in the East on the last day of the regular season . They easily defeated their first round opponent , Buffalo , in five games . Primeau 's goal in the fifth overtime of Game 4 against the team 's second - round opponent , Pittsburgh , turned that series in the Flyers ' favor as they won in six games , coming back from a 2 -- 0 series deficit . After dropping Game 1 to New Jersey in the Eastern Conference Finals , the Flyers peeled off three - straight wins to take a 3 -- 1 series lead . But New Jersey refused to give up . After New Jersey won Game 5 , Lindros returned to the lineup for the first time since March for Game 6 in another losing effort . Early in Game 7 , Lindros was on the receiving end of a controversial hit by Scott Stevens , giving him another concussion and leaving the Philadelphia crowd deflated . Without Lindros , the Flyers lost the decisive game by a score of 2 -- 1 . It was the second time in franchise history the team lost a series after being up three games to one . New Jersey went on to win the Stanley Cup . Lindros never again wore a Flyers uniform , as he sat out the season awaiting a trade . Craig Ramsay retained the head coaching position as Neilson was not asked to return , which became a matter of some controversy . Ramsay lasted only until December when he was replaced by former Flyer great Bill Barber . Brian Boucher , who as a rookie backstopped the Flyers ' playoff run the previous season , could not duplicate his performance in 2000 -- 01 and lost the starting goaltending job to Roman Cechmanek , a former star in the Czech Republic . The performance of Cechmanek , worthy of a Vezina nomination , helped the Flyers stay afloat , but they lost in the first round to Buffalo in six games . Jeremy Roenick was added after the departure of Lindros . In the off - season , the Flyers re-vamped their lineup by signing Jeremy Roenick and finally trading Lindros to the Rangers for Kim Johnsson , Jan Hlavac , Pavel Brendl and a 2003 third - round draft pick ( Stefan Ruzicka ) . Desjardins stepped down as team captain eight games into the season and was replaced by Primeau . The Flyers began 2001 -- 02 with high expectations and with Roenick leading the team in scoring , the Flyers finished with an Atlantic Division title . The power play was one of the NHL 's worst however , so Adam Oates , the third leading point - producer in the League at the time , was acquired from Washington at the NHL trade deadline . It was of no benefit , however , as the Flyers could not muster much offense , scoring only two goals in their five - game , first - round playoff loss to the Ottawa Senators . It turned out there was much discontent in the locker room as Bill Barber was fired . The Flyers hired a proven winner when they turned to former Dallas Stars and Stanley Cup - winning Head Coach Ken Hitchcock . In 2002 -- 03 , Roman Cechmanek had a 1.83 goals against average ( GAA ) and the Flyers acquired Sami Kapanen and Tony Amonte prior to the trade deadline ; however , they fell one point short of a second straight Atlantic Division title . As a result , the Flyers endured a long , brutal seven - game first round match - up with Toronto that featured three multiple overtime games , all in Toronto . After winning Game 7 , 6 -- 1 , the Flyers fought Ottawa in the second round with equal vigor as they split the first four games of the series , Cechmanek earning shutouts in both wins . Cechmanek 's inconsistency showed through , however , as he allowed ten goals in the final two games and Ottawa advanced in six games . Cechmanek was later traded to Los Angeles for a 2004 second round draft pick during the off - season despite having the second - best GAA in the League over his three years in Philadelphia . Free - agent goaltender Jeff Hackett was signed from Boston to replace Cechmanek and challenge backup Robert Esche for the starter 's spot in 2003 -- 04 , but Hackett was forced to retire in February due to vertigo . During the course of the season , serious injuries suffered by both Roenick ( broken jaw ) and Primeau ( concussion ) in February forced the Flyers to trade for Chicago 's Alexei Zhamnov , who filled in well and kept the Flyers afloat . On March 5 , 2004 , the Flyers set an NHL record in a game against Ottawa where they set a combined record of 419 penalty minutes in a single game . Esche entrenched himself as starter and remained in that position even after the Flyers re-acquired Sean Burke from the Phoenix Coyotes as the Flyers clinched the Atlantic Division title over New Jersey on the last day of the season . Though solid in net , Esche 's performance was trumped by the play of captain Keith Primeau in the playoffs . Primeau led the Flyers past the defending Stanley Cup champion Devils in five , and Toronto in six on their way to the Eastern Conference Finals and a match - up with Tampa Bay . Despite winning Game 6 on the late - game heroics of Primeau and winger Simon Gagne , the Flyers came up short once again losing Game 7 in Tampa , 2 -- 1 . With the NHL preparing for looming labor unrest , the Flyers let their leading scorer , Mark Recchi , leave for Pittsburgh during the off - season . Unsure about the future , the Flyers were unsure about his worth . The NHL lockout forced the cancellation of the 2004 -- 05 NHL season . The Flyers were one of the more active teams once the NHL lockout came to an end . Replacing the high - profile names of Amonte , LeClair and Roenick were superstar Peter Forsberg , along with defensemen Derian Hatcher and Mike Rathje , as well as several players from the Calder Cup - winning Philadelphia Phantoms . When all was said and done , the team had experienced a turnover of nearly two - thirds of the roster . Simon Gagne , placed on a line with Peter Forsberg and Mike Knuble , scored a career high 47 goals during the 2005 -- 06 season . The Flyers began the 2005 - 2006 NHL season with lofty expectations . Despite being hampered by injuries prior to and during 2005 -- 06 , the Flyers lived up to those expectations in the first half of the season , reaching the top of the league standings in January while simultaneously holding a ten - point lead in the Atlantic Division . The Deuces Wild line of Forsberg , Gagne and Mike Knuble recorded 75 , 79 and 65 points respectively while Gagne , with Forsberg feeding him , scored a career high of 47 goals . However , the injuries began to accumulate and take their toll , the most crippling of which was Keith Primeau season - ending concussion . The Flyers had been first in the league prior to the Olympic break , where an injury to Forsberg occurred . All told , the Flyers were third in the NHL with 388 - man - games lost to injury , tops amongst playoff teams . The second half of the regular season was defined by a record hovering around . 500 , sending the Flyers on a steady slide in the standings . The Flyers fell short of an Atlantic Division title , finishing second by tie - breaker to New Jersey , drawing the fifth seed in the Eastern Conference and a first round match - up with fourth - seeded Buffalo . The Flyers lost the series in six games . The Flyers ' 40th year anniversary season turned out to be the worst in franchise history . The Flyers traded Michal Handzus to Chicago , lost Kim Johnsson to free agency and Eric Desjardins and team captain Keith Primeau retired in the off - season . Peter Forsberg replaced Primeau as team captain , but a chronic foot injury developing in last season 's Olympics had him in and out of the lineup throughout the season and limited his effectiveness . Eight games into the regular season and with a record of 1 -- 6 -- 1 , General Manager Bobby Clarke resigned and Head Coach Ken Hitchcock was fired . Assistant Coach John Stevens replaced Hitchcock and Assistant General Manager Paul Holmgren took on Clarke 's responsibilities on an interim basis . The changes did little to improve the Flyers fortunes in 2006 -- 07 as setting franchise records for futility became the norm . They had several multiple - game losing streaks including a franchise worst ten - game losing streak and a 13 - game home losing streak that stretched from November 29 to February 10 . Ultimately , the Flyers finished with a 22 -- 48 -- 12 record -- the most losses and the worst winning percentage in franchise history , and the worst record in the League . They also set the NHL record for the biggest points drop off in the standings in a one - year span ( 101 points in 2005 -- 06 to 56 points in 2006 -- 07 , a difference of 45 points ) . The Flyers were left further dejected as they lost the NHL draft lottery and were demoted to the second overall selection . With the team clearly on the verge of missing the playoffs for the first time in 13 years , Paul Holmgren set his sights on rebuilding the team and preparing for the future . Forsberg , unwilling to commit to playing next season , was traded to Nashville for Scottie Upshall , Ryan Parent and 2007 - first and third - round draft picks at the deadline . Veteran defenseman Alexei Zhitnik was traded to the Atlanta Thrashers for prospect defenseman Braydon Coburn , while disappointing off - season acquisition Kyle Calder was sent to Detroit via Chicago in exchange for defenseman Lasse Kukkonen . The Flyers also acquired goaltender Martin Biron from Buffalo for a 2007 second - round pick . Given wide praise for his efforts , the Flyers gave Holmgren a two - year contract and removed the interim label from his title . 2007 -- 2014 : multiple makeovers ( edit ) See also : 2010 Stanley Cup Playoffs and 2010 Stanley Cup Finals Daniel Briere was signed to an eight - year contract on July 1 , 2007 . The Flyers began the 2007 -- 08 season with the intention of putting the disaster of the previous season behind them . In June , the Flyers made a trade that sent the first - round draft pick they had acquired in the Forsberg trade ( 23rd overall ) back to Nashville in exchange for the rights to negotiate with impending unrestricted free agents Kimmo Timonen and Scott Hartnell . Both were subsequently signed to six - year contracts . After much speculation about whether the Flyers would keep or trade the second overall pick in the 2007 NHL Entry Draft , the Flyers opted to keep it , using it to select New Jersey native James van Riemsdyk . The Flyers wasted no time in addressing their free agent needs . On July 1 , the Flyers signed Buffalo co-captain Daniel Briere to an eight - year , $52 million contract . Continuing to revamp their defensive core , Joni Pitkanen and Geoff Sanderson were traded to Edmonton in exchange for Oilers captain Jason Smith and Joffrey Lupul. Smith was later named Flyers captain on October 1 . The season began in the image of the Broad Street Bullies era , with multiple - game suspensions handed out to five separate players , the most serious being 25 - game suspensions to both Steve Downie and Jesse Boulerice for two separate incidents . A 7 -- 3 start in October and a 9 -- 3 -- 1 January run had the Flyers near the top of both the Division and Conference standings . However , a disastrous ten - game losing streak in February , reminiscent of such a streak the previous season , nearly derailed the Flyers ' year . An 8 -- 3 -- 4 run in March , coupled with two huge wins over New Jersey and Pittsburgh over the final weekend of the regular season , put the Flyers back in the 2008 playoffs as the sixth seed , setting up a first - round matchup with Washington . After taking a three games to one lead over the Capitals , Washington then won Games 5 and 6 to force a deciding Game 7 in Washington . After an evenly fought game , the Flyers ultimately won the series in overtime via a Joffrey Lupul powerplay goal . The Flyers then drew a matchup with heavily favored Montreal in the second round . Despite being outshot a majority of the series , the Flyers upset the Canadiens in five games , advancing to the Eastern Conference Finals for the first time since 2003 -- 04 to face Pittsburgh . Before the start of the series , the Flyers suffered a fatal blow when it was learned that Kimmo Timonen was out with a blood clot in his ankle . Coupled with a gruesome facial injury to Braydon Coburn in Game 2 , Pittsburgh ran roughshod over the Flyers ' depleted defense and jumped out to a 3 -- 0 series lead . The Flyers won Game 4 at home to stave off elimination , and although Timonen returned for Game 5 , Pittsburgh finished off the Flyers in five games . Mike Richards was named team captain prior to the 2008 -- 09 season . The Flyers began the 2008 -- 09 season by naming Mike Richards the 17th captain in team history on September 17 , with Jason Smith having departed to Ottawa as a free agent . The Flyers were looking to build on the success of the previous season , but instead got off to an 0 -- 3 -- 3 start . However , despite a solid December and January and finishing with four points more than the year before , for the most part the 2008 -- 09 Flyers played inconsistently and looked like different teams , playing at the top of their ability one night and a sub-par performance the next . Derian Hatcher missed the entire regular season and playoffs with a knee injury , and Steve Downie was traded to Tampa Bay with Steve Eminger , whom they had previously acquired in a trade with Washington prior to the season for defenseman Matt Carle . Two pleasant surprises were the emergence of rookie center Claude Giroux and defenseman Luca Sbisa , who was drafted by the Flyers in June with the 19th overall pick acquired from the Columbus Blue Jackets in exchange for R.J. Umberger , a victim of team salary cap constraints . Scottie Upshall also found himself the victim of such a crunch ; he was traded to Phoenix in exchange for Daniel Carcillo at the NHL trade deadline . Despite holding on to the fourth seed in the East for much of the season , thanks to a 4 -- 5 -- 1 finish to the season , highlighted by a home loss to the Rangers on the last day of the regular season , the Flyers slipped to the fifth seed and lost home - ice advantage in their first - round series with Pittsburgh . Pittsburgh dominated the Flyers in Game 1 , and despite a better effort by the Flyers in Game 2 , Pittsburgh came to Philadelphia with a 2 -- 0 series lead . The Flyers were the better team in Games 3 and 4 , but Pittsburgh gained a split in Philadelphia and took a 3 -- 1 series lead . After a decisive 3 -- 0 win in Game 5 , the Flyers jumped out to a 3 -- 0 lead in Game 6 , but promptly fell victim to the inconsistencies that plagued the team all season and gave up five unanswered goals in a season - ending 5 -- 3 loss . Giroux led the team in scoring in the playoffs . Jeff Carter ended the regular season with 46 goals , second in the NHL after Washington 's Alexander Ovechkin . Captain Mike Richards just missed out on the Frank J. Selke Trophy in the closest vote in the history of the award . The Flyers began the 2009 -- 10 season with some major changes , allowing goaltenders Martin Biron and Antero Niittymaki to depart via free agency , replacing them with former Ottawa netminder Ray Emery and former Flyer Brian Boucher , and significantly upgrading the defense with the addition of Chris Pronger from Anaheim . Pronger came at a price , however , costing the Flyers Joffrey Lupul , Luca Sbisa and the Flyers ' first - round draft picks in both 2009 and 2010 . The season began in earnest , though it soon unraveled with mediocre play that cost Head Coach John Stevens his job in December . Peter Laviolette was hired as his replacement in order to re institute accountability and restore success to the Flyers , though the results were not immediate ; the Flyers suffered a 2 -- 7 -- 1 stretch immediately following his arrival . Injuries took a major toll on the Flyers , with Blair Betts , Daniel Briere , Jeff Carter , Simon Gagne and Kimmo Timonen all missing significant numbers of games , though no position was nearly affected as much with injuries as goaltending . Emery suffered a hip injury in December , played sporadically afterwards and ultimately underwent season - ending surgery . Boucher suffered a hand injury shortly thereafter , which allowed journeyman goaltender Michael Leighton to step in and make an immediate impact . Leighton went 8 -- 0 -- 1 in his first ten starts , including a tough 2 -- 1 overtime loss in the 2010 Winter Classic to Boston at Fenway Park on New Year 's Day . Leighton , however , was forced out of the line - up in March with a high ankle sprain , necessitating Boucher 's return as starter . All told , seven different goaltenders suited up for the Flyers at various points throughout the year . Mediocre play down the stretch forced the Flyers into a do - or - die shootout with the Rangers in what could have been their final game of the year , with the contest being hosted at the Wachovia Center . Boucher stopped final shooter Olli Jokinen to clinch the seventh seed in the East and a first round matchup with New Jersey . The Flyers celebrate Claude Giroux 's overtime goal in game three of the 2010 Stanley Cup Finals . Boucher and the Flyers consistently outplayed Martin Brodeur and New Jersey and pulled off the upset in five games . However , the victory was costly , as Carter suffered a broken foot and Gagne a broken toe in Game 4 , while Ian Laperriere suffered a grievous facial injury by blocking a shot in Game 5 . The Flyers then faced sixth - seeded Boston in the second round , and despite playing at an even level with the Bruins , the Flyers found themselves in a 3 -- 0 series deficit . Gagne returned in Game 4 and scored in overtime to force a Game 5 , which the Flyers won convincingly , 4 -- 0 . Boucher suffered MCL sprains during the game in both knees which forced Leighton back into net in his first time suiting up since March . Boucher and Leighton became the first goalies since 1955 to share a playoff shutout . A 2 -- 1 Flyers win in Game 6 forced a Game 7 in Boston . Falling behind 3 -- 0 in Game 7 , the Flyers pulled off the biggest comeback in both franchise and League history , winning 4 -- 3 on a late goal by Gagne to join Maple Leafs in 1942 , Islanders in 1975 and the Boston Red Sox in 2004 as the only sports teams to win a playoff series after trailing 3 -- 0 . In the Eastern Conference Finals , the Flyers had home - ice advantage as they faced eighth - seeded Montreal . Leighton became the first Flyers netminder to record three shutouts in a series , and Carter and Laperriere returned to the lineup as the Flyers won the Eastern Conference Championship in five games , advancing to the Stanley Cup Finals for the first time since 1997 to face the Chicago Blackhawks . Dropping two close games in Chicago , the Flyers returned home to win Game 3 in overtime and Game 4 to even the series . A convincing 7 -- 4 win by Chicago in Game 5 , however , put the Flyers one game away from elimination . A late Scott Hartnell goal in Game 6 forced overtime , but Patrick Kane scored just over four minutes into overtime to eliminate the Flyers and give Chicago their first Stanley Cup since 1961 . Ville Leino , acquired in a mid-season trade from Detroit , set the Flyers rookie playoff scoring record and tied the NHL record with 21 points . Briere led the NHL playoff scoring race with 30 points , one point ahead of Conn Smythe Trophy winner , Jonathan Toews . Coming off the close loss to Chicago in the Finals , the Flyers traded Gagne to Tampa Bay to clear up cap space , acquired Andrej Meszaros from Tampa Bay in a separate trade and signed free agent Sean O'Donnell to shore up the defensive corps . The Flyers started the 2010 -- 11 season with rookie goaltender Sergei Bobrovsky from the Kontinental Hockey League ( KHL ) in Russia , who recorded an opening - night win in his NHL debut against Pittsburgh and had steady numbers throughout the season . Boucher remained as the team 's backup goaltender , while Leighton played one game in December after recovering from a back injury before being demoted to Adirondack in the American Hockey League ( AHL ) . The Flyers led both the Atlantic Division and Eastern Conference for the majority of the season , and challenged Vancouver for the overall NHL lead . Kris Versteeg was brought in from Toronto to add additional offense for the stretch drive and playoffs . However , lackluster play throughout March and April , coupled with a broken hand suffered by Chris Pronger in late February that ended his regular season , cost the Flyers the top seed in the East during the last week of the regular season , although the Flyers hung on to win their first Atlantic Division title since 2003 -- 04 and clinched the second seed in the East . The Flyers signed Ilya Bryzgalov to a nine - year contract on June 23 , 2011 . The Flyers drew Buffalo in the first round . Bobrovsky played well in a 1 -- 0 Game 1 loss , but was replaced in Game 2 by Boucher , who held on for a 5 -- 4 Flyers win . Boucher played well in a Game 3 win and a Game 4 loss , but was replaced himself in a favor of Leighton during a bad first period in Game 5 , which Buffalo won in overtime . Pronger returned to the lineup and Leighton started Game 6 but was replaced by Boucher after a poor first period , though nonetheless the Flyers went on to win in overtime and forced a Game 7 , which Boucher started . The Flyers dominated Buffalo , 5 -- 2 , and became the first team to win a playoff series starting three different goaltenders since 1988 . The Flyers then drew a rematch with the Boston Bruins in the second round . Boston dominated the Flyers in Game 1 , where Boucher was again replaced , this time by Bobrovsky . Pronger again left the lineup with an undisclosed injury , while Boston won Game 2 in overtime and again dominated the Flyers in Game 3 to take a 3 -- 0 series lead . Bobrovsky started Game 4 , but there was no comeback like in their previous meeting , as Boston completed the sweep . The Flyers tied an NHL record with seven playoff in - game goalie changes , and were the only NHL team not to record a shutout in either the regular season or playoffs . 2006 first - round draft pick Claude Giroux broke out in 2011 -- 12 with 93 points in 77 regular - season games followed by 17 points in ten playoff games . Following his penchant for making big moves , Flyers General Manager Paul Holmgren pulled off perhaps the most stunning move of his tenure , trading Mike Richards to the Los Angeles Kings for Brayden Schenn , Wayne Simmonds and a 2012 second - round draft pick ; and Jeff Carter to Columbus for their 2011 first - round pick ( with which the Flyers selected Sean Couturier ) , 2011 third - round pick ( with which the Flyers selected Nick Cousins ) and Jakub Voracek , all within the span of one hour on June 23 . Later that same day , Holmgren addressed the Flyers ' long - standing goaltending issues by signing the Phoenix Coyotes ' Ilya Bryzgalov to a nine - year , $51 million contract . On July 1 , the Flyers signed Jaromir Jagr to a one - year contract , Maxime Talbot to a five - year contract and Andreas Lilja to a two - year contract . Additionally , Chris Pronger was named Flyers captain ; however , 13 games into the 2011 -- 12 season , he was lost for the remainder of the regular season and playoffs with severe post-concussion syndrome . Bryzgalov 's play ranged from spectacular to sub-par , including being benched in favor of Sergei Bobrovsky for the Flyers ' 3 -- 2 loss to the New York Rangers in the 2012 Winter Classic , but also being named NHL First Star for the month of March . Twelve rookies suited up for the Flyers during the season , with the play of Couturier , Schenn and Matt Read standing out impressively . The Flyers drew Pittsburgh in the first round of the 2012 playoffs , a series in which the two teams combined for an NHL - record 45 goals in the first four games and a total of 309 penalty minutes in an intense , fight - filled series . The Flyers pulled off the upset in six games against a Pittsburgh team that was heavily favored to win the Stanley Cup . In the second round against New Jersey , the Flyers were heavily favored to win the series , but the Flyers ' run - and - gun style of play was stymied by the Devils ' forechecking and defense , and , although they won the first game at home in overtime , the Flyers lost four games in a row and were eliminated in five . Briere and Giroux ended the playoffs tied with five other players for the League lead in playoff goals with eight , despite their team being eliminated in the second round . In the following off - season , in an attempt to gain a bona - fide , first - line defenseman to replace the injured Pronger and the aging Kimmo Timonen , the Flyers signed Nashville Predators defenseman Shea Weber to an offer sheet contract worth $110 million over 14 years ; the contract , however , was eventually matched by the Predators . The team began the lockout - shortened 2012 -- 13 season at 0 -- 3 -- 0 , their worst start in 17 years . The franchise finished at a record of 23 -- 22 -- 3 , fourth in the Atlantic and tenth in the East . The team failed to qualify for the playoffs for the first time since the 2006 -- 07 season and only the ninth time in team history . During the offseason , the Flyers handed big contracts out to Mark Streit ( four years , 21 million ) and to Vincent Lecavalier ( five years , 22.5 million ) . With Vincent Lecavalier , the Flyers were attempting to replace Daniel Brieres ' production . With Mark Streit , the Flyers wanted to add mobility and scoring to their blue line ; something that it was lacking the previous year . On January 15 , 2013 , the club announced that Claude Giroux had been named the 19th captain in franchise history . Later that year , on October 7 , head coach Peter Laviolette and assistant coach Kevin McCarthy were both fired just three games into the 2013 -- 14 season after the team again began the season 0 -- 3 -- 0 . Assistant Coach Craig Berube , who previously played for the Flyers and served two stints as head coach of the Flyers ' AHL affiliate , the Philadelphia Phantoms , was named the new head coach , while John Paddock and former Flyer Ian Laperriere were announced as Berube 's assistants . The team went 42 -- 27 -- 10 with Berube behind the bench , clinching a playoff berth and ultimately falling in seven games to the New York Rangers in 2014 Conference Quarterfinals . 2014 -- present : the Hextall era ( edit ) On May 7 , 2014 , the club announced that General Manager Paul Holmgren had been promoted to president , with Assistant General Manager Ron Hextall filling his vacancy . Hextall laid out a new plan for the franchise to develop players from within their system , rather than through outside acquisitions . In order to free up valuable cap space Scott Hartnell was traded before the start of the 2014 - 15 NHL season , following Braydon Coburn and Kimmo Timonen being traded away mid-season . Ron Hextall ( Philadelphia Flyers GM ) The Flyers did not qualify for the playoffs for the second time in three seasons in 2014 -- 15 , and head coach Berube was subsequently fired after the season . The Flyers finished with 33 wins and 31 losses for 84 points . On May 18 , 2015 , the Flyers hired the former head coach of the University of North Dakota 's men 's ice hockey team , Dave Hakstol . Hakstol had been North Dakota 's coach for the past 8 seasons , during which he accumulated a 289 -- 143 -- 43 record and led the school to the NCAA Division I Men 's Ice Hockey Championship in each season at the helm . In 2014 -- 15 , the University went 29 -- 10 -- 3 and advanced to the Frozen Four for the seventh time during Hakstol 's tenure . The Flyers began the 2015 -- 16 season with a record of 4 -- 2 -- 1 in their first seven games . They found themselves outside of the playoff picture near the halfway point of the regular season , but a second - half surge , including a combined record of 17 -- 7 -- 5 in February and March , placed them into playoff position . On the second - to - last day of the season , the Flyers clinched the final wild card playoff berth with a win over the Penguins and a Senators win over the Bruins , which consequently eliminated the Bruins from playoff contention . The Flyers faced the Capitals in the first round , losing the first three games of the series . Despite their efforts to prevent the Capitals from obtaining their first - ever sweep in the playoffs , the Flyers lost the series in six games . On April 11 , 2016 , Flyers ' long time chairman , co-founder , and former majority owner Ed Snider died after a two - year battle with bladder cancer . In the 2016 -- 17 season , the Flyers won ten straight games during the months of November and December . However , they fell out of the playoff picture after that streak ended , struggling in the standings and letting other teams get ahead of them . They were eliminated from playoff contention during the last two weeks of the regular season , becoming the first team to miss the playoffs after having a winning streak of ten or more games in the process . Despite finishing sixth in their division , they won the second overall pick in the 2017 NHL Entry Draft lottery with just a 2.4 % chance to win that particular pick . They used this pick to select Nolan Patrick from the Brandon Wheat Kings . Logo and uniforms ( edit ) Colors , name and logo ( edit ) On April 4 , 1966 , Bill Putnam -- a member of the Philadelphia group that was selected by the NHL for one of the six new franchises -- announced a name - the - team contest and that orange , black and white as the team colors . Wanting what he referred to as `` hot '' colors , Putnam 's choice was influenced by the orange and white of his alma mater -- the University of Texas at Austin -- and the orange and black of Philadelphia 's previous NHL team , the Quakers . Also announced on April 4 was the hiring of a Chicago firm to design the team 's arena . Details of the name - the - team contest were released on July 12 , 1966 . Ballots were available at local Acme Markets grocery stores -- sponsor of the contest . The top prize was an RCA 21 '' color television , with two season tickets for both the second - and third - prize winners , and a pair of single - game tickets for the next 100 winners . Among the names considered behind the scenes were Quakers , Ramblers and Liberty Bells . The first two were the names of previous Philadelphia hockey teams and -- given the connotations of losing ( Quakers ) and the minor leagues ( Ramblers ) -- were passed over . Liberty Bells , although seriously considered , was also the name of a local race track . Bashers , Blizzards , Bruisers , Huskies , Keystones , Knights , Lancers , Raiders and Sabres were among the other names considered . This alternate logo was used on the team 's third jerseys from 2002 -- 03 to 2006 -- 07 . It was Ed Snider 's sister Phyllis who named the team when she suggested `` Flyers '' on a return trip from a Broadway play . Ed knew immediately it would be the winning name , since it captured the speed of the game and went well phonetically with Philadelphia . On August 3 , 1966 , the team name was announced . Of the 11,000 ballots received , more than 100 selected Flyers as the team name and were entered into a drawing to select a winner . Alec Stockard , a 9 - year - old boy from Narberth , Pennsylvania , who had spelled it `` Fliers '' on his entry , won the drawing and was declared the winner . With the name and colors already known , Philadelphia advertising firm Mel Richmann Inc. was hired to design a logo and jersey . With Tom Paul as head of the project , artist Sam Ciccone designed both the logo and jerseys to represent speed . Ciccone 's winged `` P '' design -- four stylized wings attached to a slanted `` P '' with an orange dot to represent a puck -- was considered the `` obvious choice '' over his other designs , which included a winged skate . Ciccone 's jersey design , a stripe down each shoulder and down the arms , represented wings . The flying `` P '' has remained the same since the beginning and was ranked the sixth best NHL logo in a 2008 Hockey News poll . The Flyers unveiled a 3D version of this logo with metallic accents during the 2002 -- 03 season which was used on orange third jerseys until the end of the 2006 -- 07 season . The team 's 2008 -- 09 retro uniforms used a lighter shade of orange than their original uniforms . This shade did not match earlier versions of a darker ' burnt orange ' that was associated with the Flyers , but continued on once the retros became their primary jerseys ( with a white version ) in 2010 -- 11 . Jerseys ( edit ) As with his logo design , Ciccone 's jersey design was meant to represent speed . The home jersey was orange with a white stripe down each shoulder and down the arms ( meant to represent wings ) with a white number on the back and black sleeve numbers . The away jersey was white with orange striping , an orange number on the back and white sleeve numbers . Other than a few minor alterations to the numbers and the switch the NHL made to wear white at home and dark on the road for 1970 -- 71 , this general design was used until the end of the 1981 -- 82 season . The Flyers unveiled second - generation jerseys for the 1982 -- 83 season . The main difference was the increased width of the shoulder and arm stripes with black trim added to the border of the stripes . Also , a pinstripe ( black for the white jersey , orange for the dark ) was added to the bottom of each sleeve . With the exception of a similarly designed black jersey replacing the orange and the NHL switching back to wearing darks at home and whites on the road prior to 2003 -- 04 , this design was used until the end of the 2006 -- 07 season . Many NHL teams started using third jerseys during the mid-1990s and the Flyers unveiled a black third jersey that was similar in design to their second - generation jerseys during the 1997 -- 98 season . During the 2000 Stanley Cup playoffs , the black jersey became the primary dark jersey with the orange jersey being retired after the 2000 -- 01 season ( although it was worn for one final game early in the following season on Halloween night ) . In 2002 -- 03 , a new orange third jersey was introduced which was a radical departure from any jersey the Flyers had used before . Unique striping and fonts were used along with the aforementioned metallic 3D logo and the first use of a color other than orange , black or white on a Flyers jersey -- silver / gray . These jerseys were used until the end of the 2006 -- 07 season . The Flyers , along with the rest of the NHL , unveiled new Rbk Edge jerseys prior to the 2007 -- 08 season . The black jersey featured white shoulders with orange and black sections at the elbow and black cuffs . The white road jersey featured orange shoulders with black and white sections at the elbow , and black cuffs . The Flyers unveiled a new orange third jersey based on their 1973 -- 74 jerseys during the 2008 -- 09 season . and had replaced the black jerseys as the primary home jersey during the 2009 Stanley Cup Playoffs . The team wore the 1973 -- 74 white jersey -- reverse of their current home uniform but with a black nameplate with white lettering -- at the 2010 NHL Winter Classic versus the Boston Bruins at Fenway Park . For the 2010 -- 11 season , the Winter Classic jersey was adopted as the team 's primary road jersey and the team 's alternate black jersey was retired . In January 2012 , for their second Winter Classic appearance -- this time against their arch - rivals the New York Rangers at Citizens Bank Park -- the Flyers wore a traditional sweater design in orange with cream and black trim , featuring a cream nameplate with black lettering , as well as black numbers . It also contained a neck tie string which no other Flyers jersey has had before it . This design was later adopted as a third jersey for the 2014 -- 15 season . For the 2016 -- 17 season , the Flyers retired their Winter Classic third jerseys in favor of a commemorative 50th - anniversary jersey . The uniform is white with orange and black striping , along with gold numbers , black nameplate with white lettering bordered in gold , and the classic Flyers logo with gold borders . The franchise 's founding season is inscribed on the neckline . The Flyers wore a black uniform for the 2017 NHL Stadium Series , featuring enlarged black numbers with white trim , orange striping on the sleeves and tail , and orange nameplate with black lettering . Short - lived additions ( edit ) The Flyers debuted a short - lived skating mascot named `` Slapshot '' in 1976 but dropped the character by the next season . It remains the only mascot in Flyers ' team history , although the team occasionally employed the services of `` Phlex '' , the then - mascot of the team 's minor - league affiliate and former next - door neighbors , the Philadelphia Phantoms ( 1996 -- 2009 ) , who became the Adirondack Phantoms ( 2009 -- 2014 ) and are now re-branded the Lehigh Valley Phantoms , playing in the PPL Center in Allentown , Pennsylvania . The Flyers were the first and one of only two NHL teams ( the Hartford Whalers being the other ) to wear Cooperalls , hockey pants that extend from the waist to the ankles , in 1981 -- 82 . They wore them the following season as well , but returned to the traditional hockey pants in 1983 -- 84 due to Cooperalls being banned from the NHL for safety reasons . Players and personnel ( edit ) Current roster ( edit ) view talk Updated September 26 , 2017 # Nat Player Pos S / G Age Acquired Birthplace 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 United States ! Bardreau , Cole Cole Bardreau 7.0 ! RW 24 000000002015 - 03 - 12 - 0000 2015 Fairport , New York 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 Canada ! Couturier , Sean Sean Couturier 4.0 ! C 24 000000002011 - 06 - 24 - 0000 2011 Phoenix , Arizona 7001370000000000000 ♠ 37 Canada ! Elliott , Brian Brian Elliott 1.0 ! G 32 000000002017 - 07 - 01 - 0000 2017 Newmarket , Ontario 7001510000000000000 ♠ 51 Finland ! Filppula , Valtteri Valtteri Filppula 4.0 ! C 33 000000002017 - 03 - 01 - 0000 2017 Vantaa , Finland 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 Canada ! Giroux , Claude Claude Giroux ( C ) 4.0 ! C 29 000000002006 - 06 - 24 - 0000 2006 Hearst , Ontario 7001530000000000000 ♠ 53 United States ! Gostisbehere , Shayne Shayne Gostisbehere 2.0 ! D 24 000000002012 - 06 - 23 - 0000 2012 Pembroke Pines , Florida 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Czech Republic ! Gudas , Radko Radko Gudas 2.0 ! D 27 000000002015 - 03 - 02 - 0000 2015 Prague , Czechoslovakia 7001480000000000000 ♠ 48 Sweden ! Hagg , Robert Robert Hagg 2.0 ! D 22 000000002013 - 06 - 30 - 0000 2013 Uppsala , Sweden 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 Canada ! Konecny , Travis Travis Konecny 6.0 ! LW 20 000000002015 - 06 - 26 - 0000 2015 London , Ontario 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 Canada ! Laughton , Scott Scott Laughton 4.0 ! C 23 000000002012 - 06 - 22 - 0000 2012 Oakville , Ontario 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 Finland ! Lehtera , Jori Jori Lehtera 4.0 ! C 29 000000002017 - 06 - 23 - 0000 2017 Lempäälä , Finland 7001580000000000000 ♠ 58 Canada ! Leier , Taylor Taylor Leier 6.0 ! LW 23 000000002012 - 06 - 23 - 0000 2012 Saskatoon , Saskatchewan 7001540000000000000 ♠ 54 Sweden ! Lindblom , Oskar Oskar Lindblom 6.0 ! LW 21 000000002014 - 06 - 28 - 0000 2014 Gävle , Sweden 7001470000000000000 ♠ 47 Canada ! MacDonald , Andrew Andrew MacDonald 2.0 ! D 31 000000002014 - 03 - 04 - 0000 2014 Judique , Nova Scotia 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 Canada ! Manning , Brandon Brandon Manning 2.0 ! D 27 000000002010 - 11 - 23 - 0000 2010 Prince George , British Columbia 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 United States ! McDonald , Colin Colin McDonald 7.0 ! RW 32 000000002015 - 07 - 03 - 0000 2015 New Haven , Connecticut 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 Canada ! Morin , Samuel Samuel Morin 2.0 ! D 22 000000002013 - 06 - 30 - 0000 2013 Lac - Beauport , Quebec 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 Czech Republic ! Neuvirth , Michal Michal Neuvirth 1.0 ! G 29 000000002015 - 07 - 01 - 0000 2015 Ústí nad Labem , Czechoslovakia 7001640000000000000 ♠ 64 Canada ! Patrick , Nolan Nolan Patrick 4.0 ! C 19 000000002017 - 06 - 23 - 0000 2017 Winnipeg , Manitoba 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Russia ! Provorov , Ivan Ivan Provorov 2.0 ! D 20 000000002015 - 06 - 26 - 0000 2015 Yaroslavl , Russia 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 Austria ! Raffl , Michael Michael Raffl 6.0 ! LW 28 000000002013 - 05 - 31 - 0000 2013 Villach , Austria 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 Canada ! Read , Matt Matt Read 7.0 ! RW 31 000000002011 - 03 - 24 - 0000 2011 Ilderton , Ontario 7001570000000000000 ♠ 57 Canada ! Sanheim , Travis Travis Sanheim 2.0 ! D 21 000000002014 - 06 - 27 - 0000 2014 Elkhorn , Manitoba 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 Canada ! Simmonds , Wayne Wayne Simmonds ( A ) 7.0 ! RW 29 000000002011 - 06 - 23 - 0000 2011 Scarborough , Ontario 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 United States ! Stolarz , Anthony Anthony Stolarz 1.0 ! G 23 000000002012 - 06 - 23 - 0000 2012 Jackson , New Jersey 7001740000000000000 ♠ 74 United States ! Vecchione , Mike Mike Vecchione 4.0 ! C 24 000000002017 - 03 - 31 - 0000 2017 Saugus , Massachusetts 7001930000000000000 ♠ 93 Czech Republic ! Voracek , Jakub Jakub Voracek 7.0 ! RW 28 000000002011 - 06 - 23 - 0000 2011 Kladno , Czechoslovakia 7001460000000000000 ♠ 46 Russia ! Vorobyev , Mikhail Mikhail Vorobyev 4.0 ! C 20 000000002015 - 06 - 27 - 0000 2015 Salavat , Russia 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 Canada ! Weal , Jordan Jordan Weal 6.0 ! LW 25 000000002016 - 01 - 06 - 0000 2016 North Vancouver , British Columbia 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 Canada ! Weise , Dale Dale Weise 7.0 ! RW 29 000000002016 - 07 - 01 - 0000 2016 Winnipeg , Manitoba Team captains ( edit ) No . Name Appointment Departure Refs Lou Angotti October 11 , 1967 June 11 , 1968 Ed Van Impe November 6 , 1968 January 17 , 1973 Bobby Clarke January 17 , 1973 August 10 , 1979 Mel Bridgman October 11 , 1979 October 9 , 1981 5 Bill Barber October 9 , 1981 January 6 , 1983 6 Bobby Clarke January 6 , 1983 May 15 , 1984 7 Dave Poulin October 11 , 1984 December 15 , 1989 8 Ron Sutter December 15 , 1989 September 22 , 1991 9 Rick Tocchet October 2 , 1991 February 19 , 1992 10 Kevin Dineen October 5 , 1993 September 6 , 1994 No . Name Appointment Departure Refs 11 Eric Lindros September 6 , 1994 March 27 , 2000 12 Eric Desjardins March 27 , 2000 October 23 , 2001 13 Keith Primeau October 23 , 2001 September 14 , 2006 14 Derian Hatcher January 29 , 2006 September 14 , 2006 15 Peter Forsberg September 14 , 2006 February 15 , 2007 16 Jason Smith October 1 , 2007 July 8 , 2008 17 Mike Richards September 17 , 2008 June 23 , 2011 18 Chris Pronger September 16 , 2011 January 15 , 2013 19 Claude Giroux January 15 , 2013 -- Head coaches ( edit ) Main article : List of Philadelphia Flyers head coaches No . Name Appointment Departure Refs Keith Allen June 6 , 1966 May 19 , 1969 Vic Stasiuk May 19 , 1969 May 27 , 1971 Fred Shero June 2 , 1971 May 22 , 1978 Bob McCammon July 6 , 1978 January 30 , 1979 5 Pat Quinn January 30 , 1979 March 19 , 1982 -- Bob McCammon March 19 , 1982 April 25 , 1984 6 Mike Keenan May 24 , 1984 May 11 , 1988 7 Paul Holmgren June 1 , 1988 December 4 , 1991 8 Bill Dineen December 4 , 1991 May 24 , 1993 9 Terry Simpson May 24 , 1993 May 20 , 1994 No . Name Appointment Departure Refs 10 Terry Murray June 23 , 1994 June 13 , 1997 11 Wayne Cashman July 7 , 1997 March 9 , 1998 12 Roger Neilson March 9 , 1998 June 8 , 2000 13 Craig Ramsay June 8 , 2000 December 10 , 2000 14 Bill Barber December 10 , 2000 April 30 , 2002 15 Ken Hitchcock May 14 , 2002 October 22 , 2006 16 John Stevens October 22 , 2006 December 4 , 2009 17 Peter Laviolette December 4 , 2009 October 7 , 2013 18 ! 18 Craig Berube October 7 , 2013 April 17 , 2015 19 ! 19 Dave Hakstol May 18 , 2015 -- General managers ( edit ) Main article : List of Philadelphia Flyers general managers No . Name Appointment Departure Refs Bud Poile May 31 , 1966 December 19 , 1969 Keith Allen December 22 , 1969 May 27 , 1983 Bob McCammon May 27 , 1983 April 25 , 1984 Bob Clarke May 15 , 1984 April 16 , 1990 No . Name Appointment Departure Refs 5 Russ Farwell June 6 , 1990 June 15 , 1994 -- Bob Clarke June 15 , 1994 October 22 , 2006 6 Paul Holmgren October 22 , 2006 May 7 , 2014 7 Ron Hextall May 7 , 2014 -- Honored members ( edit ) See also : List of Philadelphia Flyers players and List of Philadelphia Flyers award winners Hall of famers ( edit ) The Flyers currently have nineteen personnel in the Hockey Hall of Fame ; thirteen have been inducted into the players category and six in the builders category . Inducted as players and who spent a significant part of their career with the Flyers were goaltender Bernie Parent in 1984 , forward Bobby Clarke in 1987 , forward Bill Barber in 1990 , defenseman Mark Howe in 2011 , forward Eric Lindros in 2016 , and forward Mark Recchi in 2017 . Of the other Flyers also inducted as players -- Paul Coffey , Peter Forsberg , Dale Hawerchuk , Adam Oates , Chris Pronger , Darryl Sittler and Allan Stanley -- only Pronger and Sittler played a third season with the Flyers . Inducted as builders were Keith Allen , who was head coach ( 1967 -- 69 ) , general manager ( 1969 -- 83 ) and executive vice-president ( 1980 -- 2014 ) , Roger Neilson , head coach ( 1997 -- 2000 ) , mainly for his overall NHL coaching career , Bud Poile , general manager ( 1967 -- 69 ) , Pat Quinn , head coach ( 1979 -- 82 ) , Fred Shero , head coach ( 1971 -- 78 ) , and Ed Snider , the Flyers majority owner ( 1967 -- 96 ) and chairman ( 1996 -- 2016 ) . Gene Hart ( 1967 -- 95 ) , was honored as a broadcaster ( Foster Hewitt Memorial Award ) in 1997 . Retired numbers ( edit ) Mark Howe speaking at the retirement of his number ( 2 ) on March 6 , 2012 . See also : List of NHL retired numbers The Flyers have retired five of their jersey numbers and taken another number out of circulation . Barry Ashbee 's number 4 was retired a few months after his death from leukemia . Bernie Parent 's number 1 -- Parent wore number 30 during his first stint with the Flyers -- and Bobby Clarke 's number 16 were retired less than a year after retiring while Bill Barber 's number 7 and Mark Howe 's number 2 were retired shortly after their inductions into the Hockey Hall of Fame . The number 31 , last worn by goaltender Pelle Lindbergh , was removed from circulation after Lindbergh 's death on November 11 , 1985 , but it is not officially retired . The NHL retired Wayne Gretzky 's No. 99 for all its member teams at the 2000 NHL All - Star Game . On January 18th , 2018 , the Flyers will retire Eric Lindros 's number 88 . Philadelphia Flyers retired numbers No . Player Position Career Date of retirement Parent , Bernie Bernie Parent Goaltender 1967 -- 1971 , 1973 -- 1979 000000001979 - 10 - 11 - 0000 October 11 , 1979 Howe , Mark Mark Howe Defense 1982 -- 1992 000000002012 - 03 - 06 - 0000 March 6 , 2012 Ashbee , Barry Barry Ashbee Defense 1970 -- 1974 000000001977 - 10 - 13 - 0000 October 13 , 1977 7 Barber , Bill Bill Barber Left Wing 1972 -- 1984 000000001990 - 10 - 11 - 0000 October 11 , 1990 16 Clarke , Bobby Bobby Clarke Center 1969 -- 1984 000000001984 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15 , 1984 88 Lindros , Eric Eric Lindros Center 1992 -- 2000 000000002018 - 01 - 18 - 0000 January 18 , 2018 Flyers Hall of Fame ( edit ) Further information : List of Philadelphia Flyers award winners § Flyers Hall of Fame Established in 1988 , the Flyers Hall of Fame was designed to `` permanently honor those individuals who have contributed to the franchise 's success . '' Candidates for the hall are nominated and voted upon by a panel of media members and team officials . To date , twenty - five former players and executives have been inducted . Bobby Clarke and Bernie Parent , 1988 Keith Allen , Bill Barber and Ed Snider , 1989 Rick MacLeish and Fred Shero , 1990 Barry Ashbee and Gary Dornhoefer , 1991 Gene Hart and Reggie Leach , 1992 Joe Scott and Ed Van Impe , 1993 Tim Kerr , 1994 Joe Watson , 1996 Brian Propp , 1999 Mark Howe , 2001 Dave Poulin , 2004 Ron Hextall , 2008 Dave Schultz , 2009 John LeClair and Eric Lindros , 2014 Eric Desjardins and Rod Brind'Amour , 2015 Jimmy Watson , 2016 Team records ( edit ) Statistics and records are current after the 2016 -- 17 season , except where noted . Season - by - season record ( edit ) This is a partial list of the last five seasons completed by the Flyers . For the full season - by - season history , see List of Philadelphia Flyers seasons Note : GP = Games played , W = Wins , L = Losses , T = Ties , OTL = Overtime Losses , Pts = Points , GF = Goals for , GA = Goals against Records as of the 2016 -- 17 season . Season GP OTL Pts GF GA Finish Playoffs 2012 -- 13 48 23 22 49 133 141 4th , Atlantic Did not qualify 2013 -- 14 82 42 30 10 94 236 235 3rd , Metropolitan Lost in First Round , 3 -- 4 ( Rangers ) 2014 -- 15 82 33 31 18 84 215 234 6th , Metropolitan Did not qualify 2015 -- 16 82 41 27 14 96 214 218 5th , Metropolitan Lost in First Round , 2 -- 4 ( Capitals ) 2016 -- 17 82 39 33 10 88 219 236 6th , Metropolitan Did not qualify Statistical leaders ( edit ) See also : List of Philadelphia Flyers players and List of Philadelphia Flyers records Appeared in a Flyers game during the most recently completed season Scoring ( edit ) These are the top - ten regular season point - scorers in franchise history . Points Player Seasons Pos GP Pts Bobby Clarke 1969 -- 1984 1,144 358 852 1,210 Bill Barber 1972 -- 1984 LW 903 420 463 883 Brian Propp 1979 -- 1990 LW 790 369 480 849 Rick MacLeish 1970 -- 1981 1983 -- 1984 741 328 369 697 Eric Lindros 1992 -- 2000 486 290 369 659 Tim Kerr 1980 -- 1991 RW 601 363 287 650 John LeClair 1995 -- 2004 LW 649 333 310 643 Mark Recchi 1991 -- 1995 1998 -- 2004 RW 602 232 395 627 Rod Brind'Amour 1991 -- 2000 633 235 366 601 Claude Giroux 2007 -- present 656 180 395 575 Goaltending ( edit ) These are the top - ten goaltenders in franchise history by regular season wins . Goaltenders Player Seasons GP OT Ron Hextall 1986 -- 1992 1994 -- 1999 489 240 172 58 12 Bernie Parent 1967 -- 1971 1973 -- 1979 486 232 141 104 -- Steve Mason 2012 -- 2017 231 104 78 -- 36 Wayne Stephenson 1974 -- 1979 165 93 35 22 -- Bob Froese 1982 -- 1987 144 92 29 12 -- Roman Cechmanek 2000 -- 2003 163 92 43 22 8 Pelle Lindbergh 1981 -- 1986 157 87 49 15 -- Pete Peeters 1978 -- 1982 1989 -- 1991 179 85 57 20 -- Doug Favell 1967 -- 1973 215 76 87 37 -- Brian Boucher 1999 -- 2002 2009 -- 2011 2012 -- 2013 174 73 68 12 10 Single season records ( edit ) Main article : List of Philadelphia Flyers records Regular season ( edit ) Most goals in a season : Reggie Leach , 61 ( 1975 -- 76 ) Most assists in a season : Bobby Clarke , 89 ( 1974 -- 75 & 1975 -- 76 ) Most points in a season : Mark Recchi , 123 ( 1992 -- 93 ) Most penalty minutes in a season : Dave Schultz , 472 ( 1974 -- 75 ) ( NHL record ) Most points in a season , defenseman : Mark Howe , 82 ( 1985 -- 86 ) Most points in a season , rookie : Mikael Renberg , 82 ( 1993 -- 94 ) Most wins in a season : Bernie Parent , 47 ( 1973 -- 74 ) Most shutouts in a season : Bernie Parent , 12 ( 1973 -- 74 & 1974 -- 75 ) Most power play goals in a season : Tim Kerr , 34 ( 1985 -- 86 ) ( NHL record ) Playoffs ( edit ) Most goals in a playoff season : Reggie Leach , 19 ( 1975 -- 76 ) ( NHL record ) Most goals by a defenseman in a playoff season : Andy Delmore , 5 ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Most assists in a playoff season : Pelle Eklund , 20 ( 1986 -- 87 ) Most points in a playoff season : Daniel Briere , 30 ( 2009 -- 10 ) Most points in a playoff season , rookie : Ville Leino , 21 ( 2009 -- 10 ) ( NHL record ) Most points by a defenseman in a playoff season : Doug Crossman ( 1986 -- 87 ) & Chris Pronger ( 2009 -- 10 ) , 18 Most penalty minutes in a playoff season : Dave Schultz , 139 ( 1973 -- 74 ) Team ( edit ) Most points in a season : 118 , ( 1975 -- 76 ) Most wins in a season : 53 , ( 1984 -- 85 , 1985 -- 86 ) Most goals scored : 350 , ( 1983 -- 84 ) Fewest goals allowed ( full season ) : 164 , ( 1973 -- 74 ) Longest undefeated streak : 35 games , ( 1979 -- 80 ) ( NHL record ) Radio and television ( edit ) Further information : List of Philadelphia Flyers broadcasters See also ( edit ) Philadelphia portal Sports portal List of NHL statistical leaders South Philadelphia Sports Complex Sports in Philadelphia References ( edit ) `` Philadelphia Flyers hockey team statistics and history '' . The Internet Hockey Database . Retrieved January 1 , 2015 . Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Meltzer , Bill ( September 1 , 2016 ) . `` Meltzer : Uniformity '' . Philadelphia Flyers . Retrieved September 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Meltzer , Bill ( August 3 , 2016 ) . `` On This Day : Franchise Adopts Flyers as Team Name '' . Philadelphia Flyers . Retrieved September 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Teams -- NHL.com '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Flyers '' An Iconic NHL Franchise `` . Comcast . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Boylen , Rory . `` NHL Logo Rankings No. 10 : Philadelphia Flyers '' . TVA Group . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Team Index '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sorensen , John . `` Capitals vs. Flyers : The Philthy Rivalry '' . NoVa Caps . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Carchidi , Sam . `` Flyers , Capitals renew growing rivalry '' . Philadelphia Media Network . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Flyers - Penguins Is The NHL 's Best Rivalry '' . Deadspin . Gawker Media . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` '' I think this is currently the biggest rivalry in the NHL . '' - Four former NHL players talk Penguins vs. Flyers `` . Vox Media . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ranking the NHL 's 10 Best Rivalries '' . Sports Illustrated . Time Inc . Retrieved March 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Bruce C. `` A Concise History of the American Hockey League & Minor Pro Hockey in Philadelphia : 1927 - 2009 '' , HockeyScoop.net Jump up ^ `` TWO SEXTETS OUT OF HOCKEY LEAGUE : Ottawa and Philadelphia Agree to Suspension of Franchises for a Year . '' ( AP ) The New York Times , September 27 , 1931 , p . S2 Jump up ^ `` Maroon Hockey Franchise May Go to Philadelphia '' , The New York Times , February 1 , 1946 , p. 34 Jump up ^ `` HOCKEY FRANCHISES SOUGHT BY 3 CITIES : National League Weighs Bids by Philadelphia , San Francisco and Los Angeles '' , The New York Times , February 15 , 1946 , p. 7 Jump up ^ `` Revival of Maroon Six For Philadelphia Seen '' ( AP ) , The New York Times August 17 , 1947 , p. 102 ^ Jump up to : `` Ed Snider 's Flyers Hall of Fame Profile '' . P. Anson . Flyers History . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : For details , see # Colors , name and logo . Jump up ^ `` Flyers First Ever Game '' . P. Anson . Flyers History . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Flyers First Ever Win '' . P. Anson . Flyers History . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Flyers First Home Game '' . P. Anson . Flyers History . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` This Date in Flyers History ... March 1 '' . PhiladelphiaFlyers.com . March 1 , 2005 . Retrieved December 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ FlyersHistory.com webpage with complete Kate Smith record , retrieved December 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ FlyersHistory.net , Philadelphia - Buffalo boxscore from April 2 , 1972 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Jim . Walking Together Forever : The Broad Street Bullies , Then and Now . Sports Publishing L.L.C. pp. 1 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Jack Chevalier ( 1973 - 01 - 03 ) . `` Broad Street Bullies Muscle Atlanta '' . Philadelphia Bulletin . ^ Jump up to : Farber , Michael ( February 14 , 2011 ) . `` What About Bob ? : The Flyers are stacked for a run at the Cup . The only question mark is in goal -- where else ? But unflappable Russian rookie Sergei Bobrovsky looks up to the task '' . Sports Illustrated . Time Inc . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 11 . In the beginning there was Bernie . Jump up ^ Pelletier , Joe . `` Bobby Clarke '' . Greatest Hockey Legends.com . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Patrick . `` Top 10 captains in NHL history '' . Sportsnet . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ FlyersHistory.net , Flyers vs. Red Army . Jump up ^ FlyersHistory.net , Some Facts & Figures About the Streak . Jump up ^ `` Old Flyers know what makes a streak '' . ESPN . February 27 , 2013 . Retrieved March 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Blumenstock , Kathy ( June 2 , 1980 ) . `` Putting the Hammer to the Old Bugaboo '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ As of February 2011 , Hextall is one of only four rookies and five players to win the Conn Smythe Trophy as a member of the losing team . The other four players are Roger Crozier ( 1966 ) , Glenn Hall ( 1968 ) , Reggie Leach ( 1976 ) and Jean - Sebastien Giguere ( 2003 ) . Farber , Michael ( February 14 , 2011 ) . `` What About Bob ? : The Flyers are stacked for a run at the Cup . The only question mark is in goal -- where else ? But unflappable Russian rookie Sergei Bobrovsky looks up to the task '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved November 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Galleries '' . CNN . January 13 , 1997 . Jump up ^ Panaccio , Tim ( July 25 , 1999 ) . `` Tertyshny Is Killed in Boating Accident '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Why is no one talking about the Flyers ? '' . The Canadian Press . TSN.ca . September 21 , 2006 . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2007 . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New York Rangers vs. Philadelphia Flyers -- Preview -- January 24 , 2013 -- ESPN '' . Scores.espn.go.com . January 24 , 2013 . Retrieved March 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Flyers fire Laviolette , replace with Berube '' . www.nhl.com . October 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Ron Hextall Era begins '' . Jump up ^ `` Craig Berube relieved of duties as Flyers head coach '' . Philadelphia Flyers. April 17 , 2015 . Retrieved April 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NHL Standings - 2014 - 15 '' . `` ESPN '' . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Flyers hire Dave Hakstol '' . ESPN . The Associated Press . Jump up ^ Isaac , Dave ( September 13 , 2014 ) . `` Flyers Owner Ed Snider Says He 's Cancer - Free '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Panaccio , Tim ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` Flyers Founder , Owner Ed Snider Dies '' . NBC10.com . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hunter , Brian ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` Flyers owner Snider dies '' . NHL . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Flyers History - Flyers Jersey History Gallery '' . FlyersHistory.net . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Special Features : THN. com 's NHL Logo Rankings '' . The Hockey News . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Slideshow '' . Flyers.nhl.com. 2007 - 09 - 14 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Flyers ' New Third Jersey '' . Flyers.nhl.com . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Flyers 2017 Roster '' . Philadelphia Flyers . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Angotti Leads Flyers '' . Arizona Republic . October 12 , 1967 . p. 108 . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ `` Penguins Pick Up Angotti in 3 - Team Trade '' . UPI . Chicago Tribune . June 12 , 1968 . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Van Impe Named Captain of Flyers '' . Pottstown Mercury . November 6 , 1968 . p. 19 . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 -- via Newspapers.com . ^ Jump up to : `` CLARKE NAMED CAPTAIN '' . The Herald . January 18 , 1973 . p. 14 . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ `` Clarke , Watson added to Flyers ' coaching staff '' . Ottawa Journal . August 11 , 1979 . p. 24 . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ `` Bridgman Named Captain '' . The Gettysburg Times . October 12 , 1979 . p. 15 . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 -- via Newspapers.com . ^ Jump up to : `` FLYERS ' BARBER FULFILLING ROLE '' . The New York Times . October 11 , 1981 . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` RUSSIANS BEAT FLYERS IN FINALE '' . The New York Times . January 7 , 1983 . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` SPORTS PEOPLE ; Clarke Quits Playing '' . The New York Times . May 16 , 1984 . Retrieved May 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Shope , Dan ( October 12 , 1984 ) . `` Kerr 's Late Goal Gives Flyers Tie '' . The Morning Call . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Morganti , Al ( December 16 , 1989 ) . `` Sutter Takes The Ice As Captain of Flyers '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bowen , Les ( September 23 , 1991 ) . `` Flyers Send Sutter , Baron To Blues '' . Philadelphia Daily News . Retrieved December 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Miles , Gary ( October 3 , 1991 ) . `` Tocchet Is Named Team Captain '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fleischman , Bill ( February 20 , 1992 ) . `` Shaking Up The Flyers '' . Philadelphia Daily News . Retrieved December 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bowen , Les ( October 6 , 1993 ) . `` Veteran Dineen Chosen As Flyers ' Captain '' . Philadelphia Daily News . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bowen , Les ( September 7 , 1994 ) . `` It 's Official : Lindros Gets His Stripes '' . Philadelphia Daily News . Retrieved November 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Panaccio , Tim ( March 28 , 2000 ) . `` Outspokenness Costs Lindros His Captain 's ' C ' '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Panaccio , Tim ( October 24 , 2001 ) . `` Desjardins yields helm as captain of Flyers '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Keith Primeau Announces His Retirement '' . Philadelphia Flyers . September 14 , 2006 . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Derian Hatcher Named Team Captain '' . Philadelphia Flyers . January 29 , 2006 . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Forsberg Named Flyers Captain '' . Philadelphia Flyers . September 14 , 2006 . Retrieved November 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Flyers Acquire Ryan Parent , Scottie Upshall and Two Draft Picks for Peter Forsberg '' . Philadelphia Flyers . February 15 , 2007 . Retrieved November 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jason Smith Named Flyers Captain '' . Philadelphia Flyers . October 1 , 2007 . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bulletin : Senators Sign Jason Smith To A Two - year Contract '' . Ottawa Senators . July 8 , 2008 . Retrieved November 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Richards Named Flyers Captain '' . Philadelphia Flyers . September 17 , 2008 . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Richards Traded to LA for Simmonds , Schenn '' . Philadelphia Flyers . June 23 , 2011 . Retrieved June 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pronger Named Captain '' . Philadelphia Flyers . September 16 , 2011 . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Claude Giroux named Captain of the Flyers '' . Philadelphia Flyers . January 15 , 2013 . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Allen To Coach Philadelphia Club '' . Brandon Sun . June 7 , 1966 . p. 6 . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 -- via Newspapers.com . ^ Jump up to : `` PHILADELPHIA FLYERS NAME STASIUK COACH '' . Chicago Tribune . May 20 , 1969 . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Flyers Fire Coach Vic Stasiuk '' . Chicago Tribune . May 28 , 1971 . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NHL Flyers Name Shero New Coach '' . AP . The Schenectady Gazette . June 3 , 1971 . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Juliano , Joe ( November 25 , 1990 ) . `` Fred Shero , Ex-flyers Coach , Dead '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . he announced his resignation on May 22 , 1978 Jump up ^ `` Flyers hire McCammon '' . AP . The Free Lance -- Star . July 7 , 1978 . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Flyers Ax Coach McCammon , Name Quinn as Replacement '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . January 31 , 1979 . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Flyers unload Quinn , call back McCammon '' . AP . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . March 20 , 1982 . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` SPORTS PEOPLE ; 2 Coaches Out '' . The New York Times . April 25 , 1984 . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Shope , Dan ( May 25 , 1984 ) . `` Flyers Name Mike Keenan As Head Coach '' . The Morning Call . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fleischman , Bill ( May 12 , 1988 ) . `` ' Toughest Decision ' Dumps Flyer Coach '' . Philadelphia Daily News . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SPORTS PEOPLE ; 2 N.H.L. Coaches Hired '' . The New York Times . June 2 , 1988 . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Miles , Gary ( December 5 , 1991 ) . `` Flyers Pull Plug on Holmgren Dineen Named As Successor '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Miles , Gary ( May 25 , 1993 ) . `` Flyers Pass Torch To Simpson '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Miles , Gary ( May 21 , 1994 ) . `` Players Claim Share of Blame in Flyers ' Firing of Simpson '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Miles , Gary ( June 24 , 1994 ) . `` Murray Named Coach of Flyers '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bowen , Les ( June 14 , 1997 ) . `` Where There 's Choke There 's Fire '' . Philadelphia Daily News . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Moran , Edward ( July 8 , 1997 ) . `` Wayne Manner '' . Philadelphia Daily News . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Panaccio , Tim ( March 10 , 1998 ) . `` All The Right Moves ? All Sides Endorse Flyers ' Changes '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Panaccio , Tim ( June 9 , 2000 ) . `` Flyers Give Ramsay Reward '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Panaccio , Tim ( December 11 , 2000 ) . `` Clarke Dumps Ramsay '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Panaccio , Tim ( May 1 , 2002 ) . `` Ax Falls on Barber '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Panaccio , Tim ( May 15 , 2002 ) . `` Flyers Try New Direction '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Flyers GM Clarke resigns ; coach Hitchcock fired '' . ESPN.com . October 24 , 2006 . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Flyers Name Peter Laviolette Head Coach '' . Philadelphia Flyers . December 4 , 2009 . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` CRAIG BERUBE NAMED FLYERS HEAD COACH '' . Philadelphia Flyers . October 7 , 2013 . Retrieved October 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Flyers ' Berube Fired as Coach '' . 2015 - 04 - 17 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Dave Hakstol Named Head Coach '' . Philadelphia Flyers . May 18 , 2015 . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bud Poile Joins Philadelphia '' . Santa Cruz Sentinel . May 31 , 1966 . p. 9 . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 -- via Newspapers.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Allen Named General Manager of Flyers as Successor to Poile '' . The New York Times . December 22 , 1969 . Retrieved May 15 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` SPORTS PEOPLE ; Flyer Changes '' . The New York Times . May 28 , 1983 . Retrieved May 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` SPORTS PEOPLE : HOCKEY ; Flyers Dismiss Clarke '' . The New York Times . April 17 , 1990 . Retrieved May 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Miles , Gary ( June 7 , 1990 ) . `` Gm Arrives , Gm Departs : Farwell Gets His Chance With Flyers '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved May 15 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Miles , Gary ( June 16 , 1994 ) . `` Clarke Waves Off Trading As A Goal '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` FLYERS PROMOTE PAUL HOLMGREN TO PRESIDENT ; RON HEXTALL TO GENERAL MANAGER '' . Philadelphia Flyers . May 7 , 2014 . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Farber , Michael ( April 2012 ) . `` Old - time Hockey , Baby ! '' . Sports Illustrated : 38 -- 40 . ^ Jump up to : `` Flyers pay tribute to Barry Ashbee '' . AP . The Calgary Herald . October 13 , 1977 . Retrieved October 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Flyers Sweater Numbers '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Seravalli , Frank ( November 11 , 2010 ) . `` Pelle Lindbergh 's spirit lives on , 25 years after fatal crash '' . Philadelphia Daily News . Retrieved October 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Perfect setting : Gretzky 's number retired before All - Star Game '' . CNN Sports Illustrated . Associated Press . February 6 , 2000 . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2013 . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Saleski Scores 2 Goals As Flyers Top Hawks '' . Milwaukee Sentinel . October 14 , 1977 . Retrieved October 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lindros to have No. 88 retired by Flyers '' . NHL . August 28 , 2017 . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Schultz to Join Flyers Hall of Fame '' . Philadelphia Flyers . October 13 , 2009 . Retrieved August 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Eric Lindros , John LeClair and Eric Desjardins to be inducted into the Flyers Hall of Fame '' . Philadelphia Flyers . July 31 , 2014 . Retrieved August 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Regular Season - All Skaters - Career for Franchise - Career Points - NHL.com - Stats '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved March 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Regular Season - Goalie - Goalie Career for Franchise - Career Wins - NHL.com - Stats '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved March 30 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Philadelphia Flyers . 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how did the philadelphia flyers get their name
[ "On April 4, 1966, Putnam announced a name-the-team contest.[18] Details of the contest were released on July 12.[18] The team name was announced on August 3.[18]" ]
[ "name-the-team contest" ]
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SAT
SAT - wikipedia SAT Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the college admission test in the United States . For the exams in England colloquially known as SATs , see National Curriculum assessment . For other uses , see SAT ( disambiguation ) . This article relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) US SAT Type Paper - based standardized test Developer / administrator College Board , Educational Testing Service . Knowledge / skills tested Writing , critical reading , mathematics . Purpose Admission to undergraduate programs of universities or colleges . Year started 1926 ( 1926 ) Duration 3 to 4 hours Score / grade range 200 -- 800 ( in 10 - point increments ) on each of two sections ( total 400 -- 1600 ) . Essay scored on scale of 2 -- 8 , in 1 - point increments . Offered Seven times annually Countries / regions Worldwide Languages English Annual number of test takers Over 1.71 million high school graduates in the class of 2017 Prerequisites / eligibility criteria No official prerequisite . Intended for high school students . Fluency in English assumed . Fee US $ 52.50 to US $101.50 , depending on country . Scores / grades used by Most universities and colleges offering undergraduate programs in the U.S. Website sat.collegeboard.org The SAT ( / ˌɛs eɪ ˈtiː / es - ay - TEE ) is a standardized test widely used for college admissions in the United States . Introduced in 1926 , its name and scoring have changed several times ; originally called the Scholastic Aptitude Test , it was later called the Scholastic Assessment Test , then the SAT I : Reasoning Test , then the SAT Reasoning Test , and now , simply the SAT . The SAT is owned , developed , and published by the College Board , a private , non-profit organization in the United States . It is administered on behalf of the College Board by the Educational Testing Service , which until recently developed the SAT as well . The test is intended to assess students ' readiness for college . The SAT was originally designed to not be aligned with high school curricula , but several adjustments were made for the version of the SAT introduced in 2016 , and College Board president , David Coleman , has said that he also wanted to make the test reflect more closely what students learned in high school . On March 5 , 2014 , the College Board announced that a redesigned version of the SAT would be administered for the first time in 2016 . The current SAT , introduced in 2016 , takes three hours to finish , plus 50 minutes for the SAT with essay , and as of 2017 costs US $45 ( US $57 with the optional essay ) , excluding late fees , with additional processing fees if the SAT is taken outside the United States . Scores on the SAT range from 400 to 1600 , combining test results from two 800 - point sections : mathematics , and critical reading and writing . Taking the SAT , or its competitor , the ACT , is required for freshman entry to many , but not all , colleges and universities in the United States . Starting with the 2015 -- 16 school year , the College Board also announced it would team up with Khan Academy , a free , online education site to provide SAT prep , free of charge . Contents ( hide ) 1 Function 2 Structure 2.1 Reading Test 2.2 Writing and Language Test 2.3 Mathematics 2.3. 1 Calculator use 2.4 Style of questions 3 Logistics 4 Raw scores , scaled scores , and percentiles 5 SAT - ACT score comparisons 6 History 6.1 1901 essay exams 6.2 1926 test 6.3 1928 and 1929 tests 6.4 1930 test and 1936 changes 6.5 1941 and 1942 score scales 6.6 1946 test and associated changes 6.7 1960s and 1970s score declines 6.8 1994 changes 6.9 1995 recentering ( raising mean score back to 500 ) 6.10 1995 re-centering controversy 6.11 2002 changes -- Score Choice 6.12 2005 changes , including a new 2400 - point score 6.13 Scoring problems of October 2005 tests 6.14 2008 changes 6.15 2012 changes 6.16 2016 changes , including the return to a 1600 - point score 7 Name changes 8 Math -- verbal achievement gap 9 Reuse of old SAT exams 10 Perception 10.1 Association with culture 10.2 Association with family income 10.3 Association with gender 10.4 Association with race and ethnicity 10.5 Dropping SAT 10.6 IQ studies 10.7 Preparation 10.8 Use by high - IQ societies 10.9 Writing section 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Function ( edit ) Education in the United States By state and in insular areas By subject area History of Issues : Finance -- Law -- Literacy -- Reform Levels : Primary -- Secondary -- Higher Organizations Education portal United States portal The SAT is typically taken by high school juniors and seniors . The College Board states that the SAT measures literacy , numeracy and writing skills that are needed for academic success in college . They state that the SAT assesses how well the test takers analyze and solve problems -- skills they learned in school that they will need in college . However , the test is administered under a tight time limit ( speeded ) to help produce a range of scores . The College Board also states that use of the SAT in combination with high school grade point average ( GPA ) provides a better indicator of success in college than high school grades alone , as measured by college freshman GPA . Various studies conducted over the lifetime of the SAT show a statistically significant increase in correlation of high school grades and college freshman grades when the SAT is factored in . A large independent validity study on the SAT 's ability to predict college freshman GPA was performed by the University of California . The results of this study found how well various predictor variables could explain the variance in college freshman GPA . It found that independently high school GPA could explain 15.4 % of the variance in college freshman GPA , SAT I ( the SAT Math and Verbal sections ) could explain 13.3 % of the variance in college freshman GPA , and SAT II ( also known as the SAT subject tests ; in the UC 's case specifically Writing , Mathematics IC or IIC , plus a third subject test of the student 's choice ) could explain 16 % of the variance in college freshman GPA . When high school GPA and the SAT I were combined , they explained 20.8 % of the variance in college freshman GPA . When high school GPA and the SAT II were combined , they explained 22.2 % of the variance in college freshman GPA . When SAT I was added to the combination of high school GPA and SAT II , it added a . 1 percentage point increase in explaining the variance in college freshman GPA for a total of 22.3 % . There are substantial differences in funding , curricula , grading , and difficulty among U.S. secondary schools due to U.S. federalism , local control , and the prevalence of private , distance , and home schooled students . SAT ( and ACT ) scores are intended to supplement the secondary school record and help admission officers put local data -- such as course work , grades , and class rank -- in a national perspective . However , independent research has shown that high school GPA is better than the SAT at predicting college grades regardless of high school type or quality . This map of the United States shows the states in which ( blue color ) more seniors in the class of 2006 took the SAT than the ACT , and the states in which ( red color ) more seniors took the ACT than the SAT . This map of the United States shows the states in which ( blue color ) more seniors in the class of 2017 took the SAT than the ACT , and the states in which ( red color ) more seniors took the ACT than the SAT . Historically , the SAT was more widely used by students living in coastal states and the ACT was more widely used by students in the Midwest and South ; in recent years , however , an increasing number of students on the East and West coasts have been taking the ACT . Since 2007 , all four - year colleges and universities in the United States that require a test as part of an application for admission will accept either the SAT or ACT , and over 950 four - year colleges and universities do not require any standardized test scores at all for admission . Structure ( edit ) The SAT has four sections : Reading , Writing and Language , Math ( no calculator ) , and Math ( calculator allowed ) . The test taker may optionally write an essay which , in that case , is the fifth test section . The total time for the scored portion of the SAT is three hours ( or three hours and fifty minutes if the optional essay section is taken ) . Some test takers who are not taking the essay may also have a fifth section which is used , at least in part , for the pretesting of questions that may appear on future administrations of the SAT . ( These questions are not included in the computation of the SAT score . ) Two section scores result from taking the SAT : Evidence - Based Reading and Writing , and Math . Section scores are reported on a scale of 200 to 800 , and each section score is a multiple of ten . A total score for the SAT is calculated by adding the two section scores , resulting in total scores that range from 400 to 1600 . There is no penalty for guessing on the SAT : scores are based on the number of questions answered correctly . In addition to the two section scores , three `` test '' scores on a scale of 10 to 40 are reported , one for each of Reading , Writing and Language , and Math . The essay , if taken , is scored separately from the two section scores . Reading test ( edit ) The Reading Test of the SAT is made up of one section with 52 questions and a time limit of 65 minutes . All questions are multiple - choice and based on reading passages . Tables , graphs , and charts may accompany some passages , but no math is required to correctly answer the corresponding questions . There are five passages ( up to two of which may be a pair of smaller passages ) on the Reading Test and 10 - 11 questions per passage or passage pair . SAT Reading passages draw from three main fields : history , social studies , and science . Each SAT Reading Test always includes : one passage from U.S. or world literature ; one passage from either a U.S. founding document or a related text ; one passage about economics , psychology , sociology , or another social science ; and , two science passages . Answers to all of the questions are based only on the content stated in or implied by the passage or passage pair . Writing and Language test ( edit ) The Writing and Language Test of the SAT is made up of one section with 44 multiple - choice questions and a time limit of 35 minutes . As with the Reading Test , all questions are based on reading passages which may be accompanied by tables , graphs , and charts . The test taker will be asked to read the passages , find mistakes or weaknesses in writing , and to provide corrections or improvements . Reading passages on this test range in content from topic arguments to nonfiction narratives in a variety of subjects . The skills being evaluated include : increasing the clarity of argument ; improving word choice ; improving analysis of topics in social studies and science ; changing sentence or word structure to increase organizational quality and impact of writing ; and , fixing or improving sentence structure , word usage , and punctuation . Mathematics ( edit ) An example of an SAT `` grid - in '' math question and the correctly gridded answer . The mathematics portion of the SAT is divided into two sections : Math Test -- Calculator and Math Test -- No Calculator . In total , the SAT math test is 80 minutes long and includes 58 questions : 45 multiple choice questions and 13 grid - in questions . The multiple choice questions have four possible answers ; the grid - in questions are free response and require the test taker to provide an answer . The Math Test -- No Calculator section has 20 questions ( 15 multiple choice and 5 grid - in ) and lasts 25 minutes . The Math Test -- Calculator section has 38 questions ( 30 multiple choice and 8 grid - in ) and lasts 55 minutes . Several scores are provided to the test taker for the math test . A subscore ( on a scale of 1 to 15 ) is reported for each of three categories of math content : `` Heart of Algebra '' ( linear equations , systems of linear equations , and linear functions ) , `` Problem Solving and Data Analysis '' ( statistics , modeling , and problem - solving skills ) , and `` Passport to Advanced Math '' ( non-linear expressions , radicals , exponentials and other topics that form the basis of more advanced math ) . A test score for the math test is reported on a scale of 10 to 40 , and a section score ( equal to the test score multiplied by 20 ) is reported on a scale of 200 to 800 . Calculator use ( edit ) All scientific and most graphing calculators , including Computer Algebra System ( CAS ) calculators , are permitted on the SAT Math -- Calculator section only . All four - function calculators are allowed as well ; however , these devices are not recommended . All mobile phone and smartphone calculators , calculators with typewriter - like ( QWERTY ) keyboards , laptops and other portable computers , and calculators capable of accessing the Internet are not permitted . Research was conducted by the College Board to study the effect of calculator use on SAT I : Reasoning Test math scores . The study found that performance on the math section was associated with the extent of calculator use : those using calculators on about one third to one half of the items averaged higher scores than those using calculators more or less frequently . However , the effect was `` more likely to have been the result of able students using calculators differently than less able students rather than calculator use per se . '' There is some evidence to suggest that the frequent use of a calculator in school outside of the testing situation has a positive effect on test performance compared to those who do not use calculators in school . Style of questions ( edit ) Most of the questions on the SAT , except for the optional essay and the grid - in math responses , are multiple choice ; all multiple - choice questions have four answer choices , one of which is correct . Thirteen of the questions on the math portion of the SAT ( about 22 % of all the math questions ) are not multiple choice . They instead require the test taker to bubble in a number in a four - column grid . All questions on each section of the SAT are weighted equally . For each correct answer , one raw point is added . No points are deducted for incorrect answers . The final score is derived from the raw score ; the precise conversion chart varies between test administrations . Section Average Score Time ( Minutes ) Content Mathematics 527 80 Number and operations ; algebra and functions ; geometry ; statistics , probability , and data analysis Evidence - Based Reading and Writing 533 100 Vocabulary , Critical reading , sentence - level reading , Grammar , usage , and diction . Logistics ( edit ) The SAT is offered seven times a year in the United States : in August , October , November , December , March , May , and June . The test is typically offered on the first Saturday of the month for the October , November , December , May , and June administrations . In other countries , the SAT is offered four times a year : in October , December , March , and May . The test was taken by 1,715,481 high school graduates in the class of 2017 . Candidates wishing to take the test may register online at the College Board 's website , by mail , or by telephone , at least three weeks before the test date . The SAT costs $45 ( $57 with the optional essay ) , plus additional fees if testing outside the United States ) as of 2017 . The College Board makes fee waivers available for low income students . Additional fees apply for late registration , standby testing , registration changes , scores by telephone , and extra score reports ( beyond the four provided for free ) . Candidates whose religious beliefs prevent them from taking the test on a Saturday may request to take the test on the following day , except for the October test date in which the Sunday test date is eight days after the main test offering . Such requests must be made at the time of registration and are subject to denial . Students with verifiable disabilities , including physical and learning disabilities , are eligible to take the SAT with accommodations . The standard time increase for students requiring additional time due to learning disabilities or physical handicaps is time + 50 % ; time + 100 % is also offered . Raw scores , scaled scores , and percentiles ( edit ) Students receive their online score reports approximately three weeks after test administration ( six weeks for mailed , paper scores ) , with each section graded on a scale of 200 -- 800 and two sub scores for the writing section : the essay score and the multiple choice sub score . In addition to their score , students receive their percentile ( the percentage of other test takers with lower scores ) . The raw score , or the number of points gained from correct answers and lost from incorrect answers is also included . Students may also receive , for an additional fee , the Question and Answer Service , which provides the student 's answer , the correct answer to each question , and online resources explaining each question . The corresponding percentile of each scaled score varies from test to test -- for example , in 2003 , a scaled score of 800 in both sections of the SAT Reasoning Test corresponded to a percentile of 99.9 , while a scaled score of 800 in the SAT Physics Test corresponded to the 94th percentile . The differences in what scores mean with regard to percentiles are due to the content of the exam and the caliber of students choosing to take each exam . Subject Tests are subject to intensive study ( often in the form of an AP , which is relatively more difficult ) , and only those who know they will perform well tend to take these tests , creating a skewed distribution of scores . The percentiles that various SAT scores for college - bound seniors correspond to are summarized in the following chart : Percentile Score , 1600 Scale ( official , 2006 ) Score , 2400 Scale ( official , 2006 ) 99.93 / 99.98 * 1600 2400 99 + * * ≥ 1540 ≥ 2280 99 ≥ 1480 ≥ 2200 98 ≥ 1450 ≥ 2140 97 ≥ 1420 ≥ 2100 93 ≥ 1340 ≥ 1990 88 ≥ 1280 ≥ 1900 81 ≥ 1220 ≥ 1800 72 ≥ 1150 ≥ 1700 61 ≥ 1090 ≥ 1600 48 ≥ 1010 ≥ 1500 36 ≥ 950 ≥ 1400 24 ≥ 870 ≥ 1300 15 ≥ 810 ≥ 1200 8 ≥ 730 ≥ 1090 ≥ 650 ≥ 990 ≥ 590 ≥ 890 * The percentile of the perfect score was 99.98 on the 2400 scale and 99.93 on the 1600 scale . * * 99 + means better than 99.5 percent of test takers . The older SAT ( before 1995 ) had a very high ceiling . In any given year , only seven of the million test - takers scored above 1580 . A score above 1580 was equivalent to the 99.9995 percentile . In 2015 the average score for the Class of 2015 was 1490 out of a maximum 2400 . That was down 7 points from the previous class 's mark and was the lowest composite score of the past decade . SAT - ACT score comparisons ( edit ) The College Board and ACT , Inc. conducted a joint study of students who took both the SAT and the ACT between September 2004 ( for the ACT ) or March 2005 ( for the SAT ) and June 2006 . Tables were provided to concord scores for students taking the SAT after January 2005 and before March 2016 . In May , 2016 , the College Board released concordance tables to concord scores on the SAT used from March 2005 through January 2016 to the SAT used since March 2016 , as well as tables to concord scores on the SAT used since March 2016 to the ACT . History ( edit ) Mean SAT Scores by year Year of exam Reading / Verbal Score Math Score 1972 530 509 1973 523 506 521 505 512 498 1976 509 497 1977 507 496 1978 507 494 1979 505 493 1980 502 492 1981 502 492 1982 504 493 503 494 1984 504 497 1985 509 500 1986 509 500 507 501 505 501 504 502 500 501 1991 499 500 500 501 500 503 499 504 1995 504 506 505 508 505 511 1998 505 512 1999 505 511 2000 505 514 506 514 2002 504 516 2003 507 519 508 518 2005 508 520 2006 503 518 2007 502 515 2008 502 515 2009 501 515 501 516 2011 497 514 2012 496 514 2013 496 514 2014 497 513 2015 495 511 2016 494 508 2017 533 527 Historical average SAT scores of college - bound seniors . Many college entrance exams in the early 1900s were specific to each school and required candidates to travel to the school to take the tests . The College Board , a consortium of colleges in the northeastern United States , was formed in 1900 to establish a nationally administered , uniform set of essay tests based on the curricula of the boarding schools that typically provided graduates to the colleges of the Ivy League and Seven Sisters , among others . In the same time period , Lewis Terman and others began to promote the use of tests such as Alfred Binet 's in American schools . Terman in particular thought that such tests could identify an innate `` intelligence quotient '' ( IQ ) in a person . The results of an IQ test could then be used to find an elite group of students who would be given the chance to finish high school and go on to college . By the mid-1920s , the increasing use of IQ tests , such as the Army Alpha test administered to recruits in World War I , led the College Board to commission the development of the SAT . The commission , headed by Carl Brigham , argued that the test predicted success in higher education by identifying candidates primarily on the basis of intellectual promise rather than on specific accomplishment in high school subjects . In 1934 , James Conant and Henry Chauncey used the SAT as a means to identify recipients for scholarships to Harvard University . Specifically , Conant wanted to find students , other than those from the traditional northeastern private schools , that could do well at Harvard . The success of the scholarship program and the advent of World War II led to the end of the College Board essay exams and to the SAT being used as the only admissions test for College Board member colleges . The SAT rose in prominence after World War II due to several factors . Machine - based scoring of multiple - choice tests taken by pencil had made it possible to rapidly process the exams . The G.I. Bill produced an influx of millions of veterans into higher education . The formation of the Educational Testing Service ( ETS ) also played a significant role in the expansion of the SAT beyond the roughly fifty colleges that made up the College Board at the time . The ETS was formed in 1947 by the College Board , Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching , and the American Council on Education , to consolidate respectively the operations of the SAT , the GRE , and the achievement tests developed by Ben Wood for use with Conant 's scholarship exams . The new organization was to be philosophically grounded in the concepts of open - minded , scientific research in testing with no doctrine to sell and with an eye toward public service . The ETS was chartered after the death of Brigham , who had opposed the creation of such an entity . Brigham felt that the interests of a consolidated testing agency would be more aligned with sales or marketing than with research into the science of testing . It has been argued that the interest of the ETS in expanding the SAT in order to support its operations aligned with the desire of public college and university faculties to have smaller , diversified , and more academic student bodies as a means to increase research activities . In 1951 , about 80,000 SATs were taken ; in 1961 , about 800,000 ; and by 1971 , about 1.5 million SATs were being taken each year . A timeline of notable events in the history of the SAT follows . 1901 essay exams ( edit ) On June 17 , 1901 , the first exams of the College Board were administered to 973 students across 67 locations in the United States , and two in Europe . Although those taking the test came from a variety of backgrounds , approximately one third were from New York , New Jersey , or Pennsylvania . The majority of those taking the test were from private schools , academies , or endowed schools . About 60 % of those taking the test applied to Columbia University . The test contained sections on English , French , German , Latin , Greek , history , mathematics , chemistry , and physics . The test was not multiple choice , but instead was evaluated based on essay responses as `` excellent '' , `` good '' , `` doubtful '' , `` poor '' or `` very poor '' . 1926 test ( edit ) The first administration of the SAT occurred on June 23 , 1926 , when it was known as the Scholastic Aptitude Test . This test , prepared by a committee headed by Princeton psychologist Carl Campbell Brigham , had sections of definitions , arithmetic , classification , artificial language , antonyms , number series , analogies , logical inference , and paragraph reading . It was administered to over 8,000 students at over 300 test centers . Men composed 60 % of the test - takers . Slightly over a quarter of males and females applied to Yale University and Smith College . The test was paced rather quickly , test - takers being given only a little over 90 minutes to answer 315 questions . The raw score of each participating student was converted to a score scale with a mean of 500 and a standard deviation of 100 . This scale was effectively equivalent to a 200 to 800 scale , although students could score more than 800 and less than 200 . 1928 and 1929 tests ( edit ) In 1928 , the number of sections on the SAT was reduced to seven , and the time limit was increased to slightly under two hours . In 1929 , the number of sections was again reduced , this time to six . These changes were designed in part to give test - takers more time per question . For these two years , all of the sections tested verbal ability : math was eliminated entirely from the SAT . 1930 test and 1936 changes ( edit ) In 1930 the SAT was first split into the verbal and math sections , a structure that would continue through 2004 . The verbal section of the 1930 test covered a more narrow range of content than its predecessors , examining only antonyms , double definitions ( somewhat similar to sentence completions ) , and paragraph reading . In 1936 , analogies were re-added . Between 1936 and 1946 , students had between 80 and 115 minutes to answer 250 verbal questions ( over a third of which were on antonyms ) . The mathematics test introduced in 1930 contained 100 free response questions to be answered in 80 minutes , and focused primarily on speed . From 1936 to 1941 , like the 1928 and 1929 tests , the mathematics section was eliminated entirely . When the mathematics portion of the test was re-added in 1942 , it consisted of multiple choice questions . 1941 and 1942 score Scales ( edit ) Until 1941 , the scores on all SATs had been scaled to a mean of 500 with a standard deviation of 100 . Although one test - taker could be compared to another for a given test date , comparisons from one year to another could not be made . For example , a score of 500 achieved on an SAT taken in one year could reflect a different ability level than a score of 500 achieved in another year . By 1940 , it had become clear that setting the mean SAT score to 500 every year was unfair to those students who happened to take the SAT with a group of higher average ability . In order to make cross-year score comparisons possible , in April 1941 the SAT verbal section was scaled to a mean of 500 , and a standard deviation of 100 , and the June 1941 SAT verbal section was equated ( linked ) to the April 1941 test . All SAT verbal sections after 1941 were equated to previous tests so that the same scores on different SATs would be comparable . Similarly , in June 1942 the SAT math section was equated to the April 1942 math section , which itself was linked to the 1942 SAT verbal section , and all SAT math sections after 1942 would be equated to previous tests . From this point forward , SAT mean scores could change over time , depending on the average ability of the group taking the test compared to the roughly 10,600 students taking the SAT in April 1941 . The 1941 and 1942 score scales would remain in use until 1995 . 1946 test and associated changes ( edit ) Paragraph reading was eliminated from the verbal portion of the SAT in 1946 , and replaced with reading comprehension , and `` double definition '' questions were replaced with sentence completions . Between 1946 and 1957 students were given 90 to 100 minutes to complete 107 to 170 verbal questions . Starting in 1958 time limits became more stable , and for 17 years , until 1975 , students had 75 minutes to answer 90 questions . In 1959 questions on data sufficiency were introduced to the mathematics section , and then replaced with quantitative comparisons in 1974 . In 1974 both verbal and math sections were reduced from 75 minutes to 60 minutes each , with changes in test composition compensating for the decreased time . 1960s and 1970s score declines ( edit ) From 1926 to 1941 , scores on the SAT were scaled to make 500 the mean score on each section . In 1941 and 1942 , SAT scores were standardized via test equating , and as a consequence , average verbal and math scores could vary from that time forward . In 1952 , mean verbal and math scores were 476 and 494 , respectively , and scores were generally stable in the 1950s and early 1960s . However , starting in the mid-1960s and continuing until the early 1980s , SAT scores declined : the average verbal score dropped by about 50 points , and the average math score fell by about 30 points . By the late 1970s , only the upper third of test takers were doing as well as the upper half of those taking the SAT in 1963 . From 1961 to 1977 , the number of SATs taken per year doubled , suggesting that the decline could be explained by demographic changes in the group of students taking the SAT . Commissioned by the College Board , an independent study of the decline found that most ( up to about 75 % ) of the test decline in the 1960s could be explained by compositional changes in the group of students taking the test ; however , only about 25 percent of the 1970s decrease in test scores could similarly be explained . Later analyses suggested that up to 40 percent of the 1970s decline in scores could be explained by demographic changes , leaving unknown at least some of the reasons for the decline . 1994 changes ( edit ) In early 1994 , substantial changes were made to the SAT . Antonyms were removed from the verbal section in order to make rote memorization of vocabulary less useful . Also , the fraction of verbal questions devoted to passage - based reading material was increased from about 30 % to about 50 % , and the passages were chosen to be more like typical college - level reading material , compared to previous SAT reading passages . The changes for increased emphasis on analytical reading were made in response to a 1990 report issued by a commission established by the College Board . The commission recommended that the SAT should , among other things , `` approximate more closely the skills used in college and high school work '' . A mandatory essay had been considered as well for the new version of the SAT ; however , criticism from minority groups as well as a concomitant increase in the cost of the test necessary to grade the essay led the College Board to drop it from the planned changes . Major changes were also made to the SAT mathematics section at this time , due in part to the influence of suggestions made by the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics . Test - takers were now permitted to use calculators on the math sections of the SAT . Also , for the first time since 1935 , the SAT would now include some math questions that were not multiple choice , instead requiring students to supply the answers . Additionally , some of these `` student - produced response '' questions could have more than one correct answer . The tested mathematics content on the SAT was expanded to include concepts of slope of a line , probability , elementary statistics including median and mode , and counting problems . 1995 re-centering ( raising mean score back to 500 ) ( edit ) By the early 1990s , average total SAT scores were around 900 ( typically , 425 on the verbal and 475 on the math ) . The average scores on the 1994 modification of the SAT I were similar : 428 on the verbal and 482 on the math . SAT scores for admitted applicants to highly selective colleges in the United States were typically much higher . For example , the score ranges of the middle 50 % of admitted applicants to Princeton University in 1985 were 600 to 720 ( verbal ) and 660 to 750 ( math ) . Similarly , median scores on the modified 1994 SAT for freshmen entering Yale University in the fall of 1995 were 670 ( verbal ) and 720 ( math ) . For the majority of SAT takers , however , verbal and math scores were below 500 : In 1992 , half of the college - bound seniors taking the SAT were scoring between 340 and 500 on the verbal section and between 380 and 560 on the math section , with corresponding median scores of 420 and 470 , respectively . The drop in SAT verbal scores , in particular , meant that the usefulness of the SAT score scale ( 200 to 800 ) had become degraded . At the top end of the verbal scale , significant gaps were occurring between raw scores and uncorrected scaled scores : a perfect raw score no longer corresponded to an 800 , and a single omission out of 85 questions could lead to a drop of 30 or 40 points in the scaled score . Corrections to scores above 700 had been necessary to reduce the size of the gaps and to make a perfect raw score result in an 800 . At the other end of the scale , about 1.5 percent of test takers would have scored below 200 on the verbal section if that had not been the reported minimum score . Although the math score averages were closer to the center of the scale ( 500 ) than the verbal scores , the distribution of math scores was no longer well approximated by a normal distribution . These problems , among others , suggested that the original score scale and its reference group of about 10,000 students taking the SAT in 1941 needed to be replaced . Beginning with the test administered in April 1995 , the SAT score scale was recentered to return the average math and verbal scores close to 500 . Although only 25 students had received perfect scores of 1600 in all of 1994 , 137 students taking the April test scored a 1600 . The new scale used a reference group of about one million seniors in the class of 1990 : the scale was designed so that the SAT scores of this cohort would have a mean of 500 and a standard deviation of 110 . Because the new scale would not be directly comparable to the old scale , scores awarded on April 1995 and later were officially reported with an `` R '' ( for example , `` 560R '' ) to reflect the change in scale , a practice that was continued until 2001 . Scores awarded before April 1995 may be compared to those on the recentered scale by using official College Board tables . For example , verbal and math scores of 500 received before 1995 correspond to scores of 580 and 520 , respectively , on the 1995 scale . 1995 re-centering controversy ( edit ) Certain educational organizations viewed the SAT re-centering initiative as an attempt to stave off international embarrassment in regards to continuously declining test scores , even among top students . As evidence , it was presented that the number of pupils who scored above 600 on the verbal portion of the test had fallen from a peak of 112,530 in 1972 to 73,080 in 1993 , a 36 % backslide , despite the fact that the total number of test - takers had risen over 500,000 . Other authors have argued that the evidence for a decline in student quality is mixed , citing that top scorers on the ACT have shown little change in the same period , and that the proportion of 17 - year - olds scoring at the highest performance level on the NAEP long - term trend assessment has been roughly stable for decades . 2002 changes -- score choice ( edit ) In October 2002 , the College Board dropped the Score Choice Option for SAT - II exams . Under this option , scores were not released to colleges until the student saw and approved of the score . The College Board has since decided to re-implement Score Choice in the spring of 2009 . It is described as optional , and it is not clear if the reports sent will indicate whether or not this student has opted - in or not . A number of highly selective colleges and universities , including Yale , the University of Pennsylvania , and Stanford , have announced they will require applicants to submit all scores . Stanford , however , only prohibits Score Choice for the traditional SAT . Others , such as MIT and Harvard , have fully embraced Score Choice . 2005 changes , including a New 2400 - point score ( edit ) In 2005 , the test was changed again , largely in response to criticism by the University of California system . In order to have the SAT more closely reflect high school curricula , certain types of questions were eliminated : analogies from the verbal section and quantitative comparison items from the math section . A new writing section , with an essay , based on the former SAT II Writing Subject Test , was added , in part to increase the chances of closing the opening gap between the highest and midrange scores . Other factors included the desire to test the writing ability of each student ; hence the essay . The essay section added an additional maximum 800 points to the score , which increased the new maximum score to 2400 . The `` New SAT '' was first offered on March 12 , 2005 , after the last administration of the `` old '' SAT in January 2005 . The mathematics section was expanded to cover three years of high school mathematics . To emphasize the importance of reading , the verbal section 's name was changed to the Critical Reading section . Scoring problems of October 2005 tests ( edit ) In March 2006 , it was announced that a small percentage of the SATs taken in October 2005 had been scored incorrectly due to the test papers ' being moist and not scanning properly , and that some students had received erroneous scores . The College Board announced they would change the scores for the students who were given a lower score than they earned , but at this point many of those students had already applied to colleges using their original scores . The College Board decided not to change the scores for the students who were given a higher score than they earned . A lawsuit was filed in 2006 on behalf of the 4,411 students who received an incorrect score on the SAT . The class - action suit was settled in August 2007 when the College Board and Pearson Educational Measurement , the company that scored the SATs , announced they would pay $2.85 million into a settlement fund . Under the agreement each student could either elect to receive $275 or submit a claim for more money if he or she felt the damage was greater . A similar scoring error occurred on a secondary school admission test in 2010 -- 2011 when the ERB ( Educational Records Bureau ) announced after the admission process was over that an error had been made in the scoring of the tests of 2010 ( 17 % ) of the students who had taken the Independent School Entrance Examination for admission to private secondary schools for 2011 . Commenting on the effect of the error on students ' school applications in The New York Times , David Clune , President of the ERB stated `` It is a lesson we all learn at some point -- that life is n't fair . '' 2008 changes ( edit ) In late 2008 , a new variable came into play . Previously , applicants to most colleges were required to submit all scores , with some colleges that embraced Score Choice retaining the option of allowing their applicants not to have to submit all scores . However , in 2008 , an initiative to make Score Choice universal had begun , with some opposition from colleges desiring to maintain score report practices . While students theoretically now have the choice to submit their best score ( in theory one could send any score one wishes to send ) to the college of their choice , some colleges and universities , such as Cornell , ask that students send all test scores . This had led the College Board to display on their web site which colleges agree with or dislike Score Choice , with continued claims that students will still never have scores submitted against their will . Regardless of whether a given college permits applicants to exercise Score Choice options , most colleges do not penalize students who report poor scores along with high ones ; many universities , such as Columbia and Cornell , expressly promise to overlook those scores that may be undesirable to the student and / or to focus more on those scores that are most representative of the student 's achievement and academic potential . College Board maintains a list of colleges and their respective score choice policies that is recent as of November 2011 . 2012 changes ( edit ) Beginning in 2012 , test takers were required to submit a current , recognizable photo during registration . Students are required to present their photo admission ticket -- or another acceptable form of photo ID -- for admittance to their designated test center . Student scores and registration information , including the photo provided , are made available to the student 's high school . In the event of an investigation involving the validity of a student 's test scores , their photo may be made available to institutions to which they have sent scores . Any college that is granted access to a student 's photo is first required to certify that they are all admitted students . 2016 changes , including the return to a 1600 - point score ( edit ) On March 5 , 2014 , the College Board announced its plan to redesign the SAT in order to link the exam more closely to the work high school students encounter in the classroom . The new exam was administered for the first time in March 2016 . Some of the major changes are : an emphasis on the use of evidence to support answers , a shift away from obscure vocabulary to words that students are more likely to encounter in college and career , a math section that is focused on fewer areas , a return to the 1600 - point score scale , an optional essay , and the removal of penalty for wrong answers ( rights - only scoring ) . To combat the perceived advantage of costly test preparation courses , the College Board announced a new partnership with Khan Academy to offer free online practice problems and instructional videos . Name changes ( edit ) The SAT has been renamed several times since its introduction in 1926 . It was originally known as the Scholastic Aptitude Test . In 1990 , a commission set up by the College Board to review the proposed changes to the SAT program recommended that the meaning of the initialism SAT be changed to `` Scholastic Assessment Test '' because a `` test that integrates measures of achievement as well as developed ability can no longer be accurately described as a test of aptitude '' . In 1993 , the College Board changed the name of the test to SAT I : Reasoning Test ; at the same time , the name of the Achievement Tests was changed to SAT II : Subject Tests . The Reasoning Test and Subject Tests were to be collectively known as the Scholastic Assessment Tests . According to the president of the College Board at the time , the name change was meant `` to correct the impression among some people that the SAT measures something that is innate and impervious to change regardless of effort or instruction . '' The new SAT debuted in March 1994 , and was referred to as the Scholastic Assessment Test by major news organizations . However , in 1997 , the College Board announced that the SAT could not properly be called the Scholastic Assessment Test , and that the letters SAT did not stand for anything . In 2004 , the Roman numeral in SAT I : Reasoning Test was dropped , making SAT Reasoning Test the new name of the SAT . Math -- verbal achievement gap ( edit ) Main article : Math -- verbal achievement gap In 2002 , Richard Rothstein ( education scholar and columnist ) wrote in The New York Times that the U.S. math averages on the SAT and ACT continued their decade - long rise over national verbal averages on the tests . Reuse of old SAT exams ( edit ) The College Board has been accused of completely reusing old SAT papers previously given in the United States . The recycling of questions from previous exams has been exploited to allow for cheating on exams and impugned the validity of some students ' test scores , according to college officials . Test preparation companies in Asia have been found to provide test questions to students within hours of a new SAT exam 's administration . Perception ( edit ) Association with culture ( edit ) For decades many critics have accused designers of the verbal SAT of cultural bias as an explanation for the disparity in scores between poorer and wealthier test - takers . A famous ( and long past ) example of this bias in the SAT I was the oarsman -- regatta analogy question . The object of the question was to find the pair of terms that had the relationship most similar to the relationship between `` runner '' and `` marathon '' . The correct answer was `` oarsman '' and `` regatta '' . The choice of the correct answer was thought to have presupposed students ' familiarity with rowing , a sport popular with the wealthy . However , according to Murray and Herrnstein , the black - white gap is smaller in culture - loaded questions like this one than in questions that appear to be culturally neutral . Analogy questions have since been replaced by short reading passages . Association with family income ( edit ) A report from The New York Times stated that family income can explain about 95 % of the variance in SAT scores . In response , Lisa Wade , contributor at the website The Society Pages , commented that those with higher family income , `` tend to have better teachers , more resource - rich educational environments , more educated parents who can help them with school and , sometimes , expensive SAT tutoring . '' However , University of California system research found that after controlling for family income and parental education , the already low ability of the SAT to measure aptitude and college readiness fell sharply while the more substantial aptitude and college readiness measuring abilities of high school GPA and the SAT II each remained undiminished ( and even slightly increased ) . The University of California system required both the SAT and the SAT II from applicants to the UC system during the four years included in the study . They further found that , after controlling for family income and parental education , the so - called achievement tests known as the SAT II measure aptitude and college readiness 10 times higher than the SAT . As with racial bias , correlation with income could also be due to the social class of the makers of the test , although according to the authors of The Bell Curve , empirical research suggests that poorer students actually perform worse on questions the authors believed to be `` neutral '' compared to the ones they termed as `` privileged . '' Association with gender ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( September 2015 ) The largest association with gender on the SAT is found in the math section , where male students , on average , score higher than female students by approximately 30 points . In 2013 , the American College Testing Board released a report stating that boys outperformed girls on the mathematics section of the test . Association with race and ethnicity ( edit ) African American , Hispanic , and Native American students , on average , perform an order of one standard deviation lower on the SAT than white and Asian students . Researchers believe that the difference in scores is closely related to the overall achievement gap in American society between students of different racial groups . This gap may be explainable in part by the fact that students of disadvantaged racial groups tend to go to schools that provide lower educational quality . This view is supported by evidence that the black - white gap is higher in cities and neighborhoods that are more racially segregated . It has also been suggested that stereotype threat has a significant effect on lowering achievement of minority students . For example , African Americans perform worse on a test when they are told that the test measures `` verbal reasoning ability '' , than when no mention of the test subject is made . Other research cites poorer minority proficiency in key coursework relevant to the SAT ( English and math ) , as well as peer pressure against students who try to focus on their schoolwork ( `` acting white '' ) . Cultural issues are also evident among black students in wealthier households , with high achieving parents . John Ogbu , a Nigerian - American professor of anthropology , found that instead of looking to their parents as role models , black youth chose other models like rappers and did not put forth the effort to be a good student . However , they felt that racism was wrong . One set of studies has reported differential item functioning -- namely , some test questions function differently based on the racial group of the test taker , reflecting some kind of systematic difference in a groups ability to understand certain test questions or to acquire the knowledge required to answer them . In 2003 Freedle published data showing that Black students have had a slight advantage on the verbal questions that are labeled as difficult on the SAT , whereas white and Asian students tended to have a slight advantage on questions labeled as easy . Freedle argued that these findings suggest that `` easy '' test items use vocabulary that is easier to understand for white middle class students than for minorities , who often use a different language in the home environment , whereas the difficult items use complex language learned only through lectures and textbooks , giving both student groups equal opportunities to acquiring it . The study was severely criticized by the ETS board , but the findings were replicated in a subsequent study by Santelices and Wilson in 2010 . There is no evidence that SAT scores systematically underestimate future performance of minority students . However , the predictive validity of the SAT has been shown to depend on the dominant ethnic and racial composition of the college . Some studies have also shown that African American students under - perform in college relative to their white peers with the same SAT scores ; researchers have argued that this is likely because white students tend to benefit from social advantages outside of the educational environment ( for example , high parental involvement in their education , inclusion in campus academic activities , positive bias from same - race teachers and peers ) which result in better grades . Christopher Jencks concludes that as a group African Americans have been harmed by the introduction of standardized entrance exams such as the SAT . This , according to him , is not because the tests themselves are flawed , but because of labeling bias and selection bias ; the tests measure the skills that African Americans are less likely to develop in their socialization , rather than the skills they are more likely to develop . Furthermore , standardized entrance exams are often labeled as tests of general ability , rather than of certain aspects of ability . Thus , a situation is produced in which African American ability is consistently underestimated within the education and workplace environments , contributing in turn to selection bias against them which exacerbates underachievement . Dropping SAT ( edit ) A growing number of colleges have joined the SAT optional movement . These colleges do not require the SAT for admission . One example of a college that did this is Drew University in New Jersey . After they adopted an optional SAT policy , they had a 20 % increase in applications . Dean of Admissions Mary Beth Carey says that `` Our own research showed us that high school grade point average is by far the most important predictor of success in college . '' The college reported that they accepted their most diverse class ever as a result of the policy . In a 2001 speech to the American Council on Education , Richard C. Atkinson , the president of the University of California , urged dropping the SAT as a college admissions requirement : Anyone involved in education should be concerned about how overemphasis on the SAT is distorting educational priorities and practices , how the test is perceived by many as unfair , and how it can have a devastating impact on the self - esteem and aspirations of young students . There is widespread agreement that overemphasis on the SAT harms American education . In response to threats by the University of California to drop the SAT as an admission requirement , the College Entrance Examination Board announced the restructuring of the SAT , to take effect in March 2005 , as detailed above . In the 1960s and 1970s there was a movement to drop achievement scores . After a period of time , the countries , states and provinces that reintroduced them agreed that academic standards had dropped , students had studied less , and had taken their studying less seriously . They reintroduced the tests after studies and research concluded that the high - stakes tests produced benefits that outweighed the costs . IQ studies ( edit ) Frey and Detterman ( 2003 ) investigated associations of SAT scores with intelligence test scores . Using an estimate of general mental ability , or g , based on the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery , which can be best thought of as representing crystallized intelligence ( learned abilities ) , they found SAT scores to be highly correlated with g ( r =. 82 in their sample , . 857 when adjusted for non-linearity ) in their sample taken from a 1979 national probability survey . Additionally , they investigated the correlation between SAT results , using the revised and recentered form of the test , and scores on the Raven 's Advanced Progressive Matrices , a test of fluid intelligence ( reasoning ) , this time using a non-random sample . They found that the correlation of SAT results with scores on the Raven 's Advanced Progressive Matrices was . 483 . They estimated that this latter correlation would have been about 0.72 were it not for the restriction of ability range in the sample . They also noted that there appeared to be a ceiling effect on the Raven 's scores which may have suppressed the correlation . Beaujean and colleagues ( 2006 ) have reached similar conclusions to those reached by Frey and Detterman . Preparation ( edit ) SAT preparation is a highly lucrative field . The field was pioneered by Stanley Kaplan , whose SAT preparation course began in 1946 as a 64 - hour course . Many companies and organizations offer test preparation in the form of books , classes , online courses , and tutoring . The test preparation industry began almost simultaneously with the introduction of university entrance exams in the U.S. and flourished from the start . The College Board maintains that the SAT is essentially uncoachable and research by the College Board and the National Association of College Admission Counseling suggests that tutoring courses result in an average increase of about 20 points on the math section and 10 points on the verbal section . Other studies have shown significantly different results . A longitudinal study from Ohio State showed that taking private SAT prep classes correlated with scores higher by ~ 60 points . A study from Oxford showed that coaching courses boosted scores by an average of 56 points . Montgomery and Lilly ( 2012 ) performed a systematic literature review of all published SAT coaching research in search of high quality studies ( defined as those with randomized controlled trials ) . They found that the randomized treatments resulted in V / M gains of + 23 / 32 points for a total of + 56 ; the high quality study that showed the highest score increase was Johnson ( 1984 ; San Francisco ) which was based on a 30 - hour prep course that showed an average increase of 178 points . The Johnson San Francisco study was also the only high quality study found on a prep course of 30 hours or more in length , although validity of this outlier study is uncertain due to the attrition of half the participants . Use by high - IQ societies ( edit ) Certain high IQ societies , like Mensa , the Prometheus Society and the Triple Nine Society , use scores from certain years as one of their admission tests . For instance , the Triple Nine Society accepts scores of 1450 on tests taken before April 1995 , and scores of at least 1520 on tests taken between April 1995 and February 2005 . The SAT is sometimes given to students younger than 13 by organizations such as the Study of Mathematically Precocious Youth , Johns Hopkins Center for Talented Youth , Duke TIP , and other organizations who use the results to select , study and mentor students of exceptional ability . Writing section ( edit ) In 2005 , MIT Writing Director Pavan Sreekireddy plotted essay length versus essay score on the new SAT from released essays and found a high correlation between them . After studying over 50 graded essays , he found that longer essays consistently produced higher scores . In fact , he argues that by simply gauging the length of an essay without reading it , the given score of an essay could likely be determined correctly over 90 % of the time . He also discovered that several of these essays were full of factual errors ; the College Board does not claim to grade for factual accuracy . Perelman , along with the National Council of Teachers of English also criticized the 25 - minute writing section of the test for damaging standards of writing teaching in the classroom . They say that writing teachers training their students for the SAT will not focus on revision , depth , accuracy , but will instead produce long , formulaic , and wordy pieces . `` You 're getting teachers to train students to be bad writers '' , concluded Perelman . See also ( edit ) ACT ( test ) , a college entrance exam , competitor to the SAT College admissions in the United States List of admissions tests PSAT / NMSQT SAT Subject Tests References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` 2017 SAT Suite of Assessments Annual Report '' ( PDF ) . College Board . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fees And Costs '' . The College Board . Retrieved October 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions About ETS '' . ETS . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Massive ' breach exposes hundreds of questions for upcoming SAT exams '' . Reuters . Retrieved 20 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Baird , Katherine ( 2012 ) . Trapped in Mediocrity : Why Our Schools Are n't World - Class and What We Can Do About It . Lanham : Rowman and Littlefield Publishers . `` And a separate process that began in 1926 was complete by 1942 : the much easier SAT -- a test not aligned to any particular curriculum and thus better suited to a nation where high school students did not take a common curriculum -- replaced the old college boards as the nations 's college entrance exam . This broke the once tight link between academic coursework and college admission , a break that remains to this day . '' Jump up ^ Lewin , Tamar ( March 5 , 2014 ) . `` A New SAT Aims to Realign With Schoolwork '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . He said he also wanted to make the test reflect more closely what students did in high school ^ Jump up to : Lewin , Tamar ( March 5 , 2014 ) . `` A New SAT Aims to Realign With Schoolwork '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` SAT Registration Fees '' . College Board . Retrieved January 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ O'Shaughnessy , Lynn ( July 26 , 2009 ) . `` The Other Side of ' Test Optional ' '' . The New York Times . p. 6 . Retrieved June 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Balf , Todd ( 2014 - 03 - 06 ) . `` The Story Behind the SAT Overhaul '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` SAT Registration '' . College Board . Retrieved August 16 , 2016 . `` Most students take the SAT spring of junior year or fall of senior year . '' Jump up ^ Atkinson , Richard ; Geiser , Saul ( May 4 , 2015 ) . `` The Big Problem With the New SAT '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 01 - 249. RD. ResNoteRN - 10 collegeboard.com '' ( PDF ) . The College Board . Retrieved October 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Geiser , Saul ; Studley , Roger ( October 29 , 2001 ) , UC and the SAT : Predictive Validity and Differential Impact of the SAT I ad SAT II at the University of California ( PDF ) , University of California , Office of the President . Jump up ^ Korbin , L. ( 2006 ) . SAT Program Handbook . A Comprehensive Guide to the SAT Program for School Counselors and Admissions Officers , 1 , 33 + . Retrieved January 24 , 2006 , from College Board Preparation Database . Jump up ^ Atkinson , R.C. ; Geiser , S. ( 2009 ) . `` Reflections on a Century of College Admissions Tests '' . Educational Researcher. 38 ( 9 ) : 665 -- 676 . doi : 10.3102 / 0013189x09351981 . Jump up ^ Honawar , Vaishali ; Klein , Alyson ( August 30 , 2006 ) . `` ACT Scores Improve ; More on East Coast Taking the SAT 's Rival '' . Education Week . Jump up ^ Slatalla , Michelle ( November 4 , 2007 ) . `` ACT vs. SAT '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Colleges and Universities That Do Not Use SAT / ACT Scores for Admitting Substantial Numbers of Students Into Bachelor Degree Programs '' . fairtest.org . The National Center for Fair & Open Testing . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Marklein , Mary Beth ( March 18 , 2007 ) . `` All four - year U.S. colleges now accept ACT test '' . USA Today . ^ Jump up to : `` The SAT and SAT Subject Tests Educator Guide '' ( PDF ) . College Board . Retrieved 20 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SAT Reading Test '' . College Board . Retrieved 16 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SAT Writing and Language Test '' . College Board . Retrieved 19 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SAT Math Test '' . The College Board . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Score Structure -- SAT Suite of Assessments '' . The College Board . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PSAT / NMSQT Understanding Scores 2015 -- SAT Suite of Assessments '' ( PDF ) . The College Board . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SAT Study Guide for Students -- SAT Suite of Assessments '' . The College Board . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SAT Calculator Policy '' . The College Board . Retrieved April 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scheuneman , Janice ; Camara , Wayne . `` Calculator Use and the SAT I Math '' . The College Board . Retrieved April 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Should graphing calculators be allowed on important tests ? '' ( PDF ) . Texas Instruments . Retrieved April 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` About The SAT Math Test '' ( PDF ) . College Board . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` College Board Test Tips '' . College Board . Retrieved September 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` SAT Dates And Deadlines '' . College Board . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SAT International Registration '' . College Board . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` My SAT : Help '' . collegeboard.com . Jump up ^ `` SAT Percentile Ranks for Males , Females , and Total Group : 2006 College - Bound Seniors -- Critical Reading + Mathematics '' ( PDF ) . College Board . Retrieved May 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` SAT Percentile Ranks for Males , Females , and Total Group : 2006 College - Bound Seniors -- Critical Reading + Mathematics + Writing '' ( PDF ) . College Board . Retrieved May 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Membership Committee ( 1999 ) . `` 1998 / 99 Membership Committee Report '' . Prometheus Society . Retrieved June 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Nick SAT scores at lowest level in 10 years , fueling worries about high schools Washington Post . September 4 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` ACT and SAT ® Concordance Tables '' ( PDF ) . Research Note 40 . College Board . Retrieved 18 Mar 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ACT - SAT Concordance Tables '' ( PDF ) . ACT , Inc . Retrieved 18 Mar 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Higher Education Concordance Information '' . College Board . Retrieved 18 Mar 2017 . 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Retrieved October 20 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Dorans , Neil . `` The Recentering of SAT ® Scales and Its Effects on Score Distributions and Score Interpretations '' ( PDF ) . Research Report No. 2002 - 11 . College Board . Retrieved May 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Donlon , Thomas ; Angoff , William ( 1971 ) . Angoff , William , ed . The College Board Admissions Testing Program : A Technical Report on Research and Development Activities Relating to the Scholastic Aptitude Test and Achievement Tests . New York : College Entrance Examination Board . pp. 32 -- 33 . Retrieved May 30 , 2014 . Available at the Education Resources Information Center . Jump up ^ Stedman , Lawrence ; Kaestle , Carl ( 1991 ) . `` The Great Test Score Decline : A Closer Look '' . In Kaestle , Carl . Literacy in the United States . Yale University Press . p. 132 . ^ Jump up to : Honan , William ( March 20 , 1994 ) . `` Revised and Renamed , S.A.T. Brings Same Old Anxiety '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ DePalma , Anthony ( November 1 , 1990 ) . `` Revisions Adopted in College Entrance Tests '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Scholastic Assessment Test Score Averages for High - School College - Bound Seniors '' . National Center for Education Statistics . Retrieved May 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ The College Handbook , 1985 -- 86 . New York : College Entrance Examination Board . 1985 . p. 953 . Jump up ^ `` Yale University Scholastic Assessment Test ( SAT ) Scores for Freshmen Matriculants Class of 1980 -- Class of 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved June 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` College - Bound Seniors : 1992 Profile of SAT and Achievement Test Takers '' . College Entrance Examination Board . 1992 . p. 9 . Retrieved June 21 , 2014 . Available at the Education Resources Information Center . Jump up ^ Barron , James ( July 26 , 1995 ) . `` When Close Is Perfect : Even 4 Errors Ca n't Prevent Top Score on New S.A.T. '' The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` SAT I Individual Score Equivalents '' . College Entrance Examination Board . Retrieved June 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ The Center for Education Reform ( August 22 , 1996 ) . `` SAT Increase -- The Real Story , Part II '' . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Stedman , Lawrence ( March 2009 ) . `` The NAEP Long - Term Trend Assessment : A Review of Its Transformation , Use , and Findings '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schoenfeld , Jane . College board drops ' score choice ' for SAT - II exams . St. Louis Business Journal , May 24 , 2002 . Jump up ^ `` Freshman Requirements & Process : Testing '' . stanford.edu . Stanford University Office of Undergraduate Admissions . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` College Board To Alter SAT I for 2005 -- 06 '' . Daily Nexus. 20 September 2002 . Archived from the original on 9 October 2007 . Retrieved July 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lewin , Tamar ( June 23 , 2002 ) . `` New SAT Writing Test Is Planned '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Understanding the New SAT '' . Inside Higher Ed . 25 May 2005 . Retrieved July 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Arenson , Karen ( March 10 , 2006 ) . `` SAT Errors Raise New Qualms About Testing '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Arenson , Karen ( April 9 , 2006 ) . `` Class - Action Lawsuit to Be Filed Over SAT Scoring Errors '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Hoover , Eric ( August 24 , 2007 ) . `` $2.85 - Million Settlement Proposed in Lawsuit Over SAT - Scoring Errors '' . The Chronicle of Higher Education . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2007 . Retrieved August 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Maslin Nir , Sarah ( April 8 , 2011 ) . `` 7,000 Private School Applicants Got Incorrect Scores , Company Says '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Cornell Rejects SAT Score Choice Option '' . The Cornell Daily Sun . Retrieved February 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Universities Requesting All Scores '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved June 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ http://professionals.collegeboard.com/profdownload/sat-score-use-practices-list.pdf Jump up ^ `` Test Security and Fairness '' . The College Board . Retrieved October 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New , Reading - Heavy SAT Has Students Worried '' . The New York Times . February 8 , 2016 . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Key shifts of the SAT redesign '' . The Washington Post . March 5 , 2014 . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` SAT FAQ : Frequently Asked Questions '' . College Board . Archived from the original on March 25 , 2008 . Retrieved May 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Commission on New Possibilities for the Admissions Testing Program ( 1990 ) . Beyond Prediction . College Entrance Examination Board . p. 9 . Jump up ^ Pitsch , Mark ( November 7 , 1990 ) . `` S.A.T. Revisions Will Be Included In Spring ' 94 Test '' . Education Week . Jump up ^ Jordan , Mary ( March 27 , 1993 ) . `` SAT Changes Name , But It Wo n't Score 1,600 With Critics '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ Horwitz , Sari ( May 5 , 1995 ) . `` Perfectly Happy With Her SAT ; D.C. Junior Aces Scholastic Assessment Test With a 1,600 '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ Applebome , Peter ( April 2 , 1997 ) . `` Insisting It 's Nothing , Creator Says SAT , Not S.A.T. '' The New York Times . Jump up ^ Rothstein , Richard ( August 28 , 2002 ) . `` Sums vs. Summarizing : SAT 's Math - Verbal Gap '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Pope , Justin . `` Old SAT Exams Get Reused '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ Renee Dudley ; Steve Stecklow ; Alexandra Harney ; Irene Jay Liu ( 28 March 2016 ) . `` As SAT was hit by security breaches , College Board went ahead with tests that had leaked '' . Archived from the original on 22 September 2016 . Retrieved 4 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Renee Dudley ; Steve Stecklow ; Alexandra Harney ; Irene Jay Liu ( 28 March 2016 ) . `` How Asian test - prep companies quickly penetrated the new SAT '' . Reuters . Archived from the original on 18 October 2016 . Retrieved 4 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Zwick , Rebecca ( 2004 ) . Rethinking the SAT : The Future of Standardized Testing in University Admissions . New York : RoutledgeFalmer . pp. 203 -- 204 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 94835 - 5 . Jump up ^ Herrnstein , Richard Ol ; Murray , Charles ( 1994 ) . The Bell Curve : Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life . New York : Free Press . pp. 281 -- 282 . ISBN 0 - 02 - 914673 - 9 . Jump up ^ Rampell , Catherine ( August 27 , 2009 ) . `` SAT Scores and Family Income '' . New York Times . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wade , L ( 29 August 2012 ) . `` The Correlation Between Income and SAT Scores '' . The Society Pages . Jump up ^ Geiser , Saul ; Studley , Roger ( October 29 , 2001 ) , UC and the SAT : Predictive Validity and Differential Impact of the SAT I ad SAT II at the University of California ( PDF ) , University of California , Office of the President . Jump up ^ Herrnstein , Richard Ol ; Murray , Charles ( 1994 ) . The Bell Curve : Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life . New York : Free Press . pp. 281 -- 282 . Jump up ^ Groves , Martha ( 29 August 2001 ) . `` SAT 's Gender Gap Widening '' . Jump up ^ Cummins , Denise ( 17 March 2014 ) . `` Boys outperform girls on mathematic portion '' . psychology today . Retrieved 6 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Status and Trends in the Education of Racial and Ethnic Minorities : Average SAT scores for 12th - grade SAT - taking population , by race / ethnicity : 2006 Jump up ^ `` Average SAT scores for 12th - grade SAT - taking population , by race / ethnicity : 2006 '' . Institute of Educational Sciences . The College Board , College Bound Seniors , 2006 . 2006 . Jump up ^ Abigail Thernstrom & Stephan Thernstrom. 2004 . No Excuses : Closing the Racial Gap in Learning . Simon and Schuster Jump up ^ Jaschik , S ( 21 June 2010 ) . `` New Evidence of Racial Bias on the SAT '' . Inside Higher ED . Jump up ^ Card , D. ; Rothstein , Ol ( 2007 ) . `` Racial segregation and the black -- white test score gap '' . Journal of Public Economics . 91 ( 11 ) : 2158 -- 2184 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jpubeco. 2007.03. 006 . ^ Jump up to : Jencks , C. ( 1998 ) . Racial bias in testing . The Black - White test score gap , 55 , 84 . Jump up ^ `` The Widening Racial Scoring Gap on the SAT College Admissions Test '' . The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education . Retrieved 14 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Ogbu , John U. ( 3 January 2003 ) . Black American Students in An Affluent Suburb : A Study of Academic Disengagement ( Sociocultural , Political , and Historical Studies in Education ) . New York : Routledge . pp. 16 , 164 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8058 - 4516 - 7 . Jump up ^ Freedle , R.O. ( 2003 ) . `` Correcting the SAT 's ethnic and social - class bias : A method for reestimating SAT Scores '' . Harvard Educational Review . 73 : 1 -- 38 . doi : 10.17763 / haer. 73.1. 8465k88616hn4757 . Jump up ^ Crain , W ( 2004 ) . `` Biased test '' . ENCOUNTER : Education for meaning and social justice . 17 ( 3 ) : 2 -- 4 . Jump up ^ http://files.campus.edublogs.org/blogs.leeward.hawaii.edu/dist/c/124/files/2011/10/BiasedTests-ths23o.pdf Jump up ^ `` New Evidence of Racial Bias on SAT '' . insidehighered.com . Jump up ^ Santelices , M.V. ; Wilson , M. ( 2010 ) . `` Unfair treatment ? The case of Freedle , the SAT , and the standardization approach to differential item functioning '' . Harvard Educational Review . 80 ( 1 ) : 106 -- 134 . doi : 10.17763 / haer. 80.1. j94675w001329270 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Ol ( 2002 ) . Who will succeed in college ? When the SAT predicts Black students ' performance . The Review of Higher Education , 25 ( 3 ) , 281 - 296 . Jump up ^ Gilroy , Marilyn ( December 2007 ) . `` Colleges Making SAT Optional as Admissions Requirement '' . Education Digest . 73 ( 4 ) : 35 -- 39 . Retrieved October 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Achievement Versus Aptitude Tests in College Admissions '' . Jump up ^ Phelps , Richard ( 2003 ) . Kill the Messenger . New Brunswick , New Jersey : Transaction Publishers . p. 220 . ISBN 0 - 7658 - 0178 - 7 . Jump up ^ Frey , M.C. ; Detterman , D.K. ( 2003 ) . `` Scholastic Assessment or g ? The Relationship Between the Scholastic Assessment Test and General Cognitive Ability '' ( PDF ) . Psychological Science . 15 ( 6 ) : 373 -- 378 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 0956 - 7976.2004. 00687. x . PMID 15147489 . Jump up ^ Beaujean , A.A. ; Firmin , M.W. ; Knoop , A. Ol ; Michonski , Ol D. ; Berry , T.B. ; Lowrie , R.E. ( 2006 ) . `` Validation of the Frey and Detterman ( 2004 ) IQ prediction equations using the Reynolds Intellectual Assessment Scales '' ( PDF ) . Personality and Individual Differences. 41 : 353 -- 357 . doi : 10.1016 / Olpaid. 2006.01. 014 ( inactive 2017 - 07 - 19 ) . Jump up ^ Research and Markets ltd. `` 2009 Worldwide Exam Preparation & Tutoring Industry Report '' . researchandmarkets.com . Jump up ^ Kaplan , Stanley ( 2001 ) . Test Pilot : How I Broke Testing Barriers for Millions of Students and Caused a Sonic Boom in the Business of Education . New York : Simon & Schuster . pp. 30 -- 33 . ISBN 074320168X . ^ Jump up to : Montgomery , Paul ; Lilly , Jane ( 2012 ) . `` Systematic Reviews of the Effects of Preparatory Courses on University Entrance Examinations in High School - Age Students '' ( PDF ) . International Journal of Social Welfare. 21 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 12 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 2397.2011. 00812. x . Jump up ^ Allen Grove . `` SAT Prep -- Are SAT Prep Courses Worth the Cost ? '' . About.com Education . Jump up ^ Jeff Grabmeier ( August 7 , 2006 ) . `` SAT PREP TOOLS GIVE ADVANTAGE TO STUDENTS FROM WEALTHIER FAMILIES '' . Ohio State University . Retrieved February 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` triplenine.org '' . Jump up ^ Winerip , Michael ( May 4 , 2005 ) . `` SAT Essay Test Rewards Length and Ignores Errors '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Harris , Lynn ( May 17 , 2005 ) . `` Testing , testing '' . Salon.com . Further reading ( edit ) Balf , Todd ( March 6 , 2014 ) . `` The Story Behind the SAT Overhaul '' . The New York Times Magazine . Lewin , Tamar ( March 5 , 2014 ) . `` A New SAT Aims to Realign With Schoolwork '' . The New York Times . `` Key shifts of the SAT redesign '' . The Washington Post . March 5 , 2014 . Coyle , T.R. & Pillow , D.R. ( 2008 ) . `` SAT and ACT predict college GPA after removing g '' . Intelligence . 36 ( 6 ) : 719 -- 729 . doi : 10.1016 / Olintell. 2008.05. 001 ( inactive 2017 - 07 - 19 ) . Coyle , T. ; Snyder , A. ; Pillow , D. ; Kochunov , P. ( 2011 ) . `` SAT predicts GPA better for high ability subjects : Implications for Spearman 's Law of Diminishing Returns '' . Personality and Individual Differences. 50 ( 4 ) : 470 -- 474 . doi : 10.1016 / j. paid. 2010.11. 009 . PMC 3090148 . PMID 21562615 . Frey , M.C. ; Detterman , D.K. ( 2003 ) . `` Scholastic Assessment or g ? The Relationship Between the Scholastic Assessment Test and General Cognitive Ability '' ( PDF ) . Psychological Science . 15 ( 6 ) : 373 -- 378 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 0956 - 7976.2004. 00687. x . PMID 15147489 . Gould , Stephen Jay ( 1996 ) . The Mismeasure of Man ( Rev / Expd ed . ) . W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 0 - 393 - 31425 - 1 . Hoffman , Banesh ( 1962 ) . The Tyranny of Testing . Orig . pub . Collier . ISBN 0 - 486 - 43091 - X. ( and others ) Hubin , David R. ( 1988 ) . The Scholastic Aptitude Test : Its Development and Introduction , 1900 -- 1948 . Ph. D. dissertation in American History at the University of Oregon . Owen , David ( 1999 ) . None of the Above : The Truth Behind the SATs ( Revised ed . ) . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 0 - 8476 - 9507 - 7 . Sacks , Peter ( 2001 ) . Standardized Minds : The High Price of America 's Testing Culture and What We Can Do to Change It . Perseus . ISBN 0 - 7382 - 0433 - 1 . Zwick , Rebecca ( 2002 ) . Fair Game ? The Use of Standardized Admissions Tests in Higher Education . Falmer . ISBN 0 - 415 - 92560 - 6 . Gladwell , Malcolm ( December 17 , 2001 ) . `` Examined Life : What Stanley H. Kaplan taught us about the S.A.T. '' The New Yorker . External links ( edit ) Wikibooks has a book on the topic of : SAT Study Guide Wikimedia Commons has media related to SAT . Official website Admission tests to colleges and universities Africa South Africa : Matriculation in South Africa Tunisia : Tunisian Baccalaureate Americas Brazil : Vestibular , ENEM Canada : Alberta Diploma Exam Chile : PSU Colombia : ICFES United States : SAT , ACT Asia - Pacific Australia : ATAR , STAT China : Gaokao Hong Kong : HKDSE ( JUPAS ) India : IITJEE , AIEEE , EAMCET Indonesia : UN , SBMPTN Iran : Concours Israel : The Psychometry Japan : NCTUA , EJU Kazakhstan : UBT Malaysia : STPM Philippines : UPCAT , PUPCET Singapore : GCE - O , GCE - A South Korea : Suneung Taiwan : GSAT , DRT Thailand : GAT , PAT Europe Belarus : CTRB Denmark : Studentereksamen Estonia : Küpsuseksamid Finland : Ylioppilastutkinto France : Baccalauréat Germany : Abitur Ireland : Leaving Certificate Netherlands : Eindexamen Portugal : ENES Romania : Bacalaureat Russia : Unified State Exam ( EGE ) Spain : Selectividad Sweden : Högskoleprovet Turkey : YGS - LYS Ukraine : External independent evaluation ( ZNO ) United Kingdom : A-Level , Higher Albania , Austria , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Bulgaria , Croatia , Czech Republic , Hungary , Italy , Kosovo , Liechtenstein , Republic of Macedonia , Montenegro , Poland , Serbia , Slovakia , Slovenia , and Switzerland : Matura College Board Presidents Gaston Caperton ( 1999 -- 2012 ) David Coleman ( 2012 -- present ) SAT Tests Main Tests SAT PSAT / NMSQT Subject Tests Biology E / M Chemistry English Language Proficiency ( discontinued ) French Literature Mathematics Level 1 Mathematics Level 2 Physics U.S. History World History AP exams Arts Art History Music Theory Studio Art : 2 - D Design Studio Art : 3 - D Design Studio Art : Drawing English English Language English Literature History & Social Science Comparative Government and Politics European History Human Geography Macroeconomics Microeconomics Psychology U.S. History U.S. Government and Politics World History Math & Computer Science Calculus AB Calculus BC Computer Science A Computer Science Principles Statistics Sciences Biology Chemistry Environmental Science Physics 1 : Algebra - Based Physics 2 : Algebra - Based AP Physics B ( discontinued ) Physics C : Mechanics Electricity and Magnetism World Languages & Cultures Chinese French French Literature ( discontinued ) German Italian Japanese Latin Latin Literature ( discontinued ) Russian ( in development ) Spanish Spanish Literature Programs & apps Advanced Placement College Level Examination CSS PROFILE Related Educational Testing Service Math -- verbal achievement gap National Merit Scholarship Corporation Glossaries of science and engineering Aerospace engineering Archaeology Architecture Artificial intelligence Astronomy Biology Botany Calculus Chemistry Civil engineering Clinical research Ecology Economics Electrical and electronics engineering Engineering Entomology Environmental science Geography Geology Machine vision Mathematics Mechanical engineering Physics Probability and statistics Robotics Structural engineering Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SAT&oldid=824382019 '' Categories : Standardized tests in the United States 1901 introductions Hidden categories : Pages with DOIs inactive since 2017 Articles lacking reliable references from May 2015 All articles lacking reliable references Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2011 Articles to be expanded from September 2015 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Azərbaycanca Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 February 2018 , at 00 : 35 . 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when did the sat scores change from 1600 to 2400
[ "In 2005, the test was changed again, largely in response to criticism by the University of California system.[69] In order to have the SAT more closely reflect high school curricula, certain types of questions were eliminated: analogies from the verbal section and quantitative comparison items from the math section.[52] A new writing section, with an essay, based on the former SAT II Writing Subject Test, was added,[70] in part to increase the chances of closing the opening gap between the highest and midrange scores. Other factors included the desire to test the writing ability of each student; hence the essay. The essay section added an additional maximum 800 points to the score, which increased the new maximum score to 2400.[71] The \"New SAT\" was first offered on March 12, 2005, after the last administration of the \"old\" SAT in January 2005. The mathematics section was expanded to cover three years of high school mathematics. To emphasize the importance of reading, the verbal section's name was changed to the Critical Reading section.[52]" ]
[ "March 12, 2005" ]
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Stuck in the Middle (TV series)
Stuck in the Middle ( tv series ) - wikipedia Stuck in the Middle ( tv series ) Jump to : navigation , search Stuck in the Middle Genre Comedy Created by Alison Brown Developed by Alison Brown Linda Videtti Figueiredo Starring Jenna Ortega Ronni Hawk Isaak Presley Ariana Greenblatt Kayla Maisonet Nicolas Bechtel Malachi Barton Cerina Vincent Joe Nieves Theme music composer Shridhar Solanki Sidh Solanki Maria Christensen Opening theme `` Stuck with You '' by Sonus Composer ( s ) Kenneth Burgomaster Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 37 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Linda Videtti Figueiredo Camera setup Single - camera Running time 22 minutes Production company ( s ) International Donut Fund Productions Horizon Productions Release Original network Disney Channel Picture format 720p ( HDTV ) First shown in United States Original release February 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 14 ) -- present External links Website disneychannel.disney.com/stuck-in-the-middle Stuck in the Middle is an American comedy television series created by Alison Brown that premiered on Disney Channel on February 14 , 2016 . The series stars Jenna Ortega , Ronni Hawk , Isaak Presley , Ariana Greenblatt , Kayla Maisonet , Nicolas Bechtel , Malachi Barton , Cerina Vincent , and Joe Nieves . In addition to the series ' regular episodes , the series also aired six shorts on December 16 , 2016 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Notes 3 Production 4 Episodes 5 Ratings 6 Awards and nominations 7 Broadcast 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Set in Massachusetts , in the fictional town of Marshport , the series tells the story of the Diaz family , specifically focusing on Harley , the middle of the seven children . Harley makes her way using her creativity to deal with living in a large family . Characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Harley Diaz ( Jenna Ortega ) is the middle of seven children and a young engineering prodigy . She is the central character in the series and views herself as an inventor . Some of her known inventions are the Conveyor Belt Table , the Slushinator , the Skate Kite , and a snow machine . In `` Stuck in the Sweet Seat '' , it is revealed it is her 13th birthday . A significant feature is that she tends to break the fourth wall to tell the viewers something about the situation . Rachel Diaz ( Ronni Hawk ) is the oldest of the seven children and Harley 's vain older sister . In `` Stuck with No Rules '' , it is revealed that she is 16 . Ethan Diaz ( Isaak Presley ) is Harley 's oldest brother and her partner - in - crime ; she refers to him as her `` best friend in the family '' . He is an aspiring musician . In `` Stuck in the Sweet Seat '' , it is implied that he is the third oldest of the seven , behind Rachel and Georgie . Daphne Diaz ( Ariana Greenblatt ) is the youngest of the seven children and Harley 's younger sister . She enjoys having tea time with her dolls . In `` Stuck with No Rules '' , it is revealed that Daphne can easily retaliate against anyone who takes things from her without getting her approval first . Georgie Diaz ( Kayla Maisonet ) is one of Harley 's older sisters and the second oldest of the seven as implied in `` Stuck in the Sweet Seat '' . She is a basketball player at her school and does an assortment of other sports as well . Lewie Diaz ( Nicolas Bechtel ) is one of Harley 's two younger brothers and Beast 's twin . It is revealed in `` Stuck in the Beast - Day Party '' that Lewie is older than Beast by five minutes . Beast Diaz ( Malachi Barton ) is one of Harley 's two younger brothers and Lewie 's twin . Suzy Diaz ( Cerina Vincent ) is Harley 's quirky mother who rarely has any alone time from her children and tends to spend it in the most unlikely places . Tom Diaz ( Joe Nieves ) is Harley 's father who operates a marina store , called `` Tom 's Bait and Bite '' , which sells camping and fishing equipment . Recurring ( edit ) Bethany Peters ( Lauren Pritchard ) is a neighbor of the Diaz family who regularly criticizes Suzy and Tom 's parenting of their children and is often annoyed with the antics of Lewie and Beast . She is a protective mother to her daughter Ellie whom she never lets have any fun as seen in `` Stuck in the Block Party '' . Ellie Peters ( Lulu Lambros ) is Bethany 's daughter and Harley 's best friend . She is on the same basketball team as Georgie . In `` Stuck in Harley 's Comet '' , it is revealed that Ellie is afraid of heights , darkness , and birds . In `` Stuck with a Bad Influence , '' Ellie is sent to a boarding school by her mother . Cuff ( Brett Pierce ) is an irresponsible teenager who is Rachel 's boyfriend and is disliked by Tom . When Cuff works briefly at `` Tom 's Bait and Bite '' in `` Stuck with My Sister 's Boyfriend '' , his real first name is revealed to be Warren . He has only appeared in the first season . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Malachi Barton is credited before Nicolas Bechtel in the Stuck in the Middle pilot episode , but Bechtel is credited before Barton in all subsequent episodes starting with `` Stuck in the Sweet Seat '' . Production ( edit ) Production on the series began in November 2015 . A preview of Stuck in the Middle aired on Disney Channel on February 14 , 2016 . Additional episodes began airing on March 11 , 2016 . Disney Channel renewed Stuck in the Middle for a second season on June 15 , 2016 . The second season premiered on February 3 , 2017 . The series was renewed for a third season by Disney Channel on August 31 , 2017 . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Stuck in the Middle episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 17 February 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 14 ) July 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 22 ) TBA February 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 03 ) TBA TBA December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) TBA Ratings ( edit ) Season Episodes First aired Last aired Avg . viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) 17 February 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 14 ) 2.81 July 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 22 ) 2.06 1.60 20 February 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 03 ) 2.13 TBA TBD 1.19 TBA December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) TBD TBA TBD TBD Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Result Ref . 2017 Kids ' Choice Awards Mexico Favorite International Program Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Colombia Favorite International Program Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Argentina Favorite International Program Nominated Broadcast ( edit ) The series first premiered 15 minutes before the first airing in the U.S. on Disney Channel in Canada as a special on February 14 , 2016 . The series premiered on Watch Disney Channel and Disney Channel on Demand on February 15 , 2016 . The series began airing regularly on March 11 , 2016 , airing at the same time as the United States . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Nivea Serrao ( February 12 , 2016 ) . `` Meet the Diaz Family from Disney Channel 's Stuck in the Middle '' . TV Insider . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Wagmeister ( September 4 , 2015 ) . `` Disney Channel Orders Latino Family Sitcom Toplined by Jane the Virgin Star '' . Variety . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Linda Ge ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` Disney Channel Sets Premiere Date for Stuck in the Middle '' . The Wrap . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Denise Petski ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` Disney Channel 's Stuck in the Middle Renewed for Season 2 '' . Deadline . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Denise Petski ( August 31 , 2017 ) . `` Stuck in the Middle , Bunk 'd & Walk the Prank Renewed for Season 3 by Disney '' . Deadline . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( February 17 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals : 2.14. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( July 25 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 7.22. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( February 6 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 2.3. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nominados para los Kids ' Choice Awards México 2017 '' . publimetro.com.mx ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 21 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Estos son los nominados para los Kids ' Choice Awards Colombia 2017 '' . 90minutos.co ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 21 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Estos son todos los nominados a los Kid 's Choice Awards Argentina 2017 '' . mundotkm.com ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 21 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Quick - Witted Tween Uses Her Inventions to Navigate Life in the Comedy Series Stuck in the Middle on a Preview Episode on Disney Channel on Sunday , February 14 , 2016 '' . Corus Entertainment . January 15 , 2016 . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Stuck in the Middle on IMDb ( hide ) Disney Channel original programming Former 1990s debuts Flash Forward ( 1995 -- 97 ) The Famous Jett Jackson ( 1998 -- 2001 ) So Weird ( 1999 -- 2001 ) The Jersey ( 1999 -- 2004 ) 2000s debuts Totally Circus ( 2000 ) Even Stevens ( 2000 -- 03 ) In a Heartbeat ( 2000 -- 01 ) Totally Hoops ( 2001 ) Lizzie McGuire ( 2001 -- 04 ) The Proud Family ( 2001 -- 05 ) Kim Possible ( 2002 -- 07 ) Totally in Tune ( 2002 ) That 's So Raven ( 2003 -- 07 ) Lilo & Stitch : The Series ( 2003 -- 06 ) Phil of the Future ( 2004 -- 06 ) Dave the Barbarian ( 2004 -- 05 ) Brandy & Mr. Whiskers ( 2004 -- 06 ) American Dragon : Jake Long ( 2005 -- 07 ) The Suite Life of Zack & Cody ( 2005 -- 08 ) The Buzz on Maggie ( 2005 -- 06 ) The Emperor 's New School ( 2006 -- 08 ) Hannah Montana ( 2006 -- 11 ) Disney Channel Games ( 2006 -- 11 ) The Replacements ( 2006 -- 09 ) Shorty McShorts ' Shorts ( 2006 -- 07 ) Cory in the House ( 2007 -- 08 ) Phineas and Ferb ( 2007 -- 15 ) Wizards of Waverly Place ( 2007 -- 12 ) The Suite Life on Deck ( 2008 -- 11 ) Stitch ! ( 2008 -- 15 ) Sonny with a Chance ( 2009 -- 11 ) Jonas ( 2009 -- 10 ) 2010s debuts Good Luck Charlie ( 2010 -- 14 ) Fish Hooks ( 2010 -- 14 ) Shake It Up ( 2010 -- 13 ) A.N.T. Farm ( 2011 -- 14 ) So Random ! ( 2011 -- 12 ) PrankStars ( 2011 ) Jessie ( 2011 -- 15 ) Austin & Ally ( 2011 -- 16 ) Gravity Falls ( 2012 -- 16 ) Code : 9 ( 2012 ) Dog with a Blog ( 2012 -- 15 ) Wander Over Yonder ( 2013 -- 16 ) Liv and Maddie ( 2013 -- 17 ) Win , Lose or Draw ( 2014 ) I Did n't Do It ( 2014 -- 15 ) Girl Meets World ( 2014 -- 17 ) Best Friends Whenever ( 2015 -- 16 ) Descendants : School of Secrets ( 2015 , short - form ) Walk the Prank ( 2016 ) Mech - X4 ( 2016 ) Current Mickey Mouse ( since 2013 , short - form ) K.C. Undercover ( since 2015 ) Bunk 'd ( since 2015 ) Descendants : Wicked World ( since 2015 , short - form ) Stuck in the Middle ( since 2016 ) Bizaardvark ( since 2016 ) Elena of Avalor ( since 2016 ) Tangled : The Series ( since 2017 ) Andi Mack ( since 2017 ) Hotel Transylvania : The Series ( since 2017 ) Raven 's Home ( since 2017 ) Upcoming Right Hand Guy ( Fall 2017 ) Bug Juice ( 1998 -- 2001 , early 2018 ) See also It 's a Laugh Productions Disney Television Animation Brookwell McNamara Entertainment Crossovers Disney Channel Storytellers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stuck_in_the_Middle_(TV_series)&oldid=809196142 '' Categories : 2010s American comedy television series 2016 American television series debuts American teen sitcoms Disney Channel shows Television shows set in Massachusetts Television series about families Television series about siblings Single - camera television sitcoms Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Use mdy dates from February 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Deutsch Español Français Italiano עברית Magyar 日本 語 Polski Português Română Simple English 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 November 2017 , at 18 : 14 . 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who plays rachel diaz in stuck in the middle
[ "\nHarley Diaz (Jenna Ortega) is the middle of seven children and a young engineering prodigy. She is the central character in the series and views herself as an inventor. Some of her known inventions are the Conveyor Belt Table, the Slushinator, the Skate Kite, and a snow machine. In \"Stuck in the Sweet Seat\", it is revealed it is her 13th birthday. A significant feature is that she tends to break the fourth wall to tell the viewers something about the situation.\nRachel Diaz (Ronni Hawk) is the oldest of the seven children and Harley's vain older sister. In \"Stuck with No Rules\", it is revealed that she is 16.\nEthan Diaz (Isaak Presley) is Harley's oldest brother and her partner-in-crime; she refers to him as her \"best friend in the family\". He is an aspiring musician. In \"Stuck in the Sweet Seat\", it is implied that he is the third oldest of the seven, behind Rachel and Georgie.\nDaphne Diaz (Ariana Greenblatt) is the youngest of the seven children and Harley's younger sister. She enjoys having tea time with her dolls. In \"Stuck with No Rules\", it is revealed that Daphne can easily retaliate against anyone who takes things from her without getting her approval first.\nGeorgie Diaz (Kayla Maisonet) is one of Harley's older sisters and the second oldest of the seven as implied in \"Stuck in the Sweet Seat\". She is a basketball player at her school and does an assortment of other sports as well.\nLewie Diaz (Nicolas Bechtel)[Note 1] is one of Harley's two younger brothers and Beast's twin. It is revealed in \"Stuck in the Beast-Day Party\" that Lewie is older than Beast by five minutes.\nBeast Diaz (Malachi Barton)[Note 1] is one of Harley's two younger brothers and Lewie's twin.\nSuzy Diaz (Cerina Vincent) is Harley's quirky mother who rarely has any alone time from her children and tends to spend it in the most unlikely places.\nTom Diaz (Joe Nieves) is Harley's father who operates a marina store, called \"Tom's Bait and Bite\", which sells camping and fishing equipment.\n" ]
[ "Ronni Hawk" ]
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Don't Smile at Me
Do n't Smile at Me - Wikipedia Do n't Smile at Me This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) dont smile at me EP by Billie Eilish Released August 11 , 2017 Recorded 2016 Length 28 : 58 Label Interscope Producer Finneas O'Connell Singles from dont smile at me `` Ocean Eyes '' Released : November 18 , 2016 `` Bellyache '' Released : February 24 , 2017 `` Watch '' Released : June 30 , 2017 `` Idontwannabeyouanymore '' Released : July 20 , 2017 Do n't Smile at Me ( stylized in small caps ) is the debut extended play by American singer and songwriter Billie Eilish . It was released on August 11 , 2017 through Interscope Records , and contains several of her previously released singles , including `` Ocean Eyes '' , `` Bellyache '' and `` Watch '' . The track `` My Boy '' was used in the fourth episode of the third season of the American television series Shadowhunters . Track listing ( edit ) All tracks written by Finneas O'Connell and Billie Eilish O'Connell , except where noted . No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Copycat '' 3 : 13 2 . `` Idontwannabeyouanymore '' 3 : 23 3 . `` My Boy '' 2 : 50 4 . `` Watch '' F. O'Connell 2 : 57 5 . `` Party Favor '' 3 : 24 6 . `` Bellyache '' 2 : 59 7 . `` Ocean Eyes '' F. O'Connell 3 : 20 8 . `` Hostage '' 3 : 49 9 . `` &Burn '' ( with Vince Staples ) Vincent Staples F. O'Connell 3 : 00 Total length : 28 : 58 All tracks are stylized in lowercase letters , except for `` Copycat '' , which is stylized as `` COPYCAT '' . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 -- 18 ) Peak position Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Flanders ) 72 Canadian Albums ( Billboard ) 64 Dutch Albums ( MegaCharts ) 95 Irish Albums ( IRMA ) 63 New Zealand Albums ( RMNZ ) 13 UK Albums ( OCC ) 80 US Billboard 200 65 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Smither , Tanis ( August 11 , 2017 ) . `` Billie Eilish releases lush debut EP `` dont smile at me '' -- EARMILK `` . Earmilk . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` S3 E4 Thy Soul Instructed '' . TuneFind . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Billie Eilish -- Do n't Smile at Me '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved June 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Billie Eilish Chart History ( Canadian Albums ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Billie Eilish -- Do n't Smile at Me '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved July 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Irish-charts.com -- Discography Billie Eilish '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved June 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NZ Top 40 Albums Chart '' . Recorded Music NZ . July 2 , 2018 . Retrieved June 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Albums Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved July 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Billie Eilish Chart History ( Billboard 200 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 10 , 2018 . Billie Eilish EPs Do n't Smile at Me Singles `` Ocean Eyes '' `` Bellyache '' Related articles Finneas O'Connell This EP - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Don%27t_Smile_at_Me&oldid=850223293 '' Categories : 2017 EPs EP stubs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from August 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Español Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 14 July 2018 , at 14 : 44 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
when did don't smile at me come out
[ "dont smile at me\nEP by Billie EilishReleased\nAugust 11, 2017Recorded\n2016Length\n28:58Label\nInterscopeProducer\nFinneas O'Connell\nSingles from dont smile at me\n\n\"Ocean Eyes\"Released: November 18, 2016\n\"Bellyache\"Released: February 24, 2017\n\"Watch\"Released: June 30, 2017\n\"Idontwannabeyouanymore\"Released: July 20, 2017\n\n" ]
[ "August 11, 2017" ]
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Scribblenauts
Scribblenauts - Wikipedia Scribblenauts Jump to : navigation , search Scribblenauts Cover art for Nintendo DS Developer ( s ) 5th Cell Publisher ( s ) Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment JP : Konami Director ( s ) Jeremiah Slaczka Producer ( s ) Joshua Billeaudeau Kirsten Gavoni Designer ( s ) Matt Cox Programmer ( s ) Marius Fahlbusch Artist ( s ) Edison Yan Composer ( s ) David J. Franco Platform ( s ) Nintendo DS Release NA : September 15 , 2009 AU : September 30 , 2009 EU : October 9 , 2009 JP : January 27 , 2011 Genre ( s ) Emergent , puzzle , action Mode ( s ) Single - player Scribblenauts is an emergent puzzle action video game developed by 5th Cell and published by Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment for the Nintendo DS . The game was released in 2009 in all regions except Japan , and in 2011 in Japan as Flash Puzzle : Maxwell 's Mysterious Notebook ( ヒラメキ パズル マックス ウェル の 不思議 な ノート , Hirameki Pazuru : Makkusuweru no Fushigi na Nōto ) by Konami . It is the third Nintendo DS video game made by 5th Cell , the first two being Drawn to Life and Lock 's Quest . The objective of Scribblenauts , as implied by its catchphrase `` Write Anything , Solve Everything '' , is to complete puzzles to collect `` Starites '' , helped by the player 's ability to summon any object ( from a database of tens of thousands ) by writing its name on the touchscreen . The game is considered by its developers to help promote emergent gameplay by challenging the player to solve its puzzles within certain limitations or through multiple solutions . Jeremiah Slaczka , creator and director of Scribblenauts , envisioned the game as a combination of solving life situation puzzles alongside Mad Libs . His vision was brought to realization through the `` Objectnaut '' engine created by 5th Cell 's technical director , Marius Fahlbusch . Objectnaut allowed for a data driven approach , and a significant portion of the development time was spent researching nouns and their properties , and categorizing them into the Objectnaut database . This , along with the simple art designs of 5th Cell 's Edison Yan , allowed for the team to easily add new words to the database without expending much effort to program new behavior . Scribblenauts was first shown in a playable form at the 2009 Electronic Entertainment Expo , and became a sleeper hit , winning several `` Best of Show '' awards , being the first portable console game to win such praise . Reviewers believed that 5th Cell delivered on their promise to allow nearly any possible object to be created for use in Scribblenauts , but also lamented that the choice of controls in the game hampered their full enjoyment of the title . The success of the title has led to a number of sequels including Super Scribblenauts , Scribblenauts Remix , and Scribblenauts Unlimited . The series has sold over 13 million copies . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 2 Development 2.1 Engine 2.2 Promotion 3 Reception 3.1 Pre-release 3.2 Release 3.3 Lawsuit 4 Sequels 4.1 Super Scribblenauts 4.2 Scribblenauts Remix 4.3 Scribblenauts Unlimited 4.4 Scribblenauts Unmasked : A DC Comics Adventure 4.5 Scribblenauts : Fighting Words 4.6 Scribblenauts Showdown 5 References 6 External links Gameplay ( edit ) Screenshot of Scribblenauts . The top screen displays an image of the level and various indicators . The bottom screen shows Maxwell , using a helicopter and rope to rescue an injured woman during one of the puzzle levels . Scribblenauts is an exclusively side - scrolling game controlled almost entirely with the Nintendo DS stylus , with the D - pad and face buttons controlling the camera and the left and right shoulder buttons rotating objects . The player controls a character named Maxwell , who must collect objects called `` Starites '' to complete each level . Maxwell is guided by tapping the touchscreen , or if the player taps an object , Maxwell will pick it up or be given other options for interacting with that object , such as riding a horse or bicycle or shooting at an object if he holds a weapon . A fundamental element of Scribblenauts is the ability of the player to summon myriad objects into the game . This is achieved by writing the name of an object on the touchscreen . For example , the player can write `` ladder '' , summoning a ladder , which the player may use to climb to an out - of - reach Starite . The player may turn the ladder on its side and set it on fire . The player may also chain objects together , such as chaining a piece of meat to a pole and holding it while riding on a raptor . Summoned objects range among animals , weapons , forces of nature , famous people ( both fictional and real ) , vehicles , household objects , easter eggs of the development team , and even internet memes . However , the game does not include trademarked terms , nor potential profanity ( summoning `` ass '' will spawn a donkey ; summoning `` cock '' will spawn a rooster ) . The game includes a homonym system to offer the player possible choices between similar - sounding objects , such as distinguishing between a toy balloon and a hot - air balloon ; there is also a spellchecker to provide close matches for misspelled words . The North American release includes support for other languages including Brazilian Portuguese , French , and Spanish , with French - Canadian and Latin American variants available for words in the French and Spanish language sets , respectively . The UK version also accounts for difference between American and British English , such as the differing meanings of the word `` football '' . 5th Cell has stated that the limit to what objects may be summoned is up to the player 's imagination . Players , using special software , claimed to have discovered that the full list of words is greater than 22,800 unique entries , but , in response , Slaczka said there were many more than this number . The game is segmented into 220 levels over 10 themed areas , and each given a 4 star ranking based on its difficulty , with later areas featuring more high ranked levels . Puzzles are given a par for the number of objects they can summon , typically being between two and four , though the player is free to summon more , so long as there is space in the meter at the top screen ( summoning the same number of objects as the par or less earns more points ) . There are two types of levels -- puzzle and action levels . Puzzle levels are real - life situations ( such as having to open a piñata ) where the Starite is awarded once the puzzle is solved , while action levels will appeal to gamers that prefer side - scrolling platformers , featuring switches , spike traps , and other similar elements . Players are awarded `` merits '' for completing levels while meeting certain requirements , such as not summoning any weapon - like object . Once the player completes a level , a silver star appears on the level selection button and a `` Free play '' mode is unlocked . At that point , the player is given the option to play through the level three consecutive times without reusing objects . Successfully completing the challenge grants the player a gold star for that level . Scribblenauts presents a simplistic storyline , as the developers wished to focus on engaging gameplay . The game always rewards the player with `` Ollars '' , its in - game money , to allow them to purchase new areas , different avatars and other visual changes to the game . The game includes a level editor , allowing users to share these levels over the Nintendo Wi - Fi system . The player can start with any level that they have already beaten from the main game , and add new objects with new game properties . These new properties can vary significantly from the normal behavior , such as having a bear able to eat a plane . Development ( edit ) Jeremiah Slaczka , creative director for 5TH Cell , upon receiving the Game Developers Choice Award for Best Handheld Game for Scribblenauts during the 2010 Game Developers Conference . Scribblenauts was first conceived in the second quarter of 2007 , near the same time that they had envisioned Lock 's Quest . Creative Director for 5th Cell , Jeremiah Slaczka , stated that they were seeking counterparts of Nintendogs and Brain Age , games that had attracted a much wider demographic than most other niche games , that 5th Cell could develop . The concept of Scribblenauts came from a combination of a previous idea he had for the DS that was similar to Mad Libs and a dream of his . An example given for the Mad Libs was that players could write a Mad Lib of a `` dog walking through a forest '' , and a dog would appear in a forest and walk through it . However , he realized the game would be tedious and that players would only be interested in using keywords . The dream was of being inside an Aztec temple and having to solve puzzles ; one in particular involved three paintings , with the objective being straightening them and then moving on to the next room through a portal . While he thought it was a good idea for a game , he also felt that it lacked both a hook and replayability . He debated whether this would work best on the Wii or the DS , but later decided to combine the writing element with a puzzle element to fix the lack of replayability . Slaczka realized that the concept of the game might be considered impossible by other programmers , but found that 5th Cell 's Technical Director Marius Fahlbusch felt confident they could create the required elements . The developers considered that the nature of the flexible and sometimes unforeseen solutions made the game strongly promote emergent gameplay . During development , Slaczka and the team tried to figure out what they could do with the DS hardware , trying to make Scribblenauts appeal to everyone . As Lock 's Quest was thought of first , they focused on releasing that game first while beginning the development of Scribblenauts . The game entered beta around May 2009 , and had numerous play - testers exploring the game . About half of 5th Cell 's staff worked on the game . It was developed alongside the DS version of Drawn to Life : The Next Chapter . Scribblenauts was originally developed without having a publisher for the game . Slaczka noted that unlike other games where the developers could complete and polish a single level to garner interest while work on the rest of the game continued , Scribblenauts needed to show support for its large dictionary from the start , making it difficult to promote the game . The company was in negotiations with a publisher in the early part of 2009 , letting that publisher decide when it would be best to announce the game . Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment officially announced itself as the publisher for Scribblenauts in May 2009 . Slaczka noted that of the other publishers they talked to , they felt Warner Bros. was the best one , particularly due to their proximity to 5th Cell and their interest in the title . Scribblenauts was originally titled `` Wordplay '' , but the team felt that this was `` generic '' . The title Scribblenauts began as a temporary name that would be effective for pitching the game , but as development proceeded , the team could n't think of a better one , so the name stuck and became the final title of the product . Konami published the game in Japan on January 27 , 2011 ; this localized version features Konami characters such as Old Snake , Manaka Takane and the Vic Viper . Engine ( edit ) The core engine of Scribblenauts is a data - driven engine called `` Objectnaut '' created by Fahlbusch . Within Objectnaut , each object is given a set of properties , including physical characteristics , artificial intelligence behavior , and how the player ( through Maxwell ) can interact with it . Five people from the team spent six months researching dictionaries and encyclopedias to create a large database of objects within the Objectnaut 's framework , and then mapped out a hierarchy of data from this information . For example , every mammal - based object in the game is given the property of having `` organic flesh '' , allowing it to be eaten or turned into meat , without having to specify these functions for each type of mammal they used . The Objectnaut approach allowed the team to create two distinct objects for words that may have similar meanings simply by adjusting each word 's properties in the database : `` lion '' , `` tiger '' and `` leopard '' while similar will behave differently and have different art assets , while the only difference in the game between `` croissant '' and `` danish '' is that the danish may be able to roll like a wheel . The team made sure to balance the abilities of the various objects that could be summoned to avoid creating an `` uber character '' that would act as a skeleton key for solving all of the levels , and give players more courage to try different elements . Slaczka noted that he would be frequently asked if certain difficult words were in the game when interviewed by the press , most of the time being able to respond affirmatively to these questions . In an example given by Slaczka , a `` hardcore '' journalist wanted twenty minutes with the game to try to stump it during the 2009 E3 convention , but , according to Slaczka , `` he had a real hard time stumping it and shook my hand '' after that period . Designing each item required the developers to go word - by - word . Slaczka stated that certain kinds of words , such as cheeses , require little to no differences , besides items such as Limburger which would scare people away from it . He stated that the developers used discretion when deciding what to make look different , providing a cyborg , robot , and android , which he felt were different enough to require their own individual designs . He later stated that there was no way to test out each item and each way they interact with another item , as it was virtually impossible for them to accomplish this , using an example of an airplane being frozen , brought back in time , placing an old man on top of it , bringing it back to present time , and setting it on fire . Slaczka stated that while many games create a first level with enemies and platforms , polishing the level and moving on , the players can write any item available in level one that they can write in a later level . He commented that if players wrote `` anvil '' and it was missing its `` heavy '' property , they may be turned off of the game . They spent roughly 80 % of the development fine - tuning the various items , and as such , they could not provide a preview to demonstrate the game . Each of the words programmed into the game has associated art with it led by 5th Cell artist Edison Yan . The task of creating the art was simplified through the `` minimal '' design style of 5th Cell 's previous games . Each object is rendered as in 3D with objects acting as doll on a 2D plane . This was chosen to avoiding having to create a large number of animations for 2D . The development team had to design each AI - controlled object by hand , according to Slaczka , describing how the objects moves , and what it likes and dislikes , how much health it has , and other possible characteristics . Level design focused on providing a large variety of situations , including splitting levels between Puzzle and Action types , to avoid having the player develop a limited toolbox of common words and not exploring other possible solutions . Much of the initial level development was done on paper and to explore situations not commonly found in video games , due to their vocabulary system . They ended up selecting more than a hundred levels out of over seven hundred they had generated internally for the game . Both Merits and Ollars were added to reward the player for completion , with Slaczka comparing these to Xbox Live Achievements . The game primarily uses the touchscreen to control Maxwell and other objects ; the developers considered using the directional pad of the DS but realized that they would still need to rely on the touchscreen for certain actions and thus focused most of the game 's controls through that interface . The game includes 5th Cell 's own handwriting recognition system for writing down objects which Slaczka considered to be better than Nintendo 's own system for Brain Age . The team included a virtual keyboard in addition to this system knowing that even `` the human brain ca n't understand chicken scratch '' . Promotion ( edit ) Customers with their `` rooster hats '' pre-order bonus for waiting in line for the start of Scribblenauts launch event on September 13 , 2009 at the Nintendo World Store in New York City . Players who pre-ordered the game at GameStop and EB Games in the United States , Canada , and Australia received a replica of Maxwell 's `` rooster hat '' , a term coined by Destructoid according to Slaczka . The game was launched by a special event at the Nintendo World Store in New York City on September 13 , 2009 , with Slaczka and other 5th Cell developers on hand for the event . Reception ( edit ) Pre-release ( edit ) The game was well received at the 2009 E3 Convention and was considered the `` sleeper hit '' of the show . Scribblenauts is the first portable video game in history to win `` Best of Show '' awards for E3 from any major gaming media outlet . The game was named `` Best Original Game '' and `` Best Handheld Game '' by the Game Critics Awards . Scribblenauts was named the overall `` Best of Show '' by GameSpot , GameSpy , and IGN , in addition to other awards . 1UP.com named Scribblenauts their E3 's `` Most Innovative '' title . X-Play gave the game its E3 `` Best Original Game '' and `` Best Handheld Game '' awards . Ars Technica considered the game as the show 's `` Most Pleasant Surprise '' . Joystiq performed a ten - word test of the game , and found only one word , `` plumbob '' , was not yet present in the game , but were promised it would be in the final version . Part of the success at E3 was considered partially due to the inclusion of then - recent Keyboard Cat Internet meme , which led to a grassroots - type excitement about the game at the convention . Adam Sessler of G4 TV believed that Scribblenauts 's E3 success was from being a small but successful game from a small company in contrast to numerous other premier titles from other major developers and publishers that have become standard for the convention , such that the uniqueness of everything about the game made it the standout title of the show . Scribblenauts was given a much more predominate display in Warner Bros. Interactive 's booth at the next major convention , the 2009 Comic - Con International . IGN listed Scribblenauts in a preview of Nintendo DS games in 2009 , labeling it as one of their top picks for the year . They described it as `` quite possibly one of the system 's most ambitious designs yet . '' `` Post 217 '' as drawn by 5th Cell artist Edison Yan , based on a NeoGAF post , has been used as promotional material for the game . One example of the possibilities of Scribblenauts that led to further attention to the game are given in the ESRB 's attempt to describe the `` cartoon violence '' and `` comic mischief '' within the game as to grant it an `` E10 + '' rating . The ESRB 's description includes possible examples of the game 's level of violence as `` a club can be used to hit an animal ; steak can be attached to a baby to attract lions ; rockets can be lobbed at a man '' . In a post at NeoGAF within a thread dedicated to the game , user `` Feep '' relayed the experience of discovering during E3 that he was able to go back in time with a time machine to collect a dinosaur in order to defeat an army of robot zombies that could not be defeated with regular weapons . The story , as memorialized as `` Post 217 '' , has led to 5th Cell artist Edison Yan creating a desktop wallpaper image of the story , in appreciation of the positive fan response to the game , and the terms `` Post Two One Seven '' , `` Feep '' , and `` Neogaf '' have been included as summonable objects in the game . Slaczka credits the word - of - mouth popularity of `` Post 217 '' for part of the game 's success at E3 , and noted that he had contacted Feep to gain his permission to include `` Feep '' ( appearing as a robot zombie ) within the game . The NeoGAF forums proceeded to expand on their praise for the game by creating a series of avatars of video game and other related characters ( which will not otherwise appear in the game due to trademark issues ) for their forums inspired by Yan 's art design , and even some of the members that created the avatars were contacted to work in the second game , Super Scribblenauts . Yan himself has drawn several more avatars in the same style for other games such as Street Fighter II and Final Fantasy VII . Release ( edit ) Reception Aggregate scores Aggregator Score GameRankings 79.08 % Metacritic 79 / 100 Review scores Publication Score 1UP.com B+ Eurogamer 7 / 10 G4 4 / 5 GameSpy IGN 8.7 / 10 Scribblenauts was found by reviewers to live up to the premise that the game was built on the ability to bring about nearly any object imagined into the game . John Walker of Eurogamer considered the game `` an incredible achievement '' , with its word database `` so utterly complete in its collection of everything ever in the universe '' and its specificness on these terms . Craig Harris of IGN asserted that `` the developers fully deliver on ( the ) promise '' of allowing player to summon nearly any imagined object , and the core game alone is an `` incredibly versatile Nintendo DS experience '' . Ben Kuchera of Ars Technica praises the game as `` undeniably new and impressive '' and urged players to support games that take risks with their innovation . Ray Barnholt of 1UP.com noted that while the game `` is n't exactly the be-all end - all videogame '' that it received prior to release , the game remains `` unmissable '' due to its sheer novelty value . The game 's feature of forcing the player to consider different solutions when replaying levels was seen by Anthony Gallegos of GameSpy as a `` really clever way to encourage replayability while subtly upping the challenge '' . However , reviewers complained about the game 's poor controls , to the point that the implementation `` almost kills a fantastic game '' , according to IGN 's Harris . Reviews specifically commented how the touch screen is used both to manipulate the objects placed in the game and to move Maxwell ; this would result in inadvertently having Maxwell walk to his death or to disrupt a delicately prepared arrangement of objects prior to being ready to move him . Craig Harris of IGN notes that while one can direct Maxwell indirectly , the character would often fail to avoid or overcome simple obstacles , similar to troop movements in real - time strategy games , such that overcoming these issues requires a significant amount of precise controls by the player . It was suggested that while it was understood why 5th Cell opted to use the touchscreen in this manner to avoid too much flipping between the stylus and face - button controls , they would have appreciated the option for customizing the controls . The decision to use the touch screen controls was described by Walker as `` possibly the most wildly stupid design decision of all time '' , and that if the movement controls were mapped to the face buttons , the game would have been a `` beautiful thing '' . Walker also questioned the choice to have the game 's camera snap back to Maxwell as soon as the controls for it were released by the player , as it made it both difficult to set up objects that were off - screen from Maxwell , and to watch the results of certain interactions , such as fights between computer - controlled characters , that occurred off - screen . When it is possible to connect objects to other objects , reviewers found that finding the connection points to be difficult , and would often trigger Maxwell to move . Barnholt described the entire game as feeling like a prototype with its odd physics , and not as polished as 5th Cell 's previous games , though acknowledged the overall game is still an impressive feat for the small development team . IGN 's Ryan Geddes criticized the game 's poor controls and physics , demanding patience to overcome , and raised concerns that the title was rushed to market after its overwhelming positive response from the E3 convention . In a postmortem , 5TH Cell 's co-founder Joseph Tringali stated that they were aware that the controls would take `` a big hit '' from game reviewers , and attempted to work in a face - button control scheme , but would have not been able to complete it within the deadline set by their self - funded schedule . Tringali further noted that they did not spend as much time on the stylus controls earlier in development , and would have considered sacrificing another feature , like the Nintendo Wi - Fi , to improve them . Reviewers also identified some unexpected behavior from some objects or combinations of them , such as attempting to direct a non-player character in picking up an object , leading to an inconsistency in the difficulty of the various puzzles . Ben Kuchera of Ars Technica , in calling Scribblenauts `` a frustrating , often maddening game '' , described that he often encounters puzzles that , after trying several solutions that should have worked by common sense , he eventually happened upon a less logical solution that worked . Walker considered the puzzles range `` between uninspired and simple and frustratingly obscure and fiddly '' . Many critics experienced that after getting stumped on a puzzle , they would often resort to playing around in the free play mode . Edge magazine identified that the free play mode was more enjoyable as it masked the problems with controls , physics , and the general structure of the puzzle game that followed it , and considered what improvements in these modes could be made to create an experience closer to that of LittleBigPlanet . In particular for the action levels , reviewers found that they would be less likely to explore alternate solutions and fall into the pattern of using the same set of objects , making these levels repetitive towards the end . On the other hand , the puzzle levels were well - received ; Andrew Reiner of Game Informer stated the time spent while solving the puzzle levels was when his `` creative juices were joyously sapped '' . The presence of the `` Ollars '' currency system allows players to skip levels they found difficult . Kurchera also noted that with some puzzles , the game is often better played with others , including young children , as the combination of imaginative ideas will likely eventually stumble upon a solution . Simon Parkin of Game Set Watch agreed , believing the game is best enjoyed when one thinks like a child as `` free of the dry , efficient logic of adulthood , a child 's imagination also opens the game up in ways beyond most adults ' reach '' . Seth Schiesel of the New York Times considers the ultimate experience of the game a let - down after the E3 hype due to the controls and obfuscation of the puzzles , and though it was not a `` great game '' , he considers the concept a `` great idea '' that can be built upon for a possible sequel . According to the NPD Group , Scribblenauts sold 194,000 units in the United States during September 2009 , following Mario & Luigi : Bowser 's Inside Story and Kingdom Hearts 358 / 2 Days in top Nintendo DS sales . The game also showed strong sales during December 2009 , becoming the 16th best selling game of that month in North America . By February 2010 , the game had sold more than one million units worldwide . It was the 5th best - selling Nintendo DS game for 2009 in North America and the 1st best selling 3rd party game on DS . Time named Scribblenauts the 7th best video game of 2009 . Scribblenauts won the `` Outstanding Innovation in Gaming '' , `` Portable Game of the Year '' , and `` Outstanding Achievement in Portable Game Design '' awards , and was nominated for the `` Casual Game of the Year '' award for the 13th Annual Interactive Achievement Award from the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences . The game won `` Innovation '' and `` Best Handheld Game '' at the 10th annual Game Developers Choice Awards . Lawsuit ( edit ) In May 2013 , Charles Schmidt and Christopher Orlando Torres , the creators of the Keyboard Cat and Nyan Cat characters respectively , jointly sued 5th Cell and Warner Bros. for copyright infringement and trademark infringement for the appearances of these characters without permission across Scribblenauts and its sequels . Schmidt and Torres have both registered copyrights on their characters and have pending trademark applications on the names . The case was settled out of court , with Warner Bros. officially licensing the two cat characters for use in the game . Sequels ( edit ) Super Scribblenauts ( edit ) A Nintendo DS sequel to Scribblenauts titled Super Scribblenauts was released on October 12 , 2010 . In addition to addressing issues with the control scheme , Super Scribblenauts includes a larger vocabulary including the use of adjectives to modify nouns , influencing the objects ' behavior . Scribblenauts Remix ( edit ) Scribblenauts Remix , a version of Scribblenauts for the iOS platform , was released by Warner Bros. Interactive on October 12 , 2011 . Ported to the platform by developers Iron Galaxy , the iOS version provides forty levels from both Scribblenauts and its sequel , along with ten new levels for the iOS game . The mechanics of the game are based on Super Scribblenauts , allowing for the use of adjectives in addition to nouns . The game uses built - in features of iOS , such as the touch keyboard , and was released simultaneously with iOS version 5 , incorporating new features such as cloud storage to play the game across multiple devices . An Android version was released on June 26 , 2013 . Scribblenauts Unlimited ( edit ) A fourth title , Scribblenauts Unlimited , was released for Wii U , PC and Nintendo 3DS on November 13 , 2012 . The game features multiple worlds which Maxwell must find out how to help various non-player characters to gain Starites , using the extended vocabulary abilities of Super Scribblenauts to solve puzzles . An Android and iOS version were both released on December 15 , 2015 . Scribblenauts Unmasked : a DC Comics adventure ( edit ) A fifth game in the franchise , Scribblenauts Unmasked : A DC Comics Adventure , was announced in development for Wii U , PC and Nintendo 3DS , featuring over 2000 characters from the DC Comics universe . The game was released on September 24 , 2013 . Scribblenauts : Fighting words ( edit ) A sixth game in the series , titled Scribblenauts : Fighting Words was in development for iOS since 2014 , but was cancelled in 2016 after 5th Cell laid off 45 employees , including lead animator Tim Borrelli . Scribblenauts Showdown ( edit ) Announced in January 2018 , Scribblenauts Showdown is a party game for up to four players , using mini-games based on the Scribblenauts formula . The game is being developed by Shiver Entertainment and published by Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment , for release on Nintendo Switch , PlayStation 4 , and Xbox One , with an expected release date of March 6 , 2018 . It will be the first title in the series released for Sony and Microsoft consoles . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Scribblenauts '' . GameSpy. 2009 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ Molina , Brett ( 2009 - 07 - 22 ) . `` Release dates galore : ' Scribblenauts , ' ' Uncharted 2 ' and more '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ Purchase , Robert ( 2009 - 08 - 28 ) . `` Scribblenauts UK date changed '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ KONAMI 公式 ( 21 December 2010 ) . `` ヒラメキ パズル マックス ウェル の 不思議 な ノート ( DS ) PV '' . Retrieved 30 December 2016 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Plunkett , Luke ( 2010 - 12 - 29 ) . `` When A Game About English Words Is Released In Japanese '' . Kotaku . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` GameSpy 's Best of E3 2009 Awards '' . GameSpy . Retrieved 6 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Totilo , Stephen . `` Portable Game Beats Console Games For ... The First Time Ever ? '' . Kotaku . Retrieved 6 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Hall , Charlie ( 8 October 2015 ) . `` Scribblenauts team launching crowdfunding , investment campaign through Fig '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Retrieved 14 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Debut : Scribblenauts '' . IGN.com. 2008 - 12 - 05 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Fletcher , JC ( 2009 - 07 - 10 ) . `` Interview : Scribblenauts creative director Jeremiah Slaczka '' . Joystiq . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ Boyer , Brandon ( 2009 - 06 - 04 ) . `` E309 : Scribblenauts DS settles Kraken vs. God vs. Keyboard Cat debate '' . Boing Boing . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : McElroy , Griffon ( 2009 - 06 - 05 ) . `` Hands - on : Scribblenauts '' . Joystiq . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ Jones , Scott ( 2009 - 06 - 05 ) . `` The Five : Scribblenauts '' . Crispy Gamer . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 09 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` E3 09 : Developer Walkthrough HD '' ( Flash ) . GameTrailers. 2009 - 06 - 04 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : John , Tracey ( 2009 - 06 - 17 ) . `` How Innovative Scribblenauts Recognizes 10,000 Different Words '' . Wired . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ Fahey , Mike ( 2009 - 09 - 14 ) . `` UK Scribblenauts Has Ice Lollies And Nappies '' . Kotaku . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ McElroy , Griffin ( 2009 - 09 - 12 ) . `` There are 22,802 words in Scribblenauts '' . Joystiq . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Ohannessian , Kevin ( 2009 - 09 - 15 ) . `` In Scribblenauts , Your Vocabulary Controls the Game '' . Fast Company . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Tolito , Stephen ( 2008 - 12 - 19 ) . `` ' Scribblenauts ' DS Developer Consults Spreadsheet To Sell Me On His Game '' . MTV.com . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Neon ( 2009 - 08 - 27 ) . `` Scribblenauts Preview '' . videogamer.com . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : Jordan , Jon ( 2009 - 06 - 29 ) . `` Interview : 5TH Cell 's Slaczka talks about E3 DS hit Scribblenauts '' . Pocket Gamer . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fountain of Scribbles : 5th Cell 's Jeremiah Slaczka Speaks '' . Gamasutra. 2009 - 10 - 09 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Bozen , Mark ( 2009 - 05 - 01 ) . `` Interview : 5TH CELL Talks Scribble '' . IGN . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Fletcher , JC ( 2009 - 02 - 20 ) . `` Joystiq interview : Scribblenauts ' Jeremiah Slaczka '' . Joystiq . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ Bozen , Mark ( 2009 - 05 - 01 ) . `` Scribblenauts Gets a Publisher '' . IGN . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ Nunneley , Stephany ( 2009 - 10 - 03 ) . `` 5th Cell says original name for Scribblenauts was `` Wordplay '' `` . VG247 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ Plunkett , Luke ( 2011 - 01 - 28 ) . `` Scribblenauts Has Changed '' . Kotaku . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ Klepek , Patrick ( 2009 - 06 - 16 ) . `` 5 People Spent 6 Months Researching Words For Scribblenauts '' . G4 TV . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ Donlan , Christian ( 2009 - 02 - 06 ) . `` Scribblenauts '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Gamasutra Staff ( 2009 - 11 - 16 ) . `` Postmortem : Behind The Scenes Of Scribblenauts '' . Gamasutra . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ Casamassina , Matt ( 2009 - 07 - 28 ) . `` Scribblenauts GameStop Pre-order Bonus '' . IGN . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ Sliwinski , Alexander ( 2009 - 09 - 03 ) . `` Special Scribblenauts launch at Nintendo World store Sept. 13 '' . Joystiq . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ Caoili , Eric ( 2009 - 06 - 11 ) . `` Desktopnauts '' . Game Set Watch . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Stephan ( 2009 - 06 - 05 ) . `` Scribblenauts : A Preview Of The Sleeper Hit Of E3 2009 '' . G4TV . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ Nutt , Christian ( 2009 - 06 - 04 ) . `` E3 Interview : Nintendo 's Kaigler : ' We Need Core Gamers ' '' . Gamasutra . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Ashley , Robert ( 2009 - 06 - 11 ) . `` Scribblenauts : How a Nobody Game Became the Talk of This Year 's E3 '' . Crispy Gamer . Archived from the original on 2014 - 07 - 22 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ Tolito , Stephan ( 2009 - 06 - 15 ) . `` Portable Game Beats Console Games For ... The First Time Ever ? '' . Kotaku . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Best of E3 2009 '' . Game Critics Awards . 2009 - 06 - 23 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ GameSpy Staff ( 2009 - 06 - 10 ) . `` GameSpy 's Best of E3 2009 Awards '' . GameSpy . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : IGN Editorial Staff ( 2009 - 06 - 12 ) . `` IGN 's Overall Best of E3 2009 Awards '' . IGN . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` E3 ' 09 Editors Choice Awards '' . GameSpot. 2009 - 06 - 13 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 06 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ 1UP Staff ( 2009 - 06 - 11 ) . `` 1UP 's Best Games of E3 2009 '' . 1UP.com . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ Pfister , Andrew ( 2009 - 06 - 08 ) . `` X-Play's Best of E3 2009 '' . G4TV . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ Kuchera , Ben ( 2009 - 06 - 08 ) . `` E3 2009 : Who won ? Who lost ? Who wins a golden Ars ? '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ McElroy , Griffin ( 2009 - 06 - 05 ) . `` Scribblenauts passes our ten - word challenge with flying colors '' . Joystiq . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Schiesel , Seth ( 2009 - 10 - 09 ) . `` Lay Down the Guns and Swords ; Your Best Weapon Is the Dictionary '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ Sessler , Adam ( 2009 - 06 - 24 ) . Sessler 's Soapbox : Scribblenauts Makes Adam Happy ! . G4 TV . Event occurs at 3 : 20 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Kevin ( 2009 - 07 - 24 ) . `` Comic - Con 2009 : Scribblenauts towers over everything '' . Joystiq . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ IGN Nintendo Team ( 2009 - 01 - 21 ) . `` IGN Nintendo DS 2009 Preview '' . IGN . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Rating Information -- Scribblenauts '' . ESRB . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ Leahy , Brian ( 2009 - 07 - 11 ) . `` Scribblenauts Gets Best ESRB Description Ever ! '' . G4TV . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ Garratt , Patrick ( 2009 - 07 - 10 ) . `` Scribblenauts includes `` vomit '' and `` cabbage '' `` . VG247 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ Harold , Charles ( 2009 - 11 - 08 ) . `` A game to help you think creatively '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on 2015 - 01 - 07 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ Fletcher , JC ( 2009 - 06 - 15 ) . `` Celebrate a legendary Scribblenauts moment with this wallpaper '' . Joystiq . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ Boyer , Brandon ( 2009 - 06 - 16 ) . `` One shot : the Scribblenauts time - travelling T - rex robot - zombie smashing wallpaper '' . Boing Boing . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ Broder , Aaron ( 2009 - 09 - 08 ) . `` Q&A : Scribblenauts emerges as breakthrough game for 5th Cell '' . Tech Flash . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ Caoili , Eric ( 2009 - 07 - 03 ) . `` Scribblenaut - ized Heavy , Spy , and Pyro by Turk128 '' . Tiny Cartridge . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ Pluckett , Luke ( 2009 - 06 - 29 ) . `` If Only These Characters Were Actually In Scribblenauts ... '' Kotaku . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ Caoili , Eric ( 2009 - 07 - 09 ) . `` Scribblenaut - ized Street Fighter 2 cast by Edison Yan '' . Tiny Cartridge . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Scribblenauts for DS '' . GameRankings . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Scribblenauts ( ds ) '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Barnholt , Ray ( 2009 - 09 - 15 ) . `` Scribblenauts ( Nintendo DS ) '' . 1UP.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Walker , John ( 2009 - 09 - 15 ) . `` Scribblenauts review '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Klepek , Patrick ( 2009 - 09 - 15 ) . `` Scribblenauts Review '' . G4 TV . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Gallegos , Anthony ( 2009 - 09 - 15 ) . `` The Consensus : Scribblenauts Review '' . GameSpy . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Harris , Craig ( 2009 - 09 - 15 ) . `` Scribblenauts review '' . IGN . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Carson , Ben ( 2009 - 09 - 15 ) . `` Scribblenauts is genius , maddening ; Ars reviews hit of E3 '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ Geddes , Ryan ( 2009 - 09 - 29 ) . `` Scribblenauts : Another Take '' . IGN . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Reiner , Andrew ( 2009 - 09 - 16 ) . `` Scribblenauts '' . Game Informer . Archived from the original on 2009 - 09 - 23 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Little Big Scribble '' . Edge. 2009 - 10 - 06 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 01 - 28 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ Frushtick , Russ ( 2009 - 09 - 15 ) . `` ' Scribblenauts ' Review '' . MTV . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ Parkin , Simon ( 2009 - 09 - 30 ) . `` There Was a Young Lady Who Swallowed a Fly '' . Game Set Watch . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ Geddes , Ryan ( 2009 - 10 - 19 ) . `` Scribblenauts Sees Solid September Sales '' . IGN . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ Graft , Kris ( 2010 - 01 - 15 ) . `` NPD : Wii , DS Titles Command December 2009 Top 20 '' . Gamasutra . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment Announces Scribblenauts Sells In More Than One Million Units Worldwide '' . BusinessWire. 2010 - 02 - 03 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ Matthews , Matt ( 2010 - 02 - 15 ) . `` NPD : Behind the Numbers , January 2010 '' . Gamasutra . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ Grossman , Lev ; Ha , Peter ( 2009 - 12 - 08 ) . `` The Top 10 Everything of 2009 '' . Time . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` ' Uncharted 2 : Among Thieves ' Breaks Away and Flees with 10 Awards During the 13th Annual Interactive Achievement Awards '' . PR Newswire. 2010 - 02 - 18 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 13th Annual Interactive Achievement Awards Finalists '' ( PDF ) . Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences . 2010 - 01 - 21 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ Thorsen , Tor ( 2010 - 03 - 11 ) . `` Uncharted 2 scores five at GDC Awards , full video inside '' . Gamespot . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 20 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Tom ( 2013 - 05 - 02 ) . `` Warner Bros. and 5th Cell targeted by Keyboard Cat , Nyan Cat lawsuit '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Nyan Cat and Keyboard Cat creators sue Warner Bros '' . BBC News . 2013 - 05 - 02 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ Woollacott , Emma ( 2012 - 04 - 18 ) . `` Warner Brothers Sued For Infringing Cat Meme Copyright '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ Adi Robertson ( 2013 - 02 - 12 ) . `` Nyan Cat and Keyboard Cat creators sue ' Scribblenauts ' studio for using their memes '' . The Verge . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ Van Syckle , Katie ( 2013 - 09 - 26 ) . `` Keyboard Cat and Nyan Cat Come Out Ahead in Lawsuit Against Warner Bros '' . New York Magazine . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ Kuchera , Ben ( 2010 - 10 - 12 ) . `` Super Scribblenauts fixes problems of original '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ Rose , Mike ( 2011 - 10 - 12 ) . `` Scribblenauts Remix Released For iOS Devices '' . Gamasutra . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ Tolito , Stephen ( 2011 - 10 - 12 ) . `` Scribblenauts , the Video Game that Seems Like a Magic Trick , is Pretty Good on iOS '' . Kotaku . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Scribblenauts Remix - Android - IGN '' . Jump up ^ Wilson , Jeffrey ( 2012 - 12 - 18 ) . `` Scribblenauts Unlimited ( PC ) '' . PC Magazine . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Scribblenauts Unlimited - Android Apps on Google Play '' . play.google.com . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ Tolito , Stephan ( 2013 - 05 - 15 ) . `` This Game Might Include Every DC Comics Hero ( And Villain ) Ever '' . Kotaku . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Colin ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` 5th Cell lays off staff as Scribblenauts : Fighting Words canned ( update ) '' . Polygon . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dayus , Oscar ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` New Scribblenauts For PS4 , Xbox One , Switch Announced ; Release Date Confirmed '' . GameSpot . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website 5th Cell 's website Video games by 5th Cell Scribblenauts series Scribblenauts Super Remix Unlimited Unmasked : A DC Comics Adventure Other games Drawn to Life Lock 's Quest Drawn to Life : The Next Chapter Run Roo Run Hybrid Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment Franchises Batman : Arkham Defender F.E.A.R. Game Party Gauntlet Injustice Joust Lego Middle - earth Mortal Kombat Rampage Scribblenauts Spy Hunter Tapper Subsidiaries Avalanche Software Monolith Productions NetherRealm Studios Portkey Games Rocksteady Studios TT Games Traveller 's Tales TT Fusion Turbine WB Games Montréal Former subsidiaries Midway Games Snowblind Studios Surreal Software Related articles Eidos Interactive List of Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment video games Time Warner Warner Bros . Ed Boon Sefton Hill Jon Burton Diane Nelson Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scribblenauts&oldid=820974625 '' Categories : 2009 video games 5th Cell games Action - adventure games Nintendo DS games Nintendo DS - only games Puzzle video games Video games developed in the United States Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment games Video games with user - generated gameplay content Hidden categories : Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images Articles containing Japanese - language text Articles using Video game reviews template in single platform mode Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Português Suomi Svenska Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 17 January 2018 , at 18 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
game where you type in something and it appears
[ "Scribblenauts is an emergent puzzle action video game developed by 5th Cell and published by Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment for the Nintendo DS. The game was released in 2009 in all regions except Japan, and in 2011 in Japan as Flash Puzzle: Maxwell's Mysterious Notebook (ヒラメキパズル マックスウェルの不思議なノート, Hirameki Pazuru: Makkusuweru no Fushigi na Nōto) by Konami.[5] It is the third Nintendo DS video game made by 5th Cell, the first two being Drawn to Life and Lock's Quest. The objective of Scribblenauts, as implied by its catchphrase \"Write Anything, Solve Everything\", is to complete puzzles to collect \"Starites\", helped by the player's ability to summon any object (from a database of tens of thousands) by writing its name on the touchscreen. The game is considered by its developers to help promote emergent gameplay by challenging the player to solve its puzzles within certain limitations or through multiple solutions." ]
[ "Scribblenauts" ]
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Football records in England
Football Records in England - wikipedia Football Records in England Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article is about unsurpassed achievements . For rankings of trophies won by English football clubs , see List of English football clubs by elite honours won . This article concerns football records in England . Unless otherwise stated , records are taken from the Football League or Premier League . Where a different record exists for the top flight ( Football League First Division 1888 -- 1992 , and Premier League 1992 -- ) , this is also given . Contents ( hide ) 1 National team 2 League 2.1 Titles 2.2 Top - flight appearances 2.3 Representation 2.4 Wins 2.5 Draws 2.6 Losses 2.7 Points 2.8 Games without a win 2.9 Goals 2.10 Scorelines 2.11 Disciplinary 2.12 Transfers 2.13 Individual 2.13. 1 Appearances 2.13. 2 Goals 3 FA Cup 3.1 Final 3.1. 1 Team 3.1. 2 Individual 3.2 All rounds 4 League Cup 4.1 Final 4.2 All rounds 5 FA Charity / Community Shield 5.1 Final 6 All competitions 7 Attendance records 8 List of English record winners of elite competitions 8.1 Ongoing competitions 8.2 Discontinued Competitions 9 Managers 10 Footnotes 11 See also 12 References 13 External links National team ( edit ) Main article : England national football team records League ( edit ) See also : Premier League records and statistics Records in this section refer to the English Football Pyramid Titles ( edit ) Most League titles : 20 , Manchester United Most consecutive League titles : 3 , joint record : Huddersfield Town : 1923 -- 24 , 1924 -- 25 , 1925 -- 26 Arsenal : 1932 -- 33 , 1933 -- 34 , 1934 -- 35 Liverpool : 1981 -- 82 , 1982 -- 83 , 1983 -- 84 Manchester United ( twice ) : 1998 -- 99 , 1999 -- 00 , 2000 -- 01 ; 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 Top - flight title win at first attempt : Ipswich Town : 1961 -- 62 Top - flight appearances ( edit ) Most seasons in top flight overall : 114 seasons , Everton Most consecutive seasons in top flight : 90 seasons , Arsenal ( 1919 -- present , though no League football was played due to World War II between 1939 and 1945 -- 46 ) Fewest seasons in top flight overall : 1 season , joint record , Glossop , Leyton Orient , Northampton Town , Carlisle United , Swindon Town , and Barnsley have completed only one season in top flight in their history . Representation ( edit ) Most participants in top flight from one area : During the three consecutive seasons 1919 -- 21 , the historic boundaries ( pre-1974 ) of the County of Lancashire had nine participants in the top - flight : Blackburn Rovers , Bolton Wanderers , Burnley , Everton , Liverpool , Manchester City , Manchester United , Oldham Athletic , and Preston North End . During the Premiership era , there were eight participants in the historic county of Lancashire during the 2010 -- 11 season : Blackburn Rovers , Blackpool , Bolton Wanderers , Everton , Liverpool , Manchester City , Manchester United , and Wigan Athletic . Most participants in top flight from one city : During the season 1989 -- 1990 , London had eight entrants in the top - flight : Arsenal , Charlton Athletic , Chelsea , Crystal Palace , Millwall , Queen 's Park Rangers , Tottenham Hotspur , and Wimbledon . City represented with most seasons in top flight : Liverpool . The city has always had a top flight member of either Everton or Liverpool . Wins ( edit ) Most wins in the top - flight overall : 1863 , Liverpool Most wins at home overall : 1341 , Manchester United Most wins at home in top - flight overall : 1203 , Liverpool Most wins away overall : 755 , Manchester United Most wins away in top - flight overall : 667 , Arsenal Most wins from start of a top flight season : 11 , Tottenham Hotspur ( First Division , 1960 - 61 ) Most wins from start of a season : 13 , Reading F.C. ( Third Division , 1985 - 86 ) Most consecutive league wins : 18 , Manchester City ( Premier League , 28 August 2017 - 27 December 2017 ) Most consecutive wins ( all competitions ) : 20 , Manchester City ( 26 August 2017 - 3 December 2017 ) Draws ( edit ) Most draws overall in the top flight : 1106 , Everton Most draws in a season : 23 , joint record : Norwich City ( from 42 games , First Division , 1978 -- 79 ) Exeter City ( from 46 games , Fourth Division , 1986 -- 87 ) Hartlepool United ( from 46 games , Third Division , 1997 -- 98 ) Cardiff City ( from 46 games , Third Division , 1997 -- 98 ) Most consecutive draws : 8 : Torquay United ( Third Division , 1969 -- 70 ) Middlesbrough ( Second Division , 1970 -- 71 ) Peterborough United ( Fourth Division , 1971 -- 72 ) Birmingham City ( Third Division , 1990 -- 91 ) Chesterfield ( League One , 2005 -- 06 ) Southampton ( Championship , 2005 -- 06 ) Swansea City ( Championship , 2008 -- 09 ) Losses ( edit ) Most losses overall in the top flight : 1,506 , Everton Most losses in a season : 34 , Doncaster Rovers , ( Third Division , 1997 -- 98 ; final record P46 W4 D8 L34 ) Fewest losses : 0 , joint record : Preston North End ( First Division , 1888 -- 89 ; final record P22 W18 D4 L0 ) Arsenal ( Premier League , 2003 -- 04 ; final record P38 W26 D12 L0 ) Liverpool ( Second Division , 1893 - 94 ; final record P28 W22 D6 L0 ) Most consecutive losses : 18 , Darwen , 1898 -- 1899 ( Second Division ) 17 , Rochdale , 1931 -- 32 ( Division 3 North ) 17 , Sunderland , 2002 - 2003 ( 15 in top tier ) Points ( edit ) Most points overall in the top flight ( mixed 3pts for a win and 2pts for win ) : 5,437 , Liverpool Most points in a season ( 2 points for a win - 46 matches ) : 74 , Lincoln City ( Fourth Division , 1975 -- 76 ) Most points in a season ( 3 points for a win - 46 matches ) : 106 , Reading ( Championship , 2005 -- 06 ) Most points in a season for a top - flight team ( 2 points for a win - 42 matches ) : 68 ( 30 wins 8 draws ) , Liverpool ( First Division , 1978 -- 79 ) Most points in a season for a top - flight team ( 3 points for a win - 38 matches ) : 100 points ( 32 wins 4 draws , 2 defeats ) , Manchester City ( Premier League , 2017 -- 18 ) Fewest points in a season ( 2 points for a win - 34 matches ) : 8 , joint record : Loughborough ( Second Division , 1899 -- 1900 ) Doncaster Rovers ( Second Division , 1904 -- 05 ) Fewest points in a season ( 3 points for a win - 38 matches ) : 11 , Derby County ( Premier League , 2007 -- 08 ) Most points in a season while being relegated ( 2 points for a win - 46 matches ) : 41 , Rotherham United ( Third Division , 1972 -- 73 ) Most points in a season while being relegated ( 3 points for a win - 46 matches ) : 54 , joint record : Southend United ( Third Division , 21st of 24 ; 1988 -- 89 ) Peterborough United ( Championship , 22nd of 24 ; 2012 - 13 ) Games without a win ( edit ) Most consecutive league games without a win : 32 , Derby County ( Premier League / Championship 22 September 2007 to 13 September 2008 ) Longest run without a home win : Sunderland ( Premier League / Championship 17 December 2016 to 16 December 2017 ) . Goals ( edit ) Most league goals scored in a season : ( 134 ) Peterborough United ( Fourth Division , 1960 -- 61 ) Most top - flight goals scored in a season ( 42 games ) : 128 , Aston Villa ( First Division , 1930 -- 31 ) Most top - flight goals scored in a season ( 38 games ) : 106 , Manchester City ( Premier League , 2017 -- 18 ) Most goals scored in all competitions in a season by a top - flight side : 156 , Manchester City ( 2013 -- 14 ) Most top - flight goals scored in total : 6929 , Everton. - to end 2016 / 17 season Most home league goals scored in a season : 87 , Millwall ( Third Division South , 1927 -- 28 ) Most away league goals scored in a season : 60 , Arsenal ( First Division , 1930 -- 31 ) Most consecutive games scoring : 55 , Arsenal ( Premier League , 19 May 2001 -- 30 November 2002 ) Most consecutive games without scoring : 11 , Coventry City ( Second Division , 1919 -- 20 ) and Hartlepool United ( League Two , 1992 -- 93 ) First league goal awarded by goal - line technology : scored by Edin Džeko in the 14th minute of the Premier League game between Manchester City and Cardiff City on 18 January 2014 . The game was officiated by Neil Swarbrick , who consulted his watch when Cardiff defender Kevin McNaughton quickly cleared the ball away just after it entered the goal . Scorelines ( edit ) Record win : 13 -- 0 , joint record : Stockport County 13 -- 0 Halifax Town ( Third Division North , 6 January 1934 ) Newcastle United 13 -- 0 Newport County ( Second Division , 5 October 1946 ) Record win in top division : 12 -- 0 , joint record : West Bromwich Albion 12 -- 0 Darwen ( First Division , 4 April 1892 ) Nottingham Forest 12 -- 0 Leicester Fosse ( First Division , 21 March 1909 ) Record away win : Port Vale 0 -- 10 Sheffield United ( Second Division , 10 December 1892 ) Record away win in top flight : by 8 goals , joint record Wolverhampton Wanderers 0 -- 8 West Bromwich Albion ( First Division , 27 December 1893 ) Newcastle United 1 -- 9 Sunderland ( First Division , 5 December 1908 ) Cardiff City 1 -- 9 Wolverhampton Wanderers ( First Division , 3 November 1955 ) Highest scoring draw : 6 -- 6 , joint record : Leicester City 6 -- 6 Arsenal ( First Division , 21 April 1930 ) Charlton Athletic 6 -- 6 Middlesbrough ( Second Division , 22 October 1960 ) Most double figure league wins by a team : 5 , Birmingham City ( 12 -- 0 v Walsall , 17 December 1892 ; 10 -- 2 v Manchester City , 17 March 1894 ; 10 -- 1 v Blackpool , 2 March 1901 ; 12 -- 0 v Doncaster Rovers , 11 April 1903 ; 11 -- 1 v Glossop , 6 January 1915 ) ( all Second Division ) Most goals scored by a losing side : 6 by Huddersfield Town losing 7 -- 6 to Charlton Athletic ( 21 December 1957 ) Disciplinary ( edit ) Most red cards in a single match : 5 joint : Bradford City ( 3 ) v. Crawley Town ( 2 ) ( 27 March 2012 ) ( all after the final whistle ) Chesterfield ( 2 ) v. Plymouth Argyle ( 3 ) ( 22 February 1997 ) Wigan Athletic ( 1 ) v. Bristol Rovers ( 4 ) ( 2 December 1997 ) Exeter City ( 3 ) v. Cambridge United ( 2 ) ( 23 November 2002 ) Most red cards in a career ( individual ) : 13 , joint record : Roy McDonough ( Colchester United , Exeter City , Southend United ) , Steve Walsh ( Wigan Athletic and Leicester City ) Fastest red card : 13 seconds , Kevin Pressman ( Sheffield Wednesday v Wolverhampton Wanderers , 13 August 2000 ) Fastest yellow card : 3 seconds , Vinnie Jones ( Chelsea v Sheffield United , 21 March 1992 ) Fastest red card for a substitute on the field of play : 0 seconds , joint record : Walter Boyd ( Swansea City , 12 March 2000 ) , Keith Gillespie ( Sheffield United , 20 January 2007 ) Both players came on as a substitute and elbowed / pushed an opponent before the game had been restarted . Transfers ( edit ) See also : British football transfer record Highest transfer fee received : £ 142 million : Philippe Coutinho , from Liverpool to FC Barcelona ( 7 January 2018 ) Highest transfer fee paid : £ 89 million : Paul Pogba , from Juventus to Manchester United ( 8 August 2016 ) Individual ( edit ) Appearances ( edit ) Most titles won by an individual player : 13 , Ryan Giggs Most career league appearances : 1,005 ( 849 in First Division ) , Peter Shilton ( 1966 to 1997 ) Most career league appearances by an outfield player : 931 , Tony Ford ( 1975 to 2002 ) Most career league appearances at one club : 770 , John Trollope ( Swindon Town , 1960 to 1980 ) Most career top - flight league appearances at one club : 672 , Ryan Giggs ( Manchester United , 1991 to 6 May 2014 ) Most career consecutive league appearances : 375 , Harold Bell ( Tranmere Rovers ) , 1946 to 1955 ( 401 consecutive club games including 26 FA Cup appearances ) Oldest player : Neil McBain , 51 years and 20 days ( for New Brighton v. Hartlepool United , 1947 ) Youngest player : Reuben Noble - Lazarus , 15 years and 45 days ( for Barnsley v. Ipswich Town , 30 September 2008 ) Goals ( edit ) Further information : English Football first tier Top Scorers Most career league goals : 434 , Arthur Rowley ( 619 matches , for West Bromwich Albion , Fulham , Leicester City and Shrewsbury Town , 1946 to 1965 ) Most career top - flight goals : 357 , Jimmy Greaves ( 516 matches , for Chelsea , Tottenham Hotspur and West Ham United , 1957 to 1971 ) Most consecutive top flight league matches scored in : 12 , Jimmy Dunne , for Sheffield United between 24 October 1931 and 1 January 1932 , for a total of 18 goals . Most goals in a season : 60 , Dixie Dean ( 39 matches , for Everton 1927 -- 28 ) Most goals in a game : 10 , Joe Payne ( for Luton Town v. Bristol Rovers , 13 April 1936 ) Most goals in a top - flight game : 7 , Ted Drake for Arsenal v. Aston Villa ( away ) , 14 December 1935 Fastest goal : 3.5 seconds , Colin Cowperthwaite ( for Barrow v. Kettering Town , 1979 ) Fastest goal on a League debut : 7 seconds , Freddy Eastwood ( for Southend United v. Swansea City , 16 October 2004 ) Fastest hat - trick ( time between first and third goals ) : 2 minutes 21 seconds , James Hayter ( for AFC Bournemouth v. Wrexham , 23 February 2004 ) Fastest goal by a substitute : 6 seconds , Nicklas Bendtner ( for Arsenal v. Tottenham Hotspur , 22 December 2007 ) Most teams outscored by a single player in the history of England 's top - flight in a single season : 3 teams by Mohamed Salah ( Liverpool , 2017 - 18 ) ( West Bromwich Albion and Swansea City and Huddersfield Town ) Fastest player to 100 English top flight goals Dave Halliday - 101 games Players to score over 30 league goals in four consecutive seasons Dave Halliday - 1925 - 29 . Halliday in fact scored at least 35 goals in each of those four seasons Most own goals in one season : 5 , SP Bloke ( Middlesbrough , 1934 -- 35 ) Most hat - tricks in one season : 9 , George Camsell ( Middlesbrough , 1926 -- 27 ) Most career hat - tricks : 37 , Dixie Dean ( Tranmere Rovers , Everton , 1923 -- 1937 ) Longest goalkeeping run without conceding a goal : 1,311 minutes , Edwin van der Sar ( for Manchester United , 2008 -- 09 ) Youngest goalscorer : Ronnie Dix , 15 years and 180 days ( for Bristol Rovers v. Norwich City , 3 March 1928 ) Youngest top - flight goalscorer : Jason Dozzell , 16 years and 57 days ( for Ipswich Town v. Coventry City , February 1984 ) Youngest hat - trick goalscorer : Trevor Francis , 16 years and 317 days ( for Birmingham City v. Bolton Wanderers , 20 February 1971 ) FA Cup ( edit ) Final ( edit ) Team ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Most wins : 13 : Arsenal ( 1930 , 1936 , 1950 , 1971 , 1979 , 1993 , 1998 , 2002 , 2003 , 2005 , 2014 , 2015 , 2017 ) Most consecutive wins : 3 , joint record : Wanderers ( 1876 , 1877 , 1878 ) Blackburn Rovers , ( 1884 , 1885 , 1886 ) Most appearances in a final : 20 , joint record : Arsenal ( 1927 , 1930 , 1932 , 1936 , 1950 , 1952 , 1971 , 1972 , 1978 , 1979 , 1980 , 1993 , 1998 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2005 , 2014 , 2015 , 2017 ) Manchester United ( 1909 , 1948 , 1957 , 1958 , 1963 , 1976 , 1977 , 1979 , 1983 , 1985 , 1990 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1999 , 2004 , 2005 , 2007 , 2016 , 2018 ) Most consecutive / uninterrupted years as FA Cup Champions : 7 , Portsmouth F.C. , ( 1939 - 1946 ) Most Final appearances without ever winning : 4 , Leicester City ( 1949 , 1961 , 1963 , 1969 ) Most Final appearances without ever losing : 5 , Wanderers ( 1872 , 1873 , 1876 , 1877 , 1878 ) Most Final appearances without losing ( streak ) : 7 , Tottenham Hotspur ( 1901 , 1921 , 1961 , 1962 , 1967 , 1981 , 1982 ) Biggest win : 6 goals : Bury 6 -- 0 Derby County , ( 1903 ) Most goals in a final : 7 : Blackburn Rovers 6 -- 1 Sheffield Wednesday ( 1890 ) Blackpool 4 -- 3 Bolton Wanderers ( 1953 ) Most goals by a losing side : 3 : Bolton Wanderers : Lost 3 -- 4 against Blackpool ( 1953 ) West Ham United : Drew 3 -- 3 but lost in a penalty shootout against Liverpool ( 2006 ) Most defeats : 8 , Everton ( 1893 , 1897 , 1907 , 1968 , 1985 , 1986 , 1989 , 2009 ) Individual ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Most wins : 7 , Ashley Cole ( Arsenal ) ( 2002 , 2003 , 2005 ) & ( Chelsea ) ( 2007 , 2009 , 2010 , 2012 ) Most appearances : 9 , Arthur Kinnaird ( Wanderers ) ( 1872 -- 73 , 1874 -- 75 , 1875 -- 76 , 1876 -- 77 , 1877 -- 78 ) & ( Old Etonians ) ( 1878 -- 79 , 1880 -- 81 , 1881 -- 82 , 1882 -- 83 ) Most goals ( one final ) : 3 , Billy Townley ( Blackburn Rovers ) ( 1890 ) , James Logan ( Notts County ) ( 1894 ) & Stan Mortensen ( Blackpool ) ( 1953 ) Most goals ( all finals ) : 5 , Ian Rush ( Liverpool ) Most finals scored in : 4 , Didier Drogba ( Chelsea ) ( 2007 , 2009 , 2010 , 2012 ) Youngest FA Cup finalist : Curtis Weston ( Millwall ) , 17 years and 119 days Youngest player to score in an FA Cup Final : Norman Whiteside ( Manchester United ) , 18 years and 19 days Oldest player : Billy Hampson , 41 years and 257 days ( for Newcastle United v. Aston Villa , 1923 -- 24 ) All Rounds ( edit ) Most FA Cup goals scored : 844 : Kettering town Most FA Cup goals conceded : 539 : Aston Villa . Highest FA Cup goal difference : + 305 : Aston Villa . Most FA Cup games played : 440 : Arsenal . Most FA Cup games won : 236 : Manchester United . Most FA Cup games lost : 128 : Notts County . Most FA Cup games drawn : 103 : Arsenal . Biggest win : Preston North End 26 -- 0 Hyde ( First Round , 15 October 1887 ) Biggest away win : Clapton 0 -- 14 Nottingham Forest ( First Round , 17 January 1891 ) and Boston United 0 - 14 Spalding United ( First Qualifying Round , 1964 Biggest away win by a non-league club against a league club : Derby County 1 -- 6 Boston United ( Second Round , 1955 / 56 ) Most clubs competing for trophy in a season : 763 ( 2011 -- 12 ) Longest tie : 660 minutes ( 6 matches in total ) , Oxford City v. Alvechurch ( Fourth Qualifying Round , 1971 -- 72 ; Alvechurch won the sixth match 1 -- 0 ) Longest penalty shootout : 20 penalties each , Tunbridge Wells v. Littlehampton Town ( Preliminary Round Replay , 31 August 2005 ; Tunbridge Wells won 16 -- 15 ) Most rounds played in a season : 9 , joint record : Brighton & Hove Albion ( 1932 -- 33 : 1st -- 4th Qualifying Rounds , 1st -- 5th Rounds ) New Brighton ( 1956 -- 57 : Preliminary , 1st -- 4th Qualifying Rounds , 1st -- 4th Rounds ) Blyth Spartans ( 1977 -- 78 : 1st -- 4th Qualifying Rounds , 1st -- 5th Rounds ) Harlow Town ( 1979 -- 80 : Preliminary , 1st -- 4th Qualifying Rounds , 1st -- 4th Rounds ) Most games played in a season : 13 , Bideford ( 1973 -- 74 : one First Qualifying , two Second Qualifying , five Third Qualifying , four Fourth Qualifying and one First Round ) Fastest goal : 4 seconds , Gareth Morris ( for Ashton United v. Skelmersdale United , 17 September 2001 ) Most consecutive games without defeat : 22 , Blackburn Rovers ( 1884 -- 1886 ) Most consecutive games without defeat : ( Excluding defeat by penalty shoot - out ) 29 , Chelsea ( 2009 -- 13 ) Fastest hat - trick : 2 min 20 sec , Andy Locke ( for Nantwich Town v. Droylsden , 1995 ) Most Career Goals : 49 , Henry `` Harry '' Cursham ( Notts County between 1877 and 1888 ) . Most goals by a player in a single FA Cup season : 19 , Jimmy Ross ( for Preston North End , 1887 - 88 ) . Most goals by a player in a single FA Cup game : 9 , Ted MacDougall ( for AFC Bournemouth in 1971 ) Scoreline : Two examples of teams scoring 7 goals and not winning -- Dulwich Hamlet 8 -- 7 St Albans City ( Fourth Qualifying Round Replay , 22 November 1922 ) , and Dulwich Hamlet 7 -- 7 Wealdstone ( Fourth Qualifying Round , 16 November 1929 ) . Youngest player : Andy Awford , 15 years and 88 days ( for Worcester City v. Boreham Wood , Third qualifying round , 1987 -- 88 ) , Youngest goalscorer : Sean Cato , 16 years and 25 days ( for Barrow Town v. Rothwell Town , 2011 -- 12 ) Youngest goalscorer ( proper rounds ) : George Williams , 16 years , 2 months and 5 days ( for Milton Keynes Dons v. Nantwich Town , 2011 -- 12 ) League Cup ( edit ) Final ( edit ) Most wins ( team ) : 8 , Liverpool ( 1981 , 1982 , 1983 , 1984 , 1995 , 2001 , 2003 , 2012 ) Biggest win in a final : 5 goals : Swansea City 5 -- 0 Bradford City ( 2013 ) Most goals in a final ( Since one - off match ) : 5 goals ( joint record ) Queens Park Rangers 3 -- 2 West Bromwich Albion ( 1967 ) Aston Villa 3 -- 2 Everton ( 1977 ) ( Second replay ) Nottingham Forest 3 -- 2 Southampton ( 1979 ) Luton Town 3 -- 2 Arsenal ( 1988 ) Chelsea 3 -- 2 Liverpool ( 2005 ) Swansea City 5 -- 0 Bradford City ( 2013 ) Manchester United 3 -- 2 Southampton ( 2017 ) Most appearances ( team ) : 12 , Liverpool Most wins ( individual ) : 5 , Ian Rush ( Liverpool , 1980 -- 81 , 1981 -- 82 , 1982 -- 83 , 1983 -- 84 , 1994 -- 95 ) Most defeats in a final : 6 , Arsenal ( 1968 , 1969 , 1988 , 2007 , 2011 , 2018 ) Most appearances without winning : 2 : West Ham United Everton Bolton Wanderers Sunderland Southampton Lowest ranked winners : Queens Park Rangers , Swindon Town -- Third Division ( now EFL League One ) Lowest ranked finalists : Rochdale -- Fourth Division ( now EFL League Two ) and Bradford City ( EFL League Two ) Fastest goal in League Cup Final : 45 seconds , John Arne Riise ( Liverpool v. Chelsea in 3 -- 2 defeat , 2005 ) All Rounds ( edit ) Biggest win ( single match ) : 10 -- 0 , joint record : West Ham United 10 -- 0 Bury ( Second round , second leg , 25 October 1983 ) Liverpool 10 -- 0 Fulham ( Second round , first leg , 23 September 1986 ) Biggest win ( aggregate ) : by 11 goals , joint record : Liverpool 13 -- 2 Fulham ( 10 -- 0 First leg & 3 -- 2 Second leg , 1986 ) Bury 1 -- 12 West Ham United ( 1 -- 2 First leg & 0 -- 10 Second leg , 1983 ) Liverpool 11 -- 0 Exeter City ( 5 -- 0 First leg & 6 -- 0 Second leg , 1981 ) Watford 11 -- 0 Darlington ( 8 -- 0 First leg & 3 -- 0 Second leg , 1987 ) Everton 11 - 0 Wrexham ( 5 - 0 First leg : Away & 6 - 0 Second leg : Home , 1990 ) Most career goals : 49 , joint record : Geoff Hurst ( West Ham United and Stoke City , 1958 to 1976 ) Ian Rush ( Liverpool and Newcastle United , 1980 to 1998 ) Most goals in a single match : 6 , Frankie Bunn ( for Oldham Athletic v. Scarborough , 25 October 1989 , in their 7 -- 0 win ) Most goals by a losing side : Reading ( 5 ) , Reading v. Arsenal , 30 October 2012 in their 5 -- 7 defeat ( after extra time ) Most goals by a side without winning : Dagenham & Redbridge ( 6 ) , Brentford v. Dagenham & Redbridge , 11 August 2014 in a 6 - 6 draw ( Brentford won 4 -- 2 on penalties ) . FA Charity / Community Shield ( edit ) Final ( edit ) Most wins ( team ) : 21 ( 17 outright , 4 shared ) , Manchester United ( 1908 , 1911 , 1952 , 1956 , 1957 , 1965 , 1967 , 1977 , 1983 , 1990 , 1993 , 1994 , 1996 , 1997 , 2003 , 2007 , 2008 , 2010 , 2011 , 2013 , 2016 ) Most appearances ( team ) : 30 , Manchester United ( 1908 , 1911 , 1948 , 1952 , 1956 , 1957 , 1963 , 1965 , 1967 , 1977 , 1983 , 1985 , 1990 , 1993 , 1994 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2003 , 2004 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2013 , 2016 ) Record scoreline : Manchester United 8 -- 4 Swindon Town in 1911 Most wins ( individual ) : 9 , Ryan Giggs all outright wins ( 1993 , 1994 , 1996 , 1997 , 2003 , 2007 , 2008 , 2010 , 2013 ) Most appearances ( individual ) : 15 , Ryan Giggs of Manchester United ( 1993 , 1994 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2003 , 2004 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2013 ) Most defeats ( individual ) : 6 , Ryan Giggs ( 1998 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2004 , 2009 ) Most consecutive wins : 4 , Everton ( 1984 , 1985 , 1986 ( shared ) , 1987 ) Most consecutive defeats : 4 , Manchester United ( 1998 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 ) Most consecutive appearances : 6 , Manchester United ( 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 ) Most consecutive appearances ( individual ) : 6 , Ryan Giggs ( 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 ) All competitions ( edit ) Fastest century of goals scored during a Premier League season ( in fewest no. of games played ) : 103 goals scored in 34 games by Manchester City in season 2013 -- 14 . Previous record : 100 goals scored in 42 games by Chelsea in season 2012 -- 13 ( excludes games played / goals scored in FA Community Shield ( 1 / 2 ) , UEFA Super Cup ( 1 / 1 ) and FIFA Club World Cup ( 2 / 3 ) ) . Fastest century of goals scored during a Premier League season ( in elapsed calendar days ) : 103 goals scored on 18 January 2014 by Manchester City in 2013 -- 14 . Previous record : 100 goals scored on 21 February 2013 by Chelsea in season 2012 -- 13 ( excludes games played / goals scored in FA Community Shield ( 1 / 2 ) , UEFA Super Cup ( 1 / 1 ) and FIFA Club World Cup ( 2 / 3 ) ) . Most consecutive penalty shoot out wins : 9 by Bradford City between 6 October 2009 and 11 December 2012 Football League Cup ( 5th Round ) , 11 December 2012 , Bradford City beat Arsenal 3 -- 2 on penalties ( score 1 -- 1 after extra time ) FA Cup ( 2nd Round Proper replay ) , 13 November 2012 , Bradford City beat Northampton Town 4 -- 2 on penalties ( score 3 -- 3 after extra time ) Football League Cup ( 4th Round ) , 30 October 2012 , Bradford City beat Wigan Athletic 4 -- 2 on penalties ( score 0 -- 0 after extra time ) Football League Trophy ( 2nd Round ) , 9 October 2012 , Bradford City beat Hartlepool United 3 -- 2 on penalties ( score 0 -- 0 after normal time ) Football League Trophy ( Quarter - finals ) , 8 November 2011 , Bradford City beat Sheffield United 6 -- 5 on penalties ( score 1 -- 1 after normal time ) Football League Trophy ( 2nd Round ) , 4 October 2011 , Bradford City beat Huddersfield Town 4 -- 3 on penalties ( score 2 -- 2 after normal time ) Football League Trophy ( 1st Round ) , 30 August 2011 , Bradford City beat Sheffield Wednesday 3 -- 1 on penalties ( score 0 -- 0 after normal time ) Football League Trophy ( Quarter - finals ) , 10 November 2009 , Bradford City beat Port Vale 5 -- 4 on penalties ( score 2 -- 2 after normal time ) Football League Trophy ( 2nd Round ) , 6 October 2009 , Bradford City beat Notts County 3 -- 2 on penalties ( score 2 -- 2 after normal time ) Fastest penalty awarded : 6 seconds . Chester v Witton Albion -- 13 December 2016 . Referee Joseph Johnson awarded a penalty when Blaine Hudson upended Tolani Omotola after 6 seconds . Attendance Records ( edit ) Record attendance : 126,047 -- Bolton Wanderers v West Ham United played at Wembley FA Cup Final ( 28 April 1923 ) . Record attendance at club ground : 121,919 -- Aston Villa v Sunderland played at Crystal Palace FA Cup Final ( 19 April 1913 ) . Record home attendance : 85,512 -- Tottenham Hotspur v Bayer Leverkusen played at Wembley UEFA Champions League ( 2 November 2016 ) . Record home attendance at own stadium : 84,569 -- Manchester City v Stoke City played at Maine Road FA Cup R6 ( 3 March 1934 ) . Record league attendance : 83,260 -- Manchester United v Arsenal played at Maine Road First Division ( 17 January 1948 ) . Record league attendance at own stadium : 82,905 -- Chelsea v Arsenal played at Stamford Bridge First Division ( 12 October 1935 ) . Record attendance at new Wembley : 89,874 -- Portsmouth v Cardiff FA Cup Final ( 17 May 2008 ) . List of English record winners of elite competitions ( edit ) This section is about the record winners of these competitions only . For a complete ranking of English football clubs by the number of wins in these competitions , see List of football clubs in England by competitive honours won . These tables list the clubs that have won elite honours an English record number of times . It lists all international competitions organised by UEFA and FIFA . It also lists elite competitions organised by the English governing bodies the English Football League , the Premier League , and The Football Association ; those competitions where clubs would n't have qualified for a higher alternative competition , and those which were neither invitational nor regional . Ongoing competitions ( edit ) English record winners of all ongoing elite competitions Competition Record club Total wins Newest win Notes English Champions Manchester United 20 2013 FA Cup Arsenal 13 2017 EFL Cup Liverpool 8 2012 FA Community Shield Manchester United 21 2016 UEFA Champions League Liverpool 5 2005 UEFA Europa League Liverpool 2001 UEFA Super Cup Liverpool 2005 FIFA Club World Cup Manchester United 2008 Discontinued competitions ( edit ) This table follows the elite criteria above . It also includes any competitions that were not directly run by the governing bodies but were precursors to such competitions . English record winners of discontinued elite competitions Competition Record club Total wins Newest win Notes Full Members Cup Chelsea & Nottingham Forest Football League Centenary Trophy Arsenal 1988 Sheriff of London Charity Shield Corinthian 1904 UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup Chelsea 1998 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup Leeds United 1971 Intercontinental Cup Manchester United 1999 Managers ( edit ) Longest - serving manager at one club : Fred Everiss , 46 years ( West Bromwich Albion 1902 -- 1948 ) Shortest - serving manager at one club ( excluding caretakers ) : Leroy Rosenior , 10 minutes ( Torquay United , 17 May 2007 ) Most trophy wins : Sir Alex Ferguson , 38 ( Manchester United ) Most League title wins : Sir Alex Ferguson , 13 ( Manchester United ) Most FA Cup wins : Arsène Wenger , 7 ( Arsenal ) Most League Cup wins : 4 , joint record : Brian Clough with Nottingham Forest Sir Alex Ferguson with Manchester United José Mourinho with Chelsea and Manchester United Most FA Charity / Community Shield wins : Sir Alex Ferguson , 10 ( 9 outright , 1 shared ) ( Manchester United ) Most Intercontinental Cup / FIFA Club World Cup wins : Sir Alex Ferguson , 2 ( Manchester United ) Most European Cup / UEFA Champions League wins : Bob Paisley , 3 ( Liverpool ) * Most Inter-Cities Fairs Cup / UEFA Cup / Europa League wins : Don Revie , 2 ( Leeds United ) Most top - flight League game wins : Sir Alex Ferguson , 625 games ( Manchester United ) Most European Cup / UEFA Champions League game wins : Sir Alex Ferguson , 110 games ( Manchester United ) ( * ) This is also a joint overall European record . Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ GGM 26 : Arsenal clinch a hat - trick of titles News Archive News Arsenal.com Archived 20 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ All - Time Arsenal The Club Arsenal.com ^ Jump up to : English Football League and F.A. Premier League Tables 1888 - 2016 by Michael Robinson ( 2016 ) ^ Jump up to : England -- First Level All - Time Tables ^ Jump up to : England -- Professional Football All - Time Tables Jump up ^ Bloomfield , Craig ( 12 September 2011 ) . `` Top 10 starts to a season : Man United , Man City , Liverpool , Arsenal , Leeds United , Spurs and Preston '' . talksport.com . Talksport . Retrieved 5 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Club Honours and Records '' . Reading F.C. 11 July 2012 . Archived from the original on 14 February 2013 . Retrieved 15 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Bate , Adam ( 27 December 2017 ) . `` Manchester City have won 18 games in a row : Who can stop them now ? '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 27 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Clayton , David ( 3 December 2017 ) . `` Silva 's late winner makes it 20 wins in a row '' . Manchester City . Manchester . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : The Football League Stats Records Records -- League Draws DRAWS Archived 14 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Barclay , Patrick ( 16 May 2004 ) . `` Arsenal join the Invincibles '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 22 February 2014 . Retrieved 11 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Football League : Most Consecutive Losses Archived 19 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ England -- All - Time Table Jump up ^ `` English Premier League : Full All Time Table '' . statto.com . Archived from the original on 10 January 2016 . Retrieved 12 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : The Football League Stats Records Records -- League Goals GOALS Archived 20 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Aston Villa did not win the championship , finishing second to Arsenal whose goal tally of 127 that season is the second - highest ever in the top flight . Jump up ^ `` Man City on course to smash the English goalscoring record '' . MEN. 2016 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ England -- First Level All - Time Tables Jump up ^ Behind the Numbers : Scoring scoring Arsenal Club Records History Arsenal.com Archived 21 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` Premier League review : Man City landmark and did Suarez dive ? '' . London . 19 January 2014 . Retrieved 26 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Football League Matches : Arsenal Only Draw , Record Scoring by Stockport '' . The Manchester Guardian . 8 January 1934 . p. 3 . ^ Jump up to : `` English Premier League : Records '' . statto.com . Archived from the original on 7 November 2011 . Retrieved 19 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Arsenal 's A to Z ... L is for Ljungberg Arsenal.com Archived 15 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` More Gaffer football trivia answers '' . Orange . 10 November 2009 . Archived from the original on 30 September 2011 . Retrieved 28 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Away penalties at Old Trafford '' , Sean Ingle , Barry Glendenning and Matt Cunningham , The Guardian , 26 June 2003 ^ Jump up to : `` Football League Records : Disciplinary '' Archived 7 December 2006 at the Wayback Machine. , The Football League , accessed 4 December 2007 Jump up ^ `` Tallest Footballers ever '' , The Guardian , accessed 10 June 2010 Jump up ^ `` Lock , Stock and Three Smoking Seconds ! '' , Bobby F.C. , accessed 16 December 2017 Jump up ^ `` Peter Shilton : Biography '' . Archived from the original on 17 May 2007 . Retrieved 8 April 2007 . Throughout his amazing 30 - year career he played for 11 English league clubs through which he accumulated a record 1005 League appearances . Jump up ^ `` Barnsley schoolboy makes history '' . BBC Sport. 1 October 2008 . Retrieved 1 October 2008 . Jump up ^ GGM 38 : Ted Drake scores seven in one game News Archive News Arsenal.com Jump up ^ Hodgson , Guy ; Searl , Liz ( 8 December 1995 ) . `` Football 's fastest goal claimed '' . The Independent . London . Jump up ^ `` Fastest football ( soccer ) goal in the Premier League by a substitute '' . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Dave Halliday , Queens Legends . www.qosfc.com ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 26 September 2016 . Retrieved 4 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Barber , David ( 3 February 2010 ) . `` Fastest Cup hat - trick '' . The FA . Retrieved 4 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` FA Cup Heroes '' . The Football Association . Archived from the original on 25 April 2012 . Retrieved 10 July 2013 . Jump up ^ 20 November -- Mac o ' Nine Tales , On This Football Day . Jump up ^ `` Gills ' Freeman makes Cup history '' . BBC Sport. 12 November 2007 . Retrieved 15 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Teenager breaks FA Cup record on his debut '' . Loughborough Echo. 10 September 2011 . Archived from the original on 2 April 2012 . Retrieved 10 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bradford City penalty shoot - out record following history - making victory over Arsenal '' . London : Telegraph Media Group Limited . 12 December 2012 . Retrieved 29 May 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.chesterchronicle.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/chester-fc-concede-quickest-penalty-12317985 Jump up ^ Ross , James ( 1 Sep 2016 ) . `` England - List of Champions '' . www.rsssf.com . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Ross , James ( 26 May 2016 ) . `` England FA Challenge Cup Finals '' . www.rsssf.com . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Ross , James ( 2 March 2017 ) . `` England - Football League Cup Finals '' . www.rsssf.com . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Archived from the original on 29 March 2016 . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ross , James ( 18 August 2016 ) . `` England - List of FA Charity / Community Shield Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Stokkermans , Karel ( 8 September 2016 ) . `` European Champions ' Cup Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Stokkermans , Karel ( 8 September 2016 ) . `` UEFA Cup '' . www.rsssf.com . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Stokkermans , Karel ( 18 August 2016 ) . `` European Super Cup '' . www.rsssf.com . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Leme de Arruda , Marcelo ; Di Maggio , Roberto ( 12 January 2017 ) . `` FIFA Club World Cup '' . www.rsssf.com . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Football League Full Members ' Cup Summary '' . www.fchd.info . Football Club History Database . Archived from the original on 5 July 2017 . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` How Arsenal won the Centenary Trophy , the least celebrated title in their history '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 14 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Stokkermans , Karel ( 26 January 2000 ) . `` European Cup Winners ' Cup '' . www.rsssf.com . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Stokkermans , Karel ( 26 January 2000 ) . `` Fairs ' Cup '' . www.rsssf.com . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LMA 's Longest Serving Managers -- Historical '' . League Manager 's Association . Archived from the original on 6 January 2012 . Retrieved 9 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Leroy Rosenior lost his job at Torquay just 10 minutes after being introduced as the Devon club 's new manager . The then Chairman Mike Bateson called him to say he had just sold the club to a group led by Colin Lee , who reinstated himself as director of football only a matter of days after being made redundant by the club . ^ Jump up to : `` UNITED under Sir Alex FERGUSON '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 8 August 2010 . See also ( edit ) List of football clubs in England by competitive honours won References ( edit ) `` Football League Records : Points '' . The Football League website . Archived from the original on 7 December 2006 . Retrieved 2 December 2006 . `` Football League Records : Wins '' . The Football League website . Archived from the original on 8 January 2007 . Retrieved 2 December 2006 . `` Football League Records : Losses '' . The Football League website . Archived from the original on 17 October 2006 . Retrieved 2 December 2006 . `` Football League Records : Draws '' . The Football League website . Archived from the original on 7 December 2006 . Retrieved 2 December 2006 . `` Football League Records : Goals '' . The Football League website . Archived from the original on 10 February 2007 . Retrieved 2 December 2006 . `` Football League Records : Appearances '' . The Football League website . Archived from the original on 7 December 2006 . Retrieved 2 December 2006 . `` Football League Records : Disciplinary '' . The Football League website . Archived from the original on 7 December 2006 . Retrieved 2 December 2006 . `` Football League Records : Attendances '' . The Football League website . Archived from the original on 17 December 2007 . Retrieved 2 December 2006 . External links ( edit ) `` Historical Rankings of English Football Clubs : Points '' . Aboutaball.co.uk . Archived from the original on 6 January 2007 . Retrieved 2 December 2006 . Men 's football in England The Football Association National teams England U-21 U-20 U-19 U-18 U-17 U-16 League competitions Level 1 Premier League Levels 2 -- 4 English Football League EFL Championship EFL League One EFL League Two Levels 5 -- 6 National League Levels 7 -- 8 Isthmian League Northern Premier League Southern League Levels 9 -- 10 Combined Counties League East Midlands Counties League ( level 10 only ) Eastern Counties League Essex Senior League ( level 9 only ) Hellenic League Midland League Northern Counties East League Northern League North West Counties League Southern Counties East League South West Peninsula League ( level 10 only ) Spartan South Midlands League Southern Combination League United Counties League Wessex Football League Western League West Midlands ( Regional ) League ( level 10 only ) Cup competitions FA cups FA Cup FA Community Shield FA Trophy FA Vase FA Inter-League Cup League cups EFL Cup EFL Trophy Northern Premier League Cup Isthmian League Cup Southern League Cup County cups List of County Cups Others Reserve and youth football Defunct leagues Defunct cups Lists List of clubs List of clubs by honours won Current managers Stadiums by capacity Record home attendances Venues Competitions Trophies and awards History Records Association football records AFC Afghanistan Australia Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Chinese Taipei Guam Hong Kong India Indonesia Iran Iraq Japan Jordan Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Macau Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal North Korea Northern Mariana Islands Oman Pakistan Palestine Philippines Qatar Saudi Arabia Singapore South Korea Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Timor - Leste Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen CAF Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Republic of Congo Djibouti DR Congo Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Reunion Rwanda São Tomé and Principe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zanzibar Zimbabwe CONCACAF Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Aruba Bahamas Barbados Belize Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Costa Rica Cuba Curaçao Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador French Guiana Grenada Guadeloupe Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Martinique Mexico Montserrat Nicaragua Panama Puerto Rico Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Martin Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Sint Maarten Suriname Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands United States & Canada US Virgin Islands CONMEBOL Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Paraguay Peru Uruguay Venezuela OFC American Samoa Cook Islands Fiji Kiribati New Caledonia New Zealand Niue Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tahiti Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu UEFA Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belguim Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark England Estonia Faroe Islands Finland France Georgia Germany Gibraltar Greece Hungary Iceland Israel Italy Kazakhstan Kosovo Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Montenegro Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway Portugal Poland Republic of Ireland Romania Russia Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Football_records_in_England&oldid=843190622 '' Categories : English football club statistics History of football in England Association football records and statistics Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles needing additional references from January 2015 All articles needing additional references Use British English from January 2013 Use dmy dates from January 2013 Articles needing additional references from April 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia Norsk Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018 , at 14 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
most goals in all competitions in premier league
[ "\nMost league goals scored in a season: (134) Peterborough United (Fourth Division, 1960–61)[16]\nMost top-flight goals scored in a season (42 games): 128, Aston Villa (First Division, 1930–31)[17]\nMost top-flight goals scored in a season (38 games): 106, Manchester City (Premier League, 2017–18)\nMost goals scored in all competitions in a season by a top-flight side: 156, Manchester City (2013–14)[18]\nMost top-flight goals scored in total: 6929, Everton.[19] - to end 2016/17 season\nMost home league goals scored in a season: 87, Millwall (Third Division South, 1927–28)[16]\nMost away league goals scored in a season: 60, Arsenal (First Division, 1930–31)[16]\nMost consecutive games scoring: 55, Arsenal (Premier League, 19 May 2001 – 30 November 2002)[20]\nMost consecutive games without scoring: 11, Coventry City (Second Division, 1919–20) and Hartlepool United (League Two, 1992–93)[16]\nFirst league goal awarded by goal-line technology: scored by Edin Džeko in the 14th minute of the Premier League game between Manchester City and Cardiff City on 18 January 2014. The game was officiated by Neil Swarbrick, who consulted his watch when Cardiff defender Kevin McNaughton quickly cleared the ball away just after it entered the goal.[21]\n" ]
[ "134" ]
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Feudal baron
Feudal baron - wikipedia Feudal baron Jump to : navigation , search Historically , feudal barons were the king 's tenants - in - chief , that is to say men who held land by feudal tenure directly from the king as their sole overlord and were granted by him a legal jurisdiction ( court baron ) over their territory , the barony , comprising several manors . Such men , if not already noblemen , were ennobled by obtaining such tenure , and had thenceforth an obligation , upon summons by writ , to attend the king 's peripatetic court , the earliest form of Parliament and the House of Lords . They thus formed the baronage , which later formed a large part of the peerage of England . Contents ( hide ) 1 England 2 Scotland 3 Irish feudal barony 4 References England ( edit ) Main article : English feudal barony English feudal baronies ( and all lesser forms of feudal tenure ) were abolished by the Tenures Abolition Act 1660 , but long before then the royal summons to attend parliament had been withheld from all but the most powerful feudal barons and had been extended to persons with lesser feudal tenures who had personal qualities fitting them to be royal councillors and thus peers . These latter were barons by writ . The English feudal barony , or `` barony by tenure '' , now has no legal existence . It was the highest form of feudal land tenure , namely per baroniam ( Latin for `` by barony '' ) under which the land - holder owed the now little understood service of `` being one of the king 's barons '' . It must be distinguished from the lesser barony , also feudal , which existed within a county palatine , such as the barony of Halton within the Palatinate of Chester . Such barons were merely tenants - in - chief of a prince , whose own overlord was the king . The duties and privileges owed by feudal barons can not now be defined exactly but the main duty certainly was the provision of soldiers to the royal feudal army on demand by the king , and a further duty , which involved considerable expense and travel , clearly also a privilege , was the attendance at the king 's feudal court , the precursor of Parliament . The principal benefit clearly was the revenue generated from rents and production within the demesne lands of the barony , and also the personal power and prestige derived from the feudal service of the tenants , the highest level of whom , lords of their own manors , became knights in the baron 's retinue . The estate - in - land held by barony if containing a significant castle as its caput and if especially large , that is to say consisting of more than about 20 knight 's fees ( each loosely equivalent to a manor ) , was termed an `` honour '' . Constituent manors of a barony were mostly subinfeudated by the baron to his own knights or followers , with a few retained tenantless as his demesne . Most English Feudal Barons were converted to baronies of writ or peerage according to the Abolition Act of 1660 . The baronies not converted became baronies of free socage , a dignity title . There exist today a very few cases of English families which , had it not been for the 1660 Act , would still be feudal barons of ancient creation . One such is the Berkeley family , which although its Earldom of Berkeley became extinct in 1942 and it recently lost its older peerage title Baron Berkeley to a female line , still possesses and resides ( that is to say retains tenure ) as county gentry at Berkeley Castle in 2014 , the caput of the feudal barony of Berkeley granted by King Henry II ( 1154 - 1189 ) to its direct ancestor in the male line Robert FitzHarding ( d. 1171 ) , whose son took the surname de Berkeley . Scotland ( edit ) Main article : Scottish feudal barony In contrast , the Scottish feudal barony retains a dignity preserved by the `` Abolition of Feudal Tenure , etc ( Scotland ) Act 2000 '' . A feudal barony is the only title of dignity legally assignable and able to be legally alienated from the bloodline of its previous possessor . The heraldry and legal determination of ownership of Scottish baronies are governed by the court of the Lord Lyon . Irish feudal barony ( edit ) The Irish feudal barony also existed . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Several of the men granted feudal baronies by William the Conqueror were of obscure Norman origin who had served conspicuously during the Norman Conquest and had revealed valuable personal qualities to a king seeking to establish his rule in a conquered land ( e.g. Turstin FitzRolf , feudal baron of North Cadbury ) Jump up ^ Sanders ( 1960 ) , p. 138 , refers to the `` Lord '' of Halton being the hereditary constable of the County Palatine of Chester , and omits Halton from both his lists Jump up ^ Debrett 's Peerage , 1968 , p. 140 Jump up ^ Sanders , I.J. English Baronies : A Study of their Origin and Descent 1086 - 1327 , Oxford , 1960 , p. 13 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Feudal_baron&oldid=766765349 '' Categories : Feudalism in England Feudalism in Scotland Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 February 2017 , at 00 : 55 . About Wikipedia
what did the barons do in the feudal system
[ "Historically, feudal barons were the king's tenants-in-chief, that is to say men who held land by feudal tenure directly from the king as their sole overlord and were granted by him a legal jurisdiction (court baron) over their territory, the barony, comprising several manors. Such men, if not already noblemen,[1] were ennobled by obtaining such tenure, and had thenceforth an obligation, upon summons by writ, to attend the king's peripatetic court, the earliest form of Parliament and the House of Lords. They thus formed the baronage, which later formed a large part of the peerage of England." ]
[ "tenants-in-chief" ]
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Dolphin
Dolphin - wikipedia Dolphin This article is about the marine mammals . For other uses , see Dolphin ( disambiguation ) . Dolphins Dolphins are an informal grouping of the infraorder Cetacea Bottlenose dolphin Information Classification of Cetacea Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Mammalia Order : Cetartiodactyla Clade : Cetancodontamorpha Suborder : Whippomorpha Infraorder : Cetacea Families thought of as dolphins Delphinidae Iniidae † Lipotidae Platanistidae Pontoporiidae Dolphins are a widely distributed and diverse group of aquatic mammals . They are an informal grouping within the order Cetacea , excluding whales and porpoises , so to zoologists the grouping is paraphyletic . The dolphins comprise the extant families Delphinidae ( the oceanic dolphins ) , Platanistidae ( the Indian river dolphins ) , Iniidae ( the new world river dolphins ) , and Pontoporiidae ( the brackish dolphins ) , and the extinct Lipotidae ( baiji or Chinese river dolphin ) . There are 40 extant species of dolphins . Dolphins , alongside other cetaceans , belong to the clade Cetartiodactyla with even - toed ungulates . Cetaceans ' closest living relatives are the hippopotamuses , having diverged about 40 million years ago . Dolphins range in size from the 1.7 m ( 5.6 ft ) long and 50 kg ( 110 lb ) Maui 's dolphin to the 9.5 m ( 31 ft ) and 10 t ( 11 short tons ) killer whale . Several species exhibit sexual dimorphism , in that the males are larger than females . They have streamlined bodies and two limbs that are modified into flippers . Though not quite as flexible as seals , some dolphins can travel at 55.5 km / h ( 34.5 mph ) . Dolphins use their conical shaped teeth to capture fast moving prey . They have well - developed hearing which is adapted for both air and water and is so well developed that some can survive even if they are blind . Some species are well adapted for diving to great depths . They have a layer of fat , or blubber , under the skin to keep warm in the cold water . Although dolphins are widespread , most species prefer the warmer waters of the tropic zones , but some , like the right whale dolphin , prefer colder climates . Dolphins feed largely on fish and squid , but a few , like the killer whale , feed on large mammals , like seals . Male dolphins typically mate with multiple females every year , but females only mate every two to three years . Calves are typically born in the spring and summer months and females bear all the responsibility for raising them . Mothers of some species fast and nurse their young for a relatively long period of time . Dolphins produce a variety of vocalizations , usually in the form of clicks and whistles . Dolphins are sometimes hunted in places like Japan , in an activity known as dolphin drive hunting . Besides drive hunting , they also face threats from bycatch , habitat loss , and marine pollution . Dolphins have been depicted in various cultures worldwide . Dolphins occasionally feature in literature and film , as in the film series Free Willy . Dolphins are sometimes kept in captivity and trained to perform tricks . The most common dolphin species kept is the bottlenose dolphin , while there are around 60 captive killer whales . Contents 1 Etymology 2 Taxonomy and distribution 2.1 Ocean dolphins 2.2 River dolphins 2.3 Hybridization 3 Evolution 4 Anatomy 4.1 Locomotive 4.2 Sensory 5 Behavior 5.1 Socialization 5.2 Reproduction and sexuality 5.3 Feeding 5.4 Vocalization 5.5 Jumping and playing 5.6 Intelligence 5.7 Sleeping 6 Threats 6.1 Humans 7 Relationships with humans 7.1 In history and religion 7.2 In captivity 7.2. 1 Species 7.2. 2 Controversy 7.2. 3 Military 7.2. 4 Therapy 7.3 Consumption 7.3. 1 Cuisine 7.3. 2 Health concerns 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Etymology The name is originally from Greek δελφίς ( delphís ) , `` dolphin '' , which was related to the Greek δελφύς ( delphus ) , `` womb '' . The animal 's name can therefore be interpreted as meaning `` a ' fish ' with a womb '' . The name was transmitted via the Latin delphinus ( the romanization of the later Greek δελφῖνος -- delphinos ) , which in Medieval Latin became dolfinus and in Old French daulphin , which reintroduced the ph into the word . The term mereswine ( that is , `` sea pig '' ) has also historically been used . The term ' dolphin ' can be used to refer to , under the parvorder Odontoceti , all the species in the family Delphinidae ( oceanic dolphins ) and the river dolphin families Iniidae ( South American river dolphins ) , Pontoporiidae ( La Plata dolphin ) , Lipotidae ( Yangtze river dolphin ) and Platanistidae ( Ganges river dolphin and Indus river dolphin ) . This term has often been misused in the US , mainly in the fishing industry , where all small cetaceans ( dolphins and porpoises ) are considered porpoises , while the fish dorado is called dolphin fish . In common usage the term ' whale ' is used only for the larger cetacean species , while the smaller ones with a beaked or longer nose are considered ' dolphins ' . The name ' dolphin ' is used casually as a synonym for bottlenose dolphin , the most common and familiar species of dolphin . There are six species of dolphins commonly thought of as whales , collectively known as blackfish : the killer whale , the melon - headed whale , the pygmy killer whale , the false killer whale , and the two species of pilot whales , all of which are classified under the family Delphinidae and qualify as dolphins . Though the terms ' dolphin ' and ' porpoise ' are sometimes used interchangeably , porpoises are not considered dolphins and have different physical features such as a shorter beak and spade - shaped teeth ; they also differ in their behavior . Porpoises belong to the family Phocoenidae and share a common ancestry with the Delphinidae . A group of dolphins is called a `` school '' or a `` pod '' . Male dolphins are called `` bulls '' , females `` cows '' and young dolphins are called `` calves '' . Taxonomy and distribution Common dolphin Bottlenose dolphin Spotted dolphin Atlantic spotted dolphin Commerson 's dolphin Dusky dolphin Killer whale Amazon river dolphin Parvorder Odontoceti , toothed whales Family Platanistidae Ganges and Indus river dolphin , Platanista gangetica with two subspecies Ganges river dolphin ( or Susu ) , Platanista gangetica gangetica Indus river dolphin ( or Bhulan ) , Platanista gangetica minor Family Iniidae Amazon river dolphin ( or Boto ) , Inia geoffrensis Orinoco river dolphin ( the Orinoco subspecies ) , Inia geoffrensis humboldtiana Araguaian river dolphin ( Araguaian boto ) , Inia Araguaiaensis Bolivian river dolphin , Inia boliviensis Family Lipotidae Baiji ( or Chinese river dolphin ) , Lipotes vexillifer ( possibly extinct , since December 2006 ) Family Pontoporiidae La Plata dolphin ( or Franciscana ) , Pontoporia blainvillei Family Delphinidae , oceanic dolphins Genus Delphinus Long - beaked common dolphin , Delphinus capensis Short - beaked common dolphin , Delphinus delphis Genus Tursiops Common bottlenose dolphin , Tursiops truncatus Indo - Pacific bottlenose dolphin , Tursiops aduncus Burrunan dolphin , Tursiops australis , a newly discovered species from the sea around Melbourne in September 2011 . Genus Lissodelphis Northern right whale dolphin , Lissodelphis borealis Southern right whale dolphin , Lissodelphis peronii Genus Sotalia Tucuxi , Sotalia fluviatilis Costero , Sotalia guianensis Genus Sousa Indo - Pacific humpback dolphin , Sousa chinensis Chinese white dolphin , Sousa chinensis chinensis Atlantic humpback dolphin , Sousa teuszii Genus Stenella Atlantic spotted dolphin , Stenella frontalis Clymene dolphin , Stenella clymene Pantropical spotted dolphin , Stenella attenuata Spinner dolphin , Stenella longirostris Striped dolphin , Stenella coeruleoalba Genus Steno Rough - toothed dolphin , Steno bredanensis Genus Cephalorhynchus Chilean dolphin , Cephalorhynchus eutropia Commerson 's dolphin , Cephalorhynchus commersonii Haviside 's dolphin , Cephalorhynchus heavisidii Hector 's dolphin , Cephalorhynchus hectori Genus Grampus Risso 's dolphin , Grampus griseus Genus Lagenodelphis Fraser 's dolphin , Lagenodelphis hosei Genus Lagenorhynchus Atlantic white - sided dolphin , Lagenorhynchus acutus Dusky dolphin , Lagenorhynchus obscurus Hourglass dolphin , Lagenorhynchus cruciger Pacific white - sided dolphin , Lagenorhynchus obliquidens Peale 's dolphin , Lagenorhynchus australis White - beaked dolphin , Lagenorhynchus albirostris Genus Orcaella Australian snubfin dolphin , Orcaella heinsohni Irrawaddy dolphin , Orcaella brevirostris Genus Peponocephala Melon - headed whale , Peponocephala electra Genus Orcinus Killer whale ( Orca ) , Orcinus orca Genus Feresa Pygmy killer whale , Feresa attenuata Genus Pseudorca False killer whale , Pseudorca crassidens Genus Globicephala Long - finned pilot whale , Globicephala melas Short - finned pilot whale , Globicephala macrorhynchus Genus † Australodelphis † Australodelphis mirus Six species in the family Delphinidae are commonly called `` whales '' , but genetically are dolphins . They are sometimes called blackfish . Melon - headed whale , Peponocephala electra Killer whale ( Orca ) , Orcinus orca Pygmy killer whale , Feresa attenuata False killer whale , Pseudorca crassidens Long - finned pilot whale , Globicephala melas Short - finned pilot whale , Globicephala macrorhynchus Ocean dolphins Name Repartition Image La Plata dolphin South America ( east ) Long - beaked common dolphin cosmopolitan Short - beaked common dolphin cosmopolitan Common bottlenose dolphin cosmopolitan Indo - Pacific bottlenose dolphin Indo - Pacific Burrunan dolphin Australia ( south - east ) Northern right whale dolphin Pacific ( north ) Southern right whale dolphin Southern Ocean Guiana dolphin South America ( north & east ) Indo - Pacific humpbacked dolphin Indo - Pacific Atlantic humpback dolphin Africa ( west ) Australian humpback dolphin Australia ( north ) & New Guinea Atlantic spotted dolphin Atlantic Clymene dolphin Atlantic Pantropical spotted dolphin pantropical Spinner dolphin pantropical Striped dolphin cosmopolitan Rough - toothed dolphin cosmopolitan Chilean dolphin South America ( south - west ) Commerson 's dolphin South America ( south - east ) Haviside 's dolphin Africa ( south - west ) Hector 's dolphin New - Zealand ( South Island ) Risso 's dolphin cosmopolitan Fraser 's dolphin pantropical Atlantic white - sided dolphin Atlantic ( north ) , North & Baltic Sea Dusky dolphin southern hemisphere Hourglass dolphin Southern Ocean Pacific white - sided dolphin Pacific ( north ) Peale 's dolphin South America ( south ) White - beaked dolphin Atlantic ( north ) , North & Baltic Sea Australian snubfin dolphin Australia ( north ) Irrawaddy dolphin Indo - Pacific Melon - headed whale pantropical Killer whale cosmopolitan Pygmy killer whale pantropical False killer whale cosmopolitan Short - finned pilot whale cosmopolitan Long - finned pilot whale Atlantic ( north ) & Southern Ocean River dolphins Name Repartition Image Baiji Yangtze River South Asian river dolphin Asia ( south ) Amazon river dolphin Amazon Basin Araguaian river dolphin Amazon ( east ) Bolivian river dolphin Amazon ( Bolivia ) Tucuxi Amazon Basin Hybridization In 1933 , three strange dolphins beached off the Irish coast ; they appeared to be hybrids between Risso 's and bottlenose dolphins . This mating was later repeated in captivity , producing a hybrid calf . In captivity , a bottlenose and a rough - toothed dolphin produced hybrid offspring . A common - bottlenose hybrid lives at SeaWorld California . Other dolphin hybrids live in captivity around the world or have been reported in the wild , such as a bottlenose - Atlantic spotted hybrid . The best known hybrid is the wolphin , a false killer whale - bottlenose dolphin hybrid . The wolphin is a fertile hybrid . Two wolphins currently live at the Sea Life Park in Hawaii ; the first was born in 1985 from a male false killer whale and a female bottlenose . Wolphins have also been observed in the wild . Evolution Main article : Evolution of cetaceans Dolphins display convergent evolution with fish and aquatic reptiles Dolphins are descendants of land - dwelling mammals of the artiodactyl order ( even - toed ungulates ) . They are related to the Indohyus , an extinct chevrotain - like ungulate , from which they split approximately 48 million years ago . The primitive cetaceans , or archaeocetes , first took to the sea approximately 49 million years ago and became fully aquatic by 5 -- 10 million years later . Archaeoceti is a parvorder comprising ancient whales . These ancient whales are the predecessors of modern whales , stretching back to their first ancestor that spent their lives near ( rarely in ) the water . Likewise , the archaeocetes can be anywhere from near fully terrestrial , to semi-aquatic to fully aquatic , but what defines an archaeocete is the presence of visible legs or asymmetrical teeth . Their features became adapted for living in the marine environment . Major anatomical changes include the hearing set - up that channeled vibrations from the jaw to the earbone which occurred with Ambulocetus 49 million years ago , a streamlining of the body and the growth of flukes on the tail which occurred around 43 million years ago with Protocetus , the migration of the nasal openings toward the top of the cranium and the modification of the forelimbs into flippers which occurred with Basilosaurus 35 million years ago , and the shrinking and eventual disappearance of the hind limbs which took place with the first odontocetes and mysticetes 34 million years ago . The modern dolphin skeleton has two small , rod - shaped pelvic bones thought to be vestigial hind limbs . In October 2006 , an unusual bottlenose dolphin was captured in Japan ; it had small fins on each side of its genital slit , which scientists believe to be an unusually pronounced development of these vestigial hind limbs . Today , the closest living relatives of cetaceans are the hippopotamuses ; these share a semi-aquatic ancestor that branched off from other artiodactyls some 60 million years ago . Around 40 million years ago , a common ancestor between the two branched off into cetacea and anthracotheres ; anthracotheres became extinct at the end of the Pleistocene two - and - a-half million years ago , eventually leaving only one surviving lineage : the hippo . Anatomy The anatomy of a dolphin showing its skeleton , major organs , tail and body shape Dolphins have torpedo shaped bodies with generally non-flexible necks , limbs modified into flippers , non-existent external ear flaps , a tail fin , and bulbous heads . Dolphin skulls have small eye orbits , long snouts , and eyes placed on the sides of its head . Dolphins range in size from the 1.7 metres ( 5.6 ft ) long and 50 kilograms ( 110 lb ) Maui 's dolphin to the 9.5 metres ( 31 ft ) and 10 metric tons ( 11 short tons ) killer whale . Overall , however , they tend to be dwarfed by other Cetartiodactyls . Several species have female - biased sexual dimorphism , with the females being larger than the males . Dolphins have conical teeth , as opposed to porpoises ' spade - shaped teeth . These conical teeth are used to catch swift prey such as fish , squid or large mammals , such as seal . Breathing involves expelling stale air from their blowhole , forming an upward , steamy spout , followed by inhaling fresh air into the lungs , however this only occurs in the polar regions of the oceans . Dolphins have rather small , unidentifiable spouts . All dolphins have a thick layer of blubber , thickness varying on climate . This blubber can help with buoyancy , protection to some extent as predators would have a hard time getting through a thick layer of fat , and energy for leaner times ; the primary usage for blubber is insulation from the harsh climate . Calves , generally , are born with a thin layer of blubber , which develops at different paces depending on the habitat . Dolphins have a two - chambered stomach that is similar in structure to terrestrial carnivores . They have fundic and pyloric chambers . Dolphins ' reproductive organs are located inside the body , with genital slits on the ventral ( belly ) side . Males have two slits , one concealing the dolphin penis and one further behind for the anus . Females have one genital slit , housing the vagina and the anus , with a mammary slit on either side . Locomotive Dolphins have two pectoral flippers , containing four digits , a boneless dorsal fin for stability , and a tail fin for propulsion . Although dolphins do not possess external hind limbs , some possess discrete rudimentary appendages , which may contain feet and digits . Dolphins are fast swimmers in comparison to seals which typically cruise at 9 -- 28 kilometres per hour ( 5.6 -- 17.4 mph ) ; the killer whale ( orca ) , in comparison , can travel at speeds up to 55.5 kilometres per hour ( 34.5 mph ) . The fusing of the neck vertebrae , while increasing stability when swimming at high speeds , decreases flexibility , which means they are unable to turn their heads . River dolphins , however , have non-fused neck vertebrae and are able to turn their head up to 90 ° . Dolphins swim by moving their tail fin and rear body vertically , while their flippers are mainly used for steering . Some species log out of the water , which may allow them to travel faster . Their skeletal anatomy allows them to be fast swimmers . All species have a dorsal fin to prevent themselves from involuntarily spinning in the water . Some dolphins are adapted for diving to great depths . In addition to their streamlined bodies , some can slow their heart rate to conserve oxygen . Some can also re-route blood from tissue tolerant of water pressure to the heart , brain and other organs . Their hemoglobin and myoglobin store oxygen in body tissues and they have twice the concentration of myoglobin than hemoglobin . Sensory Biosonar by cetaceans The dolphin ear has specific adaptations to the marine environment . In humans , the middle ear works as an impedance equalizer between the outside air 's low impedance and the cochlear fluid 's high impedance . In dolphins , and other marine mammals , there is no great difference between the outer and inner environments . Instead of sound passing through the outer ear to the middle ear , dolphins receive sound through the throat , from which it passes through a low - impedance fat - filled cavity to the inner ear . The dolphin ear is acoustically isolated from the skull by air - filled sinus pockets , which allow for greater directional hearing underwater . Dolphins send out high frequency clicks from an organ known as a melon . This melon consists of fat , and the skull of any such creature containing a melon will have a large depression . This allows dolphins to produce biosonar for orientation . Though most dolphins do not have hair , they do have hair follicles that may perform some sensory function . Beyond locating an object , echolocation also provides the animal with an idea on an object 's shape and size , though how exactly this works is not yet understood . The small hairs on the rostrum of the boto are believed to function as a tactile sense , possibly to compensate for the boto 's poor eyesight . The dolphin eye is relatively small for its size , yet they do retain a good degree of eyesight . As well as this , the eyes of a dolphin are placed on the sides of its head , so their vision consists of two fields , rather than a binocular view like humans have . When dolphins surface , their lens and cornea correct the nearsightedness that results from the refraction of light ; they contain both rod and cone cells , meaning they can see in both dim and bright light , but they have far more rod cells than they do cone cells . Dolphins do , however , lack short wavelength sensitive visual pigments in their cone cells indicating a more limited capacity for color vision than most mammals . Most dolphins have slightly flattened eyeballs , enlarged pupils ( which shrink as they surface to prevent damage ) , slightly flattened corneas and a tapetum lucidum ; these adaptations allow for large amounts of light to pass through the eye and , therefore , a very clear image of the surrounding area . They also have glands on the eyelids and outer corneal layer that act as protection for the cornea . The olfactory lobes are absent in dolphins , suggesting that they have no sense of smell . Dolphins are not thought to have a good sense of taste , as their taste buds are atrophied or missing altogether . However , some have preferences between different kinds of fish , indicating some sort of attachment to taste . Behavior A pod of Indo - Pacific bottlenose dolphins in the Red Sea See also : Cetacean surfacing behaviour Dolphins are often regarded as one of Earth 's most intelligent animals , though it is hard to say just how intelligent . Comparing species ' relative intelligence is complicated by differences in sensory apparatus , response modes , and nature of cognition . Furthermore , the difficulty and expense of experimental work with large aquatic animals has so far prevented some tests and limited sample size and rigor in others . Compared to many other species , however , dolphin behavior has been studied extensively , both in captivity and in the wild . See cetacean intelligence for more details . Socialization Dolphins surfing at Snapper Rocks , Queensland , Australia Dolphins are highly social animals , often living in pods of up to a dozen individuals , though pod sizes and structures vary greatly between species and locations . In places with a high abundance of food , pods can merge temporarily , forming a superpod ; such groupings may exceed 1,000 dolphins . Membership in pods is not rigid ; interchange is common . Dolphins can , however , establish strong social bonds ; they will stay with injured or ill individuals , even helping them to breathe by bringing them to the surface if needed . This altruism does not appear to be limited to their own species . The dolphin Moko in New Zealand has been observed guiding a female Pygmy Sperm Whale together with her calf out of shallow water where they had stranded several times . They have also been seen protecting swimmers from sharks by swimming circles around the swimmers or charging the sharks to make them go away . Dolphins communicate using a variety of clicks , whistle - like sounds and other vocalizations . Dolphins also use nonverbal communication by means of touch and posturing . Dolphins also display culture , something long believed to be unique to humans ( and possibly other primate species ) . In May 2005 , a discovery in Australia found Indo - Pacific bottlenose dolphins ( Tursiops aduncus ) teaching their young to use tools . They cover their snouts with sponges to protect them while foraging . This knowledge is mostly transferred by mothers to daughters , unlike simian primates , where knowledge is generally passed on to both sexes . Using sponges as mouth protection is a learned behavior . Another learned behavior was discovered among river dolphins in Brazil , where some male dolphins use weeds and sticks as part of a sexual display . Forms of care - giving between fellows and even for members of different species ( see Moko ( dolphin ) ) are recorded in various species - such as trying to save weakened fellows or female pilot whales holding up dead calves for long periods . Dolphins engage in acts of aggression towards each other . The older a male dolphin is , the more likely his body is to be covered with bite scars . Male dolphins can get into disputes over companions and females . Acts of aggression can become so intense that targeted dolphins sometimes go into exile after losing a fight . Male bottlenose dolphins have been known to engage in infanticide . Dolphins have also been known to kill porpoises for reasons which are not fully understood , as porpoises generally do not share the same diet as dolphins and are therefore not competitors for food supplies . The Cornwall Wildlife Trust records about one such death a year . Possible explanations include misdirected infanticide , misdirected sexual aggression or play behaviour . Reproduction and sexuality See also : Bottlenose dolphin § Reproduction , Dusky dolphin § Social behavior and reproduction , and Short - beaked common dolphin § Reproduction A skin - skeletal preparation Dolphin copulation happens belly to belly ; though many species engage in lengthy foreplay , the actual act is usually brief , but may be repeated several times within a short timespan . The gestation period varies with species ; for the small Tucuxi dolphin , this period is around 11 to 12 months , while for the orca , the gestation period is around 17 months . Typically dolphins give birth to a single calf , which is , unlike most other mammals , born tail first in most cases . They usually become sexually active at a young age , even before reaching sexual maturity . The age of sexual maturity varies by species and gender . Dolphins are known to display non-reproductive sexual behavior , engaging in masturbation , stimulation of the genital area of other individuals using the rostrum or flippers , and homosexual contact . Various species of dolphin have been known to engage in sexual behavior up to and including copulation with dolphins of other species . Sexual encounters may be violent , with male dolphins sometimes showing aggressive behavior towards both females and other males . Male dolphins may also work together and attempt to herd females in estrus , keeping the females by their side by means of both physical aggression and intimidation , to increase their chances of reproductive success . Occasionally , dolphins behave sexually towards other animals , including humans . Feeding Various methods of feeding exist among and within species , some apparently exclusive to a single population . Fish and squid are the main food , but the false killer whale and the orca also feed on other marine mammals . Orcas on occasion also hunt whale species larger than themselves . One common feeding method is herding , where a pod squeezes a school of fish into a small volume , known as a bait ball . Individual members then take turns plowing through the ball , feeding on the stunned fish . Coralling is a method where dolphins chase fish into shallow water to catch them more easily . Orcas and bottlenose dolphins have also been known to drive their prey onto a beach to feed on it , a behaviour known as beach or strand feeding . Some species also whack fish with their flukes , stunning them and sometimes knocking them out of the water . Reports of cooperative human - dolphin fishing date back to the ancient Roman author and natural philosopher Pliny the Elder . A modern human - dolphin partnership currently operates in Laguna , Santa Catarina , Brazil . Here , dolphins drive fish towards fishermen waiting along the shore and signal the men to cast their nets . The dolphins ' reward is the fish that escape the nets . Vocalization Spectrogram of dolphin vocalizations . Whistles , whines , and clicks are visible as upside down V 's , horizontal striations , and vertical lines , respectively . Dolphins are capable of making a broad range of sounds using nasal airsacs located just below the blowhole . Roughly three categories of sounds can be identified : frequency modulated whistles , burst - pulsed sounds and clicks . Dolphins communicate with whistle - like sounds produced by vibrating connective tissue , similar to the way human vocal cords function , and through burst - pulsed sounds , though the nature and extent of that ability is not known . The clicks are directional and are for echolocation , often occurring in a short series called a click train . The click rate increases when approaching an object of interest . Dolphin echolocation clicks are amongst the loudest sounds made by marine animals . Bottlenose dolphins have been found to have signature whistles , a whistle that is unique to a specific individual . These whistles are used in order for dolphins to communicate with one another by identifying an individual . It can be seen as the dolphin equivalent of a name for humans . These signature whistles are developed during a dolphin 's first year ; it continues to maintain the same sound throughout its lifetime . In order to obtain each individual whistle sound , dolphins undergo vocal production learning . This consists of an experience with other dolphins that modifies the signal structure of an existing whistle sound . An auditory experience influences the whistle development of each dolphin . Dolphins are able to communicate to one another by addressing another dolphin through mimicking their whistle . The signature whistle of a male bottlenose dolphin tends to be similar to that of his mother , while the signature whistle of a female bottlenose dolphin tends to be more distinguishing . Bottlenose dolphins have a strong memory when it comes to these signature whistles , as they are able to relate to a signature whistle of an individual they have not encountered for over twenty years . Research done on signature whistle usage by other dolphin species is relatively limited . The research on other species done so far has yielded varied outcomes and inconclusive results . Because dolphins are generally associated in groups , communication is necessary . Signal masking is when other similar sounds ( conspecific sounds ) interfere with the original acoustic sound . In larger groups , individual whistle sounds are less prominent . Dolphins tend to travel in pods , upon which there are groups of dolphins that range from a few to many . Although they are traveling in these pods , the dolphins do not necessarily swim right next to each other . Rather , they swim within the same general vicinity . In order to prevent losing one of their pod members , there are higher whistle rates . Because their group members were spread out , this was done in order to continue traveling together . Jumping and playing Pacific white - sided dolphins porpoising Dolphins frequently leap above the water surface , this being done for various reasons . When travelling , jumping can save the dolphin energy as there is less friction while in the air . This type of travel is known as porpoising . Other reasons include orientation , social displays , fighting , non-verbal communication , entertainment and attempting to dislodge parasites . Dolphins show various types of playful behavior , often including objects , self - made bubble rings , other dolphins or other animals . When playing with objects or small animals , common behavior includes carrying the object or animal along using various parts of the body , passing it along to other members of the group or taking it from another member , or throwing it out of the water . Dolphins have also been observed harassing animals in other ways , for example by dragging birds underwater without showing any intent to eat them . Playful behaviour that involves another animal species with active participation of the other animal can also be observed however . Playful human interaction with dolphins being the most obvious example , however playful interactions have been observed in the wild with a number of other species as well , such as humpback whales and dogs . Juvenile dolphins off the coast of Western Australia have been observed chasing , capturing , and chewing on blowfish . While some reports state that the dolphins are becoming intoxicated on the tetrodotoxin in the fishes ' skin , other reports have characterized this behavior as the normal curiosity and exploration of their environment in which dolphins engage . Intelligence Main article : Cetacean intelligence See also : Cetacean surfacing behaviour Dolphins are known to teach , learn , cooperate , scheme , and grieve . The neocortex of many species is home to elongated spindle neurons that , prior to 2007 , were known only in hominids . In humans , these cells are involved in social conduct , emotions , judgment , and theory of mind . Cetacean spindle neurons are found in areas of the brain that are homologous to where they are found in humans , suggesting that they perform a similar function . Brain size was previously considered a major indicator of the intelligence of an animal . Since most of the brain is used for maintaining bodily functions , greater ratios of brain to body mass may increase the amount of brain mass available for more complex cognitive tasks . Allometric analysis indicates that mammalian brain size scales at approximately the 2⁄3 or 3⁄4 exponent of the body mass . Comparison of a particular animal 's brain size with the expected brain size based on such allometric analysis provides an encephalization quotient that can be used as another indication of animal intelligence . Killer whales have the second largest brain mass of any animal on earth , next to the sperm whale . The brain to body mass ratio in some is second only to humans . Self - awareness is seen , by some , to be a sign of highly developed , abstract thinking . Self - awareness , though not well - defined scientifically , is believed to be the precursor to more advanced processes like meta - cognitive reasoning ( thinking about thinking ) that are typical of humans . Research in this field has suggested that cetaceans , among others , possess self - awareness . The most widely used test for self - awareness in animals is the mirror test in which a temporary dye is placed on an animal 's body , and the animal is then presented with a mirror ; they then see if the animal shows signs of self - recognition . Some disagree with these findings , arguing that the results of these tests are open to human interpretation and susceptible to the Clever Hans effect . This test is much less definitive than when used for primates , because primates can touch the mark or the mirror , while cetaceans can not , making their alleged self - recognition behavior less certain . Skeptics argue that behaviors that are said to identify self - awareness resemble existing social behaviors , and so researchers could be misinterpreting self - awareness for social responses to another individual . The researchers counter-argue that the behaviors shown are evidence of self - awareness , as they are very different from normal responses to another individual . Whereas apes can merely touch the mark on themselves with their fingers , cetaceans show less definitive behavior of self - awareness ; they can only twist and turn themselves to observe the mark . In 1995 , Marten and Psarakos used television to test dolphin self - awareness . They showed dolphins real - time footage of themselves , recorded footage , and another dolphin . They concluded that their evidence suggested self - awareness rather than social behavior . While this particular study has not been repeated since then , dolphins have since passed the mirror test . Sleeping Sleeping dolphin in captivity : a tail kick reflex keeps the dolphin 's blowhole above the water Further information : Sleep ( non-human ) Generally , dolphins sleep with only one brain hemisphere in slow - wave sleep at a time , thus maintaining enough consciousness to breathe and to watch for possible predators and other threats . Earlier sleep stages can occur simultaneously in both hemispheres . In captivity , dolphins seemingly enter a fully asleep state where both eyes are closed and there is no response to mild external stimuli . In this case , respiration is automatic ; a tail kick reflex keeps the blowhole above the water if necessary . Anesthetized dolphins initially show a tail kick reflex . Though a similar state has been observed with wild sperm whales , it is not known if dolphins in the wild reach this state . The Indus river dolphin has a sleep method that is different from that of other dolphin species . Living in water with strong currents and potentially dangerous floating debris , it must swim continuously to avoid injury . As a result , this species sleeps in very short bursts which last between 4 and 60 seconds . Threats Lesions in the dorsal fin of a bottlenose dolphin caused by lobomycosis , a fungal infection of the skin Dolphins have few marine enemies . Some species or specific populations have none , making them apex predators . For most of the smaller species of dolphins , only a few of the larger sharks , such as the bull shark , dusky shark , tiger shark and great white shark , are a potential risk , especially for calves . Some of the larger dolphin species , especially orcas ( killer whales ) , may also prey on smaller dolphins , but this seems rare . Dolphins also suffer from a wide variety of diseases and parasites . The Cetacean morbillivirus in particular has been known to cause regional epizootics often leaving hundreds of animals of various species dead . Symptoms of infection are often a severe combination of pneumonia , encephalitis and damage to the immune system , which greatly impair the cetacean 's ability to swim and stay afloat unassisted . A study at the U.S. National Marine Mammal Foundation revealed that dolphins , like humans , develop a natural form of type 2 diabetes which may lead to a better understanding of the disease and new treatments for both humans and dolphins . Dolphins can tolerate and recover from extreme injuries such as shark bites although the exact methods used to achieve this are not known . The healing process is rapid and even very deep wounds do not cause dolphins to hemorrhage to death . Furthermore , even gaping wounds restore in such a way that the animal 's body shape is restored , and infection of such large wounds seems rare . The study , published in the journal Marine Mammal Science , suggests that at least some dolphins are up to the shark challenge with research finding that many dolphins survive attacks using everything from sophisticated combat moves to teaming up against the shark . Humans See also : Dolphin drive hunting and Cetacean bycatch Dead Atlantic white - sided dolphins in Hvalba on the Faroe Islands , killed in a drive hunt Some dolphin species are at risk of extinction , especially some river dolphin species such as the Amazon river dolphin , and the Ganges and Yangtze river dolphin , which are critically or seriously endangered . A 2006 survey found no individuals of the Yangtze river dolphin , which now appears to be functionally extinct . Pesticides , heavy metals , plastics , and other industrial and agricultural pollutants that do not disintegrate rapidly in the environment concentrate in predators such as dolphins . Injuries or deaths due to collisions with boats , especially their propellers , are also common . Various fishing methods , most notably purse seine fishing for tuna and the use of drift and gill nets , unintentionally kill many dolphins . Accidental by - catch in gill nets and incidental captures in antipredator nets that protect marine fish farms are common and pose a risk for mainly local dolphin populations . In some parts of the world , such as Taiji in Japan and the Faroe Islands , dolphins are traditionally considered food and are killed in harpoon or drive hunts . Dolphin meat is high in mercury and may thus pose a health danger to humans when consumed . Dolphin safe labels attempt to reassure consumers that fish and other marine products have been caught in a dolphin - friendly way . The earliest campaigns with `` Dolphin safe '' labels were initiated in the 1980s as a result of cooperation between marine activists and the major tuna companies , and involved decreasing incidental dolphin kills by up to 50 % by changing the type of nets used to catch tuna . The dolphins are netted only while fishermen are in pursuit of smaller tuna . Albacore are not netted this way , making albacore the only truly dolphin - safe tuna . Loud underwater noises , such as those resulting from naval sonar use , live firing exercises , and certain offshore construction projects such as wind farms , may be harmful to dolphins , increasing stress , damaging hearing , and causing decompression sickness by forcing them to surface too quickly to escape the noise . Dolphins and other smaller cetaceans are also hunted in an activity known as dolphin drive hunting . This is accomplished by driving a pod together with boats and usually into a bay or onto a beach . Their escape is prevented by closing off the route to the ocean with other boats or nets . Dolphins are hunted this way in several places around the world , including the Solomon Islands , the Faroe Islands , Peru , and Japan , the most well - known practitioner of this method . By numbers , dolphins are mostly hunted for their meat , though some end up in dolphinariums . Despite the controversial nature of the hunt resulting in international criticism , and the possible health risk that the often polluted meat causes , thousands of dolphins are caught in drive hunts each year . Relationships with humans In History and religion Fresco of Dolphins , ca . 1600 BC , from Knossos , Crete . Vessel in form of killer whale , Nazca culture , circa 200 AD . American Museum of Natural History collections . Dolphins have long played a role in human culture . Dolphins are sometimes used as symbols , for instance in heraldry . In Greek myths , dolphins were seen invariably as helpers of humankind . Dolphins also seem to have been important to the Minoans , judging by artistic evidence from the ruined palace at Knossos . During the 2009 excavations of a major Mycenaean city at Iklaina , a striking fragment of a wall - paintings came to light , depicting a ship with three human figures and dolphins . Dolphins are common in Greek mythology , and many coins from ancient Greece have been found which feature a man , a boy or a deity riding on the back of a dolphin . The Ancient Greeks welcomed dolphins ; spotting dolphins riding in a ship 's wake was considered a good omen . In both ancient and later art , Cupid is often shown riding a dolphin . A dolphin rescued the poet Arion from drowning and carried him safe to land , at Cape Matapan , a promontory forming the southernmost point of the Peloponnesus . There was a temple to Poseidon and a statue of Arion riding the dolphin . The Greeks reimagined the Phoenician god Melqart as Melikertês ( Melicertes ) and made him the son of Athamas and Ino . He drowned but was transfigured as the marine deity Palaemon , while his mother became Leucothea . ( cf Ino . ) At Corinth , he was so closely connected with the cult of Poseidon that the Isthmian Games , originally instituted in Poseidon 's honor , came to be looked upon as the funeral games of Melicertes . Phalanthus was another legendary character brought safely to shore ( in Italy ) on the back of a dolphin , according to Pausanias . Dionysus was once captured by Etruscan pirates who mistook him for a wealthy prince they could ransom . After the ship set sail Dionysus invoked his divine powers , causing vines to overgrow the ship where the mast and sails had been . He turned the oars into serpents , so terrifying the sailors that they jumped overboard , but Dionysus took pity on them and transformed them into dolphins so that they would spend their lives providing help for those in need . Dolphins were also the messengers of Poseidon and sometimes did errands for him as well . Dolphins were sacred to both Aphrodite and Apollo . When heraldry developed in the Middle Ages , not much was known about the biology of the dolphin and it was often depicted as a sort of fish . Traditionally , the stylised dolphins in heraldry still may take after this notion , sometimes showing the dolphin skin covered with fish scales . Dolphins are present in the coat of arms of Anguilla and the coat of arms of Romania , and the coat of arms of Barbados has a dolphin supporter . A well - known historical example of a dolphin in heraldry , was the arms for the former province of the Dauphiné in southern France , from which were derived the arms and the title of the Dauphin of France , the heir to the former throne of France ( the title literally means `` The Dolphin of France '' ) . `` Dolfin '' was the name of an aristocratic family in the maritime Republic of Venice , whose most prominent member was the 13th Century Doge Giovanni Dolfin . In Hindu mythology the Ganges River Dolphin is associated with Ganga , the deity of the Ganges river . The dolphin is said to be among the creatures which heralded the goddess ' descent from the heavens and her mount , the Makara , is sometimes depicted as a dolphin . The Boto , a species of river dolphin that resides in the Amazon River , are believed to be shapeshifters , or encantados , who are capable of having children with human women . There are comparatively few surviving myths of dolphins in Polynesian cultures , in spite of their maritime traditions and relevance of other marine animals such as sharks and seabirds ; unlike these , they are more often perceived as food than as totemic symbols . Dolphins are most clearly represented in Rapa Nui Rongorongo , and in the traditions of the Caroline Islands they are depicted similarly to the Boto , being sexually active shapeshifters . In captivity Species SeaWorld show featuring bottlenose dolphins and pilot whales The renewed popularity of dolphins in the 1960s resulted in the appearance of many dolphinaria around the world , making dolphins accessible to the public . Criticism and animal welfare laws forced many to close , although hundreds still exist around the world . In the United States , the best known are the SeaWorld marine mammal parks . In the Middle East the best known are Dolphin Bay at Atlantis , The Palm and the Dubai Dolphinarium . SeaWorld San Diego pilot whale with trainers Various species of dolphins are kept in captivity . These small cetaceans are more often than not kept in theme parks , such as SeaWorld , commonly known as a dolphinarium . Bottlenose dolphins are the most common species of dolphin kept in dolphinariums as they are relatively easy to train , have a long lifespan in captivity and have a friendly appearance . Hundreds if not thousands of bottlenose dolphins live in captivity across the world , though exact numbers are hard to determine . Other species kept in captivity are spotted dolphins , false killer whales and common dolphins , Commerson 's dolphins , as well as rough - toothed dolphins , but all in much lower numbers than the bottlenose dolphin . There are also fewer than ten pilot whales , Amazon river dolphins , Risso 's dolphins , spinner dolphins , or tucuxi in captivity . An unusual and very rare hybrid dolphin , known as a wolphin , is kept at the Sea Life Park in Hawaii , which is a cross between a bottlenose dolphin and a false killer whale . The number of killer whales kept in captivity is very small , especially when compared to the number of bottlenose dolphins , with 60 captive killer whales being held in aquaria as of 2017 . The killer whale 's intelligence , trainability , striking appearance , playfulness in captivity and sheer size have made it a popular exhibit at aquaria and aquatic theme parks . From 1976 to 1997 , 55 whales were taken from the wild in Iceland , 19 from Japan , and three from Argentina . These figures exclude animals that died during capture . Live captures fell dramatically in the 1990s , and by 1999 , about 40 % of the 48 animals on display in the world were captive - born . Organizations such as the Mote Marine Laboratory rescue and rehabilitate sick , wounded , stranded or orphaned dolphins while others , such as the Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society and Hong Kong Dolphin Conservation Society , work on dolphin conservation and welfare . India has declared the dolphin as its national aquatic animal in an attempt to protect the endangered Ganges River Dolphin . The Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary has been created in the Ganges river for the protection of the animals . Controversy See also : Captive killer whales Shamu the killer whale , 2009 , with a collapsed dorsal fin There is debate over the welfare of cetaceans in captivity , and often welfare can vary greatly dependent on the levels of care being provided at a particular facility . In the United States , facilities are regularly inspected by federal agencies to ensure that a high standard of welfare is maintained . Additionally , facilities can apply to become accredited by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums ( AZA ) , which ( for accreditation ) requires `` the highest standards of animal care and welfare in the world '' to be achieved . Facilities such as SeaWorld and the Georgia Aquarium are accredited by the AZA . Organizations such as World Animal Protection and the Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society campaign against the practice of keeping them in captivity . In captivity , they often develop pathologies , such as the dorsal fin collapse seen in 60 -- 90 % of male killer whales . Captives have vastly reduced life expectancies , on average only living into their 20s , although there are examples of killer whales living longer , including several over 30 years old , and two captive orcas , Corky II and Lolita , are in their mid-40s . In the wild , females who survive infancy live 46 years on average , and up to 70 -- 80 years in rare cases . Wild males who survive infancy live 31 years on average , and up to 50 -- 60 years . Captivity usually bears little resemblance to wild habitat , and captive whales ' social groups are foreign to those found in the wild . Critics claim captive life is stressful due to these factors and the requirement to perform circus tricks that are not part of wild killer whale behavior . Wild killer whales may travel up to 160 kilometres ( 100 mi ) in a day , and critics say the animals are too big and intelligent to be suitable for captivity . Captives occasionally act aggressively towards themselves , their tankmates , or humans , which critics say is a result of stress . Although dolphins generally interact well with humans , some attacks have occurred , most of them resulting in small injuries . Orcas , the largest species of dolphin , have been involved in fatal attacks on humans in captivity . The record - holder of documented orca fatal attacks is a male named Tilikum , who has lived at SeaWorld since 1992 . Tilikum has played a role in the death of three people in three different incidents ( 1991 , 1999 and 2010 ) . Tilikum 's behaviour sparked the production of the documentary Blackfish , which focuses on the consequences of keeping orcas in captivity . There are documented incidents in the wild , too , but none of them fatal . Fatal attacks from other species are less common , but there is a registered occurrence off the coast of Brazil in 1994 , when a man died after being attacked by a bottlenose dolphin named Tião . Tião had suffered harassment by human visitors , including attempts to stick ice cream sticks down her blowhole . Non-fatal incidents occur more frequently , both in the wild and in captivity . While dolphin attacks occur far less frequently than attacks by other sea animals , such as sharks , some scientists are worried about the careless programs of human - dolphin interaction . Dr. Andrew J. Read , a biologist at the Duke University Marine Laboratory who studies dolphin attacks , points out that dolphins are large and wild predators , so people should be more careful when they interact with them . Several scientists who have researched dolphin behaviour have proposed that dolphins ' unusually high intelligence in comparison to other animals means that dolphins should be seen as non-human persons who should have their own specific rights and that it is morally unacceptable to keep them captive for entertainment purposes or to kill them either intentionally for consumption or unintentionally as by - catch . Four countries -- Chile , Costa Rica , Hungary , and India -- have declared dolphins to be `` non-human persons '' and have banned the capture and import of live dolphins for entertainment . Military Main article : Military dolphin A military dolphin A military dolphin is a dolphin trained for military uses . A number of militaries have employed dolphins for various purposes from finding mines to rescuing lost or trapped humans . The military use of dolphins , however , drew scrutiny during the Vietnam War when rumors circulated that the United States Navy was training dolphins to kill Vietnamese divers . The United States Navy denies that at any point dolphins were trained for combat . Dolphins are still being trained by the United States Navy for other tasks as part of the U.S. Navy Marine Mammal Program . The Russian military is believed to have closed its marine mammal program in the early 1990s . In 2000 the press reported that dolphins trained to kill by the Soviet Navy had been sold to Iran . Therapy Dolphins are an increasingly popular choice of animal - assisted therapy for psychological problems and developmental disabilities . For example , a 2005 study found dolphins an effective treatment for mild to moderate depression . However , this study was criticized on several grounds . For example , it is not known whether dolphins are more effective than common pets . Reviews of this and other published dolphin - assisted therapy ( DAT ) studies have found important methodological flaws and have concluded that there is no compelling scientific evidence that DAT is a legitimate therapy or that it affords more than fleeting mood improvement . Consumption Cuisine Plate of dolphin sashimi In some parts of the world , such as Taiji , Japan and the Faroe Islands , dolphins are traditionally considered as food , and are killed in harpoon or drive hunts . Dolphin meat is consumed in a small number of countries worldwide , which include Japan and Peru ( where it is referred to as chancho marino , or `` sea pork '' ) . While Japan may be the best - known and most controversial example , only a very small minority of the population has ever sampled it . Dolphin meat is dense and such a dark shade of red as to appear black . Fat is located in a layer of blubber between the meat and the skin . When dolphin meat is eaten in Japan , it is often cut into thin strips and eaten raw as sashimi , garnished with onion and either horseradish or grated garlic , much as with sashimi of whale or horse meat ( basashi ) . When cooked , dolphin meat is cut into bite - size cubes and then batter - fried or simmered in a miso sauce with vegetables . Cooked dolphin meat has a flavor very similar to beef liver . Health concerns There have been human health concerns associated with the consumption of dolphin meat in Japan after tests showed that dolphin meat contained high levels of mercury . There are no known cases of mercury poisoning as a result of consuming dolphin meat , though the government continues to monitor people in areas where dolphin meat consumption is high . The Japanese government recommends that children and pregnant women avoid eating dolphin meat on a regular basis . Similar concerns exist with the consumption of dolphin meat in the Faroe Islands , where prenatal exposure to methylmercury and PCBs primarily from the consumption of pilot whale meat has resulted in neuropsychological deficits amongst children . The Faroe Islands population was exposed to methylmercury largely from contaminated pilot whale meat , which contained very high levels of about 2 mg methylmercury / kg . However , the Faroe Islands populations also eat significant numbers of fish . 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Japan Times . p. 3 . Jump up ^ `` Time Of Truth For US Dolphin Safe Logos '' . atuna . Archived from the original on 15 October 2015 . Retrieved 29 August 2015 . Jump up ^ CBC news ( 2003 - 10 - 09 ) . `` Navy sonar may be killing whales , dolphins '' . CBC News . Retrieved October 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Npower renewables Underwater noise & vibration , section 9.4 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2007 - 07 - 22 . Retrieved October 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Taras '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 02 - 08 . Retrieved 3 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Eyers , Jonathan ( 3 December 2012 ) . Do n't Shoot the Albatross ! : Nautical Myths and Superstitions . Bloomsbury Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4081 - 3213 - 5 . Jump up ^ Herodotus I. 23 ; Thucydides I. 128 , 133 ; Pausanias iii. 25 , 4 Jump up ^ Hentea , Călin ( 2007 ) . Brief Romanian Military History . Scarecrow Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 5820 - 6 . Jump up ^ Ali , Arif ( 1996 ) . Barbados : Just Beyond Your Imagination . Hertford , UK : Hansib Publications . p. 16 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 870518 - 54 - 3 . Jump up ^ Ali , Arif ( 1996 ) . Barbados : Just Beyond Your Imagination . Hansib . p. 16 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 870518 - 54 - 3 . Jump up ^ Singh , Vijay ( 1997 ) . The River Goddess . Creative Education . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88682 - 825 - 7 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Atlantis : The Palm , Dubai . `` Swim With the Dolphins in Dubai '' . atlantisthepalm.com . Retrieved 11 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Dubai Dolphinarium . `` The Dubai Dolphinarium '' . dubaidolphinarium.ae . Retrieved 11 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Rose , Naoimi ; Parsons , E.C.M. ; Farinato , Richard . The Case Against Marine Mammals in Captivity ( PDF ) ( 4 ed . ) . Humane Society of the United States . pp. 13 , 42 , 43 , 59 . Jump up ^ Sean B. Carroll . `` Remarkable creatures '' . Retrieved 6 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Orcas in Captivity - A look at killer whales in aquariums and parks '' . 23 November 2009 . Retrieved 6 September 2015 . Jump up ^ NMFS 2005 , pp. 43 -- 44 . Jump up ^ india.gov . `` National Aquatic Animal '' . india.gov . Jump up ^ Rose , N.A. ( 2011 ) . `` Killer Controversy : Why Orcas Should No Longer Be Kept in Captivity '' ( PDF ) . Humane Society International and the Humane Society of the United States . Retrieved December 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Whale Attack Renews Captive Animal Debate '' . CBS News . March 1 , 2010 . Retrieved 6 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Armstrong , Susan J. ; Botzler , Richard G. ( 18 November 2016 ) . The Animal Ethics Reader . Taylor & Francis . ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 42196 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : William Broad ( 1999 - 07 - 06 ) . `` An article on the aggressive nature of dolphins '' . Fishingnj.org . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ Zimmerman , Tim ( 2011 ) . `` The Killer in the Pool '' . The Best American Sampler 2011 . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . p. 336 . Jump up ^ `` Corpse Is Found on Whale '' . The New York Times . July 7 , 1999 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` SeaWorld trainer killed by killer whale '' . CNN . February 25 , 2010 . Retrieved March 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Pilkington , Ed ( 2010 - 02 - 25 ) . `` Killer whale Tilikum to be spared after drowning trainer by ponytail '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ `` Killer whale bumps but does n't bite boy '' . Juneau Empire -- Alaska 's Capital City Online Newspaper. 2005 - 08 - 19 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 11 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ Wong , David . `` The 6 Cutest Animals That Can Still Destroy You '' . Cracked.com . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Male Dolphin Kills Man '' . Science-frontiers.com . Sep -- Oct 1995 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` LONE DOLPHINS -- FRIEND OR FOE ? '' . BBC . 2002 - 09 - 09 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ White , Thomas I. ( 18 May 2009 ) . In Defense of Dolphins : The New Moral Frontier . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 46969 - 9 . Jump up ^ Leake , Jonathan ; Brooks , Helen ( January 3 , 2010 ) . `` Scientists say dolphins should be treated as ' non - human persons ' '' ( PDF ) . dolphinmovie.com . The Sunday Times . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 10 , 2016 . Retrieved January 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Land , Graham ( 29 July 2013 ) . Dolphin rights : The world should follow India 's lead . Asiancorrespondent.com . Hybrid News Ltd . Accessed on 29 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Policy on establishment of dolphinarium Jump up ^ PBS -- Frontline . `` The Story of Navy dolphins '' . Retrieved June 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Iran buys kamikaze dolphins '' . BBC News . 2000 - 03 - 08 . Retrieved June 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Antonioli , C ; Reveley , MA ( 2005 ) . `` Randomised controlled trial of animal facilitated therapy with dolphins in the treatment of depression '' . BMJ ( Clinical research ed . ) . 331 ( 7527 ) : 1231 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 331.7527. 1231 . JSTOR 25455488 . PMC 1289317 . PMID 16308382 . Jump up ^ Biju Basil ; Maju Mathews ( 2005 ) . `` Methodological concerns about animal - facilitated therapy with dolphins '' . BMJ. 331 ( 7529 ) : 1407 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 331.7529. 1407 . PMC 1309662 . PMID 16339258 . Jump up ^ Lori Marino ; Scott O. Lilienfeld ( 2007 ) . `` Dolphin - Assisted Therapy : more flawed data and more flawed conclusions '' ( PDF ) . Anthrozoös. 20 ( 3 ) : 239 -- 49 . doi : 10.2752 / 089279307X224782 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 02 - 28 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ Matsutani , Minoru ( September 23 , 2009 ) . `` Details on how Japan 's dolphin catches work '' . Japan Times . p. 3 . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ McCurry , Justin ( 2009 - 09 - 14 ) . `` Dolphin slaughter turns sea red as Japan hunting season returns '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 24 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Hall , Kevin G. ( 2003 ) . `` Dolphin meat widely available in Peruvian stores : Despite protected status , ' sea pork ' is popular fare '' . The Seattle Times . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ イルカ の 味噌 根菜 煮 ( Dolphin in Miso Vegetable Stew ) . Cookpad ( in Japanese ) . 2010 . Retrieved 16 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : World Health Organisation / United Nations Environment Programme DTIE Chemicals Branch ( 2008 ) . `` Guidance for identifying populations at risk from mercury exposure '' ( PDF ) . p. 36 . Retrieved 29 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Ministry of Health , Labour and Welfare . `` 平成 15 年 6 月 3 日 に 公表 した 「 水銀 を 含有 する 魚介 類 等 の 摂 食 に関する 注意 事項 」 について '' . Ministry of Health , Labour and Welfare ( in Japanese ) . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Further reading Carwardine , M. , Whales , Dolphins and Porpoises , Dorling Kindersley , 2000 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7513 - 2781 - 6 . Williams , Heathcote , Whale Nation , New York , Harmony Books , 1988 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 517 - 56932 - 0 . External links Find more aboutDolphinsat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons Data from Wikidata Taxonomy from Wikispecies Conservation , research and news : De Rohan , Anuschka . `` Why dolphins are deep thinkers '' , The Guardian , July 3 , 2003 . The Dolphin Institute The Oceania Project , Caring for Whales and Dolphins Tursiops.org : Current Cetacean - related news Understanding Dolphins The `` Dolphin Rape '' Myth Photos : Red Sea Spinner Dolphin -- Photo gallery PBS NOVA : Dolphins : Close Encounters David 's Dolphin Images Images of Wild Dolphins in the Red Sea Extant Cetacea species Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Infraclass Eutheria Superorder Laurasiatheria Order Artiodactyla Suborder Whippomorpha Parvorder Mysticeti ( Baleen whales ) Balaenidae Balaena Bowhead whale ( B. mysticetus ) Eubalaena ( Right whales ) Southern right whale ( E. australis ) North Atlantic right whale ( E. glacialis ) North Pacific right whale ( E. japonica ) Balaenopteridae ( Rorquals ) Balaenoptera Common minke whale ( B. acutorostrata ) Antarctic minke whale ( B. bonaerensis ) Sei whale ( B. borealis ) Bryde 's whale ( B. brydei ) Pygmy Bryde 's whale ( B. edeni ) Blue whale ( B. musculus ) Omura 's whale ( B. omurai ) Fin whale ( B. physalus ) Megaptera Humpback whale ( M. novaeangliae ) Eschrichtiidae Eschrichtius Gray whale ( E. robustus ) Neobalaenidae Caperea Pygmy right whale ( C. marginata ) Parvorder Odontoceti ( Toothed whales ) ( cont . below ) Delphinidae ( Oceanic dolphins ) Cephalorhynchus Commerson 's dolphin ( C. commersonii ) Chilean dolphin ( C. eutropia ) Heaviside 's dolphin ( C. heavisidii ) Hector 's dolphin ( C. hectori ) Delphinus Long - beaked common dolphin ( D. capensis ) Short - beaked common dolphin ( D. delphis ) Feresa Pygmy killer whale ( F. attenuata ) Globicephala ( Pilot whales ) Short - finned pilot whale ( G. macrorhynchus ) Long - finned pilot whale ( G. melas ) Grampus Risso 's dolphin ( G. griseus ) Lagenodelphis Fraser 's dolphin ( L. hosei ) Lagenorhynchus Atlantic white - sided dolphin ( L. acutus ) White - beaked dolphin ( L. albirostris ) Peale 's dolphin ( L. australis ) Hourglass dolphin ( L. cruciger ) Pacific white - sided dolphin ( L. obliquidens ) Dusky dolphin ( L. obscurus ) Lissodelphis ( Right whale dolphins ) Northern right whale dolphin ( L. borealis ) Southern right whale dolphin ( L. peronii ) Orcaella Irrawaddy dolphin ( O. brevirostris ) Australian snubfin dolphin ( O. heinsohni ) Orcinus Killer whale ( O. orca ) Peponocephala Melon - headed whale ( P. electra ) Pseudorca False killer whale ( P. crassidens ) Sotalia Tucuxi ( S. fluviatilis ) Guiana dolphin ( S. guianensis ) Sousa Indo - Pacific humpbacked dolphin ( S. chinensis ) Atlantic humpback dolphin ( S. teuszii ) Stenella Pantropical spotted dolphin ( S. attenuata ) Clymene dolphin ( S. clymene ) Striped dolphin ( S. coeruleoalba ) Atlantic spotted dolphin ( S. frontalis ) Spinner dolphin ( S. longirostris ) Steno Rough - toothed dolphin ( S. bredanensis ) Tursiops Indo - Pacific bottlenose dolphin ( T. aduncus ) Burrunan dolphin ( T. australis ) Common bottlenose dolphin ( T. truncatus ) Monodontidae Delphinapterus Beluga ( D. leucas ) Monodon Narwhal ( M. monoceros ) Phocoenidae Neophocaena Finless porpoise ( N. phocaeniodes ) Narrow - ridged finless porpoise ( N. asiaorientalis ) Phocoena Spectacled porpoise ( P. dioptrica ) Harbor porpoise ( P. phocoena ) Vaquita ( P. sinus ) Burmeister 's porpoise ( P. spinipinnis ) Phocoenoides Dall 's porpoise ( P. dalli ) Physeteridae Physeter Sperm whale ( P. macrocephalus ) Kogiidae Kogia Pygmy sperm whale ( K. breviceps ) Dwarf sperm whale ( K. simus ) Iniidae Inia Amazon river dolphin ( I. geoffrensis ) Lipotidae Lipotes Baiji ( L. vexillifer ) Platanistidae Platanista Ganges and Indus River dolphin ( P. gangetica ) Pontoporiidae Pontoporia La Plata dolphin ( P. blainvillei ) Ziphiidae ( Beaked whales ) Berardius Arnoux 's beaked whale ( B. arnuxii ) Baird 's beaked whale ( B. bairdii ) Hyperoodon Northern bottlenose whale ( H. ampullatus ) Southern bottlenose whale ( H. planifrons ) Indopacetus Tropical bottlenose whale ( I. pacificus ) Mesoplodon ( Mesoplodont whales ) Sowerby 's beaked whale ( M. bidens ) Andrews ' beaked whale ( M. bowdoini ) Hubbs ' beaked whale ( M. carlhubbsi ) Blainville 's beaked whale ( M. densirostris ) Gervais ' beaked whale ( M. europaeus ) Ginkgo - toothed beaked whale ( M. ginkgodens ) Gray 's beaked whale ( M. grayi ) Hector 's beaked whale ( M. hectori ) Strap - toothed whale ( M. layardii ) True 's beaked whale ( M. mirus ) Perrin 's beaked whale ( M. perrini ) Pygmy beaked whale ( M. peruvianus ) Stejneger 's beaked whale ( M. stejnegeri ) Spade - toothed whale ( M. traversii ) Tasmacetus Shepherd 's beaked whale ( T. sheperdi ) Ziphius Cuvier 's beaked whale ( Z. cavirostris ) Heraldry Armiger Law of heraldic arms Grant of arms Blazon Officials Authorities Officers of arms King of Arms , Herald , Pursuivant Private Officer of Arms Conventional elements of coats of arms Escutcheon Chief Field ( Tincture ) Division Supporter Supporter Slogan ( battle cry ) Crest Torse Mantling Helmet / Galero Crown / Coronet Compartment Order Ordinaries Charges Motto Dexter Sinister ( right ) ( left ) Subjects National coat of arms Arms of dominion Ecclesiastical heraldry Burgher arms Civic heraldry Canting arms Attributed arms Heraldic achieve - 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language script ( ja ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Ænglisc تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская भोजपुरी Bikol Central Bislama བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Corsu Cymraeg Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Ирон IsiXhosa Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî ລາວ Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം मराठी မြန်မာဘာသာ नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Napulitano Occitan Oromoo پنجابی ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Gagana Samoa Sardu Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Тыва дыл Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt Walon Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 中文 Kabɩyɛ 79 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 July 2018 , at 11 : 48 ( UTC ) . 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how many dolphins are born at a time
[ "Dolphin copulation happens belly to belly; though many species engage in lengthy foreplay, the actual act is usually brief, but may be repeated several times within a short timespan.[67] The gestation period varies with species; for the small Tucuxi dolphin, this period is around 11 to 12 months,[68] while for the orca, the gestation period is around 17 months.[69] Typically dolphins give birth to a single calf, which is, unlike most other mammals, born tail first in most cases.[70] They usually become sexually active at a young age, even before reaching sexual maturity.[67] The age of sexual maturity varies by species and gender.[71]\n" ]
[ "a single calf" ]
-1744968263929332010
I Could Use a Love Song
I Could Use a Love Song - wikipedia I Could Use a Love Song Jump to : navigation , search `` I Could Use a Love Song '' Single by Maren Morris from the album Hero Released March 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 27 ) Genre Country Length 3 : 15 Label Columbia Nashville Songwriter ( s ) Maren Morris Jimmy Robbins Laura Veltz Producer ( s ) busbee Maren Morris Maren Morris singles chronology `` 80s Mercedes '' ( 2016 ) `` I Could Use a Love Song '' ( 2017 ) `` Craving You '' ( 2017 ) `` 80s Mercedes '' ( 2016 ) `` I Could Use a Love Song '' ( 2017 ) `` Craving You '' ( 2017 ) `` I Could Use a Love Song '' is a song co-written and recorded by American country music singer Maren Morris for her debut studio album , Hero ( 2016 ) . Morris wrote the song with Jimmy Robbins and Laura Veltz , and co-produced the track with busbee . It was released to North American country radio on March 27 , 2017 through Columbia Nashville as the album 's third single . A song about heartbreak and finding redemption through love , it garnered positive reviews from critics . `` I Could Use a Love Song '' reached number one on the Billboard Country Airplay chart , giving Morris her second number - one single , and her first as a solo artist . It also peaked at numbers 7 and 56 on both the Hot Country Songs and Hot 100 charts respectively . The song was certified Gold , and has sold 206,000 copies as of December 2017 . It received similar chart success in Canada , reaching number 14 on the Country chart and garnering a Gold plaque from Music Canada , denoting sales of over 40,000 units in that country . The music video of the song was released on May 6 , 2017 , and starred Shelley Hennig and Garrett Hines as the couple . Contents ( hide ) 1 Content 2 Background and release 3 Critical reception 4 Accolades 5 Chart performance 6 Charts and certifications 6.1 Weekly charts 6.2 Year - end charts 6.3 Certifications 7 Release history 8 References 9 External links Content ( edit ) `` I Could Use a Love Song '' is a `` no frills heartbreak song '' that finds the narrator becoming jaded towards love . Despite having been burned by previous relationships , Morris remains optimistic and believes that a love song can restore her faith in finding love . Background and Release ( edit ) `` I Could Use a Love Song '' was announced as the album 's third single on February 24 , 2017 . The song was made available to country radio on March 13 , but did not officially impact the format until March 27 , 2017 . Critical reception ( edit ) Mike Wass of Idolator expressed surprise over the choice of single , but wrote that the song `` harks back to a time in country music when songs examined matters of the heart over simple arrangements , '' which works in the track 's favor . Billy Dukes of Taste of Country reviewed the song favorably . He wrote that `` I Could Use a Love Song '' is `` more immediately accessible than her previous two radio hits , '' and praised Morris for expressing a new side to her artistry . Accolades ( edit ) Year Association Result 2018 Grammy Awards Best Country Solo Performance Nominated Chart performance ( edit ) `` I Could Use a Love Song '' debuted at number 56 on the Billboard Country Airplay chart dated April 1 , 2017 and was the week 's highest - debuting single . It has sold 206,000 copies in the United States as of December 2017 . It peaked at number one on the Country Airplay chart dated January 20 , 2018 , giving Morris her second number one single , and her first as a solo artist . Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 -- 18 ) Peak position Canada Country ( Billboard ) 14 US Billboard Hot 100 56 US Country Airplay ( Billboard ) US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 7 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Position Canada Country ( Billboard ) 31 US Country Airplay ( Billboard ) 44 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 25 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Gold 40,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Preceded by `` Like I Loved You '' by Brett Young Billboard Country Airplay number - one single January 20 , 2018 Succeeded by `` Yours '' by Russell Dickerson Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format Label Ref . Canada March 27 , 2017 Country radio Sony Music Canada United States Columbia Nashville References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Future Release for Country Radio Stations '' . All Access Media Group . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2017 . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Dukes , Billy ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` Maren Morris , ' I Could Use a Love Song ' ( Listen ) '' . Taste of Country . Townsquare Media . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Reuter , Annie ( May 31 , 2016 ) . `` Album Review : Maren Morris ' ' Hero ' '' . Sounds Like Nashville . SpinMedia . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Stefano , Angela ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` Hear Maren Morris ' Next Single , ' I Could Use a Love Song ' '' . The Boot . Townsquare Media . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Konicki , Lisa ( March 1 , 2017 ) . `` Listen to Maren Morris ' Next Single , `` I Could Use A Love Song '' `` . Nash Country Weekly . American Media , Inc . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Maren Morris - I Could Use a Love Song '' . United States : Daily Play MPE . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wass , Mike ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` Maren Morris ' Next Single Is `` I Could Use A Love Song '' `` . Idolator . Hive Media . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 60th Annual Grammy Awards '' . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Country Airplay : The Week of April 1 , 2017 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bjorke , Matt ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` Top 30 Digital Country Singles Chart : December 26 , 2017 '' . Roughstock . Retrieved December 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Maren Morris Chart History ( Canada Country ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Maren Morris Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Maren Morris Chart History ( Country Airplay ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Maren Morris Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Canada Year - End Country Airplay of 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Country Airplay Songs -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Country Songs -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Maren Morris -- I Could Use A Love Song '' . Music Canada . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Maren Morris -- I Could Use A Love Song '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Maren Morris - I Could Use a Love Song '' . Canada : Daily Play MPE . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Maren Morris Discography Studio albums Hero Singles `` My Church '' `` 80s Mercedes '' `` I Could Use a Love Song '' `` The Middle '' `` Rich '' Guest singles `` Craving You '' Related articles Ryan Hurd Flicker World Tour Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Could_Use_a_Love_Song&oldid=827945270 '' Categories : 2017 singles 2016 songs Maren Morris songs Columbia Nashville Records singles Songs written by Jimmy Robbins Song recordings produced by busbee Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadacountry Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardcountryairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 27 February 2018 , at 17 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who is the girl in i could use a love song video
[ "The music video of the song was released on May 6, 2017, and starred Shelley Hennig and Garrett Hines as the couple." ]
[ "Shelley Hennig" ]
-8662116814798686395
The Last Airbender
The Last Airbender - wikipedia The Last Airbender Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 2010 film . For the TV series , see Avatar : The Last Airbender . The Last Airbender Theatrical release poster Directed by M. Night Shyamalan Produced by M. Night Shyamalan Sam Mercer Frank Marshall Screenplay by M. Night Shyamalan Based on Avatar : The Last Airbender by Michael Dante DiMartino and Bryan Konietzko Starring Noah Ringer Dev Patel Nicola Peltz Jackson Rathbone Shaun Toub Aasif Mandvi Cliff Curtis Narrated by Nicola Peltz Music by James Newton Howard Cinematography Andrew Lesnie Edited by Conrad Buff Production company Nickelodeon Movies Blinding Edge Pictures The Kennedy / Marshall Company Distributed by Paramount Pictures Release date June 30 , 2010 ( 2010 - 06 - 30 ) ( New York City ) July 2 , 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 02 ) ( United States ) Running time 103 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $150 million Box office $319.7 million The Last Airbender is a 2010 American action fantasy adventure film written , co-produced , and directed by M. Night Shyamalan . It is based on the first season of the Nickelodeon animated series of the same name . The film stars Noah Ringer as Aang , with Dev Patel as Prince Zuko , Nicola Peltz as Katara , and Jackson Rathbone as Sokka . Development for the film began in 2007 . It was produced by Nickelodeon Movies and distributed by Paramount Pictures . Premiering in New York City on June 30 , 2010 , it opened the following day in the rest of the country , grossing an estimated $16 million . The film was universally panned by critics and audiences alike upon release , with many reviewers citing inconsistencies between the plot , screenplay , and source material as well as deriding the acting , writing , casting , and dialogue . However , some praised James Newton Howard 's soundtrack , and the performances from Dev Patel , Aasif Mandvi , and Shaun Toub , while the film 's visual effects received mixed reception . The film swept the Golden Raspberry Awards in 2010 , with five `` wins '' including Worst Picture ; the film is sometimes considered one of the worst ever made . Despite the negative reviews , The Last Airbender opened in second place at the box office behind The Twilight Saga : Eclipse . Produced on a $150 million budget , the film grossed $131 million domestically and $319 million worldwide . It is currently the fourth highest grossing Nickelodeon film , behind The SpongeBob Movie : Sponge Out of Water ( 2015 ) , Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2014 ) , and The Adventures of Tintin ( 2011 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Visual effects 3.5 Music 4 Casting controversy 5 Marketing 5.1 Promotion 5.2 Graphic novels 6 Release 6.1 Home media 7 Reception 7.1 Box office 7.2 Critical response 7.3 Creators ' responses 7.4 Director 's responses 7.5 Awards and nominations 8 Possible sequels 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Plot ( edit ) 15 - year - old Sokka and his 14 - year - old sister , Katara , are near a river at the Southern Water Tribe , a small village in the South Pole . While hunting , they discover an iceberg that when broken open shoots a beam of light into the sky . Inside of the iceberg is a 12 - year - old boy named Aang and a giant flying bison named Appa . Unknown to them , Aang is the long - lost Avatar -- the only person capable of `` bending '' all 4 elements of Air , Water , Earth and Fire . A century has passed since the Fire Nation has declared war on the other 3 nations of Air , Water , and Earth in their attempt to conquer the world . Zuko is the scarred 16 - year - old exiled prince of the Fire Nation on a quest to find the Avatar and bring him to his father , Fire Lord Ozai , so he can regain his honor . Seeing the light that appeared from Aang 's release , Zuko and some Fire Nation soldiers arrive at the Southern Water Tribe to demand the villagers hand over the Avatar . Aang reveals himself and surrenders to Zuko on the condition that he agrees to leave the village alone . On the ship , Aang is tested by Zuko 's paternal uncle Iroh to confirm he is the Avatar . After being informed that he is to be their prisoner for passing the test , Aang escapes using his glider and flies to his flying bison brought by Katara and Sokka . Aang and his new friends visit the Southern Air Temple where they meet a winged lemur , who Aang later names Momo . Aang also learns that he was in the ice for a whole century and that the Fire Nation wiped out all of the Air Nomads , including his guardian , Monk Gyatso . In despair , he enters the Avatar State and finds himself in the Spirit World where he encounters a Dragon Spirit . Katara 's pleas bring Aang back out of the Avatar State . To seek shelter , Aang 's group arrives at a little Earth Kingdom village controlled by the Fire Nation , but they are arrested and taken to a prison for Earthbenders surrounded by earth because Katara tries to help a young boy escape from Fire Nation soldiers . They incite a rebellion by reminding the disgruntled Earthbenders that Earth was given to them . Aang tells Katara and Sokka that he only knows airbending and he must master the other three elements . Katara is given a waterbending scroll that she uses to greatly strengthen and hone her waterbending abilities and to help Aang learn as they make their way to the Northern Water Tribe ( where Aang will be able to learn from waterbending masters ) and liberate more Earth Kingdom villages in the process , weakening the Fire Nation 's food and water supplies . During a side track to the Northern Air Temple on his own , Aang is betrayed by a Southern Earth Kingdom peasant and captured by a group of Fire Nation archers , led by Commander Zhao , a Fire Nation Commander appointed by the Fire Lord . However , a masked marauder , the `` Blue Spirit '' , helps Aang escape from his imprisonment , fighting off the Fire Nation soldiers under Zhao 's command until the blue spirit realises they will be overwhelmed , at which point he takes Aang hostage to negotiate their way out . During the prison break , Zhao realizes that Zuko is the masked vigilante . He arranges to kill the prince , first by having a crossbowman fire a bolt over a huge distance that shatters the lower half of Zuko 's mask and knocks him out , however Aang uses his skills to bend a cloud across the bridge connecting the prison to the other side of the valley , causing the Fire Nation soldiers in pursuit to stop in fear . With the cloud covering their escape , Aang escapes with an unconscious Zuko into a nearby forest and watches over Zuko until morning , when he leaves to reunite with Sokka and Katara . Zhao tries again to kill Zuko , this time by rupturing a gas pipe running through Zuko 's quarters on Iroh 's ship . Noticing the danger , Zuko manages to survive the attempt on his life with Iroh 's help . He sneaks aboard Zhao 's lead ship as his fleet departs for the Northern Water Tribe , which is a heavy fortress , to capture the Avatar . Upon arriving , Aang 's group is welcomed warmly by the citizens of the Northern Water Tribe . Sokka quickly befriends the Northern Water Tribe princess , Yue . After a few agreements , a waterbending master , Pakku , teaches Aang waterbending . Katara also becomes a much stronger and more powerful waterbender due to her training with Master Pakku . Soon , the Fire Nation arrives and Zhao begins his attack while Zuko begins his search for the Avatar on his own . After defeating Katara in a battle , Zuko captures Aang as he enters the Spirit World to find the Dragon Spirit to give him the wisdom to defeat the Fire Nation who tells him to let his emotions `` flow like water '' . Returning to his body , Aang battles Zuko before Katara freezes him . Before leaving to join the battle , Aang lowers the ice so that Zuko can breathe . As the battle escalates , Iroh watches Zhao capture the Moon Spirit , with which its Ocean Spirit counterpart had assumed the form of a fish . Despite Iroh 's pleas , Zhao kills the Moon Spirit to strip all of the waterbenders of their ability to waterbend . Iroh , enraged by Zhao 's disrespect for sacredness and by his actions to unbalance the world , reveals the extent of his mastery of firebending by using his chi to create huge flame jets from his wrists , scaring Zhao and his entourage of Fire Nation Soldiers out of the sacred cave . Yue explains to everyone that the Moon Spirit gave her life and , with Iroh 's help , realises she can give her life back to the Moon Spirit as she dies in the process . With the tables turned , Zhao finds out Zuko survived . They almost fight before Iroh appears and tells Zuko it 's not worth it . Zhao attempts one more time to kill Zuko with a massive blast of fire , which Iroh manages to deflect . Zhao is drowned by waterbenders after Zuko and Iroh leave him to his fate . Aang remembers his life before being trapped in the ice , including when he left his home , seeing his master 's face . With his waterbending powers and his emotions `` flowing like water '' , Aang enters the Avatar State and raises the ocean into a gigantic wall to drive the armada back . Aang now fully embraces his destiny as the Avatar as he , Katara and Sokka prepare to continue their journey to the Earth Kingdom to find an earthbending teacher for Aang . The Fire Lord learns of the defeat ; angry over the betrayal of his brother Iroh and the failure of his eldest son Zuko , he tasks his youngest daughter , Zuko 's sister , Azula to stop the Avatar from mastering Earth and Fire before the arrival of Sozin 's Comet . Cast ( edit ) See also : List of Avatar : The Last Airbender characters Noah Ringer as Aang An airbender who disappeared from public sight a hundred years ago . While chronologically one hundred and thirteen years old , Aang still retains his biological age of twelve . He is the latest incarnation of the Avatar Spirit . Though he is capable of bending all four elements , at the beginning of the film he has only learned to airbend . Dev Patel as Prince Zuko Age sixteen . A Fire Nation prince who travels with his Uncle Iroh . The former heir to the throne , he was exiled by his father , Fire Lord Ozai , who caused him a facial scar following a battle with him and ordered to capture the Avatar ( who had not been seen in almost a century , making the assignment a wild - goose chase ) in order to regain his lost honor . Nicola Peltz as Katara Age fourteen . A girl of the Southern Water Tribe and its last remaining waterbender . Since the death of her mother , Kya , she has served as the motherly figure in her family , and is no stranger to responsibility despite her young age . Jackson Rathbone as Sokka Age fifteen . He is Katara 's brother and a warrior from the Southern Water Tribe . He can be condescending , and has no waterbending abilities . He often takes up leadership roles by virtue of coming up with most of the workable plans and tactics . Shaun Toub as Uncle Iroh Zuko 's paternal uncle and the brother of Fire Lord Ozai . He is very easy - going and friendly , and often acts as a surrogate father to Zuko . Formerly a great general of the Fire Nation , personal tragedies led to his retirement , and the role of heir - presumptive passed to his younger brother . He is the only firebender shown in the film who is advanced enough to bend fire using only his chi . Aasif Mandvi as Commander Zhao A hot - tempered Fire Nation Commander in pursuit of the Avatar . He is Zuko 's principal rival . He has an obsession with libraries . Seychelle Gabriel as Princess Yue The princess of the Northern Water Tribe , who was Sokka 's romantic love interest . In a tragic turn of events , she sacrificed herself to save the water tribe and the balance of the planet , by turning into the moon . Cliff Curtis as Fire Lord Ozai The mighty leader of the Fire Nation , the brother of Iroh , and the father of Prince Zuko and Princess Azula . Summer Bishil as Princess Azula Age fifteen . She is the daughter of Fire Lord Ozai and sister to Prince Zuko . She appears once at the battle where Zuko refuses to fight and again at the end where she accepts the role as hunter of her older brother and uncle , and destroying the Avatar . Francis Guinan as Master Pakku A waterbending master of the Northern Water Tribe , who taught Aang to waterbend . Randall Duk Kim as Old man in temple An Earth Kingdom villager , who often visits the remains of the Northern Air Temple . Isaac Jin Solstein as Haru He started the prison uprising by earthbending a pebble to the back of the lead Fire Nation soldier 's head . Keong Sim as Tyro He and other earthbenders in his occupied village agreed to be imprisoned in exchange for the non-benders being allowed to live in peace . John Noble as Dragon Spirit A new composite character taking over the roles of Avatar Roku , Fang , Koh and Guru Pathik from the cartoon series . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) According to an interview with the co-creators in SFX magazine , Shyamalan came across Avatar when his daughter wanted to be Katara for Halloween . Intrigued , Shyamalan researched and watched the series with his family . `` Watching Avatar has become a family event in my house ... so we are looking forward to how the story develops in season three , '' said Shyamalan . `` Once I saw the amazing world that Mike and Bryan created , I knew it would make a great feature film . '' He added he was attracted to the spiritual and martial arts influences on the show . Avatar : The Last Airbender co-creators Michael Dante DiMartino and Bryan Konietzko voiced their opinion within an interview regarding Shyamalan writing , directing , and producing the film . The two displayed much enthusiasm over Shyamalan 's decision for the adaptation , stating that they admire his work and , in turn , he respects their material . Producer Frank Marshall explained that they have high hopes to stick to a PG rating . `` I 'm not even sure we want to get in the PG - 13 realm . Furthermore , Shyamalan said , `` A lot of the inspiration for the direction we took comes from a friend of mine . A Nathan Blackmer helped shape this Idea into the film it became . I took away a little bit of the slapsticky stuff that was there for the little little kids , the fart jokes and things like that ... We grounded Katara 's brother ... and that really did wonderful things for the whole theme of the movie . '' Paramount 's president Brad Grey said that despite the director 's career being inconsistent , he `` believed in ( Shyamalan 's ) vision and that he could execute it , '' adding that `` It 's a bold step because he had to create a potential new franchise . '' The studio was willing to spend $250 million in a trilogy of films , one for each season . The Last Airbender 's budget wound up being $150 million , with later over $130 million being spent on marketing costs , making it Shyamalan 's most expensive film . During production , the name Avatar was removed from the title to avoid confusion with the highly - successful 2009 film Avatar . Casting ( edit ) Shyamalan originally offered the roles of Aang to Noah Ringer ; Sokka to Jackson Rathbone ; Katara to Nicola Peltz ; and Zuko to Jesse McCartney . In an interview with People , Shyamalan claimed that he did not want to make The Last Airbender without Nicola Peltz , `` I said that only once before in my career , and that was when I met Haley in The Sixth Sense auditions . '' In February 2009 , Dev Patel replaced Jesse McCartney , whose tour dates conflicted with a boot camp scheduled for the cast to train in martial arts . Katharine Houghton played `` Gran Gran '' , the grandmother of Katara and Sokka , and Seychelle Gabriel portrayed Princess Yue , another of Sokka 's love interests and princess of the Northern Water Tribe . Isaac Jin Solstein played an earthbending boy . Comedian Aasif Mandvi played Commander Zhao , Cliff Curtis played Fire Lord Ozai , and Keong Sim was cast in the role of an Earthbender . Ringer began practicing Taekwondo -- the martial art and national sport of Korea -- at the age of 10 . His skills later garnered accolades , including the title of American Taekwondo Association Texas State Champion . He began shaving his head during his martial arts training to help cool off , which gave him the nickname `` Avatar '' due to his resemblance to Aang from the animated series . When he heard about the film adaptation , he made an audition tape with his instructor and sent it to the filmmakers . He had n't worked on a film before , but his resemblance to Aang -- enhanced by painting a blue arrow on his already shaved head , swung him the role . Having not acted before , Ringer was required to attend acting school a month before filming commenced . Peltz was familiar with the character before submitting for the part of Katara , having faithfully watched Avatar : The Last Airbender , the animated series on which the film is based , with her younger twin brothers . She describes her character as being a big role model with young girls and women , `` She 's really mentally and physically strong , strong - willed and - minded , but she 's also caring and compassionate ... The movie has a lot of values , but it 's also fun . It 's fantasy , but it 's also a really cool battle between good and evil . '' She explained that she initially did n't know about Rathbone starring in the Twilight films until after she met him and said that working with Shyamalan was an amazing experience . Rathbone , who originally auditioned for the role of Zuko , was approached by Shyamalan to audition for the film . After waiting for six months , he received a call informing him that he was cast as Sokka . Rathbone stated that his favorite scenes were the fight sequences , which he prepared for by stickfighting . Before Slumdog Millionaire was released , Patel auditioned for the role of Zuko by submitting a tape to the studio . Shyamalan called Patel personally to inform him that he got the part . Training for the film was intense , as he had to learn Wushu and different martial arts . Patel recalls fighting , punching , and throwing and said the experience was `` truly amazing . '' While he was filming Slumdog in India , he would finish a take and turn one of the channels over to the animated series . Even though it is based on a cartoon , he wanted to bring as much of himself as possible to the character he was portraying . Shaun Toub , who was cast as Iroh , describes his character in the first film as `` loose '' and `` free '' . He compares Zuko 's `` obsession '' to his childhood memories and how kids are always looking for their parents ' approval , saying that Zuko just wants his father 's . `` He is n't necessarily bad , he just has a great deal of built up anger and forgets to consider others . I think people will understand that he 's not bad , he 's just angry and hurting because he really wants his father to love him , but his father is too busy with other things . '' He says that Patel is an `` 18 year old with all this energy , '' and that Patel was able to influence him into appreciating the business of filmmaking more . While comparing the animated series to the film , he says the film is much more serious . He attributed this change to the director trying to relate to every age group , rather than just kids . Filming ( edit ) Pre-production began in late 2008 , while filming began in March 2009 in Greenland . After two weeks , the cast and crew moved to Reading , Pennsylvania , where production designers and special - effects crews worked for several weeks , preparing the local site for the film . A production team scouting the area found the pagoda on Mount Penn , which served as an ancient temple in the film . Reading mayor Tom McMahon explained that crews made road improvements and buried electrical lines surrounding the structure . Filming also took place in Ontelaunee Township and at the William Penn Memorial Fire Tower in Pennsylvania after the production crew finished at the Pagoda . When asked about shooting the film in Reading , Pamela Shupp , vice president of Berks Economic Development said , `` They needed buildings to shoot all the interiors , and were looking for a group of buildings with high ceilings and specific column spacing . We showed them a number of buildings , but we could n't come up with enough to meet their requirements . So the interiors will be shot in Philadelphia . '' Visual effects ( edit ) With a film as technologically advanced as Avatar , the expectations of realistically throwing balls of fire and water were pushed to the limit on The Last Airbender . Pablo Helman , who previously worked on Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones , was the visual effects supervisor for the Industrial Light and Magic team on the film . He worked closely with Shyamalan , reviewing each scene and talking about the visual effects needed to tell the story , and ultimately worked with about 300 people to reflect the director 's vision , who he said planned it all in a story - board book . Upper : Water being animated . Lower : Final version of animated scene . Industrial Light and Magic was posed with visualizing the elemental tribes of Air , Water , Earth , and Fire ; most importantly creating the `` bending '' styles of these elements . Additionally , they were required to animate creatures and enhance stunt work with digital doubles . `` The work was challenging , '' shares Helman . `` We had to figure out what `` bending '' is for fire , water , air and earth . '' The project was started without the desired technology needed to create the effects . Rather than software , computer graphic cards were the basis for `` bending '' the elements , allowing previews to be viewed more swiftly . This resulted in Shyamalan having to direct more than sixty takes before the effect was finished and lined up with his visions . Due to reality - based expectations , fire and water were the hardest elements to effectively bend , and because of particle work which was unable to be rendered in hardware , earth bending also was difficult to create . With water , the variety in different scales required Helman and his team to create different techniques . The concept for air was derived from the animation of the television series . To create the air bending effect , visual effects art director Christian Alzman and digital matte department supervisor Barry Williams explained that seeing dust and snow particles , rather than seeing the air itself , helped shape the real world effect of bending the element . Before the bending effects could be applied though , the actor 's movements had to be matched ; Shyamalan therefore wanted each character 's bending styles to be unique to fit with their unique personalities . The challenge for fire did n't come with making it look realistic , but rather making the fire behave in an unrealistic way that would be believable to the audience . The film that inspired The Last Airbender 's fire style was the sixth Harry Potter film , which was re-engineered to reflect two - dimensional simulations . Helman 's team referenced images of flames being pushed through the air by giant fans for certain shots needed throughout the film . The team also considered using a meshed image of real and digital fire , but in the end , went with the richer , deeper texture of computer generated flame . In matte paintings , this was the biggest show that Helman had ever done . The paintings had to be in 3D because the visual style included long duration shots in which the camera always moved . The climax , which was enacted on a 200 by 200 feet ( 61 m × 61 m ) set , had to be incorporated with still of the landscapes shot in Greenland , as well as the low - angle lighting that was captured on location there . The camera was animated to get angles needed for different shots in the film by importing these stills into the computer . Multiple cameras were used to capture the different wire - work and animation that was used to create the creatures and many fight scenes within the film . In creating these creatures , the team referenced nature . In order for them to be believable , they looked for examples of the same size and weight as the animated character and then developed hybrids from different animals to make each species unique . This was done by observing actual animals to get a take on how they would act . Shyamalan 's take on the personality of each creature also influenced the creation stage of the creatures . For example , the lemur Momo has flying mechanics based on a giant fruit bat . Other elements , such as texturing , hair or scale simulation , and light and shadow complimentary to the live action , were added to make the final animation appear as real as possible during the later stages of character development . Paramount Pictures made an announcement in late April 2010 , revealing that The Last Airbender would be released in 3D . This decision came after an increasing number of films being made or converted to 3D , such as Avatar , Alice in Wonderland and Clash of the Titans , made a decent profit at the box office . Although Helman stated that Shyamalan 's way of shooting without fast edits and the film 's visuals could lend itself to the 3D conversion well , James Cameron voiced his disapproval on any film being converted using this process , saying , `` You can slap a 3 - D label on it and call it 3 - D , but there 's no possible way that it can be done up to a standard that anybody would consider high enough . '' Despite this , Shyamalan opted to work with Stereo D LLC , the company who worked on James Cameron 's own Avatar . The conversion process for the film cost between $5 million and $10 million , adding to the reported $100 million that already went into the film . Music ( edit ) Main article : The Last Airbender ( soundtrack ) In December 2008 , James Newton Howard was announced as the composer for The Last Airbender . The film marks the seventh collaboration between Howard and M. Night Shyamalan , after the 2008 film The Happening . Howard had received acclaim for his work with Hans Zimmer on The Dark Knight . On May 13 , 2009 , producer Frank Marshall announced that Howard was recording music for the teaser trailer that was later released that summer ; it was later confirmed by Frank Marshall that all of the film 's trailers featured original music by Howard himself . The soundtrack , released by Lakeshore Records on June 29 , 2010 , required Howard to hire a 119 - member ensemble . Running at about 66 minutes , it contains eleven tracks ranging from three to seven minutes , with a twelfth track , called `` Airbender Suite '' running at nearly eleven minutes . Reviews for the score were overwhelmingly positive . Casting controversy ( edit ) Main article : Racebending The casting of white actors in the East Asian and Inuit - influenced Avatar universe , as well as the fact that the casting of the heroes and villains seemed to be backward racially from the show , triggered negative reactions from some fans marked by accusations of racism , a letter - writing campaign , and various protests . `` To take this incredibly loved children 's series , and really distort not only the ethnicity of the individual characters but the message of acceptance and cultural diversity that the original series advocated , is a huge blow , '' said Michael Le of Racebending.com , a fan site calling for a boycott of the martial - arts fantasy . As a result of the casting , the Media Action Network for Asian - Americans urged a film boycott for the first time in the organization 's 18 - year history . `` This was a great opportunity to create new Asian - American stars ... I 'm disappointed . '' stated Guy Aoki , president of the organization . After a casting call specifically looking for `` Caucasians and other ethnicities , '' Shyamalan explained that `` Ultimately , this movie , and then the three movies , will be the most culturally diverse tent - pole movies ever released , period . '' Furthermore , Paramount provided a statement about the casting choices , `` The movie has 23 credited speaking roles -- more than half of which feature Asian and Pan Asian actors of Korean , Japanese and Indian descent . The filmmaker 's interpretation reflects the myriad qualities that have made this series a global phenomenon . We believe fans of the original and new audiences alike will respond positively once they see it . '' Shyamalan commented on the issues regarding fans ' perceptions of the casting in an interview with Washington Post columnist Jen Chaney , saying , `` Anime is based on ambiguous facial features . It 's meant to be interpretive . It 's meant to be inclusive of all races , and you can see yourself in all these characters ... This is a multicultural movie and I 'm going to make it even more multicultural in my approach to its casting . There 's African - Americans in the movie ... so it 's a source of pride for me . The irony that ( protesters ) would label this with anything but the greatest pride , that the movie poster has Noah and Dev on it and my name on it . I do n't know what else to do . '' In this quote , Shyamalan 's reference to Noah Ringer can be explained by Noah 's self - identification of his ancestry as `` American Indian , '' although critics of the film 's casting have presumed that the actor is simply `` white '' when making their complaints . Rathbone was also one to dismiss the complaints in an interview with MTV , saying , `` I think it 's one of those things where I pull my hair up , shave the sides , and I definitely need a tan . It 's one of those things where , hopefully , the audience will suspend disbelief a little bit . '' The controversy was poorly received by critics as well . Film critic Roger Ebert was one of the critical voices against the casting . When asked about casting a white cast to portray the characters , he said , `` The original series Avatar : The Last Airbender was highly regarded and popular for three seasons on Nickelodeon . Its fans take it for granted that its heroes are Asian . Why would Paramount and Shyamalan go out of their way to offend these fans ? There are many young Asian actors capable of playing the parts . '' Jevon Phillips of the Los Angeles Times noted that despite Shyamalan 's attempts to defuse the situation , `` this is definitely not an issue that will fade away or be overlooked '' and that this film exemplifies the need for a debate within Hollywood about racial diversity in its films . In July 2013 , series co-creator Bryan Konietzko responded to an online comment about skin color in The Legend of Korra . Konietzko wrote that his work on the two series `` speaks for itself which obviously does not include the gross misinterpretations and misrepresentations of our work in ( Shyamalan 's ) work . '' Marketing ( edit ) Promotion ( edit ) The teaser trailer for the film was attached to Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen , released in theaters on June 24 , 2009 . The teaser trailer was also shown exclusively on the June 22 , 2009 episode of Entertainment Tonight . The trailer shows Aang airbending in a temple which is being attacked by a multitude of Fire Nation ships . A trailer was to be released around Christmas 2009 , but it was pushed back until February 2010 because not enough visual effects shots were completed . This trailer was attached to the first Percy Jackson & the Olympians : The Lightning Thief film released on February 12 , 2010 . A trailer was later released on March 25 , 2010 . It was then attached with How to Train Your Dragon . The last theatrical trailer is attached to Iron Man 2 which was released May 7 , 2010 . The first TV spot aired during Super Bowl XLIV on February 7 , 2010 . It showed parts of the film that were not shown in the teaser trailer and had no diagetic dialogue , but merely narration . On February 10 , the theatrical trailer was released online . It shows multiple scenes from the film and is an expanded version of the first TV spot . McDonald 's sold Happy Meals to promote the film . On February 9 , 2010 , Nickelodeon Consumer Products also debuted the upcoming line of toys based on The Last Airbender . It includes various 3 ​ ⁄ - inch action figures , as well as larger , action - enabled figures , costumes and other props . Among the toys featured in the line were figures based on Aang , Prince Zuko , Sokka , Katara , and a fully ride - able Appa the Sky Bison . `` We worked very closely with M. Night , the rest of the Paramount team and our in - house design team , along with our partner Spin - Master , to come up with the right assortment , the right size for these action figures and make sure we had representation of all the nations within the ' Airbender ' series , '' said Nickelodeon 's Lourdes Arocho . The Last Airbender action figures are expected to be released in three `` waves '' ; wave one on June 1 , wave two near the film 's July release date , and wave three near the 2010 holiday season . THQ Studio Australia also developed a video game based on the film . Titled The Last Airbender , it was released on June 29 , 2010 for the Wii and the Nintendo DS . Graphic novels ( edit ) Two original black - and - white graphic novels , entitled The Last Airbender Prequel : Zuko 's Story and The Last Airbender , drawn in the manga style , were written by Dave Roman and Alison Wilgus . `` We 're excited to be working with Nickelodeon to bring these great stories to the manga audience '' , says Dallas Middaugh , Associate Publisher of Del Rey Manga . `` Avatar : The Last Airbender has shown incredible crossover appeal with manga fans . The release of The Last Airbender movie and original tie - in manga gives us the chance to share completely new stories with Avatar fans looking for more about Aang , Zuko , and their favorite characters . '' The second manga , The Last Airbender , illustrated by Joon Choi , was released on June 22 , 2010 . The plot , like the film , is a condensed version of the first season of the series . The prequel , Zuko 's Story , is co-written by Alison Wilgus and Dave Roman and illustrated by Nina Matsumoto and was released on May 18 , 2010 . The synopsis for the graphic novel was released in early 2010 , `` When Prince Zuko dared to question authority , his father , Fire Lord Ozai , banished him from the Fire Nation . Horribly scarred and stripped of everything he held dear , Zuko has wandered the earth for almost three years in search of his only chance at redemption : the Avatar , a mystical being who once kept the four nations in balance . Everyone he encounters believes that this is an impossible task , as the Avatar disappeared a century ago . But Zuko stubbornly continues the search . He must regain his honor , so his quest is all he has left . '' Roman and Wilgus , who developed comics based on the series for Nick Magazine , consulted series creators Mike Dante DiMartino and Bryan Konietzko , and head writer for the show Aaron Ehasz while they were developing Zuko 's Story . The four wanted to try a comic that would fit into with the continuity of the show . The prequel , though mostly associated with the film , was meant to be a prequel to the series . Roman explained , `` In a lot of ways , it 's like an expanded origin . With the film and the series , there are differences and there are places where they split off , but the setup for both is exactly the same -- so when you 're introduced to the characters , that 's the part where they 're completely identical . '' The prequel allowed the expansions of different details told in the series ; for example , an episode called `` The Blue Spirit '' in the series was seen in the film . However , since explaining everything that happened in that episode was hard to translate onto film , the prequel allowed for them to `` delve '' into that specific story . What more , when asked about whether he answered some questions that were left open at the end of the series , Roman stated that , while he had a strong relationship with the show 's creators and got their blessing for his project , it was n't his plot to address . Release ( edit ) The Last Airbender was rumored to be released in the summer of 2010 before it received a formal release date of July 1 , 2010 . To avoid confusion with James Cameron 's Avatar , the title was changed from Avatar : The Last Airbender to simply The Last Airbender . On June 16 , 2010 , it was revealed that the film would be released on July 1 , 2010 , and after questions about the definition of the release being limited or wide , was later confirmed by the studio to be a full nationwide release . The film premiered in New York City on June 30 , 2010 , and opened the following day in 3,169 theaters , against The Twilight Saga : Eclipse which also stars Jackson Rathbone . Home Media ( edit ) The Last Airbender was released on DVD and Blu - ray on November 16 , 2010 . At the same time , a Blu - ray 3D version was also made available exclusively at Best Buy locations . The Last Airbender grossed $12,757,094 and sold a total of 750,859 units in its first week on DVD . The Last Airbender was re-released on DVD and Blu - ray on April 25 , 2017 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) The Last Airbender had grossed $131,772,187 in the United States , and $187,941,694 in other countries , making for a total of $319,713,881 worldwide . On its opening day in the United States , The Last Airbender made $16,614,112 , ranking fifth overall for Thursday openings . For its opening three - day , Fourth of July weekend , The Last Airbender accumulated a total of $40,325,019 . The following Monday , it grossed $11,479,213. 54 % of its total gross was from 3D presentations at 1,606 screens . On Thursday , July 1 , 2010 , its opening day , it debuted at # 2 behind The Twilight Saga : Eclipse . It stayed # 2 until Monday , July 5 , 2010 , when it went down to # 3 now behind Eclipse and Toy Story 3 . On July 9 , it went down to # 5 behind Despicable Me , The Twilight Saga : Eclipse , Predators , and Toy Story 3 . By Friday , July 23 , it was down to # 9 behind Inception , Salt , Despicable Me , Ramona and Beezus , The Sorcerer 's Apprentice , Toy Story 3 , Grown Ups , and Eclipse . Opening overseas in 923 sites , the film grossed an estimated $9 million , $8 million of which was from 870 sites in Russia , making it the number one film there . The film grossed $9.4 million from its second weekend in overseas markets . The film was the twentieth highest - grossing film of 2010 . Critical response ( edit ) The film was panned by critics and fans of the TV show alike . Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes gave a 6 % approval rating based on 183 reviews with an average rating of 2.8 out of 10 , making it the lowest rated film ever produced by Nickelodeon Movies , and Shyamalan 's worst - reviewed film to date . The consensus was `` The Last Airbender squanders its popular source material with incomprehensible plotting , horrible acting , and detached joyless direction . '' By comparison , Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating based on reviews from the top mainstream critics , calculated an average score of 20 out of 100 , based on 33 reviews , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . CinemaScore polls reported that the average grade moviegoers gave the film was `` C '' on an A+ to F scale . Liam Lacey of The Globe and Mail stated the film had little chance to develop its characters and therefore suffered , with the overall storyline of the film becoming a run - on narrative . According to Owen Gleiberman from Entertainment Weekly , who gave the film a C , `` The Last Airbender keeps throwing things at you , but its final effect is , in every way , flat . '' Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film half a star in his review , stating that it `` bores and alienates its audiences , '' and notes the poor use of 3D among the film 's faults . Keith Phipps of The A.V. Club gave the film an F , criticizing the performances of the child actors , overuse of exposition , and shoehorned 3D special effects , calling it the worst summer blockbuster of 2010 . Kirk Honeycutt of The Hollywood Reporter said that the lack of correct casting caused the film to lose substantial credibility in regard to its source material , but did praise the casting and acting of Noah Ringer as Aang . Peter Debruge of Variety criticized the casting and the score , saying that the overall effect of each play into making the film a bore . Rifftrax put the film at number 5 of The top 10 Worst Movies of All Time , saying `` We CAN state for the record that it is quite easy to detest this movie even if you 've never seen a frame of the TV show . '' `` The Last Airbender '' is an agonizing experience in every category I can think of and others still waiting to be invented . The laws of chance suggest that something should have gone right . Not here . It puts a nail in the coffin of low - rent 3D , but it will need a lot more coffins than that . -- Roger Ebert , Sun Times Charlie Jane Anders in the review by io9 criticized `` the personality - free hero , the nonsensical plot twists , the CG clutter , the bland romance , the new - age pablum ... '' , concluding that `` Shyamalan 's true achievement in this film is that he takes a thrilling cult TV series , Avatar : The Last Airbender , and he systematically leeches all the personality and soul out of it -- in order to create something generic enough to serve as a universal spoof of every epic , ever . '' Anders summarized the experience of watching the film by stating that , `` Actually , my exact words when I walked out of this film were , ' Wow , this makes Dragonball Evolution look like a masterpiece . ' '' Ai n't It Cool News ' review questioned why Shyamalan was allowed to write the script , as well as why he was even chosen to direct such a high - profile film after a string of previous flops : `` Burdened by ( a ) never - ending onslaught of expository dialogue awkwardly delivered by actors giving career - worst performances across the board , The Last Airbender is so outrageously bad it 's a wonder it ever got before cameras . '' Scott Bowles of USA Today gave a generally favorable review , claiming that Shyamalan delivered on fight scenes and the film worked as a kid 's film , although he also added that poor scriptwriting made some of the performances sound wooden . Another favorable review came from Stephanie Zacharek of MovieLine , who praises the way Shyamalan captures the art of action and human motion . David Roark of Relevant Magazine accused other critics of having a bias against Shyamalan and gave the film a positive review , stating that its visuals and heart far outweighed the clunky plotting and `` awful '' dialogue . Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian noted an unfortunate linguistic problem that reduced British viewers to `` a state of nervous collapse '' due to laughter . In British English , ' bent ' is a slang term for gay , with ' bender ' meaning a gay man , giving an entirely different meaning to lines such as , `` I could tell at once that you were a bender . '' Bradshaw commented that the response from the audience to such lines was `` deafeningly immature '' and would `` inevitably be repeated in every cinema in the land showing The Last Airbender . '' Creators ' responses ( edit ) In a Reddit AmA thread by Dante Basco , the original voice of Prince Zuko , when he was asked what he thought of the Last Airbender film , he responded by saying that Konietzko and DiMartino told him not to see it . The creators officially said that they would like to pretend the film does not exist . Bryan and Mike spoke extensively about how the project was given the go - ahead without their approval , and when they tried to provide input it was ignored . Director 's responses ( edit ) In a Vulture interview , Shyamalan argued that his style and art - form of storytelling resulted in the negative reviews of the film and compared it to asking a painter to change to a different style : `` I bring as much integrity to the table as humanly possible . It must be a language thing , in terms of a particular accent , a storytelling accent . I can only see it this certain way and I do n't know how to think in another language . I think these are exactly the visions that are in my head , so I do n't know how to adjust it without being me . '' Shyamalan also addressed criticisms about the barely 90 minute runtime of the film , which was considered bizarre given that it had to condense a 20 - episode TV season into one film , and is a far shorter runtime than is typical for summer blockbusters . Shyamalan 's response was that all of his previous films were 90 minutes , because they were small - scale supernatural thrillers , and as a result his instinct for the pacing of the film was to edit it down to 90 minutes . This short runtime indirectly led to several other problems which multiple critics listed above objected to : characters frequently resort to giving long speeches of exposition to summarize entire scenes that were cut for time , and a running voiceover commentary by Katara was added in which she summarizes entire subplots ( e.g. Sokka 's relationship with Yue ) that barely appear on screen . Awards and nominations ( edit ) The Last Airbender received nine nominations at the 31st Golden Raspberry Awards including Worst Picture . The film went on to sweep the Razzies with five awards : Worst Picture , Worst Director ( Shyamalan ) , Worst Screenplay ( Shyamalan ) , Worst Supporting Actor ( Jackson Rathbone ) , and a special award , `` Worst Eye - Gouging Mis - Use of 3D . '' Award Year Category Nominee Result Teen Choice Awards Choice Summer : Movie The Last Airbender Nominated International Film Music Critics Association Film Music Composition of the Year for `` Flow Like Water '' James Newton Howard Best Original Score for a Fantasy / Science Fiction / Horror film Young Artist Award Best Performance in a Feature Film ( Leading Young Actor ) Noah Ringer Best Performance in a Feature Film ( Supporting Young Actress ) Seychelle Gabriel 31st Golden Raspberry Awards Worst Picture Frank Marshall , Sam Mercer and M. Night Shyamalan Won Worst Director M. Night Shyamalan Worst Screenplay Worst Supporting Actor Dev Patel Nominated Jackson Rathbone , also for The Twilight Saga : Eclipse Won Worst Supporting Actress Nicola Peltz Nominated Worst Screen Couple The Entire Cast Worst Prequel , Remake , Rip - off or Sequel The Last Airbender Worst Eye - Gouging Mis - Use of 3D Won Possible sequels ( edit ) Shyamalan or Paramount / Nickelodeon did not immediately confirm the `` go - ahead '' or whether the plug will be pulled on the trilogy . While filming The Last Airbender , Shyamalan mapped out a rough draft for a second film that is `` darker '' and includes Azula , portrayed by Summer Bishil , as the main antagonist . In a July 2010 interview with New York Magazine , Shyamalan commented `` In the next few months we 'll be able to know whether we have that opportunity or not '' when asked about the sequel . No such announcement was made and in a September 2010 interview when asked if he knew when the sequel will be made , he replied , `` I do n't , because there are so many factors they take into account '' , adding , `` I guess it will get into an area where it becomes a discussion -- like pros and cons . '' In September 2015 , Shyamalan confirmed to Metro UK that he may work on the sequel after completing his next thriller , which started shooting in November 2015 . See also ( edit ) Film in the United States portal 2010s portal Whitewashing in film References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Last Airbender ( 2010 ) '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved January 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Last Airbender ( 2010 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . August 22 , 2010 . Retrieved August 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Last Airbender Movie '' . Moviefone.com . June 24 , 2010 . Retrieved June 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` THE LAST AIRBENDER ( 12A ) '' . Paramount Pictures . British Board of Film Classification . June 21 , 2010 . Retrieved August 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Eller , Claudia ( June 25 , 2010 ) . `` Last Airbender carries Shyamalan into new territory '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2010 . Retrieved June 25 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Last Airbender -- Box Office Data , Movie News , Cast Information '' . The Numbers . August 20 , 2010 . Retrieved August 22 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : DiOrio , Carl ( June 16 , 2010 ) . `` Last Airbender release moved up one day '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Marnell , Blair . `` ' Last Airbender ' Star Noah Ringer Joins ' Cowboys And Aliens ' Cast . '' MTV . April 19 , 2010 . Web . February 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sarafin , Jarrod ( June 10 , 2008 ) . `` Paramount and M. Night Shyamalan Previews Last Airbender '' . Mania Entertainment . Retrieved June 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Eclipse Dips on Thursday , ' Airbender ' Debuts Solidly '' . Box Office Mojo. 2010 - 02 - 07 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : LMCullen . `` VIPs bei der Premiere von ' The Last Airbender in 3D ' in NY '' . Eclipse Movie . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ Bryan Lufkin ( 2011 - 02 - 27 ) . `` Razzies on - the - scene : M. Night Shyamalan ' wins ' big at last night 's camp-fest '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Channel Awesome ( 2013 ) . Nostalgia Critic : The Last Airbender . In the show , the prison is on a metal ship , where no earthbending is possible , and thus , it breaks their spirit because they ca n't get away . They are powerless to stop them . Here , THEY 'RE FUCKING SURROUNDED BY THE STUFF ! ^ Jump up to : Nicole Sperling ( December 10 , 2008 ) . `` Shyamalan lines up his cast for ' The Last Airbender ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Michael Fleming ( February 1 , 2009 ) . `` Shyamalan cast floats on ' Air ' '' . Variety . Retrieved February 1 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` More are cast in M. Night Shyamalan 's Last Airbender '' . Sci Fi Wire . March 13 , 2009 . Retrieved March 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` `` Nickelodeon 's Avatar Returns to Restore Peace to The Four Corners of the World and Prepares to Face Off With the Fire Nation Once and for All '' . January 2009 . Jump up ^ Rachel Abramowitz ( January 28 , 2010 ) . `` Shyamalan Unveils Airbender Secrets '' . Los Angeles Times . M. Night Shyamalan had a sense about ' Airbender ' : ' This would make a killer movie ' Jump up ^ Mike Szymanski ( March 17 , 2007 ) . `` Avatar Creators Praise Night '' . Sci Fi Wire . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2006 . Retrieved March 17 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Secrets And Glimpses Of The Last Airbender Filming -- M. Night Shyamalan '' . io9. 2009 - 06 - 23 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ Fernandez , Jay A. ( March 15 , 2009 ) . `` Four more land ' Airbender ' roles '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Sperling , Nicole ( 2008 - 12 - 10 ) . `` Shyamalan lines up his cast for ' The Last Airbender ' EW.com '' . Hollywoodinsider.ew.com . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ Dyball , Rennie ( 2010 - 02 - 01 ) . `` 3 Reasons to Watch for Actress Nicola Peltz -- Movie News , M. Night Shyamalan , Robert Pattinson '' . People.com . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ Michael Fleming ( 2009 - 02 - 01 ) . `` Shyamalan cast floats on ' Air ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Slumdog Millionaire Star Joins The Last Airbender / Film '' . Slashfilm.com. 2009 - 02 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Inqlings : For Manuel , a job he can phone in '' ( PDF ) . Philly.com. 2009 - 04 - 09 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ Connelly , Brendon ( June 9 , 2009 ) . `` New Last Airbender Casting Stays On Right Side Of Racebending Debate ? '' . / Film . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2010 . Retrieved January 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` More are cast in M. Night Shyamalan Last Airbender '' . Sci Fi Wire. 2009 - 03 - 13 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : June 30 , 2010 ( 2010 - 06 - 30 ) . `` The Last Airbender set visit : Nicola Peltz and Noah Ringer '' . Fangoria.com . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Dart , Allan ( 2010 - 07 - 02 ) . `` Starlog 's `` The Last Airbender '' set visit : Jackson Rathbone `` . Fangoria.com . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Jul 05 , 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 05 ) . `` Starlog 's `` Last Airbender '' set visit : Dev Patel `` . Fangoria.com . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Jul 01 , 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 01 ) . `` Starlog 's `` The Last Airbender '' set visit : Shaun Toub `` . Fangoria.com . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : George Hatza ( April 1 , 2009 ) . `` Sixth Sense director shooting new movie in Reading beginning Thursday ; Pagoda to get a close - up '' . Reading Eagle . Retrieved April 1 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` ILM Bends Fantasy into Reality in The Last Airbender Below the Line '' . Btlnews.com. 2010 - 07 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Last Airbender and ILM 's quest for fire Hero Complex Los Angeles Times '' . Latimesblogs.latimes.com . July 1 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Mike ( 2010 - 04 - 22 ) . `` Paramount And M. Night Shyamalan Make ' Airbender ' Into 3D Conversion '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Schuker , Lauren A.E. ( April 22 , 2010 ) . `` ' The Last Airbender ' to Get 3 - D Treatment '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved April 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Howell , Peter ( 2010 - 04 - 22 ) . `` Avatar 's Cameron calls for 3 - D watchdog '' . Toronto : thestar.com . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` The Last Airbender and The Green convert to 3D -- Films , Arts & Entertainment '' . London : The Independent . 2010 - 04 - 23 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` James Newton Howard To Score The Last Airbender / Film '' . Slashfilm.com. 2008 - 12 - 19 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ LeDoctor . `` Frank Marshall ( LeDoctor ) on Twitter '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` News Tidbits : Iron Man 2 , The Last Airbender and xXx 3D / Film '' . Slashfilm.com. 2010 - 04 - 02 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` The Last Airbender '' . Allmusic . Retrieved July 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Last Airbender ( James Newton Howard ) '' . Filmtracks. 2010 - 06 - 29 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Music Review : The Last Airbender Soundtrack '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer. 2010 - 06 - 27 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ Graeme McMillan ( 2008 - 12 - 17 ) . `` Avatar Casting Makes Fans See ... White '' . io9 . Gawker Media . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ Jeff Yang ( 2008 - 12 - 29 ) . `` Avatar an Asian thing - why is n't the cast ? '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ Hajela , Deepti ( 2010 - 05 - 25 ) . `` Critics : ' Airbender ' & ' Prince ' were ' whitewashed ' '' . Associated Press . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ Aucoin , Don ( 2010 - 07 - 04 ) . `` Airbender reopens race debate '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ Chaney , Jen ( 2010 - 07 - 01 ) . `` Talking with director M. Night Shyamalan about ' Last Airbender , ' race and more '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ Larry Carroll ( 2009 - 01 - 15 ) . `` Twilight Star Jackson Rathbone Hopes To ' Show His Range ' in Last Airbender '' . MTV . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Jordan ( 2010 - 05 - 21 ) . `` Racebending -- The Controversy Continues -- The Last Airbender '' . UGO.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ Roger Ebert ( December 23 , 2009 ) . `` Answer Man '' . Roger Ebert . Retrieved December 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Jevon ( 2010 - 04 - 07 ) . `` The Last Airbender is causing a casting commotion '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Konietzko , Bryan ( 3 July 2013 ) . `` This past Friday I published this post which '' . Tumblr . Retrieved 3 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( April 28 , 2009 ) . `` The Last Airbender Teaser Trailer Attached to Transformers 2 '' . / Film . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2010 . Retrieved January 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( June 20 , 2009 ) . `` A Brief First Look at The Last Airbender Teaser Trailer '' . / Film . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2010 . Retrieved January 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( August 24 , 2009 ) . `` The Last Airbender Trailer For Christmas '' . / Film . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2010 . Retrieved January 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( December 3 , 2009 ) . `` The Last Airbender Trailer Delayed Until February '' . / Film . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2010 . Retrieved January 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Steinberg , Brian ( December 21 , 2009 ) . `` Who 's Buying What in the Super Bowl 2010 '' . Advertising Age . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2010 . Retrieved January 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Alternate Trailer for The Last Airbender Online '' . ComingSoon.net. 2010 - 03 - 25 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter / Frank Marshall : New Airbender trailer is l '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ Thill , Scott ( 2010 - 02 - 05 ) . `` Last Airbender 's Super Bowl Ad Unleashes Fun '' . Wired . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` New Trailer for The Last Airbender ! '' . ComingSoon.net. 2010 - 02 - 10 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` M. Night Shyamalan 's ' The Last Airbender ' Toys Arrive ! '' . Splashpage.mtv.com. 2010 - 01 - 26 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Last Airbender : Appa and Other Characters Revealed ! '' . Screen Rant. 2010 - 02 - 09 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ US.thq.com Jump up ^ `` The Last Airbender Manga from Del Rey and Nickelodeon '' . M. Night Fans. 2009 - 07 - 30 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ Amazon.com ^ Jump up to : `` EXCLUSIVE : ' The Last Airbender : Prequel : Zuko 's Story ' Preview '' . Splashpage.mtv.com. 2010 - 05 - 13 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Last Airbender Q&A : Exploring Zuko 's Story With Co-Writer Dave Roman '' . Splashpage.mtv.com. 2010 - 05 - 17 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Stephenson , Hunter ( April 15 , 2008 ) . `` M. Night Shyamalan 's The Last Airbender Gets Release Date , Director Update , `` Avatar '' Dropped From Title `` . / FILM . Retrieved June 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Last Airbender Opens One Day Earlier '' . Jump up ^ `` Theater Counts for Week 27 of 2010 '' . Boxofficemojo.com. 2010 - 01 - 07 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Live - Action Epic Based on Nickelodeon 's Popular Series Delivers Inspiring Adventure the Whole Family Can Enjoy : The Last Airbender '' . PR Newswire . Retrieved September 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ News flash on Blu - ray 3D release Jump up ^ The-numbers.com Jump up ^ `` Opening Thursday Records at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Eclipse Swoons But Sweeps Up Over Independence Weekend '' . Box Office Mojo . July 6 , 2010 . Retrieved August 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Segers , Frank ( July 12 , 2010 ) . `` Eclipse still has bite at No. 1 overseas '' . Hollywoodreporter.com . Retrieved August 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Around - the - World Roundup : ' Inception ' Still Spinning on Top '' . Box Office Mojo. 2010 - 04 - 08 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ Boxofficemojo.com Jump up ^ `` The Last Airbender Movie Reviews '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved November 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Last Airbender ( 2010 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved September 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Audiences agree with critics on ' Last Airbender ' : It 's a stinker '' . CinemaScore . L.A. Times . 2010 - 07 - 02 . Retrieved October 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Canada . `` The Last Airbender : Another bend in Shyamalan 's career '' . Toronto : The Globe and Mail . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ Owen Gleiberman ( 2010 - 06 - 27 ) . `` The Last Airbender Movies '' . EW.com . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ Blog , Chaz 's ( 2010 - 06 - 30 ) . `` The Last Airbender '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Jump up ^ Keith Phipps ( 2010 - 06 - 30 ) . `` The Last Airbender '' . A.V. Club . The Onion . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ Honeycutt , Kirk ( 2010 - 06 - 30 ) . `` The Last Airbender -- Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Last Airbender Review -- Read Variety 's Analysis Of The Movie The Last Airbender '' . Variety.com. 2010 - 06 - 30 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ Rifftrax ( 2012 - 12 - 20 ) . `` Top 10 Worst Movies of All Time '' . Mystery Science Theater 3000 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( June 30 , 2010 ) . `` The Last Airbender : : rogerebert.com : : Reviews '' . RogerEbert.com . Sun Times . Retrieved 27 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` M. Night Shyamalan Finally Made A Comedy '' . 2010 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` If It Bends , It 's Funny ! If It Breaks , It 's Mr. Beaks 's The Last Airbender review ! '' . 2010 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ Scott Bowles ( 2010 - 07 - 01 ) . `` Shyamalan 's ' Airbender ' has some good elements '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` REVIEW : A Few Nifty Visuals Ca n't Exhausting Last Airbender '' . Movieline . 2010 - 06 - 09 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` REVIEW : The Last Airbender : David Roark Says All the Other Critics Are ( Mostly ) Wrong '' . RELEVANT Magazine . 2010 - 07 - 02 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Peter ( 2010 - 08 - 13 ) . `` Film review : The Last Airbender '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ https://www.reddit.com/r/IAmA/comments/17ybeo/i_am_rufio_prince_zuko_ama/c89x58c Jump up ^ http://www.ign.com/videos/2014/10/02/korra-creators-on-book-four-and-ending-the-series-channel-surfing-podcast Jump up ^ reznoire ( 2014 - 08 - 19 ) , Bryan Konietzko & Michael Dante DiMartino discuss The Last Airbender film , retrieved 2016 - 09 - 18 ^ Jump up to : `` M. Night Shyamalan Responds to Negative ' Airbender ' Reviews '' . New York Magazine . Jump up ^ `` Eclipse , Last Airbender Lead Razzie Nominations '' . MTV Movie News . 2011 - 01 - 24 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ Chris Tookey ( 21 February 2011 ) . `` Over-priced , over-hyped -- and they even make you feel ill . Are 3 - D films the biggest rip - off in cinema history ? '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` M Night Shyamalan 's Last Airbender wins Razzie Awards '' . BBC News . 27 February 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` The 31st Annual Razzie Awards '' . ^ Jump up to : Warmoth , Brian ( 2010 - 07 - 06 ) . `` Last Airbender 2 Will Be Darker , M. Night Shyamalan Says -- Movie News Story MTV Movie News '' . Mtv.com . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Lane Brown ( 1 July 2010 ) . `` Vulture Breaks the News to M. Night Shyamalaman About The Last Airbender 's Reviews '' . New York Magazine . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ Eric Ditzian ( 21 July 2010 ) . `` Avatar : The Last Airbender Sequel Coming To Nickelodeon '' . MTV . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ Rick Marshall ( 3 September 2010 ) . `` Will ' The Last Airbender ' Get A Sequel ? M. Night Shyamalan Ponders Potential ' Book 2 ' Adaptation '' . MTV . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Smith ( 23 April 2012 ) . `` The Last Airbender , Part 2 ( Earth ) and M. Night Shyamalaman '' . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ Hanna Flint ( September 9 , 2015 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : M. Night Shyamalan to make ' another thriller ' before The Last Airbender 2 '' . Metro UK . Retrieved September 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ali Jaafar ( August 26 , 2015 ) . `` Joaquin Phoenix , M. Night Shyamalan & Jason Blum In Talks To Reunite On New Project '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 9 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Official website The Last Airbender on IMDb The Last Airbender at Box Office Mojo The Last Airbender at Rotten Tomatoes The Last Airbender at Metacritic Ba Gua Demonstration representing style used for Air Nation characters on YouTube . Avatar Created by Michael Dante DiMartino and Bryan Konietzko The Last Airbender Episodes Book 1 : Water Book 2 : Earth Book 3 : Fire `` Sozin 's Comet '' Comics The Promise The Search The Rift Smoke and Shadow North and South Characters Aang Appa Zuko Katara Sokka Toph Beifong Iroh Azula Video games Avatar : The Last Airbender The Burning Earth Into the Inferno Other Lego Roller coaster ride Trading card game The Legend of Korra Episodes Book 1 : Air `` Welcome to Republic City '' Book 2 : Spirits `` Rebel Spirit '' `` The Southern Lights '' `` Civil Wars '' Book 3 : Change Book 4 : Balance Comics Turf Wars Characters Korra Asami Sato Bolin Mako Tenzin Lin Beifong Zaheer Kuvira Video games The Legend of Korra A New Era Begins Film The Last Airbender video game soundtrack Zuko 's Story Related Nicktoons Nitro Nicktoons MLB Book Category Nickelodeon Movies Feature films Animated The Rugrats Movie ( 1998 ) Rugrats in Paris : The Movie ( 2000 ) Jimmy Neutron : Boy Genius ( 2001 ) Hey Arnold ! : The Movie ( 2002 ) The Wild Thornberrys Movie ( 2002 ) Rugrats Go Wild ( 2003 ) The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie ( 2005 ) Barnyard ( 2006 ) Rango ( 2011 ) The Adventures of Tintin ( 2011 ) The SpongeBob Movie : Sponge Out of Water ( 2015 ) Amusement Park ( 2019 ) The SpongeBob Movie ( 2019 ) The Loud House Movie ( 2020 ) Live - action Harriet the Spy ( 1996 ) Good Burger ( 1997 ) Snow Day ( 2000 ) Clockstoppers ( 2002 ) Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events ( 2004 ) Mad Hot Ballroom ( 2005 ) Yours , Mine & Ours ( 2005 ) Nacho Libre ( 2006 ) Charlotte 's Web ( 2006 ) The Spiderwick Chronicles ( 2008 ) Angus , Thongs and Perfect Snogging ( 2008 ) Hotel for Dogs ( 2009 ) Imagine That ( 2009 ) The Last Airbender ( 2010 ) Fun Size ( 2012 ) Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2014 ) Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows ( 2016 ) Monster Trucks ( 2017 ) Film franchises Rugrats ( 1998 -- 2003 ) The Wild Thornberrys ( 2002 -- 03 ) SpongeBob SquarePants ( 2004 -- present ) The Adventures of Tintin ( 2011 -- present ) Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2014 -- 16 ) Book Category Films directed by M. Night Shyamalan Praying with Anger ( 1992 ) Wide Awake ( 1998 ) The Sixth Sense ( 1999 ) Unbreakable ( 2000 ) Signs ( 2002 ) The Village ( 2004 ) Lady in the Water ( 2006 ) The Happening ( 2008 ) The Last Airbender ( 2010 ) After Earth ( 2013 ) The Visit ( 2015 ) Split ( 2016 ) Glass ( 2019 ) Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Picture 1980 -- 2000 Ca n't Stop the Music ( 1980 ) Mommie Dearest ( 1981 ) Inchon ( 1982 ) The Lonely Lady ( 1983 ) Bolero ( 1984 ) Rambo : First Blood Part II ( 1985 ) Howard the Duck / Under the Cherry Moon ( 1986 ) Leonard Part 6 ( 1987 ) Cocktail ( 1988 ) Star Trek V : The Final Frontier ( 1989 ) The Adventures of Ford Fairlane / Ghosts Ca n't Do It ( 1990 ) Hudson Hawk ( 1991 ) Shining Through ( 1992 ) Indecent Proposal ( 1993 ) Color of Night ( 1994 ) Showgirls ( 1995 ) Striptease ( 1996 ) The Postman ( 1997 ) An Alan Smithee Film : Burn Hollywood Burn ( 1998 ) Wild Wild West ( 1999 ) Battlefield Earth ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Freddy Got Fingered ( 2001 ) Swept Away ( 2002 ) Gigli ( 2003 ) Catwoman ( 2004 ) Dirty Love ( 2005 ) Basic Instinct 2 ( 2006 ) I Know Who Killed Me ( 2007 ) The Love Guru ( 2008 ) Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen ( 2009 ) The Last Airbender ( 2010 ) Jack and Jill ( 2011 ) The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 ( 2012 ) Movie 43 ( 2013 ) Saving Christmas ( 2014 ) Fantastic Four / Fifty Shades of Grey ( 2015 ) Hillary 's America : The Secret History of the Democratic Party ( 2016 ) Book Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Screenplay 1980 -- 2000 Ca n't Stop the Music -- Bronte Woodard and Allan Carr ( 1980 ) Mommie Dearest -- Frank Yablans , Frank Perry , Tracy Hotchner and Robert Getchell ( 1981 ) Inchon -- Robin Moore and Laird Koenig ( 1982 ) The Lonely Lady -- John Kershaw , Shawn Randall and Ellen Shephard ( 1983 ) Bolero -- John Derek ( 1984 ) Rambo : First Blood Part II -- Sylvester Stallone , James Cameron and Kevin Jarre ( 1985 ) Howard the Duck -- Willard Huyck and Gloria Katz ( 1986 ) Leonard Part 6 -- Jonathan Reynolds and Bill Cosby ( 1987 ) Cocktail -- Heywood Gould ( 1988 ) Harlem Nights -- Eddie Murphy ( 1989 ) The Adventures of Ford Fairlane -- Daniel Waters , James Cappe & David Arnott ( 1990 ) Hudson Hawk -- Steven E. de Souza , Daniel Waters , Bruce Willis and Robert Kraft ( 1991 ) Stop ! Or My Mom Will Shoot -- Blake Snyder , William Osborne and William Davies -- ( 1992 ) Indecent Proposal -- Amy Holden Jones ( 1993 ) The Flintstones -- Jim Jennewein , Steven E. de Souza , Tom S. Parker and various others ( 1994 ) Showgirls -- Joe Eszterhas ( 1995 ) Striptease -- Andrew Bergman ( 1996 ) The Postman -- Eric Roth and Brian Helgeland ( 1997 ) An Alan Smithee Film : Burn Hollywood Burn -- Joe Eszterhas ( 1998 ) Wild Wild West -- Jim Thomas , John Thomas , S.S. Wilson , Brent Maddock , Jeffrey Price and Peter S. Seaman ( 1999 ) Battlefield Earth -- Corey Mandell and J. David Shapiro ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Freddy Got Fingered -- Tom Green & Derek Harvie ( 2001 ) Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones -- George Lucas and Jonathan Hales ( 2002 ) Gigli -- Martin Brest ( 2003 ) Catwoman -- Theresa Rebeck , John Brancato , Michael Ferris and John Rogers ( 2004 ) Dirty Love -- Jenny McCarthy ( 2005 ) Basic Instinct 2 -- Leora Barish and Henry Bean ( 2006 ) I Know Who Killed Me -- Jeffrey Hammond ( 2007 ) The Love Guru -- Mike Myers & Graham Gordy ( 2008 ) Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen -- Ehren Kruger , Alex Kurtzman and Roberto Orci ( 2009 ) The Last Airbender -- M. Night Shyamalan ( 2010 ) Jack and Jill -- Steve Koren and Adam Sandler , story by Ben Zook ( 2011 ) That 's My Boy - David Caspe ( 2012 ) Movie 43 - Steve Baker , Ricky Blitt , Will Carlough , Tobias Carlson , Jacob Fleisher , Patrik Forsberg , Will Graham , James Gunn , Claes Kjellstrom , Jack Kukoda , Bob Odenkirk , Bill O'Malley , Matthew Alec Portenoy , Greg Pritikin , Rocky Russo , Olle Sarri , Elizabeth Wright Shapiro , Jeremy Sosenko , Jonathan van Tulleken and Jonas Wittenmark ( 2013 ) Saving Christmas - Darren Doane and Cheston Hervey ( 2014 ) Fifty Shades of Grey - Kelly Marcel ( 2015 ) Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice - Chris Terrio and David S. Goyer ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Last_Airbender&oldid=815584871 '' Categories : 2010 films English - language films 2010 3D films 2010s adventure films 2010s fantasy films 2010s martial arts films American 3D films American fantasy adventure films American films Avatar : The Last Airbender Films about reincarnation Films shot in Greenland Films shot in Pennsylvania Films shot in Vietnam Films using computer - generated imagery Live - action films based on animated series Blinding Edge Pictures films Paramount Pictures films Nickelodeon Movies films Films scored by James Newton Howard Films directed by M. Night Shyamalan Films produced by Frank Marshall Films produced by M. Night Shyamalan Screenplays by M. Night Shyamalan Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 December 2017 , at 19 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who plays aang in avatar the last airbender movie
[ "The Last Airbender is a 2010 American action fantasy adventure film written, co-produced, and directed by M. Night Shyamalan.[7] It is based on the first season of the Nickelodeon animated series of the same name. The film stars Noah Ringer as Aang,[8] with Dev Patel as Prince Zuko, Nicola Peltz as Katara, and Jackson Rathbone as Sokka. Development for the film began in 2007. It was produced by Nickelodeon Movies and distributed by Paramount Pictures.[9] Premiering in New York City on June 30, 2010, it opened the following day in the rest of the country, grossing an estimated $16 million.[10][11]" ]
[ "Noah Ringer" ]
515175355613054145
Friday the 13th: The Final Chapter
Friday the 13th : the Final Chapter - wikipedia Friday the 13th : the Final Chapter Jump to : navigation , search Friday the 13th : The Final Chapter Theatrical release poster Directed by Joseph Zito Produced by Frank Mancuso Jr . Screenplay by Barney Cohen Story by Bruce Hidemi Sakow Based on Characters by Victor Miller Martin Kitrosser Ron Kurz Carol Watson Starring Kimberly Beck Peter Barton Corey Feldman E. Erich Anderson Crispin Glover Alan Hayes Barbara Howard Lawrence Monoson Joan Freeman Judie Aronson Camilla More Carey More Music by Harry Manfredini Cinematography João Fernandes Edited by Joel Goodman Daniel Loewenthal Distributed by Paramount Pictures Release date April 13 , 1984 ( 1984 - 04 - 13 ) Running time 91 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $2.6 million Box office $33 million ( US ) Friday the 13th : The Final Chapter is a 1984 American slasher film directed by Joseph Zito and the fourth installment in the Friday the 13th film series . Following the events of Friday the 13th Part III , Jason Voorhees returns to Crystal Lake and continues his killing spree on a family and a group of neighboring teenagers after being revived from his mortal wound . The film stars Corey Feldman , Ted White , Kimberly Beck , and Crispin Glover . Despite the film 's negative reviews , it grossed $33 million in the United States . Much like Part III , the film was initially supposed to end the series and was billed as `` The Final Chapter '' ; however , the film 's success produced a sequel , Friday the 13th Part V : A New Beginning ( 1985 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Writing 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 4 Music 4.1 Track listing 5 Release 6 Reception 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) The night after the events at Higgins Haven , Jason Voorhees 's body is found and delivered to the morgue . After reviving from his wounds and escaping from the cold storage , Jason kills coroner Axel with a hacksaw , and then stabs nurse Robbie Morgan with a scalpel . The next day , a group of teenagers drive to Crystal Lake for the weekend . The group consists of Paul , his girlfriend Sam , her virgin friend Sarah , pretty - boy Doug , socially awkward Jimmy , and jokester Ted . On the way , the group comes across Pamela Voorhees 's tombstone and a female hitchhiker , who is soon killed by Jason . The teens arrive and meet neighbors Trish Jarvis , her twelve - year - old brother Tommy , their mother , and the family dog Gordon . While going for a walk the next day , the teens meet twin sisters Tina and Terri , and go skinny dipping with them . Trish and Tommy happen upon the scene , and Trish is invited to a party to take place that night . Afterwards , when their car breaks down , Trish and Tommy are helped out by a young man named Rob . They take him to their house , where Tommy shows Rob several monster masks he made himself before Rob leaves to go camping . Later that night , as the teens begin the party , Sam goes out to the lake , where Jason impales her from under a raft . When Paul goes out to be with her , he is harpooned in the groin . Terri tries to leave the party early and has a spear rammed in her back . Jimmy intends to celebrate sleeping with Tina with a bottle of wine but Jason slams the corkscrew on his hand and hacks him in the face with a meat cleaver . Tina looks out a window upstairs and is grabbed and thrown to her death , crashing on the car . While a stoned Ted watches vintage stag films with a film projector , he gets too close to the projector screen and is stabbed in the head from the other side . After Doug and Sara finish making love in the shower , Jason attacks Doug , crushing his head against the shower tile . He then kills Sara by driving an double - bit axe through the front door when she tries to escape . Trish and Tommy return from town and discover the power outage . While looking for their mother , who had been killed by Jason earlier without her knowledge , Trish comes across Rob 's campsite and learns that he is actually the older brother of Sandra . Rob further explains to her that Jason is still alive and he came to Crystal Lake to get revenge for Sandra 's murder . Worried for Tommy 's safety , they return to the house . They then go next door to investigate and discover the teens ' bodies . Gordon flees and Rob is soon caught and killed by Jason in the basement as Trish runs home . She and Tommy barricade the house , but Jason breaks in and chases them into Tommy 's room . Trish lures Jason out of the house and escapes , then returns home and is devastated to learn that Tommy is still there . She senses Jason behind her and tries to fight him off with a machete but is overpowered . Tommy , having disguised himself to look like Jason as a child , distracts him long enough for Trish to hit him with the machete , but she merely whacks off his mask . As Trish stands horrified at Jason 's deformed face , Tommy takes the machete and slams it in the side of the killer 's skull and he collapses to the floor , splitting his head upon impact . When Tommy notices that Jason 's fingers are moving , he continues to hack at his body screaming , `` Die ! Die ! '' At the hospital , Trish is visited by Tommy . He rushes in , embraces her , and gives a disturbed look while staring ahead . Cast ( edit ) Kimberly Beck as Trish Jarvis E. Erich Anderson as Rob Dier Corey Feldman as Tommy Jarvis Barbara Howard as Sara Joan Freeman as Mrs. Jarvis Peter Barton as Doug Crispin Glover as Jimmy Judie Aronson as Samantha Camilla More as Tina Lawrence Monoson as Ted Alan Hayes as Paul Carey More as Terri Bruce Mahler as Axel Lisa Freeman as Nurse Robbie Morgan Bonnie Hellman as Hitchhiker Ted White as Jason Voorhees ( uncredited ) Production ( edit ) When Friday the 13th Part III was first released , it was initially supposed to end the series as a trilogy , however there was no moniker to indicate it as such . In 1983 , there was a rumor that Paramount billed the fourth installment as `` The Final Chapter '' as they felt embarrassed by their association with the series , thus the possible reason for the moniker . Despite how Siskel & Ebert claimed this in their review of the film , Paramount was aware that the slasher genre had been losing interest and thought it was a good choice to conclude the series . However , the idea came from Frank Mancuso , Jr. ( the son of Paramount CEO Frank Mancuso , Sr . ) , as he had begun to resent the series due to how he felt everyone saw him as only doing the work for Part 2 and Part 3 and that no one respected him for it , regardless of how much money it made . Because of him wanting to work on different projects , he wanted to conclude the series and kill off Jason . Writing ( edit ) Joseph Zito , director of The Prowler , was initially set to both direct and write the screenplay for the film . Zito initially claimed that he was not a writer , in which the contract consisted of receiving doubled money for the two jobs , resulting him accepting the contract . Zito secretly used the extra salary to hire Barney Cohen to write the script . Their process involved Zito taking one - hour a night phone calls with Phil Scuderi to discuss the story and script for the film . Zito then met Cohen in a New York apartment to use the concepts Scuderi had offered , which they would then turn into script pages and to be sent to Scuderi for the conversation discussed again over the phone . Cohen remained the writing credit for the film , but Zito and Cohen eventually got into trouble with the Writer 's Guild of America as a result . In the Friday the 13th series , the films had always had attractive young women being the sole final girl against Jason . Unlike its predecessors , this marks the first installment in the series having two survivors and one them being male , but it is currently the only installment where the survivor is rather a child . The filmmakers believed they had never seen something like this before in slasher films , and they wanted to create characters audiences would not want to see harmed or killed . By including the Jarvis family ( divorced mother , teenage daughter , pre-teen son ) opposite the more typical cabin of horny teenagers , they could create more drama and resonant tragedy , such as the mother of Tommy and Trish implied to be killed by Jason outside , thus it remains debatable how intentional the parallels between Jason and Tommy were . Tommy 's interest for being a make - up artist with masks and props serve as homages to Tom Savini . Casting ( edit ) Actress Camilla More auditioned for the role of Samantha , but when the filmmakers discovered she had a twin sister named Carey , they were instead both offered the roles of Tina and Terri . Carey More had appeared alongside her sister in the Doublemint gum commercials . Because of how they were swayed by the twins idea , Carey 's audition was to read only one line in the film . Amy Steel , who starred as heroine Ginny Field in Part 2 of the series talked actor Peter Barton into being in the film . Both he and Steel co-starred in the sitcom The Powers of Matthew Star . When the sitcom was cancelled and no longer aired , Barton was offered a role in the film . Initially , Barton had reservations as he wanted no part in the horror genre , especially due to he how disliked working on Hell Night . However , because of Steel 's involvement in the second installment , she talked Barton into doing the film ... Make - up artist Tom Savini , who worked on the first installment , agreed to return to work on the film , as he wanted to kill the character Jason , who he helped create . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography was shot from October 1983 and finished in January 1984 in Topanga Canyon and Newhall , California . For its release date , it was originally set for a release in October 1984 . When Paramount CEO Frank Mancuso , Sr. screened the footage to much enthusiasm and then pushed the date up to April 1984 . The only time Paramount assisted with the installment 's production , they rented a Malibu household for the filmmakers to stay in and conduct editing sessions , with food brought to them from the studio . They barely made the release date , but the final result had most of the footage trimmed and later ended up in television airings . The film had troubled production on set . Due to director Joseph Zito 's poor treatment of the actors and the film 's budget , many of the actors themselves had to perform uncomfortable or dangerous stunts during the film . Judie Aronson was required to remain submerged in a near - freezing lake ( in which she later developed hypothermia because of it ) and Peter Barton was actually slammed into the shower wall when Jason attacks him . Ted White , who portrays Jason , defended several of the actors by requesting Barton be allowed to use a crash pad and threatening to quit when Zito refused to allow Aronson to get out of the lake between takes . White and Zito maintained a hostile relationship on set , which resulted in White demanding his name be removed from the credits . According to White , Corey Feldman maintained a bratty attitude on set due to Zito 's treatment . When filming the scene of Tommy hacking Jason 's body with a machete ( which was actually two sandbags he was striking at ) , Feldman pretended that the struck sandbags were Zito . According in the book Crystal Lake Memories : The Complete History of Friday the 13th , actress Kimberly Beck stated that she does not like the horror genre . In addition to this , she felt that the film was more of a C - movie rather than a B - movie . During filming , Kimberly Beck experienced strange encounters , including a man watching her while she ran in the park and receiving odd phone calls at all hours . This stopped when production was finished . Actress Bonnie Hellman 's agents told her about taking the role of the hitchhiker in the film . They told her she would not want to do it as they were no lines said for the character , but she accepted the role anyway . Music ( edit ) Friday the 13th : The Final Chapter Soundtrack album by Harry Manfredini Released January 13 , 2012 ( La - La Land ) Genre Film score Length 52 : 20 Label Gramavision , La - La Land The film 's music was composed by Harry Manfredini , who composed the scores to all of the series ' previous installments . On January 13 , 2012 , La - La Land Records released a limited edition 6 - CD boxset containing Manfredini 's scores from the first six entries of the film series . The release was sold out in less than 24 hours of availability . The song `` Love Is a Lie '' by Lion is featured in the film , but not on the soundtrack . Track listing ( edit ) No . Title Length 1 . `` What Boy , Ma'am ? / Main Titles '' 4 : 43 2 . `` Helicopter '' 3 : 41 3 . `` The Morgue '' 1 : 40 4 . `` Hacksaw to Throat '' 1 : 09 5 . `` Squeezing the Banana '' 1 : 29 6 . `` Dock Prank '' 2 : 16 7 . `` Stalled Car '' 0 : 39 8 . `` Tommy 's Room '' 0 : 40 9 . `` Midnight Skinny Dip '' 2 : 16 10 . `` Paul Gets the Point '' 4 : 01 11 . `` Mom Looks for Kids '' 1 : 53 12 . `` Lights Out '' 1 : 59 13 . `` Jimmy Is Screwed / Tina Thrown / Ted Watches Movie '' 1 : 36 14 . `` Lights ! Camera ! Hacktion ! '' 1 : 29 15 . `` You Give Me Cleaver '' 1 : 52 16 . `` Trish and Rob '' 2 : 44 17 . `` Tommy Reads / Trish Pleads / Rob and Trish Meet Jason '' 7 : 13 18 . `` La Muerte de Jason '' 11 : 00 Release ( edit ) Friday the 13th : The Final Chapter opened on Friday , April 13 , 1984 , on 1,594 screens to weekend box office gross of $11,183,148 ; this was the sixth - highest of the year . The film would ultimately take in a total of $32,980,880 at the U.S. box office . It placed at number 26 on the list of the top - grossing films of 1984 . Reception ( edit ) Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 25 % of 24 film critics have given the film a positive review ; the rating average is 4.2 out of 10 . The film received what The Week characterized as `` scathing reviews '' , especially from film critics Gene Siskel and Roger Ebert , with the latter considering the film `` an immoral and reprehensible piece of trash '' . Scott Meslow summarized Roger Ebert 's criticism as calling it `` a cynical retread '' of the earlier films . Meslow instead says that the film attempts to kill off the series while focusing more on characterization than gore . In a series retrospective , Kyle Anderson of Entertainment Weekly ranked it the best Friday the 13th film , complimenting both its narrative and kills . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th Part IV : The Final Chapter ( 1984 ) '' . The Numbers . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` 13 Things You May Not Know About Friday the 13th : The Final Chapter ( # 2 ) '' . We Minored In Film . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` La - La Land Records : Friday the 13th '' . La - La Land Records . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th : Final Chapter '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th - The Final Chapter Movie Reviews , Pictures '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Meslow , Scott ( 2015 - 11 - 13 ) . `` The brilliance and lies of Friday the 13th : The Final Chapter '' . The Week . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Kyle ( 2014 - 04 - 25 ) . `` ' Friday the 13th ' : We rank the movies to prep for the TV show '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 26 . External links ( edit ) Film portal Friday the 13th : The Final Chapter on IMDb Friday the 13th : The Final Chapter at AllMovie Friday the 13th : The Final Chapter at Rotten Tomatoes Friday the 13th : The Final Chapter at Box Office Mojo Film page at the Camp Crystal Lake web site Film page at Fridaythe13thfilms.com Friday the 13th franchise Films Friday the 13th ( 1980 ) Part 2 Part III The Final Chapter A New Beginning Jason Lives The New Blood Jason Takes Manhattan Jason Goes to Hell Jason X Freddy vs. Jason soundtrack score Friday the 13th ( 2009 ) Television Friday the 13th : The Series episodes Characters Pamela Voorhees Jason Voorhees Alice Hardy Ginny Field Tommy Jarvis Comics Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash The Nightmare Warriors Video games Friday the 13th ( 1985 ) Friday the 13th ( 1989 ) Friday the 13th : The Game ( 2017 ) Related topics `` He 's Back ( The Man Behind the Mask ) '' A Nightmare on Elm Street franchise Book Films directed by Joseph Zito Abduction ( 1975 ) Bloodrage ( 1979 ) The Prowler ( 1981 ) Friday the 13th : The Final Chapter ( 1984 ) Missing in Action ( 1984 ) Invasion U.S.A. ( 1985 ) Red Scorpion ( 1989 ) Delta Force One : The Lost Patrol ( 2000 ) Power Play ( 2003 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friday_the_13th:_The_Final_Chapter&oldid=801144562 '' Categories : 1984 films English - language films 1984 horror films 1980s teen films 1980s sequel films 1980s serial killer films American sequel films American slasher films American teen horror films Friday the 13th ( franchise ) films Paramount Pictures films Summer camps in films Films set in 1984 Film scores by Harry Manfredini Films directed by Joseph Zito Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Français Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Nederlands Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017 , at 22 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
where does friday the 13th part 4 take place
[ "Friday the 13th: The Final Chapter is a 1984 American slasher film directed by Joseph Zito and the fourth installment in the Friday the 13th film series. Following the events of Friday the 13th Part III, Jason Voorhees returns to Crystal Lake and continues his killing spree on a family and a group of neighboring teenagers after being revived from his mortal wound. The film stars Corey Feldman, Ted White, Kimberly Beck, and Crispin Glover." ]
[ "Crystal Lake" ]
-428099081603638256
United States presidential election
United states presidential election - wikipedia United states presidential election For the most recent election , see United States presidential election , 2016 . For the upcoming election , see United States presidential election , 2020 . See also : List of Presidents of the United States This article is part of a series on the Politics of the United States of America Federal Government ( show ) Constitution of the United States Law Taxation Legislature ( show ) United States Congress House of Representatives Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) Congressional districts Senate President Mike Pence ( R ) President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch ( R ) President Pro Tempore Emeritus Patrick Leahy ( D ) Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R ) Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D ) Executive ( show ) President of the United States Donald Trump ( R ) Vice President of the United States Mike Pence ( R ) Cabinet Federal agencies Executive Office Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court of the United States Chief Justice John Roberts Thomas Ginsburg Breyer Alito Sotomayor Kagan Gorsuch Kavanaugh Courts of Appeals District Courts ( list ) Other tribunals Elections ( show ) Presidential elections Midterm elections Off - year elections Political parties ( show ) Democratic Republican Third parties Federalism ( show ) State Government Governors Legislatures ( List ) State courts Local government United States portal Other countries Atlas The election of President and Vice President of the United States is an indirect election in which citizens of the United States who are registered to vote in one of the 50 U.S. states or in Washington , D.C. cast ballots not directly for those offices , but instead for members of the U.S. Electoral College , known as electors . These electors then in turn cast direct votes , known as electoral votes , for President , and for Vice President . The candidate who receives an absolute majority of electoral votes ( at least 270 out of a total of 538 , since the Twenty - Third Amendment granting voting rights to citizens of Washington , D.C. ) is then elected to that office . If no candidate receives an absolute majority of the votes for President , the House of Representatives chooses the winner ; if no one receives an absolute majority of the votes for Vice President , then the Senate chooses the winner . The Electoral College and its procedure are established in the U.S. Constitution by Article II , Section 1 , Clauses 2 and 4 ; and the Twelfth Amendment ( which replaced Clause 3 after its ratification in 1804 ) . Under Clause 2 , each of the states casts as many electoral votes as the total number of its Senators and Representatives in Congress , while , per the Twenty - third Amendment ratified in 1961 , Washington , D.C. casts the same number of electoral votes as the least - represented state , which is three . Also under Clause 2 , the manner for choosing electors is determined by each state legislature , not directly by the federal government . Many state legislatures previously selected their electors directly , but over time all of them switched to using the popular vote to help determine electors , which persists today . Once chosen , electors generally cast their electoral votes for the candidate who won the plurality in their state , but at least 21 states do not have provisions that specifically address this behavior ; those who vote in opposition to the plurality are known as `` faithless '' or `` unpledged electors '' . In modern times , faithless and unpledged electors have not affected the ultimate outcome of an election , so the results can generally be determined based on the state - by - state popular vote . Presidential elections occur quadrennially with registered voters casting their ballots on Election Day , which since 1845 has been the first Tuesday after November 1 . This date coincides with the general elections of various other federal , state , and local races ; since local governments are responsible for managing elections , these races typically all appear on one ballot . The Electoral College electors then formally cast their electoral votes on the first Monday after December 12 at their respective state capitals . Congress then certifies the results in early January , and the presidential term begins on Inauguration Day , which since the passage of the Twentieth Amendment has been set at January 20 . The nomination process , consisting of the primary elections and caucuses and the nominating conventions , was not specified in the Constitution , but was developed over time by the states and political parties . These primary elections are generally held between January and June before the general election in November , while the nominating conventions are held in the summer . Though not codified by law , political parties also follow an indirect election process , where voters in the 50 U.S. states , Washington , D.C. , and U.S. territories , cast ballots for a slate of delegates to a political party 's nominating convention , who then in turn elect their party 's presidential nominee . Each party may then choose a vice presidential running mate to join the ticket , which is either determined by choice of the nominee or by a second round of voting . Because of changes to national campaign finance laws since the 1970s regarding the disclosure of contributions for federal campaigns , presidential candidates from the major political parties usually declare their intentions to run as early as the spring of the previous calendar year before the election ( almost 18 months before Inauguration Day ) . A 2016 general election ballot , listing the presidential and vice presidential candidates Contents 1 History 2 Procedure 2.1 Eligibility requirements 2.2 Nominating process 2.3 The popular vote on Election Day 2.4 Electoral college 2.5 Election calendar 3 Trends 3.1 Previous experience 3.2 Technology and media 4 Criticisms 4.1 Proposed changes to the election process 5 Electoral college results 6 Voter turnout 7 Financial disclosures 8 Presidential coattails 8.1 Comparison with other U.S. general elections 9 See also 10 Notes 11 Further reading 12 External links History ( edit ) Article Two of the United States Constitution originally established the method of presidential elections , including the Electoral College . This was a result of a compromise between those constitutional framers who wanted the Congress to choose the president , and those who preferred a national popular vote . Each state is allocated a number of electors that is equal to the size of its delegation in both houses of Congress combined . With the ratification of the 23rd Amendment to the Constitution in 1961 , the District of Columbia is also granted a number of electors , equal to the number of those held by the least populous state . However , U.S. territories are not represented in the Electoral College . Constitutionally , the manner for choosing electors is determined within each state by its legislature . During the first presidential election in 1789 , only 6 of the 13 original states chose electors by any form of popular vote . Gradually throughout the years , the states began conducting popular elections to help choose their slate of electors , resulting in the overall , nationwide indirect election system that it is today . Under the original system established by Article Two , electors could cast two votes to two different candidates for president . The candidate with the highest number of votes ( provided it was a majority of the electoral votes ) became the president , and the second - place candidate became the vice president . This presented a problem during the presidential election of 1800 when Aaron Burr received the same number of electoral votes as Thomas Jefferson and challenged Jefferson 's election to the office . In the end , Jefferson was chosen as the president because of Alexander Hamilton 's influence in the House of Representatives . In response to the 1800 election , the 12th Amendment was passed , requiring electors to cast two distinct votes : one for President and another for Vice President . While this solved the problem at hand , it ultimately had the effect of lowering the prestige of the Vice Presidency , as the office was no longer for the leading challenger for the Presidency . The separate ballots for President and Vice President became something of a moot issue later in the 19th century when it became the norm for popular elections to determine a state 's Electoral College delegation . Electors chosen this way are pledged to vote for a particular presidential and vice presidential candidate ( offered by the same political party ) . So , while the Constitution says that the President and Vice President are chosen separately , in practice they are chosen together . The 12th Amendment also established rules when no candidate wins a majority vote in the Electoral College . In the presidential election of 1824 , Andrew Jackson received a plurality , but not a majority , of electoral votes cast . The election was thrown to the House of Representatives , and John Quincy Adams was elected to the presidency . A deep rivalry resulted between Andrew Jackson and House Speaker Henry Clay , who had also been a candidate in the election . Since 1824 , aside from the occasional `` faithless elector , '' the popular vote determines the winner of a presidential election by determining the electoral vote , as each state or district 's popular vote determines its electoral college vote . Although the nationwide popular vote does not directly determine the winner of a presidential election , it does strongly correlate with who is the victor . In 53 of the 58 total elections held so far ( about 91 percent ) , the winner of the national popular vote has also carried the Electoral College vote . The winners of the nationwide popular vote and the Electoral College vote differ only in close elections . In highly competitive elections , candidates focus on turning out their vote in the contested swing states critical to winning an electoral college majority , so they do not try to maximize their popular vote by real or fraudulent vote increases in one - party areas . However , candidates can fail to get the most votes in the nationwide popular vote in a Presidential election and still win that election . In the 1824 election , Jackson won the popular vote , but no one received the majority of electoral votes . According to the 12th Amendment in the Constitution , the House of Representatives must choose the president out of the top 3 people in the election . Clay had come fourth , so he threw his support to Adams , who then won . Because Adams later named Clay his Secretary of State , Jackson 's supporters claimed that Adams gained the presidency by making a deal with Clay . Charges of a `` corrupt bargain '' followed Adams through his term . Comparison of the popular vote totals since 1900 . Republican Democrat All other candidates together Then in 1876 , 1888 , 2000 , and 2016 , the winner of electoral vote lost the popular vote outright . Numerous constitutional amendments have been submitted seeking to replace the Electoral College with a direct popular vote , but none has ever successfully passed both Houses of Congress . Another alternate proposal is the National Popular Vote Interstate Compact , an interstate compact whereby individual participating states agree to allocate their electors based on the winner of the national popular vote instead of just their respective statewide results . The presidential election day was established on a Tuesday in the month of November because of the factors involved ( weather , harvests and worship ) . When voters used to travel to the polls by horse , Tuesday was an ideal day because it allowed people to worship on Sunday , ride to their county seat on Monday , and vote on Tuesday -- all before market day , Wednesday . The month of November also fits nicely between harvest time and harsh winter weather , which could be especially bad to people traveling by horse and buggy . Until 1937 , presidents were not sworn in until March 4 because it took so long to count and report ballots , and because of the winner 's logistical issues of moving to the capital . With better technology and the 20th Amendment being passed , presidential inaugurations were moved to noon on January 20 -- allowing presidents to start their duties sooner . The Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971 was enacted to increase disclosure of contributions for federal campaigns . Subsequent amendments to law require that candidates to a federal office must file a Statement of Candidacy with the Federal Election Commission before they can receive contributions aggregating in excess of $5,000 or make expenditures aggregating in excess of $5,000 . Thus , this began a trend of presidential candidates declaring their intentions to run as early as the Spring of the previous calendar year so they can start raising and spending the money needed for their nationwide campaign . The first president , George Washington , was elected as an independent . Since the election of his successor , John Adams , in 1796 , all winners of U.S. presidential elections have represented one of two major parties . Third parties have taken second place only twice , in 1860 and 1912 . The last time a third ( independent ) candidate achieved significant success ( although still finishing in third place ) was in 1992 , and the last time a third - party candidate received any electoral votes not from faithless electors was in 1968 . Procedure ( edit ) Eligibility requirements ( edit ) The hand - written copy of the natural - born - citizen clause as it appeared in 1787 Article Two of the United States Constitution stipulates that for a person to serve as President , the individual must be a natural - born citizen of the United States , at least 35 years old , and a resident of the United States for a period of no less than 14 years . A candidate may start running his or her campaign early before turning 35 years old or completing 14 years of residency , but must meet the age and residency requirements by Inauguration Day . The Twenty - second Amendment to the Constitution also sets a term limit : a President can not be elected to more than two terms . The U.S. Constitution also has two provisions that apply to all federal offices in general , not just the presidency . Article I , Section 3 , Clause 7 states that if the U.S. Congress convicts any officer on impeachment , they may also bar that person from holding any public office in the future . And Section 3 of the Fourteenth Amendment prohibits the election to any federal office of any person who had held any federal or state office and then engaged in insurrection , rebellion or treason ; this disqualification can be waived if such an individual gains the consent of two - thirds of both houses of Congress . In addition , the Twelfth Amendment establishes that the Vice-President must meet all of the qualifications of being a President . Although not a mandatory requirement , Federal campaign finance laws including the Federal Election Campaign Act state that a candidate who intends to receive contributions aggregating in excess of $5,000 or make expenditures aggregating in excess of $5,000 , among others , must first file a Statement of Candidacy with the Federal Election Commission . This has led presidential candidates , especially members from the two major political parties , to officially announce their intentions to run as early as the spring of the previous calendar year so they can start raising or spending the money needed for their nationwide campaign . Potential candidates usually form exploratory committees even earlier to determining the feasibility of them actually running . Nominating process ( edit ) Main articles : United States presidential primary and United States presidential nominating convention A 2008 Democratic caucus meeting in Iowa City , Iowa . The Iowa caucuses are traditionally the first major electoral event of presidential primaries and caucuses . Madison Square Garden in New York City , the site of the 1976 , 1980 , and 1992 Democratic National Conventions ; and the 2004 Republican National Convention . The floor of the 2008 Republican National Convention at the Xcel Energy Center in Saint Paul , Minnesota . The modern nominating process of U.S. presidential elections consists of two major parts : a series of presidential primary elections and caucuses held in each state , and the presidential nominating conventions held by each political party . This process was never included in the United States Constitution , and thus evolved over time by the political parties to clear the field of candidates . The primary elections are run by state and local governments , while the caucuses are organized directly by the political parties . Some states hold only primary elections , some hold only caucuses , and others use a combination of both . These primaries and caucuses are staggered generally between January and June before the federal election , with Iowa and New Hampshire traditionally holding the first presidential state caucus and primary , respectively . Like the general election , presidential caucuses or primaries are indirect elections . The major political parties officially vote for their presidential candidate at their respective nominating conventions , usually all held in the summer before the federal election . Depending on each state 's law and state 's political party rules , when voters cast ballots for a candidate in a presidential caucus or primary , they may be voting to award delegates `` bound '' to vote for a candidate at the presidential nominating conventions , or they may simply be expressing an opinion that the state party is not bound to follow in selecting delegates to their respective national convention . Unlike the general election , voters in the U.S. territories can also elect delegates to the national conventions . Furthermore , each political party can determine how many delegates to allocate to each state and territory . In 2012 for example , the Democratic and Republican party conventions each used two different formulas to allocate delegates . The Democrats - based theirs on two main factors : the proportion of votes each state gave to the Democratic candidate in the previous three presidential elections , and the number of electoral votes each state had in the Electoral College . In contrast , the Republicans assigned to each state 10 delegates , plus 3 delegates per congressional district . Both parties then gave fixed amounts of delegates to each territory , and finally bonus delegates to states and territories that passed certain criteria . Along with delegates chosen during primaries and caucuses , state and U.S. territory delegations to both the Democratic and Republican party conventions also include `` unpledged '' delegates that have a vote . For Republicans , they consist of the three top party officials from each state and territory . Democrats have a more expansive group of unpledged delegates called `` superdelegates '' , who are party leaders and elected officials . Each party 's presidential candidate also chooses a vice presidential nominee to run with him or her on the same ticket , and this choice is rubber - stamped by the convention . If no single candidate has secured a majority of delegates ( including both pledged and unpledged ) , then a `` brokered convention '' results . All pledged delegates are then `` released '' and are able to switch their allegiance to a different candidate . Thereafter , the nomination is decided through a process of alternating political horse trading , and additional rounds of re-votes . The conventions have historically been held inside convention centers , but since the late 20th century both the Democratic and Republican parties have favored sports arenas and domed stadiums to accommodate the increasing attendance . The popular vote on election Day ( edit ) A Texas voter about to mark a selection for president on a ballot , 2008 Election Day Under the United States Constitution , the manner of choosing electors for the Electoral College is determined by each state 's legislature . Although each state designates electors by popular vote , other methods are allowed . For instance , instead of having a popular vote , a number of states used to select presidential electors by a direct vote of the state legislature itself . However , federal law does specify that all electors must be selected on the same day , which is `` the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November , '' i.e. , a Tuesday no earlier than November 2 and no later than November 8 . Today , the states and the District of Columbia each conduct their own popular elections on Election Day to help determine their respective slate of electors . Thus , the presidential election is really an amalgamation of separate and simultaneous state elections instead of a single national election run by the federal government . Like any other election in the United States , the eligibility of an individual for voting is set out in the Constitution and regulated at state level . The Constitution states that suffrage can not be denied on grounds of race or color , sex or age for citizens eighteen years or older . Beyond these basic qualifications , it is the responsibility of state legislatures to regulate voter eligibility . Generally , voters are required to vote on a ballot where they select the candidate of their choice . The presidential ballot is a vote `` for the electors of a candidate '' meaning that the voter is not voting for the candidate , but endorsing a slate of electors pledged to vote for a specific presidential and vice presidential candidate . Many voting ballots allow a voter to `` blanket vote '' for all candidates in a particular political party or to select individual candidates on a line by line voting system . Which candidates appear on the voting ticket is determined through a legal process known as ballot access . Usually , the size of the candidate 's political party and the results of the major nomination conventions determine who is pre-listed on the presidential ballot . Thus , the presidential election ticket will not list every candidate running for President , but only those who have secured a major party nomination or whose size of their political party warrants having been formally listed . Laws are in effect to have other candidates pre-listed on a ticket , provided that enough voters have endorsed the candidate , usually through a signature list . The final way to be elected for president is to have one 's name written in at the time of election as a write - in candidate . This is used for candidates who did not fulfill the legal requirements to be pre-listed on the voting ticket . It is also used by voters to express a distaste for the listed candidates , by writing in an alternative candidate for president such as Mickey Mouse or comedian Stephen Colbert ( whose application was voted down by the South Carolina Democratic Party ) . In any event , a write - in candidate has never won an election for President of the United States . Because U.S. territories are not represented in the Electoral College , U.S. citizens in those areas do not vote in the general election for President . Guam has held straw polls for president since the 1980 election to draw attention to this fact . Electoral College ( edit ) Main article : Electoral College ( United States ) Electoral College map showing the results of the 2016 U.S. presidential election . Republican candidate Donald Trump won the popular vote in 30 states ( denoted in red ) to capture 305 electoral votes ( plus 1 electoral vote from Maine 's second congressional district ) . Democratic candidate Hillary Clinton won the popular vote in 20 states and Washington , D.C. ( denoted in blue ) to capture 232 electoral votes . Most state laws establish a winner - take - all system , wherein the ticket that wins a plurality of votes wins all of that state 's allocated electoral votes , and thus has their slate of electors chosen to vote in the Electoral College . Maine and Nebraska do not use this method , instead giving two electoral votes to the statewide winner and one electoral vote to the winner of each Congressional district . Each state 's winning slate of electors then meets at their respective state 's capital on the first Monday after the second Wednesday in December to cast their electoral votes on separate ballots for President and Vice President . Although Electoral College members can technically vote for anyone under the U.S. Constitution , 24 states have laws to punish faithless electors , those who do not cast their electoral votes for the person whom they have pledged to elect . In early January , the total Electoral College vote count is opened by the sitting Vice President , acting in his capacity as President of the Senate , and read aloud to a joint session of the incoming Congress , which was elected at the same time as the President . If no candidate receives a majority of the electoral vote ( at least 270 ) , the President is determined by the rules outlined by the 12th Amendment . Specifically , the selection of President would then be decided by a contingent election in a ballot of the House of Representatives . For the purposes of electing the President , each state has only one vote . A ballot of the Senate is held to choose the Vice President . In this ballot , each senator has one vote . The House of Representatives has chosen the victor of the presidential race only twice , in 1800 and 1824 ; the Senate has chosen the victor of the vice-presidential race only once , in 1836 . If the President is not chosen by Inauguration Day , the Vice President - elect acts as President . If neither are chosen by then , Congress by law determines who shall act as President , pursuant to the 20th Amendment . Unless there are faithless electors , disputes , or other controversies , the events in December and January mentioned above are largely a formality since the winner can be determined based on the state - by - state popular vote results . Between the general election and Inauguration Day , this apparent winner is referred to as the `` President - elect '' ( unless it is a sitting President that has won re-election ) . Election calendar ( edit ) The typical periods of the presidential election process are as follows , with the dates corresponding to the 2016 general election : Spring 2015 -- Candidates announce their intentions to run , and ( if necessary ) file their Statement of Candidacy with the Federal Election Commission August 2015 to March 2016 -- Primary and caucus debates February 1 to June 14 , 2016 -- Primaries and caucuses April to August , 2016 -- Nominating conventions ( including those of the minor third parties ) September and October , 2016 -- Presidential election debates November 8 , 2016 -- Election Day December 19 , 2016 -- Electors cast their electoral votes January 6 , 2017 -- Congress counts and certifies the electoral votes January 20 , 2017 -- Inauguration Day Trends ( edit ) Previous experience ( edit ) See also : List of Presidents of the United States by previous experience and List of Presidents of the United States by other offices held John Adams was the first of 26 presidents who have been lawyers . Among the 44 persons who have served as president , only Donald Trump had never held a position in either government or the military prior to taking office . The only previous experience that Zachary Taylor , Ulysses S. Grant , and Dwight D. Eisenhower had was in the military . Herbert Hoover previously served as the Secretary of Commerce . Everyone else served in elected public office before becoming president , such as being Vice President , a member of the United States Congress , or a state or territorial governor . Fourteen Presidents also served as vice president . However , only John Adams ( 1796 ) , Thomas Jefferson ( 1800 ) , Martin Van Buren ( 1836 ) , Richard Nixon ( 1968 ) and George H.W. Bush ( 1988 ) began their first term after winning an election . The remaining nine began their first term as president according to the presidential line of succession after the intra-term death or resignation of their predecessor . Of these , Theodore Roosevelt , Calvin Coolidge , Harry S. Truman , and Lyndon B. Johnson were subsequently elected to a full term of their own , while John Tyler , Millard Fillmore , Andrew Johnson , Chester A. Arthur , and Gerald Ford were not . Ford 's accession to the presidency is unique in American history in that he became vice president through the process prescribed by the Twenty - fifth Amendment rather than by winning an election , thus making him the only U.S. president to not have been elected to either office . Sixteen presidents had previously served in the U.S. Senate , including four of the five who served between 1945 and 1974 . However , only three were incumbent senators at the time they were elected president ( Warren G. Harding in 1920 , John F. Kennedy in 1960 , and Barack Obama in 2008 ) . Eighteen presidents had earlier served in the House of Representatives . However , only one was a sitting representative when elected to presidency ( James A. Garfield in 1880 ) . Four of the last seven presidents ( Jimmy Carter , Ronald Reagan , Bill Clinton and George W. Bush ) have been governors of a state . Geographically , these presidents were from either very large states ( Reagan from California , Bush from Texas ) or from a state south of the Mason -- Dixon line and east of Texas ( Carter from Georgia , Clinton from Arkansas ) . In all , sixteen presidents have been former governors , including seven who were incumbent governors at the time of their election to the presidency . The most common job experience , occupation or profession of U.S. presidents has been lawyer ; 26 presidents had served as attorneys . Twenty - two presidents were also in the military . Eight presidents had served as Cabinet Secretaries , with five of the six Presidents who served between 1801 and 1841 having held the office of U.S. Secretary of State . After leaving office , one president , William Howard Taft , served as Chief Justice of the United States . Two others later served in Congress -- John Quincy Adams , who served in the House , and Andrew Johnson , who served in the Senate . Technology and media ( edit ) See also : Social media in the United States presidential election , 2016 Play media Lyndon B. Johnson 's 1964 `` Daisy '' advertisement Advances in technology and media have also affected presidential campaigns . The invention of both radio and television have given way to the reliance of national political advertisements across those methods of communication . National advertisements such as Lyndon B. Johnson 's 1964 commercial `` Daisy '' , Ronald Reagan 's 1984 commercial `` Morning in America '' , and George H.W. Bush 's 1988 commercial `` Revolving Door '' became major factors in those respective elections . In 1992 , George H.W. Bush 's promise of `` Read my lips : no new taxes '' was extensively used in the commercials of Bill Clinton and Bush 's other opponents with significant effect during the campaign . Since the development of the internet in the mid-90s , Internet activism has also become an invaluable component of presidential campaigns , especially since 2000 . The internet was first used in the 1996 presidential elections , but primarily as a brochure for the candidate online . It was only used by a few candidates and there is no evidence of any major effect on the outcomes of that election cycle . In 2000 , both candidates ( George W. Bush and Al Gore ) created , maintained and updated their campaign website . But it was not until the 2004 presidential election cycle was the potential value of the internet seen . By the summer of 2003 , ten people competing in the 2004 presidential election had developed campaign websites . Howard Dean 's campaign website from that year was considered a model for all future campaign websites . His website played a significant role in his overall campaign strategy . It allowed his supporters to read about his campaign platform and provide feedback , donate , get involved with the campaign , and connect with other supporters . A Gallup poll from January 2004 revealed that 49 percent of Americans have used the internet to get information about candidates , and 28 percent said that they use the internet to get this information frequently . In 2008 , the internet became a grassroots and a voice of the people tool -- a way for the users to connect with each other and with the campaign , like Dean 's website had done in 2004 . All of the major candidates had a website and utilized social networking like Facebook and MySpace . The popularity of a candidate could be measured by the number of `` friends '' on these sites as well as on websites like Hitwise , which listed the number of hits all of the presidential candidate 's websites had each week . Internet channels such as YouTube were used by candidates to share speeches and ads for free . This also served as a forum for users to attack other candidates by uploading videos of gaffes . A study done by the Pew Internet & American Life Project in conjunction with Princeton Survey Research Associates in November 2010 shows that 54 percent of adults in the United States used the internet to get information about the 2010 midterm elections and about specific candidates . This represents 73 percent of adult internet users . The study also showed that 22 percent of adult internet users used social network sites or Twitter to get information about and discuss the elections and 26 percent of all adults used cell phones to learn about or participate in campaigns . E-campaigning as it has come to be called , is subject to very little regulation . On March 26 , 2006 , the Federal Election Commission voted unanimously to `` not regulate political communication on the Internet , including emails , blogs and the creating of Web sites '' This decision made only paid political ads placed on websites subject to campaign finance limitations . A comment was made about this decision by Roger Alan Stone of Advocacy Inc. which explains this loophole in the context of a political campaign : `` A wealthy individual could purchase all of the e-mail addresses for registered voters in a congressional district ... produce an Internet video ad , and e-mail it along with a link to the campaign contribution page ... Not only would this activity not count against any contribution limits or independent expenditure requirements ; it would never even need to be reported . '' Criticisms ( edit ) Main articles : Criticisms of the Electoral College , Criticisms of U.S. presidential primaries , and History of U.S. presidential nominating conventions 2012 Republican primaries and caucuses calendar . January 2012 ( 4 ) February 2012 ( 7 ) March 2012 ( 23 ) April 2012 ( 9 ) May 2012 ( 7 ) June 2012 ( 6 ) 2012 swing states , where the margin of victory was 8 percentage points or fewer . States won by Republican Mitt Romney by 0 -- 4 percentage points States won by Democrat Barack Obama by 0 -- 4 percentage points States won by Democrat Barack Obama by 4 -- 8 percentage points The presidential election process is controversial , with critics arguing that it is inherently undemocratic , and discourages voter participation and turnout in many areas of the country . Because of the staggered nature of the primary season , voters in Iowa , New Hampshire and other small states which traditionally hold their primaries and caucuses first in January usually have a major impact on the races . Campaign activity , media attention , and voter participation are usually higher in these states , as the candidates attempt to build momentum and generate a bandwagon effect in these early primaries . Conversely , voters in California and other large states which traditionally hold their primaries last in June usually end up having no say in who the presidential candidates will be . The races are usually over by then , and thus the campaigns , the media , and voters have little incentive to participate in these late primaries . As a result , more states vie for earlier primaries to claim a greater influence in the process . However , compressing the primary calendar in this way limits the ability of lesser - known candidates to effectively corral resources and raise their visibility among voters , especially when competing with better - known candidates who have more financial resources and the institutional backing of their party 's establishment . Primary and caucus reform proposals include a National Primary held on a single day ; or the Interregional Primary Plan , where states would be grouped into six regions , and each of the regions would rotate every election on who would hold their primaries first . With the primary races usually over before June , the political conventions have mostly become scripted , ceremonial affairs . As the drama has left the conventions , and complaints grown that they were scripted and dull pep rallies , public interest and viewership has fallen off . After having offered gavel - to - gavel coverage of the major party conventions in the mid-20th century , the Big Three television networks now only devote approximately three hours of coverage ( one hour per night ) . Critics also argue that the Electoral College is archaic and inherently undemocratic . With all states , except Maine and Nebraska , using a winner - take - all system , both the Democratic and the Republican candidates are almost certain to win all the electoral votes from those states whose residents predominantly vote for the Democratic Party or the Republican Party , respectively . This encourages presidential candidates to focus exponentially more time , money , and energy campaigning in a few so - called `` swing states '' , states in which no single candidate or party has overwhelming support . Such swing states like Ohio are inundated with campaign visits , saturation television advertising , get - out - the - vote efforts by party organizers , and debates . Meanwhile , candidates and political parties have no incentive to mount nationwide campaign efforts , or work to increase voter turnout , in predominately Democratic Party `` safe states '' like California or predominately Republican Party `` safe states '' like Texas . In practice , the winner - take - all system also both reinforces the country 's two - party system and decreases the importance of third and minor political parties . Furthermore , a candidate can win the electoral vote without securing the greatest amount of the national popular vote , such as during the 1824 , 1876 , 1888 , 2000 and 2016 elections . In theory , it is possible to secure the necessary 270 electoral votes from just the top 11 populous states and then ignore the rest of the country . Proposed changes to the election process ( edit ) In 1844 , Representative Samuel F. Vinton of Ohio proposed an amendment to the constitution that would replace the electoral college system with a lot system . The Joint Resolution called for each state to elect , by a simple majority , a presidential candidate of said state . Each state would notify Congress of the presidential election results . Congress would then inscribe the name of every state on uniform balls , equal to the number of said state 's members of Congress , and deposit into a box . In a joint session of Congress , a ball would be drawn , and the elected candidate of the state of which is written on the drawn ball would be named President . A second ball would immediately be drawn after , and that state 's candidate would be named Vice-President . The resolution did not pass the House . Representative Vinton proposed an identical amendment in 1846 . Again , it was unsuccessful . The driving force behind the introduction of the resolution is unclear , as there is no recorded debate for either proposal . Other constitutional amendments , such as the Every Vote Counts Amendment , have been proposed seeking to replace the Electoral College with a direct popular vote , which proponents argue would increase turnout and participation . Other proposed reforms include the National Popular Vote Interstate Compact , an interstate compact without Congressional authorization , whereby individual participating states agree to allocate their electors based on the winner of the national popular vote , instead of voting their respective statewide results . Another proposal is for every state to simply adopt the District system used by Maine and Nebraska : give two electoral votes to the statewide winner and one electoral vote to the winner of each Congressional district . The Automatic Plan would replace the Electors with an automatic tallying of votes to eliminate the faithless elector affecting the outcome of the election . The Proportional Plan , often compared to the District Plan , would distribute electoral votes in each state in proportion to the popular vote , introducing third party effects in election outcomes . The House Plan would require a constitutional amendment to allocate electors based on the House apportionment alone to lessen small state advantage . Direct election plans and bonus plans have in common a higher valuation on the popular vote for president . Electoral College results ( edit ) See also : List of United States presidential elections by Electoral College margin and List of United States presidential elections by popular vote margin This is a table of electoral college results . Included are candidates who received at least 1 electoral vote or at least 5 % of the popular vote . Year Party Presidential candidate Vice presidential candidate Popular vote % Electoral votes Notes 1788 Independent George Washington None 43,782 100.0 69 / 138 Federalist John Adams N / A N / A 34 / 138 John Jay 9 / 138 Robert H. Harrison 6 / 138 John Rutledge 6 / 138 John Hancock 4 / 138 Anti-Administration George Clinton 3 / 138 Federalist Samuel Huntington 2 / 138 John Milton 2 / 138 James Armstrong 1 / 138 Benjamin Lincoln 1 / 138 Anti-Administration Edward Telfair 1 / 138 1792 Independent George Washington 28,579 100.0 132 / 264 Federalist John Adams N / A N / A 77 / 264 Democratic - Republican George Clinton 50 / 264 Thomas Jefferson 4 / 264 Aaron Burr 1 / 264 1796 Federalist John Adams 35,726 53.4 71 / 276 Democratic - Republican Thomas Jefferson 31,115 46.6 68 / 276 Federalist Thomas Pinckney N / A N / A 59 / 276 Democratic - Republican Aaron Burr 30 / 276 Samuel Adams 15 / 276 Federalist Oliver Ellsworth 11 / 276 Democratic - Republican George Clinton 7 / 276 Federalist John Jay 5 / 276 James Iredell 3 / 276 Independent George Washington 2 / 276 Democratic - Republican John Henry 2 / 276 Federalist Samuel Johnston 2 / 276 Charles Cotesworth Pinckney 1 / 276 1800 Democratic - Republican Thomas Jefferson Aaron Burr 41,330 61.4 % 73 / 276 Federalist John Adams Charles Cotesworth Pinckney 25,952 38.6 % 64 / 276 John Jay 1 / 276 1804 Democratic - Republican Thomas Jefferson George Clinton 104,110 72.8 % 162 / 176 Federalist Charles Cotesworth Pinckney Rufus King 38,919 27.2 % 14 / 176 1808 Democratic - Republican James Madison George Clinton 124,732 64.7 % 113 / 176 John Langdon 9 / 176 Federalist Charles Cotesworth Pinckney Rufus King 62,431 32.4 % 47 / 176 Democratic - Republican George Clinton James Madison N / A N / A 3 / 176 James Monroe 3 / 176 1812 Democratic - Republican James Madison Elbridge Gerry 140,431 50.4 % 128 / 217 Democratic - Republican / Federalist DeWitt Clinton Jared Ingersoll 132,781 47.6 % 86 / 217 Elbridge Gerry 3 / 217 1816 Democratic - Republican James Monroe Daniel D. Tompkins 76,592 68.2 % 83 / 217 Federalist Rufus King John Eager Howard 34,740 30.9 % 22 / 217 James Ross 5 / 217 John Marshall 4 / 217 Robert Goodloe Harper 3 / 217 1820 Democratic - Republican James Monroe Daniel D. Tompkins 87,343 80.6 % 218 / 232 Richard Stockton ( Federalist ) 8 / 232 Daniel Rodney ( Federalist ) 4 / 232 Robert Goodloe Harper ( Federalist ) 1 / 232 John Quincy Adams Richard Rush ( Federalist ) N / A N / A 1 / 232 1824 Democratic - Republican ( Adams faction ) John Quincy Adams John C. Calhoun 113,122 30.9 % 74 / 261 Andrew Jackson 9 / 261 N / A 1 / 261 Democratic - Republican ( Jackson faction ) Andrew Jackson John C. Calhoun 151,271 41.4 % 99 / 261 Democratic - Republican ( Crawford faction ) William H. Crawford Nathaniel Macon 40,856 11.2 % 24 / 261 Martin Van Buren 9 / 261 John C. Calhoun 2 / 261 Henry Clay 2 / 261 Nathan Sanford 2 / 261 Andrew Jackson 1 / 261 Democratic - Republican ( Clay faction ) Henry Clay Nathan Sanford 47,531 13.0 % 28 / 261 John C. Calhoun 7 / 261 Andrew Jackson 3 / 261 1828 Democratic Andrew Jackson John C. Calhoun 642,553 56.0 % 171 / 261 William Smith 7 / 261 National Republican John Quincy Adams Richard Rush 500,897 43.6 % 83 / 261 1832 Democratic Andrew Jackson Martin Van Buren 701,780 54.2 % 189 / 286 William Wilkins 30 / 286 National Republican Henry Clay John Sergeant 484,205 37.4 % 49 / 286 Nullifier John Floyd Henry Lee N / A N / A 11 / 286 Anti-Masonic William Wirt Amos Ellmaker 100,715 7.8 % 7 / 286 1836 Democratic Martin Van Buren Richard Mentor Johnson 763,291 50.8 % 147 / 294 William Smith 23 / 294 Whig William Henry Harrison Francis Granger 549,907 36.6 % 63 / 294 John Tyler 10 / 294 Hugh L. White John Tyler 146,107 9.7 % 26 / 294 Daniel Webster Francis Granger 41,201 2.7 % 14 / 294 Willie Person Mangum John Tyler N / A N / A 11 / 294 1840 Whig William Henry Harrison John Tyler 1,275,390 52.9 % 234 / 294 Democratic Martin Van Buren Richard Mentor Johnson 1,128,854 46.8 % 48 / 294 Littleton W. Tazewell 11 / 294 James K. Polk 1 / 294 1844 Democratic James K. Polk George M. Dallas 1,339,494 49.5 % 170 / 275 Whig Henry Clay Theodore Frelinghuysen 1,300,004 48.1 % 105 / 275 1848 Whig Zachary Taylor Millard Fillmore 1,361,393 47.3 % 163 / 290 Democratic Lewis Cass William Orlando Butler 1,223,460 42.5 % 127 / 290 Free Soil Martin Van Buren Charles Francis Adams Sr . 291,501 10.1 % 0 / 290 1852 Democratic Franklin Pierce William R. King 1,607,510 50.8 % 254 / 296 Whig Winfield Scott William Alexander Graham 1,386,942 43.9 % 42 / 296 Free Soil John P. Hale George Washington Julian 155,210 4.9 % 0 / 296 1856 Democratic James Buchanan John C. Breckinridge 1,836,072 45.3 % 174 / 296 Republican John C. Frémont William L. Dayton 1,342,345 33.1 % 114 / 296 American Millard Fillmore Andrew Jackson Donelson 873,053 21.6 % 8 / 296 1860 Republican Abraham Lincoln Hannibal Hamlin 1,865,908 39.8 % 180 / 303 Democratic ( Southern ) John C. Breckinridge Joseph Lane 848,019 18.1 % 72 / 303 Constitutional Union John Bell Edward Everett 590,901 12.6 % 39 / 303 Democratic ( Northern ) Stephen A. Douglas Herschel V. Johnson 1,380,202 29.5 % 12 / 303 1864 National Union / Republican Abraham Lincoln Andrew Johnson 2,218,388 55.0 % 212 / 233 Democratic George B. McClellan George H. Pendleton 1,812,807 45.0 % 21 / 233 1868 Republican Ulysses S. Grant Schuyler Colfax 3,013,650 52.7 % 214 / 294 Democratic Horatio Seymour Francis Preston Blair Jr . 2,708,744 47.3 % 80 / 294 1872 Republican Ulysses S. Grant Henry Wilson 3,598,235 55.6 % 286 / 352 Democratic Thomas A. Hendricks Benjamin Gratz Brown ( Liberal Republican ) 2,834,761 43.8 % 41 / 352 42 / 352 William S. Groesbeck 0 / 352 1 / 352 George Washington Julian ( Liberal Republican ) 0 / 352 1 / 352 John M. Palmer ( Liberal Republican ) 0 / 352 1 / 352 Liberal Republican Benjamin Gratz Brown Alfred H. Colquitt ( Democratic ) 5 / 352 George Washington Julian 4 / 352 5 / 352 Thomas E. Bramlette ( Democratic ) 3 / 352 John M. Palmer 2 / 352 3 / 352 Nathaniel P. Banks 1 / 352 Willis Benson Machen ( Democratic ) 1 / 352 William S. Groesbeck ( Democratic ) 0 / 352 1 / 352 Horace Greeley Benjamin Gratz Brown 3 / 352 Democratic Charles J. Jenkins Benjamin Gratz Brown 2 / 352 Liberal Republican David Davis Benjamin Gratz Brown 0 / 352 1 / 352 William S. Groesbeck ( Democratic ) 0 / 352 1 / 352 George Washington Julian 0 / 352 1 / 352 John M. Palmer 0 / 352 1 / 352 1876 Republican Rutherford B. Hayes William A. Wheeler 4,034,142 47.9 % 185 / 369 Democratic Samuel J. Tilden Thomas A. Hendricks 4,286,808 50.9 % 184 / 369 1880 Republican James A. Garfield Chester A. Arthur 4,446,158 48.3 % 214 / 369 Democratic Winfield Scott Hancock William Hayden English 4,444,260 48.3 % 155 / 369 1884 Democratic Grover Cleveland Thomas A. Hendricks 4,914,482 48.9 % 219 / 401 Republican James G. Blaine John A. Logan 4,856,903 48.3 % 182 / 401 1888 Republican Benjamin Harrison Levi P. Morton 5,443,892 47.8 % 233 / 401 Democratic Grover Cleveland Allen G. Thurman 5,534,488 48.6 % 168 / 401 1892 Democratic Grover Cleveland Adlai Stevenson I 5,553,898 46.0 % 277 / 444 Republican Benjamin Harrison Whitelaw Reid 5,190,819 43.0 % 145 / 444 Populist James B. Weaver James G. Field 1,026,595 8.5 % 22 / 444 1896 Republican William McKinley Garret Hobart 7,111,607 51.0 % 271 / 447 Democratic / Populist William Jennings Bryan Arthur Sewall ( Democratic ) 6,509,052 46.7 % 149 / 447 Thomas E. Watson ( Populist ) 27 / 447 1900 Republican William McKinley Theodore Roosevelt 7,228,864 51.6 % 292 / 447 Democratic William Jennings Bryan Adlai Stevenson I 6,370,932 45.5 % 155 / 447 1904 Republican Theodore Roosevelt Charles W. Fairbanks 7,630,457 56.4 % 336 / 476 Democratic Alton B. Parker Henry G. Davis 5,083,880 37.6 % 140 / 476 1908 Republican William Howard Taft James S. Sherman 7,678,335 51.6 % 321 / 483 Democratic William Jennings Bryan John W. Kern 6,408,979 43.0 % 162 / 483 1912 Democratic Woodrow Wilson Thomas R. Marshall 6,296,284 41.8 % 435 / 531 Progressive Theodore Roosevelt Hiram Johnson 4,122,721 27.4 % 88 / 531 Republican William Howard Taft Nicholas Murray Butler 3,486,242 23.2 % 8 / 531 Socialist Eugene V. Debs Emil Seidel 901,551 6.0 % 0 / 531 1916 Democratic Woodrow Wilson Thomas R. Marshall 9,126,868 49.2 % 277 / 531 Republican Charles Evans Hughes Charles W. Fairbanks 8,548,728 46.1 % 254 / 531 1920 Republican Warren G. Harding Calvin Coolidge 16,144,093 60.3 % 404 / 531 Democratic James M. Cox Franklin D. Roosevelt 9,139,661 34.2 % 127 / 531 1924 Republican Calvin Coolidge Charles G. Dawes 15,723,789 54.0 % 382 / 531 Democratic John W. Davis Charles W. Bryan 8,386,242 28.8 % 136 / 531 Progressive Robert La Follette Burton K. Wheeler 4,831,706 16.6 % 13 / 531 1928 Republican Herbert Hoover Charles Curtis 21,427,123 58.2 % 444 / 531 Democratic Al Smith Joseph Taylor Robinson 15,015,464 40.8 % 87 / 531 1932 Democratic Franklin D. Roosevelt John Nance Garner 22,821,277 57.4 % 472 / 531 Republican Herbert Hoover Charles Curtis 15,761,254 39.7 % 59 / 531 1936 Democratic Franklin D. Roosevelt John Nance Garner 27,752,648 60.8 % 523 / 531 Republican Alf Landon Frank Knox 16,681,862 36.5 % 8 / 531 1940 Democratic Franklin D. Roosevelt Henry A. Wallace 27,313,945 54.7 % 449 / 531 Republican Wendell Willkie Charles L. McNary 22,347,744 44.8 % 82 / 531 1944 Democratic Franklin D. Roosevelt Harry S. Truman 25,612,916 53.4 % 432 / 531 Republican Thomas E. Dewey John W. Bricker 22,017,929 45.9 % 99 / 531 1948 Democratic Harry S. Truman Alben W. Barkley 24,179,347 49.6 % 303 / 531 Republican Thomas E. Dewey Earl Warren 21,991,292 45.1 % 189 / 531 Dixiecrat Strom Thurmond Fielding L. Wright 1,175,930 2.4 % 39 / 531 1952 Republican Dwight D. Eisenhower Richard Nixon 34,075,529 55.2 % 442 / 531 Democratic Adlai Stevenson II John Sparkman 27,375,090 44.3 % 89 / 531 1956 Republican Dwight D. Eisenhower Richard Nixon 35,579,180 57.4 % 457 / 531 Democratic Adlai Stevenson II Estes Kefauver 26,028,028 42.0 % 73 / 531 Walter Burgwyn Jones Herman Talmadge N / A N / A 1 / 531 1960 Democratic John F. Kennedy Lyndon B. Johnson 34,220,984 49.7 % 303 / 537 Republican Richard Nixon Henry Cabot Lodge Jr . 34,108,157 49.6 % 219 / 537 Southern Democratic Harry F. Byrd Strom Thurmond 610,409 0.4 % 14 / 537 Barry Goldwater ( Republican ) 1 / 537 1964 Democratic Lyndon B. Johnson Hubert Humphrey 43,127,041 61.0 % 486 / 538 Republican Barry Goldwater William E. Miller 27,175,754 38.5 % 52 / 538 1968 Republican Richard Nixon Spiro Agnew 31,783,783 43.4 % 301 / 538 Democratic Hubert Humphrey Edmund Muskie 31,271,839 42.7 % 191 / 538 American Independent George Wallace Curtis LeMay 9,901,118 13.5 % 46 / 538 1972 Republican Richard Nixon Spiro Agnew 47,168,710 60.7 % 520 / 538 Democratic George McGovern Sargent Shriver 29,173,222 37.5 % 17 / 538 Libertarian John Hospers Tonie Nathan 3,674 < 0.01 % 1 / 538 1976 Democratic Jimmy Carter Walter Mondale 40,831,881 50.1 % 297 / 538 Republican Gerald Ford Bob Dole 39,148,634 48.0 % 240 / 538 Ronald Reagan N / A N / A 1 / 538 1980 Republican Ronald Reagan George H.W. Bush 43,903,230 50.7 % 489 / 538 Democratic Jimmy Carter Walter Mondale 35,480,115 41.0 % 49 / 538 Independent John B. Anderson Patrick Lucey 5,719,850 6.6 % 0 / 538 1984 Republican Ronald Reagan George H.W. Bush 54,455,472 58.8 % 525 / 538 Democratic Walter Mondale Geraldine Ferraro 37,577,352 40.6 % 13 / 538 1988 Republican George H.W. Bush Dan Quayle 48,886,597 53.4 % 426 / 538 Democratic Michael Dukakis Lloyd Bentsen 41,809,476 45.6 % 111 / 538 Lloyd Bentsen Michael Dukakis N / A N / A 1 / 538 1992 Democratic Bill Clinton Al Gore 44,909,806 43.0 % 370 / 538 Republican George H.W. Bush Dan Quayle 39,104,550 37.4 % 168 / 538 Independent Ross Perot James Stockdale 19,743,821 18.9 % 0 / 538 Democratic Bill Clinton Al Gore 47,401,185 49.2 % 379 / 538 Republican Bob Dole Jack Kemp 39,197,469 40.7 % 159 / 538 Reform Ross Perot Pat Choate 8,085,294 8.4 % 0 / 538 2000 Republican George W. Bush Dick Cheney 50,456,002 47.9 % 271 / 538 Democratic Al Gore Joe Lieberman 50,999,897 48.4 % 266 / 538 Republican George W. Bush Dick Cheney 62,040,610 50.7 % 286 / 538 Democratic John Kerry John Edwards 59,028,444 48.3 % 251 / 538 John Edwards 5 < 0.01 % 1 / 538 2008 Democratic Barack Obama Joe Biden 69,498,516 52.9 % 365 / 538 Republican John McCain Sarah Palin 59,948,323 45.7 % 173 / 538 2012 Democratic Barack Obama Joe Biden 65,915,795 51.1 % 332 / 538 Republican Mitt Romney Paul Ryan 60,933,504 47.2 % 206 / 538 2016 Republican Donald Trump Mike Pence 62,979,636 46.0 % 304 / 538 Ron Paul ( Libertarian ) 124 < 0.01 % 1 / 538 Democratic Hillary Clinton Tim Kaine 65,844,610 48.1 % 227 / 538 Republican ( cast by Democratic electors ) Colin Powell Susan Collins 25 < 0.01 % 1 / 538 Maria Cantwell ( Democratic ) 1 / 538 Elizabeth Warren ( Democratic ) 1 / 538 Republican John Kasich Carly Fiorina 2,684 < 0.01 % 1 / 538 Democratic Bernie Sanders Elizabeth Warren 108,776 0.08 % 1 / 538 Faith Spotted Eagle Winona LaDuke ( Green ) N / A N / A 1 / 538 Voter turnout ( edit ) See also : Voter turnout in the United States presidential elections Voter turnout in the 2004 and 2008 elections showed a noticeable increase over the turnout in 1996 and 2000 . Prior to 2004 , voter turnout in presidential elections had been decreasing while voter registration , measured in terms of voting age population ( VAP ) by the U.S. Census , has been increasing . The VAP figure , however , includes persons ineligible to vote -- mainly non-citizens and ineligible felons -- and excludes overseas eligible voters . Opinion is mixed on whether this decline was due to voter apathy. or an increase in ineligible voters on the rolls . The difference between these two measures are illustrated by analysis of turnout in the 2004 and 2008 elections . Voter turnout from the 2004 and 2008 election was `` not statistically different , '' based on the voting age population used by a November 2008 U.S. Census survey of 50,000 households . If expressed in terms of vote eligible population ( VEP ) , the 2008 national turnout rate was 61.7 % from 131.3 million ballots cast for president , an increase of over 1.6 percentage points over the 60.1 % turnout rate of 2004 , and the highest since 1968 . Financial disclosures ( edit ) Prior to 1967 , many presidential candidates disclosed assets , stock holdings , and other information which might affect the public trust . In that year , Republican candidate George W. Romney went a step further and released his tax returns for the previous twelve years . Since then , many presidential candidates -- including all major - party nominees from 1980 to 2012 -- have released some of their returns , although few of the major party nominees have equaled or exceeded George Romney 's twelve . The Tax History Project -- a project directed by Joseph J. Thorndike and established of the nonprofit Tax Analysts group -- has compiled the publicly released tax returns of presidents and presidential candidates ( including primary candidates ) . In 2016 , Republican presidential nominee Donald Trump broke with tradition , becoming the only major - party candidate since Gerald Ford in 1976 to not make any of his full tax returns public . Trump gave as a reason that he was being audited by the IRS . However , no law or precedent prevents a person from releasing their tax returns while under audit , and in fact President Richard M. Nixon released his tax returns while being audited . Presidential coattails ( edit ) Main article : Coattail effect Presidential elections are held on the same date as those for all the seats in the United States House of Representatives , the full terms for 33 or 34 of the 100 seats in the United States Senate , the governorships in several U.S. states , and many state and local elections . Presidential candidates tend to bring out supporters who then vote for their party 's candidates for those other offices . These other candidates are said to ride on the presidential candidates ' coattails . Voter turnout is also generally higher during presidential election years than either midterm election years or odd - numbered election years . Comparison with other U.S. general elections ( edit ) Basic rotation of U.S. general elections ( fixed - terms only ) Year 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Type Presidential Off - year Midterm Off - year Presidential President Yes No Yes Senate Class III ( 34 seats ) No Class I ( 33 seats ) No Class II ( 33 seats ) House All 435 seats No All 435 seats No All 435 seats Gubernatorial 11 states , 2 territories AS , DE , IN , MO , MT , NH , NC , ND , PR , UT , VT , WA , WV 2 states NJ , VA 36 states , 3 territories AL , AK , AZ , AR , CA , CO , CT , FL , GA , GU , HI , ID , IL , IA , KS , ME , MP , MD , MA , MI , MN , NE , NV , NH , NM , NY , OH , OK , OR , PA , RI , SC , SD , TN , TX , VI , VT , WI , WY 3 states KY , LA , MS 11 states , 2 territories AS , DE , IN , MO , MT , NH , NC , ND , PR , UT , VT , WA , WV Other state and local offices Varies This table does not include special elections , which may be held to fill political offices that have become vacant between the regularly scheduled elections . As well as all six non-voting delegates of the U.S. House . As well as five non-voting delegates of the U.S. House . The Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico instead serves a four - year term that coincides with the presidential term . The Governors of New Hampshire and Vermont are each elected to two - year terms . The other 48 state governors serve four - year terms . view talk See also ( edit ) Outline of American politics # Elections American election campaigns in the 19th century Elections in the United States First Party System , Federalists vs Jeffersonian Republicans , 1790s - 1820s Second Party System , Democrats vs Whigs , 1830s - 1850s Third Party System , Republicans vs Democrats , 1850s - 1890s Fourth Party System , Republicans vs Democrats , 1890s - 1930s ; `` Progressive Era '' Fifth Party System , Democrats vs Republicans , 1930s - 1960s Sixth Party System , Democrats vs Republicans , 1960s - present Statistical forecasts : Electoral-vote.com FiveThirtyEight.com PollyVote 270towin Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dixon , Robert G. , Jr. ( 1950 ) . `` Electoral College Procedure '' . The Western Political Quarterly . 3 ( 2 ) . doi : 10.2307 / 443484 . JSTOR 443484 . Jump up ^ 3 U.S.C. § 1 Jump up ^ Caldwell , Leigh Ann ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` A Viewer 's Guide to the Next Year in Presidential Politics '' . NBC News . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Andrew ( October 29 , 2012 ) . `` Could a Hurricane Like Sandy Postpone the Presidential Election ? '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Jose A. DelReal ( April 3 , 2015 ) . `` Why Hillary Clinton might have just two more weeks or so to announce she 's running for president '' . Washington Post . Retrieved April 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gary Bugh ( 2010 ) . Electoral College Reform : Challenges and Possibilities . Ashgate Publishing , Ltd. p. 40 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7546 - 7751 - 2 . Jump up ^ Of the 13 original states during the 1789 election , six states chose electors by some form of popular vote , four states chose electors by a different method , North Carolina and Rhode Island were ineligible to participate since they had not yet ratified the U.S. Constitution , and New York failed to appoint their allotment of electors in time because of a deadlock in their state legislature . Jump up ^ Rose , Douglas Dana . `` The Ten Most Competitive American Presidential Elections '' . ResearchGate . ^ Jump up to : Yan , Holly ( 6 November 2012 ) . `` Why Tuesday , why November , why elephants ? Election riddles solved '' . CNN . Retrieved 9 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Presidential Form 2 Filers '' ( Press release ) . Federal Election Commission . Retrieved April 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Democratic Detailed Delegate Allocation -- 2012 '' . The Green Papers . Retrieved September 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Republican Detailed Delegate Allocation -- 2012 '' . The Green Papers . Retrieved September 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Paul , Katie ( 2008 - 02 - 07 ) . `` Convention Wisdom '' . Newsweek . Jump up ^ Eun Kyung Kim ( 2008 - 02 - 10 ) . `` Convention Q & A '' . Gannett News Service . Detroit Free Press . Jump up ^ Clift , Eleanor ( 2008 - 02 - 06 ) . `` A Ticking Clock '' . Newsweek . Jump up ^ Gold , Jeffrey ( 2008 - 02 - 09 ) . `` Post-primary questions answered '' . Associated Press . Courier - Post . Jump up ^ `` Sandy unlikely to postpone election '' . USA Today . Retrieved 31 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Guam Legislature Moves General Election Presidential Vote to the September Primary '' . Ballot-Access.org. 2008 - 07 - 10 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Faithless Electors '' . FairVote . Jump up ^ Montanaro , Domenico ( April 23 , 2017 ) . `` Trump 's First 100 Days : An ' Entry - Level ' Presidency '' . NPR . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ International Law , US Power : The United States ' Quest for Legal Security , p. 10 , Shirley V. Scott ( 2012 ) ^ Jump up to : Pollard , Timothy D. ; Chesebro , James W. ; Studinski , David Paul ( 2009 ) . `` The Role of the Internet in Presidential Campaigns '' . Communications Studies . 60 ( 5 ) : 574 -- 88 . doi : 10.1080 / 10510970903260418 . ^ Jump up to : Endres , Warnick ( 2004 ) . `` Text - based Interactivity in Candidate Campaign Web Sites : A case Study from the 2002 Elections '' . Western Journal of Communication . 68 ( 3 ) : 322 -- 42 . doi : 10.1080 / 10570310409374804 . Jump up ^ Smith , Aaron . `` Pew Internet & American Life Project '' . The Internet and Campaign 2010 . Pew Research Center . ^ Jump up to : Bimbaum , Jeffrey ( June 11 , 2006 ) . `` Loophole a Spigot for E-Mail ; Critics Fear Voters Will Be Deluged as Fall Elections Near '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Trent & Friedenberg ( 2008 ) . Political Campaign Communication Principles & Practices . Lanham , MD : Rowman & Littlefield Publishers , Inc . Jump up ^ Jerry Fresia ( February 28 , 2006 ) . `` Third Parties ? '' . Zmag.org . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` House Joint Resolution ( H.J. Res . ) 8 Proposing a Constitutional Amendment to Elect the President by Lot '' . National Archives Catalog . Center for Legislative Archives , National Archives and Records Administration . Jump up ^ Melcher , James P. , `` Electing to Reform : Maine and the District Plan for Selection of Presidential Electors '' , 2004 , New England Political Science Association . viewed October 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Prior to the ratification of the Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution , electors cast two ballots , both for President . The candidate who received a majority of electoral votes became President , and the runner - up became Vice President . ^ Jump up to : Adams was elected Vice President . Jump up ^ Jefferson was elected Vice President . ^ Jump up to : Breakdown by ticket results are available for the 1800 election . Jump up ^ In total , Jefferson received 122 electoral votes . Jump up ^ Six faithless electors from New York voted for Clinton instead of Madison . Three cast their vice presidential vote for Madison , and three for Monroe . Jump up ^ While commonly labeled as the Federalist candidate , Clinton technically ran as a Democratic - Republican and was not nominated by the Federalist party itself , the latter simply deciding not to field a candidate . This did not prevent endorsements from state Federalist parties ( such as in Pennsylvania ) , but he received the endorsement from the New York state Democratic - Republicans as well . Jump up ^ Three faithless electors , two from Massachusetts and one from New Hampshire , voted for Gerry for vice president instead of Ingersoll . Jump up ^ Electors from Massachusetts voted for Howard , electors from Delaware voted for Harper , and electors from Connecticut split their vote between Ross and Marshall . In total , King received 34 electoral votes . Jump up ^ Although the Federalists did not field a candidate , several Federalist electors voted for Federalist vice presidential candidates instead of Tompkins . In total , Monroe received 231 electoral votes . Jump up ^ Faithless elector William Plumer of New Hampshire voted for Adams and Rush instead of Monroe and Tompkins . Jump up ^ Since no candidate received a majority of the electoral vote , the House of Representatives elected the president . In the House , 13 state delegations voted for Adams , 7 for Jackson , and 4 for Crawford . Jump up ^ 74 of Adams ' electors voted for Calhoun , 9 voted for Jackson , and one did not vote for vice president . Jump up ^ In total , Crawford received 40 electoral votes . Jump up ^ In total , Clay received 38 electoral votes . Jump up ^ 7 faithless electors from Georgia voted for Smith instead of Calhoun . Jump up ^ All 30 of Pennsylvania 's electors voted for Wilkins instead of Van Buren . In total , Jackson received 219 electoral votes . ^ Jump up to : All of the electoral votes came from South Carolina , where the electors were chosen by the legislature and not by popular vote . Jump up ^ All 23 of Virginia 's electors voted for Smith for vice president instead of Johnson , which resulted in Johnson failing to obtain a majority of the electoral votes . As a result , the election went to the Senate , which elected Johnson by a vote of 33 -- 16 . Jump up ^ In total , Harrison received 73 electoral votes . Jump up ^ In total , Van Buren received 60 electoral votes . Jump up ^ Johnson , a Democrat , was nominated on the National Union ticket along with Lincoln , a Republican . Jump up ^ The electoral votes of Tennessee and Louisiana were not counted . Had they been counted , Lincoln would have received 229 electoral votes . Jump up ^ All popular votes were originally for Horace Greeley and Benjamin Gratz Brown . ^ Jump up to : The used sources had insufficient data to determine the pairings of 4 electoral votes in Missouri . Therefore , the possible tickets are listed with the minimum and maximum possible number of electoral votes each . Jump up ^ In total , Hendricks received 42 electoral votes . Jump up ^ Greeley died before the Electoral College voted ; as a result the electoral vote intended for Greeley and Brown went to several other candidates . Jump up ^ In total , Davis received 1 electoral vote . Jump up ^ While the Democrats and Populists both nominated Bryan , the two parties had different vice presidential running mates . Jump up ^ Butler replaced Sherman , who died before the election was held . Jump up ^ W.F. Turner , a faithless elector from Alabama , voted for Jones and Talmadge instead of Stevenson and Kefauver . Jump up ^ Unpledged electors voted for Byrd and Thurmond . Henry D. Irwin , a faithless elector from Oklahoma , cast his vote for Byrd and Goldwater instead of Nixon and Lodge . Jump up ^ Faithless elector Roger MacBride of Virginia voted for Hospers and Nathan instead of Nixon and Agnew . Jump up ^ Mike Padden , a faithless elector from Washington , voted for Reagan instead of Ford . He voted for Dole , however , as pledged . Jump up ^ Faithless elector Margarette Leach of West Virginia voted for Bentsen for president and Dukakis for vice president , instead of Dukakis for president and Bentsen for vice president . Jump up ^ One of the D.C. electors pledged to Gore - Lieberman abstained from the final vote . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Electoral College '' . www.archives.gov . Jump up ^ One anonymous faithless elector from Minnesota voted for Edwards for both president and vice president . ^ Jump up to : Collins Walsh , Sean ( December 19 , 2016 ) . `` All but 2 Texas members of the Electoral College choose Donald Trump '' . Austin American - Statesman . Retrieved December 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : 1 faithless electoral vote from Texas . Jump up ^ 3 faithless electoral votes from Washington . Jump up ^ 1 faithless electoral vote from Hawaii . Jump up ^ 1 faithless electoral vote from Washington . ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` National Voter Turnout in Federal Elections : 1960 -- 1996 '' . Federal Election Commission . 2003 - 07 - 29 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 09 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Election Information : Election Statistics '' . Office of the Clerk . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Voting and Registration Date '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Voter Turnout Frequently Asked Questions '' . Elections.gmu.edu . March 12 , 2009 . Retrieved January 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Preliminary Voter Turnout '' . Elections.gmu.edu . March 12 , 2009 . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2008 . Retrieved January 24 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Income Tax Returns Released for Last 12 Years by Romney , St. Joseph Gazette , United Press International , November 27 , 1967 . Jump up ^ Shaxson , Nicholas ( August 2012 ) . `` Where the Money Lives '' . Vanity Fair . Jump up ^ Sherman , Amy ( August 19 , 2012 ) , Debbie Wasserman Schultz ' claim about release of tax returns of major candidates is false , says PolitiFact Florida , Miami Herald . Jump up ^ Robert Farley , Romney and the Tax Return Precedent , FactCheck.org , Annenberg Public Policy Center , July 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ About the Project , Tax History Project . Jump up ^ Presidential Tax Returns , Tax History Project . ^ Jump up to : Alan Rappeport , Donald Trump Breaks With Recent History by Not Releasing Tax Returns , New York Times ( May 11 , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ Jeanne Sahadi , Nixon released his tax returns under audit . Why ca n't Trump ? , CNN Money ( May 11 , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ Sean Gorman , Tim Kaine correctly notes Richard Nixon released tax returns despite audit , PolitiFact ( October 5 , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ `` Government By the People ; national , state , and local version '' Prentice Hall publishers , by Cronin Magleby O'Brien Light Jump up ^ Desilver , D. ( 2014 ) Voter turnout always drops off for midterm elections , but why ? Pew Research Center , July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Voter Turnout '' . FairVote . Retrieved 2001 - 04 - 08 . Low turnout is most pronounced in off - year elections for state legislators and local officials as well as primaries Further reading ( edit ) Schlesinger , Arthur . Jr. , ed . History of American Presidential Elections , 1789 -- 2008 ( 2011 ) 3 vol and 11 vol editions ; detailed analysis of each election , with primary documents ; online v. 1 . 1789 - 1824 -- v. 2 . 1824 - 1844 -- v. 3 . 1848 - 1868 -- v. 4 . 1872 - 1888 -- v. 5 . 1892 - 1908 -- v. 6 . 1912 - 1924 -- v. 7 . 1928 - 1940 -- v. 8 . 1944 - 1956 -- v. 9 . 1960 - 1968 -- v. 10 . 1972 - 1984 -- v. 11 . 1988 - 2001 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States presidential election . The American Presidency Project ( UC Santa Barbara : 52,000 + Presidential Documents ) Electoral College Box Scores Teaching about Presidential Elections All the maps since 1840 by counties ( French language site ) Dave Leip 's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections History of U.S. Presidential Elections : 1789 -- 2004 Graphic election results from 1952 to 2008 broken down by state ( Java Applet ) A history of the presidency from the point of view of Vermont Discusses history of American presidential elections with two states as opposite `` poles '' , Vermont , and Alabama The Living Room Candidate : A Compilation of Presidential Television Ads Presidential Elections , from History.com A New Nation Votes : American Election Returns 1787 -- 1825 How close were Presidential Elections ? -- Michael Sheppard , Michigan State University Better World Links on the U.S. Presidential Election Presidential Elections : Resource Guides from the Library of Congress Presidential Elections : Vacancies in Major - Party Candidacies and the Position of President - Elect from Congressional Research Service U.S. Election Statistics : A Resource Guide from the Library of Congress `` Electoral Votes '' . New International Encyclopedia . 1905 . This is a tabulation of the electoral votes by election year , and also includes the results for Vice President . 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when is the popular vote for president done
[ "However, federal law does specify that all electors must be selected on the same day, which is \"the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November,\" i.e., a Tuesday no earlier than November 2 and no later than November 8.[17] Today, the states and the District of Columbia each conduct their own popular elections on Election Day to help determine their respective slate of electors. Thus, the presidential election is really an amalgamation of separate and simultaneous state elections instead of a single national election run by the federal government.\n" ]
[ "the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November" ]
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Embryonic stem cell
Embryonic stem cell - wikipedia Embryonic stem cell Human embryonic stem cells in cell culture Pluripotent : Embryonic stem cells are able to develop into any type of cell , excepting those of the placenta . Only embryonic stem cells of the morula are totipotent : able to develop into any type of cell , including those of the placenta . Embryonic stem cells ( ES cells or ESCs ) are pluripotent stem cells derived from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst , an early - stage pre-implantation embryo . Human embryos reach the blastocyst stage 4 -- 5 days post fertilization , at which time they consist of 50 -- 150 cells . Isolating the embryoblast , or inner cell mass ( ICM ) results in destruction of the blastocyst , a process which raises ethical issues , including whether or not embryos at the pre-implantation stage should have the same moral considerations as embryos in the post-implantation stage of development . Researchers are currently focusing heavily on the therapeutic potential of embryonic stem cells , with clinical use being the goal for many labs . Potential uses include the treatment of diabetes and heart disease . The cells are being studied to be used as clinical therapies , models of genetic disorders , and cellular / DNA repair . However , adverse effects in the research and clinical processes such as tumours and unwanted immune responses have also been reported . Contents 1 Properties 1.1 Pluripotent 1.2 Propagation 1.3 Uses 2 Utilizations 2.1 Cell replacement therapies 2.2 Clinical potential 2.3 Drug discovery 2.4 Models of genetic disorder 2.5 Repair of DNA damage 2.6 Clinical trial 3 Concern and controversy 3.1 Adverse effects 3.2 Ethical debate 4 History 5 Techniques and conditions for derivation and culture 5.1 Derivation from humans 5.2 Derivation from other animals 5.3 Potential method for new cell line derivation 5.4 Induced pluripotent stem cells 5.5 Contamination by reagents used in cell culture 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Properties ( edit ) The transcriptome of embryonic stem cells Embryonic stem cells ( ESCs ) , derived from the blastocyst stage of early mammalian embryos , are distinguished by their ability to differentiate into any cell type and by their ability to propagate . It is these traits that makes them valuable in the scientific / medical fields . ESC are also described as having a normal karyotype , maintaining high telomerase activity , and exhibiting remarkable long - term proliferative potential . Pluripotent ( edit ) Embryonic stem cells of the inner cell mass are pluripotent , meaning they are able to differentiate to generate primitive ectoderm , which ultimately differentiates during gastrulation into all derivatives of the three primary germ layers : ectoderm , endoderm , and mesoderm . These include each of the more than 220 cell types in the adult human body . Pluripotency distinguishes embryonic stem cells from adult stem cells , which are multipotent and can only produce a limited number of cell types . Propagation ( edit ) Under defined conditions , embryonic stem cells are capable of propagating indefinitely in an undifferentiated state . Conditions must either prevent the cells from clumping , or maintain an environment that supports an unspecialized state . While being able to remain undifferentiated , ESCs also have the capacity , when provided with the appropriate signals , to differentiate ( presumably via the initial formation of precursor cells ) into nearly all mature cell phenotypes . Uses ( edit ) Due to their plasticity and potentially unlimited capacity for self - renewal , embryonic stem cell therapies have been proposed for regenerative medicine and tissue replacement after injury or disease . Pluripotent stem cells have shown potential in treating a number of varying conditions , including but not limited to : spinal cord injuries , age related macular degeneration , diabetes , neurodegenerative disorders ( such as Parkinson 's disease ) , AIDS , etc . In addition to their potential in regenerative medicine , embryonic stem cells provide an alternative source of tissue / organs which serves as a possible solution to the donor shortage dilemma . Not only that , but tissue / organs derived from ESCs can be made immunocompatible with the recipient . Aside from these uses , embryonic stem cells can also serve as tools for the investigation of early human development , study of genetic disease and as in vitro systems for toxicology testing . Utilizations ( edit ) According to a 2002 article in PNAS , `` Human embryonic stem cells have the potential to differentiate into various cell types , and , thus , may be useful as a source of cells for transplantation or tissue engineering . '' Embryoid bodies 24 hours after formation . However , embryonic stem cells are not limited to cell / tissue engineering . Cell replacement therapies ( edit ) Current research focuses on differentiating ESCs into a variety of cell types for eventual use as cell replacement therapies ( CRTs ) . Some of the cell types that have or are currently being developed include cardiomyocytes ( CM ) , neurons , hepatocytes , bone marrow cells , islet cells and endothelial cells . However , the derivation of such cell types from ESCs is not without obstacles , therefore current research is focused on overcoming these barriers . For example , studies are underway to differentiate ESCs in to tissue specific CMs and to eradicate their immature properties that distinguish them from adult CMs . Clinical potential ( edit ) Researchers have differentiated ESCs into dopamine - producing cells with the hope that these neurons could be used in the treatment of Parkinson 's disease . ESCs have been differentiated to natural killer ( NK ) cells and bone tissue . Studies involving ESCs are underway to provide an alternative treatment for diabetes . For example , D'Amour et al. were able to differentiate ESCs into insulin producing cells and researchers at Harvard University were able to produce large quantities of pancreatic beta cells from ES . An article published in the European Heart Journal describes a translational process of generating human embryonic stem cell - derived cardiac progenitor cells to be used in clinical trials of patients with severe heart failure . Drug discovery ( edit ) Besides becoming an important alternative to organ transplants , ESCs are also being used in field of toxicology and as cellular screens to uncover new chemical entities ( NCEs ) that can be developed as small molecule drugs . Studies have shown that cardiomyocytes derived from ESCs are validated in vitro models to test drug responses and predict toxicity profiles . ES derived cardiomyocytes have been shown to respond to pharmacological stimuli and hence can be used to assess cardiotoxicity like Torsades de Pointes . ESC - derived hepatocytes are also useful models that could be used in the preclinical stages of drug discovery . However , the development of hepatocytes from ESCs has proven to be challenging and this hinders the ability to test drug metabolism . Therefore , current research is focusing on establishing fully functional ESC - derived hepatocytes with stable phase I and II enzyme activity . Models of genetic disorder ( edit ) Several new studies have started to address the concept of modeling genetic disorders with embryonic stem cells . Either by genetically manipulating the cells , or more recently , by deriving diseased cell lines identified by prenatal genetic diagnosis ( PGD ) , modeling genetic disorders is something that has been accomplished with stem cells . This approach may very well prove invaluable at studying disorders such as Fragile - X syndrome , Cystic fibrosis , and other genetic maladies that have no reliable model system . Yury Verlinsky , a Russian - American medical researcher who specialized in embryo and cellular genetics ( genetic cytology ) , developed prenatal diagnosis testing methods to determine genetic and chromosomal disorders a month and a half earlier than standard amniocentesis . The techniques are now used by many pregnant women and prospective parents , especially couples who have a history of genetic abnormalities or where the woman is over the age of 35 ( when the risk of genetically related disorders is higher ) . In addition , by allowing parents to select an embryo without genetic disorders , they have the potential of saving the lives of siblings that already had similar disorders and diseases using cells from the disease free offspring . Repair of DNA damage ( edit ) Differentiated somatic cells and ES cells use different strategies for dealing with DNA damage . For instance , human foreskin fibroblasts , one type of somatic cell , use non-homologous end joining ( NHEJ ) , an error prone DNA repair process , as the primary pathway for repairing double - strand breaks ( DSBs ) during all cell cycle stages . Because of its error - prone nature , NHEJ tends to produce mutations in a cell 's clonal descendants . ES cells use a different strategy to deal with DSBs . Because ES cells give rise to all of the cell types of an organism including the cells of the germ line , mutations arising in ES cells due to faulty DNA repair are a more serious problem than in differentiated somatic cells . Consequently , robust mechanisms are needed in ES cells to repair DNA damages accurately , and if repair fails , to remove those cells with un-repaired DNA damages . Thus , mouse ES cells predominantly use high fidelity homologous recombinational repair ( HRR ) to repair DSBs . This type of repair depends on the interaction of the two sister chromosomes formed during S phase and present together during the G2 phase of the cell cycle . HRR can accurately repair DSBs in one sister chromosome by using intact information from the other sister chromosome . Cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle ( i.e. after metaphase / cell division but prior the next round of replication ) have only one copy of each chromosome ( i.e. sister chromosomes are n't present ) . Mouse ES cells lack a G1 checkpoint and do not undergo cell cycle arrest upon acquiring DNA damage . Rather they undergo programmed cell death ( apoptosis ) in response to DNA damage . Apoptosis can be used as a fail - safe strategy to remove cells with un-repaired DNA damages in order to avoid mutation and progression to cancer . Consistent with this strategy , mouse ES stem cells have a mutation frequency about 100-fold lower than that of isogenic mouse somatic cells . Clinical trial ( edit ) Main article : Human embryonic stem cells clinical trials On January 23 , 2009 , Phase I clinical trials for transplantation of oligodendrocytes ( a cell type of the brain and spinal cord ) derived from human ES cells into spinal cord - injured individuals received approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) , marking it the world 's first human ES cell human trial . The study leading to this scientific advancement was conducted by Hans Keirstead and colleagues at the University of California , Irvine and supported by Geron Corporation of Menlo Park , CA , founded by Michael D. West , PhD . A previous experiment had shown an improvement in locomotor recovery in spinal cord - injured rats after a 7 - day delayed transplantation of human ES cells that had been pushed into an oligodendrocytic lineage . The phase I clinical study was designed to enroll about eight to ten paraplegics who have had their injuries no longer than two weeks before the trial begins , since the cells must be injected before scar tissue is able to form . The researchers emphasized that the injections were not expected to fully cure the patients and restore all mobility . Based on the results of the rodent trials , researchers speculated that restoration of myelin sheathes and an increase in mobility might occur . This first trial was primarily designed to test the safety of these procedures and if everything went well , it was hoped that it would lead to future studies that involve people with more severe disabilities . The trial was put on hold in August 2009 due to FDA concerns regarding a small number of microscopic cysts found in several treated rat models but the hold was lifted on July 30 , 2010 . In October 2010 researchers enrolled and administered ESTs to the first patient at Shepherd Center in Atlanta . The makers of the stem cell therapy , Geron Corporation , estimated that it would take several months for the stem cells to replicate and for the GRNOPC1 therapy to be evaluated for success or failure . In November 2011 Geron announced it was halting the trial and dropping out of stem cell research for financial reasons , but would continue to monitor existing patients , and was attempting to find a partner that could continue their research . In 2013 BioTime ( AMEX : BTX ) , led by CEO Dr. Michael D. West , acquired all of Geron 's stem cell assets , with the stated intention of restarting Geron 's embryonic stem cell - based clinical trial for spinal cord injury research . BioTime company Asterias Biotherapeutics ( NYSE MKT : AST ) was granted a $14.3 million Strategic Partnership Award by the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine ( CIRM ) to re-initiate the world 's first embryonic stem cell - based human clinical trial , for spinal cord injury . Supported by California public funds , CIRM is the largest funder of stem cell - related research and development in the world . The award provides funding for Asterias to reinitiate clinical development of AST - OPC1 in subjects with spinal cord injury and to expand clinical testing of escalating doses in the target population intended for future pivotal trials . AST - OPC1 is a population of cells derived from human embryonic stem cells ( hESCs ) that contains oligodendrocyte progenitor cells ( OPCs ) . OPCs and their mature derivatives called oligodendrocytes provide critical functional support for nerve cells in the spinal cord and brain . Asterias recently presented the results from phase 1 clinical trial testing of a low dose of AST - OPC1 in patients with neurologically - complete thoracic spinal cord injury . The results showed that AST - OPC1 was successfully delivered to the injured spinal cord site . Patients followed 2 -- 3 years after AST - OPC1 administration showed no evidence of serious adverse events associated with the cells in detailed follow - up assessments including frequent neurological exams and MRIs . Immune monitoring of subjects through one year post-transplantation showed no evidence of antibody - based or cellular immune responses to AST - OPC1 . In four of the five subjects , serial MRI scans performed throughout the 2 -- 3 year follow - up period indicate that reduced spinal cord cavitation may have occurred and that AST - OPC1 may have had some positive effects in reducing spinal cord tissue deterioration . There was no unexpected neurological degeneration or improvement in the five subjects in the trial as evaluated by the International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury ( ISNCSCI ) exam . The Strategic Partnership III grant from CIRM will provide funding to Asterias to support the next clinical trial of AST - OPC1 in subjects with spinal cord injury , and for Asterias ' product development efforts to refine and scale manufacturing methods to support later - stage trials and eventually commercialization . CIRM funding will be conditional on FDA approval for the trial , completion of a definitive agreement between Asterias and CIRM , and Asterias ' continued progress toward the achievement of certain pre-defined project milestones . Concern and controversy ( edit ) Adverse effects ( edit ) The major concern with the possible transplantation of ESC into patients as therapies is their ability to form tumors including teratoma . Safety issues prompted the FDA to place a hold on the first ESC clinical trial , however no tumors were observed . The main strategy to enhance the safety of ESC for potential clinical use is to differentiate the ESC into specific cell types ( e.g. neurons , muscle , liver cells ) that have reduced or eliminated ability to cause tumors . Following differentiation , the cells are subjected to sorting by flow cytometry for further purification . ESC are predicted to be inherently safer than IPS cells created with genetically - integrating viral vectors because they are not genetically modified with genes such as c - Myc that are linked to cancer . Nonetheless , ESC express very high levels of the iPS inducing genes and these genes including Myc are essential for ESC self - renewal and pluripotency , and potential strategies to improve safety by eliminating c - Myc expression are unlikely to preserve the cells ' `` stemness '' . However , N - myc and L - myc have been identified to induce iPS cells instead of c - myc with similar efficiency . More recent protocols to induce pluripotency bypass these problems completely by using non-integrating RNA viral vectors such as sendai virus or mRNA transfection . Ethical debate ( edit ) Main article : Stem cell controversy Due to the nature of embryonic stem cell research , there are a lot of controversial opinions on the topic . Since harvesting embryonic stem cells necessitates destroying the embryo from which those cells are obtained , the moral status of the embryo comes into question . Scientists argue that the 5 - day old mass of cells is too young to achieve personhood or that the embryo , if donated from an IVF clinic ( which is where labs typically acquire embryos from ) , would otherwise go to medical waste anyway . Opponents of ESC research counter that any embryo has the potential to become a human , therefore destroying it is murder and the embryo must be protected under the same ethical view as a developed human being . History ( edit ) 1964 : Lewis Kleinsmith and G. Barry Pierce Jr. isolated a single type of cell from a teratocarcinoma , a tumor now known to be derived from a germ cell . These cells isolated from the teratocarcinoma replicated and grew in cell culture as a stem cell and are now known as embryonal carcinoma ( EC ) cells . Although similarities in morphology and differentiating potential ( pluripotency ) led to the use of EC cells as the in vitro model for early mouse development , EC cells harbor genetic mutations and often abnormal karyotypes that accumulated during the development of the teratocarcinoma . These genetic aberrations further emphasized the need to be able to culture pluripotent cells directly from the inner cell mass . Martin Evans revealed a new technique for culturing the mouse embryos in the uterus to allow for the derivation of ES cells from these embryos . 1981 : Embryonic stem cells ( ES cells ) were independently first derived from mouse embryos by two groups . Martin Evans and Matthew Kaufman from the Department of Genetics , University of Cambridge published first in July , revealing a new technique for culturing the mouse embryos in the uterus to allow for an increase in cell number , allowing for the derivation of ES cells from these embryos . Gail R. Martin , from the Department of Anatomy , University of California , San Francisco , published her paper in December and coined the term `` Embryonic Stem Cell '' . She showed that embryos could be cultured in vitro and that ES cells could be derived from these embryos . 1989 : Mario R. Cappechi , Martin J. Evans , and Oliver Smithies publish their research which details their isolation and genetic modifications of embryonic stem cells , creating the first `` knockout mice '' . In creating knockout mice , this publication provided scientists with an entirely new way to study disease . 1998 : A paper titled `` Embryonic Stem Cell Lines Derived From Human Blastocysts '' is published by a team from the University of Wisconsin , Madison . The researchers behind this study not only create the first embryonic stem cells , but recognize their pluripotency , as well as their capacity for self - renewal . The abstract of the paper notes the significance of the discovery with regards to the fields of developmental biology and drug discovery . 2001 : President George W. Bush allows federal funding to support research on roughly 60 -- at this time , already existing -- lines of embryonic stem cells . Seeing as the limited lines that Bush allowed research on had already been established , this law supported embryonic stem cell research without raising any ethical questions that could arise with the creation of new lines under federal budget . 2006 : Japanese scientists Shinya Yamanaka and Kazutoshi Takashi publish a paper describing the induction of pluripotent stem cells from cultures of adult mouse fibroblasts . Induced pluripotent stem cells ( iPSCs ) are a huge discovery , as they are seemingly identical to embryonic stem cells and could be used without sparking the same moral controversy . January , 2009 : The US Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) provides approval for Geron Corporation 's phase I trial of their human embryonic stem cell - derived treatment for spinal cord injuries . The announcement was met with excitement from the scientific community , but also with wariness from stem cell opposers . The treatment cells were , however , derived from the cell lines approved under George W. Bush 's ESC policy . March , 2009 : Executive Order 13505 is signed by President Barack Obama , removing the restrictions put in place on federal funding for human stem cells by the previous presidential administration . This would allow the National Institutes of Health ( NIH ) to provide funding for hESC research . The document also states that the NIH must provide revised federal funding guidelines within 120 days of the order 's signing . Techniques and conditions for derivation and culture ( edit ) Derivation from humans ( edit ) In vitro fertilization generates multiple embryos . The surplus of embryos is not clinically used or is unsuitable for implantation into the patient , and therefore may be donated by the donor with consent . Human embryonic stem cells can be derived from these donated embryos or additionally they can also be extracted from cloned embryos using a cell from a patient and a donated egg . The inner cell mass ( cells of interest ) , from the blastocyst stage of the embryo , is separated from the trophectoderm , the cells that would differentiate into extra-embryonic tissue . Immunosurgery , the process in which antibodies are bound to the trophectoderm and removed by another solution , and mechanical dissection are performed to achieve separation . The resulting inner cell mass cells are plated onto cells that will supply support . The inner cell mass cells attach and expand further to form a human embryonic cell line , which are undifferentiated . These cells are fed daily and are enzymatically or mechanically separated every four to seven days . For differentiation to occur , the human embryonic stem cell line is removed from the supporting cells to form embryoid bodies , is co-cultured with a serum containing necessary signals , or is grafted in a three - dimensional scaffold to result . Derivation from other animals ( edit ) Embryonic stem cells are derived from the inner cell mass of the early embryo , which are harvested from the donor mother animal . Martin Evans and Matthew Kaufman reported a technique that delays embryo implantation , allowing the inner cell mass to increase . This process includes removing the donor mother 's ovaries and dosing her with progesterone , changing the hormone environment , which causes the embryos to remain free in the uterus . After 4 -- 6 days of this intrauterine culture , the embryos are harvested and grown in in vitro culture until the inner cell mass forms `` egg cylinder - like structures , '' which are dissociated into single cells , and plated on fibroblasts treated with mitomycin - c ( to prevent fibroblast mitosis ) . Clonal cell lines are created by growing up a single cell . Evans and Kaufman showed that the cells grown out from these cultures could form teratomas and embryoid bodies , and differentiate in vitro , all of which indicating that the cells are pluripotent . Gail Martin derived and cultured her ES cells differently . She removed the embryos from the donor mother at approximately 76 hours after copulation and cultured them overnight in a medium containing serum . The following day , she removed the inner cell mass from the late blastocyst using microsurgery . The extracted inner cell mass was cultured on fibroblasts treated with mitomycin - c in a medium containing serum and conditioned by ES cells . After approximately one week , colonies of cells grew out . These cells grew in culture and demonstrated pluripotent characteristics , as demonstrated by the ability to form teratomas , differentiate in vitro , and form embryoid bodies . Martin referred to these cells as ES cells . It is now known that the feeder cells provide leukemia inhibitory factor ( LIF ) and serum provides bone morphogenetic proteins ( BMPs ) that are necessary to prevent ES cells from differentiating . These factors are extremely important for the efficiency of deriving ES cells . Furthermore , it has been demonstrated that different mouse strains have different efficiencies for isolating ES cells . Current uses for mouse ES cells include the generation of transgenic mice , including knockout mice . For human treatment , there is a need for patient specific pluripotent cells . Generation of human ES cells is more difficult and faces ethical issues . So , in addition to human ES cell research , many groups are focused on the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells ( iPS cells ) . Potential method for new cell line derivation ( edit ) On August 23 , 2006 , the online edition of Nature scientific journal published a letter by Dr. Robert Lanza ( medical director of Advanced Cell Technology in Worcester , MA ) stating that his team had found a way to extract embryonic stem cells without destroying the actual embryo . This technical achievement would potentially enable scientists to work with new lines of embryonic stem cells derived using public funding in the USA , where federal funding was at the time limited to research using embryonic stem cell lines derived prior to August 2001 . In March , 2009 , the limitation was lifted . Induced pluripotent stem cells ( edit ) Main article : Induced pluripotent stem cell The iPSC technology was pioneered by Shinya Yamanaka 's lab in Kyoto , Japan , who showed in 2006 that the introduction of four specific genes encoding transcription factors could convert adult cells into pluripotent stem cells . He was awarded the 2012 Nobel Prize along with Sir John Gurdon `` for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent . '' In 2007 it was shown that pluripotent stem cells highly similar to embryonic stem cells can be generated by the delivery of three genes ( Oct4 , Sox2 , and Klf4 ) to differentiated cells . The delivery of these genes `` reprograms '' differentiated cells into pluripotent stem cells , allowing for the generation of pluripotent stem cells without the embryo . Because ethical concerns regarding embryonic stem cells typically are about their derivation from terminated embryos , it is believed that reprogramming to these `` induced pluripotent stem cells '' ( iPS cells ) may be less controversial . Both human and mouse cells can be reprogrammed by this methodology , generating both human pluripotent stem cells and mouse pluripotent stem cells without an embryo . This may enable the generation of patient specific ES cell lines that could potentially be used for cell replacement therapies . In addition , this will allow the generation of ES cell lines from patients with a variety of genetic diseases and will provide invaluable models to study those diseases . However , as a first indication that the induced pluripotent stem cell ( iPS ) cell technology can in rapid succession lead to new cures , it was used by a research team headed by Rudolf Jaenisch of the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research in Cambridge , Massachusetts , to cure mice of sickle cell anemia , as reported by Science journal 's online edition on December 6 , 2007 . On January 16 , 2008 , a California - based company , Stemagen , announced that they had created the first mature cloned human embryos from single skin cells taken from adults . These embryos can be harvested for patient matching embryonic stem cells . Contamination by reagents used in cell culture ( edit ) The online edition of Nature Medicine published a study on January 24 , 2005 , which stated that the human embryonic stem cells available for federally funded research are contaminated with non-human molecules from the culture medium used to grow the cells . It is a common technique to use mouse cells and other animal cells to maintain the pluripotency of actively dividing stem cells . The problem was discovered when non-human sialic acid in the growth medium was found to compromise the potential uses of the embryonic stem cells in humans , according to scientists at the University of California , San Diego . However , a study published in the online edition of Lancet Medical Journal on March 8 , 2005 detailed information about a new stem cell line that was derived from human embryos under completely cell - and serum - free conditions . After more than 6 months of undifferentiated proliferation , these cells demonstrated the potential to form derivatives of all three embryonic germ layers both in vitro and in teratomas . These properties were also successfully maintained ( for more than 30 passages ) with the established stem cell lines . See also ( edit ) Embryoid body Embryonic Stem Cell Research Oversight Committees Fetal tissue implant Stem cell controversy Induced stem cells References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Thomson ; Itskovitz - Eldor , J ; Shapiro , SS ; Waknitz , MA ; Swiergiel , JJ ; Marshall , VS ; Jones , JM ( 1998 ) . `` Blastocysts Embryonic Stem Cell Lines Derived from Human '' . Science . 282 ( 5391 ) : 1145 -- 1147 . Bibcode : 1998Sci ... 282.1145 T . doi : 10.1126 / science. 282.5391. 1145 . PMID 9804556 . ^ Jump up to : `` NIH Stem Cell Basics . What are embryonic stem cells ? '' . Jump up ^ Baldwing A ( 2009 ) . `` Morality and human embryo research . Introduction to the Talking Point on morality and human embryo research '' . EMBO Reports . 10 ( 4 ) : 299 -- 300 . doi : 10.1038 / embor. 2009.37 . PMC 2672902 . PMID 19337297 . Jump up ^ Nakaya , Andrea C. ( August 1 , 2011 ) . Biomedical ethics . San Diego , CA : ReferencePoint Press . p. 96 . ISBN 160152157X . ^ Jump up to : `` Introduction : What are stem cells , and why are they important ? '' . National Institutes of Health . Retrieved 28 October 2018 . Jump up ^ Carla A Herberts ; Marcel SG Kwa ; Harm PH Hermsen ( 2011 ) . `` Risk factors in the development of stem cell therapy '' . Journal of Translational Medicine . 9 ( 29 ) . doi : 10.1186 / 1479 - 5876 - 9 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Thomson , J.A. ; Itskovitz - Eldor , J ; Shapiro , S.S. ; Waknitz , M.A. ; Swiergiel , J.J. ; Marshall , V.S. ; Jones , J.M. ( 1998 ) . `` Embryonic Stem Cell Lines Derived from Human Blastocysts '' . Science . 282 ( 5391 ) : 1145 -- 7 . Bibcode : 1998Sci ... 282.1145 T . doi : 10.1126 / science. 282.5391. 1145 . PMID 9804556 . Jump up ^ Ying ; Nichols , J ; Chambers , I ; Smith , A ( 2003 ) . `` BMP Induction of Id Proteins Suppresses Differentiation and Sustains Embryonic Stem Cell Self - Renewal in Collaboration with STAT3 '' . Cell. 115 ( 3 ) : 281 -- 292 . doi : 10.1016 / S0092 - 8674 ( 03 ) 00847 - X . PMID 14636556 . Jump up ^ Mahla , Ranjeet ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` Stem Cell Applications in Regenerative Medicine and Disease Therapeutics '' . International Journal of Cell Biology : 1 -- 24 . doi : 10.1155 / 2016 / 6940283 . PMID 27516776 . Jump up ^ Levenberg , S. ( 2002 ) . `` Endothelial cells derived from human embryonic stem cells '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 99 ( 7 ) : 4391 -- 4396 . Bibcode : 2002PNAS ... 99.4391 L . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 032074999 . PMC 123658 . ^ Jump up to : Davila , JC ; Cezar , GG ; Thiede , M ; Strom , S ; Miki , T ; Trosko , J ( 2004 ) . `` Use and application of stem cells in toxicology '' . Toxicological Sciences . 79 ( 2 ) : 214 -- 23 . doi : 10.1093 / toxsci / kfh100 . PMID 15014205 . Jump up ^ Siu , CW ; Moore , JC ; Li , RA ( 2007 ) . `` Human embryonic stem cell - derived cardiomyocytes for heart therapies '' . Cardiovascular & Hematological Disorders Drug Targets. 7 ( 2 ) : 145 -- 52 . doi : 10.2174 / 187152907780830851 . PMID 17584049 . Jump up ^ Perrier , A.L. ( 2004 ) . `` Derivation of midbrain dopamine neurons from human embryonic stem cells '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 101 ( 34 ) : 12543 -- 12548 . Bibcode : 2004PNAS ... 10112543P . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0404700101 . PMC 515094 . Jump up ^ Parish , CL ; Arenas , E ( 2007 ) . `` Stem - cell - based strategies for the treatment of Parkinson 's disease '' . Neuro - Degenerative Diseases . 4 ( 4 ) : 339 -- 47 . doi : 10.1159 / 000101892 . PMID 17627139 . Jump up ^ Waese , EY ; Kandel , RA ; Stanford , WL ( 2008 ) . `` Application of stem cells in bone repair '' . Skeletal Radiology. 37 ( 7 ) : 601 -- 8 . doi : 10.1007 / s00256 - 007 - 0438 - 8 . PMID 18193216 . Jump up ^ d'Amour , KA ; Bang , AG ; Eliazer , S ; Kelly , OG ; Agulnick , AD ; Smart , NG ; Moorman , MA ; Kroon , E ; Carpenter , MK ; Baetge , EE ( 2006 ) . `` Production of pancreatic hormone - expressing endocrine cells from human embryonic stem cells '' . Nature Biotechnology . 24 ( 11 ) : 1392 -- 401 . doi : 10.1038 / nbt1259 . PMID 17053790 . Jump up ^ Colen , B.D. ( 9 October 2014 ) Giant leap against diabetes The Harvard Gazette , Retrieved 24 November 2014 Jump up ^ Menasché , Phillip ; Vanneaux , Valérie ; Fabreguettes , Jean - Roch ; Bel , Alain ; Tosca , Lucie ; Garcia , Sylvie ( 21 March 2015 ) . `` Towards a clinical use of human embryonic stem cell derived - cardiac progenitors : a translational experience '' . European Heart Journal . 36 ( 12 ) : 743 -- 750 . doi : 10.1093 / eurheartj / ehu192 . Jump up ^ Jensen , J ; Hyllner , J ; Björquist , P ( 2009 ) . `` Human embryonic stem cell technologies and drug discovery '' . Journal of Cellular Physiology. 219 ( 3 ) : 513 -- 9 . doi : 10.1002 / jcp. 21732 . PMID 19277978 . Jump up ^ Söderdahl , T ; Küppers - Munther , B ; Heins , N ; Edsbagge , J ; Björquist , P ; Cotgreave , I ; Jernström , B ( 2007 ) . `` Glutathione transferases in hepatocyte - like cells derived from human embryonic stem cells '' . Toxicology in Vitro . 21 ( 5 ) : 929 -- 37 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tiv. 2007.01. 021 . PMID 17346923 . Jump up ^ `` Dr. Yury Verlinsky , 1943 -- 2009 : Expert in reproductive technology '' Chicago Tribune , July 20 , 2009 Jump up ^ Mao Z , Bozzella M , Seluanov A , Gorbunova V ( September 2008 ) . `` DNA repair by nonhomologous end joining and homologous recombination during cell cycle in human cells '' . Cell Cycle. 7 ( 18 ) : 2902 -- 6 . doi : 10.4161 / cc. 7.18. 6679 . PMC 2754209 . PMID 18769152 . ^ Jump up to : Tichy ED , Pillai R , Deng L , et al. ( November 2010 ) . `` Mouse embryonic stem cells , but not somatic cells , predominantly use homologous recombination to repair double - strand DNA breaks '' . Stem Cells Dev. 19 ( 11 ) : 1699 -- 711 . doi : 10.1089 / scd. 2010.0058 . PMC 3128311 . PMID 20446816 . Jump up ^ Hong Y , Stambrook PJ ( October 2004 ) . `` Restoration of an absent G1 arrest and protection from apoptosis in embryonic stem cells after ionizing radiation '' . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 101 ( 40 ) : 14443 -- 8 . Bibcode : 2004PNAS ... 10114443H . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0401346101 . PMC 521944 . PMID 15452351 . Jump up ^ Aladjem MI , Spike BT , Rodewald LW , et al. ( January 1998 ) . `` ES cells do not activate p53 - dependent stress responses and undergo p53 - independent apoptosis in response to DNA damage '' . Curr. Biol. 8 ( 3 ) : 145 -- 55 . doi : 10.1016 / S0960 - 9822 ( 98 ) 70061 - 2 . PMID 9443911 . Jump up ^ Bernstein C , Bernstein H , Payne CM , Garewal H ( June 2002 ) . `` DNA repair / pro-apoptotic dual - role proteins in five major DNA repair pathways : fail - safe protection against carcinogenesis '' . Mutat . Res. 511 ( 2 ) : 145 -- 78 . doi : 10.1016 / S1383 - 5742 ( 02 ) 00009 - 1 . PMID 12052432 . Jump up ^ Cervantes RB , Stringer JR , Shao C , Tischfield JA , Stambrook PJ ( March 2002 ) . `` Embryonic stem cells and somatic cells differ in mutation frequency and type '' . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 ( 6 ) : 3586 -- 90 . Bibcode : 2002PNAS ... 99.3586 C . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 062527199 . PMC 122567 . PMID 11891338 . Jump up ^ `` FDA approves human embryonic stem cell study - CNN.com '' . January 23 , 2009 . Retrieved May 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Keirstead HS , Nistor G , Bernal G , et al. ( 2005 ) . `` Human embryonic stem cell - derived oligodendrocyte progenitor cell transplants remyelinate and restore locomotion after spinal cord injury '' . J. Neurosci. 25 ( 19 ) : 4694 -- 705 . doi : 10.1523 / JNEUROSCI. 0311 - 05.2005 . PMID 15888645 . Jump up ^ Reinberg , Steven ( 2009 - 01 - 23 ) FDA OKs 1st Embryonic Stem Cell Trial . The Washington Post Jump up ^ Geron comments on FDA hold on spinal cord injury trial . geron.com ( August 27 , 2009 ) Jump up ^ Vergano , Dan ( 11 October 2010 ) . `` Embryonic stem cells used on patient for first time '' . USA Today . Retrieved 12 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Brown , Eryn ( November 15 , 2011 ) . `` Geron exits stem cell research '' . LA Times . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Great news : BioTime Subsidiary Asterias Acquires Geron Embryonic Stem Cell Program '' . iPScell.com . October 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : California Institute of Regenerative Medicine . BioTime , Inc . Jump up ^ Knoepfler , Paul S. ( 2009 ) . `` Deconstructing Stem Cell Tumorigenicity : A Roadmap to Safe Regenerative Medicine '' . Stem Cells. 27 ( 5 ) : 1050 -- 6 . doi : 10.1002 / stem. 37 . PMC 2733374 . PMID 19415771 . Jump up ^ Varlakhanova , Natalia V. ; Cotterman , Rebecca F. ; Devries , Wilhelmine N. ; Morgan , Judy ; Donahue , Leah Rae ; Murray , Stephen ; Knowles , Barbara B. ; Knoepfler , Paul S. ( 2010 ) . `` Myc maintains embryonic stem cell pluripotency and self - renewal '' . Differentiation. 80 ( 1 ) : 9 -- 19 . doi : 10.1016 / j. diff. 2010.05. 001 . PMC 2916696 . PMID 20537458 . Jump up ^ Wernig , Marius ; Meissner , Alexander ; Cassady , John P ; Jaenisch , Rudolf ( 2008 ) . `` C - Myc is Dispensable for Direct Reprogramming of Mouse Fibroblasts '' . Cell Stem Cell. 2 ( 1 ) : 10 -- 2 . doi : 10.1016 / j. stem. 2007.12. 001 . PMID 18371415 . Jump up ^ King , Nancy ; Perrin , Jacob ( July 7 , 2014 ) . `` Ethical issues in stem cell research and therapy '' . Stem Cell Research and Therapy . doi : 10.1186 / scrt474 . Jump up ^ Kleinsmith LJ , Pierce GB Jr ( 1964 ) . `` Multipotentiality of Single Embryoncal Carcinoma Cells '' . Cancer Res. 24 : 1544 -- 51 . PMID 14234000 . Jump up ^ Andrews P , Matin M , Bahrami A , Damjanov I , Gokhale P , Draper J ( 2005 ) . `` Embryonic stem ( ES ) cells and embryonal carcinoma ( EC ) cells : opposite sides of the same coin '' ( PDF ) . Biochem Soc Trans . 33 ( Pt 6 ) : 1526 -- 30 . doi : 10.1042 / BST20051526 . PMID 16246161 . Jump up ^ Martin GR ( 1980 ) . `` Teratocarcinomas and mammalian embryogenesis '' . Science . 209 ( 4458 ) : 768 -- 76 . Bibcode : 1980Sci ... 209 ... 768M . doi : 10.1126 / science. 6250214 . PMID 6250214 . ^ Jump up to : Evans M , Kaufman M ( 1981 ) . `` Establishment in culture of pluripotent cells from mouse embryos '' . Nature . 292 ( 5819 ) : 154 -- 6 . Bibcode : 1981Natur. 292 ... 154E . doi : 10.1038 / 292154a0 . PMID 7242681 . ^ Jump up to : Martin G ( 1981 ) . `` Isolation of a pluripotent cell line from early mouse embryos cultured in medium conditioned by teratocarcinoma stem cells '' . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA . 78 ( 12 ) : 7634 -- 8 . Bibcode : 1981PNAS ... 78.7634 M . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 78.12. 7634 . PMC 349323 . PMID 6950406 . Jump up ^ `` The 2007 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine - Advanced Information '' . Nobel Prize . Nobel Media . Jump up ^ Thompson , James A. ; Itskovitz - Eldor , Joseph ; Shapiro , Sander S. ; Waknitz , Michelle A. ; Swiergiel , Jennifer J. ; Marshall , Vivienne S. ; Jones , Jeffrey M. ( 6 November 1998 ) . `` Embryonic Stem Cell Lines Derived From Human Blastocyst '' . Science . 282 ( 5391 ) : 1145 -- 1147 . Bibcode : 1998Sci ... 282.1145 T . doi : 10.1126 / science. 282.5391. 1145 . Jump up ^ `` President George W. Bush 's address on stem cell research '' . CNN Inside Politics . CNN . Aug 9th 2001 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Yamanaka , Shinya ; Takahashi , Kazutoshi ( 25 Aug 2006 ) . `` Induction of Pluripotent Stem Cells From Mouse Embryonic and Adult Fibroblast Cultures by Defined Factors '' . Cell. 126 ( 4 ) : 663 -- 676 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cell. 2006.07. 024 . Jump up ^ Wadman , Meredith ( 27 January 2009 ) . `` Stem cells ready for primetime '' . Nature News . Nature . doi : 10.1038 / 457516a . Jump up ^ `` Executive Order 13505 -- Removing Barriers To Responsible Scientific Research Involving Human Stem Cells '' ( PDF ) . Federal Register : Presidential Documents. 74 ( 46 ) . 11 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Mountford , JC ( 2008 ) . `` Human embryonic stem cells : origins , characteristics and potential for regenerative therapy '' . Transfus Med. 18 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 12 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3148.2007. 00807. x . PMID 18279188 . Jump up ^ Thomson JA , Itskovitz - Eldor J , Shapiro SS , Waknitz MA , Swiergiel JJ , Marshall VS , Jones JM ( 1998 ) . `` Embryonic stem cell lines derived from human blastocysts '' . Science . 282 ( 5391 ) : 1145 -- 1147 . Bibcode : 1998Sci ... 282.1145 T . doi : 10.1126 / science. 282.5391. 1145 . PMID 9804556 . Jump up ^ Smith AG , Heath JK , Donaldson DD , Wong GG , Moreau J , Stahl M , Rogers D ( 1988 ) . `` Inhibition of pluripotential embryonic stem cell differentiation by purified polypeptides '' . Nature . 336 ( 6200 ) : 688 -- 690 . Bibcode : 1988Natur. 336 ... 688S . doi : 10.1038 / 336688a0 . PMID 3143917 . Jump up ^ Williams RL , Hilton DJ , Pease S , Willson TA , Stewart CL , Gearing DP , Wagner EF , Metcalf D , Nicola NA , Gough NM ( 1988 ) . `` Myeloid leukaemia inhibitory factor maintains the developmental potential of embryonic stem cells '' . Nature . 336 ( 6200 ) : 684 -- 687 . Bibcode : 1988Natur. 336 ... 684W . doi : 10.1038 / 336684a0 . PMID 3143916 . Jump up ^ Ledermann B , Bürki K ( 1991 ) . `` Establishment of a germ - line competent C57BL / 6 embryonic stem cell line '' . Exp Cell Res. 197 ( 2 ) : 254 -- 258 . doi : 10.1016 / 0014 - 4827 ( 91 ) 90430 - 3 . PMID 1959560 . Jump up ^ Takahashi K , Tanabe K , Ohnuki M , Narita M , Ichisaka T , Tomoda K , Yamanaka S ( 2007 ) . `` Induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult human fibroblasts by defined factors '' . Cell. 131 ( 5 ) : 861 -- 872 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cell. 2007.11. 019 . PMID 18035408 . Jump up ^ Klimanskaya I , Chung Y , Becker S , Lu SJ , Lanza R ( 2006 ) . `` Human embryonic stem cell lines derived from single blastomeres '' . Nature . 444 ( 7118 ) : 481 -- 5 . Bibcode : 2006Natur. 444 ... 481K . doi : 10.1038 / nature05142 . PMID 16929302 . Jump up ^ US scientists relieved as Obama lifts ban on stem cell research , The Guardian , 10 March 2009 Jump up ^ Takahashi , K ; Yamanaka , S ( 2006 ) . `` Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors '' . Cell. 126 ( 4 ) : 663 -- 76 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cell. 2006.07. 024 . PMID 16904174 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine -- 2012 Press Release '' . Nobel Media AB . 8 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Wernig , Marius ; Meissner , Alexander ; Foreman , Ruth ; Brambrink , Tobias ; Ku , Manching ; Hochedlinger , Konrad ; Bernstein , Bradley E. ; Jaenisch , Rudolf ( 2007 - 07 - 19 ) . `` In vitro reprogramming of fibroblasts into a pluripotent ES - cell - like state '' . Nature . 448 ( 7151 ) : 318 -- 324 . Bibcode : 2007Natur. 448 ... 318W . doi : 10.1038 / nature05944 . ISSN 1476 - 4687 . PMID 17554336 . Jump up ^ `` Embryonic stem cells made without embryos '' . Reuters. 2007 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ Weiss , Rick ( 2007 - 12 - 07 ) . `` Scientists Cure Mice Of Sickle Cell Using Stem Cell Technique : New Approach Is From Skin , Not Embryos '' . The Washington Post . pp. A02 . Jump up ^ Hanna , J. ; Wernig , M. ; Markoulaki , S. ; Sun , C. - W. ; Meissner , A. ; Cassady , J.P. ; Beard , C. ; Brambrink , T. ; Wu , L. - C. ; Townes , T.M. ; Jaenisch , R. ( 2007 ) . `` Treatment of Sickle Cell Anemia Mouse Model with iPS Cells Generated from Autologous Skin '' . Science . 318 ( 5858 ) : 1920 . Bibcode : 2007Sci ... 318.1920 H . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1152092 . PMID 18063756 . Jump up ^ Helen Briggs ( 2008 - 01 - 17 ) . `` US team makes embryo clone of men '' . BBC . pp. A01 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Jessica ( 24 January 2005 ) . `` Human stem cells trigger immune attack '' . Nature News . London : Nature Publishing Group . doi : 10.1038 / news050124 - 1 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 09 - 24 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Martin MJ , Muotri A , Gage F , Varki A ( 2005 ) . `` Human embryonic stem cells express an immunogenic nonhuman sialic acid '' . Nat . Med. 11 ( 2 ) : 228 -- 32 . doi : 10.1038 / nm1181 . PMID 15685172 . Jump up ^ Klimanskaya I , Chung Y , Meisner L , Johnson J , West MD , Lanza R ( 2005 ) . `` Human embryonic stem cells derived without feeder cells '' . Lancet . 365 ( 9471 ) : 1636 -- 41 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 05 ) 66473 - 2 . PMID 15885296 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Embryonic stem cells . Understanding Stem Cells : A View of the Science and Issues from the National Academies National Institutes of Health University of Oxford practical workshop on pluripotent stem cell technology Fact sheet on embryonic stem cells Fact sheet on ethical issues in embryonic stem cell research Information & Alternatives to Embryonic Stem Cell Research A blog focusing specifically on ES cells and iPS cells including research , biotech , and patient - oriented issues Stem cells Sources / types Embryonic stem cells Adult stem cells Cancer stem cells Induced pluripotent stem cells Induced stem cells Cell potency Totipotent Zygote Spore Morula Pluripotent Embryonic stem cell Callus Multipotent Progenitor cell : Endothelial stem cell Hematopoietic stem cell Mesenchymal stem cell Neural stem cell Unipotent Precursor cell Related articles Cellular differentiation Stem cell therapy Stem cell controversy Stem cell line Stem cell laws Stem cell laws and policy in the United States Epigenetics in stem cell differentiation Commons Biology portal Medicine portal NDL : 01161104 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Embryonic_stem_cell&oldid=866118863 '' Categories : Stem cells Biotechnology Embryology 1981 in biotechnology Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Eesti فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Türkçe Українська 中文 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 October 2018 , at 10 : 58 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
what is the origin of es cells in development
[ "Embryonic stem cells (ES cells or ESCs) are pluripotent stem cells derived from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst, an early-stage pre-implantation embryo.[1][2] Human embryos reach the blastocyst stage 4–5 days post fertilization, at which time they consist of 50–150 cells. Isolating the embryoblast, or inner cell mass (ICM) results in destruction of the blastocyst, a process which raises ethical issues, including whether or not embryos at the pre-implantation stage should have the same moral considerations as embryos in the post-implantation stage of development.[3][4] Researchers are currently focusing heavily on the therapeutic potential of embryonic stem cells, with clinical use being the goal for many labs.[5] Potential uses include the treatment of diabetes and heart disease.[5] The cells are being studied to be used as clinical therapies, models of genetic disorders, and cellular/DNA repair. However, adverse effects in the research and clinical processes such as tumours and unwanted immune responses have also been reported.[6]\n" ]
[ "the inner cell mass of a blastocyst, an early-stage pre-implantation embryo" ]
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You Are My Sunshine
You Are My Sunshine - wikipedia You Are My Sunshine Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see You Are My Sunshine ( disambiguation ) . `` You Are My Sunshine '' Song by Pine Ridge Boys Published 1939 Songwriter ( s ) Jimmie Davis , Charles Mitchell ( disputed ) `` You Are My Sunshine '' is a popular song written by Jimmie Davis and Charles Mitchell and first recorded in 1939 . It has been declared one of the state songs of Louisiana because of its association with Davis , a country music singer and governor of the state in the years 1944 -- 1948 and 1960 -- 1964 . The song has been covered numerous times -- so often , in fact , that it is `` one of the most commercially programmed numbers in American popular music . '' The song , originally country music , has `` virtually lost '' its original country music identity , and `` represent ( s ) both the national flowering of country music and its eventual absorption into the mainstream of American popular culture . '' In 1941 , it was covered by Gene Autry , Bing Crosby , Mississippi John Hurt , Wayne King and Lawrence Welk . The versions by Autry , Crosby and King reached the US charts of the day . In subsequent years , it was covered by Doris Day ( 1951 ) , Nat King Cole ( 1955 ) , The Marcels , ( 1961 ) , Ray Charles , Ike and Tina Turner , The Rivingtons ( 1962 ) , Andy Williams ( 1963 ) , Burl Ives ( 1968 ) , Frank Turner , Aretha Franklin , Anne Murray ( 1979 ) , Johnny Cash , Norman Blake , Brian Wilson , Mouse and the Traps , Gene Vincent , Jamey Johnson , Low , Mose Allison , Bryan Ferry , Carly Simon , Yusuf Islam , Andy Williams , and Johnny and the Hurricanes , amongst many others . The 1940 version by Davis has been added to the National Recording Registry in the Library of Congress on March 21 , 2013 for long - term preservation . Virginia Shehee , a long - time Davis family friend and member of the Louisiana State Senate from 1976 to 1980 , introduced legislation to make `` You Are My Sunshine '' the official state song . In Gavin Lambert 's 1963 novel `` Inside Daisy Clover , '' Daisy often sings `` You Are My Sunshine '' to pick up her spirits when she 's feeling down . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early recordings 2 Authorship 3 Film appearances 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Early recordings ( edit ) Two versions of `` You Are My Sunshine '' were recorded and released in 1939 prior to Jimmie Davis ' version . The first was recorded for Bluebird Records ( RCA - Victor 's budget label ) on August 22 , 1939 by The Pine Ridge Boys ( Marvin Taylor and Doug Spivey ) , who were from Atlanta . The second was recorded for Decca Records on September 13 , 1939 by The Rice Brothers Gang . This group was originally from north Georgia , but relocated to Shreveport , where they were performing on the radio station KWKH . The version by Jimmie Davis was recorded for Decca Records on February 5 , 1940 . The Pine Ridge Boys Rice Brothers Gang Jimmie Davis with Charles Mitchell 's Orchestra Authorship ( edit ) While Davis and Mitchell are the credited songwriters of `` You Are My Sunshine '' , Davis was never known to actually claim authorship , as he bought the song and rights from Paul Rice and put his own name on it , a practice not uncommon in the pre-World War II music business . Some early versions of the song credit the Rice Brothers . Descendants and associates of Oliver Hood , a LaGrange , Georgia musician who collaborated with Rice , claim Hood wrote the song in the early 1930s , first performing it in 1933 at a Veterans of Foreign Wars convention at LaGrange , Georgia in 1933 . According to some accounts , clarinetist Pud Brown was also involved with the Rice Brothers for the song 's origin or first arrangement . Davis said that for some time he had been enthusiastic about the song and had unsuccessfully tried to convince record companies to record it before finally making his own 1940 record of the song . Davis ' version was popular and was followed by numerous other covers , including those of Bing Crosby and Gene Autry , whose versions made the number a big hit . Davis emphasized his association with the song when running for governor of Louisiana in 1944 , singing it at all his campaign rallies , while riding on a horse named `` Sunshine '' . Film appearances ( edit ) Take Me Back to Oklahoma ( 1940 ) - sung by Tex Ritter Strictly in the Groove ( 1942 ) - sung by Jimmie Davis . Rafferty and the Gold Dust Twins ( 1975 ) See also ( edit ) List of number - one R&B singles of 1962 ( U.S. ) List of number - one R&B singles of 1963 ( U.S. ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ CD liner notes : Disney Children 's Favorites 4 , 1990 Disney Records ^ Jump up to : Stephen Deusner , `` ' You Are My Sunshine ' : How a Maudlin Song Became a Children 's Classic '' , Salon.com , May 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A Bing Crosby Discography '' . BING magazine . International Club Crosby . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1986 ) . Joel Whitburn 's Pop Memories 1890 - 1954 . Wisconsin , USA : Record Research Inc. p. 615 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 083 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Simon & Garfunkel Song Among Those to Be Preserved by Library of Congress '' . Huntington Post . Retrieved 21 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Virginia Ruth Kilpatrick Shehee '' . The Shreveport Times . Retrieved July 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Russell , Tony , and Bob Pinson . Country Music Records : A Discography , 1921 -- 1942 ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2004 ) , p. 697 . Jump up ^ Russell , Tony , and Bob Pinson . Country Music Records : A Discography , 1921 -- 1942 ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2004 ) , p. 746 . Jump up ^ Russell , Tony , and Bob Pinson . Country Music Records : A Discography , 1921 -- 1942 ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2004 ) , p. 304 . ^ Jump up to : Pappas , Theodore ( November 1990 ) . `` The ' Theft ' of an American Classic '' . Chronicles . The Rockford Institute . ^ Jump up to : Lowe , Leslie ( 1992 ) . Directory of Popular Music ( 3rd ed . ) . Hastings , UK : Music Master . p. 355 . ISBN 0 - 904520 - 70 - 6 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Fred ( 1986 ) . The Crosby Collection 1926 - 1977 ( Part Two ed . ) . Gateshead , UK : John Joyce . p. 220 . External links ( edit ) Oliver Hood 's story Joel Whitburn Presents Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 -- 2004 , 2004 ( Record Research ) pg. 113 Ray Charles Studio albums Atlantic Ray Charles ( Hallelujah , I Love Her So ) The Great Ray Charles Yes Indeed ! Soul Brothers What 'd I Say The Genius of Ray Charles The Genius Sings the Blues Soul Meeting The Genius After Hours True to Life Love & Peace Ai n't It So Brother Ray Is at It Again ABC The Genius Hits the Road Dedicated to You Ray Charles and Betty Carter Modern Sounds in Country and Western Music Modern Sounds in Country and Western Music , Vol. 2 Ingredients in a Recipe for Soul Sweet & Sour Tears Have a Smile with Me Together Again / Country and Western Meets Rhythm and Blues Crying Time Ray 's Moods Ray Charles Invites You to Listen A Portrait of Ray I 'm All Yours Baby ! Doing His Thing My Kind of Jazz Love Country Style Volcanic Action of My Soul Jazz Number II A Message From The People Through The Eyes Of Love Crossover Renaissance My Kind of Jazz Part 3 Columbia Wish You Were Here Tonight Do I Ever Cross Your Mind Friendship The Spirit of Christmas From the Pages of My Mind Just Between Us Warner Bros . Would You Believe My World Strong Love Affair Other labels Genius + Soul = Jazz Porgy and Bess Thanks for Bringing Love Around Again Genius Loves Company Posthumous studio creations Genius & Friends Ray Sings , Basie Swings Rare Genius Live albums Ray Charles at Newport Ray Charles in Person Live in Concert Ray Charles Live Notable compilations Do the Twist ! with Ray Charles Ray Charles Greatest Hits A Man and His Soul The Best of Ray Charles Anthology The Birth of Soul Genius and Soul Ray Charles in Concert Billboard Hot 100 Top 10 Singles `` What 'd I Say '' `` Georgia on My Mind '' `` Hit the Road Jack '' `` One Mint Julep '' `` Unchain My Heart '' `` I Ca n't Stop Loving You '' `` You Do n't Know Me '' `` You Are My Sunshine '' `` Busted '' `` Take These Chains from My Heart '' `` Crying Time '' Other Billboard Charts # 1 singles `` I Got a Woman '' `` A Fool for You '' `` Mary Ann '' `` Drown in My Own Tears '' `` Together Again '' `` Let 's Go Get Stoned '' `` Seven Spanish Angels '' `` I 'll Be Good to You '' Grammy Awarded Works ( not included above ) `` Let The Good Times Roll '' `` Living for the City '' `` A Song for You '' `` Heaven Help Us All '' `` Here We Go Again '' See also Discography David `` Fathead '' Newman Fathead / Ray Charles Sextet Hank Crawford The Raelettes Ray ( soundtrack ) Quincy Jones The Blues Brothers Here We Go Again : Celebrating the Genius of Ray Charles Tribute to Uncle Ray `` Confession Blues '' Diet Pepsi Book Commons Wikiquote Smile Collapse Smiley Smile Brian Wilson Presents Smile The Smile Sessions The Smile Sessions track listing Side one `` Our Prayer '' `` Gee '' `` Heroes and Villains '' `` Do You Like Worms ( Roll Plymouth Rock ) '' `` I 'm In Great Shape '' `` Barnyard '' `` My Only Sunshine ( The Old Master Painter / You Are My Sunshine ) '' `` Cabin Essence '' Side two `` Wonderful '' `` Look ( Song for Children ) '' `` Child Is Father of the Man '' `` Surf 's Up '' Side three `` I Wanna Be Around / Workshop '' `` Vega - Tables '' `` Holidays '' `` Wind Chimes '' `` The Elements : Fire ( Mrs. O'Leary's Cow ) '' `` Love to Say Dada '' `` Good Vibrations '' Others `` Cool , Cool Water '' `` I Do n't Know '' `` He Gives Speeches '' `` Teeter Totter Love '' `` Three Blind Mice '' `` Tune X '' `` You 're Welcome '' `` You 're with Me Tonight '' Derivative songs `` Fall Breaks and Back to Winter ( W. Woodpecker Symphony ) '' `` She 's Goin ' Bald '' `` Ca n't Wait Too Long '' `` Mama Says '' `` Little Bird '' Associated people David Anderle The Beach Boys Frank J. Holmes Danny Hutton Van Dyke Parks Jules Siegel Derek Taylor Michael Vosse Paul Williams The Wrecking Crew Related articles Pet Sounds ( Sessions ) 20 / 20 Surf 's Up Good Vibrations : Thirty Years of The Beach Boys The Beach Boys bootleg recordings Beautiful Dreamer : Brian Wilson and the Story of Smile `` Brian Wilson is a genius '' Brother Records `` Do n't fuck with the formula '' `` Goodbye Surfing , Hello God ! '' Inside Pop : The Rock Revolution `` Rio Grande '' Smiling Pets The Act of Creation Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You_Are_My_Sunshine&oldid=814874039 '' Categories : 1939 songs 1960 singles 1962 singles 1969 singles Jimmie Davis songs Brian Wilson songs The Beach Boys songs Andy Williams songs Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Music of Louisiana United States state songs Football songs and chants Symbols of Louisiana Songs written by Jimmie Davis Hidden categories : All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from June 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 11 December 2017 , at 12 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who wrote please don't take my sunshine away
[ "\"You Are My Sunshine\" is a popular song written by Jimmie Davis and Charles Mitchell[1] and first recorded in 1939. It has been declared one of the state songs of Louisiana because of its association with Davis, a country music singer and governor of the state in the years 1944–1948 and 1960–1964.", "\"You Are My Sunshine\" is a popular song written by Jimmie Davis and Charles Mitchell[1] and first recorded in 1939. It has been declared one of the state songs of Louisiana because of its association with Davis, a country music singer and governor of the state in the years 1944–1948 and 1960–1964." ]
[ "Jimmie Davis", "Charles Mitchell" ]
3815916904386883037
All in the Family
All in the Family - wikipedia All in the Family Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see All in the Family ( disambiguation ) . All in the Family Based on Till Death Us Do Part created by Johnny Speight Developed by Norman Lear Starring Carroll O'Connor Jean Stapleton Sally Struthers Rob Reiner Danielle Brisebois Theme music composer Lee Adams ( lyrics ) , Charles Strouse ( music ) , Roger Kellaway ( ending theme ) Opening theme `` Those Were the Days '' Performed by Carroll O'Connor and Jean Stapleton Ending theme `` Remembering You '' by Roger Kellaway , ( music ) and Carroll O'Connor ( additional lyrics added in 1971 ; instrumental version ) Country of origin United States No. of seasons 9 No. of episodes 205 ( list of episodes ) Production Running time 25 -- 26 minutes Production company ( s ) Tandem Productions Distributor Viacom Enterprises ( 1979 -- 1990 ) Columbia Pictures Television ( 1990 -- 1996 ) Columbia TriStar Television ( 1996 -- 2002 ) Sony Pictures Television ( 2002 -- present ) Release Original network CBS Picture format Color Original release January 12 , 1971 ( 1971 - 01 - 12 ) -- April 8 , 1979 ( 1979 - 04 - 08 ) Chronology Followed by Archie Bunker 's Place 704 Hauser Related shows Maude The Jeffersons Gloria Good Times Checking In All in the Family is an American sitcom TV - series that was originally broadcast on the CBS television network for nine seasons , from January 1971 to April 1979 . The following September , it was replaced by Archie Bunker 's Place , which picked up where All in the Family had ended and ran for four more seasons . All in the Family was produced by Norman Lear and Bud Yorkin . It starred Carroll O'Connor , Jean Stapleton , Sally Struthers , and Rob Reiner . The show revolves around the life of a working - class bigot and his family . The show broke ground in its depiction of issues previously considered unsuitable for a U.S. network television comedy , such as racism , infidelity , homosexuality , women 's liberation , rape , religion , miscarriages , abortion , breast cancer , the Vietnam War , menopause , and impotence . Through depicting these controversial issues , the series became arguably one of television 's most influential comedic programs , as it injected the sitcom format with more dramatic moments and realistic , topical conflicts . Based on the BBC1 sitcom Till Death Us Do Part ( with Archie Bunker modeled after Alf Garnett ) , All in the Family is often regarded in the United States as one of the greatest television series of all time . Following a lackluster first season , the show soon became the most watched show in the United States during summer reruns and afterwards ranked number one in the yearly Nielsen ratings from 1971 to 1976 . It became the first television series to reach the milestone of having topped the Nielsen ratings for five consecutive years . The episode `` Sammy 's Visit '' was ranked number 13 on TV Guide 's 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time . TV Guide 's 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time ranked All in the Family as number four . Bravo also named the show 's protagonist , Archie Bunker , TV 's greatest character of all time . In 2013 , the Writers Guild of America ranked All in the Family the fourth - best written TV series ever , and TV Guide ranked it as the fourth - greatest show of all time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast 2.1 Main characters 2.2 Supporting characters 2.3 Recurring characters 3 History and production 3.1 Theme song 3.2 Setting and location 4 Episodes 4.1 Syndication 5 Ratings 6 Spin - offs 7 Specials 8 DVD releases 9 Cultural impact 10 Awards and nominations 10.1 Primetime Emmy awards and nominations 10.2 Golden Globe Awards and Nominations 10.3 TCA Heritage Award 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Premise ( edit ) All in the Family is about a typical white working - class family living in Queens , New York . Its patriarch is Archie Bunker ( O'Connor ) , an outspoken , narrow - minded white man , seemingly prejudiced against everyone who is not like him or his idea of how people should be . Archie 's wife Edith ( Jean Stapleton ) is sweet and understanding , though somewhat naïve and uneducated ; her husband sometimes disparagingly calls her `` dingbat '' . Their one child , Gloria ( Sally Struthers ) , is generally kind and good - natured like her mother , but displays traces of her father 's stubbornness ; unlike them , however , she is a feminist . Gloria is married to college student Michael Stivic ( Reiner ) -- referred to as `` Meathead '' by Archie -- whose values are likewise influenced and shaped by the counterculture of the 1960s . The two couples represent the real - life clash of values between the so - called Greatest Generation and Baby Boomers . For much of the series , the Stivics live in the Bunkers ' home to save money , providing abundant opportunity for them to irritate each other . The show is set in the Astoria section of Queens , with the vast majority of scenes taking place in the Bunkers ' home at 704 Hauser Street . Occasional scenes take place in other locations , especially during later seasons , such as Kelsey 's Bar , a neighborhood tavern where Archie spends a good deal of time and which he eventually buys , and the Stivics ' home after Mike and Gloria move to the house next door . The house seen in the opening is at 89 - 70 Cooper Avenue near the junction of the Glendale , Middle Village , and Rego Park sections of Queens . Supporting characters represent the demographics of the neighborhood , especially the African American Jeffersons , who live in the house next door in the early seasons . Cast ( edit ) Main characters ( edit ) The Bunkers and the Stivics : standing , Gloria ( Sally Struthers ) and Michael ( Rob Reiner ) ; seated , Archie ( Carroll O'Connor ) and Edith ( Jean Stapleton ) with baby Joey Carroll O'Connor as Archie Bunker : Frequently called a `` lovable bigot '' , Archie was an assertively prejudiced blue - collar worker . A World War II veteran , Archie longs for better times when people sharing his viewpoint were in charge , as evidenced by the nostalgic theme song `` Those Were the Days '' ( also the show 's original title ) . Despite his bigotry , he is portrayed as loving and decent , as well as a man who is simply struggling to adapt to the changes in the world , rather than someone motivated by hateful racism or prejudice . His ignorance and stubbornness seem to cause his malapropism - filled arguments to self - destruct . He often rejects uncomfortable truths by blowing a raspberry . Former child actor Mickey Rooney was Lear 's first choice to play Archie , but Rooney declined the offer because of the strong potential for controversy , and in Rooney 's opinion , a poor chance for success . Scott Brady , formerly of the Western series Shotgun Slade , also declined the role of Archie Bunker , but appeared four times on the series in 1976 in the role of Joe Foley . O'Connor appears in all but seven episodes of the series ' run . Jean Stapleton as Edith Bunker , née Baines : Edith is Archie 's ditzy but kind - hearted wife . Archie often tells her to `` stifle '' herself and calls her a `` dingbat '' , and although Edith generally defers to her husband 's authority and endures his insults , on the rare occasions when Edith takes a stand , she proves to have a simple but profound wisdom . Despite their different personalities , they love each other deeply . Stapleton developed Edith 's distinctive voice . Stapleton remained with the show through the original series run , but decided to leave at that time . During the first season of Archie Bunker 's Place , Edith was seen in four episodes in guest appearances . After that point , Edith was written out as having suffered a stroke and died off - camera , leaving Archie to deal with the death of his beloved `` dingbat '' . Stapleton appeared in all but four episodes of All in the Family . In the series ' first episode , Edith is portrayed as being less of a dingbat and even sarcastically refers to her husband as `` Mr. Religion , here ... '' after they come home from church , something her character would not be expected to say later . Sally Struthers as Gloria Stivic , née Bunker : The Bunkers ' college - aged daughter who is married to Michael Stivic . She has the generally kind nature of her mother , but the stubbornness of her father , which early in the series manifests as childishness , later as a more mature feminism . Gloria frequently attempts to mediate between her father and husband , generally siding with the latter . The roles of the Bunkers ' daughter and son - in - law ( then named `` Dickie '' ) initially went to Candice Azzara and Chip Oliver . However , after seeing the show 's pilot , ABC requested a second pilot expressing dissatisfaction with both actors . Lear later recast the roles of Gloria and Dickie with Struthers and Reiner . Penny Marshall ( Reiner 's wife , whom he married in April 1971 , shortly after the program began ) was also considered for the role of Gloria . During the earlier seasons of the show , Struthers was known to be discontented with how static her part was and , in 1974 , sued to get out of her contract . But the character became more developed , satisfying her . Struthers appeared in 157 of the 202 episodes during the first eight seasons -- from January 12 , 1971 to March 19 , 1978 . She later reprised the role in the spin - off series Gloria , which lasted for a single season in 1982 -- 1983 . Rob Reiner as Michael Stivic : Gloria 's Polish - American hippie husband is part of the counterculture of the 1960s . While good - hearted and well - meaning , he constantly spars with Archie , and is equally stubborn , although his moral views are generally presented as being more ethical and his logic somewhat sounder . He is the most - educated person in the household , a fact which gives him a self - assured arrogance , and despite his intellectual belief in progressive social values , he tends to expect Gloria to defer to him as her husband . As discussed in All in the Family retrospectives , Richard Dreyfuss sought the part , but Norman Lear was convinced to cast Reiner . Harrison Ford turned down the role , citing Archie Bunker 's bigotry . Reiner appeared in 174 of the 202 episodes of the series during the first eight seasons -- from January 12 , 1971 to March 19 , 1978 . Reiner is also credited with writing three of the series ' episodes . Danielle Brisebois as the cute nine - year - old daughter of one of Edith 's cousins , Stephanie Mills , who is a regular throughout the ninth season . Despite being cute and having a sweet side , she is smart , clever , and does give her own few remarks at Archie from time to time . The Bunkers take her in after the child 's father , Floyd Mills , abandons her on their doorstep in 1978 ( he later extorts money from them to let them keep her ) . She remained with the show through its transition to Archie Bunker 's Place , and appeared in all four seasons of the latter show . Supporting characters ( edit ) When Archie visits a local blood bank to make a donation , he meets his neighbor , Lionel Jefferson , who is there to do the same thing . Sherman Hemsley as George Jefferson , Isabel Sanford as his wife Louise , and Mike Evans as their son Lionel , Archie 's black neighbors : George is Archie 's combative black counterpart , while Louise is a smarter , more assertive version of Edith . Lionel first appeared in the series ' premiere episode `` Meet the Bunkers '' , with Louise appearing later in the first season . Although George had been mentioned many times , he was not seen until 1973 . Hemsley , who was Norman Lear 's first choice to play George , was performing in the Broadway musical Purlie and did not want to break his commitment to that show . However , Lear kept the role waiting for him until he had finished with the musical . Plots frequently find Archie and George at odds with one another , while Edith and Louise attempt to join forces to bring about a resolution . They later moved to an apartment in Manhattan in their own show , The Jeffersons . Mel Stewart , as George 's brother Henry Jefferson : The two appeared together only once , in the 1973 episode in which the Bunkers host Henry 's going - away party , marking Stewart 's final episode and Hemsley 's first . After the Jeffersons were spun off into their own show in 1975 , Stewart 's character was rarely referred to again and was never seen . In the closing credits of `` The First and Last Supper '' episode , Mel Stewart is incorrectly credited as playing George Jefferson . Stewart was actually playing George 's brother , Henry Jefferson , who was pretending to be George for most of the episode . Bea Arthur as Edith 's cousin Maude : Maude was white - collared and ultra-liberal , the perfect foil to Archie , and one of his main antagonists . She appeared in only two episodes , `` Cousin Maude 's Visit '' , where she took care of the Bunker household when all four were sick , and `` Maude '' from the show 's second season , which was basically a back - door pilot . Her spin - off series , Maude , began in fall 1972 . Betty Garrett and Vincent Gardenia as the liberal and Roman Catholic next - door neighbors Irene and Frank Lorenzo : Both first appeared as a married couple as Irene was trying to use the Bunker 's phone . During an argument earlier in the episode , Archie and Mike had broken the phone wire . Irene being a ' handyman ' of sorts with her own tools , which she carried in her purse , fixed it . Irene fixed many things at the Bunker house during her time on the show . She also had a sister who was a nun and appeared in one episode . `` Edith 's Christmas Story '' reveals that Irene has had a mastectomy . Archie got her a job as a forklift operator at the plant where he worked . Irene was a strong - willed woman of Irish heritage , and Frank was a jovial Italian househusband who loved cooking and singing . He also was a salesman , but what he sold was never said . Gardenia , who also appeared as Jim Bowman in episode eight of season one ( as the man who sold his house to the Jeffersons ) and as Curtis Rempley in episode seven of season three ( as a swinger opposite Rue McClanahan ) , became a semiregular along with Garrett in 1973 . Gardenia only stayed for one season as Frank Lorenzo , but Garrett remained until her character was phased out in late 1975 . Allan Melvin as Archie 's neighbor and good friend Barney Hefner : Barney started appearing in 1972 as a recurring character . Over time , he appeared progressively more often until he became a regular . He appeared as a regular in all four seasons of Archie Bunker 's Place . He also appeared in the first season as a desk seargent at a police precinct . Recurring characters ( edit ) James Cromwell as Jerome `` Stretch '' Cunningham ( 1973 -- 1976 ) `` The Funniest Man in The World '' , Archie 's friend and co-worker from the loading dock ( Archie claims that he is known as the `` Bob Hope '' of the loading platform ) : What Archie did not know was that Stretch was Jewish , evident only after Stretch died and Archie went to the funeral . Archie 's eulogy for his friend is often referred to as a rare occasion when he was capable of showing the humanity he tried so earnestly to hide . In the episode titled `` Archie in the Cellar '' , Billy Sands is referred to as Stretch Cunningham , the voice on the tape recorder telling jokes . Sands also appeared as other characters on the show during its run , in Kelsey 's Bar as a patron . Liz Torres as Theresa Betancourt ( 1976 -- 1977 ) : A Puerto Rican nursing student who meets Archie when he is admitted to the hospital for surgery . She later rents Mike and Gloria 's former room at the Bunker house . She called Archie `` Papi '' . Torres had just completed the first season of the CBS sitcom Phyllis in the spring of 1976 before being dropped from the cast . ( She had replaced the late actress Barbara Colby in the role of Julie Erskine . ) Torres joined All in the Family in the fall of 1976 , but her character was not popular with viewers , and the role was phased out before the end of the season . Billy Halop as Mr. Munson ( 1971 -- 74 ) , the cab driver who lets Archie use his cab to make extra money Bob Hastings as Kelcy or Tommy Kelsey , who owns the bar Archie frequents and later buys : Kelcy was also played by Frank Maxwell in the episode `` Archie Gets The Business '' . The name of the establishment is Kelcy 's Bar ( as seen in the bar window in various episodes ) . However , due to a continuity error , the end credits of episodes involving the bar owner spell the name `` Kelcy '' for the first two seasons and `` Kelsey '' thereafter , although the end credits show `` Kelcy '' in the `` Archie Gets the Business '' episode . Jason Wingreen as Harry Snowden , a bartender at Kelcy 's Bar who continues to work there after Archie purchases it as his business partner : Harry had tried to buy the bar from Kelcy , but Archie was able to come up with the money first , by taking a mortgage out on his house , which the Bunkers owned outright . Gloria LeRoy as Mildred `` Boom - Boom '' Turner , a buxom , middle - aged secretary at the plant where Archie works : Her first appearance was when Archie is lost on his way to a convention and Mike and Gloria suspect he and she could be having an affair . Archie gave her that moniker as she was walking by the loading dock . He said when she walked , `` Boom - Boom '' . She is not fond of Archie because he and Stretch leer at her and because of their sexist behavior , but later becomes friendly with him , occasionally working as a barmaid at Archie 's Place . Gloria LeRoy also appeared in a third - season episode as `` Bobbi Jo '' Loomis , the wife of Archie 's old war buddy `` Duke '' . Barnard Hughes as Father Majeskie , a local Catholic priest who was suspected by Archie one time of trying to convert Edith : He appeared in multiple episodes . The first time was when Edith accidentally hit Majeskie 's car near the local supermarket with a can of cling peaches in heavy syrup . Eugene Roche appeared as practical jokester friend and fellow lodge member `` Pinky Peterson '' , one of Archie Bunker 's buddies , in three episodes , first in the episode `` Beverly Rides Again '' , then the memorable Christmas Day episode called `` The Draft Dodger '' ( episode 146 , 1976 ) , and finally the episode `` Archie 's Other Wife '' . Sorrell Booke as Lyle Sanders , personnel manager at Archie Bunker 's workplace , Prendergast Tool and Die Company : He had appeared on the series as Lyle Bennett , the manager of a local television station , in the episode `` Archie and the Editorial '' in season three . Lori Shannon played Beverly La Salle , a transvestite entertainer , who appeared in three episodes : `` Archie the Hero '' , `` Beverly Rides Again '' , and `` Edith 's Crisis of Faith '' . In that third episode , Mike and Beverly are attacked , and he dies in a hospital from injuries suffered during the fight . Estelle Parsons as Blanche Hefner ( 1977 -- 1979 ) , Barney 's second wife : Blanche and Archie are not fond of one another , though Edith likes her very much . The character is mentioned throughout much of the series after Barney 's first wife , Mabel , had died , though she only appeared in a handful of episodes during the last few seasons . Estelle Parsons also appeared in the season - seven episode `` Archie 's Secret Passion '' as Dolores Fencel . Bill Quinn as Mr. Edgar van Ranseleer ( Mr. van R ) , a blind patron and regular at the bar : He was almost never referred to by his first name . In a running joke , Archie usually waves his hand in front of Mr. van R 's face when he speaks to him . His role was later expanded on Archie Bunker 's Place , where he appeared in all four seasons . Burt Mustin as Justin Quigley , a feisty octogenarian / nonagenarian : Mr. Quigley first appeared in the episode : `` Edith Finds an Old Man '' ( season four , episode three , Sept 23 , 1973 ) where he runs away from an old age home . He temporarily moves in with the Bunkers but quickly leaves to share an apartment with his friend Josephine `` Jo '' Nelson , played by Ruth McDevitt . He appeared in several other episodes , including `` Archie 's Weighty Problem '' . Mr. Mustin previously appeared in a first - season episode as Harry Feeney , the night watchman at Archie 's workplace . Nedra Volz as Aunt Iola : Edith 's aunt , she was mentioned several times in the eighth season and stayed with the Bunkers for two weeks . Edith wanted her to move in , but Archie would not allow it , though when he thought Iola did not have any place to go , he told her privately that she could always stay with them . Francine Beers and Jane Connell as Sybil Gooley , who worked at Ferguson 's Market : Frequently mentioned , usually by Edith , Sybil predicted that Gloria and Mike were having a baby boy by performing a ring on a string `` swing test '' over Gloria 's abdomen . Sybil also appeared in the episode `` Edith 's 50th Birthday '' and spilled the beans on her surprise party because she had not been invited . Archie and she did not get along , and he referred to her as a `` Big Mouth '' . Rae Allen and Elizabeth Wilson as Cousin Amelia : Archie detested Amelia and her husband , Russ , who were both wealthy . Once , she sent Edith a mink and Archie wanted to send it back , until he found out how much it was worth . In another episode , Amelia and her husband visit the Bunkers to bring them gifts from a recent trip to Hawaii , but in a private moment , Amelia shares with Edith that , despite appearances , she and Russ are considering a divorce . The character was played by two different actresses in three episodes of the show . Richard Dysart and George S. Irving as Russ DeKuyper , Amelia 's husband . He is a plumbing contractor who continued the business started by Amelia 's father and uncles . He constantly flaunts his monetary wealth in front of Archie and looks askance at the way Archie lives , forgetting that he walked into a profitable plumbing business . He appeared in two of the episodes that featured Amelia Clyde Kusatsu as Reverend Chong appeared in several episodes . He refused to baptize little Joey in season six , and then remarried Archie and Edith , and Mike and Gloria in season eight , and gave counsel to Stephanie in season nine as it was learned that she was Jewish . Ruth McDevitt as Josephine `` Jo '' Nelson : She played Justin Quigley 's girlfriend , the older man Edith found walking around the supermarket . She appeared in three episodes from seasons four through six . Gloria and Mike adopted them as their godgrandparents . Of most of the characters , Archie took a liking to Justin and Jo. She died following the end of the sixth season . William Benedict as Jimmy McNabb : The Bunkers ' neighbor , he appeared in two episodes during the first and second seasons , and was referred to many times during the first few seasons . Jack Grimes as Mr. Whitehead : A member of Archie 's lodge , he was the local funeral director . The death of Archie 's cousin Oscar in a season - two episode of All in the Family brings the very short , white - haired , and silver - tongued Whitehead with his catalog of caskets . History and production ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The show came about when Norman Lear read an article in Variety magazine on Till Death Us Do Part and its success in the United Kingdom . He immediately knew it portrayed a relationship just like the one between his father and him . Lear bought the rights to the show and incorporated his own family experiences with his father into the show . Lear 's father would tell Lear 's mother to `` stifle herself '' and she would tell Lear 's father `` you are the laziest white man I ever saw '' ( two `` Archieisms '' that found their way onto the show ) . The original pilot was titled Justice for All and was developed for ABC . Tom Bosley , Jack Warden , and Jackie Gleason were all considered for the role of Archie Bunker . In fact , CBS wanted to buy the rights to the original show and retool it specifically for Gleason , who was under contract to them , but producer Lear beat out CBS for the rights and offered the show to ABC . In the pilot , Carroll O'Connor and Jean Stapleton played Archie and Edith Justice . Kelly Jean Peters played Gloria and Tim McIntire played her husband , Richard . It was taped in October 1968 in New York City . After screening the first pilot , ABC gave the producers more money to shoot a second pilot , titled Those Were the Days , which was taped in February 1969 in Hollywood . Candice Azzara played Gloria and Chip Oliver played Richard . D'Urville Martin played Lionel Jefferson in both pilots . After stations ' and viewers ' complaints caused ABC to cancel Turn - On after only one episode in February 1969 , the network became uneasy about airing a show with a `` foul - mouthed , bigoted lead '' character , and rejected the series at about the time Richard Dreyfuss sought the role of Michael . Rival network CBS was eager to update its image and was looking to replace much of its then popular `` rural '' programming ( Mayberry R.F.D. , The Beverly Hillbillies , Petticoat Junction , and Green Acres ) with more `` urban '' , contemporary series and was interested in Lear 's project . CBS bought the rights from ABC and retitled the show All in the Family . The pilot episode CBS developed had the final cast and was the series ' first episode . Lear wanted to shoot in black and white as Till Death Us Do Part had been . While CBS insisted on color , Lear had the set furnished in neutral tones , keeping everything relatively devoid of color . As costume designer Rita Riggs described in her 2001 Archive of American Television interview , Lear 's idea was to create the feeling of sepia tones , in an attempt to make viewers feel as if they were looking at an old family album . All in the Family was the first major American series to be videotaped in front of a live studio audience . In the 1960s , most sitcoms had been filmed in the single - camera format without audiences , with a laugh track simulating an audience response . Lear employed the multiple - camera format of shooting in front of an audience , but used tape , whereas previous multiple - camera shows like Mary Tyler Moore had used film . Due to the success of All in the Family , videotaping sitcoms in front of an audience became a common format for the genre during the 1970s , ' 80s , and ' 90s . The use of videotape also gave All in the Family the look and feel of early live television , including the original live broadcasts of The Honeymooners , to which All in the Family is sometimes compared . For the show 's final season , the practice of being taped before a live audience changed to playing the already taped and edited show to an audience and recording their laughter to add to the original sound track . Thus , the voice - over during the end credits was changed from Rob Reiner 's `` All in the Family was recorded on tape before a live audience '' to Carroll O'Connor's `` All in the Family was played to a studio audience for live responses '' . ( Typically , the audience was gathered for a taping of One Day at a Time , and got to see All In the Family as a bonus . ) Throughout its run , Norman Lear took pride in the fact that canned laughter was never used ( mentioning this on many occasions ) ; the laughter heard in the episodes was genuine . Theme song ( edit ) The series ' opening theme song `` Those Were The Days '' , written by Lee Adams ( lyrics ) and Charles Strouse ( music ) , was presented in a unique way for a 1970s series : Carroll O'Connor and Jean Stapleton seated at a console or spinet piano ( played by Stapleton ) and singing the tune together on - camera at the start of every episode , concluding with live - audience applause . ( The song dates back to the first Justice For All pilot , although on that occasion O'Connor and Stapleton performed the song off - camera and at a faster tempo than the series version . ) Six different performances were recorded over the run of the series , including one version that includes additional lyrics . The song is a simple , pentatonic melody ( that can be played exclusively with black keys on a piano ) in which Archie and Edith wax nostalgic for the simpler days of yesteryear . A longer version of the song was released as a single on Atlantic Records , reaching number 43 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 and number 30 on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart in early 1972 ; the additional lyrics in this longer version lend the song a greater sense of sadness , and make poignant reference to social changes taking place in the 1960s and early 1970s . Those Were The Days Boy , the way Glenn Miller played Songs that made the hit parade Guys like us , we had it made Those were the days ! And you knew who you were then Girls were girls , and men were men Mister , we could use a man like Herbert Hoover again Did n't need no welfare state Everybody pulled his weight Gee , our old LaSalle ran great Those were the days ! In the original 1968 pilot episode an additional verse was sung : Had my twelve tube radio Loved the Eddie Cantor Show Oh where did all that beauty go ? Those were the days ! A few perceptible drifts can be observed when listening to each version chronologically . In the original version , the lyric `` Those Were The Days '' was sung over the tonic ( root chord of the song 's key ) , and the piano strikes a dominant 7th passing chord in transition to the next part , which is absent from subsequent versions . Jean Stapleton 's screeching high note on the line `` And you knew who you WEEERRE then '' became louder , longer , and more comical , although only in the original version did the line draw a laugh from the audience . Carroll O'Connor's pronunciation of `` welfare state '' gained more of Archie 's trademark whining enunciation , and the closing lyrics ( especially `` Gee , our old LaSalle ran great '' ) were sung with increasingly deliberate articulation , as viewers had complained that they could not understand the words . In the first season , it sounded like `` Geena Rolla Serit Grate ''. Also in the original version , the camera angle was shot slightly from the right side of the talent as opposed to the straight on angle of the next version . Jean Stapleton performed the theme song without glasses beginning in season 6 . In addition to O'Connor and Stapleton singing , footage is also shown beginning with aerial shots of Manhattan , and continuing to Queens , progressively zooming in , culminating with a still shot of a lower middle - class semidetached home , presumably representing the Bunkers ' house in Astoria . The house shown in the opening credits , however , is actually located at 89 -- 70 Cooper Avenue in the Glendale section of Queens , New York . A notable difference exists , however , between the Cooper Avenue house and the All in the Family set : the Cooper Avenue house has no porch , while the Bunkers ' home featured a front porch . The footage for the opening had been shot back in 1968 for the series ' first pilot , thus the establishing shot of the Manhattan skyline was completely devoid of the World Trade Center towers , which had not yet been built . When the series aired two years later , the Trade Center towers , although under construction , had still not yet risen high enough to become a prominent feature on the Manhattan skyline ( this did not happen until the end of 1971 ) . Despite this change in the Manhattan skyline , the original 1968 footage continued to be used for the series opening until the series transitioned into Archie Bunker 's Place in 1979 . At that time , a new opening with current shots of the Manhattan skyline was used with the Trade Center towers being seen in the closing credits . This opening format -- showing actual footage of the cities and neighborhoods in which the show was set -- became the standard for most of Norman Lear 's sitcoms , including Maude , Good Times , and The Jeffersons . At the end of the opening , the camera then returns to a few final seconds of O'Connor and Stapleton , as they finish the song . At the end of the original version , Edith smiles at Archie and Archie smiles off at a slight distance . In the longest running version ( from season 2 to season 5 ) , Edith smiles blissfully at Archie , and Archie puts a cigar in his mouth and returns a rather cynical , sheepish look to Edith . From season 6 through the season 8 , Edith smiles and rests her chin on Archie 's shoulder . In the final season , Edith hugs Archie at the conclusion . Additionally , in the first three versions of the opening , Archie is seen wearing his classic trademark white shirt . In the last version of the opening for the series ' ninth season , Archie is seen wearing a grey sweater - jacket over his white shirt . In all versions of the opening , the song 's conclusion is accompanied by applause from the studio audience . The opening for the animated series Family Guy begins with Peter and Lois Griffin singing at the piano , a tribute to the All in the Family opening . As with `` Those Were the Days '' , the lyrics to the Family Guy theme song also seem to imply that things have changed for the worse since the old days ( `` But where are those good old fashioned values / On which we used to rely ? '' ) . The All in the Family opening is also parodied in The Simpsons ninth - season episode `` Lisa 's Sax '' , as Homer and Marge Simpson sit at a piano and perform `` Those Were the Days '' with altered lyrics pertaining to the episode 's plot . In interviews , Norman Lear stated that the idea for the piano song introduction was a cost - cutting measure . After completion of the pilot episode , the budget would not allow an elaborate scene to serve as the sequence played during the show 's opening credits . Lear decided to have a simple scene of Archie and Edith singing at the piano . The closing theme ( an instrumental ) was `` Remembering You '' played by Roger Kellaway with lyrics co-written by Carroll O'Connor . It was played over footage of the same row of houses in Queens as in the opening ( but moving in the opposite direction down the street ) , and eventually moving back to aerial shots of Manhattan , suggesting the visit to the Bunkers ' home has concluded . O'Connor recorded a vocal version of `` Remembering You '' for a record album , but though he performed it several times on TV appearances , the lyrics ( about the end of a romance ) were never heard in the actual series . Except for some brief instances in the first season , no background or transitional music was used . Setting and location ( edit ) The house featured in the opening credits sequence , as it appeared in late 2013 Lear and his writers set the series in the Queens neighborhood of Astoria . The location of the Bunkers ' house at 704 Hauser Street is fictitious ( no Hauser Street exists in Queens ) . The address is not presented the way addresses are given in Queens : most address numbers are hyphenated , containing the number of the nearest cross street . Nevertheless , many episodes reveal that the Bunkers live near the major thoroughfare Northern Boulevard , which was the location of Kelsey 's Bar and later Archie Bunker 's Place . The façade of the house shown at the show opening is a home located at 89 - 70 Cooper Avenue , Glendale , Queens , New York , across from St. John Cemetery ( 40 ° 42 ′ 45 '' N 73 ° 51 ′ 39 '' W  /  40.712492 ° N 73.860784 ° W  / 40.712492 ; - 73.860784 ) . Many real Queens institutions are mentioned throughout the series . Carroll O'Connor , a Queens native from Forest Hills , said in an interview with the Archive of American Television that he suggested to the writers many of the locations to give the series authenticity . For example , Archie is revealed to have attended Flushing High School , a real high school located in Flushing , Queens ( although in the `` Man Of The Year '' episode of Archie Bunker 's Place , Archie attended Bryant High School in Long Island City , graduating in 1940 ) . As another example , the 1976 episode `` The Baby Contest '' deals with Archie entering baby Joey in a cutest baby contest sponsored by the Long Island Daily Press , a then - operating local newspaper in Queens and Long Island . The writers of All in the Family continued throughout the series to have the Bunkers and other characters use telephone exchange names when giving a telephone number ( most other series at the time , such as The Mary Tyler Moore Show , were using the standard fake 555 telephone number ) at a time when AT&T was trying to discontinue them . At different times throughout the series , the telephone exchanges Ravenswood and Bayside were used for the Bunkers ' telephone number . Both exchanges were and still are applicable names for phone numbers in the neighborhoods of Astoria and Bayside . This may have had to do with the fact that at the time many major cities in the United States , such as New York , were resisting the dropping of telephone exchange names in favor of all - number calling , and were still printing their telephone books with exchange names . Actual residents of the Bunkers ' age continued using exchange names into the early 1980s . This fact is referred to in the 1979 episode `` The Appendectomy '' , when Edith , while dialing a telephone number , uses the Parkview exchange name only to correct herself by saying that she keeps forgetting that it is all - number dialing now . However , she comes to the conclusion that the number is exactly the same either way . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of All in the Family episodes Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Rating Tied with Pilots 1968 1969 N / A N / A N / A 13 January 12 , 1971 ( 1971 - 01 - 12 ) April 6 , 1971 ( 1971 - 04 - 06 ) N / A N / A N / A 24 September 18 , 1971 ( 1971 - 09 - 18 ) March 11 , 1972 ( 1972 - 03 - 11 ) 34.0 N / A 24 September 16 , 1972 ( 1972 - 09 - 16 ) March 24 , 1973 ( 1973 - 03 - 24 ) 33.3 N / A 24 September 15 , 1973 ( 1973 - 09 - 15 ) March 16 , 1974 ( 1974 - 03 - 16 ) 31.2 N / A 5 23 September 14 , 1974 ( 1974 - 09 - 14 ) March 8 , 1975 ( 1975 - 03 - 08 ) 30.2 N / A 6 24 September 8 , 1975 ( 1975 - 09 - 08 ) March 8 , 1976 ( 1976 - 03 - 08 ) 30.1 N / A 7 25 September 22 , 1976 ( 1976 - 09 - 22 ) March 12 , 1977 ( 1977 - 03 - 12 ) 12 22.9 N / A 8 24 October 2 , 1977 ( 1977 - 10 - 02 ) March 19 , 1978 ( 1978 - 03 - 19 ) 24.4 60 Minutes Charlie 's Angels 9 24 September 24 , 1978 ( 1978 - 09 - 24 ) April 8 , 1979 ( 1979 - 04 - 08 ) 9 24.9 Taxi `` Sammy 's Visit , '' first broadcast in February 1972 , is a particularly notable episode , whose famous episode - ending scene produced the longest sustained audience laughter in the history of the show . Guest star Sammy Davis , Jr. plays himself in the episode . Davis leaves a briefcase behind in Archie 's taxi ( Archie is moonlighting as a cab driver ) and goes to the Bunker home to pick it up . After hearing Archie 's racist remarks , Davis asks for a photograph with him . At the moment the picture is taken , Davis suddenly kisses a stunned Archie on the cheek . The ensuing laughter went on for so long that it had to be severely edited for network broadcast , as Carroll O'Connor still had one line ( `` Well , what the hell -- he 's Jewish ! '' ) to deliver after the kiss . ( The line is usually cut in syndication . ) Syndication ( edit ) During the show 's sixth season , starting on December 1 , 1975 , CBS began showing reruns on weekdays at 3 pm ( EST ) , replacing long - running soap opera The Edge of Night , which had been purchased by ABC . It would later move to 3 : 30 pm and in September 1978 , 10 am . This lasted until September 1979 , when the reruns entered off - network syndication by Viacom . The show was picked up in most television markets as such . In 1991 , the show began to be syndicated by Columbia Pictures Television and has been by their heirs since then . Since the late 1980s , All in the Family has been rerun on various cable and satellite networks including TBS ( although they had the rights locally in Atlanta , as well ) , TV Land , and Nick at Nite . From January 3 , 2011 to December 31 , 2017 , the show aired on Antenna TV . As of January 1 , 2018 , the show now airs on GetTV . The cast settled their residual rights for a cash payout early in the production run . Ratings ( edit ) All in the Family is one of three television shows ( The Cosby Show and American Idol being the others ) that have been number one in the Nielsen ratings for five consecutive TV seasons . The show remained in the top 10 for seven of its nine seasons . Season Time Nielsen Ratings Rank Rating 1 ( 1970 -- 71 ) Tuesday at 9 : 30 - 10 : 00 pm on CBS # 34 18.9 2 ( 1971 -- 72 ) Saturday at 8 : 00 - 8 : 30 pm on CBS # 1 34.0 3 ( 1972 -- 73 ) 33.3 4 ( 1973 -- 74 ) 31.2 5 ( 1974 -- 75 ) 30.2 6 ( 1975 -- 76 ) Monday at 9 : 00 - 9 : 30 pm on CBS 30.1 7 ( 1976 -- 77 ) Wednesday at 9 : 00 - 9 : 30 pm on CBS ( September 22 -- October 27 , 1976 ) Saturday at 9 : 00 - 9 : 30 pm on CBS ( November 6 , 1976 -- March 12 , 1977 ) # 12 22.9 8 ( 1977 -- 78 ) Sunday at 9 : 00 - 9 : 30 pm on CBS # 4 24.4 ( Tied with 60 Minutes and Charlie 's Angels ) 9 ( 1978 -- 79 ) Sunday at 9 : 00 - 9 : 30 pm on CBS ( September 24 -- October 1 , 1978 ) Sunday at 8 : 00 - 8 : 30 pm on CBS ( October 8 , 1978 -- April 8 , 1979 ) # 9 24.9 ( Tied with Taxi ) The series finale was seen by 40.2 million viewers . Spin - offs ( edit ) According to The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows 1946 -- Present , All in the Family has the most spin - offs for a prime - time television series , spawning five other shows , three of which were very successful and two of which are spin - offs from spin - offs . The first spin - off was Maude , which debuted in September 1972 . It features Edith 's acerbic cousin Maude Findlay ( Bea Arthur ) , who first appeared on All in the Family in the December 1971 episode `` Cousin Maude 's Visit '' , visiting to take care of the influenza - suffering Bunkers . In March 1972 , at the end of the series ' second season , the character was again featured in the episode `` Maude '' . In this episode , a `` back door pilot '' for a new series , Archie and Edith visit her home in Westchester County to attend the wedding of her daughter Carol . Bill Macy played Maude 's husband Walter and Marcia Rodd played Carol ; Rodd was replaced by Adrienne Barbeau for the series . The show lasted for six seasons and 141 episodes , airing its final episode in April 1978 . Good Times is considered by some to be a spin off of Maude , as the show 's focus was Florida Evans , a character first appearing on Maude during its initial seasons as the Findlays maid . But the character 's history and situation were changed for the new show . According to producer Allan Manings , `` It was n't really a spin - off . '' The show features no reference to Maude , changes the name of Florida 's husband from Henry to James , and sets the show in a Chicago housing project . It ran for six seasons from February 1974 to August 1979 . The second and longest - lasting spin - off of All in the Family was The Jeffersons . Debuting on CBS in January 1975 , The Jeffersons lasted 11 seasons and 253 episodes ( more than All in the Family 's nine seasons and 208 episodes ) . The main characters were the Bunkers ' former next - door neighbors George and Louise Jefferson ( Sherman Hemsley and Isabel Sanford ) . George was the owner of seven successful dry - cleaning stores , and the series featured their life after moving from the Bunkers ' working - class neighborhood to a luxury high - rise apartment building in Manhattan 's Upper East Side . Checking In was spun off from The Jeffersons , focusing on the Jeffersons ' maid Florence Johnston , working as an executive housekeeper at the St. Frederick Hotel in Manhattan . It only lasted four weeks in April 1981 , and the character returned to her old job as the Jeffersons ' maid . Gloria was the third spin - off of All in the Family , focusing on now - divorced Gloria , starting a new life as an assistant trainee to a couple of veterinarians in Foxridge , New York . It premiered in September 1982 , and ran for one season . Archie Bunker 's Place was technically a spin - off , but was essentially a renamed continuation of the series , beginning in September 1979 following the final season of the original . It was primarily set in the titular neighborhood tavern which Archie Bunker purchased in the eighth - season of All in the Family . It aired for four seasons , until April 1983 . 704 Hauser features the Bunkers ' house with a new family . It was an inversion of the formula of the original , featuring a liberal African - American couple with a conservative son , who is dating a white Jewish woman . Gloria and Mike 's son Joey Stivic , now in his twenties , makes a brief appearance in the first episode . Five episodes aired in April and May 1994 . Specials ( edit ) At the height of the show 's popularity , Henry Fonda hosted a special one - hour retrospective of All in the Family and its impact on American television . Included were clips from the show 's most memorable episodes up to that time . It was titled The Best of `` All in the Family '' , and aired on December 21 , 1974 . A 90 - minute retrospective , All in the Family 20th Anniversary Special , was produced to commemorate the show 's 20th anniversary and aired on CBS on February 16 , 1991 . It was hosted by Norman Lear , and featured a compilation of clips from the show 's best moments , and interviews with the four main cast members . The special was so well received by the viewing audience CBS aired reruns of All in the Family during their summer schedule in 1991 , garnering higher ratings than the new series scheduled next to it , Norman Lear 's sitcom Sunday Dinner . The latter was Lear 's return to TV series producing after a seven - year absence , and was cancelled after the six - week tryout run . DVD releases ( edit ) Sony Pictures Home Entertainment ( formerly Columbia TriStar Home Entertainment ) released the first six seasons of All in the Family on DVD in Region 1 between 2002 and 2007 . No further seasons were released , because the sales figures did not match Sony 's expectations . On June 23 , 2010 , Shout ! Factory announced that it had acquired the rights to the series , and has since released the remaining three seasons . On October 30 , 2012 , Shout ! Factory released All in the Family - The Complete Series on DVD in Region 1 . The 28 - disc boxed set features all 208 episodes of the series , as well as bonus features . Vincent Gardenia ( before becoming a regular cast member as Frank Lorenzo ) and Rue McClanahan played a `` wife - swapping '' couple who meet the unsuspecting Bunkers in a 1972 episode . L-R : McClanahan , Carroll O'Connor , Jean Stapleton , and Gardenia . DVD Name Ep # Release Date The Complete First Season 13 March 26 , 2002 The Complete Second Season 24 February 4 , 2003 The Complete Third Season 24 July 20 , 2004 The Complete Fourth Season 24 April 12 , 2005 The Complete Fifth Season 25 January 3 , 2006 The Complete Sixth Season 24 February 13 , 2007 The Complete Seventh Season 25 October 5 , 2010 The Complete Eighth Season 24 January 11 , 2011 The Complete Ninth Season 24 May 17 , 2011 The Complete Series 208 October 30 , 2012 Cultural impact ( edit ) Archie and Edith Bunker 's chairs on display in the Smithsonian National Museum of American History As one of US television 's most acclaimed and groundbreaking programs , All in the Family has been referenced or parodied in countless other forms of media . References on other sitcoms include That ' 70s Show and The Simpsons . The animated series Family Guy pays homage to All in the Family in the opening sequence which features Peter and Lois Griffin playing the piano and singing a lament on the loss of traditional values and also paid tribute to the ending credits of the show at the end of the episode `` Stewie Loves Lois '' . Popular T - shirts , buttons , and bumper stickers showing O'Connor's image and farcically promoting `` Archie Bunker for President '' appeared around the time of the 1972 presidential election . In 1998 , All in the Family was honored on a 33 - cent stamp by the USPS . Archie and Edith Bunker 's chairs are on display in the Smithsonian National Museum of American History . The originals had been purchased by the show 's set designer for a few dollars at a local Goodwill thrift store , and were given to the Smithsonian ( for an exhibit on American television history ) in 1978 . It cost producers thousands of dollars to create replicas to replace the originals . Then - US President Richard Nixon can be heard discussing the show ( specifically the 1971 episodes `` Writing the President '' and `` Judging Books by Covers '' ) on one of the infamous Watergate tapes . Rapper Redman has made references to Archie Bunker in a few of his songs , specifically his smoking of large cigars . Awards and nominations ( edit ) All in the Family is the first of four sitcoms in which all the lead actors ( O'Connor , Stapleton , Struthers , and Reiner ) won Primetime Emmy Awards . The other three are The Golden Girls , The Simpsons , and Will and Grace . Primetime Emmy Awards and nominations ( edit ) 1971 Outstanding New Series ( Won ) Outstanding Series - Comedy ( Won ) Outstanding Continued Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role in a Comedy Series : Carroll O'Connor ( Nominated ) Outstanding Continued Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role in a Comedy Series : Jean Stapleton ( Won ) Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Comedy : John Rich for `` Gloria 's Pregnant '' ( Nominated ) Outstanding Writing Achievement in Comedy : Norman Lear for `` Meet the Bunkers '' ( Nominated ) Stanley Ralph Ross for `` Oh , My Aching Back '' ( Nominated ) 1972 Outstanding Series - Comedy ( Won ) Outstanding Single Program - Drama or Comedy for `` Sammy 's Visit '' ( Nominated ) Outstanding Achievement in Live or Tape Sound Mixing : Norman Dewes for `` The Elevator Story '' ( Won ) Outstanding Continued Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role in a Comedy Series : Carroll O'Connor ( Won ) Outstanding Continued Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role in a Comedy Series : Jean Stapleton ( Won ) Outstanding Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role in a Comedy Series : Rob Reiner ( Nominated ) Outstanding Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role in a Comedy Series : Sally Struthers ( Won ) Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Comedy : John Rich for `` Sammy 's Visit '' ( Won ) Outstanding Writing Achievement in Comedy : Burt Styler for `` Edith 's Problem '' ( Won ) Alan J. Levitt and Philip Mishkin for `` Mike 's Problem '' ( Nominated ) Norman Lear and Burt Styler for `` The Saga of Cousin Oscar '' ( Nominated ) 1973 Outstanding Comedy Series ( Won ) Outstanding Continued Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role in a Comedy Series : Carroll O'Connor ( Nominated ) Outstanding Continued Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role in a Comedy Series : Jean Stapleton ( Nominated ) Outstanding Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role in a Comedy Series : Rob Reiner ( Nominated ) Outstanding Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role in a Comedy Series : Sally Struthers ( Nominated ) Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Comedy : Bob LaHendro and John Rich for `` The Bunkers and the Swingers '' ( Nominated ) Outstanding Writing Achievement in Comedy : Lee Kalcheim & Michael Ross & Bernie West for `` The Bunkers and the Swingers '' ( Won ) Outstanding Comedy Series ( Nominated ) Best Lead Actor in a Comedy Series : Carroll O'Connor ( Nominated ) Best Lead Actress in a Comedy Series : Jean Stapleton ( Nominated ) Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series : Rob Reiner ( Won ) Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series : Sally Struthers ( Nominated ) Outstanding Comedy Series ( Nominated ) Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series : Carroll O'Connor ( Nominated ) Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series : Jean Stapleton ( Nominated ) Outstanding Continuing Performance by a Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series : Rob Reiner ( Nominated ) 1976 Outstanding Comedy Series ( Nominated ) 1977 Outstanding Comedy Series ( Nominated ) Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series : Carroll O'Connor ( Won ) Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series : Jean Stapleton ( Nominated ) Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series : Paul Bogart for `` The Draft Dodger '' ( Nominated ) Outstanding Art Direction or Scenic Design for a Comedy Series : Don Roberts for `` The Unemployment Story '' ( Nominated ) 1978 Outstanding Comedy Series ( Won ) Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series : Carroll O'Connor ( Won ) Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series : Jean Stapleton ( Won ) Outstanding Continuing Performance by a Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series : Rob Reiner ( Won ) Outstanding Continuing Performance by a Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series : Sally Struthers ( Nominated ) Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series : Paul Bogart for `` Edith 's 50th Birthday '' ( Won ) Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series : Bob Schiller and Bob Weiskopf for `` Edith 's 50th Birthday '' ( Nominated ) Larry Rhine & Erik Tarloff & Mel Tolkin for `` Edith 's Crisis of Faith '' ( Nominated ) Harve Brosten & Barry Harman & Bob Schiller & Bob Weiskopf for `` Cousin Liz '' ( Won ) 1979 Outstanding Comedy Series ( Nominated ) Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series : Carroll O'Connor ( Won ) Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series : Jean Stapleton ( Nominated ) Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy , Comedy - Variety , or Music Series : Sally Struthers ( Won ) Outstanding Directing for a Comedy , Comedy - Variety , or Music Series : Paul Bogart for `` California , Here We Are '' ( Nominated ) Outstanding Writing for a Comedy , Comedy - Variety , or Music Series : Milt Josefsberg & Bob Schiller & Phil Sharp & Bob Weiskopf for `` California , Here We Are '' ( Nominated ) Outstanding Video Tape Editing for a Series : Harvey W. Berger and Hal Collins for `` The 200th Episode Celebration of ' All in the Family ' '' ( Nominated ) Golden Globe Awards and Nominations ( edit ) 1972 Best TV Show - Musical / Comedy ( Won ) Best TV Actor - Musical / Comedy : Carroll O'Connor ( Won ) Best TV Actress - Musical / Comedy : Jean Stapleton ( Nominated ) Best Supporting Actor - Television : Rob Reiner ( Nominated ) Best Supporting Actress - Television : Sally Struthers ( Nominated ) 1973 Best TV Show - Musical / Comedy ( Won ) Best TV Actor - Musical / Comedy : Carroll O'Connor ( Nominated ) Best TV Actress - Musical / Comedy : Jean Stapleton ( Won ) Best Supporting Actor - Television : Rob Reiner ( Nominated ) Best Supporting Actress - Television : Sally Struthers ( Nominated ) Best TV Show - Musical / Comedy ( Won ) Best TV Actor - Musical / Comedy : Carroll O'Connor ( Nominated ) Best TV Actress - Musical / Comedy : Jean Stapleton ( Won ) Best Supporting Actor - Television : Rob Reiner ( Nominated ) Best Supporting Actress - Television : Sally Struthers ( Nominated ) Best TV Show - Musical / Comedy ( Nominated ) Best TV Actor - Musical / Comedy : Carroll O'Connor ( Nominated ) Best TV Actress - Musical / Comedy : Jean Stapleton ( Nominated ) Best Supporting Actress - Television : Betty Garrett ( Won ) 1976 Best TV Actor - Musical / Comedy : Carroll O'Connor ( Nominated ) Best Supporting Actor - Television : Rob Reiner ( Nominated ) 1977 Best Supporting Actor - Television : Rob Reiner ( Nominated ) Best Supporting Actress - Television : Sally Struthers ( Nominated ) 1978 Best TV Series - Musical / Comedy ( Won ) Best TV Actor - Musical / Comedy : Carroll O'Connor ( Nominated ) Best TV Actress - Musical / Comedy : Jean Stapleton ( Nominated ) 1979 Best TV Series - Musical / Comedy ( Nominated ) Best TV Actress - Musical / Comedy : Jean Stapleton ( Nominated ) 1980 Best TV Actress - Musical / Comedy : Jean Stapleton ( Nominated ) TCA heritage Award ( edit ) In 2013 , the Television Critics Association honored All in the Family with its Heritage Award for its cultural and social impact on society . See also ( edit ) All in a Family List of American television shows based on foreign shows List of All in the Family writers References ( edit ) Jump up ^ All in the Family TV Show - Videos , Actors , Photos and Episodes from the Classic Television Show Archived November 10 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` All - TIME 100 TV Shows '' . Time . Time Inc . Retrieved 14 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Cowan , Geoffrey ( 28 March 1980 ) . `` See No Evil '' . Simon and Schuster -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Leonard , David J. ; Guerrero , Lisa ( 23 April 2013 ) . `` African Americans on Television : Race - ing for Ratings '' . ABC - CLIO -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Special Collector 's Issue : 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time '' . TV Guide ( June 28 -- July 4 ) . 1997 . Jump up ^ The 100 Greatest TV Characters at Bravo.com Archived January 10 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` 101 Best Written TV Series List '' . wga.org . Jump up ^ Fretts , Bruce ; Roush , Matt . `` The Greatest Shows on Earth '' . TV Guide Magazine . 61 ( 3194 - 3195 ) : 16 -- 19 . Jump up ^ `` USPS.com ® - ZIP Code Lookup '' . Retrieved 20 April 2015 . Jump up ^ This is an allusion to an early 20th - century comic strip , The Dingbat Family ( fr ) , by cartoonist George Herriman . Jump up ^ Lear , Norman ( June 5 , 2013 ) . `` Norman Lear Pens New Personal Tribute to Jean Stapleton '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` Gloria Bunker - Stivic '' . ShareTV.org . Retrieved 19 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rob Reiner '' . TV.com . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Revealed in `` Stretch Cunningham , Goodbye '' episode . Jump up ^ Source : The end credits of season three episodes , and onward , mention Tommy Kelsey as the character playing the bar owner . Jump up ^ `` All in the Family 08 13 Edith 's Crisis of Faith 1 '' . YouTube . Retrieved 12 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Nussbaum , Emily ( April 7 , 2014 ) . `` The Great Divide : Norman Lear , Archie Bunker , and the Rise of the Bad Fan '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved 28 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Norman Lear credits the British TV sitcom Till Death Do Us Part as being the inspiration for All in the Family '' . Jump up ^ Justice for All ( unaired pilot # 1 ) on YouTube Jump up ^ Those Were the Days ( unaired pilot # 2 ) on YouTube Jump up ^ Neuwirth , Allan ( 2006 ) . They 'll never put that on the air : an oral history of taboo - breaking TV comedy . Allworth Communications , Inc . pp. 132 -- 133 . ISBN 1 - 58115 - 417 - 8 . Jump up ^ Gitlin , Todd ( 2000 ) . Inside Prime Time . University of California Press . p. 212 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 21785 - 3 . Jump up ^ Wikiquote : All in the Family # Theme song ^ Jump up to : Yee , Vivian ( June 2 , 2013 ) . `` Stifled by Time 's Passage , Fewer Fans Visit the Bunkers ' TV Home '' . New York Times . p . A16 . Jump up ^ 89 - 70 Cooper Ave ( 1970 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Location of the target house as per Google Maps '' . Maps.google.ca . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Tim ; Marsh , Earle ( 2007 ) . The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows 1946 - Present ( Ninth Edition ) . Ballantine Books . p. 1686 - 1688 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 49773 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Classic TV Sales - All in the Family '' . Atari Fun . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2012 . Retrieved 19 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' All in the Family ' star Jean Stapleton dead at 90 '' . EW.com . Jump up ^ http://www.revealshot.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/ALL-IN-THE-FAMILY-RATINGS-1970-79-2.pdf Jump up ^ `` Ratings archive 1971 '' . Classictvhits.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Ratings archive 1972 '' . Classictvhits.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Ratings archive 1973 '' . Classictvhits.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Ratings archive 1974 '' . Classictvhits.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Ratings archive 1975 '' . Classictvhits.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Ratings archive 1976 '' . Classictvhits.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ Ratings archives 1977 ( 1 ) ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Ratings archives 1978 ( 3 ) ( 4 ) Jump up ^ Quotenmeter.de - Das Online - Fernsehmagazin ( 2005 - 05 - 23 ) . `` Die erfolgreichsten Serien - Finale '' . Quotenmeter.de . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Tim ( 2007 ) . The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows : 1946 - Present ( Ninth Edition ) . Ballantine Books . pp. 1707 -- 1709 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 49773 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Ebony '' . Jump up ^ Du Brow , Rick ( 1991 - 07 - 20 ) . `` Will Someone Please Fix the Emmy Awards ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` All in the Family DVD news : DVD Plans for All in the Family '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` All in the Family DVD news : Announcement for All in the Family - The Complete 7th Season '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` All in the Family DVD news : Announcement for All in the Family - The Complete 8th Season '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com. 2007 - 05 - 25 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` All in the Family DVD news : Announcement for All in the Family - The Complete 9th Season '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` All in the Family DVD news : Announcement for All in the Family - The Complete Series - TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . Retrieved 20 April 2015 . Jump up ^ All in the Family , episode `` The Bunkers and the Swingers '' ( 1972 ) on IMDb Jump up ^ All in the Family stamp at National Postal Museum , Smithsonian Institution Arago.si.edu Jump up ^ `` NMAH , The Bunker 's Chairs '' . Americanhistory.si.edu . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ CNN ( 24 July 2013 ) . `` Richard Nixon discusses homosexuality '' . Retrieved 15 May 2017 -- via YouTube . In a clip from the 1970s , Richard Nixon is heard complaining that the sitcom `` All in the Family '' glorifies homosexuality . Jump up ^ James Warren ( 1999 - 11 - 07 ) . `` Nixon on Tape Expounds on Welfare and Homosexuality '' . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Redman - How To Roll A Blunt Lyrics - MetroLyrics '' . Retrieved 20 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : All in the Family - Awards & Nominations at IMDb Jump up ^ `` The Television Critics Association Announces 2013 TCA Awards Winners '' . Television Critics Association . August 3 , 2013 . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2013 . Retrieved August 4 , 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) Adler , Richard P. , ed. ( 1979 ) . All in the Family : A Critical Appraisal . New York : Praeger . ISBN 0275903265 . OCLC 5853047 . Garner , Joe ( 2002 ) . Stay Tuned : Television 's Unforgettable Moments . Kansas City , Mo. : Andrews McMeel Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7407 - 2693 - 5 . OCLC 60671579 . McCrohan , Donna ( 1988 ) . Archie & Edith , Mike & Gloria : The Tumultuous History of All in the Family . New York : Workman Publishing . ISBN 0 - 89480 - 527 - 4 . OCLC 759882713 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : All in the Family Wikimedia Commons has media related to All in the Family . Encyclopedia of Television entry on All in the Family All in the Family on IMDb All in the Family on emmys.com All in the Family on TVLand.com All in the Family on TV.Com All in the Family sit.com website All in the Family - related interview videos at the Archive of American Television Preceded by The Wonderful World of Disney 1977 All in the Family Super Bowl lead - out program 1978 Succeeded by Brothers and Sisters 1979 All in the Family Main characters Archie Bunker Edith Bunker Gloria Stivic Michael Stivic Stephanie Mills Recurring characters Joey Stivic George Jefferson Louise Jefferson Lionel Jefferson Henry Jefferson Episodes `` Maude '' `` Cousin Liz '' `` Edith 's 50th Birthday '' `` Edith 's Crisis of Faith '' `` The 200th Episode Celebration of All in the Family '' Related series Based on Till Death Us Do Part Spin - offs Maude ( 1972 -- 1978 ) ( episodes ) Good Times ( 1974 -- 1979 ) ( episodes ) The Jeffersons ( 1975 -- 1985 ) ( episodes ) Checking In ( 1981 ) Gloria ( 1982 -- 1983 ) Sequels Archie Bunker 's Place ( 1979 -- 1983 ) ( episodes ) 704 Hauser ( 1994 ) Till Death Us Do Part Characters Alf Garnett Episodes List of episodes Films Till Death Us Do Part The Alf Garnett Saga Sequels Till Death ... In Sickness and in Health Adaptations Ein Herz und eine Seele All in the Family Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series 1950s The Red Skelton Show ( season 1 , 1952 ) I Love Lucy ( season 2 , 1953 ) I Love Lucy ( season 3 , 1954 ) Make Room for Daddy ( season 2 , 1955 ) The Phil Silvers Show ( season 1 , 1956 ) The Phil Silvers Show ( season 2 , 1957 ) The Phil Silvers Show ( season 3 , 1958 ) The Jack Benny Program , season 9 ( 1959 ) 1960s The Art Carney Special ( 1960 ) The Jack Benny Program , season 11 ( 1961 ) The Bob Newhart Show ( season 1 , 1962 ) The Dick Van Dyke Show , season 2 ( 1963 ) The Dick Van Dyke Show , season 3 ( 1964 ) The Dick Van Dyke Show , season 4 ( 1965 ) The Dick Van Dyke Show , season 5 ( 1966 ) The Monkees ( season 1 , 1967 ) Get Smart , season 3 ( 1968 ) Get Smart , season 4 ( 1969 ) 1970s My World and Welcome to It ( season 1 , 1970 ) All in the Family , season 1 ( 1971 ) All in the Family , season 2 ( 1972 ) All in the Family , season 3 ( 1973 ) M * A * S * H , season 2 ( 1974 ) The Mary Tyler Moore Show , season 5 ( 1975 ) The Mary Tyler Moore Show , season 6 ( 1976 ) The Mary Tyler Moore Show , season 7 ( 1977 ) All in the Family , season 8 ( 1978 ) Taxi , season 1 ( 1979 ) 1980s Taxi , season 2 ( 1980 ) Taxi , season 3 ( 1981 ) Barney Miller , season 8 ( 1982 ) Cheers , season 1 ( 1983 ) Cheers , season 2 ( 1984 ) The Cosby Show , season 1 ( 1985 ) The Golden Girls , season 1 ( 1986 ) The Golden Girls , season 2 ( 1987 ) The Wonder Years , season 1 ( 1988 ) Cheers , season 7 ( 1989 ) 1990s Murphy Brown ( season 2 , 1990 ) Cheers , season 9 ( 1991 ) Murphy Brown ( season 4 , 1992 ) Seinfeld , season 4 ( 1993 ) Frasier , season 1 ( 1994 ) Frasier , season 2 ( 1995 ) Frasier , season 3 ( 1996 ) Frasier , season 4 ( 1997 ) Frasier , season 5 ( 1998 ) Ally McBeal , season 2 ( 1999 ) 2000s Will & Grace , season 2 ( 2000 ) Sex and the City , season 3 ( 2001 ) Friends , season 8 ( 2002 ) Everybody Loves Raymond , season 7 ( 2003 ) Arrested Development , season 1 ( 2004 ) Everybody Loves Raymond , season 9 ( 2005 ) The Office , season 2 ( 2006 ) 30 Rock , season 1 ( 2007 ) 30 Rock , season 2 ( 2008 ) 30 Rock , season 3 ( 2009 ) 2010s Modern Family , season 1 ( 2010 ) Modern Family , season 2 ( 2011 ) Modern Family , season 3 ( 2012 ) Modern Family , season 4 ( 2013 ) Modern Family , season 5 ( 2014 ) Veep , season 4 ( 2015 ) Veep , season 5 ( 2016 ) Veep , season 6 ( 2017 ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding New Series Make Room for Daddy / The United States Steel Hour ( 1954 ) Playhouse 90 ( 1957 ) The Seven Lively Arts ( 1958 ) Room 222 ( 1970 ) All in the Family ( 1971 ) Elizabeth R ( 1972 ) America : A Personal History of the United States ( 1973 ) Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series -- Musical or Comedy The Governor & J.J. ( 1969 ) The Carol Burnett Show ( 1970 ) All in the Family , season 1 / season 2 ( 1971 ) All in the Family , season 2 / season 3 ( 1972 ) All in the Family , season 3 / season 4 ( 1973 ) Rhoda , season 1 ( 1974 ) Barney Miller , season 1 / season 2 ( 1975 ) Barney Miller , season 2 / season 3 ( 1976 ) All in the Family , season 7 / season 8 ( 1977 ) Taxi , season 1 ( 1978 ) Alice / Taxi , season 1 / season 2 ( 1979 ) Taxi , season 2 / season 3 ( 1980 ) M * A * S * H , season 9 / season 10 ( 1981 ) Fame ( 1982 ) Fame ( 1983 ) The Cosby Show , season 1 ( 1984 ) The Golden Girls , season 1 ( 1985 ) The Golden Girls , season 1 / season 2 ( 1986 ) The Golden Girls , season 2 / season 3 ( 1987 ) The Wonder Years , season 1 / season 2 ( 1988 ) Murphy Brown ( 1989 ) Cheers , season 8 / season 9 ( 1990 ) Brooklyn Bridge ( 1991 ) Roseanne , season 4 / season 5 ( 1992 ) Seinfeld , season 4 / season 5 ( 1993 ) Frasier , season 1 / season 2 & Mad About You ( 1994 ) Cybill ( 1995 ) 3rd Rock from the Sun , season 1 / season 2 ( 1996 ) Ally McBeal , season 1 ( 1997 ) Ally McBeal , season 1 / season 2 ( 1998 ) Sex and the City , season 2 ( 1999 ) Sex and the City , season 3 ( 2000 ) Sex and the City , season 4 ( 2001 ) Curb Your Enthusiasm ( 2002 ) The Office ( UK ) ( 2003 ) Desperate Housewives , season 1 ( 2004 ) Desperate Housewives , season 1 / season 2 ( 2005 ) Ugly Betty , season 1 ( 2006 ) Extras ( 2007 ) 30 Rock , season 2 / season 3 ( 2008 ) Glee , season 1 ( 2009 ) Glee , season 1 / season 2 ( 2010 ) Modern Family , season 2 / season 3 ( 2011 ) Girls , season 1 ( 2012 ) Brooklyn Nine - Nine , season 1 ( 2013 ) Transparent , season 1 ( 2014 ) Mozart in the Jungle , season 1 ( 2015 ) Atlanta , season 1 ( 2016 ) The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel , season 1 ( 2017 ) TCA Heritage Award The Simpsons ( 2002 ) Buffy the Vampire Slayer ( 2003 ) 60 Minutes ( 2004 ) Nightline ( 2005 ) The West Wing ( 2006 ) The Sopranos ( 2007 ) The Wire ( 2008 ) ER ( 2009 ) M * A * S * H ( 2010 ) The Dick Van Dyke Show ( 2011 ) Cheers ( 2012 ) All in the Family ( 2013 ) Saturday Night Live ( 2014 ) Late Show / Late Night with David Letterman ( 2015 ) The Mary Tyler Moore Show ( 2016 ) Seinfeld ( 2017 ) Nielsen Media Research top - rated United States network television show 1950s 50 -- 51 : Texaco Star Theater 51 -- 52 : Arthur Godfrey 's Talent Scouts 52 -- 53 , 53 -- 54 , 54 -- 55 : I Love Lucy 55 -- 56 : The $64,000 Question 56 -- 57 : I Love Lucy 57 -- 58 , 58 -- 59 , 59 -- 60 : Gunsmoke 1960s 60 -- 61 : Gunsmoke 61 -- 62 : Wagon Train 62 -- 63 , 63 -- 64 : The Beverly Hillbillies ( S1 , S2 ) 64 -- 65 , 65 -- 66 , 66 -- 67 : Bonanza 67 -- 68 : The Andy Griffith Show ( S8 ) 68 -- 69 , 69 -- 70 : Rowan & Martin 's Laugh - In 1970s 70 -- 71 : Marcus Welby , M.D. 71 -- 72 , 72 -- 73 , 73 -- 74 , 74 -- 75 , 75 -- 76 : All in the Family ( S2 , S3 , S4 , S5 , S6 ) 76 -- 77 : Happy Days ( S4 ) 77 -- 78 , 78 -- 79 : Laverne & Shirley ( S3 , S4 ) 79 -- 80 : 60 Minutes 1980s 80 -- 81 , 81 -- 82 : Dallas ( S4 , S5 ) 82 -- 83 : 60 Minutes 83 -- 84 : Dallas ( S7 ) 84 -- 85 : Dynasty 85 -- 86 , 86 -- 87 , 87 -- 88 , 88 -- 89 : The Cosby Show ( S2 , S3 , S4 , S5 ) 89 -- 90 : Roseanne ( S2 ) / The Cosby Show ( S6 ) 1990s 90 -- 91 : Cheers ( S9 ) 91 -- 92 , 92 -- 93 , 93 -- 94 : 60 Minutes 94 -- 95 : Seinfeld ( S6 ) 95 -- 96 , 96 -- 97 : ER ( S2 , S3 ) 97 -- 98 : Seinfeld ( S9 ) 98 -- 99 : ER ( S5 ) 99 -- 2000 : Who Wants to Be a Millionaire 2000s 00 -- 01 : Survivor ( S2 - AO ) 01 -- 02 : Friends ( S8 ) 02 -- 03 , 03 -- 04 , 04 -- 05 , : CSI : Crime Scene Investigation ( S3 , S4 , S5 ) 05 -- 06 , 06 -- 07 , 07 -- 08 , 08 -- 09 , 09 -- 10 : American Idol ( S5 , S6 , S7 , S8 , S9 ) 2010s 10 -- 11 : American Idol ( S10 ) 11 - 12 : NBC Sunday Night Football 12 - 13 : NCIS ( S10 ) 13 - 14 , 14 - 15 , 15 - 16 , 16 -- 17 : NBC Sunday Night Football Shows produced or created by Norman Lear The Deputy ( 1959 -- 61 ) All in the Family ( 1971 -- 79 ) Sanford and Son ( 1972 -- 78 ) Maude ( 1972 -- 78 ) Good Times ( 1974 -- 79 ) The Jeffersons ( 1975 -- 85 ) Hot l Baltimore ( 1975 ) One Day at a Time ( 1975 -- 84 ) Mary Hartman , Mary Hartman ( 1976 -- 78 ) The Dumplings ( 1976 ) All 's Fair ( 1976 -- 77 ) The Nancy Walker Show ( 1976 ) All That Glitters ( 1977 ) Fernwood 2 Night ( 1977 ) A Year at the Top ( 1977 ) Sanford Arms ( 1977 ) America 2 - Night ( 1978 ) In the Beginning ( 1978 ) Apple Pie ( 1978 ) Hanging In ( 1979 ) The Baxters ( 1979 -- 81 ) Palmerstown , U.S.A. ( 1980 -- 81 ) a.k.a. Pablo ( 1984 ) E / R ( 1984 -- 85 ) Sunday Dinner ( 1991 ) The Powers That Be ( 1992 -- 93 ) 704 Hauser ( 1994 ) Channel Umptee - 3 ( 1997 -- 98 ) One Day at a Time ( 2017 -- present ) Guess Who Died ? ( 2018 ) Works by Johnny Speight TV Sykes and a ... ( 1960 ) Till Death Us Do Part ( 1966 -- 75 ) Justice For All ( US , 1968 ) Curry and Chips ( 1969 ) Those Were The Days ( US , 1969 ) All in the Family ( US , 1971 -- 79 ) Ein Herz und eine Seele ( Germany , 1973 -- 76 ) For Richer ... For Poorer ( 1975 ) Spooner 's Patch ( 1979 - 1982 ) ( With Ray Galton ) Till Death ... ( 1981 ) The Lady Is a Tramp ( 1983 - 84 ) In Sickness and in Health ( 1985 -- 92 ) Films Privilege ( 1967 ) Till Death Us Do Part ( film ) ( 1969 ) The Alf Garnett Saga ( 1972 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=All_in_the_Family&oldid=821137958 '' Categories : All in the Family characters 1970s American sitcoms 1971 American television series debuts 1979 American television series endings American television series based on British television series Best Musical or Comedy Series Golden Globe winners CBS network shows English - language television programs Media portrayals of the working class Nielsen ratings winners Peabody Award - winning television programs Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series winners Social realism Super Bowl lead - out programs Television series created by Norman Lear Television series by CBS Television Studios Television series by Sony Pictures Television Television series about dysfunctional families Television shows set in New York City Till Death Us Do Part ( British TV series ) Queens , New York in fiction Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Interlanguage link template link number Articles needing additional references from January 2015 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2015 Articles using Template : EmmyTVLegends title Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Español Esperanto Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands Polski Português Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 January 2018 , at 16 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who sang all in the family theme song
[ "The series' opening theme song \"Those Were The Days\",[23] written by Lee Adams (lyrics) and Charles Strouse (music), was presented in a unique way for a 1970s series: Carroll O'Connor and Jean Stapleton seated at a console or spinet piano (played by Stapleton) and singing the tune together on-camera at the start of every episode, concluding with live-audience applause. (The song dates back to the first Justice For All pilot, although on that occasion O'Connor and Stapleton performed the song off-camera and at a faster tempo than the series version.) Six different performances were recorded over the run of the series, including one version that includes additional lyrics. The song is a simple, pentatonic melody (that can be played exclusively with black keys on a piano) in which Archie and Edith wax nostalgic for the simpler days of yesteryear. A longer version of the song was released as a single on Atlantic Records, reaching number 43 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 and number 30 on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart in early 1972; the additional lyrics in this longer version lend the song a greater sense of sadness, and make poignant reference to social changes taking place in the 1960s and early 1970s.", "The series' opening theme song \"Those Were The Days\",[23] written by Lee Adams (lyrics) and Charles Strouse (music), was presented in a unique way for a 1970s series: Carroll O'Connor and Jean Stapleton seated at a console or spinet piano (played by Stapleton) and singing the tune together on-camera at the start of every episode, concluding with live-audience applause. (The song dates back to the first Justice For All pilot, although on that occasion O'Connor and Stapleton performed the song off-camera and at a faster tempo than the series version.) Six different performances were recorded over the run of the series, including one version that includes additional lyrics. The song is a simple, pentatonic melody (that can be played exclusively with black keys on a piano) in which Archie and Edith wax nostalgic for the simpler days of yesteryear. A longer version of the song was released as a single on Atlantic Records, reaching number 43 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 and number 30 on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart in early 1972; the additional lyrics in this longer version lend the song a greater sense of sadness, and make poignant reference to social changes taking place in the 1960s and early 1970s." ]
[ "Carroll O'Connor", "Jean Stapleton" ]
7326500515087014094
Melissa Rauch
Melissa Rauch - wikipedia Melissa Rauch Melissa Rauch Rauch at PaleyFest 2013 for The Big Bang Theory Melissa Ivy Rauch ( 1980 - 06 - 23 ) June 23 , 1980 ( age 38 ) Marlboro Township , New Jersey , U.S. Occupation Actress , comedian Years active 2006 -- present Television The Big Bang Theory Spouse ( s ) Winston Rauch ( né Beigel ) Children Melissa Ivy Rauch ( born June 23 , 1980 ) is an American actress and comedian . She is known for playing Bernadette Rostenkowski - Wolowitz on the CBS sitcom The Big Bang Theory . Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 5 References 6 External links Early life ( edit ) Rauch was born to a Jewish family in Marlboro Township , New Jersey . Her parents are Susan and David Rauch . She has a brother , Ben . She developed an interest in acting while attending Marlboro High School . Rauch graduated from Marymount Manhattan College in New York City in 2002 . Career ( edit ) Some of Rauch 's early work was as a regular contributor to VH1 's Best Week Ever television show . In 2009 , Rauch began playing the recurring role of Bernadette Rostenkowski , a co-worker of Penny who began to date Howard Wolowitz , in the third season of TV 's The Big Bang Theory . The following season her character became Howard 's fiancée and Rauch was promoted to a series regular . The characters married in the season five finale . In December 2011 , Rauch and fellow cast members of The Big Bang Theory received the first of four nominations for the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series . Other acting credits include True Blood ( on which she had a recurring role in 2010 as Summer , a girl who likes Hoyt ) , The Office , the American remake of the Australian TV series Kath & Kim , Wright v Wrong , and the film I Love You , Man . Rauch is also part of the cast of the comedic stage show The Realest Real Housewives with Casey Wilson , June Diane Raphael , Jessica St. Clair and Danielle Schneider . The show began running at the Upright Citizens Brigade Theatre in 2011 . Rauch co-wrote and co-produced the film The Bronze , in which she starred as Hope Annabelle Greggory , a bronze medal - winning gymnast clinging to her glory days of 12 years earlier . It opened the 2015 Sundance Film Festival . Variety said , `` Rauch , who co-wrote the screenplay with her husband Winston , has never carried a film before . But she delivers the best breakthrough comedic performance by an actress since Melissa McCarthy in Bridesmaids . '' Sony Pictures Classics acquired the film in September 2015 . In 2017 , Rauch voiced Harley Quinn in the animated film Batman and Harley Quinn and she voiced Light Thief in Light Riders from Blaze and the Monster Machines . Personal life ( edit ) Rauch is married to writer Winston Rauch ( né Beigel ) , who collaborated with her on The Miss Education of Jenna Bush and other projects . Rauch announced that she was pregnant on July 11 , 2017 , and disclosed that she had a miscarriage previously . On December 4 , 2017 Rauch announced on Instagram that she had given birth to a girl , Sadie . Rauch modeled the voice of Bernadette after her parents : the `` sweet , high - pitched purr '' is modeled after her mother , while the `` eerie , haranguing imitation '' of Mrs. Wolowitz is modeled after her father . Both are `` very different '' from Rauch 's real voice . Filmography ( edit ) Film Year Title Role Notes 2006 Delirious Megan 2009 I Love You , Man Woman Jogger Yelling at Sidney 2009 The Condom Killer Audra Short 2013 In Lieu of Flowers Carrie 2014 Are You Here Marie 2015 The Bronze Hope Annabelle Greggory Also writer 2016 Ice Age : Collision Course Francine ( voice ) 2016 Flock of Dudes Jamie 2017 Batman and Harley Quinn Harley Quinn ( voice ) Direct - to - video Television Year Title Role Notes 2007 12 Miles of Bad Road Bethany 3 episodes : `` The Dirty White Girl '' ( season 1 : episode 2 ) `` Collateral Verbiage '' ( season 1 : episode 4 ) `` Moonshadow '' ( season 1 : episode 6 ) 2008 -- 09 Kath & Kim Tina Season 1 ( recurring ; 6 episodes ) 2009 -- present The Big Bang Theory Dr. Bernadette Rostenkowski - Wolowitz Season 3 ( recurring ; 5 episodes ) Season 4 -- present ( series regular ) The Office Cathy Duke 1 episode True Blood Summer Season 3 ( recurring ; 6 episodes ) Wright vs. Wrong Daisy Cake TV movie 2014 Jake and the Never Land Pirates First - Mate Mollie ( voice ) 1 episode `` Smee - erella '' 2014 Teenage Fairytale Dropouts Miss Macabre 1 episode `` Something Wicked This Way Substitutes '' 2014 The Hot Housewives of Orlando Calliope 1 episode 2015 Sofia the First Fairy Tizzy ( voice ) 1 episode 2015 Scooby - Doo ! and the Beach Beastie Kiki ( voice ) TV Movie 2017 Star vs. the Forces of Evil Baby ( voice ) 1 episode 2017 Marvel 's Ant - Man The Wasp ( voice ) 2 episodes 2017 Blaze and the Monster Machines Light Thief ( voice ) 1 episode References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Harper , Carol ( June 6 , 2014 ) . `` Melissa Rauch movie ' The Bronze ' to shoot June 29 in Amherst '' . Morning Journal . Lisbon , Ohio . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2016 . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hawk , Jason ( June 29 , 2014 ) . `` ' Bronze ' to film downtown '' . Oberlin News . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2016 . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Melissa Rauch : Biography '' . TVGuide.com . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2016 . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Deerwester , Jayme ( November 17 , 2011 ) . `` Mayim Bialik and Melissa Rauch Five Questions '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2015 . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bloom , Nate ( January 26 , 2012 ) . `` Jewish Stars 1 / 27 '' . Cleveland Jewish News . Jump up ^ `` Winston Beigel '' . Broadwayworld.com . August 14 , 2005 . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . ( Photo caption ) Melissa Rauch with parents Susan & David Rauch , brother Ben Rauch , and boyfriend Winston Beigel at The Miss Education of Jenna Bush Jump up ^ Considine , Bob ( May 17 , 2011 ) . `` Take Five With Melissa Rauch '' . The Star - Ledger . Newark . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . I also had a terrific theater teacher at Marlboro High School who taught me a great deal and was very encouraging . There was n't a ton to do in Marlboro , so for me , it was either hang outside the Wawa or put on a show . Jump up ^ Mead , Wendy . `` Melissa Rauch Biography : Television Actress ( 1980 -- ) '' . Biography.com ( FYI / A&E Networks . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2016 . Retrieved January 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profiles in Panelism : Melissa Rauch '' . Best Week Ever . May 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Riley , Jenelle ( November 29 , 2012 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Cast On Being Part of an Ensemble '' . Backstage . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nominations Announced for the 18th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards ® '' ( Press release ) . Screen Actors Guild . December 14 , 2011 . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nominations Announced for the 19th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards ® '' ( Press release ) . Screen Actors Guild . December 12 , 2012 . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nominations Announced for the 20th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards ® '' ( Press release ) . Screen Actors Guild . December 13 , 2013 . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Zach ( December 10 , 2014 ) . `` SAG Awards 2015 : Complete List of Nominations ! '' . E ! News . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Trachta , Ali ( January 29 , 2011 ) . `` The Realest Real Housewives at UCB : A Celebration of the Best Show Ever + Paul Scheer '' . LA Weekly . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Setoodeh , Ramin ( January 23 , 2015 ) . `` 5 Reasons The Bronze Could be a Breakout Comedy in 2015 '' . Variety . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2016 . Retrieved April 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( September 11 , 2015 ) . `` Ex-Relativity Pic The Bronze Lands at Sony Pictures Classics '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2016 . Retrieved April 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Getlen , Larry ( March 24 , 2013 ) . `` Screaming success '' . New York Post . Retrieved September 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Silverman , Stephen M. ( August 19 , 2005 ) . `` Jenna Bush Takes Center Stage in New York '' . People . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rauch , Melissa . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' Star Melissa Rauch Announces Her Pregnancy and Reflects on Previous Miscarriage '' . glamour.com . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Actress Melissa Rauch Welcomes A ' Beautiful Baby Girl ' Named Sadie '' . The Huffington Post . Jump up ^ `` Melissa Rauch of Big Bang Theory Does S&M - Inspired Photo Shoot for Maxim '' . The Huffington Post . November 16 , 2013 . Retrieved September 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ánima Estudios -- Mobile Uploads '' . facebook.com . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Second Season of Disney Junior 's Hit Series `` Sofia the First '' Debuts Friday , March 7 on Disney Channel `` . The Futon Critic ( Press release ) . Disney Channel . February 7 , 2014 . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Melissa Rauch . Melissa Rauch on Twitter Melissa Rauch on IMDb Gostin , Nicki ( December 11 , 2011 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Star Melissa Rauch On Nerds , New Jersey And ' Real Housewives ' '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved January 29 , 2016 . < / ref > `` Melissa Rauch -- Gallery '' . Maxim . Retrieved January 29 , 2016 . BIBSYS : 15004521 GND : 1114848794 LCCN : no2012159421 VIAF : 292850780 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melissa_Rauch&oldid=851194676 '' Categories : 1980 births Actresses from New Jersey Jewish American actresses American television actresses Living people Marymount Manhattan College alumni People from Marlboro Township , New Jersey American women comedians 21st - century American actresses American film actresses American voice actresses Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from September 2017 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Қазақша Latina Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 22 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 July 2018 , at 18 : 10 ( UTC ) . 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who plays bernadette from the big bang theory
[ "Melissa Ivy Rauch (born June 23, 1980)[3] is an American actress and comedian. She is known for playing Bernadette Rostenkowski-Wolowitz on the CBS sitcom The Big Bang Theory.\n" ]
[ "Melissa Ivy Rauch" ]
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Bernard Hill
Bernard Hill - wikipedia Bernard Hill Bernard Hill Bernard Hill in September 2007 ( 1944 - 12 - 17 ) 17 December 1944 ( age 73 ) Blackley , Manchester , England Nationality British Education Xaverian College Alma mater Manchester Polytechnic School of Drama Occupation Actor Years active 1975 -- present Spouse ( s ) Marianne Hill Children Bernard Hill ( born 17 December 1944 ) is an English film , stage and television actor . He is known for playing Yosser Hughes , the troubled ' hard man ' whose life is falling apart in Alan Bleasdale 's groundbreaking 1980s TV drama Boys from the Blackstuff and , more recently , as the Duke of Norfolk in the BBC adaptation of Dame Hilary Mantel 's Wolf Hall . He is also known for roles in blockbuster films , including Captain Edward Smith in Titanic , King Théoden in The Lord of the Rings film trilogy and Luther Plunkitt , the Warden of San Quentin Prison in the Clint Eastwood film True Crime . Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Boys from the Blackstuff 2.2 Later roles 3 Personal life 4 Selected stage and screen credits 4.1 Theatre 4.2 Filmography 4.3 Television 5 Video games 6 References and notes 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Hill was born in Blackley , Manchester . He was brought up in a Catholic family of miners . Hill attended Xaverian College , and then Manchester Polytechnic School of Drama at the same time as Richard Griffiths . He graduated with a diploma in theatre in 1970 . Career ( edit ) In 1976 , Hill was seen as Police Constable Cluff in the Granada Television series Crown Court , the episode entitled `` The Jolly Swagmen '' Boys from the Blackstuff ( edit ) Hill first came to prominence as Yosser Hughes , a Liverpool working class man ultimately driven to the edge by an uncaring system , in Alan Bleasdale 's BBC Play for Today programme , The Black Stuff , and its series sequel , Boys from the Blackstuff . His character 's much - repeated phrase Gizza job ( `` Give us a job '' ) became popular with protesters against Margaret Thatcher 's government , because of the high unemployment of the time . Later roles ( edit ) Hill then appeared as Sergeant Putnam in Gandhi ( 1982 ) , directed by Richard Attenborough . Though Hill did not figure prominently in the cast , he benefited from being part of an Oscar - winning film . Next up for Hill was Roger Donaldson 's The Bounty ( 1984 ) , a fourth dramatisation of the famed mutiny on HMS Bounty . He had previously taken smaller parts in a number of British television dramas , appearing in the acclaimed I , Claudius in 1976 as Gratus , the no - nonsense soldier of Caligula 's bodyguard who drew Claudius from his hiding - place in the palace , and presented him as the proper heir to the empire , and also as Richard Plantagenet , Duke of York in the BBC Television Shakespeare 1982 productions of Shakespeare 's Henry VI plays . In 1985 , he played the lead role in a TV dramatisation of John Lennon 's life , A Journey in the Life . In addition to TV roles , Hill appeared on stage in The Cherry Orchard , and the title roles in Macbeth and A View from the Bridge . Hill then received critical acclaim for his performance as Joe Bradshaw in Shirley Valentine ( 1989 ) , about a Liverpool housewife ( Pauline Collins ) who was a former anti-establishment rebel and engages in an extramarital affair . Hill added more prominent films to his resume , including Mountains of the Moon ( 1990 ) , Skallagrigg ( 1994 ) and Madagascar Skin ( 1995 ) . In the mid-1990s , Hill began appearing in films more regularly . His first major role came in The Ghost and the Darkness ( 1996 ) , starring Val Kilmer as a bridge - building engineer who must trust a big game hunter ( Michael Douglas ) despite their mutual animosity ; Hill portrayed the role of Dr. Hawthorne . Hill then went down with the ship when he played Captain Edward J. Smith on the ill - fated Titanic ( 1997 ) , by James Cameron , with whom Hill got along quite well -- an experience not shared by most working on the film . Being in the then biggest grossing film of all time attracted attention to his career , as Hill became more sought - after for more prominent parts . Hill played Philos in The Scorpion King ( 2002 ) , starring Dwayne `` The Rock '' Johnson , Michael Clarke Duncan and Kelly Hu . Hill became known to a worldwide audience when he was cast in the role of King Théoden of Rohan in Peter Jackson 's The Lord of the Rings film trilogy based on Tolkien 's novel of the same name . Before casting him as King Théoden , director Peter Jackson considered Hill for the part of Gandalf . When he was due to leave the set at the end of production , Jackson gave Hill two gifts , Théoden 's helmet and sword Herugrim . At the 2006 BAFTA TV Awards and International Emmy Award , Hill was nominated for his portrayal of David Blunkett in the one - off satirical drama , A Very Social Secretary . Hill is one of the few actors who have acted in three films that went on to win the Academy Award for Best Picture . He did this with Gandhi ( 1982 ) , Titanic ( 1997 ) and The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) . He held a minor role in the 2008 film Valkyrie , as the commanding general of the German Afrika Korp X Panzer Division , and as a voice actor for Sir Walter Beck in Fable III ( 2010 ) . Due to his affinity and links to the region , along with his extensive CV in film , Hill was announced as a new patron and judge of the Norwich Film Festival , that was held on March 2012 . He plays Samuel Cotton , who runs a sweet factory with his son in the 2014 three - part BBC drama series about Manchester From There To Here . Hill appears as Thomas Howard , 3rd Duke of Norfolk in the 2015 six - part BBC adaptation of Hilary Mantel 's novels , Wolf Hall . Personal life ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( June 2012 ) Hill currently lives in Suffolk . He is married to Marianne Hill , and has a son named Gabriel . Selected stage and Screen credits ( edit ) Theatre ( edit ) Hill at a Lord of the Rings convention in Bonn , Germany , October 2004 Year Play Role Theatre John , Paul , George , Ringo ... and Bert John Lennon Lyric Theatre , London 1978 Twelfth Night Toby Belch Young Vic , London Short List Howard Hampstead Theatre , London 1984 The Plough and the Stars Fluther Good Royal Exchange , Manchester 1986 Macbeth Macbeth Haymarket Theatre , Leicester 1989 The Cherry Orchard Lopakhin Aldwych Theatre , London 1990 Gasping Sir Chiffley Lockheart Theatre Royal , Haymarket , London 1995 A View from the Bridge Eddie Carbone Strand Theatre , London Filmography ( edit ) Year Film Role Notes It Could Happen to You Syph Film also known as Intimate Teenage Secrets 1976 Trial by Combat Blind Freddie Film also known as Dirty Knights Work 1978 The Sailor 's Return Carter 1978 The Spongers Sullivan 1982 Gandhi Sergeant Putnam Squaring the Circle Narrator Documentary Runners Trevor Field 1984 The Bounty Cole 1985 Restless Natives Will 's father The Chain Nick Samson and Delilah Willie Naknervis 1986 Milwr Bychan Officer Film also known as Boy Soldier New World John Billington No Surrender Bernard Bellman and True Hiller Drowning by Numbers Henry Madgett 1989 Shirley Valentine Joe Bradshaw 1990 Mountains of the Moon Dr. David Livingston 1991 The Law Lord Martin Allport The Name of the Game Ignatius `` Iggy '' Smith Film also known as Run Rabbit Run and Double X 1993 Shepherd on the Rock Tam Ferrier 1994 Skallagrigg Drug Taking and the Arts Presenter and narrator Documentary 1995 Madagascar Skin Flint The Ghost and the Darkness Dr. Hawthorne The Wind in the Willows Engine driver Film also known as Mr. Toad 's Wild Ride Titanic Captain Edward J. Smith Nominated -- Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture One of two films in which Hill stars that have won 11 Oscars . The Mill on the Floss Edwards Tulliver 1999 The Titanic Chronicles Captain S. Lord The Criminal Walker True Crime Lunther Plunkitt A Midsummer Night 's Dream Egeus Film also known as Sogno di una notte di mezza estate The Loss of Sexual Innocence Susan 's father 2000 Blessed Art Thou Frederick Einstein Voice of Stalin Film also known as The Furnace Going Off Big Time Murray 2002 The Scorpion King Philos The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers King Théoden Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Cast Phoenix Film Critics Society Award for Best Cast Nominated -- DVD Exclusive Awards for Best Audio Commentary Nominated -- Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture 2003 The Boys from County Clare John Joe Gothika Phil Parsons The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King King Théoden Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Cast National Board of Review Award for Best Cast Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Nominated -- Phoenix Film Critics Society Award for Best Cast The second film in which Hill starred , that won 11 Oscars Wimbledon Edward Colt The Deal Victor Short film 2005 The League of Gentlemen 's Apocalypse King William 2006 Joy Division Dennis Save Angel Hope Oscar Kurz 2007 Exodus N / A Film made for television . Broadcast on Channel 4 2008 Valkyrie Unnamed German General in the desert 2008 Franklyn Peter 2011 The Wraith The Narrator Short Film 2012 ParaNorman The Judge Voice only 2016 Golden Years Arthur Goode Information taken from filmreference.com , netglisme.com , Television ( edit ) Year Programme Role Episodes Broadcasting Network Notes 1973 Hard Labour Edward , Mrs Thornley 's son N / A BBC 1976 I , Claudius Gratus BBC 1978 Pickersgill People N / A BBC 1979 Telford 's Change Jack Burton BBC The Black Stuff Yosser Hughes 5 BBC 1980 Fox Vin Fox 11 ITV 1982 Boys from the Black Stuff Yosser Hughes 5 BBC Broadcasting Press Guild Awards for Best Actor Nominated -- BAFTA TV Award for Best Actor Henry VI Richard Plantagenet , Duke of York BBC 1984 Antigone Messenger BBC 1985 The Burston Rebellion Tom Higdon BBC 1993 Olly 's Prison Mike BBC 1993 Telltale Det . Sgt . Gavin Douglas ITV 1993 Lipstick on Your Collar Uncle Fred Channel 4 1994 Once Upon a Time in the North Len Tollit N / A BBC 1999 Great Expectations Abel Magwitch BBC Horizon Narrator 9 BBC 2002 Timewatch Narrator BBC Atheism : A Rough History of Disbelief Himself BBC 2005 A Very Social Secretary David Blunkett Channel 4 Nominated -- BAFTA TV Award for Best Actor Nominated -- International Emmy Award for Best Performance by an Actor 2007 Egomania Narrator Channel 4 2007 Bombay Railway Narrator BBC Series 2008 Sunshine Granddad Crosby BBC 2008 Wild China Narrator 6 BBC A BBC / CTV / Travel Channel co-production in association with Canal+ 2009 Folk America Narrator BBC 2009 Ice Patrol Narrator National Geographic Old Trafford 100 Years Narrator and Presenter MUTV Five Days Gerard Hopkirk 5 BBC Indian Hill Railways Narrator BBC Canoe Man John Darwin BBC 2012 Falcón Ramón Salgado Sky Episode `` The Blind Man of Seville '' 2014 From There to Here Samuel Cotton BBC 2014 Hope And Wire Len Russell TV3 New Zealand mini-series 2015 Wolf Hall Duke of Norfolk 6 BBC 2015 Unforgotten Father Robert Greaves 6 ITV Video games ( edit ) Year Video game Role Notes 2008 World of Warcraft : Wrath of the Lich King Highlord Tirion Fordring Fable III Sir Walter Beck References and notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The OxStu talks Titanic , Daniel Day - Lewis and more with film star Bernard Hill '' . The Oxford Student . ^ Jump up to : `` Manchester Films -- Bernard Hill -- a biography '' . BBC . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Out of work -- and this time it wo n't just be Yosser who will feel the pain News '' . Thisislondon.co.uk. 2008 - 12 - 17 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Behind The Voice Actors - Bernard Hill '' . Behind The Voice Actors . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 14 February 2012 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Stellar cast assemble for Peter Bowker 's new BBC One drama , From There To Here '' . BBC Media Centre . BBC . Retrieved 14 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Norfolk '' . BBC . Retrieved 16 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bernard Hill Biography ( 1944 -- ) '' . Filmreference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Bernard Hill Filmography , Bernard Hill , movies , Pics , Photos , Filmography '' . Netglimse.com . Archived from the original on 12 December 2011 . Retrieved 21 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Unit , Commercial Development . `` Indian Hill Railway '' . ABC Shop . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 04 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bernard Hill . Bernard Hill on IMDb Bernard Hill at the TCM Movie Database Bernard Hill at AllMovie Interview with BBC Suffolk Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Acting Ensemble Gosford Park ( 2001 ) Chicago ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Sideways ( 2004 ) Crash ( 2005 ) Little Miss Sunshine ( 2006 ) Hairspray ( 2007 ) Milk ( 2008 ) Inglourious Basterds ( 2009 ) The Fighter ( 2010 ) The Help ( 2011 ) Silver Linings Playbook ( 2012 ) American Hustle ( 2013 ) Birdman or ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) ( 2014 ) Spotlight ( 2015 ) Moonlight ( 2016 ) Three Billboards Outside Ebbing , Missouri ( 2017 ) BNF : cb140529581 ( data ) GND : 13241449X ISNI : 0000 0001 1495 1067 LCCN : no97049398 SUDOC : 055737668 VIAF : 90624327 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bernard_Hill&oldid=855509661 '' Categories : 1944 births Male actors from Manchester English male film actors English male stage actors English male television actors Living people Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Screen Actors Guild Award winners People from Blackley People from Suffolk 20th - century English male actors 21st - century English male actors Hidden categories : Infobox person using alma mater Articles with hCards Articles to be expanded from June 2012 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Use dmy dates from May 2011 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית Кыргызча Latina Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 August 2018 , at 20 : 49 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who played the captain in the movie titanic
[ "Bernard Hill (born 17 December 1944) is an English film, stage and television actor. He is known for playing Yosser Hughes, the troubled 'hard man' whose life is falling apart in Alan Bleasdale's groundbreaking 1980s TV drama Boys from the Blackstuff and, more recently, as the Duke of Norfolk in the BBC adaptation of Dame Hilary Mantel's Wolf Hall. He is also known for roles in blockbuster films, including Captain Edward Smith in Titanic, King Théoden in The Lord of the Rings film trilogy and Luther Plunkitt, the Warden of San Quentin Prison in the Clint Eastwood film True Crime.\n" ]
[ "Bernard Hill" ]
-4600739555527749906
Rodrigo Santoro
Rodrigo Santoro - wikipedia Rodrigo Santoro Jump to : navigation , search This name uses Portuguese naming customs . The first or maternal family name is Junqueira and the second or paternal family name is dos Reis Santoro . Rodrigo Santoro Santoro in 2014 Rodrigo Junqueira dos Reis Santoro ( 1975 - 08 - 22 ) 22 August 1975 ( age 42 ) Petrópolis , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil Nationality Brazil Occupation Actor Years active 1993 -- present Website www.rodrigo-santoro.com Rodrigo Junqueira dos Reis Santoro ( Portuguese pronunciation : ( ʁoˈdɾiɡu sɐ̃ˈtoɾu ) ; born August 22 , 1975 ) is a Brazilian actor . He has appeared in many successful movies , including Brainstorm ( 2001 ) , Carandiru ( 2003 ) , Love Actually ( 2003 ) , Che ( 2008 ) , I Love You Phillip Morris ( 2009 ) , and Rio ( 2011 ) . He is perhaps most famous for his portrayal of Xerxes in the movie 300 ( 2006 ) and its sequel 300 : Rise of an Empire ( 2014 ) . He was a series regular on the television series Lost portraying the character Paulo , and plays Hector Escaton in HBO 's Westworld ( 2016 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Life and career 2 Filmography 3 Awards and nominations 3.1 Other nominations and honors 4 References 5 External links Life and career ( edit ) Santoro was born in Petrópolis , Rio de Janeiro state , to Maria José Junqueira dos Reis , a Brazilian artist of Portuguese ancestry , and Francesco Santoro , an Italian engineer . In 1993 , as Santoro was studying Journalism at PUC - Rio , he entered the Actor 's Workshop of Rede Globo . Santoro went on to play parts in many of Globo 's telenovelas , such as Olho no Olho ( 1993 ) , Pátria Minha ( 1994 ) , Explode Coração ( 1995 ) , O Amor Está no Ar ( 1997 ) , Suave Veneno ( 1999 ) and Mulheres Apaixonadas ( 2003 ) , as well as the miniseries Hilda Furacão ( 1998 ) , in the role of a priest . Santoro was also the voice actor of the titular character in Stuart Little and its sequel in the Brazilian dubbed copies . His first major role in a cinema production came in 2001 , with Bicho de Sete Cabeças ( Brainstorm ) by Brazilian director Laís Bodansky . By the end of the film , he received a standing ovation from the audience . He also went on to win the festival 's best actor trophy . After Bicho , his reputation as an actor had been solidified and he was cast as the male lead in Abril Despedaçado ( Behind the Sun ) , one of the nominees for best foreign film in the 2002 Golden Globe Awards . He had another performance in the 2003 Hector Babenco film Carandiru , where he played a transsexual prisoner known as `` Lady Di '' . Santoro at the 2013 San Diego Comic - Con International , promoting 300 : Rise of an Empire . Canadian director Robert Allan Ackerman signed Santoro for his TV production The Roman Spring of Mrs. Stone after being mesmerised by his performance in Bicho de Sete Cabeças . Since Santoro did not have an agent in North America , Ackerman contacted Santoro 's father . He spent two months filming in Rome , alongside renowned actors such as Helen Mirren and Anne Bancroft . Soon after he finished shooting for Mrs. Stone , he received an offer from Columbia Pictures for a part in the blockbuster Charlie 's Angels : Full Throttle . His performance in Charlie 's Angels kick - started his career in Hollywood . After Charlie 's Angels , he played the character of Karl , the enigmatic chief designer and love interest of Laura Linney 's character , in the romantic comedy Love Actually , which also features Colin Firth , Lucia Moniz , Hugh Grant , Emma Thompson , Keira Knightley , and Rowan Atkinson . He also started getting work in the advertising business as he appeared in a commercial campaign with Gisele Bündchen in 2002 . He played the male lead in No. 5 The Film , the 3 - minute - long commercial for Chanel , directed by Baz Luhrmann alongside Nicole Kidman in 2004 . In 2006 , Santoro joined the cast of Lost as survivor of Oceanic Flight 815 , Paulo . His first appearance was in episode titled , `` Further Instructions '' . His character was killed off in the episode `` Exposé '' . He also voices his character Paulo in the Portuguese dub for Brazil . Santoro was cast as Persian emperor Xerxes in the film 300 , based on the Frank Miller comic of the same name , in 2006 . The role had many special requirements , such as intensive workout for the physicality of the role ( Santoro had lost 24 pounds to work in a Brazilian miniseries ) , extensive CG work to portray the 6'2 '' Santoro as the 7 - foot God - King , a four - and - a-half - hour makeup application process and the complete removal of Santoro 's body hair first by waxing and then by shaving when that proved too painful . His eyebrows were kept intact , however , covered over with prosthetics and drawn in rather than being shaved . Santoro read the works of Herodotus , an Ancient Greek historian , in order to prepare for his part . Regarding Xerxes , he has stated : He 's rich , he 's arrogant , he 's a very unstable megalomaniac . He just wants to conquer the world . His ambition is unlimited . He wants glory ; he wants victory ; he wants eternal fame . Underneath all that wanting , though , he 's ultimately weak and very insecure . For his role on 300 , Santoro became the first Brazilian actor nominated to the MTV Movie Awards in the category of Best Villain . He did not win however , and the award went to Jack Nicholson for The Departed . He plays the late footballer Heleno de Freitas in the 2012 film Heleno . Santoro co-starred alongside Arnold Schwarzenegger in the 2013 film The Last Stand . Santoro played Garriga in the Will Smith drama film Focus ( 2015 ) . Santoro plays Jesus in the 2016 historical action film Ben - Hur and received personal blessings from Pope Francis for this role . Santoro is in a relationship with fellow Brazilian actress Mel Fronckowiak since 2013 . In June 7 , 2017 , they welcomed their first child together , a daughter named Nina . Filmography ( edit ) Santoro at the premiere of What to Expect When You 're Expecting , 9 May 2012 , New York Film Year Film Role Notes Depois do Escuro Roberto 1998 Como Ser Solteiro Himself 1999 O Trapalhão ea Luz Azul Musketeer 1999 Stuart Little Stuart Little Voice ( Brazilian dub ) 2001 Bicho de Sete Cabeças Wilson Souza Neto 2001 Abril Despedaçado Tonho 2002 Stuart Little 2 Stuart Little Voice ( Brazilian dub ) 2003 The Roman Spring of Mrs. Stone Young Man 2003 Carandiru Lady Di 2003 Charlie 's Angels : Full Throttle Randy Emmers 2003 Love Actually Karl A Dona da História Luiz Cláudio 2007 300 Xerxes I 2007 Não por Acaso Pedro 2008 Live , Love , Laugh , But ... Bellboy Short film 2008 Os Desafinados Joaquim 2008 Redbelt Bruno Silva 2008 Leonera Ramiro 2008 Che Raul Castro 2009 I Love You Phillip Morris Jimmy Kemple 2009 Post Grad David Santiago Manual Para Se Defender de Alienígenas , Zumbis e Ninjas Ninja Short film There Be Dragons Oriol 2011 Meu País Marcos 2011 Rio Túlio / Soccer Announcer Voice ( also in the Brazilian Version ) 2012 Hemingway & Gellhorn Zarra 2012 Heleno Heleno de Freitas 2012 What To Expect When You 're Expecting Alex 2012 Reis e Ratos Roni Rato 2013 The Last Stand Frank Martinez 2013 Rio 2096 : A Story of Love and Fury Piatã / Júnior 2014 300 : Rise of an Empire Xerxes I 2014 Rio 2 Túlio Voice ( also in the Brazilian version ) 2014 Rio , I Love You Ele 2015 Focus Garriga 2015 The 33 Laurence Golborne 2016 Jane Got a Gun Fitchum 2016 Ben - Hur Jesus 2016 Dominion Carlos Post-production 2016 Pelé : Birth of a Legend Brazilian announcer Television Year Soap operas Role Note 1993 -- 94 Olho no Olho Pedro Main role 1994 -- 95 Pátria Minha Fernando Main role 1995 -- 96 Explode Coração Sérgio Main role Sai de Baixo Gama `` O Sexo Nosso de Cada Dia '' ( Season 1 , episode 6 ) Comédia da Vida Privada Diogo `` Mulheres '' ( Season 2 , episode 6 ) 1998 Hilda Furacão Frei Malthus Main role O Amor Está no Ar Léo Main role 1999 O Belo e as Feras Henrique `` Só o Amor Destrói '' ( Season 1 , episode 1 ) 1999 Suave Veneno Eliseu Vieira Main role 2001 Os Normais Júlio `` Grilar é Normal '' ( Season 1 , episode 19 ) 2001 Estrela - Guia Carlos Charles Pimenta Main role 2002 Pastores da Noite Padre Gomes Main role 2003 Mulheres Apaixonadas Diogo Ribeiro Alves Main role 2005 Hoje É Dia de Maria Amado Main role 2005 Hoje é Dia de Maria : Segunda Jornada Dom Chico Chicote Main role 2006 Lost Paulo Main role ( Season 3 ) 2009 Som & Fúria Sanjay Main role Afinal , o Que Querem as Mulheres ? Rodrigo Santoro ( ficcional version ) `` Elas ? '' ( Season 1 , episode 3 ) Papai Noel Existe Robson Luiz Television special 2012 As Brasileiras Carioca `` A Indomável do Ceará '' ( Season 1 , episode 9 ) 2016 Velho Chico Afrânio de Sá Ribeiro Main role 2016 -- present Westworld Hector Escaton Main role Awards and nominations ( edit ) Santoro holding the statue he won at the 44th Festival de Brasília for the movie Meu País , in 2011 . Year Award Result 2000 Festival de Brasília Best Actor for Bicho de Sete Cabeças Won 2001 Recife Film Festival Won Brazil Quality Award Won Santo Domingo Film Festival Won SESC Best Film Festival Won 2002 Cinema Brazilian Grand Prix Won APCA Trophy Won Cartagena Film Festival Won Cero Latitud Film Festival Won 2003 Festival de Brasília Best Actor for Carandiru Won Cannes Film Festival Chopard Trophy of Male Revelation Won 2007 MTV Movie Awards Best Villain for 300 Nominated 2011 Festival de Brasília Best Actor for Meu País Won Havana Film Festival Best Actor for Heleno Won 2012 Lima Film Festival Won ALMA Awards Best Actor for What to Expect When You 're Expecting Nominated Other nominations and honors ( edit ) 2004 : On People Magazine 's 50 Most Beautiful list 2004 2006 : 12th position on People Magazine 's 2006 Sexiest Man Alive 2008 : 16th position on E ! 's 2008 Sexiest man of the world References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://movies.yahoo.com/person/rodrigo-santoro/biography.html Jump up ^ http://www.think4.com.br , Think4 - . `` Família não se deslumbra com fama internacional de Rodrigo Santoro - Ofuxico '' . Jump up ^ `` Rodrigo Santoro Interview '' . NuvoTV . Archived from the original on 4 March 2014 . Retrieved 1 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Wieselman , Jarett ( 15 April 2011 ) . `` Rodrigo Santoro : I 'm half Italian and half Brazilian -- I breathe passion '' . Page Six . Jump up ^ `` Rodrigo Santoro - A Profile of Lost 's Rodrigo Santoro '' . Jump up ^ BastaClicar -- A Web em suas Maos ( 6 April 2011 ) . `` BastaClicar Cinema : Rodrigo Santoro '' . Bastaclicar.com.br . Archived from the original on 6 July 2011 . Retrieved 4 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Olá , ( 22 August 2011 ) . `` Rodrigo Santoro faz 36 anos como galã do cinema e da TV ; o que você sabe sobre ele ? -- Famosos e TV -- R7 '' . Entretenimento.r7.com . Retrieved 21 May 2012 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Brevet , Brad ( 6 March 2007 ) . `` INTERVIEW : Rodrigo Santoro for ' 300 ' , Celebrity Interviews , RopeofSilicon.com Entertainment News '' . Ropeofsilicon.com . Archived from the original on 19 November 2007 . Retrieved 4 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rodrigo Santoro Becomes Xerxes of Legend in `` 300 '' `` . Rotten Tomatoes. 31 May 2011 . Retrieved 4 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Honeycutt , Kirk ( 16 September 2011 ) . `` Heleno : Toronto Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 15 January 2012 . Jump up ^ ( Press release ) ( April 18 , 2015 ) . `` Pope Francis blesses actor playing Jesus in ' Ben - Hur ' film '' . Christian Today . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://claudia.abril.com.br/famosos/nasce-filha-de-mel-fronckowiak-e-rodrigo-santoro Jump up ^ Cinemateca Brasileira Depois do Escuro ( em linha ) Jump up ^ `` O Bicho de 7 Cabeças '' . Cinemateca Brasileira . Jump up ^ `` 2007 MTV Movie Awards - Vote For Best Villain '' . MTV Networks . Archived from the original on 8 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Carroll , Larry ; Adler , Shawn ( 8 May 2007 ) . `` MTV Movie Awards Nominees : Pirates , Spartans -- And That Crazy Kazakh '' . MTV Networks . Archived from the original on 2 December 2009 . Retrieved 20 December 2007 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rodrigo Santoro . Rodrigo Santoro on IMDb Trophée Chopard 2000s Eduardo Noriega / Audrey Tautou ( 2001 ) Hayden Christensen / Paz Vega / Ludivine Sagnier ( 2002 ) Gael García Bernal / Diane Kruger ( 2003 ) Rodrigo Santoro / Marion Cotillard ( 2004 ) Jonathan Rhys Meyers / Kelly Reilly ( 2005 ) Kevin Zegers / Jasmine Trinca ( 2006 ) Nick Cannon / Archie Panjabi ( 2007 ) Omar Metwally / Tang Wei ( 2008 ) David Kross / Léa Seydoux ( 2009 ) 2010s Edward Hogg / Liya Kebede ( 2010 ) Niels Schneider / Àstrid Bergès - Frisbey ( 2011 ) Ezra Miller / Shailene Woodley ( 2012 ) Jeremy Irvine / Blanca Suárez ( 2013 ) Logan Lerman / Adèle Exarchopoulos ( 2014 ) Jack O'Connell / Lola Kirke ( 2015 ) John Boyega / Bel Powley ( 2016 ) George MacKay / Anya Taylor - Joy ( 2017 ) VIAF : 120234639 LCCN : nr2002033597 ISNI : 0000 0001 1497 5982 GND : 140973427 SUDOC : 080481183 BNF : cb146204515 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rodrigo_Santoro&oldid=798752952 '' Categories : 1975 births Living people People from Petrópolis Brazilian people of Italian descent Brazilian people of Portuguese descent Brazilian male film actors Brazilian male telenovela actors Brazilian male television actors Male actors of Italian descent 20th - century Brazilian male actors 21st - century Brazilian male actors Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro alumni Brazilian expatriates in the United States Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Use dmy dates from April 2014 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Magyar მარგალური Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 September 2017 , at 16 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who played xerxes in 300 rise of an empire
[ "Rodrigo Junqueira dos Reis Santoro (Portuguese pronunciation: [ʁoˈdɾiɡu sɐ̃ˈtoɾu]; born August 22, 1975) is a Brazilian actor. He has appeared in many successful movies, including Brainstorm (2001), Carandiru (2003), Love Actually (2003), Che (2008), I Love You Phillip Morris (2009), and Rio (2011). He is perhaps most famous for his portrayal of Xerxes in the movie 300 (2006) and its sequel 300: Rise of an Empire (2014). He was a series regular on the television series Lost portraying the character Paulo, and plays Hector Escaton in HBO's Westworld (2016)." ]
[ "Rodrigo Junqueira dos Reis Santoro" ]
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List of The Simpsons cast members
List of the Simpsons cast members - wikipedia List of the Simpsons cast members Jump to : navigation , search Four of the six main cast members attend a ceremony in 2009 , left to right ; Nancy Cartwright ( Bart ) , Yeardley Smith : ( Lisa ) , Dan Castellaneta ( Homer ) and Julie Kavner ( Marge ) . The Simpsons is an American animated sitcom that includes six main voice actors and numerous regular cast and recurring guest stars . The principal cast consists of Dan Castellaneta , Julie Kavner , Nancy Cartwright , Yeardley Smith , Hank Azaria and Harry Shearer . Tress MacNeille , Pamela Hayden , Maggie Roswell , Russi Taylor , Marcia Wallace , Marcia Mitzman Gaven and Karl Wiedergott have appeared as supporting cast members . Repeat guest cast members include Albert Brooks , Phil Hartman , Jon Lovitz , Joe Mantegna and Kelsey Grammer . With one exception , episode credits list only the voice actors , and not the characters they voice . Both Fox and the production crew wanted to keep their identities secret during the early seasons and closed most of the recording sessions while refusing to publish photos of the recording artists . The network eventually revealed which roles each actor performed in the episode `` Old Money '' , because the producers said the voice actors should receive credit for their work . Every main cast member has won an Emmy for Outstanding Voice - Over Performance . Shearer was the last cast member to win , receiving his award in 2014 for the episode `` Four Regrettings and a Funeral . '' Castellaneta and Azaria have won four , while Kavner , Cartwright , Smith , Shearer , Wallace , Grammer , and guest star Jackie Mason have each won one . Contents ( hide ) 1 Regular cast 1.1 Background 1.2 Main cast 1.3 Other regular cast 2 Recurring guest voices 3 Awards and nominations 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Regular cast ( edit ) Background ( edit ) Hank Azaria has been a part of the Simpsons regular voice cast since the second season . Harry Shearer was the most recent principal cast member to win an Emmy Award for Outstanding Voice - Over Performance . Marcia Wallace appeared regularly as Mrs. Krabappel until her death in 2013 . Kelsey Grammer voices Sideshow Bob . The late Jan Hooks played Manjula Nahasapeemapetilon . Maurice LaMarche has appeared in several minor roles . Castellaneta and Kavner were asked to voice the lead roles of Homer and Marge Simpson as they were regular cast members of The Tracey Ullman Show on which The Simpsons shorts appeared . Cartwright auditioned for the part of Lisa , but found that Lisa was simply described as the `` middle child '' and at the time did not have much personality . She then became more interested in the role of Bart , so Simpsons creator Matt Groening let her try out for that part instead , and upon hearing her read , he gave her the job on the spot . Smith had initially been asked by casting director Bonita Pietila to audition for the role of Bart , but Pietila then realised that Smith 's voice was too high , Smith was given the role of Lisa instead , although she almost turned it down . When the show was commissioned for a full half - hour series , Shearer joined the cast and performed multiple roles . Groening and Sam Simon asked Shearer to join the cast as they were fans of his radio show . Azaria was only a guest actor in the first season , but became permanent in season 2 . He first appeared in `` Some Enchanted Evening '' , re-recording Christopher Collins 's lines as Moe Szyslak . As he joined later than the rest of the cast , Groening still considers Azaria the `` new guy . '' Up until 1998 , the six main actors were paid $ 30,000 per episode . In 1998 they were then involved in a pay dispute in which Fox threatened to replace them with new actors and went as far as preparing for casting of new voices . However , the issue was soon resolved and from 1998 to 2004 , they were paid $125,000 per episode . In 2004 , the voice actors intentionally skipped several table reads , demanding they be paid $360,000 per episode . The strike was resolved a month later and until 2008 they earned something between $250,000 and $360,000 per episode . In 2008 , production for the twentieth season was put on hold due to new contract negotiations with the voice actors , who wanted a `` healthy bump '' in salary to an amount close to $500,000 per episode . The dispute was soon resolved , and the actors ' salary was raised to $400,000 per episode . In 2011 , Fox announced that , due to financial difficulties , they were unable to continue to produce The Simpsons under its current contract and that unless there were pay cuts , the show could end . For the negotiations , the studio requested that the cast members accept a 45 % cut of their salaries so that more seasons could be produced after season 23 , or else that season would be the last . In the end , the studio and the actors reached a deal , in which the actors would take a pay cut of 30 % , down to just over $300,000 per episode , prolonging the show to its 25th season . As well as the actors , everybody involved in the show took a pay cut . Main cast ( edit ) Actor Character ( s ) Dan Castellaneta Homer Simpson Grampa Simpson Krusty the Clown Barney Gumble Groundskeeper Willie Mayor Quimby Santa 's Little Helper Hans Moleman Sideshow Mel Itchy Squeaky Voiced Teen Gil Gunderson Blue Haired Lawyer Rich Texan Kodos Louie Arnie Pie Bill Mr. Teeny Scott Christian Charlie Gary Captain Lance Murdock Mr. Prince Yes Guy Jake the Barber Poochie Leopold Rabbi Krustofski Frankie the Squealer Coach Lugash Jack Marley Julie Kavner Marge Simpson Patty Bouvier Selma Bouvier Jacqueline Bouvier Sideshow Mel 's wife Great Mom Nancy Cartwright Bart Simpson Maggie Simpson Nelson Muntz Ralph Wiggum Kearney Todd Flanders Rod Flanders Database Richard Lewis Clark Nahasapeemapetilon octuplets Brittany Brockman ( Daughter of Kent Brockman ) Yeardley Smith Lisa Simpson Maggie Simpson Eliza Simpson Angelica Button Grandma Flanders Cecile Shapiro Hank Azaria Moe Szyslak Chief Wiggum Apu Nahasapeemapetilon Carl Carlson Comic Book Guy Lou Prof. Frink Cletus Spuckler Superintendent Chalmers Snake Jailbird Captain Horatio McCallister Kirk Van Houten Wiseguy Bumblebee Man Luigi Risotto Old Jewish Man Disco Stu Dr. Nick Riviera Duffman Drederick Tatum Julio Johnny Tightlips Coach Krupt Doug Chase / Pyro Legs Akira Khlav Kalash Vendor Gunter The Veterinarian Frank Grimes LT Smash Harry Shearer Mr. Burns Waylon Smithers Ned Flanders Principal Skinner Lenny Leonard Kent Brockman Reverend Lovejoy Dr. Hibbert Otto Mann Jasper Beardley Scratchy Rainier Wolfcastle / McBain Eddie Dewey Largo Judge Snyder Kang Marty Dr. Marvin Monroe God George H.W. Bush Herman Dave Shutton Dr. J. Loren Pryor Sanjay Nahasapeemapetilon Cesar Tom Brokaw Principal Dondelinger Benjamin Richard Nixon Ronald Reagan Legs Radioactive Man Jebediah Springfield Mr. Bouvier Ernst Nedward Flanders , Sr . Other regular cast ( edit ) Episodes Actor Character ( s ) 494 Pamela Hayden ( 1989 -- present ) Milhouse Van Houten Jimbo Jones Rod Flanders Todd Flanders Janey Powell Sarah Wiggum Malibu Stacy Patches Ruth Powers Wendell Borton Lewis Richard Lois Pennycandy Mona Simpson Dolph Amber Simpson Allison Taylor Agnes Flanders Miss Springfield Weasle Ham 447 Tress MacNeille ( 1990 -- present ) Agnes Skinner Dolph Brandine Spuckler Lindsey Naegle Crazy Cat Lady Cookie Kwan Bernice Hibbert Mrs. Muntz Mrs. Glick Manjula Nahasapeemapetilon Lunchlady Doris Shauna Miss Springfield Ms. Albright Boobarella Opal Kumiko Nakamura Gino Terwilliger Poor Violet Ginger Flanders Brunella Pommelhorst 252 Karl Wiedergott ( 1998 -- 2010 ) Legs Bill Clinton Jimmy Carter Michael Jackson Kermit the Frog Ned Flanders ( one episode ) 204 Maggie Roswell ( 1990 -- 1999 , 2002 -- present ) Maude Flanders Helen Lovejoy Elizabeth Hoover Luann Van Houten Princess Kashmir Mary Bailey Lewis Clark Richard Martha Quimby Mona Simpson Sylvia Winfield Strawberry 174 Russi Taylor ( 1990 -- present ) Martin Prince Sherri Terri Üter Zörker Wendell Borton Lewis 100 Chris Edgerly ( 2011 -- present ) Various characters 23 Doris Grau ( 1991 -- 1997 ) Lunchlady Doris 11 Marcia Mitzman Gaven ( 1999 -- 2002 ) Maude Flanders Helen Lovejoy Elizabeth Hoover 11 Jo Ann Harris ( 1989 -- 1992 ) Various Christopher Collins ( 1989 -- 1990 ) Mr. Burns America 's Most Armed and Dangerous Host Recurring guest voices ( edit ) Further information : List of The Simpsons guest stars Episodes Actor Character ( s ) Notes 176 Marcia Wallace ( 1990 -- 2014 ) Edna Krabappel Following Wallace 's death in 2013 , Edna Krabappel was retired from the show . 52 Phil Hartman ( 1991 -- 1998 ) Troy McClure Lionel Hutz Following Hartman 's death in 1998 , McClure and Hutz were retired from the show . Fat Tony ( one episode ) Other one - time roles 27 Joe Mantegna ( 1991 -- 2015 ) Fat Tony Mantegna has appeared since 1991 . 24 Maurice LaMarche ( 1995 , 2006 -- 2014 ) Cap'n Crunch Toucan Sam LaMarche has appeared in several minor roles since 1995 . Various other characters 20 Frank Welker ( 1991 -- 2002 , 2014 ) Santa 's Little Helper Snowball II Made numerous guest appearances between 1991 and 2002 . Dan Castellaneta now provides the voices after Welker left the show , having asked for a raise because the voices were hurting his throat . Various other animals 18 Kelsey Grammer ( 1990 -- present ) Sideshow Bob Grammer has appeared since 1990 . 17 Kevin Michael Richardson ( 2009 -- 2017 ) Various minor characters Richardson has appeared in several minor roles since 2009 . 12 Jon Lovitz ( 1991 -- 2015 ) Artie Ziff Professor Lombardo Lovitz has appeared in several episodes since 1991 . Aristotle Amadopoulos Jay Sherman Llewellyn Sinclair and Mrs. Sinclair Enrico Irritazio 8 Jane Kaczmarek ( 2001 -- 2010 ) Judge Constance Harm Kaczmarek has appeared as Judge Harm since 2001 . 7 Albert Brooks ( 1990 -- 2015 ) Hank Scorpio Jacques `` Brunswick '' Brooks has appeared as one - time characters in several episodes since 1990 . Cowboy Bob Brad Goodman Tab Spangler 7 Glenn Close ( 1995 -- 2015 ) Mona Simpson Close has appeared as Homer 's mother Mona since 1995 . The character was killed off in 2008 , but has made several appearances in flashbacks since then . 7 Jackie Mason ( 1991 -- 2014 ) Rabbi Krustofski Mason first appeared as Krusty 's father , Rabbi Krustofski , in 1991 . The character was killed off in 2014 . Dan Castellaneta voiced the character in several episodes . 6 Jan Hooks ( 1997 -- 2002 ) Manjula Nahasapeemapetilon Hooks was the original voice of Manjula , and portrayed her between 1997 and 2002 . Tress MacNeille currently voices Manjula . 6 Stephen Hawking ( 1999 -- 2010 ) Himself Hawking has made the most appearances of all the guest stars who have appeared as themselves on the show . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Actor Award Category Role Episode Result Ref . 1992 Nancy Cartwright Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Voice - over Performance Bart Simpson `` Separate Vocations '' Won 1992 Dan Castellaneta Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Voice - over Performance Homer Simpson `` Lisa 's Pony '' Won 1992 Julie Kavner Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Voice - over Performance Marge Simpson `` I Married Marge '' Won 1992 Jackie Mason Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Voice - over Performance Rabbi Hyman Krustofski `` Like Father , Like Clown '' Won 1992 Yeardley Smith Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Voice - over Performance Lisa Simpson `` Lisa the Greek '' Won 1992 Marcia Wallace Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Voice - over Performance Edna Krabappel `` Bart the Lover '' Won Dan Castellaneta Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Voice - over Performance Homer Simpson `` Mr. Plow '' Won 1995 Nancy Cartwright Annie Award Voice Acting in the Field of Animation Bart Simpson `` Radio Bart '' Won Maggie Roswell Annie Award Best Voice Acting by a Female Performer Shary Bobbins `` Simpsoncalifragilisticexpiala ( Annoyed Grunt ) cious '' Nominated 1998 Hank Azaria Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Voice - over Performance Apu Nahasapeemapetilon Won Hank Azaria Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Voice - over Performance Various `` Worst Episode Ever '' Won 2003 Hank Azaria Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Voice - over Performance Various `` Moe Baby Blues '' Won Dan Castellaneta Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Voice - over Performance Various Characters `` Today I am A Clown '' Won 2006 Kelsey Grammer Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Voice - over Performance Sideshow Bob `` The Italian Bob '' Won 2007 Julie Kavner Annie Award Best Voice Acting in an Animated Feature Marge Simpson The Simpsons Movie Nominated 2009 Hank Azaria Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Voice - over Performance Moe Szyslak `` Eeny Teeny Maya Moe '' Nominated 2009 Dan Castellaneta Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Voice - over Performance Homer Simpson `` Father Knows Worst '' Won 2009 Harry Shearer Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Voice - over Performance Mr. Burns , Smithers , Kent Brockman and Lenny `` The Burns and the Bees '' Nominated Hank Azaria Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Voice - over Performance Moe Szyslak , Apu Nahasapeemapetilon `` Moe Letter Blues '' Nominated Dan Castellaneta Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Voice - over Performance Homer Simpson , Grampa Simpson `` Thursday with Abie '' Nominated 2011 Dan Castellaneta Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Voice - over Performance Homer Simpson , Barney Gumble , Krusty , Louie `` Donnie Fatso '' Nominated 2012 Hank Azaria Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Voice - over Performance Moe Szyslak , Duffman , Mexican Duffman , Carl , Comic Book Guy , Chief Wiggum `` Moe Goes from Rags to Riches '' Nominated 2014 Harry Shearer Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Character Voice - Over Performance Kent Brockman , Mr. Burns , Smithers `` Four Regrettings and a Funeral '' Won 2015 Dan Castellaneta Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Character Voice - Over Performance Homer Simpson `` Bart 's New Friend '' Nominated 2015 Hank Azaria Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Character Voice - Over Performance Moe Szyslak , Pedicab Driver `` The Princess Guide '' Won 2015 Tress MacNeille Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Character Voice - Over Performance Laney Fontaine , Shauna , Mrs. Muntz `` My Fare Lady '' Nominated 2017 Nancy Cartwright Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Character Voice - Over Performance Bart Simpson `` Looking for Mr. Goodbart '' Nominated Notes ( edit ) ^ A. Guest star Jackie Mason has voiced Rabbi Krustofski in six episodes . ^ B. Replaced Frank Welker . ^ C. Doris was initially retired after Doris Grau 's death , but has returned in several episodes since `` The Mook , the Chef , the Wife and Her Homer '' , and has been voiced by MacNeille . ^ D. Guest star Pamela Reed voiced Ruth on three occasions . ^ E. Between 1999 and 2002 , Marcia Mitzman Gaven voiced the three characters because Roswell resigned after Fox refused to raise her travel expenses . Roswell returned in 2002 . References ( edit ) General Gimple , Scott M. ; Matt Groening ( December 1 , 1999 ) . The Simpsons Forever ! : A Complete Guide to Our Favorite Family ... Continued . HarperCollins . pp. 86 -- 87 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 098763 - 3 . Groening , Matt ( 1997 ) . Richmond , Ray ; Coffman , Antonia , eds . The Simpsons : A Complete Guide to Our Favorite Family ( 1st ed . ) . New York : HarperPerennial . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 095252 - 5 . LCCN 98141857 . OCLC 37796735 . OL 433519M . McCann , Jesse L. ; Matt Groening ( 2002 ) . The Simpsons Beyond Forever ! : A Complete Guide to Our Favorite Family ... Still Continued . Harper Collins Publishers . pp. 116 -- 117 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 050592 - 3 . McCann , Jesse L. ; Matt Groening ( 2005 ) . The Simpsons One Step Beyond Forever ! : A Complete Guide to Our Favorite Family ... Continued Yet Again . HarperCollins . pp. 118 -- 119 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 081754 - 2 . Bates , James W. ; Gimple , Scott M. ; McCann , Jesse L. ; Richmond , Ray ; Seghers , Christine , eds. ( 2010 ) . Simpsons World The Ultimate Episode Guide : Seasons 1 -- 20 ( 1st ed . ) . Harper Collins Publishers . pp. 1096 -- 1119 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 738815 - 8 . Specific Jump up ^ Finley , Adam ( 2006 - 06 - 20 ) . `` The Five : Great Simpsons guest stars '' . TV Squad . Archived from the original on 2009 - 07 - 15 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ Groening , Matt ; James L. Brooks , David Silverman ( 2001 ) . The Simpsons season 1 DVD commentary for the episode `` Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire '' ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . Jump up ^ Groening , Matt ; Jay Kogen , Wallace Wolodarsky , Al Jean , David Silverman ( 2002 ) . The Simpsons season 2 DVD commentary for the episode `` Old Money '' ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . Jump up ^ `` Ever Sardonic Harry Shearer On ' Impeccable ' Timing Of First Emmy Win '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Primetime Emmy Awards Advanced Search '' . Emmys.org . Archived from the original on 2011 - 02 - 15 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` The Voice Behind Homer Simpson Steps into the Spotlight and ... D'oh ! '' . Barnes & Noble. 2002 - 04 - 25 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 20 . Jump up ^ Lee , Luaine ( 2003 - 02 - 27 ) . `` D'oh , you 're the voice '' . The Age . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Bart 's voice tells all '' . BBC News . 2000 - 11 - 10 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ Carroll , Larry ( 2008 - 10 - 26 ) . `` ' Simpsons ' Trivia , From Swearing Lisa To ' Burns - Sexual ' Smithers '' . MTV . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 20 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ Miranda , Charles ( 2007 - 12 - 08 ) . `` She who laughs last '' . The Daily Telegraph . p. 8E . Jump up ^ Heidi Vogt ( 2004 - 04 - 04 ) . `` She 's happy as Lisa Simpson , although she 'd like more d'oh '' . The Spokesman - Review . Associated Press . Jump up ^ `` Harry Shearer '' . Listen to Me . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ Azaria , Hank ( 2004 - 12 - 06 ) . `` Fresh Air '' . National Public Radio ( Interview ) . Interview with Terry Gross . Philadelphia : WHYY - FM . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ Groening , Matt ( 2001 ) . The Simpsons The Complete First Season DVD commentary for the episode `` Some Enchanted Evening '' ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . Jump up ^ Dan Glaister ( 2004 - 04 - 03 ) . `` Simpsons actors demand bigger share '' . The Age . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` ' Simpsons ' Cast Goes Back To Work '' . CBS News . 2004 - 05 - 01 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ Peter Sheridan ( 2004 - 05 - 06 ) . `` Meet the Simpsons '' . Daily Express . ^ Jump up to : Michael Schneider ( 2008 - 05 - 19 ) . `` Still no deal for ' Simpsons ' cast '' . Variety . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva ( 2008 - 06 - 02 ) . `` ' Simpsons ' voice actors reach deal '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 2008 - 06 - 03 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ News.com.au ( 2011 - 10 - 05 ) . `` Take a pay cut or the show is over , The Simpsons execs tell series ' stars '' . news.com.au . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ Snierson , Dan ( October 4 , 2011 ) . `` ' Simpsons ' studio says show can not continue without cutting costs '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Block , Alex Ben ( October 7 , 2011 ) . `` ' The Simpsons ' Renewed for Two More Seasons '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Schneider , Michael ( October 11 , 2011 ) . `` The Simpsons Executive Producer Al Jean on How the Show Was Saved '' . TV Guide . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bates et al. , pp. 1096 -- 1099 Jump up ^ Bates et al. , p. 1099 Jump up ^ Bates et al. , pp. 1099 -- 1100 Jump up ^ Brooks , James L. ; Cartwright , Nancy ; Groening , Matt ; Jean , Al ; Moore , Rich . ( 2003 ) . Commentary for `` Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire '' , in The Simpsons : The Complete Third Season ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . Jump up ^ Bates et al. , p. 1100 Jump up ^ Smith , Yeardley ( 2007 ) . Audio commentary for The Simpsons Movie ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . Jump up ^ Bates et al. , pp. 1100 -- 1004 Jump up ^ Bates et al. , pp. 1105 -- 1007 Jump up ^ Bates et al. , pp. 1107 -- 1008 Jump up ^ Bates et al. , pp. 1108 -- 1111 ^ Jump up to : Bates et al. , p. 1111 Jump up ^ `` Chris Edgerly : Credits '' . TV Guide . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Cid Highwind Speaks ! An Interview with Chris Edgerly '' . The Gaming Liberty . 2011 - 08 - 22 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 01 - 04 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Basile , Nancy . `` There 's a New Maude in Town '' . About.com . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Martyn , Warren ; Wood , Adrian ( 2000 ) . `` The Simpsons Christmas Special '' . BBC . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ Martyn , Warren ; Wood , Adrian ( 2000 ) . `` Lisa the Beauty Queen '' . BBC . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ Reiss , Mike . ( 2003 ) . Commentary for `` Flaming Moe 's '' , in The Simpsons : The Complete Third Season ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . Jump up ^ Silverman , David ( 2001 ) . The Simpsons season 1 DVD commentary for the episode `` Some Enchanted Evening '' ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( 2013 - 10 - 26 ) . `` Marcia Wallace , actress from ' The Simpsons ' and ' The Bob Newhart Show ' , dies at 70 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ Groening , Matt ( 2004 - 12 - 29 ) . `` Fresh Air '' . National Public Radio ( Interview ) . Interview with Terry Gross . Philadelphia : WHYY - FM . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Bates et al. , p. 1114 ^ Jump up to : Bates et al. , p. 1116 ^ Jump up to : Bates et al. , p. 1115 ^ Jump up to : `` Ask Frank ! '' . The Frank Welker Homepage . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Bates et al. , p. 1112 ^ Jump up to : `` Briefing -- ' Simpsons ' score big in Prime - Time Emmys '' . Daily News of Los Angeles . 1992 - 08 - 03 . p . L20 . Jump up ^ The Associated Press ( 1993 - 09 - 21 ) . `` The Emmy Awards : The Complete List of Winners '' . The Palm Beach Post . p. 3D . Jump up ^ `` Legacy : 23rd Annual Annie Award Nominees and Winners ( 1995 ) '' . Annie Awards . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 28 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Legacy : 25th Annual Annie Award Nominees and Winners ( 1997 ) '' . Annie Awards . Archived from the original on 2008 - 05 - 12 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ The Associated Press ( 1998 - 09 - 14 ) . `` Emmy Prime - Time Award Winners '' . The Seattle Times . p . E3 . Jump up ^ Dutka , Elaine ( 2001 - 08 - 14 ) . `` Morning Report '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Early Bird Emmys : Voice - Over , Animation '' . Emmys.org. 2003 - 07 - 17 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ Denise Martin & Justin Chang ( 2004 - 09 - 12 ) . `` HBO takes Emmys big haul '' . Variety . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Television Academy Announces 2006 Emmy Award Winners in Juried Categories ; Costumes For A Variety or Music Program , Voice Over Performance and Individual Achievement in Animation '' . Emmys.org. 2006 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Legacy : 35th Annual Annie Award Nominees and Winners ( 2007 ) '' . Annie Awards . Archived from the original on 2008 - 05 - 12 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` The 61st Primetime Emmy Awards and 2009 Creative Arts Emmy Awards Nominees are ... '' Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . 2009 - 07 - 16 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 07 - 18 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ O'Neil , Tom ( 2010 - 07 - 08 ) . `` After losing first Emmy bid last year , Harry Shearer back to being snubbed for ' The Simpsons ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2010 Primetime Emmy Awards Nominations '' ( PDF ) . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` The Simpsons '' . Emmys.com . Academy of Television Arts and Sciences . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Simpsons '' . Emmys.com . Academy of Television Arts and Sciences . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ Bates et al. , p. 1110 Jump up ^ O'Neal , Sean ( 2014 - 03 - 31 ) . `` The Simpsons ' `` Lunchlady Doris '' is `` Lunchlady Dora '' now `` . A.V. Club . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ Bates et al. , p. 1117 Jump up ^ `` Maude Flanders will likely leave Simpsons '' . The Record . 2000 - 02 - 05 . p . F04 . Jump up ^ Koha , Nui Te ( 2000 - 02 - 06 ) . `` Ned faces life alone '' . Sunday Herald Sun . p. 025 . External links ( edit ) Cast list at the Internet Movie Database ( hide ) The Simpsons Characters Homer Marge Bart Lisa Maggie Recurring characters One - time characters Production History Cast members Guest stars Non-English versions Writers Directors Awards Episodes Seasons 1 -- 20 Seasons 21 - present Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 Hallmarks Opening sequence Main title theme Treehouse of Horror episodes ( list ) Couch gags The Itchy & Scratchy Show ( episode list ) Themes Media Politics Religion Locations Springfield The Simpsons house Kwik - E-Mart Derivative works Home video Video games Books Comics Simpsons Illustrated World of Springfield Mr. Burns , a Post-Electric Play Frinkiac Miscellaneous The Simpsons shorts from The Tracey Ullman Show ( `` Good Night '' ) The Simpsons Movie The Longest Daycare Discography `` D'oh ! '' `` ¡ Ay , caramba ! '' Products Duff Beer Springfield ( Florida , Hollywood ) The Simpsons Ride Kang & Kodos ' Twirl ' n ' Hurl 20th Anniversary Special `` The Simpsons Guy '' Related The Simpsons and Their Mathematical Secrets ( 2013 book ) The Simpsons ( franchise ) alt. tv. simpsons Portal Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_The_Simpsons_cast_members&oldid=804159658 '' Categories : Lists of actors by comedy television series The Simpsons lists Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Italiano Português Svenska Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 7 October 2017 , at 04 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who does all the voices on the simpsons
[ "The Simpsons is an American animated sitcom that includes six main voice actors and numerous regular cast and recurring guest stars. The principal cast consists of Dan Castellaneta, Julie Kavner, Nancy Cartwright, Yeardley Smith, Hank Azaria and Harry Shearer. Tress MacNeille, Pamela Hayden, Maggie Roswell, Russi Taylor, Marcia Wallace, Marcia Mitzman Gaven and Karl Wiedergott have appeared as supporting cast members. Repeat guest cast members include Albert Brooks, Phil Hartman, Jon Lovitz, Joe Mantegna and Kelsey Grammer.[1] With one exception, episode credits list only the voice actors, and not the characters they voice.", "The Simpsons is an American animated sitcom that includes six main voice actors and numerous regular cast and recurring guest stars. The principal cast consists of Dan Castellaneta, Julie Kavner, Nancy Cartwright, Yeardley Smith, Hank Azaria and Harry Shearer. Tress MacNeille, Pamela Hayden, Maggie Roswell, Russi Taylor, Marcia Wallace, Marcia Mitzman Gaven and Karl Wiedergott have appeared as supporting cast members. Repeat guest cast members include Albert Brooks, Phil Hartman, Jon Lovitz, Joe Mantegna and Kelsey Grammer.[1] With one exception, episode credits list only the voice actors, and not the characters they voice.", "The Simpsons is an American animated sitcom that includes six main voice actors and numerous regular cast and recurring guest stars. The principal cast consists of Dan Castellaneta, Julie Kavner, Nancy Cartwright, Yeardley Smith, Hank Azaria and Harry Shearer. Tress MacNeille, Pamela Hayden, Maggie Roswell, Russi Taylor, Marcia Wallace, Marcia Mitzman Gaven and Karl Wiedergott have appeared as supporting cast members. Repeat guest cast members include Albert Brooks, Phil Hartman, Jon Lovitz, Joe Mantegna and Kelsey Grammer.[1] With one exception, episode credits list only the voice actors, and not the characters they voice.", "The Simpsons is an American animated sitcom that includes six main voice actors and numerous regular cast and recurring guest stars. The principal cast consists of Dan Castellaneta, Julie Kavner, Nancy Cartwright, Yeardley Smith, Hank Azaria and Harry Shearer. Tress MacNeille, Pamela Hayden, Maggie Roswell, Russi Taylor, Marcia Wallace, Marcia Mitzman Gaven and Karl Wiedergott have appeared as supporting cast members. Repeat guest cast members include Albert Brooks, Phil Hartman, Jon Lovitz, Joe Mantegna and Kelsey Grammer.[1] With one exception, episode credits list only the voice actors, and not the characters they voice.", "The Simpsons is an American animated sitcom that includes six main voice actors and numerous regular cast and recurring guest stars. The principal cast consists of Dan Castellaneta, Julie Kavner, Nancy Cartwright, Yeardley Smith, Hank Azaria and Harry Shearer. Tress MacNeille, Pamela Hayden, Maggie Roswell, Russi Taylor, Marcia Wallace, Marcia Mitzman Gaven and Karl Wiedergott have appeared as supporting cast members. Repeat guest cast members include Albert Brooks, Phil Hartman, Jon Lovitz, Joe Mantegna and Kelsey Grammer.[1] With one exception, episode credits list only the voice actors, and not the characters they voice.", "The Simpsons is an American animated sitcom that includes six main voice actors and numerous regular cast and recurring guest stars. The principal cast consists of Dan Castellaneta, Julie Kavner, Nancy Cartwright, Yeardley Smith, Hank Azaria and Harry Shearer. Tress MacNeille, Pamela Hayden, Maggie Roswell, Russi Taylor, Marcia Wallace, Marcia Mitzman Gaven and Karl Wiedergott have appeared as supporting cast members. Repeat guest cast members include Albert Brooks, Phil Hartman, Jon Lovitz, Joe Mantegna and Kelsey Grammer.[1] With one exception, episode credits list only the voice actors, and not the characters they voice." ]
[ "Dan Castellaneta", "Julie Kavner", "Nancy Cartwright", "Yeardley Smith", "Hank Azaria", "Harry Shearer" ]
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2020 Summer Olympics
2020 Summer Olympics - wikipedia 2020 Summer Olympics Jump to : navigation , search `` Tokyo 2020 '' redirects here . For the Paralympics , see 2020 Summer Paralympics . Games of the XXXII Olympiad Host city Tokyo , Japan Motto Discover Tomorrow ( 未来 ( あした ) を つか もう , ashita o tsukamō ) Nations participating 206 ( expected ) Athletes participating 11,091 ( expected ) Events 324 in 33 sports Opening ceremony 24 July ( 26 months from now ) Closing ceremony 9 August Officially opened by Emperor of Japan ( expected ) Stadium New National Stadium Summer < Rio de Janeiro 2016 Paris 2024 > Winter < Pyeongchang 2018 Beijing 2022 > Part of a series on 2020 Summer Olympics ( show ) Bid process ( bid details ) Development ( venues , torch relay ) Marketing ( mascots ) Broadcasters Opening ceremony ( flag bearers ) Chronological summary Medal table ( medallists ) Controversies World and Olympic records Closing ceremony ( flag bearers ) Paralympics IOC JOC TOCOG The 2020 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXXII Olympiad ( Japanese : 第 三 十 二 回 オリンピック 競技 大会 , Hepburn : Dai Sanjūni - kai Orinpikku Kyōgi Taikai ) and commonly known as Tokyo 2020 , is a forthcoming international multi-sport event that is scheduled to take place from 24 July to 9 August 2020 . Tokyo was selected as the host city during the 125th IOC Session in Buenos Aires on 7 September 2013 . These Games will mark the return of the Summer Olympics to Tokyo for the first time since 1964 , and the fourth Olympics overall to be held in Japan , following the 1972 Winter Olympics in Sapporo and the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano . They will be the second of three consecutive Olympic Games to be held in East Asia , following the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang , South Korea , and preceding the 2022 Winter Olympics in Beijing , China . These Games will see the introduction of additional disciplines within several of the Summer Olympics events , including 3x3 basketball , freestyle BMX and Madison cycling , as well as further mixed events . Under new IOC policies that allow sports to be added to the Games ' programme to augment the permanent `` core '' Olympic events , these Games will see karate , sport climbing , surfing and skateboarding make their Olympic debuts , and the return of baseball and softball ( which were removed from the summer programme after 2008 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Bidding process 1.1 Host city election 2 Development and preparation 3 Venues and infrastructure 3.1 Heritage Zone 3.2 Tokyo Bay Zone 3.3 Outlying Venues 3.4 Football venues 3.5 Non-competition venues 4 Tickets 5 The Games 5.1 Sports 5.1. 1 New sports 5.2 Calendar 6 Marketing 6.1 Emblem 6.2 Mascot 7 Sponsors 8 Concerns and controversies 8.1 IAAF bribery claims 8.2 Logo plagiarism 9 Broadcasting 10 References 11 External links Bidding process ( edit ) Further information : Bids for the 2020 Summer Olympics Tokyo , Istanbul , and Madrid were the three candidate cities . The applicant cities of Baku ( Azerbaijan ) and Doha ( Qatar ) were not promoted to candidate status . A bid from Rome was withdrawn . Host city election ( edit ) The IOC voted to select the host city of the 2020 Summer Olympics on 7 September 2013 at the 125th IOC Session at the Buenos Aires Hilton in Buenos Aires , Argentina . An exhaustive ballot system was used . No city won over 50 % of the votes in the first round , and Madrid and Istanbul were tied for second place . A run - off vote between these two cities was held to determine which would be eliminated . In the final vote , a head - to - head contest between Tokyo and Istanbul , Tokyo was selected by 60 votes to 36 , as it got at least 49 votes needed for a majority . 2020 Summer Olympics host city election City NOC name Round 1 Runoff Round 2 Tokyo Japan 42 -- 60 Istanbul Turkey 26 49 36 Madrid Spain 26 45 -- Development and preparation ( edit ) The Tokyo metropolitan government set aside a fund of 400 billion Japanese yen ( over 3.67 billion USD ) to cover the cost of hosting the Games . The Japanese government is considering increasing slot capacity at both Haneda Airport and Narita International Airport by easing airspace restrictions . A new railway line is planned to link both airports through an expansion of Tokyo Station , cutting travel time from Tokyo Station to Haneda from 30 minutes to 18 minutes , and from Tokyo Station to Narita from 55 minutes to 36 minutes ; the line would cost 400 billion yen and would be funded primarily by private investors . But East Japan Railway Company ( East JR ) is planning a new route near Tamachi to Haneda Airport . Funding is also planned to accelerate completion of the Central Circular Route , Tokyo Gaikan Expressway and Ken - Ō Expressway , and to refurbish other major expressways in the area . There are also plans to extend the Yurikamome automated transit line from its existing terminal at Toyosu Station to a new terminal at Kachidoki Station , passing the site of the Olympic Village , although the Yurikamome would still not have adequate capacity to serve major events in the Odaiba area on its own . The Organizing Committee is headed by former Prime Minister Yoshiro Mori . Olympic and Paralympic Minister Shunichi Suzuki is overseeing the preparations on behalf of the Japanese government . Japan has traditionally used Olympic events to showcase new technology . Telecom company NTT DoCoMo signed a deal with Finland 's Nokia to provide 5G - ready baseband networks in Japan in time for the Olympics . Venues and infrastructure ( edit ) The Tokyo Big Sight Conference Tower would be used as the International Broadcast Center and a GJS Party Venue . View of the Rainbow Bridge from Odaiba Marine Park It was confirmed in February 2012 that the Olympic Stadium in Tokyo would be demolished and reconstructed , and receive a £ 1 billion upgrade for the 2019 Rugby World Cup as well as the 2020 Olympics . As a result , a design competition for the new stadium was launched . In November 2012 , the Japan Sport Council announced that out of 46 finalists , Zaha Hadid Architects was awarded the design for the new stadium . Plans included dismantling the original stadium , and expanding the capacity from 50,000 to a modern Olympic capacity of about 80,000 . However , Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe announced in July 2015 that plans to build the New National Stadium would be scrapped and rebid on amid public discontent over the stadium 's building costs . In Autumn 2015 a new design by Kengo Kuma was approved as winning project of new stadium design competition which decreased the capacity to between 60,000 -- 80,000 depending by event Twenty - eight of the thirty - three competition venues in Tokyo are within 8 kilometres ( 4.97 miles ) of the Olympic Village . Eleven new venues are to be constructed . It was reported in September 2016 that a review panel said that the cost of hosting the Olympics and Paralympics could quadruple from the original estimate , and therefore proposed a major overhaul to the current plan to reduce costs , including moving venues outside Tokyo . Heritage zone ( edit ) Seven venues will be located within the central business area of Tokyo , northwest of the Olympic Village . Several of these venues were also used for the 1964 Summer Olympics . Yokohama Stadium -- Baseball Venue Events Capacity Status Olympic Stadium Opening and closing ceremonies 60,102 Athletics Football ( finals ) Yoyogi National Gymnasium Handball 13,291 Tokyo Metropolitan Gymnasium Table tennis 10,000 Nippon Budokan Judo 14,471 Karate Tokyo International Forum Weightlifting 5,012 Imperial Palace Garden Road cycling 5,000 seated , unlimited standing room along route Athletics ( marathon , race walk ) Tokyo Bay zone ( edit ) 20 venues will be located in the vicinity of Tokyo Bay , southeast of the Olympic Village , predominantly on Ariake , Odaiba and the surrounding artificial islands . Venue Events Capacity Status Kasai Rinkai Park Canoeing ( slalom ) 8,000 Oi Seaside Park Field hockey 10,000 Olympic Aquatics Centre Aquatics ( swimming , diving , synchronized swimming ) 18,000 Tokyo Tatsumi International Swimming Center Water polo 3,635 Yumenoshima Stadium Archery 5,050 Ariake Arena Volleyball 15,000 Olympic BMX Course BMX cycling 6,000 Skateboarding Olympic Gymnastic Centre Gymnastics ( artistic , rhythmic , trampoline ) 12,000 Ariake Coliseum Tennis 20,000 ( 10,000 centre court ; 5,000 court 1 , 3,000 court 2 , 8x250 match courts ) Odaiba Marine Park Triathlon 5,000 seated , unlimited standing room along route Aquatics ( marathon swimming ) Shiokaze Park Beach volleyball 12,000 Central Breakwater Equestrian ( eventing ) 20,000 Rowing Canoeing ( sprint ) Aomi Urban Sports Venue 3x3 basketball Sport climbing Outlying venues ( edit ) Twelve venues will be situated farther than 8 kilometres ( 5 mi ) from the Olympic Village . Venue Events Capacity Status Camp Asaka Shooting Musashino Forest Sports Plaza Modern pentathlon ( fencing ) 10,000 Badminton Ajinomoto Stadium Football 49,970 Modern pentathlon ( excluding fencing ) Rugby sevens Saitama Super Arena Basketball 22,000 Enoshima Sailing 10,000 Surfing Makuhari Messe Fencing 6,000 Taekwondo Wrestling 8,000 Baji Koen Equestrian ( dressage , jumping ) Kasumigaseki Country Club Golf 30,000 Izu Velodrome Track cycling 5,000 Japan Cycle Sports Center Mountain biking Yokohama Stadium Baseball 30,000 Softball Fukushima Azuma Baseball Stadium Baseball 30,000 Softball Football venues ( edit ) The Sapporo Dome in Sapporo International Stadium Yokohama , Yokohama ; 70,000 Saitama Stadium , Saitama ; 62,000 Miyagi Stadium , Sendai ; 48,000 Ajinomoto Stadium , Tokyo ; 49,000 Kashima Soccer Stadium , Ibaraki ; 42,000 Sapporo Dome , Sapporo ; 42,000 National Stadium , Tokyo ; 60,000 ( men 's final only ) Non-competition venues ( edit ) Venue Events Capacity Status Imperial Hotel , Tokyo IOC Harumi Futo Olympic Village Tokyo Big Sight Media Press Center International Broadcast Center Tickets ( edit ) The opening ceremony category tickets will range from 25,000 to 150,000 yen , with a maximum price of 30,000 yen for the finals of popular sports , such as athletics and swimming . The average price of all the Olympic tickets is 7,700 yen . 60 % of the tickets will be sold for 4,400 yen or less . Tickets will be sold by PIA through 40,000 shops in Japan and by mail order to Japanese addresses through the Internet . International guests will need to visit Japan during the sales period or arrange for tickets through a third party , such as a travel agent . The Games ( edit ) Sports ( edit ) Main article : Olympic sports The official programme for the 2020 Summer Olympics was approved by the IOC executive board on 9 June 2017 . The games will feature 339 events in 33 sports ; alongside the 5 new sports that will be introduced in Tokyo , there will be 15 new events within existing sports , including 3 - on - 3 basketball , freestyle BMX and Madison cycling , and new mixed events in several sports . Thomas Bach stated that the goal for Tokyo was for the Games to be `` more youthful , more urban and include more women '' . Aquatics Diving ( 8 ) Swimming ( 37 ) Synchronized swimming ( 2 ) Water polo ( 2 ) Archery ( 5 ) Athletics ( 48 ) Badminton ( 5 ) Baseball / Softball Baseball ( 1 ) Softball ( 1 ) Basketball Basketball ( 2 ) 3x3 basketball ( 2 ) Boxing ( 13 ) Canoeing Slalom ( 4 ) Sprint ( 12 ) Cycling BMX freestyle ( 2 ) BMX racing ( 2 ) Mountain biking ( 2 ) Road cycling ( 4 ) Track cycling ( 12 ) Equestrian Dressage ( 2 ) Eventing ( 2 ) Jumping ( 2 ) Fencing ( 12 ) Field hockey ( 2 ) Football ( 2 ) Golf ( 2 ) Gymnastics Artistic ( 14 ) Rhythmic ( 2 ) Trampoline ( 2 ) Handball ( 2 ) Judo ( 15 ) Karate Kata ( 2 ) Kumite ( 6 ) Modern pentathlon ( 2 ) Rowing ( 14 ) Rugby sevens ( 2 ) Sailing ( 10 ) Shooting ( 15 ) Skateboarding ( 4 ) Sport climbing ( 2 ) Surfing ( 2 ) Table tennis ( 5 ) Taekwondo ( 8 ) Tennis ( 5 ) Triathlon ( 3 ) Volleyball Volleyball ( 2 ) Beach volleyball ( 2 ) Weightlifting ( 14 ) Wrestling Freestyle ( 12 ) Greco - Roman ( 6 ) New sports ( edit ) As part of a goal to control costs and ensure that the Olympics `` ( remain ) relevant to sports fans of all generations '' , the IOC assessed the 26 sports held in London , with the remit of selecting 25 ' core ' sports to join new entrants golf and rugby sevens at the 2020 Games . In effect , this would involve the dropping of one sport from the 2016 Games program . This would leave a single vacancy in the 2020 Games program , which the IOC would seek to fill from a shortlist containing seven unrepresented sports and the removed sport . On 12 February 2013 , IOC leaders voted to drop wrestling from the Olympic programme , in a surprise decision that removed one of the oldest Olympic sports from the 2020 Games ; wrestling as an Olympic event dates as far back as the ancient Olympic Games , and as part of the original programme of the modern Games . The New York Times felt that the lack of well - known talent and women 's competitions in wrestling were factors in the decision . Wrestling therefore joined other sports in a short list applying for inclusion in the 2020 Games . On 29 May 2013 , it was announced that three sports made the final shortlist ; squash , baseball / softball , and wrestling . Five other sports ( karate , roller sports , sport climbing , wakeboarding , and wushu ) were excluded from consideration at this point . On 8 September 2013 , at the 125th IOC Session , the IOC selected wrestling to be included in the Olympic program for 2020 and 2024 . Wrestling secured 49 votes , while baseball / softball secured 24 votes and squash got 22 votes . Under new IOC policies that shift the Games to an `` event - based '' programme rather than sport - based , the host organizing committee can now also propose the addition of sports to the programme . This rule is designed so that sports popular in the host country can be added to the programme to improve local interest . As a result of these changes , a new shortlist of eight sports was unveiled on 22 June 2015 , consisting of baseball / softball , bowling , karate , roller sports , sport climbing , squash , surfing , and wushu . On 28 September 2015 , organisers submitted their shortlist of five proposed sports to the IOC : baseball / softball , karate , sport climbing , surfing , and skateboarding . The five proposed sports were approved on 3 August 2016 by the IOC during the 129th IOC Session in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , and will be included in the sports programme for 2020 only , bringing the total number of sports at the 2020 Olympics to 33 . Calendar ( edit ) All times are in JST ( UTC + 9 ) This is a calendar adapt from the 2016 Summer Olympic calendar , and does not necessarily reflect the final 2020 schedule . All dates are Japan Standard Time ( UTC + 09 : 00 ) OC Opening ceremony Event competitions Gold medal events EG Exhibition gala CC Closing ceremony July / August 22 Wed 23 Thu 24 Fri 25 Sat 26 Sun 27 Mon 28 Tue 29 Wed 30 Thu 31 Fri Sat Sun Mon Tue 5 Wed 6 Thu 7 Fri 8 Sat 9 Sun Events Ceremonies OC CC N / A Archery 5 Athletics 5 5 5 6 7 7 48 Badminton 5 Baseball Basketball Basketball 3x3 Basketball Boxing 13 Canoeing Slalom 16 Sprint Cycling Road cycling 22 Track cycling BMX Mountain biking Diving 8 Equestrian 6 Fencing 12 Field hockey Football Golf Gymnastics Artistic EG 18 Rhythmic Trampolining Handball Judo 15 Karate Kata 8 Kumite Modern pentathlon Rowing 14 Rugby sevens Sailing 10 Shooting 15 Skateboarding Softball Sport climbing Surfing Swimming 37 Synchronized swimming Table tennis 5 Taekwondo 8 Tennis 5 Triathlon Volleyball Beach volleyball Volleyball Water polo Weightlifting 14 Wrestling 18 Daily medal events 339 Cumulative total 339 July / August 22 Wed 23 Thu 24 Fri 25 Sat 26 Sun 27 Mon 28 Tue 29 Wed 30 Thu 31 Fri Sat Sun Mon Tue 5 Wed 6 Thu 7 Fri 8 Sat 9 Sun Total events Marketing ( edit ) Emblem ( edit ) The official emblems for the 2020 Olympics and Paralympics were unveiled on 25 April 2016 ; designed by Asao Tokolo , who won a nationwide design contest , it takes the form of a ring in an indigo - coloured checkerboard pattern . The design is meant to `` express a refined elegance and sophistication that exemplifies Japan '' . The designs replaced a previous emblem which had been scrapped due to allegations that it plagiarized the logo of a Belgian theatre . Mascot ( edit ) The Tokyo 2020 Games Mascots competition accepted entries from 1 to 14 August 2017 . A total of 2,042 entries were received . Three shortlisted entries were unveiled at the Kakezuka Elementary School on 7 December 2017 . A poll was then conducted between 11 December 2017 and 22 February 2018 to choose the winning entry , with each participating elementary school class allocated one vote. The results were announced on 28 February 2018 . The winning entry was candidate pair A , created by Ryo Taniguchi , which received 109,041 votes , followed by Kana Yano 's pair B with 61,423 votes and Sanae Akimoto 's pair C with 35,291 votes . The Olympic mascot in Pair A is a figure with blue checkered patterns inspired by the Games ' official logo , which has old - fashioned charm and new innovation combined with a special power of instant teleportation . Both Olympic and Paralympic mascots will be named by the Organising Committee by late July 2018 , when the mascots will make their official debut . Sponsors ( edit ) As of 2015 total sponsorship for the 2020 Games reached approximately $1.3 billion , setting an Olympics record ( the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing attracted $1.2 billion ) . Concerns and controversies ( edit ) IAAF bribery claims ( edit ) In January 2016 , the second part of a World Anti-Doping Agency commission report into corruption included a footnote detailing a conversation between Khalil Diack , son of former International Athletic Association Federation ( IAAF ) president Lamine Diack , and Turkish officials heading up the Istanbul bid team . A transcript of the conversation cited in the report suggested that a `` sponsorship '' payment of between US $ 4 million and 5 million had been made by the Japanese bid team `` either to the Diamond League or IAAF '' . The footnote claimed that because Istanbul did not make such a payment , the bid lost the support of Lamine Diack . The WADA declined to investigate the claims because it was , according to its independent commission , outside the agency 's remit . In July and October 2013 ( prior to and after being awarded the Games ) , Tokyo made two bank payments totalling SG $ 2.8 million to a Singapore - based company known as Black Tidings . The company is tied to Papa Massata Diack , a son of Lamine Diack who worked as a marketing consultant for the IAAF , and is being pursued by French authorities under allegations of bribery , corruption , and money laundering . Black Tidings is held by Ian Tan Tong Han , a consultant to Athletics Management and Services -- which manages the IAAF 's commercial rights , and has business relationships with Japanese firm Dentsu . Black Tidings has also been connected to a doping scandal involving the Russian athletics team . Japanese Olympic Committee and Tokyo 2020 board member Tsunekazu Takeda stated that the payments were for consulting services , but refused to discuss the matter further because it was confidential . Toshiaki Endo called on Takeda to publicly discuss the matter . Massata denied that he had received any money from Tokyo 's organizing committee . The IOC established a team to investigate these matters , and will closely follow the French investigation . Logo plagiarism ( edit ) The initial design for the official emblems of the 2020 Summer Olympics and Paralympics were unveiled on 24 July 2015 . The logo resembled a stylized `` T '' ; a red circle in the top - right corner represented a beating heart , the flag of Japan , and an `` inclusive world in which everyone accepts each other '' , and a black column in the centre represented diversity . Shortly after the unveiling , Belgian graphics designer Olivier Debie accused the organizing committee of plagiarizing a logo he had designed for the Théâtre de Liège , which aside from the circle , consisted of nearly identical shapes . Tokyo 's organizing committee denied that the emblem design was plagiarized , arguing that the design had gone through `` long , extensive and international '' intellectual property examinations before it was cleared for use . Debie filed a lawsuit against the IOC to prevent use of the infringing logo . Rejected official logo of the 2020 Summer Olympics Rejected official logo of the 2020 Summer Paralympics . Logo of the Théâtre de Liège The emblem 's designer , Kenjiro Sano , defended the design , stating that he had never seen the Liège logo , while TOCOG released an early sketch of the design that emphasized a stylized `` T '' and did not resemble the Liège logo . However , Sano was found to have had a history of plagiarism , with others alleging his early design plagiarized work of Jan Tschichold , that he used a photo without permission in promotional materials for the emblem , along with other past cases . On 1 September 2015 , following an emergency meeting of TOCOG , Governor of Tokyo Yoichi Masuzoe announced that they had decided to scrap Sano 's two logos . The committee met on 2 September 2015 to decide how to approach another new logo design . On 24 November 2015 , an Emblems Selection Committee was established to organize an open call for design proposals , open to Japanese residents over the age of 18 , with a deadline set for 7 December 2015 . The winner would receive ¥ 1 million and tickets to the opening ceremonies of both the 2020 Summer Olympics and Paralympics . On 8 April 2016 , a new shortlist of four pairs of designs for the Olympics and Paralympics were unveiled by the Emblems Selection Committee ; the Committee 's selection -- with influence from a public poll , was presented to TOCOG on 25 April 2016 for final approval . Broadcasting ( edit ) Main article : List of 2020 Summer Olympics broadcasters Sony and Panasonic are partnering with NHK to develop broadcasting standards for 8K resolution television , with a goal to release 8K television sets in time for the 2020 Olympics . In the United States , the 2020 Summer Olympics will be broadcast by NBCUniversal properties , as part of a US $4.38 billion agreement that began at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi . In Europe , this will be the first Summer Olympics under the IOC 's exclusive pan-European rights deal with Discovery Communications , which began at the 2018 Winter Olympics and run through 2024 . The rights for the 2020 Games cover almost all of Europe , excluding France due to an existing rights deal that will expire following these Games , and Russia due to a pre-existing deal with a marketer through 2024 . Discovery will sub-license coverage to free - to - air networks in each territory . In the United Kingdom , these will be the last Games whose rights are fully owned by the BBC , although as a condition of a sub-licensing agreement that will carry into the 2022 and 2024 Games , Discovery holds exclusive pay television rights to these Games . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 国際 スローガン `` Discover Tomorrow '' 並びに ルック プログラム を 発表 東京 オリンピック ・ パラリンピック 競技 大会 組織 委員 会 `` . 2012 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ ( French : Jeux de la XXXII olympiade ) Jump up ^ `` Olympics 2020 : Tokyo wins race to host Games '' . BBC Sport. 7 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2020 Olympics Vote Total Box '' . Associated Press . Miami Herald . 7 September 2013 . Retrieved 8 September 2013 . Jump up ^ JR 東日本 、 東京 五輪 を 前 に 都心 部 と 羽田 空港 結ぶ 新 路線 整備 を on YouTube Jump up ^ `` 羽田 ・ 成田 発着 を 拡大 、 五輪 へ インフラ 整備 急ぐ '' . 日本 経済 新聞. 10 September 2013 . Retrieved 10 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 五輪 で 東京 に 1000 万 人 過密 都市 ゆえ の 課題 多く '' . 日本 経済 新聞. 10 September 2013 . Retrieved 10 September 2013 . Jump up ^ PST ( 24 January 2014 ) . `` Mori heads Tokyo 2020 organizing committee '' . Sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved 4 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Toshiaki Endo appointed Olympics minister '' . The Japan Times . Jump up ^ `` Nokia , NTT DoCoMo prepare for 5G ahead of Tokyo Olympics launch '' . 2 March 2015 -- via Reuters . Jump up ^ `` Nokia wins 5G business with Japan 's NTT DoCoMo - FierceWireless '' . www.fiercewireless.com . Jump up ^ Himmer , Alastair ( 5 February 2012 ) . `` Rugby - Tokyo stadium set for billion dollar facelift '' . Reuters . Retrieved 17 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Notice '' . Archived from the original on 19 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Himmer , Alastair ( 17 July 2015 ) . `` Japan rips up 2020 Olympic stadium plans to start anew '' . news.yahoo.com . AFP . Retrieved 17 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tokyo 2020 candidature file -- section 8 -- Sports and Venues '' ( PDF ) . Tokyo 2020 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 5 April 2013 . Retrieved 10 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tokyo panel : Olympic cost could expand fourfold '' . NHK. 29 September 2016 . Archived from the original on 1 October 2016 . Retrieved 30 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Originally to be held at Water Polo Arena in Koto , Tokyo ; venue moved in June 2015 . `` 東京 五輪 、 26 競技 の 会場 決定 自転車 ・ サッカー 除き '' . Nihon Keizai Shimbun. 9 June 2015 . Retrieved 9 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Badminton originally to be held at Youth Plaza Arena ; venue moved in June 2015 . `` 東京 五輪 、 26 競技 の 会場 決定 自転車 ・ サッカー 除き '' . Nihon Keizai Shimbun. 9 June 2015 . Retrieved 9 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Rugby sevens originally to be held at National Olympic Stadium ; venue moved in June 2015 . `` 東京 五輪 、 26 競技 の 会場 決定 自転車 ・ サッカー 除き '' . Nihon Keizai Shimbun. 9 June 2015 . Retrieved 9 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Originally to be held at Youth Plaza Arena ; proposal for venue change to Saitama Super Arena in late 2014 was confirmed in March 2015 by the IOC . `` IOC supports Tokyo 's plans to relocate Olympic venues '' . The Japan Times . 19 November 2014 . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . `` Moving 2020 hoops to Saitama latest blow for game '' . The Japan Times . 3 March 2015 . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Originally to be held at Wakasu Olympic Marina ; venue moved in June 2015 . `` 東京 五輪 、 26 競技 の 会場 決定 自転車 ・ サッカー 除き '' . Nihon Keizai Shimbun. 9 June 2015 . Retrieved 9 June 2015 . Jump up ^ All three events originally to be held at Tokyo Big Sight ; venue moved in June 2015 . `` 東京 五輪 、 26 競技 の 会場 決定 自転車 ・ サッカー 除き '' . Nihon Keizai Shimbun. 9 June 2015 . Retrieved 9 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Change to Tokyo 2020 equestrian venue approved '' . inside.fei.org. 28 February 2015 . Retrieved 16 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Olympic Venues '' . , Jump up ^ Beall , Joel ( 20 March 2017 ) . `` 2020 Olympic golf course changes policy , allows women full membership '' . Jump up ^ Wilson , Stephen ( 10 December 2015 ) . `` IOC approves switch of cycling venues for Tokyo Olympics '' . japantoday.com . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` IOC approves switch of cycling venues for Tokyo Olympics '' . japantimes.co.jp. 9 December 2015 . Retrieved 16 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 横浜 スタジアム 会場 案 ... 東京 五輪 に 野球 など 追加 '' . Jump up ^ `` Fukushima Prefecture to Host Tokyo 2020 Baseball & Softball Matches , Showcasing the Power of Sport to Support Recovery The Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games '' . The Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Olympic sport football '' . tokyo2020.jp. 21 November 2016 . Retrieved 21 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tickets for Olympic Games / Tokyo Olympic Japan 2020 '' . Jump up ^ `` How To Buy Tokyo Olympic Tickets '' . TrulyTokyo . Jump up ^ `` 3 - on - 3 basketball officially added to Tokyo Olympics '' . CBC Sports . Retrieved 9 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tokyo 2020 : Mixed - gender events added to Olympic Games '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 9 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Hamilton , Tracee ( 2013 - 09 - 08 ) . `` Wrestling , IOC make right moves in getting sport back on 2020 Olympics program '' . Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ Longman , Jeré ( 2013 - 02 - 12 ) . `` Olympics Moves to Drop Wrestling in 2020 '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Wrestling to be dropped from 2020 Olympic Games '' . BBC Sport . Jump up ^ IOC : Baseball / softball , squash and wrestling make cut for IOC Session vote in Buenos Aires Jump up ^ `` Wrestling , baseball / softball and squash shortlisted by IOC for 2020 as five fail to make cut '' . Jump up ^ `` Wrestling added to Olympic programme for 2020 and 2024 Games '' . IOC. 8 September 2013 . Retrieved 8 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Olympic Agenda 2020 Recommendations '' ( PDF ) . IOC . Retrieved 23 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball , softball among 8 sports proposed for 2020 Games '' . ESPN.com . Jump up ^ `` Olympics : Skateboarding & surfing among possible Tokyo 2020 sports '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 29 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` IOC approves five new sports for Olympic Games Tokyo 2020 '' . Olympic.org. 2016 - 08 - 03 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` You 're in ! Baseball / softball , 4 other sports make Tokyo cut '' . USA Today . 2016 - 08 - 03 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Tickets '' . NOC * NSF. 31 March 2015 . Retrieved 6 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tokyo 2020 Emblems Committee relax competition rules ahead of search for new logo '' . InsideTheGames.biz . Retrieved 26 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Checkered pattern by artist Tokolo chosen as logo for 2020 Tokyo Olympics '' . Japan Times . Retrieved 25 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tokyo 2020 Olympics logo scrapped after allegations of plagiarism '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 1 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tokyo 2020 Games Mascots '' . Retrieved 7 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2020 Tokyo Olympic organizers begin soliciting mascot ideas '' . The Japan Times . 1 August 2017 . Retrieved 7 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tokyo 2020 lets children choose mascots from 3 finalists '' . NBC Sports . 7 December 2017 . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 10th Meeting of the Mascot Selection Panel '' ( Press release ) . Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games . 30 May 2018 . Retrieved 30 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Fukase , Atsuko ( 15 April 2015 ) . `` 2020 Tokyo Olympics Attract Record Sponsorship '' . The Wall Street Journal Japan Real Time . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tokyo Olympics 2020 : French prosecutors probe ' $2 m payment ' '' . BBC News . 12 May 2016 . Retrieved 14 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tokyo Olympics : Japan to ' fully cooperate ' with suspicious payments inquiry '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 7 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Life bans for three athletics figures over alleged doping cover - up '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 7 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tokyo 2020 Olympic bid leader refuses to reveal Black Tidings details '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 6 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` IOC concerned at suspect payments made by Tokyo 2020 bid team '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 7 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tokyo 2020 unveils official emblem with five years to go '' . Olympic.org . Retrieved 27 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tokyo Olympic Games logo embroiled in plagiarism row '' . The Guardian . 30 July 2015 . Retrieved 1 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tokyo Olympics emblem said to look similar to Belgian theater logo '' . The Japan Times . 30 July 2015 . Retrieved 30 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Japan unveils final four candidates for Tokyo 2020 Olympics logo '' . Japan Times . 8 April 2016 . Retrieved 11 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tokyo Games organizers decide to scrap Sano emblem '' . NHK World . 1 September 2015 . Archived from the original on 4 September 2015 . Retrieved 1 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Vincent , James ( 2016 - 08 - 26 ) . `` Sony and Panasonic target 8K TVs for 2020 Olympics '' . The Verge . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Lost market share prompts Sony - Panasonic TV tech alliance '' . Nikkei Asian Review . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Michael ( 7 June 2011 ) . `` NBC wins U.S. TV rights to four Olympic Games through 2020 '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ `` Russian state broadcasters commit to PyeongChang coverage '' . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Olympics coverage to remain on BBC after Discovery deal '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 7 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Discovery Lands European Olympic Rights Through ' 24 '' . Sports Business Journal . Retrieved 1 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BBC dealt another blow after losing control of TV rights for Olympics '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 30 June 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2020 Summer Olympics . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Tokyo Olympic and Paralympic Games 2020 . Tokyo 2020 Tokyo 2020 ( IOC ) Japanese Olympic Committee Preceded by Rio de Janeiro Summer Olympic Games Tokyo XXXII Olympiad ( 2020 ) Succeeded by Paris Olympic Games Ceremonies Charter Participating nations Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Host cities Bids Venues IOC NOCs Country codes Medal Medal tables Medalists Ties Diploma Scandals and controversies Colonialism Doping Sports Symbols Torch relays Pierre de Coubertin medal Women Deaths WWI Olympic video games Summer Games 1896 Athens 1900 Paris 1904 St. Louis 1908 London 1912 Stockholm 1916 Berlin 1920 Antwerp 1924 Paris 1928 Amsterdam 1932 Los Angeles 1936 Berlin 1940 Tokyo 1944 London 1948 London 1952 Helsinki 1956 Melbourne 1960 Rome 1964 Tokyo 1968 Mexico City 1972 Munich 1976 Montreal 1980 Moscow 1984 Los Angeles 1988 Seoul 1992 Barcelona 1996 Atlanta 2000 Sydney 2004 Athens 2008 Beijing 2012 London 2016 Rio de Janeiro 2020 Tokyo 2024 Paris 2028 Los Angeles 2032 TBD Winter Games 1924 Chamonix 1928 St. Moritz 1932 Lake Placid 1936 Garmisch - Partenkirchen 1940 Sapporo 1944 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1948 St. Moritz 1952 Oslo 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1960 Squaw Valley 1964 Innsbruck 1968 Grenoble 1972 Sapporo 1976 Innsbruck 1980 Lake Placid 1984 Sarajevo 1988 Calgary 1992 Albertville 1994 Lillehammer 1998 Nagano 2002 Salt Lake City 2006 Turin 2010 Vancouver 2014 Sochi 2018 Pyeongchang 2022 Beijing 2026 TBD 2030 TBD Ancient Olympic Games Intercalated Games 1906 Paralympic Games Youth Olympic Games Venues of the 2020 Summer Olympics Heritage Zone New National Stadium Yoyogi National Stadium Tokyo Metropolitan Gymnasium Nippon Budokan Tokyo International Forum Imperial Palace Garden Kokugikan Arena Tokyo Bay Zone Kasai Rinkai Park Oi Seaside Park Olympic Aquatic Centre Dream Island Archery Field Ariake Arena Olympic BMX Course Olympic Gymnastic Centre Ariake Coliseum Odaiba Marine Park Shiokaze Park Tatsumi International Swimming Center Tokyo Big Sight Sea Forest Sites farther than 8 km Asaka Shooting Range Musashino Forest Sports Plaza Tokyo Stadium Kasumigaseki Country Club Saitama Super Arena Makuhari Messe Equestrian Park Enoshima Izu Velodrome Fuji Speedway Football stadia Olympic Stadium Tokyo Stadium International Stadium Yokohama Saitama Stadium Sapporo Dome Miyagi Stadium Olympics portal 2020s portal Japan portal Tokyo portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2020_Summer_Olympics&oldid=843669817 '' Categories : 2020 Summer Olympics 2020 in Japanese sport 2020 in multi-sport events 2020s in Tokyo Olympic Games in Japan Scheduled multi-sport events Sports competitions in Tokyo Summer Olympics by year July 2020 sports events August 2020 sports events Hidden categories : Articles containing French - language text Use dmy dates from May 2016 Articles containing Japanese - language text All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Afrikaans Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Олык марий Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла Scots සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Yorùbá 粵語 中文 62 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 17 : 24 . 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where are the next summer olympics being played
[ "\nGames of the XXXII Olympiad\n\n\n\n\nHost city\nTokyo, Japan\n\n\nMotto\nDiscover Tomorrow\n(未来(あした)をつかもう, \nashita o tsukamō)[1]\n\n\nNations participating\n206 (expected)\n\n\nAthletes participating\n11,091 (expected)\n\n\nEvents\n324 in 33 sports\n\n\nOpening ceremony\n24 July (26 months from now)\n\n\nClosing ceremony\n9 August\n\n\nOfficially opened by\nEmperor of Japan (expected)\n\n\nStadium\nNew National Stadium\n\n\nSummer\n\n\n\n\n\nRio de Janeiro 2016\nParis 2024 >\n\n\n\n\n\nWinter\n\n\n\n\n\nPyeongchang 2018\nBeijing 2022 >\n\n\n\n\n" ]
[ "Tokyo, Japan" ]
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Tyson Ritter
Tyson Ritter - wikipedia Tyson Ritter Jump to : navigation , search Tyson Ritter Ritter performing in December 2006 Background information Birth name Tyson Jay Ritter ( 1984 - 04 - 24 ) April 24 , 1984 ( age 33 ) Stillwater , Oklahoma , U.S. Genres Alternative rock pop punk power pop pop rock Occupation ( s ) Singer - songwriter musician model actor Instruments Vocals bass guitar piano keyboards guitar vibraphone recorder pedal steel marxophone Years active 1997 -- present Labels Interscope / DGC Associated acts The All - American Rejects Tyson Jay Ritter ( born April 24 , 1984 ) is an American singer - songwriter , multi-instrumentalist , musician , actor , and model . He is best known as the lead vocalist , bassist , pianist , and songwriter of the pop punk band The All - American Rejects . As an actor , Ritter appeared as Dane on Amazon Video 's Betas , recurred as rock musician Oliver Rome on NBC 's Parenthood , and has had supporting roles in the films The House Bunny ( 2008 ) , Love and Mercy ( 2014 ) , and Miss You Already ( 2015 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Equipment 5 Filmography 5.1 Film 5.2 Television 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Tyson Jay Ritter was born and raised in Stillwater , Oklahoma on April 24 , 1984 . His mother , Tracey Rains , is an employee at Stillwater Public Schools . He has an older brother , Zack , who is an endodontist , and a younger sister , Bailey . He and his siblings graduated from Stillwater High School . Career ( edit ) Ritter met his bandmates while he was bouncing a party in middle school . After Jesse Tabish quit the band , and with the additions of Mike Kennerty and Chris Gaylor , The All - American Rejects were picked up by Doghouse Records , and later DreamWorks Records , and finally with the current major label of Interscope Records . The All - American Rejects have released four albums to date , and have sold over 10 million albums worldwide and 4 million singles . Ritter has appeared in television series and films such as House ( 2007 ) , The House Bunny ( 2008 ) , Betas ( 2013 -- 14 ) , and Parenthood ( 2013 -- 15 ) . On November 5 , 2013 , Ritter released the song `` Air '' as a solo song to help `` ride between the Rejects ' next record '' , which was featured on Parenthood . Shortly after the release of `` Air '' Tyson wrote the song `` Collide '' which was also featured on Parenthood . The song was never released on the market but is still available on sites like YouTube . Ritter 's next projects included a role in the John Cusack film Love and Mercy ( 2014 ) . He had also been cast in the lead role of singer Gregg Allman in the biopic Midnight Rider , directed by Randall Miller , but the film was halted in production , and ultimately cancelled , due to the death of camera assistant Sarah Jones . In 2015 , he had a supporting role in the comedy - drama film Miss You Already , which starred Toni Collette and Drew Barrymore . Personal life ( edit ) Ritter and actress Elena Satine were engaged in April 2013 and married on New Year 's Eve that year . He has been best friends with bandmate Nick Wheeler ever since they met in high school . Equipment ( edit ) Ritter likes to use Fender bass guitars . He had previously used Epiphone Flying V or Epiphone Explorer basses during the era of The All - American Rejects ( album ) , until he started to favor a Fender Precision Bass and started using them more often in his songs . Ritter was also seen using a Gibson Thunderbird bass on their early tours for Move Along and also with a rare Jackson Guitars V Bass . He then later used Fender Jaguar Bass guitars for later tours before switching back to Fender Precision Basses . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2008 The House Bunny Colby 2014 Love and Mercy Hipster # 1 2015 The Pinhole Affect Tyson Ritter Short film 2015 Miss You Already Ace 2016 The Sweet Life Marlon In post-production Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2007 House Himself Episode : `` Fetal Position '' 2012 90210 Himself Episode : `` Trust , Truth and Traffic '' 2013 -- 14 Betas Dane 5 episodes 2013 -- 15 Parenthood Oliver Rome 10 episodes 2015 Wicked City Bucket 2 episodes 2017 Preacher Jesus Christ / Humperdoo 1 Episode References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Keys , Elizabeth ( July 21 , 2013 ) . `` Stillwater 's rockin ' mum '' . Stillwater NewsPress . Retrieved December 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tyson Ritter On ' Parenthood ' Season 5 : All - American Rejects ' Frontman Books Multi-Episode Arc ( Exclusive ) '' . The Huffington Post . August 2 , 2013 . Retrieved November 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Faylene , Rachel ( October 9 , 2013 ) . `` Tyson Ritter Talks New Role on ' Parenthood , ' Growing Up & What Comes Next '' . Variance Magazine . Retrieved November 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McDonnell , Brandy ( November 5 , 2013 ) . `` Video : Tyson Ritter releases new single `` Air , '' to be featured on NBC 's `` Parenthood '' Thursday `` . The Oklahoman . Retrieved November 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Neva Margetić ( 2014 - 10 - 05 ) , Tyson Ritter - Collide , retrieved 2016 - 04 - 20 Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( December 13 , 2013 ) . `` Gregg Allman Biopic Casts Tyson Ritter as Lead Role '' . Variety . Retrieved December 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Silverman , Stephen M. ( April 5 , 2013 ) . `` Tyson Ritter Engaged to Elena Satine '' . People . Retrieved November 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Blumm , K.C. ; Jordan , Julie ( January 1 , 2014 ) . `` Tyson Ritter and Elena Satine Are Married '' . People . Retrieved January 2 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Tyson Ritter on IMDb Tyson Ritter on Twitter ( hide ) The All - American Rejects Nick Wheeler Tyson Ritter Mike Kennerty Chris Gaylor Jesse Tabish Tim Campbell Studio albums The All - American Rejects Move Along When the World Comes Down Kids in the Street Demo albums Same Girl , New Songs Extended plays The Bite Back EP The Wind Blows : The Remixes I Wanna : The Remixes Flatline EP Singles `` Swing , Swing '' `` The Last Song '' `` Time Stands Still '' `` Dirty Little Secret '' `` Move Along '' `` It Ends Tonight '' `` Gives You Hell '' `` The Wind Blows '' `` I Wanna '' `` Beekeeper 's Daughter '' `` Kids in the Street '' `` Heartbeat Slowing Down '' `` There 's a Place '' Other songs `` Top of the World '' `` Air '' Related Discography Awards and nominations Doghouse DreamWorks DGC Interscope Media VIAF : 38819424 LCCN : n2007003744 ISNI : 0000 0000 4097 4994 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tyson_Ritter&oldid=804548453 '' Categories : Living people 1984 births American male singer - songwriters American singer - songwriters Male models from Oklahoma American rock bass guitarists People from Stillwater , Oklahoma Singers from Oklahoma Male actors from Oklahoma Songwriters from Oklahoma Guitarists from Oklahoma Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from January 2015 Articles with hCards Pages using Template : Infobox musical artist with unknown parameters Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština فارسی Français Italiano Português Română Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 9 October 2017 , at 18 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who is the lead singer of all american rejects married to
[ "Ritter and actress Elena Satine were engaged in April 2013 and married on New Year's Eve that year. He has been best friends with bandmate Nick Wheeler ever since they met in high school.[7][8]" ]
[ "actress Elena Satine" ]
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Halloween (franchise)
Halloween ( franchise ) - wikipedia Halloween ( franchise ) Halloween The original logo of the franchise . Created by John Carpenter Debra Hill Original work Halloween ( 1978 ) Print publications Novel ( s ) List of novels Comics List of comics Films and television Film ( s ) List of films Games Video game ( s ) Halloween ( 1983 ) Halloween is an American horror franchise that consists of eleven films , as well as novels , comic books , merchandise , and a video game . The franchise primarily focuses on serial killer Michael Myers who was committed to a sanitarium as a child for the murder of his sister , Judith Myers . Fifteen years later , he escapes to stalk and kill the people of the fictional town of Haddonfield , Illinois while being chased by his former psychiatrist , Dr. Sam Loomis . Michael 's killings occur on the holiday of Halloween , on which all of the films primarily take place . The original Halloween , released in 1978 , was written by John Carpenter and Debra Hill , and directed by Carpenter . The film is known to have inspired a long line of slasher films . Seven sequels have since followed . Michael Myers is the antagonist in all of the films except Halloween III : Season of the Witch , the story of which has no direct connection to any other film in the series . In 2007 , writer - director Rob Zombie made a remake of the 1978 film . A direct sequel to the 2007 remake was released two years later . A direct sequel to the original film that ignores all other films in the franchise was released on October 19 , 2018 . It was the highest grossing film in the franchise . The films collectively grossed over $ 366 million at the box - office worldwide . The film series is ranked second at the United States box office -- in adjusted 2008 dollars -- when compared to other American horror series . Both the original film and the 2018 sequel have received critical praise , while the other films have received mixed or negative reviews . Contents 1 Films 1.1 Overview 1.2 Development 1.3 Music 1.4 Box office 1.5 Documentary 2 Literature 2.1 Novels 2.2 Comic books 2.3 Online stories 3 Merchandise 4 References 5 External links Films ( edit ) Film Director Writer ( s ) Story Producer ( s ) Halloween ( 1978 ) John Carpenter John Carpenter and Debra Hill Moustapha Akkad Halloween II ( 1981 ) Rick Rosenthal Debra Hill and John Carpenter Halloween III : Season of the Witch ( 1982 ) Tommy Lee Wallace Tommy Lee Wallace Halloween 4 : The Return of Michael Myers ( 1988 ) Dwight H. Little Alan B. McElroy Dhani Lipsius , Larry Rattner & Benjamin Ruffner and Alan B. McElroy Halloween 5 : The Revenge of Michael Myers ( 1989 ) Dominique Othenin - Girard Michael Jacobs & Dominique Othenin - Girard and Shem Bitterman Halloween : The Curse of Michael Myers ( 1995 ) Joe Chappelle Daniel Farrands Moustapha Akkad , Paul Freeman Halloween H20 : 20 Years Later ( 1998 ) Steve Miner Robert Zappia and Matt Greenberg Moustapha Akkad , Robert Zappia Halloween : Resurrection ( 2002 ) Rick Rosenthal Larry Brand and Sean Hood Moustapha Akkad , Larry Brand Halloween ( 2007 ) Rob Zombie Rob Zombie Malek Akkad , Andy Gould and Rob Zombie Halloween II ( 2009 ) Halloween ( 2018 ) David Gordon Green Jeff Fradley , Danny McBride & David Gordon Green Malek Akkad , Jason Blum and Bill Block Overview ( edit ) The original Halloween ( 1978 ) , co-written and directed by John Carpenter , tells the story of Michael Myers as he stalks and kills teenage babysitters on Halloween night . The film begins with six - year - old Michael ( Will Sandin ) killing his older sister Judith ( Sandy Johnson ) on Halloween night 1963 in the fictional town of Haddonfield , Illinois . He is subsequently hospitalized at Warren County 's Smith 's Grove Sanitarium . Fifteen years later , Michael ( Nick Castle and Tony Moran ) escapes from Smith 's Grove and returns to his hometown where he stalks Laurie Strode ( Jamie Lee Curtis ) and her friends as they babysit . The film ends with Michael being shot six times by his psychiatrist , Dr. Sam Loomis ( Donald Pleasence ) . Halloween II ( 1981 ) picks up where the events of Halloween left off . Michael 's body is missing from the front lawn , where he fell when Loomis shot him . Michael follows Laurie to the local hospital , killing everyone who gets between him and Laurie . The story reveals that Laurie is actually Michael 's sister : she was given up for adoption as an infant . Michael corners Loomis and Laurie in an operating room , where Loomis causes an explosion as Laurie escapes . Michael , engulfed in flames , stumbles out of the room before finally falling dead . Michael Myers does not appear in Halloween III : Season of the Witch ( 1982 ) . This installment follows the story of Dr. Challis ( Tom Atkins ) as he tries to solve the mysterious murder of a patient in his hospital . He , along with the patient 's daughter Ellie ( Stacey Nelkin ) , travels to the small town of Santa Mira , California . The pair discover that Silver Shamrock Novelties , a company run by Conal Cochran ( Dan O'Herlihy ) , is attempting to use the mystic powers of the Stonehenge rocks to resurrect the ancient aspects of the Celtic festival , Samhain , which Cochran connects to witchcraft . Cochran is using his Silver Shamrock Halloween masks to achieve his goal , which will be achieved when all the children wearing his masks watch the Silver Shamrock commercial airing Halloween night . Challis contacts the television stations and convinces all but one of the station managers to remove the commercial . The film ends with Challis screaming for the final station to turn off the commercial . Halloween 4 : The Return of Michael Myers ( 1988 ) , as the title suggests , features the return of Michael Myers ( George P. Wilbur ) to the film series . It is revealed that Michael survived the fire in Halloween II but has been comatose since that night . While being transferred back to Smith 's Grove , Michael awakens upon hearing that Laurie Strode , who died in a car accident , has a daughter , Jamie Lloyd ( Danielle Harris ) . Michael escapes and makes his way to Haddonfield in search of his niece Jamie . Fellow survivor Dr. Loomis goes to Haddonfield after learning that Michael has escaped transfer . Eventually , the police track Michael down and shoot him several times before he falls down a mine shaft . Picking up directly where the previous film ends , Halloween 5 : The Revenge of Michael Myers ( 1989 ) has Michael ( Don Shanks ) surviving the gunshots , and the fall down the mine ; he stumbles upon a hermit who bandages him up . One year later , and showing signs of a metaphysical connection to Jamie , Michael tracks Jamie to a local child mental health clinic . Using Jamie as bait , Loomis manages to capture Michael . The film ends with Michael being taken into police custody , only to be broken out of jail by a mysterious stranger , all dressed in black . Halloween : The Curse of Michael Myers ( 1995 ) picks up the story approximately six years after the events of The Revenge of Michael Myers . The mysterious stranger who broke Michael out of jail kidnaps Jamie Lloyd ( J.C. Brandy ) in an effort to obtain her child . Jamie escapes with her newborn son , with Michael ( George P. Wilbur ) in pursuit . Michael kills Jamie and continues searching for her baby ; the infant is found by Tommy Doyle ( Paul Rudd ) -- the young boy who was babysat by Laurie Strode in the first film -- who brings it home for safety . It is revealed that Michael is driven by the Curse of Thorn , which forces a person to kill their entire family in order to save all of civilization . The mysterious stranger is revealed to be Dr. Loomis 's colleague , Dr. Wynn ( Mitchell Ryan ) , who is part of a group of people who protect the chosen individual so that they may complete their task . With the help of Kara Strode ( Marianne Hagan ) , Laurie 's adoptive cousin , Tommy keeps the infant from Michael , who slaughters Wynn and his followers . Michael is finally subdued by Tommy , who injects him with large quantities of tranquilizers inside the Smith 's Grove Sanitarium . The film ends with Loomis walking back into the sanitarium to find Michael . The events that transpire between the fourth to sixth films are effectively ignored in 1998 's Halloween H20 : 20 Years Later . This film opens twenty years after the events of the second film . Laurie Strode ( Jamie Lee Curtis ) has faked her own death so that she could go into hiding from her brother Michael . Now working as the head mistress of a private school under the name Keri Tate , Laurie continues to live in fear of her brother 's return . Her own son , John ( Josh Hartnett ) , attends school where she teaches . Laurie 's fear becomes reality when Michael ( Chris Durand ) shows up at the school and begins killing John 's friends and eventually he and Laurie come face - to - face . Laurie manages to get John and his girlfriend ( Michelle Williams ) to safety , but decides to return to the school to face Michael once and for all . Laurie succeeds in stopping Michael , but not satisfied until she knows that he is truly dead , Laurie steals his body and decapitates Michael , finally killing him . Halloween : Resurrection ( 2002 ) picks up three years after H20 , and reveals that Michael swapped clothes with a paramedic -- crushing the paramedic 's larynx so that he could not talk -- and that was whom Laurie killed . Unable to deal with having killed an innocent man , and the fact that Michael was still out there , Laurie is committed to a mental institution . Michael ( Brad Loree ) shows up at the institution , but Laurie captures him . Her fear of making the same mistake twice gets the better of her , and when she attempts to remove Michael 's mask he surprises and kills her . Michael travels back to his family home in Haddonfield , but finds a group of college students filming an Internet reality show . Michael proceeds to kill everyone , until he is finally electrocuted by the only surviving student , Sara Moyer ( Bianca Kajlich ) , and the show 's creator Freddie Harris ( Busta Rhymes ) . A remake of the original Halloween was released in 2007 . This film focuses on the events that led Michael Myers ( Daeg Faerch ) to kill his family . It also identifies Laurie as Michael 's sister early on , which was something not done in the original 1978 film . On Halloween , Michael murders a school bully , his older sister and her boyfriend , as well as his mother 's boyfriend . Committed to Smith 's Grove Sanitarium , Michael closes himself off from everyone . Fifteen years later , Michael ( Tyler Mane ) escapes and heads to Haddonfield to find his younger sister , with his psychiatrist Dr. Loomis ( Malcolm McDowell ) in pursuit . Michael finds his sister living with the Strode family , and going by the name Laurie . After killing nearly all of her friends and family , Michael then kidnaps Laurie and attempts to explain to her that he is her brother through the use of a picture that he has kept of himself and her as an infant . Unable to understand , Laurie fights back ; eventually , Laurie uses Loomis 's gun to shoot Michael in the head . In 2009 , a sequel to the remake , titled Halloween II , picks up right where the latter leaves off and then jumps ahead one year . Here , Michael ( Mane ) is presumed dead , but resurfaces after a vision of his deceased mother Deborah ( Sheri Moon Zombie ) informs him that he must track Laurie ( Scout Taylor - Compton ) down so that they can `` come home '' together . In the film , Michael and Laurie have a mental link , with the two sharing visions of their mother . Development ( edit ) After viewing John Carpenter 's film Assault on Precinct 13 ( 1976 ) at the Milan Film Festival , independent film producer Irwin Yablans and financier Moustapha Akkad sought out Carpenter to direct for them a film about a psychotic killer stalking babysitters . Carpenter and Debra Hill began drafting a story titled The Babysitter Murders , but the title was changed at Yablans ' request , suggesting the setting be changed to Halloween night and naming it Halloween instead . Moustapha Akkad fronted the $300,000 for the film 's budget , even though he was worried about the tight schedule , low budget , and Carpenter 's limited experience as a filmmaker . He finally decided to finance the film after Carpenter relayed the entire film to Akkad , `` in a suspenseful way , almost frame for frame '' , and opted not to take any fees for directing the film . The low budget forced wardrobe and props to be crafted from items on hand or that could be purchased inexpensively ; this included the trademark mask worn by Michael Myers throughout the film . Production designer , art director , location scout and co-editor Tommy Lee Wallace created Michael 's mask from a William Shatner Halloween mask , purchased for $1.98 . The limited budget also dictated the filming location and time schedule . Halloween was filmed in 21 days in the spring of 1978 primarily in South Pasadena , California . An abandoned house owned by a church stood in as the Myers house . Two homes on Orange Grove Avenue in Hollywood were used for the film 's climax . We investigated a number of 3 - D processes ... but they were far too expensive for this particular project . Also , most of the projects we do involve a lot of night shooting -- evil lurks at night . It 's hard to do that in 3 - D . -- Debra Hill ( writer / producer ) on putting Halloween II into 3 - D . Following the success of Halloween , Yablans and Akkad began working on Halloween II . There was initial discussion about filming Halloween II in 3 - D , but the idea never came to fruition . After Halloween II was released , Carpenter and Hill were approached about creating a third Halloween film , but they were reluctant to pledge commitment . The pair agreed to participate in the new project only if it was not a direct sequel to Halloween II , which meant no Michael Myers . Most of the filming for Halloween III took place on location in the small coastal town of Loleta in Humboldt County , California . Familiar Foods , a milk bottling plant in Loleta , served as the Silver Shamrock Novelties factory , but all special effects involving fire , smoke , and explosions were filmed at Post Studios . After Halloween III was released , Michael Myers was brought back into the franchise with 1988 's The Return of Michael Myers , where he has stayed for the remainder of the series . Four more sequels would follow , between 1988 and 2002 , before the series would take a break for five years . On June 4 , 2006 , Dimension Films announced that Rob Zombie , director of House of 1000 Corpses and The Devil 's Rejects , would be creating the next installment in the Halloween franchise . Bob Weinstein approached Rob Zombie about making the film , and Zombie , who was a fan of the original Halloween and friend of John Carpenter , jumped at the chance to make a Halloween film for Dimension Films . Before Dimension went public with the news , Zombie felt obligated to inform John Carpenter , out of respect , of the plans to remake his film . Carpenter 's request was for Zombie to `` make it his own ( film ) '' . Zombie 's film would combine the elements of prequel and remake with the original concept , with considerable original content in the new film . Zombie also wanted to reinvent the character , as he felt Michael , along with Freddy Krueger , Jason Voorhees , and Pinhead , had become too familiar to audiences , and as a result , less scary . Zombie delved deeper into Michael Myers 's mythology . Michael 's mask was even given its own story to provide an explanation as to why he wears it , instead of having the character simply steal a random mask from a hardware store , as in the original film . Zombie wanted to bring Michael closer to what a psychopath really is , and wanted the mask to be a way for Michael to hide . In 2008 , a sequel to the 2007 remake was announced , with French filmmakers Julien Maury and Alexandre Bustillo in negotiations to direct . Instead , Zombie was resigned to write and direct the sequel , with the film taking place directly after the end of his remake . In an interview , Zombie expressed how the exhaustion of creating the first Halloween made him not want to come back for a sequel , but after a year of cooling down he was more open to the idea . The writer / director explains that with the sequel , he was no longer bound by a sense of needing to retain any `` John Carpenter - ness '' , as he could now do `` whatever ( he ) wants to do '' . Instead of focusing on Michael , Zombie chose to look more at the psychological consequences on Laurie after the events of the remake . As Zombie explains , after Michael murdered her friends and family , Laurie became a `` wreck '' , who continually sinks lower as the film moves forward . Rob Zombie declined to return to film the second sequel to the 2007 remake . The second sequel , Halloween 3D , was cancelled in 2012 . A new effort to make a Halloween film , Halloween Returns , was attempted in 2015 , unrelated to the Rob Zombie films . This ultimately failed and was cancelled when Dimension Films lost the rights to the Halloween franchise . On May 23 , 2016 , it was reported that Miramax and Blumhouse Productions were developing a new Halloween film , which they would co-finance . On February 9 , 2017 , John Carpenter announced that a new Halloween film was going to be written by David Gordon Green and Danny McBride and will be directed by Green . The film will be a direct sequel to the original Halloween and will ignore all of the franchise 's previous sequels . In September 2017 , Jamie Lee Curtis confirmed that she would reprise her role as Laurie Strode . In October 2017 , Judy Greer entered negotiations to play Laurie 's daughter Karen Strode . In December 2017 , it was announced Andi Matichak had signed on to play Karen Strode 's daughter and Laurie 's granddaughter . The film will be distributed by Universal Pictures , their first involvement in the franchise since distributing 1982 's Halloween III : Season of the Witch . On October 17 , 2017 , Carpenter announced that he would be returning to score the upcoming film , saying , `` I 'll be consulting with the director to see what he feels . I could create a new score , we could update the old score and amplify it , or we could combine those two things . I 'll have to see the movie to see what it requires . '' On December 20 , 2017 , it was announced that Nick Castle would be reprising his role as Michael Myers . Filming began on January 13 , 2018 , concluding on February 19 , 2018 . The film was released on October 19 , 2018 . Music ( edit ) John Carpenter composed the music to the first three films . For Halloween , Carpenter chose to use a piano melody played in a 5 / 4 time rhythm instead of a symphonic soundtrack . Critic James Berardinelli calls the score `` relatively simple and unsophisticated '' , but admits that `` Halloween 's music is one of its strongest assets . '' Carpenter stated in an interview , `` I can play just about any keyboard , but I ca n't read or write a note . '' In the end credits , Carpenter bills himself as the `` Bowling Green Orchestra '' for performing the film 's score , but he did receive assistance from composer Dan Wyman , a music professor at San Jose State University . Halloween theme John Carpenter 's theme for the original Halloween , which was reproduced for the sequels Problems playing this file ? See media help . The score for Halloween II is a variation of John Carpenter 's compositions from the first film , particularly the main theme 's familiar piano melody played . The score was performed on a synthesizer organ rather than the piano used for Halloween . One reviewer for the BBC described the revised score as having `` a more Gothic feel '' . The reviewer asserted that it `` does n't sound quite as good as the original piece '' , but `` it still remains a classic piece of music '' . Music remained an important element in establishing the atmosphere of Halloween III . Just as in Halloween and Halloween II , there was no symphonic score . Much of the music was composed to solicit `` false startles '' from the audience . The soundtrack was composed by John Carpenter and Alan Howarth , who had also worked on the score for Halloween II . The score of Halloween III differed greatly from the familiar main theme of the original and its first sequel . Carpenter replaced the familiar piano melody with a slower , electronic theme played on a synthesizer with beeping tonalities . Howarth explains how he and Carpenter composed the music for the third film : The music style of John Carpenter and myself has further evolved in this film soundtrack by working exclusively with synthesizers to produce our music . This has led to a certain procedural routine . The film is first transferred to a time coded video tape and synchronized to a 24 track master audio recorder ; then while watching the film we compose the music to these visual images . The entire process goes quite rapidly and has ' instant gratification ' , allowing us to evaluate the score in synch to the picture . This is quite an invaluable asset . Following Carpenter 's departure from the series , Howarth would stay on - board as the sole composer for the next two sequels , and also acted as the lead composer on Halloween : The Curse of Michael Myers , with Paul Rabjohns providing additional music when the initial edit of the film was substantially re-filmed . While Halloween H20 credits John Ottman as its sole composer , in reality most of the soundtrack was provided by Scream composer Marco Beltrami , using a mixture of music from that film and a few original cues written by Beltrami , after the producers disliked Ottman 's score . Danny Lux provided the soundtrack for Halloween : Resurrection , while Tyler Bates composed the soundtracks for both the 2007 Halloween reboot and its 2009 sequel . Box Office ( edit ) The Halloween franchise , when compared to the other top - grossing American horror franchises -- A Nightmare on Elm Street , Child 's Play , Friday the 13th , the Hannibal Lecter series , Psycho , Saw , Scream , and The Texas Chainsaw Massacre -- and adjusting for 2017 inflation is the second highest - grossing horror franchise in the United States at approximately $814 , 8 million . This list is topped by Friday the 13th at $825.1 million , followed by the Nightmare on Elm Street series with $703.3 million . The Hannibal Lecter film series closely follows in third with $737.6 million . Following Halloween is the Saw series with $580.9 million , Scream with $586.9 million , Psycho with $554.4 million , The Texas Chainsaw Massacre with $391 million , and the Child 's Play film series rounding out the list with $249.6 million . Film U.S. release date Budget Box office revenue Reference United States Foreign Worldwide 1 . Halloween ( 1978 ) October 25 , 1978 $325,000 $47,000,000 $23,000,000 $70,000,000 2 . Halloween II ( 1981 ) October 30 , 1981 $2,500,000 $25,533,818 $25,533,818 3 . Halloween III : Season of the Witch October 22 , 1982 $2,500,000 $14,400,000 $14,400,000 4 . Halloween 4 : The Return of Michael Myers October 21 , 1988 $5,000,000 $17,768,757 $17,768,757 5 . Halloween 5 : The Revenge of Michael Myers October 13 , 1989 $5,000,000 $11,642,254 $11,642,254 6 . Halloween : The Curse of Michael Myers September 29 , 1995 $5,000,000 $15,116,634 $15,116,634 7 . Halloween H20 : 20 Years Later August 7 , 1998 $17,000,000 $55,041,738 $55,041,738 8 . Halloween : Resurrection July 12 , 2002 $13,000,000 $30,354,442 $7,310,413 $37,664,855 9 . Halloween ( 2007 ) August 31 , 2007 $15,000,000 $58,272,029 $21,977,438 $80,249,467 10 . Halloween II ( 2009 ) August 29 , 2009 $15,000,000 $33,392,973 $6,028,494 $39,421,467 11 . Halloween ( 2018 ) October 19 , 2018 $10,000,000 $87,213,220 $15,868,497 $103,081,717 Total $90,325,000 $395,735,865 $74,184,842 $469,920,707 List indicator ( s ) A light grey cell indicates the information is not available for the film . ( A ) indicates an estimated figure based on available numbers . Documentary ( edit ) Halloween : 25 Years of Terror is a DVD released on July 25 , 2006 , featuring a documentary on the Halloween films , narrated by P.J. Soles and featuring interviews from many of the cast members as well as filmmakers of the Halloween films and a lot of footage from the series as well . It has panel discussions with members from the casts and crews of most of the Halloween films , plus other celebrities and filmmakers such as Rob Zombie and Clive Barker as well as film critics . All of the panel discussions took place at a 25th - year anniversary convention in Pasadena , California ( one of the filming locations of the original Halloween ) in October 2003 . It also has extended versions of interviews featured in the documentary and much more . In 2010 , The Biography Channel produced a television special titled Halloween : The Inside Story , which premiered on October 28 , 2010 . Literature ( edit ) Novels ( edit ) When the original Halloween was released in 1978 , a novelization of the film followed just a year later . Written by Curtis Richards , the book follows the events of the film , but expands on the festival of Samhain and Michael 's time at Smith 's Grove Sanitarium . Halloween II , Halloween III : Season of the Witch , and Halloween 4 each received novelizations as well . Jack Martin would write Halloween II , which was released alongside its film counterpart . Martin included an additional victim of Michael 's in this novel . Halloween IV , released in October 1988 and written by Nicholas Grabowsky , also followed the events of the film in which it was adapted from . A novelization of the 2018 film by John Passarella will be released on October 23 , 2018 . Over a four - month period , Berkley Books published three young adult novels written by Kelly O'Rourke ; the novels are original stories created by O'Rourke , with no direct continuity with the films . The first , released on October 1 , 1997 , titled The Scream Factory , follows a group of friends who set up a haunted house attraction in the basement of Haddonfield City Hall , only to be stalked and killed by Michael Myers while they are there . The Old Myers Place is the second novel , released December 1 , 1997 , and focuses on Mary White , who moves into the Myers house with her family . Michael returns home and begins stalking and attacking Mary and her friends . O'Rourke's final novel , The Mad House , was released on February 1 , 1998 . The Mad House features a young girl , Christine Ray , who joins a documentary film crew that travels to haunted locations ; they are currently headed to Smith 's Grove Sanitarium , where they are confronted by Michael . Comic books ( edit ) The first Halloween comic was published by Brian Pulido 's Chaos ! Comics . Simply titled Halloween , it was intended to be a one - issue special , but eventually two sequels spawned : Halloween II : The Blackest Eyes and Halloween III : The Devil 's Eyes . All of the stories were written by Phil Nutman , with Daniel Farrands -- writer for Halloween : The Curse of Michael Myers -- assisting on the first issue ; David Brewer and Justiniano worked on the illustrations . Tommy Doyle is the main protagonist in each of the issues , focusing on his attempts to kill Michael Myers . The first issue includes back story on Michael 's childhood , while the third picks up after the events of the film Halloween H20 . These comics were based on Daniel Farrand 's concept for Halloween : Resurrection ; he had been approached by the producers to pitch a follow - up to Halloween H20 . His idea was to have Tommy Doyle incarcerated at Smith 's Grove for Michael Myers ' crimes , only to escape and reunite with Lindsay Wallace . Together , they study the journals of Dr. Loomis and find out more about Michael 's childhood . The movie would have explored Michael 's time at Smith 's Grove and his relationship with Dr. Loomis , before returning to Tommy and Lindsay , who are attacked by the adult Michael Myers . Upon defeating him and removing his mask , they discover Laurie Strode , who has taken over her brother 's mantle . Farrand 's logic was that , since Jamie Lee Curtis was contracted to cameo in Halloween : Resurrection , they should make that cameo as significant and surprising as possible . Although the studio did not follow up on his pitch , Farrands was able to tell his story in comic book form . One Good Scare was released in 2003 ; it was written by Stefan Hutchinson and illustrated by Peter Fielding . The main character in this comic is Lindsey Wallace , the young girl who first saw Michael Myers alongside Tommy Doyle in the original 1978 film . Hutchinson wanted to bring the character back to his roots , and away from the `` lumbering Jason - clone '' the film sequels had made him . One Good Scare came about because Hutchinson wanted to produce a comic book to celebrate the series ' twenty - fifth anniversary ; it was to be sold as a collectible at a Halloween convention in South Pasadena . Due to the positive reception to One Good Scare , Hutchinson hoped to use the comic as a `` demo '' for getting a distribution deal , but was unable to do so due to rights issues . While waiting to acquire the rights to publish more Halloween comics , Stefan Hutchinson worked on the documentary Halloween : 25 Years of Terror with Malek Akkad . Together , they developed ideas for possible Halloween stories that would be `` connected into a larger tale , so the idea was that it would use the serial aspect of comic books to create different storylines than would be possible in the films . '' On July 25 , 2006 , as an insert inside the DVD release of Halloween : 25 Years of Terror , Hutchinson released Halloween : Autopsis . Written by Hutchinson , and artwork by Marcus Smith and Nick Dismas , the story is about a photographer assigned to take pictures of Michael Myers . As the photographer , Carter , follows Dr. Loomis he begins to take on Loomis 's obsession himself , until finally meeting Michael Myers in person , which results in his death . `` A lot of readers found in the comic books what they had been missing from the films in the later sequels . Our books are very faithful to the source material , and by that we mean the original film itself . In our stories , Michael Myers is very much again `` The Shape '' -- the undefined bogeyman of 1978 , rather than the family killer of the 80s and 90s . '' -- Stefan Hutchinson on the fan support of his Halloween comic book series . Rob Zombie 's reboot of the film series ensured that any Halloween comics would not be contradicted by upcoming films , allowing Hutchinson creative freedom . Malek Akkad was approached by Devil 's Due Publishing with the possibility of producing a line of Halloween comics , and he and Hutchinson worked to make them a reality . Hutchinson was convinced by the strong support of One Good Scare that the comic books would have an audience . In 2008 , Stefan Hutchinson released the first issue of his new comic book , Halloween : Nightdance . This is a four - issue miniseries , and it does not contain any characters -- other than Michael -- from the films . The four issues are titled , `` A Shape in the Void '' , `` The Silent Clown '' , `` A Rainbow in One Color '' , and `` When the Stars Came Crashing Down '' . The first issue , `` A Shape in the Void '' , takes place on October 31 , 2000 , so that it falls between Halloween H20 and Halloween : Resurrection . Issue one follows Michael as he stalks Lisa , an eighteen - year - old girl with insecurities and `` a chronic fear of darkness '' . Hutchinson explains that Nightdance was an attempt to escape the dense continuity of the film series and recreate the tone of the 1978 film . Michael becomes inexplicably fixated on Lisa , just as he did with Laurie in the original Halloween , before the sequels established that a sibling bond was actually his motivation for stalking her . The aim was to once again establish Michael Myers as a `` credible and dangerous force '' . August 2008 saw the release of Devil 's Due 's Halloween : 30 Years of Terror to celebrate the thirtieth anniversary of the Halloween franchise . This comic book one - shot is a collection of short stories inspired by John Carpenter 's original . `` Trick or Treat '' features the MacKenzies , unseen characters from the first film who Tommy and Lindsey run to for help . `` P.O.V. '' shows a murder from the point of view of both Michael and his victim , `` Visiting Hours '' sees Laurie Strode reflecting on how her life could have been had her brother never found her in 1978 , while `` Tommy and the Boogeyman '' reveals that Tommy Doyle grew up to write comic books featuring Michael Myers . In the final story , `` Repetition Compulsion '' , Dr. Loomis tries to predict where Michael will strike next on Halloween 1989 . Writer Hutchinson explains that H30 came about because , unlike previous decades , there was no Halloween film coming out in 2008 to acknowledge the occasion . Devil 's Due released the three - issue miniseries Halloween : The First Death of Laurie Strode in late 2008 . Written by Hutchinson with artwork from Jeff Zornow , the story bridges the gap between Halloween II and Halloween H20 by focusing on Laurie Strode in the aftermath of the 1978 murders . Hutchinson explains that Laurie is `` trying to get better and trying to repair , but where do you even start after going through such horror ? How do you even try to resume normality when you do n't know what that is anymore ? '' Although Michael appears in the series , it is not clear whether he is real or if the traumatised Laurie is seeing things . Hutchinson is not a fan of the revelation that Laurie and Michael are siblings and took steps to address that problem in the story . He wanted to avoid the `` bloodline plot of the middle sequels '' , which he felt demystified the character of the Shape , and approach the story so that `` it becomes almost incidental that she 's his sister '' . Hutchinson believed that Laurie Strode 's evolution into Keri Tate was fertile ground for a storyline ; he says , `` it 's not the faking of the death that 's interesting at all , but it 's the fall that leads to that happening . The faked death is just simple mechanics and can be covered in a sentence , but the state of mind and events leading to that are full of rich character and dramatic potential . '' Online stories ( edit ) All of Stefan Hutchinson 's Halloween comic books take place in the Halloween H20 timeline , which retconned Halloween 4 -- 6 from continuity . Hutchinson comments that , while the retcon was unpopular with `` a lot of fans '' for ignoring previous movies , he preferred the `` simplicity of this storyline , over the needlessly convoluted mythology that the last three films had created '' . However , he admits that one of the downsides of the H20 timeline is that fans do not know exactly what happened to Dr. Sam Loomis after Halloween II . To remedy this , Hutchinson pitched Halloween : Sam as a way of paying tribute to the character . Written by Hutchinson and featuring illustrations from Autopsis ' Marcus Smith , Sam is a prose short story available exclusively for download at the website HalloweenComics.com . It explores the life of Dr. Loomis , including his backstory and relationship with Elizabeth Worthington , a journalist he met during World War II . In 1995 , Michael Myers visits the ailing Dr. Loomis in a hospital and murders Elizabeth in front of him . Loomis attempts to stop him , but dies of a coronary failure . Merchandise ( edit ) In 1983 , Wizard Video , who had also released a video game version of The Texas Chainsaw Massacre , released a Halloween game for the Atari 2600 . In the game , the player is a babysitter who has to protect her children from Michael Myers , who has managed to get inside the house . Although the game is called Halloween , and features the film 's theatrical poster as its cover art as well as the movie 's main music theme , the game itself never refers to any characters , including the killer , by their names in the film . The Halloween franchise has also seen profitability through various merchandise like toys , dolls , statues , model kits , bobbleheads , snow globes , movie posters , masks , T - shirts , hats , and more . Michael Myers has made appearances in the form of dolls and toys from McFarlane Toys , Mezco Toyz , Sideshow Collectibles and NECA . Even Dr. Loomis has been immortalized in plastic alongside Michael Myers in a two - figure set produced by NECA . The Michael Myers mask has been reproduced over the years by Don Post , the mask company responsible for the creation of the masks from several of the Halloween films ( the Silver Shamrock novelty factory seen in Halloween III was actually shot on location in one of Don Post 's factories ) . While Don Post reproductions of the Michael Myers mask are still commonly found in costume stores every Halloween , the license to produce Michael Myers masks has since been given to Cinema Secrets , the company commissioned with the creation of the Michael Myers mask for Halloween : Resurrection . As of 2012 , Universal Pictures has granted license to Trick or Treat Studios to produce two versions of the Michael Myers mask from Halloween II , one `` clean '' version and one with the famous `` blood tears '' . Many versions of the original Halloween as well as several of its sequels have been released on DVD and Blu - ray by Anchor Bay Entertainment , Universal Pictures and Dimension Films . In December 2007 , there were reports that the Producer 's Cut of Halloween : The Curse of Michael Myers might get a DVD release in the future . Following the first Blu - ray release of the original Halloween , all other films in the series were subsequently released to Blu - ray , as well . Home video distributors Anchor Bay Entertainment and Scream Factory released Halloween : The Complete Collection to Blu - ray on September 23 , 2014 . This box set brings together all ten Halloween films released to date . Two versions of The Complete Collection were released : a standard 10 - disc set featuring the first eight original films of the series and Rob Zombie 's 2007 and 2009 remakes , and a `` Limited Edition '' 15 - disc set , containing the ten films on ten discs , and five extra discs featuring the television versions of Halloween and Halloween II , the never - before released Halloween 6 : The Producer 's Cut , a bonus disc to Rob Zombie 's Halloween , and a bonus disc containing all - new special features from all ten films . The box set won the 2015 Saturn Award for Best DVD / BD Collection Release . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Every Halloween Series Movie Ranked '' . Retrieved 2018 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ Carpenter , John ( Writer / Director ) and Debra Hill ( Writer ) ( 1978 ) . Halloween ( DVD ) . United States : Compass International Pictures . Jump up ^ Rosenthal , Rick ( Director ) , John Carpenter , and Debra Hill ( Writers ) ( 1981 ) . Halloween II ( DVD ) . United States : Universal Pictures . Jump up ^ Wallace , Tommy Lee ( Writer / Director ) ( 1982 ) . Halloween III : Season of the Witch ( DVD ) . United States : Universal Pictures . Jump up ^ Little , Dwight ( Director ) and Allan McElroy ( Writer ) ( 1988 ) . Halloween 4 : The Return of Michael Myers ( DVD ) . United States : Galaxy International Releasing . Jump up ^ Othenin - Girard , Dominique ( Director ) , Michael Jacobs , Dominique Othenin - Girard , and Shem Bitterman ( Writers ) ( 1989 ) . Halloween 5 : The Revenge of Michael Myers ( DVD ) . United States : Galaxy International Releasing . Jump up ^ Chappelle , Joe ( Director ) and Daniel Farrands ( Writer ) ( 1995 ) . Halloween : The Curse of Michael Myers ( DVD ) . United States : Miramax Films . Jump up ^ Miner , Steve ( Director ) , Robert Zapia , and Matt Greenberg ( Writers ) ( 1998 ) . Halloween H20 : 20 Years Later ( DVD ) . United States : Dimension Films . Jump up ^ Rosenthal , Rick ( Director ) , Larry Brand , and Sean Hood ( Writers ) ( 2002 ) . Halloween : Resurrection ( DVD ) . United States : Dimension Films . Jump up ^ Zombie , Rob ( Writer / Director ) ( 2007 ) . Halloween ( DVD ) . United States : Dimension Films . Jump up ^ Rob Zombie ( writer / director ) ( 2009 ) . Halloween II ( 2009 film ) ( DVD ) . Dimension Films . ^ Jump up to : `` Behind the Scenes '' . Halloween Movies . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 26 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` John Carpenter interview '' . Halloween Movies . Halloween Movies . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 26 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Halloween Filming Locations '' . Seeing Stars . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Debra Hill interview '' . Fangoria . Halloween Movies . Archived from the original on 2012 - 06 - 29 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ Carlomagno , Ellen ( October 1982 ) . `` Halloween III : Season of the Witch : An On - The - Set Report On The Ambitious Sequel to Carpenter 's Classic ! '' . Fangoria ( 22 ) : 8 . Jump up ^ `` Behind the Scenes of Halloween III '' . Halloween Movies . Archived from the original on 2012 - 09 - 06 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` New Halloween film '' . Halloween Movies . 2006 - 06 - 04 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 03 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Halloween : On Set With Director Rob Zombie ! '' . Bloody Disgusting. 2007 - 03 - 19 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 08 - 26 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Rob Zombie to Re-Make Halloween '' . The Gauntlet. 2006 - 06 - 04 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Rob '' . Halloween Movies . 2006 - 06 - 16 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 03 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Evil Reborn : Zombie resurrects a horror classic '' . MTV . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Zombie Kills ' Halloween ' Theme Song , Revokes Myers ' Driver 's License '' . MTV . 2007 - 03 - 07 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ Kevin Powers ( 2008 - 11 - 03 ) . `` More Details on the Sequel to Rob Zombie 's Halloween '' . Dead Central . First Showing . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ Michael Fleming ( 2008 - 12 - 15 ) . `` Zombie making ' Halloween ' sequel '' . Variety . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ Scott Collura . `` Exclusive : The Shape of H2 ( page 2 ) '' . IGN . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ Scott Collura . `` Exclusive : The Shape of H2 ( page 3 ) '' . IGN . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Rob Zombie Says ' Never ' to Halloween 3 '' . Screen Rant. 27 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Adam Chitwood ( 8 March 2012 ) . `` HALLOWEEN 3D Removed from 2012 Release Schedule '' . Collider . ^ Jump up to : Dave McNary ( 15 June 2015 ) . `` ' Halloween Returns ' to Resurrect Michael Myers With New Director '' . Screen Rant . ^ Jump up to : Cameron Bonomolo ( 9 June 2018 ) . `` The ' Halloween ' Timeline Explained '' . Comic Book . com . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( 2017 - 02 - 09 ) . `` Halloween & Down ? David Gordon Green To Direct New Franchise Take , Pen Script With Danny McBride '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Danny McBride on ' Halloween ' : ' I just hope that we do n't f * * * it up and piss people off ' '' . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ Daw , Robbie ( 2017 - 10 - 09 ) . `` Q&A : John Carpenter Talks New Album Anthology & The Upcoming Halloween Sequel '' . Stereogum . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ Bierly , Mandi ( 2017 - 11 - 13 ) . `` Danny McBride on ' Halloween ' : ' I just hope that we do n't f * * * it up and piss people off ' '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 14 . McBride is keeping mum on plot details , however , other than to confirm what 's already out there . `` We 're kind of ignoring all the films past the first one , '' he says . `` It picks up after the first one , but it 's sort of an alternate reality . It 's as if the first Halloween ended in a slightly different way . '' Jump up ^ `` Judy Greer In Talks To Join Jamie Lee Curtis In ' Halloween ' Reboot '' . Deadline. 2017 - 10 - 02 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Andi Matichak Cast in the 2018 HALLOWEEN Film Nightmare on Film Street '' . Nightmare on Film Street . 2017 - 12 - 08 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` John Carpenter Discusses Movie Themes Anthology , Directorial Career & Overcoming Stage Fright '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` The ' Halloween ' Reboot Will Bring Back the Original Michael Myers Actor '' . Collider. 2017 - 12 - 20 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` ( SPOILER ALERT ! ) First Behind - The - Scenes Photos of New HALLOWEEN Movie Nightmare on Film Street '' . Nightmare on Film Street . January 28 , 2018 . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Turek , Ryan ( February 19 , 2018 ) . `` Ryan Turek on Instagram '' . Instagram . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ James Berardinelli . `` Review of Halloween '' . ReelViews.com . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Dan Wyman 's faculty website '' . San José State University . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Alan Howarth biography '' . HalloweenMovies.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 06 - 29 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` '' More of the Night He Came Home `` , review of Halloween II '' . BBC Collective. 2003 - 10 - 23 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Composing for horror : The Halloween soundtrack '' . Hitsquad . Archived from the original on 2008 - 07 - 05 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ Baird , Robert ( Spring 2000 ) . `` The Startle Effect : Implications for Spectator Cognition and Media Theory '' . Film Quarterly . 53 ( 3 ) : 12 -- 24 . doi : 10.1525 / fq. 2000.53. 3.04 a00030 . Jump up ^ `` Soundtrack of Halloween III '' . HalloweenMovies.com . Archived from the original on 2006 - 09 - 26 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Alan Howarth interview '' . TheOfficialJohnCarpenter.com . Archived from the original on 2008 - 05 - 09 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Resume '' . paulrabjohns.com . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Blood is Thicker Than Water -- The Making of Halloween : H20 . Halloween : The Complete Collection ( Blu - ray ) format = requires url = ( help ) . Scream Factory . 2014 . Jump up ^ Halloween : Resurrection Music Review at Music from the Movies Archived 2008 - 10 - 29 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ AllMusic : Halloween ( 2007 ) soundtrack review Jump up ^ `` Halloween box office rankings '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th box office ranking '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` A Nightmare on Elm Street box office rankings '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` The Hannibal Lecter series box office rankings '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Saw box office rankings '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Scream box office rankings '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Psycho box office rankings '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` The Texas Chainsaw Massacre box office rankings '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Child 's Play box office rankings '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Halloween ( 1978 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Halloween : Behind the Scenes '' . Trancas International Films . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 26 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Halloween II ( 1981 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Halloween III : Season of the Witch '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Halloween 4 : The Return of Michael Myers ( 1988 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Halloween 5 ( 1989 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Halloween : The Curse of Michael Myers ( 1995 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Halloween : H20 ( 1998 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Halloween : Resurrection ( 2002 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Halloween ( 2007 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Boo ! ' Halloween ' scares up record 4 - day debut '' . MSNBC. 2007 - 09 - 03 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Halloween 2 ( 2009 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Halloween ( 2018 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved October 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Halloween : The Inside Story Premiere Date Set ! '' . DreadCentral . Jump up ^ Richards , Curtis ( October 1979 ) . Halloween . Bantam Books . ISBN 0 - 553 - 13226 - 1 . Jump up ^ Etchison , Dennis ( 1981 - 11 - 01 ) . Halloween II ( novel ) . Zebra Publishing . ISBN 0 - 89083 - 864 - X . Jump up ^ Grabowsky , Nicholas ( October 1988 ) . Halloween IV ( novel ) . Critics Choice Paperbacks / Lorevan Publishing . ISBN 1 - 55547 - 292 - 3 . Jump up ^ Squires , John . `` The Official Novelization for This Year 's ' Halloween ' Slashes Onto Bookshelves in October '' . Bloody-Disgusting.com . Retrieved October 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Kelly O'Rourke '' . Halloween Movies . 2006 - 01 - 05 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 25 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ O'Rourke , Kelly ( 1997 - 10 - 01 ) . The Scream Factory ( Halloween , Book 1 ) . Berkley Books . ISBN 1 - 57297 - 298 - X . Jump up ^ O'Rourke , Kelly ( 1997 - 12 - 01 ) . The Old Myers Place ( Halloween , Book 2 ) . Berkley Books . ISBN 1 - 57297 - 341 - 2 . Jump up ^ O'Rourke , Kelly ( 1998 - 02 - 01 ) . The Mad House ( Halloween , Book 3 ) . Berkley Books . ISBN 1 - 57297 - 342 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Halloween -- Michael Myers comic book titles '' . Movie Maniacs Comic Books . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Daniel Farrands interview '' . Icons of Fright. 2005 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Arrow interviews Stefan Hutchinson '' . Arrow in the Head . 2003 - 11 - 28 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` Exclusive ! We Stalk the Latest ' Halloween ' Comics '' . Fear Net . 2008 - 09 - 26 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Halloween : Autopsis '' . Bloody Disgusting. 2006 - 07 - 12 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 02 - 26 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` Stefan Hutchinson talks Halloween '' . Horror Comic Book News . 2007 - 11 - 20 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Halloween : Nightdance issue titles and descriptions '' . Halloween Comics . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Halloween in February : Hutchinson and Seeley on Halloween : Nightdance '' . Newsarama. 2008 - 02 - 04 . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2009 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ Stephen Hutchinson ( w ) , Daniel Zezelj , Jim Daly , Brett Weldele , Jeffrey Zornow , Lee Ferguson , Tim Seeley ( p ) , Nick Bell , Rob Buffalo , Jeffrey Zornow , Elizabeth John ( i ) . Halloween : 30 Years of Terror ( August , 2007 ) , Devil 's Due Publishing Jump up ^ Steve Ekstrom ( 2008 - 05 - 06 ) . `` Celebrating 30 Years of Halloween '' . Newsarama . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ Steve Ekstrom ( 2008 - 08 - 18 ) . `` Hutchinson on Halloween : The First Death of Laurie Strode '' . Newsarama . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Halloween : Sam '' . HalloweenComics. 2008 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 10 - 26 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Halloween - The Atari Game '' . X-Entertainment. 2004 - 10 - 29 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Halloween Michael Myers Mcfarlane Movie Maniacs '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Halloween Movie : Michael Myers & Dr. Loomis Action Figure Box set by NECA '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Myers Costume '' . Halloween Online . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ Slobodzian , Joseph A. ( 2000 - 11 - 01 ) . `` Unmasking Copyright Companies Face Off Over Film Prop '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . p . B01 . Jump up ^ `` BREAKING NEWS : Official 2012 Michael Myers mask revealed '' . Michael-Myers.net . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` December 11 : HALLOWEEN : CURSE `` producer 's cut '' to appear ? `` . Fangoria . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ Morris , Clint ( 2007 - 12 - 12 ) . `` Curse of Michael Myers re-issued ? '' . Movie Hole . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Halloween Blu - ray Series '' . blu-ray.com . Retrieved 28 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Blu-Ray.com : Halloween : The Complete Collection Blu - Ray Jump up ^ `` Halloween : The Complete Collection Blu - ray '' . blu-ray.com . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Halloween : The Complete Collection Blu - ray Limited Deluxe Edition '' . blu-ray.com . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Academy of Science Fiction Fantasy and Horror Films '' . www.saturnawards.org . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 13 . External links ( edit ) Film portal Horror portal 1970s portal Halloween official website Halloween official comic book website Halloween at John Carpenter 's official website Halloween film series at Box Office Mojo Skylar Gahagan , `` Review of Halloween 25 Years of Terror '' , Monsters at Play Todd Gilchrist , `` Review of Halloween : 25 Years of Terror : This doc chronicles a quarter - century of Michael Myers mania '' , IGN ( August 3 , 2006 ) Halloween Films Halloween ( 1978 ) Halloween II ( 1981 ) Halloween III : Season of the Witch Halloween 4 : The Return of Michael Myers Halloween 5 : The Revenge of Michael Myers Halloween : The Curse of Michael Myers Halloween H20 : 20 Years Later Halloween : Resurrection Halloween ( 2007 ) Halloween II ( 2009 ) Halloween ( 2018 ) Characters Michael Myers Laurie Strode Samuel Loomis Jamie Lloyd Annie Brackett Music Halloween ( 1978 film soundtrack ) Halloween II Halloween III : Season of the Witch Halloween 4 : The Return of Michael Myers Related Halloween ( video game ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Halloween_(franchise)&oldid=866440198 '' Categories : Media franchises introduced in 1978 American films American independent films Films adapted into novels Films adapted into comics Films adapted into video games Halloween Halloween ( franchise ) Horror films by series Hidden categories : Pages using citations with format and no URL Webarchive template wayback links Articles with hAudio microformats Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Български Čeština Deutsch Español Français Italiano עברית 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Türkçe Українська 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 10 : 31 ( UTC ) . 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how many halloween micheal myers movies are there
[ "Halloween is an American horror franchise that consists of eleven films, as well as novels, comic books, merchandise, and a video game. The franchise primarily focuses on serial killer Michael Myers who was committed to a sanitarium as a child for the murder of his sister, Judith Myers. Fifteen years later, he escapes to stalk and kill the people of the fictional town of Haddonfield, Illinois while being chased by his former psychiatrist, Dr. Sam Loomis. Michael's killings occur on the holiday of Halloween, on which all of the films primarily take place.\n" ]
[ "eleven" ]