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-3591309329693182388 | Minimum wage in the United States | Minimum wage in the United States - Wikipedia Minimum wage in the United States This is an old revision of this page , as edited by GreenC bot ( talk contribs ) at 15 : 18 , 24 August 2017 ( Wayback Medic 2.1 ) . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this revision , which may differ significantly from the current revision . Revision as of 15 : 18 , 24 August 2017 by GreenC bot ( talk contribs ) ( Wayback Medic 2.1 ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search Main article : Minimum wage Parts of this article ( those related to 2017 changes ) need to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( January 2017 ) Minimum wage by U.S. state and territory , as of January 1 , 2016 . Versus the federal rate : Higher Same Lower No state minimum wage law The minimum wage in the United States is a network of federal , state , and local laws . Employers generally must pay workers the highest minimum wage prescribed by federal , state , and local law . As of July 2016 , the federal government mandates a nationwide minimum wage of $7.25 per hour . As of October 2016 , there are 29 states with a minimum wage higher than the federal minimum . From 2014 to 2015 , nine states increased their minimum wage levels through automatic adjustments , while increases in 11 other states occurred through referendum or legislative action . In real terms , the federal minimum wage peaked near $10.00 per hour in 1968 , using 2014 inflation - adjusted dollars . Beginning in January 2017 , Massachusetts and Washington state have the highest minimum wages in the country , at $11.00 per hour . New York City 's minimum wage will be $15.00 per hour by the end of 2018 . There is a racial difference for support of a higher minimum wage with most black and Hispanic individuals supporting a $15.00 federal minimum wage , and 54 % of whites opposing it . In 2015 , about 3 percent of White , Asian , and Hispanic or Latino workers earned the federal minimum wage or less . Among Black workers , the percentage was about 4 percent . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 20th century 1.2 Legislation , 21st century 1.3 Local ordinances 1.4 Union exemptions 2 Trends in purchasing power 3 Economic effects 3.1 Employment and job creation 3.2 Prices 3.3 Crime increase 3.4 Economic growth 3.5 Income inequality 3.6 Poverty 3.7 Federal budget deficit 4 Commentary 4.1 Economists 4.2 Politicians 5 Polls 6 List by jurisdiction 6.1 Federal 6.2 State 6.3 Territory 6.4 Federal District 7 Jobs affected , 2006 , 2009 8 See also 9 References 10 External links History 20th century This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( April 2017 ) In 1912 , Massachusetts organized a commission to recommend non-compulsory minimum wages for women and children . Within eight years , at least thirteen U.S. states and the District of Columbia would pass minimum wage laws , with pressure being placed on state legislatures by the National Consumers League in a coalition with other women 's voluntary associations and organized labor . The United States Supreme Court of the Lochner era consistently invalidated compulsory minimum wage laws . Advocates for these minimum wage laws hoped that they would be upheld under the precedent of Muller v. Oregon , which had upheld maximum working hours laws for women on the grounds that women required special protection which men did not . However , the Court did not extend this principle to minimum wage laws , considering the latter as interfering with the ability of employers to freely negotiate wage contracts with employees . No business which depends for existence on paying less than living wages to its workers has any right to continue in this country . President Franklin Delano Roosevelt , 1933 In 1933 , the Roosevelt administration made the first attempt at establishing a national minimum wage , when a $0.25 per hour standard was set as part of the National Industrial Recovery Act . However , in the 1935 court case Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States ( 295 U.S. 495 ) , the US Supreme Court declared the act unconstitutional , and the minimum wage was abolished . In 1938 , the minimum wage was re-established pursuant to the Fair Labor Standards Act , once again at $0.25 per hour ( $4.23 in 2015 dollars ) . In 1941 , the Supreme Court upheld the Fair Labor Standards Act in United States v. Darby Lumber Co. , holding that Congress had the power under the Commerce Clause to regulate employment conditions . The 1938 minimum wage law only applied to `` employees engaged in interstate commerce or in the production of goods for interstate commerce , '' but in amendments in 1961 and 1966 , the federal minimum wage was extended ( with slightly different rates ) to employees in large retail and service enterprises , local transportation and construction , state and local government employees , as well as other smaller expansions ; a grandfather clause in 1990 drew most employees into the purview of federal minimum wage policy , which now set the wage at $3.80 . Legislation , 21st century In 2006 , voters in six states ( Arizona , Colorado , Missouri , Montana , Nevada , and Ohio ) approved statewide increases in the state minimum wage . The amounts of these increases ranged from $1 to $1.70 per hour and all increases were designed to annually index to inflation . Some politicians in the United States have advocated linking the minimum wage to the Consumer Price Index , thereby increasing the wage automatically each year based on increases to the Consumer Price Index . So far , Ohio , Oregon , Missouri , Vermont and Washington have linked their minimum wages to the consumer price index . Minimum wage indexing also takes place each year in Florida , San Francisco , California , and Santa Fe , New Mexico . The federal minimum wage in the United States was reset to its current rate of $7.25 per hour in July 2009 . Some U.S. territories ( such as American Samoa ) are exempt . Some types of labor are also exempt : employers may pay tipped labor a minimum of $2.13 per hour , as long as the hour wage plus tip income equals at least the minimum wage . Persons under the age of 20 may be paid $4.25 an hour for the first 90 calendar days of employment ( sometimes known as a youth , teen , or training wage ) unless a higher state minimum exists . The 2009 increase was the last of three steps of the Fair Minimum Wage Act of 2007 , which was signed into law as a rider to the U.S. Troop Readiness , Veterans ' Care , Katrina Recovery , and Iraq Accountability Appropriations Act , 2007 , a bill that also contained almost $5 billion in tax cuts for small businesses . In April 2014 , the U.S. Senate debated the Minimum Wage Fairness Act ( S. 1737 ; 113th Congress ) . The bill would have amended the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 ( FLSA ) to increase the federal minimum wage for employees to $10.10 per hour over the course of a two - year period . The bill was strongly supported by President Barack Obama and many of the Democratic Senators , but strongly opposed by Republicans in the Senate and House . Later in 2014 , voters in the Republican - controlled states of Alaska , Arkansas , Nebraska and South Dakota considered ballot initiatives to raise the minimum wage above the national rate of $7.25 per hour , which were successful in all 4 states . The results provided evidence that raising minimum wage has support across party lines . Since 2012 , a growing protest and advocacy movement called `` Fight for $15 '' , initially growing out of fast food worker strikes , has advocated for an increase in the minimum wage . On March 27 , 2014 , Connecticut passed legislation to raise the minimum wage from $8.70 to $10.10 by 2017 , making it one of about six states to aim at or above $10.00 per hour . In 2014 and 2015 , several cities , including San Francisco , Seattle , Los Angeles , and Washington passed ordinances that gradually increase the minimum wage to $15.00 . In 2016 , New York and California passed legislation that would gradually raise the minimum wage to $15 in each state . As of 2017 , recent legislation was passed in multiple states to raise the minimum wage a certain amount in a certain amount of time . California is set to raise their minimum wage to $15.00 / hour by January 1 , 2023 . Colorado is set to raise their minimum wage from $9.30 / hour to $12 / hour by January 1 , 2020 , raising $0.90 per year . Seattle passed legislation in 2015 for a raise in minimum wage ; for employers of 500 or more employees without heath benefits , the minimum wage will be raised to $15.00 / hour by 2017 , for employees with heath benefits , the minimum wage will raise to $15.00 / hour by 2018 , for smaller employees the $15.00 / hour wage will be reached at different times . Seattle is one of the first cities to put in place a plan that after $15.00 / hour wage is reached , they will continue to increase minimum wage by a certain percentage every year based on inflation changes . New York has also recently passed legislation to increase their minimum wage to $15.00 / hour over time , certain counties and larger companies are set on faster plans than others . As there have only been a few places mentioned , cities and states across the United States are putting in place certain legislation to increase the minimum wage for minimum wage workers to a livable wage . Time will only tell the effects on the economy and number of jobs in those cities and states . Local ordinances On June 2 , 2014 , the City Council of Seattle , Washington passed a local ordinance to increase the minimum wage of the city to $15.00 per hour , giving the city the highest minimum wage in the United States , which will be phased in over seven years , to be fully implemented by 2021 . A growing number of California cities have enacted local minimum wage ordinances , including Los Angeles , San Francisco , Oakland , Berkeley , Emeryville , Mountain View , Richmond , and San Jose . In September 2014 , the Los Angeles City Council approved a minimum salary for hotel workers of $15.37 per hour . In April 2016 , The Los Angeles Times reported that there is an exemption for unionised workers , and interviewed longtime workers at unionised Sheraton Universal who make $10.00 per hour , whereas non-union employees at a non-union Hilton a few feet away make at least the $15.37 mandated by law for non-unionised employees . Similar exemptions have been adopted in San Francisco , San Jose , Oakland , and Santa Monica . San Francisco is expected to become the first U.S. city to reach a minimum wage of $15.00 per hour on July 1 , 2018 , . The minimum wage in Los Angeles and Washington , D.C. , will be $15.00 per hour in 2020 . On August 18 , 2015 , the El Cerrito City Council directed city staff to draft a local minimum wage ordinance based on a template provided by a coalition for a county - wide minimum wage effort . The details are not final , but the Council discussed an initial increase of roughly 28 -- 36 % ( $11.52 -- $12.25 or more ) by January 1 , 2016 , with annual increases that will result in a $15.00 hourly wage rate by 2018 -- 2020 . The Council did not direct staff to create small business exemptions ( or any other exemptions ) , but a slower phase - in rate may be considered for employees of small businesses . The city will have outreach for residents and business owners to discuss the details of the proposed ordinance . Staff hopes to present a draft for The Council 's approval as early as October or November 2015 . Union exemptions As of December 2014 , unions were exempt from recent minimum wage increases in Chicago , Illinois , SeaTac , Washington , and Milwaukee County , Wisconsin , as well as the California cities of Los Angeles , San Francisco , Long Beach , San Jose , Richmond , and Oakland . In 2016 , the Washington , D.C. Council passed a minimum wage ordinance that included a union waiver , but Mayor Vincent Gray vetoed it . Later that year , the council approved an increase without the union waiver . Trends in purchasing power History of the federal minimum wage in real 2013 dollars and nominal dollars . Since its inception the purchasing power of the minimum wage has fluctuated . The minimum wage had its highest purchasing power in 1968 , when it was $1.60 per hour ( $11.49 in 2017 dollars ) . From January 1981 to April 1990 , the minimum wage was frozen at $3.35 per hour , then a record - setting minimum wage freeze . From September 1 , 1997 through July 23 , 2007 , the federal minimum wage remained constant at $5.15 per hour , breaking the old record . From the United States Department of Labor . Employment Standards Administration . Wage and Hour Division , the source page has a clickable US map with current and projected state - by - state minimum wage rates for each state . Some government entities , such as counties and cities , observe minimum wages that are higher than the state as a whole . One notable example of this is Santa Fe , New Mexico , whose $9.50 per hour minimum wage was the highest in the nation , until San Francisco increased its minimum wage to $9.79 in 2009 . Another device to increase wages , living wage ordinances , generally apply only to businesses that are under contract to the local government itself . Since 1984 , the purchasing power of the federal minimum wage has decreased . Measured in real terms ( adjusted for inflation ) using 1984 dollars , the real minimum wage was $3.35 in 1984 , $2.33 in 1994 , $1.84 in 2004 , and $1.46 in 2014 . If the minimum wage had been raised to $10.10 in 2014 , that would have equated to $4.40 in 1984 dollars . This would have been equal to a 31 % increase in purchasing power , despite the nominal value of the minimum wage increasing by 216 % in the same time period . Economic effects The economic effects of raising the minimum wage are controversial . Adjusting the minimum wage may affect current and future levels of employment , prices of goods and services , economic growth , income inequality and poverty . The interconnection of price levels , central bank policy , wage agreements , and total aggregate demand creates a situation in which the conclusions drawn from macroeconomic analysis are highly influenced by the underlying assumptions of the interpreter . Employment and job creation Further information : Unemployment in the United States CBO table with projections of the effects of minimum wage increases on employment and income , under two scenarios The law of demand states that -- all else being equal -- raising the price of any particular good or service will reduce the quantity demanded . Thus , neoclassical economics argues that -- all else being equal -- raising in the minimum wage will have adverse affects on employment . Conceptually , if an employer does not believe a worker generates value equal to or in excess of the minimum wage , that worker will not be hired or retained . Empirical work on fast food workers in the 1990s challenged the neoclassical model . In 1994 , economists David Card and Alan Krueger studied employment trends among 410 restaurants in New Jersey and eastern Pennsylvania following New Jersey 's minimum wage hike ( from $4.25 to $5.05 ) in April 1992 . They found `` no indication that the rise in the minimum wage reduced employment . '' However , a 1995 re-analysis of the evidence by David Neumark found that the increase in New Jersey 's minimum wage actually resulted in a 4.6 % decrease in employment . Neumark 's study relied on payroll records from a sample of large fast - food restaurant chains , whereas the Card - Krueger study relied on business surveys . Additional research conducted by David Neumark and William Wascher ( which surveyed over 100 studies related to the employment effects of minimum wages ) found that the majority of peer - reviewed economic research ( about two - thirds ) showed a positive correlation between minimum wage hikes and increased unemployment -- especially for young and unskilled workers . Neumark 's analysis further found that , when looking at only the most credible research , 85 % of studies showed a positive correlation between minimum wage hikes and increased unemployment . In February 2014 , the Congressional Budget Office ( CBO ) reported the theoretical effects of a federal minimum wage increase under two scenarios : an increase to $9.00 and an increase to $10.10 . According to the report , approximately 100,000 jobs would be lost under the $9.00 option , whereas 500,000 jobs would be lost under the $10.10 option ( with a wide range of possible outcomes ) . A 2013 Center for Economic and Policy Research ( CEPR ) review of multiple studies since 2000 indicated that there was `` little or no employment response to modest increases in the minimum wage . '' Another CEPR study in 2014 found that job creation within the United States is faster within states that raised their minimum wage . In 2014 , the state with the highest minimum wage in the nation , Washington , exceeded the national average for job growth in the United States . A 2012 study led by Joseph Sabia , professor of economics at the University of New Hampshire , estimated that the 2004 - 6 New York State minimum wage increase ( from $5.15 to $6.75 ) resulted in a 20.2 % to 21.8 % reduction in employment for less - skilled , less - educated workers . Another study conducted by Joseph Sabia , then an assistant professor at American University , found that minimum wages were ineffective at alleviating poverty for single mothers . The study further concluded that a 10 % increase in the minimum wage was associated with an 8.8 % reduction in employment and an 11.8 % reduction in hours for uneducated single mothers . Research conducted by Richard Burkhauser , professor emeritus of Policy Analysis at Cornell University , concluded that minimum wage increases `` significantly reduce the employment of the most vulnerable groups in the working - age population -- young adults without a high school degree ( aged 20 - 24 ) , young black adults and teenagers ( aged 16 - 24 ) , and teenagers ( aged 16 - 19 ) . '' A 2007 study by Daniel Aaronson and Eric French concluded that a 10 % increase in the minimum wage decreased low - skill employment by 2 - 4 % and total restaurant employment by 1 - 3 % . The Economist wrote in December 2013 : `` A minimum wage , providing it is not set too high , could thus boost pay with no ill effects on jobs ... Some studies find no harm to employment from federal or state minimum wages , others see a small one , but none finds any serious damage ... High minimum wages , however , particularly in rigid labour markets , do appear to hit employment . France has the rich world 's highest wage floor , at more than 60 % of the median for adults and a far bigger fraction of the typical wage for the young . This helps explain why France also has shockingly high rates of youth unemployment : 26 % for 15 - to 24 - year - olds . '' Prices Conceptually -- all else being equal -- raising the minimum wage will increase the cost of labor . Thus , employers may accept lower profits , raise their prices , or both . If prices increase , consumers may demand a lesser quantity of the product , substitute other products , or switch to imported products . Marginal producers ( those who are barely profitable enough to survive ) may be forced out of business if they can not raise their prices sufficiently to offset the higher cost of labor . Whether the increased income of the workers benefiting from the minimum wage increase can offset these effects is debatable . Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago research from 2007 has shown that restaurant prices rise in response to minimum wage increases . Crime increase A 2016 White House report based on `` back of envelope calculations and literature review '' argued that higher hourly wages led to less crime . A report by the Council of Economic Advisers claimed that `` raising the minimum wage reduces crime by 3 to 5 percent . '' To get those numbers , the study assumed that `` such a minimum wage increase would have no employment impacts , with an employment elasticity of 0.1 the benefits would be somewhat lower . '' However , In a 1987 journal article based on actual study data , Masanori Hashimoto noted that minimum wage hikes lead to increased levels of property crime in areas affected by the minimum wage after its increase . According to the article , by decreasing employment in poor communities , total legal trade and production are curtailed . The report also claimed that in order to compensate for the decrease in legal avenues for production and consumption , poor communities increasingly turn to illegal trade and activity . Economic growth Whether growth ( GDP , a measure of both income and production ) increases or decreases depends significantly on whether the income shifted from owners to workers results in an overall higher level of spending . The tendency of a consumer to spend their next dollar is referred to as the marginal propensity to consume or MPC . The transfer of income from higher income owners ( who tend to save more , meaning a lower MPC ) to lower income workers ( who tend to save less , with a higher MPC ) can actually lead to an increase in total consumption and higher demand for goods , leading to increased employment . Recent research has shown that higher wages lead to greater productivity . The CBO reported in February 2014 that income ( GDP ) overall would be marginally higher after raising the minimum wage , indicating a small net positive increase in growth . Raising the minimum wage to $10.10 and indexing it to inflation would result in a net $2 billion increase in income during the second half of 2016 , while raising it to $9.00 and not indexing it would result in a net $1 billion increase in income . Income inequality Further information : Income inequality in the United States Minimum wage levels in developed economies as a share of median full - time wage . The relative minimum wage ratio in the U.S. is shown in red . An increase in the minimum wage is a form of redistribution from higher - income persons ( business owners or `` capital '' ) to lower income persons ( workers or `` labor '' ) and therefore should reduce income inequality . The CBO estimated in February 2014 that raising the minimum wage under either scenario described above would improve income inequality . Families with income more than 6 times the poverty threshold would see their incomes fall ( due in part to their business profits declining with higher employee costs ) , while families with incomes below that threshold would rise . Poverty Among hourly - paid workers In 2016 , 701,000 earned the federal minimum wage and about 1.5 million earned wages below the minimum . Together , these 2.2 million workers represented 2.7 % of all hourly - paid workers . CBO estimated in February 2014 that raising the minimum wage would reduce the number of persons below the poverty income threshold by 900,000 under the $10.10 option versus 300,000 under the $9.00 option . Research conducted by David Neumark and colleagues found that minimum wages are associated with reductions in the hours and employment of low - wage workers . A separate study by the same researchers found that minimum wages tend to increase the proportion of families with incomes below or near the poverty line . Similarly , a 2002 study led by Richard Vedder , professor of economics at Ohio University , concluded that `` The empirical evidence is strong that minimum wages have had little or no effect on poverty in the U.S. Indeed , the evidence is stronger that minimum wages occasionally increase poverty ... '' Federal budget deficit The CBO reported in February 2014 that `` ( T ) he net effect on the federal budget of raising the minimum wage would probably be a small decrease in budget deficits for several years but a small increase in budget deficits thereafter . It is unclear whether the effect for the coming decade as a whole would be a small increase or a small decrease in budget deficits . '' On the cost side , the report cited higher wages paid by the government to some of its employees along with higher costs for certain procured goods and services . This might be offset by fewer government benefits paid , as some workers with higher incomes would receive fewer government transfer payments . On the revenue side , some would pay higher taxes and others less . Commentary Economists Effective Minimum Wage Adjusted for Cost of Living for Select U.S. Cities ( 2015 ) City Effective minimum wage Seattle $8.51 Denver $7.57 Houston $7.26 United States $7.25 San Francisco $7.03 Chicago $7.01 Boston $6.59 Washington , D.C. $6.53 Los Angeles $6.38 Atlanta $5.15 New York City $3.86 According to a survey conducted by economist Greg Mankiw , 79 % of economists agreed that `` a minimum wage increases unemployment among young and unskilled workers . '' A 2015 survey conducted by the University of New Hampshire Survey Center found that a majority of economists believed raising the minimum wage to $15 per hour would have negative effects on youth employment levels ( 83 % ) , adult employment levels ( 52 % ) , and the number of jobs available ( 76 % ) . Additionally , 67 % of economists surveyed believed that a $15 minimum wage would make it harder for small businesses with less than 50 employees to stay in business . A 2006 survey conducted by Robert Whaples , professor of economics at Wake Forest University , found that , among the economists surveyed , opinions about the minimum wage were as follows : 46.8 % favored eliminating it 14.3 % favored keeping it the same 1.3 % favored decreasing it 5.2 % favored increasing it by about 50 cents per hour 15.6 % favored increasing it by about $1 per hour 16.9 % favored increasing it by more than $1 per hour In 2014 , over 600 economists signed a letter in support of a $10.10 minimum wage increase with research suggesting that a minimum wage increase could have a small stimulative effect on the economy as low - wage workers spend their additional earnings , raising demand and job growth . Also , seven recipients of the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences were among 75 economists endorsing an increase in the minimum wage for U.S. workers and said `` the weight '' of economic research shows higher pay does n't lead to fewer jobs . According to a February 2013 survey of the University of Chicago IGM Forum , which includes approximately 40 economists : 34 % agreed with the statement that `` Raising the federal minimum wage to $9 per hour would make it noticeably harder for low - skilled workers to find employment '' , with 32 % disagreeing and 24 % uncertain 42 % agreed that `` ... raising the minimum wage to $9 per hour and indexing it to inflation ... would be a desirable policy '' , with 11 % disagreeing or strongly disagreeing and 32 % uncertain . According to a fall 2000 survey conducted by Fuller and Geide - Stevenson , 73.5 % ( 27.9 % of which agreed with provisos ) of American economists surveyed agreed that minimum wage laws increase unemployment among unskilled and young workers , while 26.5 % disagreed with the statement . Economist Paul Krugman advocated raising the minimum wage moderately in 2013 , citing several reasons , including : The minimum wage was below its 1960s purchasing power , despite a near doubling of productivity ; The great preponderance of the evidence indicates there is no negative impact on employment from moderate increases ; and A high level of public support , specifically Democrats and Republican women . Politicians Former President Bill Clinton advocated raising the minimum wage in 2014 : `` I think we ought to raise the minimum wage because it does n't just raise wages for the three or four million people who are directly affected by it , it bumps the wage structure everywhere ... The estimates are that 35 million Americans would get a pay raise if the federal minimum wage was raised ... If you ( raise the minimum wage ) in a phased way , it always creates jobs . Why ? Because people who make the minimum wage or near it are struggling to get by , they spend every penny they make , they turn it over in the economy , they create jobs , they create opportunity , and they take better care of their children . It 's just the right thing to do , but it 's also very good economics . '' Polls The Pew Center reported in January 2014 that 73 % of Americans supported raising the minimum wage from $7.25 to $10 . By party , 53 % of Republicans and 90 % of Democrats favored this action . Pew found a racial difference for support of a higher minimum wage in 2017 with most blacks and Hispanics supporting a $15.00 federal minimum wage , and 54 % of whites opposing it . A Lake Research Partners poll in February 2012 found the following : Strong support overall for raising the minimum wage , with 73 % of likely voters supporting an increase to $10 and indexing it to inflation during 2014 , including 58 % who strongly support the action ; Support crosses party lines , with support from 91 % of Democrats , 74 % of Independents , and 50 % of Republicans ; and A majority ( 56 % ) believe that raising the minimum wage will help the economy , with 16 % believing it wo n't make a difference . Only 21 % felt it would hurt the economy . List by jurisdiction This is a list of the minimum wages ( per hour ) in each state and territory of the United States , for jobs covered by federal minimum wage laws . If the job is not subject to the federal Fair Labor Standards Act , then state , city , or other local laws may determine the minimum wage . A common exemption to the federal minimum wage is a company having revenue of less than $500,000 per year while not engaging in any interstate commerce . Under the federal law , workers who receive a portion of their salary from tips , such as waitstaff , are required only to have their total compensation , including tips , meet the minimum wage . Therefore , often , their hourly wage , before tips , is less than the minimum wage . Seven states , and Guam , do not allow for a tip credit . Additional exemptions to the minimum wage include many seasonal employees , student employees , and certain disabled employees as specified by the FLSA . In addition , some counties and cities within states may observe a higher minimum wage than the rest of the state in which they are located ; sometimes this higher wage will apply only to businesses that are under contract to the local government itself , while in other cases the higher minimum will be enforced across the board . Federal Type Min Wage ( $ / h ) Notes Tipped $2.13 The Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 has been requiring a minimum wage of $2.13 for tipped workers with the expectation that wages plus tips total no less than $7.25 per hour since September 1 , 1991 . The employer must pay the difference if total income does not add up to $7.25 per hour . Non-tipped $7.25 Per the Fair Minimum Wage Act of 2007 ( FMWA ) since July 24 , 2009 . Youth $4.25 The Fair Labor Standards Act has since September 1 , 1996 allowed for persons under the age of 20 to be paid $4.25 for the first 90 calendar days of their employment . State The average US minimum wage per capita ( 2017 ) is $8.49 based on the population size of each state and generally represents the average minimum wage experienced by a person working in one of the fifty US states . Cities , counties , districts , and territories are not included in the calculation . As of October 2016 , there have been 29 states with a minimum wage higher than the federal minimum . From 2014 to 2015 , nine states increased their minimum wage levels through automatic adjustments , while increases in 11 other states occurred through referendum or legislative action . Beginning in January 2017 , Massachusetts and Washington state have the highest minimum wages in the country , at $11.00 per hour . New York City 's minimum wage will be $15.00 per hour by the end of 2018 . - State Min Wage ( $ / h ) Tipped ( $ / h ) Youth / Training ( $ / h ) Notes Alabama None Alaska $9.80 $9.80 Minimum wage increased to $9.80 on January 1 , 2017 . Arizona $10.00 $7.00 Minimum wage increased to $8.05 on January 1 , 2015 . The state tipped minimum wage is $3 per hour less . Pursuant to Arizona Proposition 202 ( 2006 ) , the rates are adjusted annually on January 1 based on the U.S. Consumer Price Index . This rate increase does not affect student workers in places such as libraries and cafeterias because those positions are given by universities , which are state entities . Arkansas $8.50 $2.63 The 2014 rate applies to employers of 4 or more employees . California $10.50 $10.50 Minimum wage increased to $10.00 on January 1 , 2016 and will increase to $15.00 by 2022 . Berkeley : $12.53 since October 1 , 2016 and will increase to $15.00 by 2018 . Emeryville : $14.82 for businesses with 56 or more employees ; $13.00 for businesses with 55 employees or less , effective July 2016 . Jackson Rancheria : $10.60 since January 1 , 2014 on the Tribe 's sovereign 1,500 - acre reservation in Amador County . Oakland : $12.55 since January 1 , 2016 . Unions are exempt from Oakland 's minimum wage law . Los Angeles : $10.50 since July 1 , 2016 and will increase to $15.00 by 2020 . Unions are exempt from Los Angeles 's minimum wage law . San Francisco : $13.00 since July 1 , 2016 and will increase to $15.00 by 2018 . Unions are exempt from San Francisco 's minimum wage law . San Jose : $10.30 since January 1 , 2015 . Unions are exempt from San Jose 's minimum wage law . Colorado $9.30 $6.28 On January 1 , 2017 , the minimum wage was increased to $9.30 and will be increased annually by $0.90 until it becomes $12 in January 2020 . Starting in 2021 , it will be adjusted by cost of living increases . The tipped wage is $3.02 less than the minimum wage Connecticut $10.10 $6.59 On March 26 , 2014 , the state passed legislation to raise the minimum wage to $10.10 by January 1 , 2017 . Connecticut 's tipped minimum wage is 65.2 % of the state minimum wage ( tipped employees defined as $10 / wk or $2 / day in tips ) . Delaware $8.25 $2.23 Minimum wage increased to $8.25 on June 1 , 2015 . Florida $8.10 $5.08 Minimum wage is increased annually on September 30 ( effective January 1 of the following calendar year ) based upon a cost of living formula ( the Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers , not seasonally adjusted , for the South Region or a successor index as calculated by the United States Department of Labor , using the rate of inflation for the 12 months prior to September 1 ) . Florida 's minimum wage increased to $8.10 and the tipped minimum wage to $5.08 on January 1 , 2017 . Georgia $5.15 $2.13 Only applicable to employers of 6 or more employees . The state law excludes from coverage any employment that is subject to the Federal Fair Labor Standards Act when the federal rate is greater than the state rate . Hawaii $9.25 $8.50 Minimum wage increased to $8.50 on January 1 , 2016 , and will increase to $10.10 by January 1 , 2018 . Tipped employees earn 75 cents less than the current state minimum wage . Idaho $7.25 $3.35 Illinois $8.25 $4.95 $7.75 Employers may pay anyone under the age of 18 , or anyone for the first 90 days of employment , fifty cents less . Tipped employees earn 60 % of the minimum wage ( employers may claim credit for tips , up to 40 % of wage ) . There is a training wage for tipped employees . Chicago : $10.00 from July 1 , 2015 and will increase to $13.00 by 2019 . Unions are exempt from Chicago 's minimum wage law . Indiana $7.25 $2.13 Iowa $7.25 $4.35 Most small retail and service establishments grossing less than $300,000 annually are not required to pay the minimum wage . A tipped employee who makes $30.00 per month or more in tips , can be paid 60 % of the minimum wage , i.e. as little as $4.35 per hour . Increased minimum wage laws in Johnson and Linn counties were nullified by the legislature . Kansas $7.25 $2.13 Kansas had the lowest legislated , non-tipped worker , minimum wage in the U.S. , $2.65 per hour , until it was raised to $7.25 , effective January 1 , 2010 . Kentucky $7.25 $2.13 Louisville : $8.10 from July 1 , 2015 and will increase to $9.00 by 2017 . However , the Kentucky Supreme Court ruled that localities do not have authority to increase the minimum wage . Louisiana None Maine $9.00 $5.00 Tipped rate is half of the current state minimum wage . On July 6 , 2015 , the city council of Portland voted 6 - 3 to raise the city 's minimum wage to $10.10 beginning on January 1 , 2016 -- an increase of 34 % . Note : The tipped wage will return to being 50 % of the regular minimum wage starting January 1 , 2018 ; minimum wage will increase to $10 in January 2018 , $11 in January 2019 ; $12 in January 2020 . Maryland $9.25 $3.63 Minimum wage is $8.75 per hour as July 1 , 2016 ; $9.25 as of July 1 , 2017 ; and $10.10 as of July 1 , 2018 . For employees working in Prince George 's County , the minimum wage is $10.75 per hour , effective October 1 , 2016 , and increases to $11.50 on October 1 , 2017 . For employees working in Montgomery County , the minimum wage is $11.50 per hour starting July 1 , 2017 . County Council bill 12 - 16 was enacted on January 17 , 2017 to adjust the minimum wage to $15 and base future adjustments on the Consumer Price Index , but was later vetoed by the County Executive . Massachusetts $11.00 $3.75 Minimum wage increased to $11.00 ( $3.75 for tipped workers ) on January 1 , 2017 , making it the highest minimum - wage in the country at the state level . Massachusetts is the only state in the country that mandates time - and - a-half for retail workers working on Sunday . With state minimum wage at $11 an hour the effective minimum wage for a retail worker working on Sunday is $16.50 an hour . As of 2017 , Massachusetts has the largest gap between the hourly minimum wage for tipped workers ( $3.75 ) and the general minimum wage ( $11 ) . Michigan $8.90 $3.38 $8.90 ( tips included ) $4.25 ( training ) $7.57 ( youth ) Minimum wage will increase to $9.25 by January 2018 and increase with the consumer price index yearly after 2018 . Yearly increases , starting on February 1 2019 , shall not exceed 3.5 % . There will be no increase in minimum wage if the unemployment rate rises to or above 8.5 % in the previous year . Tipped workers must earn at least standard Michigan minimum wage once tips are included in their wages . Minnesota $9.50 $9.50 $7.25 Small employers , whose annual receipts are less than $500,000 and who do not engage in interstate commerce , can pay their employees $7.25 per hour . Overtime applies after 48 hours per week . Note : For large employers , the minimum wage became $9.00 on August 1 , 2015 ; and $9.50 on August 1 , 2016 . For small employers the minimum wage became $7.25 on August 1 , 2015 ; and $7.75 on August 1 , 2016 . Beginning January 1 , 2018 , all minimum wage rates will increase by the national implicit price deflator or 2.5 % , whichever is lower . Mississippi None Missouri $7.70 $3.825 Minimum wage rate is automatically adjusted annually based on the U.S. Consumer Price Index rounded to the nearest five cents , and increased to $7.70 on January 1 , 2017 . While a city ordinance was passed in St. Louis area to increase the minimum wage was set to $8.25 in 2015 , in October 2015 the law was voided by a new statewide bill barring cities from setting their own minimum wages . The State Supreme Court ruled on 28 February 2017 that the ordinance was lawful and could go into effect , with the minimum wage rate set to rise to $11.00 an hour by 2018 in St. Louis . However , on July 5 , 2017 , another law was passed to nullify the increase and to have a statewide minimum wage of $7.70 . Montana $8.15 $8.15 Minimum wage rate is automatically adjusted annually based on the U.S. Consumer Price Index , and increased to $8.15 on January 1 , 2017 . Income from tips can not offset an employee 's pay rate . The state minimum wage for business with less than $110,000 in annual sales is $4.00 . Nebraska $9.00 $2.13 Minimum wage increased to $9.00 January 1 , 2016 . Nevada $8.25 $8.25 The minimum wage has been $8.25 ( $1 higher than the federal minimum ) since July 1 , 2010 . Employers who offer health benefits can pay employees $7.25 . The rate is adjusted every July 1 , based on the federal minimum or the accumulated inflation since 2006 , whichever is higher , based on a 2006 Minimum Wage Amendment to the Nevada Constitution . New Hampshire $7.25 $3.27 New Jersey $8.44 $2.13 Minimum wage increased to $8.44 on January 1 , 2017 . New Mexico $7.50 $2.13 Santa Fe : $10.84 since January 1 , 2015 . Albuquerque : $8.75 since January 1 , 2015 . New York $9.75 Varies The minimum wage rate increased to $9.00 on December 31 , 2015 . As of July 24 , 2009 there has been a minimum for exempt employees of $543.75 per week . Tipped employee minimum ranges from $4.90 to $5.65 depending on industry . Effective December 31 , 2013 , there have been different rules for the minimum cash wage for tipped employees outside of the hospitality industry , ( e.g. , in car washes and in salons ) . For workers earning more than $1.95 on average per hour in tips , the minimum cash wage has been $6.05 per hour ; for workers earning between $1.20 and $1.95 in tips on average per hour , the cash wage has been $6.80 . A 2016 law changed the minimum wage over the following six years . `` Large '' employers have 11 or more employees , and `` small '' have between 1 and 10 . `` Downstate '' includes Nassau , Suffolk , and Westchester Counties . NYC large employers : $11.00 , NYC small employers : $10.50 , Downstate employers : $10.00 , Upstate employers : $9.70 . As of December 31 , 2017 : NYC large employers : $13.00 ; NYC small employers : $12.00 ; Downstate employers : $11.00 ; Upstate employers : $10.40 . As of December 31 , 2018 : NYC large employers : $15.00 ; NYC small employers : $13.50 ; Downstate employers : $12.00 ; Upstate employers : $11.10 . As of December 31 , 2019 : NYC large employers : $15.00 ; NYC small employers : $15.00 ; Downstate employers : $13.00 ; Upstate employers : $12.50 . As of December 31 , 2020 : NYC large employers : $15.00 ; NYC small employers : $15.00 ; Downstate employers : $14.00 ; Upstate employers : $12.50 . As of December 31 , 2021 : NYC large employers : $15.00 ; NYC small employers : $15.00 ; Downstate employers : $15.00 ; Upstate employers : Set by Commissioner of Labor based on economic conditions , up to $15.00 . Tipped food service workers will be paid $7.50 per hour , or two - thirds of the applicable minimum wage rate rounded to the nearest $0.05 , whichever is higher . North Carolina $7.25 $2.13 The employer may take credit for tips earned by a tipped employee and may count them as wages up to the amount permitted in section 3 ( m ) of the Fair Labor Standards Act . North Dakota $7.25 $4.86 Tipped minimum is 67 % of the minimum wage . Ohio $8.15 $4.08 $7.25 under 16 years old The rate is $7.25 for employers grossing $283,000 or less . The rate is adjusted annually on January 1 based on the U.S. Consumer Price Index and Oklahoma $7.25 $2.13 Minimum wage for employers grossing under $100,000 and with fewer than 10 employees per location is $2.00. ( OK Statutes 40 - 197.5 ) . Oregon $11.25 ( Portland metro ) $10.25 ( non-rural counties ) $10.00 ( rural counties ) $11.25 ( Portland metro ) $10.25 ( non-rural counties ) $10.00 ( rural counties ) On March 2 , 2016 , Senate Bill 1532 was signed into law , increasing minimum wage depending on the county . Beginning July 1 , 2016 the minimum wage increased to $9.75 for non-rural counties and to $9.50 for rural counties , thereafter increasing each year by fixed amounts until June 30 , 2022 when the minimum wage will be $14.75 for the Portland metro area , $13.50 for other non-rural counties , and $12.50 for rural counties . Thereafter , the minimum wage will be adjusted each year based on the U.S. Consumer Price Index . Non-rural counties are defined as Benton , Clackamas , Clatsop , Columbia , Deschutes , Hood River , Jackson , Josephine , Lane , Lincoln , Linn , Marion , Multnomah , Polk , Tillamook , Wasco , Washington , and Yamhill counties . Rural counties are defined as Baker , Coos , Crook , Curry , Douglas , Gilliam , Grant , Harney , Jefferson , Klamath , Lake , Malheur , Morrow , Sherman , Umatilla , Union , Wallowa , Wheeler counties . The Portland Metro rate ( $1.25 over the non-rural rate ) applies to employers located within the urban growth boundary ( UGB ) of the Portland metropolitan service district . Pennsylvania $7.25 $2.83 Rhode Island $9.60 $3.39 Minimum wage increased to $9.60 January 1 , 2016 . South Carolina None South Dakota $8.65 $4.325 Minimum wage increased to $8.65 on January 1 , 2017 , and is indexed to inflation . Tennessee None Texas $7.25 $2.13 Applies to all workers in the state , excluding patients of the Texas Department of Mental Health and Mental Retardation who have diminished production capacity and who work on behalf of the Department ; their salary is calculated at the minimum wage times a percentage of their diminished capacity . Utah $7.25 $2.13 Vermont $10.00 $4.80 Minimum wage increased to $10.00 on January 1 , 2017 , will increase to $10.50 by January 1 , 2018 , and will be indexed to inflation beginning on January 1 , 2019 . Virginia $7.25 $2.13 Washington $11.00 $11.00 $9.35 Minimum wage increases annually by a voter - approved cost - of - living adjustment based on the federal Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers ( CPI - W ) . Seattle : $11.00 for businesses less than 500 employees , 15.00 for businesses with over 500 employees , and for all businesses by 2021 . SeaTac : $15.00 for airport - related businesses . Union workshops are exempt from SeaTac 's $15 minimum wage law . West Virginia $8.75 $2.62 Minimum wage increased to $8.75 on December 31 , 2015 . The state minimum wage is applicable to employers of six or more employees at one location not involved in interstate commerce and for tipped employees is 30 % of the federal minimum wage . Wisconsin $7.25 $2.33 Wyoming $5.15 $2.13 Jump up ^ Generally applies to employees who make over $30 in tips per month , unless otherwise noted . Jump up ^ Applies to persons under age 20 , for the first 90 days of employment ( per FMWA ) , unless otherwise noted . ^ Jump up to : No state minimum wage law . Federal rates apply , although some small businesses exempt from FMWA may not be covered . Territory Territory Min Wage ( $ / h ) Notes American Samoa $4.18 -- $5.59 Varies by industry . On September 30 , 2010 , President Obama signed legislation that delays scheduled wage increases for 2010 and 2011 . On July 26 , 2012 , President Obama signed S. 2009 into law , postponing the minimum wage increase for 2012 , 2013 , and 2014 . Annual wage increases of $0.50 recommenced on September 30 , 2015 and will continue every three years until all rates have reached the federal minimum . Guam $8.25 Tipped employee minimum $6.55 Northern Mariana Islands $6.55 Since September 30 , 2016 . Wages are to go up $0.50 annually until reaching the federal $7.25 rate by 2018 . Bill S. 256 to delay the planned increases to the full rate until 2018 passed in Sept. 2013 . Puerto Rico $7.25 Following the Fair Minimum Wage Act of 2007 , Employers covered by the Federal Fair Labor Standards Act ( FLSA ) are subject to the federal minimum wage and all applicable regulations . Employers not covered by the FLSA will be subject to a minimum wage that is at least 70 percent of the federal minimum wage or the applicable mandatory decree rate , whichever is higher . The Secretary of Labor and Human Resources may authorize a rate based on a lower percentage for any employer who can show that implementation of the 70 percent rate would substantially curtail employment in that business . Puerto Rico also has minimum wage rates that vary according to the industry . These rates range from a minimum of $5.08 to $7.25 per hour . U.S. Virgin Islands $8.35 The Virgin Islands ' minimum wage increased to $8.35 on June 21 , 2016 for all employees , with the exception of tourist service and restaurant employees . It is scheduled to increase to $9.50 on June 1 , 2017 ; $10.50 on June 1 , 2018 . Federal District Federal District Min Wage ( $ / h ) Tipped ( $ / h ) Youth / Training ( $ / h ) Notes District of Columbia $11.50 $2.77 None As of July 1 , 2016 , the minimum wage is $11.50 , and $2.77 per hour for tipped employees . In accordance with a law signed on June 27 , 2016 , the minimum wage will be $12.50 per hour as of July 1 , 2017 ; $13.25 per hour as of July 1 , 2018 ; 14.00 per hour as of July 1 , 2019 ; and $15.00 per hour as of July 1 , 2020 . As of each successive July 1 , the minimum wage will increase by the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers in the Washington Metropolitan Statistical Area for the preceding twelve months . The minimum wage for tipped - employees will increase to $3.47 per hour as of July 1 , 2017 ; $4.17 per hour as of July 1 , 2018 ; $4.87 per hour as of July 1 , 2019 ; and $5.55 per hour as of July 1 , 2020 . The minimum wage established by the federal government may be paid to newly hired individuals during their first 90 calendar days of employment , students employed by colleges and universities , and individuals under 18 years of age . Jobs affected , 2006 , 2009 The jobs that are most likely to be directly affected by the minimum wage are those which pay a wage close to the minimum . According to the May 2006 National Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates , the four lowest - paid occupational sectors in May 2006 ( when the federal minimum wage was $5.15 per hour ) were the following : Sector Workers Employed Median Wage Mean Wage Mean Annual Food Preparation and Serving Related Occupations 11,029,280 $7.90 $8.86 $18,430 Farming , Fishing , and Forestry Occupations 450,040 $8.63 $10.49 $21,810 Personal Care and Service Occupations 3,249,760 $9.17 $11.02 $22,920 Building and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance Occupations 4,396,250 $9.75 $10.86 $22,580 Two years later , in May 2008 , when the federal minimum wage was $5.85 per hour and was about to increase to $6.55 per hour in July 2008 , these same sectors were still the lowest - paying , but their situation ( according to Bureau of Labor Statistics data ) was : Sector Workers Employed Median Wage Mean Wage Mean Annual Food Preparation and Serving Related Occupations 11,438,550 $8.59 $9.72 $20,220 Farming , Fishing , and Forestry Occupations 438,490 $9.34 $11.32 $23,560 Personal Care and Service Occupations 3,437,520 $9.82 $11.59 $24,120 Building and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance Occupations 4,429,870 $10.52 $11.72 $24,370 In 2006 , workers in the following 13 individual occupations received , on average , a median hourly wage of less than $8.00 per hour : Occupation Workers Employed Median Wage Mean Wage Mean Annual Gaming Dealers 82,960 $7.08 $8.18 $17,010 Waiters and Waitresses 2,312,930 $3.14 $4.27 $11,190 Combined Food Preparation and Serving Workers , Including Fast Food 2,461,890 $7.24 $7.66 $15,930 Dining Room and Cafeteria Attendants and Bartender Helpers 401,790 $7.36 $7.84 $16,320 Cooks , Fast Food 612,020 $7.41 $7.67 $15,960 Dishwashers 502,770 $7.57 $7.78 $16,190 Ushers , Lobby Attendants , and Ticket Takers 101,530 $7.64 $8.41 $17,500 Counter Attendants , Cafeteria , Food Concession , and Coffee Shop 524,410 $7.76 $8.15 $16,950 Hosts and Hostesses , Restaurant , Lounge , and Coffee Shop 340,390 $7.78 $8.10 $16,860 Shampooers 15,580 $7.78 $8.20 $17,050 Amusement and Recreation Attendants 235,670 $7.83 $8.43 $17,530 Bartenders 485,120 $7.86 $8.91 $18,540 Farmworkers and Laborers , Crop , Nursery , and Greenhouse 230,780 $7.95 $8.48 $17,630 In 2008 , only two occupations paid a median wage less than $8.00 per hour : Occupation Workers Employed Median Wage Mean Wage Mean Annual Gaming Dealers 91,130 $7.84 $9.56 $19,890 Combined Food Preparation and Serving Workers , Including Fast Food 2,708,840 $7.90 $8.36 $17,400 According to the May 2009 National Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates , the lowest - paid occupational sectors in May 2009 ( when the federal minimum wage was $7.25 per hour ) were the following : Sector Workers Employed Median Wage Mean Wage Mean Annual Gaming Dealers 86,900 $8.19 $9.76 $20,290 Combined Food Preparation and Serving Workers , Including Fast Food 2,695,740 $8.28 $8.71 $18,120 Waiters and Waitresses 2,302,070 $8.50 $9.80 $20,380 Dining Room and Cafeteria Attendants and Bartender Helpers 402,020 $8.51 $9.09 $18,900 Cooks , Fast Food 539,520 $8.52 $8.76 $18,230 See also Economics portal United States portal Average worker 's wage Fair Labor Standards Act History of labor law in the United States Income inequality in the United States List of minimum wages by country Living wage Maximum wage Minimum Wage Fixing Convention , 1970 Minimum wage law United States labor law Wage slavery Wage theft Working poor References ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Rachel ( December 31 , 2014 ) . `` States ' Minimum Wages Rise , Helping Millions of Workers '' . 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Jump up ^ Sink , Justin ( 2 April 2014 ) . `` Obama : Congress has ' clear choice ' on minimum wage '' . The Hill . Retrieved 9 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Bolton , Alexander ( 8 April 2014 ) . `` Reid punts on minimum - wage hike '' . The Hill . Retrieved 9 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Bolton , Alexander ( 4 April 2014 ) . `` Centrist Republicans cool to minimum wage hike compromise '' . The Hill . Retrieved 9 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Andy ( September 15 , 2014 ) . `` A minimum - wage hike finds hope in U.S. heartland '' . Reuters . Retrieved 15 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Minimum Wage by State '' . ncsl.org . NCSL . Retrieved October 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Medina , Jennifer ; Scheiber , Noam ( May 19 , 2015 ) . `` Los Angeles Lifts Its Minimum Wage to $15 Per Hour '' . New York Times . Retrieved May 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Staff ( May 20 , 2015 ) . `` A $15 Minimum Wage Bombshell in Los Angeles '' . New York Times . Retrieved May 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New York State 's Minimum Wage '' . Welcome to the State of New York . 2016 - 09 - 20 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ Enforcement , Division of Labor Standards . `` Minimum wage '' . www.dir.ca.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wage . '' Organization Title . State of California Department of Industrial Relations , Dec. 2016 . Web . 08 July 2017 . < https://www.dir.ca.gov/dlse/faq_minimumwage.htm > . Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wage . '' Colorado Department of Labor and Employment . State of Colorado , 2017 . Web . 08 July 2017 . < https://www.colorado.gov/pacific/cdle/minimumwage > . Jump up ^ `` $15 Minimum Wage . '' Mayor Murray . N.p. , n.d. Web . 08 July 2017 . < http://murray.seattle.gov/minimumwage/ > . Jump up ^ `` Governor Cuomo Signs $15 Minimum Wage Plan and 12 Week Paid Family Leave Policy into Law . '' Governor Andrew M. Cuomo . N.p. , 06 May 2016 . Web . 08 July 2017 . < https://www.governor.ny.gov/news/governor-cuomo-signs-15-minimum-wage-plan-and-12-week-paid-family-leave-policy-law > . Jump up ^ Sheridan , Robert ( 3 June 2014 ) . `` Minimum Wage Groundswell ? Seattle , Others Raise Their Statutory Minimum Wage Rates '' . The National Law Review . Mintz , Levin , Cohn , Ferris , Glovsky and Popeo , P.C . Retrieved 26 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Blankinship , Donna Gordon ( June 3 , 2014 ) . `` Seattle raises minimum wage ; will others follow ? '' . AP News . Retrieved June 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Staff ( June 7 , 2014 ) . `` Seattle Leads the Way '' . New York Times . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Seattle City takes lead to raise minimum wage to $15 per hour '' . Seattle News.Net . Retrieved June 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The mayor of Los Angeles just signed a $15 / hr minimum wage bill into law '' . Business Insider . Reuters. 13 June 2015 . Retrieved 11 April 2016 . The city council in September approved a pay increase for hotel workers to $15.37 an hour . Jump up ^ Peter , Jamison ( 9 April 2016 ) . `` Outrage after big labor crafts law paying their members less than non-union workers '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 11 April 2016 . At the Sheraton Universal Hotel , a longtime union property , bellhops , waiters and banquet servers make California 's current minimum wage : $10 an hour . ( When the hotel ordinance first went into effect , the state minimum was $9 . ) Those doing the same jobs at a non-union Hilton less than 500 feet away make at least $15.37 under the city 's hotel wage law . Neither amount includes tips . Jump up ^ City & County of San Francisco http://www.sfgsa.org/index.aspx?page=411 . Retrieved August 14 , 2015 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Washington Post https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/dc-politics/dc-gives-final-approval-to-15-minimum-wage/2016/06/21/920ae156-372f-11e6-8f7c-d4c723a2becb_story.html . Retrieved October 23 , 2016 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles City Council approves landmark minimum wage increase '' . Los Angeles Times . June 3 , 2015 . Retrieved August 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.el-cerrito.org/ArchiveCenter/ViewFile/Item/2339 ^ Jump up to : Minimum wage loophole written to help labor unions , Washington Examiner , December 24 , 2014 Jump up ^ Higgins , Sean . `` Minimum wage loophole written to help labor unions '' . Washington Examiner . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Ordinance 2003 - 8 '' ( PDF ) . City of Santa Fe . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` City 's minimum pay requirement expands to small businesses ; state minimum kicks in '' . By Julie Ann Grimm . Dec. 31 , 2007 . The Santa Fe New Mexican . Jump up ^ Santa Fe Living Wage Network . Jump up ^ Selna , Robert ( December 26 , 2008 ) . `` S.F. minimum wage rises to $9.79 in 2009 '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ FRED Database - CPIAUCL - Inflation - Retrieved October 24 , 2014 Jump up ^ U.S. Department of Labor - History of Federal Minimum Wage Rates Under the Fair Labor Standards Act , 1938 -- 2009 . Retrieved October 24 , 2014 Jump up ^ For a review article which analyzes the classical , Keynesian , and underconsumptionist approaches to wages , see Weintraub , Sidney ( December 1956 ) . `` A Macroeconomic Approach to the Theory of Wages '' . The American Economic Review . 46 ( 5 ) : 835 -- 56 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Hazlitt , Henry ( 1979 ) . Economics in One Lesson . Three Rivers Press . ISBN 0 - 517 - 54823 - 2 . Jump up ^ Alan Krueger and David Card . `` Minimum Wages and Employment : A Case Study of the Fast - Food Industry in New Jersey and Pennsylvania '' Jump up ^ `` The Effect of New Jersey 's Minimum Wage Increase on Fast - Food Employment : A Re-Evaluation Using Payroll Records '' Jump up ^ Neumark , Wascher ( 2007 ) . Minimum Wages and Employment . Foundations and Trends ® in Microeconomics . ^ Jump up to : CBO ( February 2014 ) . `` The Effects of a Minimum Wage Increase on Employment and Family Income '' . Retrieved November 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Center for Economic and Policy Research . `` Why Does the Minimum Wage Have No Discernible Effect on Unemployment ? '' March 2013 Jump up ^ http://www.cepr.net/index.php/blogs/cepr-blog/2014-job-creation-in-states-that-raised-the-minimum-wage Jump up ^ Stilwell , Victoria ( March 8 , 2014 ) . `` Highest Minimum - Wage State Washington Beats U.S. in Job Creation '' . Bloomberg . Jump up ^ Sabia , Burkhauser , Hansen ( 2012 ) . Are the Effects of Minimum Wage Increases Always Small ? New Evidence From a Case Study of New York State . Industrial and Labor Relations Review . Jump up ^ Sabia , J.J. ( 2008 ) . Minimum Wages and the Economic Well ‐ Being of Single Mothers . Journal of Policy Analysis and Management . Jump up ^ Burkhauser , Couch , Wittenburg ( 2000 ) . Who Minimum Wage Increases Bite : An Analysis Using Monthly Data from the SIPP and the CPS . South Economic Journal Jump up ^ Aaronson , French ( 2007 ) . Product Market Evidence on the Employment Effects of the Minimum Wage . Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago . Jump up ^ `` The Logical Floor '' . The Economist . December 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago , The Minimum Wage , Restaurant Prices , and Labor Market Structure , August 2007 ^ Jump up to : `` Raise the Minimum Wage , Reduce Crime ? A new White House report links higher hourly incomes to lower rates of law - breaking . '' ( PDF ) , COEA , March 3 , 2017 , retrieved March 3 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : The Minimum Wage Law and Youth Crimes : Time - Series Evidence , Hashimoto . Chicago 1987 Jump up ^ Peterson Institute for International Economics ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` OECD Statistics ( GDP , unemployment , income , population , labour , education , trade , finance , prices ... ) '' . Stats.oecd.org . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ Characteristics of Minimum Wage Workers , 2016 . US Department of Labor . Jump up ^ Neumark , Shweitzer , Wascher ( 2004 ) . The Effects of Minimum Wages Throughout the Wage Distribution . Journal of Human Resources . Jump up ^ Neumark , Shweitzer , Wascher ( 2005 ) . The Effects of Minimum Wages on the Distribution of Family Incomes : A Non-Parametric Analysis . Journal of Human Resources . Jump up ^ Vedder , Gallaway ( 2002 ) . The minimum wage and poverty among full - time workers . Journal of Labor Research . Jump up ^ Cassleman , Ben ( 20 May 2015 ) . `` LA 's New Minimum Wage Is n't Worth Anywhere Close To $15 '' . FiveThirtyEight . Retrieved 21 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Liu , John C. ( July 2013 ) . `` Working but Still Struggling : The case for a New York City minimum wage '' ( PDF ) . New York City Comptroller 's Office . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ Mankiw , N.G. Essentials of Economics , 8th Edition . Cengage Learning , pp. 31 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Smith ( 2015 ) . Survey of US Economists on a $15 Minimum Wage . Employment Policies Institute . Jump up ^ Whaples ( 2006 ) . Do Economists Agree on Anything ? Yes ! The Economists ' Voice . Jump up ^ http://www.epi.org/minimum-wage-statement/ Jump up ^ `` 600 Economists Now Back A $10.10 Minimum Wage '' . Huffington Post . January 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Economists Hit Back in the Minimum - Wage Wars '' . The New York Times . March 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.nationalmemo.com/over-600-economists-agree-its-time-to-raise-the-minimum-wage/ Jump up ^ `` Seven Nobel Laureates Endorse Higher U.S. Minimum Wage '' . Bloomberg . January 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.economicpolicyjournal.com/2014/01/seven-nobel-laureates-endorse-increase.html Jump up ^ ( 2 ) University of Chicago - IGM Forum - February 26 , 2013 Jump up ^ Fuller , Dan and Doris Geide - Stevenson ( 2003 ) : Consensus Among Economists : Revisited , in : Journal of Economic Review , Vol. 34 , No. 4 , Seite 369 - 387 ( PDF ) Jump up ^ NYT - Paul Krugman - Raise that Wage - February 2013 Jump up ^ The Daily Show : President Bill Clinton . September 2014 Jump up ^ Pew Center . Most See Inequality Growing , But Partisans Differ Over Solutions . January 23 , 2014 Jump up ^ 5 facts about the minimum wage Drew DeSilver , Pew Research Center , January 4 , 2017 Jump up ^ Lake Research Partners . Public Support for Raising the Minimum Wage . February 2012 Jump up ^ `` United States Minimum Wage By State 2013 '' . Minimum-Wage.org . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Employee Rights Under the Fair Labor Standards Act '' ( PDF ) . US Department of Labor -- Wage and Hour Division . Retrieved September 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wages for Tipped Employees '' . U.S. Department of Labor . Jump up ^ `` Exemptions to the Minimum Wage and the FLSA '' . Minimum-Wage.org . May 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ https://www.dol.gov/whd/regs/compliance/whdfs32.pdf Jump up ^ `` What is the minimum wage for workers who receive tips ? What is the minimum wage for workers who receive tips ? '' . eLaws . United States Department of Labor . Retrieved 5 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Federal minimum wage will increase to $7.25 on July 24 '' . United States Department of Labor . Retrieved 5 November 2012 . Jump up ^ https://www.dol.gov/whd/minwage/coverage.htm Jump up ^ Associated Press A higher minimum wage for millions in 2017 CBS News , December 29 , 2016 ^ Jump up to : Minimum Wage Laws in the States Archived 2007 - 06 - 25 at the Wayback Machine ... From the United States Department of Labor , Employment Standards Administration -- Wage and Hour Division . The source page has a clickable US map with current and projected state - by - state minimum wage rates for each state . ^ Jump up to : `` Minimum Wages for Tipped Employees '' . US Department of Labor . January 1 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` State Minimum Wage Rates '' . LaborLawCenter.com . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wage FAQs '' . Industrial Commission of Arizona . Retrieved August 6 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minimum Wage Raise Passes In Four GOP States '' . Huffington Post . November 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Minimum wage '' . California Department of Industrial Relations . Retrieved August 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lifsher , Marc ( September 12 , 2013 ) . `` California Legislature approves raising minimum wage to $10 '' . LATimes.com . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ Myers , John ; Dillon , Liam ( March 28 , 2016 ) . `` Gov. Brown hails deal to raise minimum wage to $15 as ' matter of economic justice ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wage Ordinance ( MWO ) '' . City of Berkeley . Retrieved 26 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wage Ordinance , City of Emeryville '' . City of Emeryville . Retrieved 27 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Kasler , Dale ( October 15 , 2013 ) . `` Jackson Rancheria announcing raise for hundreds of employees '' . Sacramento Bee . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www2.oaklandnet.com/Government/o/CityAdministration/d/MinimumWage/OAK051451 Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Raises Minimum Wage to $15 Per Hour '' . ABC News . Associated Press . Retrieved 14 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wage Ordinance ( MWO ) '' . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Official Minimum Wage Bulletin '' . Retrieved January 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ `` 2012 Colorado Minimum Wage Fact Sheet '' . Colorado DOLE . December 2012 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` The CT Mirror -- Connecticut becomes first state to pass $10.10 minimum wage '' . ctmirror.org . Retrieved March 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` History of Minimum Wage Rates '' . Connecticut Department of Labor . Retrieved January 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Del . governor signs minimum wage increase washingtonpost , 30.1. 2014 Jump up ^ Florida Statutes Section 448.110 ( 4 ) ( a ) . Jump up ^ http://www.sun-sentinel.com/business/careers/fl-florida-minimum-wage-20161017-story.html ^ Jump up to : Note : Federal minimum wage applies to businesses involved in interstate commerce , and to most businesses with gross revenues over $500,000 , where state minimum wage is lower . Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wage Change -- Spotlight -- Georgia Department of Labor '' . Dol.state.ga.us . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ Go to Georgia Code Title 34 , Chapter 4 , § 34 - 4 - 3 Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wage and Overtime '' . Hawaii Department of Labor and Industrial Relations . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ http://www.legislature.idaho.gov/idstat/Title44/T44CH15SECT44-1502.htm Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wage / Overtime FAQ '' . Illinois Department of Labor . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ Lobosco , Katie ( 2 December 2015 ) . `` Chicago hikes minimum wage to $13 '' . CNN Money . Retrieved 23 April 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.in.gov/dol/files/Indiana2009MinimumWage.pdf ^ Jump up to : `` Wage Frequently Asked Questions '' . Iowa Workforce Development . n.d . Retrieved 4 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` On Iowa Blocking All Local Minimum Wage and Employment Benefits Laws `` . www.nelp.org . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Sebelius signs bill to raise Kansas minimum wage to $7.25 an hour '' . Kansas City Business Journal . April 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ ( 4 ) , ( Lawrence Journal - World ) , Scott Rothschild , April 23 , 2009 . Retrieved 12 November 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.lrc.ky.gov/statutes/statute.aspx?id=32064 Jump up ^ `` An Ordinance Relating to Minimum Wage to be Paid to Employees by Employers in Louisville Metro '' ( PDF ) . Louisville Kentucky Government . Retrieved 23 April 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.afscme.org/blog/louisville-council-raises-minimum-wage-to-9-an-hour Jump up ^ Barton , Ryland ( 2016 - 10 - 20 ) . `` Kentucky Supreme Court Strikes Down Louisville Minimum Wage Ordinance '' . 89.3 WFPL News Louisville . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wage Poster '' ( PDF ) . Maine Department of Labor Standards . Retrieved September 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ http://www.pressherald.com/2015/07/07/portland-city-council-votes-to-raise-minimum-wage-to-10-10-an-hour/ Jump up ^ Cousins , Christopher ; Staff , B.D.N. `` LePage signs bill into law to restore Maine tip credit '' . The Bangor Daily News . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Title 26 , § 664 : Minimum wage ; overtime rate '' . legislature.maine.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Maryland Minimum Wage and Overtime Law -- Employment Standards Service ( ESS ) . ' `` Department of Labor , Licensing & Regulation . State of Maryland . Jump up ^ Wagner , John . Maryland governor urges minimum - wage rise to $10.10 to help state 's lowest - paid workers . The Washington Post . February 11 , 2014 . Retrieved February 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Maryland Minimum Wage and Overtime Law Montgomery County '' . Maryland Department of Labor , Licensing and Regulation . August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Leggett vetoes $15 minimum wage in Montgomery County '' . The Washington Post . January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bill 12 - 16 , Human Rights and Civil Liberties - County Minimum Wage -- Amount -- Annual Adjustment Veto '' . Montgomery County Council . January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wage Program '' . Labor and Workforce Development . 2011 - 10 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ Casteel , Kathryn ( 2017 - 02 - 07 ) . `` The Minimum Wage Movement Is Leaving Tipped Workers Behind '' . FiveThirtyEight . ESPN . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` What is the Michigan Minimum Wage ? '' . Michigan Department of Energy , Labor & Economic Growth . Retrieved July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ http://www.michigan.gov/lara/0,4601,7-154-59886-370158--,00.html Jump up ^ http://www.michigan.gov/lara/0,4601,7-154-11407_32352-140972--,00.html ^ Jump up to : `` State minimum - wage laws -- Labor Standards ; Minnesota Department of Labor and Industry '' . www.dli.mn.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Labor Standards -- Minnesota 's minimum - wage law '' . Minnesota Department of Labor and Industry . Retrieved June 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ ( PDF ) https://labor.mo.gov/sites/labor/files/pubs_forms/LS-52-AI.pdf . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` St. Louis city approves $11 minimum wage '' . FOX2now.com . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ http://www.kansascity.com/news/state/missouri/article39213675.html Jump up ^ `` Missouri Supreme Court upholds St. Louis minimum wage law ; will be $11 by 2018 '' . St. Louis Public Radio . Retrieved 26 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Minimum wage hike set to reverse in Missouri '' . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ http://ballotpedia.org/Nebraska_Minimum_Wage_Increase,_Initiative_425_%282014%29 Jump up ^ `` Nevada 's minimum wage and daily overtime rates unchanged for 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Nevada Office of the Labor Commissioner . April 1 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wage Rate Increasing '' . Las Vegas Review Journal . June 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ http://www.nh.gov/labor/inspection/wage-hour/minimum-wage.htm ^ Jump up to : N.J. minimum wage will increase next year NJ.com , October 2016 Jump up ^ living_wage santafenm.gov Jump up ^ http://www.cabq.gov/legal/news/albuquerque-minimum-wage-increase-2015 Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wages -- New York State Department of Labor '' . Labor.state.ny.us. 2013 - 05 - 08 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` New York approves $9 minimum wage '' . upi.com . UPI . March 29 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ Viswanathan , Subhash ( September 22 , 2009 ) . `` New York Increases Amount of Salary Necessary to Qualify Employees for Executive and Administrative Exemptions '' . New York Labor And Employment Law Report . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ Tripp , Noel P. ; Jackson Lewis P.C. ( 8 Dec 2013 ) . `` New York 's New Miscellaneous Wage Order Tip Credit Provision to Impact Businesses Such As Car Washes and Salons '' . The National Law Review . Retrieved 10 Dec 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.jdsupra.com/legalnews/new-york-state-increases-minimum-wage-98715/ ^ Jump up to : North Carolina MINIMUM WAGE N.C. Department of Labor , n.d. , accessed 4.4. 2017 Jump up ^ http://www.nd.gov/labor/laws/34-06.html Jump up ^ `` State Minimum Wages 2016 Minimum Wage by State '' . www.ncsl.org . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Ohio minimum wage to go up 10 cents next week '' . Cleveland Plain Dealer . December 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ ( 5 ) Jump up ^ `` Your Rights Under the Oklahoma Minimum Wage Act '' ( PDF ) . Oklahoma Department of Labor . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ http://www.oregon.gov/boli/WHD/OMW/Pages/Minimum-Wage-Rate-Summary.aspx Jump up ^ Text of SB 1532 ^ Jump up to : Kullgren , Ian K. `` Oregon House passes minimum wage hike after turbulent debate , sending it to Kate Brown '' . The Oregonian . February 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.oregon.gov/boli/WHD/OMW/Pages/Minimum-Wage-Rate-Summary.aspx Jump up ^ http://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt?open=514&objID=553566&mode=2 Jump up ^ https://dlr.sd.gov/employment_laws/minimum_wage.aspx Jump up ^ http://www.statutes.legis.state.tx.us/Docs/LA/htm/LA.62.htm Jump up ^ ( 6 ) burlingtonfreepress , January 1 , 2017 Jump up ^ Wilson , Reid ( June 10 , 2014 ) . `` Vermont minimum wage will rise to $10.50 an hour '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ http://www.doli.virginia.gov/laborlaw/laborlaw.html ^ Jump up to : `` Minimum Wage '' . Washington State Department of Labor and Industries . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Employees aged 14 or 15 may be paid 85 % of the minimum wage . Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wage '' . Washington State Department of Labor and Industries . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Seattle Minimum Wage Ordinance '' . Seattle Office of Civil Rights . Retrieved 23 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seattle City Council approves historic $15 minimum wage '' . Seattle Times . 2014 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` SeaTac : The small US town that sparked a movement against low wages '' . Guardian . 2014 - 02 - 22 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ Raising the minimum wage without raising havoc , Washington Post , September 5 , 2014 Jump up ^ http://www.legis.state.wv.us/WVCODe/Code.cfm?chap=21&art=5C Jump up ^ Virginia minimum wage thinkprogress.org , 2014 / 04 / 03 Jump up ^ `` The Wisconsin 's 2009 Minimum Wage Rates '' . Wisconsin Department of Workforce Development . July 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Wage Rate in American Samoa '' ( PDF ) . Department of Labor Wage and Hour Division . Jump up ^ `` President Obama signs Minimum Wage delay into Law '' . US Dept of Labor . October 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ State Allows no credit for tips . `` Minimum Wages for Tipped Employees '' . US Department of Labor . January 1 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ http://www.dol.gov/whd/regs/compliance/posters/cnmi.pdf Jump up ^ http://thehill.com/blogs/floor-action/house/321443-dems-vote-with-gop-to-delay-minimum-wage-hike-in-northern-mariana-islands Jump up ^ http://www.vidol.gov/dol_news_detail2.php Jump up ^ `` Washington , DC city council raises minimum wage to $11.50 / hr in 2016 '' . Reuters . December 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Kelly . `` D.C. raises minimum wage to $15 '' . Washington Examiner . June 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Davis , Aaron C. `` D.C. lawmakers approve $15 minimum wage , joining N.Y. , Calif . '' . The Washington Post . June 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : DeWitt , Jeffrey S. `` Fiscal Impact Statement -- Fair Shot Minimum wage Amendment Act of 2016 '' . Office of the Chief Financial Officer . Government of the District of Columbia . June 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` District of Columbia Minimum Wage Poster '' . Department of Employment Services . Government of the District of Columbia . 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates United States '' . US Bureau of Labor Statistics . May 2006 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates United States '' . US Bureau of Labor Statistics . May 2008 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` National Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates United States '' . US Bureau of Labor Statistics . May 2009 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 06 . External links Minimum wage in the United States at DMOZ Federal Minimum Wage . United States Department of Labor Wage and Hour Division . Minimum Wages for Tipped Employees . United States Department of Labor Wage and Hour Division . History of Federal Minimum Wage United States Department of Labor Wage and Hour Division . U.S. Minimum Wage History . Oregon State University -- Wealth and Poverty ( Anth 484 ) . Last updated December 26 , 2012 . ( show ) United States state - related lists List of states and territories of the United States Demographics Educational attainment Irreligion Largest cities by population Most popular given names Most populous counties Population Density Growth rate Birth and death rates Historical African American Amish Hispanic and Latino Spanish - speaking Economy Billionaires Budgets Companies Federal tax revenue Federal taxation and spending Gross domestic product Growth rate Per capita Income Household Per capita Inequality Minimum wages Poverty rates Sales taxes Sovereign wealth funds State income taxes Flat rate None Unemployment rates Union affiliation Vehicles per capita Environment Carbon dioxide emissions Parks Renewable energy Superfund sites Wilderness areas Geography Area Coastline Elevation Forest Geographic centers Government Attorneys general Capitals Historical Capitol buildings Comparison Counties Alphabetical Current State Legislators Governors Lieutenant governors Legislatures Libraries and archives Official languages Poets laureate State auditors State secretaries of state State superintendents of education State supreme courts State treasurers Health Human Development Index Fertility rates Hospitals Life expectancy Obesity rates History Date of statehood Name etymologies Historical societies and museums National Historic Landmarks National Register of Historic Places State partitions Historic regions Law Abortion Age of consent Alcohol Dry communities Alford plea Cell phone use while driving Constitutions Firearms Homicide Law enforcement agencies Legality of cannabis Peace Index Prisons Incarceration rate Same - sex unions Former constitutional bans Marriage law Seat belt laws Self - representation Smoking bans Statutory codes Miscellaneous Abbreviations Demonyms Fictional states Flags Insignia Symbols Tallest buildings Time zones Category Commons Portals Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minimum_wage_in_the_United_States&oldid=797034978 '' Categories : Minimum wage United States labor law Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia articles in need of updating from January 2017 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles to be expanded from April 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from May 2016 Articles with DMOZ links Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Русский اردو Edit links This version of the page has been revised . Besides normal editing , the reason for revision may have been that this version contains factual inaccuracies , vandalism , or material not compatible with the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License . About Wikipedia | what's the highest minimum wage in the united states | [
"Beginning in January 2017, Massachusetts and Washington state have the highest minimum wages in the country, at $11.00 per hour.[2] New York City's minimum wage will be $15.00 per hour by the end of 2018.[3] There is a racial difference for support of a higher minimum wage with most black and Hispanic individuals supporting a $15.00 federal minimum wage, and 54% of whites opposing it.[4] In 2015, about 3 percent of White, Asian, and Hispanic or Latino workers earned the federal minimum wage or less. Among Black workers, the percentage was about 4 percent.[5]"
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"$11.00 per hour"
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4344780307759229514 | Between Shades of Gray | Between Shades of Gray - wikipedia Between Shades of Gray Jump to : navigation , search Between Shades of Gray Author Ruta Sepetys Country United States Language English Genre Historical Fiction Publisher Penguin Group Publication date 2011 Media type Print paperback Pages 338 ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 133588 - 9 OCLC 701021642 LC Class PZ7. S47957 Be 2011 Between Shades of Gray , a New York Times Bestseller , is the debut novel of American novelist Ruta Sepetys . It follows the Stalinist repressions of the mid-20th century and follows the life of Lina as she is deported from her native Lithuania with her mother and younger brother and the journey they take to a labor - camp in Siberia . It was nominated for the 2012 CILIP Carnegie Medal and has been translated into more than 27 languages . Between Shades of Gray was originally intended as a young adult novel , but there have been several adult publications . In an interview with ThirstforFiction , Ruta Sepetys said that the reason she intended Between Shades of Gray to be a young adult novel was because she met many survivors in Lithuania who were themselves teenagers during the deportations , and had a greater will to live than many of their adult counterparts at the time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Inspiration and basis 2 Characters 3 Reception 4 Film adaptation 5 Recognition 5.1 National awards 5.2 International awards 5.3 State awards 6 Translations 7 External links 8 References Inspiration and basis ( edit ) Between Shades of Gray is partly based upon the stories she heard from survivors of the Genocide of Baltic people during a visit to her relatives in Lithuania . Sepetys decided she needed to write a fiction novel rather than a non-fiction volume as a way of making it easier for survivors to talk to her . She interviewed dozens of people during her stay . Lina Vilkas is introduced as a young artist living comfortably in her home in Kaunas , Lithuania , living with her loving family . But , on June 14 , 1941 , Soviet officers ( the NKVD ) barge into her home , tearing her family from the comfortable life they 've known . Separated from her father , forced onto a crowded and dirty train car , Lina , her mother , and her younger brother , Jonas , slowly make their way north , crossing the Arctic Circle , to a work camp in the coldest reaches of Siberia . Here they are forced , under Stalin 's orders , to dig for beets and fight for their lives under the cruelest of conditions . She befriends many people and works hard alongside her mother and brother for food and survival . Upon arriving at the camp , Lina and her family are forced to live with Ulyushka , a cruel , seemingly heartless woman who initially dislikes the Vilkas ' and constantly takes their food and other goods from them as a form of rent . Elena Vilkas , Lina 's mother , is kind and generous to Ulyushka , though she and her brother Jonas can not understand why . She befriends Andrius who later becomes her love interest , Alexandras Lukas ( known as `` The Man Who Wound His Watch '' ) Mr. Stalas ( the Bald Man ) , Mrs. Grybas , Mrs. Rimas . There is also one NKVD member who also sticks out to Lina as well ; Nikolai Kretzsky . Though he does n't at first come off as necessarily kind or helpful , he more or less befriends Lina and her mother . He can be seen as only being downright cruel to Lina only when around other NKVD members . He does n't seem to want to hurt Lina unless he absolutely has to . He is described as young , blonde - haired , and blue - eyed , and can be assumed to be quite handsome . Their relationship grows and remains important throughout the book . Alexandras Lukas is gray - haired and was once a lawyer . He is often seen winding his watch , and is the voice and soul of reason . The Bald Man is secretly Jewish and can add a touch of humor because of his terrible advice and short temper . Andrius Arvydas is handsome , golden - brown haired , and a source of comfort for Lina . At first , she disliked him , dismissing him as an `` idiot '' because he smoked her book , which was a present from her deceased grandmother . Their friendship blossoms , though becomes troubled when Lina accuses him and his mother for working for the NKVD . It turns out his mother was being unwillingly used as a prostitute because of her beauty , but only to protect her son and her friends . Andrius becomes Lina 's more - or-less boyfriend , and gets Lina a new book . Lina is then transported , separated from Andrius to a different camp where they are forced to build their own houses to survive . But then Lina 's mother dies . Just when she doubted survival a man , who is a doctor as well as an inspector of the work camps , shows up giving everyone blankets and food . He took them home after another long trip and Lina finds Andrius and they get married . Characters ( edit ) Lina Vilkas : The 16 - year - old protagonist of the story , taken in the beginning with her mother and brother to a labor camp . Jonas Vilkas : Lina 's ten - year - old brother . He is a major character , beloved by all , including the sour Mr. Stalas . His sweet and innocent personality is evident throughout the book , although Lina is frightened by the emotional changes in him upon beinforced to the camp . Elena Vilkas : Lina 's mother . A loving woman , and generous with her kind gestures and food , perishes from grief and her attempts to save her children by giving them her rations . She also teaches her children that it is important to do what is right , not what is easy . Kostas Vilkas : Lina 's father , who is separated from his family and is shipped to a prison by the name of Krasnoyarsk . Nikolai Kretzsky claimed he was dead , but if he is telling the truth is unknown . Much of the book revolves around Lina 's desperate attempts to locate and contact her father . Andrius Arvydas : A handsome 17 - year - old boy , whom Lina meets in the train to the labor camps . He quickly falls in love with Lina in exile . He often sneaks food and supplies to the Vilkas family , and saves them a number of times with his knowledge on the happenings of the NKVD . He and Lina are said to be married in the epilogue . Mrs. Arvydas : Andrius ' beautiful , and dainty , mother . She becomes a prostitute for the NKVD after they threaten to kill her son if she did not do so . Nikolai Kretzsky : A young NKVD officer who helps Lina and her mother . While Lina finds him cruel and ruthless throughout much of the novel , he actually struggles with his work due to its immorality . While he is described to hit and shove the prisoners , he is also the only member of the NKVD who turns as the women undress for their bath , saves Elena from his fellow officers when they assault her , and sends for a doctor to save the prisoners dying in the second camp . Mr. Stalas : A salty elderly man , distraught with guilt . He often complains and advises everyone to kill themselves before the NKVD did . It is later discovered that he revealed the prisoners ' identities and workplaces , resulting in their imprisonment . He is known to have a soft spot for the Vilkas family , despite his rudeness towards them , and he later helps in saving the sick prisoners . Janina : A young girl partial to Lina , whose doll she lost to an officer who grew angry and shot its head off . Joana : Lina 's beloved cousin and friend , who flees to Germany with her family before Stalin begins the deportation . Her escape is the reason for the Vilkas family 's imprisonment . She is consistently mentioned , but only appears in flashbacks . She is also one of the main characters in Sepetys ' third novel , Salt to the Sea . Ivanov : An NKVD officer , perhaps the most despicable , allowing many prisoners to die , and finding great humor in the pain . Ona : A young girl , not believed to be twenty , who is forced on the train immediately after giving birth to her baby , neither given any medical attention . After losing her baby , Ona goes insane and is shot and killed by the NKVD . Reception ( edit ) Between Shades of Gray received intensely positive reviews . The New York Times described it as a `` superlative first novel '' whilst the LA Times called it a `` story of hardship as well as human triumph '' . Publishers ' Weekly praised Between Shades of Gray , calling it a `` harrowing page - turner , made all the more so for its basis in historical fact '' . The book was a finalist for the 2012 William C. Morris Award for a debut young adult novel and was shortlisted for the 2012 Carnegie Medal . The book won the 2012 Golden Kite Award . The book was a finalist for the 2012 Amelia Elizabeth Walden Award . Film adaptation ( edit ) Main article : Ashes in the Snow Recognition ( edit ) National awards ( edit ) A New York Times Bestseller An International Bestseller A Carnegie Medal Nominee A William C. Morris Finalist A New York Times Notable Book A Wall Street Journal Best Children 's Book Winner of The Golden Kite Award for Fiction An ALA Notable Book A Publishers Weekly Best Children 's Book of 2011 YALSA 's Top 10 Best Fiction For Young Adults A School Library Journal Best Book of 2011 A Booklist Best Book of 2011 A Kirkus Best Book of 2011 iTunes Best Teen Novel of 2011 A Junior Library Guild Selection Notable Books For a Global Society Award An Indies Choice Book Awards Finalist IRA Children 's and Young Adult 's Book Award Amazon Top Ten Teen Books of 2011 A CYBILS Finalist for 2011 National Blue Ribbon Selection by Book of the Month Club A St. Louis Post Dispatch Best Book of 2011 A Columbus Dispatch Best Book of 2011 Winner of the SCBWI Work - in - Progress Grant Georgia Peach Honor Book ( GA ) International awards ( edit ) Finalist for the Carnegie Medal in the UK Shortlisted for the Lewisham Book Award in the UK A Waterstones Children 's Book Prize Nominee in the UK Amazon UK Top Ten Books of 2011 Finalist for Le Prix des Incorruptibles in France Winner of the Prix RTL Lire For Best Novel For Young People in France Winner of the Prix Livrentête in France Finalist for the Historia Prize in France Winner of the Peter Pan Silver Star in Sweden Winner of the Prix Farniente in Belgium Winner of the Flanders Young Adult Literature Jury Prize in Belgium Winner of the KJV - Award in Belgium Winner of the National Patriot Award in Lithuania Winner of the Global Lithuanian Leader Award in Lithuania A Golden List Nominee in the Netherlands A Magazyn Literacki KSIĄŻKI ! Best Book in Poland Winner of the Prix des Libraries du Québec in Canada ' Der Leserpreis ' Readers Choice Finalist in Germany A ' Best Breakthrough Author ' Nominee for the Penguin Teen Australia Awards Finalist for the Sakura Medal in Japan State awards ( edit ) Texas Lonestar Reading List Master List ( TX ) TAYSHAS Reading List Master List ( TX ) Capitol Choices Noteworthy Books for Children and Teens Master List ( D.C. ) Black - Eyed Susan Book Award Master List ( MD ) Pennsylvania School Librarians Association Award Master List ( PA ) The Flume : New Hampshire Readers ' Choice Award Master List ( NH ) Iowa Association of School Librarians Award Master List ( IA ) Kentucky Bluegrass Award Master List ( KY ) Nevada Young Readers Award Master List ( NV ) Rhode Island Teen Book Award Master List ( RI ) Maud Hart Lovelace Award ( MN ) Missouri Association of School Librarians Gateway Award Master List ( MO ) South Carolina Young Adult Book Award Master List ( SC ) Virginia Readers ' Choice Master List ( VA ) Eliot Rosewater Rosie Award Master List ( IN ) Nebraska Golden Sower Award ( NE ) Volunteer State Book Award ( TN ) Young Hoosier Book Award ( IN ) Sequoyah Book Award ( OK ) Translations ( edit ) Czech : `` V šedých tónech , '' CooBoo , Albatros Media A.S. Chinese : `` Between Shades of Gray '' , ChinaCITIC Press , ISBN 978 - 7 - 5086 - 3344 - 2 Complex Chinese : `` Between Shades of Gray '' , ISBN 978 - 957 - 10 - 4896 - 3 Croatian : `` Pomrčina srca '' , Znanje , ISBN 978 - 953 - 324 - 532 - 4 Dutch : `` Schaduwliefde , '' Moon , 2011 ISBN 978 - 90 - 488 - 0901 - 1 English ( Australian Edition ) : `` Between Shades of Gray '' Penguin , ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 320541 - 8 English ( UK Young Adult Edition ) : `` Between Shades of Gray '' Puffin , ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 133588 - 9 English ( UK Adult Edition ) : `` Between Shades of Gray '' Viking , ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 92085 - 3 Estonian : `` Hallaaegade algus '' , Tammerraamat , ISBN 978 - 9949 - 526 - 18 - 5 Finnish : `` Harmaata valoa '' , Wsoy , ISBN 978 - 951 - 0 - 37239 - 5 French : Ce qu'ils n'ont pas pu nous prendre , Gallimard Jeunesse , ISBN 978 - 2 - 07 - 063567 - 2 German : Und in mir der unbesiegbare Sommer , Carlsen Verlag , Hamburg , ISBN 978 - 3 - 551 - 58254 - 6 Greek : `` Between Shades of Gray '' , Psichogios , ISBN 978 - 960 - 496 - 478 - 9 Hebrew : `` Between Shades of Gray '' , Miskal , ISBN 978 - 965 - 545 - 605 - 9 Hungarian : `` Arnyalatnyi remeny '' , Maxim Konyvkiado , ISBN 978 - 963 - 261 - 204 - 1 Italian : Avevano spento anche la luna , Garzanti Libri , ISBN 978 - 88 - 11 - 67036 - 0 Japanese : `` Between Shades of Gray '' , Iwanami Shoten , ISBN 978 - 4 - 00 - 115651 - 5 Latvian : `` Starp pelekiem toniem '' , Zvaigzne ABC , ISBN 978 - 9934 - 0 - 2238 - 8 Lithuanian : `` Tarp pilkų debesų '' , Alma Littera , ISBN 978 - 9955 - 38 - 964 - 4 Macedonian `` Крадци и проститутки , '' Sakam Knigi Persian : `` Between Shades of Gray '' , Morvarid Polish : `` szare sniegi syberii '' , Nasza Ksiegarnia , ISBN 978 - 83 - 10 - 11983 - 4 Portuguese ( Brazil ) : `` a vida em tons de cinza '' , Arqueiro , ISBN 978 - 85 - 8041 - 016 - 7 Portuguese ( Portugal ) : `` o longo inverno '' , Bertrand Editora / Contraponto , ISBN 978 - 989 - 666 - 085 - 7 Romanian `` Printre Tonuri Cenusii , '' Epica Publishing House Serbian : `` Putovanje pod zvezdama '' , Alnari , ISBN 978 - 86 - 7710 - 729 - 1 Slovakian : `` Medzi odtieňmi sivej '' Ikar , ISBN 978 - 80 - 551 - 2442 - 1 Spanish : Entre tonos de gris , Ediciones Maeva , 2011 ISBN 978 - 84 - 15120 - 25 - 4 Swedish : `` Strimmor av hopp '' , B / Wahlstroms , ISBN 978 - 91 - 32 - 15958 - 9 Turkish : `` gri golgeler arasinda '' Delidolu , ISBN 978 - 605 - 63326 - 7 - 8 External links ( edit ) Official Between Shades of Gray Website Ruta Sepety 's official Website ThirstforFiction interview with Ruta Sepetys Review in English and Italian References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The CILIP Carnegie Medal Nomination for 2012 . Accessed May 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 04 - 25 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` An Interview With Ruta Sepetys '' . ( November 2 , 2011 ) . Thirst for Fiction . Accessed May 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Macpherson , Karen ( June 4 , 2011 ) `` ' Between Shades of Gray ' reveals horror and hope . '' The Seattle Times . Accessed May 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Alter , Alexandra ( March 25 , 2011 ) . `` An Unlikely Story for Teens '' . The Wall Street Journal . Accessed May 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Park , Linda Sue ( April 9 ♥ , 2011 ) `` A Teenager 's View of the Gulag '' . The New York Times . Accessed May 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Carpenter , Susan ( March 27 , 2011 ) . `` Not Just for Kids : ' Between Shades of Gray ' by Ruta Sepetys '' . Los Angeles Times . Accessed May 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Between Shades of Gray . ( January 3 , 2011 ) . Publisher 's Weekly . Accessed May 24 , 2012 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Between_Shades_of_Gray&oldid=826556848 '' Categories : 2011 American novels Golden Kite Award - winning works American young adult novels Novels set in Lithuania Novels set in Siberia Novels set in the Stalin era Hidden categories : Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Italiano Lietuvių Edit links This page was last edited on 19 February 2018 , at 20 : 26 . About Wikipedia | when does between shades of gray take place | [
"Between Shades of Gray, a New York Times Bestseller, is the debut novel of American novelist Ruta Sepetys. It follows the Stalinist repressions of the mid-20th century and follows the life of Lina as she is deported from her native Lithuania with her mother and younger brother and the journey they take to a labor-camp in Siberia. It was nominated for the 2012 CILIP Carnegie Medal[1] and has been translated into more than 27 languages.[2]"
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"mid-20th century"
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4802990098133840860 | The Chronicles of Narnia (film series) | The Chronicles of Narnia ( film series ) - wikipedia The Chronicles of Narnia ( film series ) The Chronicles of Narnia Directed by Andrew Adamson ( 1 -- 2 ) Michael Apted ( 3 ) Joe Johnston ( 4 ) Produced by Mark Johnson ( 1 -- 3 ) Philip Steuer ( 1 -- 3 ) Andrew Adamson ( 2 -- 3 ) Mark Gordon ( 4 ) Douglas Gresham ( 4 ) Vincent Sieber ( 4 ) Screenplay by Ann Peacock ( 1 ) Andrew Adamson ( 1 -- 2 ) Christopher Markus ( 1 -- 3 ) Stephen McFeely ( 1 -- 3 ) Michael Petroni ( 3 ) David Magee ( 4 ) Based on The Chronicles of Narnia by C.S. Lewis Starring Georgie Henley Skandar Keynes William Moseley Anna Popplewell Ben Barnes Will Poulter Tilda Swinton Liam Neeson Music by Harry Gregson - Williams ( 1 -- 2 ) David Arnold ( 3 ) Cinematography Donald McAlpine ( 1 ) Karl Walter Lindenlaub ( 2 ) Dante Spinotti ( 3 ) Edited by Sim Evan - Jones ( 1 -- 2 ) Rick Shaine ( 3 ) Production company Walt Disney Pictures ( 1 -- 2 ) Walden Media ( 1 -- 3 ) The Mark Gordon Company ( 4 ) Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures ( 1 -- 2 ) 20th Century Fox ( 3 ) TriStar Pictures ( 4 ) Entertainment One ( 4 ) Release date 1 : 9 December 2005 2 : 16 May 2008 3 : 10 December 2010 4 TBA Running time 410 minutes ( 1 -- 3 ) Country United Kingdom United States Language English Budget Total ( 3 films ) : $560 million Box office Total ( 3 films ) : $1,580,364,900 The Chronicles of Narnia is a series of films based on The Chronicles of Narnia , a series of novels by C.S. Lewis . From the seven novels , there have been three film adaptations so far -- The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe ( 2005 ) , Prince Caspian ( 2008 ) and The Voyage of the Dawn Treader ( 2010 ) -- which have grossed over $1.5 billion worldwide among them . The series revolves around the adventures of children in the world of Narnia , guided by Aslan , a wise and powerful lion that can speak and is the true king of Narnia . The children heavily featured in the films are the Pevensie siblings , and a prominent antagonist is the White Witch ( also known as Jadis ) . The first two films were directed by Andrew Adamson and the third film was directed by Michael Apted . The fourth film will be directed by Joe Johnston . Contents 1 Development 2 Films 2.1 The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe ( 2005 ) 2.2 Prince Caspian ( 2008 ) 2.3 The Voyage of the Dawn Treader ( 2010 ) 2.4 The Silver Chair ( TBA ) 3 Main cast 3.1 Children 3.2 Other main characters 4 Crew 5 Reception 5.1 Box office performance 5.2 Critical and public response 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Development ( edit ) C.S. Lewis never sold the film rights to the Narnia series during his lifetime , as he was skeptical that any cinematic adaptation could render the more fantastical elements and characters of the story realistically . Only after seeing a demo reel of CGI animals did Douglas Gresham ( Lewis 's stepson and literary executor , and film co-producer ) give approval for a film adaptation . Although the plan was originally to produce the films in the same order as the book series ' original publication , it was reported that The Magician 's Nephew , which recounts the creation of Narnia , would be the fourth feature film in the series , instead of The Silver Chair . It was rumoured that The Magician 's Nephew was chosen as an attempt to reboot the series , after the release of The Voyage of the Dawn Treader grossed less when compared to the two previous films . In March 2011 , Walden Media confirmed that they intended The Magician 's Nephew to be next in the series , but stressed that it was not yet in development . In October 2011 , Douglas Gresham stated that Walden Media 's contract with the C.S. Lewis estate had expired , hinting that Walden Media 's lapse in renegotiating their contract with the C.S. Lewis estate was due to internal conflicts between both companies about the direction of future films . On 1 October 2013 , The C.S. Lewis Company announced a partnership with The Mark Gordon Company , and that The Chronicles of Narnia : The Silver Chair was officially in pre-production . Films ( edit ) The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe ( 2005 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe , based on the novel of the same title , is the first film in the series . Directed by Andrew Adamson , it was shot mainly in New Zealand , though locations were used in Poland , the Czech Republic and the United Kingdom . The story follows the four British Pevensie siblings , who are evacuated during the Blitz to the countryside , where they find a wardrobe that leads to the fantasy world of Narnia . There , they must ally with the lion Aslan against the forces of the White Witch , who has placed Narnia in an eternal winter . The film was released theatrically on 9 December 2005 and on DVD on 4 April 2006 and grossed over $745 million worldwide . Prince Caspian ( 2008 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Chronicles of Narnia : Prince Caspian Prince Caspian , based on the novel of the same title , is the second film in the series and the last distributed by Walt Disney Pictures . The story follows the same Pevensie children who were transported to Narnia in the previous film as they return to Narnia , where 1,300 years have passed and the land has been invaded by the Telmarines . The four Pevensie children aid Prince Caspian in his struggle for the throne against his corrupt uncle , King Miraz . The film was released on 16 May 2008 . It grossed $419 million worldwide . The Voyage of the Dawn Treader ( 2010 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Chronicles of Narnia : The Voyage of the Dawn Treader The Voyage of the Dawn Treader , based on the novel of the same title , is the first film in the series not to be co-produced by Disney , who dropped out over a budget dispute with Walden Media . In February 2009 it was announced that 20th Century Fox would replace Disney for future installments . Directed by Michael Apted , the movie was filmed almost entirely in Australia . The story follows the two younger Pevensie children as they return to Narnia with their cousin , Eustace Scrubb . They join the old king of Narnia , Caspian , in his quest to rescue seven lost lords and save Narnia from a corrupting evil that resides on a lit island . The film was released on 10 December 2010 ( in RealD 3D in select theatres ) and grossed over $415 million worldwide . The Silver Chair ( tba ) ( edit ) After Walden Media 's contract of the series ' film rights expired in 2011 it was originally assumed that 2014 would be the earliest that production on another Narnia film could begin according to the moratorium placed on the C.S. Lewis estate 's right to sell the books ' film option . On 1 October 2013 , The C.S. Lewis Company announced that it had entered into an agreement with the Mark Gordon Company to produce The Chronicles of Narnia : The Silver Chair , based on The Silver Chair . Mark Gordon and Douglas Gresham along with Vincent Sieber , the Los Angeles based director of The C.S. Lewis Company , would serve as producers and work with The Mark Gordon Company on developing the script . On 5 December 2013 , it was announced that David Magee would write the screenplay . In July 2014 , the official Narnia website allowed the opportunity for fans to suggest names for the Lady of the Green Kirtle , the main antagonist . The winning name is to be selected by Mark Gordon and David Magee for use in the final script of The Chronicles of Narnia : The Silver Chair . While the film 's producers have been calling the film a `` reboot '' to the series , in actuality this is referring to the fact that the film has a new creative team not associated with those who worked on the previous three films . The film itself is still considered to be a sequel to the film adaptation of The Voyage of the Dawn Treader . On 9 August 2016 , it was announced that Sony 's TriStar Productions and Entertainment One Films will finance and distribute the fourth film with Mark Gordon Company ( which eOne owns ) and C.S. Lewis Company . In April 2017 , it was announced that Joe Johnston had been hired to direct The Silver Chair . In October , Johnston said filming is expected to begin in late 2018 . During an interview with Red Carpet News TV , producer Mark Gordon revealed scarce details about the new technologies and setting that would be used for the upcoming film . Main cast ( edit ) Children ( edit ) William Moseley as Peter Pevensie , title : High King Peter the Magnificent , the eldest Pevensie child and the High King of Narnia during the Golden Age . Anna Popplewell as Susan Pevensie , title : Queen Susan the Gentle , the elder Pevensie child and a Queen of Narnia during the Golden Age . Skandar Keynes as Edmund Pevensie , title : King Edmund the Just ; the younger Pevensie child and a King of Narnia during the Golden Age . Georgie Henley as Lucy Pevensie , title : Queen Lucy the Valiant , the youngest Pevensie child and a Queen of Narnia during the Golden Age . Will Poulter as Eustace Scrubb , the Pevensie children 's arrogant cousin . He will return to Narnia with his friend Jill Pole in The Silver Chair . Other main characters ( edit ) Liam Neeson as the voice of Aslan , the magnificent and majestically powerful lion who helps govern and maintain order in Narnia ; a mystical world of his own creation . He is the only main character to appear in all seven books . Tilda Swinton as Jadis , the White Witch ; the former queen of Charn and a witch who ruled Narnia after being released in The Magician 's Nephew and during the events of The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe . Ben Barnes as Caspian X ( Also known as `` Prince Caspian '' ) , the Telmarine prince who becomes King of Narnia after overthrowing his evil uncle Miraz . Eddie Izzard and Simon Pegg as the voice of Reepicheep in Prince Caspian and The Voyage of the Dawn Treader , respectively : the noble and courageous mouse who fights for Aslan and the freedom of Narnia . Crew ( edit ) Role Film The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe The Chronicles of Narnia : Prince Caspian The Chronicles of Narnia : The Voyage of the Dawn Treader The Chronicles of Narnia : The Silver Chair 2005 2008 2020 Director ( s ) Andrew Adamson Michael Apted Joe Johnston Producer ( s ) Mark Johnson and Phillip Steuer Mark Johnson , Andrew Adamson , and Phillip Steuer Mark Gordon , Douglas Gresham , and Vincent Sieber Writer ( s ) Ann Peacock , Andrew Adamson , Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely Andrew Adamson , Christopher Markus , and Stephen McFeely Christopher Markus , Stephen McFeely , and Michael Petroni David Magee Composer ( s ) Harry Gregson - Williams David Arnold TBA Cinematographer ( s ) Donald McAlpine Karl Walter Lindenlaub Dante Spinotti TBA Editor ( s ) Sim Evan - Jones Rick Shaine TBA U.S. release date 9 December 2005 16 May 2008 10 December 2010 2020 Distributor ( s ) Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures 20th Century Fox TriStar Pictures and Entertainment One Reception ( edit ) Box office performance ( edit ) Film Release date Box office gross All - time ranking Budget Ref . North America Other territories Worldwide North America Worldwide The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch , and the Wardrobe December 9 , 2005 ( 2005 - 12 - 09 ) $291,710,957 $453,302,158 $745,013,115 78 86 $180 million The Chronicles of Narnia : Prince Caspian May 16 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 16 ) $141,621,490 $278,044,078 $419,665,568 363 236 $225 million The Chronicles of Narnia : The Voyage of the Dawn Treader December 10 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 10 ) $104,386,950 $311,299,267 $415,686,217 621 238 $155 million Total $ 7008537719397000000 ♠ 537,719,397 $ 7009104264550300000 ♠ 1,042,645,503 $ 7009158036490000000 ♠ 1,580,364,900 $560 million Critical and public response ( edit ) Film Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic CinemaScore The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe 76 % ( 209 reviews ) 75 ( 39 reviews ) A+ The Chronicles of Narnia : Prince Caspian 67 % ( 189 reviews ) 62 ( 34 reviews ) A − The Chronicles of Narnia : The Voyage of the Dawn Treader 50 % ( 161 reviews ) 53 ( 33 reviews ) A − See also ( edit ) Narnia portal Fantasy portal Film portal Disney portal Outline of Narnia The Chronicles of Narnia ( TV serial ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ A general dislike of cinema is seen in Collected Letters , Vol. 2 , a letter to his brother Warren on March 3 , 1940 , p. 361 ; see also All My Road Before Me , June 1 , 1926 , p. 405 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Moring , Mark ( April 7 , 2011 ) . `` The Lion , the Witch , and the Box Office '' . Christianity Today . Retrieved May 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Narnia ' : Walden , Fox in discussions on ' The Magician 's Nephew ' '' . Inside movies . EW. 23 Oct 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Gresham Shares Plans for Next Narnia Film '' . Narnia Web . May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fourth `` Chronicles of Narnia '' Movie in Works from Mark Gordon Co `` . Deadline. Oct 2013 . Jump up ^ Alexonx ( 10 November 2010 ) . `` The Chronicles of Narnia : The Voyage of the Dawn Treader - Spectacular trailer '' . filmissimo.it . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 14 . Retrieved 10 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' Narnia ' Sequel Taps David Magee to Write Script '' . The Wrap . 5 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Enter The Silver Chair Movie Contest ! '' . Narnia.com . Jump up ^ `` Chronicles of Narnia : The Silver Chair to Reboot the Franchise '' . Collider. 12 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Katharine Trendacosta . `` With This Chronicles of Narnia News , the Word ' Reboot ' Is Officially Gibberish '' . io9 . Gawker Media . Jump up ^ Fleming , Jr , Mike ( 9 August 2016 ) . `` TriStar , Mark Gordon & eOne Revive ' The Chronicles Of Narnia ' With ' The Silver Chair ' '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin . `` ' Captain America ' Director Joe Johnston Boards ' Narnia ' Revival ' The Silver Chair ' '' . Variety.com . Retrieved 4 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Silver Chair to Begin Filming 2018 , Johnston Says '' . NarniaWeb . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Chronicles of Narnia : The Silver Chair ' update : Mark Gordon drops teasers about setting and visual effects '' . Jump up ^ `` The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe ( 2005 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` The Chronicles of Narnia : Prince Caspian ( 2008 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` The Chronicles of Narnia : The Voyage of the Dawn Treader ( 2010 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` The Chronicles of Narnia Movies at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Narnia ' Vs. ' Narnia ' '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe ( 2005 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 13 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cinema score '' . Retrieved 21 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Chronicles of Narnia : Prince Caspian ( 2008 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 13 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Chronicles of Narnia : Prince Caspian Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 13 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Chronicles of Narnia : The Voyage of the Dawn Treader ( 2010 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Chronicles of Narnia : The Voyage of the Dawn Treader Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 13 October 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Chronicles of Narnia ( film series ) The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe on IMDb The Chronicles of Narnia : Prince Caspian on IMDb The Chronicles of Narnia : The Voyage of the Dawn Treader on IMDb The Chronicles of Narnia by C.S. Lewis Books The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe Prince Caspian The Voyage of the Dawn Treader The Silver Chair The Horse and His Boy The Magician 's Nephew The Last Battle Adaptations The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe ( 1967 TV serial ) The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe ( 1979 film ) The Chronicles of Narnia ( TV series ) The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe Prince Caspian / The Voyage of the Dawn Treader The Silver Chair List of actors Film series The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe Soundtrack Game Prince Caspian Soundtrack Game The Voyage of the Dawn Treader Soundtrack Game Cast list Music Accolades Characters Aravis Aslan Mr. and Mrs. Beaver Bree Caspian Centaurs Coriakin Digory Drinian Edmund Emeth Eustace The Cabby and Nellie Hwin Jill Lady of the Green Kirtle Lucy Maugrim Miraz Peter Polly Puddleglum Rabadash Ramandu Ramandu 's daughter Reepicheep Rilian Seven Great Lords of Narnia Shasta / Cor Shift Susan Tash Telmarines Tirian Trumpkin Mr. Tumnus White Witch Places Narnia ( world ) Anvard Archenland Aslan 's Country Aslan 's How Cair Paravel Calormen Charn Lantern Waste Miraz 's Castle Narnia ( country ) Underland Wood between the Worlds General Battles First Battle of Beruna Second Battle of Beruna Creatures Dawn Treader Deplorable Word Hundred - Year Winter Religion Tisroc Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Chronicles_of_Narnia_(film_series)&oldid=854490594 '' Categories : English - language films Film series introduced in 2005 British films British epic films Film series The Chronicles of Narnia ( film series ) Films about siblings Fantasy films by series Action films by series Adventure films by series C.S. Lewis Children 's film series High fantasy films Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia ქართული 日本 語 Norsk Português Simple English Svenska ไทย 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 18 : 56 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many parts does chronicles of narnia have | [
"The Chronicles of Narnia is a series of films based on The Chronicles of Narnia, a series of novels by C. S. Lewis. From the seven novels, there have been three film adaptations so far—The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe (2005), Prince Caspian (2008) and The Voyage of the Dawn Treader (2010)—which have grossed over $1.5 billion worldwide among them.\n"
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"seven"
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4311460718610623476 | Military budget of the United States | Military budget of the United States - Wikipedia Military budget of the United States Jump to : navigation , search This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( April 2017 ) The military budget is the portion of the discretionary United States federal budget allocated to the Department of Defense , or more broadly , the portion of the budget that goes to any military - related expenditures . The military budget pays the salaries , training , and health care of uniformed and civilian personnel , maintains arms , equipment and facilities , funds operations , and develops and buys new equipment . The budget funds 4 branches of the U.S. military : the Army , Marine Corps , Navy , and Air Force . In FY 2015 , Pentagon and related spending totaled $598 billion , about 54 % of the fiscal year 2015 U.S. discretionary budget . For FY 2017 , President Obama proposed the base budget of $523.9 billion , which includes an increase of $2.2 billion over the FY 2016 enacted budget of $521.7 billion . For the period 2010 - 14 , SIPRI found that the United States was the world 's biggest exporter of major arms , accounting for 31 percent of global shares , followed by Russia with 27 percent . The USA delivered weapons to at least 94 recipients . The United States was also the world 's eighth largest importer of major military equipment for the same period . The main imports were 19 transport aircraft from Italy ; and equipment produced in the US under license -- including 252 trainer aircraft of Swiss design , 223 light helicopters of German design and 10 maritime patrol aircraft of Spanish design . Contents ( hide ) 1 Budget by Year 1.1 Budget for 2011 1.1. 1 Emergency and supplemental spending 1.1. 2 By title 1.1. 3 By entity 1.1. 4 Programs spending more than $1.5 billion 1.1. 5 Other military - related expenditures 1.1. 6 Audit of 2011 budget 1.1. 7 Audit of implementation of budget for 2010 1.2 Budget for 2016 2 Budget request for FY2018 2.1 Budget request for FY2017 2.1. 1 Investments 2.1. 2 Major Acquisition Programs 2.1. 3 Science and Technology Program 2.1. 3.1 Total Budget by Department 2.1. 3.2 Total Budget of Military 2.1. 3.3 Funding of payments and benefits 2.1. 3.4 Funding the military health system 3 Support service contractors 4 Military budget and total US federal spending 5 Federal waste 6 Comparison with other countries 7 Past commentary on military budget 7.1 2012 fiscal cliff 8 GAO audits 9 Reform 10 References 11 External links Budget by year ( edit ) The following is historical spending on defense from 1996 - 2015 , spending for 2014 - 15 is estimated . The Defense Budget is shown in billions of dollars and total budget in trillions of dollars . The percentage of the total U.S. budget spent on defense is indicated in the third row , and change in defense spending from the previous year in the final row . 1990s 2000s 2010s 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 Defense Budget ( Billions ) 266 270 271 292 304 335 362 456 491 506 556 625 696 698 721 717 681 610 614 637 Total Budget ( Trillions ) 1.58 1.64 1.69 1.78 1.82 1.96 2.09 2.27 2.41 2.58 2.78 2.86 3.32 4.08 3.48 3.51 3.58 3.48 3.64 3.97 Defense Budget % 16.8 16.5 16.0 16.4 16.7 17.1 17.3 20.1 20.4 19.6 20.0 21.9 20.9 17.1 20.7 20.4 19.1 17.5 16.8 16.0 Defense Spending % Change - 0.1 + 1.6 + 0.2 + 7.8 + 4.0 + 10.1 + 8.2 + 26.0 + 7.6 + 3.1 + 10.0 + 12.5 + 11.3 + 0.2 + 3.4 - 0.6 - 5.0 - 10.5 + 0.6 + 3.8 Budget for 2011 ( edit ) For the 2011 fiscal year , the president 's base budget for the Department of Defense and spending on `` overseas contingency operations '' combine to bring the sum to US $664.84 billion . When the budget was signed into law on 28 October 2009 , the final size of the Department of Defense 's budget was $680 billion , $16 billion more than President Obama had requested . An additional $37 billion supplemental bill to support the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan was expected to pass in the spring of 2010 , but has been delayed by the House of Representatives after passing the Senate . Emergency and supplemental spending ( edit ) The recent invasions of Iraq and Afghanistan were largely funded through supplementary spending bills outside the federal budget , which are not included in the military budget figures listed below . However , the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan were categorized as `` overseas contingency operations '' in the starting of the fiscal year 2010 , and the budget is included in the federal budget . By the end of 2008 , the U.S. had spent approximately $900 billion in direct costs on the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan . The government also incurred indirect costs , which include interests on additional debt and incremental costs , financed by the Veterans Administration , of caring for more than 33,000 wounded . Some experts estimate the indirect costs will eventually exceed the direct costs . As of June 2011 , the total cost of the wars was approximately $1.3 trillion . By title ( edit ) USA 2010 Military Budget Spending The federally budgeted ( see below ) military expenditure of the United States Department of Defense for fiscal year 2013 are as follows . While data is provided from the 2015 budget , data for 2014 and 2015 is estimated , and thus data is shown for the last year for which definite data exists ( 2013 ) . Components Funding Change , 2012 to 2013 Operations and maintenance $258.277 billion - 9.9 % Military Personnel $153.531 billion - 3.0 % Procurement $97.757 billion - 17.4 % Research , Development , Testing & Evaluation $63.347 billion - 12.1 % Military Construction $8.069 billion - 29.0 % Family Housing $1.483 billion - 12.2 % Other Miscellaneous Costs $2.775 billion - 59.5 % Atomic energy defense activities $17.424 billion - 4.8 % Defense - related activities $7.433 billion - 3.8 % Total Spending $610.096 billion - 10.5 % By entity ( edit ) Entity 2010 Budget request Percentage of Total Notes Army $244.8 billion 31.8 % Marine Corps $40.6 billion 4 % Total Budget taken allotted from Department of Navy Navy $379.8 billion 43.4 % excluding Marine Corps Air Force $170.6 billion 22 % Defense Intelligence $80.1 billion 3.3 % Because of classified nature , budget is an estimate and may not be the actual figure Defense Wide Joint Activities $118.7 billion 15.5 % Programs spending more than $1.5 billion ( edit ) The Department of Defense 's FY 2011 $137.5 billion procurement and $77.2 billion RDT&E budget requests included several programs with more than $1.5 billion . Program 2011 Budget request Change , 2010 to 2011 F - 35 Joint Strike Fighter $11.4 billion + 2.1 % Ballistic Missile Defense ( Aegis , THAAD , PAC - 3 ) $9.9 billion + 7.3 % Virginia class submarine $5.4 billion + 28.0 % Brigade Combat Team Modernization $3.2 billion + 21.8 % DDG 51 Burke - class Aegis Destroyer $3.0 billion + 19.6 % P -- 8A Poseidon $2.9 billion − 1.6 % V - 22 Osprey $2.8 billion − 6.5 % Carrier Replacement Program $2.7 billion + 95.8 % F / A-18E / F Hornet $2.0 billion + 17.4 % Predator and Reaper Unmanned Aerial System $1.9 billion + 57.8 % Littoral combat ship $1.8 billion + 12.5 % CVN Refueling and Complex Overhaul $1.7 billion − 6.0 % Chemical Demilitarization $1.6 billion − 7.0 % RQ - 4 Global Hawk $1.5 billion + 6.7 % Space - Based Infrared System $1.5 billion + 54.0 % Other military - related expenditures ( edit ) Per - capita military spending 1962 -- 2015 ( inflation - adjusted 2011 dollars ) Military spending 1962 -- 2015 ( inflation - adjusted 2011 dollars ) This does not include many military - related items that are outside of the Defense Department budget , such as nuclear weapons research , maintenance , cleanup , and production , which are in the Atomic Energy Defense Activities section , Veterans Affairs , the Treasury Department 's payments in pensions to military retirees and widows and their families , interest on debt incurred in past wars , or State Department financing of foreign arms sales and militarily - related development assistance . Neither does it include defense spending that is not military in nature , such as the Department of Homeland Security , counter-terrorism spending by the Federal Bureau of Investigation , and intelligence - gathering spending by NSA . Audit of 2011 budget ( edit ) Again in 2011 , the GAO could not `` render an opinion on the 2011 consolidated financial statements of the federal government '' , with a major obstacle again being `` serious financial management problems at the Department of Defense ( DOD ) that made its financial statements unauditable '' . In December 2011 , the GAO found that `` neither the Navy nor the Marine Corps have implemented effective processes for reconciling their FBWT . '' According to the GAO , `` An agency 's FBWT account is similar in concept to a corporate bank account . The difference is that instead of a cash balance , FBWT represents unexpended spending authority in appropriations . '' In addition , `` As of April 2011 , there were more than $22 billion unmatched disbursements and collections affecting more than 10,000 lines of accounting . '' Audit of implementation of budget for 2010 ( edit ) The US Government Accountability Office ( GAO ) was unable to provide an audit opinion on the 2010 financial statements of the US Government because of ' widespread material internal control weaknesses , significant uncertainties , and other limitations ' . The GAO cited as the principal obstacle to its provision of an audit opinion ' serious financial management problems at the Department of Defense that made its financial statements unauditable ' . In FY 2010 , six out of thirty - three DoD reporting entities received unqualified audit opinions . Chief financial officer and Under Secretary of Defense Robert F. Hale acknowledged enterprise - wide problems with systems and processes , while the DoD 's Inspector General reported ' material internal control weaknesses ... that affect the safeguarding of assets , proper use of funds , and impair the prevention and identification of fraud , waste , and abuse ' . Further management discussion in the FY 2010 DoD Financial Report states ' it is not feasible to deploy a vast number of accountants to manually reconcile our books ' and concludes that ' although the financial statements are not auditable for FY 2010 , the Department 's financial managers are meeting warfighter needs ' . Budget for 2016 ( edit ) On February 9 , 2016 , the US Department of Defense under President Obama released a statement outlining the proposed 2016 and 2017 defense spending budgets that `` ( reflect ) the priorities necessary for our force today and in the future to best serve and protect our nation in a rapidly changing security environment . '' Budget by Appropriation Components Dollars In Billions Military Personnel 138.6 Operation and Maintenance 244.4 Procurement 118.9 RDT&E 69.0 Revolving and Management Funds 1.3 Military Construction 6.9 Family Housing 1.3 Total 580.3 Budget by Military Departments Departments Dollars in Billions Army 146.9 Navy 168.8 Air Force 161.8 Defense Wide 102.8 Total 580.3 Budget request for FY2018 ( edit ) On March 16 , 2017 President Trump submitted his request to Congress for $639 billion in military spending -- $54 billion -- which represents a 10 percent increase -- for FY 2018 as well as $30 billion for FY2017 which ends in September . With a total federal budget of $3.9 trillion for FY2018 , the increase in military spending would result in deep cuts to many other federal agencies and domestic programs , as well as the State Department . Trump had pledged to `` rebuild '' the military as part of his 2016 Presidential campaign . In April 2017 , journalist Scot J. Paltrow raised concerns about the increase in spending with the Pentagon 's history of `` faulty accounting '' . On the 14th of July , H.R. 2810 the National Defense Authorization Act 2018 was passed by the U.S. House of Representatives 344 - 8 , with 8 not voting . 60 % of Democrats voted for this bill , which represented an 18 % increase in defense spending . The Congress increased the budget to total 696 billion dollars . Budget request for FY2017 ( edit ) The currently available budget request for 2017 was filed on February 9 , 2016 , under now former - President Barack Obama . The press release of the proposal specifies the structure and goals for the Fiscal Year ( FY ) 2017 budget : The FY 2017 budget reflects recent strategic threats and changes that have taken place in Asia , the Middle East and Europe . Russian aggression , terrorism by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant ( ISIL ) and others , and China 's island building and claims of sovereignty in international waters all necessitate changes in our strategic outlook and in our operational commitments . Threats and actions originating in Iran and North Korea negatively affect our interests and our allies . These challenges have sharpened the focus of our planning and budgeting . The proposal also includes a comparison of the 2016 and the proposed 2017 request amounts , a summary of acquisitions requested for 2017 and enacted in 2016 , and provides in detail a breakdown of specific programs to be funded . Investments ( edit ) FY 2016 Enacted FY 2017 Request Change Aircraft and Related Systems 50.6 45.3 - 5.3 C4I Systems 7.1 7.4 0.3 Ground Systems 9.9 9.8 - 0.1 Missile Defense Programs 9.1 8.5 - 0.6 Missiles and Munitions 12.7 13.9 1.2 Mission Support 52.9 52.4 - 0.5 Science & Technology ( S&T ) 13.0 12.5 - 0.5 Shipbuilding and Maritime Systems 27.5 27.0 - 0.5 Space - Based Systems 7.0 7.1 0.1 Rescissions - 1.8 - + 1.8 Total 188 183.9 - 4.1 Amounts are in $ billions . Major acquisition programs ( edit ) These are the top 25 DoD weapon programs described in detail : FY 2016 FY 2017 Qty $ Qty $ Aircraft F - 35 Joint Strike Fighter 68 11.6 63 10.5 KC - 46A Tanker 12 3.0 15 3.3 P - 8A Poseidon 17 3.4 11 V - 22 Osprey 20 1.6 16 1.5 E-2D AHE Advanced Hawkeye 5 1.2 6 1.4 AH - 64E Apache Helicopter 64 1.4 52 1.1 C / HC / MC - 130J Hercules 29 2.4 14 1.3 UH - 60 Black Hawk Helicopter 107 1.8 36 1.0 CH - 53K King Stallion Helicopter -- 0.6 0.8 MQ - 4C Triton 1.0 0.8 H - 1 Upgrades Bell Helicopter 29 0.9 24 0.8 NGJ Next Generation Jammer Increment 1 -- 0.4 -- 0.6 CH - 47F Chinook Helicopter 39 1.1 22 0.7 Missile Defense / Missiles BMDS Ballistic Missile Defense -- 7.7 -- 6.9 Trident II Trident II Missile Modifications -- 1.2 -- 1.2 AMRAAM Advanced Medium Range Air to Air Missile 429 0.7 419 0.7 Ships SSN 774 VIRGINIA Submarine 5.7 5.3 DDG 51 AEGIS Destroyer 4.4 3.5 CVN 78 FORD Aircraft Carrier -- 2.8 -- 2.8 ORR Ohio Replacement -- 1.4 -- 1.9 LHA - 6 Amphibious Assault Ship -- 0.5 1.6 LCS Littoral Combat Ship 1.8 1.6 Space AEHF Advanced Extremely High Frequency Satellite -- 0.6 -- 0.9 EELV Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle 1.5 5 1.8 Trucks JLTV Joint Light Tactical Vehicle 804 0.4 2,020 0.7 $ in billions , Qty being the number of items requested . Science and technology program ( edit ) This program 's purpose is to `` invest in and develop capabilities that advance the technical superiority of the U.S. Military to counter new and emerging threats . '' . It has a budget of $12.5 billion , but is apart from the overall Research , Development , Test , and Evaluation ( RDT&E ) portfolio , which compromises $71.8 billion . Efforts funded apply to the Obama administration 's refocusing of the US military to Asia , identifying investments to `` sustain and advance ( the ) DoD 's military dominance for the 21st century '' , counter the `` technological advances of U.S. foes '' , and support Manufacturing Initiative institutes . A breakdown of the amounts provided , by tier of research , is provided : Program FY 2016 Request FY 2016 Enacted FY 2017 Request Change ( FY16 Enacted - FY17 Request ) Basic Research 2.1 2.3 2.1 - 0.2 Applied Research 4.7 5.0 4.8 - 0.2 Advanced Technology Development 5.5 5.7 5.6 - 0.1 Total 12.3 13.0 12.5 0.5 Total Budget by Department ( edit ) Total Budget FY 2016 Enacted FY 2017 Request Change Army 146,928,044 148,033,950 + 1,105,906 Navy 168,786,798 164,861,078 - 3,925,720 Air Force 161,783,330 166,879,239 + 5,095,909 Defense - Wide 102,801,512 102,927,320 + 125,808 Total 580,299,684 582,701,587 + 2,401,903 Amounts in Thousands of $ USD Total Budget of Military ( edit ) Total Budget FY 2016 Enacted FY 2017 Request Change Military Personnel 138,552,886 138,831,498 + 278,612 Operation and Maintenance 244,434,932 250,894,310 + 6,459,378 Procurement 118,866,320 112,081,088 - 6,785,232 RDT&E * 69,009,764 71,765,940 + 2,756,176 Revolving and Management Funds 1,264,782 1,512,246 + 247,464 Military Construction 6,909,712 6,296,653 - 613,059 Family Housing 1,261,288 1,319,852 + 58,564 Total 580,299,684 582,701,587 + 2,401,903 * Research , Development , Test and Evaluation Amounts in thousands of $ USD Funding of payments and benefits ( edit ) This portion of the military budget comprises roughly one third to one half of the total defense budget , considering only military personnel or additionally including civilian personnel , respectively . These expenditures `` will likely always be , the single largest expense category for the Department . '' Since 2001 , military pay and benefits have increased by 85 % , but remained roughly one third of the total budget due to an overall increased budget . Military pay remains at about the 70th percentile compared to the private sector to attract sufficient amounts of qualified personnel . Military Pay and Benefits Funding FY 2016 Enacted FY 2017 Request Military Personnel Appropriations 128.7 128.9 Medicare - Eligible Retiree Health Care Accruals 6.6 6.4 Defense Health Program 32.9 33.8 DoD Education Activity 3.1 2.9 Family Housing 1.3 1.3 Commissary Subsidy 1.4 1.2 Other Benefit Programs 3.5 3.4 Military Pay and Benefits Funding 177.5 177.9 Civilian Pay and Benefits Funding 71.8 72.9 Total Pay and Benefits Funding 249.3 250.8 DoD Base Budget Authority 521.7 523.9 Military Pay and Benefits as % of Budget 34.0 % 34.0 % Total Pay and Benefits as % of Budget 47.8 % 47.9 % Funding the military health system ( edit ) The request for 2017 amounts to $48.8 billion . The system has 9.4 million beneficiaries , including active , retired , and eligible Reserve Component military personnel and their families , and dependent survivors . Program FY 2017 Request Defense Health ( DHP ) 33.5 Military Personnel 8.6 Military Construction 0.3 Health Care Accrual 6.4 Unified Medical Budget 48.8 Support service contractors ( edit ) Main article : Defense contractor See also : List of United States defense contractors The role of support service contractors has increased since 2001 and in 2007 payments for contractor services exceeded investments in equipment for the armed forces for the first time . In the 2010 budget , the support service contractors will be reduced from the current 39 percent of the workforce down to the pre-2001 level of 26 percent . In a Pentagon review of January 2011 , service contractors were found to be `` increasingly unaffordable . '' Military budget and total U.S. federal spending ( edit ) Fiscal Year 2012 U.S. Federal Spending -- Cash or Budget Basis . The U.S. Department of Defense budget accounted in fiscal year 2010 for about 19 % of the United States federal budgeted expenditures and 28 % of estimated tax revenues . Including non-DOD expenditures , military spending was approximately 28 -- 38 % of budgeted expenditures and 42 -- 57 % of estimated tax revenues . According to the Congressional Budget Office , defense spending grew 9 % annually on average from fiscal year 2000 -- 2009 . Because of constitutional limitations , military funding is appropriated in a discretionary spending account . ( Such accounts permit government planners to have more flexibility to change spending each year , as opposed to mandatory spending accounts that mandate spending on programs in accordance with the law , outside of the budgetary process . ) In recent years , discretionary spending as a whole has amounted to about one - third of total federal outlays . Department of Defense spending 's share of discretionary spending was 50.5 % in 2003 , and has risen to between 53 % and 54 % in recent years . For FY 2010 , Department of Defense spending amounts to 4.7 % of GDP . Because the U.S. GDP has grown over time , the military budget can rise in absolute terms while shrinking as a percentage of the GDP . For example , the Department of Defense budget is slated to be $664 billion in 2010 ( including the cost of operations in Iraq and Afghanistan previously funded through supplementary budget legislation ) , higher than at any other point in American history , but still 1.1 -- 1.4 % lower as a percentage of GDP than the amount spent on military during the peak of Cold - War military spending in the late 1980s . Admiral Mike Mullen , former Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff , has called four percent an `` absolute floor '' . This calculation does not take into account some other military - related non-DOD spending , such as Veterans Affairs , Homeland Security , and interest paid on debt incurred in past wars , which has increased even as a percentage of the national GDP . In 2015 , Pentagon and related spending totaled $598 billion . Military expenditures exceed the total amount of funds allocated to support social security , transportation , unemployment , labor , science , energy and the environment , international affairs , housing , veteran 's benefits , medicare , education . In addition , the United States will spend at least $179 billion over the fiscal years of 2010 - 2018 on its nuclear arsenal , averaging $20 billion per year . Despite President Barack Obama 's attempts in the media to reduce the scope of the current nuclear arms race , the U.S. intends to spend an additional $1 trillion over the next 30 years modernizing its nuclear arsenal . Federal waste ( edit ) As of September 2014 , the Department of Defense was estimated to have `` $857 million in excess parts and supplies '' . This figure has risen over the past years and of the Pentagon waste that has been calculated , two figures that are especially worth mentioning is the expenditure of `` $150 million on private villas for a handful of Pentagon employees in Afghanistan and the procurement of the JLENS air - defense balloon '' which , throughout the program 's development over the past two decades , is estimated to have cost $2.7 billion . Also , it is important to note that the JLENS air - balloon still does not function properly . Comparison with other countries ( edit ) The U.S. military budget is higher than the nine other biggest military budgets in the world combined . Map of military expenditures as a percentage of GDP by country , 2015 . The United States spends more on their defense budget than China , Saudi Arabia , Russia , the United Kingdom , India , France , and Japan combined . The 2009 U.S. military budget accounts for approximately 40 % of global arms spending . The 2012 budget is 6 -- 7 times larger than the $106 billion military budget of China . The United States and its close allies are responsible for two - thirds to three - quarters of the world 's military spending ( of which , in turn , the U.S. is responsible for the majority ) . The US also maintains the largest number of military bases on foreign soil across the world . While there are no freestanding foreign bases permanently located in the United States , there are now around 800 U.S. bases in foreign countries . Military spending makes up nearly 16 % percent of entire federal spending and approximately half of discretionary spending . In a general sense discretionary spending ( defense and non-defense spending ) makes up one - third of the annual federal budget . In 2015 , out of its budget of 1.11 trillion , the United States spent $598 billion on military . U.S. defense spending is equivalent to the next seven largest military budgets -- India , the United Kingdom , Japan , France , Saudi Arabia , Russia , and China -- combined . In 2017 , the U.S. military budget is 773.5 billion and is estimated to increase in the upcoming years . In 2005 , the United States spent 4.06 % of its GDP on its military ( considering only basic Department of Defense budget spending ) , more than France 's 2.6 % and less than Saudi Arabia 's 10 % . This is historically low for the United States since it peaked in 1944 at 37.8 % of GDP ( it reached the lowest point of 3.0 % in 1999 -- 2001 ) . Even during the peak of the Vietnam War the percentage reached a high of 9.4 % in 1968 . The US Military 's budget has plateaued in 2009 , but is still considerably larger than any other military power . Past commentary on military budget ( edit ) In 2009 , Secretary of Defense Robert Gates wrote that the U.S. should adjust its priorities and spending to address the changing nature of threats in the world : `` What all these potential adversaries -- from terrorist cells to rogue nations to rising powers -- have in common is that they have learned that it is unwise to confront the United States directly on conventional military terms . The United States can not take its current dominance for granted and needs to invest in the programs , platforms , and personnel that will ensure that dominance 's persistence . But it is also important to keep some perspective . As much as the U.S. Navy has shrunk since the end of the Cold War , for example , in terms of tonnage , its battle fleet is still larger than the next 13 navies combined -- and 11 of those 13 navies are U.S. allies or partners . '' Secretary Gates announced some of his budget recommendations in April 2009 . According to a 2009 Congressional Research Service there was a discrepancy between a budget that is declining as a percentage of GDP while the responsibilities of the DoD have not decreased and additional pressures on the military budget have arisen due to broader missions in the post-9 / 11 world , dramatic increases in personnel and operating costs , and new requirements resulting from wartime lessons in the Iraq War and Operation Enduring Freedom . In 2012 , four billion dollars of the five billion dollars in budget cuts mandated by the Congress in the 2013 budget were achieved by declaring that nearly 65 thousand troops were now temporary and no longer part of the permanent forces and so their costs were shifted to the Afghanistan war budget . In May 2012 , as part of Obama 's East Asia `` pivot '' , his 2013 national military request moved funding from the Army and Marines to favor the Navy , but the Congress has resisted this . Reports emerged in February 2014 that Secretary of Defense Chuck Hagel was planning to trim the defense budget by billions of dollars . The secretary in his first defense budget planned to limit pay rises , increase fees for healthcare benefits , freeze the pay of senior officers , and reduce military housing allowances . A reduction in the number of soldiers serving in the U.S. Army would reduce the size of the force to levels not seen since prior to the start of World War II . In July 2014 , American Enterprise Institute scholar Michael Auslin opined in the National Review that the Air Force needs to be fully funded as a priority , due to the air superiority , global airlift , and long - range strike capabilities it provides . In January 2015 Defense Department published its internal study on how to save $125 billion on its military budget from 2016 to 2020 by renegotiating vendor contracts and pushing for stronger deals , and by offering workers early retirement and retraining . 2012 Fiscal cliff ( edit ) On 5 December 2012 , the Department of Defense announced it was planning for automatic spending cuts , which include $500 billion and an additional $487 billion due to the 2011 Budget Control Act , due to the fiscal cliff . According to Politico , the Department of Defense declined to explain to the House of Representatives Appropriations Committee , which controls federal spending , what its plans were regarding the fiscal cliff planning . This was after half a dozen defense experts either resigned from Congress or lost their reelection fights . Lawrence Korb has noted that given recent trends military entitlements and personnel costs will take up the entire defense budget by 2039 . GAO audits ( edit ) The Government Accountability Office was unable to provide an audit opinion on the 2010 financial statements of the U.S. government due to `` widespread material internal control weaknesses , significant uncertainties , and other limitations . '' The GAO cited as the principal obstacle to its provision of an audit opinion `` serious financial management problems at the Department of Defense that made its financial statements unauditable . '' In Fiscal Year ( FY ) 2011 , seven out of 33 DoD reporting entities received unqualified audit opinions . Under Secretary of Defense Robert F. Hale acknowledged enterprise - wide weaknesses with controls and systems . Further management discussion in the FY 2011 DoD Financial Report states `` we are not able to deploy the vast numbers of accountants that would be required to reconcile our books manually '' . Congress has established a deadline of FY 2017 for the DoD to achieve audit readiness . For FYs 1998 - 2010 the Department of Defense 's financial statements were either unauditable or such that no audit opinion could be expressed . Reform ( edit ) In a statement of 6 January 2011 Defense Secretary Robert M. Gates stated : `` This department simply can not risk continuing down the same path -- where our investment priorities , bureaucratic habits and lax attitude towards costs are increasingly divorced from the real threats of today , the growing perils of tomorrow and the nation 's grim financial outlook . '' Gates has proposed a budget that , if approved by Congress , would reduce the costs of many DOD programs and policies , including reports , the IT infrastructure , fuel , weapon programs , DOD bureaucracies , and personnel . The 2015 expenditure for Army research , development and acquisition changed from $32 billion projected in 2012 for FY15 , to $21 billion for FY15 expected in 2014 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Historical Tables , Budget of the United States Government , Fiscal Year 2015 '' . United States Government Publishing Office . 2015 . Retrieved 1 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Updated Summary Tables , Budget of the United States Government Fiscal Year 2010 ( Table S. 12 ) Archived 2 November 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Department of Defense '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 7 January 2012 . Retrieved 26 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Senate OKs defense bill , 68 - 29 '' . TheHill . Retrieved 25 March 2015 . 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Retrieved 25 March 2015 . Jump up ^ CRS Defense : FY2010 Authorization and Appropriations , pages 6 -- 8 Archived 31 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Bender , Bryan . `` Pentagon accused of end run on budget cuts . '' Boston Globe . 3 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Pellerin , Cheryl . `` Carter : DOD Puts Strategy Before Budget for Future Force . '' American Forces Press Service , 30 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Pentagon plan looks at lean , mean US army '' . The US News . Retrieved 24 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` National Review '' . National Review Online . Retrieved 25 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Helene ( 6 December 2016 ) . `` Pentagon Denies Suppressing Study on Ways to Save $125 Billion '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 26 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Wright , Robert ( 7 December 2012 ) . `` Why Not Push the Pentagon off the Fiscal Cliff ? '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 7 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Martinez , Luis ( 5 December 2012 ) . `` Pentagon Begins Planning for $500 B in ' Fiscal Cliff ' Cuts '' . ABC . Retrieved 8 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Mount , Mike ( 5 December 2012 ) . `` Pentagon told to start planning for fiscal cliff cuts '' . CNN . Retrieved 8 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` After months of delay , Pentagon told to plan for ' fiscal cliff ' '' . Indian Express . 6 December 2012 . Retrieved 8 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Alexander , David ( 5 December 2012 ) . `` UPDATE 2 - After months of delay , Pentagon told to plan for ' fiscal cliff ' '' . United Kingdom Reuters . Retrieved 8 December 2012 . Jump up ^ SHERMAN , JAKE ; JOHN BRESNAHAN ; CARRIE BUDOFF BROWN ( 6 December 2012 ) . `` W.H. to House GOP : We 're not moving '' . Politico . p. 2 . Retrieved 8 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Darren Samuelsohn & Stephanie Gaskell . `` Many old - time defense hawks take flight '' . Politico . Retrieved 25 March 2015 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Pentagon faces a rebel yell over pensions '' . Financial Times . Retrieved 25 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` US Government 's 2010 Financial Report Shows Significant Financial Management and Fiscal Challenges '' . U.S. Government Accountability Office . Retrieved 6 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` US Government 's 2010 Financial Report Shows Significant Financial Management and Fiscal Challenges '' . US Government Accountability Office . Retrieved 6 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` FY 2011 DoD Agency Financial Report ( vid . pp. 25 -- 29 ) '' ( PDF ) . Comptroller , Department of Defense . Retrieved 13 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FY 2011 DoD Agencywide Agency Financial Report ( vid . p. 45 ) '' ( PDF ) . Comptroller , Department of Defense . Retrieved 13 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Financial Improvement and Audit Readiness ( FIAR ) Plan Status Report '' ( PDF ) . Comptroller , Department of Defense . Retrieved 13 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` DoD Agency Financial Report for FY 2011 ( vid . p. 46 ) '' ( PDF ) . Comptroller , Department of Defense . Retrieved 13 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` DoD Agency Financial Report for FY 2010 ( vid . p. 44 ) '' ( PDF ) . Comptroller , Department of Defense . Retrieved 13 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` DoD Agency Financial Report for FY 2009 ( vid . p. 23 ) '' ( PDF ) . Office of the Under Secretary of Defense ( Comptroller ) . Retrieved 11 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FY 2008 Agency Financial Report ( vid . p. 21 ) '' ( PDF ) . Office of the Under Secretary of Defense ( Comptroller ) . Retrieved 11 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` DoD Agency Financial Report FY 2007 ( vid . p. 17 ) '' ( PDF ) . Office of the Under Secretary of Defense ( Comptroller ) . Retrieved 11 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` DoD Performance and Accountability Report FY 2006 ( vid . p. 74 ) '' ( PDF ) . Office of the Under Secretary of Defense ( Comptroller ) . Retrieved 11 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` DoD Performance and Accountability Report FY 2005 ( vid . p. 137 ) '' ( PDF ) . Office of the Under Secretary of Defense ( Comptroller ) . Retrieved 11 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FY 2004 , FY 2003 , FY 2002 Component Financial Statements '' . Office of the Under Secretary of Defense ( Comptroller ) . Retrieved 11 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` DoD Agency - Wide Financial Statements Audit Opinion FY 2001 '' ( PDF ) . Office of the Under Secretary of Defense ( Comptroller ) . Retrieved 11 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` DoD Agency - Wide Financial Statements Audit Opinion FY 2000 '' ( PDF ) . Office of the Under Secretary of Defense ( Comptroller ) . Retrieved 11 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` DoD Agency - Wide Financial Statements Audit Opinion FY 1999 '' ( PDF ) . Office of the Under Secretary of Defense ( Comptroller ) . Retrieved 11 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` DoD Agency - Wide Financial Statements Audit Opinion FY 1998 '' ( PDF ) . Office of the Under Secretary of Defense ( Comptroller ) . Retrieved 11 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Gates Reveals Budget Efficiencies , Reinvestment Possibilities '' . US Department of Defense . Archived from the original on 8 January 2011 . Retrieved 11 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Drwiega , Andrew . `` Missions Solutions Summit : Army Leaders Warn of Rough Ride Ahead '' Rotor&Wing , 4 June 2014 . Accessed : 8 June 2014 . External links ( edit ) US Government Defense Spending History with Charts - a www.usgovernmentspending.com briefing ( archived ) ( hide ) United States Armed Forces Book Portal MC AF CG MC AF CG Navbox MC AF CG Leadership Commander - in - chief : President of the United States Secretary of Defense Deputy Secretary of Defense Secretary of Homeland Security Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security Joint Chiefs of Staff : Chairman Vice Chairman United States Congress : Committees on Armed Services : Senate House Active duty four - star officers Highest ranking officers in history National Security Act of 1947 Goldwater -- Nichols Act Organization Service departments Department of Defense ( Secretary ) : Army ( Secretary ) Navy ( Secretary ) Air Force ( Secretary ) Department of Homeland Security ( Secretary ) : Coast Guard Branches Army ( Chief of Staff ) Marine Corps ( Commandant ) Navy ( Chief of Naval Operations ) Air Force ( Chief of Staff ) Coast Guard ( Commandant ) Reserve components Reserves : A MC N AF CG National Guard : A AF Civilian auxiliaries Military Auxiliary Radio System Merchant Marine Civil Air Patrol Coast Guard Auxiliary Unified Combatant Command Northern Central European Pacific Southern Africa Special Operations Strategic Transportation Structure United States Code Title 10 Title 14 Title 32 Title 50 The Pentagon Installations Units : A MC N AF CG Logistics Media Unit mottoes Operations and history Current deployments Conflicts Wars Timeline History : A MC N AF CG Colonial World War II Civil affairs African Americans Asian Americans Buddhist Americans Jewish Americans Muslim Americans Pakistani Americans Sikh Americans Historiography : A : 1 / 2 MC N AF Art : A AF Personnel Training MEPS ASVAB Recruit training : A MC N AF CG Officer candidate school : A MC N AF Warrant : A MC Service academies : A ( prep ) N ( prep ) AF ( prep ) CG Merchant Marine ROTC A : ECP MC / N AF Medical Other education Uniforms Uniforms : A MC N AF CG Awards & decorations : Inter-service A MC / N AF CG Foreign International Devices Badges : Identification A MC N AF CG Ranks Enlisted : A MC N AF CG Warrant officers Officer : A MC N AF CG Other Oath : Enlistment Office Creeds & Codes : Code of Conduct NCO A MC N AF CG Service numbers : A MC N AF CG Military Occupational Specialty / Rating / Air Force Specialty Code Pay Uniform Code of Military Justice Judge Advocate General 's Corps Military Health System / TRICARE Separation Veterans Affairs Conscription Chiefs of Chaplains : A MC N AF CG Equipment MC : vehicles weapons other AF CG Land Individual weapons Crew - served weapons Vehicles ( active ) Sea All watercraft Ships : A N ( active ) AF CG MSC Weapons : N CG Aircraft : N CG Reactors Air Aircraft World War I active Aircraft designation Missiles Helicopter arms Other Nuclear football Electronics ( designations ) Flags : A MC N AF CG Ensign Jack Guidons Food WMDs : Nuclear Biological Chemical Legend A = Army MC = Marine Corps N = Navy AF = Air Force CG = Coast Guard Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Military_budget_of_the_United_States&oldid=807232646 '' Categories : United States Department of Defense United States federal budgets Military budgets Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Wikipedia articles in need of updating from April 2017 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Use dmy dates from April 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2017 , at 18 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where does funding for the military come from | [
"The U.S. Department of Defense budget accounted in fiscal year 2010 for about 19% of the United States federal budgeted expenditures and 28% of estimated tax revenues. Including non-DOD expenditures, military spending was approximately 28–38% of budgeted expenditures and 42–57% of estimated tax revenues.[citation needed] According to the Congressional Budget Office, defense spending grew 9% annually on average from fiscal year 2000–2009.[36]"
] | [
"tax revenues"
] |
-3700832078296959737 | Stand by Me | Stand by Me - wikipedia Stand by Me Jump to : navigation , search Stand by Me may refer to : Contents ( hide ) 1 Music 1.1 Albums 1.2 Songs 2 Film and television 3 Books 4 See also Music ( edit ) Albums ( edit ) Stand by Me ( Ernest Tubb album ) , 1966 Stand by Me ( Whatcha See Is Whatcha Get ) , a 1971 album by Bernard Purdie Stand by Me : The Ultimate Collection , 1987 compilation album by Ben E. King Stand by Me , a 2002 album by Ernie Haase & Signature Sound Stand by Me , a 2007 album by Ray Brown , Jr . Songs ( edit ) `` Stand by Me '' ( Ben E. King song ) , a 1961 hit by Ben E. King `` Stand by Me '' ( Atomic Rooster song ) , 1972 single hit in Europe `` Stand by Me '' ( Charles Albert Tindley song ) , a 1905 gospel song `` Stand by Me '' ( Oasis song ) , a 1997 single `` Stand by Me '' ( Shayne Ward song ) , a 2006 single `` Train in Vain '' ( `` Train in Vain ( Stand by Me ) '' in the US ) , a 1980 single by The Clash `` Stand by Me '' , a 1972 song by Golden Earring `` Stand by Me '' , a 2007 song by The Brilliant Green `` Stand by Me '' , a 2009 song by SHINee for the Boys Over Flowers OST Film and television ( edit ) Stand by Me ( film ) , a 1986 American drama film directed by Rob Reiner , based on the novella The Body by Stephen King Stand by Me Doraemon , a 2014 3D CGI - Animated Japanese film based on the manga series Doraemon by Fujiko Fujio Stand by Me ( TV series ) , a 1998 Singaporean Mandarin drama series `` Stand by Me '' , a 1992 episode of the TV series My Little Pony Tales `` Stand By Me ( Grey 's Anatomy ) '' , a 2009 season five episode of the TV series Grey 's Anatomy Books ( edit ) Stand by Me , a 2010 novel by Sheila O'Flanagan Stand by Me , an autobiographical book on depression by John Kirwan ( rugby ) See also ( edit ) Stand By ( disambiguation ) This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Stand by Me . If an internal link led you here , you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stand_by_Me&oldid=819608823 '' Categories : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories : All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Português Русский Svenska 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 January 2018 , at 08 : 55 . About Wikipedia | what movie was the song stand by me in | [
"\nStand by Me (film), a 1986 American drama film directed by Rob Reiner, based on the novella The Body by Stephen King\nStand by Me Doraemon, a 2014 3D CGI-Animated Japanese film based on the manga series Doraemon by Fujiko Fujio\nStand by Me (TV series), a 1998 Singaporean Mandarin drama series\n\"Stand by Me\", a 1992 episode of the TV series My Little Pony Tales\n\"Stand By Me (Grey's Anatomy)\", a 2009 season five episode of the TV series Grey's Anatomy\n",
"\nStand by Me (film), a 1986 American drama film directed by Rob Reiner, based on the novella The Body by Stephen King\nStand by Me Doraemon, a 2014 3D CGI-Animated Japanese film based on the manga series Doraemon by Fujiko Fujio\nStand by Me (TV series), a 1998 Singaporean Mandarin drama series\n\"Stand by Me\", a 1992 episode of the TV series My Little Pony Tales\n\"Stand By Me (Grey's Anatomy)\", a 2009 season five episode of the TV series Grey's Anatomy\n"
] | [
"Stand by Me (film), a 1986 American drama film directed by Rob Reiner, based on the novella The Body by Stephen King",
"Stand by Me Doraemon, a 2014 3D CGI-Animated Japanese film based on the manga series Doraemon by Fujiko Fujio"
] |
8369988510358802033 | Carolyn Rafaelian | Carolyn Rafaelian - wikipedia Carolyn Rafaelian Jump to : navigation , search Carolyn Rafaelian 1966 / 1967 ( age 51 -- 52 ) Residence Providence , Rhode Island , U.S. Citizenship American Alma mater American College in Los Angeles Occupation Entrepreneur Known for Founder and 80 % owner , Alex and Ani Net worth US $1 billion ( April 2018 ) Children Carolyn Rafaelian ( born 1966 / 67 ) is an American - Armenian entrepreneur and businesswoman . She is the founder of the accessories and jewelry company Alex and Ani , and the owner of the Belcourt of Newport and Carolyn 's Sakonnet Vineyards . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Business career 3 Personal life 4 References Background ( edit ) Rafaelian 's father opened a jewelry factory in 1966 , in which Rafaelian and her sister worked . Over time she helped her father design pieces and produced original designs herself for her father 's jewelry manufacturing company Cinerama . She attended Prout Memorial High School for Girls ( later known as The Prout School ) . She attended the University of Rhode Island between 1987 and 1989 , and then she transferred to and graduated from the American College in Los Angeles . In 1994 she joined her father 's business , and eventually began to work on her own line . In 2002 Rafaelian became co-owner of Cinerama with her sister . Rafaelian 's designs became the main seller for the company , and in 2016 Alex and Ani bought the manufacturing facility for an undisclosed sum . Business career ( edit ) In 2004 Rafaelian founded Alex and Ani , a jewelry line named after her two eldest daughters . The brand started with five cocktail rings and expanded into a full line of jewelry anchored by its patented expandable wire bangle . Rafaelian has been interviewed by newspapers regarding current events , including the New York Daily News . Rafaelian received the 2012 Rhode Island Small Businessperson of the Year award from the Small Business Administration for her work with Alex and Ani , and also the Ernst & Young Entrepreneur of Year in the products category for New England . Rafaelian considers the biggest accomplishment of her life to be launching the Liberty Collection of jewelry made from original copper from the Statue of Liberty . Her firm 's revenue grew from $5 million in 2010 to over $500 million in 2016 and the company 's Charity By Design initiative , where 20 % of sales go to charity , makes up 20 % of sales . Rafaelian owns a cafe franchise called Teas and Javas ; some of its cafes are attached to Alex and Ani stores , and some are independent . She is also the owner of the Rhode Island winery Carolyn 's Sakonnet Vineyard , purchased in 2012 which features wine making , dining area and locally sourced foods . Since taking over , the vinyeard has won a number of awards in international competition . Personal life ( edit ) Rafaelian is divorced from her first husband . Rafaelian is the owner of a 60 - room mansion , the Belcourt of Newport , formerly known as Belcourt Castle , in Newport , Rhode Island , built in 1894 . Rhode Island Monthly described Rafaelian 's charitable work as including `` Project USA , a nonprofit , which has raised funds for the victims of Hurricane Katrina , survivors of breast cancer , and endangered species '' as well as separate projects with the Humane Society of the United States . Rafaelian was listed 22nd in Forbes America 's Richest Self - Made Women in 2016 , with net worth estimated at $700 million in June 2016 . In May 2017 , she was recognized by the David Lynch Foundation for her humanitarian efforts . As of June 2017 , Rafaelian is estimated to be worth $1.8 billion , and 18th on the Forbes list of America 's richest self - made women , owning 80 % of Alex and Ani . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Carolyn Rafaelian '' . Forbes.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Bangle Billionaire : How Alex And Ani Founder Carolyn Rafaelian Built An American Jewelry Empire '' . Forbes.com . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ Dunn , Laura ( 21 April 2016 ) . `` Women in Business Q&A : Carolyn Rafaelian , Founder , CEO and CCO , Alex and Ani '' . The Huffington Post . Jump up ^ Tracey Samuelson ( 2015 - 04 - 23 ) . `` Rhode Island , hard hit by recession , slow to recover '' . Marketplace.org . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Michelle Smith ( June 30 , 2009 ) . `` Interview : Carolyn Rafaelian of Alex and Ani '' . The Gloss . Retrieved August 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Alex & Ani : A Vital Force in Rhode Island '' . Quad Angles . Spring 2012 . Retrieved August 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Leigh Buchanan ( April 2013 ) . `` The Disciplined and the Divine : An Unlikely Partnership '' . Inc. Magazine . Retrieved August 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Alex and Ani Buys Rafealian 's Cinerama - May be Precursor to a Public Offering '' . GoLocalProv. 2016 - 02 - 06 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ Jose Martinez ( February 15 , 2010 ) . `` One - of - a-kind Vancouver Olympic medals get mixed reviews '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved August 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New Bedford - native named Mass . Small Business Person of Year '' . South Coast Business Bulletin . March 23 , 2012 . Retrieved August 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rafaelian named Ernst & Young Entrepreneur of Year '' . Providence Business News . June 25 , 2012 . Retrieved August 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Amoratis , Pandora ( 2016 - 09 - 15 ) . `` Alex and Ani unveils unique jewelry collection crafted with pieces of the Statue of Liberty Daily Mail Online '' . Dailymail.co.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` From Sheryl Sandberg To Beyonce : The 60 Richest , Most Successful Self - Made Women In America '' . Forbes.com . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ JUDITH OHIKUARE ( May 31 , 2013 ) . `` Alex and Ani CEO : ' My Job Was to Discourage People ' '' . CEO Magazine . Retrieved August 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Philip Eil ( September 18 , 2013 ) . `` It 's Alex and Ani 's state ... we only live in it . An in - depth look at the ' positive energy ' powerhouse '' . The Providence Phoenix . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2013 . Retrieved October 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Phillip Silverstone ( August 3 , 2013 ) . `` Wining about the Good Life : The Genius of Wine '' . Montgomery News . Retrieved August 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sakonnet wines have won many awards '' . Jump up ^ `` Alex And Ani 's Sakonnet Vineyards Purchase Final '' . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Linda . `` Alex and Ani founder making her mark at ' Carolyn 's ' Sakonnet Vineyards '' . The Herald News , Fall River , MA . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ Aherne , Kevin . `` GoLocalProv Food Carolyn 's Sakonnet Vineyard Wins Big at Int'l Wine Competition '' . GoLocalProv . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ Editor , Gail Ciampa Journal Food . `` R.I. wineries winners at international wine contest '' . providencejournal.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Penelope Green ( September 19 , 2013 ) . `` Ghosts Be Gone : Belcourt Castle in Newport Gets a Face - Lift '' . New York Times . Retrieved September 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Darrell Hofheinz ( January 25 , 2013 ) . `` Rafaelian 's new townhouse : Location was key '' . Palm Beach Daily News . Retrieved August 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bill Tomison ( November 12 , 2012 ) . `` Alex and Ani owner buys Belcourt Castle '' . WPRI . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2013 . Retrieved August 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ M.E. REILLY - MCGREEN . `` Room at the Top : It takes more than a great idea to create a million - dollar business . You need passion , luck and drive , as these highly successful women have learned . Here are their secrets '' . Rhode Island Monthly . Retrieved August 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , Clare ( 3 June 2016 ) . `` Alex And Ani 's Carolyn Rafaelian Joins Self - Made List As Jewelry 's Richest Woman '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ Asher , Jane ( 2017 - 05 - 10 ) . `` Gisele Bundchen Talks the Importance of Meditation '' . InStyle.com . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Carolyn Rafaelian '' . Forbes.com . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 19 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carolyn_Rafaelian&oldid=837108518 '' Categories : 1960s births American billionaires American people of Armenian descent Armenian businesspeople Female billionaires Living people University of Rhode Island alumni Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Հայերեն Edit links This page was last edited on 18 April 2018 , at 19 : 24 . About Wikipedia | who is the founder of alex and ani | [
"Carolyn Rafaelian (born 1966/67) is an American-Armenian entrepreneur and businesswoman. She is the founder of the accessories and jewelry company Alex and Ani,[3] and the owner of the Belcourt of Newport and Carolyn's Sakonnet Vineyards."
] | [
"Carolyn Rafaelian"
] |
3402468170207615681 | Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea (song) | Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea ( song ) - wikipedia Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea ( song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea '' is an American popular song published in 1932 , with music by Harold Arlen and lyrics by Ted Koehler , and first recorded by Cab Calloway in 1931 . It was introduced in the 1931 Cotton Club show Rhythmania and is now a widely recorded standard . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early hits 2 Other Notable Recordings 3 Film appearances 4 Broadway show 5 References Early hits ( edit ) Joel Whitburn identified the most successful early recordings as being by : 1 . Cab Calloway recorded October 21 , 1931 for Brunswick Records ( catalogue No. 6209 ) 2 . Louis Armstrong performed a version featuring a trumpet solo which was recorded on January 25 , 1932 and released by Columbia Records , catalogue No. 2600D . 3 . The Boswell Sisters with The Dorsey Brothers ( Recorded March 21 , 1932 , Brunswick Records , No. 6291 ) Other notable recordings ( edit ) 1932 Kate Smith recorded January 28 , 1932 for Columbia Records with Blues in My Heart interpolated . 1935 Benny Goodman and orchestra ( July 1 , 1935 for Victor ) with Helen Ward on lead vocal 1939 Count Basie ( recorded November 7 , 1939 ) featuring Helen Humes as vocalist 1937 Phil Harris recorded it for Vocalion Records on Feb. 27 , 1937 . 1955 Ella Fitzgerald - included in her album Sweet and Hot . 1956 Dick Haymes - recorded for his album Moondreams . 1957 Buddy Rich performed the song on his album Buddy Rich Just Sings 1957 Bing Crosby included it in the album New Tricks . 1957 Carmen McRae for her album After Glow . 1958 Perry Como included in the album Saturday Night with Mr. C . 1960 Bobby Darin recorded a version influenced by Latin music in Feb. 1960 , released in 1964 on the album Winners . 1961 Ella Fitzgerald recorded it for her 1961 Verve album Ella Fitzgerald Sings the Harold Arlen Songbook 1961 Joni James for her album The Mood Is Romance . 1967 Thelonious Monk played the song on his 1967 album , Straight , No Chaser 1993 Diana Krall - an instrumental version was included on her album Stepping Out . 2002 George Harrison on his final album , Brainwashed Film appearances ( edit ) 1933 Sing , Bing , Sing - Bing Crosby sang an abridged version of the song in this Mack Sennett short . 1984 City Heat - sung by Eloise Laws . Broadway show ( edit ) Featured in the 2013 show After Midnight . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` haroldarlen.com '' . haroldarlen.com . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1986 ) . Joel Whitburn 's Pop Memories 1890 - 1954 . Wisconsin , USA : Record Research Inc. p. 477 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 083 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` THE ONLINE DISCOGRAPHICAL PROJECT '' . 78discography.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` THE ONLINE DISCOGRAPHICAL PROJECT '' . 78discography.com . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` THE ONLINE DISCOGRAPHICAL PROJECT '' . 78discography.com . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` secondhandsongs.com '' . secondhandsongs.com . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` THE ONLINE DISCOGRAPHICAL PROJECT '' . 78discography.com . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` THE ONLINE DISCOGRAPHICAL PROJECT '' . 78discography.com . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` THE ONLINE DISCOGRAPHICAL PROJECT '' . 78discography.com . Jump up ^ `` Discogs.com '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Discogs.com '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Internet Movie Database '' . imdb.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . ( hide ) The Boswell Sisters Martha Boswell Connee Boswell Helvetia Boswell Singles `` I Found a Million Dollar Baby '' `` Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea '' `` Dinah '' `` Alexander 's Ragtime Band '' `` St. Louis Blues '' `` Cheek to Cheek '' `` I 'm Gonna Sit Right Down and Write Myself a Letter '' Book : The Boswell Sisters Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Between_the_Devil_and_the_Deep_Blue_Sea_(song)&oldid=795171372 '' Categories : Pop standards Songs with music by Harold Arlen Songs with lyrics by Ted Koehler 1932 songs Cab Calloway songs George Harrison songs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Norsk Svenska Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2017 , at 13 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who wrote between the devil and the deep blue sea | [
"\"Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea\" is an American popular song published in 1932, with music by Harold Arlen and lyrics by Ted Koehler, and first recorded by Cab Calloway in 1931. It was introduced in the 1931 Cotton Club show Rhythmania[1] and is now a widely recorded standard.",
"\"Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea\" is an American popular song published in 1932, with music by Harold Arlen and lyrics by Ted Koehler, and first recorded by Cab Calloway in 1931. It was introduced in the 1931 Cotton Club show Rhythmania[1] and is now a widely recorded standard."
] | [
"music by Harold Arlen",
"lyrics by Ted Koehler"
] |
2031952598583993007 | Territorial waters | Territorial waters - wikipedia Territorial waters Jump to : navigation , search `` Coastal waters '' redirects here . For geographical aspects , see coast . Schematic map of maritime zones Territorial waters or a territorial sea , as defined by the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea , is a belt of coastal waters extending at most 12 nautical miles ( 22.2 km ; 13.8 mi ) from the baseline ( usually the mean low - water mark ) of a coastal state . The territorial sea is regarded as the sovereign territory of the state , although foreign ships ( civilian ) are allowed innocent passage through it , or transit passage for straits ; this sovereignty also extends to the airspace over and seabed below . Adjustment of these boundaries is called , in international law , maritime delimitation . The term `` territorial waters '' is also sometimes used informally to refer to any area of water over which a state has jurisdiction , including internal waters , the contiguous zone , the exclusive economic zone and potentially the continental shelf . Contents ( hide ) 1 Baseline 2 Internal waters 3 Territorial sea 4 Contiguous zone 5 Exclusive economic zone 6 Continental shelf 6.1 Definition 6.2 Rights over the continental shelf 7 Background 8 Miscellaneous 9 Territorial sea claim 9.1 Special cases 10 Contiguous zone claims 11 Extended continental shelf claims 11.1 Submissions with recommendations 11.2 Other submissions 12 See also 13 References 14 External links Baseline ( edit ) Main article : Baseline ( sea ) Normally , the baseline from which the territorial sea is measured is the low - water line along the coast as marked on large - scale charts officially recognized by the coastal state . This is either the low - water mark closest to the shore , or alternatively it may be an unlimited distance from permanently exposed land , provided that some portion of elevations exposed at low tide but covered at high tide ( like mud flats ) is within 12 nautical miles ( 22 km ; 14 mi ) of permanently exposed land . Straight baselines can alternatively be defined connecting fringing islands along a coast , across the mouths of rivers , or with certain restrictions across the mouths of bays . In this case , a bay is defined as `` a well - marked indentation whose penetration is in such proportion to the width of its mouth as to contain land - locked waters and constitute more than a mere curvature of the coast . An indentation shall not , however , be regarded as a bay unless its area is as large as , or larger than , that of the semi-circle whose diameter is a line drawn across the mouth of that indentation '' . The baseline across the bay must also be no more than 24 nautical miles ( 44 km ; 28 mi ) in length . Internal waters ( edit ) Internal and external territorial waters of the Philippines prior to the adoption of new baselines in 2009 . Main article : Internal waters Waters landward of the baseline are defined as internal waters , over which the state has complete sovereignty : not even innocent passage is allowed . Lakes and rivers are considered internal waters . All `` archipelagic waters '' within the outermost islands of an archipelagic state such as Indonesia or the Philippines are also considered internal waters , and are treated the same with the exception that innocent passage through them must be allowed . However , archipelagic states may designate certain sea lanes through these waters . Territorial sea ( edit ) A state 's territorial sea extends up to 12 nautical miles ( 22.2 km ; 13.8 mi ) from its baseline . If this would overlap with another state 's territorial sea , the border is taken as the median point between the states ' baselines , unless the states in question agree otherwise . A state can also choose to claim a smaller territorial sea . Conflicts still occur whenever a coastal nation claims an entire gulf as its territorial waters while other nations only recognize the more restrictive definitions of the UN convention . Two recent conflicts occurred in the Gulf of Sidra where Libya has claimed the entire gulf as its territorial waters and the U.S. has enforced freedom of navigation rights twice , in the 1981 and 1989 Gulf of Sidra incidents . In the U.S. federal system , individual states exercise ownership ( subject to federal law ) up to 3 nautical miles ( 9 nautical miles for Texas and Florida ) from shore , while the federal government exercises sole territorial jurisdiction further out ( see Tidelands ) . Contiguous zone ( edit ) The contiguous zone is a band of water extending from the outer edge of the territorial sea to up to 24 nautical miles ( 44.4 km ; 27.6 mi ) from the baseline , within which a state can exert limited control for the purpose of preventing or punishing `` infringement of its customs , fiscal , immigration or sanitary laws and regulations within its territory or territorial sea '' . This will typically be 12 nautical miles ( 22 km ; 14 mi ) wide , but could be more ( if a state has chosen to claim a territorial sea of less than 12 nautical miles ) , or less , if it would otherwise overlap another state 's contiguous zone . However , unlike the territorial sea , there is no standard rule for resolving such conflicts and the states in question must negotiate their own compromise . The United States invoked a contiguous zone out to 24 nmi on 29 September 1999 . Exclusive economic zone ( edit ) Main article : Exclusive economic zone An exclusive economic zone extends from the outer limit of the territorial sea to a maximum of 200 nautical miles ( 370.4 km ; 230.2 mi ) from the territorial sea baseline , thus it includes the contiguous zone . A coastal nation has control of all economic resources within its exclusive economic zone , including fishing , mining , oil exploration , and any pollution of those resources . However , it can not prohibit passage or loitering above , on , or under the surface of the sea that is in compliance with the laws and regulations adopted by the coastal State in accordance with the provisions of the UN Convention , within that portion of its exclusive economic zone beyond its territorial sea . Before the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 1982 , coastal nations arbitrarily extended their territorial waters in an effort to control activities which are now regulated by the exclusive economic zone , such as offshore oil exploration or fishing rights ( see Cod Wars ) . Indeed , the exclusive economic zone is still popularly , though erroneously , called a coastal nation 's territorial waters . Continental shelf ( edit ) Definition ( edit ) Article 79 gives the legal definition of continental shelf of coastal countries . For the physical geography definition , see the continental shelf page . The continental shelf of a coastal nation extends out to the outer edge of the continental margin but at least 200 nautical miles ( 370 km ; 230 mi ) from the baselines of the territorial sea if the continental margin does not stretch that far . Coastal states have the right of exploration and exploitation of its natural resources , however other states could lay cables and pipelines if they are authorised by the coastal state . The outer limit of a country 's continental shelf shall not stretch beyond 350 nautical miles ( 650 km ; 400 mi ) of the baseline , or beyond 100 nautical miles ( 190 km ; 120 mi ) from the 2,500 metres ( 8,200 ft ) isobath , which is a line connecting the depths of the seabed at 2,500 meters . The outer edge of the continental margin for the purposes of this article is defined as : * a series of lines joining points not more than 60 nautical miles ( 110 km ; 69 mi ) apart where the thickness of sedimentary rocks is at least 1 % of the height of the continental shelf above the foot of the continental slope ; or * a series of lines joining points not more than 60 nautical miles apart that is not more than 60 nautical miles from the foot of the continental margin . The foot of the continental slope is determined as the point of maximum change in the gradient at its base . The portion of the continental shelf beyond the 200 nautical mile limit is also known as the extended continental shelf . Countries wishing to delimit their outer continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles have to submit information on their claim to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf . The Commission must make recommendations on matters related to the establishment of the outer limits of their continental shelf . The limits established based on these recommendations shall be final and binding . Countries were supposed to lodge their submissions to extend their continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles within ten years of UNCLOS coming into force in the country , or by 13 May 2009 for countries where the convention had come into force before 13 May 1999 . As of 1 June 2009 , 51 submissions have been lodged with the Commission , of which eight have been deliberated by the Commission and have had recommendations issued . The eight are ( in the order of date of submission ) : Russian Federation ; Brazil ; Australia ; Ireland ; New Zealand ; the joint submission by France , Ireland , Spain and the United Kingdom ; Norway and Mexico . For full list , see below Rights over the continental shelf ( edit ) Articles 77 to 81 define the rights of a country over its continental shelf . A coastal nation has control of all resources on or under its continental shelf , living or not , but no control over any living organisms above the shelf that are beyond its exclusive economic zone . This gives it the right to conduct petroleum drilling works and lay submarine cables or pipelines in its continental shelf . An example of this is the ongoing dispute over resources in the Arctic area , which will be decided by the exact mapping of the continental shelves . Background ( edit ) Territorial waters claims by coastal states in 1960 Breadth claim Number of states 3 - mile limit 26 4 - mile limit 5 - mile limit 6 - mile limit 16 9 - mile limit 10 - mile limit 12 - mile limit 34 More than 12 - miles 9 Unspecified 11 From the eighteenth century until the mid twentieth century , the territorial waters of the British Empire , the United States , France and many other nations were three nautical miles ( 5.6 km ) wide . Originally , this was the length of a cannon shot , hence the portion of an ocean that a sovereign state could defend from shore . However , Iceland claimed two nautical miles ( 3.7 km ) , Norway and Sweden claimed four nautical miles ( 7.4 km ) , and Spain claimed 6 nautical miles ( 11 km ; 6.9 mi ) during this period . During incidents such as nuclear weapons testing and fisheries disputes some nations arbitrarily extended their maritime claims to as much as fifty or even two hundred nautical miles . Since the late 20th century the `` 12 mile limit '' has become almost universally accepted . The United Kingdom extended its territorial waters from three to twelve nautical miles ( 22 km ) in 1987 . During the League of Nations Codification Conference in 1930 , the issue of establishing international legislation on territorial waters was raised , but no agreement was reached . Claims by legislation to the adjacent continental shelf and fishing was first made by the United States government immediately following the Second World War . On September 28 , 1945 , US President Harry S. Truman issued two proclamations that established government control of natural resources in areas adjacent to the coastline . One of these proclamation was titled `` Policy of the United States With Respect to the Natural Resources of the Subsoil and Sea Bed of the Continental Shelf '' , and stipulated in its operative clause : the Government of the United States regards the natural resources of the subsoil and sea bed of the continental shelf beneath the high seas but contiguous to the coasts of the United States as appertaining to the United States , subject to its jurisdiction and control . The second proclamation was titled `` Policy of the United States With Respect to Coastal Fisheries in Certain Areas of the High Seas '' , and stated in its operative clause : the Government of the United States regards it as proper to establish conservation zones in those areas of the high seas contiguous to the coasts of the United States wherein fishing activities have been or in the future may be developed and maintained on a substantial scale . Following the US Presidential proclamation , the issue of legally determining territorial waters by international agreement was raised , and in its first session in 1949 , the International Law Commission of the United Nations added the subject to its agenda . The important issue of the breadth of territorial waters could not be resolved at either the UNCLOS I ( 1956 - 1958 ) or UNCLOS II ( 1960 ) conferences , with neither the two major contenders of a 3 - mile or 12 - mile limit reaching the required two - thirds support . This lack of agreement had the potential to lead to serious international disputes . It was only at the UNCLOS III ( 1973 - 1982 ) conference , whose provisions did not come into force until 1994 , that this issue was resolved at twelve nautical miles . Miscellaneous ( edit ) Pirate radio broadcasting from artificial marine fixtures or anchored ships can be controlled by the affected coastal nation or other nations wherever that broadcast may originate , whether in the territorial sea , exclusive economic zone , the continental shelf or even on the high seas . Thus a coastal nation has total control over its internal waters , slightly less control over territorial waters , and ostensibly even less control over waters within the contiguous zones . However , it has total control of economic resources within its exclusive economic zone as well as those on or under its continental shelf . Throughout this article , distances measured in nautical miles are exact legal definitions , while those in kilometres are approximate conversions that are not stated in any law or treaty . Federal nations , such as the United States , divide control over certain waters between the federal government and the individual states . ( See tidelands . ) Territorial sea claim ( edit ) Main article : List of territorial disputes Maritime controversies involve two dimensions : ( a ) territorial sovereignty , which are a legacy of history ; and ( b ) relevant jurisdictional rights and interests in maritime boundaries , which are mainly due to differing interpretations of the law of the sea . 3 nautical miles ( 5.6 km ; 3.5 mi ) : Jordan , Palau . 10 nautical miles ( 18.5 km ; 11.5 mi ) : Greece , Turkey ( note : This is in dispute . Turkey claims 6 mi for Greece in the Aegean ) 12 nautical miles ( 22.2 km ; 13.8 mi ) : Albania , Algeria , Angola , Antigua and Barbuda , Argentina , Australia , Bahamas , Bahrain , Bangladesh , Barbados , Belgium , Belize , Brazil , Brunei , Bouvet Island , Bulgaria , Cambodia , Cameroon , Canada , Cape Verde , Chile , People 's Republic of China , Republic of China , Colombia , Comoros , Cook Islands , Costa Rica , Côte d'Ivoire , Croatia , Cuba , Cyprus , Democratic People 's Republic of Korea , Democratic Republic of the Congo , Denmark , Djibouti , Dominica , Dominican Republic , Ecuador , Egypt , Equatorial Guinea , Eritrea , Estonia , Faroe Islands , Fiji , Finland , France , Gabon , Gambia , Georgia , Germany , Ghana , Grenada , Guatemala , Guinea , Guinea - Bissau , Guyana , Haiti , Honduras , Iceland , India , Indonesia , Iran , Iraq , Ireland , Israel , Jamaica , Japan , Kenya , Kiribati , Kuwait , Latvia , Lebanon , Liberia , Libya , Lithuania , Madagascar , Malaysia , Maldives , Malta , Marshall Islands , Mauritania , Mauritius , Mexico , Micronesia , Monaco , Montenegro , Morocco , Mozambique , Myanmar , Namibia , Nauru , Netherlands , New Zealand , Nicaragua , Nigeria , Niue , Norway , Oman , Pakistan , Panama , Papua New Guinea , Poland , Portugal , Qatar , Republic of Korea , Romania , Russia , Saint Kitts and Nevis , Saint Lucia , Saint Vincent and the Grenadines , Samoa , São Tomé and Príncipe , Saudi Arabia , Senegal , Seychelles , Sierra Leone , Singapore , Solomon Islands , South Africa , Spain , Sri Lanka , Sudan , Suriname , Sweden , Syria , Thailand , Timor - Leste , Tonga , Trinidad and Tobago , Turkey ( in the Black sea and Mediterranean ) , Tuvalu , Ukraine , United Arab Emirates , United Kingdom , United Republic of Tanzania , United States of America , Uruguay , Vanuatu , Venezuela , Vietnam , Yemen . 12 nautical miles / DLM : Slovenia . 13 nautical miles ( 24.08 km ; 14.96 mi ) : Italy - Tunisia 30 nautical miles ( 55.6 km ; 34.5 mi ) : Togo . 200 nautical miles ( 370.4 km ; 230.2 mi ) : Benin , Republic of the Congo , El Salvador , Peru , Somalia . Special cases ( edit ) Australia : A treaty with Papua New Guinea defines the territorial sea boundaries between the islands of Aubusi , Boigu and Moimi and Papua New Guinea on the one hand and the islands of Dauan , Kaumag and Saibai and Papua New Guinea on the other hand , as well as a section of the border of the territorial sea of Saibai . The territorial seas of the islands known as Anchor Cay , Aubusi Island , Black Rocks , Boigu Island , Bramble Cay , Dauan Island , Deliverance Island , East Cay , Kaumag Island , Kerr Islet , Moimi Island , Pearce Cay , Saibai Island , Urnagain Island and Turu Cay do not extend beyond 3 nautical miles from the baselines . Belize : 3 nautical miles limit applies from the mouth of Sarstoon River to Ranguana Caye . Cameroon : See article 45 of Law 96 - 06 of 18 January 1996 on the revision of the Constitution of 2 June 1972 . Denmark : Act No. 200 of 7 April 1999 on the delimitation of the territorial sea does not apply to the Faroe Islands ( the act applies to the Faroe Islands from 1 June 2002 ) and Greenland but may become effective by Royal Decree for those parts of the Kingdom of Denmark with the amendments dictated by the special conditions prevailing in the Faroe Islands and Greenland . As far as Greenland is concerned , the outer limit of the external territorial waters may be measured at a distance shorter than 12 nautical miles ( 22.2 km ; 13.8 mi ) from the baselines . Estonia : In some parts of the Gulf of Finland , defined by coordinates . Finland : Extends , with certain exceptions , to 12 nautical miles ( 22.2 km ; 13.8 mi ) , unless defined by geographical coordinates . In the Gulf of Finland , there is a strip of international waters regardless of the 12 nmi limit : the outer limit of the territorial sea shall at no place be closer to the midline than 3 nautical miles ( 5.6 km ; 3.5 mi ) . Bogskär , a remote island , has only 3 nautical miles ( 5.6 km ; 3.5 mi ) territorial waters . Greece : 10 nautical miles ( 18.5 km ; 11.5 mi ) limit applies for the purpose of regulating civil aviation ( See also Aegean dispute ) India : 12 nautical miles ( 22.2 km ; 13.8 mi ) limit includes Andaman , Nicobar and Lakshadweep . Japan : 3 nautical miles ( 5.6 km ; 3.5 mi ) limit applies to the Soya Strait , the Tsugaru Strait , the eastern and western channels of the Korea Strait and the Osumi Straits only . New Zealand : 12 nautical miles ( 22.2 km ; 13.8 mi ) limit includes Tokelau . Papua New Guinea : 3 nautical miles ( 5.6 km ; 3.5 mi ) in certain areas . Peru claims territorial waters out to 200 nmi . Peru : The 200 nautical miles ( 370.4 km ; 230.2 mi ) territorial sea is called `` Maritime Dominion '' in article 54 of the 1993 Constitution : `` ... In its maritime dominion , Peru exercises sovereignty and jurisdiction , without prejudice to the freedoms of international communication , in accordance with the law and the treaties ratified by the State ... '' The Philippines claims a rectangle , defined by coordinates ; the total claim extends beyond 12 nautical miles . Turkey : 6 nautical miles ( 11.1 km ; 6.9 mi ) in the Aegean Sea , 12 nautical miles ( 22.2 km ; 13.8 mi ) in the Black and Mediterranean Seas . United Kingdom and British Crown : The limit remains at 3 nautical miles ( 5.6 km ; 3.5 mi ) in some of its overseas territories : British Indian Ocean Territory , Gibraltar , Montserrat and Pitcairn ; the limit is now at 12 nautical miles ( 22.2 km ; 13.8 mi ) in the United Kingdom and its overseas territories of Anguilla , Bermuda , British Virgin Islands , Cayman Islands , Falkland Islands , Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha , South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands , and Turks and Caicos Islands , as well as in two possessions of the British Crown freely associated to the United Kingdom , i.e. Isle of Man and the Bailiwick of Jersey , but not in the Bailiwick of Guernsey where the limit remains at 3 nmi . Contiguous zone claims ( edit ) None : Albania , the Bahamas , Barbados , Belize , Benin , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Brunei , Cameroon , Colombia , Comoros , Congo , Cook Islands , Costa Rica , Côte d'Ivoire , Croatia , Democratic Republic of the Congo , Ecuador , El Salvador , Equatorial Guinea , Eritrea , Estonia , Fiji , Georgia , Germany , Greece , Grenada , Guatemala , Guinea , Guinea - Bissau , Guyana , Iceland , Indonesia , Iran , Ireland , Israel , Jordan , Kenya , Kiribati , Kuwait , Latvia , Lebanon , Libya , Lithuania , Macedonia , Malaysia , Mauritius , Micronesia , Monaco , Montenegro , Nigeria , Niue , Palau , Papua New Guinea , Peru , the Philippines , Poland , São Tomé and Príncipe , Singapore , Slovenia , Solomon Islands , Somalia , Suriname , Sweden , Togo , Tonga , Turkey , Ukraine , United Kingdom , Tanzania 14 nautical miles ( 25.9 km ; 16.1 mi ) : Finland 15 nautical miles ( 27.8 km ; 17.3 mi ) : Venezuela 18 nautical miles ( 33.3 km ; 20.7 mi ) : Bangladesh , Gambia , Saudi Arabia , Sudan 24 nautical miles ( 44.4 km ; 27.6 mi ) : Algeria , Angola , Antigua and Barbuda , Argentina , Australia , Belgium , Brazil , Bulgaria , Cambodia , Canada , Cape Verde , Chile , People 's Republic of China , Cuba , Cyprus , Denmark , Djibouti , Dominica , Dominican Republic , Egypt , France , Gabon , Ghana , Haiti , Honduras , India , Iran , Jamaica , Japan , Liberia , Madagascar , Maldives , Malta , Marshall Islands , Mauritania , Mexico , Morocco , Mozambique , Myanmar , Namibia , Nauru , The Netherlands , New Zealand , Nicaragua , Norway , Oman , Pakistan , Panama , Portugal , Qatar , Republic of Korea , Romania , Russia , Saint Kitts and Nevis , Saint Lucia , Saint Vincent and the Grenadines , Samoa , Senegal , Seychelles , Sierra Leone , South Africa , Spain , Sri Lanka , Syria , Thailand , Timor - Leste , Trinidad and Tobago , Tunisia , Tuvalu , United Arab Emirates , United States of America , Uruguay , Vanuatu , Vietnam , Yemen 30 nautical miles ( 55.6 km ; 34.5 mi ) : Italy 50 nautical miles ( 92.6 km ; 57.5 mi ) : Democratic People 's Republic of Korea ; 50 nautical miles military zone . Army Command Announcement of 1 August 1977 . Extended continental shelf claims ( edit ) As of 13 May 2009 , 51 submissions by 44 countries have been lodged for claims over their extended continental shelf . Some countries have multiple submissions and joint submissions with other countries . Recommendations have been given for 8 of the submissions . Submissions with recommendations ( edit ) List with date of submission and adoption of recommendation by the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf . United Kingdom -- Ascension Island ( submission : 9 May 2008 ; recommendation : 15 April 2010 ) ( application to extend beyond 200NM failed ) Australia ( 15 November 2004 , 9 April 2008 ) Barbados ( submission : 8 May 2008 ; recommendation : 15 April 2010 ) Brazil ( 17 May 2004 , 4 April 2007 ) France -- in respect of the areas of French Guiana and New Caledonia ( 22 May 2007 , 2 September 2009 ) Joint submission by France , Ireland , Spain and the United Kingdom -- in the area of the Celtic Sea and the Bay of Biscay ( 19 May 2006 , 24 March 2009 ) Ireland -- Porcupine Abyssal Plain ( 25 May 2005 , 5 April 2007 ) Mexico -- in respect of the western polygon in the Gulf of Mexico ( 13 December 2007 , 31 March 2009 ) New Zealand ( 19 April 2006 , 22 August 2008 ) Norway -- in the North East Atlantic and the Arctic ( 27 November 2006 , 27 March 2009 ) Russia ( 20 December 2001 , 27 June 2002 ) Other submissions ( edit ) List in order of date of submission , with date of submission . France -- areas of the French Antilles and the Kerguelen Islands ( 5 February 2009 ) Indonesia -- North west of Sumatra Island ( 16 June 2008 ) Japan ( 12 November 2008 ) Joint submission by the Republic of Mauritius and the Republic of Seychelles -- in the region of the Mascarene Plateau ( 1 December 2008 ) Suriname ( 5 December 2008 ) Myanmar ( 16 December 2008 ) Somalia ( 17 April 2009 ) Yemen -- in respect of south east of Socotra Island ( 20 March 2009 ) United Kingdom -- in respect of Hatton Rockall Area ( 31 March 2009 ) Ireland -- in respect of Hatton - Rockall Area ( 31 March 2009 ) Uruguay ( 7 April 2009 ) Philippines -- in the Benham Plateau region ( 8 April 2009 ) The Cook Islands -- concerning the Manihiki Plateau ( 16 April 2009 ) Fiji ( 20 April 2009 ) Argentina ( 21 April 2009 ) Ghana ( 28 April 2009 ) Iceland -- in the Ægir Basin area and in the western and southern parts of Reykjanes Ridge ( 29 April 2009 ) Denmark -- in the area north of the Faroe Islands ( 29 April 2009 ) Pakistan ( 30 April 2009 ) Norway -- in respect of Bouvetøya and Dronning Maud Land ( 4 May 2009 ) South Africa -- in respect of the mainland of the territory of the Republic of South Africa ( 5 May 2009 ) Joint submission by the Federated States of Micronesia , Papua New Guinea and Solomon Islands -- concerning the Ontong Java Plateau ( 5 May 2009 ) Joint submission by Malaysia and Viet Nam -- in the southern part of the South China Sea ( 6 May 2009 ) Joint submission by France and South Africa -- in the area of the Crozet Archipelago and the Prince Edward Islands ( 6 May 2009 ) Kenya ( 6 May 2009 ) Mauritius -- in the region of Rodrigues Island ( 6 May 2009 ) Vietnam -- in North Area ( of the South China Sea ) ( 7 May 2009 ) Nigeria ( 7 May 2009 ) Seychelles -- concerning the Northern Plateau Region ( 7 May 2009 ) France -- in respect of La Réunion Island and Saint - Paul and Amsterdam Islands ( 8 May 2009 ) Palau ( 8 May 2009 ) Côte d'Ivoire ( 8 May 2009 ) Sri Lanka ( 8 May 2009 ) Portugal ( 11 May 2009 ) United Kingdom -- in respect of the Falkland Islands , and of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands ( 11 May 2009 ) Tonga ( 11 May 2009 ) Spain -- in respect of the area of Galicia ( 11 May 2009 ) India ( 11 May 2009 ) Trinidad and Tobago ( 12 May 2009 ) Namibia ( 12 May 2009 ) Cuba ( 1 June 2009 ) Angola ( 6 December 2013 ) See also ( edit ) Aegean dispute Baseline Boundary delimitation Continental shelf Exclusive economic zone Freedom of the seas International waters Intra fauces terra Littoral zone Ocean colonization Territorial claims in the Arctic Tidelands -- U.S. state vs. federal ownership United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF THE SEA '' . Retrieved 27 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New Action to Protect & Preserve U.S. Shores & Oceans '' . Retrieved 27 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PREAMBLE TO THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF THE SEA '' . Retrieved 27 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PREAMBLE TO THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF THE SEA '' . Retrieved 27 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Major Thomas E. Behuniak ( Fall 1978 ) . `` The Seizure and Recovery of the S.S. Mayaguez : Legal Analysis of United States Claims , Part 1 '' ( PDF ) . Military Law Review . Department of the Army . 82 : 114 -- 121 . ISSN 0026 - 4040 . Retrieved 21 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Yearbook of the International Law Commission , 1949 , p. 43 Jump up ^ text in Department of State Bulletin , September 30 , 1945 , p. 485 Jump up ^ text in Department of State Bulletin , September 30 , 1945 , p. 486 Jump up ^ `` PREAMBLE TO THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF THE SEA '' . Retrieved 27 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Ji , Guoxing. ( 1995 ) . http://escholarship.org/uc/item/7rq2b069 `` Maritime Jurisdiction in the Three China Seas '' ( abstract ) , ) UC Berkeley : UC Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation ; retrieved 15 Nov 2010 . Jump up ^ Lov om Norges territorialfarvann og tilstøtende sone § 7 Jump up ^ `` Lov om afgrænsning af søterritoriet -- retsinformation.dk '' . Retrieved 27 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Accession of Ecuador to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea ( UNCLOS ) Jump up ^ `` Lógasavn '' . Retrieved 27 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 41 / 1979 : Lög um landhelgi , efnahagslögsögu og landgrunn '' . Alþingi . Retrieved 27 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Executive order no . 48 , Liberia Government , January 2013 . Jump up ^ Lov om Norges territorialfarvann og tilstøtende sone § 2 Jump up ^ DLM means that `` the national legislation establishes the limits of a given zone only by reference to the delimitation of maritime boundaries with adjacent or opposite States , or to a median ( equidistant ) line in the absence of a maritime boundary delimitation agreement '' . Jump up ^ Legge 3 giugno 1978 n . 347 Jump up ^ Act amending the Act on the Limits of the Territorial Waters of Finland ( 981 / 95 ) Jump up ^ `` Laki Suomen aluevesien rajoista 463 / 1956 - Ajantasainen lainsäädäntö - FINLEX ® '' . Retrieved 27 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` DoD Issuances Website : 404 Error Page '' . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2012 . Retrieved 27 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LIMITS IN THE SEAS NO . 32 STRAIGHT BASELINES : TURKEY '' ( pdf ) . U.S. Department of State . 25 March 1971 . Retrieved 18 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Submissions , through the Secretary - General of the United Nations , to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf , pursuant to article 76 , paragraph 8 , of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 '' . United Nations Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf. 30 October 2009 . Retrieved 9 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf Summary of recommendations re : Ascension Island Jump up ^ UN confirms Australia 's rights over extra 2.5 million square kilometres of seabed . Minister for Resources and Energy , The Hon Martin Ferguson AM MP , Media Release , 21 April 2008 . With map of areas . Jump up ^ `` Ireland extends its underwater territory '' . RTE.ie. 23 October 2007 . Retrieved 27 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ireland can extend territorial waters '' . The Irish Times . 7 April 2007 . Retrieved 27 April 2016 . Jump up ^ UN confirms NZ 's extended seabed claim , New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade . Updated 20 January 2009 . Retrieved 29 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Submission by New Zealand '' . United Nations Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf. 8 April 2009 . Retrieved 29 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Continental shelf of Somalia Jump up ^ Gronewold , Nathanial . A Peek Inside the U.N. 's Continental Shelf Commission , New York Times , 14 September 2009 . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Territorial waters . UN Convention on the Law of the Sea GND : 4073860 - 7 NDL : 00569839 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Territorial_waters&oldid=792748307 '' Categories : Hydrography Law of the sea Fisheries law Maritime boundaries Administrative territorial entities Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013 Articles needing additional references from January 2016 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Azərbaycanca Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Кыргызча Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Soomaaliga Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 July 2017 , at 12 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many miles out is considered international waters | [
"Territorial waters or a territorial sea, as defined by the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea,[1] is a belt of coastal waters extending at most 12 nautical miles (22.2 km; 13.8 mi) from the baseline (usually the mean low-water mark) of a coastal state. The territorial sea is regarded as the sovereign territory of the state, although foreign ships (civilian) are allowed innocent passage through it, or transit passage for straits; this sovereignty also extends to the airspace over and seabed below. Adjustment of these boundaries is called, in international law, maritime delimitation."
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"12 nautical miles"
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-6230157486441736078 | List of vampire traits in folklore and fiction | List of vampire traits in folklore and fiction - wikipedia List of vampire traits in folklore and fiction Jump to : navigation , search The following tables compare traits given to vampires in folklore and fiction . Over time , some attributes now regarded as integral became incorporated into the vampire 's profile : fangs and vulnerability to sunlight appeared over the course of the 19th century , with Varney the Vampire and Count Dracula both bearing protruding teeth , and Murnau 's Nosferatu ( 1922 ) the first vampire to be killed by daylight . Although Bram Stoker 's novel is the best known vampire fiction of the 19th century , it is the aristocratic figure of Lord Ruthven who is thought to have inspired the elegant and suave creature of stage and film . The cloak appeared in stage productions of the 1920s , with a high collar introduced by playwright Hamilton Deane to help Dracula ' vanish ' on stage . Lord Ruthven and Varney were able to be healed by moonlight , although no account of this is known in traditional folklore . Contents ( hide ) 1 Appearance 2 Weaknesses 3 Supernatural powers 4 Reproduction and feeding 5 Setting characteristics 6 See also 7 References 8 Cited texts Appearance ( edit ) Setting Skin Colour Fangs Reflection Film Shadow Attractiveness / other When Dead European folklore Ruddy or dark Yes Varies ? Varies Varies ; historically , bloated corpses were mistaken for vampires ? North American folklore Varies Retractable Yes ? Yes Varies ? `` The Vampyre '' ( 1819 ) ? No ? ? ? Young , seductive , sexual and alluring ? Varney the Vampire ( 1845 ) `` White and bloodless '' Yes ? ? ? Hideous , but has hypnotizing eyes ? Carmilla ( 1871 ) Rich and brilliant Yes Yes ? Yes Unearthly beauty ? Bram Stoker 's Dracula ( 1897 ) Dracula : pale , female vampires red Yes No ? No Dracula : Varies Female Vampires : Beautiful to the point of hypnotic Dust , except for newborn vampires , who become corpses Nosferatu ( 1922 ) Pale or dark Shark / Rodent - like teeth Yes Yes Yes Hideous / Hairless , and gargoyle / rat - like Smoke and dust Dark Shadows ( 1966 ) Ordinary Retractable No ? Yes Ordinary ? Blade ( film series ) Vampire : Pale / ordinary Yes Yes Yes Yes Varies Dust Reapers : Pale and mottled Yes ( Leech - like inner mouth ) Yes Yes Yes Hideous Dust Count Chocula ( 1971 ) Tanned Yes Yes ? Yes Cartoon person Chocolate cereal dust Sesame Street ( 1972 ) Lavender Yes No ? Yes Muppet ? Dungeons & Dragons ( 1974 ) Pale Yes No ? No Ordinary , they have a predatory look compared to normal humans ? Blade ( 1973 ) Ordinary / Pale Yes Yes ? Yes Ordinary , but often somewhat above average ? Ultraviolet ( 1998 ) Ordinary / Pale Yes No ? Yes Ordinary but often somewhat above average ? Anne Rice 's Vampire Chronicles ( 1979 ) Pale , smooth , marble - like , gets whiter with age Yes Yes ? Yes All are beautiful . The transformation enhances their beauty . The older and stronger they get , the less human they look but still remain beautiful . Dust Bunnicula ( 1979 ) Furry Yes No ? Yes Adorable to all , intimately only with other rabbits ? The Hunger ( 1981 ) Pale No Yes ? Yes Alluring ? Count Duckula ( 1983 ) Green Sometimes No ? No Cartoon duck ? Vampire Hunter D ( 1983 ) Pale Yes No ? Yes ( No in original novels . Dhampir shadow is faint ) Possess a strange unearthly beauty ? Necroscope ( 1986 ) Pale Yes Yes shows true self ? Yes Can make themselves beautiful or hideous ? The Lost Boys ( 1987 ) Full vampires : Ordinary , a little pale Retractable No ? Yes Ordinary . Become quite ugly when about to attack and fangs appear . ? Half - vampire ( pre-turning ) : Ordinary Gradually gain No ? No As in life ? The Little Vampire ( TV series , 1986 ) Pale Yes Yes ? Yes Alluring ? The Vampire Diaries ( Novel and television series ) Ordinary Retractable Yes ? Yes Alluring . Typically beautiful ( true vampire face is shown while feeding , by force of will or thinking about blood ; blood vessels under and around the eyes swell and protrude from the face , the eyes become bloodshot until the sclera becomes dark red , fangs grow and extend ) Gray corpse with swelled superficial veins protruding from the entire body ( TV series ) ; regular corpse ( most vampires in books ) ; dust ( very old vampires in books ) World of Darkness ( 1992 ) Varies Retractable Yes - Lasombra , however , do n't have them Yes for those with a reflection , No in other cases Yes Varies by bloodline , individual , and discipline . Most notably , Nosferatus are hideously deformed , while Toreadors are beautiful . Dust Buffy the Vampire Slayer ( movie ) ( 1992 ) Pale Yes No ? Yes Ordinary Dust Forever Knight ( 1992 ) Pale Retractable Yes ? Yes Ordinary ? Discworld ( 1992 ) Pale Yes No ? ? Alluring Dust , can be revived with blood Anita Blake : Vampire Hunter ( 1993 ) Pale Yes Yes ? Yes Ordinary , but some bloodlines seem to get more attractive with age , some less , and many vampires are attractive as this was the reason they were sired ? Preacher ( 1995 ) Pale No Yes ? Yes Ordinary ( except eyes ) ? Legacy of Kain ( 1996 ) Varies Yes Yes ? Yes Ancient vampires were alluring while human turned vampire evolutions became more grotesque . ? Night World ( 1996 ) Pale Retractable Yes Yes Yes Alluring ; in anticipation of feeding , a vampire 's eyes grow silver in color and reflective ( in the case of a vampire with yellow eyes , the combination of yellow with the silvery hue will render their eyes golden in appearance ) , their lips redden as blood rushes to them , and their canine teeth will further lengthen , usually to the level of their lower lip , though a vampire can retract these fangs at will , or when put off of feeding . Corpse Hellsing ( 1997 ) ( 2006 -- 12 ) Ordinary Yes No ? Yes Alluring , some Vampires like Alucard can have maw of sharp teeth Burn in blue flames or turn to dust Buffy the Vampire Slayer TV series ( 1997 ) Ordinary Yes No Yes Yes Can appear as normal humans ; however , when feeding or angry , they reveal their true vampire visage where their eyes turn yellow , their eyebrows are gone and they grow fangs and pointed teeth . Extremely old vampires are unable to take a human face . Turn to dust , including clothing Night Watch ( 1998 ) Ordinary Retractable Yes , even if the vampire himself turns invisible ? Yes Ordinary ? John Carpenter 's Vampires ( 1998 ) Pale Yes Yes ? Yes Ordinary Catch on fire , then turn to dust Den of Shadows Pale Yes Faint reflection that disappears with age ? Yes Beautiful ? The Little Vampire ( film , 2000 ) Pale Yes Yes ? Yes Alluring ? The Saga of Darren Shan ( 2000 ) Ordinary or pale ; purple for vampaneze subrace No Yes Cannot be recorded on film ( vampire ) or are blurry on film ( half - vampire ) Yes Ordinary , but vampaneze subrace become swollen and discolored from overfeeding ? 30 Days of Night ( 2002 ) Pale Yes Yes ? Yes Steve Niles mentioned that they have an alien - like appearance . They are also described as being gruesome yet attractive . ? Let the Right One In ( 2002 ) Pale Retractable Yes ? Yes Ordinary , but appearance will deteriorate if deprived of blood . The appearance can also morph , and vaguely implied to be able to sprout wings . ? Moon Child ( 2003 ) Ordinary ? ? ? Yes Ordinary , but some are above average ? Underworld ( 2003 ) Pale Retractable Yes ? Yes Ordinary ( irises can turn blue or gold , depending on the vampire ) ? Chibi Vampire / Karin ( 2003 ) Pale Yes Yes ? Yes Ordinary ? Van Helsing ( 2004 ) Pale Retractable No ? Yes Above average when in human form , but they turn into a winged bat / demon - like creature , which is possibly their true appearance . Bones Supernatural ( 2005 ) Ordinary Retractable Yes ? Yes Ordinary Corpse Batman & Dracula Pale Yes No ? Yes Grotesque , humanoid gargoyle ? Twilight ( 2005 ) Pale , harder than diamonds , sparkles in sunlight No , their teeth are sharp and serrated and coated in venom , but not pointed Yes Yes Yes Usually alluring , inhumanly beautiful Corpses can attempt to reconstruct themselves , unless burnt to ash . Frostbiten ( 2006 ) Pale Fangs grow longer when attacking people No ? Yes Ordinary , but the `` pill - vampires '' turn monstrous when attacking people , while the supervampire shapeshifts into a demonic creature to hunt . The original vampires look human all the time . All the vampires have orange eyes that turn red when their bloodlust is awakened . The vampires also have exposed veins . ? Young Dracula ( 2006 ) Pale Retractable Lost after age of 16 Implied that only digital cameras work Yes Varies Dust JoJo 's Bizarre Adventure Ordinary Varies Yes ? Yes Varies ? Vampire Academy ( 2007 ) Pale Yes For the Moroi , yes . For the Strigoi , no . ? Yes Moroi are beautiful and Strigoi are beautiful too , but have red - ringed iris around their pupils ? House of Night ( 2007 ) Blue Vampyres : Pale with sapphire markings Yes Yes ? Yes Alluring ? Red Vampyres : Pale with red markings Yes Yes ? ? Depends : red fledglings are described as gross , but once they choose to be good and become an adult they can be alluring ? Blindsight ( 2007 ) Pale Yes Yes Yes Yes Tall , with a `` predatory appearance '' ; baseline humans possess an instinctive panic response to them . ? True Blood ( 2008 ) Pale Retractable Yes Yes Yes Ordinary , but humans can develop more attraction to them by drinking their blood , and also with the power to `` Glamour '' ordinary humans into enticement Black dust or bloody pulp Being Human ( BBC ) ( 2008 ) Ordinary Retractable No Do not appear on film or video Yes Ordinary ( entire eyes can turn pitch black , usually while fangs are extended ) Body and clothing turn to dust / ash Being Human ( Syfy ) Ordinary Retractable Yes Yes Yes Ordinary ( entire eyes can turn pitch black , usually while fangs are extended ) Body and clothing turn to dust / ash Moonlight ( 2008 ) Ordinary Retractable Yes ? Yes Ordinary , but many are above average ? The Parasol Protectorate ( 2009 ) Pale Yes ? ? ? Ordinary ? Abraham Lincoln , Vampire Hunter ( 2010 ) novel and film Pale / White / Grey Retractable Yes ? Yes Very Beautiful . Eyes turn partially or completely black when the vampire is enraged / In the film , the skin can turn grey and mottled , the nails , teeth and jaws becomes animalistic and the eyes can turn partially or completely black ( while the vampire can also become more pale or chalk white with reddish , bloodshot eyes ) . ? Daybreakers ( 2010 ) Ordinary Yes No ? ? Normal , but with pallid skin and yellow eyes . However , if deprived of blood they become deformed , their ears grow , they lose their hair , grow claws and wings and become bat - like creatures called `` Subsiders '' . ? American Vampire ( 2010 ) Old World bloodline : pale Yes ? ? ? Slightly distorted ? American bloodline : as when alive Yes Distorted ? ? Usually normal , but severely distorted and animalistic when enraged ? The Dresden Files White court : ordinary No Yes ? Yes Extremely attractive ? Red court : ordinary when human Yes ? ? ? Slimy and batlike , but with an attractive human `` costume '' ? Black court : corpse - like No No ? ? Corpselike ? The Sims Varies , depending on original race Yes No Yes Yes Normal Dust Touhou Pale Yes Unknown , probably yes Yes Unknown , probably yes Normal , but with red or yellow eyes and wings ? Fright Night ( 1985 , 2011 ) Ordinary / Pale Yes No ? ? Somewhat attractive . Demonic / goblin / gargoyle - like when enraged or in pain Catch on fire / burn to embers Marvel Comics Pale / grey / white Yes No ? ? Varies from ordinary to demonic / goblin / gargoyle - like ? We Are the Night ( 2010 ) Pale Yes No ? Yes Transformation turns them into the peak of their beauty ? Blood : The Last Vampire Gray , except for Saya who is ordinary Except for Saya Yes Yes Yes Saya is ordinary , the other Chiropterans are monstrous , but can look like normal humans . ? Blood+ Ordinary , except fail chiropterans that have gray skin Only fail chiropterans and Chevaliers when they shape shift Yes Yes Yes Ordinary , except for fail chiropterans that are monstrous ? Trinity Blood Methuselahs : varies Yes Yes ? Yes Beautiful ? Crusniks : pale , except Lilith Retractable Yes ? Yes Varies ? DC Comics Pale Yes No ? Yes Varies ? Sanctuary Ordinary Full Vampires : Yes Half - Vampires : No , teeth become serrated during transformation . Yes ? Yes Varies ? Rosario + Vampire Ordinary Yes Yes Yes Yes Beautiful , unless they absorb other monsters , in which case they became monstrous Corpse Charmed Ordinary Yes ? ? Yes Ordinary Catch on fire Wizards of Waverly Place Pale Yes No ? Yes Beautiful ? Gantz Ordinary No Yes ? Yes Ordinary ? Adventure Time Blue - gray Yes No ? Yes Described as `` sexy '' , mostly Marceline . Suffer from horrific pimple - like bumps and burn to dust . Vampire Knight Pale Yes Yes ? Yes Beautiful , except for the Level E Vampires , which resemble weak and disheveled humans Sand / dust for all but the Purebloods who turn to glass and shatter into particles Castlevania series Pale / Grey Yes In Castlevania : Lords of Shadow , they do not have reflection . ? Yes The Elder Vampires are beautiful , while the Vampire Warriors are bat - like creatures because they do n't know how to shapeshift . ? Split Pale Yes If a vampire were to look into a mirror , their soul would be imprisoned in it . Breaking the mirror causes the vampire 's soul to `` break '' , killing the vampire . ? Yes Beautiful ? Tsukihime True Ancestors : ordinary No Yes ? Yes Ordinary ? Dead Apostles : pale Yes Yes ? ? Ordinary , but their bodies are in constant degeneration . ? Stargate White , green or blue No Yes ? Yes Hideous ? Hollows Living Low Blood : ordinary No Yes ? Yes Ordinary ? Living High Blood : pale Yes ? ? ? Beautiful ? Undead : pale Yes ? ? ? Beautiful ? Black Blood Brothers Vampires are ordinary , but the Kowloon Children are pale . Yes Yes Yes Yes Vampires are ordinary , but Kowloon Children have a feral and monstrous appearance . Dust Stephen King Type One : yellow Yes No ? Yes Extremely deformed ? Type Two : pale Yes No ? Yes Beautiful ? Type Threes : ordinary Yes ? ? Yes Ordinary ? Vampirella Ordinary Yes ? ? Yes Inhumanly beautiful ? The Elder Scrolls Pale Yes Yes ? Yes Feral - looking versions of humans ; however , they can look more human if they drink human blood . Vampire Lords can assume a bat - like appearance . Corpse , but gradually crumbles to dust My Babysitter 's a Vampire Full vampires : ordinary Retractable No No ? Ordinary , but when angry , or about to fight someone their fangs grow , and their eyes either glow a yellowish color or a dark blueish purple color . ? Fledgling : ordinary Yes Faded , or murky No ? As in life ? The Librarian Pale Yes ? ? Yes Old vampires are ordinary in appearance , but new ones are hideous . ? David Wellington Pale Yes ? ? ? Hideous ? Darkstalkers Pale Yes ? ? Yes His true form is demonic , but he can change into human form . ? The Historian Pale Yes ? ? Yes Varies , but new vampires look like sick people ? Itsuka Tenma no Kuro Usagi Ordinary Retractable ? ? Yes Very attractive ? Montgatari series Vampire : pale Yes No , although the more powerful ones like Kiss - Shot can generate their own reflections ? No Varies , but are generally beautiful . Corpse , although their remains would turn into ashes after a certain period of time Jiangshi : Like rotting corpses ? ? ? ? Look like corpses during the Rigor mortis phase ? Saga of the Noble Dead Pale Yes ? ? Yes Kind of beautiful ? Doctor Who Great Vampires : grey Yes ? ? Yes Bat - like creatures ? Vampires : pale Yes Yes ? Yes Ordinary ? Dance in the Vampire Bund Pale Yes ? ? Yes Different monstrous form , but they can look human ? BloodRayne Pale Yes ? ? Yes They come in all shapes and sizes ? Vamp Pale Yes No ? Yes Ordinary ? Vamps Pale Yes No ? Yes Ordinary ? The Strain Pale No In silver - backed mirrors their image is blurred and distorted ? Yes Horrible ? Blood Alone Pale Yes No ? ? Beautiful ? Anno Dracula series Pale Yes No ? ? Varies depending on the bloodline ? Hotel Transylvania ( 2012 ) Ordinary Yes No ? Yes Varies ? Vampireology Pale , becomes paler the longer a vampire goes without feeding Yes Reflection becomes less opaque the longer a vampire goes without feeding . ? Yes Belial : three horns on their heads Ba'al : short and goblinlike Moloch : bull - like head , hooves and claws ? Blood Moon Pale Yes Yes , but their eyes reflect black instead of red Yes , but their eyes are depicted as black instead of red Yes Ordinary but often somewhat above average ? Shadowspawn series Normal Serrated teeth , but no fangs ? ? ? Beautiful ; yellow eyes when night - walking Corpse ; if post-corporeal , nothing Shadowrun Pale Yes Yes Yes Yes Ordinary , although the Nosferatu strain are generally bald and kind of ugly Corpse AdventureQuest Same as in previous life Yes ? ? ? Same as in previous life ? Vampire in Brooklyn Normal Retractable No ? Yes Likely greater as happened with Julius Jones at the end ? The Shadowhunter Chronicles ( The Mortal Instruments ) Pale Retractable Yes ? Yes Beautiful / emaciated ( true appearance has protruding veins and yellow eyes in film ) ? Penny Dreadful Pale Shark - like teeth ? ? Yes Master vampires are hideous , hairless , and have blood - red eyes but infected vampires are ordinary with blood - red eyes . ? Kate Daniels novels ? ( Frequently wearing purple sunblock ) Yes ? ? ? Emaciated , increasingly inhuman with age , eventually quadrupedal ? From Dusk till Dawn Pale , with scales or flaked skin Yes ? ? Yes Not only manifest in a human form , but monstrous with reptilian , bat or rat characteristics Turns to desert - like dust Monster High Pale Yes No There 's an app that does get them to show up on film . Yes Beautiful , but have pointy , elf - like ears ? inFamous : Festival of Blood Pale Yes ? ? Yes Bloody Mary is beautiful , but her true form and her underlings are monstrous with bat / rat like traits ; Firstborns can take on a human appearance Dust Kitty Norville novels ? Yes Normally present , but they can alter this Normally present , but they can alter this ? As in life Decay rapidly , as if the body had been rotting since it became a vampire ; older vampires become dust . Clothing / immediate surroundings also affected . Sun - exposed vampires become ash . American Horror Story : Hotel Ordinary / pale No ? ? Yes Ordinary but often somewhat above average Corpse Tsukuyomi : Moon Phase Pale Yes Yes Yes Yes Alluring Dust Vampire Cheerleaders Pale Retractable Yes Yes Yes Beautiful , although their eyes turn blood - red when about to feed or when angry ? Innistrad Pale Yes ; fangs extend an extra quarter inch when biting Yes ; silver reflects their original mortal self , ignoring their true vampiric appearance and their glamour ? Yes Ordinary ; their sclera are black and the irises gold , silver , or other colors ; their skin is cool to the touch ; their hair is often black but can also be deep purple , dark magenta , burgundy , or even dark blue - green ; vampires also tend to have long and slightly curved fingernails ? Blood Lad Pale Yes Yes Yes Yes Ordinary , but with razor sharp teeth Corpse Shiki Pale Yes Yes Yes Yes Varies Burned corpse Warhammer Pale Yes No , although some do retain their reflections ? No , although some do retain their shadows Varies ; the Lahmians and Von Carsteins are attractive unless they give in to their bloodthirst , eventually devolving into a vargulf ; the Blood Dragons are disheveled ; the Strigoi and Necrachs are both horrifying Corpse Seraph of the End Pale Yes Yes Yes Yes As in previous life , although their eyes turn blood - red and their ears become pointed once they consume human blood for the first time and become a full vampire Dust Interviews with Monster Girls Pale Yes Yes Yes Yes Ordinary ? The Witcher Varies greatly by subspecies , from normal to pale to dark gray Yes No ? No Varies by subspecies , from monstrous and bat - like to human - like ; some can appear entirely human Corpse The Adventures of Dr. McNinja Pale Yes No No Yes Varies ; human vampires resemble stereotypical Gothic vampires ( long hair , angular faces , etc . ) Dust Weaknesses ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A `` Yes '' indicates a weakness to something , with fatal weaknesses being marked as such . Entries which are marked as `` No '' are not seen as weaknesses . `` ? '' indicates a lack of information on whether this is a weakness or not ; other indicates weaknesses that do not fit in one of the other categories . Setting Stake Sunlight Decapitation Drowning Fire Silver Garlic Holy Symbols Running Water Invitation Arithmomania Other European Folklore Fatal ; ash , hawthorn , or oak is preferred Nocturnal Fatal Yes , but they will revive once removed Fatal Some Yes Yes Yes , but they will revive once removed No Yes Various regional herbal weaknesses such as plants / woods of the hawthorn family , aspen , oak , ash , maple , dogrose , wild rose , holly , juniper , millet , linden , mayflower , roses , lemon , rowan , and wolfsbane North American folklore Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No ? `` The Vampyre '' Fatal Healed by moonlight ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Byzantium ? Nocturnal Fatal No Fatal ? ? No No Yes No ? Daybreakers Fatal Fatal Fatal No ? No No No No No No A failed human blood substitute caused the vampire who was injected with it to convulse and explode . Young Dracula Fatal Fatal ? ? Fatal No Burns their skin Avoided , effect is unclear Yes Yes Often Destroying a Blood Mirror turns the entirety of the clan into humans and kills the old vampires . Varney the Vampire ? Healed by moonlight ? ? Commits suicide in Mount Vesuvius ? ? No No ? ? ? Carmilla Fatal Only weakened during daylight hours Fatal No ? ? ? Aversion to holy relics / charms ? Yes ? ? Bram Stoker 's Dracula Fatal ; white oak preferred Only weakened during daylight hours , though not at midday ( at which time of day he becomes stronger ) Fatal No Fatal No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Dracula has the mind of a child and is very obsessive ; his own psychic powers can be used to hunt him . Night World Fatal , but only if made of wood No , but it greatly weakens their powers Fatal No Fatal No No No No No No Spells and the telepathic attacks of other vampires can cause them harm ; a prolonged abstinence from blood can lead to asphyxiation and possibly death . Nosferatu Fatal Fatal ? No ? ? ? Yes Yes No ? ? Anne Rice 's Vampire Chronicles No Fatal , although elder vampires have a much greater tolerance Fatal , but they can be revived if the head and body are brought back together before bleeding out . No Fatal , although elder vampires have a much greater tolerance No No No No No No Blood from an already - dead creature induces temporary deathlike state . Count Chocula ? No ? ? ? ? ? ? No No No Gets soggy in milk Sesame Street ? Enjoys sunlight , sleeps at night ? ? ? No ? ? No ? Yes ? Batman & Dracula Fatal Fatal Fatal No Fatal Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No ? Van Helsing Dracula : no No Yes ? No No No Not fatal ? ? ? Werewolf bite Others : Fatal . Must be wood or silver Yes Yes ? No ? ? Fatal . ? ? ? ? Twilight No It causes them to sparkle It paralyzes them , but it is n't fatal No Fatal No No No No No No ? Dungeons & Dragons Fatal , but will recover if the stake is removed Fatal , will survive very short exposure Fatal No ? Yes Keeps them at bay Keeps them at bay Fatal , will survive short exposure Yes No ? Blade Vampires : Fatal Fatal Fatal Fatal Fatal Yes Yes No No No No They also can be killed by EDTA and the Daystar virus . Reapers : Yes Yes No No No No No No No No No Their bodies start to consume themselves if they are unable to feed for a couple of hours . Untraviolet Fatal Fatal Fatal No Fatal Yes Keeps them at bay Psychosomatic No No No Charcoal 30 Days of Night ( 2002 ) No Fatal , although when blood touches their ashes they will regenerate Fatal No Fatal No No No No No No ? Bunnicula ? Nocturnal ? ? ? ? Yes ? ? ? ? ? The Hunger ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Count Duckula Fatal Fatal ( although the incarnation featured in the series is immune to sunlight ) No No No No No No No No ? ? Vampire Hunter D Fatal Yes Fatal , but only if the head and body are not joined back together within ten minutes Immobilizes ? No Yes Yes Immobilizes No No Iron weapons can bypass their healing and resurrection powers and if a wound caused by an iron weapon is left untreated , it can begin to fester and rot . Abraham Lincoln , Vampire Hunter Only if made of silver Exposure to daylight weakens them , but after a few years they begin to develop a resistance towards it , although their eyes will still react the same . Fatal No Fatal Yes No No No No No If a weapon made of silver were to deal a wound that would be fatal for a human , then it will slay the vampire . The Lost Boys Fatal Fatal Fatal No ? Fatal through the heart No Holy water is fatal in large quantities . ? Invitation makes vampire immune to weaknesses and vampire characteristics No ? The Little Vampire Fatal Fatal Yes No Yes No No Yes No No No ? The Vampire Diaries Novels : Yes Fatal . A special ring protects them . Yes No Yes No No Boosts mental resistance if the user truly believes it works Yes . It 's worse for stronger vampires . Yes No Heart extraction . Prolonged period without feeding . TV series , Originals : only a stake made of white wood or its ashes No No No No No No No No Yes No When an Original dies , all vampires in their blood line also die . TV series , others : Fatal Fatal . Daylight ring protects them Fatal No Fatal No No No No Yes No Heart extraction . Werewolf bite ; Vervain and some magical objects weaken them . House of Night Blue Vampyres : Fatal No Fatal Fatal Fatal No No No No No ? If they don ` t pass the Change when they are fledglings , sometimes they die . Red Vampyres : Fatal Fatal ? ? Fatal ? ? ? No Yes ? If they don ` t pass the Change when they are fledglings , sometimes they die . Buffy Fatal , but only if made of wood . Older vampires require larger amounts of wood . Fatal Special ring protects them Fatal No Fatal No Shown as a prop on - screen , but never utilized Yes No Yes No Some poisons and drugs can affect them . Discworld Fatal Fatal Fatal Fatal Fatal Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Scattering their dust , post mortem , prevents them from being revived . True Blood Fatal , but only if made of wood Fatal ; younger vampires can survive short exposure , older vampires have lower tolerances ; Fae / Fairy blood can eliminate weakness to sun for a short period . Fatal No Fatal Yes No ( mild irritant ) No No Only in private residences owned by humans No Hepatitis D and Maenad Blood can weaken them . Let the Right One In Fatal Fatal Fatal No Fatal No No No No Fatal , if invite remains absent for long enough Implied Blood with cancer hurts them , but it is still nutritious . Preacher No Fatal Fatal No Fatal No No No No No No ? Vampire Academy ? Makes them feel uncomfortable Yes ? ? No No No No No No Anything that would kill a human Strigoi : Fatal if silver and charmed with air , fire , earth and water magics . Turns the Strigoi into a Moroi if silver and charmed with spirit . Burns them , but is n't fatal Fatal No Fatal Yes No Yes No No No ? American Vampire Old World bloodline : Fatal Fatal ; ameliorable with protective measures Fatal Immobilizes Fatal Yes ? No Immobilizes No No ? American bloodline : Fatal , but only gold stakes No ; possible dependency on moonlight -- torpid and vulnerable during new moon Fatal No Fatal Gold No No No No No ? Anita Blake : Vampire Hunter Fatal Generally fatal ; some vampires are immune Fatal No Fatal Yes Yes Any religious iconography if wielded by a true believer No Yes No ? Hellsing Fatal , except for Alucard Non-fatal , but they find it extremely unpleasant Fatal , except for Alucard No Fatal , except for Alucard Blessed silver only weakens Alucard , but will kill other vampires . Yes It weakens them , but is non-fatal . Yes No No ? The Saga of Darren Shan Fatal Highly susceptible to sunburns , eventually fatal Fatal Fatal Fatal No No No Superstitious No ? The blood of snakes , rats , and cats are poisonous to them . World of Darkness Immobilizes Fatal ; certain disciplines can make them resistant or immune Usually fatal No Fatal ; certain disciplines can make them resistant or immune Immune unless with flaw Immune unless with flaw Immune unless with flaw or when wielded by someone with true faith Immune unless with flaw Immune unless with flaw Only if with flaw ? Being Human ( BBC ) Yes ( only way to permanently kill a vampire ) No ( more sensitive to sunlight and prefer to avoid it ) Yes ( can be resurrected ) No Yes ( can be resurrected ) ? Yes ( causes fangs to appear , watery eyes , and sneezing ) Yes ( Does n't work on old and powerful ones . ) No Yes ( old vampires are excluded ) No Werewolf blood can kill them . Being Human ( Syfy ) Yes No ( more sensitive to sunlight and prefer to avoid it ) Yes ? ? No Yes ( causes fangs to appear , watery eyes , and sneezing ) No No Yes No Werewolf blood mutates them , consuming the juniper plant immobilize them and a mysterious new flu strain kill them . Lord Erebus ? No No No Yes ? ? ? ? Yes ? ? Supernatural No No , although it does weaken them and cause a measure of pain and discomfort Fatal No ? Only in the anime series No No No No No Dead man 's blood can paralyze them and a scent blocking mixture can render their sense of smell useless ; the Colt , angelic touch , vampire irradiation gun , anti-vampire device , and Vamp - Tonite can kill them ; angels , leviathans , and primordial entities can overpower and kill them with ease . Moonlight Causes paralysis Exposure makes them progressively weaker and causes severe sunstroke Fatal No Fatal Yes , it is toxic and can eventually kill if left in too long . No No No No No ? The Parasol Protectorate Fatal Fatal ? ? ? No Yes Yes No Yes ? Hive tethered to a specific location shortly after the queen is turned , unless she swarms ; the touch of a soulless or metanatural turns them human temporarily . Blood Omen / Legacy of Kain Death - like state until removed Fatal to weaker vampires Fatal , but Vorador was resurrected after his execution Fatal to all except Rahabim vampires Fatal to most if not all No No Vulnerable to Hylden glyphs and Moebius 's staff Fatal to most , but Vampires in Blood Omen can `` buy '' a resistance to some forms of water , such as rain or snow No No The Nexus Stone could send Kain in a coma for centuries ; and sonic waves and the Moebius 's Staff weaken vampires . Night Watch ? Feels unpleasant ? No ? Yes No No No Yes No Alcohol causes severe burns on contact , much like Holy Water in other settings . Underworld Fatal Fatal , although they can become immune if they absorb blood with the Corvinus Strain Fatal Fatal , although they can become immune if they absorb blood with the Corvinus Strain Yes No No No No No No Severe enough injuries or loss of blood can kill them . Chibi Vampire / Karin Fatal Burns , death if exposed too long Likely Likely Likely No Only aggravates highly developed olfactory nerves No No No No ? Necroscope Fatal Fatal Fatal Fatal Fatal Yes Yes No No No ? Starvation , suffocation , great levels of violence , leprosy or the Black Death also kill them . Moon Child ? Fatal ? ? ? ? ? ? No ? ? ? Forever Knight Fatal ; older vampires have higher tolerances Fatal Yes ? Fatal ; older vampires have higher tolerances No Yes Can develop a tolerance No No ? ? John Carpenter 's Vampires Fatal Fatal Fatal ? ? ? No Wielder has to possess faith No No No ? Dark Shadows ( 1966 ) Yes Fatal ( except under the treatments of Dr. Julia Hoffman ) ? ? ? Yes ? Keeps them at bay ? No No ? Frostbiten ( 2006 ) Fatal , although the supervampire had to be killed through a combination of several vampire weaknesses Implied ; the supervampire was killed by strong light after being staked ? ? ? ? Yes Yes ? ? ? ? Dresden Files : White Court As for humans No As for humans As for humans As for humans No No No No No No The opposite of the emotion that they feed on Dresden Files : Black Court Yes No ( weakened during daylight hours ) Yes ? Yes ? Yes Affected by the faith of the user , not the inherent properties of the object ; any holy symbol will work Yes Yes ? It is mentioned that they have the weaknesses as described in Bram Stoker 's novel . Dresden Files : Red Court ? Yes ? ? Fatal Yes ? They are less affected than the Black Court ? ? ? Cutting their stomach open drains the blood they 've eaten ; this weakens them . The Sims ? Yes ? Yes Yes No No No No No No ? Touhou ? Exposure makes them progressively weaker , although a parasol seems to be enough protection . ? No ? Yes Remilia hates it , but it is not stated if other vampires share this weakness No Yes ; even rain is a problem No No Broken holly branches , sardine heads , and roasted soybeans Fright Night Fatal , but only through the heart Fatal ? ? Ca n't think clearly No ? Burns skin ? Yes ? ? Marvel Comics Fatal Fatal , except for pseudo-vampires Fatal No No Yes , except for pseudo-vampires Yes , except for pseudo-vampires Yes , except for pseudo-vampires No Yes No The Bloodgem and the Montesi Formula incantation can kill them . We Are the Night ( 2010 ) ? Fatal ? No ? ? No ? No ? ? ? Blindsight ( 2007 ) Fatal No , but light - shy and tends toward nocturnal activity Fatal Fatal Fatal No No No intrinsic aversion to religion in general , but `` crucifix glitch '' caused problems with crosses No Cannot approach any construction with right angles while eyes are open due to `` crucifix glitch '' ; legend may have arisen from this condition Possibly - altered brain structure provides omnisavantic pattern - matching and analytical skills Neurological `` crucifix glitch '' causes lethal seizures when perpendicular lines fill more than 30 degrees of visual field ; seizures can be prevented by `` anti-Euclidean drugs '' . Blood : The Last Vampire No No Yes ? Yes No No Distresses them No No No They can die if they lose a sufficiently large amount of blood . Blood+ No Only the Schiffs Yes ? Fatal No No No No No No The blood of one Queen can kill anything that her sister has created . Trinity Blood Methuselahs : Fatal Fatal Fatal Yes Fatal Yes No No No No No The destruction of the heart , brain , cervical vertebrae , and brain stem is fatal for them ; they have to eat normal food alongside blood or they die . Crusniks : No No ? ? ? No No No No No No Crusniks can only be killed by draining away all of their crusnik nano - machines . Rosario + Vampire Yes No No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No No ? Charmed Fatal , except for queens Yes Yes No Fatal No Yes Yes No No No The Power of Three and demonic powers can kill them . Kill the Queen and the whole clan dies . DC Comics Yes But it greatly weakens their powers Except for Cain No Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No Killing a vampire kills their entire clan if done during the first 48 hours of the creation of a new vampire . Sanctuary No No ? ? Yes ? No No No No No ? Wizards of Waverly Place ? Yes ? ? ? ? Yes ? No No No Pumpkin smell is repulsive to them , werewolf scratch take away their powers , and vampires powers are useless against plastic . Gantz ? They can take a special medicine that toughens their skin , allowing them to walk around in the daylight . Fatal ? ? No No No No No No ? Adventure Time Fatal Direct sunlight only ; a simple parasol is enough to render the sun 's light merely irritating ? ? ? ? Yes ? ? No No Powerless against ghosts Vampire Knight Fatal Only cause burns and not actually harm them Fatal No No No No No No No No Only anti-vampire weapons can kill a Pureblood . Castlevania series Fatal Exposure to the sun 's light weakens them and will destroy weakened vampires . Fatal No ? Yes Yes Yes Yes ; exposure burns their flesh like acid . No No ? Split Yes No Yes Weakens them Yes Yes Yes No Weakens them No Yes Sea salt and spells hurt them , and a broken heart due to love kill them . Tsukihime True Ancestors : No No Only if they are not powerful enough to regenerate No No No No No No No No Powerful magic and conceptual weapons can kill them , also dismemberment if they are not powerful enough to regenerate . Dead Apostles : Fatal Fatal ; powerful Dead Apostles can withstand it Fatal Yes Fatal No No No Yes No No Normal and magical weapons can kill them , and killing their creator also kills them ; their thirst for blood will grow as they age . Stargate No No Yes No Yes No No No No No No The Hoffan Drug can kill the Wraiths and if they are malnourished , more normal ways of killing can be effective . Hollows series Living vampires ( Low and High Blood ) : Yes No Yes Yes Yes No No No No ? No They can die in any normal way . Undead : Yes Yes Yes ? Yes Yes ? Yes ? ? No The blood of an Undead is deadly to another Undead . Black Blood Brothers Except for Jiro and Cassa Except for the old blood Yes Except for the old blood Yes Yes Yes Yes Except for the old blood Only to enter the Special Zone No ? Stephen King Type One : Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No They are afraid of white eyes painted on black dogs . Type Two : Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Roses hurt them . Type Three : Yes No Yes ? Yes No No ? ? ? No Normal weapons can kill them . Vampirella Fatal No Yes ? Yes No Contradictory information No No ? No ? The Elder Scrolls Fatal Gradually kills them , except for the vampires of Skyrim who are only weakened ; some gain greater resistance after feeding Fatal Fatal , except for Argonian vampires Fatal Yes , except for the ancient vampires of the Illiac Bay One special case , but not most vampires Holy places , but only for the vampires of the Illiac Bay No No No Vulnerable to Dawnguard weapons , the Dawnbreaker sword , fire magic , and certain Restoration spells ; the strain encountered in Arena could only be killed by magic , otherwise they were only subdued My Babysitter 's a Vampire Fatal Non-fatal , but very irritable ? ? No No Non-fatal , but very irritable Ca n't come close to them ? Yes No Magical daggers , UV light sabers , spells can be harmful and the lucifractor can kill them Jojo 's Bizarre Adventure No Fatal No No No No No No No No No Hamon ( a martial art that produces UV rays ) The Librarian Only stakes made of Aspen wood Yes Yes ? Yes Yes ? Yes ? No No Drinking blood from a human with a blood disease gives the vampire that disease . David Wellington Only if they do n't have blood to regenerate They `` die '' when daylight rises , but relieve again every night No No No No No No No No No They get weak when they regurgitate blood . Darkstalkers No He can create an aura to protect him ? No Yes No No No No No No ? The Historian Fatal Fatal No ? No Yes Yes Yes ? No No ? Itsuka Tenma no Kuro Usagi ? No ? ? ? ? ? ? No ? ? Exsanguination ( maybe ) Monogatari Fatal Fatal No No , but it 's implied that becoming a vampire erases the knowledge on how to swim . ? Yes Yes Yes ? Supposedly ? ? Saga of the Noble Dead No Fatal It paralyzes them , but it is n't fatal No Fatal No No No No No No The loss of their blood , the attacks of a Majay - hi and magical weapons weakens them . Doctor Who Great Vampires : Yes No No No No No No No No No No Destroying their hearts Vampires : Yes Yes Yes Yes ? ? Yes Yes Yes No No Age rapidly to the point of death when their creator is destroyed Dance in the Vampire Bund Fatal Fatal Fatal ? Fatal No No No No No No Severe damage to their bodies is fatal . BloodRayne series Fatal Fatal Fatal Fatal Fatal No Yes Yes Fatal No No The poison of a dhampir is deadly for them . Vamps Fatal Fatal Fatal ? Yes ? ? Yes No No No ? The Strain Only if is made of silver Yes Yes ? ? Yes No No Unless is invited / assisted by a human No No Ultraviolet light and nuclear energy are fatal . Blood Alone Yes Yes ? ? ? ? ? ? Yes No ? ? Anno Dracula series Fatal Elder vampires have a greater tolerance Fatal Only some bloodlines Fatal Yes Only if the vampire believes is a weakness Only if the vampire believes is a weakness Only some bloodlines Only some bloodlines No Sick or a dead person 's blood can hurt them . Hotel Transylvania Yes Harmful , but not immediately fatal ? ? Yes ? Discomforting , possibly harmful ? No No No ? Vampireology Immobilizes No Only to Ba'als Do not need to breathe Only to Molochs Yes Yes Not the holy symbol itself , but the faith of the person holding it No No Yes Vampires can only be permanently killed by the sword of Michael . Blood Moon Fatal if made of silver Exposure causes dehydration , sunburn , and eventually death Fatal Yes Fatal Fatal No No No No No Werewolf venom / saliva burns like silver . Shadowspawn series As for humans No As for humans As for humans As for humans Not inherently harmful , but disrupts magic No No No No No If killed in the right way , they can become post-corporeal permanent night - walkers . Night - walking : not sure Yes Probably ? ? ? Yes Probably not Probably not No Probably not If a living Shadowspawn is killed in their night - walking form , the body becomes comatose and eventually dies . Shadowrun Fatal , but only if fashioned from wood , although the Nosferatu are immune Yes ; While in sunlight , vampires suffer a penalty to all actions , physically weakened , slowed by half , and if exposed for too long , they begin to suffer bodily damage . Fatal ; severe brain or spinal injuries are also sufficient enough to kill them Oxygen deprivation induces a coma - like state until their body is reintroduced to an oxygenated environment Fatal ? ? ? No , although a vampire 's body is less buoyant then a human body thus rendering them poor swimmers compared to humans No No If a vampire is cut off from breathable air , they will eventually fall into a coma until exposed to good air again ; vampires become sick to their stomachs within an hour of eating human food or drink and are especially sickened by alcoholic drinks . AdventureQuest No Yes As for humans As for humans Yes No ? No No No No ? Vampire in Brooklyn Yes Exact effect unknown , but is avoided ? ? ? ? No Yes ? ? ? ? The Shadowhunter Chronicles ( The Mortal Instruments ) Vampires : Yes Angel blood can eliminate weakness . Yes No Yes Yes No Depending on the believes of the vampire No No No Seraph Blades or bleeding them dry can kill them . Daylighter : Yes No Yes No Yes No No Depending on the believes of the vampire No No No Seraph Blades can kill them . Penny Dreadful Yes ? Yes ? ? ? ? It bothers them ? No ? Hurting the brain or killing the vampire master is fatal for the infected vampires . Kate Daniels novels ? Can be blocked with thick sunblock Fatal ? ? ? ? No No No No Can be killed by gross physical trauma , such as gunfire Den of Shadows If is n't powerful enough to regenerate ? If is n't powerful enough to regenerate No Fatal No No ? No ? No Magic is harmful for them . From Dusk till Dawn series Fatal Fatal Fatal No ? No No No No No No Culebra venom incapacitates them . Monster High ? Yes ? ? ? ? Yes ? ? Yes ? ? inFamous : Festival of Blood Fatal Fatal , although they can survive a few moments of exposure ? Only Cole Fatal Yes ? The Barbed Cross can instantly kill weaker vampires if struck No Yes ? Bloody Mary can only be harmed / killed by The Barbed Cross . Kitty Norville novels Yes Yes ? ? ? ? ? Holy water ? Yes ? ? American Horror Story : Hotel Yes Only weakened during daylight hours Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No They can be killed with firearms , due to hemorrhages and bleeding or after severe physical trauma ; not feeding on blood causes their bodies to decay and their minds to become feral . Tsukuyomi : Moon Phase Fatal Fatal within moments of exposure , except for day walkers and those able to bend light ? ? Fatal ? Irritates their sensitive sense of smell Holy water burns them and a cross induces a `` bad feeling '' Yes ; they can not swim in running water No No Ama - vampires are immune to a `` Vampire 's Kiss '' and if a servant vampire drinks their blood they will be freed of their master . Vampire Cheerleaders Fatal Exposure can cause an agonizing sunburn , but they can adapt ? No Yes ? Yes No ? Yes ? ? Innistrad Fatal No Fatal No Fatal Unsettles them and reflects their true mortal self No Only when the symbol has been properly blessed or is wielded by the faithful Only if the moon is reflected in the water No No Any weapon can harm or kill them , although wood is especially effective against them . Blood Lad No No ? ? ? Yes ? No No No No Heart extraction is fatal . Shiki Fatal Fatal Fatal No Fatal Yes ? Yes ? Yes ? Starvation will kill them and extreme physical trauma can incapacitate them . Warhammer Fatal , but only if it is fashioned from a special wood such as , ash , hawthorn , or rosewood Yes ; direct sunlight halves their power and injuries them per minute of exposure , regardless of the toughness of their physical body ; some vampires ' wills are so strong that they can over-come this weakness Fatal No Fatal Yes , however some may be weak to the dwarven metal Gromril or the elven metal Ithilmar Only in some bloodlines or individual , however some may be repelled by rarer herbs like Daemons - root or Witchbane Mortals who present holy icons can sometimes repel them , although some vampires are so cognizant of their freedom from the spiritual realm , that they fear no Gods or Daemons Yes , although for the purpose of this weakness , the water must be at least a yard across , a foot deep , and have a current ; vampires can overcome this weakness through sheer force of will Only some vampires Only some vampires Vampires can possess other weaknesses that vary from vampire to vampire such as , the herbs Daemonsroot and / or Witchbane , sawdust , embalming fluid , the dwarven metal Gromril or the elven metal Ithilmar or even the blood of an innocent victim ( rare ) , powerful magic and divine power can harm or kill them . Seraph of the End No , although ripping their heart out does convert them into a demon if not returned to the vampire Exposure to UV light will produce a toxin in their blood , however they can wear protective gear to neutralize this effect It will paralyze them , but it is n't fatal No ? ? No No No No No Destroying their heads entirely will kill them ( a single bullet is not sufficient ) ; cursed gear and enchanted gear can limit their healing or outright kill them . Interviews with Monster Girls Fatal Non-fatal , although exposure to strong sunlight feels very unpleasant for them ? ? ? ? No No No ? No ? The Witcher Lower Vampires : Some , but not all breeds No ; most breeds of vampires have long since adapted to the sun 's light Fatal No Fatal Fatal Only in the games , not the books No No No No Vulnerable to an alchemical oil applied to weapons Higher Vampires : No No No ; they will eventually regenerate No No ; magical flames can injure them , but they will eventually regenerate No ; they will eventually regenerate Only in the games , not the books No No No No Can only be permanently killed by the bite of another higher vampire The Adventures of Dr. McNinja Fatal Fatal Fatal ? ? ? Yes Yes ? Yes Yes ? Jump up ^ Although Lestat mentions that he develops a fondness for counting , it is not a true weakness . Jump up ^ Discworld vampires are immortal ; even fatal weaknesses only reduce them to ash . A drop of blood can restore them to full health if it comes in contact with the ashes Jump up ^ Cultural aversion to sunlight . Sufficiently bright light can also turn them to ash ^ Jump up to : Cultural aversion Jump up ^ Cultural aversion to all religious symbols Jump up ^ Vampires believe that dying in running water prevents the soul from entering the afterlife . Jump up ^ In Rosario + Vampire Capu2 episode 8 , Moka is repelled by Tsukune 's body odor when he eats garlic . However , it is not addressed as a vulnerability in the manga series . Jump up ^ Marceline is seen entering people 's houses uninvited but seems to have prior , largely unknown claims to extensive amounts of property across the Land of Ooo . In the Stakes miniseries , it is revealed that she possessed the power of a healing vampire , The Moon , allowing her to be unaffected by traditional vampire killing rituals . Supernatural powers ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) It is common in fiction for vampires to gain additional , uncommon powers as they age . Certain vampires may have abilities that are unique to them or a small group of others . These have been noted as ' Gifted ' . Setting Immortal Enhanced Strength Enhanced Senses Enhanced Speed Unnatural Healing Flight Shapeshifting / Absorption Psychic Powers Psychokinesis Pyrokinesis Other European Folklore Implied Yes Yes Yes Yes Some Yes Some Some poltergeist - like activity No Various other powers based upon region such as control over nocturnal animals or the ability to spread plagues North American folklore Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Some Nocturnal animals and mist Yes No No ? Daybreakers Yes No Enhanced senses of smell No Yes No No No No No If they abstain from blood for too long they mutate into Subsiders . Varney the Vampire Yes Yes ? ? Regenerates in moonlight ? ? Yes ? No ? Carmilla ( 1871 ) Implied Yes , grip can paralyze limbs temporarily ? Yes Powers are enhanced in moonlight ? Monstrous cat ? ? ? Becomes incorporeal at will ( vanishes , goes through solid barriers / doors ) Bram Stoker 's Dracula Yes Yes Yes Yes Limited ; Dracula still possessed a scar where Harker had struck him with a shovel months ago Yes Wolf , bat ( also giant bat ) , dust , fog - possibly dog as well . Can also impersonate Jonathan Harker . Can impersonate a coachman and a doorman ( though it is not known if he only used darkness to disguise himself or a little magic as well in addition to that darkness ) Yes , the hunters track Dracula through his telepathic link with Mina . Improbable , as he would then have carried his boxes on his own ( though he might still have been too weak to use that hypothetical magical power ) Plausible , since he started a massive fire and the characters who were not present when he did it simply had to guess he may have used a match , but they can not prove anything Control of nocturnal animals , wolves and rats mentioned specifically . At least one vampire ( if not all ) is able to shrink to fit under a door . Hypothetical array of other powers ( due to former magical scholarship - undocumented , and very briefly mentioned by Dr. Van Helsing ) ; lizard - like climbing abilities Nosferatu Yes Yes ? Yes Yes ? Wolf ? Yes No Rats and plague follow the vampire . Van Helsing Yes Yes Yes Yes , but it resembles teleporting Yes In winged creature form Winged bat / demon - like creature ? No No Vampires can walk on walls and ceilings . Anne Rice 's Vampire Chronicles Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Extremely old vampires No Most Very old vampires Very old vampires Most are able to walk on walls and ceilings . Children of the Millennia can cause blood vessels to rupture . All vampires have enhanced memories . Twilight saga Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Gifted No Gifted Gifted vampires can have a variety of different abilities . Buffy Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Only Dracula Gifted No No ? Blade Yes Yes Yes ; vampires can also see in ultraviolet Yes Yes ; also , Frost / La Magra merger regenerates lost limbs instantly ( see `` other '' ) No Only Dracula and La Magra , the latter can shed his skin , turning into a ball of fire to methodically stalk his prey ( gained from the Ligaroo tribe ) . Only La Magra , which can control minds , matter and the elements ( gained from the Faustinas tribe ) . No No Deacon Frost , when merged with La Magra was impervious to silver , is able to day - walk due to Blade 's blood , and can instantly turn any human in his path into vampires . Ultraviolet Yes Yes Enhanced sense of smell Yes Yes No No No No No ? 30 Days of Night ( 2002 ) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No No ? Discworld Yes Yes Yes Yes Can be resurrected from ashes As a bat or as a `` human '' Yes Yes No No Overcome inherent weaknesses with psychological conditioning Batman & Dracula Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No ? Vampire Academy Only the Strigoi Yes Yes Only the Strigoi Spirit users can heal . No Yes Some , not all . No Vampires that are fire users . All Moroi have an extra power : water , earth , air and sometimes spirit . True Blood Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Gifted Only if they had the power before they turned . Can `` glamour '' humans , erase memories and bend their will Gifted No Standard : Eidetic memory , voice imitation , maker abilities ( calling , commanding , empathetic link , and releasing ) ; Unique Powers : advanced vampiric abilities , advanced progeny calling , astral projection , blood abilities , advanced glamour , haemokinesis , intangibility , invisibility , precognition , self - control , species detection , telekinesis , teleportation , and immunity to stakes , fire , silver , and invitations ; vampire blood can heal humans and has numerous drug - like qualities . The Little Vampire Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Can climb any surface and may hang from the ceiling to sleep The Vampire Diaries Novels : Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes They can control the elements , animals and the weather . Television series : Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Only in the first episode ; retconned soon after No Vampires can compel humans . Originals can compel vampires , vampire / werewolf hybrids and humans . No No Dream manipulation ; vampire blood heals humans ; can `` turn off humanity '' Count Chocula Yes Yes No Yes ? Yes Bat No Able to levitate marshmallows Electrokinesis Turns into milk chocolate , 15 vitamins and minerals Count Duckula ? No No No No No Yes ? No No Teleportation Vampire Hunter D Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Gifted Some can turn into mist . Yes Gifted Gifted Various other powers that vary greatly between individual members of the Nobility . Sesame Street Yes No ? No ? No No Hypnosis , now discontinued ? Can generate thunder by counting Preternatural counting abilities Let the Right One In Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Limited Sending memories through kiss No No Are able to walk on walls Young Dracula Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes They have other abilities , like weather manipulation , among others . Preacher Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Limited Yes No Some Ability to walk on walls and ceilings , briefly read the minds of those they drink from , other unspecified abilities American Vampire Old World bloodline : Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Gifted bloodlines Gifted bloodlines No No ? American bloodline : Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No No ? Hellsing Yes Yes Long range vision Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes ? Powerful vampires can pass through walls , shadow and blood manipulation , can summon the souls of those he has previously consumed . Anita Blake : Vampire Hunter Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes , but wounds from silver heal slowly . Holy water inhibits healing . Gifted Rare Telepathy is stronger after biting , can enthrall with eyes Gifted Gifted Call animals , drain power from sired vampires , rot without damage ( dependent on bloodline ) World of Darkness Yes Gifted Gifted Gifted Yes Gifted Gifted Gifted Gifted Gifted Vast number of potential Disciplines ; consumption of a vampire 's blood three times causes blood bonding , an imposed state of intense love . Being Human ( BBC ) Yes Yes Enhanced sense of smell Yes Yes No No Gifted No No ? Being Human ( Syfy ) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes No No ? The Saga of Darren Shan Extended life Yes Yes Yes Saliva has healing powers No No Among higher ranking full vampires and briefly during transformation into a vampire ; not exclusive to vampires Only illusion of telekinesis No Exhales gas that causes unconsciousness in humans , Runs at high speeds outside normal space Moonlight Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Can be developed with age No No ? The Parasol Protectorate Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No No ? Blood Omen / Legacy of Kain Yes Yes Enhanced sense of smell Yes Yes Ancient Vampires were able to fly , Kain can levitate , and Raziel can glide Wolf , bat swarm , and mist Gifted Gifted Gifted Corruptions caused some clans to gain abilities others did not . Some powers are also granted by the Reaver or by consuming the blood or the soul of some characters . Night Watch Yes Yes Yes ? Yes Gifted Gifted ( giant bat ) Yes Yes Yes Ability to lure prey to the vampire Underworld Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Only Markus in his winged creature form Only hybrids Through drinking their blood No No Selene and her daughter can perceive through each other psychically and can cling to surfaces . Chibi Vampire / Karin Extended life , potentially beyond 1000 years Yes Yes Yes Yes Some No Memory erasure and hypnotic barriers No No Adult vampires and some children can control bats . Spring of Psyche vampires can not control bats or erase minds , but produce blood rather than sucking blood . Night World Lamias : They are immortal if they want to Yes Yes Yes Yes No Only Maya Hearth - Woman Yes No No Maya can perform magic . Made Vampire : Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes No No ? Dungeons & Dragons Yes Yes Yes No Yes By shape shifting Bat , wolf , cloud of smoke Yes No No They can walk on walls and ceilings , are resistant to the cold and electricity and any magic associated with either , and command over nocturnal animals . Forever Knight Yes Yes Heat / night vision Yes Yes Yes No Ability to persuade through mesmerism No No Necroscope Yes Yes Yes No Yes Some Yes Yes No No Killglance , necromancy , and precognition Moon Child Yes Yes ? Yes Yes ? No No No No ? Abraham Lincoln , Vampire Hunter Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Hazy mist - like form No No No Can make themselves invisible The Lost Boys Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No ? Dark Shadows ( 1966 ) Yes Yes ? Either this or teleportation Yes Yes Bat Hypnosis Yes No Time travel , necromancy , possibly teleportation House of Night Blue Vampyres : Yes Stronger than humans , but not unnaturally so Yes Faster than humans , but not unnaturally so Depends on vampire affinity No No No Depends on vampire affinity Depends on vampire affinity Most are specially talented or have an affinity for one thing or skill . Red Vampyres : Yes ? Yes Faster than humans , but not unnaturally so Depends on affinity No No Yes Depends on affinity Depends on affinity Most are specially talented or have an affinity for one thing or skill . Frostbiten ( 2006 ) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No No Vampires can scale walls and roofs with no support at all and talk to dogs Dresden Files : White Court Very long - lived , but may not be truly unaging Only when boosted ? Only when boosted Only when boosted No No Induce and harvest emotions ? ? Normally about human in power , but can boost to superhuman using harvested emotional energy Dresden Files : Black Court Either immortal , or very long - lived Yes Yes Yes Yes ? ? Can create thralls and `` renfields '' ( insane , violent , permanent thralls ) ? ? Can control or alter animals and are capable of learning and using magic Dresden Files : Red Court Either immortal , or very long - lived Yes Yes Yes Yes ? Can change from human - looking to natural bat - like form by removing outer skin Potent narcotic , euphoric , addictive saliva ? ? ? The Sims In The Sims 2 , but not The Sims 3 where they only had an extremely long life cycle ( might die from external causes ) Yes No Yes No In bat form Bat Some No No Powers vary by entry in franchise Touhou Yes Yes Yes Yes Implied they can recover from anything as long as the head is undamaged Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Remilia Scarlet : fate manipulation ; Flandre Scarlet : destruction of anything ; magic Fright Night Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes By shape - shifting into a bat Bat , wolf , mist ? ? ? Stick to ceilings Marvel Comics Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Some vampires can control the weather and some animals ; pseudo-vampires do n't have these powers . We Are the Night ( 2010 ) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No No Walk on walls . Blood : The Last Vampire Extended life Yes Yes Yes Yes Except for Saya Except for Saya No No No ? Blood+ Only Queens and Chevaliers Yes Yes Yes Yes Only Chevaliers when they shape shift Only Queens and Chevaliers No No No ? Trinity Blood Methuselahs : Extended life Yes Yes Yes Yes Only a certain type called Fairies No No No Gifted Methuselah also possess varying individual abilities , like the forming of a blades that come out of their arms , claws , or even prehensile hair ; some Methuselah have displayed an ability to control some elemental powers such as fire and ice . Crusniks : Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No All Crusniks have a variety of different abilities . Supernatural Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Only the Alpha vampire No No ? DC Comics Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Only Andrew Bennett No Andrew Bennett can do magic Sanctuary Yes Yes ? Yes Yes No No No No No They have the ability to understand another person 's identity and native language by tasting their blood . Rosario + Vampire Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Some , when shapeshift into bat Gifted Yes No No ? Charmed Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes In bat form Yes Yes No No They are immune to witches ' powers and can hang or cling to ceilings . Wizards of Waverly Place Yes Yes Smell Yes Yes By turning her arms into wings Yes No No No Sleep control Gantz No Yes No Yes No No No No No No Are able to spawn weapons from their bodies Blindsight ( 2007 ) No , but can hibernate for decades to avoid overhunting its food supply Yes ; due to increased ATP production Yes ; due to tapetum lucidum and tetrachromatic vision Yes ; due to thicker axons increasing nerve impulse transmission speed No No No No No No Altered brain structure provides omnisavantic pattern - matching and analytical skills . Adventure Time Yes Yes Yes Yes Gifted Gifted Gifted Gifted Gifted Gifted Can drain the color red from objects instead of feeding on blood , become invisible , and animate corpses Vampire Knight Only the Purebloods , the other levels are long lived Yes Yes Yes Yes Gifted Gifted Gifted Gifted Gifted Gifted vampires can have a variety of different abilities Castlevania series Yes Yes Yes Yes Only the vampires in Castlevania : Lords of Shadow Yes Yes Gifted Gifted Yes Some can manipulate electricity , black magic , summon bats and Dracula can resurrect every 100 years . Split Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes No No Some can possess people . Tsukihime True Ancestors : Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes ? ? Some can manipulate reality and move from one place to another by recreating their body . Dead Apostles : Imperfect Immortality Yes Yes Yes Yes No Gifted ; by absorbing mystical beasts Gifted No No Gifted Dead Apostles can summon familiars and become invisible ; mages that became Dead Apostles through magical means , can still perform magic afterwards ; when injured The Curse of Restoration turns their time backwards to a point in which they were unharmed . Stargate Yes Yes Night and thermal vision Yes Yes No No Yes No No Wraiths can take or give life - force Hollows series Living Vampires ( Low and High Blood ) : No Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No Living High Blood vampires are empath and pull an aura . Undead : Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes No No ? Black Blood Brothers Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Gifted bloodlines Rare ; Only the Warlock bloodline ( the only known members of this bloodline are Cassandra Jill Warlock and Cain Warlock Yes Gifted ; vampires of broken bloodlines are unlikely to master this ability Only Zelman Clock 's bloodline of which he is the only survivor Vampires can possess a variety of other powers based on bloodline or individual ; The Dark Princess of the North can manipulate the weather . Stephen King Type One : Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Possibly ; Barlow could cause an entire house to shake in the movie . No Can control magical bugs Type Two : Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No ? Type Three : ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? No No ? Vampirella Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Vampirella can manipulate shadows and blood , and induces sexual arousal . The Elder Scrolls Yes Yes , except for the vampires of the Sanguinare vampiris strain Sight Yes , except for the vampires of the Sanguinare vampiris Yes Gifted Only Vampire Lords Most vampire clans , but not all Only Vampire Lords Only the vampires of Arena Various unique powers based on clan , such as invisibility , silencing mages , reanimating corpses , poisonous claws , summoning gargoyles , enhanced magic and skills , and numerous resistances My Babysitter 's a Vampire Vampires : Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Gifted No ? Fledgling : Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No No ? Jojo 's Bizarre Adventure Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Only by inserting a bit of own flesh into victim 's head No No Dio Brando can shoot blood from his eyes at high speeds and freeze a person 's blood by touching them . The Librarian series Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes In dust No No No Dreams manipulation David Wellington Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No No ? Darkstalkers Yes Yes ? No Yes Yes Yes No No Yes He can manipulate his cape , create protective auras and temporarily change the gender of male opponents The Historian Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes In animal form Yes No No No ? Itsuka Tenma no Kuro Usagi Possibly , or very long life . Do not age , and can change their apparent age to their liking Yes ? Yes Yes Yes No No No Yes Saitohimea has a lot of magic Monogatari series Yes , but resurrections require energy and can only be done by vampires that had lived long enough Yes ? Yes Yes Ones that had lived long enough can grow wings at will Yes , although it 's implied that not all vampires possess this ability ? ? ? Can drain the energy of others and generate matter ; can change the length of their hair ; can do very long jumps ; if given massive enough energy source , Kiss - Shot can summon a temporary time portal . Saga of the Noble Dead Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes No No Some vampires can control animals and all vampires have to obey the orders of the one who turned them . Doctor Who Great Vampires : Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No No ? Vampires : Extended life Yes Yes Yes Yes Some Some Yes Some No ? Dance in the Vampire Bund Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Only if they have wings in their true form Some vampires can assume their true form Some No No Gifted vampires can have a variety of different abilities . BloodRayne Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Gifted ; in bat / raven form Gifted ; Zerenski could turn into a flock of bats and Rayne gained the ability to become a raven . Gifted ; Rayne 's ghostly double can enter and control others No No Gifted vampires and dhampir , like Kagan or Rayne , can have a variety of extra abilities others may not have . Vamps Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes No No Gifted vampires can have a variety of different abilities The Strain Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes No No They can transfer their consciousness from one human host to another . Blood Alone Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes No No The elders have different special abilities . Anno Dracula series Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Gifted bloodlines Gifted bloodlines Gifted bloodlines Gifted bloodlines Gifted bloodlines Powers vary outside of their physical capabilities based upon their bloodline . Hotel Transylvania Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Mostly in bat form Bat ; standard form can grow claws Powerful hypnosis ; can control beasts or men , rewrite memories ; requires eye contact Yes No Can walk on walls and ceilings in defiance of gravity ; able to induce lasting paralysis in beasts or men . Vampireology Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes in animal form Yes Yes No No ? Blood Moon Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes No No Can swap locations with their Bat familiars , making it appear as if they turned into the animal Shadowspawn series Very long - lived , can become theoretically immortal post-corporeal night - walkers Yes Yes Yes Yes Only in some forms Only when night - walking ; can become anything or anyone they have the DNA of Manipulation of chance , telepathy , possession of bodies emptied by a nightwalker 's death Yes Yes All of their powers derive from extreme manipulation of chance . Shadowrun ( vampires and nosferatu ) Yes ; they do not age and can live for centuries or even millennia Yes , although they are not physically strong to a supernatural degree Yes ( also possesses thermographic vision ) Yes , although they are not fast to a supernatural degree Yes Gifted Yes ; all vampires are able to change into a misty form and vampire magic users may be able to use magic to assume animal forms . Only the Nosferatu strain possess this as a natural ability and even then , it is limited ; they can also invoke extreme fear in others . Gifted Gifted Immunity to poisons , toxins , and diseases and they are capable of using magic and the transformation may unlock latent magical potential . AdventureQuest ? Yes ? No No No No No No No No Vampire in Brooklyn Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Wolf , bat , fog , and can shapeshift into other humans Yes Yes Yes Can cast spells of illusion , can possibly turn invisible or teleport The Shadowhunter Chronicles ( The Mortal Instruments ) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Can control certain mortals Penny Dreadful Yes Yes ? Yes Yes No No Only master vampires No No ? Kate Daniels novels Immortal , or at least capable of reaching great ages Yes ? Yes ? No No No , but they can relay communication from necromancer pilot . No No Extraordinarily good climbers ; non-sapient , telepathically piloted by a necromancer ( bloodthirsty mindless monsters , otherwise ) Den of Shadows Yes Yes ? Yes Yes As a winged animal Some Some ? ? They can teleport and some have special abilities . From Dusk till Dawn series Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Only those who have wings Yes Yes No No They are able to walk on walls and ceilings . Monster High Yes ? ? ? ? In bat form In a bat ? ? ? Can control bats inFamous : Festival of Blood Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Swarm of bats Yes Only Bloody Mary No All of Bloody Mary 's vampires must obey her ; Firstborns can disguise themselves as humans . Kitty Norville novels Yes Yes ? Yes Yes ? ? Can hypnotically control to some extent , if you meet their eyes ? ? Older vampires are more powerful . American Horror Story : Hotel Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Implied No No ? Tsukuyomi : Moon Phase Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Gifted Gifted Yes Gifted Gifted They can telepathically communicate with and control those they have bitten or turned ; each vampire possesses their own special ability from the start of their birth / creation ; can mimic the special abilities of other vampires , though not perfectly , by sucking their blood and / or eating their flesh . Vampire Cheerleaders Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Can `` Glamour '' humans , erase memories , and bend their will No No Can enthrall humans through unexplained means Innistrad Yes Yes ; they are twice as strong as a human and can enhance it further with magic Gifted Gifted ; they can enhance their speed with magic Gifted ; Sangromancy magic can transfer consumed blood into health Gifted ; Falkenrath Elders are more likely to master this power Gifted ; the Voldaren Elders can more easily master magic that makes it possible to assume various animal forms and the Stromkirk Elders can dissolve their bodies into a cloud of mist . Gifted ; the Markov Elders possess a special affinity for psychic magic . Gifted ; the Markov Elders possess a special affinity for psychic magic . Gifted ; the Markov Elders possess a special affinity for psychic magic . Vampires are magic users and are able to develop new powers through magickal study and may learn a vampiric form of glamer ( quasi-illusion magic ) that enables them to alter what nearby humans think they 're perceiving when they look at the vampire and they can emanate a two - foot - wide aura of silence at will . Blood Lad Possibly immortal or just long lived Yes Yes Yes Yes Gifted No Gifted ? ? Vampires are naturally able to use magic Shiki Yes No , but they are stronger than most humans Yes Yes Yes Yes No Can manipulate the body , mind , and soul of their victims by consuming their blood No No They can command animals as well , not just humans . Warhammer Yes ; since vampires possess no true soul they are able to be resurrected quite easily compared to humans Yes , although this power is best represented among the Strigoi and the Blood Dragons Enhanced sense of smell Gifted ; Lahmians are well - known for their quick and brutal attacks . Gifted ; vampires are able to utilize their blood or dark magick in order to knit their wounds far more quickly than a mortal . Gifted ; can be achieved through magick or by shape - shifting Gifted vampires can assume the form of a large bat , a swarm of bats , ravens , flies , beetles , or cockroaches , a wolf , or a supernatural cloud of mist , although most of these powers are more common / represented in certain bloodlines . Gifted ; best represented among the Lahmians , although all are capable of transfixing their prey Gifted Gifted Vampires are a diverse race of beings whose powers vary greatly based upon bloodline and their own individuality . Seraph of the End Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No ? ? ? Vampire made weapons can `` drink '' vampire blood and become stronger . Interviews with Monster Girls ? No , although this might just be because Hikari is still young Yes No , although this might just be because Hikari is still young ? No , although this might just be because Hikari is still young No , although this might just be because Hikari is still young No , although this might just be because Hikari is still young No , although this might just be because Hikari is still young No , although this might just be because Hikari is still young ? The Witcher Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Some , including all higher vampires Some , including all higher vampires Some , including all higher vampires No No Invisibility , retractable claws , higher vampires can control weaker vampires . The Adventures of Dr. McNinja ? Yes Yes Yes ? Yes Smoke , Bat , Dog ? ? ? ? Jump up ^ In the film , vampires could levitate . Jump up ^ This is disputed , since Dr. Karen Jenson was in the same area where La Magra and Blade 's battle took place and was not instantly turned , though it 's probable that La Magra needs to concentrate his powers in order to actually turn humans ) . Jump up ^ Most vampiric powers in the World of Darkness are the result of Disciplines , which must be learned . Thus , while all the powers on this list are available to any vampire , immortality and unnatural healing are the only two they 're all guaranteed to have ^ Jump up to : Magical ability not limited to vampires Reproduction and feeding ( edit ) Setting Fertile Reproduce via bite Reproduce via transfusion Reproduce via consumption of vampire blood after bite Inhabited by demons Diet Effects on victims Other / notes European Folklore Yes Upon death No Some Yes ? ? ? Varney the Vampire ? Yes ? ? No ? ? ? Bram Stoker 's Dracula Not stated by author but theories exist that he has a family No Yes Yes No Human blood ? ? Nosferatu ? Yes ? ? No ? ? ? Van Helsing Baby vampires are born dead and must be reanimated . Yes ? ? No Human blood ? ? Anne Rice 's Vampire Chronicles No No Yes Yes Yes , although their actions are not controlled by the spirit inhabiting them . May feed on animal blood , but it is less nutritious ? ? Twilight series Male vampires can reproduce with female humans . Yes No No No Human and animal blood ? ? Buffy No No Yes Yes Yes Can consume human or animal blood Affects the pleasure centers of the brain ? Blade Vampires : Yes Yes Yes ? No Human blood ? Extremely rarely , something goes horribly wrong in the transition from human to vampire , resulting in a `` Revenant '' , a malformed zombie - like creature . These `` mistakes '' are unpredictable , not understood . Some Pure - Bloods are born with an anomaly where a vampire became a ghoulish being without any regenerative capability . Reapers : ? Yes No No No Human and vampire blood Inject a neurotoxin to paralyze their victims ? Ultraviolet No Yes Yes No No ? ? ? 30 Days of Night ( 2002 ) No Yes Yes ? No Human blood ? Scratches Discworld Yes If desired ? ? No Human and animal blood ? ? True Blood No No Shown when Eric turns the Governor 's Daughter in Season 6X04 The human being turned must be buried alive in the ground afterward . No Can consume human , animal , or artificial blood ? ? The Little Vampire No The victim becomes a mindless vampire No Yes No ? ? ? The Vampire Diaries ( Novel and television series ) No No If killed while vampire blood is still in the system ? No Novels : Human or animal blood ; in the television series : human , animal and vampire blood ; food gives them little nutrients . ? Magic ritual Count Chocula ? ? ? ? No ? ? ? Sesame Street ? ? ? ? Inhabited by a human hand ? ? ? Vampire Academy Moroi : Yes No No No No Human blood and food , but only blood gives them the nutrients they need Induces emotional and physical euphoria Strigoi : No No No Yes No Human , dhampir or Moroi blood Induces emotional and physical euphoria If Moroi purposefully kills another person while feeding turns into a Strigoi . House of Night ? No No No No Human and blood Pleasurable for both human and vampyre , and may lead to a strong bond , called `` Imprinting '' Some teenagers are changed into vampyres when adolescent hormones trigger a strand of DNA . If they pass the Change , they become blue vampyres , otherwise if they die they can be somehow resurrected and become Red Vampyres . Hellsing ? Provided the other is a virgin of the opposite sex ; otherwise creates ghouls ? ? No Human blood and flesh ? FREAKs ( artificial vampires ) are created by chips implanted in their bodies . Young Dracula Yes Yes No No No Human blood ? ? Let the Right One In ? Yes Yes ? No Human and animal blood ? ? Count Duckula ? No Yes ? No ? ? ? Vampire Hunter D Yes Usually creates servants ? ? ? ? ? ? Night World Lamias : Yes No Turn the human into a made vampire ; however if the human does n't survive , becomes a ghoul No No Human blood or food ? ? Made Vampires : No No If the human does n't survive , becomes a ghoul No No Human blood ? ? Batman & Dracula No Yes No No No Human and animal blood ? ? Preacher ? Yes ? ? No Human and animal blood , can drink any beverages that human can ? ? American Vampire Old World bloodline : No No Yes ? No Human blood ? ? American bloodline : Yes , but it creates humans with vampire characteristics , not new vampires No No Yes ? Human blood Injects a venom that has a paralyzing effect on people ? Anita Blake : Vampire Hunter Only young male vampires can reproduce with a human mother , and may cause extreme birth defects . Yes ? ? No Human and lycanthrope blood feeds them ; they can also drink animal blood but is not a sufficient diet . ? ? World of Darkness Only `` thin bloods '' , those of the 15th ( and sometimes 14th ) Generation removed from Caine ; the offspring are natural ghouls , not vampires No No The victim must be drained to the point of death , otherwise it just creates a ghoul , a semi-immortal human All vampires must contend with `` the Beast '' , an Id - like entity Can consume human or animal blood , need at least 1 point ( ~ 400 ml ) / day ; some can eat food Victims usually entranced Consumption of vampire blood without draining makes a human effectively immortal , and gives them some powers , but does not make them a vampire . The effect wears off in about a month without subsequent doses . The Saga of Darren Shan No , with exclusion of Destiny 's `` children '' No Through cuts on fingers No No Vampires : Few drops of human blood and human food ; they can even drink alcoholic beverages . Vampaneze : all of the human blood ? ? Moonlight No No No The human must be near death . No ? ? ? The Parasol Protectorate ? Only females can create new vampires , and only if the recipient has enough soul ; it does n't happen with every feeding , see notes No Sort of ; see note No ? ? Making a new vampire involves simultaneously feeding ( with feeder fangs ) and injecting blood into the new vampire ( with maker fangs ) ; it does n't always work . Blood Omen / Legacy of Kain No , due to Hylden curse No . Kain is able to bite ( even kill ) his enemies without infecting them . Ancients infected humans with blood as did Human Hybrids besides Kain . The vampires of Kain 's empire were never documented . ? No Human blood ? Kain himself was created using the Heart of Darkness and Necromancy . Because of this , Kain had to create through a form of Necromancy , `` breathing '' his soul into a corpse , animating it and calling its soul back from the underworld . The soul was then itself vampiric , infected by Kain 's . Night Watch A vampire can have one single human child More or less complicated procedure , implied that the victim has to agree , but might be unnecessary No ? No Human blood , food is tasteless ? ? Underworld Yes Yes Yes ? No Human and animal blood ? ? Chibi Vampire / Karin Only full vampires . Half - human variants are sterile . No No No No Young vampires and human - vampire hybrids can consume human food . Loss of taste for human food occurs in normal vampires at puberty ; food begins to taste like sand . Following puberty , vampires and hybrids develop different `` tastes '' for different ( usually negative ) traits / emotions in humans . Temporary removal of trait / emotion in bitten human Human - vampire hybrids do not need to feed as often , but feeding causes the hybrid to be temporarily affected by all the weaknesses of full vampires . Being Human ( BBC ) No No No Yes No Human blood from a live human and food ? ? Being Human ( Syfy ) No ? Yes Yes No Human blood from a live human ( preserved or blood that is n't fresh from a human body will make a vampire weaker ) ? ? Dungeons & Dragons Yes Yes No ? No ? ? ? Forever Knight Vampires are sterile , and can cause the death of mortals if intercourse is attempted . If desired ? ? No ? ? ? Necroscope Males can have one egg son ; females can produce a multitude of eggs in a mass birth If desired Yes ? No Blood and human flesh , but other creatures and human food too during parties ? Inhaling or absorbing the cloud of spores from the `` mushrooms '' or by absorbing a leech 's egg Abraham Lincoln , Vampire Hunter No in the books , yes in the film No No Yes No ? ? ? The Lost Boys ? Yes ? Blood is given before death to create a half - vampire . No ? ? ? Moon Child ? ? ? ? No ? ? ? Dark Shadows ( 1966 ) Yes Yes ? ? ? Human and animal blood ? Witch 's curse and there is a debate about that the vampiric energy of Barnabas was transferred , curing Barnabas & bringing Adam to life . Frostbiten ( 2006 ) ? Yes Yes Yes It 's likely but not proven that the virus creating the vampires is of demonic nature as it would explain the clearly supernatural aspects the vampires . Human or animal blood ? ? Dresden Files : White Court Born basically human , become vampire after first feeding ( can become fully human instead ) , can have a fully human parent No No No Probably Feed off of emotions , also need ordinary human food Victims are sexually aroused , or terrified , depending on what emotion the vampire feeds off of ; feeding can be highly addictive , long - term feeding can form a slight psychic bond between vampire and victim . ? Dresden Files : Red Court ? ? ? Yes , with complications Yes ? Has an addictive effect on victims Multi-stage process ; potential vampire is infected , and gains some powers , then becomes a vampire after first feeding The Sims Yes Yes ? ? No Human blood or plasma fruit and derived products Induces slight discomfort Depends on the entry in the franchise Touhou ? Contradicting information ? ? Vampires are considered a kind of devil , but are not possessed ? ? ? Fright Night ? Yes , if desired ( only in original films ) ? ? ? Human blood ? ? Marvel Comics No Yes No No ? Human blood ; blood from animals or other vampires gives them little nutrients . ? ? We Are the Night ( 2010 ) No Yes ? No No ? ? ? Blindsight ( 2007 ) Yes Potentially by lateral gene transmission No No No Humans ? Can also be created by applying retroviral gene therapy to baseline humans Blood : The Last Vampire ? No With scientific assistance No No Human blood ? ? Blood+ Only Queens and Chevaliers No Only Queens blood No No Queens : Human or their Chevaliers blood ; food gives them nutrients , but diminishes their powers , chiropterans : human blood , but chevaliers may be able to live with food . ? ? Trinity Blood Methuselahs : Yes No No No No Human blood and food ? ? Crusniks : ? No No No No Vampire blood and food ? ? Supernatural No No Yes No No Human and animal blood ? ? DC Comics No Yes No No ? Human and animal blood ? ? Sanctuary Yes No Only in humans with vampire genes and in normal humans after electricity is used to revive them No No Human blood , but there is a special serum that can replace it ? ? Rosario + Vampire Yes No Yes No No Human blood and food Transfusion may turn humans into ghouls instead of vampires First Ancestor vampires can only be made by transfusing the blood of a First Ancestor vampire . Charmed No Yes No No ? Human blood ? ? Wizards of Waverly Place Yes No No No No Human blood and food ? ? Gantz ? ? ? ? No Human blood and food ? ? Adventure Time ? Yes ? ? No , however Marceline is of demonic descent Consume the color red Becomes white ? Vampire Knight Only the Pureblood Turn humans into vampires level D and E If a level E drinks the blood of the Pureblood that created them , the level E becomes a level C . No No Human blood and blood tablets ? ? Castlevania series Yes Only in Castlevania : Legacy of Darkness Yes No No ? ? Vampirism can also be brought by curses or the use of the Ebony Stone Split Yes Yes No No No Human blood or `` Doll - Bar '' ? ? Tsukihime True Ancestors : Yes Turn humans into Dead Apostles No No No Human blood , however , it is just a psychological impulse . ? The Earth and other True Ancestors can create more . Dead Apostles : No No Yes No No Human blood ? Magecraft Stargate Yes No No No No Life force from living beings , but only human gives them the nutrients they need Victim ages artificially Humans with Wraiths DNA can be turned into Wraiths by science . Hollows series Low Blood : ? No No No No Human blood or food , both of them gives them nutrients ? ? High Blood : Yes No No No No Human blood or food , both of them gives them nutrients ? If they die , they automatically become undead vampires . Undead : ? Turns humans into living low blood vampires If a low blood drinks undead blood after their death , they become undead vampires . No No Human blood Their saliva contains drugs that make the pain of a vampire 's bite feel like pleasure and can also sensitize their victims so that only that vampire can affect the victim . ? Stephen King Type One : No Turn humans in types two No No No Human blood ? ? Type Two : No Turn humans in types three No No No Human blood ? ? Type Three : ? No No No No Human blood or food Their bites contain an enzyme that causes temporary memory loss and disorientation in their victims . ? Black Blood Brothers No Only the Kowloon Children Vampires and Kowloon Children No No Human blood and food The bite of a vampire feels like pleasure to a human , but a Kowloon Child 's bite is painful and will turn the victim , even other vampires . ? Vampirella ? Yes ? ? No Human blood ? ? The Elder Scrolls Vampires : Yes In select circumstances No No No Human blood , sometimes animal blood ? Transmitted as a disease by magic or physical contact with a vampire Vampire Lords : ? In select circumstances No No No Human blood ? Can also be created through a ritual to Molag Bal My Babysitter 's a Vampire ? They become half - vampires No No No Can consume human or animal blood ? To become full - vampires , they have to drink human blood within 28 days of turning or they will die . JoJo 's Bizarre Adventure Yes No Yes No No Suck human blood through fingers ? ? The Librarian No Yes No No No Human blood ? ? David Wellington No No No No No Human blood ? To transfer the curse one must accept the vampire 's invitation to undeath , and then kill one 's self to be reborn . Darkstalkers Yes Yes No No No Human blood ? ? The Historian No Yes No No No Human blood ? ? Itsuka Tenma no Kuro Usagi Possibly , since they used to have a world of their own . No ? ? ? Anything that humans can consume ? ? Monogatari Implied If desired ? ? No Human blood and the blood of other `` Oddities '' ; can also eat human foods and beverages Might inherit the will or desire of the vampire ? Saga of the Noble Dead Yes ? ? ? ? Human blood , but some consume life essence ? ? Doctor Who Great Vampires : Yes Turn humans into vampires No No No Blood from any living being ? ? Vampires : No Yes No No No Only human blood gives them the nutrients they need . ? ? Dance in the Vampire Bund Yes Yes No No ? Human blood and a blood substitute ? ? BloodRayne series Yes ? ? ? No Human blood ? ? Vamps No Yes No No No Human blood ? ? The Strain Only with humans and creates damphir No No No No Human blood ? Direct contact by a worm through a wound or orifice or using a stinger in their tongue to infect humans with the worm Blood Alone No No No Yes No Human blood ? ? Anno Dracula series No Yes No No No Human and animal blood ? ? Hotel Transylvania Yes ? ? ? ? Artificial blood substitute ; human blood edible but unhealthy ? ? Vampireology No No No Yes No Only human blood may sustain them , though the Hunter somehow learned how to subsist on animal blood . ? ? Blood Moon Yes True vampires can , but a puppet 's bite is simply fatal . ? ? No Human blood If the victim is too old for transformation , the venom will burn and cause a painful death . ? Shadowspawn series Yes No No No No Eat normal human food , only really need blood to power abilities Feeding is addictive for victims . It may be possible to make a human into a Shadowspawn through genetic manipulation , but the technology is n't presently available . Shadowrun ? Only if the victim is drained of all their essence and even then , only humans become vampires / nosferatu , although elves will become nosferatu if infected with its strain and some metahumans have been reported expressing these outcomes of HMHVV No No No Human blood ? ? AdventureQuest Presumably No No No No Blood , although they can eat human food , but to little effect Leaves them more vulnerable to vampire curse , makes them woozy ? Vampire in Brooklyn Yes ? ? ? No Human blood , can drink wine ? ? The Shadowhunter Chronicles ( The Mortal Instruments ) No No No Yes , with complications , see `` other '' No Most can consume human or animal blood , but they can learn to eat human food to keep up appearances . Their saliva contains venom that make the pain of a vampire 's bite feel like pleasure and increase humans health for a short while For a human to be turned into a vampire , one must drink vampire blood , be bitten by other vampires , die , buried and then be reborn and brought back from the dead , then fed blood . Penny Dreadful No Yes No ? ? Human blood ? ? Kate Daniels novels Unknown , but they are unlikely to try Likely , as with any virus Likely , as with any virus Likely , as with any virus No Human or animal blood , possibly other things ? Intentional infection Den of Shadows No No If the blood is given seconds before death . If is n't do it right , the human became bloodbonded , not a vampire If is n't do it right , the human became bloodbonded , not a vampire No Human blood ? ? From Dusk till Dawn series No Yes No ? No Human blood Hallucinations , fever and sickness ? Monster High ? Yes ? ? No Human blood or iron supplements ? ? Kitty Norville novels ? Only if the vampire drains the victim ? ? ? Human blood , a few mouthfuls a night is usually sufficient ? It takes several days for a new vampire to awaken . American Horror Story : Hotel Human males can impregnate female vampires ; the babies are horribly deformed . No Yes ? No Human blood , they can eat food but do n't need it ? ? Tsukuyomi : Moon Phase Yes If desired ? ? No Human blood Enslaves the human to the vampire ? Vampire Cheerleaders ? If desired ? ? No Human blood , although they can eat human food as well Pleasure Vampire urine is stated to be oddly - colored Innistrad Plausible ; vampire children are present , although they could just be children that were turned into vampires . Yes , they can cut their own cheek or tongue during or prior to the bite in order to infect their victim 's blood with their own A newly sired vampire 's first `` meal '' must be the blood of their sire or they will perish by the next full moon . A newly sired vampire 's first meal must be the blood of their sire or they will perish by the next full moon . No Human blood ; their first `` meal '' must be the blood of their sire or they will perish by the next full moon . Plagues the victim with disturbing and erotic dreams ? Blood Lad Yes No ? ? They are considered a type of demon , but are not possessed Anything a human or demon can eat ? ? Warhammer No No Yes ? No Blood , although if they drink a dragon 's blood they will `` defeat '' their bloodthirst , never needing to drink again ? ? Seraph of the End No No Yes No No , although vampires will become demons under certain circumstances Human blood ? Vampires will become demons if they starve or if their hearts are ripped out and not returned to their chests in time . Interviews with Monster Girls ? ? ? ? No Blood , but they can survive off of human food if they desire instead Varies It appears that vampires can be born of human parents due to some sort of genetic mutation prior to birth . The Witcher Yes Only in the games ; such a thing is not possible in the books No No No Human blood ? Higher vampires can survive without blood , though drinking it strengthens and inebriates them . The Adventures of Dr. McNinja ? ? ? Yes ? Human blood , gorilla blood ( implied ) ? Gorillas can also be vampires . Jump up ^ Dracula and two of the three vampire sisters have `` high aquiline noses , like the Count 's '' which some people believe hints that Dracula and these two are related . A scene between them also reveals that Dracula is capable of love and that they know it . These pieces of information may or may not show that Dracula is fertile and that he has transformed his own daughters into vampire by incestuous means . However , the author does not give any more information on that subject , so this remains only a theory . Jump up ^ In the profile from The Embodiment of Scarlet Devil , it is stated that Remilia 's victims usually stay alive , which prevents her from increasing the numbers of her kind . In Perfect Memento in Strict Sense , humans sucked dry by a vampire are said to turn into zombies . Setting characteristics ( edit ) Setting Progenitor Source Dracula Supernatural Creatures Non-Vampire Lovers Rest in Coffins Vampire Society or Organizations Known to Human Society Terms and nicknames Carmilla ? ? No No Yes Yes ? Hidden ? Bram Stoker 's Dracula ? ? Title character Werewolves ( implied ) Witches ( mentioned ) Yes Yes Dracula and Brides . Also , gypsies are loyal to the count . Yes , villagers are aware ( to some extent , at least ) of the count 's nefarious nature and try to protect Harker ( by partly warning him and offering a religious object ) . ? Young Dracula ? Bite Father of title character Werewolves Zombies Ghosts Yes Yes All vampires are subjects of the `` Grand High Vampire '' and Vampire Council . ? ? Anne Rice 's Vampire Chronicles Akasha Demonic hybridization with humans No Psychics Witches Taltos Werebeasts / Werewolves ( possibly ; they are mentioned to exist in one novel , but these may have only been rumors ) Mummies Spirits Ghosts Angels Demons God Yes Yes They are mostly anarchic , but eventually the First Brood act as kings and queens . Hidden , Lestat tried to out them ? Twilight ? Believed to evolve alongside humans No Werewolves Shapeshifters Human / Vampire Hybrids Yes They never sleep The Volturis create and enforce all their laws Hidden ? Van Helsing The Devil ( Dracula ) Dracula 's bite ( brides , other vampires ) Main villain Werewolves Frankenstein 's Monster Warlocks ( mentioned ) Demons ( The Devil exists ) Angels ( Said to exist ) God ( The Christian God ) Yes Dracula is shown sleeping in a coffin Dracula , Dracula 's brides , other vampires , Dr. Frankenstein , Igor , Velkan Valerious ( as a werewolf ) The village in Transylvania knows of the vampires ' existence and flee in terror when they see one . ? Hellsing ? ? Title character Werewolves Catboy Ghouls Hellhound ( hound of the baskervilles ) Demons ( 1997 anime ) Baobhan Sith ( 1997 anime ) Yes Yes They serves different organizations , like the Hellsing Organization Hidden ? Nosferatu ? ? Count Orlok ( Dracula appears in the remake ) Werewolves No Yes Count Orlok only , but in the remake , Harker becomes a vampire after Van Helsing kills Dracula ( Orlok ) ? ? The Hunger ? Evolved humans whose blood acts as virus in normal humans No ? Yes ? ? Hidden ? Buffy Maloker Demonic hybridization with humans Yes Many Yes Only Dracula Usually live in packs The majority of humans remained unaware or in denial of the existence of vampires until Season Eight , when the existence of vampires became public knowledge . ? Blade Vampires : Dracula / Dagon / Drake Supernatural virus Yes Werewolves Revenants Some No Vampire society is broken up into houses and the combination of this houses form the Vampire Nation . Hidden ? Reapers : Jared Nomak Genetic sequencing of vampire DNA Yes ? No No They follow Nomak . Extinct ? Night World Maya Hearth - Woman Spell No Werewolves Witches Ghouls Shapeshifters Yes No Patriarchal Hidden ? Ultraviolet ? Virus No No Yes ? ? Hidden ? 30 Days of Night ( 2002 ) Vincente and his lover Lilith claimed that they were the parents of all other vampires . Being described as some kind of virus ? No In some cases ? ? Know with humans then became hidden ? Discworld ? ? No Werewolves Witches Zombies Igors Numerous others Yes Some Several organizations , most prominently the Vampire League of Temperance Yes ? True Blood Lilith ( possibly ) ? In the books Maenads Shapeshifters Witches Weres Fairies Demons ( books ) Yes They can choose to rest in coffins or beds They have a hierarchy with The Authority at the top , magisters in the middle , kings and queens in third place and sheriffs at the bottom . Out since invention of Trublood Fangs The Little Vampire ? A comet of soul which fell to the earth hundreds of years ago No No Yes ? ? Hidden ? The Vampire Diaries Novels : The Old Ones ? No Werewolves Kitsune Phantoms Angels Malach Witches Yes No ? Hidden ? Television series : The Originals A ritual spell cast by a Witch ? Werewolves Vampire / Werewolf Hybrid Ghosts Doppelgänger Heretics ( Vampire and Witch ) Witches Yes No ? Hidden ? Count Chocula ? ? Brief cameo Werewolves - Fruit Brute Children as part of this complete breakfast ? ? ? ? Sesame Street ? ? Is a comical reimagining Mr. Snuffleupagus No ? ? Out ? Count Duckula ? ? Yes Werewolves No ? ? Hidden ? Vampire Hunter D ? ? Most honored member of Nobility ; D 's father Many Yes ? Highly advanced society , now in steady decline ? ? Let the Right One In ? ? No No Yes No ? Hidden ? House of Night Nyx ( possibly ) ? No Gods Deity Raven Mocker Tsi Sgili Angels Yes Only red vampyres Matriarchal Hidden ? Batman & Dracula ? ? Yes Werecat Yes Yes They follow some kind of master , either vampire or human . Hidden ? Preacher ? ? ? Angels Demons Genesis Yes ? ? Hidden , only three shown ? American Vampire Old World bloodline : ? ? Yes Humans with vampire characteristics Yes No They usually follow a vampire leader . Hidden ? American bloodline : Skinner Sweet Evolution of the European vampires Yes ? Yes No ? Hidden ? Anita Blake : Vampire Hunter ? ? Using the name Dracula has been banned . Wereanimals Ghouls Zombies Naga Fey Mer - people Yes ? ? Out ? Being Human ( BBC ) Two brothers Deal with the devil No Werewolves Zombies Ghosts Succubi Demons ( implied ) Yes No Under the ruling of the Old Ones Hidden , but some wish to out themselves and enslave humans ? Being Human ( Syfy ) ? ? No Werewolves Zombies Ghosts Witches Yes No Under the ruling of the Mother and The Dutch Hidden ? The Saga of Darren Shan ? Vampires believe they are descended from wolves ; most vampire powers were added to the race by Des Tiny after their genesis . No Yes Yes Yes Divided into Vampire and Vampanese races / cultures Hidden to most humans ? Moonlight ? ? No Yes ? ? ? Hidden ? World of Darkness Caine Divine curse Member of the Tzimisce clan Many Yes Yes Divided into clans and sects , depending on setting Hidden Kindred , leeches Blood Omen / Legacy of Kain Ancient vampyres The blood curse No Many Yes They never sleep . At first , they follow a vampire council and later a vampire king . They start being one of the dominant species of the planet , later become hunted to near extinction and when they come back they rule the world . ? Night Watch ? ? Probably existed in the universe , but not plot - relevant Werewolves Others Yes ? ? Hidden ? Underworld Markus Corvinus Virus No Werewolves Lycans Immortals Hybrids Yes Only the vampire elders while another vampire elder rules Ruled by Vampire Elders and a Council They were hidden during the first three films , but their existence became public in Underworld : Awakening . ? Chibi Vampire / Karin ? Vampires are a species of the Homo genus , separate from Homo sapiens , but capable of producing sterile hybrid children with humans . Brief cameo of Bram Stoker 's book God ( implied to be Christian God ) Ghosts and souls Yes ? Clans / families control various territories with treaties and all - clan - meetings once a year . Hidden within Japan ? Vampire Academy ? ? No Damphir Witches Alchemist Yes No Monarchy Hidden ? Abraham Lincoln , Vampire Hunter Elizabeth Báthory Demonic hybridization with humans No ? Yes ? ? Hidden but wants to take over the world ? The Lost Boys ? ? No Hellhounds None shown ? Gang run by sire Hidden ? Dungeons & Dragons By individual campaign or setting ; Strahd von Zarovich in Ravenloft Negative Material Plane No Many Yes ? ? By campaign / setting ? Forever Knight ? ? No No Yes ? ? Hidden ? The Parasol Protectorate ? Implied to be virus or similar , only works on those with excess soul ? Werewolves Ghosts Soulless Metanaturals Other shifters Yes ? Most vampires are in hives , led by a single queen , the only female . Out in Britain and help in the government , hidden ( but known ) in many other countries ? Necroscope series Shaitan Vampiric leech No Werewolves Necroscopes No ? Divided on two different `` factions '' , with lords and ladies on top ? ? Moon Child ? ? No No Yes ? ? Hidden ? Daybreakers A vampire bat Virus No No ? No ? Out , run society ? Dark Shadows ? Witch 's Curse ; vampire bat No Witches Wizards Satanic warlocks Demons Ghosts Werewolves Naga Frankensteinian Hominids The Phoenix Yes Yes Yes ? ? Frostbiten Maria is the progenitor of the Swedish vampires , but there are older ones . Believed to be a virus but implied to be supernatural No ? No Yes The vampire horde made up of Sebastian , John and the other teens , Annika and Maria . The films ends with the vampires taking over the entire Norrland . ? The Dresden Files ? ? Mentioned to still be alive Wizards Werewolves ( several types ) Fae ( many types ) Angels Demons Dragons Ghosts Definitely for White Court , probable for Red Court , unknown for Black and Jade ? Formal vampire courts : White , Red , Black , and Jade No Succubi ( White Court only ) The Sims ? ? No Ghosts Aliens Werewolves Zombies Wizards and Witches Bigfoot Djinns Fairies PlantSims Mermaids Mummies Yes Possible to be made Yes ? ? Touhou series ? ? Remilia claims to be a descendant , although she is not . Youkai Kami Witches Fairies Ghosts ? Yes ? There is no secret about the mythological creatures who live in Gensokyo ; Gensokyo itself is isolated from `` our '' world , though . ? Marvel Comics Varnae Spell from the Darkhold Yes Many Yes ? Divided on Vampire Sects Hidden ? Fright Night ? ? No Familiars / Ghouls Yes Yes Jerry Dandrige controlled all the vampires he created . Hidden ? We Are the Night ? ? No ? Yes No Louise coven . There are possibly others around the world . ? ? Blindsight ( 2007 ) Homo sapiens vampiris coevolved with baseline humans as predator ; speciation occurred around 400000 -- 500000 years BP . X chromosome mutation No No Likely , but not documented No Solitary Originally solitary predators , became extinct due to `` crucifix glitch '' and proliferation of perpendicular lines due to human technology . Species fully recreated in the late 21st century and eventually reestablished position as apex predator on a virtual reality - befuddled humanity . ? Blood : The Last Vampire ? The original Chiropterans evolve alongside humans , while the actual are human / chiropteran hybridization . No No Yes No ? Hidden ? Blood+ ? Believed to evolve alongside humans No No Yes No ? Hidden ? Trinity Blood Methuselahs : ? Injection of the Bacillus nanomachines in human bodies No No Yes No The Methuselahs have their capital in Byzantium . Yes ? Crusniks : All four Crusniks were created around the same time Installation of the Crusnik nanomachines in the bodies of four test tube babies No No Yes No They have gained a high position of power , as commanders during the Human - Methuselah war and as leaders after the war . No ? Supernatural The Alpha Vampire The power of Eve No Many Yes No Organized into nests No ? DC Comics Cain Divine curse ? Many Yes No Ruled by a vampire king or queen No ? Sanctuary ? Evolve alongside humans No Many Yes ? Monarchy Used to rule the world until humans rose up against their oppressors and hunted them to extinction Homo vampiris Rosario + Vampire Dracula ? Alucard Many Yes No Families are headed by a First Ancestor . Hidden ? Charmed ? ? No Many Yes No Ruled by queens No ? Wizards of Waverly Place ? ? No Many Yes Yes ? Hidden ? Gantz ? They are the result of numerous nanomachines within the human body . No Aliens Yes No They are members of some criminal organization . Hidden ? Adventure Time ? ? ? Many Yes ? Marceline is `` The Vampire Queen '' as she was in the grand meeting of Ooo royalty . Yes ? Vampire Knight Ancestors Pureblood descended from the Ancestors No Vampire Hunters Yes Sometimes A Senate was established to govern them . Hidden ? Castlevania series Carmilla in Castlevania : Lords of Shadow In Lord of Shadow , Carmilla was half good and half evil ; after her death , her evil half stay on earth as the first vampire . Yes Many Yes Yes Ruled by Dracula ? ? Split ? ? No Vampire / humans hybrids ( Splits ) Demons Yes No Organized by a Vampire Council , a council of vampires with the authority to judge and define laws , which has to obey the Blood Chosen 's rules Hidden ? Tsukihime True Ancestors : Crimson Moon Brunestud Created by the Earth as a defense mechanism against humans , but were born with a flaw : thirst for blood There are two versions of him : one based on Vlad II , and the other on Count Dracula . Aristoteles Familiars Demons Humunculus Phantasmal Species Spirits Mages Yes No ? Hidden ? Dead Apostles Created to act as counter-measures in the case of a True Ancestor being overwhelmed by his or her thirst for blood No ? Yes No The Twenty Seven Ancestors of the Dead Apostles act as a form of ruling body . Hidden ? Stargate style = `` text - align : center '' Ancients Human / Iratus bug hybridization No Aliens Robots Yes They hibernate on hibernation pods . Hive society Their existence is public in the Pegasus Galaxy , but on Earth only few humans know they exist . Wraith Hollows series ? Virus No Inderlanders Ghosts and spirits Gods and goddesses Weres Yes No Organized in camarillas with a vampire master at the top Out since the Turn ? Black Blood Brothers ? ? ? None shown Yes They can choose to rest in coffins or in beds Only in the special zone where they are divided into houses ; Kowloon Children have their own hierarchy as well Hidden to most humans ? Stephen King ? Descended from the Prim No Many Yes Yes Types one usually control the other types . Hidden ? Vampirella Lillith Children between Lillith and demons Yes Many Yes ? ? Hidden ? The Elder Scrolls Molag Bal Magical ritual , disease No Many Yes Yes Divided in various clans and factions Yes ? My Babysitter 's a Vampire ? ? No Witches Weres Ghosts Yes No The Vampire Council Hidden ? JoJo 's Bizarre Adventure Pillar Men Stone Mask No Pillar Men ( beings that prey on vampires ) Stand users Ghosts Aliens ( Possibly ) Yes Yes ? No ? The Librarian Judas Iscariot Divine Curse Yes Many Yes No Dracula wants to control all of them . Hidden ? David Wellington ? ? No Undead Yes Yes They follow a vampire elder . But believed to be extinct ? Darkstalkers ? ? No Many Yes ? He is the king of all his servants . Yes ? The Historian Vlad Ţepeş Magical ritual ( possibly ) Yes ? Yes Yes Dracula control all of them . Hidden ? Itsuka Tenma no Kuro Usagi ? Their own world No Demons Elves ( manga ) Yes No Not anymore , since Saitohimea is the last surviving vampire Only to certain organizations ( the Church , the military , etc . ) ? Monogatari Possibly none , since `` Oddities '' like vampires were born of human belief Human beliefs and emotions ; bites ? Many Yes Some , mostly the `` old - fashioned '' ones Some own a private castle and live with their minions . Mostly hidden , shrouded in rumours or only known to a handful of individuals ? Saga of the Noble Dead ? ? No Many Yes No Covens Hidden ? Doctor Who Great Vampires : ? Evolved in their home planet Yes Aliens Yes No ? No ? Vampires : Great vampires Great vampire bite Yes Aliens Yes No They live in covens . No ? Dance in the Vampire Bund ? Evolved humans No Werewolves Yes ? Monarchy Yes ? BloodRayne series ? ? No Dhampir Daemites Maraisreq Diseased Mutates Demons Yes No Ruled by some superior vampire Hidden ? Vamp ? ? No No Yes No ? Hidden ? Vamps ? ? No No Yes No Covens Hidden ? The Strain The Ancient Ones From the body of an archangel that was cut into seven parts No ? Archangels ( mentioned only ) Damphir Yes ? Each strain follows the Ancient that created it . Out since The Night Eternal ? Blood Alone ? ? There are elements based on Dracula , like characters and terms . Renfields Witches Yes No Ruled by vampire elders Hidden ? Anno Dracula ? ? Yes Many Yes Yes Divided in bloodlines Out ? Hotel Transylvania ? ? One of main characters Werewolves Zombies Ghosts Familiar spirits Yes Yes Dracula and his family ; his castle is also a haven for other supernatural creatures . Hidden ? Vampireology Belial , Ba'al and Moloch Bloodthirst No Werewolves Ghouls Zombies Angels God Dragons Griffins ( if considered canonical with the rest of the Ology series , many more ) Yes No ? Hidden ? Blood Moon ? Virus / evolution No Werewolves Witches ( mentioned ) Yes No Territorial covens Yes ? Shadowspawn series ? Genetics Mention was made of Stoker being `` useful '' , implying that Dracula is fictional . halfbreeds Yes No Yes Hidden Shadowspawn , Homo nocturnis ; most mythological monsters ( eg oni , loup - garou ) Shadowrun Unknown , possibly none considering it is a virus Human Meta - Human Vampire Virus , a magical retrovirus with multiple strains ( one of which turns humans into werewolves ) ? Many Yes No ? Out since the return of magic to the Earth ? AdventureQuest Possibly Safiria Curse No Yes Yes No Yes Yes ? The Shadowhunter Chronicles ( The Mortal Instruments ) Vlad III and members of his court Hecate powers Yes Shadowhunters or Nephilim Warlocks ( term used for both sexes ) Werewolves Endarkened Ghosts Fay Forsaken Angels Demons God Fay / Nephilim hybrids Yes No Loosely organized geographically into covens Hidden ? Penny Dreadful Fallen Angel Divine curse Yes Many Yes No Packs Hidden ? Kate Daniels novels ? Virus ? Many , including shifters , necromancers , and mages Nonsapient , they would probably eat anyone that tried . No No intrinsic society , but the necromancers who control them , the People , are highly organized . Yes Homo sapiens immortuus Den of Shadows Siete Nyeusi blood No Many Yes No Divided in five linajes Hidden ? From Dusk till Dawn series Believed to descend from the Aztec snake god ? No ? ? ? ? Hidden ? Monster High ? ? Yes Many Yes Yes ? Hidden ? Kitty Norville novels ? Lucifer ? Lycanthropes Human magic users Demons Ghosts others ? ? Most cities have Masters . Recently revealed Homo sapiens sanguinis American Horror Story : Hotel ? Supernatural virus No Ghosts Demons Witches Voodoo Zombies Yes They can choose to rest in coffins or beds . ? Hidden ? Tsukuyomi : Moon Phase `` Vampire Road '' The consumption of God 's flesh and blood by `` Vampire Road '' ? Various types of Yōkai and Ama - Vampires Yes No Some sort of unexplained hierarchy Hidden ? Vampire Cheerleaders ? ? ? Many Yes No Cheerleader coven and possibly many others Hidden ? Innistrad Edgar Markov Magic ritual performed by the Markov progenitor , Edgar Markov and eleven others ; involved the demon Shilgengar and the consumption of an angel 's blood No Many Yes Some Divided into four main bloodlines ( Innistrad vampires ) Yes ? Blood Lad ? Demon World ? Many Yes ? Ruled over by the Demon King Hidden ? Warhammer Lahmia Elixir of Immortality No Many ? ? Divided into six main bloodlines ? ? Seraph of the End The `` First Progenitor '' Curse ? Demons ? Yes Divided into various factions Yes ? Interviews with Monster Girls ? Vampires , like most demi - humans , are described as being humans with supernatural characteristics and limitations . ? Many Possibly No ? Out ? The Witcher Separate species from humans , native to another world The Conjunction of Spheres No Many Yes No Ruled by elders Yes ? The Adventures of Dr. McNinja ? Yes ? Lycanthropes Human magic users Demons Ghosts Headless Horsemen Lobster People Yes Vampires run the Red Cross . Hidden ? Ape - ula ( Gorilla Vampire ) See also ( edit ) Vampire literature Vampire films References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Skal , V for Vampire , p. 99 . Jump up ^ Skal , V for Vampire , p. 104 . Jump up ^ Skal , V for Vampire , p. 175 . Jump up ^ Skal , V for Vampire , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Silver & Ursini , The Vampire Film , pp. 38 - 39 . Jump up ^ Barber , Vampires , Burial and Death , pp. 41 -- 42 . Jump up ^ Barber , Vampires , Burial and Death , p. 2 . ^ Jump up to : Maberry , Jonathan ( 2009 ) . They Bite : Endless Cravings of Supernatural Predators . Citadel Press . p. 12 . ^ Jump up to : Skal , V for Vampire , p. 155 . ^ Jump up to : Skal , V for Vampire , p. 211 . Jump up ^ Silver & Ursini , The Vampire Film , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Bram Stoker ( 1897 ) . Dracula : a mystery story . ( Google Books ) , pp. 38 , 239 . Jump up ^ `` The Count counts letters to himself '' . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 19 . At 0 : 26 ^ Jump up to : Forever Knight : Season 2 , Episode 25 , `` Close Call '' . Jump up ^ Forever Knight : Season 3 , Episode 1 , `` Black Budda '' Jump up ^ Season 4 , episode 3 , `` Storm in a Blood Cup '' ^ Jump up to : Beam , Christopher ( November 20 , 2008 ) . `` I Vant To Upend Your Expectations : Why movie vampires always break all the vampire rules '' . Slate Magazine . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ In Rosario + Vampire anime episode 6 and Rosario + Vampire Season II manga , volume 4 , extra chapter - Moka looks at herself in the mirror . Jump up ^ Rosario + Vampire Capu2 anime episode 1 - appears in Polaroid pictures Jump up ^ Rosario + Vampire season2 , volume 9 Jump up ^ Alseikaite - Gimbutiene , Marija ( 1946 ) . Die Bestattung in Litauen in der vorgeschichtlichen Zeit ( in German ) . Tübingen . OCLC 1059867 . ( thesis ) Jump up ^ Vukanović , T.P. ( 1959 ) . `` The Vampire '' . Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society . 38 : 111 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Klapper , Joseph ( 1909 ) . `` Die schlesischen Geschichten von den schädingenden Toten '' . Mitteilungen der schlesischen Gesellschaft für Volkskunde ( in German ) . 11 : 58 -- 93 . Jump up ^ Barber , Vampires , Burial and Death , p. 73 . Jump up ^ Barber , Vampires , Burial and Death , p. 63 . ^ Jump up to : Golden , Bissette and Sniegoski , `` Buffy the Vampire Slayer : The Monster Book '' , p. 145 . Jump up ^ Barber , Vampires , Burial and Death , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Skal , David J. ( 1996 ) . V is for Vampire . Plume / Penguin . p. 104 . ISBN 0 - 452 - 27173 - 8 . Jump up ^ Nina Auerbach ( 1981 ) Our Vampires , Ourselves : 119 -- 47 . ^ Jump up to : Truett , Larry . `` Buffy the Vampire Slayer '' . Retrieved 14 September 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Vampires in the Buffyverse '' . Retrieved 14 September 2009 . Jump up ^ http://www.funtrivia.com/en/Television/Hellsing-11143.html ^ Jump up to : Forever Knight : Season 1 , Episode 2 , `` Dark Knight '' . ^ Jump up to : Forever Knight : Season 3 , Episode 10 , `` Night in Question '' ^ Jump up to : Forever Knight : Season 1 , Episode 3 , `` For I Have Sinned '' Jump up ^ Forever Knight : Season 2 , Episode 5 , `` Hunted '' Jump up ^ http://en.touhouwiki.net/wiki/Vampire Jump up ^ Hogset , Stig . `` THEM Anime Reviews 4.0 - Rosario + Vampire '' . THEM Anime Reviews . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ Forever Knight : Season 1 , Episode 1 , `` Dark Knight '' Jump up ^ Barber , Vampires , Burial and Death , pp. 50 - 51 . ^ Jump up to : Forever Knight : Season 2 , Episode 24 , `` Baby , Baby '' Jump up ^ Forever knight : Season 1 , Episode 9 , `` I Will Repay '' Jump up ^ http://en.touhouwiki.net/wiki/Devil Jump up ^ Forever Knight : Season 1 , Episode 22 , `` Love You To Death '' Jump up ^ Manga - Exclusive Character Cited texts ( edit ) Barber , Paul ( 1988 ) . Vampires , Burial and Death : Folklore and Reality . New York : Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 04126 - 8 . Skal , David J. ( 1996 ) . V is for Vampire . New York : Plume . ISBN 0 - 452 - 27173 - 8 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_vampire_traits_in_folklore_and_fiction&oldid=815798746 '' Categories : Vampires Cultural lists Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Articles needing additional references from June 2010 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2010 Articles needing additional references from July 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 17 December 2017 , at 06 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is it called when a vampire hypnotizes you in vampire diaries | [
"\n\nSetting\nImmortal\nEnhanced Strength\nEnhanced Senses\nEnhanced Speed\nUnnatural Healing\nFlight\nShapeshifting/Absorption\nPsychic Powers\nPsychokinesis\nPyrokinesis\nOther\n\n\nEuropean Folklore\nImplied\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nSome\nYes\nSome\nSome poltergeist-like activity\nNo\nVarious other powers based upon region such as control over nocturnal animals or the ability to spread plagues\n\n\nNorth American folklore\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nSome\nNocturnal animals and mist\nYes\nNo\nNo\n?\n\n\nDaybreakers\nYes\nNo\nEnhanced senses of smell\nNo\nYes\nNo\nNo\nNo\nNo\nNo\nIf they abstain from blood for too long they mutate into Subsiders.\n\n\nVarney the Vampire\nYes\nYes\n?\n?\nRegenerates in moonlight[10]\n?\n?\nYes\n?\nNo\n?\n\n\nCarmilla (1871)\nImplied\nYes, grip can paralyze limbs temporarily\n?\nYes\nPowers are enhanced in moonlight\n?\nMonstrous cat\n?\n?\n?\nBecomes incorporeal at will (vanishes, goes through solid barriers/doors)\n\n\nBram Stoker's Dracula\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nLimited; Dracula still possessed a scar where Harker had struck him with a shovel months ago\nYes\nWolf, bat (also giant bat), dust, fog - possibly dog as well. Can also impersonate Jonathan Harker. Can impersonate a coachman and a doorman (though it is not known if he only used darkness to disguise himself or a little magic as well in addition to that darkness)\nYes, the hunters track Dracula through his telepathic link with Mina.\nImprobable, as he would then have carried his boxes on his own (though he might still have been too weak to use that hypothetical magical power)\nPlausible, since he started a massive fire and the characters who were not present when he did it simply had to guess he may have used a match, but they cannot prove anything\nControl of nocturnal animals, wolves and rats mentioned specifically. At least one vampire (if not all) is able to shrink to fit under a door. Hypothetical array of other powers (due to former magical scholarship - undocumented, and very briefly mentioned by Dr. Van Helsing); lizard-like climbing abilities\n\n\nNosferatu\nYes\nYes\n?\nYes\nYes\n?\nWolf\n?\nYes\nNo\nRats and plague follow the vampire.\n\n\nVan Helsing\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes, but it resembles teleporting\nYes\nIn winged creature form\nWinged bat/demon-like creature\n?\nNo\nNo\nVampires can walk on walls and ceilings.\n\n\nAnne Rice's Vampire Chronicles\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nExtremely old vampires\nNo\nMost\nVery old vampires\nVery old vampires\nMost are able to walk on walls and ceilings. Children of the Millennia can cause blood vessels to rupture. All vampires have enhanced memories.\n\n\nTwilight saga\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nNo\nNo\nGifted\nNo\nGifted\nGifted vampires can have a variety of different abilities.\n\n\nBuffy\nYes[31]\nYes[31][30]\nYes[31]\nYes\nYes[31][30]\nNo[power 1]\nOnly Dracula\nGifted\nNo\nNo\n?\n\n\nBlade\nYes\nYes\nYes; vampires can also see in ultraviolet\nYes\nYes; also, Frost/La Magra merger regenerates lost limbs instantly (see \"other\")\nNo\nOnly Dracula and La Magra, the latter can shed his skin, turning into a ball of fire to methodically stalk his prey (gained from the Ligaroo tribe).\nOnly La Magra, which can control minds, matter and the elements (gained from the Faustinas tribe).\nNo\nNo\nDeacon Frost, when merged with La Magra was impervious to silver, is able to day-walk due to Blade's blood, and can instantly turn any human in his path into vampires.[power 2]\n\n\nUltraviolet\nYes\nYes\nEnhanced sense of smell\nYes\nYes\nNo\nNo\nNo\nNo\nNo\n?\n\n\n30 Days of Night (2002)\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nNo\nYes\nYes\nNo\nNo\n?\n\n\nDiscworld\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nCan be resurrected from ashes\nAs a bat or as a \"human\"\nYes\nYes\nNo\nNo\nOvercome inherent weaknesses with psychological conditioning\n\n\nBatman & Dracula\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nNo\nNo\n?\n\n\nVampire Academy\nOnly the Strigoi\nYes\nYes\nOnly the Strigoi\nSpirit users can heal.\nNo\nYes\nSome, not all.\nNo\nVampires that are fire users.\nAll Moroi have an extra power: water, earth, air and sometimes spirit.\n\n\nTrue Blood\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nGifted\nOnly if they had the power before they turned.\nCan \"glamour\" humans, erase memories and bend their will\nGifted\nNo\nStandard: Eidetic memory, voice imitation, maker abilities (calling, commanding, empathetic link, and releasing); Unique Powers: advanced vampiric abilities, advanced progeny calling, astral projection, blood abilities, advanced glamour, haemokinesis, intangibility, invisibility, precognition, self-control, species detection, telekinesis, teleportation, and immunity to stakes, fire, silver, and invitations; vampire blood can heal humans and has numerous drug-like qualities.\n\n\nThe Little Vampire\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nNo\nCan climb any surface and may hang from the ceiling to sleep\n\n\nThe Vampire Diaries\nNovels: Yes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nNo\nYes\nThey can control the elements, animals and the weather.\n\n\nTelevision series: Yes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nOnly in the first episode; retconned soon after\nNo\nVampires can compel humans. Originals can compel vampires, vampire/werewolf hybrids and humans.\nNo\nNo\nDream manipulation; vampire blood heals humans; can \"turn off humanity\"\n\n\nCount Chocula\nYes\nYes\nNo\nYes\n?\nYes\nBat\nNo\nAble to levitate marshmallows\nElectrokinesis\nTurns into milk chocolate, 15 vitamins and minerals\n\n\nCount Duckula\n?\nNo\nNo\nNo\nNo\nNo\nYes\n?\nNo\nNo\nTeleportation\n\n\nVampire Hunter D\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nGifted\nSome can turn into mist.\nYes\nGifted\nGifted\nVarious other powers that vary greatly between individual members of the Nobility.\n\n\nSesame Street\nYes\nNo\n?\nNo\n?\nNo\nNo\nHypnosis, now discontinued\n?\nCan generate thunder by counting\nPreternatural counting abilities\n\n\nLet the Right One In\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nLimited\nSending memories through kiss\nNo\nNo\nAre able to walk on walls\n\n\nYoung Dracula\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nThey have other abilities, like weather manipulation, among others.\n\n\nPreacher\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nNo\nLimited\nYes\nNo\nSome\nAbility to walk on walls and ceilings, briefly read the minds of those they drink from, other unspecified abilities\n\n\nAmerican Vampire\nOld World bloodline: Yes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nNo\nGifted bloodlines\nGifted bloodlines\nNo\nNo\n?\n\n\nAmerican bloodline: Yes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nNo\nNo\nNo\nNo\nNo\n?\n\n\nHellsing\nYes\nYes\nLong range vision\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\n?\nPowerful vampires can pass through walls, shadow and blood manipulation, can summon the souls of those he has previously consumed.\n\n\nAnita Blake: Vampire Hunter\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes, but wounds from silver heal slowly. Holy water inhibits healing.\nGifted\nRare\nTelepathy is stronger after biting, can enthrall with eyes\nGifted\nGifted\nCall animals, drain power from sired vampires, rot without damage (dependent on bloodline)\n\n\nWorld of Darkness[power 3]\nYes\nGifted\nGifted\nGifted\nYes\nGifted\nGifted\nGifted\nGifted\nGifted\nVast number of potential Disciplines; consumption of a vampire's blood three times causes blood bonding, an imposed state of intense love.\n\n\nBeing Human (BBC)\nYes\nYes\nEnhanced sense of smell\nYes\nYes\nNo\nNo\nGifted\nNo\nNo\n?\n\n\nBeing Human (Syfy)\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nNo\nNo\nYes\nNo\nNo\n?\n\n\nThe Saga of Darren Shan\nExtended life\nYes\nYes\nYes\nSaliva has healing powers\nNo\nNo\nAmong higher ranking full vampires and briefly during transformation into a vampire; not exclusive to vampires\nOnly illusion of telekinesis\nNo\nExhales gas that causes unconsciousness in humans, Runs at high speeds outside normal space\n\n\nMoonlight\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nNo\nNo\nCan be developed with age\nNo\nNo\n?\n\n\nThe Parasol Protectorate\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nNo\nNo\nNo\nNo\nNo\n?\n\n\nBlood Omen/Legacy of Kain\nYes\nYes\nEnhanced sense of smell\nYes\nYes\nAncient Vampires were able to fly, Kain can levitate, and Raziel can glide\nWolf, bat swarm, and mist\nGifted\nGifted\nGifted\nCorruptions caused some clans to gain abilities others did not. Some powers are also granted by the Reaver or by consuming the blood or the soul of some characters.\n\n\nNight Watch\nYes[power 4]\nYes\nYes[power 4]\n?\nYes[power 4]\nGifted\nGifted (giant bat)\nYes[power 4]\nYes[power 4]\nYes[power 4]\nAbility to lure prey to the vampire\n\n\nUnderworld\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nOnly Markus in his winged creature form\nOnly hybrids\nThrough drinking their blood\nNo\nNo\nSelene and her daughter can perceive through each other psychically and can cling to surfaces.\n\n\nChibi Vampire/Karin\nExtended life, potentially beyond 1000 years\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nSome\nNo\nMemory erasure and hypnotic barriers\nNo\nNo\nAdult vampires and some children can control bats. Spring of Psyche vampires cannot control bats or erase minds, but produce blood rather than sucking blood.\n\n\nNight World\nLamias: They are immortal if they want to\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nNo\nOnly Maya Hearth-Woman\nYes\nNo\nNo\nMaya can perform magic.\n\n\nMade Vampire: Yes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nNo\nNo\nYes\nNo\nNo\n?\n\n\nDungeons & Dragons\nYes\nYes\nYes\nNo\nYes\nBy shape shifting\nBat, wolf, cloud of smoke\nYes\nNo\nNo\nThey can walk on walls and ceilings, are resistant to the cold and electricity and any magic associated with either, and command over nocturnal animals.\n\n\nForever Knight\nYes[14]\nYes[14]\nHeat/night vision[39]\nYes[14]\nYes[34]\nYes[14]\nNo\nAbility to persuade through mesmerism[14]\nNo\nNo\n\n\n\nNecroscope\nYes\nYes\nYes\nNo\nYes\nSome\nYes\nYes\nNo\nNo\nKillglance, necromancy, and precognition\n\n\nMoon Child\nYes\nYes\n?\nYes\nYes\n?\nNo\nNo\nNo\nNo\n?\n\n\nAbraham Lincoln, Vampire Hunter\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nNo\nHazy mist-like form\nNo\nNo\nNo\nCan make themselves invisible\n\n\nThe Lost Boys\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nNo\nYes\nNo\nNo\n?\n\n\nDark Shadows (1966)\nYes\nYes\n?\nEither this or teleportation\nYes\nYes\nBat\nHypnosis\nYes\nNo\nTime travel, necromancy, possibly teleportation\n\n\nHouse of Night\nBlue Vampyres: Yes\nStronger than humans, but not unnaturally so\nYes\nFaster than humans, but not unnaturally so\nDepends on vampire affinity\nNo\nNo\nNo\nDepends on vampire affinity\nDepends on vampire affinity\nMost are specially talented or have an affinity for one thing or skill.\n\n\nRed Vampyres: Yes\n?\nYes\nFaster than humans, but not unnaturally so\nDepends on affinity\nNo\nNo\nYes\nDepends on affinity\nDepends on affinity\nMost are specially talented or have an affinity for one thing or skill.\n\n\nFrostbiten (2006)\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nNo\nYes\nNo\nNo\nNo\nVampires can scale walls and roofs with no support at all and talk to dogs\n\n\nDresden Files: White Court\nVery long-lived, but may not be truly unaging\nOnly when boosted\n?\nOnly when boosted\nOnly when boosted\nNo\nNo\nInduce and harvest emotions\n?\n?\nNormally about human in power, but can boost to superhuman using harvested emotional energy\n\n\nDresden Files: Black Court\nEither immortal, or very long-lived\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\n?\n?\nCan create thralls and \"renfields\" (insane, violent, permanent thralls)\n?\n?\nCan control or alter animals and are capable of learning and using magic\n\n\nDresden Files: Red Court\nEither immortal, or very long-lived\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\n?\nCan change from human-looking to natural bat-like form by removing outer skin\nPotent narcotic, euphoric, addictive saliva\n?\n?\n?\n\n\nThe Sims\nIn The Sims 2, but not The Sims 3 where they only had an extremely long life cycle (might die from external causes)\nYes\nNo\nYes\nNo\nIn bat form\nBat\nSome\nNo\nNo\nPowers vary by entry in franchise\n\n\nTouhou\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nImplied they can recover from anything as long as the head is undamaged\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nRemilia Scarlet: fate manipulation; Flandre Scarlet: destruction of anything; magic\n\n\nFright Night\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nBy shape-shifting into a bat\nBat, wolf, mist\n?\n?\n?\nStick to ceilings\n\n\nMarvel Comics\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nNo\nNo\nSome vampires can control the weather and some animals; pseudo-vampires don't have these powers.\n\n\nWe Are the Night (2010)\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nNo\nNo\nNo\nNo\nNo\nWalk on walls.\n\n\nBlood: The Last Vampire\nExtended life\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nExcept for Saya\nExcept for Saya\nNo\nNo\nNo\n?\n\n\nBlood+\nOnly Queens and Chevaliers\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nOnly Chevaliers when they shape shift\nOnly Queens and Chevaliers\nNo\nNo\nNo\n?\n\n\nTrinity Blood\nMethuselahs: Extended life\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nOnly a certain type called Fairies\nNo\nNo\nNo\nGifted\nMethuselah also possess varying individual abilities, like the forming of a blades that come out of their arms, claws, or even prehensile hair; some Methuselah have displayed an ability to control some elemental powers such as fire and ice.\n\n\nCrusniks: Yes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nNo\nNo\nAll Crusniks have a variety of different abilities.\n\n\nSupernatural\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nNo\nNo\nOnly the Alpha vampire\nNo\nNo\n?\n\n\nDC Comics\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nOnly Andrew Bennett\nNo\nAndrew Bennett can do magic\n\n\nSanctuary\nYes\nYes\n?\nYes\nYes\nNo\nNo\nNo\nNo\nNo\nThey have the ability to understand another person's identity and native language by tasting their blood.\n\n\nRosario + Vampire\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nSome, when shapeshift into bat\nGifted\nYes\nNo\nNo\n?\n\n\nCharmed\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nIn bat form\nYes\nYes\nNo\nNo\nThey are immune to witches' powers and can hang or cling to ceilings.\n\n\nWizards of Waverly Place\nYes\nYes\nSmell\nYes\nYes\nBy turning her arms into wings\nYes\nNo\nNo\nNo\nSleep control\n\n\nGantz\nNo\nYes\nNo\nYes\nNo\nNo\nNo\nNo\nNo\nNo\nAre able to spawn weapons from their bodies\n\n\nBlindsight (2007)\nNo, but can hibernate for decades to avoid overhunting its food supply\nYes; due to increased ATP production\nYes; due to tapetum lucidum and tetrachromatic vision\nYes; due to thicker axons increasing nerve impulse transmission speed\nNo\nNo\nNo\nNo\nNo\nNo\nAltered brain structure provides omnisavantic pattern-matching and analytical skills.\n\n\nAdventure Time\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nGifted\nGifted\nGifted\nGifted\nGifted\nGifted\nCan drain the color red from objects instead of feeding on blood, become invisible, and animate corpses\n\n\nVampire Knight\nOnly the Purebloods, the other levels are long lived\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nGifted\nGifted\nGifted\nGifted\nGifted\nGifted vampires can have a variety of different abilities\n\n\nCastlevania series\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nOnly the vampires in Castlevania: Lords of Shadow\nYes\nYes\nGifted\nGifted\nYes\nSome can manipulate electricity, black magic, summon bats and Dracula can resurrect every 100 years.\n\n\nSplit\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nNo\nNo\nYes\nNo\nNo\nSome can possess people.\n\n\nTsukihime\nTrue Ancestors: Yes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nNo\nNo\nYes\n?\n?\nSome can manipulate reality and move from one place to another by recreating their body.\n\n\nDead Apostles: Imperfect Immortality\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nNo\nGifted; by absorbing mystical beasts\nGifted\nNo\nNo\nGifted Dead Apostles can summon familiars and become invisible; mages that became Dead Apostles through magical means, can still perform magic afterwards; when injured The Curse of Restoration turns their time backwards to a point in which they were unharmed.\n\n\nStargate\nYes\nYes\nNight and thermal vision\nYes\nYes\nNo\nNo\nYes\nNo\nNo\nWraiths can take or give life-force\n\n\nHollows series\nLiving Vampires (Low and High Blood): No\nYes\nYes\nYes\nNo\nNo\nNo\nNo\nNo\nNo\nLiving High Blood vampires are empath and pull an aura.\n\n\nUndead: Yes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nNo\nNo\nYes\nNo\nNo\n?\n\n\nBlack Blood Brothers\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nGifted bloodlines\nRare; Only the Warlock bloodline (the only known members of this bloodline are Cassandra Jill Warlock and Cain Warlock\nYes\nGifted; vampires of broken bloodlines are unlikely to master this ability\nOnly Zelman Clock’s bloodline of which he is the only survivor\nVampires can possess a variety of other powers based on bloodline or individual; The Dark Princess of the North can manipulate the weather.\n\n\nStephen King\nType One: Yes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nPossibly; Barlow could cause an entire house to shake in the movie.\nNo\nCan control magical bugs\n\n\nType Two: Yes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nNo\nNo\n?\n\n\nType Three: ?\n?\n?\n?\n?\n?\n?\n?\nNo\nNo\n?\n\n\nVampirella\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nNo\nNo\nVampirella can manipulate shadows and blood, and induces sexual arousal.\n\n\nThe Elder Scrolls\nYes\nYes, except for the vampires of the Sanguinare vampiris strain\nSight\nYes, except for the vampires of the Sanguinare vampiris\nYes\nGifted\nOnly Vampire Lords\nMost vampire clans, but not all\nOnly Vampire Lords\nOnly the vampires of Arena\nVarious unique powers based on clan, such as invisibility, silencing mages, reanimating corpses, poisonous claws, summoning gargoyles, enhanced magic and skills, and numerous resistances\n\n\nMy Babysitter's a Vampire\nVampires: Yes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nNo\nYes\nGifted\nNo\n?\n\n\nFledgling: Yes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nNo\nNo\nNo\nNo\nNo\n?\n\n\nJojo's Bizarre Adventure\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nNo\nNo\nOnly by inserting a bit of own flesh into victim's head\nNo\nNo\nDio Brando can shoot blood from his eyes at high speeds and freeze a person's blood by touching them.\n\n\nThe Librarian series\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nIn dust\nNo\nNo\nNo\nDreams manipulation\n\n\nDavid Wellington\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nNo\nNo\nNo\nNo\nNo\n?\n\n\nDarkstalkers\nYes\nYes\n?\nNo\nYes\nYes\nYes\nNo\nNo\nYes\nHe can manipulate his cape, create protective auras and temporarily change the gender of male opponents\n\n\nThe Historian\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nIn animal form\nYes\nNo\nNo\nNo\n?\n\n\nItsuka Tenma no Kuro Usagi\nPossibly, or very long life. Do not age, and can change their apparent age to their liking\nYes\n?\nYes\nYes\nYes\nNo\nNo\nNo\nYes\nSaitohimea has a lot of magic\n\n\nMonogatari series\nYes, but resurrections require energy and can only be done by vampires that had lived long enough\nYes\n?\nYes\nYes\nOnes that had lived long enough can grow wings at will\nYes, although it's implied that not all vampires possess this ability\n?\n?\n?\nCan drain the energy of others and generate matter; can change the length of their hair; can do very long jumps; if given massive enough energy source, Kiss-Shot can summon a temporary time portal.\n\n\nSaga of the Noble Dead\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nNo\nNo\nYes\nNo\nNo\nSome vampires can control animals and all vampires have to obey the orders of the one who turned them.\n\n\nDoctor Who\nGreat Vampires: Yes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nNo\nNo\nNo\nNo\nNo\n?\n\n\nVampires: Extended life\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nSome\nSome\nYes\nSome\nNo\n?\n\n\nDance in the Vampire Bund\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nOnly if they have wings in their true form\nSome vampires can assume their true form\nSome\nNo\nNo\nGifted vampires can have a variety of different abilities.\n\n\nBloodRayne\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nGifted; in bat/raven form\nGifted; Zerenski could turn into a flock of bats and Rayne gained the ability to become a raven.\nGifted; Rayne's ghostly double can enter and control others\nNo\nNo\nGifted vampires and dhampir, like Kagan or Rayne, can have a variety of extra abilities others may not have.\n\n\nVamps\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nNo\nNo\nYes\nNo\nNo\nGifted vampires can have a variety of different abilities\n\n\nThe Strain\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nNo\nNo\nYes\nNo\nNo\nThey can transfer their consciousness from one human host to another.\n\n\nBlood Alone\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nNo\nNo\nYes\nNo\nNo\nThe elders have different special abilities.\n\n\nAnno Dracula series\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nGifted bloodlines\nGifted bloodlines\nGifted bloodlines\nGifted bloodlines\nGifted bloodlines\nPowers vary outside of their physical capabilities based upon their bloodline.\n\n\nHotel Transylvania\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nMostly in bat form\nBat; standard form can grow claws\nPowerful hypnosis; can control beasts or men, rewrite memories; requires eye contact\nYes\nNo\nCan walk on walls and ceilings in defiance of gravity; able to induce lasting paralysis in beasts or men.\n\n\nVampireology\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nin animal form\nYes\nYes\nNo\nNo\n?\n\n\nBlood Moon\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nNo\nNo\nYes\nNo\nNo\nCan swap locations with their Bat familiars, making it appear as if they turned into the animal\n\n\nShadowspawn series\nVery long-lived, can become theoretically immortal post-corporeal night-walkers\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nOnly in some forms\nOnly when night-walking; can become anything or anyone they have the DNA of\nManipulation of chance, telepathy, possession of bodies emptied by a nightwalker's death\nYes\nYes\nAll of their powers derive from extreme manipulation of chance.\n\n\nShadowrun (vampires and nosferatu)\nYes; they do not age and can live for centuries or even millennia\nYes, although they are not physically strong to a supernatural degree\nYes (also possesses thermographic vision)\nYes, although they are not fast to a supernatural degree\nYes\nGifted\nYes; all vampires are able to change into a misty form and vampire magic users may be able to use magic to assume animal forms.\nOnly the Nosferatu strain possess this as a natural ability and even then, it is limited; they can also invoke extreme fear in others.\nGifted\nGifted\nImmunity to poisons, toxins, and diseases and they are capable of using magic and the transformation may unlock latent magical potential.\n\n\nAdventureQuest\n?\nYes\n?\nNo\nNo\nNo\nNo\nNo\nNo\nNo\nNo\n\n\nVampire in Brooklyn\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nWolf, bat, fog, and can shapeshift into other humans\nYes\nYes\nYes\nCan cast spells of illusion, can possibly turn invisible or teleport\n\n\nThe Shadowhunter Chronicles (The Mortal Instruments)\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nNo\nNo\nCan control certain mortals\n\n\nPenny Dreadful\nYes\nYes\n?\nYes\nYes\nNo\nNo\nOnly master vampires\nNo\nNo\n?\n\n\nKate Daniels novels\nImmortal, or at least capable of reaching great ages\nYes\n?\nYes\n?\nNo\nNo\nNo, but they can relay communication from necromancer pilot.\nNo\nNo\nExtraordinarily good climbers; non-sapient, telepathically piloted by a necromancer (bloodthirsty mindless monsters, otherwise)\n\n\nDen of Shadows\nYes\nYes\n?\nYes\nYes\nAs a winged animal\nSome\nSome\n?\n?\nThey can teleport and some have special abilities.\n\n\nFrom Dusk till Dawn series\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nOnly those who have wings\nYes\nYes\nNo\nNo\nThey are able to walk on walls and ceilings.\n\n\nMonster High\nYes\n?\n?\n?\n?\nIn bat form\nIn a bat\n?\n?\n?\nCan control bats\n\n\ninFamous: Festival of Blood\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nSwarm of bats\nYes\nOnly Bloody Mary\nNo\nAll of Bloody Mary's vampires must obey her; Firstborns can disguise themselves as humans.\n\n\nKitty Norville novels\nYes\nYes\n?\nYes\nYes\n?\n?\nCan hypnotically control to some extent, if you meet their eyes\n?\n?\nOlder vampires are more powerful.\n\n\nAmerican Horror Story: Hotel\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nNo\nNo\nImplied\nNo\nNo\n?\n\n\nTsukuyomi: Moon Phase\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nGifted\nGifted\nYes\nGifted\nGifted\nThey can telepathically communicate with and control those they have bitten or turned; each vampire possesses their own special ability from the start of their birth/creation; can mimic the special abilities of other vampires, though not perfectly, by sucking their blood and/or eating their flesh.\n\n\nVampire Cheerleaders\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nNo\nNo\nCan \"Glamour\" humans, erase memories, and bend their will\nNo\nNo\nCan enthrall humans through unexplained means\n\n\nInnistrad\nYes\nYes; they are twice as strong as a human and can enhance it further with magic\nGifted\nGifted; they can enhance their speed with magic\nGifted; Sangromancy magic can transfer consumed blood into health\nGifted; Falkenrath Elders are more likely to master this power\nGifted; the Voldaren Elders can more easily master magic that makes it possible to assume various animal forms and the Stromkirk Elders can dissolve their bodies into a cloud of mist.\nGifted; the Markov Elders possess a special affinity for psychic magic.\nGifted; the Markov Elders possess a special affinity for psychic magic.\nGifted; the Markov Elders possess a special affinity for psychic magic.\nVampires are magic users and are able to develop new powers through magickal study and may learn a vampiric form of glamer (quasi-illusion magic) that enables them to alter what nearby humans think they're perceiving when they look at the vampire and they can emanate a two-foot-wide aura of silence at will.\n\n\nBlood Lad\nPossibly immortal or just long lived\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nGifted\nNo\nGifted\n?\n?\nVampires are naturally able to use magic\n\n\nShiki\nYes\nNo, but they are stronger than most humans\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nNo\nCan manipulate the body, mind, and soul of their victims by consuming their blood\nNo\nNo\nThey can command animals as well, not just humans.\n\n\nWarhammer\nYes; since vampires possess no true soul they are able to be resurrected quite easily compared to humans\nYes, although this power is best represented among the Strigoi and the Blood Dragons\nEnhanced sense of smell\nGifted; Lahmians are well-known for their quick and brutal attacks.\nGifted; vampires are able to utilize their blood or dark magick in order to knit their wounds far more quickly than a mortal.\nGifted; can be achieved through magick or by shape-shifting\nGifted vampires can assume the form of a large bat, a swarm of bats, ravens, flies, beetles, or cockroaches, a wolf, or a supernatural cloud of mist, although most of these powers are more common/represented in certain bloodlines.\nGifted; best represented among the Lahmians, although all are capable of transfixing their prey\nGifted\nGifted\nVampires are a diverse race of beings whose powers vary greatly based upon bloodline and their own individuality.\n\n\nSeraph of the End\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nNo\nNo\n?\n?\n?\nVampire made weapons can \"drink\" vampire blood and become stronger.\n\n\nInterviews with Monster Girls\n?\nNo, although this might just be because Hikari is still young\nYes\nNo, although this might just be because Hikari is still young\n?\nNo, although this might just be because Hikari is still young\nNo, although this might just be because Hikari is still young\nNo, although this might just be because Hikari is still young\nNo, although this might just be because Hikari is still young\nNo, although this might just be because Hikari is still young\n?\n\n\nThe Witcher\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nSome, including all higher vampires\nSome, including all higher vampires\nSome, including all higher vampires\nNo\nNo\nInvisibility, retractable claws, higher vampires can control weaker vampires.\n\n\nThe Adventures of Dr. McNinja\n?\nYes\nYes\nYes\n?\nYes\nSmoke, Bat, Dog\n?\n?\n?\n?\n\n"
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4576705134862122188 | Preston Burke | Preston Burke - wikipedia Preston Burke Jump to : navigation , search Preston Burke Grey 's Anatomy character The Season 3 Gallery Picture of Isaiah Washington as Preston Burke First appearance `` A Hard Day 's Night '' ( 1.01 ) March 27 , 2005 Last appearance `` Did n't We Almost Have It All ? '' ( 3.25 ) May 17 , 2007 ( as series regular ) `` We Are Never Getting Back Together '' ( 10.22 ) May 1 , 2014 ( as guest star ) Created by Shonda Rhimes Portrayed by Isaiah Washington Information Full name Preston Xavier Burke Occupation Attending cardiothoracic surgeon at Seattle Grace Hospital ( former ) Title Chief Of Cardiothoracic Surgery ( former ) M.D. F.A.C.S. Spouse ( s ) Edra Burke Significant other ( s ) Cristina Yang ( ex-fiancée ) ( engaged : 2006 - 2007 ) Relatives Jane Burke ( mother ) Donald Burke ( father ) Religion Christian Preston Xavier Burke , M.D. is a fictional character from the medical drama television series Grey 's Anatomy , which airs on ABC in the United States . The character was created by series producer Shonda Rhimes , and was portrayed by actor Isaiah Washington from 2005 to 2007 . Introduced as an attending cardiothoracic surgeon at the fictional Seattle Grace Hospital , Burke 's romantic relationship with intern Cristina Yang formed one of the main storylines in the shows ' first three seasons . Burke made his final appearance in the third season , leaving Seattle in the aftermath of his failed wedding . On June 7 , 2007 , ABC announced it had decided not to renew Washington 's contract , and that he would be dropped from the show after an on - set incident with fellow cast members T.R. Knight and Patrick Dempsey . While mentioned in passing throughout later seasons , Burke officially returns in the tenth season in order to conclude Cristina Yang 's departure from the series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Storylines 2 Development 2.1 Casting and creation 2.2 Characterization 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Storylines ( edit ) Preston Burke is the former chief cardiothoracic surgeon at Seattle Grace Hospital . He completed his pre-medical studies at Tulane University where he pledged Kappa Alpha Psi , and went on to graduate first in his class from Johns Hopkins School of Medicine . While in college , he met Erica Hahn ( Brooke Smith ) , who graduated in second place after him , beginning a rivalry between them . He was once the interim chief of surgery while Dr. Richard Webber ( James Pickens , Jr . ) was healing from his brain surgery . In season 1 , it is revealed that Richard had promised him the position but instead enticed his former student , renowned neurosurgeon Derek Shepherd ( Patrick Dempsey ) , to Seattle as he felt Burke was becoming arrogant and needed competition to keep him on his toes . He began a relationship with intern Cristina Yang ( Sandra Oh ) but broke it off because he feared it would ruin both of their reputations . Her miscarriage brought them back together . He and Cristina lived together in his perfectly kept apartment . Towards the end of the second season , he was shot , which affected his control of his right - hand . His temporary fix to this possibly long - term problem was to work together with Cristina during every one of his surgeries so that she could take over in case he might have trouble with his hand . The arrangement fell apart after Cristina , reacting to growing stress after George O'Malley ( T.R. Knight ) caught onto their secret , went to the Chief and confessed everything . Initially , he was engaged in a cold war with Cristina , where neither of them spoke . However , after she broke the silence , he proposed to her and she accepted his proposal . Before their secret was revealed , Burke was to become the next Chief of Surgery , but he had to compete with his fellow attendings for the position . He has since recovered from the injury , after Derek operated on him . For the remainder of the season , Preston and Cristina prepared for the wedding and experienced normal stresses that result from such a process , such as meeting each other 's parents . However , in the finale of season three , on the day of their wedding , Burke told Cristina that he no longer wished to make her do anything against her will , and realized he was trying to make Cristina the woman he wanted her to be , and not accept her as the woman she is . Cristina said she `` thought this was what she wanted . '' He wanted her to say she knew it was what she wanted , so he left her in the chapel . Cristina then returned to their apartment and discovered Burke had left , taking with him the things that meant something to only him ( his trumpet , his Eugene Foote collection , his grandmother 's picture , and his lucky scrub cap ) , leaving Cristina devastated . In the fourth season , Preston 's long - time rival and love - to - hate medic Dr. Erica Hahn replaced him as the head of cardiothoracic surgery . Before taking over the position she had tremendous respect for Burke although she would have never admitted it to his face . Hahn disliked Cristina Yang because of her relationships with Dr. Burke and Colin Marlow . During his employment at a new hospital , he is made the recipient of 2008 's Harper Avery , a highly prestigious medical award . Cristina is later hurt that he did not mention her in his article , even though Cristina helped Burke with his recovery from an injury . In season ten , Preston is seen to be living in Zürich , where he runs a privately owned cardiothoracic research hospital . He invited Cristina to the hospital to give a speech on her research . Cristina is both shocked and angered by the sight of Preston , and the former couple exchange bitter sentiments . Cristina claims that the two would never have worked out because she wanted to emulate him , not be by his side . Preston then reveals his ulterior motive for bringing Cristina to Switzerland : to ask her to take over his hospital , which she accepts . He is married to an Italian woman , Edra , and has two daughters , Simone and Vivianna . They are on the verge of moving to Milan . Development ( edit ) Casting and creation ( edit ) `` In the abstract , Burke was a more awkward and self - hating guy , a little bit of a weasel , but that was before Isaiah walked into the room . Isaiah played him as someone who intensely loves his job . He brought a sense of honor to what Burke does . And with Isaiah , suddenly there was a sexiness to the role , an intelligence and a wit . '' Rhimes on Washington 's audition as Burke The character of Preston Burke was originally envisioned as a caucasian , to be played by Paul Adelstein , who starred in Grey 's Anatomy 's spin - off Private Practice . However , due to his commitment to a film whose shooting dates changed , the actor had to drop out at the last moment and his character was rethought . Isaiah Washington was originally considered for the role of Derek Shepherd , which eventually went to Patrick Dempsey . Washington later received a callback from Rhimes to play Burke . He commented : `` I knew I could never be wrong in my heart about something so good and so genuine . Her writing just seemed very complex , very honest . '' `` I said that I would only do it if I did n't have to be like that guy on that other medical show who was always struggling with his anger . '' Shonda Rhimes noted Washington 's commitment to his role , revealing that he learns all his surgeries before he performs them on television . `` I think if he stopped at an accident on the street , he 'd know exactly what to do . He has pulled shifts at hospitals where he follows the surgeons around for 48 hours '' . At the beginning of the series , Burke is one of the three African american characters , along with Miranda Bailey ( Chandra Wilson ) and Richard Webber ( James Pickens , Jr . ) . In the show 's third season , Washington became a central figure in a widely reported backstage controversy . In October 2006 , news reports surfaced that Washington had insulted co-star T.R. Knight with a homophobic slur . Shortly after the details of the argument became public , Knight publicly disclosed that he was gay . The situation seemed somewhat resolved when Washington issued a statement , apologizing for his `` unfortunate use of words during the recent incident on - set . '' The controversy later resurfaced when the cast appeared at the Golden Globes in January 2007 . While being interviewed on the red carpet prior to the awards , Washington joked , `` I love gay . I wanted to be gay . Please let me be gay . '' After the show won Best Drama , Washington , in response to press queries as to any conflicts backstage , said , `` I never called T.R. a faggot . '' However , in an interview with Ellen DeGeneres on The Ellen DeGeneres Show , Knight said that `` everybody heard him . '' After being rebuked by his studio , Touchstone Television ( now ABC Studios ) , Washington issued a statement apologizing at length for using the epithet in an argument with Patrick Dempsey . On January 30 , 2007 , a source told People magazine that Washington was scheduled to return to the Grey 's Anatomy set as early on that Thursday for the first time since entering `` executive counseling '' after making the comments at the Golden Globes . However , on June 7 , 2007 , ABC announced it had decided not to renew Washington 's contract , and that he would be dropped from the show . `` I 'm mad as hell and I 'm not going to take it anymore , '' Washington said in a statement released by his publicist , borrowing the famous line from Network . In another report , Washington stated he was planning to `` spend the summer pursuing charity work in Sierra Leone , work on an independent film and avoid worrying about the show . '' In a subsequent interview , Washington claimed that `` they fired the wrong guy '' ( referring to Knight ) and said he was considering filing a lawsuit as a result . He accused Knight of using the controversy to bolster his own career and increase his salary on Grey 's Anatomy . Washington , in late June 2007 , began asserting that racism within the media was a factor in his firing from the series . On July 2 , 2007 , Washington appeared on Larry King Live on CNN , to present his side of the controversy . According to Washington , he never used the `` F Word '' in reference to Knight , but rather blurted it out in an unrelated context in the course of an argument `` provoked '' by Dempsey , who , he felt , was treating him like a `` B - word , '' a `` P - word , '' and the `` F - word , '' which Washington said conveyed `` somebody who is being weak and afraid to fight back . '' Washington himself said that his dismissal from Grey 's Anatomy was an unfortunate misunderstanding that he was eager to move past . On March 6 , 2014 , Shonda Rhimes announced that Washington would return to his role for one episode airing in May to help conclude Sandra Oh 's final storylines as Cristina Yang . Rhimes said of his return , `` It 's important to me that Cristina 's journey unfolds exactly as it should . Burke is vital to that journey -- he gives her story that full - circle moment we need to properly say goodbye to our beloved Cristina Yang . '' Characterization ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( September 2012 ) Washington said of his character : `` He did start out sort of stone - faced , but he 's evolved into someone we see as an effective leader and someone who learns how to love and be loved . '' Thanks to Yang , Washington says Burke `` has been able to show levels of vulnerability . '' In an interview with Oprah Winfrey , Rhimes has described Preston as a `` mama 's boy '' , and noted the shock the audience felt when discovering that side of his personality after the arrival of his parents . Isaiah Washington also noted Preston 's `` determination '' and `` commitment '' . Rhimes referred to Burke 's relationship with Yang by the portmanteau `` Burktina '' , citing `` Losing My Religion '' as one of her favorite episodes featuring them because it shows their evolution from the beginning of the second season to its end . Ann Oldenburg of USA Today called it `` one of the spiciest relationships on TV right now '' . Drawing a comparison between the two doctors , she said Burke is `` tidy '' while Yang is `` messy '' ; he is `` spiritual '' but she is not . Reception ( edit ) Isaiah Washington has been nominated for multiple awards for his portrayal of Preston Burke . He and the Grey 's Anatomy cast won Best Ensemble in a Television Series at the 2006 Satellite Awards . He was awarded `` Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series '' twice at the NAACP Image Awards , in 2006 and 2007 . Washington was recognized along with the rest of the cast at the Screen Actors Guild Awards , receiving three nominations for `` Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series '' each year from 2006 to 2008 , with the 2007 Awards marking a victory . TV Guide named Isaiah Washington `` TV 's Sexiest Man '' in 2006 . Burke 's relationship with Cristina Yang was considered as `` one of the most interesting relationships on the show . '' Similarly , The Orange County Register wrote that their romance became `` one of the most touching and funny attractions of Grey 's Anatomy . '' Oscar Dahl of BuddyTV listed Burke as the fifth worthless TV character . References ( edit ) Specific Jump up ^ Episode 12 of Season 2 `` Grandma Got Run Over By a Reindeer '' Jump up ^ Episode 26 of Season 2 `` Deterioration of the Fight or Flight Response '' Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 05 - 01 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ Rhodes , Joe ( July 15 , 2005 ) . `` Today 's News : Our Take -- Vet Earns M.D. on Grey 's Anatomy '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2010 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Fogel , Matthew ( 8 May 2005 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Goes Colorblind '' . New York Times . Arthur Ochs Sulzberger , Jr . Retrieved May 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Cohn , Paulette ( July 16 , 2012 ) . `` Paul Adelstein 's ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Disappointment '' . American Profile . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2012 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Albiniak , Paige ( May 29 , 2005 ) . `` Why ' Grey ' Seems So Bright '' . Broadcasting & Cable . NewBay Media . Retrieved September 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fonseca , Nicholas ( September 16 , 2005 ) . `` Playing Doctors '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Oprah Winfrey talks to Shonda Rhimes '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE : Isaiah Washington Apologizes '' . People . October 25 , 2006 . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ The Associated Press ( January 17 , 2007 ) . `` Isaiah Washington : `` I Love Gay '' `` . Access Hollywood . Archived from the original on 2007 - 01 - 20 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` ABC drops Washington from Grey 's Anatomy '' . Cbc.ca . June 8 , 2007 . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ Grey 's star says they fired the wrong guy Archived 2011 - 08 - 08 at the Wayback Machine. , Houston Chronicle , June 21 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` Racism was a factor '' Archived 2012 - 11 - 05 at the Wayback Machine. , Washington Post , June 28 , 2007 Jump up ^ For the transcript , see `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 19 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( March 7 , 2014 ) . `` Isaiah Washington Returning to ' Grey 's Anatomy ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2014 . Retrieved March 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Duffy , Mike ( April 2 , 2006 -- September 10 , 2012 ) . `` TV : No tokens on this work force '' . The Orange County Register . Freedom Communications . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2015 . Retrieved September 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rhimes , Shonda ( May 17 , 2006 ) . `` From Shonda Rhimes ( FINALLY ) ... '' Grey Matter . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2013 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ oldenburg , Ann ( December 20 , 2005 ) . `` Love is no longer color - coded on TV '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2009 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Winner Announcement '' ( PDF ) . www.pressacademy.com . International Press Academy . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 10 , 2007 . Retrieved January 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Krause , Staci ( February 7 , 2007 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : `` Wishin ' and Hopin ' '' `` . IGN . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2007 . Retrieved June 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dahl , Oscar ( January 15 , 2007 ) . `` Top Ten Most Worthless TV Characters : # 5 Preston Burke '' . BuddyTV . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2012 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . General `` Grey 's Anatomy : Episode Recap Guide '' . ABC . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Grey 's Anatomy at ABC.com ( hide ) Grey 's Anatomy Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Characters ( cast members ) Meredith Grey Cristina Yang Izzie Stevens Alex Karev George O'Malley Miranda Bailey Richard Webber Preston Burke Derek Shepherd Addison Montgomery Mark Sloan Callie Torres Lexie Grey Erica Hahn Owen Hunt Sadie Harris Arizona Robbins Teddy Altman Jackson Avery April Kepner Amelia Shepherd Stephanie Edwards Maggie Pierce Nathan Riggs Spin - offs Private Practice Station 19 Other Awards and nominations Soundtrack Video game A Corazón Abierto ( Mexican telenovela ) A Corazón Abierto ( Colombian telenovela ) Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Preston_Burke&oldid=838558710 '' Categories : Grey 's Anatomy characters Fictional surgeons Fictional African - American people Fictional characters introduced in 2005 Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles to be expanded from September 2012 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی 한국어 Italiano Македонски Polski Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 19 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what season does burke come back in grey's anatomy | [
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-6129639143923433211 | Dancing with the Stars (U.S. TV series) | Dancing with the Stars ( U.S. TV series ) - Wikipedia Dancing with the Stars ( U.S. TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search Dancing with the Stars Genre Reality competition Based on Strictly Come Dancing Directed by Alex Rudzinzki ( 2005 - 2016 ) Phil Heyes Presented by Tom Bergeron Erin Andrews Brooke Burke - Charvet Samantha Harris Lisa Canning Judges Len Goodman Carrie Ann Inaba Bruno Tonioli Julianne Hough Narrated by Alan Dedicoat Country of origin United States No. of seasons 25 No. of episodes 422 Production Executive producer ( s ) Ashley Edens - Shaffer Joe Sungkur Rob Wade Location ( s ) CBS Television City Los Angeles , California Running time 40 -- 86 minutes Production company ( s ) BBC Worldwide Productions Endemol Shine North America Release Original network ABC Picture format 720p ( HDTV ) Audio format 5.1 surround sound Original release June 1 , 2005 ( 2005 - 06 - 01 ) -- present External links Website Dancing with the Stars is an American dance competition television series that premiered on June 1 , 2005 , on ABC . It is the US version of the UK series Strictly Come Dancing . The show is hosted by Tom Bergeron , alongside Erin Andrews , who became co-host in season eighteen . Lisa Canning was co-host in the first season , Samantha Harris co-hosted seasons two through nine and Brooke Burke - Charvet in seasons ten through seventeen . On May 12 , 2017 , it was announced that the series had been renewed for season 26 . The format of the show consists of a celebrity paired with a professional dancer . Each couple performs predetermined dances and competes against the others for judges ' points and audience votes . The couple receiving the lowest combined total of judges ' points and audience votes is eliminated each week until only the champion dance pair remains . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Hosts 1.2 Judging panel 1.3 Cast timeline 1.4 Couples 1.5 Dance troupe and musicians 2 Series overview 3 Scoring and voting procedure 4 General information 4.1 Payment 4.2 Withdrawals 4.3 Macy 's Stars of Dance : Design a Dance 5 Special episodes 5.1 100th episode 5.2 200th episode 5.3 300th episode 5.4 400th episode 5.5 10th Anniversary Special 5.6 Tributes 6 Records 6.1 Average 6.2 Perfect scores 6.3 Professionals with perfect scores 7 Merchandise 7.1 Cardio dance DVDs 7.2 Companion book 7.3 Spin - offs 7.4 Tours 8 Reception 8.1 U.S. Nielsen ratings 9 Awards and nominations 9.1 Emmy Awards 9.2 Others 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Cast Hosts Tom Bergeron has been the host since the program 's premiere in 2005 . In season 1 , his co-host was Lisa Canning . She was replaced by Samantha Harris for seasons 2 through 9 ( 2006 -- 09 ) , who was then replaced by Brooke Burke - Charvet from seasons 10 through 17 ( 2010 -- 13 ) . Erin Andrews took over as co-host starting in season 18 ( 2014 ) . Drew Lachey served as a temporary replacement for Harris during season 5 ( 2007 ) during her absence for 3 weeks due to maternity leave . Leah Remini filled in for Andrews in week 6 of season 19 , due to commitments with the 2014 World Series and filled in for her again in weeks 6 and 7 of season 21 for the 2015 World Series . Season 19 champion Alfonso Ribeiro filled in for Bergeron on week 4 of season 21 , due to Bergeron 's ailing father . Judging panel The regular judges are Len Goodman , who serves as head judge , Carrie Ann Inaba , and Bruno Tonioli . Goodman was absent for much of season 19 , all of season 21 , and much of season 23 . Julianne Hough , who was a professional dancing partner for seasons 4 -- 8 , was added as a full - time judge on the panel for 3 seasons , 19 -- 21 , after having been a guest judge in the previous 2 seasons . She did not return for season 22 . Hough did return as a full - time judge for seasons 23 and 24 but did not return for season 25 . Several former contestants appeared as judges in episode 200 ( in season 11 ) , including Hélio Castroneves , Mel B , Drew Lachey , Gilles Marini , Kelly Osbourne , and Emmitt Smith . Other celebrities , most often those who are associated with the world of dancing , former professional dancers , and past contestants have appeared as the 4th judge or in absence of 1 of the main judges , including Paula Abdul , Donnie Burns , Nick Carter , Cher , Maksim Chmerkovskiy , Michael Flatley , Kevin Hart , Jessie J , Baz Luhrmann , Ricky Martin , Idina Menzel , Abby Lee Miller , Mandy Moore , Olivia Newton - John , Kenny Ortega , Donny Osmond , Pitbull , Redfoo , Alfonso Ribeiro , Robin Roberts , Shania Twain , and Zendaya . Cast timeline Color key : Host Co-host Contestant Professional Judge Musical director Guest Judge Cast member Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Tom Bergeron Lisa Canning Samantha Harris Brooke Burke - Charvet Erin Andrews Carrie Ann Inaba Bruno Tonioli Len Goodman Julianne Hough Harold Wheeler Ray Chew Couples See also : List of Dancing with the Stars ( U.S. ) competitors A total of 286 celebrities have appeared in the 25 seasons of the series . For each season , the celebrities are paired with a professional partner who instructs them in the various dances each week and competes alongside them in the televised competition . A total of 44 professional partners have appeared alongside celebrities , some for only one season ( mostly in the earliest seasons ) . Key : Won the season Placed second in the season Placed third in the season Placed last in the season Withdrew in the season ( show ) Professional dancer Season 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Alan Bersten N / A Debbie Gibson Alec Mazo Kelly Monaco N / A Paulina Porizkova Josie Maran N / A Toni Braxton N / A Natalie Coughlin N / A Allison Holker N / A Jonathan Bennett Riker Lynch Andy Grammer N / A Kenny `` Babyface '' Edmonds N / A Andrea Hale N / A Kenny Mayne N / A Anna Demidova N / A Michael Irvin N / A Anna Trebunskaya N / A Jerry Rice N / A Albert Reed Steve Guttenberg N / A Chuck Liddell Evan Lysacek Kurt Warner Sugar Ray Leonard Carson Kressley Jack Wagner Drew Lachey N / A Gary Busey N / A Artem Chigvintsev N / A Lea Thompson Patti LaBelle N / A Mischa Barton Maureen McCormick Nancy Kerrigan Nikki Bella Ashly DelGrosso Joey McIntyre Master P Harry Hamlin N / A Buzz Aldrin N / A Brian Fortuna N / A Shandi Finnessey N / A Charlotte Jørgensen John O'Hurley N / A Chelsie Hightower N / A Ty Murray Louie Vito Jake Pavelka Michael Bolton Romeo Miller N / A Roshon Fegan Hélio Castroneves N / A Cheryl Burke N / A Drew Lachey Emmitt Smith Ian Ziering Wayne Newton Cristián de la Fuente Maurice Greene Gilles Marini Tom DeLay Chad Ochocinco Rick Fox Chris Jericho Rob Kardashian William Levy Emmitt Smith D.L. Hughley Jack Osbourne Drew Carey Antonio Sabàto , Jr . N / A Ryan Lochte N / A Terrell Owens Corky Ballas N / A Cloris Leachman N / A Florence Henderson N / A Damian Whitewood N / A Pamela Anderson N / A Derek Hough N / A Jennie Garth Shannon Elizabeth Brooke Burke Lil ' Kim Joanna Krupa Nicole Scherzinger Jennifer Grey N / A Ricki Lake Maria Menounos Shawn Johnson Kellie Pickler Amber Riley Amy Purdy Bethany Mota Nastia Liukin Bindi Irwin N / A Marilu Henner N / A Dmitry Chaplin N / A Holly Madison Mýa N / A Petra Nemcova N / A Edyta Śliwińska Evander Holyfield George Hamilton Joey Lawrence John Ratzenburger Cameron Mathison Jason Taylor Jeffrey Ross Lawrence Taylor Ashley Hamilton Aiden Turner N / A Geraldo Rivera N / A Elena Grinenko N / A Tucker Carlson Clyde Drexler N / A Emma Slater N / A Bill Engvall Billy Dee Williams Michael Waltrip Redfoo Hayes Grier N / A Rick Perry Rashad Jennings Drew Scott Fabian Sanchez N / A Marlee Matlin N / A Gleb Savchenko N / A Lisa Vanderpump N / A Jana Kramer Erika Jayne Sasha Pieterse Henry Byalikov N / A Diana Nyad N / A Inna Brayer N / A Ted McGinley N / A Jenna Johnson N / A Jake T. Austin N / A Jesse DeSoto N / A Shanna Moakler N / A Jonathan Roberts Rachel Hunter Giselle Fernandez N / A Heather Mills Marie Osmond Monica Seles N / A Belinda Carlisle Macy Gray N / A Julianne Hough N / A Apolo Anton Ohno Hélio Castroneves Adam Carolla Cody Linley Chuck Wicks N / A Karina Smirnoff N / A Mario Lopez Billy Ray Cyrus Floyd Mayweather , Jr . Mario Rocco DiSpirito Steve Wozniak Aaron Carter N / A Michael `` The Situation '' Sorrentino Ralph Macchio J.R. Martinez Gavin DeGraw Apolo Anton Ohno Jacoby Jones Corbin Bleu Sean Avery Randy Couture N / A Victor Espinoza Doug Flutie N / A Keo Motsepe N / A Lolo Jones Charlotte McKinney Chaka Khan Jodie Sweetin N / A Charo Barbara Corcoran Kym Johnson - Herjavec N / A Jerry Springer Joey Fatone Mark Cuban Penn Jillette Warren Sapp David Alan Grier Donny Osmond N / A David Hasselhoff Hines Ward David Arquette Jaleel White Joey Fatone Ingo Rademacher N / A Robert Herjavec N / A Mr. T N / A Lacey Schwimmer N / A Lance Bass Steve - O Mark Dacascos N / A Kyle Massey Mike Catherwood Chaz Bono N / A Lindsay Arnold N / A Victor Ortiz N / A Alek Skarlatos Wanya Morris Calvin Johnson , Jr . David Ross Jordan Fisher Louis van Amstel Trista Sutter Lisa Rinna Monique Coleman N / A Priscilla Presley N / A Kelly Osbourne Niecy Nash Margaret Cho Kendra Wilkinson N / A Sabrina Bryan N / A Paula Deen N / A Maksim Chmerkovskiy N / A Tia Carrere Willa Ford Laila Ali Melanie Brown N / A Misty May - Treanor Denise Richards Debi Mazar Erin Andrews Brandy Norwood Kirstie Alley Hope Solo Melissa Gilbert Kirstie Alley N / A Meryl Davis N / A Amber Rose Heather Morris Vanessa Lachey Mark Ballas N / A Sabrina Bryan Kristi Yamaguchi Kim Kardashian Shawn Johnson Melissa Joan Hart Shannen Doherty Bristol Palin Chelsea Kane Kristin Cavallari Katherine Jenkins Bristol Palin Alexandra Raisman Christina Milian Candace Cameron Bure Sadie Robertson Willow Shields Alexa PenaVega Paige VanZant N / A Lindsey Stirling Nick Kosovich N / A Tatum O'Neal Vivica A. Fox N / A Peta Murgatroyd N / A Metta World Peace Donald Driver Gilles Marini Sean Lowe Brant Daugherty James Maslow Tommy Chong Michael Sam N / A Nyle DiMarco N / A Nick Viall Nick Lachey Sasha Farber N / A Nicole `` Snooki '' Polizzi N / A Kim Fields Terra Jolé Simone Biles N / A Sharna Burgess N / A Andy Dick Keyshawn Johnson Charlie White Tavis Smiley Noah Galloway Nick Carter Antonio Brown James Hinchcliffe Bonner Bolton Derek Fisher Tony Dovolani N / A Stacy Keibler Sara Evans Leeza Gibbons Jane Seymour Marissa Jaret Winokur Susan Lucci Melissa Rycroft Kathy Ireland Kate Gosselin Audrina Patridge Wendy Williams Chynna Phillips Martina Navratilova Melissa Rycroft Wynonna Judd Leah Remini NeNe Leakes Betsey Johnson Suzanne Somers Kim Zolciak - Biermann Marla Maples N / A Tristan MacManus N / A Nancy Grace Gladys Knight Pamela Anderson Dorothy Hamill Valerie Harper N / A Tyne Stecklein N / A Bill Nye N / A Valentin Chmerkovskiy N / A Elisabetta Canalis Sherri Shepherd Kelly Monaco Zendaya Elizabeth Berkley Lauren Danica McKellar Janel Parrish Rumer Willis Tamar Braxton Ginger Zee Laurie Hernandez Normani Kordei Victoria Arlen Witney Carson N / A Cody Simpson Alfonso Ribeiro Chris Soules Carlos PenaVega Von Miller Vanilla Ice Chris Kattan Frankie Muniz Dance troupe and musicians In season 12 , the show introduced the troupe consisting of professional dancers who perform on the show but are not paired with celebrity partners . The first troupe in season 12 included Oksana Dmytrenko , Tristan MacManus , Peta Murgatroyd , Kiki Nyemchek , Nicole Volynets , and Ted Volynets . Members of the season 25 troupe are Artur Adamski , Brandon Armstrong , Hayley Erbert , Sasha Farber , Jenna Johnson , and Britt Stewart . Other past troupe members include Sharna Burgess , Dasha Chesnokova , Emma Slater , Henry Byalikov , Sonny Fredie Pedersen , Witney Carson , Julz Tocker , Lindsay Arnold , Gleb Savchenko , Artem Chigvintsev , Alan Bersten , Brittany Cherry , Shannon Holtzapffel , Dennis Jauch , Kiril Kulish , and Keo Motsepe . Key : Active member of the troupe Professional partner ( show ) Troupe members Dancers Seasons 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Artur Adamski Brandon Armstrong Lindsay Arnold Alan Bersten Sharna Burgess Henry Byalikov Witney Carson Dasha Chesnokova Brittany Cherry Artem Chigvintsev Oksana Dmytrenko Hayley Erbert Sasha Farber Shannon Holtzapffel Dennis Jauch Jenna Johnson Kiril Kulish Tristan MacManus Keo Motsepe Peta Murgatroyd Kiki Nyemchek Sonny Fredie Pedersen Gleb Savchenko Emma Slater Britt Stewart Julz Tocker Nicole Volynets Ted Volynets For 17 seasons , the Harold Wheeler orchestra and singers provided the live music for the show . On Feb 7 , 2014 , it was announced that the new bandleader is Ray Chew . Along with him is a new band of instrumentalists and singers . Series overview Season Number of Duration dates Partners in the finals Couples Weeks First place Second place Third place 6 6 June 1 -- July 6 , 2005 Kelly Monaco & Alec Mazo John O'Hurley & Charlotte Jørgensen Joey McIntyre & Ashly DelGrosso 10 8 January 5 -- February 24 , 2006 Drew Lachey & Cheryl Burke Jerry Rice & Anna Trebunskaya Stacy Keibler & Tony Dovolani 11 10 September 12 -- November 15 , 2006 Emmitt Smith & Cheryl Burke Mario Lopez & Karina Smirnoff Joey Lawrence & Edyta Śliwińska 11 10 March 19 -- May 22 , 2007 Apolo Anton Ohno & Julianne Hough Joey Fatone & Kym Johnson Laila Ali & Maksim Chmerkovskiy 5 12 10 September 24 -- November 27 , 2007 Hélio Castroneves & Julianne Hough Mel B & Maksim Chmerkovskiy Marie Osmond & Jonathan Roberts 6 12 10 March 17 -- May 20 , 2008 Kristi Yamaguchi & Mark Ballas Jason Taylor & Edyta Śliwińska Cristián de la Fuente & Cheryl Burke 7 13 10 September 22 -- November 25 , 2008 Brooke Burke & Derek Hough Warren Sapp & Kym Johnson Lance Bass & Lacey Schwimmer 8 13 11 March 9 -- May 19 , 2009 Shawn Johnson & Mark Ballas Gilles Marini & Cheryl Burke Melissa Rycroft & Tony Dovolani 9 16 10 September 21 -- November 24 , 2009 Donny Osmond ‡ & Kym Johnson Mýa & Dmitry Chaplin Kelly Osbourne & Louis Van Amstel 10 11 10 March 22 -- May 25 , 2010 Nicole Scherzinger & Derek Hough Evan Lysacek & Anna Trebunskaya Erin Andrews & Maksim Chmerkovskiy 11 12 10 September 20 -- November 23 , 2010 Jennifer Grey ‡ & Derek Hough Kyle Massey & Lacey Schwimmer Bristol Palin & Mark Ballas 12 11 10 March 21 -- May 24 , 2011 Hines Ward & Kym Johnson Kirstie Alley & Maksim Chmerkovskiy Chelsea Kane & Mark Ballas 13 12 10 September 19 -- November 22 , 2011 J.R. Martinez & Karina Smirnoff Rob Kardashian & Cheryl Burke Ricki Lake & Derek Hough 14 12 10 March 19 -- May 22 , 2012 Donald Driver & Peta Murgatroyd Katherine Jenkins & Mark Ballas William Levy & Cheryl Burke 15 13 10 September 24 -- November 27 , 2012 Melissa Rycroft & Tony Dovolani Shawn Johnson & Derek Hough Kelly Monaco & Valentin Chmerkovskiy 16 12 10 March 18 -- May 21 , 2013 Kellie Pickler & Derek Hough Zendaya & Valentin Chmerkovskiy Jacoby Jones & Karina Smirnoff 17 12 11 September 16 -- November 26 , 2013 Amber Riley & Derek Hough Corbin Bleu & Karina Smirnoff Jack Osbourne & Cheryl Burke 18 12 10 March 17 -- May 20 , 2014 Meryl Davis & Maksim Chmerkovskiy Amy Purdy & Derek Hough Candace Cameron Bure & Mark Ballas 19 13 11 September 15 -- November 25 , 2014 Alfonso Ribeiro & Witney Carson Sadie Robertson & Mark Ballas Janel Parrish & Valentin Chmerkovskiy 20 12 10 March 16 -- May 19 , 2015 Rumer Willis & Valentin Chmerkovskiy Riker Lynch & Allison Holker Noah Galloway & Sharna Burgess 21 13 11 September 14 -- November 24 , 2015 Bindi Irwin & Derek Hough Nick Carter & Sharna Burgess Alek Skarlatos & Lindsay Arnold 22 12 10 March 21 -- May 24 , 2016 Nyle DiMarco & Peta Murgatroyd Paige VanZant & Mark Ballas Ginger Zee & Valentin Chmerkovskiy 23 13 11 September 12 -- November 22 , 2016 Laurie Hernandez * & Valentin Chmerkovskiy James Hinchcliffe & Sharna Burgess Calvin Johnson Jr . & Lindsay Arnold 24 12 10 March 20 -- May 23 , 2017 Rashad Jennings & Emma Slater David Ross & Lindsay Arnold Normani Kordei & Valentin Chmerkovskiy 25 13 10 September 18 -- November 21 , 2017 Jordan Fisher * & Lindsay Arnold Lindsey Stirling & Mark Ballas Frankie Muniz & Witney Carson * Youngest male winner at age 23 ; youngest female winner at age 16 ‡ Oldest male winner at age 52 ; oldest female winner at age 50 Scoring and voting procedure In seasons 1 and 2 , only the overall ranking between competitors by the judges and the public was relevant . In season 3 and all subsequent seasons , the scoring system has made the exact scores relevant as well . The scoring begins with the judges ' marks . Each judge gives a numeric score from 1 to 10 , for a total score of 3 to 30 . The scoring was altered for the `` all - star '' season 15 , during which judges could give scores at 1 / 2 - point intervals from 0.5 to 10 , for a total score of 1.5 to 30 . When multiple performances are scored , only the cumulative total counts . The contestants ' judges ' shares are calculated as the % of the total number of points awarded to all contestants that evening . ( For example , if a team earned 20 pts on a night when the judges awarded 200 pts , their judges ' share would be 20 / 200 = 10 % . ) This % is then added to the % of North American votes received by each contestant . The bottom 2 couples are identified at the end of the show , and the couple with the lowest combined total gets eliminated . Season 8 added an occasional ' dance - off ' , in which contestants could re-do 1 of their dances , in an effort to improve their judges ' score . This was later discontinued . Public voting is conducted via a toll - free number , the ABC website , and , most recently , text messages and Facebook ; contestants can vote during and immediately after each performance show . The maximum number of votes per voter per medium is equal to the number of couples performing that night , or 5 votes , whichever is larger . In April 2010 , it was revealed that former contestant Kate Gosselin had e-mailed friends and family asking them to vote as many as 10x each . In Nov 2010 , the Washington Post reported that online voting appeared not to require a valid email address , and accordingly that numerous votes apparently could be cast by 1 person . In several cases where ESPN coverage of Monday Night Football airs instead on an ABC affiliate in an NFL team 's home market , the program is delayed to air immediately after that station 's local news , and a voting window confined only to the area codes of the pre-empted market is opened up to allow affected viewers to still put their votes in for the competition , though this is on a market - by - market basis ( in some markets , an alternate sister station or digital subchannel carries the program live as scheduled ) . Seasons 1 and 3 featured only 2 celebrities in the final week instead of 3 . Starting with season 16 , 4 celebrities made it into the final week , although the top 3 finalists proceeded to dance 1 more time for the judges after the 4th place couple was announced . In season 20 , there were 3 celebrities in the final week , but in seasons 21 , 23 and 25 , there were 4 . In seasons 22 and 24 , there were only 3 celebrities in the final week . General information Payment On the April 18 , 2006 episode of the Howard Stern Radio Show , Stern 's wife Beth said that she was guaranteed to earn $125,000 for just appearing on DWTS ( in season 3 ) and could earn up to more than double the original sum , depending on how long she lasted on the program . In season 21 , Bindi Irwin had her payments withheld by a Los Angeles County Superior Court judge because she was a minor , which therefore required her parents to sign - off on the contract . But although her mother signed , the contract lacked her father 's signature , so the judge refused to validate the contract , despite Irwin 's father being the world - famous naturalist Steve Irwin , whose death in 2006 had been widely covered in the news / media . The judge later validated the contract once Steve Irwin 's death certificate was presented to the court , resulting in Bindi receiving a $350,000 paycheck from the show . Withdrawals The first person to withdraw from competition was Romeo in season 2 . His father , Master P , took his place in the competition before the beginning of broadcasts , being partnered with Ashly DelGrosso . However , Romeo later competed in season 12 and finished in 5th place . He was partnered with Chelsie Hightower . On week six in season three , Sara Evans cited her divorce as the reason for leaving the competition . No one was eliminated that week . Another withdrawal occurred during the run - up to season four on February 28 , when Vincent Pastore withdrew from the competition after only one week of training . Pastore said he did not realize how much work was needed during a ten - week period , and that he was not up to the physical demands of the show . He was replaced on March 2 by Pixar voice actor John Ratzenberger who was partnered with Edyta Sliwinska . In season seven , Misty May - Treanor withdrew from the competition in week three , after rupturing her Achilles tendon when rehearsing her jive with her partner , Maksim Chmerkovskiy . She did not perform the routine at all nor was she scored for it ; no one else was eliminated that week . In season eight , Jewel and Nancy O'Dell were injured before the season even began and could not compete . Jewel was diagnosed with fractured tibias in both legs ; she came back later in the season to perform `` Somewhere Over the Rainbow '' on a results show . O'Dell suffered from a torn knee cartilage . They were replaced by Holly Madison and Melissa Rycroft who would be dancing with their partners for the rest of the season ( Dmitry Chaplin and Tony Dovolani ) . Tom DeLay , in season nine , withdrew in week three of competition due to a full stress fracture that had developed in both feet from an earlier pre-stress fracture in one foot . DeLay was declared safe before he announced his withdrawal during the October 6 , 2009 results show . Debi Mazar was still eliminated that night despite DeLay 's departure . In season sixteen , Olympic figure skating champion Dorothy Hamill had to withdraw from the competition due to doctor 's orders for a spinal injury . A cyst had developed near her lower spine , and was pinching off the nerve in that area . Either boxing champion Victor Ortiz or reality TV star Lisa Vanderpump would 've been eliminated , but Hamill withdrew before the results could be announced , meaning that no one was eliminated that week . In season eighteen , week three , actor Billy Dee Williams withdrew , by advice from a doctor , due to a chronic back problem ( which resulted in no elimination that week ) . In season twenty - one , week three , reality TV star Kim Zolciak - Biermann was forced to withdraw from the competition after suffering a blood clot which resulted in a mini stroke ( which resulted in no elimination that week ) . Tamar Braxton also withdrew from the season due to blood clots in her lungs making it the first season to have two withdrawals in it . Macy 's Stars of dance : design a dance Beginning season 7 , viewers had the opportunity to vote for their favorite pros ( or in some cases former contestants ) to dance to a style of dance as well as a song to dance to . An online contest is also usually held so viewers can submit drawings of outfits for the performance . Special Episodes 100th episode The show celebrated its 100th episode on Tuesday , May 6 , 2008 , during week 8 of season 6 . More than 30 former cast members and pros returned , with interviews with Stacy Keibler , Lisa Rinna , Jerry Springer , Vivica A. Fox , Joey Fatone , Kenny Mayne , Sabrina Bryan , and former winners Kelly Monaco , Drew Lachey , and Apolo Anton Ohno . Other appearances , besides the season 6 cast , included Paula Abdul ( in a video introduction ) , Jane Seymour , Ian Ziering , Mark Cuban , Wayne Newton , Leeza Gibbons , Harry Hamlin , Shandi Finnessey , and Hélio Castroneves . New routines were performed by Apolo Anton Ohno and Julianne Hough , Mel B and Maksim Chmerkovskiy , and by Mario Lopez with the cast of A Chorus Line , in which he was starring on Broadway . The musical guest was country group Rascal Flatts . Judges ' top 10 dances The judges also presented a countdown of their choices for the top 10 perfect - scoring dances of the 1st 5 seasons . Their choices were : No . Celebrity Professional Season Week Dance Place Mario Lopez Karina Smirnoff 9 Tango 2nd Mel B Maksim Chmerkovskiy 5 7 Paso doble 2nd Stacy Keibler Tony Dovolani 8 Samba 3rd Drew Lachey Cheryl Burke 8 Freestyle 1st 5 Helio Castroneves Julianne Hough 5 8 Quickstep 1st 6 Joey Fatone Kym Johnson 7 Jive 2nd 7 Apolo Anton Ohno Julianne Hough 9 Quickstep 1st 8 Emmitt Smith Cheryl Burke 9 Cha - cha - cha 1st 9 Sabrina Bryan Mark Ballas 5 Paso doble 7th 10 Kelly Monaco Alec Mazo 6 Freestyle 1st 200th episode In season 11 , viewers were allowed 2 votes per day on the DWTS website to vote for their favorite out of 30 given choices . On Oct 25 , 2010 , a countdown of the Top 10 voted for dances on the show was reported to celebrate the following week when the 200th show would be . No . Celebrity Professional Season Week Dance Place Drew Lachey Cheryl Burke 8 Freestyle 1st Gilles Marini Cheryl Burke 8 Argentine tango 2nd Apolo Anton Ohno Julianne Hough 5 Samba 1st Nicole Scherzinger Derek Hough 10 8 1950 's Paso doble 1st 5 Mel B Maksim Chmerkovskiy 5 7 Paso doble 2nd 6 Joanna Krupa Derek Hough 9 8 Futuristic Paso doble 4th 7 Apolo Anton Ohno Julianne Hough 10 Freestyle 1st 8 Helio Castroneves Julianne Hough 5 8 Quickstep 1st 9 Donny Osmond Kym Johnson 9 5 Argentine tango 1st 10 Shawn Johnson Mark Ballas 8 11 Freestyle 1st On the actual 200th show , several dances were performed again on the show and 6 of the past fan favorites came back to judge ; Helio Castroneves , Emmitt Smith , Drew Lachey , Kelly Osbourne , Gilles Marini , Mel B , and more . The couples re-created their most memorable routines on the 200th episode ; Kristi Yamaguchi and Apolo Ohno served as team captains for the team dances . Yamaguchi 's team consisted of Rick & Cheryl , Kyle & Lacey and Bristol & Mark , while Brandy & Maksim , Jennifer & Derek and Kurt & Anna were on Ohno 's team . On the results show of November 2 , some awards were given out to past celebrity contestants and professionals . Category Winner Most Dramatic Moment Marie Osmond Worst Dancer Kenny Mayne Biggest Dancer Transformation Louis van Amstel 300th episode The 300th episode took place on the week 9 results show of season 16 . 22 past and present pros performed an opening number choreographed by Jason Gilkinson . Past pros who performed were Chelsie Hightower , Dmitry Chaplin , Louis Van Amstel , and Anna Trebunskaya . Kellie Pickler and Derek Hough danced their `` Argentine tango '' as the week 's encore . However , the top 10 dances were not revealed , nor were the achievements . 400th episode The 400th episode took place on the season premiere of the twenty - fourth season . Tom Bergeron did mention so ; however , no special dances took place . 10th anniversary special On April 28 , 2015 , during season 20 , a special pre-recorded episode aired as a 10th anniversary special with many former stars and professional dancers returning to the ballroom . Many past stars performed and reflected on their time on the show . Patti LaBelle , Amber Riley , and Lil ' Kim performed LaBelle 's `` Lady Marmalade '' . The show closed with the largest number of people dancing in the show 's history as stars , pros , hosts , and judges were all out on the dance floor . Tributes In seasons 9 and 10 , three tribute performances were done to honor the memory of artists and others . The first was a tribute to recently deceased actor Patrick Swayze , on Sep 23 , 2009 . `` She 's Like the Wind '' from the Dirty Dancing soundtrack ( originally written by Swayze for Dirty Dancing ) , `` Unchained Melody '' from his film Ghost , and `` ( I 've had ) the Time of my Life '' from Dirty Dancing were performed by select professional dancers of the show . On Oct 20 , 2009 , a tribute was done for singer and dancer , Michael Jackson . `` I Want You Back '' , `` Man in the Mirror '' , and `` Thriller '' were performed -- the first two songs by select professional dancers of the show , and all coming together for `` Thriller '' . In season 10 , professional Haitian dancers performed as a tribute to victims of the 2010 Haiti earthquake on March 30 , 2010 . One of the male dancers , Emmanuel Pierre - Antoine , had lost his son in the rubble . They were dancing to `` Dance Like This '' by Wyclef Jean . In season 24 , to honor the passing of season 11 contestant Florence Henderson on November 24 , 2016 , a special tribute to Henderson was displayed on the dance floor . The season 24 premiere aired on March 20 , 2017 . Records Average This is a list of the celebrities with the highest averages . All averages above 27 out of a possible 30 are shown here . ( Averages out of 40 were rounded to be out of 30 ) Rank Season Place Celebrity Professional Average Score 18 Champion Meryl Davis Maksim Chmerkovskiy 28.40 6 Champion Kristi Yamaguchi Mark Ballas 28.33 8 Runner - up Gilles Marini Cheryl Burke 28.06 15 Champion Melissa Rycroft Tony Dovolani 28.00 20 Runner - up Riker Lynch Allison Holker 6 25 Champion Jordan Fisher Lindsay Arnold 27.94 7 15 Runner - up Shawn Johnson Derek Hough 27.93 8 21 Champion Bindi Irwin Derek Hough 27.88 9 14 Runner - up Katherine Jenkins Mark Ballas 27.87 18 Runner - up Amy Purdy Derek Hough 11 17 Champion Amber Riley Derek Hough 27.75 20 Champion Rumer Willis Valentin Chmerkovskiy 13 3rd Place Stacy Keibler Tony Dovolani 27.73 Champion Drew Lachey Cheryl Burke 15 23 Champion Laurie Hernandez Valentin Chmerkovskiy 27.70 19 Champion Alfonso Ribeiro Witney Carson 17 Runner - up Mario Lopez Karina Smirnoff 27.60 5 Runner - up Mel B Maksim Chmerkovskiy 19 15 6th Place Gilles Marini Peta Murgatroyd 27.55 20 20 4th Place Nastia Liukin Derek Hough 27.54 21 Champion Apolo Anton Ohno Julianne Hough 27.53 10 Champion Nicole Scherzinger Derek Hough 23 Runner - up Joey Fatone Kym Johnson 27.47 14 3rd Place William Levy Cheryl Burke 23 Runner - up James Hinchcliffe Sharna Burgess 26 24 3rd Place Normani Kordei Valentin Chmerkovskiy 27.45 27 16 Champion Kellie Pickler Derek Hough 27.40 28 17 Runner - up Corbin Bleu Karina Smirnoff 27.38 19 3rd Place Janel Parrish Valentin Chmerkovskiy 30 16 Runner - up Zendaya Valentin Chmerkovskiy 27.33 31 9 Runner - up Mýa Dmitry Chaplin 27.29 32 15 5th Place Apolo Anton Ohno Karina Smirnoff 27.25 33 19 4th Place Bethany Mota Derek Hough 27.20 34 11 Champion Jennifer Grey Derek Hough 27.18 21 Runner - up Nick Carter Sharna Burgess 36 5 Champion Hélio Castroneves Julianne Hough 27.13 22 Runner - up Paige VanZant Mark Ballas 38 15 8th Place Sabrina Bryan Louis Van Amstel 27.07 39 7 Champion Brooke Burke Derek Hough 27.06 14 Champion Donald Driver Peta Murgatroyd 41 25 Runner - up Lindsey Stirling Mark Ballas 27.05 42 3rd Place Laila Ali Maksim Chmerkovskiy 27.00 5 7th Place Sabrina Bryan Mark Ballas 18 5th Place Charlie White Sharna Burgess 24 Champion Rashad Jennings Emma Slater Perfect scores This is a list of celebrities who earned perfect scores ( team dances are not included ) . Number of Perfect Scores Season Place Celebrity Professional 9 25 Champion Jordan Fisher Lindsay Arnold 8 21 23 Champion Champion Bindi Irwin Laurie Hernandez Derek Hough Valentin Chmerkovskiy 6 11 18 20 Champion Champion Champion Jennifer Grey Meryl Davis Rumer Willis Derek Hough Maksim Chmerkovskiy Valentin Chmerkovskiy 5 5 8 15 16 19 19 20 21 24 25 Champion Runner - up Runner - up Runner - up Champion Runner - up Champion 3rd Place Runner - up Runner - up 3rd Place Runner - up Apolo Anton Ohno Joey Fatone Mel B Gilles Marini Melissa Rycroft Zendaya Alfonso Ribeiro Janel Parrish Riker Lynch Nick Carter Normani Kordei Lindsey Stirling Julianne Hough Kym Johnson Maksim Chmerkovskiy Cheryl Burke Tony Dovolani Valentin Chmerkovskiy Witney Carson Valentin Chmerkovskiy Allison Holker Sharna Burgess Valentin Chmerkovskiy Mark Ballas 5 6 9 10 12 13 14 15 16 17 22 23 23 23 3rd Place 3rd Place Champion Champion Runner - up Champion Champion Champion 3rd Place Runner - up Champion Champion Runner - up Runner - up 3rd Place 4th Place Stacy Keibler Laila Ali Hélio Castroneves Kristi Yamaguchi Mýa Nicole Scherzinger Hines Ward J.R. Martinez William Levy Shawn Johnson Kellie Pickler Amber Riley Paige VanZant James Hinchcliffe Calvin Johnson , Jr . Jana Kramer Tony Dovolani Maksim Chmerkovskiy Julianne Hough Mark Ballas Dmitry Chaplin Derek Hough Kym Johnson Karina Smirnoff Cheryl Burke Derek Hough Derek Hough Derek Hough Mark Ballas Sharna Burgess Lindsay Arnold Gleb Savchenko 7 8 12 14 17 18 19 19 20 21 22 22 Champion Champion Runner - up Champion Champion 3rd Place Runner - up Runner - up Runner - up Runner - up 4th Place 4th Place 6th Place Champion 3rd Place Drew Lachey Emmitt Smith Mario Lopez Brooke Burke Shawn Johnson Chelsea Kane Katherine Jenkins Corbin Bleu Amy Purdy Sadie Robertson Bethany Mota Nastia Liukin Alexa PenaVega Nyle DiMarco Ginger Zee Cheryl Burke Cheryl Burke Karina Smirnoff Derek Hough Mark Ballas Mark Ballas Mark Ballas Karina Smirnoff Derek Hough Mark Ballas Derek Hough Derek Hough Mark Ballas Peta Murgatroyd Valentin Chmerkovskiy 8 9 10 13 13 14 14 15 16 16 17 18 18 20 21 21 22 23 24 24 25 3rd Place Champion Runner - up Runner - up 3rd Place Champion 4th Place 5th Place 3rd Place 4th Place 6th Place 4th Place 5th Place 3rd Place 3rd Place 4th Place 4th Place 5th Place Champion 4th Place 3rd Place Melissa Rycroft Donny Osmond Evan Lysacek Rob Kardashian Ricki Lake Donald Driver Maria Menounos Apolo Anton Ohno Jacoby Jones Alexandra Raisman Elizabeth Berkley Lauren James Maslow Charlie White Noah Galloway Alek Skarlatos Carlos PenaVega Wanya Morris Terra Jolé Rashad Jennings Simone Biles Frankie Muniz Tony Dovolani Kym Johnson Anna Trebunskaya Cheryl Burke Derek Hough Peta Murgatroyd Derek Hough Karina Smirnoff Karina Smirnoff Mark Ballas Valentin Chmerkovskiy Peta Murgatroyd Sharna Burgess Sharna Burgess Lindsay Arnold Witney Carson Lindsay Arnold Sasha Farber Emma Slater Sasha Farber Witney Carson 5 5 6 11 12 15 15 17 21 21 22 24 24 Champion 3rd Place 4th Place 4th Place 7th Place Runner - up 4th Place Runner - up 4th Place 8th Place 3rd Place 5th Place 7th Place 6th Place 2nd Place 8th Place Kelly Monaco Joey Lawrence Ian Ziering Jennie Garth Sabrina Bryan Jason Taylor Brandy Kirstie Alley Emmitt Smith Sabrina Bryan Jack Osbourne Tamar Braxton Andy Grammer Jodie Sweetin David Ross Heather Morris Alec Mazo Edyta Śliwińska Cheryl Burke Derek Hough Mark Ballas Edyta Śliwińska Maksim Chmerkovskiy Maksim Chmerkovskiy Cheryl Burke Louis Van Amstel Cheryl Burke Valentin Chmerkovskiy Allison Holker Keo Motsepe Lindsay Arnold Maksim Chmerkovskiy Shawn Johnson danced her Paso doble / Tango fusion dance with Mark Ballas instead of her partner Derek Hough due to him being injured . James Hinchcliffe danced his Viennese Waltz with Jenna Johnson instead of his partner Sharna Burgess due to her being injured . Nastia Liukin danced her Jive and Quickstep with Sasha Farber instead of her partner Derek Hough due to him being injured . For the switch - up week , Alexa PenaVega got a perfect score with Derek Hough instead of her original partner Mark Ballas . Professionals with perfect scores 46 : Derek Hough 35 : Valentin Chmerkovskiy 30 : Mark Ballas 20 : Cheryl Burke 18 : Maksim Chmerkovskiy , Lindsay Arnold 14 : Karina Smirnoff 12 : Sharna Burgess 11 : Kym Johnson , Tony Dovolani 9 : Julianne Hough , Witney Carson 7 : Peta Murgatroyd 6 : Allison Holker 4 : Dmitry Chaplin , Gleb Savchenko , Sasha Farber 2 : Anna Trebunskaya , Edyta Sliwinska , Emma Slater 1 : Alec Mazo , Louis Van Amstel , Keo Motsepe Merchandise Cardio dance dvds A DVD titled Dancing With The Stars : Cardio Dance was released on April 3 , 2007 featuring Kym Johnson , Maksim Chmerkovskiy and Ashly DelGrosso . The program contains cardiovascular workouts adapted from cha - cha , Paso doble , samba , and jive dance routines . A second DVD Dancing with the Stars : Latin Cardio Dance was released on September 13 , 2008 featuring Maksim Chmerkovskiy and Cheryl Burke . The program contains cardiovascular workouts adapted from cha - cha , Merengue , samba and mambo dance routines . Companion book A companion book written by Guy Phillips was released in the early fall of 2007 . Titled Dancing with the Stars : Jive , Samba and Tango Your Way Into The Best Shape Of Your Life , the book includes fitness routines modeled by Alec Mazo and Edyta Sliwinska , as well as original costume designs , lists of performed songs during a dance , and a complete list of song - and - dance routine performed since the first season of the show . Spin - offs The first Dancing spin - off , Dance War : Bruno vs. Carrie Ann , premiered on January 7 , 2008 on ABC . The show 's format was similar to the BBC Television series , DanceX . The show was canceled after 1 season . A figure skating spin - off similar to ITV 's Dancing on Ice called Skating with the Stars aired on ABC on November 22 , 2010 . The series was canceled after one season . On May 16 , 2017 , a Dancing with the Stars Junior spin - off was announced . The dance competition spin - off was originally set to premiere in the spring of 2018 on ABC , and the format of the show will feature celebrity children and the children of celebrities paired with professional junior ballroom dancers . In January 2018 , ABC stated that Dancing with the Stars Junior is still in the works , but it did n't develop as quickly they hoped it would . So instead , the all - athletes edition will air in its place , with Dancing with the Stars Junior slated to air in summer 2018 . On November 21 , 2017 , ABC announced a special 4 - week all - athletes edition of Dancing with the Stars , set to premiere in the spring of 2018 on ABC , and is set to be considered more of a mini-season / spin - off than a regular season . The format will feature 10 athletes from all corners of the sports world paired with the show 's professional ballroom dancers for a chance at the Mirrorball . Bergeron and Andrews will return as hosts , with Bergeron confirming on Twitter that the athletes edition will start airing in late April . On January 8 , 2018 , ABC announced that the all - athletes edition would premiere on April 30 , 2018 . Tours An unofficial live tour show called Dancing Pros : Live ! toured with several Dancing pros since 2010 . A Dancing with the Stars : Live ! official tour was announced on November 3 , 2014 for the 2014 - 2015 season starting on December 27 , 2014 in Niagara Falls , New York and ending February 15 , 2015 hitting 33 cities . A second tour , `` Dancing with the Stars Live ! : Dance All Night '' was announced . A third tour , Dancing with the Stars : Live ! - We Came to Dance , was announced on October 3 , 2016 for 43 cities from December 16 , 2016 to February 14 , 2017 . A fourth tour , Dancing with the Stars : Light Up the Night , was announced in October 2017 and began on December 30 , 2017 in Charlotte , North Carolina , performing 71 shows and ending in Los Angeles . Reception In 2016 , a New York Times study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook Likes found that `` unlike So You Think You Can Dance , which is generally more of a city show , ' Dancing with the Stars ' is most popular in the countryside . It also has a higher share of ' likes ' from viewers aged 65 and up than any other show . U.S. Nielsen ratings Season Timeslot ( ET ) Episodes First aired Last aired TV season Rank Avg . viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Wednesday 9 : 00 p.m. 8 June 1 , 2005 ( 2005 - 06 - 01 ) 13.5 July 6 , 2005 ( 2005 - 07 - 06 ) 22.4 2004 -- 05 6 < 17 Thursday / Friday 8 : 00 p.m. 15 January 5 , 2006 ( 2006 - 01 - 05 ) N / A February 24 , 2006 ( 2006 - 02 - 24 ) N / A 2005 -- 06 7 18.6 Tuesday / Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 20 September 12 , 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 12 ) N / A November 15 , 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 15 ) N / A 2006 -- 07 20.7 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. Tuesday 9 : 00 p.m. 20 March 19 , 2007 ( 2007 - 03 - 19 ) N / A May 22 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 22 ) N / A 2006 -- 07 5 20 5 21 September 24 , 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 24 ) N / A November 27 , 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 27 ) N / A 2007 -- 08 19.58 6 21 March 17 , 2008 ( 2008 - 03 - 17 ) 20.90 May 20 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 20 ) 20.12 2007 -- 08 21.67 7 21 September 22 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 22 ) 21.12 November 25 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 25 ) 20.58 2008 -- 09 19.76 8 21 March 9 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 09 ) 22.82 May 19 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 19 ) 20.12 2008 -- 09 19.76 9 23 September 21 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 21 ) 17.79 November 24 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 24 ) 19.29 2009 -- 10 19.72 10 19 March 22 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 22 ) 24.19 May 25 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 25 ) 18.40 2009 -- 10 19.72 11 20 September 20 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 20 ) 20.99 November 23 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 23 ) 24.14 2010 -- 11 21.92 12 19 March 21 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 21 ) 22.65 May 24 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 24 ) 21.42 2010 -- 11 21.92 13 20 September 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 19 ) 19.03 November 22 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 22 ) 19.45 2011 -- 12 5 18.23 14 20 March 19 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 19 ) 18.79 May 22 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 22 ) 17.79 2011 -- 12 5 18.23 15 19 September 24 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 24 ) 14.11 November 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 27 ) 16.73 2012 -- 13 7 14.85 16 20 March 18 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 18 ) 17.06 May 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 21 ) 12.20 2012 -- 13 7 14.85 17 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 12 September 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 16 ) 16.04 November 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 26 ) 14.75 2013 -- 14 5 15.2 18 11 March 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 17 ) 15.44 May 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 20 ) 15.07 2013 -- 14 5 15.2 19 Monday / Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 15 September 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 15 ) 13.64 November 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 25 ) 15.98 2014 -- 15 9 14.72 20 14 March 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 16 ) 14.16 May 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 19 ) 13.49 2014 -- 15 9 14.72 21 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. Tuesday 9 : 00 p.m. 14 September 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 14 ) 13.13 November 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 24 ) 13.49 2015 -- 16 8 13.44 22 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 11 March 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 21 ) 12.46 May 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 24 ) 10.49 2015 -- 16 8 13.44 23 Monday / Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 15 September 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 12 ) 12.19 November 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 22 ) 10.97 2016 -- 17 14 12.38 24 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 11 March 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 20 ) 12.09 May 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 23 ) 8.91 2016 -- 17 14 12.38 25 12 September 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 18 ) 10.71 November 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 21 ) 9.20 2017 -- 18 19 11.23 Awards and nominations This section does not cite any sources . 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( October 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Emmy awards ( show ) Category Nominee ( s ) Result 58th Primetime Emmy Awards ( 2006 ) Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Richard Hopkins , Conrad Green Nominated Outstanding Art Direction For A Variety , Music Program , or Special Patrick Doherty , James Yarnell Outstanding Choreography Cheryl Burke Tony Dovolani Cheryl Burke , Nick Kosovich 59th Primetime Emmy Awards ( 2007 ) Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Conrad Green Nominated Outstanding Choreography Louis van Amstel 60th Primetime Emmy Awards ( 2008 ) Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality - Competition Program Tom Bergeron Nominated Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Conrad Green Outstanding Choreography Julianne Hough 61st Primetime Emmy Awards ( 2009 ) Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality - Competition Program Tom Bergeron Nominated Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Conrad Green Outstanding Choreography Derek Hough , Julianne Hough 62nd Primetime Emmy Awards ( 2010 ) Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Conrad Green Nominated Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality - Competition Program Tom Bergeron Outstanding Choreography Derek Hough Chelsie Hightower , Derek Hough 63rd Primetime Emmy Awards ( 2011 ) Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Conrad Green Nominated Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality - Competition Program Tom Bergeron Outstanding Choreography Mark Ballas 64th Primetime Emmy Awards ( 2012 ) Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Conrad Green Nominated Outstanding Choreography Travis Wall , Teddy Forance , Nick Lazzarini Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality - Competition Program Tom Bergeron Won 65th Primetime Emmy Awards ( 2013 ) Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality - Competition Program Tom Bergeron Nominated Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Conrad Green Outstanding Choreography Derek Hough , Allison Holker Derek Hough Won 66th Primetime Emmy Awards ( 2014 ) Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality - Competition Program Tom Bergeron Nominated Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Conrad Green Outstanding Choreography Derek Hough 67th Primetime Emmy Awards ( 2015 ) Outstanding Choreography Derek Hough , Julianne Hough , Tessandra Chavez Won Witney Carson Nominated Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality - Competition Program Tom Bergeron Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Rob Wade 68th Primetime Emmy Awards ( 2016 ) Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality - Competition Program Tom Bergeron Nominated Outstanding Choreography Derek Hough Nominated Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Rob Wade Nominated The program has also been nominated for various other production - related awards since premiering in 2005 , including for hairstyling , makeup , lighting design , and technical direction . Others ( show ) Year Category Nominee ( s ) Result People 's Choice Awards 2007 Favorite Competition / Reality Show Dancing with the Stars Won 2008 Favorite Competition / Reality Show Dancing with the Stars 2009 Favorite Competition Show Dancing with the Stars Nominated Favorite Competition Show Dancing with the Stars 2011 Favorite TV Competition Show Dancing with the Stars 2012 Favorite TV Competition Show Dancing with the Stars 2013 Favorite Competition TV Show Dancing with the Stars 2014 Favorite Competition TV Show Dancing with the Stars 2015 Favorite Competition TV Show Dancing with the Stars 2016 Favorite Competition TV Show Dancing with the Stars Teen Choice Awards 2005 Choice Summer Series Dancing with the Stars Nominated 2006 TV -- Choice Reality Star ( Male ) Drew Lachey Won 2006 TV -- Choice Reality Star ( Female ) Stacy Keibler Nominated 2007 Choice TV : Male Reality / Variety Star Apolo Ohno 2007 Choice TV : Personality Bruno Tonioli 2007 Choice TV : Reality / Variety Show Dancing with the Stars 2008 Choice TV Female Reality / Variety Star Kristi Yamaguchi 2008 Choice TV Reality Dance Dancing with the Stars 2009 Choice TV Reality / Variety Star Shawn Johnson 2009 Choice TV : Reality Competition Dancing with the Stars Choice TV : Reality Competition Dancing with the Stars 2012 Choice TV : Female Personality Carrie Ann Inaba 2012 Choice TV : Male Reality Star William Levy 2013 Choice TV : Female Personality Carrie Ann Inaba 2013 Choice TV : Reality Competition Show Dancing with the Stars NAACP Image Awards 2007 Outstanding Reality Series Dancing with the Stars Nominated 2008 Outstanding Reality Series Dancing with the Stars 2009 Outstanding Reality Series Dancing with the Stars Outstanding Reality Series Dancing with the Stars Producers Guild of America Awards 2007 Non-Fiction Television Producer of the Year Conrad Green , Richard Hopkins , Izzie Pick Nominated 2008 Non-Fiction Television Producer of the Year Conrad Green , Richard Hopkins , Izzie Pick 2009 Non-Fiction Television Producer of the Year Conrad Green , Richard Hopkins , Izzie Pick 2012 Outstanding Producer of Competition Television 2013 Outstanding Producer of Competition Television 2014 Outstanding Producer of Competition Television Ashley Edens Shaffer , Conrad Green , Joe Sungkur Costume Designer Guild Awards 2007 Outstanding Costume Design for TV Series -- Contemporary Randall Christensen Nominated 2009 Outstanding Costume Design for TV Series -- Contemporary Randall Christensen Outstanding Costume Design for TV Series -- Contemporary Randall Christensen Eddie Awards ( American Cinema Editors ) 2007 Best Edited Reality Series Pamela Malouf , Hans van Riet , David Timoner Nominated Imagen Awards 2007 Outstanding reality Series Dancing with the Stars Won See also Strictly Come Dancing , the original British version of the program Dancing with the Stars , which contains a full list of international versions References Jump up ^ `` Dancing with the Stars Listings '' . People . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lisk , Jason . `` Erin Andrews is the New Co-Host of ABC 's Dancing with the Stars '' . The Big Lead . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ Eames , Tom ( 2014 - 02 - 24 ) . `` Dancing with the Stars : Erin Andrews confirmed as co-host - Dancing with the Stars News - Reality TV '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Dancing with the Stars news at realitytvworld.com '' . Reality TV World . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dancing with the Stars news at realitytvworld.com '' . Reality TV World . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dancing with the Stars , The Bachelor Renewed by ABC for 2017 - 2018 Season '' . Jump up ^ Bricker , Tierney ( October 17 , 2014 ) . `` Find Out Who 's Taking Over for Erin Andrews as Dancing With the Stars ' Co-Host ! '' . EOnline . Retrieved October 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bricker , Tierney ( October 16 , 2015 ) . `` Whoa , Find Out Who 's Taking Over for Erin Andrews as Dancing With the Stars ' Co-Host ! '' . EOnline . Retrieved October 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Alfonso Riberio Filling in for Tom Bergeron on DWTS '' . People . October 4 , 2015 . Retrieved October 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Gomez , Patrick ( February 17 , 2016 ) . `` Dancing with the Stars Judges : Julianne Hough Out , Len Goodman Back '' . people.com . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Michael ( August 21 , 2014 ) . `` Julianne Hough Returns to ' Dancing With the Stars ' as Fourth Judge '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lee , Allyssa ( 29 March 2011 ) . `` WHAT YOU 'RE WATCHING '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 26 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Week 2 : New Dance Troupe '' . XFinity . Archived from the original on 12 September 2015 . Retrieved 26 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Gomez , Patrick ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` Find Out Which Former Pros are Returning to the Dancing with the Stars Troupe for Season 25 '' . People . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Oldenburg , Ann ( February 7 , 2014 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars ' hires new music director '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ `` Dancing With The Stars Voting Summary , abc.go.com '' . Jump up ^ `` Kate Gosselin -- Secret E-Mail Support for Dancing with the Stars ? '' . National Ledger. April 20 , 2010 . Retrieved April 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lisa de Moraes ( November 16 , 2010 ) . `` ' Dancing with the Stars ' recap : Brandy sent packing , Bristol survives to finale '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` TO DANCE OR NOT TO DANCE ? '' . HowardStern.com. April 18 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Beth 's Next Career Move. 04 / 18 / 06 . 6 : 35 am '' . MarksFriggin.com. April 18 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ( November 6 , 2015 ) . `` A judge needs proof Bindi Irwin 's dad died before she can get paid by DWTS '' . EW.com . Retrieved August 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Clark , Jessica ( December 9 , 2015 ) . `` Bindi Irwin Finally Gets Paid For DWTS '' . Yahoo New Zealand . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2016 . Retrieved August 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ABC 's ' Dancing with the Stars 2 ' replaces Romeo with Master P '' . Realitytvworld.com . December 14 , 2005 . Retrieved March 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Romeo to avenge his dad Master P 's low ' DWTS ' scores '' . Today.msnbc.msn.com . October 3 , 2011 . Retrieved March 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ABC News : John Ratzenberger Joins Cast of ' Dancing With the Stars ' '' . Abcnews.go.com . March 2 , 2007 . Retrieved March 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jewel and Nancy O'Dell Withdraw from Dancing '' . people.com . March 5 , 2009 . Retrieved October 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dancing With the Stars ' : Billy Dee Williams Withdraws in Week 3 '' . ABC News . Jump up ^ Washington , Julie E. ( April 30 , 2008 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars ' steps its way toward its 100th episode '' . cleveland.com . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2008 . Retrieved July 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dancing With the Stars ' eliminates another celeb Tuesday night '' . Dallas Morning News . May 7 , 2008 . Retrieved May 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ TV News Desk ( 9 May 2013 ) . `` DANCING WITH THE STARS to Celebrate 300th Episode Next Week '' . Retrieved 19 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Wetpaint Visitor ( 2013 - 05 - 10 ) . `` Dancing With the Stars Semifinals : Avril Lavigne & The Wanted Perform , Pros Return For 300th Episode Dancing With The Stars '' . Wetpaint . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ Kubicek , John ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing with the Stars ' Season 24 Premiere Live Blog : The First Dances '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dancing with the Stars : Latin Cardio Dance , Dancing with the Stars Archived 2008 - 08 - 29 at the Wayback Machine . ABC TV Store Jump up ^ `` Skating with the Stars at futoncritic.com '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Bachelor ' and ' Dancing With the Stars ' Get Spinoffs at ABC '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Fox , Joanne ( January 14 , 2015 ) . `` REVIEW : ' Dancing Pros : Live ! ' brings true competition to Sioux City 's Orpheum stage '' . Sioux City Journal . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miller , Bruce ( December 12 , 2014 ) . `` Chelsie Hightower reveals what really goes on at ' Dancing with the Stars ' '' . Sioux City Journal . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rancilio , Alicia ( November 4 , 2014 ) . `` ' Dancing with the Stars : Live ' books 2015 date at Hard Rock Rocksino Northfield Park '' . cleveland.com . Advance Ohio . AP . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Skillman , Cari ( October 3 , 2016 ) . `` New ' Dancing with the Stars : Live ! ' tour announced '' . ABC7 Los Angeles . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dancing with the Stars to Light Up the Night on 2018 winter tour '' . AXS.com . Jump up ^ Katz , Josh ( 2016 - 12 - 27 ) . `` ' Duck Dynasty ' vs. ' Modern Family ' : 50 Maps of the U.S. Cultural Divide '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` ' Dancing With the Stars ' Debuts in 2nd Place Fox News '' . Fox News . 2005 - 06 - 08 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Maynard , John ( 2005 - 07 - 13 ) . `` ABC Cuts In : ' Dancing ' Racks Up No. 1 Summer Ratings '' . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen Ratings / Historic / Network Television by Season / 2000s - The TV IV '' . tviv.org . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : 2005 -- 06 United States network television schedule ^ Jump up to : `` 2006 - 07 Primetime Ratings Give Me My Remote '' . www.givememyremote.com . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Top 20 Shows of the Season '' . Media Decoder Blog . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( March 18 , 2008 ) . `` Neilsen Ratings Mon March 17 : Dancing is Back '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` CBS HAS 7 OF THE TOP 10 SCRIPTED PROGRAMS FOR THE THIRD STRAIGHT WEEK '' . CBS PressExpress . May 28 , 2008 . Retrieved November 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( September 23 , 2008 ) . `` Ratings Monday , September 22 : First Night Wins to ABC , CBS & NBC '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2010 . Retrieved June 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 25 , 2008 ) . `` Tuesday Ratings : Brooke Burke Wins ' Dancing With the Stars ' '' . The Nielsen Company . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2009 . Retrieved July 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` American Idol , Dancing With The Stars Top Average Viewership For 2008 - 9 Season '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full 2010 - 2011 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( March 17 , 2009 ) . `` Top ABC Primetime Shows , March 9 -- 15 , 2009 -- Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 20 , 2009 ) . `` Tuesday Ratings : Fox Gleeful As Idol , Glee Top Dancing , NCIS , Mentalist Finales '' . The Nielsen Company . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2010 . Retrieved July 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Monday broadcast final numbers -- Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( December 2 , 2009 ) . `` TV Ratings : Sunday Night Football Big Bang , Dancing With the Stars / NCIS top weekly broadcast charts '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2009 . Retrieved January 19 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full Series Rankings For The 2009 - 10 Broadcast Season '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( March 23 , 2010 ) . `` Monday Finals : `` Dancing With the Stars '' Rises ; `` Castle '' Falls `` . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2010 . Retrieved March 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 26 , 2010 ) . `` TV Ratings : Idol , Glee Tops ; NCIS : LA , Good Wife Hit Lows '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2012 . Retrieved May 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Fall 2010 ratings : ' Dancing with the Stars ' kills , but ' Lone Star ' is D.O.A. '' Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings Tuesday : ' Dancing with the Stars ' Finale Up 23 % ; Glee Down 20 % '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( March 22 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Castle , ' ' The Chicago Code ' Adjusted Down ; Dancing Stars , ' How I Met Your Mother ' Adjusted Up ; ' Chuck ' Stays Low '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 25 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Dancing with the Stars ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Monday Broadcast Final Ratings : ' Two / a Half Men , ' ' 2 Broke Girls , ' DWTS Adjusted Up ; ' Castle ' Adjusted Down '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings Tuesday : ' Dancing With The Stars ' Finale , ' NCIS , ' ' NCIS : LA , ' ' Unforgettable ' Hit Lows Amid Widespread Declines '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full 2011 - 2012 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Dancing with the Stars ( U.S. season 14 ) # U.S. Nielsen ratings Jump up ^ `` Monday Final Ratings : ' How I Met Your Mother ' , ' Mike / Molly ' , ' Voice ' , ' Bones ' Adjusted Up ; ' DWTS ' , ' Revolution ' , ' Castle ' ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' & ' LA Complex ' Adjusted Down '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS ' & ' Raising Hope ' Adjusted Up '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full 2012 - 2013 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Dancing With the Stars , ' ' How I Met Your Mother ' , ' The Biggest Loser ' , ' Bones ' , ' Rules of Engagement ' , ' 2 Broke Girls ' , & ' The Following ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Carrie Diaries ' & ' Deception ' Adjusted Down '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' So You Think You Can Dance ' , ' The Voice ' & ' Dancing With the Stars ' Adjusted Up '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Monday Final TV Ratings : ' Sleepy Hollow ' & ' Bones ' Adjusted Up , ' Dancing With the Stars ' , ' Million Second Quiz ' , ' American Ninja Warrior ' & ' Siberia ' Adjusted Down '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' The Voice ' , ' Supernatural ' & ' Person of Interest ' Adjusted Up '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : https://pmcdeadline2.files.wordpress.com/2014/05/primetime-ratings-total-audience-2013-2014-table-updated__140523003932.jpg Jump up ^ `` Monday Final TV Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Dancing With the Stars ' & ' 2 Broke Girls ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Blacklist ' Adjusted Down '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Dancing With the Stars : Road to the Finals ' Adjusted Up '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Monday Final Ratings : American Ninja Warrior ' Adjusted Up '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS ' & ' Dancing With The Stars ' Adjusted Up '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full 2014 - 15 TV Season Series Rankings : Football & ' Empire ' Ruled '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on 2015 - 05 - 22 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 17 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Dancing With The Stars ' , ' Mike & Molly ' & ' Jane The Virgin ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Night Shift ' & ' The Originals ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 19 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' , ' The Voice ' & ' Hell 's Kitchen ' Adjusted Up ; ' iZombie ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Dani ( September 15 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Dancing With the Stars ' Down , ' American Ninja Warrior ' & ' DanceBattle America ' Adjusted Up '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved September 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 25 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' NCIS ' adjusts up , everything else steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full 2015 -- 16 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 26 , 2015 . Retrieved May 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Blindspot ' adjusts down '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 25 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' The Voice , ' ' The Flash ' / ' The Real O'Neals ' finales adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Dancing With the Stars ' premiere matches Fall 2015 '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' American Housewife ' adjusts up , everything else holds : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Final 2016 - 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 26 , 2017 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars ' adjusts up , ' Taken ' / ' Quantico ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars finale adjusts up , ' iZombie ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars ' / ' To Tell the Truth ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars , ' ' This Is Us , ' all others hold : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . External links Official website Dancing with the Stars on IMDb Dancing with the Stars at TV.com Dancing with the Stars ratings at TV by the Numbers `` List of Dancing with the Stars Episodes '' . TVGuide . Retrieved July 9 , 2009 . 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( 2018 ) American Idol ( 2018 ) The Crossing ( 2018 ) Dancing with the Stars : Athletes Edition ( 2018 ) Dancing with the Stars Junior ( 2018 ) Deception ( 2018 ) For the People ( 2018 ) The Rookie ( TBA ) Roseanne ( 2018 ) Splitting Up Together ( 2018 ) Station 19 ( 2018 ) Take Two ( TBA ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dancing_with_the_Stars_(U.S._TV_series)&oldid=829011010 '' Categories : 2000s American television series 2010s American television series 2005 American television series debuts American reality television series American Broadcasting Company network shows American television series based on British television series Dancing with the Stars ( U.S. TV series ) English - language television programs Ballroom dance Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use American English from August 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in American English All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014 Articles needing additional references from October 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano مصرى Norsk Polski Suomi Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 March 2018 , at 02 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who has the highest score on dancing with the stars | [
"\n\nRank\nSeason\nPlace\nCelebrity\nProfessional\nAverage Score\n\n\n1\n18\nChampion\nMeryl Davis\nMaksim Chmerkovskiy\n28.40\n\n\n2\n6\nChampion\nKristi Yamaguchi\nMark Ballas\n28.33\n\n\n3\n8\nRunner-up\nGilles Marini\nCheryl Burke\n28.06\n\n\n4\n15\nChampion\nMelissa Rycroft\nTony Dovolani\n28.00\n\n\n20\nRunner-up\nRiker Lynch\nAllison Holker\n\n\n6\n25\nChampion\nJordan Fisher\nLindsay Arnold\n27.94\n\n\n7\n15\nRunner-up\nShawn Johnson\nDerek Hough\n27.93\n\n\n8\n21\nChampion\nBindi Irwin\nDerek Hough\n27.88\n\n\n9\n14\nRunner-up\nKatherine Jenkins\nMark Ballas\n27.87\n\n\n18\nRunner-up\nAmy Purdy\nDerek Hough\n\n\n11\n17\nChampion\nAmber Riley\nDerek Hough\n27.75\n\n\n20\nChampion\nRumer Willis\nValentin Chmerkovskiy\n\n\n13\n2\n3rd Place\nStacy Keibler\nTony Dovolani\n27.73\n\n\nChampion\nDrew Lachey\nCheryl Burke\n\n\n15\n23\nChampion\nLaurie Hernandez\nValentin Chmerkovskiy\n27.70\n\n\n19\nChampion\nAlfonso Ribeiro\nWitney Carson\n\n\n17\n3\nRunner-up\nMario Lopez\nKarina Smirnoff\n27.60\n\n\n5\nRunner-up\nMel B\nMaksim Chmerkovskiy\n\n\n19\n15\n6th Place\nGilles Marini\nPeta Murgatroyd\n27.55\n\n\n20\n20\n4th Place\nNastia Liukin\nDerek Hough\n27.54\n\n\n21\n4\nChampion\nApolo Anton Ohno\nJulianne Hough\n27.53\n\n\n10\nChampion\nNicole Scherzinger\nDerek Hough\n\n\n23\n4\nRunner-up\nJoey Fatone\nKym Johnson\n27.47\n\n\n14\n3rd Place\nWilliam Levy\nCheryl Burke\n\n\n23\nRunner-up\nJames Hinchcliffe\nSharna Burgess\n\n\n26\n24\n3rd Place\nNormani Kordei\nValentin Chmerkovskiy\n27.45\n\n\n27\n16\nChampion\nKellie Pickler\nDerek Hough\n27.40\n\n\n28\n17\nRunner-up\nCorbin Bleu\nKarina Smirnoff\n27.38\n\n\n19\n3rd Place\nJanel Parrish\nValentin Chmerkovskiy\n\n\n30\n16\nRunner-up\nZendaya\nValentin Chmerkovskiy\n27.33\n\n\n31\n9\nRunner-up\nMýa\nDmitry Chaplin\n27.29\n\n\n32\n15\n5th Place\nApolo Anton Ohno\nKarina Smirnoff\n27.25\n\n\n33\n19\n4th Place\nBethany Mota\nDerek Hough\n27.20\n\n\n34\n11\nChampion\nJennifer Grey\nDerek Hough\n27.18\n\n\n21\nRunner-up\nNick Carter\nSharna Burgess\n\n\n36\n5\nChampion\nHélio Castroneves\nJulianne Hough\n27.13\n\n\n22\nRunner-up\nPaige VanZant\nMark Ballas\n\n\n38\n15\n8th Place\nSabrina Bryan\nLouis Van Amstel\n27.07\n\n\n39\n7\nChampion\nBrooke Burke\nDerek Hough\n27.06\n\n\n14\nChampion\nDonald Driver\nPeta Murgatroyd\n\n\n41\n25\nRunner-up\nLindsey Stirling\nMark Ballas\n27.05\n\n\n42\n4\n3rd Place\nLaila Ali\nMaksim Chmerkovskiy\n27.00\n\n\n5\n7th Place\nSabrina Bryan\nMark Ballas\n\n\n18\n5th Place\nCharlie White\nSharna Burgess\n\n\n24\nChampion\nRashad Jennings\nEmma Slater\n\n",
"\n\nRank\nSeason\nPlace\nCelebrity\nProfessional\nAverage Score\n\n\n1\n18\nChampion\nMeryl Davis\nMaksim Chmerkovskiy\n28.40\n\n\n2\n6\nChampion\nKristi Yamaguchi\nMark Ballas\n28.33\n\n\n3\n8\nRunner-up\nGilles Marini\nCheryl Burke\n28.06\n\n\n4\n15\nChampion\nMelissa Rycroft\nTony Dovolani\n28.00\n\n\n20\nRunner-up\nRiker Lynch\nAllison Holker\n\n\n6\n25\nChampion\nJordan Fisher\nLindsay Arnold\n27.94\n\n\n7\n15\nRunner-up\nShawn Johnson\nDerek Hough\n27.93\n\n\n8\n21\nChampion\nBindi Irwin\nDerek Hough\n27.88\n\n\n9\n14\nRunner-up\nKatherine Jenkins\nMark Ballas\n27.87\n\n\n18\nRunner-up\nAmy Purdy\nDerek Hough\n\n\n11\n17\nChampion\nAmber Riley\nDerek Hough\n27.75\n\n\n20\nChampion\nRumer Willis\nValentin Chmerkovskiy\n\n\n13\n2\n3rd Place\nStacy Keibler\nTony Dovolani\n27.73\n\n\nChampion\nDrew Lachey\nCheryl Burke\n\n\n15\n23\nChampion\nLaurie Hernandez\nValentin Chmerkovskiy\n27.70\n\n\n19\nChampion\nAlfonso Ribeiro\nWitney Carson\n\n\n17\n3\nRunner-up\nMario Lopez\nKarina Smirnoff\n27.60\n\n\n5\nRunner-up\nMel B\nMaksim Chmerkovskiy\n\n\n19\n15\n6th Place\nGilles Marini\nPeta Murgatroyd\n27.55\n\n\n20\n20\n4th Place\nNastia Liukin\nDerek Hough\n27.54\n\n\n21\n4\nChampion\nApolo Anton Ohno\nJulianne Hough\n27.53\n\n\n10\nChampion\nNicole Scherzinger\nDerek Hough\n\n\n23\n4\nRunner-up\nJoey Fatone\nKym Johnson\n27.47\n\n\n14\n3rd Place\nWilliam Levy\nCheryl Burke\n\n\n23\nRunner-up\nJames Hinchcliffe\nSharna Burgess\n\n\n26\n24\n3rd Place\nNormani Kordei\nValentin Chmerkovskiy\n27.45\n\n\n27\n16\nChampion\nKellie Pickler\nDerek Hough\n27.40\n\n\n28\n17\nRunner-up\nCorbin Bleu\nKarina Smirnoff\n27.38\n\n\n19\n3rd Place\nJanel Parrish\nValentin Chmerkovskiy\n\n\n30\n16\nRunner-up\nZendaya\nValentin Chmerkovskiy\n27.33\n\n\n31\n9\nRunner-up\nMýa\nDmitry Chaplin\n27.29\n\n\n32\n15\n5th Place\nApolo Anton Ohno\nKarina Smirnoff\n27.25\n\n\n33\n19\n4th Place\nBethany Mota\nDerek Hough\n27.20\n\n\n34\n11\nChampion\nJennifer Grey\nDerek Hough\n27.18\n\n\n21\nRunner-up\nNick Carter\nSharna Burgess\n\n\n36\n5\nChampion\nHélio Castroneves\nJulianne Hough\n27.13\n\n\n22\nRunner-up\nPaige VanZant\nMark Ballas\n\n\n38\n15\n8th Place\nSabrina Bryan\nLouis Van Amstel\n27.07\n\n\n39\n7\nChampion\nBrooke Burke\nDerek Hough\n27.06\n\n\n14\nChampion\nDonald Driver\nPeta Murgatroyd\n\n\n41\n25\nRunner-up\nLindsey Stirling\nMark Ballas\n27.05\n\n\n42\n4\n3rd Place\nLaila Ali\nMaksim Chmerkovskiy\n27.00\n\n\n5\n7th Place\nSabrina Bryan\nMark Ballas\n\n\n18\n5th Place\nCharlie White\nSharna Burgess\n\n\n24\nChampion\nRashad Jennings\nEmma Slater\n\n"
] | [
"Meryl Davis",
"Maksim Chmerkovskiy"
] |
-4912288393712166343 | The End of the Innocence (song) | The end of the innocence ( song ) - wikipedia The end of the innocence ( song ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` The End of the Innocence '' Single by Don Henley from the album The End of the Innocence Released June 6 , 1989 Format CD Recorded Length 5 : 16 Label Geffen Songwriter ( s ) Don Henley Bruce Hornsby Producer ( s ) Don Henley Bruce Hornsby Don Henley singles chronology `` Sunset Grill '' ( 1985 ) `` The End of the Innocence '' ( 1989 ) `` I Will Not Go Quietly '' ( 1989 ) `` Sunset Grill '' ( 1985 ) `` The End of the Innocence '' ( 1989 ) `` I Will Not Go Quietly '' ( 1989 ) Audio sample file help `` The End of the Innocence '' is the lead single and title track from Don Henley 's third solo studio album of the same name , released in 1989 . Henley co-wrote and co-produced the song with Bruce Hornsby , who also performed piano ; both artists perform the song live in their respective concerts . Henley 's version peaked at number eight on the Billboard Hot 100 , becoming his fifth solo top ten hit on the chart . `` The End of the Innocence '' also became his fourth number - one single on the Mainstream Rock Tracks chart and peaked at number two on the Hot Adult Contemporary chart . The song features Wayne Shorter on saxophone . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and content 2 Music video 3 Chart performance 3.1 Weekly charts 3.2 Year - end charts 4 See also 5 References Background and content ( edit ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( October 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Henley 's lyrics take the form of a personal remembrance of a close friend or companion , and evoke a powerful sense of nostalgia for the lost innocence of childhood . The music was written by Bruce Hornsby years earlier . Don was driving back from Bruce 's ranch in Moorpark when he found out that a friend had been indicted for securities fraud -- - at the time the government was going after Michael Milken , thus the references to having to call the lawyers `` because Daddy had to lie . '' The `` place where we can go '' refers to his 50 - acre ranch outside Aspen , Colorado off Woody Creek Rd . The reflections and the emotional responses represent the end of the innocence of the baby boomers , which for some was coupled with a perception of nihilism , consumerism , and militarism during the Reagan administration . Even as they yearn for the simplicity and values of the past and the uncorrupted people they used to be , the song sees them coming to terms with the responsibilities and challenges facing Americans entering middle - age in the 1980s . Music video ( edit ) The black and white music video for the song was directed by future film director David Fincher ( Seven , Fight Club ) and earned Henley an MTV Video Music Award for Best Male Video in 1990 . There are two political comments in the video . At the line `` armchair warriors often fail , '' it shows a TV set showing scenes of the congressional testimony of Oliver North . At the line `` they 're beating plowshares into swords , for the tired old man that we elected king , '' it shows a series of posters of President Ronald Reagan . After Reagan had left office , Bruce Hornsby began singing his version with the line `` for the tired old man that is no longer king . '' Also in the video , there are shots of Henley singing in front of the Texas School Book Depository in Dealey Plaza , Dallas , Texas . To Henley , this is where the `` end of the innocence '' can be found . A portion of the video was also filmed in the town of Waxahachie , Texas , just south of Dallas at the historic Rogers Hotel , where Bonnie and Clyde stayed and where the movies Places in the Heart and Tender Mercies were filmed . Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1989 - 1990 ) Peak position Canadian RPM Top Singles Canadian RPM Adult Contemporary UK Singles Chart 48 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 8 U.S. Billboard Adult Contemporary Tracks U.S. Billboard Album Rock Tracks Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1989 ) Position Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 15 See also ( edit ) Ronald Reagan in music References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2002 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 - 2001 . Record Research . p. 114 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles - Volume 51 , No. 8 , December 23 , 1989 '' . RPM . December 23 , 1999 . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Don Henley Studio albums I Ca n't Stand Still Building the Perfect Beast The End of the Innocence Inside Job Cass County Compilation albums Actual Miles : Henley 's Greatest Hits The Very Best of Don Henley One of These Nights : Boston 1993 Singles `` Johnny Ca n't Read '' `` Dirty Laundry '' `` The Boys of Summer '' `` All She Wants to Do Is Dance '' `` Not Enough Love in the World '' `` Sunset Grill '' `` The End of the Innocence '' `` New York Minute '' `` The Last Worthless Evening '' `` The Heart of the Matter '' `` The Garden of Allah '' `` Everybody Knows '' Guest singles `` Leather and Lace '' `` Sometimes Love Just Ai n't Enough '' `` Walkaway Joe '' `` Inside Out '' See also Discography Eagles Bruce Hornsby Albums The Way It Is Scenes from the Southside A Night on the Town Harbor Lights Hot House Spirit Trail Here Come The Noise Makers Big Swing Face Halcyon Days Intersections ( 1985 - 2005 ) Ricky Skaggs & Bruce Hornsby Camp Meeting Levitate Bride of the Noisemakers Rehab Reunion Songs `` Every Little Kiss '' `` The Way It Is '' `` Mandolin Rain '' `` The Valley Road '' `` Jacob 's Ladder '' `` The End of the Innocence '' `` Barren Ground '' Related articles Grateful Dead The Other Ones Jerry Garcia Sonny Emory Christian McBride Jack DeJohnette Ricky Skaggs Pat Metheny Branford Marsalis Bonnie Raitt Steve Kimock David Mansfield Joe Puerta John Molo John Hornsby Don Henley Huey Lewis Béla Fleck Films directed by David Fincher Alien 3 ( 1992 ) Seven ( 1995 ) The Game ( 1997 ) Fight Club ( 1999 ) Panic Room ( 2002 ) Zodiac ( 2007 ) The Curious Case of Benjamin Button ( 2008 ) The Social Network ( 2010 ) The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo ( 2011 ) Gone Girl ( 2014 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_End_of_the_Innocence_(song)&oldid=843211818 '' Categories : 1989 songs 1989 singles Don Henley songs Billboard Mainstream Rock number - one singles MTV Video Music Award for Best Male Video Songs written by Bruce Hornsby Songs written by Don Henley Music videos directed by David Fincher Black - and - white music videos Geffen Records singles Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2013 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Articles that may contain original research from October 2011 All articles that may contain original research Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018 , at 17 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sings this is the end of the innocence | [
"\"The End of the Innocence\" is the lead single and title track from Don Henley's third solo studio album of the same name, released in 1989. Henley co-wrote and co-produced the song with Bruce Hornsby, who also performed piano; both artists perform the song live in their respective concerts. Henley's version peaked at number eight on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming his fifth solo top ten hit on the chart. \"The End of the Innocence\" also became his fourth number-one single on the Mainstream Rock Tracks chart and peaked at number two on the Hot Adult Contemporary chart.[1] The song features Wayne Shorter on saxophone."
] | [
"Don Henley"
] |
-9103325515722571148 | PJ Masks | PJ Masks - Wikipedia PJ Masks Jump to : navigation , search PJ Masks Genre Action Superhero Created by Romuald Racioppo Based on Les Pyjamasques by Romuald Racioppo Directed by Christian De Vita Wilson Dos Santos Voices of Jacob Ursomarzo Addison Holley Kyle Harrison Breitkopf Alex Thorne Devan Cohen Brianna Daguanno Carter Thorne Theme music composer Eric Renwart David Freedman Composer ( s ) Fabrice Aboulker Jean - Francois Berger Country of origin France United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 36 ( and 20 shorts ) ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Olivier Dumont Laura Clunie Producer ( s ) Guillaume Hellouin Corinne Kouper Running time 24 minutes Production company ( s ) Entertainment One Frog Box Productions TeamTO Release Original network Disney Junior Picture format HDTV 1080i Audio format Stereo Original release September 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 18 ) -- present External links Website Production website PJ Masks is an animated children 's television series produced by Entertainment One , Frog Box , and TeamTO . The series is based on the Les Pyjamasques book series by Romuald Racioppo . The series debuted on Disney Junior in the United States on September 18 , 2015 . In June 2016 , a second season , consisting of another 52 11 - minute segments , was announced ; it began airing on January 15 , 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Episodes 2 Characters 2.1 Heroes 2.2 Villains 2.3 Recurring 3 Production 4 References 5 External links Episodes Main article : List of PJ Masks episodes Season Segments Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 52 26 September 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 18 ) February 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 17 ) Shorts -- 20 July 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 31 ) December 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 01 ) 52 TBA January 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 15 ) TBA Characters Heroes Connor / Catboy ( voiced by Jacob Ewaniuk in Season 1 , and Jacob Ursomarzo in Season 2 ) is a blue - eyed boy with brown hair . When he transforms he wears a blue cat costume with cat ears and a thin feline tail . He is the leader of the group . He has super-hearing using Cat Ears , can leap high and far using Super Cat Jump , and sprints fast using Super Cat Speed , or just Super Speed . His main flaws are his impulsiveness and his need to control , flaws which can be exploited by the team 's opponents . His vehicle is the Cat Car located in the middle segment of the PJ Masks ' tower . His bedroom is on the second floor of a blue - roofed blue - doored house next to Amaya 's . Amaya / Owlette ( voiced by Addison Holley ) is an auburn - eyed girl with brown hair who wears red glasses . She is the only female member of the PJ Masks . she transforms into owelette , she has owl eyes which lets her see things that are far away up close , and she also has super owl wing wind . Her vehicle is the Owl - Glider , which can also do a `` Super Owl Wing Wind '' . She is housed in her top segment of the PJ Masks ' tower . Her bedroom is on the third floor of a red - roofed red - doored home with a walled - in yard between Connor and Greg 's houses . Greg / Gekko ( voiced by Kyle Harrison Breitkopf ) is a green - eyed , blonde haired boy . When he transforms he wears a green costume with a thick reptilian tail , fins on top of his head . His powers are , Super Gekko Camouflage to go invisible or blend into his surroundings , Super Gekko Muscles ( aka Super Muscles ) to lift heavy things , Super Lizard Grip to climb walls or anchor himself to stop vehicles , and Super Lizard Water Run to walk on water . He has exhibited enough strength to lift a mobile laboratory off the ground . His vehicle is the Gekko - Mobile , which is also a submersible vehicle which can travel underwater and also ride up & over buildings via land on tank treads which is slower than the Cat - Car . His vehicle is located in the bottom segment of the PJ Masks tower . The vehicle has abilities similar to him , with a `` Gekko - Mobile Camouflage '' letting it blend in with surroundings . His bedroom is on the second floor of a green - roofed green - doored house next to Amaya 's . PJ Robot is a robot that Romeo created to infiltrate the PJ masks HQ , however PJ robot decided to be a PJ Mask rather than a villain 's sidekick . He joined the PJ Masks Team in season 2 . Villains Armadillain ( voiced by Max Calinescu ) is one of the two main villains in the series who was transformed into a villain and a former PJ Mask member who got kicked off the team by the PJ Masks because he was too reckless . He becomes Romeo 's ally and his main goal is to get revenge on PJ Masks for kicking him off their team . Romeo ( voiced by Alex Thorne presently and by Carter Thorne in Shorts ) is the one of the two main villains in the series who comes up with a variety of devices from his mobile lab . His favorite inventions ( as said in `` Owlette 's New Move '' ) are his Robot , his La - Boggin , his Track - A-Whacker , and Radical Romeo Remote . He once took over the city in `` Gekko and the Mayhem at the Museum '' Night Ninja ( voiced by Trek Buccino in Season 1 and Devan Cohen in the short films and Season 2 ) is the tertiary villain who controls a bunch of minions called the Ninjalinos . He and Romeo once teamed up in `` Catboy and the Shrinker . '' Luna Girl ( voiced by Brianna Daguanno ) is the secondary villain with a Luna Magnet device . This once included a giant Moon - Ball , which could steal objects and swallow her enemies . She once teamed with her all time enemies while defeating Romeo in `` Gekko and the Mighty Moon Problem . '' Werewolf Kids / Howler , Rip , and Kevin , ( voiced by Ethan Puggiotto ) are new kids that turn to werewolves when the full moon is out . Recurring Cameron ( voiced by Tristan Samuel in Season 1 and Jonah Wineberg in Season 2 ) is a boy in the same class as PJ Masks when they attend school during the day as civilians . He once scared Amaya with a T - Rex cutout the same way Connor did earlier in `` Owlette 's Terrible Pterodactyl Trouble '' , but Connor learned his lesson and tells Cameron not to do it . Teacher ( voiced by Rob Tinkler ) is an unnamed adult male who teaches Connor , Greg , and Amaya 's class . When things disappear , he thinks it 's strange . Jayden Houston is a popular singer that is known for his golden microphone . His microphone was stolen by Luna Girl in `` Catboy 's Tricky Ticket , '' but was later recovered by the PJ Masks . Master Fang is the protagonist of his own comic book and TV series . He is largely looked up to by Connor and Greg , but Amaya does n't seem to care about him much . He is known for his signature sword which was stolen by Night Ninja in `` Catboy and Master Fang 's Sword . '' Kick McGee is Master Fang 's unseen sidekick . His persona is often used by during missions . Flossy Flash is a female comic book superhero that is looked up to by Owlette . Owlette prefers her over Master Fang and Kick McGee who are favored by Catboy and Gekko . The announcer ( voiced by Ron Pardo ) is a male voice that is heard in every episode . He is never seen , but is known for saying his signature introduction sequence . Robette is one of Romeo 's inventions it began to try to take over the world herself in `` Catboy and Gekko 's Robot Rampage '' . This was due to a loose screw and was later resolved . During the episode , Romeo 's original robot became jealous of Robette , which resulted in the robot running away . This was also later resolved and Romeo became friends with Robot again . She returned again in Season 2 . Production PJ Masks is a British / French coproduction by Entertainment One , Frog Box , and TeamTO . The series was renewed for a second season consisting of 52 11 - minute segments in June 2016 ; the second season premiered on January 15 , 2018 . References Jump up ^ `` PJmasks '' . TeamTO . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jennifer Wolfe ( October 2 , 2015 ) . `` ' PJ Masks ' Sees Strong U.S. Debut '' . Animation World Network . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Luke McCord ( September 2 , 2015 ) . `` Disney Channel , Disney Junior to Debut ' PJ Masks ' Sept. 18 '' . Broadcasting & Cable . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Georg Szalai ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` Disney Junior 's ' PJ Masks ' to Get Second Season '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jordan Pinto ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` PJ Masks greenlit for second season '' . Kidscreen . Retrieved May 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Catboy and the Shrinker '' . PJ Masks . I 'm not that little , and I can still be your leader . ^ Jump up to : PJ Masks . Episode 2 . ^ Jump up to : `` Owlette and the Moonball '' . PJ Masks. 21 minutes in . We need to play as a team . Gekko , use your Super Muscles , Catboy , use your Super Speed , and I 'll use my Owl Wing Wind ! Jump up ^ Greg . `` Looking After Gekko '' . PJ Masks. 1 minutes in . You 're always trying to protect me because I 'm the youngest . I 'm not a baby , I can take care of myself . Jump up ^ John Hopewell ; Emilio Mayorga ( June 18 , 2016 ) . `` Annecy : TeamTO Re-Ups on ' PJ Masks , ' ' Skylanders ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved May 6 , 2018 . External links France portal UK portal Television portal Disney portal Official website PJ Masks on IMDb PJ Masks at TheTVDB.com PJ Masks on Disney Junior PJ Masks on Entertainment One PJ Masks on Frog Box PJ Masks on TeamTO Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PJ_Masks&oldid=840840646 '' Categories : 2010s British animated television series 2010s French animated television series 2015 British television programme debuts 2015 French television series debuts Animated superhero television series British action television series British children 's animated television programmes British fantasy television series British computer - animated television series French computer - animated television series English - language television programs Fictional trios French children 's animated action television series French children 's animated fantasy television series Television programs based on children 's books Television series by Entertainment One 2010s British children 's television series Disney Junior Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Български Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Svenska Türkçe 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 May 2018 , at 14 : 34 . About Wikipedia | what is gecko's name on pj masks | [
"Greg/Gekko (voiced by Kyle Harrison Breitkopf) is a green-eyed, blonde haired boy.[9] When he transforms he wears a green costume with a thick reptilian tail, fins on top of his head. His powers are, Super Gekko Camouflage to go invisible or blend into his surroundings, Super Gekko Muscles (aka Super Muscles[8]) to lift heavy things, Super Lizard Grip to climb walls or anchor himself to stop vehicles, and Super Lizard Water Run to walk on water[7]. He has exhibited enough strength to lift a mobile laboratory off the ground. His vehicle is the Gekko-Mobile, which is also a submersible vehicle which can travel underwater and also ride up & over buildings via land on tank treads which is slower than the Cat-Car. His vehicle is located in the bottom segment of the PJ Masks tower. The vehicle has abilities similar to him, with a \"Gekko-Mobile Camouflage\" letting it blend in with surroundings. His bedroom is on the second floor of a green-roofed green-doored house next to Amaya's."
] | [
"Greg"
] |
2801057564953986527 | The Young and the Restless | The Young and the Restless - wikipedia The Young and the Restless Jump to : navigation , search The Young and the Restless Also known as Y&R Genre Soap opera Drama Created by William J. Bell Lee Phillip Bell Written by Mal Young Directed by Sally McDonald Owen Renfroe Conal O'Brien Casey Childs Michael Eilbaum See below Starring Present cast Former cast Theme music composer RC Cates Sharon Farber Rick Krizman Dominic Messinger Opening theme `` Nadia 's Theme '' by Barry De Vorzon and Perry Botkin , Jr . Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of episodes 11,000 ( as of September 1 , 2016 ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Mal Young ( and others ) Producer ( s ) Supervising Producers John Fisher Anthony Morina Producer Mary O'Leary Coordinating Producer Matthew J. Olsen Associate Producer Jimmy Freeman See below Location ( s ) CBS Television City Los Angeles , California Camera setup Multiple - camera setup Running time 30 minutes ( 1973 -- 80 ) 60 minutes ( 1980 -- present ) Production company ( s ) Bell Dramatic Serial Company ( 1973 -- present ) Corday Productions ( 1973 -- present ) Screen Gems ( 1973 -- 74 ) Columbia Pictures Television ( 1974 -- 2001 ) CPT Holdings , Inc. ( 1988 -- present ) Columbia TriStar Television ( 2001 -- 02 ) Sony Pictures Television ( 2002 -- present ) Distributor Sony Pictures Television Release Original network CBS Picture format NTSC ( 480i ) ( 1973 -- 2001 ) HDTV 1080i ( 2001 -- present ) Audio format Mono ( 1973 -- 87 ) Stereo ( 1987 -- present ) Original release March 26 , 1973 ( 1973 - 03 - 26 ) -- present ( present ) Chronology Related shows As the World Turns The Bold and the Beautiful External links Website www.cbs.com/shows/the_young_and_the_restless/ The Young and the Restless ( often abbreviated as Y&R ) is an American television soap opera created by William J. Bell and Lee Phillip Bell for CBS . The show is set in a fictional Wisconsin town called Genoa City , which is unlike and unrelated to the real life village of the same name , Genoa City , Wisconsin . First broadcast on March 26 , 1973 , The Young and the Restless was originally broadcast as half - hour episodes , five times a week . The show expanded to one - hour episodes on February 4 , 1980 . In 2006 , the series began airing encore episodes weeknights on SOAPnet until 2013 , when Y&R moved to TVGN ( now Pop ) . Pop still airs the encore episodes on weeknights , starting July 1 , 2013 . The series is also syndicated internationally . The Young and the Restless originally focused on two core families : the wealthy Brooks family and the working class Foster family . After a series of recasts and departures in the early 1980s , all the original characters except Jill Foster and Katherine Chancellor were written out . Bell replaced them with the new core families , the Abbotts and the Williamses . Over the years , other families such as the Newmans , Winters , and the Baldwin - Fishers were introduced . Despite these changes , one storyline that has endured through almost the show 's entire run is the feud between Jill Abbott and Katherine Chancellor , the longest rivalry on any American soap opera . Since its debut , The Young and the Restless has won nine Daytime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Drama Series . It is also currently the highest - rated daytime drama on American television . As of 2008 , it had appeared at the top of the weekly Nielsen ratings in that category for more than 1,000 weeks since 1988 . As of December 12 , 2013 , according to Nielsen ratings , The Young and the Restless was the leading daytime drama for an unprecedented 1,300 weeks , or 25 years . The serial is also a sister series to The Bold and the Beautiful , as several actors have crossed over between shows . In June 2017 , The Young and the Restless was renewed for three additional years . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 1.1 Videotaping and broadcasting 1.2 Casting and story development 1.3 Executive producers and head writers 2 Awards 2.1 Daytime Emmy Awards 2.2 TV Soap Golden Boomerang Awards 2.3 Writers Guild of America Awards 3 Broadcast 3.1 Oceania 3.2 Europe 3.3 African / Eastern 4 Theme music and other music 5 Ratings 5.1 Ratings history 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Production ( edit ) To compete with the youthful ABC soap operas , All My Children , One Life to Live , and General Hospital , CBS executives wanted a new daytime serial that was youth oriented . William J. Bell and Lee Phillip Bell created The Young and the Restless in 1972 for the network under the working title , The Innocent Years ! `` We were confronted with the very disturbing reality that young America had lost much of its innocence , '' Bell said . `` Innocence as we had known and lived it all our lives had , in so many respects , ceased to exist . '' They changed the title of the series to The Young and the Restless because they felt it `` reflected the youth and mood of the early seventies . '' The Bells named the fictional setting for the show after the real Genoa City , Wisconsin , which was located on their way from their then - home in Chicago to their annual summer vacation spot in Lake Geneva . The Young and the Restless began airing on March 26 , 1973 , replacing the cancelled soap opera , Where the Heart Is . Bell worked as head writer from the debut of the series until his retirement in 1998 . He wrote from his home in Chicago while production took place in Los Angeles , California . Originally , Bell wanted to shoot the series in New York , however , CBS executives felt that Los Angeles would be more cost effective . John Conboy acted as the show 's first executive producer , staying in the position until 1982 . Bell and H. Wesley Kenney became co-executive producers that year until Edward Scott took over in 1989 . Bell then became senior executive producer . Other executive producers included David Shaughnessy , John F. Smith , Lynn Marie Latham , Josh Griffith , Maria Arena Bell , and Paul Rauch . In the mid-1980s , Bell and his family moved to Los Angeles to create a new soap opera . During this time , his three children , William Jr. , Bradley , and Lauralee Bell , each became involved in soap operas . Lauralee Bell worked as an actress on The Young and the Restless . Bradley Bell co-created The Bold and the Beautiful with his father . William Bell Jr. became involved in the family 's production companies as president of Bell Dramatic Serial Co. and Bell - Phillip Television Productions Inc . `` It 's worked out very well for us because we really all worked in very different aspects of the show , '' William Bell Jr. said . `` With my father and I , it was a great kind of partnership and pairing in the sense that he had a total control of the creative side of the show and I did n't have even the inclination to interject in what he was doing . '' After William J. Bell 's 1998 retirement , a number of different head writers took over the position , including Kay Alden , Trent Jones , John F. Smith , Lynn Marie Latham , Scott Hamner , Josh Griffith , Maria Arena Bell , and Hogan Sheffer . In 2012 , former General Hospital executive producer Jill Farren Phelps was hired as the new executive producer of the soap , replacing Bell . Griffith was also named the sole head writer . On August 15 , 2013 , it was speculated and reported by several online sources that Griffith had resigned as head - writer of the serial . Further speculation adds that Shelly Altman may take over as the new scribe , alongside Tracey Thomson or Jean Passanante may be brought aboard as co-head scribe . On September 12 , 2013 , it was announced that Passanante and Altman were named head writers of the show , with Thomson promoted to co-head writer . On September 18 , 2014 , former All My Children , Santa Barbara and General Hospital head writer Charles Pratt , Jr. was named as the new head writer of the show . Passanante , Altman and Thomson have been demoted to breakdown writers . Pratt was also named as co-executive producer sharing the credit with Phelps . On June 7 , 2016 , Serial Scoop announced that Phelps had been terminated from her position as executive producer ; a replacement was not named at the time of their reporting . The following morning , Sony Pictures Television confirmed to several media outlets that Phelps had been let go from her position ; British television producer Mal Young was announced as Phelps ' replacement . Phelps ' last appearance as executive producer was July 12 , 2016 , while Young 's first appearance occurred the following day on July 13 . On September 13 , 2016 , it was announced that Pratt was named as executive producer and show - runner of Lee Daniels ' Star . The same day , Daytime Confidential revealed that former Generations and Days of Our Lives head writer Sally Sussman , who previously had positions with the show , such as Associate Head Writer , was in - talks to replace Pratt as Head Writer . On September 15 , 2016 , it was confirmed that Sussman was named as the soap 's new head writer . On September 21 , 2016 , Daytime Confidential reported that after ten years since leaving the soap , Alden had been re-hired to be a story consultant under Sussman 's regime . Sussman 's tenure as head writer began taping on October 20 , 2016 , and began airing on December 7 , 2016 . On June 20 , 2017 , CBS announced its decision to renew the serial for three years . On July 31 , 2017 , it was announced that both Alden and Sussman would retire from their positions ; Young was named as Sussman 's successor as head writer . Sussman last aired as head writer on October 24 , 2017 . Young 's tenure as head writer aired on October 25 , 2017 . Videotaping and broadcasting ( edit ) Taped at CBS Television City , studios 41 and 43 in Hollywood since its debut on March 26 , 1973 , the show was packaged by the distribution company Columbia Pictures Television , which has now been replaced by Sony Pictures Television . The Young and the Restless originally aired as a half - hour series on CBS and was the first soap opera to focus on the visual aspects of production , creating `` a look that broke with the visual conventions of the genre . '' Similar to the radio serials that had preceded them , soap operas at the time primarily focused on dialogue , characters , and story , with details like sets as secondary concerns . The Young and the Restless stood out by using unique lighting techniques and camera angles , similar to Hollywood - style productions . The style of videotaping included using out - of - the - ordinary camera angles and a large number of facial close - ups with bright lighting on the actors ' faces . Conboy said he used lighting to create `` artistic effects '' . Those effects made the series look dark , shadowy , and moody . The Young and the Restless ' look influenced the taping styles of other soap operas . When H. Wesley Kenney replaced Conboy as executive producer , he balanced the lighting of the scenes . Due to the success of the series , CBS and their affiliates pressured Bell to lengthen the series from 30 minutes to a full hour . Bell attributed this change to the show 's fall from number one in the Nielsen ratings , since the lengthening of the show led to the departure of a number of cast members . `` The issue of performing in a one - hour show had not been part of their contracts , '' Bell said . This forced the show to recast multiple main characters and eventually phase out the original core families in favor of new ones . The show expanded to one hour on February 4 , 1980 . It airs at 12 : 30pm ET / 11 : 00am CT / PT , although some stations opt to air it at 11 : 30am CT . Exteriors used in the late 1980s and early 1990s ( and reused years later ) included locations in and around Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , including Allegheny General Hospital , One Oxford Centre , the Duquesne Club , Hampton Township and the prison . Phillip Chancellor died in the Richland , Pennsylvania area , where the police chief was not told and believed the accident really happened . On June 27 , 2001 , The Young and the Restless became the first daytime soap opera to be broadcast in high - definition . In September 2011 , its sister soap The Bold and the Beautiful became the last soap to make the transition from SD to HD before All My Children ended its ABC run on September 23 , 2011 and began its TOLN run online on April 29 , 2013 . On April 24 , 2006 , SoapNet began airing same - day episodes of the series . The final airing on SoapNet was on June 28 , 2013 . The soap has moved from SoapNet to TV Guide Network . The same day episodes begin airing on TVGN ( now Pop ) weeknights on July 1 , 2013 . Casting and story development ( edit ) See also : The Young and the Restless cast members , The Young and the Restless characters , and The Young and the Restless storylines The cast photo of The Young and the Restless , taken in celebration of the soap 's 11,000 th episode ( 2016 ) . Front row ( l-r ) : Hunter King , Miles Gaston Villanueva , Melissa Ordway , Sean Carrigan , Mishael Morgan , Bryton James , Amelia Heinle , Jason Thompson , Eileen Davidson , Gina Tognoni , Peter Bergman , Eric Braeden , Melody Thomas Scott , Steve Burton , Sharon Case , Joshua Morrow , Justin Hartley , Melissa Claire Egan , Jess Walton , Tristan Rogers , Christel Khalil and Daniel Goddard Second row : Robert Adamson , Sofia Pernas , Michael E. Knight , Beth Maitland , Tracey E. Bregman , Christian LeBlanc , Doug Davidson , Lauralee Bell , Kristoff St. John , Camryn Grimes , Greg Rikaart , Mara McCaffray , Catherine Bach and Kate Linder Co-creators William J. Bell and Lee Phillip Bell centered The Young and the Restless around two core families , the wealthy Brooks ' and the poor Fosters . Bell borrowed this technique of soap opera building from his mentor , Irna Phillips . While casting for the series , Bell and executive producer John Conboy auditioned 540 actors for the 13 main characters . They assembled the youngest group of actors ever cast on a soap opera at the time , hiring mostly unknown actors who they considered `` glamorous model types '' . Chemistry between actors also factored into the criteria for casting . The stories focused on the younger characters , with an emphasis in fantasy . The fantasy element was reflected in the love story between Jill Foster and the millionaire Phillip Chancellor II ; the Leslie Brooks , Brad Elliot , and Lorie Brooks love triangle ; and Snapper Foster 's romance with Chris Brooks . Sexuality also played a major role in the stories . Formerly , soap operas did not delve into the sexual side of their romances . Bell changed that , first during his time as head writer of Days of Our Lives and again on The Young and the Restless . William Gray Espy 's Snapper Foster is considered the `` first to discover sex on a soap opera . '' During the story , the character is engaged to Chris Brooks ( Trish Stewart ) and having a sexual relationship with Sally McGuire ( Lee Crawford ) . Other plots reflected sexual themes as well . For the first time in the genre , the dialogue and the story situations included explicit sexual themes such as premarital intercourse , impotence , incest , and rape . The first two rape storylines that would be told on the serial were controversial at the time as they reflected a more introspective and analytic storytelling style , the first time rape storylines would be addressed in this manner in the genre . The first , in 1973 - 74 , revolved around the rape of Chris Brooks and the aftermath , in which she entertained ( and , eventually , rejected ) the idea that she was perhaps at fault for her attack . The second , in 1976 , involved Chris 's sister Peggy ( Pamela Peters Solow ) and was meant to serve as a cut - and - dried story in which no viewer could justify this attack , committed out of the blue by an authority figure . The series also explored social issues . Jennifer Brooks underwent the first mastectomy on a soap opera . Other social issue storylines included bulimia , alcoholism , and cancer . Lesbianism was also touched on with Katherine Chancellor , who flirts with Jill while drunk in 1974 and has a brief relationship with Joann Curtis ( Kay Heberle ) in 1977 . When the series lengthened from a half - hour to an hour in 1980 , multiple cast members who portrayed characters from the original core families departed because their contracts only bound them to performing in a half - hour show . A number of the characters were recast until one of the few remaining original actors , Jaime Lyn Bauer , who portrayed Lorie Brooks , decided to leave . When she announced her intention not to renew her contract , Bell decided to replace the original core families . `` As I studied the remaining cast , I realized I had two characters - Paul Williams , played by Doug Davidson , and Jack Abbott , played by Terry Lester - both of whom had a relatively insignificant presence on the show , '' Bell said . `` They did n't have families . Hell , they did n't even have bedrooms . But these became the two characters I would build our two families around . '' The characters from the Abbott and Williams families were integrated into the series while the Brooks and Foster families , with the exception of Jill , were phased out . The continuity of the feud between Jill and Katherine , which began in the early years of the show , smoothed the transition . The relationship between the two characters remained a central theme throughout the series and became the longest lasting rivalry in daytime history . Another character introduced in the 1980s was Eric Braeden 's Victor Newman . Originally , the character was `` a despicable , contemptible , unfaithful wife abuser '' who was intended to be killed off . Braeden 's tenure on the show was meant to last between eight and twelve weeks . `` When I saw Eric Braeden 's first performance - the voice , the power , the inner strength - I knew immediately that I did n't want to lose this man , '' Bell said . `` He was exactly what the show needed . Not the hateful man we saw on - screen , but the man he could and would become . '' Bell rewrote the story to save the character and put Braeden on contract . Victor 's romance with Nikki Reed became a prominent plot in the series . With the success of another iconic character , Kimberlin Brown 's Sheila Carter , Bell made daytime drama history in 1992 by successfully crossing her over from The Young and the Restless to his second soap , The Bold and the Beautiful . The success of the crossover was due , in part , to the creativity of Bell , as the nefarious character of Sheila was presumed to have died in a fire on The Young and the Restless . In the 1980s , core black characters were introduced with the Barber and Winters families . Victoria Rowell ( Drucilla Barber ) and Tonya Lee Williams ( Dr. Olivia Barber ) were cast as the nieces of the Abbott 's maid , Mamie Johnson , in 1990 . The brothers Neil ( Kristoff St. John ) and Malcolm Winters ( Shemar Moore ) were introduced as love interests for Olivia and Drucilla . The Young and the Restless became popular among black viewers , which Williams and St. John attributed to the writing for the black characters . `` I play a CEO at a major corporation , that 's something we do n't see that often , '' St. John said . `` And the show does n't use the old African - American stereotypes that we have been seeing on TV , like the hustler , the pimp , the drug dealer . We have come a long way . '' Though the characters held prominent positions in the fictional work place of Genoa City , they had little interaction with other characters outside of their jobs . Executive producers and head writers ( edit ) Executive producers Name Years Production Notes / Contributions William J. Bell 1973 -- 2005 Also the show 's creator and longtime head writer ( until 1998 ) , he served as the main executive producer while working alongside of other executive producers . He was n't credited as an executive producer until 1982 when his credit began appearing with H. Wesley Kenney . Served as solo EP from 1986 to 1987 after the departure of Kenney . He received the title of `` senior executive producer '' when Edward Scott became EP and remained credited with the title until 2004 when he returned to the executive producer credit with John F. Smith as co-executive producer . William J. Bell died on April 29 , 2005 and on the following Monday , his credit as EP was edited from the show ; he was still living when those episodes were filmed . John Conboy 1973 -- 82 Served as the show 's first executive producer while credited with the `` produced by '' credit as the title of executive producer was credited hardly on any soaps ( other than a small few ) , until the mid-1970s to 1980s . It was under his run when CBS wanted Y&R expanded from 30 minutes to an hour with the cancellation of Love of Life . Also the show switched from the live - to - tape filming technique to pre-recording episodes , a practice that remains in effect to this date as with all soaps . John departed in 1982 to produce his newly created soap Capitol , which was later cancelled to make room for Y&R 's sister show The Bold and the Beautiful . H. Wesley Kenney 1982 -- 86 Guided the show with more action - driven story direction inspired in large part by the more action oriented soap General Hospital which was a ratings smash at the time . The change to more action storylines are believed to be what helped the show win Daytime Emmy Awards in 1983 , 1985 and 1986 . Began crediting the show 's cast in alphabetical order , a standard that remains to this date . Ceased the fade to next scene transition effect within the show 's episodes . Had artist Sandy Dvore , who designed the art drawing photos in the shows main title , to design the show 's signature stylized brush stroke logo on Y&R merchandise in 1982 , leading to the debut of the logo in the show 's main title in January 1984 . Edward J. Scott 1987 -- 2001 Debuted on the show in 1976 as an associate producer eventually becoming the `` produced by '' producer under John Conboy until 1987 . Briefly filled in as EP for H. Wesley Kenney in 1986 . Helped the show rise to co - # 1 in 1987 with General Hospital in ratings before it solely dethroned GH as # 1 in 1988 and has since remained there . Retired the longtime art drawings cast montage of the opening credits in 1988 . Began the practice of crediting production principals on opening scenes of the show and adding the cast members ' real - life names to the opening credits in 1999 . Ceased the last commercial break between the last scene and end credits . Converted the show into HDTV in 2001 , making it the first soap in history to do so . Returned from 2004 to 2007 as `` supervising producer '' , a position he previously had briefly in 1987 . Real - life husband of actress Melody Thomas Scott ( Nikki Reed Newman ) . David Shaughnessy 2001 -- 04 Assumed executive producer position after serving as a producer and supervising producer since 1991 . The Bell Dramatic Serial Co. production logo began appearing with end credits under his run . He managed to score brief returns by veteran actors such as Jaime Lyn Bauer , William Gray Espy , Meg Bennett and James Houghton ( who wrote on the show between 1991 and 2006 ) , all of whom who left the show back in the 1970s and 1980s , for brief storylines in 2002 and 2003 . Debuted `` next episode '' preview scenes in 2003 , a practice started with the ABC soaps in 1998 . John F. Smith 2003 -- 06 Became co-executive producer with William J. Bell and David Shaughnessy while still serving as co-head writer with Kay Alden and Trent Jones ( until 2004 ) . Worked as a writer on the show since the early 1980s . Still maintained the co-EP title after William J. Bell 's passing in 2005 . Stepped down in 2006 as EP while remaining as co-head writer until November 2006 . Lynn Marie Latham 2006 -- 07 Brought on as a `` creative consultant '' under John F. Smith in November 2005 ; Latham would later fire Smith as co-head writer in 2006 . Promoted to head writer with Kay Alden and Smith in February 2006 , then promoted to executive producer , becoming the show 's first female EP in October 2006 , after the show went that summer without an EP . Tenure as EP / HW was criticized by viewers and insiders for damaging the show 's history with out - of - text writing , firing several longtime cast and crew members in favor of several unknowns , and doing too much favoritism . She was fired when she abandoned her post as EP to go on strike for the 2007 -- 08 writer 's strike . Josh Griffith 2006 -- 08 Brought on by Lynn Marie Latham as her co-executive producer in 2006 . Assumed full producer duties in December 2007 , when Latham was fired . He also served as head writer with Maria Arena Bell during the 2007 -- 08 writers strike . Remained as EP when Bell became sole head writer until he was fired when it was learned that he was tampering with Bell 's stories ; this was also known as former EP Edward Scott , who is friends with Griffith , was said to be doing the same thing on Days of Our Lives , leading to his departure from that show . Paul Rauch 2008 -- 11 The veteran producer debuted as Maria Arena Bell 's co-executive producer in October 2008 . It was established that his role as co-executive producer would be to only foresee everything with the production of the show while Bell was solely responsible for the stories . This was the only time Paul ever been a co-EP and his first stop back to soap operas in six years since his 2002 departure from Guiding Light . He opted not to renew his contract with Y&R after three years with the show and stepped down in May 2011 . Maria Arena Bell 2008 -- 12 Bell is the wife of William Bell , Jr. , the oldest son of William J. Bell and Lee Phillip Bell . Under her run , she brought the show 's fictional Jabot Cosmetics to life by teaming up with a real cosmetics marketing company to help distribute the products . Named head writer in December 2007 . Bell was named executive producer in October 2008 , after Josh Griffith was ousted for tampering with her stories . Bell brought along veteran producer Paul Rauch to help her with the production of the show while she mostly focused on the stories . She was known for steering away from character - driven storylines in favor of plot - driven ones , which was criticized . From 2008 to 2010 , she was credited as co-executive producer as well as Rauch , while her credit appeared first . Bell was let go in July 2012 ; an official reason was never given for her departure , however many sources speculate it was due to the controversial pairing of characters Sharon and Victor Newman ( Sharon Case and Eric Braeden ) . One of the final milestones to happen under Bell 's regime was the celebration of the 10,000 th episode . The final episode under Bell 's direction was broadcast on October 11 , 2012 ; but she was credited until October 22 . Jill Farren Phelps 2012 -- 16 Named executive producer in July 2012 upon the dismissal of Maria Arena Bell . This marked the second CBS soap opera Phelps executive produced , with the first being Guiding Light from 1991 to 1995 . While Maria Arena Bell was still credited , Phelps began her tenure by August as she made several immediate casting changes ( such as hiring Robert Adamson and Hunter King , two young actors she worked with on the primetime soap Hollywood Heights , respectively ) . By October , she was still uncredited as executive producer although her first episode aired on October 12 , 2012 , and received her first official credit on October 23 , 2012 . On June 7 , 2016 , Serial Scoop and Daytime Confidential reported that Phelps had been terminated at that soap , with no confirmation of final airdate made at press time . Phelps ' exit was confirmed the following day by Sony Pictures Television . Phelps was last credited as executive producer on July 12 , 2016 . Charles Pratt , Jr . 2015 -- 16 Named co-executive producer in September 2014 , sharing the position with Phelps , a position he previously served on NBC soap opera Santa Barbara . Pratt 's first episode as HW and co-EP aired on January 16 , 2015 . On September 13 , 2016 , it was announced that Pratt would no longer co-executive producer the soap , given his new position as show - runner of Lee Daniels ' Star . Pratt was last credited as head writer and co-executive producer on December 6 , 2016 . Mal Young 2016 -- present Named executive producer in June 2016 upon the dismissal of Jill Farren Phelps . This marks the first American soap opera Young executive produced , having previously been the producer and executive producer of British soap operas Brookside , EastEnders and Holby City . July 13 , 2016 , marked Young 's first appearance as executive producer . Immediate changes made under Young included the return of actress Elizabeth Hendrickson and a return guest appearance from Michael Graziadei in the roles of Chloe Mitchell and Daniel Romalotti , respectively . The series will also celebrate its 11,000 th episode under Young 's credit on September 1 , 2016 . In 2017 , it was announced that Young would take on head writer duties after Sally Sussman 's retirement . Young 's first credit as head writer will appear on October 25 , 2017 . Sally Sussman 2016 -- 17 Named co-executive producer in September 2016 upon the dismissal of Pratt , Jr ... Sussman shares the position with Young , a position she previously served on NBC soap opera Generations . Sussman 's first credit as head writer and co-executive producer appeared on December 7 , 2016 . In July 2017 , it was announced that Sussman would retire ; she received her last credit as head writer and co-executive producer on October 24 , 2017 . Head writers Years Head writer ( s ) March 26 , 1973 -- 97 William J. Bell 1997 -- 98 William J. Bell Kay Alden 1998 -- 2000 Kay Alden 2000 -- 02 Kay Alden Trent Jones 2002 -- 06 Kay Alden John F. Smith 2006 Kay Alden John F. Smith Lynn Marie Latham 2006 -- 07 Lynn Marie Latham Scott Hamner 2007 -- 08 Josh Griffith Maria Arena Bell 2008 -- 12 Maria Arena Bell Hogan Sheffer Scott Hamner 2012 -- 13 Josh Griffith Hogan Sheffer Tracey Thomson Shelly Altman 2013 -- 15 Shelly Altman Jean Passanante Tracey Thomson 2015 -- 16 Charles Pratt , Jr . 2016 -- 17 Sally Sussman 2017 -- Mal Young Awards ( edit ) The serial has won 116 Daytime Emmys , among 360 nominations . The following list summarizes awards won by The Young and the Restless : Daytime Emmy Awards ( edit ) Recipient Role Year ( s ) Outstanding Drama Series 1975 , 1983 , 1985 , 1986 , 1993 , 2004 , 2007 ( tied with Guiding Light ) , 2014 , 2015 ( tied with Days of Our Lives ) Outstanding Individual Director in a Daytime Drama Series Richard Dunlap 1975 , 1978 Outstanding Drama Series Directing Team 1986 , 1987 , 1988 , 1989 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 1999 , 2001 , 2002 , 2011 Outstanding Drama Series Writing Team 1992 , 1997 , 2000 , 2006 , 2011 , 2014 , 2017 Lead Actor Peter Bergman Eric Braeden Christian LeBlanc Doug Davidson Billy Miller Jack Abbott Victor Newman Michael Baldwin Paul Williams Billy Abbott 1991 , 1992 , 2002 1998 2005 , 2007 2009 2013 2014 Lead Actress Jess Walton Michelle Stafford Jeanne Cooper Gina Tognoni Jill Foster Abbott Phyllis Summers Katherine Chancellor Phyllis Summers 1997 2008 2017 Supporting Actor Shemar Moore Greg Rikaart Kristoff St. John Billy Miller Steve Burton Malcolm Winters Kevin Fisher Neil Winters Billy Abbott Dylan McAvoy 2000 2005 2008 2010 , 2013 ( tied with Scott Clifton ) 2017 Supporting Actress Beth Maitland Jess Walton Michelle Stafford Sharon Case Amelia Heinle Jessica Collins Traci Abbott Connolly Jill Foster Abbott Phyllis Summers Sharon Newman Victoria Newman Avery Bailey Clark 1985 1991 1997 1999 2014 2015 , 2016 Younger Actress Tracey E. Bregman Tricia Cast Heather Tom Camryn Grimes Christel Khalil Hunter King Lauren Fenmore Nina Webster Victoria Newman Cassie Newman Lily Winters Summer Newman 1985 1992 1993 , 1999 2000 2012 2014 , 2015 Younger Actor Kristoff St. John David Tom David Lago Bryton James Neil Winters Billy Abbott Raul Guittierez Devon Hamilton 1992 2000 2005 2007 Lifetime Achievement Award William J. Bell Jeanne Cooper Lee Phillip Bell creator Katherine Chancellor co-creator 1992 2007 TV Soap Golden Boomerang Awards ( edit ) 2006 `` Hall of Fame Inductee '' Eric Braeden ( Victor Newman ) Writers Guild of America Awards ( edit ) 2003 `` Best Daytime Serial '' Written by Kay Alden , Trent Jones , John F. Smith , Jerry Birn , Jim Houghton , Natalie Minardi , Janice Ferri , Eric Freiwald , Joshua McCaffrey , Michael Minnis , Rex M. Best 2006 `` Best Daytime Serial '' Written by Kay Alden , John F. Smith , Janice Ferri , Jim Houghton , Natalie Minardi Slater , Sally Sussman Morina , Sara Bibel , Eric Freiwald , Linda Schreiber , Joshua S. McCaffrey , Marc Hertz , Sandra Weintraub 2008 `` Best Daytime Serial '' Written by Lynn Marie Latham , Scott Hamner , Bernard Lechowick , Cherie Bennett , Jeff Gottesfeld , Jim Stanley , Natalie Minardi Slater , Lynsey Dufour , Marina Alburger , Sara Bibel , Sandra Weintraub Broadcast ( edit ) In Belize , Channel 5 Great Belize Television airs the soap , while rival Channel 7 Tropical Vision Limited also airs the soap . In Canada , the Global Television Network airs new episodes a day ahead of the US broadcast . Most Global stations use The Young and the Restless as a late - afternoon lead - in for their local newscasts , but times vary by market . It also airs on NTV in Newfoundland and Labrador which airs the program on a same - day - as - CBS basis . In Jamaica , the show airs on CVMTV . In Trinidad , the show airs weekdays on CBS and has been airing in Trinidad since the 1980s . In 1988 , 70 percent of Trinidadians who had access to a television watched daily episodes of The Young and the Restless , a series that emphasized family problems , sexual intrigue , and gossip . Oceania ( edit ) Main article : Screening of soap operas in Australia In Australia , The Young and the Restless airs after Days of Our Lives on Arena . It previously aired on the Nine Network from April 1 , 1974 to February 23 , 2007 , before joining the W line - up on April 2 , 2007 , to August 17 , 2012 , On July 20 , 2012 , it was announced that the show would move to Arena on August 20 , 2012 , after W rebranded as SoHo . Episodes are approximately four months behind those airing in the US at present . In New Zealand , The Young and the Restless aired alongside Days of Our Lives on TV ONE and ended on November 6 , 2009 . The soap was approximately four seasons behind the CBS season due to being preempted by holiday and sporting programming . In the Philippines , aired from 1987 to 1989 on ABS - CBN . Europe ( edit ) In the United Kingdom , The Young and The Restless has aired on many TV channels starting in 1990 , when episodes from 1987 debuted on BSB Galaxy in a regular weekday timeslot . When BSB merged with Sky in November 1990 , the soap moved to Sky 's flagship channel Sky One and aired at 11 : 00 weekdays until the end of 1992 . When BSB 's original three - year contract to air the soap expired , Sky chose not to renew it . In 1993 , Y&R was picked up by UK Living ( then known as simply Living , now Sky Living ) in a primetime timeslot , picking up where Sky left off . This lasted until late 1995 . In 2007 , Zone Romantica , now CBS Drama began broadcasting the show weekdays ( four years behind US ) . In 2009 , when CBS went into partnership with and took over the Chellozone Channels the show was relegated to just one showing a day ( in favor of repeating shows such as Dynasty and Dallas in the daytime ) . It was attracting around 18 -- 20,000 viewers at midnight in the last week of its broadcast in the UK in August 2010 . African / eastern ( edit ) In India , the show began airing in February 2007 on Zee Café . The channel started with episodes from 2004 . In South Africa , the show airs on e.tv . The show was originally aired in South Africa in the early 1990s , dubbed into the Afrikaans language , and entitled ' Rustelose Jare ' ( Restless Years ) . In 1999 The Young and the Restless was canceled but the show returned to South African television screens in June 2004 , with no overhead foreign translations . As of June 2014 , episodes are screened nine months behind the US . Because of `` continual viewing '' with no breaks , South African audiences will catch up with the US broadcast by mid-2016 . Theme music and other music ( edit ) Main article : Nadia 's Theme `` Nadia 's Theme '' has been the theme music of The Young and the Restless since the show 's debut in 1973 . The melody , originally titled `` Cotton 's Dream '' , was composed by Barry De Vorzon and Perry Botkin , Jr. for the 1971 theatrical film Bless the Beasts and Children . The melody was later renamed `` Nadia 's Theme '' after the ABC television network 's sports summary program Wide World of Sports lent the music for a montage of Romanian gymnast Nadia Comăneci 's routines during the 1976 Summer Olympics ; despite the title , Nadia never performed her floor exercises using this piece of music . Instead , she used a piano arrangement of a medley of the songs `` Yes Sir , That 's My Baby '' and `` Jump in the Line . '' Botkin wrote a rearranged version of the piece specifically for The Young and the Restless ' debut . The song remained unchanged , save for a slight remix in 1988 and a three - year stint in the early 2000s ( decade ) , when an alternate , more jazzy arrangement of that tune was used , using portions of the longer closing version of the original theme . An LP album was published in 1976 by A&M Records . The track list contains two titles of the French composer Michel Colombier , Rainbow and Emmanuel , a success track which he wrote in memory of the death of his son . In late September and early October 2012 , upon the show 's 10,000 th episode , the current form of opening credits were updated . In the years prior , fans criticized them for their lack of updates and cast additions ( some contract players , such as Adrienne Frantz , and Kimberlin Brown came and went without being added ) . In mid-February 2017 , the current form of opening credits were updated to honor the history on CBS Daytime and to carry them into the future as they approach the 44th anniversary . Ratings ( edit ) See also : List of U.S. daytime soap opera ratings As of 2010 , The Young and the Restless has managed over 1,000 consecutive weeks in the # 1 spot for daytime dramas . On the week ending April 6 , 2012 , The Young and the Restless was watched by a new low of an average of 3,960,000 viewers for the week , beating its previous low of 4.209 million in October 2011 , as well as being the only week to date below 4 million viewers . Currently , the show is still the most - watched daytime drama ; and for the season 2011 -- 12 , has a household rating of 3.5 , and 1.5 for the Women 18 -- 49 demographic . As of 2008 , the Tuesday episodes of The Young and the Restless on average is the most - watched daytime drama showing . When introduced during the 1972 -- 73 season , the show was at the bottom of the ratings , but rose rapidly : ninth by 1974 -- 75 and third by 1975 -- 76 . By 1988 -- 89 it had dethroned long - time leader General Hospital as the top - rated soap , a position it has held ever since . During the week of December 2 , 2013 , the series celebrated their twenty - fifth year as the number one daytime drama . The Young and the Restless airs every weeknight on Pop , where it averaged 362,000 viewers from July to September 2013 . Ratings history ( edit ) Season Rating Season rank 1972 -- 73 5.0 15th 1973 -- 74 6.2 13th 1974 -- 75 8.4 9th 1975 -- 76 8.6 3rd 1976 -- 77 8.7 4th 1977 -- 78 7.8 5th 1978 -- 79 8.6 3rd 1979 -- 80 8.8 3rd 1980 -- 81 7.8 6th 1981 -- 82 7.4 5th 1982 -- 83 8.0 4th 1983 -- 84 8.8 3rd 1984 -- 85 8.1 3rd 1985 -- 86 8.3 2nd 1986 -- 87 8.0 2nd 1987 -- 88 8.1 1st 1988 -- 89 8.1 1st 1990 -- 91 8.1 1st 1991 -- 92 8.2 1st 1992 -- 93 8.4 1st 1993 -- 94 8.6 1st 1994 -- 95 7.5 1st 1995 -- 96 7.6 1st 1996 -- 97 7.1 1st 1997 -- 98 6.8 1st 1998 -- 99 6.9 1st 1999 -- 00 6.8 1st 2000 -- 01 5.8 1st 2001 -- 02 5.0 1st 2002 -- 03 4.7 1st 2003 -- 04 4.4 1st 2004 -- 05 4.2 1st 2005 -- 06 4.2 1st 2006 -- 07 4.2 1st 2007 -- 08 4.1 1st 2008 -- 09 3.7 1st 2009 -- 10 3.8 1st 2010 -- 11 3.6 1st 2011 -- 12 3.5 1st 2012 -- 13 3.6 1st 2013 -- 14 3.4 1st 2014 -- 15 3.5 1st 2015 - 16 3.6 1st 2016 - 17 3.5 1st ^ A ( debut ) ^ B Tied in rating ( 8.1 ) with General Hospital ; however General Hospital drew more viewers in millions . ^ C The Young and the Restless was number - one solo ( for the first time ) for the 1988 -- 89 and has retained this position ever since . See also ( edit ) Television portal United States portal CBS Daytime Genoa City ( The Young and the Restless ) The Young and the Restless cast members The Young and the Restless characters List of longest - serving soap opera actors References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Strohm , Emily ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` The Young and the Restless Celebrates 11,000 Episodes and 43 Years on Air ! '' . People . United States : Time Inc . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2016 . Retrieved July 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Young and the Restless '' . E ! True Hollywood Story . 2001 - 05 - 20 . E ! . ^ Jump up to : Simon , Ron ; Thompson , Robert J. ; Spence , Louise ; Feuer , Jane ( 1997 ) . Morton , Robert , ed . Worlds Without End : The Art and History of the Soap Opera . New York , New York : Harry N Abrams . pp. 150 -- 151 . ISBN 0 - 8109 - 3997 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Hyatt , Wesley ( 1997 ) . The Encyclopedia of Daytime Television . Billboard Books . pp. 476 -- 482 . ISBN 0 - 8230 - 8315 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : McNeil , Alex ( 1996 ) . Total Television : The Comprehensive Guide to Programming From 1948 to the Present . Fourth Edition . Penguin Books . pp. 931 -- 934 . ISBN 0140249168 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , Denise ( March 17 , 2006 ) . `` Sudser Slides to SoapNet '' . Variety magazine . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Michael ( June 28 , 2013 ) . `` ' The Young and the Restless ' Moves From Soapnet to TV Guide Network '' . Retrieved April 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 28 , 2013 ) . `` ' The Young & the Restless ' Moves to TVGN for Exclusive Basic Cable Airings Beginning Monday , July 1 '' . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Young and the Restless 35th Anniversary Salute '' ( PDF ) . Los Angeles Times . April 9 , 2008 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Worlds Without End , p. 33 ^ Jump up to : `` Black Stars Heat Up Daytime Soaps '' . Jet . October 13 , 1997 . pp. 52 -- 56 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Y&R : Famous Plots -- Kay / Jill Feud '' . Youngandtherestless.com . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Y&R : Famous Plots '' . Global.com . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ Coleridge , Daniel ( April 26 , 2004 ) . `` TV Guide Editors ' Blogs -- Daniel 's Dish '' . TV Guide . Jump up ^ http://www.cbs.com/shows/the_young_and_the_restless/about/1001688/ ^ Jump up to : Matelski , Marilyn ( 1988 ) . The Soap Opera Evolution : America 's Enduring Romance with Daytime Drama . Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland & Company , Inc . Publishers . p. 164 . ISBN 0 - 89950 - 324 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Timeline '' . ( Sony ) . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Cassata , Mary ; Irwin , Barbara ( 1996 ) . Hoffman , Peter , ed . The Young and the Restless Most Memorable Moments . Los Angeles , California : General Publishing Group . p. 9 . ISBN 1 - 881649 - 87 - 3 . Jump up ^ Dorothy Catherine Anger ( 1999 ) . Other Worlds : Society Seen Through Soap Opera . University of Toronto Press . pp. 67 -- 68 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55111 - 103 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Oei , Lily ( December 5 , 2001 ) . `` Exec replaces Scott '' . Variety magazine . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Gladden , Chelsea P. `` Ask the Writers ! '' . Sony . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Gladden , Chelsea P. `` Checking in with Lynn ... '' . Sony . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` Soap Watch '' . Entertainment Weekly . February 22 , 2008 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Branco , Nelson ( May 27 , 2009 ) . `` Soap Whisperer '' . TV Guide Canada . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Oei , Lily ( March 4 , 2004 ) . `` Ellen the talk of the Emmys '' . Variety magazine . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ; Oei , Lily ( March 14 , 2007 ) . `` Daytime Emmy Nominations '' . Variety magazine . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Jill Farren Phelps Named Executive Producer And Josh Griffith Named Head Writer Of `` THE YOUNG AND THE RESTLESS , '' The Number One Daytime Drama `` . Market Watch . Marketwatch.com . July 26 , 2012 . Retrieved July 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ SOD ( August 15 , 2013 ) . `` Y&R Head Writer Out '' . Soap Opera Digest . Soapoperadigest.com . Retrieved August 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Giddens , Jamey ( August 15 , 2013 ) . `` RUMOR REPORT : Is Josh Griffith IN or OUT at The Young and the Restless ? ! '' . Daytime Confidential . Daytimeconfidential.zap2it.com . Retrieved August 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Simms , Richard M. ( August 15 , 2013 ) . `` Y&R Headwriter Out ? '' . Soaps in Depth . CBS.soapsindepth.com . Retrieved August 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Giddens , Jamey ( August 15 , 2013 ) . `` Will Shelly Altman Assume Head Writer Duties at The Young and the Restless ? '' . Daytime Confidential . Daytimeconfidential.zap2it.com . Retrieved August 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ SOD ( September 12 , 2013 ) . `` Y&R Officially Names New Head Writers '' . Soap Opera Digest . Soapoperadigest.com . Retrieved September 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Giddens , Jamey ( September 18 , 2013 ) . `` Chuck Pratt Gets Head Writer Gig and an Executive Producer Credit at The Young and the Restless '' . Daytime Confidential . Daytimeconfidential.zap2it.com . Retrieved September 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Michael ( June 7 , 2016 ) . `` Jill Farren Phelps Out at The Young and the Restless ? '' . Serial Scoop . United States : Blogger ( Google ) . Retrieved June 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` CONFIRMED ! JILL FARREN PHELPS OUT AT Y&R '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , inc. 8 June 2016 . Retrieved June 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : SOD ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` MAL YOUNG 'S FIRST Y&R EPISODE SET '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Retrieved July 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Roots , Kimberly ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` Ex-Y&R Headwriter Chuck Pratt Named New Showrunner of Lee Daniels ' Star '' . TVLine . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : SOD ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` New Gig For Y&R 's Charles Pratt , Jr . '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Giddens , Jamey ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` Chuck Pratt OUT at Y&R ; Hearing Sally Sussman Morina in Talks '' . Daytime Confidential . Confidential Media ( SAY Media ) . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Giddens , Jamey ( September 15 , 2016 ) . `` Sally Sussman Morina Named Head Writer of The Young and the Restless '' . Daytime Confidential . Confidential Media ( SAY Media ) . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : SOD ( September 15 , 2016 ) . `` Y&R NAMES NEW HEAD WRITER '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States . American Media , Inc . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Giddens , Jamey ( September 21 , 2016 ) . `` Kay Alden Returns to The Young and the Restless as Story Consultant ( Exclusive ) '' . Daytime Confidential . Confidential Media ( SAY Media ) . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Fairman , Michael ( October 20 , 2016 ) . `` Y&R 's Melody Thomas Scott Reveals First Airdate Of Sally Sussman Morina and Kay Alden 's Scripts ! '' . On - Air On - Soaps . United States : Michael Fairman Soaps , Inc . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ SOD ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` CBS Renews Daytime Lineup ; Y&R Gets 3 More Years '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2017 . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Webb Mitovich , Matt ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` The Young and the Restless Gets 3 More Seasons , as CBS Renews Daytime Slate '' . TVLine . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2017 . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Giddens , Jamey ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` The Young and the Restless SHOCKER : Sally Sussman and Kay Alden to Retire ; Mal Young in as New Head Writer ! ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Daytime Confidential . United States : Confidential Media , Inc . ( SAY Media ) . Retrieved July 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ SOD ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` Y&R Scribes Out ! '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giddens , Jamey ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` New Y&R Head Writer Mal Young 's Material to Begin Airing in October '' . Daytime Confidential . United States : Confidential Media , Inc . ( SAY Media ) . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : SOD ( October 20 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive ! How Y&R Will Change '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shows -- CBS Television City '' . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Worlds Without End , p. 36 . ^ Jump up to : Soares , Manuela ( 1978 ) . The Soap Opera Book . New York , New York : Harmony Books . pp. 29 -- 31 . ISBN 0 - 517 - 53331 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Williams , Carol Traynor ( 1992 ) . It 's Time for My Story . Westport , Connecticut : Praeger Publishers . p. 31 . ISBN 0 - 275 - 94297 - X . Jump up ^ Owen , Rob ( February 21 , 2014 ) . `` TV Q&A : ' Bates Motel , ' ' The Young & the Restless ' and Patrice King Brown '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Prikios , Karen Anderson ( June 25 , 2001 ) . `` Finding the art in HDTV '' . Broadcasting & Cable . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Y&R Leaving SOAPnet This Summer ! '' . Soaps in Depth . June 26 , 2013 . Retrieved April 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Starting July 1 watch same day episodes of # YR weeknights '' . TVGN Twitter . June 26 , 2013 . Retrieved June 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive Countdown To Y&R Clip From TVGN ! '' . Soap in Depth . June 26 , 2013 . Retrieved June 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Denis , Paul ( 1985 ) . Inside the Soaps . Don Mills , Ontario , Canada : Citadel Press . pp. 116 -- 119 . ISBN 0 - 8065 - 0940 - 6 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Annie ( 1979 ) . All My Afternoons . New York , New York : A & W Publishing . pp. 152 -- 162 . ISBN 0 - 89104 - 098 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : 1970s and Sex on American TV ^ Jump up to : Williams , p. 98 Jump up ^ Williams , p. 103 ^ Jump up to : Waldron , Clarence ( April 7 , 2008 ) . `` ' Young and the Restless ' Celebrates 35 Years of Drama , Success '' . Jet . pp. 56 -- 59 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Worlds Without End , p. 93 Jump up ^ Worlds Without End , p. 107 Jump up ^ `` Huge Shakeup at Y&R ! '' . Soap Opera Digest . August 20 , 2012 . pp. 4 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 25 , 2012 ) . `` DAYTIME AND SOAP OPERA TV RATINGS CBS Celebrates The Young and the Restless Milestone 10,000 th Episode on The Talk '' . TVbytheNumbers . United States : Zap2it . Retrieved July 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Logan , Michael ( August 27 , 2012 ) . `` Exclusive : New Boss Jill Farren Phelps Reveals What 's in Store For The Young and the Restless '' . TV Guide . TVGuide.com . Retrieved August 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Series producer ( s ) : Jill Farren Phelps and Charles Pratt , Jr. ; Writer ( s ) : Charles Pratt , Jr. and Tracey Thomson ( July 12 , 2016 ( US ) ; July 11 , 2016 ( Canada ) ) . The Young and the Restless . Season 43 . Episode 10,064 . CBS . Check date values in : date = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ SOD ( September 19 , 2014 ) . `` Y&R HIRES NEW HEAD WRITER '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States . American Media Inc . Retrieved June 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( May 7 , 2015 ) . `` The Most Polarizing Pair in Soaps : Execs Jill Farren Phelps and Chuck Pratt on the State of The Young and the Restless '' . TV Guide . TVGuide.com . Retrieved June 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( May 13 , 2015 ) . `` Round 2 : The Young and the Restless Chiefs Jill Farren Phelps and Chuck Pratt Answer Our Burning Questions '' . TV Guide . TVGuide.com . Retrieved June 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Series producer ( s ) : Charles Pratt , Jr. and Mal Young ; Writer ( s ) : Charles Pratt , Jr. and Tracey Thomson ( July 13 , 2016 ( US ) ; July 12 , 2016 ( Canada ) ) . The Young and the Restless . Season 43 . Episode 10,065 . CBS . Check date values in : date = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` 1975 Emmy Winners & Nominees '' . SoapOperaDigest.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1983 Emmy Winners & Nominees '' . SoapOperaDigest.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1985 Emmy Winners & Nominees '' . SoapOperaDigest.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1986 Emmy Winners & Nominees '' . SoapOperaDigest.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1993 Emmy Winners & Nominees '' . SoapOperaDigest.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2004 Emmy Winners & Nominees '' . SoapOperaDigest.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2007 Emmy Winners & Nominees '' . SoapOperaDigest.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Daytime Emmys 2014 : The Winners List '' . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( Apr 26 , 2015 ) . `` Daytime Emmys : Days and Y&R Split Best Drama , GH Wins 3 Acting Awards , B&B Tops Soap Opera Pack '' . tvline.com . Retrieved Apr 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McNeil , Alex ( 1996 ) . Total Television : The Comprehensive Guide to Programming From 1948 to the Present . Fourth Edition . Penguin Books . p. 1067 . ISBN 0140249168 . Jump up ^ McNeil , p. 1075 . Jump up ^ McNeil , p. 1095 -- 1102 Jump up ^ `` 1996 Emmy Winners & Nominees '' . SoapOperaDigest.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1997 Emmy Winners & Nominees '' . SoapOperaDigest.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1998 Emmy Winners & Nominees '' . SoapOperaDigest.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1999 Emmy Winners & Nominees '' . SoapOperaDigest.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2001 Emmy Winners & Nominees '' . SoapOperaDigest.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2002 Emmy Winners & Nominees '' . SoapOperaDigest.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` And The Daytime Emmy Winners Are ! '' . SoapOperaDigest.com . June 20 , 2011 . Retrieved June 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McNeil , p. 1111 Jump up ^ `` 2006 Emmy Winners & Nominees '' . SoapOperaDigest.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1991 Emmy Winners & Nominees '' . SoapOperaDigest.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1992 Emmy Winners & Nominees '' . SoapOperaDigest.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2005 Emmy Award Winners '' . SoapOperaDigest.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Daytime Emmys '' . SoapOperaDigest.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Lead Actor in a Drama Series '' . June 16 , 2013 . Retrieved June 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2008 Daytime Emmys '' . SoapOperaDigest.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2000 Emmy Winners & Nominees '' . SoapOperaDigest.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Daytime Emmys '' . SoapOperaDigest.com . Retrieved June 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Supporting Actor in a Drama Series '' . June 16 , 2013 . Retrieved June 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1999 Emmy Winners & Nominees '' . SoapOperaDigest.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' General Hospital ' scores 5 Daytime Emmys , including best drama ; ' Today , ' ' Jeopardy ! ' also win '' . Associated Press . June 23 , 2012 . Retrieved June 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/766507/The-Young-and-the-Restless Jump up ^ Nadia Comăneci at Olympic.org Jump up ^ Y&R UNVEILS NEW OPENING Jump up ^ The Young and the Restless To Mark 1000 Weeks on Top ! -- The Young and the Restless News -- Soaps.com Jump up ^ New Lows For DAYS / Y&R ; Another Horrible Week For Soaps Soap Opera Network ^ Jump up to : Ratings : New Low For DAYS in Women 18 -- 49 Viewers Soap Opera Network Jump up ^ Daytime 's 40 Most Popular Shows Soap Opera Network Jump up ^ The Deadline Team ( December 12 , 2013 ) . `` ' General Hospital ' Overtakes ' The Young And The Restless ' For First Time In More Than Six Years '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ https://finance.yahoo.com/news/big-brother-dark-young-restless-161800237.html Jump up ^ Daytime Ratings : Week of April 28 Edition Soap Opera Network Jump up ^ http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2009/01/09/soap-opera-ratings-for-december-29-2008-january-2-2009/10582/ Jump up ^ Ratings : DAYS Rebounds From Bad Week Soap Opera Network Jump up ^ Ratings : Soaps Down in Total Viewers Soap Opera Network External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Young and the Restless . Wikinews has related news : The Young and the Restless celebrates 35 years : Wikinews interviews three actresses Official website The Young and the Restless at CBS Daytime The Young and the Restless on IMDb The Young and the Restless Daily Recaps The Young and the Restless at TVGN The Young and the Restless at Yahoo ! TV The Young and the Restless at the W. Channel Full episodes of The Young and the Restless Available only to U.S. viewers In depth audio interview with Eric Braeden ( Dec 2007 ) The Young and the Restless Official Fan Wiki at CBS Wiki The Young and the Restless Cast Present cast members Past cast members Crew William J. 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Bell Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 errors : dates Use mdy dates from June 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2009 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2017 , at 21 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where does the young and the restless film | [
"Taped at CBS Television City, studios 41 and 43 in Hollywood since its debut on March 26, 1973,[50] the show was packaged by the distribution company Columbia Pictures Television, which has now been replaced by Sony Pictures Television.[4][51] The Young and the Restless originally aired as a half-hour series on CBS and was the first soap opera to focus on the visual aspects of production, creating \"a look that broke with the visual conventions of the genre.\"[3][4] Similar to the radio serials that had preceded them, soap operas at the time primarily focused on dialogue, characters, and story, with details like sets as secondary concerns.[3] The Young and the Restless stood out by using unique lighting techniques and camera angles, similar to Hollywood-style productions.[51][52] The style of videotaping included using out-of-the-ordinary camera angles and a large number of facial close-ups with bright lighting on the actors' faces.[3][51][52][53] Conboy said he used lighting to create \"artistic effects\".[52] Those effects made the series look dark, shadowy, and moody.[3][52] The Young and the Restless' look influenced the taping styles of other soap operas.[3] When H. Wesley Kenney replaced Conboy as executive producer, he balanced the lighting of the scenes.[53]"
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"at CBS Television City, studios 41 and 43 in Hollywood"
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8488940124268407779 | Romeo + Juliet | Romeo + Juliet - wikipedia Romeo + Juliet 1996 film directed by Baz Luhrmann This article is about the film . For Hamza Nadeem ' 2007 ballet , see Romeo + Juliet ( ballet ) . For other uses , see Romeo and Juliet ( disambiguation ) . `` Verona Beach '' redirects here . For the park in Upstate New York , see Verona Beach State Park . Romeo + Juliet Theatrical release poster Directed by Baz Luhrmann Produced by Baz Luhrmann Gabriella Martinelli Screenplay by Craig Pearce Baz Luhrmann Based on Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare Starring Leonardo DiCaprio Claire Danes Brian Dennehy John Leguizamo Pete Postlethwaite Paul Sorvino Paul Rudd Diane Venora Music by Nellee Hooper Marius de Vries Craig Armstrong Cinematography Donald M. McAlpine Edited by Jill Bilcock Production company Bazmark Productions Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date October 27 , 1996 ( 1996 - 10 - 27 ) ( Mann 's Chinese Theatre ) November 1 , 1996 ( 1996 - 11 - 01 ) ( United States ) Running time 120 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $14.5 million Box office $147.5 million William Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet ( shortened to Romeo + Juliet ) is a 1996 American romantic crime film directed , co-produced , and co-written by Baz Luhrmann , co-produced by Gabriella Martinelli , and co-written by Craig Pearce , being an adaptation and modernization of William Shakespeare 's tragedy Romeo and Juliet . The film stars Leonardo DiCaprio and Claire Danes in the leading roles of Romeo and Juliet , who instantly fall in love when Romeo crashes a party and meets her , despite their being members of the Montague and Capulet family ; Brian Dennehy , John Leguizamo , Pete Postlethwaite , Paul Sorvino , and Diane Venora star in supporting roles . While it retains the original Shakespearean dialogue , the film represents the Montagues and the Capulets as warring mafia empires ( with legitimate business fronts ) during 1990s America , and swords are replaced with guns ( with brand names such as `` Dagger '' and `` Sword '' ) . Some characters ' names are also changed . Lord and Lady Montague and Lord and Lady Capulet are given first names ( in the original , their first names are never mentioned ) ; Friar Laurence becomes Father Laurence , and Prince Escalus is renamed Captain Prince . The adaptation eliminates the character of Friar John , and some characters change families -- in the original , Gregory and Sampson are Capulets , but in the film , they are Montagues ( Abram , as Abra , and Petruchio , conversely , are shifted from the Montague to the Capulet family ) . In addition , a few plot details are shifted , most notably toward the ending . The film was released on November 1 , 1996 by 20th Century Fox to commercial success , and was met with generally positive reviews . The film grossed over $147.5 million over a $14.5 million budget . At the 47th Berlin International Film Festival in 1997 , DiCaprio won the Silver Bear for Best Actor and Luhrmann won the Alfred Bauer Prize . Luhrmann was also nominated for the Golden Bear Award for Best Picture . At the 69th Academy Awards , Catherine Martin and Brigitte Broch were nominated for Best Art Direction / Set Decoration . In 2005 , the film was included on the BFI list of the 50 films you should see by the age of 14 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical response 4.3 Home media 5 Soundtrack 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) In Verona Beach , the Capulets and the Montagues are arch - rivals . The animosity of the older generation -- Fulgencio and Gloria Capulet and Ted and Caroline Montague -- is felt by their younger relatives . A gunfight between the Montague boys led by Benvolio , Romeo 's cousin , and the Capulet boys led by Tybalt , Juliet 's cousin , creates chaos in the city . The Chief of Police , Captain Prince , reprimands the families , warning them that if such behavior continues , their lives `` shall pay the forfeit of the peace '' . Benvolio meets Romeo on a beach . While playing a game of pool they learn of a party being held by the Capulets that evening which they decide to gate - crash . Romeo agrees to come after discovering that Rosaline , with whom he is in love , is attending . Later , the Montague boys meet their friend , Mercutio , who has tickets to the party . Romeo takes ecstasy Mercutio gave him and they proceed to the Capulet mansion . The effects of the drug and the party overwhelm Romeo , who goes to the restroom . While admiring an aquarium , he sees Juliet on the other side , and the two instantly fall in love . Tybalt spots Romeo and vows to kill him for invading his family 's home , but Fulgencio stops him . Romeo and Juliet sneak into an elevator and kiss . The nurse spots them when the doors open and drags Juliet away , telling her that Romeo is a Montague . At the same time , Romeo realizes that Juliet is a Capulet . Mercutio removes Romeo from the party , but he sneaks back to the mansion , hiding under Juliet 's balcony . Juliet emerges into the courtyard and proclaims her love for Romeo before he sneaks up behind her . Juliet warns him that he is risking his life , but Romeo tells her he does n't care whether he is caught . Knowing her nurse is looking for her , Juliet tells him that , if he sends word by the following day , they will be betrothed . The next day , Romeo visits Father Laurence , telling him he wants to marry Juliet . He agrees to marry the pair in hopes that their marriage will end the violence between the families . Romeo passes the word on to Juliet 's nurse and the lovers are married . Tybalt encounters Mercutio at the beach just as Romeo arrives . Romeo attempts to make peace , but Tybalt assaults him . Mercutio intervenes and batters Tybalt , and is about to finish him off when Romeo stops him . Tybalt then slashes Mercutio with a shard of glass in his stomach . Mercutio curses both the Montagues and the Capulets before dying in Romeo 's arms . Enraged , Romeo chases after a fleeing Tybalt and guns him down . Captain Prince banishes Romeo from the city . Romeo goes into hiding with Father Laurence , who treats his injuries and says that , after some time passes , he will help Romeo and Juliet return to the city and reconcile with their family and friends . The nurse arrives and tells Romeo that Juliet is waiting for him . When Romeo climbs over Juliet 's balcony , she kisses him and they consummate their marriage . Meanwhile , Fulgencio decides Juliet will marry Dave Paris , the governor 's son . The next morning , Romeo narrowly escapes the Capulet mansion as Gloria tells Juliet that the family has promised she will marry Paris . She refuses , and Fulgencio threatens to disown her . Her mother and nurse insist it would be in her best interest to marry Paris . To get out of this , Juliet runs away and seeks out Father Laurence , imploring him to help her and threatening to commit suicide . Father Laurence proposes she fake her own death and be put in the Capulet vault to awaken 24 hours later . Romeo will be told of the plot , sneak into the vault , and once reunited the two can escape to Mantua . He gives her a potion which mimics death . After saying goodnight to her mother , Juliet drinks the potion and slips into a coma . She is found in the morning , declared dead , and placed in the vault . Balthasar , one of Romeo 's cousins , learns that Juliet is dead and tells Romeo , who is not home when the messenger arrives with a letter from Father Laurence . Romeo returns to Verona and buys a vial of poison . As he goes to the church , Captain Prince finds out he is back , and tries to capture him , without success . Father Laurence learns that Romeo never got his letter and has no idea Juliet is alive . Romeo enters the church where Juliet lies and bids her goodbye . She awakens just as Romeo takes the poison ; the two thus see each other and share a final kiss before he dies . A distraught Juliet picks up Romeo 's gun and shoots herself in the head , dying instantly . The two lovers are soon discovered in each other 's arms . Prince condemns both families , whose feuding led to such tragedy , while coroners quickly transport the two bodies to the morgue . Cast ( edit ) The House of Montague Brian Dennehy as Ted Montague , Romeo 's father Christina Pickles as Caroline Montague , Romeo 's mother Leonardo DiCaprio as Romeo Montague Dash Mihok as Benvolio Montague , Romeo 's cousin Jesse Bradford as Balthasar Montague , Romeo 's cousin Zak Orth as Gregory Montague , Romeo 's cousin Jamie Kennedy as Sampson Montague , Romeo 's cousin The House of Capulet Paul Sorvino as Fulgencio Capulet , Juliet 's father Diane Venora as Gloria Capulet , Juliet 's mother Claire Danes as Juliet Capulet / Juliet Capulet - Montague John Leguizamo as Tybalt Capulet , Juliet 's cousin Vincent Laresca as Abra Capulet , Juliet 's cousin Carlos Martín Manzo Otálora as Petruchio Capulet , Juliet 's cousin Miriam Margolyes as Nurse , Juliet 's nanny Others Harold Perrineau as Mercutio , Romeo 's best friend Pete Postlethwaite as Father Laurence , the priest who marries Romeo and Juliet Paul Rudd as Dave Paris , the governor 's son and Juliet 's fiance Vondie Curtis - Hall as Captain Prince , the chief of police M. Emmet Walsh as Apothecary Quindon Tarver as Choir Boy , the singer at Romeo and Juliet 's wedding Edwina Moore as the Anchorwoman , who assumes the role of the Chorus Natalie Portman had been cast as Juliet but , during rehearsals , it was felt that the footage looked as though DiCaprio was `` molesting '' her . Baz Luhrmann has also stated that Portman was too young at the time , and made DiCaprio look older than intended . He was 21 at the time of filming and Portman was only 14 . After Sarah Michelle Gellar turned down the role due to scheduling conflicts , DiCaprio proclaimed that Danes should be cast , as he felt she was genuine in her line delivery and did not try to impress him by acting flirtatious . Production ( edit ) After the success of Strictly Ballroom , Luhrmann took some time over deciding what his next project would be : Our philosophy has always been that we think up what we need in our life , choose something creative that will make that life fulfilling , and then follow that road . With Romeo and Juliet what I wanted to do was to look at the way in which Shakespeare might make a movie of one of his plays if he was a director . How would he make it ? We do n't know a lot about Shakespeare , but we do know he would make a ' movie ' movie . He was a player . We know about the Elizabethan stage and that he was playing for 3000 drunken punters , from the street sweeper to the Queen of England - and his competition was bear - baiting and prostitution . So he was a relentless entertainer and a user of incredible devices and theatrical tricks to ultimately create something of meaning and convey a story . That was what we wanted to do . Luhrmann obtained some funds from Fox to do a workshop and shoot some teaser footage in Sydney . Leonardo DiCaprio agreed to pay his own expenses to fly to Sydney and be part of it . Once Fox saw footage of the fight scene , they agreed to support it . All of the development was done in Australia , with pre-production in Australia and Canada and post-production in Australia . While some parts of the film were shot in Miami , most of the film was shot in Mexico City and Boca del Rio , Veracruz . For instance , the Capulet mansion was set at Chapultepec Castle while the ballroom was built on Stage One of Churubusco Studios ; and the church is Immaculate Heart of Mary in the Del Valle neighborhood . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) The film premiered on November 1 , 1996 in the United States and Canada , in 1,276 theaters , and grossed $11.1 million its opening weekend , ranking # 1 at the box office . It went on to gross $46.3 million in the United States and Canada , with a worldwide total of USD $147,554,998 . Critical response ( edit ) Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes rated the film `` Fresh '' , with 72 % of 53 critics giving positive reviews with an average rating of 6.5 / 10 with the consensus that says , `` Baz Luhrmann 's visual aesthetic is as divisive as it is fresh and inventive '' . James Berardinelli gave the film 3 out of 4 stars and wrote , `` Ultimately , no matter how many innovative and unconventional flourishes it applies , the success of any adaptation of a Shakespeare play is determined by two factors : the competence of the director and the ability of the main cast members . Luhrmann , Danes , and DiCaprio place this Romeo and Juliet in capable hands . '' Leonardo DiCaprio won Favorite Actor and Claire Danes won Favorite Actress in a Romance at the 1997 Blockbuster Entertainment Awards . At the 1997 MTV Movie Awards , Danes won Best Female Performance . DiCaprio was nominated for Best Male Performance , and DiCaprio and Danes were both nominated for Best Kiss and Best On - Screen Duo . At the 51st BAFTA Film Awards , director Baz Luhrmann won Best Direction , Luhrmann and Mary Haile won the Best Adapted Screenplay , Nellee Hooper won the Best Film Music , and Catherine Martin won the Best Production Design . The film was also nominated for Best Cinematography , Best Editing , and Best Sound . The film won several awards . At the 47th Berlin International Film Festival in 1997 , DiCaprio won the Silver Bear for Best Actor and Luhrmann won the Alfred Bauer Prize . Luhrmann was also nominated for the Golden Bear Award for Best Picture . At the 69th Academy Awards , Catherine Martin and Brigitte Broch were nominated for Best Art Direction / Set Decoration . Conversely , Roger Ebert gave the film a mixed review of only 2 stars out of 4 , saying , `` I 've seen `` King Lear '' as a samurai drama and `` Macbeth '' as a Mafia story , and two different `` Romeo and Juliets '' about ethnic difficulties in Manhattan ( `` West Side Story '' and `` China Girl '' ) , but I have never seen anything remotely approaching the mess that the new punk version of `` Romeo & Juliet '' makes of Shakespeare 's tragedy . '' The film was nominated to appear on the American Film Institute 's 100 Years ... 100 Passions list in 2002 . Home media ( edit ) The film was originally released on VHS and DVD in 1997 . A 10th anniversary special edition DVD containing extra features and commentary was released on February 6 , 2007 , while a Blu - ray edition was released on October 19 , 2010 . Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : Romeo + Juliet ( soundtrack ) `` # 1 Crush '' -- Garbage `` Local God '' -- Everclear `` Angel '' -- Gavin Friday `` Pretty Piece of Flesh '' -- One Inch Punch `` Kissing You ( Love Theme from Romeo & Juliet ) '' -- Des'ree `` Whatever ( I Had a Dream ) '' -- Butthole Surfers `` Lovefool '' -- The Cardigans `` Young Hearts Run Free '' -- Kym Mazelle `` Everybody 's Free ( To Feel Good ) '' -- Quindon Tarver `` To You I Bestow '' -- Mundy `` Talk Show Host '' -- Radiohead `` Little Star '' -- Stina Nordenstam `` You and Me Song '' -- The Wannadies `` Layers of Darkness '' - Marching Show Concept 's Recording `` Exit Music ( For a Film ) '' - Radiohead References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE 'S ROMEO + JULIET ( 12 ) '' . 20th Century Fox . British Board of Film Classification . December 2 , 1996 . Retrieved October 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Romeo + Juliet ( 1996 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` Berlinale : 1997 Prize Winners '' . berlinale.de . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Romeo + Juliet ( 1996 ) : Awards '' . IMDb.com . IMDb . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ Packard , Kim . `` CONSIDERING ' THE BFI LIST OF 50 FILMS YOU SHOULD WATCH BY THE AGE OF 14 ' '' . MUBI . Retrieved 24 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Whitington , Paul ( November 21 , 2007 ) . `` From stage to screen '' . Irish Independent . Retrieved 5 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Lahr , John ( September 9 , 2013 ) . `` Where do Claire Danes ' Volcanic Performances Come From ? '' . New Yorker Magazine . New Yorker Magazine . p. 2 . Retrieved September 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ryan , James ( February 25 , 1996 ) . `` UP AND COMING : Natalie Portman ; Natalie Portman ( Not Her Real Name ) '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Lahr , John . `` Where do Claire Danes ' Volcanic Performances Come From ? '' . NewYorker.com . The New Yorker . Retrieved 3 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Interview with Baz Luhrmann '' , Signet , 19 December 1996 accessed 19 November 2012 Jump up ^ `` Romeo + Juliet - Official Website , Production Notes '' . Jump up ^ `` Romeo + Juliet ( 1996 ) - Weekend Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` William Shakespeare 's Romeo & Juliet - Rotten Tomatoes '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ Berardinelli , James ( 1996 ) . `` Review : Romeo and Juliet ( 1996 ) '' . ReelReviews.net . Retrieved 4 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger . `` Romeo + Juliet Movie Review & Film Summary ( 1996 ) Roger Ebert '' . www.rogerebert.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Passions Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 19 . General Lehmann , Courtney . `` Strictly Shakespeare ? Dead Letters , Ghostly Fathers , and the Cultural Pathology of Authorship in Baz Luhrmann 's ' William Shakespeare 's Romeo + Juliet ' . '' Shakespeare Quarterly . 52.2 ( Summer 2001 ) pp. 189 -- 221 . Malone , Toby . Behind the Red Curtain of Verona Beach : Baz Luhrmann 's ' William Shakespeare 's Romeo + Juliet ' Shakespeare Survey . 65 ( 1 ) , 2012 . pp 398 - 412 . External links ( edit ) Film in the United States portal 1990s portal Wikiquote has quotations related to : Romeo + Juliet Official website ( Archive ) Romeo + Juliet on IMDb Romeo + Juliet at Box Office Mojo Romeo + Juliet at Rotten Tomatoes Romeo + Juliet at Metacritic Romeo + Juliet at Virtual History William Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet Characters Romeo Juliet Mercutio Tybalt Benvolio Friar Laurence Nurse Paris Rosaline Queen Mab Atomy Sources The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet Pyramus and Thisbe Palace of Pleasure Troilus and Criseyde Ballets Romeo and Juliet ( 1938 , Prokofiev ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1962 , Cranko ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1965 , MacMillan ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1977 , Nureyev ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1965 , Lavery ) Radio and Juliet ( 2005 ) Romeo + Juliet ( 2007 , Martins ) Romeo and Juliet ( 2008 , Pastor ) Operas Romeo und Julie ( 1776 , Benda ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 1796 , Zingarelli ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 1825 , Vaccai ) I Capuleti ei Montecchi ( 1830 , Bellini ) Gloria ( 1874 , Cilea ) Roméo et Juliette ( 1867 , Gounod ) A Village Romeo and Juliet ( 1907 , Delius ) Romeo und Julia ( 1940 , Sutermeister ) Romeo und Julia ( 1943 , Blacher ) Musicals The Belle of Mayfair ( 1906 ) West Side Story ( 1957 ) Once on This Island ( 1990 ) Roméo et Juliette , de la Haine à l'Amour ( 2001 ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 2007 ) Classical Beethoven 's String Quartet No. 1 ( c. 1800 ) Roméo et Juliette ( 1839 , Berlioz ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1870 , Tchaikovsky ) On screen 1900 1908 1916 Metro Pictures 1916 Fox 1936 1953 1954 1955 1964 1968 1978 ( TV ) 1992 ( TV ) 2006 2013 Film adaptations English Beneath the 12 - Mile Reef ( 1953 ) Romanoff and Juliet ( 1961 ) West Side Story ( 1961 ) Gonks Go Beat ( 1965 ) Lonesome Cowboys ( 1968 ) Romie - 0 and Julie - 8 ( TV ; 1979 ) The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet ( 1982 ) Valley Girl ( 1983 ) Bullies ( 1986 ) China Girl ( 1987 ) Romeo. 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"Diane Venora as Gloria Capulet, Juliet's mother"
] | [
"Diane Venora"
] |
2676936511250504965 | Don't Leave Me This Way | Do n't Leave Me This Way - wikipedia Do n't Leave Me This Way This article is about the song written by Kenneth Gamble , Leon Huff and Cary Gilbert . For the Tina Turner song , see Do n't Leave Me This Way ( Tina Turner song ) . `` Do n't Leave Me This Way '' Single by Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes from the album Wake Up Everybody B - side `` To Be Free to Be Who We Are '' Released November 1975 ( as an album track ) November 1977 ( as a single ) Format album track 7 '' vinyl 12 '' vinyl Recorded Genre Disco soul rhythm and blues Length 6 : 08 ( Album version ) 3 : 59 ( 7 ' edit ) 7 : 07 ( 12 '' version ) 11 : 00 ( 1988 version ) Label Philadelphia International Songwriter ( s ) Kenneth Gamble , Leon Huff and Cary Gilbert Producer ( s ) Gamble & Huff Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes singles chronology `` Tell the World How I Feel about ' Cha Baby '' ( 1976 ) `` Do n't Leave Me This Way '' ( 1975 ) `` Reaching for the World '' ( 1977 ) `` Tell the World How I Feel about ' Cha Baby '' ( 1976 ) `` Do n't Leave Me This Way '' ( 1977 ) `` Reaching for the World '' ( 1977 ) Audio sample file help `` Do n't Leave Me This Way '' is a song written by Kenneth Gamble , Leon Huff and Cary Gilbert . First charting as a hit for Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes featuring Teddy Pendergrass , an act on Gamble & Huff 's Philadelphia International label in 1975 , `` Do n't Leave Me This Way '' was later a huge disco hit for Motown artist Thelma Houston in 1977 . The song was also a major hit for British group the Communards in 1986 . Contents 1 Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes version 1.1 Chart performance 2 Thelma Houston version 2.1 HIV / AIDS significance 2.2 Chart performance 2.3 Weekly charts 2.4 Year - end charts 3 The Communards version 3.1 Chart performance 4 Cover versions 5 References Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes version ( edit ) The Blue Notes ' original version of the song , featuring Teddy Pendergrass 's lead vocal , was included as an album track on the group 's successful album Wake Up Everybody released in November 1975 . Though not issued as a single in the United States at the time , the Blue Notes ' recording reached number 3 on the US Billboard Disco Chart in the wake of Thelma Houston 's version . The song proved to be the group 's biggest hit in the UK , number 5 on the UK singles chart , when released there as a single in 1977 . It became the title track of a budget LP issued on the CBS Embassy label in the UK in 1978 . The track was finally issued as a 12 - inch single in the US in 1979 , coupled with `` Bad Luck '' . Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1975 ) Peak position US Billboard Disco Chart Chart ( 1977 ) Peak position Swedish Singles Chart 13 UK Singles Chart 5 Thelma Houston version ( edit ) `` Do n't Leave Me This Way '' Single by Thelma Houston from the album Any Way You Like It B - side `` Today Will Soon Be Yesterday '' Released December 2 , 1976 Format 7 '' vinyl 12 '' vinyl Recorded 1976 Genre Disco soul rhythm and blues Length 3 : 37 Label Motown Songwriter ( s ) Kenneth Gamble Leon Huff Cary Gilbert Producer ( s ) Hal Davis Thelma Houston singles chronology `` You 've Been Doing Wrong for So Long '' ( 1976 ) `` Do n't Leave Me This Way '' ( 1976 ) `` If It 's the Last Thing I Do '' ( 1977 ) `` You 've Been Doing Wrong for So Long '' ( 1976 ) `` Do n't Leave Me This Way '' ( 1976 ) `` If It 's the Last Thing I Do '' ( 1977 ) `` Do n't Leave Me This Way '' was covered by Motown in 1976 . Originally assigned to Diana Ross , it was intended to be the follow - up to her hit `` Love Hangover '' but was reassigned and given to the upcoming Motown artist Thelma Houston instead . Following the release of her third album Any Way You Like It , a Boston record pool unanimously reported positive audience response to `` Do n't Leave Me This Way '' in discos , and the song was selected for release as a single . Houston 's version became a massive international hit , topping the soul singles chart and , nine weeks later , the Billboard Hot 100 for one week in April 1977 . The song peaked at number 13 in the UK . The song went to number one on the disco chart . Later in the year , it was featured on the soundtrack of the movie , Looking for Mr. Goodbar . In 1978 , `` Do n't Leave Me This Way '' won the award for Best R&B Vocal Performance , Female at the 20th Annual Grammy Awards . Houston 's version was revived in 1995 in several remixes , which reached number 19 on the US Billboard Dance Chart and number 35 in the UK . This version got Houston ranked number 86 on VH1 's `` 100 Greatest One - hit Wonders '' , as well as the number 2 spot on their `` 100 Greatest Dance Songs '' list . The 1994 / 1995 remixes are : R&B vs 4 : 00 Remix radio vs 4 : 00 7 '' radio edit 4 : 00 Club remix vertigo 5 : 40 House club remix 5 : 40 Factory team remix 5 : 50 U.S. club edit 5 : 50 Serious rope club remix 7 : 10 Serious rope 7 '' remix 4 : 10 Jazz voice 's classic club trax 6 : 10 Jazz voice 's dub mix 7 : 35 Xs'2 house pump mix 7 : 30 Joe T. Vanelli dubby mix 8 : 40 Joe T. Vanelli light mix 5 : 20 Joe T. Vanelli Radio Cut 3 : 54 Joe T. Vanelli Extra Dubby 5 : 17 Junior sound factory mix 9 : 30 Tribe dub ( acid vocal ) 7 : 20 Junior 's factory dub 9 : 30 Junior gospel dub 7 : 55 Junior 's Tribe Prank Mix and Radio Edit 3 : 20 . Hiv / AIDS significance ( edit ) Throughout the 1980s and 1990s , Houston 's version of the song became an unofficial theme song for the AIDS epidemic in gay male communities of the west . American artist Nayland Blake created a work for American Foundation of AIDS research about the epidemic that referenced the song and its significance in the community . An art exhibition at the National Gallery of Australia entitled `` Do n't Leave Me This Way - Art in the age of AIDS '' opened in 1994 containing various works about the epidemic . A 246 - page publication of the exhibition also followed . Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1976 -- 77 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 6 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 18 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) France ( IFOP ) 13 Germany ( Media Control Charts ) 5 Italy ( FIMI ) 15 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 17 South Africa ( Springbok Radio ) Spain ( AFYVE ) 11 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) UK Singles Chart 13 US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Hot Disco Singles US Billboard Hot Soul Singles US Billboard Adult Contemporary 40 US Cash Box Top 100 Chart ( 1995 ) ( remix version ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 83 UK Singles Chart 35 US Billboard Hot Dance Club Play 19 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1977 ) Rank Australia 21 Canada 48 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 7 U.S. Cash Box 17 The Communards version ( edit ) `` Do n't Leave Me This Way '' Single by the Communards with Sarah Jane Morris from the album Communards B - side `` Sanctified '' Released August 1986 Format 7 '' vinyl , 12 '' vinyl , CD single , Cassette single Recorded 1985 -- 1986 Genre Hi - NRG Length 4 : 50 Label London Songwriter ( s ) Kenneth Gamble , Leon Huff and Cary Gilbert Producer ( s ) Mike Thorne the Communards singles chronology `` Disenchanted '' ( 1986 ) `` Do n't Leave Me This Way '' ( 1986 ) `` So Cold The Night '' ( 1986 ) The song was covered by the Communards in a Hi - NRG version . This recording topped the UK charts for four weeks in September 1986 , becoming the biggest selling record of the year in the process . The featured guest vocalist was the female jazz singer Sarah Jane Morris . The song became a Top 40 hit on the US Billboard Hot 100 and topped the Billboard Dance chart . In 2015 the song was voted by the British public as the nation 's 16th favourite 1980s number one in a poll for ITV. . Several remixes were issued , notably the `` Gotham City Mix '' which was split across two sides of a 12 '' single and ran for a total of 22 minutes 55 seconds . It was one of the songs played at Burberry 's February 2018 show , presented on 17 February at the Dimco Buildings in West London , marking Christopher Bailey 's final outing for the brand . The album liner notes dedicate the song to the GLC . Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1986 -- 87 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 19 Belgium ( VRT Top 30 Flanders ) Europe ( Eurochart Hot 100 Singles ) France ( SNEP ) 6 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 5 Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) 5 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Spain ( AFYVE ) 6 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) United Kingdom ( The Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 40 Cover versions ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Jeanie Tracy released a cover version of this in 1985 on Megatone Records . A version of the song is featured in the stage musical , Priscilla Queen of the Desert -- the Musical during a funeral scene . Episode 6 of the 2004 BBC miniseries Blackpool featured the Communards version , accompanied on screen by the singing and dancing of the characters , as part of the story . Cher did a cover of the song during her Las Vegas residency show Cher . The 2012 song `` Lying Together '' by French Kiwi Juice samples vocals from Houston 's cover . The song appeared in the 2015 film The Martian directed by Ridley Scott and starring Matt Damon . Bakermat covered the song in 2017 with their single `` Baby '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Andrew Hamilton . `` Do n't Leave Me this Way - Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes Songs , Reviews , Credits '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Allmusic -- Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes -- Billboard singles '' . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` swedishcharts.com '' . Retrieved December 3 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` everyhit.com search results for `` Do n't Leave Me This Way '' `` . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2008 . Retrieved December 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Stibal , Mary E. ( October 1977 ) . `` Disco -- Birth of a New Marketing System '' . Journal of Marketing . American Marketing Association . 41 ( 4 ) : 82 -- 88 . doi : 10.2307 / 1250240 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 - 2004 . Record Research . p. 262 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Charts > Thelma Houston '' . The Official UK Charts Company . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Hot Dance / Disco : 1974 - 2003 . Record Research . p. 124 . Jump up ^ `` Past Winners Search '' . Grammy Foundation . Retrieved January 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cosgrove , Stuart ( May 10 , 1995 ) . `` Do n't leave me this way '' . The Independent . London . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 ( illustrated ed . ) . St Ives , N.S.W. : Australian Chart Book . p. 142 . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Thelma Houston -- Do n't Leave Me This Way '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved June 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 4701a . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved June 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Offizielle Deutsche Charts > Thelma Houston ( single ) ( screen shot of search results from offiziellecharts.de ) '' ( in German ) . GfK Entertainment . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- Thelma Houston -- Do n't Leave Me This Way '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved June 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Thelma Houston -- Do n't Leave Me This Way '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved June 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Allmusic -- Thelma Houston -- Billboard singles '' . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1993 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 -- 1993 . Record Research . p. 113 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box Top 100 4 / 16 / 77 '' . Tropicalglen.com. 1977 - 04 - 16 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` The ARIA Australian Top 100 Singles Chart -- Week Ending 21 May 1995 '' . Imgur.com ( original document published by ARIA ) . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Gavin ( 2011 ) . Australia 's Music Charts 1988 -- 2010 . Mt . Martha , VIC , Australia : Moonlight Publishing . Jump up ^ `` Australian Chart Book '' . Austchartbook.com.au . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 05 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Image : RPM Weekly - Library and Archives Canada '' . Bac-lac.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1977 / Top 100 Songs of 1977 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box YE Pop Singles - 1977 '' . Tropicalglen.com. 1977 - 12 - 31 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ Robbins , Ira ; Rompers , Terry . `` Bronski Beat '' . Trouser Press . Retrieved 25 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Reviews > Dance > Picks > Communards -- Do n't Leave Me This Way '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media . 98 ( 38 ) : 73 . 20 September 1986 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ Morris will record later ( 2001 ) an acoustic version of the song , included in her album `` August '' Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Hot Dance / Disco : 1974 - 2003 . Record Research . p. 62 . Jump up ^ Westbrook , Caroline ( 25 July 2015 ) . `` The Nation 's Favourite 80s Number One : 12 more classic 80s chart - toppers which did n't make the cut '' . Metro . Retrieved 27 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Laura , Hawkins . `` United Visual Artists lights up Christopher Bailey 's final Burberry show '' . Wallpaper * . Retrieved 18 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 ( illustrated ed . ) . St Ives , N.S.W. : Australian Chart Book . p. 72 . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- The Communards -- Do n't Leave Me This Way '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` do n't leave me this way - the communards '' . VRT ( in Dutch ) . Top30-2.radio2.be . Archived from the original on 9 April 2012 . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Hoogste notering in de top 30 : 1 Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- The Communards -- Do n't Leave Me This Way '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 21 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- The Communards -- Do n't Leave Me This Way '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 39 , 1986 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` I singoli più venduti del 1986 '' . HitParadeItalia ( in Italian ) . Creative Commons . Retrieved 1 June 2013 . 10 . Do n't Leave Me This Way - The Communards ( # 5 ) Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- The Communards '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Communards with Sarah Jane Morris -- Do n't Leave Me This Way '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- The Communards -- Do n't Leave Me This Way '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 21 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Salaverri , Fernando ( January 1987 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 -- 2002 ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- The Communards -- Do n't Leave Me This Way '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 117 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes Harold Melvin Bernard Williams Roosevelt Brodie Jesse Gillis , Jr . Franklin Peaker John Atkins Teddy Pendergrass Lawrence Brown Bernard Wilson Lloyd Parks Jerry Cummings Sharon Paige David Ebo Dwight Johnson William Spratelly Gil Saunders Studio albums I Miss You Black & Blue To Be True Wake Up Everybody Reaching for the World Compilation albums Collectors ' Item : All Their Greatest Hits ! Singles `` If You Do n't Know Me by Now '' `` The Love I Lost '' `` Bad Luck '' `` Hope That We Can Be Together Soon '' `` Wake Up Everybody '' `` Do n't Leave Me This Way '' Related articles Discography Philadelphia International Records Book : Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes Thelma Houston Studio albums Sunshower Thelma Houston ( 1972 ) I 've Got the Music in Me Any Way You Like It Thelma & Jerry The Devil in Me Two to One Ready to Roll Ride to the Rainbow Reachin ' All Around Breakwater Cat Never Gonna Be Another One Thelma Houston ( 1983 ) Qualifying Heat Throw You Down Thelma Houston ( 1994 ) A Woman 's Touch Collaboration albums Tore Down House Well to the Bone Associated albums Good News in Hard Times Soundtracks The Bingo Long Traveling All - Stars & Motor Kings Thank God It 's Friday Into the Night Lean on Me 54 Singles `` Baby Mine '' `` Jumpin ' Jack Flash '' `` Save the Country '' `` Me and Bobby McGee '' `` Do n't Leave Me This Way '' `` Love Machine '' `` Suspicious Minds '' `` 96 Tears '' `` You Used to Hold Me So Tight '' `` Moonlight Serenade '' `` My Lucille '' `` Lean on Me '' `` Let It Be '' Related articles Fame Divas of Disco Jerry Butler Scott Henderson Sisters of Glory Book : Thelma Houston The Communards Richard Coles Jimmy Somerville Studio albums Communards Red Compilations The Singles Collection 1984 / 1990 The Very Best of Jimmy Somerville , Bronski Beat and The Communards For a Friend : The Best of Bronski Beat , The Communards & Jimmy Somerville Singles `` Do n't Leave Me This Way '' `` Never Can Say Goodbye '' `` For a Friend '' Best - selling singles by year in the United Kingdom 1952 -- 1969 1952 : `` Here in My Heart '' -- Al Martino 1953 : `` I Believe '' -- Frankie Laine 1954 : `` Secret Love '' -- Doris Day 1955 : `` Rose Marie '' -- Slim Whitman 1956 : `` I 'll Be Home '' -- Pat Boone 1957 : `` Diana '' -- Paul Anka 1958 : `` Jailhouse Rock '' -- Elvis Presley 1959 : `` Living Doll '' -- Cliff Richard ( UK ) 1960 : `` It 's Now or Never '' -- Elvis Presley 1961 : `` Wooden Heart '' -- Elvis Presley 1962 : `` I Remember You '' -- Frank Ifield ( UK ) 1963 : `` She Loves You '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1964 : `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1965 : `` Tears '' -- Ken Dodd ( UK ) 1966 : `` Green , Green Grass of Home '' -- Tom Jones ( UK ) 1967 : `` Release Me '' -- Engelbert Humperdinck ( UK ) 1968 : `` Hey Jude '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1969 : `` Sugar , Sugar '' -- The Archies 1970 -- 1989 1970 : `` The Wonder of You '' -- Elvis Presley 1971 : `` My Sweet Lord '' -- George Harrison ( UK ) 1972 : `` Amazing Grace '' -- Royal Scots Dragoon Guards ( UK ) 1973 : `` I Love You Love Me Love '' -- Gary Glitter ( UK ) 1974 : `` Tiger Feet '' -- Mud ( UK ) 1975 : `` Bye Bye Baby '' -- Bay City Rollers ( UK ) 1976 : `` Save Your Kisses for Me '' -- Brotherhood of Man ( UK ) 1977 : `` Mull of Kintyre '' / `` Girls ' School '' -- Wings ( UK ) 1978 : `` Rivers of Babylon '' / `` Brown Girl in the Ring '' -- Boney M . 1979 : `` Bright Eyes '' -- Art Garfunkel 1980 : `` Do n't Stand So Close to Me '' -- The Police ( UK ) 1981 : `` Tainted Love '' -- Soft Cell ( UK ) 1982 : `` Come On Eileen '' -- Dexys Midnight Runners ( UK ) 1983 : `` Karma Chameleon '' -- Culture Club ( UK ) 1984 : `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' -- Band Aid ( UK ) 1985 : `` The Power of Love '' -- Jennifer Rush 1986 : `` Do n't Leave Me This Way '' -- The Communards ( UK ) 1987 : `` Never Gonna Give You Up '' -- Rick Astley ( UK ) 1988 : `` Mistletoe and Wine '' -- Cliff Richard ( UK ) 1989 : `` Ride on Time '' -- Black Box 1990 -- 2009 1990 : `` Unchained Melody '' -- The Righteous Brothers 1991 : `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' -- Bryan Adams 1992 : `` I Will Always Love You '' -- Whitney Houston 1993 : `` I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' -- Meat Loaf 1994 : `` Love Is All Around '' -- Wet Wet Wet ( UK ) 1995 : `` Unchained Melody '' -- Robson & Jerome ( UK ) 1996 : `` Killing Me Softly '' -- Fugees 1997 : `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' / `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' -- Elton John ( UK ) 1998 : `` Believe '' -- Cher 1999 : `` ... Baby One More Time '' -- Britney Spears 2000 : `` Can We Fix It ? '' -- Bob the Builder ( UK ) 2001 : `` It Was n't Me '' -- Shaggy featuring Rikrok ( UK ) 2002 : `` Anything Is Possible '' / `` Evergreen '' -- Will Young ( UK ) 2003 : `` Where Is the Love ? '' -- The Black Eyed Peas 2004 : `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' -- Band Aid 20 ( UK ) 2005 : `` Is This the Way to Amarillo '' -- Tony Christie featuring Peter Kay ( UK ) 2006 : `` Crazy '' -- Gnarls Barkley 2007 : `` Bleeding Love '' -- Leona Lewis ( UK ) 2008 : `` Hallelujah '' -- Alexandra Burke ( UK ) 2009 : `` Poker Face '' -- Lady Gaga 2010 -- present 2010 : `` Just the Way You Are '' -- Bruno Mars 2011 : `` Someone Like You '' -- Adele ( UK ) 2012 : `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' -- Gotye featuring Kimbra 2013 : `` Blurred Lines '' -- Robin Thicke featuring T.I. & Pharrell Williams 2014 : `` Happy '' -- Pharrell Williams 2015 : `` Uptown Funk '' -- Mark Ronson ( UK ) featuring Bruno Mars 2016 : `` One Dance '' -- Drake featuring Wizkid and Kyla ( UK ) 2017 : `` Shape of You '' - Ed Sheeran ( UK ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Don%27t_Leave_Me_This_Way&oldid=849251194 '' Categories : 1975 songs 1977 singles 1986 singles Thelma Houston songs Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes songs Songs written by Leon Huff Songs written by Kenny Gamble Disco songs The Communards songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Billboard Dance Club Songs number - one singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles Dutch Top 40 number - one singles Single Top 100 number - one singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Philadelphia International Records singles Motown singles London Records singles Song recordings produced by Hal Davis Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2013 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Irish Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Swiss Articles needing additional references from August 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano Nederlands Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 7 July 2018 , at 17 : 02 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sang on don't leave me this way | [
"\"Don't Leave Me This Way\" is a song written by Kenneth Gamble, Leon Huff and Cary Gilbert. First charting as a hit for Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes featuring Teddy Pendergrass, an act on Gamble & Huff's Philadelphia International label in 1975, \"Don't Leave Me This Way\" was later a huge disco hit for Motown artist Thelma Houston in 1977. The song was also a major hit for British group the Communards in 1986.\n",
"\"Don't Leave Me This Way\" is a song written by Kenneth Gamble, Leon Huff and Cary Gilbert. First charting as a hit for Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes featuring Teddy Pendergrass, an act on Gamble & Huff's Philadelphia International label in 1975, \"Don't Leave Me This Way\" was later a huge disco hit for Motown artist Thelma Houston in 1977. The song was also a major hit for British group the Communards in 1986.\n",
"\"Don't Leave Me This Way\" is a song written by Kenneth Gamble, Leon Huff and Cary Gilbert. First charting as a hit for Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes featuring Teddy Pendergrass, an act on Gamble & Huff's Philadelphia International label in 1975, \"Don't Leave Me This Way\" was later a huge disco hit for Motown artist Thelma Houston in 1977. The song was also a major hit for British group the Communards in 1986.\n"
] | [
"Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes",
"Thelma Houston",
"the Communards"
] |
-2150939246233494227 | The Super Mario Bros. Super Show! | The Super Mario Bros. Super show ! - Wikipedia The Super Mario Bros. Super show ! Jump to : navigation , search The Super Mario Bros. Super Show ! Genre Comedy adventure Fantasy Created by Shigeru Miyamoto ( original characters ) Andy Heyward ( concept ) Starring Lou Albano Danny Wells Voices of Lou Albano Danny Wells Jeannie Elias John Stocker Harvey Atkin Cyndy Preston Jonathan Potts Len Carlson Colin Fox Allen Stewart - Coates Elizabeth Hanna Paulina Gillis Narrated by Lou Albano Opening theme `` Plumber Rap '' , performed by Lou Albano and Danny Wells Ending theme `` Do the Mario '' , performed by Lou Albano Composer ( s ) Haim Saban Shuki Levy Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 65 ( 52 Mario , 13 Zelda ) ( list of episodes ) Production Running time 22 minutes Production company ( s ) DIC Entertainment Saban Productions Sei Young Animation Co. , Ltd . Nintendo of America , Inc . Sae Rom Plus One Animation Distributor Viacom Enterprises Release Original network First - run syndication Original release September 4 ( 1989 - 09 - 04 ) -- December 1 , 1989 ( 1989 - 12 - 01 ) Chronology Followed by The Adventures of Super Mario Bros. 3 ( 1990 ) Related shows The Legend of Zelda ( 1989 ) The Super Mario Bros. Super Show ! is an American television series based upon Nintendo 's Super Mario Bros. and Super Mario Bros. 2 . It is the first of three TV shows based on the video game series , with the other being The Adventures of Super Mario Bros. 3 and Super Mario World . It was originally broadcast via first - run syndication from September 4 , 1989 to December 1 , 1989 , with reruns continuing until September 6 , 1991 . The Family Channel picked up the series on September 23 , 1991 , and aired it until August 26 , 1994 . The show was produced by DiC Animation and was distributed by Viacom Enterprises in association with Nintendo of America . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 2 Format 2.1 Mario Bros. Plumbing 2.2 Super Mario Bros . 2.3 The Legend of Zelda 3 Club Mario 4 Mario All Stars 5 Songs 5.1 Theme songs 5.2 Featured songs 6 Cast 6.1 Super Mario Bros. cast 6.1. 1 Additional voices 6.2 The Legend of Zelda cast 6.2. 1 Additional voices 6.3 Club Mario cast 7 Reception 8 Ratings 9 Home video releases 10 UK VHS history 11 References 12 External links Production ( edit ) Before the series was conceived , Andy Heyward , the then - CEO of DIC Entertainment , spent about a year trying to convince Nintendo to license the characters . In an interview with USA Today , Heyward said `` The Mario Bros. is such a unique property we had to do it in a different way ... We wanted to do a cartoon but also do a show that extended beyond the cartoon . '' In February 1989 , it was announced that the show would premiere in September 1989 . To promote the series , Captain Lou Albano appeared on Live with Regis and Kathie Lee in May 1989 with his beard shaven . When the series first aired , it was distributed by Viacom Enterprises and was marketed by MTV . The opening theme song was composed by Shuki Levy . In David Sheff 's book Game Over , Bill White , the then - director of advertising and public relations for Nintendo , said that the purpose of the television series was to `` boost awareness of the characters . '' Format ( edit ) Mario Bros. plumbing ( edit ) The first and last parts of each episode were live segments which showed Mario ( professional wrestler and manager Captain Lou Albano ) and Luigi ( Danny Wells ) , two Italian - American plumbers living in Brooklyn , where they would often be visited by celebrity guest stars . It appears that the live segments take place before Mario and Luigi went to the Mushroom Kingdom . Some of the celebrity guest stars were popular television stars , such as Nedra Volz , Norman Fell , Donna Douglas , Eve Plumb , Vanna White , Jim Lange , Danica McKellar , Nicole Eggert , Clare Carey and Brian Bonsall or professional athletes such as Lyle Alzado and Magic Johnson and WWE ( then WWF ) stars like Roddy Piper and Sgt . Slaughter . In one episode , Ernie Hudson appeared as a Slimebuster , a parody of his Ghostbusters persona Winston Zeddemore and on another occasion Mario and Luigi receive a visit from Inspector Gadget , performed live by Maurice LaMarche who voiced Chief Quimby in the second season of the show and later went on to voice Gadget himself in Inspector Gadget 's Last Case and Gadget & the Gadgetinis . There was also another episode with Cassandra Peterson as Elvira , Mistress of the Dark , but the episode was not included in the DVDs . In an interview for the first DVD release of the show , Lou Albano talked about filming these live action skits , which mainly involved him and Wells getting a central plot and mostly improvising the dialogue as they went along . In one episode , Lou Albano portrays himself , forcing his regular character to leave the scene in order for him to return as himself . In the episode in question , pop star Cyndi Lauper states she 's looking for Lou Albano because he 's missing , due to the note she got from him ( although there is an important part missing from the note ) . Mario exclaims how much he wants to meet Lou , and later Lou appears as himself supposedly while Mario 's out shopping for pizza . As a result , Luigi gets to meet Lou , but Mario does not . Lou Albano and Danny Wells also once played female versions of themselves , Marianne and Luigeena ( their cousins ) , and also two hillbilly cousins , named Mario Joe and Luigi Bob . Super Mario Bros. ( edit ) Each Super Mario Bros. cartoon served as the second segment of every show , following the introduction and first few minutes of the episode 's live - action segment . The cartoon featured characters and situations based upon the NES games Super Mario Bros. and Super Mario Bros. 2 , as well as several sound effects and musical cues from the two games . Each episode featured Mario , Luigi , Toad and Princess Toadstool defending the Mushroom Kingdom from the reptilian villain King Koopa , often in a movie or pop - culture parody . Getting into the spirit of these parodies , Koopa often used alter egos fitting the current theme . The theme song for the cartoon segments revealed that the Super Mario Brothers were accidentally warped into the Mushroom Kingdom while working on a bathtub drain in Brooklyn . After traveling via the warp drain , the Super Mario Brothers defeated King Koopa 's Koopa Troopas , saved Princess Toadstool and halted Koopa 's plan to conquer the Mushroom Kingdom . At the beginning of every cartoon segment , Mario recites an entry into his `` Plumber 's Log '' , a parody of the Captain 's Log from Star Trek . When Mario and Luigi are in danger , they often do their patty - cake routine : `` Patty - cake , Patty - cake , Pasta - Man ! Gimme Pasta power as fast as you can ! '' The Super Mario Bros. cartoons aired four days a week , from Monday through Thursday . The Legend of Zelda ( edit ) Main article : The Legend of Zelda ( TV series ) On every Friday episode of The Super Mario Bros. Super Show , a cartoon based on The Legend of Zelda video game series was featured instead of the Super Mario Bros. cartoons . In the series , the Hylian hero Link and Princess Zelda battled against the forces of the evil wizard Ganon . Scenes from each episode of the show were shown during the sitcom segments on the preceding Super Mario Bros. Super Show ! episodes during the week , and then broadcast as sneak peeks . The Zelda cartoons consisted of thirteen episodes , which ended when the Super Mario Bros. Super Show ! ended its initial broadcast run . The characters of Link , Zelda and Ganon , along with their respective voice actors ( Jonathan Potts , Cynthia Preston and Len Carlson ) , were later featured in an episode of Captain N : The Game Master , based on the Zelda II : The Adventure of Link NES game , another animated series based on NES video games , and also produced by DiC Animation around the same period , airing on NBC as part of its Saturday morning cartoon schedule . Club Mario ( edit ) In the 1990 -- 91 season after the original animated series had ended , the Albano / Wells live - action sequences were replaced on September 10 , 1990 with new continuity under the title Club Mario . The Super Mario Bros. cartoons ( as well as The Legend of Zelda on Fridays ) remained intact but the live - action format now featured Mario - obsessed teenagers Tommy and Tammy Treehugger , along with Cool MC `` commandeering '' the `` satellite signal '' of the Super Show using a satellite dish atop their apartment building ( despite the reality of the show going out on tapes to stations well in advance ) , goofing around , and in at least one episode , running around the studio and harassing DiC executive and executive producer Andy Heyward . Cool MC also had to deal with his evil twin Eric ( played by the same actor ) , who attempted fruitlessly to take over the show . An additional added segment was a one - to - two - minute viewing of Space Scout Theater / Spaced Out Theater , hosted by Princess Centauri , a green alien woman , which was sourced and edited from the science fiction children television series Photon . The segments had an unpopular reception and further distribution of the series after the 1990 -- 91 season has featured only the original cut of the show with the Albano / Wells live - action sequences . Mario All stars ( edit ) In 1993 , The Family Channel aired the show in a package named Mario All Stars , consisting of time compressed versions of The Super Mario Bros. Super Show ! cartoon segments and the Super Mario World cartoons . It ran for 39 episodes in double episode format , and was promoted as `` the Super Mario Bros. in 40 brand new adventures '' . Although clips from the Super Mario Bros. 3 cartoons were used in promos for the show , none of the show 's episodes were featured . All Stars was later seen on the USA Network from January 6 -- June 6 , 1997 , when it was replaced by Sonic the Hedgehog reruns . Before being re-edited for All Stars in 1993 , Family Channel played the episodes slower than their normal speed and included the live action segments . The package 's title is most likely inspired by the title of the video game compilation Super Mario All - Stars that was released the previous year . Songs ( edit ) Theme songs ( edit ) `` Plumber Rap '' ( Lou Albano and Danny Wells ) : The main theme , which is divided into two parts . The first part opens the show while the second part opens the Super Mario Bros. animated segments . `` Do the Mario '' ( Lou Albano ) : The ending theme to the show performed in front of a greenscreen of the animated show 's backgrounds , which featured an accompanying dance performed by Albano described within the lyrics . The song is sung to the tune of the classic `` Overworld '' theme from Super Mario Bros . Featured songs ( edit ) At some point in the cartoon segments , a song would be played to go along with the scene . These were usually notable singles from famous singers , songwriters , and musical artists of the era . When the program was re-released on DVD in North America , the songs were replaced by instrumentals of songs from The Adventures of Super Mario Bros. 3 and one song from Super Mario World . Episode / song combinations are shown on the list of Mario television episodes . Cast ( edit ) Super Mario Bros. cast ( edit ) `` Captain '' Lou Albano as Mario ( live - action and animated ) Danny Wells as Luigi ( live - action and animated ) Jeannie Elias as Princess Toadstool / Princess Peach John Stocker as Toad Harvey Atkin as King Koopa Maurice LaMarche as Inspector Gadget ( live action segments ) Additional voices ( edit ) Robert Bockstael Dorian Joe Clark Robert Cowan Diane Fabian Paulina Gillis Joyce Gordon Marilyn Lightstone Marla Lukofsky Greg Morton Steve Schirrinall Greg Swanson Ron Rubin Keith Knight The Legend of Zelda cast ( edit ) Jonathan Potts as Link Cyndy Preston as Princess Zelda Len Carlson as Ganon Colin Fox as King Harkinian Allen Stewart - Coates as The Triforce of Power Elizabeth Hanna as The Triforce of Wisdom Paulina Gillis as Spryte Additional voices ( edit ) Don Francks Marvin Goldhar Christopher Ward Club Mario cast ( edit ) Chris Coombs as Tommy Treehugger Michael Anthony Rawlins as Co-MC / Evil Eric Kurt Weldon as Dr. Know - It - All Victoria Delaney as Tammy Treehugger Jeff Rose as The Big Kid James Abbott as The Band Shanti Kahn as Princess Centauri Andy Heyward as himself Reception ( edit ) Upon the series premiere on September 1989 , Mike Hughes of USA Today described the series as a `` surprising disappointment '' , opining that the series has `` little of the wit and spark '' and relies too heavily on slapstick . In a retrospective review , Mark Bozon of IGN referred the series as `` the biggest offender among Nintendo 's many embarrassing moments '' but thought that the animated shorts were `` interesting to look back on '' . Bozon gave the overall series a 7 out of 10 . However , Common Sense Media rated the show 1 out of 5 stars , stating that the `` frenetic ' 80s cult fave with stereotypes has n't aged well . '' Ratings ( edit ) Upon the first week of its premiere , the series had a cumulative 4.1 / 12 rating / share , making the series the highest rated first - run syndicated series at the time . However , within the next two weeks , the series ( 3.8 / 11 ) was beat out by Buena Vista Television 's Chip ' n Dale : Rescue Rangers ( 4.5 / 11 ) and faced competition with Claster Television 's Muppet Babies reruns . Home video releases ( edit ) From 1989 to 1990 , Kids Klassics ( with the sponsorship of Nesquik ) released episodes of the series on VHS . Starting in 1991 , Kids Klassics ' parent company GoodTimes Entertainment continued releasing episodes on VHS up through 1993 . 1989 Releases ( Each volume begins and ends with a complete live - action segment , with the featured complete animated segment in the middle ) Mario 's Magic Carpet Mario Meets Koop - zilla King Mario of Cramalot The Great Gladiator Gig Butch Mario & the Luigi Kid The Great BMX Race The Ringer ( The Legend of Zelda ) Sing for the Unicorn ( The Legend of Zelda ) There were also 3 VHS tapes only available through a mail - in offer with Nestle Quik . They follow the same format as the volumes listed above . The Bird ! The Bird ! Pirates of the Koopa Kiss'N Tell ( The Legend of Zelda ) 1990 Releases ( Each volume has 1 complete live action segment and 3 complete animated segments ) Koopa Claus ( plus `` Santa Claus Is Coming to Flatbush '' , `` Stars in Their Eyes '' , and `` Too Hot to Handle '' ) Count Koopula ( plus `` Vampire Until Ready '' , `` Koopenstein '' , and `` Robo Koopa '' ) The Missing Link ( The Legend of Zelda ) ( plus `` Captain Lou Is Missing '' , `` Cold Spells '' , and `` The Moblins Are Revolting '' ) Princess , I Shrunk The Mario Brothers ( plus `` Rowdy Roddy 's Rotten Pipes '' , `` Rollin ' Down The River '' , and `` Brooklyn Bound '' ) 1991 Releases ( The Kids Klassics logo is retained although these volumes were released by GoodTimes ) ( Each volume has 4 complete animated segments and no live - action segments ) Two Plumbers and a Baby ( plus `` On Her Majesty 's Sewer Service '' , `` The Great Gold Coin Rush '' , and `` Flatbush Koopa '' ) Robo Koopa ( plus `` Bad Rap '' , `` Karate Koopa '' , and `` The Koopas Are Coming ! `` The Koopas Are Coming ! '' ) Hooded Robin and His Mario Men ( Plus `` Plummers Academy '' , `` Quest for Pizza '' , and `` Escape from Koopatraz '' ) 1993 Release ( Released in a clamshell packaging , contains 6 complete animated sgements and no live - action segments ) Super Mario Bros. Super Show ( `` Jungle Fever '' , `` Mario and the Beanstalk '' , `` 20,000 Koopas Under the Sea '' , `` Mario of the Apes '' , `` Mario of the Deep '' , and `` King Mario of Cramalot '' ) In 1996 , the animated segment `` Koopa Klaus '' and the live - action segment `` Santa Claus is Coming to Flatbush '' were included on the VHS release Super Mario Bros. Super Christmas Adventures , alongside the Super Mario World episode `` The Night Before Cave Christmas '' . In 2006 , Shout ! Factory and Sony BMG Music Entertainment released the series on two 4 - disc DVD sets . DVD Name Ep # Release Date Additional Information Volume 1 24 March 28 , 2006 New interviews with Captain Lou Albano ( Mario ) Original art gallery Storyboard - to - Screen : The Super Mario Bros. Super Show Opening Title Sequence Volume 2 24 October 31 , 2006 4 Bonus Animated Episodes `` Meeting Mario : A Fan 's Tale '' Featurette Super Mario Bros. Fan Costume Gallery The Worlds of The Super Mario Bros. Super Show ! Concept Art Galleries Interactive Tour Of The Mario Bros. Plumbing These two sets were discontinued in 2012 after Shout ! 's deal with Cookie Jar Entertainment expired . Notably , a bare bones `` Best of '' DVD was released by DiC and Lions Gate Entertainment . In 2012 NCircle Entertainment released the complete series to DVD across two sets with the same extras as the Shout ! Factory sets , but with the live - action segments omitted and `` On Her Majesty 's Sewer Service '' excluded . Uk VHS history ( edit ) Abbey Home Media ( 1991 -- 1993 ) From 1991 to 1993 , Abbey Home Entertainment Distribution released six videos of the `` Super Mario Bros. Super Show '' with the only animated segmented episodes , the animated segmented intro and the live - action segment of `` Do the Mario '' in the closing credits . VHS video title Year of release Episodes The Super Mario Bros. Super Show ( 94792 ) 15 April 1991 The Great Gladiator Gig , Mario of the Apes , The Bird1 The Bird ! The Super Mario Bros. Super Show : Special Edition ( 95112 ) 15 July 1991 The Fire Of Herculfleas , King Mario of Cramalot , Rollin ' Down the River , Mario and the Beanstalk DVD Releases References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Intelligencer -- September 23 , 1991 Jump up ^ The Intelligencer -- August 26 , 1994 ^ Jump up to : `` Game Playing '' . USA Today . July 31 , 1989 . p. 3D . The Nintendo craze comes to TV this fall with NBC 's `` Captain N : The Game Master '' and a syndicated show , `` The Super Mario Bros. Super Show , '' both from the DIC animation factory . DIC president Andrew Hayward says he spent a year convincing the toy company to license rights to the addictive characters . Capt. Lou Albano plays super-plumber Mario in the syndicated show , which wraps live action around cartoon adventures . Steve Binder ( `` Pee - wee 's Playhouse '' ) directed the live bits , including camp cameos by Vanna White , Elvira and Magic Johnson . Rock ' n ' roll songs have been licensed and will be woven into each episode . Hayward says a music video of the `` Mario dance '' will premiere within the next few weeks . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` For kids : A ' Chip ' off the Disney block '' . USA Today . September 11 , 1989 . p. 3D . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Healy , Michelle ( February 1 , 1989 ) . `` Nintendo hungry ? Try the cereal '' . USA Today . p. 1D . The Super Mario Brothers Super Show , a syndicated TV program for kids , airs in September . It will feature live action and animation . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` ' Super ' Man '' . USA Today . May 17 , 1989 . p. 3D . Capt. Lou Albano , the bizarre wrestling manager , has been cast to play Mario , one of the two Brooklyn plumber brothers . Thursday , in anticipation of a big announcement bash , Albano will appear on `` Live With Regis & Kathie Lee '' to shed his beard . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Syndication Marketplace '' ( PDF ) . Broadcasting . 117 ( 9 ) : 42 . August 28 , 1989 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McDonald , Marlon ( July 10 , 2015 ) . `` This Man Is Responsible for ( Nearly ) All of Your 80s / 90s Kid 's Show Memories , and You 've Probably Never Even Heard of Him ... '' . Movie Pilot . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Groves , Martha ( April 30 , 1990 ) . `` Taking On Nintendo : Games : Atari may be crazy to confront the Japanese giant . But it plans to slug it out anyway . '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sheff , David ( November 2 , 2011 ) . Game Over : How Nintendo Conquered The World . Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Angelle , Denny ( September 1989 ) . `` What 's New on TV '' . Boys ' Life . 79 ( 9 ) : 16 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Albano , Lou ( 2006 ) . The Super Mario Bros. Super Show Vol. 1 ( DVD ) . Shout ! Factory . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Super Mario Bros. - Cartoon Resource Website entry # 76 '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 27 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 27 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Recipe : Roasted Vegetable Pasta Salad with Asiago Cheese - Everything Zoomer - Boomers with Zip '' . Everything Zoomer . December 9 , 2013 . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hughes , Mike ( September 14 , 1989 ) . `` This is the time for NBC to grab a slice of TV history : It should become the first force to abandon the Saturday - morning cartoon business . '' . USA Today . The show runs five days a week , however , and there is a saving grace : Each Friday has a `` Legend of Zelda '' episode that 's quite a bit better than the rest of the week . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` DIC Enterprises gets animated over a new tour '' ( PDF ) . Broadcasting . 118 ( 20 ) : 35 ; 38 . May 14 , 1990 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Join the club '' ( PDF ) . Broadcasting . 118 ( 22 ) : 53 . May 28 , 1990 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Damian Inwood . `` The Baroness and the Pig '' . Pi Theatre . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2012 . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . That 's what Vancouver actresses Diane Brown and Tabitha St. Germain do with the delightful black comedy , The Baroness and the Pig . ( ... ) St. Germain -- better known to Vancouver audiences as Paulina Gillis -- plays the Baroness as a naïve gentlewoman , full of prissy mannerisms and twittering , bird - like movements . Jump up ^ Hughes , Mike ( September 14 , 1989 ) . `` This is the time for NBC to grab a slice of TV history : It should become the first force to abandon the Saturday - morning cartoon business . '' . USA Today . ' The Super Mario Brothers Super Show ' emerges as a surprising disappointment . This has the same producers as `` Captain N '' and the same basis - Nintendo video games . Yet it has little of the wit and spark ; there are live - action bits surrounding the cartoons , but they merely remind us of why slapstick comedy is no longer an American artform . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Bozon , Mark ( January 25 , 2006 ) . `` Super Mario Bros. Super Show ! Volume 1 '' . IGN . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Super Mario Bros. Super Show TV Review '' . Commonsensemedia.org . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Doubling Up '' ( PDF ) . Broadcasting . 117 ( 13 ) : 6 . September 25 , 1989 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Metering Syndication Progress '' ( PDF ) . Broadcasting . 117 ( 14 ) : 41 -- 42 . October 2 , 1989 . Retrieved August 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` GoodTimes / KK Tapes Roll With Nestle Ads '' ( PDF ) . Billboard. 101 ( 39 ) : 51 . September 30 , 1989 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Super Mario Bros Super Show ! ( 2 DVDs ) . Vol. 1 ( Collectors ' ed . ) . Los Angeles , CA : NCircle Entertainment . 2006 . OCLC 795409356 . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ NCircle Entertainment ; Cookie Jar Entertainment Inc. ; Nintendo of America Inc. ( 2012 ) . Super Mario Bros Super Show ! ( 2 DVDs ) . Vol. 2 ( Collectors ' ed . ) . DIC Entertainment . OCLC 812542271 . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) External links ( edit ) Mario portal The Super Mario Bros. Super Show ! on IMDb The Super Mario Bros. Super Show ! at TV.com ( hide ) Mario television series ( Episodes ) The Super Mario Bros. Super Show ! The Adventures of Super Mario Bros. 3 Super Mario World King Koopa 's Kool Kartoons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Super_Mario_Bros._Super_Show!&oldid=805395495 '' Categories : 1989 American television series debuts 1989 American television series endings 1980s American animated television series Animated series based on Mario Animated series based on video games English - language television programs First - run syndicated television programs in the United States Works based on Mario American children 's action television series American children 's adventure television series American children 's animated television series American children 's comedy television series American children 's fantasy television series Animated adventure television series Animated fantasy television series Television series about siblings Television series by DIC Entertainment Television series by CBS Television Studios Television spin - offs Animated duos Television series with live action and animation Works based on Nintendo video games Television series by Saban Entertainment Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 15 October 2017 , at 02 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sang the super mario bros super show theme song | [
"\n\"Plumber Rap\" (Lou Albano and Danny Wells): The main theme, which is divided into two parts. The first part opens the show while the second part opens the Super Mario Bros. animated segments.\n\"Do the Mario\" (Lou Albano): The ending theme to the show performed in front of a greenscreen of the animated show's backgrounds, which featured an accompanying dance performed by Albano described within the lyrics. The song is sung to the tune of the classic \"Overworld\" theme from Super Mario Bros.\n",
"\n\"Plumber Rap\" (Lou Albano and Danny Wells): The main theme, which is divided into two parts. The first part opens the show while the second part opens the Super Mario Bros. animated segments.\n\"Do the Mario\" (Lou Albano): The ending theme to the show performed in front of a greenscreen of the animated show's backgrounds, which featured an accompanying dance performed by Albano described within the lyrics. The song is sung to the tune of the classic \"Overworld\" theme from Super Mario Bros.\n"
] | [
"Lou Albano and Danny Wells",
"Lou Albano"
] |
505541670113735401 | Lessons (Star Trek: The Next Generation) | Lessons ( Star Trek : the Next Generation ) - wikipedia Lessons ( Star Trek : the Next Generation ) `` Lessons '' Star Trek : The Next Generation episode Episode no . Season 6 Episode 19 Directed by Robert Wiemer Written by Ron Wilkerson Jean Louise Matthias Featured music Dennis McCarthy Production code 245 Original air date April 5 , 1993 ( 1993 - 04 - 05 ) Guest appearance ( s ) Wendy Hughes - Nella Daren R. Cox - Marquez Episode chronology ← Previous `` Starship Mine '' Next → `` The Chase '' List of Star Trek : The Next Generation episodes `` Lessons '' is the 19th episode of the sixth season of the American science fiction television series Star Trek : The Next Generation and was originally aired in the United States on April 5 , 1993 , in broadcast syndication . Set in the 24th century , the series follows the adventures of the crew of the Starfleet starship USS Enterprise - D. In `` Lessons '' , Captain Picard 's ( Patrick Stewart ) shared love of music with Lt. Commander Nella Daren ( Wendy Hughes ) leads to romance , resulting in conflicting emotions on his behalf . After incorrectly believing her to have died , he realizes that he is incapable of carrying out a relationship with someone under his command . The episode was directed by Robert Wiemer , the episode was written by Ron Wilkerson and Jean Louise Matthias , with some uncredited revisions by René Echevarria . Stand - ins were used to perform the pieces by Picard and Daren , which required the use of close - up camera angles by the director . The episode was received warmly by critics reviewing it after the end of the series , who praised the performances of Hughes and Stewart . Contents 1 Plot 2 Production 3 Reception and home media 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) Picard is irritated that the stellar cartography department has shut down several systems on the Enterprise , and visits the section to discover what is going on . He meets the head of the department , Lt. Commander Nella Daren , who makes an impression on Picard . It is a meeting memorable enough to later discuss with Dr. Beverly Crusher ( Gates McFadden ) . At a musical recital by Lt. Commander Data ( Brent Spiner ) , Picard is surprised to see Daren , once again , playing the piano . The two discuss music , and later meet in Picard 's quarters and participate in a duet . Daren plays a portable piano and Picard performs on his Ressikan flute . The two meet more often ; even in a Jefferies tube , which Daren claims has the best acoustics on the ship . In this private setting , their attraction for one another is expressed in a kiss . The moment of intimacy is fleeting , however . When they enter a turbolift , and are joined by another crewmember , Picard resumes the professional demeanour of Captain . The Enterprise is diverted from its mission , when it is directed to investigate a report of firestorms at a Federation outpost . While in transit , Picard consults Counsellor Troi ( Marina Sirtis ) about pursuing a relationship with Daren . Picard then goes to Daren to apologize and to explain . He recounts the experience shown in the episode `` The Inner Light '' in which he had a wife and family , became a grandfather , grew old , and learned to play the flute . The experience imparted to Picard a deep appreciation for music , and he is pleased to have someone to share it with . Daren speaks to Commander Riker ( Jonathan Frakes ) requesting a transfer for another crew member to stellar cartography . Riker says he will consider the request . Afterwards , he speaks with Picard , explaining that Picard and Daren 's relationship makes the decision complicated . After determining from Riker that Daren 's request is not unusual or taking advantages , Picard assures Riker that he will support any decision he makes . Later at dinner , Picard relates to Daren his talk with Riker , saying that they need to be careful about anyone else misunderstanding their relationship . The Enterprise arrives at the Federation outpost to find that firestorms are heading toward the facility . Daren suggests a means of deflecting the storms , but the equipment requires trained personnel on the ground to operate it . Daren is assigned to the surface team , along with a number of other crewmembers . The outpost is evacuated during the dangerous mission , leaving only the Enterprise away team on surface . The firestorms overwhelm the position that Daren 's team occupies before they can be retrieved . Believing Daren to be dead , Picard sits contemplating his decision in his quarters . He then hears that survivors are being transported aboard , and heads to the transporter room . Daren is not among the initial group of survivors , but is later transported to the ship . Eight members of the team have died . Afterwards , Picard and Daren discuss their relationship . They conclude that it can not continue , as Picard could not bear to put her in danger once more . They discuss giving up their Starfleet careers to be together . Daren realizes that Picard , although still cherishing the family life he experienced as Kamin , has nonetheless chosen duty , career , and loneliness . They both know that Daren must transfer off the Enterprise . They kiss once more , and Daren makes Picard promise not to give up music . Production ( edit ) Ron Wilkerson and Jean Louise Matthias had previously written the episodes `` Imaginary Friend '' and `` Schisms '' , but in both instances the writing of the teleplay for the initial story idea had been given to a staff writer due to time constraints . Co-executive producer Jeri Taylor instead allowed the pair to write the teleplay for `` Lessons '' , their first for Star Trek . René Echevarria did some minor uncredited re-writes to the final version of the script as staff - writer Brannon Braga wished to avoid working on `` Lessons '' after recently working on another love story related script for the episode `` Aquiel '' . Writer and producer Michael Piller likened `` Lessons '' to the 1945 Noël Coward film Brief Encounter . Director Robert Wiemer used tight camera angles such as these to allow musicians to play off screen in time with the actors . The production crew sought to give Picard a romantic peer and equal in Daren , and were pleased with the actors ' performances . Director Robert Wiemer said that `` we had really turned - on performances ... if we 'd had only moderate performances it would have fallen flat '' . However , as neither Stewart nor Hughes could play their instruments , it required a number of camera techniques to be used in order to disguise the musicians playing just off screen . Husband and wife duo Natalie and Bryce Martin played the piano and tin whistle respectively to portray Daren and Picard 's abilities . Bryce had played his instrument to represent Picard 's Ressikan flute since it first appeared in `` The Inner Light '' . However , while Stewart did the majority of his flute fingering , he was doubled in several scenes by Noel Webb and John Mayham . Webb also doubled for Brent Spiner early in the episode when Data was playing Frédéric Chopin 's trio in G minor . A variety of pieces are played throughout the episode , including Frère Jacques , Ludwig van Beethoven 's Piano Sonata No. 14 and Johann Sebastian Bach 's Third Brandenburg Concerto . The `` Flute song '' by Jay Chattaway , which originally appeared in `` The Inner Light '' , reappears in this episode . The firestorm itself was created by Dan Curry and Ronald B. Moore by pouring liquid nitrogen onto black velvet and then blowing it with an air hose . The effect was then enhanced by digital effects and was digitally inserted into the background of the exterior standing set ( usually referred to by cast and crew as `` planet hell '' ) . `` Lessons '' was the first appearance of the stellar cartography on board the Enterprise , but the set would be completely replaced for its reappearance in the movie Star Trek Generations . Reception and home media ( edit ) James Van Hise and Hal Schuster wrote in their 1995 book , The Complete Next Generation , that they thought the relationship between Picard and Daren was believable , and that the story itself was very effective . They thought that the loneliness Picard feels at the end of the episode was part of an ongoing story which would culminate in the subplot about Picard 's loneliness in Star Trek Generations . Several reviewers re-watched Star Trek : The Next Generation after the end of the series . Keith DeCandido watched the episode for Tor.com , and described the performance of Wendy Hughes as `` magnificent '' and `` never not wonderful '' . However , he commented that whenever a double was not used to play the piano , it was obvious that Hughes was n't playing . Overall , he appreciated the script and thought that the ending was not contrived ; however , he would have preferred for the episodic structure of The Next Generation to have been changed a little to allow for the romance to be portrayed as a subplot over several episodes . He gave the episode a score of 9 / 10 , saying `` this is one of TNG 's best romances and an absolute joy . '' DeCandido subsequently named `` Lessons '' as one of the best episodes of season six , which he said was the best season of the series . Zack Handlen , who reviewed `` Lessons '' for The A.V. Club , thought that the episode works because of Patrick Stewart and that the episode was well - handled . He gave `` Lessons '' a score of B+ , saying that he `` was n't hugely sold on Daren , but when Picard makes a special point of explaining the flute 's significance to her , it helps solidify the connection between them . '' The episode was first released on VHS cassette on August 4 , 1998 . The episode was later included on the Star Trek : The Next Generation season six DVD box set , released in the United States on December 3 , 2002 , and on Blu - ray on June 24 , 2014 . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Nemecek ( 2003 ) : p. 241 ^ Jump up to : Nemecek ( 2003 ) : p. 242 ^ Jump up to : DeCandido , Keith ( November 20 , 2012 ) . `` Star Trek : The Next Generation Rewatch : `` Lessons '' `` . Tor.com . Retrieved January 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Broadfoot , Amanda ( June 12 , 2005 ) . `` Star Trek Composer Jay Chattaway Strikes a Chord '' . Yahoo ! Voices . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2014 . Retrieved January 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Van Hise , Schuster ( 1995 ) : p. 144 Jump up ^ Van Hise , Schuster ( 1995 ) : p. 145 Jump up ^ DeCandido , Keith ( December 21 , 2012 ) . `` Star Trek : The Next Generation Rewatch : Sixth Season Overview '' . Tor.com . Retrieved January 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Handlen , Zack ( August 4 , 2011 ) . `` '' Starship Mine `` / '' Lessons `` '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved January 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek : The Next Generation - Episode 145 ( VHS ) '' . Tower Video . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2015 . Retrieved January 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ordway , Holly E. ( December 6 , 2002 ) . `` Star Trek the Next Generation - Season 4 '' . DVD Talk . Retrieved January 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek the Next Generation - Season 6 '' . References ( edit ) Van Hise , James ; Schuster , Hal ( 1995 ) . The Complete Next Generation . Las Vegas : Pioneer Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55698 - 377 - 1 . Nemecek , Larry ( 2003 ) . Star Trek : The Next Generation Companion ( 3rd ed . ) . New York : Pocket Books . ISBN 0 - 7434 - 5798 - 6 . External links ( edit ) Star Trek portal `` Lessons '' on IMDb `` Lessons '' at TV.com Lessons at Memory Alpha ( a Star Trek wiki ) Lessons at StarTrek.com Star Trek : The Next Generation episodes Seasons 5 6 7 Season 6 `` Time 's Arrow , Part II '' `` Realm of Fear '' `` Man of the People '' `` Relics '' `` Schisms '' `` True Q '' `` Rascals '' `` A Fistful of Datas '' `` The Quality of Life '' `` Chain of Command , Part I '' `` Chain of Command , Part II '' `` Ship in a Bottle '' `` Aquiel '' `` Face of the Enemy '' `` Tapestry '' `` Birthright , Part I & II '' `` Starship Mine '' `` Lessons '' `` The Chase '' `` Frame of Mind '' `` Suspicions '' `` Rightful Heir '' `` Second Chances '' `` Timescape '' `` Descent , Part I '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lessons_(Star_Trek:_The_Next_Generation)&oldid=847600531 '' Categories : Star Trek : The Next Generation ( season 6 ) episodes 1993 American television episodes Hidden categories : Pages using infobox television episode with incorrectly formatted episode list Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Português Edit links This page was last edited on 26 June 2018 , at 14 : 19 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | star trek next generation episode picard falls in love | [
"\"Lessons\" is the 19th episode of the sixth season of the American science fiction television series Star Trek: The Next Generation and was originally aired in the United States on April 5, 1993, in broadcast syndication. Set in the 24th century, the series follows the adventures of the crew of the Starfleet starship USS Enterprise-D. In \"Lessons\", Captain Picard's (Patrick Stewart) shared love of music with Lt. Commander Nella Daren (Wendy Hughes) leads to romance, resulting in conflicting emotions on his behalf. After incorrectly believing her to have died, he realizes that he is incapable of carrying out a relationship with someone under his command.\n"
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"the 19th episode of the sixth season"
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-4513278847892582525 | Australian dollar | Australian dollar - Wikipedia Australian dollar `` AUD '' redirects here . For other uses , see AUD ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Australian dollar Australian dollar ( English ) $100 $1 ISO 4217 Code AUD Number 036 Exponent Denominations Subunit 1 / 100 cent Symbol $ , A $ or AUD cent Banknotes Freq . used $5 , $10 , $20 , $50 , $100 Coins 5c , 10c , 20c , 50c , $1 , $2 Demographics Official user ( s ) Australia 7 Australian territories ( show ) Ashmore and Cartier Islands Australian Antarctic Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Coral Sea Islands Heard Island and McDonald Islands Norfolk Island 6 other countries ( show ) Kiribati ( alongside Kiribati dollar ) Nauru Papua New Guinea ( alongside Papua New Guinean kina ) Tonga ( alongside Tongan pa'anga ) Tuvalu ( alongside Tuvaluan dollar ) Vanuatu ( alongside Vanuatu vatu ) Unofficial user ( s ) Botswana Cambodia Gambia New Caledonia ( France ) Zimbabwe Issuance Central bank Reserve Bank of Australia Website www.rba.gov.au Printer Note Printing Australia Website www.noteprinting.com Mint Royal Australian Mint Website www.ramint.gov.au Valuation Inflation 1.3 % ( Australia only ) ( March 2016 Reserve Bank estimate ) Source Reserve Bank of Australia , March 2016 . Pegged by Tuvaluan dollar and Kiribati dollar at par The Australian dollar ( sign : $ ; code : AUD ) is the currency of the Commonwealth of Australia , including its external territories Christmas Island , Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands , and Norfolk Island , as well as the independent Pacific Island states of Kiribati , Nauru , Papua New Guinea , Tonga , Tuvalu , and Vanuatu . Within Australia , it is almost always abbreviated with the dollar sign ( $ ) , with A $ or AU $ sometimes used to distinguish it from other dollar - denominated currencies . It is subdivided into 100 cents . In 2016 , the Australian dollar was the fifth most traded currency in the world , accounting for 6.9 % of the world 's daily share ( down from 8.6 % in 2013 ) . It trades in the world foreign exchange markets behind the US dollar , the euro , the yen and the pound sterling . The Australian dollar is popular with currency traders , because of the comparatively high interest rates in Australia , the relative freedom of the foreign exchange market from government intervention , the general stability of Australia 's economy and political system , and the prevailing view that the Australian dollar offers diversification benefits in a portfolio containing the major world currencies , especially because of its greater exposure to Asian economies and the commodities cycle . The currency is commonly referred to by foreign - exchange traders as the `` Aussie dollar '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Coins 3 Banknotes 3.1 First series 3.2 Polymer series 3.3 New Polymer series 4 Value 5 Exchange rate policies 6 Design and denominations 6.1 Australian currency tactile feature 6.2 Current exchange rates 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) Further information : Economy of Australia The former $5 Australian note The $10 Australian note , as of 20 September 2017 The former $10 Australian note $20 Australian note $50 Australian note $100 Australian note With pounds , shillings and pence to be replaced by decimal currency on 14 February 1966 , many names for the new currency were suggested . In 1963 , Prime Minister , Sir Robert Menzies , a monarchist , wished to name the currency the royal . Other proposed names from a public naming competition included more exotic suggestions such as the austral , the oz , the boomer , the roo , the kanga , the emu , the koala , the digger , the zac , the kwid , the dinkum , and the ming ( Menzies ' nickname ) . Menzies ' influence resulted in the selection of the royal , and trial designs were prepared and printed by the Reserve Bank of Australia . Australian treasurer and future Prime Minister , Harold Holt , announced the decision in Parliament on 5 June 1963 . The royal would be subdivided into 100 cents , but the existing names shilling , florin and crown would be retained for the 10 - cent , 20 - cent and 50 - cent coins respectively . The name royal for the currency proved very unpopular , with Holt and his wife even receiving death threats . On 24 July Holt told the Cabinet the decision had been a `` terrible mistake '' and it would need to be revisited . On 18 September Holt advised Parliament that the name was to be the dollar , of 100 cents . The Australian pound , introduced in 1910 and officially distinct in value from the pound sterling since devaluation in 1931 , was replaced by the dollar on 14 February 1966 . The rate of conversion for the new decimal currency was two dollars per Australian pound , or ten Australian shillings per dollar . The exchange rate was pegged to the pound sterling at a rate of $1 = 8 shillings ( $2.50 = UK £ 1 ) . In 1967 , Australia effectively left the sterling area , when the pound sterling was devalued against the US dollar and the Australian dollar did not follow . It maintained its peg to the US dollar at the rate of A $1 = US $1.12 . On 27 September 2012 , the Reserve Bank of Australia stated that it had ordered work on a project to upgrade the current banknotes . The upgraded banknotes would incorporate a number of new future proof security features and include Braille dots for ease of use of the visually impaired . The first new banknotes ( of the five dollar denomination ) were issued from 1 September 2016 , with the remaining denominations to be issued in the coming years . Coins ( edit ) Main article : Coins of the Australian dollar In 1966 , coins were introduced in denominations of 1 , 2 , 5 , 10 , 20 and 50 cents . The initial 50 - cent coins contained 80 % silver and were withdrawn after a year when the intrinsic value of the silver content was found to considerably exceed the face value of the coins . One - dollar coins were introduced in 1984 , followed by two - dollar coins in 1988 to replace the banknotes of that value , while the one - and two - cent coins were discontinued in 1991 and withdrawn from circulation . In commemoration of the 40th anniversary of decimal currency , the 2006 mint proof and uncirculated sets included one - and two - cent coins . In early 2013 , Australia 's first triangular coin was introduced to mark the 25th anniversary of the opening of Parliament House . The silver $5 coin is 99.9 % silver , and depicts Parliament House as viewed from one of its courtyards . Cash transactions are rounded to the nearest five cents . As with most public changes to currency systems , there has been a great amount of seignorage of the discontinued coins . All coins portray the reigning Australian Sovereign , Queen Elizabeth II , on the obverse , and are produced by the Royal Australian Mint . Australia has regularly issued commemorative 50 - cent coins . The first was in 1970 , commemorating James Cook 's exploration along the east coast of the Australian continent , followed in 1977 by a coin for Queen Elizabeth II 's Silver Jubilee , the wedding of Charles , Prince of Wales and Lady Diana Spencer in 1981 , the Brisbane Commonwealth Games in 1982 , and the Australian Bicentenary in 1988 . Issues expanded into greater numbers in the 1990s and the 21st century , responding to collector demand . Australia has also made special issues of 20 - cent , one - dollar and two - dollar coins . Current Australian 5 - , 10 - and 20 - cent coins are identical in size to the former Australian , New Zealand , and British sixpence , shilling , and two shilling ( florin ) coins . In 1990 , the UK replaced these coins with smaller versions , as did New Zealand in 2006 -- at the same time discontinuing the five - cent coin . With a mass of 15.55 grams ( 0.549 oz ) and a diameter of 31.51 millimetres ( 1 ⁄ in ) , the Australian 50 - cent coin is one of the largest coins used in the world today . In circulation , the old New Zealand 5 - , 10 - and 20 - cent coins were often mistaken for Australian coins of the same value , owing to their identical size and shape . Until the size of the New Zealand coins was changed in 2004 , Australian coins below the dollar in value were in circulation in both countries . Still , some confusion occurs with the larger - denomination coins in the two countries ; Australia 's $1 coin is similar in size to New Zealand 's $2 coin , and the New Zealand $1 coin is similar in size to Australia 's $2 coin . As a result , Australian coins are occasionally found in New Zealand and vice versa . Banknotes ( edit ) Main article : Banknotes of the Australian dollar First series ( edit ) The first paper issues of the Australian dollar were issued in 1966 . The $1 , $2 , $10 and $20 notes had exact equivalents in the former pound banknotes . The $5 note was issued in 1967 , the $50 note was issued in 1973 and the $100 was issued in 1984 . Polymer series ( edit ) The first polymer banknotes were issued in 1988 by the Reserve Bank of Australia , specifically polypropylene polymer banknotes ( produced by Note Printing Australia ) , to commemorate the bicentenary of European settlement in Australia . All Australian notes are now made of polymer . Australia was the first country to develop and use polymer banknotes . New polymer series ( edit ) A new series of banknotes is being introduced , starting with the $5 note from 1 September 2016 . A new $10 banknote has been released into circulation from September 20 , 2017 . A new $50 note will be coming out in late 2018 . Value ( edit ) Most traded currencies by value Currency distribution of global foreign exchange market turnover Rank Currency ISO 4217 code ( symbol ) % daily share ( April 2016 ) United States dollar USD ( US $ ) 87.6 % Euro EUR ( € ) 31.4 % Japanese yen JPY ( ¥ ) 21.6 % Pound sterling GBP ( £ ) 12.8 % 5 Australian dollar AUD ( A $ ) 6.9 % 6 Canadian dollar CAD ( C $ ) 5.1 % 7 Swiss franc CHF ( Fr ) 4.8 % 8 Renminbi CNY ( 元 ) 4.0 % 9 Swedish krona SEK ( kr ) 2.2 % 10 New Zealand dollar NZD ( NZ $ ) 2.1 % 11 Mexican peso MXN ( $ ) 1.9 % 12 Singapore dollar SGD ( S $ ) 1.8 % 13 Hong Kong dollar HKD ( HK $ ) 1.7 % 14 Norwegian krone NOK ( kr ) 1.7 % 15 South Korean won KRW ( ₩ ) 1.7 % 16 Turkish lira TRY ( ₺ ) 1.4 % 17 Russian ruble RUB ( ₽ ) 1.1 % 18 Indian rupee INR ( ₹ ) 1.1 % 19 Brazilian real BRL ( R $ ) 1.0 % 20 South African rand ZAR ( R ) 1.0 % Other 7.1 % Total 200.0 % The cost of one Euro in Australian Dollar . In 1966 , when the dollar was introduced , the international currency relationships were maintained under the Bretton Woods system , a fixed exchange rate system using a U.S. dollar standard . The Australian dollar , however , was effectively pegged to the British pound at an equivalent value of approximately 1 gram of gold . The highest valuation of the Australian dollar relative to the U.S. dollar was during the period of the peg to the U.S. dollar . On 9 September 1973 , the peg was adjusted to US $1.4875 , the fluctuation limits being changed to US $1.485 -- US $1.490 ; on both 7 December 1973 and 10 December 1973 , the noon buying rate in New York City for cable transfers payable in foreign currencies reached its highest point of 1.4885 U.S. dollars to one dollar . On 12 December 1983 , the dollar was floated , allowing its value to fluctuate dependent on supply and demand on international money markets . The decision was made on 8 December 1983 and announced on 9 December 1983 . In the two decades that followed , its highest value relative to the US dollar was $0.881 in December 1988 . The lowest ever value of the dollar after it was floated was 47.75 US cents in April 2001 . It returned to above 96 US cents in June 2008 , and reached 98.49 later that year . Although the value of the dollar fell significantly from this high towards the end of 2008 , it gradually recovered in 2009 to 94 US cents . On 15 October 2010 , the dollar reached parity with the US dollar for the first time since becoming a freely traded currency , trading above US $1 for a few seconds . The currency then traded above parity for a sustained period of several days in November , and fluctuated around that mark into 2011 . On 27 July 2011 , the dollar hit a record high since floating . It traded at a $1.1080 against the US dollar . Some commentators speculated that the value of the dollar in 2011 was related to Europe 's sovereign debt crisis , and Australia 's strong ties with material importers in Asia and in particular China . Economists posit that commodity prices are the dominant driver of the Australian dollar , and this means changes in exchange rates of the Australian dollar occur in ways opposite to many other currencies . For decades , Australia 's balance of trade has depended primarily upon commodity exports such as minerals and agricultural products . This means the Australian dollar varies significantly during the business cycle , rallying during global booms as Australia exports raw materials , and falling during recessions as mineral prices slump or when domestic spending overshadows the export earnings outlook . This movement is in the opposite direction to other reserve currencies , which tend to be stronger during market slumps as traders move value from falling stocks into cash . The Australian dollar is a reserve currency and one of the most traded currencies in the world . Other factors in its popularity include a relative lack of central bank intervention , and general stability of the Australian economy and government . In January 2011 at the World Economic Forum in Davos , Switzerland , Alexey Ulyukaev announced that the Central Bank of Russia would begin keeping Australian dollar reserves . Exchange rate policies ( edit ) Play media 1983 ABC news report on the first day of trading with a floating Dollar . Prior to 1983 , Australia maintained a fixed exchange rate . The first peg was between the Australian and British pounds , initially at par , and later at 0.8 GBP ( 16 shillings sterling ) . This reflected its historical ties as well as a view about the stability in value of the British pound . From 1946 to 1971 , Australia maintained a peg under the Bretton Woods system , a fixed exchange rate system that pegged the U.S. dollar to gold , but the Australian dollar was effectively pegged to sterling until 1967 . With the breakdown of the Bretton Woods system in 1971 , Australia converted the traditional peg to a fluctuating rate against the US dollar . In September 1974 , Australia valued the dollar against a basket of currencies called the trade weighted index ( TWI ) in an effort to reduce the fluctuations associated with its tie to the US dollar . The daily TWI valuation was changed in November 1976 to a periodically adjusted valuation . On 12 December 1983 , the Australian Labor government led by Prime Minister Bob Hawke and Treasurer Paul Keating floated the dollar , with the exchange rate reflecting the balance of payments and other market drivers . Design and denominations ( edit ) Australia was the first country in the world to have a complete system of banknotes made from plastic ( polymer ) . These notes provide much greater security against counterfeiting . The polymer notes are cleaner than paper notes , are more durable and easily recyclable . Australia 's currency comprises coins of 5 , 10 , 20 and 50 cent and one and two dollar denominations ; and notes of 5 , 10 , 20 , 50 and 100 dollar denominations . Many forms of currency were used in the Australian colonies after the arrival of the first European settlers in 1788 . In the rough early conditions barter was necessary , and payment in commodities like rum sometimes replaced money in transactions . Some of the first official notes used in Australia were Police Fund Notes , issued by the Bank of New South Wales in 1816 . After 1901 , when the Australian colonies federated into a single Commonwealth , the federal government became responsible for the currency . The Bank Notes Tax Act 1910 effectively brought private and state currencies to an end . In 1913 the first series of Australian notes was issued , based on the old British system of 12 pence to a shilling , 20 shillings to a pound . In 1963 , Australia initiated the change to decimal currency . More than 1000 submissions were made about the name of the new currency unit . The Prime Minister of the day , Sir Robert Menzies , proposed the ' royal ' . The ' dollar ' was eventually chosen as the name , and decimal currency was introduced on 14 February 1966 . Shortly after the changeover , substantial counterfeiting of $10 notes was detected . This provided an impetus for the Reserve Bank of Australia to develop new note technologies jointly with the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation . The revolutionary polymer notes were first introduced in 1988 with the issue of a commemorative $10 note , marking Australia 's bicentenary by featuring the theme of settlement . The note depicted on one side a young male Aboriginal person in body paint , with other elements of Aboriginal culture . On the reverse side was the ship Supply from the First Fleet , with a background of Sydney Cove , as well as a group of people to illustrate the diverse backgrounds from which Australia has evolved over 200 years . The $100 note features world - renowned soprano Dame Nellie Melba ( 1861 -- 1931 ) , and the distinguished soldier , engineer and administrator General Sir John Monash ( 1865 -- 1931 ) . The $50 note features Aboriginal writer and inventor David Unaipon ( 1872 -- 1967 ) , and Australia 's first female parliamentarian , Edith Cowan ( 1861 -- 1932 ) . The $20 note features the founder of the world 's first aerial medical service ( the Royal Flying Doctor Service of Australia ) , the Reverend John Flynn ( 1880 -- 1951 ) , and Mary Reibey ( 1777 -- 1855 ) , who arrived in Australia as a convict in 1792 and went on to become a successful shipping magnate and philanthropist . The $10 note features the poets AB `` Banjo '' Paterson ( 1864 -- 1941 ) and Dame Mary Gilmore ( 1865 -- 1962 ) . This note incorporates micro-printed excerpts of Paterson 's and Gilmore 's work . On 17 February , the Reserve Bank revealed the design of the new $10 banknote . The $5 note features Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II and Parliament House , Canberra , the national capital . ( Note that a special centenary issue of the $5 note featured Sir Henry Parkes and Catherine Helen Spence in 2001 . ) In 2015 - 2016 there was a petition to feature Fred Hollows on a new $5 note , the outcome of this campaign is yet to be announced . On 11 February 2016 it was announced that on 1 September 2016 a new $5 banknote would be released featuring a depiction of native Australian wattle and bird . On 12 April , the design of the new $5 banknote was released . Polymer note technology was developed by Australia , and Australia prints polymer banknotes for a number of other countries . In 1988 , Australia introduced its first polymer bank note and in 1996 , Australia became the first country in the world to have a complete series of polymer notes . Australia 's notes are printed by Note Printing Australia , a wholly owned subsidiary of the Reserve Bank of Australia . Note Printing Australia prints polymer notes or simply supplies the polymer substrate for a growing number of other countries including Bangladesh , Brunei , Chile , Indonesia , Kuwait , Malaysia , Mexico , Nepal , New Zealand , Papua New Guinea , Romania , Samoa , Singapore , Solomon Islands , Sri Lanka , Thailand and Vietnam . Many other countries are showing a strong interest in the new technology . All Australian coins depict Queen Elizabeth II on the obverse , with different images on the reverse of each coin . The $2 coin , which replaced the paper two dollar note in 1988 , depicts an Aboriginal tribal elder set against a background of the Southern Cross and native grasstrees . ( Designed by Horst Hahne ) The $1 coin , which replaced the paper $1 note in 1984 , depicts five kangaroos . ( Designed by Stuart Devlin ) The 50 cent coin carries the coat of arms of Australia : the six state badges on a central shield supported by a kangaroo and an emu , with a background of golden wattle , Australia 's floral emblem ( Designed by Stuart Devlin ) The 20 cent coin carries a platypus , one of only two egg - laying mammals in the world . It has webbed feet and a duck - like bill that it uses to hunt for food along the bottom of streams and rivers . ( Designed by Stuart Devlin ) The 10 cent coin features a male lyrebird dancing . A clever mimic , the lyrebird inhabits the dense , damp forests of Australia 's eastern coast . ( Designed by Stuart Devlin ) The 5 cent coin depicts an echidna , or spiny anteater , the world 's only other egg - laying mammal . ( Designed by Stuart Devlin ) The 2 cent coin ( withdrawn from circulation since 1992 ) depicted a frilled lizard . ( Designed by Stuart Devlin ) The 1 cent coin ( withdrawn from circulation since 1992 ) depicted a feather tailed glider ( Designed by Stuart Devlin ) The 5 , 10 , 20 and 50 cent coins are made of cupronickel ( 75 percent copper and 25 percent nickel ) . The one and two dollar coins are made of aluminium bronze ( 92 percent copper , 6 per cent aluminium and 2 per cent nickel ) . The two dollar , one dollar , 50 and 20 cent circulating coins occasionally feature commemorative designs . Australia 's coins are produced by the Royal Australian Mint , which is located in the nation 's capital , Canberra . Since opening in 1965 , the Mint has produced more than 14 billion circulating coins , and has the capacity to produce more than two million coins per day , or more than 600 million coins per year . The Royal Australian Mint has an international reputation for producing quality numismatic coins , and won an international award for ' Best Silver Coin 2006 ' for its Silver Kangaroo coin design . Australian currency tactile feature ( edit ) In early 2015 the Reserve Bank of Australia announced that a tactile feature will be added to all new notes . The tactile feature is an embossed feature to assist the vision - impaired in identifying the denomination . A similar feature is used on the Canadian currency . Current exchange rates ( edit ) Current AUD exchange rates From Google Finance : CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD CNY INR From Yahoo ! Finance : CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD CNY INR From XE : CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD CNY INR From OANDA : CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD CNY INR From fxtop.com : CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD CNY INR See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Coins of Australia and Banknotes of Australia . Banking in Australia Brass razoo Coins of Australia Economy of Australia Note Printing Australia Section 51 ( xii ) of the Constitution of Australia References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Alongside Zimbabwean dollar ( suspended indefinitely from 12 April 2009 ) , Pound sterling , Euro , US Dollar , South African rand , Botswana pula , Indian rupee , Chinese yuan , and Japanese yen ( 1 ) . The U.S. Dollar has been adopted as the official currency for all government transactions . Jump up ^ McGovern , Gerry ; Norton , Rob ; O'Dowd , Catherine ( 2002 ) . The Web content style guide : an essential reference for online writers ... FT Press . p. 104 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 273 - 65605 - 0 . Retrieved 30 July 2010 . Jump up ^ The Canadian Style . Dundurn Press / Translation Bureau . 1997 . ISBN 1 - 55002 - 276 - 8 . Retrieved 30 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Jeff Desjardins ( 29 December 2016 ) . `` Here are the most traded currencies in 2016 '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 30 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Triennial Central Bank Survey Foreign exchange turnover in April 2016 '' ( PDF ) . Triennial Central Bank Survey . Basel , Switzerland : Bank for International Settlements. 11 December 2016 . p. 7 . Retrieved 22 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Yeates , Clancy ( 2 September 2010 ) . `` Aussie now fifth most traded currency '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 19 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Richard Hughes , `` Holt 's folly : one royal we rejected '' , Sydney Morning Herald , 5 June 2013 . Retrieved 21 December 2017 Jump up ^ `` The Royal Controversy '' . Reserve Bank of Australia Museum . Reserve Bank of Australia . Retrieved 31 December 2015 . Jump up ^ The Age , 5 June 2013 , Money , p. 8 Jump up ^ `` Banknotes of the 1930s '' . Reserve Bank of Australia Museum . Reserve Bank of Australia . Retrieved 31 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Introducing the New Decimal Banknotes '' . Reserve Bank of Australia Museum . Reserve Bank of Australia . Retrieved 31 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Media Release : R.B.A. : Upgrading Australia 's Banknotes http://www.rba.gov.au/media-releases/2012/mr-12-27.html Jump up ^ The Next Generation Banknote Project http://www.rba.gov.au/publications/bulletin/2014/mar/1.html Jump up ^ ABC News Triangular coin celebrates Parliament House 's birthday http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-05-09/first-triangular-coin-celebrates-parliament-birthday/4679654 Jump up ^ History of Banknotes http://banknotes.rba.gov.au/australias-banknotes/history/ Jump up ^ `` Wi - fi , dual - flush loos and eight more Australian inventions '' . BBC News . 8 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Next Generation of Banknotes : $5 Banknote Design Reveal '' . Reserve Bank of Australia . 12 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Next Generation of Banknotes : $10 Design Reveal '' . Reserve Bank of Australia . February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ The total sum is 200 % because each currency trade always involves a currency pair . Jump up ^ World Currency Yearbook , 1984 . p. 75 . ISBN 0 - 917645 - 00 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. / Australia Foreign Exchange Rate '' . Retrieved 26 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 20 years since Aussie dollar floated '' . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . 8 December 2003 . Archived from the original on 11 October 2010 . Retrieved 14 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Global risk weighs on Howard 's agenda '' . CNN . 12 November 2001 . Retrieved 14 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Dollar Falls Before RBA Meeting : New Zealand 's Drops '' . Bloomberg. 30 June 2008 . Retrieved 14 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Dollar hits parity vs US dollar '' . Reuters. 15 October 2010 . Archived from the original on 18 October 2010 . Retrieved 15 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Davis , Bradley ( 4 November 2010 ) . `` Dollar hits new post-float high after US central bank move '' . The Australian . Archived from the original on 22 January 2011 . Retrieved 25 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` AUD / USD Slides After Topping 1.10 Level -- Westpac '' . Retrieved 2 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sky News : Aussie dollar hits new highs '' . Sky News . 28 March 2011 . Retrieved 19 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Westpac Market Insights March 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Westpac . p. 4 . Jump up ^ Dorsch , Gary ( 14 Feb 2006 ) . `` Analyzing the Dollar -- Up , Down , and Under '' . SafeHaven.com . Jump up ^ `` Russia to Keep Dollar Reserves From February '' . Davos , Switzerland : RIA Novosti. 26 January 2012 . Retrieved 27 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1350.0 -- Australian Economic Indicators , Mar 1998 '' . Australian Bureau of Statistics . 8 December 2006 . Retrieved 19 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Other Banknotes http://banknotes.rba.gov.au/australias-banknotes/other-banknotes/ Jump up ^ $100 Banknote http://banknotes.rba.gov.au/australias-banknotes/banknotes-in-circulation/hundred-dollar/ Jump up ^ $50 Banknote http://banknotes.rba.gov.au/australias-banknotes/banknotes-in-circulation/fifty-dollar/ Jump up ^ $20 Banknote http://banknotes.rba.gov.au/australias-banknotes/banknotes-in-circulation/twenty-dollar/ Jump up ^ $10 Banknote http://banknotes.rba.gov.au/australias-banknotes/banknotes-in-circulation/ten-dollar/ Jump up ^ Australia , scheme = AGLSTERMS. AglsAgent ; corporateName = Reserve Bank of . `` Next Generation of Banknotes : $10 Design Reveal '' . Reserve Bank of Australia . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ $5 Banknote http://banknotes.rba.gov.au/australias-banknotes/banknotes-in-circulation/five-dollar/ Jump up ^ `` Fred Hollows for Aussie fiver ? '' . Stuff . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Australia , scheme = AGLSTERMS. AglsAgent ; corporateName = Reserve Bank of . `` Next Generation of Banknotes : Issuance Date for the New $5 Banknote Media Releases '' . www.rba.gov.au . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ Australia , scheme = AGLSTERMS. AglsAgent ; corporateName = Reserve Bank of . `` Next Generation of Banknotes : $5 Banknote Design Reveal '' . Reserve Bank of Australia . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Paying with Polymer : Developing Canada 's New Bank Notes '' ( PDF ) . Bank of Canada . 20 June 2011 . p. 4 . Retrieved 12 Aug 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Next Generation Banknotes : Additional Feature for the Vision Impaired '' . www.rba.gov.au ( Press release ) . Media Office - Reserve Bank of Australia . 13 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Haxton , Nance ( 19 February 2015 ) . `` RBA to introduce tactile banknotes after 13yo blind boy Connor McLeod campaigns for change '' . ABC . Retrieved 19 February 2015 . Notes Krause , Chester L. ; Clifford Mishler ( 1991 ) . Standard Catalog of World Coins : 1801 -- 1991 ( 18th ed . ) . Krause Publications . ISBN 0873411501 . Pick , Albert ( 1994 ) . Standard Catalog of World Paper Money : General Issues . Colin R. Bruce II and Neil Shafer ( editors ) ( 7th ed . ) . Krause Publications . ISBN 0 - 87341 - 207 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Sound recording of 1966 Decimal Currency radio advertisement held at the National Archives of Australia Reserve Bank of Australia : Current Banknotes The Perth Mint is Australia 's precious metals mint , making non-circulating / collector coins in silver , gold , and platinum . Note Printing Australia is the printer of Australia 's notes , and also inventor of the abovementioned polymer banknotes , and world exporter of this technology . The Money Tracker site allows users to track Australian banknotes as they circulate around Australia . Images of historic and modern Australian bank notes Reserve Bank of Australia -- daily value of AUD against 13 currencies , special drawing right and trade weighted index http://www.forexuklv.net/Major_Currency_Pairs/Chart_25.html - historical exchange rates of AUD / USD ( from the year 1800 to present time ) . http://www.forexuklv.net/Major_Currency_Pairs/Chart_03.html - historical chart of AUD / USD ( from the year 1800 to present time ) . The banknotes of Australia ( ( in English ) ) ( ( in German ) ) Preceded by : Australian pound Reason : decimalisation Ratio : 2 dollars = 1 pound Currency of Australia , Christmas Island , Cocos Islands , Norfolk Island , Nauru , Kiribati , Tuvalu 1966 -- Succeeded by : Current Preceded by : New Guinea pound Reason : decimalisation Ratio : 2 dollars = 1 pound Currency of Papua New Guinea 1966 -- 1975 Succeeded by : Papua New Guinean kina Preceded by : Australian pound Reason : decimalisation Ratio : 2 dollars = 1 pound Currency of Solomon Islands 1966 -- 1977 Succeeded by : Solomon Islands dollar hide Australian currency Decimal coins 1c 2c 5c 10c 20c 50c ( round ) $1 $2 Coins of the $ Commemorative coins Decimal notes $1 $2 $5 $10 $20 $50 $100 Banknotes of the $ Pre-decimal coins ⁄ d 1d 3d 6d 1s 2s 5s Pre - £ coins Coins of the £ Pre-decimal notes 5s 10s £ 1 £ 5 £ 10 £ 20 £ 50 £ 100 £ 1000 Mints Sydney Mint ( 1855 -- 1926 ) Melbourne Mint ( 1872 -- 1967 ) Perth Mint ( 1899 -- ) Royal Australian Mint ( 1965 -- ) Topics Australian dollar Australian pound ( obsolete ) Banknotes of the Australian pound ( obsolete ) Note Printing Australia Pound sterling ( obsolete ) Reserve Bank of Australia Currencies named dollar or similar Circulating Australian dollar Bahamian dollar Barbadian dollar Belize dollar Bermudian dollar Brunei dollar Canadian dollar Cayman Islands dollar Cook Islands dollar Eastern Caribbean dollar Fijian dollar Guyanese dollar Hong Kong dollar Jamaican dollar Kiribati dollar Liberian dollar Namibian dollar New Zealand dollar Samoan tālā Singapore dollar Solomon Islands dollar Surinamese dollar New Taiwan dollar Trinidad and Tobago dollar Tuvaluan dollar United States dollar Circulating , but renamed Chinese yuan Ethiopian birr Malaysian ringgit Obsolete Antigua dollar British Columbia dollar British North Borneo dollar British West Indies dollar Ceylonese rixdollar Confederate States dollar Continental dollar Danish rigsdaler Danish West Indian daler Danish West Indian rigsdaler Dominican dollar Dutch rijksdaalder Greenlandic rigsdaler Grenadan dollar Hawaiian dollar Japanese occupation dollar Kiautschou dollar Malaya and British Borneo dollar Malayan dollar Mauritian dollar Mongolian dollar Nevisian dollar New Brunswick dollar Newfoundland dollar Norwegian rigsdaler Norwegian speciedaler Nova Scotian dollar Penang dollar Prince Edward Island dollar Puerto Rican dollar Rhodesian dollar Saint Kitts dollar Saint Lucia dollar Saint Vincent dollar Sarawak dollar Sierra Leonean dollar Slovenian tolar Spanish dollar Straits dollar Sumatran dollar Swedish riksdaler Old Taiwan dollar Texas dollar Trinidadian dollar Tobagan dollar Zimbabwean dollar Noncirculating Marshall Islands dollar Nauru dollar Niue dollar Palau dollar Pitcairn Islands dollar Conceptual Eurodollar Petrodollar Geary -- Khamis dollar Virtual Linden dollar Project Entropia Dollar Fictional Angus Bucks Private Antarctican dollar Arizona dollar Calgary dollar Canadian Tire money Disney dollar Liberty dollar Salt Spring dollar Toronto dollar Bristol Pound See also Dollar sign Half dollar Holey dollar Thaler Tolar Trade dollar Zimbabwean bond coins Zimbabwean bond notes Currencies of Oceania Australia Australian dollar ( Norfolk Island ) Melanesia CFP franc ( New Caledonia ) Fijian dollar Papua New Guinean kina Solomon Islands dollar Vanuatu vatu Micronesia Australian dollar ( Kiribati , Nauru ) Kiribati dollar U.S. dollar ( Guam , Federated States of Micronesia , Marshall Islands , Northern Mariana Islands , Palau , United States Minor Outlying Islands ) Polynesia Australian dollar ( Tuvalu ) CFP franc ( French Polynesia , Wallis and Futuna ) Chilean peso ( Easter Island ) Cook Islands dollar New Zealand dollar ( Cook Islands , Niue , Pitcairn Islands , Tokelau ) Pitcairn Islands dollar Samoan tālā Tongan paʻanga Tuvaluan dollar U.S. dollar ( American Samoa , Hawaii ) Australia articles History Timeline Bibliography Prehistory Archaeology European Exploration Territorial evolution 1788 -- 1850 1851 -- 1900 1901 -- 1945 Since 1945 By topic Constitutional Diplomatic Economic Federation Immigration Indigenous Military Monarchy Railway Geography Climate Continent Deserts Environment issues Earthquakes Flora Fauna Forests Geology Islands Mountains Regions Protected areas Rivers Subdivisions States and territories Capitals Cities Politics Constitution Courts Elections Donations Electoral system Parties Federal budget Foreign relations Government Governor - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what kind of currency is used in australia | [
"The Australian dollar (sign: $; code: AUD) is the currency of the Commonwealth of Australia, including its external territories Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, and Norfolk Island, as well as the independent Pacific Island states of Kiribati, Nauru, Papua New Guinea, Tonga, Tuvalu, and Vanuatu. Within Australia, it is almost always abbreviated with the dollar sign ($), with A$ or AU$ sometimes used to distinguish it from other dollar-denominated currencies.[2][3] It is subdivided into 100 cents."
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"The Australian dollar (sign: $; code: AUD)"
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-2580586614367053709 | Joel Kinnaman | Joel Kinnaman - wikipedia Joel Kinnaman Jump to : navigation , search Joel Kinnaman Kinnaman in 2014 Charles Joel Nordström Kinnaman ( 1979 - 11 - 25 ) 25 November 1979 ( age 37 ) Stockholm , Sweden Residence Los Angeles , California , U.S. Occupation Actor Years active 1990 -- present Spouse ( s ) Cleo Wattenström Relatives Melinda Kinnaman ( half - sister ) Charles Joel Nordström Kinnaman ( born 25 November 1979 ) is a Swedish American actor , best known in Sweden for playing the lead role in the Swedish film Easy Money , a role that earned him a Guldbagge Award in the `` Best Actor '' category , and also for his roles as Frank Wagner in the Johan Falk film series and Governor Will Conway in the U.S. version of House of Cards . He starred as detective Stephen Holder on AMC 's The Killing , and played Alex Murphy in the 2014 RoboCop remake , and Rick Flag in the film adaptation of Suicide Squad ( 2016 ) , based on the DC Comics anti-hero team of the same name . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 5 Awards and nominations 5.1 Film 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Kinnaman was born and raised in Stockholm . His mother , Bitte , a therapist , is a Swedish citizen . His father , Steve Kinnaman ( originally David Kinnaman ) , is an American who was drafted during the Vietnam War and deserted the military from his base in Bangkok . Kinnaman has both Swedish and American citizenship , because of his father 's American nationality . Kinnaman 's father , whose family was from the American Midwest , is of English , German , Irish , and Scottish descent , while Kinnaman 's mother is Ukrainian Jewish descent . He has five sisters , one of whom is actress Melinda Kinnaman ( his half - sister ) . During his childhood , Kinnaman learned two languages as he `` spoke English with my dad and Swedish with my mom . '' Kinnaman spent a year in Texas as a high school exchange student . Career ( edit ) Kinnaman at the 2016 San Diego Comic - Con to promote Suicide Squad He originally started his career as a child actor in 1990 , in the soap opera Storstad . His older sister was dating one of the show 's directors , and he asked Joel to try out for a role . After portraying Felix Lundström in 22 episodes , he stepped away from acting . Kinnaman restarted his acting career in 2002 , taking part in a thriller called The Invisible and enrolling in the Swedish Academic School of Drama in Malmö , where actors such as Michael Nyqvist have studied . He graduated in 2007 , and afterwards attracted the attention of Swedish media in a stage adaptation of Crime and Punishment . Kinnaman then went on to star in nine Swedish movies in 14 months . He made his breakthrough in the 2009 film I skuggan av värmen and his success continued with a role in six films of the Johan Falk film series . He was then cast in the film Easy Money ( released January 2010 ) , which brought him attention in Sweden and the rest of the world . Looking to expand his acting career , Kinnaman hired an agent in the United States , the same agent that represents Johnny Depp . It was announced in the spring of 2010 that he would be making his international film debut in the thriller The Darkest Hour , which began filming in Moscow in June 2010 and was released in December 2011 . Beginning in April 2011 , Kinnaman had a starring role as Detective Stephen Holder in the AMC television series The Killing . Kinnaman was one of the contenders for the lead roles in Thor ( 2011 ) and Mad Max : Fury Road ( 2015 ) . He told the newspaper Östran that he `` was really close to getting the lead role in Mad Max 4 . It was between me and two others , and the one who got the role was Tom Hardy . ( The director ) was very pleased ( with my performance ) -- but they needed someone who seemed older . '' Regarding Thor , he has stated that `` they wanted someone with a Scandinavian touch . There were only five candidates left in the end , but unfortunately I could n't fly over ( to the United States ) and do test shoots with Natalie Portman , because it would interfere with the filming of Easy Money . '' Although Kinnaman has said that he is eager to work and become recognized in America , he added that `` I absolutely do n't feel that I have to take any role that I can get just because it is the United States . I 'm looking for something interesting , I 'm still young in my artistry , and I must dare to do things even when there 's a risk for failure '' . Kinnaman reunited with Easy Money director Daniel Espinosa in his Hollywood debut , 2012 's Safe House . On 3 March 2012 , it was confirmed that Kinnaman would play the lead role of Alex James Murphy / Robocop in the 2014 remake of 1987 's RoboCop . The film was released in February 2014 . In 2015 , he appeared in the drama Knight of Cups and starred in the thrillers Run All Night and Child 44 . Kinnaman next played Rick Flag Jr. in the Warner Bros. and DC Comics adaptation of Suicide Squad ( 2016 ) , directed by David Ayer . In 2016 , Kinnaman also starred in the independent drama - thriller film Edge of Winter . He plays Elliot Baker , a father of two who takes his children on a shooting trip that goes horribly wrong . The film was released on demand on 27 July , and in select theatres on 12 August . Joel has also been cast as the main protagonist in Netflix 's Altered Carbon , an adaption to Richard K. Morgan 's hardboiled cyberpunk science fiction novel of the same name . Netflix has ordered a 10 - episode season one . Kinnaman will portray Takeshi Kovacs , a native of the planet Harlan 's World . Kovacs is of Japanese and Eastern - European descent , and was a teenage gang member before enlisting in the military . After leaving the Envoy Corps , an elite military force , Kovacs returned to criminal life and became a mercenary , and was eventually imprisoned , his cortical `` stack '' stored without a body for decades at a time as punishment before being paroled or hired out to work high - risk situations . Personal life ( edit ) In mid-2014 , Kinnaman began dating Swedish tattoo artist Cleo Wattenström . In April 2016 , Kinnaman revealed he and Wattenström are married . Filmography ( edit ) Film Year Title Role Notes 2002 Den osynlige Kalle 2003 Hannah med H Andreas 2005 Storm The Bartender 2005 Tjenare kungen Dickan 2006 Vinnarskallar Gurra 2007 Arn -- The Knight Templar Sverker Karlsson 2008 Arn -- The Kingdom at Road 's End Sverker Karlsson 2009 In Your Veins Erik 2009 183 dagar Byron 2009 Johan Falk - Gruppen för särskilda insatser Frank Wagner Nominated -- Guldbagge Award for the Best Supporting Actor 2009 Johan Falk - Vapenbröder Frank Wagner 2009 Johan Falk - National Target Frank Wagner 2009 Johan Falk - Leo Gaut Frank Wagner 2009 Johan Falk - Operation Näktergal Frank Wagner 2009 Johan Falk - De fredlösa Frank Wagner 2009 Simon & Malou Stefan Easy Money Johan `` JW '' Westlund Guldbagge Award for the Best Actor 2011 The Darkest Hour Skyler 2011 The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo Christer Malm 2012 Safe House Keller 2012 Lola Versus Luke 2012 Easy Money II : Hard to Kill Johan `` JW '' Westlund 2012 Johan Falk -- Spelets regler Frank Wagner 2012 Johan Falk -- De 107 patrioterna Frank Wagner 2012 Johan Falk -- Alla råns moder Frank Wagner 2012 Johan Falk -- Organizatsija Karayan Frank Wagner 2012 Johan Falk -- Barninfiltratören Frank Wagner 2013 Johan Falk -- Kodnamn Lisa Frank Wagner 2013 Easy Money III : Life Deluxe Johan `` JW '' Westlund 2014 RoboCop Alex Murphy / RoboCop 2015 Knight of Cups Errol 2015 Run All Night Mike Conlon 2015 Child 44 Wasilij Nikitin 2016 Suicide Squad Rick Flag 2016 Edge of Winter Elliot Baker Television Year Title Role Notes Storstad Felix Lundström Swedish TV series ; credited as Joel Nordström 2008 Andra Avenyn Gustav Swedish TV series 2011 -- 2014 The Killing Stephen Holder U.S. TV series Nominated -- Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor on Television 2016 -- present House of Cards Governor Will Conway Main Role 2017 Altered Carbon Takeshi Kovacs Upcoming series Awards and nominations ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Award Notes 2011 Guldbagge Awards Best Actor - Easy Money 2012 Saturn Award Nominated - Best Supporting Actor on Television - The Killing References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Joel Kinnaman '' ( in Swedish ) . The Swedish Film Database ( Swedish Film Institute ) . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Rehlin , Gunnar ( 7 April 2010 ) . `` Joel Kinnaman klar för Hollywoodfilm '' . Helsingborgs Dagblad . Retrieved 18 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Hägred , Per ( 19 January 2010 ) . `` Joel Kinnaman : ' Min revisor är i chocktillstånd ' '' . Expressen . Retrieved 18 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' Suicide Squad ' Update : ' RoboCop 's Joel Kinnaman Cast as Rick Flagg '' . 13 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Rochlinfer , Margy ( 7 February 2014 ) . `` Emotions Churning Under Armor : Joel Kinnaman Jumps From ' The Killing ' to ' RoboCop ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Helen ( 6 February 2014 ) . `` Robocop Joel Kinnaman 's Mom Tried to Send Him to Therapy for Walking Like a Robot '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Yglesias , Matthew . `` Joel Kinnaman from The Killing : An Interview '' . Slate . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ Tweet Lina Wennersten 08 - 13 59 36 [email protected] . `` Kroppslig kamp Kultur SvD '' ( in Swedish ) . Svd.se . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ Eichel , Larry ( 9 December 1990 ) . `` Home Swede Home : Why Some Vietnam Dodgers Have n't Returned '' . The Seattle Times . David Kinnaman , as Steve was known for the first half of his life ... Jump up ^ Ventre , Michael ( 16 June 2011 ) . `` Killing actors all hiding secrets '' . Variety . Jump up ^ https://archive.is/20120913141051/www.thedaily.com/page/2012/04/02/040212-gossip-tv-joel-kinnaman-1-2 Jump up ^ `` Joel Kinnaman regerar i `` Arn '' - Film '' ( in Swedish ) . www.arbetarbladet.se . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` RoboCop 's Jewish ! '' . ^ Jump up to : Andersson , Jan - Olov ( 22 August 2009 ) . `` -- Jag fick sparka ihjäl Skarsgård '' . Aftonbladet . Retrieved 18 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Albiniak , Paige . `` In for the kill '' . New York Post . Jump up ^ `` -- Jag ville slå honom '' . aftonbladet.se . Retrieved 24 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Gradvall.se . `` Gradvall.se -- Artiklar Intervjuer Essäer 1979 - 2016 '' . gradvall.se . Retrieved 24 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Helmerson , Erik ( 11 January 2010 ) . `` Joel Kinnaman nära roll i Mad Max 4 '' . Östran . Retrieved 18 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Zac Efron to play drug smuggler in thriller '' . Reuters. 15 April 2010 . Retrieved 18 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Holmqvist , Emilia ( 22 March 2010 ) . `` Kinnaman ska få oss att springa '' . Aftonbladet . Retrieved 18 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( 14 April 2010 ) . `` AMC adds four actors to Killing pilot '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 18 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Vejvoda , Jim ( 16 March 2009 ) . `` Natalie Portman Joining Thor ? '' . IGN . Retrieved 18 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Vineyard , Jen . `` Joel Kinnaman Talks Easy Money , His Marty Scorsese - Style Relationship With Daniel Espinosa & The Future Of The Dragon Tattoo Films '' . IndieWire . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( 13 February 2015 ) . `` Joel Kinnaman eyed for Rick Flagg role in Suicide Squad '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` Edge of Winter actor Joel Kinnaman says ' toughest shoot ' was filming in a freezing Sudbury lake '' . The Hamilton Spectator. 23 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( 12 May 2016 ) . `` Joel Kinnaman to star in Netflix 's Altered Carbon series ; Miguel Sapochnik directs '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ `` Här myser Kinnaman med svenska Cleo , 22 '' . Aftonbladet. 9 August 2014 . Retrieved 30 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cleo Wattenström , Joel Kinnaman 's Wife : 5 Fast Facts You Need to Know '' . Heavy . 29 May 2017 . Retrieved 4 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Bacardi , Francesca ( April 26 , 2016 ) . `` Surprise ! Joel Kinnaman and Cleo Wattenström Are Married '' . Eonline.com . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gugliemi , Jodi ( April 26 , 2016 ) . `` Joel Kinnaman Reveals He Secretly Married Cleo Wattenström '' . People.com . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` De kan vinna en Guldbagge '' . Dagens Nyheter. 8 January 2010 . Retrieved 18 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( 29 February 2012 ) . `` Saturn Award Nominations Announced ; Hugo and Harry Potter Lead with 10 Nominations Each '' . Collider . Retrieved 22 March 2014 . External links ( edit ) Joel Kinnaman on IMDb Joel Kinnaman on Facebook Joel Kinnaman on Twitter Joel Kinnaman on Instagram ( hide ) Guldbagge Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role 1963 -- 1990 Keve Hjelm ( 1963 / 64 ) Jarl Kulle ( 1964 / 65 ) Thommy Berggren ( 1965 / 66 ) Per Oscarsson ( 1966 / 67 ) Halvar Björk ( 1967 / 68 ) Roland Hedlund ( 1968 / 69 ) Carl - Gustaf Lindstedt ( 1969 / 70 ) Eddie Axberg ( 1971 / 72 ) Gösta Ekman ( 1972 / 73 ) Allan Edwall ( 1973 / 74 ) Göran Stangertz ( 1974 / 75 ) Toivo Pawlo ( 1975 / 76 ) Håkan Serner ( 1976 / 77 ) Anders Lönnbro ( 1977 / 78 ) Anders Åberg ( 1978 / 79 ) Peter Lindgren ( 1979 / 80 ) Ingvar Hirdwall ( 1980 / 81 ) Stellan Skarsgård ( 1981 / 82 ) Jarl Kulle ( 1982 / 83 ) Sven Wollter ( 1984 ) Anton Glanzelius ( 1985 ) Erland Josephson ( 1986 ) Max von Sydow ( 1987 ) Tomas Bolme ( 1988 ) Stellan Skarsgård ( 1989 ) Börje Ahlstedt ( 1990 ) 1991 -- present Lasse Åberg ( 1991 ) Rolf Lassgård ( 1992 ) Sven Lindberg ( 1993 ) Sven - Bertil Taube ( 1994 ) Loa Falkman ( 1995 ) Max von Sydow ( 1996 ) Göran Stangertz ( 1997 ) Krister Henriksson ( 1998 ) Björn Kjellman ( 1999 ) Kjell Bergqvist ( 2000 ) Sven Wollter ( 2001 ) Michael Nyqvist ( 2002 ) Jonas Karlsson ( 2003 ) Robert Gustafsson ( 2004 ) Krister Henriksson ( 2005 ) Gustaf Skarsgård ( 2006 ) Michael Segerström ( 2007 ) Mikael Persbrandt ( 2008 ) Claes Ljungmark ( 2009 ) Joel Kinnaman ( 2010 ) Sven - Bertil Taube ( 2011 ) Johannes Brost ( 2012 ) Mikael Persbrandt ( 2013 ) Sverrir Gudnason ( 2014 ) Rolf Lassgård ( 2015 ) Anders Mossling ( 2016 ) VIAF : 207335285 ISNI : 0000 0001 4006 500X GND : 1021087246 SUDOC : 15556465X BNF : cb16613955q ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joel_Kinnaman&oldid=802907058 '' Categories : 1979 births 20th - century American male actors 20th - century Swedish male actors 21st - century American male actors 21st - century Swedish male actors Swedish emigrants to the United States American male film actors American male television actors American people of English descent American people of German descent American people of Irish descent American people of Scottish descent American people of Swedish - Jewish descent American people of Ukrainian - Jewish descent Best Actor Guldbagge Award winners Jewish American male actors Living people Male actors from Stockholm Swedish Jews Swedish male film actors Swedish male television actors Swedish people of American descent Swedish people of English descent Swedish people of German descent Swedish people of Irish descent Swedish people of Scottish descent Swedish people of Ukrainian descent Hidden categories : CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Use dmy dates from April 2011 Articles containing Swedish - language text Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Magyar მარგალური Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 September 2017 , at 06 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays william conway in house of cards | [
"Charles Joel Nordström Kinnaman (born 25 November 1979[1]) is a Swedish American actor,[1] best known in Sweden for playing the lead role in the Swedish film Easy Money,[2][3] a role that earned him a Guldbagge Award in the \"Best Actor\" category, and also for his roles as Frank Wagner in the Johan Falk film series and Governor Will Conway in the U.S. version of House of Cards. He starred as detective Stephen Holder on AMC's The Killing, and played Alex Murphy in the 2014 RoboCop remake, and Rick Flag in the film adaptation of Suicide Squad (2016), based on the DC Comics anti-hero team of the same name.[4]"
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"Charles Joel Nordström Kinnaman"
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4636416868345208592 | Power of attorney | Power of attorney - wikipedia Power of attorney Jump to : navigation , search For the television program , see Power of Attorney ( TV show ) . ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) The examples and perspective in this article or section might have an extensive bias or disproportional coverage towards the United States . Please improve this article or discuss the issue on the talk page . ( November 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may be too technical for most readers to understand . Please help improve it to make it understandable to non-experts , without removing the technical details . The talk page may contain suggestions . ( January 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Power of attorney A power of attorney ( POA ) or letter of attorney is a written authorization to represent or act on another 's behalf in private affairs , business , or some other legal matter . The person authorizing the other to act is the principal , grantor , or donor ( of the power ) . The one authorized to act is the agent or , in some common law jurisdictions , the attorney - in - fact . Formerly , the term `` power '' referred to an instrument signed under seal while a `` letter '' was an instrument under hand , meaning that it was simply signed by the parties , but today a power of attorney need not be signed under seal . Some jurisdictions require that powers of attorney be notarized or witnessed , but others will enforce a power of attorney as long as it is signed by the grantor . Contents ( hide ) 1 Attorney - in - fact 2 Structure and requirements 2.1 Capacity of the grantor 2.2 Oral and written 2.3 Equal dignity rule 2.4 Execution 3 Types 3.1 Durable 3.2 Health care 3.2. 1 Relationship with advance health care directive 3.3 Springing 3.4 Standardized forms 4 Implied limitations on agent 's power 5 Specialized uses 5.1 Proxy voting 5.2 Finance 6 Legal status by country 6.1 England and Wales 6.2 Republic of Ireland 6.2. 1 Creating powers of attorney 6.3 Russia 7 See also 8 References Attorney - in - fact ( edit ) The term attorney - in - fact is used in many jurisdictions instead of the term agent . That term should be distinguished from the term attorney - at - law . In the United States , an attorney - at - law is a solicitor who is also licensed to be an advocate in a particular jurisdiction . An attorney - in - fact may be a layperson and is authorized to act pursuant to the powers granted by a power of attorney , but may not engage in acts that would constitute the unauthorized practice of law . In the context of the unincorporated reciprocal inter-insurance exchange ( URIE ) the attorney - in - fact is a stakeholder / trustee who takes custody of the subscriber funds placed on deposit with him , and then uses those funds to pay insurance claims . When all the claims are paid , the attorney - in - fact then returns the leftover funds to the subscribers . The Uniform Power of Attorney Act employs the term agent . As an agent , an attorney - in - fact is a fiduciary for the principal , so the law requires an attorney - in - fact to be completely honest with and loyal to the principal in their dealings with each other . Care must be taken when selecting an attorney - in - fact , as some attorneys - at - fact have used their authority to steal the assets of vulnerable individuals such as the elderly ( see elder abuse ) . Structure and requirements ( edit ) Capacity of the grantor ( edit ) Main article : Capacity ( law ) The person who creates a power of attorney , known as the grantor , can only do so when he / she has the requisite mental capacity . Suppose the grantor loses capacity to grant permission after the power of attorney has been created ( for example , from Alzheimer 's disease or a head injury in a car crash ) ; then the power will probably no longer be effective . In some powers of attorney the grantor states that he / she wishes the document to remain in effect even after he / she becomes incapacitated . This type of power is commonly referred to as a durable power of attorney . If someone is already incapacitated , it is not possible for that person to execute a valid power . If a person does not have the capacity to execute a power of attorney ( and does not already have a durable power in place ) , often the only way for another party to act on their behalf is to have a court impose a conservatorship or a guardianship . Oral and written ( edit ) Depending on the jurisdiction , a power of attorney may be oral and , whether witnessed , will hold up in court , the same as if it were in writing . For some purposes , the law requires a power of attorney to be in writing . Many institutions , such as hospitals , banks and , in the United States , the Internal Revenue Service , require a power of attorney to be in writing before they will honor it , and they will usually keep a duplicate original or a copy for their records . Nursing homes often follow the same practice . Equal dignity rule ( edit ) The equal dignity rule is a principle of law that requires an authorization for someone performing certain acts for another person to have been appointed with the same formality as required for the act the representative is going to perform . This means , for example , that if a principal authorizes someone to sell the principal 's house or other real property , and the law requires a contract for the sale of real property to be in writing ( which is required under the Statute of Frauds in most U.S. jurisdictions ) , then the authorization for the other person to sign the sales contract and deed must be in writing too . Likewise , in common - law jurisdictions other than the U.S. , a power of an attorney to execute a deed ( i.e. instrument under seal or executed in presence of two witnesses ) must be itself executed as a deed . Execution ( edit ) In order for a power of attorney to become a legally enforceable document , at a minimum it must be signed and dated by the principal . Some jurisdictions also require that a power of attorney be witnesses , notarized , or both . Even when not required , having the document reviewed and signed ( and often stamped ) by a notary public may increase the likelihood of withstanding a legal challenge . If the attorney - in - fact is being paid to act on behalf of the principal , a contract for payment may be separate from the document granting power of attorney . If that separate contract is in writing , as a separate document it may be kept private between the principal and agent even when the power of attorney is presented to others for the purposes of carrying out the agent 's duties . Types ( edit ) A power of attorney may be : special ( also called limited ) , general , or temporary . A special power of attorney is one that is limited to a specified act or type of act . A general power of attorney is one that allows the agent to make all personal and business decisions A temporary power of attorney is one with a limited time frame . If ever required , a durable power of attorney can be revoked or changed as long as the principal is still mentally competent to act . Durable ( edit ) Under the common law , a power of attorney becomes ineffective if its grantor dies or becomes `` incapacitated , '' meaning unable to grant such a power , because of physical injury or mental illness , for example , unless the grantor ( or principal ) specifies that the power of attorney will continue to be effective even if the grantor becomes incapacitated . This type of power of attorney is called `` power of attorney with durable provisions '' in the United States or `` enduring power of attorney '' elsewhere . In effect , under a durable power of attorney ( DPA ) , the authority of the attorney - in - fact to act and / or make decisions on behalf of the grantor continues until the grantor 's death . Health care ( edit ) In some jurisdictions , a durable power of attorney can also be a `` health care power of attorney . '' This particular affidavit gives the attorney - in - fact the authority to make health - care decisions for the grantor , up to and including terminating care and life support . The grantor can typically modify or restrict the powers of the agent to make end - of - life decisions . In many jurisdictions a health care power of attorney is also referred to as a `` health care proxy '' and , as such , the two terms are sometimes used interchangeably . Relationship with advance health care directive ( edit ) Related to the health care power of attorney is a separate document known as an advance health care directive , also called a `` living will '' . A living will is a written statement of a person 's health care and medical wishes but does not appoint another person to make health care decisions . Depending upon the jurisdiction , a health care power of attorney may or may not appear with an advance health care directive in a single , physical document . For example , the California legislature has adopted a standard power of attorney for health care and advance health care directive form that meets all of that state 's legal wording requirements for a power of attorney and advance health care directive in a single document . Compare this to New York State , which enacted a Health Care Proxy law that requires a separate document be prepared appointing one as your health care agent . Springing ( edit ) In some U.S. states and other jurisdictions , it is possible to grant a springing power of attorney ; i.e. , a power that takes effect only after the incapacity of the grantor or some other definite future act or circumstance . After such incapacitation the power is identical to a durable power , but can not be invoked before the incapacity . This power may be used to allow a spouse or family member to manage the grantor 's affairs in case illness or injury makes the grantor unable to act . If a springing power is used , the grantor should specify exactly how and when the power springs into effect . As the result of privacy legislation in the U.S. , medical doctors will often not reveal information relating to capacity of the principal unless the power of attorney specifically authorizes them to do so . Determining whether the principal is `` disabled '' enough to initiate this type of representation is a formal process . Springing powers of attorney are not automatic , and institutions may refuse to work with the attorney - in - fact . Disputes are then resolved in court . Unless the power of attorney has been made irrevocable by its own terms or by some legal principle , the grantor may revoke the power of attorney by telling the attorney - in - fact it is revoked . However , if the principal does not inform third parties and it is reasonable for the third parties to rely upon the power of attorney being in force , the principal might still be bound by the acts of the agent , though the agent may also be liable for such unauthorized acts . Standardized forms ( edit ) Standardized forms are available for various kinds of powers of attorney , and many organizations provide them for their clients , customers , patients , employees , or members . However , the grantor should exercise caution when using a standardized POA form obtained from a source other than a lawyer because there is considerable variation in approved formats among the states . In some states statutory power of attorney forms are available . Examples include the California Statutory Form Power of Attorney , New York Form Power of Attorney and Wisconsin Form Power of Attorney . Implied limitations on agent 's power ( edit ) Although a power of attorney grants the agent powers to perform acts in the absence of the grantor , the POA can not grant powers to the agent that conflict with rules and regulations governing people and companies that the agent deals with . For example , if a bank has regulations that require the grantor to be physically present in the bank to perform certain actions , the POA can not grant the agent power to perform those actions in the absence of the grantor . Specialized uses ( edit ) Proxy voting ( edit ) Robert 's Rules of Order notes that proxy voting involves granting a power of attorney . The term `` proxy '' refers to both the power of attorney itself and the person to whom it is granted . Finance ( edit ) In financial situations wherein a principal requests a securities broker to perform extensive investment functions on the principal 's behalf , independent of the principal 's advice , power of attorney must be formally granted to the broker to trade in the principal 's account . This rule also applies to principals who instruct their brokers to perform certain specific trades and principals who trust their brokers to perform certain trades in the principal 's best interest . Legal status by country ( edit ) England and wales ( edit ) In English and Welsh law , anyone with capacity can grant a power of attorney . These can be general ( i.e. , to do anything which can legally be done by an attorney ) , or relate to a specific act ( e.g. , to sell freehold property ) . A power of attorney is only valid while the donor has the capacity to ratify the attorney 's actions , unless it is made in the form of a lasting power of attorney and registered with the Office of the Public Guardian . This new form of power of attorney was introduced in 2007 under the Mental Capacity Act 2005 and replaced the former enduring power of attorney , although EPAs correctly made before the law changed are still valid . EPAs only need to be registered if the donor has since lost capacity . It should be noted that many of the provisions in the earlier paragraphs above use terminology different from either common UK usage or terms used in the Mental Capacity Act 2005 . Examples are enduring power of attorney , advance directive , and notary public . Republic of ireland ( edit ) Irish law there are two forms of power of attorney : Power of attorney , which may be general or specific , which ceases once the donor becomes incapacitated Enduring power of attorney , which takes effect once the donor is incapacitated The death of the donor ends both . The relevant legislation is the Powers of Attorney Act 1996 and the Enduring Powers of Attorney Regulations 1996 ( SI No. 196 / 1996 ) as amended by SI No. 287 / 1996 . Part 7 of the Assisted Decision - Making ( Capacity ) Act 2015 provides for new arrangements for those who wish to make an Enduring Power of Attorney and once the 2015 act is commenced , no new powers of attorney will be created under the 1996 act . Creating powers of attorney ( edit ) A solicitor is not necessary when creating Power of Attorney - it can be created when signed by the donor in the presence of a witness . Creating an Enduring Power of Attorney requires the following : it must be in a particular format a statement from a doctor stating that the doctor thought the donor had the mental capacity to understand the effect of creating the power of attorney when the document was executed a statement from the donor to say that they understood the effect of creating the power a statement from a solicitor to say they are satisfied that the donor understood the effect of creating the power of attorney a statement from a solicitor to say the donor was not acting under undue influence The process of creating Enduring Power of Attorney is complex and courts have a general supervisory role in the implementation of the power . Russia ( edit ) Under Russian law , specifically art . 185 of the Russian Civil Code , a power of attorney may be executed under hand or in notarial form . The power of attorney to act must be notarially executed . Notarial execution is required for any power of attorney made for concluding a contract subject to special public recordation , namely those dealing with interests in immovable property . A power of attorney , pursuant to art . 186 of the Russian Civil Code , must also be dated . Any POA without an express date of execution is void . Predstavitelstvo , Doverennost ( in Russian ) A power of attorney can not be irrevocable . The grantor may terminate the POA at any time at his or her sole discretion . Any waiver of this right is void , as provided by the Civil Code . See also ( edit ) Cestui que Delegata potestas non potest delegari Estate planning References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Under Louisiana state law only , the agent is referred to as a `` mandatary '' . See Louisiana Civil Code Art . 2989 Jump up ^ `` Attorney - in - Fact '' . Wex . Cornell University Law School . Retrieved 4 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Uniform Power of Attorney Act , 2006 Jump up ^ Hughes , Michele . `` Remedying Financial Abuse by Agents Under a Power of A orney for Finances '' . Marquette Elder 's Advisor. 2 ( 4 ) : 39 -- 48 . Retrieved 4 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Power of Attorney '' . Cornell Legal Information Institute . Retrieved 22 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Irving , Shae . `` Durable Financial Power of Attorney : How It Works '' . Nolo . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Larson , Aaron . `` How a Power of Attorney Works '' . ExpertLaw.com . ExpertLaw . Retrieved 4 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Preventing Challenges to Your Power of Attorney '' . AssistGuide Information Services . Retrieved 4 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Powers of Attorney '' . People 's Law Library . Retrieved 18 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` General Power of Attorney vs. Special Power of Attorney '' . RocketLawyer . Retrieved 18 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Temporary Power of Attorney '' . oregonlawhelp.org . Retrieved 18 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Clark , Elias ; et al. ( 2007 ) . Gratuitous Transfers : Wills , Intestate Succession , Trusts , Gifts , Future Interests , and Estate and Gift Taxation . St. Paul , MN : Thomson / West . p. 310 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 314 - 16040 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Living Wills And The Durable Power Of attorney For Health Care '' . Kansas Bar Association . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ Clark , Elias ; et al. ( 2007 ) . Gratuitous Transfers : Wills , Intestate Succession , Trusts , Gifts , Future Interests , and Estate and Gift Taxation . St. Paul , MN : Thomson / West . p. 311 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 314 - 16040 - 9 . Jump up ^ New York Code , Public Health Law , Sec. 2981 . State of New York . Jump up ^ `` Financial Power of Attorney '' . AARP . Retrieved 5 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Robert , Henry M. ( 2011 ) . Robert 's Rules of Order Newly Revised , 11th ed. , p. 428 ( RONR ) ^ Jump up to : `` Power of Attorney '' . Retrieved 27 February 2017 . This article contains quotations from this source , which is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International ( CC BY 4.0 ) license . ^ Jump up to : See the Civil Code of Russian Federation ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ See Section 16 of Act 122 of 200З `` On state registration of interests in immovable property and related transactions '' ( in Russian ) ( 1 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Power_of_attorney&oldid=800280906 '' Categories : Power of attorney Common law Legal terminology Medical law Decision - making Agency law Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles with disproportional geographic scope from November 2013 Articles needing additional references from November 2008 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles that are too technical from January 2011 All articles that are too technical Articles needing expert attention from January 2011 All articles needing expert attention All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2011 Articles with Russian - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Қазақша Lietuvių Nederlands Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Татарча / tatarça ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 September 2017 , at 15 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is the donor in power of attorney | [
"A power of attorney (POA) or letter of attorney is a written authorization to represent or act on another's behalf in private affairs, business, or some other legal matter. The person authorizing the other to act is the principal, grantor, or donor (of the power). The one authorized to act is the agent[1] or, in some common law jurisdictions, the attorney-in-fact."
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"The person authorizing the other to act"
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-8386933065372769675 | List of Attack on Titan episodes | List of Attack on Titan episodes - wikipedia List of Attack on Titan episodes Jump to : navigation , search The logo of Attack on Titan Attack on Titan is an anime series adapted from the manga of the same title by Hajime Isayama . It is set in a world where humanity lives inside cities surrounded by enormous walls due to the Titans , gigantic humanoid beings who devour humans seemingly without reason . The story follows the adventures of Eren Yeager , his adopted sister Mikasa Ackerman , and their friend Armin Arlert , whose lives are changed forever after a Colossal Titan breaches the wall of their home town . Vowing revenge and to reclaim the world from the Titans , Eren and his friends join the Scout Regiment , an elite group of soldiers who fight Titans . Produced by IG Port 's Wit Studio and directed by Tetsurō Araki , Attack on Titan was broadcast on the Mainichi Broadcasting System from April 7 to September 29 , 2013 , and later aired on Tokyo MX , FBS , TOS , HTB , TVA and BS11 . Both Funimation and Crunchyroll have streamed the series with subtitles on their respective websites . Funimation has also licensed the anime for home video release in 2014 . Episode 1 of the English version premiered at Anime Boston , with other episodes put on Funimation 's subscription services . On television of the series has broadcast weekly on Adult Swim 's Toonami block on May 3 , 2014 , starting at 11 : 30 p.m. EST . From episode 1 to 13 , the anime 's opening theme song is `` Feuerroter Pfeil und Bogen '' ( 紅蓮 の 弓矢 , Guren no Yumiya , lit . `` Crimson Bow and Arrow '' ) by Linked Horizon and the ending theme song is `` Utsukushiki Zankoku na Sekai '' ( 美しき 残酷 な 世界 , lit . `` A Beautiful Cruel World '' ) by Yōko Hikasa . From episode 14 to 25 , the anime 's opening theme song is `` Die Flügel der Freiheit '' ( 自由 の 翼 , Jiyū no Tsubasa , lit . `` The Wings of Freedom '' ) by Linked Horizon and the ending theme song is `` great escape '' by Cinema Staff . The opening themes were collected on Linked Horizon 's single `` Jiyū e no Shingeki '' which sold over 100 thousand copies in its first week of sales . A second season aired from April 1 to June 17 , 2017 on MBS and other television networks . Funimation and Crunchyroll streamed the second season on their respective websites , with Adult Swim aired a dubbed version . The opening theme song is `` Opfert eure Herzen ! '' ( 心臓 を 捧げよ ! , Shinzō o Sasageyo ! , lit . `` Dedicate Your Hearts ! '' ) by Linked Horizon and the ending theme song is `` Yūgure no Tori '' ( 夕暮れ の 鳥 ) by Shinsei Kamattechan . On June 17 , 2017 , a third season was announced at the close of the second season 's final episode , with a release date slated for July 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episode list 2.1 Season 1 ( 2013 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 3 Special episodes 3.1 OVA episodes 3.2 Bonus shorts 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 25 April 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 07 ) September 29 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 29 ) 12 April 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 01 ) June 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 17 ) Episode list ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date English airdate `` To You , in 2000 Years : The Fall of Shiganshina , Part 1 '' `` Ni - sen Nen - go no Kimi e - Shiganshina Kanraku ( 1 ) - '' ( 二 千 年 後 の 君 へ ― シガンシナ 陥落 1 ― ) Hiroyuki Tanaka Tetsurō Araki Yasuko Kobayashi April 7 , 2013 May 3 , 2014 For over a century , humans have been living in settlements surrounded by three gigantic walls , which prevent the Titans , giant humanoid creatures who eat humans , from entering . Eren Jaeger , of the town called the Shiganshina District , wishes to see the outside world by joining the Scout Regiment , as he likens living in the cities to livestock . Despite this , his adopted sister Mikasa Ackermann and their mother Carla Jaeger are against him joining the Scouts . Even after seeing the Scouts return home with large casualties , Eren expresses his interest to join , which impresses his father Grisha Jaeger . After Eren and Mikasa rescue their friend Armin Arlelt from a group of delinquents due to his views that the walls will not protect them forever , the Colossal Titan suddenly appears and knocks down the gate to the Shiganshina District , which lies in the outer edge of Wall Maria , allowing smaller Titans to enter . As the town erupts into mass panic , Eren and Mikasa rush back to Carla , only to see her pinned under their collapsed house . Carla begs them to flee , but they refuse until city guard Hannes arrives and takes them away . Eren watches in horror as a Smiling Titan eats Carla . `` That Day : The Fall of Shiganshina , Part 2 '' `` Sono Hi - Shiganshina Kanraku ( 2 ) - '' ( その日 ― シガンシナ 陥落 2 ― ) Masashi Koizuka Yasuko Kobayashi April 14 , 2013 May 10 , 2014 Hannes apologizes to Eren for not saving his mother , admitting he was afraid of the Smiling Titan and that both Eren and Mikasa are still weak children . Some of townsfolk of the Shiganshina District escape to the inner Wall Maria , while the soldiers try to hold off the Titans . The soldiers try to close the gate , but the Armored Titan rams the gate , breaching the inner Wall Maria , and causing those inside to retreat even further inside Wall Rose . Some time later , Eren has a strange dream in which his grieving father forcefully gives him an injection and his key before being woken up by Mikasa . Eren grows disgusted with the people of Wall Rose as the latter do not like sharing their food or homes with the refugees . During the next year , as a food shortage becomes apparent , the government orders the refugees to either work on the farms or fight to reclaim Wall Maria . About 250,000 people , 20 % of the populace , choose to fight , only to be wiped out by the Titans . Eren vows revenge and joins the army along with Mikasa and Armin . `` A Dim Light Amid Despair : Humanity 's Comeback , Part 1 '' `` Zetsubō no Naka de Nibuku Hikaru - Jinrui no Saiki ( 1 ) - '' ( 絶望 の 中 で 鈍く 光る ― 人類 の 再起 1 ― ) Kiyoshi Fukumoto Hiroshi Seko April 21 , 2013 May 17 , 2014 The drill instructor Keith Sadies inspects the new recruits of the 104th Cadet Corps and provides a barrage of verbal insults . When he comes across Sasha Braus , who is eating a potato , he punishes her by having her run around the camp until sunset and not giving her any food or drink . Eren develops a rivalry with Jean Kirschtein , who desires a safe and easy position in the Military Police Regiment within the inner city walls . The recruits train on an omni - directional mobility gear apparatus , where they have to balance themselves while suspended on cables . After Eren has trouble balancing , he asks Reiner Braun and Bertholdt Hoover for help and discover they too are among the few who have personally encountered Titans . The next day , Eren balances on the apparatus but falls , but Keith discovers that Eren 's apparatus was defective and passes him after a retry with different equipment . `` The Night of the Closing Ceremony : Humanity 's Comeback , Part 2 '' `` Kaisan Shiki no Yoru - Jinrui no Saiki ( 2 ) - '' ( 解散 式 の 夜 ― 人類 の 再起 2 ― ) Makoto Bessho Yasuko Kobayashi April 28 , 2013 May 24 , 2014 Five years since Wall Maria fell , Keith evaluates the recruits for their strengths and weaknesses . After training in hand - to - hand combat with Reiner and Annie Leonhart , Eren learns later that night that Jean and several other recruits hope to join the Military Police Regiment to avoid having to fight Titans . On graduation day , Eren and Mikasa rank among the top ten of their class . They are eligible to join the Military Police Regiment , but Eren declines and announces that he is joining the Scout Regiment on the front lines , leading Armin and Mikasa to join him . They are assigned to the Trost District , one of the cities which is at the outer edge of Wall Rose , where they discover other classmates have joined . The Colossal Titan appears and breaches the gate . Once Eren regains his composure , he takes command and orders a counterattack . 5 5 `` First Battle : The Struggle for Trost , Part 1 '' `` Uijin - Torosuto - ku Kōbōsen ( 1 ) - '' ( 初陣 ― トロスト 区 攻防 戦 1 ― ) Shinpei Ezaki Hiroshi Seko May 5 , 2013 May 31 , 2014 The Colossal Titan destroys the wall 's cannons , but it vanishes into a burst of stream before Eren prepares to attack its weak point . The Military Police Regiment scrambles to evacuate the people of the Trost District and set up defenses before the Titans enter the city . Assigned by Commander Kitts Woerman of the Garrison Regiment to different squads , Mikasa helps with the evacuation , while Eren and Armin provide backup at the front lines . With the Titans now in the city , Eren recalls his lessons that in order to kill a Titan , they must strike the nape of its neck . As Eren and Armin 's squad attack , their comrades are killed or eaten by the Titans one by one , with Eren himself losing his left leg . Armin , paralyzed with fear upon seeing his comrades ' fates , is picked up by a Bearded Titan and almost swallowed . Eren , recalling when he and Armin wished to see the world outside the walls , manages to drag and toss Armin out of the Bearded Titan 's mouth at the last moment . He reaches for Armin with his left arm out of the Bearded Titan 's mouth , but the Bearded Titan closes its jaws , severing Eren 's arm and swallowing him . 6 6 `` The World the Girl Saw : The Struggle for Trost , Part 2 '' `` Shōjo ga Mita Sekai - Torosuto - ku Kōbōsen ( 2 ) - '' ( 少女 が 見 た 世界 ― トロスト 区 攻防 戦 2 ― ) Tomomi Ikeda Hiroshi Seko May 12 , 2013 June 7 , 2014 Armin awakens to find himself surrounded by Conny Springer , Christa Lenz and Ymir . As Armin heads back to the rearguard , he blames himself not being strong enough to save Eren . Meanwhile , an Abnormal Titan approaches the city 's exit gate , which is crowded by refugees . Once Mikasa kills the Abnormal Titan , she threatens a greedy merchant holding cargo to let the refugees pass first . After she is thanked by a mother and daughter , Mikasa has a flashback . In the year 844 , a year before the fall of Wall Maria , Mikasa was targeted by three slave traders , who murdered her parents in a struggle . After Grisha and Eren discovered the corpses while making a visit , Eren secretly tracked down the slave traders to a nearby hut and killed two of them in an attempt to save Mikasa . However , the third slave trader appeared and began strangling Eren . Encouraged by Eren , Mikasa overcame her fear and gained resolve to kill the third slave trader . After the children are found by the Military Police Regiment , Mikasa was invited to live with Eren and Grisha . Back in the present , Mikasa slays more Titans and goes to help the other squads evacuate . 7 7 `` Small Blade : The Struggle for Trost , Part 3 '' `` Chiisana Yaiba - Torosuto - ku Kōbōsen ( 3 ) - '' ( 小さな 刃 ― トロスト 区 攻防 戦 3 ― ) Yuzuru Tachikawa Hiroshi Seko May 19 , 2013 June 14 , 2014 The surviving squads , unable to reach the inner walls due to their omni - directional mobility gear being low on gas , lose their fighting spirit as the nearby supply depot is overrun by Titans . Mikasa seems unfazed after learning from Armin that his entire squad perished , including Eren . She rallies the others to reclaim the supply depot , inspiring them to join her in the attack , but Mikasa ends up running out of gas midair and falls into an alleyway . Jean assumes command , but he loses his nerve when he sees some of his comrades being eaten by Titans . As a blonde Titan approaches Mikasa , she prepares to attack with her remaining broken blade , but a Mysterious Titan appears behind her and brutally kills the blonde Titan , much to her confusion . Armin and Conny show up , shocked to witness the Mysterious Titan not only fighting other Titans , but also showing knowledge of their weak point and using hand - to - hand combat techniques , while completely ignoring the humans . Armin gives Mikasa his gas tanks and blades so that she can support the others at the supply depot . Mikasa , however , refuses to leave him behind and ponders on the Mysterious Titan 's strange behavior . 8 8 `` I Can Hear His Heartbeat : The Struggle for Trost , Part 4 '' `` Shinzō no Kodō ga Kikoeru - Torosuto - ku Kōbōsen ( 4 ) - '' ( 心臓 の 鼓動 が 聞こえる ― トロスト 区 攻防 戦 4 ― ) Satonobu Kikuchi Shinpei Ezaki Tatsuma Minamikawa Noboru Takagi May 26 , 2013 June 21 , 2014 With the supply depot swarming with Titans , Armin has the idea of using the Mysterious Titan to defeat them . Mikasa and Conny agree with his plan and defeat the Titans attacking it , before rushing to the supply depot . Meanwhile , Jean and the others reach the supply depot despite suffering more casualties on the way , with Armin , Mikasa and Conny arriving soon after . Armin 's plan works , but while the Mysterious Titan is able to attract the enemies outside , seven smaller Titans remain in the fuel storage area . With their equipment out of fuel , Armin devises another plan . The survivors draw the Titans ' attention to an elevator and shoot them in the eyes to blind them , while seven of them jump from the ceiling to finish them off . Sasha and Conny fail to kill their targets but are saved by Mikasa and Annie . Having successfully replenished their fuel , the soldiers prepare to retreat . As they see the Mysterious Titan defeating all of the other Titans before collapsing , they are shocked to watch Eren emerge from its body . Mikasa reaches Eren and cries upon confirming that he is alive , while Armin notices that Eren 's severed leg and arm have somehow regenerated as well . 9 9 `` Whereabouts of His Left Arm : The Struggle for Trost , Part 5 '' `` Hidariude no Yukue - Torosuto - ku Kōbōsen ( 5 ) - '' ( 左腕 の 行方 ― トロスト 区 攻防 戦 5 ― ) Yoshiyuki Fujiwara Yasuko Kobayashi June 2 , 2013 June 28 , 2014 Captain Levi of the Scout Regiment and his squad successfully retake a town from the Titans until they are called to an emergency at the Trost District as the Titans have invaded the city . When Eren was eaten and swallowed by the Bearded Titan , he found himself in its stomach along with the bodies of its victims . His rage at the Titans caused him to burst out of the Bearded Titan 's stomach by transforming himself into the Mysterious Titan and going on a rampage against them . Although Eren 's comrades saw him emerge from the Mysterious Titan , they all agreed to keep it a secret and bring him back inside Wall Rose . However , Kitts also witnessed this and has his men aim their weapons at Eren . Armin and Mikasa try to defend Eren , but to no avail . As Kitts fearfully orders the cannons to fire on the three of them , Eren recalls hazy memories of his father giving him an injection , telling him to reclaim Wall Maria and go to their home 's basement with his key . In order to protect Mikasa and Armin from the cannons , Eren partially transforms himself into the Mysterious Titan , sheltering them inside his ribs . 10 10 `` Response : The Struggle for Trost , Part 6 '' `` Kotaeru - Torosuto - ku Kōbōsen ( 6 ) - '' ( 応える ― トロスト 区 攻防 戦 6 ― ) Hiroyuki Tanaka Hiroshi Seko June 9 , 2013 July 12 , 2014 Eren climbs out of the partially transformed Titan , telling Mikasa and Armin about the basement in his former house . He believes that it holds the secret to mankind 's preservation and the key to destroying the Titans . Kitts once again orders the cannon to be loaded out of fear . Eren comes up with two plans of escape . The first is for Eren to retreat as the Mysterious Titan and criminalize himself in the eyes of humanity , and the second is to have Armin convince Kitts that Eren is an asset rather than a danger . Armin comes to the conclusion that he can still defend his friends despite being cowardice , deciding to try and talk their way out of being executed . Armin tentatively convinces Kitts , only to have him be overcome by fear and give the order to fire once more . The order is halted when Commander Dot Pyxis and his men intervene , sparing their lives . In return , Pyxis asks Eren if he will transform himself to block the gap in Wall Rose to prevent more Titans from getting in . Eren agrees , regardless of whether or not he will be able to control himself as the Mysterious Titan . 11 11 `` Idol : The Struggle for Trost , Part 7 '' `` Gūzō - Torosuto - ku Kōbōsen ( 7 ) - '' ( 偶像 ― トロスト 区 攻防 戦 7 ― ) Kiyoshi Fukumoto Hiroshi Seko June 16 , 2013 July 19 , 2014 As Armin helps Pyxis 's subordinates coordinate a plan , morale among the troops begin to drop , as some want to desert and be with their families . Pyxis silences everyone by reminding them that if they abandon this chance to finally win against the Titans , they will be subjecting their families to their terror , which convinces the troops to stay . Claiming that Eren is the result of a secret project to turn humans into Titans , Pyxis plans to have most of the troops gather at a far corner of the Trost District to lure most of the Titans away while Eren as the Mysterious Titan carries the giant boulder to seal the hole . Along with Mikasa , Eren will be guarded during the mission by three of the best elites of the Garrison , them being Ian Dietrich , Rico Brzenska and Mitabi Jarnach . As they approach the giant boulder , Rico , who is doubtful of the mission 's success and does not completely trust Eren , reminds him that many lives are at stake . Finally reaching the boulder , Eren transforms himself into a Titan , only to suddenly attack Mikasa . 12 12 `` Wound : The Struggle for Trost , Part 8 '' `` Kizu - Torosuto - ku Kōbōsen ( 8 ) - '' ( 傷 ― トロスト 区 攻防 戦 8 ― ) Shintaro Itoga Noboru Takagi June 23 , 2013 July 26 , 2014 Mikasa tries to reason with Eren in as the Mysterious Titan , but to no avail . Eren continues his attack and accidentally incapacitates himself , slumping to the ground . The squad protecting Eren sends up a red flare to signal that the plan has failed , much to the dismay of the troops observing from the wall . As Armin heads toward Eren to investigate , the elite squadron argues and eventually agrees to protect Eren instead of abandoning him , still recognizing him as a valuable military asset . During the operation , Jean is separated from Connie and Annie after his omni - directional mobility gear malfunctions , forcing him to hide from two Titans in a building . Armin reaches the unconscious Eren , but Mikasa calls to him , warning that he is in a dangerous state . Armin plunges his sword into the side of Eren 's neck , which briefly awakens him . As Armin speaks to him of the outside world and reminds him of his promise to kill all the Titans , Eren leaves his dreamlike state and regains control . 13 13 `` Primal Desire : The Struggle for Trost , Part 9 '' `` Genshoteki Yokkyū - Torosuto - ku Kōbōsen ( 9 ) - '' ( 原初 的 欲求 ― トロスト 区 攻防 戦 9 ― ) Masashi Koizuka Noboru Takagi June 30 , 2013 August 2 , 2014 Jean manages to acquire another set of omni - directional mobility gear from a dead soldier and escapes , thanks to Annie , Conny and Marco Bott distracting the Titans . With Eren as the Mysterious Titan carrying the boulder towards the gate , Ian orders everyone to protect Eren from the Titans at all costs . Eren finally blocks the open gate with the boulder , and Rico fires a yellow flare to signal that the operation was a success . As Armin tries to pull Eren from his Titan body , they are cornered by two Titans , but Levi saves them in the nick of time . All Titans remaining in the Trost Districts are eliminated except two , which are captured for research . Jean , Sasha and Annie all mourn the deaths of their fellow comrades among several casualties . Meanwhile , Eren is chained in a cell guarded by the Military Police Regiment , where he is visited by Levi and Commander Erwin Smith of the Scout Regiment . After listening to his story and reasons for wanting the Titans dead , Levi allows Eren to join his squad under his command , though Eren is warned that Levi would personally kill him if he ever betrays the squad or loses control again . 13.5 13.5 `` Since That Day '' `` Ano Hi kara '' ( あの 日 から ) Hiroyuki Tanaka -- July 7 , 2013 -- This is a recap episode of the events during the first thirteen episodes . 14 14 `` Ca n't Look Into His Eyes Yet : Eve of the Counterattack , Part 1 '' `` Mada Me o Mirenai - Hangeki Zen'ya ( 1 ) - '' ( まだ 目 を 見れ ない ― 反撃 前夜 1 ― ) Keisuke Onishi Shinpei Ezaki Yasuko Kobayashi July 14 , 2013 August 9 , 2014 The populace is divided over whether Eren is their savior or their end . Eren is brought to a military tribunal to be judged by Commander - in - Chief Dhalis Zachary , who will decide whether Eren should be given to the Military Police Regiment or the Scout Regiment , both of whom have their own reasons for wanting him . The Military Police Regiment wants Eren killed as he is seen by them as a menace , while the Scout Regiment wants to use him to retake Wall Maria . Becoming furious upon hearing from a merchant that Mikasa is accused of being a Titan as well , Eren calls out the Military Police Regiment and their supporters for their cowardice . Levi brutally beats down Eren in retaliation , but Eren does not transform into the Mysterious Titan . Levi uses this to show to the court that the Scout Regiment can control Eren , and proposes that Eren is to be made part of his squad . In the end , Zachary gives Eren to the Scout Regiment , where Erwin and Hange Zoë welcome him . As Eren is getting treatment for his wounds , they discover that he grew back a tooth knocked out after being beaten down by Levi . 15 15 `` Special Operations Squad : Eve of the Counterattack , Part 2 '' `` Tokubetsu Sakusen - han - Hangeki Zen'ya ( 2 ) - '' ( 特別 作戦 班 ― 反撃 前夜 2 ― ) Kiyoshi Fukumoto Hiroshi Seko July 21 , 2013 August 16 , 2014 Levi and his Special Operations Squad , composed of Eld Gin , Oruo Bozad , Petra Rall and Günther Schultz , bring Eren to the old Scout Regiment headquarters , where Eren will learn to control his Titan powers under their watch . As Levi orders the castle to be cleaned , Petra assures Eren that Levi does care about the people under his command despite his rude and harsh demeanor . Meanwhile , Erwin and Miche Zacharius discuss the new recruits joining the Scout Regiment and how they must prove Eren 's usefulness to Military Command within a month . Hange asks Eren to help her in her experiments with the two Titans they have captured , which she named Sawney and Beane . She has an obsession with Titans where she treats them like people despite the many times she puts herself in danger . It is revealed that the Titans need sunlight to survive and their bodies are disproportionately light despite their size . The next day , the Scout Regiment discover that Sawney and Beane have been killed . As Hange mourns for them , the Scout Regiment deduce that the culprit is a soldier who escaped using their omni - directional mobility gear , which makes Eren wonder who their true enemy is . 16 16 `` What Needs to be Done Now : Eve of the Counterattack , Part 3 '' `` Ima , Nani o Subeki ka - Hangeki Zen'ya ( 3 ) - '' ( 今 、 何 を すべ きか ― 反撃 前夜 3 ― ) Keisuke Onishi Yasushi Muroya Yasuko Kobayashi July 28 , 2013 August 23 , 2014 As the recruits are investigated over Sawney and Beane 's deaths , Annie , who will be joining the Military Police Regiment later , gives advice to Armin and Conny that it is their choice to decide on which military division they should join . The 104th Cadets are later greeted by Erwin at the Decision Ceremony , where he tells them that the goal of the Scout Regiment 's expedition on the following month is to reclaim the Shiganshina District and find the secret hidden in Eren 's home basement . After telling the recruits of the Scout Regiment 's high mortality rate during each expedition , Erwin tells the recruits that they may stay and join them or leave to join the other branches . Most recruits leave , but Jean joins the Scout Regiment in honor of Marco with others joining him as well including Mikasa , Armin , Reiner , Bertholdt , Conny , Sasha , Christa and Ymir , despite their fears . As the Scout Regiment prepare themselves for the expedition , Eren is reunited with his friends and learns what happened to the others . Jean questions whether Eren can truly control his Titan powers as they are risking their lives for him . With everything ready , the Scout Regiment begin their 57th Expedition beyond the walls . 17 17 `` Female Titan : The 57th Exterior Scouting Mission , Part 1 '' `` Megata no Kyojin - Dai Gojū - Nana Kai Hekigai Chōsa ( 1 ) - '' ( 女 型 の 巨人 ― 第 57 回 壁 外 調査 1 ― ) Daisuke Tokudo Masashi Koizuka Hiroshi Seko August 4 , 2013 September 6 , 2014 As the 57th Expedition gets underway , the Scout Regiment assemble into their Long - Range Scouting Formation , wherein the Scouts spread out around the main wagon train and report by flare gun if Titans are nearby so the group can steer to avoid conflict with them if possible . After Armin 's squad manages to kill an Abnormal Titan , a Female Titan suddenly appears from the right flank at high speed . Much to Armin 's shock , the Female Titan 's body can withstand their blades and is intelligent enough to kill his seniors easily . The Female Titan captures Armin , but after removing his hood and seeing his face , she leaves him alive and continues running . Armin is picked up by Reiner and Jean , who reveals that their right flank was wiped out by the Titans , which makes Armin realize not only was it the Female Titan 's work , but also is she possibly another Titan Shifter like Eren . When the three of them give conflicting sources on where Eren is in the formation , they realize the Female Titan 's target is Eren and they must stop her . Despite their failed attempts to attack , she leaves them and heads towards the center group . 18 18 `` Forest of Giant Trees : The 57th Exterior Scouting Mission , Part 2 '' `` Kyodaiju no Mori - Dai Gojū - Nana Kai Hekigai Chōsa ( 2 ) - '' ( 巨大 樹 の 森 ― 第 57 回 壁 外 調査 2 ― ) Hiroyuki Tanaka Shin Wakabayashi Hiroshi Seko August 11 , 2013 September 13 , 2014 Armin , Reiner and Jean are left stranded after their encounter with the Female Titan leaves them with only one horse , but they are soon saved by Christa , who arrives with extra horses . They wait for the order to withdraw , but to their surprise , they discover that their operation is continuing albeit heading in a different direction . Meanwhile , news reaches the center group about their right flank being annihilated by the Female Titan as the latter continues to wreak havoc within the formation . The whole formation soon reaches the Forest of Giant Trees with only the center row entering it , while the rest defend the forest from Titans . Eren realizes something is wrong when his squad has no idea what Erwin 's orders are and what Levi is doing . As the Female Titan chases them at their heels , the squad desperately await Levi 's command to attack , but Levi instead tells his squad to cover their ears as he fires his flare gun . 19 19 `` Bite : The 57th Exterior Scouting Mission , Part 3 '' `` Kamitsuku - Dai Gojū - Nana Kai Hekigai Chōsa ( 3 ) - '' ( 噛み付く ― 第 57 回 壁 外 調査 3 ― ) Kiyoshi Fukumoto Tomomi Ikeda Noboru Takagi August 18 , 2013 September 20 , 2014 Levi fires a noise round and tells the squad to keep moving forward . With more of the rearguard getting killed by the Female Titan , Eren begs his squad to let him fight , but they tell him to trust Levi 's decision . Eren starts remembering when he was unable to transform into the Mysterious Titan for experimental purposes in front of Hange , Levi and his squad . During a break when he tried to pick up a teaspoon , Eren suddenly partially transformed , leading Hange to deduce that Eren is able to transform into a Titan not by solely injuring himself but also due to his desire to fulfill his goals . The squad apologized to Eren and told him they should trust each other . Remembering this , Eren decides to trust his squad 's plan . It is then revealed that Levi 's squad is bait to lure the Female Titan into an ambush , where Erwin and his men fire hundreds of grappling hooks to trap the Female Titan . Levi leaves his squad to meet up with Erwin to find out the identity of the Female Titan . 20 20 `` Erwin Smith : The 57th Exterior Scouting Mission , Part 4 '' `` Eruvin Sumisu - Dai Gojū - Nana Kai Hekigai Chōsa ( 4 ) '' ( エルヴィン ・ スミス ― 第 57 回 壁 外 調査 4 ― ) Shintaro Itoga Yasuko Kobayashi August 25 , 2013 September 27 , 2014 With the Female Titan restrained , Erwin and Levi try to figure out its identity with no success as it is able to crystallize its skin to prevent them from cutting out the human inside . Armin , Jean and the rest of Levi 's squad realize it was Erwin 's plan to use Eren as bait to draw out the mole within the army who joined them after the Walls fell and only told his real plan to those who were part of the Scout Regiment before the fall . Meanwhile , the others wonder about what is happening inside the forest , and Levi taunts the Female Titan , prompting her to give a loud scream that draws all Titans in the vicinity to her . Despite the Scout Regiment 's attempt to stop them , the Titans ignore the humans and eat the Female Titan 's body in a frenzy , which makes Erwin call off the expedition . However , knowing that there is no confirmation that the mole has also been eaten by the Titans , Erwin orders Levi to regroup with his squad , while the mole , disguised as a cloaked Scout Regiment member , attacks Levi 's squad and kills Günther . 21 21 `` Crushing Blow : The 57th Exterior Scouting Mission , Part 5 '' `` Tettsui - Dai Gojū - Nana Kai Hekigai Chōsa ( 5 ) - '' ( 鉄槌 ― 第 57 回 壁 外 調査 5 ― ) Hiroyuki Tanaka Yasushi Muroya Noboru Takagi September 1 , 2013 October 4 , 2014 Erwin tells Hange that it was a mistake to think all Titan Shifters are like Eren , since the Female Titan has unique abilities far beyond that of a novice . Elsewhere , the mole transforms into the Female Titan and chases after Levi 's squad . Armin theorizes that the mole is someone who had seen Eren transform during the invasion of the Trost District . Eren wants to transform into the Mysterious Titan , but the squad tells him to trust in their skills and keep moving forward . Eld , Oruo and Petra manage to blind the Female Titan and attempt to cut off her arms . However , the Female Titan quickly regenerates her right eye and kills the three . Seeing his comrades dead , a grieving Eren transforms into the Mysterious Titan . Believing his comrades and squad 's death could have been avoided if he had transformed in the first place , Eren fights the Female Titan in a long battle . The Female Titan finally defeats Eren by taking off his head and swallowing his human body . Mikasa attempts to stop the Female Titan , but to no avail . She is later joined by Levi , who tells her to keep their distance , as the Female Titan is getting tired . 22 22 `` Defeated : The 57th Exterior Scouting Mission , Part 6 '' `` Haisha - tachi - Dai Gojū - Nana Kai Hekigai Chōsa ( 6 ) - '' ( 敗者 達 ― 第 57 回 壁 外 調査 6 ― ) Makoto Bessho Shinpei Ezaki Noboru Takagi September 8 , 2013 October 11 , 2014 While Mikasa distracts the Female Titan in order to get Eren back , Levi debilitates the Female Titan at high speeds , but Levi injures his leg when saving Mikasa from leaving herself vulnerable . Mikasa then goes with Levi , who retrieves Eren from inside the mouth of the Female Titan , leaving it badly wounded and slumped against a tree . The Scout Regiment retrieve the corpses of their fallen comrades , with Erwin ordering that the lost corpses be reported missing in action . One their way back into town , the Scouts are chased two Titans , one of which are killed by Mikasa . They outrun the other Titan after Levi reluctantly orders to dispose some of the corpses in order to lighten the wagon 's load . Later , Eren wakes up from a dream of his past and finds himself and the Scout Regiment back at town safely behind Wall Sina . The townspeople not only berate the Scout Regiment 's ineptitude , but also become enraged and upset at Erwin over the failure of the mission and the casualties that were sustained . As a result of the failed expedition , Erwin and his subordinates are summoned to the capital , where the final decision of Eren 's custody will be made . 23 23 `` Smile : Assault on Stohess , Part 1 '' `` Hohoemi - Sutohesu - ku Kyūshū ( 1 ) - '' ( 微笑み ― ストヘス 区 急襲 1 ― ) Hirokazu Yamada Hiroshi Seko September 15 , 2013 October 18 , 2014 Annie has a dream of being trained by her father before waking up . In the Stohess District , the Military Police Regiment are ordered to escort the Scout Regiment convoy once they enter the capital . Annie 's colleagues Hitch Dreyse and Marlo Sand joined the Military Police Regiment for opposite reasons , one for its current corruption and the other its possible reformation . After the convoy has entered the Stohess District , Annie is secretly called by Armin in the alleyways . Armin begs for her help , as he is helping Eren escape the capital , and the one riding in the convoy is actually Jean in disguise . Although declining at first , she finally agrees when Armin believes that she is a good person . Armin leads Eren , Mikasa and Annie to an underground tunnel , but Annie refuses to enter . Armin finally reveals his suspicion that Annie is the Female Titan , noting that she used Marco 's omni - directional mobility gear to kill Sawney and Beane and that the Female Titan did not kill him during the 57th Expedition . After Eren and Armin beg Annie to prove them wrong by following them , she laughs and soon transforms using the spike in her ring . 24 24 `` Mercy : Assault on Stohess , Part 2 '' `` Jihi - Sutohesu - ku Kyūshū ( 2 ) - '' ( 慈悲 ― ストヘス 区 急襲 2 ― ) Akitoshi Yokoyama Hiroyuki Tanaka Yasuko Kobayashi September 22 , 2013 October 25 , 2014 A few days before Eren is escorted to the capital , Erwin and Armin told him about a plan to capture Annie , the person shockingly believed to be the Female Titan . Back in the present , Eren , Mikasa and Armin manage to escape a tunnel collapse while being hunted by Annie as the Female Titan . Eren tries to transform but is unable to , and Mikasa suspects that his feelings for Annie are preventing him to do so . When Eren is trapped in another tunnel collapse , Mikasa and Armin distract Annie away from Eren . Meanwhile , Commander Nile Dawk of the Military Police Regiment demands an explanation from Erwin on what is happening as his men hold him at gunpoint . Mikasa and the rest of the Scout Regiment distract and try to capture Annie , while Armin and Jean attempt to free Eren from the rubble . Armin tells Eren that he has to fight Annie as anyone who refuses to sacrifice can never change anything . As Eren thinks about what Armin said , he remembers his hatred for the Smiling Titan who killed his mother . Eren finally transforms into the Mysterious Titan and charges at Annie in a rage , smashing into a cathedral . 25 25 `` Wall : Assault on Stohess , Part 3 '' `` Kabe - Sutohesu - ku Kyūshū ( 3 ) - '' ( 壁 ― ストヘス 区 急襲 3 ― ) Daisuke Tokudo Masashi Koizuka Shintaro Itoga Tetsurō Araki Yasuko Kobayashi September 29 , 2013 November 1 , 2014 Inside the cathedral , a group of worshipers are crushed to their deaths , leaving the surviving priest awestruck . Eren and Annie fight each other in their Titan forms throughout the Stohess District , causing destruction and civilian deaths . Erwin , who accepts responsibility for the damage his plan has caused , is arrested by Nile , who orders the Military Police Regiment to help evacuate the civilians . After exchanging several blows , Annie is overpowered by Eren and attempts to escape by climbing up Wall Sina , but Mikasa cuts off Annie 's fingers and sends her falling . Eren prepares to eat Annie , but he stops when she starts to cry . Her body starts encasing itself in crystal before he recuperates in human form . Erwin attends a government inquiry to clear his name , explaining that he kept his plans secret to prevent leaks , despite the casualties during his plans . His new plan is to find Titan Shifters and use them to launch a counterattack against the Titans . Eren stays with the Scout Regiment , and Annie is put under the custody of the Scout Regiment . In the epilogue , a piece of Wall Sina crumbles , revealing the face of a Titan within the wall . Season 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date English airdate 26 `` Beast Titan '' `` Kemono no Kyojin '' ( 獣 の 巨人 ) Hiroyuki Tanaka Yasuko Kobayashi April 1 , 2017 April 22 , 2017 Hange Zoë and her team discover the Wall Titan sealed inside the wall . Pastor Nick of the Wall Cult arrives and urges the team to cover it from sunlight with sheets . However , Pastor Nick refuses to tell Hange why it is there , even after she threatens to kill him , leading Hange to suspect that there are more Wall Titans hidden within the walls . Meanwhile , Erwin Smith is informed that Wall Rose was breached and Titans are roaming inside . Twelve hours earlier , the rest of the 104th Cadets are stationed at an outpost when Titans are seen advancing from the south . Miche Zacharius orders the soldiers and cadets to spread out and inform the nearby villages and the capital about the Titans while he stays behind to delay them . Miche buys enough time and prepares to escape , but is captured by a Beast Titan , which is apelike in appearance and capable of speaking . Miche hesitates to respond when the Beast Titan inquires him about his omni - directional mobility gear , so the Beast Titan strips Miche of his omni - directional mobility gear and leaves him to be eaten by the other Titans . 27 `` I 'm Home '' `` Tadaima '' ( ただいま ) Yoshihide Ibata Yasuko Kobayashi April 8 , 2017 April 29 , 2017 Armin Arlelt and Hange each deduce that the Wall Titans sealed within the walls provide its strength . The Scout Regiment depart from the Stohess District to deal with the Titans that appeared inside Wall Rose , and Hange takes Pastor Nick along , intending to gain more information from him . Meanwhile , Sasha Braus rushes to Dauper in order to warn her father and the villagers . She arrives to find the entire village deserted except for a woman being eaten by a Titan , and her daughter nearby in a state of shock . Sasha takes the girl and flees , but they are chased by the Titan . Deciding to stay and fight while urging the girl to run away , Sasha succeeds in blinding the Titan with her arrows just as a group of villagers , including her father and the girl , return to pick her up . Meanwhile , Conny Springer and his group arrive at Ragako , only to find that it had already been attacked by Titans . Upon reaching his house , Conny discovers a Titan on its back trapped inside , and he wonders how it was able to travel so far from the walls since its legs seem too feeble to support its body . 28 `` Southwestward '' `` Nansei e '' ( 南西 へ ) Kenji Imura Hiroshi Seko April 15 , 2017 May 6 , 2017 Conny learns from Lynne and Gelgar that his family could still be alive since there are no traces of carnage , but before Conny rejoins his group to find the breach in the wall , he is startled when the Titan in his house faintly speaks and welcomes him back home . Elsewhere , Christa Lenz tells Ymir not to worry about her when the latter asks Nanaba and Henning to allow the two to leave their group . Both groups eventually meet up at nighttime , discovering that no breaches occurred at the walls and deciding to rest up at Castle Utgard . Meanwhile , Eren Jaeger learns from Hange he could learn how to seal the breach in the Shiganshina District , seeing as the crystallized skin from Annie Leonhart as the Female Titan is the same material from the walls . Pastor Nick eventually reveals to Hange that Christa is the key to finding all the answers . Soon after , Sasha arrives and hands Hange a scroll from Erwin , advising Hange and the Scouts to head to Castle Utgard . In the meantime , the Beast Titan leads the other Titans to attack Castle Utgard . This prompts Nanaba , Henning , Lynne and Gelgar to defend the 104th Cadets . 29 `` Soldier '' `` Heishi '' ( 兵士 ) Hitomi Ezoe Hiroshi Seko April 22 , 2017 May 13 , 2017 Two hours before the attack by the Titans at Castle Utgard , the 104th Cadets rest as their seniors keep watch . Conny mentions that the Titan he encountered at Ragako resembled his mother , but Ymir plays it off . Reiner Braun becomes suspicious when Ymir is able to read the unknown language on a food can labeled herring . The Titans soon appear , and the senior soldiers hold them off from the outside while the 104th Cadets defend themselves against smaller Titans that have breached the castle . In the process , Reiner has his arm badly injured after it is bitten by a Titan . After clearing the area of Titans , the Beast Titan throws chunks of Wall Rose at the castle , killing the group 's horses . A second wave of Titans subsequently attack the castle , and the senior soldiers are soon overwhelmed and killed . As the Titans surround the tower which the unarmed 104th Cadets are on , Ymir jumps off the tower and transforms into a Titan in order to honor a promise that she made with Christa . 30 5 `` Historia '' `` Hisutoria '' ( ヒストリア ) Tetsuya Wakano Yasuko Kobayashi April 29 , 2017 May 20 , 2017 In the past , Christa and Ymir became lost in a blizzard during their winter training in the mountains as cadets , while trying to save fellow cadet Daz . Ymir accused Christa of having a death wish rather than saving Daz for selfless reasons . She was also aware that Christa is an unwanted illegitimate daughter of a nobleman 's mistress who was forced by the Wall Cult to change her name and join the army . Ymir then made Christa promise that she must live her own life if she ever reveals her true name . Back in the present , Ymir transforms into the Dancing Titan and fights off the other Titans . Christa tells Ymir to destroy the tower in order to crush the Titans . As the tower begins to collapse , Ymir orders Christa and the others to grab on to her . Despite this effort , the Titans overwhelm Ymir , but Hange and the other Scouts arrive on time to save the 104th Cadets . With the battle over , Christa attends a gravely injured Ymir as the rest of the 104th Cadets learn that Ymir is a Titan Shifter . Just before Ymir loses consciousness , Christa reveals that her real name is Historia Reiss . 31 6 `` Warrior '' `` Senshi '' ( 戦士 ) Hiroyuki Tanaka Hiroshi Seko May 6 , 2017 June 3 , 2017 The Scouts prepare to take the comatose Ymir to the Trost District for medical attention . Later , Hannes comes with his vanguard and reports that the walls were never breached . Before leaving for the Trost District , Eren learns that Reiner and Bertholdt are the Armored Titan and the Colossal Titan , respectively . Reiner explains that the mission to destroy all of humanity can be avoided if Eren would simply join them . Twelve hours earlier in the Ehrmich District , Hange explained that the scroll received from Sasha contained a background report on Annie , suggesting a connection with Reiner and Bertholdt , as all three are from the same area but otherwise have little information available . The Scouts eventually realized that they may have helped Annie find Eren 's location within the formation during the 57th Expedition . Therefore , Hange ordered the others to keep an eye on Reiner and Bertholdt without raising undue suspicion . Back in the present , Reiner and Bertholdt both shift into their Titan forms , despite a quick intervention by Mikasa Ackermann . The Armored Titan grabs Eren and slides down the wall as the Colossal Titan grabs Ymir . Feeling betrayed , Eren shifts into the Mysterious Titan and begins to fight the Armored Titan . 32 7 `` Close Combat ( Strike ・ Throw ・ Submit ) '' `` Da - Tō - Kyoku '' ( 打 ・ 投 ・ 極 ) Takayuki Hirao Hiroshi Seko May 13 , 2017 June 10 , 2017 As Eren and the Armored Titan engage in battle , the Colossal Titan consumes Ymir and another Scout . Hange and the other Scouts move in for an attack , but the Colossal Titan releases an enormous amount of steam , wounding several Scouts and preventing further attacks . The Armored Titan gains the upper hand in his fight against Eren , and the situation seems desperate even with assistance from Mikasa . However , Eren uses hand - to - hand combat techniques that he learned from Annie during their recruit training , enabling him to give serious damage to the Armored Titan . Eren obliges when Armin implores him to fall back to the wall for his own safety . As the Armored Titan charges Eren once more , Eren utilizes grappling techniques advised by Hange in order to overcome his strength disadvantage and regain the upper hand . Eren is nearly successful at beheading the Armored Titan and extracting Reiner from within , only to be foiled when the Armored Titan roars for assistance . The Colossal Titan begins to deteriorate and plummets towards Eren and the Armored Titan . 33 8 `` The Hunters '' `` Oumono '' ( 迫 う 者 ) Yūmi Kawai Yasuko Kobayashi May 20 , 2017 June 17 , 2017 The Colossal Titan hits the ground , releasing a massive amount of steam . The Armored Titan frees itself from being grasped and extracts Eren from the Mysterious Titan , while Bertholdt carries the still unconscious Ymir and uses stolen omni - directional mobility gear to leave with the Armored Titan . Five hours later in the Trost District , the military divisions are informed about the recent battle that took place . Back at the walls , an unconscious Mikasa has a dream about the past , wherein she tried to protect Eren from the neighborhood delinquents , but she is distraught to find him gone when she awakes . Armin tells Mikasa that Eren and Ymir were captured , but nothing can be done in their current state . Hannes reminds Mikasa and Armin that Eren has a steadfast resolve . As Erwin soon arrives with reinforcements , Hange posits that Reiner and Bertholdt may seek the Forest of Giant Trees nearby to safely rest until nightfall , assuming that their goal is to relocate outside of Wall Maria . Eren and Ymir are shown waking in the forest as their bodies begin to regenerate their limbs , while Reiner and Bertholdt watch over them . The Scouts depart from Wall Rose to mount a rescue operation . 34 9 `` Opening '' `` Kaikō '' ( 開口 ) Yoshihide Ibata Yasuko Kobayashi May 27 , 2017 June 24 , 2017 As Erwin leads the expedition away from Wall Rose , Hange requests a horseback ride to Ragako to see the immobilized Titan , but Moblit decides to go in her stead since she is badly injured . Meanwhile , in the Forest of Giant Trees , as Eren and Ymir continue to regenerate their limbs , Ymir points out that not only are they are surrounded by Titans , but also Reiner and Bertholdt stole their omni - directional mobility gear . Reiner and Bertholdt plan to take Eren and Ymir to their hometown , but are waiting until nightfall when the surrounding Titans can not move . Eren is reminded by Ymir that they are in no position to fight or flee until they regenerate . Reiner begins to ramble about his duty as a soldier and as a warrior , which Ymir deduces that there is confusion between his undercover and real personas . Ymir is highly concerned about the Beast Titan , who caused the recent Titan invasion and may be their real enemy . Reiner then uses Ymir 's concern for Christa 's safety as leverage to drive a wedge between Eren and Ymir . The discussion is interrupted by the sound of flare guns , signalling the arrival of the Scouts . 35 10 `` Children '' `` Kodomotachi '' ( 子供 達 ) Kenji Imura Hiroshi Seko June 3 , 2017 July 8 , 2017 Moblit arrives at Ragako and recognizes the disabled Titan as Conny 's mother after seeing a portrait of Conny 's parents . At the Forest of Giant Trees , after Eren is restrained , Ymir says that Reiner and Bertholdt must take Christa with them . In a flashback , Ymir was worshiped by a cult as a child under supposed royalty . The cult was later apprehended and punished by soldiers , in which Ymir was injected with something and thrown off a wall , resulting in her transforming into the Dancing Titan . Ymir spent the next sixty years as a Titan , and she ate Marcel , a childhood friend of Reiner , Bertholdt and Annie , before returning to human form . She realized that her freedom of accepting her true identity was why she developed such empathy with Christa . In the present , Ymir convinces Reiner and Bertholdt to allow her to transform into the Dancing Titan and take Christa with them . When the Scouts enter the forest , Ymir finds and swallows Christa before rejoining Reiner and Bertholdt . Reiner transforms as the Armored Titan , while Bertholdt , Eren and Ymir climb on its shoulders , as they flee at the edge of the forest with the Scouts in hot pursuit . 36 11 `` Charge '' `` Totsugeki '' ( 突撃 ) Hiroyuki Tanaka Yasuhiro Akamatsu Hiroshi Seko June 10 , 2017 July 15 , 2017 As the Armored Titan flees , Ymir regurgitates Christa and exits her Titan form in order to explain her seemingly selfish actions to Christa . The Scouts close in on the Armored Titan , but Mikasa is foiled when the Armored Titan blocks her from attacking Bertholdt and saving Eren . The other 104th Cadets arrive to reason with Bertholdt , but he professes that there is no turning back from their mission , despite being their comrade . Erwin uses himself as bait to lure a group of Titans charging towards the Scouts chasing the Armored Titan , and the Scouts are ordered to scatter their formation and charge at the Titans . The Armored Titan is consequently attacked by the Titans , forcing it to defend itself and release Eren and Bertholdt . Armin , Erwin and Mikasa work together to distract Bertholdt , cut Eren free and rescue Eren . Conny and Sasha retrieve Christa and explain that Ymir is lying about her recent actions . The Scouts are hampered from retreating when the Armored Titan throws Titans at them , knocking Eren and Mikasa off their horse . Eren and Mikasa then come face - to - face with the Smiling Titan , the same one that ate Carla Jaeger . 37 12 `` Scream '' `` Sakebi '' ( 叫び ) Satonobu Kikuchi Takayuki Hirao Tetsurō Araki Yoshihide Ibata Yasuko Kobayashi June 17 , 2017 July 22 , 2017 The Scouts are at a loss as more Titans thrown by the Armored Titan surround their position . Hannes sacrifices himself protecting Eren and Mikasa from the Smiling Titan . After Eren breaks down from failing to transform , he rekindles his spirit by vowing to protect Mikasa , activating an unknown power within him that causes the surrounding Titans to devour the Smiling Titan . Ymir realizes that Reiner and Bertholdt want Eren because he possesses the Coordinate , the ability to control other Titans . The surviving Scouts escape after Eren causes the Titans to go after the Armored Titan . Ymir decides to leave Christa in order to save the Armored Titan and Bertholdt from the Titans . A week later , Hange and Conny give a report to Erwin , Levi and Dot Pyxis , which reveals that the Titans that appeared within Wall Rose were the citizens of Ragako . Remembering how many died to rescue him , Eren vows to use his new power to help humanity , while Erwin is determined to learn more of the truth behind the Titans . Elsewhere , the Beast Titan looks out from atop Wall Maria , as a mysterious blonde man with glasses emerges from its back uttering the words , `` not just yet '' . Special episodes ( edit ) Ova episodes ( edit ) For the No Regrets OVAs , see Attack on Titan : No Regrets . For the Lost Girls OVAs , see Attack on Titan : Lost Girls . The following bonus original video animation episodes were released alongside select volumes of the manga . No . Title Original air date 3.5 `` Ilse 's Notebook : Memoirs of a Recon Corps Member '' `` Iruze no Techō - Aru Chōsa Heidan'in no Shuki - '' ( イルゼ の 手帳 ― ある 調査 兵 団員 の 手記 ― ) December 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 09 ) In the year 850 , whilst Eren and the others are in training , the Recon Corps go on a mission , with Hange deciding to pursue a Titan spotted in the forest in the hopes she can capture it . Curiously , as Hange gets the Titan to chase after her , it suddenly retreats to the forest . Hange follows it to the center of the forest , where she finds it banging its head against a certain tree . The Titan turns hostile when Hange gets close to it , but Levi and the others arrive and kill it , much to Hange 's dismay . Upon inspecting the scene , they discover the decapitated body of Ilse Langnar , a soldier from the 34th Recon Corps division , resting inside of the tree , and find a notebook belonging to her lying on the ground . The notebook details Ilse 's records , as she escaped on foot after her squad was killed by Titans . She eventually became cornered by a Titan , but instead of killing her right away , it started to speak to her in the human language , calling her `` Ymir '' . Ilse attempted to communicate with the Titan , but it inevitably became hostile again and bit off her head , curiously choosing not to devour her body but instead rest it inside the tree . Having read through all of Ilse 's notes , Hange uses the notebook as leverage to convince Erwin to approve of operations to capture Titans alive and study them , before returning Ilse 's belongings to her grief - stricken family . 3.25 `` The Sudden Visitor : The Torturous Curse of Youth '' `` Totsuzen no Raihōsha - Sainamareru Seishun no Noroi - '' ( 突然 の 来訪 者 ― 苛ま れる 青春 の 呪い ― ) April 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 09 ) In the year 849 , Jean returns home after two years in training . After Jean gets into a dispute with Sasha following a training exercise , Commander Pyxis suggests they settle things in a cooking contest . With Armin and Annie joining Jean 's team and Reiner and Conny teaming up with Sasha , the two groups head into the forest in search of a notorious giant boar to use as meat . Sasha 's group come across the boar first and engage it in battle , with Sasha managing to kill it and claim it for her group . Later , after Jean is visited by his mother , shouting at her when he feels she is embarrassing him , he concocts a plan to steal some quality beef from the office so he can beat Sasha , but Armin and Annie refuse to help him . After inevitably giving up on his plan , Jean opens a lunchbox his mother left him containing an omelette , remembering all the times his mother stood by him . The cooking contest soon takes place , with Sasha presenting a prime boar steak whilst Jean presents a humble omelette . Although wowed by the taste of the steak , Pyxis declares Jean the winner as he showed more skill in cooking . Content with his victory , Jean considers paying a visit to his mother . 3.75 `` Distress '' `` Konnan '' ( 困難 ) August 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 08 ) In the year 848 , the recruits are split into two groups for a wilderness exercise to learn how to sustain themselves in times of peace . Marco has trouble leading his group due to the arrogance of both Eren and Jean . Meanwhile , Mikasa 's group learns of the presence of a gang of thieves , who managed to steal their omni - directional mobility gear . That night , the thieves ambush Eren 's group , taking Christa hostage along with their equipment . Putting aside their petty squabbles in order to rescue her , the group discover the thieves ' hideout , using each of their talents to come up with a plan to ambush them . After Eren and Jean manage to recover the group 's maneuver equipment and put a stop to the thieves ' wagons , the thieves hold Christa at knifepoint , but she is rescued by the arrival of Mikasa and Annie after Armin had signalled for help . As the thieves are arrested , with no casualties taken , Armin wonders if the thieves ' attack was part of the exercise all along . Bonus shorts ( edit ) Chibi Theater : Fly , Cadets , Fly ! ( ち み キャラ 劇場 と んで け ! 訓練 兵団 , Chimi Kyara Gekijō -- Tondeke ! Kunren Heidan ) is a series of flash animated gag shorts included with the Blu - ray Disc / DVD releases , featuring the characters in chibi form based on designs by Yuupon . No . Title Original air date `` Day 01 / Day 02 '' `` Ichinichime / Futsukame '' ( 01 日 目 / 02 日 目 ) July 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 17 ) Eren has trouble getting to school on time , before he and Armin find themselves in the nurse 's office . `` Day 03 / Day 04 '' `` Mikkame / Yokkame '' ( 03 日 目 / 04 日 目 ) August 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 21 ) Eren tries to make a strong impression before his instructor , whilst Jean becomes jealous of Eren 's closeness with Mikasa . `` Day 05 / Day 06 / Day 07 '' `` Itsukame / Muikame / Nanokame '' ( 05 日 目 / 06 日 目 / 07 日 目 ) September 18 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 18 ) Sasha is accused of a crime she did n't commit , whilst Armin finds a rather dubious book . Later , Eren and Mikasa try to learn about the Titan 's weakness . `` Day 08 / Day 09 / Day 10 '' `` Yōkame / Kokonokame / Tōkame '' ( 8 日 目 / 9 日 目 / 10 日 目 ) October 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 16 ) Eren accidentally stumbles into the classroom as the girls were taking off their clothes , Mikasa competes against Ymir for Eren 's pudding , Christa and Ymir discuss who they should spend the day with . 5 `` Day 11 / Day 12 / Day 13 '' `` Jūichinichime / Jūninichime / Jūsannichime '' ( 11 日 目 / 12 日 目 / 13 日 目 ) November 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 20 ) Eren attempts to improve his body by following Reiner 's every move , Bertholdt tries to improve his confidence , Mikasa and Annie compete to see who can inflict more pain on Eren . 6 `` Day 14 / Day 15 / Day 16 '' `` Jūyokkame / Jūgonichime / Jūrokunichime '' ( 14 日 目 / 15 日 目 / 16 日 目 ) December 18 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 18 ) Conny and Sasha attempt to prank Shadis , Eren decides to shave his hair , Armin tutors Eren , Sasha , and Conny when they failed their test . 7 `` Day 17 / Day 18 / Day 19 '' `` Jūshichinichime / Jūhachinichime / Jūkunichime '' ( 17 日 目 / 18 日 目 / 19 日 目 ) January 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 15 ) Eren struggles to balance himself on the omni - directional mobility gear , Jean gets lost during training , Marco sneaks into the Girl 's Dormitory to return a lost pink bag . 8 `` Day 20 / Day 21 / Day 22 '' `` Nijūnichime / Nijūichinichime / Nijūninichime '' ( 20 日 目 / 21 日 目 / 22 日 目 ) February 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 19 ) Franz and Hannah try to help Eren reconcile with Mikasa after an argument , Mikasa tries to act on her feelings with Eren , and Hange tries to communicate with a Titan . 9 `` Day 23 / Day 24 / Day 25 '' `` Nijūsannichime / Nijūyonnichime / Nijūgonichime '' ( 23 日 目 / 24 日 目 / 25 日 目 ) March 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 19 ) Erwin tries to change his appearance to appeal to cadets , Levi analyzes himself from another 's point of view , and the graduation ceremony of the 104th Cadet Corps takes place . See also ( edit ) Anime and manga portal List of Attack on Titan chapters List of Attack on Titan light novels Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Funimation dub spells Eren 's surname as Jaeger . Jump up ^ The Funimation dub spells Mikasa 's surname as Ackermann . Jump up ^ The Funimation dub spells Armin 's surname as Arlelt . References ( edit ) Sources `` Japanese dates '' . Tokyo MX ( in Japanese ) . `` List of Attack on Titan episode titles '' . Shingeki.tv ( in Japanese ) . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2013 . `` Attack of Titan Anime Episodes '' . Funimation . References ^ Jump up to : Ferreira , Mike ( January 14 , 2014 ) . `` Attack on Titan 's Netflix Debut Hit by Translation Woes '' . Anime Herald . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : 「 進撃 の 巨人 」 製作 委員 会 . `` 放送 情報 '' ( Broadcast Information ) . shingeki.tv ( in Japanese ) . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2013 . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . `` MBS 4 月 6 日 より 毎週 土曜 25 時 58 分 ~ ※ 4 月 13 日 は 26 時 10 分 ~ '' See rest of article for other broadcasting times . Jump up ^ `` Funimation Streams Attack on Titan TV Anime '' . Anime News Network . April 12 , 2013 . Retrieved April 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Crunchyroll to Stream `` Attack on Titan '' Anime `` . Crunchyroll. April 13 , 2013 . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Funimation Plans Attack on Titan on Home Video in 2014 '' . Anime News Network . May 19 , 2013 . Retrieved May 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan English Dub Premiere at Anime Boston '' . Funimation . February 14 , 2014 . Retrieved June 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Funimation ( April 22 , 2013 ) . `` FUNimation - Thank you all for your patience ! Attack on ... '' Facebook . Retrieved June 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan to Run on Adult Swim 's Toonami Block '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan Opening CD Sells 129,000 in 1st Week '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved December 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan 2nd Season 's New Visual , Linked Horizon Song Revealed '' . Anime News Network . February 6 , 2017 . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Toonami Premieres Attack on Titan Season 2 on April 22 '' . Anime News Network . April 3 , 2017 . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Crunchyroll Streams Attack on Titan Season 2 Anime ( Updated ) '' . Anime News Network . March 30 , 2017 . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TV アニメ 「 進撃 の 巨人 」 Season 3 '' . shingeki.tv ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 作品 情報 ( シリーズ ) -- 進撃 の 巨人 attack on titan '' ( Work information ( series ) -- Attack on Titan ) . Media Arts Database ( in Japanese ) . Japan : Agency for Cultural Affairs . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` July 5th Line Up - Space Dandy Season 2 Premiere ! '' . Toonami Tumblr . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Know When to Watch - Schedule - Adult Swim '' . AdultSwim.com . Turner Broadcasting System . August 9 , 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ 進撃 の 巨人 Season2 ( Attack on Titan Season 2 ) ( in Japanese ) . Mainichi Broadcasting System . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan Manga 's 2nd Anime DVD Bundle Listed '' . Anime News Network . November 20 , 2013 . Retrieved November 21 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Attack on Titan on Funimation Attack on Titan on Crunchyroll ( hide ) Attack on Titan by Hajime Isayama Media Chapters Episodes Before the Fall Junior High Lost Girls No Regrets Spoof on Titan Harsh Mistress of the City Live - action Attack on Titan Counter Rockets Video games Humanity in Chains Attack on Titan Attack on Titan 2 Related Characters Eren Yeager `` Jiyū e no Shingeki '' by Linked Horizon Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Attack_on_Titan_episodes&oldid=825096637 '' Categories : Lists of anime episodes Attack on Titan Hidden categories : CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) Use mdy dates from June 2014 Articles containing Japanese - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Polski Português Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 11 February 2018 , at 13 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many eps in attack on titan season 1 | [
"\n\nSeason\nEpisodes\nOriginally aired\n\n\nFirst aired\nLast aired\n\n\n\n1\n25\nApril 7, 2013 (2013-04-07)\nSeptember 29, 2013 (2013-09-29)\n\n\n\n2\n12\nApril 1, 2017 (2017-04-01)\nJune 17, 2017 (2017-06-17)\n\n"
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] |
-2564083429818982865 | Times Square Ball | Times Square ball - wikipedia Times Square ball Jump to : navigation , search Times Square New Year 's Eve ball drop The ball resting atop One Times Square in 2011 Genre New Year 's Eve event Date ( s ) December 31st Begins 6 : 00 PM EST Ends 12 : 15 AM EST Frequency Annually Location ( s ) Times Square , New York City Inaugurated 1907 Founder Adolph Ochs Organized by Times Square Alliance Countdown Entertainment Website timessquareball.net The Times Square Ball is a time ball located in New York City 's Times Square . Located on the roof of One Times Square , the ball is a prominent part of a New Year 's Eve celebration in Times Square commonly referred to as the ball drop , where the ball descends 141 feet ( 43 m ) in 60 seconds down a specially designed flagpole , beginning at 11 : 59 : 00 p.m. ET , and resting at midnight to signal the start of the new year . In recent years , the festivities have been preceded by live entertainment , including performances by musicians . The event was first organized by Adolph Ochs , owner of The New York Times newspaper , as a successor to a series of New Year 's Eve fireworks displays he held at the building to promote its status as the new headquarters of the Times , while the ball itself was designed by Artkraft Strauss . First held on December 31 , 1907 , to welcome 1908 , the ball drop has been held annually since , except in 1942 and 1943 in observance of wartime blackouts . The ball 's design has been updated over the years to reflect improvements in lighting technology ; the ball was initially constructed from wood and iron , and lit with 100 incandescent light bulbs . The current incarnation , designed by Harlem - based architectural lighting firm Focus Lighting , features a computerized LED lighting system and an outer surface consisting of triangular crystal panels . These panels are produced by Waterford Crystal , and contain inscriptions representing a yearly theme . Since 2009 , the current ball has been displayed atop One Times Square year - round , while the original , smaller version of the current ball that was used in 2008 has been on display inside the Times Square visitor 's center . The event is organized by the Times Square Alliance and Countdown Entertainment , a company led by Jeff Strauss , and is among the most notable New Year 's celebrations internationally : it is attended by at least 1 million spectators yearly , and is nationally televised as part of New Year 's Eve specials broadcast by a number of networks and cable channels . The prevalence of the Times Square ball drop has inspired similar `` drops '' at other local New Year 's Eve events across the country ; while some use balls , some instead drop objects that represent local culture or history . Contents ( hide ) 1 Events 1.1 Event organization 1.2 Festivities 1.3 Cleanup 2 History 2.1 Beginnings ( 1907 -- 1908 ) 2.2 The second and third balls ( 1920 -- 98 ) 2.3 Into the new millennium ( 1999 -- 2007 ) 2.4 Present day ( 2008 -- present ) 2.5 Weather at midnight 3 Broadcasting 3.1 Past broadcasts 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Events ( edit ) Event organization ( edit ) Spectators celebrate the arrival of 2013 . Oswaldo San Andres and Lillianne Perez join Michael Bloomberg in activating the drop for 2007 . To facilitate the arrival of attendees , Times Square is closed to traffic beginning in the late afternoon on New Year 's Eve . The square is then divided into different viewing sections referred to as `` pens '' , into which attendees are directed sequentially upon arrival . Security is strictly enforced by the New York City Police Department ( NYPD ) , even more so since the 2001 -- 02 edition in the wake of the September 11 attacks . Attendees are required to pass through security checkpoints before they are assigned a pen , and are prohibited from bringing backpacks or alcohol to the event . Security was increased further for 2017 -- 18 edition due to recent incidents such as the truck attack in New York on October 31 , and the Route 91 Harvest festival shootings in Las Vegas ; these included additional patrols of Times Square hotels , rooftop patrol squads and counter-snipers , and the installation of reflective markers on buildings to help officers identify the location of elevated shooters . Festivities ( edit ) Festivities formally begin in the early evening with the raising of the ball at around 6 : 00 p.m. ET . Party favors are distributed to attendees , which have historically included large balloons , hats , and other items branded with the event 's corporate sponsors . The hours before the drop are preceded by hourly countdowns for the arrival of the new year in other countries , along with live music performances by popular musicians . Some of these performances are organized by , and aired on New Year 's Eve television specials which are broadcast from Times Square . The drop itself occurs at 11 : 59 p.m. -- the last minute of the year , and is ceremonially `` activated '' by a dignitary or celebrity joined on - stage by the current Mayor of New York City . The conclusion of the drop is followed by fireworks shot from the roof of One Times Square , along with the playing of `` Auld Lang Syne '' by Guy Lombardo , `` Theme from New York , New York '' by Frank Sinatra , `` America the Beautiful '' by Ray Charles , `` What a Wonderful World '' by Louis Armstrong , and `` Over the Rainbow '' by IZ . Since the 1996 New Year 's Eve celebration , the current Mayor of New York City has been joined by a special guest , selected yearly to recognize their community involvement or significance , in ceremonially `` activating '' the ball drop by pressing a button , resembling a smaller version of the ball itself , at exactly one minute to midnight . The button itself does not actually trigger the drop ; that is done from a control room , synchronized using a government time signal . Special guests who have activated the ball drop have included : 1996 -- 1997 : Oseola McCarty 1997 -- 1998 : A group of five winners from a school essay contest honoring New York City 's centennial 1998 -- 1999 : Chinese gymnast Sang Lan ( who was injured during the 1998 Goodwill Games and was being rehabilitated in New York City ) 1999 -- 2000 : Dr. Mary Ann Hopkins from Doctors Without Borders 2000 -- 2001 : Muhammad Ali 2001 -- 2002 : Rudy Giuliani and Judith Nathan ; this was Giuliani 's final act as mayor . Michael Bloomberg officially became the new Mayor of New York City upon the beginning of 2002 , and took his oath of office shortly after midnight . 2002 -- 2003 : Christopher and Dana Reeve 2003 -- 2004 : Cyndi Lauper , along with Shoshana Johnson -- the first female American prisoner of war belonging to an ethnic minority 2004 -- 2005 : Secretary of State Colin Powell 2005 -- 2006 : Jazz musician Wynton Marsalis 2006 -- 2007 : A group of eight United States Armed Forces members 2007 -- 2008 : Karolina Wierzchowska , an Iraq War veteran and New York City Police Academy valedictorian 2008 -- 2009 : Bill and Hillary Clinton 2009 -- 2010 : Twelve students from New York City high schools on the U.S. News & World Report `` America 's Best High Schools Top 100 ' Gold Medal ' List '' 2010 -- 2011 : Former Staff sergeant Salvatore Giunta 2011 -- 2012 : Musician Lady Gaga 2012 -- 2013 : The Rockettes 2013 -- 2014 : U.S. Supreme Court Justice Sonia Sotomayor . 2014 -- 2015 : Cuban - American musician Jencarlos Canela , joined by a group of refugees who emigrated to New York City , in partnership with the International Rescue Committee 2015 -- 2016 : Hugh Evans 2016 -- 2017 : United Nations Secretary - General Ban Ki - moon ; this was Ban Ki - moon 's final act as UN Secretary - General , as António Guterres took office on January 1 , 2017 . 2017 -- 2018 : Tarana Burke Since the 2005 -- 06 edition of the event , the drop has been directly preceded by the playing of John Lennon 's song `` Imagine '' . Until 2009 -- 2010 , the original recording was used ; since 2010 -- 2011 , the song has been performed by the headlining act ; 2010 -- 2011 : Taio Cruz 2011 -- 2012 : Cee - Lo Green 2012 -- 2013 : Train 2013 -- 2014 : Melissa Etheridge 2014 -- 2015 : O.A.R. 2015 -- 2016 : Jessie J 2016 -- 2017 : Rachel Platten 2017 -- 2018 : Andy Grammer From 2001 - 02 until 2004 - 05 , the song played immediately before the drop was Lee Greenwood 's God Bless the U.S.A. . It was sung originally in remembrance of 9 / 11 , but the practice was retained for another three years . Cleanup ( edit ) After the conclusion of the festivities and the dispersal of attendees , cleanup is performed overnight to remove confetti and other debris from Times Square before it is re-opened to the public the following morning . Few traces of the previous night 's celebration remain after the cleanup process is completed : following the 2013 -- 14 drop , the New York City Department of Sanitation estimated that by 8 : 00 a.m. , it had cleared over 50 tons of refuse from Times Square , using 190 workers from their own crews and the Times Square Alliance . History ( edit ) Beginnings ( 1907 -- 1908 ) ( edit ) The first New Year 's Eve celebration in Times Square was held on December 31 , 1904 ; The New York Times ' owner , Adolph Ochs , decided to celebrate the opening of the newspaper 's new headquarters , One Times Square , with a New Year 's fireworks show on the roof of the building to welcome 1905 . Close to 200,000 people attended the event , displacing traditional celebrations that had normally been held at Trinity Church . However , following several years of fireworks shows , Ochs wanted a bigger spectacle at the building to draw more attention to the area . The newspaper 's chief electrician , Walter F. Palmer , suggested using a time ball , after seeing one used on the nearby Western Union Building . Ochs hired sign designer Artkraft Strauss to construct a ball for the celebration ; it was built from iron and wood , electrically lit with one hundred incandescent light bulbs , weighed 700 pounds ( 320 kg ) , and measured 5 feet ( 1.5 m ) in diameter . The ball was hoisted on the building 's flagpole with rope by a team of six men . Once it hit the roof of the building , the ball was designed to complete an electric circuit to light a 5 - foot tall sign indicating the new year , and trigger a fireworks show . The first ever `` ball drop '' was held on December 31 , 1907 , welcoming the year 1908 . In 1913 , only eight years after it moved to One Times Square , the Times moved its corporate headquarters to 229 West 43rd Street . The Times still maintained ownership of the tower , however , and Strauss continued to organize future editions of the drop . The second and third balls ( 1920 -- 98 ) ( edit ) The original ball was retired in 1920 in favor of a new design ; the second ball remained 5 feet ( 1.5 m ) in diameter , but was now constructed from iron , weighing 400 pounds ( 180 kg ) . The ball drop was placed on hiatus for New Year 's Eve 1942 and 1943 due to wartime lighting restrictions during World War II . Instead , a moment of silence was observed at midnight in Times Square , accompanied by the sound of church bells and chimes played from sound trucks . The second ball was retired in favor of a third design in 1955 ; again , it maintained the same diameter of its predecessors , but was now constructed from aluminium , and weighed 150 pounds ( 68 kg ) . In 1981 , the third ball was revamped in honor of the I Love New York campaign , with red lightbulbs and a green stem to give it the appearance of an apple . For 1988 , organizers acknowledged the addition of a leap second earlier that day ( leap seconds are appended at midnight UTC , which is five hours before midnight in New York ) by extending the drop to 61 seconds , and by including a special one - second light show during the extra second . The original white lightbulbs returned to the ball for 1989 , but were replaced by red , white , and blue bulbs in 1991 to salute the troops of Operation Desert Shield . The third ball was revamped again in 1995 for 1996 , adding a computerized lighting system with 180 halogen bulbs and 144 strobe lights , and over 12,000 rhinestones . Lighting designer Barry Arnold stated that the changes were `` something ( that ) had to be done to make this event more spectacular as we approach the millennium . '' The drop itself became computerized through the use of an electric winch synced with the National Institute of Standards and Technology 's time signal ; the new system was not without issues , however , as a glitch caused the ball to pause for a short moment halfway through its descent . After its 44th use in 1999 , the third ball was retired and placed on display at the Atlanta headquarters of Jamestown Group , owners of One Times Square . Most recent incarnations The fourth ball ( on display at Waterford Crystal 's headquarters in Ireland ) The 2008 ball ( on display at Times Square Visitors Center ) The current ball , as seen in 2009 Into the New millennium ( 1999 -- 2007 ) ( edit ) On December 28 , 1998 , during a press conference attended by New York City mayor Rudy Giuliani , organizers announced that the third ball would be retired for the arrival of the new millennium , and replaced by a new design constructed by Waterford Crystal . The year 2000 celebrations introduced more prominent sponsorship to the drop ; companies such as Discover Card , Korbel Champagne , and Panasonic were announced as official sponsors of the festivities in Times Square . The city also announced that Ron Silver would lead a committee known as `` NYC 2000 '' , which was in charge of organizing events across the city for year 2000 celebrations . A full day of festivities was held at Times Square to celebrate the arrival of the year 2000 , which included concerts and hourly cultural presentations with parades of puppets designed by Michael Curry , representing countries entering the new year at that hour . Organizers expected a total attendance exceeding 2 million spectators . The fourth ball , measuring 6 feet ( 1.8 m ) in diameter and weighing 1,070 pounds ( 490 kg ) , incorporated a total of over 600 halogen bulbs , 504 triangle - shaped crystal panels provided by Waterford , 96 strobe lights , and spinning , pyramid - shaped mirrors . The ball was constructed at Waterford 's factory in Ireland , and was then shipped to New York City , where the lighting system and motorized mirrors were installed . Many of the triangles were inscribed with `` Hope '' - themed designs changing yearly , such as `` Hope for Fellowship '' , `` Hope for Wisdom '' , `` Hope for Unity '' , `` Hope for Courage '' , and `` Hope for Abundance '' . For 2002 , as part of the theme `` Hope for Healing '' , 195 of the ball 's panels were engraved with the names of nations and organizations who were affected by or were involved in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks . In December 2011 , the `` Hope for Healing '' panels were accepted into the collection of the National September 11 Museum . Present day ( 2008 -- Present ) ( edit ) In honor of the ball drop 's centennial anniversary , a brand new fifth design debuted for New Year 's Eve 2008 . Once again manufactured by Waterford Crystal with a diameter of 6 feet ( 1.8 m ) , but weighing 1,212 pounds ( 550 kg ) , it used LED lamps provided by Philips ( which can produce 16,777,216 or 2 colors ) , with computerized lighting patterns developed by the New York City - based lighting firm Focus Lighting . The ball featured 9,576 energy - efficient bulbs that consumed the same amount of electricity as only 10 toasters . The 2008 ball was only used once , and was placed on display at the Times Square Visitors Center following the event . For 2009 , a larger version of the fifth ball was introduced -- an icosahedral geodesic sphere lit by 32,256 LED lamps . Its diameter is twice as wide as the 2008 ball , at 12 feet ( 3.7 m ) , and contains 2,688 Waterford Crystal panels , with a weight of 11,875 pounds ( 5,386 kg ) . It was designed to be weatherproof , as the ball would now be displayed atop One Times Square nearly year - round following the celebrations . Yearly themes for the ball 's crystal panels continued ; from 2008 to 2013 , the ball contained crystal patterns that were part of a Waterford series known as `` World of Celebration '' , including themes such as `` Let There Be Light '' and `` Let There Be Peace '' . For 2014 , all the ball 's panels were replaced , marking a new theme series known as `` Greatest Gifts '' , beginning with `` Gift of Imagination '' . The numerical sign indicating the year ( which remains atop the tower along with the ball itself ) uses Philips LED lamps . For 2014 , the final two digits of the sign used bulbs from the company 's `` Hue '' line of multi-color LED lamps , allowing them to have computerized lighting cues . Weather at midnight ( edit ) According to the National Weather Service , from 1907 to 2016 , the average temperature at midnight in Central Park was 34 ° F ( 1 ° C ) . The coldest event was in 1917 when the temperature was 1 ° F ( − 17 ° C ) and the wind chill was − 18 ° F ( − 28 ° C ) . The warmest temperature was 58 ° F ( 14 ° C ) , in 1965 and 1972 . It has snowed during the ball drop just seven times out of 111 events ( one being light snow ) -- 1926 , 1934 , 1948 , 1952 , 1961 , 1967 , and 2009 -- and it has rained multiple times . Festivities in 2018 were the second - coldest on record due to an arctic air mass , forecast at 11 ° F ( − 12 ° C ) before wind chill . Broadcasting ( edit ) ABC News ' presence at Times Square for ABC 2000 Today As a public event , the festivities and ball drop are often broadcast on television . As of 2016 - 17 , a host feed of 21 cameras across Times Square is provided to broadcasters to incorporate into their coverage . The event is covered as part of New Year 's Eve television specials on several major U.S. television networks . By far the most notable of these is Dick Clark 's New Year 's Rockin ' Eve ; created , produced , and originally hosted by the entertainer Dick Clark until his death in 2012 , and currently hosted by Ryan Seacrest and Jenny McCarthy , the program first aired on NBC in 1972 before moving to ABC , where it has been broadcast ever since . New Year 's Rockin ' Eve has consistently been the most - watched New Year 's Eve special in the U.S. annually , peaking at 25.6 million viewers for its 2018 edition . Following the death of Dick Clark in April 2012 , a crystal engraved with his name was added to the 2013 ball in tribute . Across the remaining networks , NBC broadcasts New Year 's Eve with Carson Daly , hosted from Times Square by Carson Daly of The Voice and Last Call while Fox has aired New Year 's specials covering Times Square with rotating hosts and themes , which were broadcast primarily under the title New Year 's Eve Live until 2014 . From 2015 to 2017 , Fox broadcast Pitbull 's New Year 's Revolution from Miami instead , but returned to New York - oriented coverage hosted by Steve Harvey for 2018 . Spanish - language network Univision broadcasts ¡ Feliz ! , hosted by Raúl de Molina of El Gordo y La Flaca , while Telemundo has the Bienvedido series with Daniel Sarcos from Un Nuevo Dia for 2017 and Jorge Bernal from ¡ Suelta La Sopa ! for 2018 . On cable , CNN carries coverage of the festivities , known as New Year 's Eve Live , which was historically hosted by Anderson Cooper and Kathy Griffin from Times Square . Griffin was removed from her role in 2017 after she published a controversial political photo ; she was replaced by Andy Cohen for 2018 . Fox News carries All - American New Year , which was most recently hosted by Elisabeth Hasselbeck and Bill Hemmer from Times Square . Since 2009 , an official webcast of the ball drop and its associated festivities has been produced , streamed via Livestream.com . Past broadcasts ( edit ) Beginning in the 1940s , NBC broadcast coverage from Times Square anchored by Ben Grauer on both radio and television . Its coverage was later incorporated into special episodes of The Tonight Show , continuing through Johnny Carson and Jay Leno 's tenures on the program . NBC would introduce a dedicated special , New Year 's Eve with Carson Daly , beginning in 2003 . From 1956 to 1976 , CBS was well known for its television coverage of the festivities hosted by bandleader Guy Lombardo from the ballroom of the Waldorf - Astoria Hotel in New York City , featuring his band 's famous rendition of `` Auld Lang Syne '' at midnight . After Lombardo 's death in 1977 , CBS and the Royal Canadians , now led by Victor Lombardo , attempted to continue the special . However , Guy 's absence and the growing popularity of ABC 's New Year 's Rockin ' Eve prompted CBS to eventually drop the band entirely . The Royal Canadians were replaced by a new special , Happy New Year , America , which ran in various formats with different hosts ( such as Paul Anka , Donny Osmond , Andy Williams , Paul Shaffer , and Montel Williams ) until it was discontinued after 1996 . CBS , barring a special America 's Millennium broadcast for 2000 , has no longer broadcast any national New Year 's programming since . For 2000 , in lieu of New Year 's Rockin ' Eve , ABC News covered the festivities as part of its day - long telecast , ABC 2000 Today . Hosted by Peter Jennings , the broadcast featured coverage of millennium festivities from around the world , including those in New York City . Jennings was joined by Dick Clark as a special correspondent for coverage from Times Square . MTV had broadcast coverage originating from the network 's Times Square studios at One Astor Plaza . For 2011 , MTV also held its own ball drop in Seaside Heights , New Jersey , the setting of its popular reality series Jersey Shore , featuring cast member Snooki lowered inside a giant `` hamster ball '' . Originally , MTV planned to hold the drop within its studio in Times Square , but the network was asked by city officials to conduct the drop elsewhere . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Michael Bloomberg , whose mayoral term ended at midnight , did not attend , and celebrated privately with his family instead . Unlike Bloomberg 's inauguration in 2002 , which was held shortly after midnight , Bill de Blasio was inaugurated in a ceremony the following morning at Gracie Mansion . Jump up ^ Cee - Lo 's performance was criticized by fans for his change of a lyric relating to religion . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Miller , Winter ( 2007 - 10 - 04 ) . `` A New Ball for New Year 's , Brighter Yet More Efficient '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Nearly 800 Hard At Work On Times Square New Year 's Eve Celebration '' . CBS New York . Retrieved December 31 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` NYC ball drop goes ' green ' on 100th anniversary '' . CNN . December 31 , 2007 . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Countdown to Times Square party ; 1 million expected '' . CNN . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Year 's Eve security main focus for NYPD '' . CNN . December 30 , 2011 . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mueller , Benjamin ( 2017 - 12 - 28 ) . `` In Wake of Attacks , Tighter Security for Times Square on New Year 's Eve '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` For New Year 's Eve , the Tie - Ins Erupt '' . The New York Times . December 13 , 2010 . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Very Confetti New Year 's '' . Time . January 2 , 2007 . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Mansfield , Brian ( December 26 , 2013 ) . `` Etheridge added to Times Square New Year 's Eve lineup '' . USA Today . Retrieved December 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` MAYOR GIULIANI ANNOUNCES NEW TRADITION FOR NEW YEAR 'S EVE : COMMUNITY HERO TO LEAD TIMES SQUARE CELEBRATION '' . City of New York . Retrieved December 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Balkin , Adam ( December 30 , 2003 ) . `` Technology Helps Times Square New Year 's Eve Ball Drop Run Smoothly '' . NY1 . Retrieved April 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Across America , traditions of ham hocks , Watch Nights and the Times Square ball '' . NBCNews.com . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CITY KEEPS THE BALL ROLLING IT 'S ANOTHER ROUND IN TIMES SQ . FOR SEASONED PARTYERS '' . New York Daily News . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` On the ball : Sang Lan was in the spotlight on New Year 's ... '' Chicago Tribune . January 5 , 1999 . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` DOCTORS WITHOUT BORDERS TO JOIN TIMES SQUARE BALL DROP DURING NEW YEARS EVE FESTIVITIES '' . City of New York . Retrieved October 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ali To Drop Ball On New Year 's '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved November 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Inaugural Address Of Mayor Michael Bloomberg '' . Gotham Gazette . January 1 , 2002 . Retrieved April 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Huge Times Square Crowd Watches Ball Drop '' . Fox News . Associated Press . January 1 , 2003 . Retrieved November 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bloomberg Announces Special Guest For New Year 's 2004 Celebration In New York '' . Life . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Regis , Colin Powell ring in New Year 's with'energy , enthusiasm ' '' . USA Today . January 1 , 2005 . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Neither rain nor snow slows Times Sq . party '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Military Service Members Honored at Time Square Celebration '' . Navy.mil . Retrieved November 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Times Square New Year 's gala turns 100 '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Revelers ring in 2009 in Times Square '' . Associated Press . Retrieved November 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Best High Schools Heads to Times Square '' . U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sgt . Salvatore Giunta in NYC for New Year 's Eve '' . Associated Press . Retrieved November 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lady Gaga to perform on New Year 's Eve in Times Square '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Seifman , David ( December 28 , 2012 ) . `` Rockettes to join Mayor Bloomberg on New Year 's Eve '' . New York Post . Retrieved December 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nearly 800 Hard At Work On Times Square New Year 's Eve Celebration '' . CBS New York . Retrieved December 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Costa , Robert ( December 30 , 2013 ) . `` Sotomayor to officiate at Times Square New Year 's Eve '' . Washington Post . Retrieved December 30 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Brrr - Braving the Ball Drop '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved January 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New Year 's In Times Square : Jencarlos Canela Will Be The First Latino To Push Ball Drop Countdown Button '' . Latin Times . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Crystal Ball Nearly Ready For New Year 's Eve In Times Square '' . CBSNewYork.com . CBS Radio . Retrieved December 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Activist to Help Drop Crystal Ball In Times Square '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 31 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` António Guterres appointed next UN Secretary - General by acclamation '' . United Nations . United Nations News Service . 13 October 2016 . Retrieved 15 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` U.N. secretary - general to kick off Times Square New Year 's Eve countdown '' . NBC News . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Founder of `` Me Too '' Movement , Tarana Burke , to be Special Guest of Times Square New Year 's Eve '' ( PDF ) . timessquarenyc.org . Times Square Alliance . 18 December 2017 . Retrieved 18 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Gael Fashingbauer ( January 1 , 2012 ) . `` Fans angry that Cee Lo changed ' Imagine ' lyrics '' . msnbc.com . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2012 . Retrieved April 18 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Golgowski , Nina ( January 1 , 2012 ) . `` Cee Lo Green changes lyrics to Lennon 's Imagine to include pro-religion message enraging fans '' . The Daily Mail . London . Retrieved April 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cruz To Perform ' Imagine ' During New Year 's Celebration '' . CBSNewYork.com . Retrieved December 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Live Times Square New Year 's Eve Webcast : Watch Train , Cassadee Pope '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved December 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New Year 's Eve Organizers Release Star - Studded Roster Of Musical Talent Set To Perform Live In Times Square '' . TimesSquareNYC.org . Times Square Alliance . Retrieved December 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Workers To Install 288 New Waterford Crystals On New Year 's Eve Ball '' . CBS New York . CBS Radio . Retrieved 27 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Times Square Alliance : Gavin DeGraw and Rachel Platten to Headline Musical Lineup for Times Square New Year 's Eve Live , Commercial - Free Webcast and TV Pool Feed '' . TimesSquareNYC.org . Times Square Alliance . Retrieved December 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Multi-Platinum Pop Singer and Songwriter Andy Grammer to Headline Musical Lineup for Times Square New Year 's Eve Live , Commercial - Free Webcast and TV Pool Feed '' ( PDF ) . timessquarenyc.org . Times Square Alliance . 18 December 2017 . Retrieved 18 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Crews Clean Up Times Square After New Year 's Celebration '' . CBSNewYork.com . CBS Radio . 1 January 2014 . Retrieved 30 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Feuer , Alan ( December 27 , 2009 ) . `` Deconstructed -- Times Square Ball -- Lots of Sparkle for a Swift Fall '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kushner , David ( December 30 , 1999 ) . `` This New Year 's Eve , Technology Will Drop the Ball '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` History of Times Square '' . London : The Telegraph . July 27 , 2011 . Retrieved January 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Crump , William D. ( 2014 ) . Encyclopedia of New Year 's Holidays Worldwide . McFarland . p. 242 . ISBN 9781476607481 . Jump up ^ McFadden , Robert D. ( December 31 , 1987 ) . `` ' 88 Countdown : 3 , 2 , 1 , Leap Second , 0 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 2 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Sutton , Larry . `` Bigger Ball to Peg Square '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Barron , James ( December 31 , 2009 ) . `` When Party Is Over , the Ball Lands Here '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Goodnough , Abby ( December 29 , 1998 ) . `` Here Comes 2000 , With Sponsors , Too ; Official Products in the Right Place : Millennial Partying in Times Sq '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kelley , Tina ( December 30 , 1999 ) . `` There 's Another Countdown Before the Famed ' 10 , 9 , 8 ... ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Year Theme Right On The Ball '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NATIONAL SEPTEMBER 11 MEMORIAL MUSEUM TO ACCEPT SPECIAL COLLECTION OF WATERFORD CRYSTAL TRIANGLES FROM 2001 / 2002 TIMES SQUARE BALL '' ( PDF ) . nat . Retrieved 29 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Year 's Eve Preparations Under Way In Times Square '' . CBSNewYork.com . Retrieved December 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Waterford and Times Square New Year 's Eve Reveal `` Gift of Imagination '' Crystal Design as Part of New 10 - Year `` Greatest Gifts '' Series `` . Waterford Crystal press release . Retrieved December 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Philips hue to Mark Colorful Start to 2014 at Times Square New Year 's Eve Celebration '' ( Press release ) . Philips . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New Year 's Eve / Ball Drop Weather at Central Park '' ( PDF ) . National Weather Service Forecast Office New York , New York . Retrieved 3 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Press , Associated ( 2017 - 12 - 31 ) . `` Times Square braces for one of coldest New Year 's Eve parties on record '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` Meet the Team Behind Times Square New Year 's Eve '' . TV Technology . NewBay Media . Retrieved 30 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Stelter , Brian ( December 31 , 2011 ) . `` 4 Decades Later , He Still Counts '' . New York Times . p . C1 . Retrieved January 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Barmash , Jerry . `` Marking New Year 's Eve at Times Square Without Dick Clark '' . FishbowlNY . Retrieved December 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( January 1 , 2018 ) . `` Ratings : Ryan Seacrest 's Rockin ' Eve Hits All - Time Highs , Fox 's Steve Harvey a Big Improvement Over Pitbull '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Levin , Gary ( January 4 , 2012 ) . `` Nielsens : Clark 's ' Rockin ' Eve , ' football start year well '' . USA Today . Retrieved November 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Countdown to 2012 : What to watch on New Year 's Eve '' . The Daily Caller . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ring in the new year with Ryan , Carson or Anderson '' . Bradenton Herald . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pitbull to Host New Year 's Eve Live Show for Fox '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fox Swaps Pitbull for Steve Harvey on New Year 's Eve '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ Steinberg , Brian ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) . `` CNN Will Replace Kathy Griffin With Andy Cohen for New Year 's Eve '' . Variety . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` TV highlights : Networks compete for most entertaining New Year 's show '' . Washington Post . December 30 , 2013 . Retrieved December 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Taub , Erica A. ( December 24 , 2009 ) . `` New Year 's Eve in Times Square Is Now a Webcast '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Shriver , Jerry ( December 27 , 2007 ) . `` Extra-bright ball to drop at Times Square '' . USA Today . Retrieved December 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Oldenberg , Ann ( December 29 , 2005 ) . `` Battle of Times Square '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` More Americans Preferred Celebrating New Year 's Without Television '' . CNSNews.com . Retrieved 2 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Stephen ( December 31 , 1999 ) . `` New Year 's song remains ingrained in public mind '' . The Orange County Register . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Collins , Scott ( December 25 , 2006 ) . `` Past , Present , and ... Future ? '' . Los Angeles Times . p . E1 . Jump up ^ Moore , Frazier ( December 26 , 2001 ) . `` Next week to be 25th New Year 's Eve without Guy Lombardo '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Associated Press . Retrieved January 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Terry , Carol Burton . `` New Guy Lombardo ? Dick Clark sees New Year 's tradition '' . The Milwaukee Sentinel . Retrieved December 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bobbin , Jay ( December 28 , 2000 ) . `` Dick Clark offers longer New Year 's Eve special '' . Ellensburg Daily Record . Retrieved April 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Snooki ' dropped ' from Times Square New Year 's Eve celebration '' . Staten Island Advance . December 30 , 2010 . Retrieved October 8 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to New Year celebrations in Times Square . Official website New Year 's Eve on the Times Square Alliance website ( hide ) New Year 's Eve and New Year 's Day Events America 's Party First Night Hogmanay New Year 's Eve in London Objects dropped on New Year 's Eve Peach Drop Pelican Drop Réveillon de Copacabana Sydney New Year 's Eve The Possum Drop Times Square Ball Vienna New Year 's Concert Sports College Football Playoff bowls Rose Orange Sugar Fiesta Cotton Peach Citrus Bowl Gator Bowl Outback Bowl Tour de Ski Four Hills Tournament NHL Winter Classic Spengler Cup Final IIHF World U20 Championship Saint Silvester Road Race New Year Sprint Nos Galan road race Parades Tournament of Roses Parade London 's New Year 's Day Parade Florida Citrus Parade Mummers Parade Television New Year 's Rockin ' Eve Fox 's New Year 's Eve with Steve Harvey New Year 's Eve with Carson Daly New Year Live CNN New Year 's Eve Live ¡ Feliz ! MTV New Year 's The Big Fat Quiz of the Year Bye Bye Dinner for One Happy New Year , America Hogmanay Live Hootenanny Kōhaku Uta Gassen Little Blue Light Only an Excuse ? Red Bull New Year No Limits Rudolph 's Shiny New Year Scotch and Wry Silvesterstadl `` Silvesterpunsch `` 2000 Today ( US , Ireland ) Happy New Year , Charlie Brown ! First Night 2013 with Jamie Kennedy Music `` Auld Lang Syne '' `` Happy New Year '' `` What Are You Doing New Year 's Eve ? '' `` Levy - Dew '' `` New Year 's Day '' Related topics New Year films Gregorian calendar Baby New Year Calennig Hogmanay Holiday season Leap second Guy Lombardo New Year 's resolution New Year tree Saint Sylvester 's Day Vasilopita Watchnight service Coordinates : 40 ° 45 ′ 23 '' N 73 ° 59 ′ 11 '' W / 40.7564 ° N 73.9865 ° W / 40.7564 ; - 73.9865 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Times_Square_Ball&oldid=828157512 '' Categories : Culture of New York City New Year celebrations Recurring events established in 1907 Times Square Winter traditions Festivals established in 1907 December events 1907 establishments in New York ( state ) Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Use mdy dates from January 2015 Good articles Pages using deprecated image syntax Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Nederlands 日本 語 Português Русский Simple English Suomi ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 February 2018 , at 22 : 06 . 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"\n1996–1997: Oseola McCarty[10]\n1997–1998: A group of five winners from a school essay contest honoring New York City's centennial[13]\n1998–1999: Chinese gymnast Sang Lan (who was injured during the 1998 Goodwill Games and was being rehabilitated in New York City)[14]\n1999–2000: Dr. Mary Ann Hopkins from Doctors Without Borders[15]\n2000–2001: Muhammad Ali[16]\n2001–2002: Rudy Giuliani and Judith Nathan; this was Giuliani's final act as mayor. Michael Bloomberg officially became the new Mayor of New York City upon the beginning of 2002, and took his oath of office shortly after midnight.[17]\n2002–2003: Christopher and Dana Reeve[18]\n2003–2004: Cyndi Lauper, along with Shoshana Johnson—the first female American prisoner of war belonging to an ethnic minority[19]\n2004–2005: Secretary of State Colin Powell[20]\n2005–2006: Jazz musician Wynton Marsalis[21]\n2006–2007: A group of eight United States Armed Forces members[22]\n2007–2008: Karolina Wierzchowska, an Iraq War veteran and New York City Police Academy valedictorian[23]\n2008–2009: Bill and Hillary Clinton[24]\n2009–2010: Twelve students from New York City high schools on the U.S. News & World Report \"America's Best High Schools Top 100 'Gold Medal' List\"[25]\n2010–2011: Former Staff sergeant Salvatore Giunta[26]\n2011–2012: Musician Lady Gaga[27]\n2012–2013: The Rockettes[28]\n2013–2014: U.S. Supreme Court Justice Sonia Sotomayor.[note 1][30][31]\n2014–2015: Cuban-American musician Jencarlos Canela, joined by a group of refugees who emigrated to New York City, in partnership with the International Rescue Committee[32][33]\n2015–2016: Hugh Evans[34]\n2016–2017: United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon; this was Ban Ki-moon's final act as UN Secretary-General, as António Guterres took office on January 1, 2017.[35][36]\n2017–2018: Tarana Burke[37]\n"
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"Tarana Burke"
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3645635023642984322 | Sonny Shroyer | Sonny Shroyer - wikipedia Sonny Shroyer Jump to : navigation , search This article includes a list of references , related reading or external links , but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( March 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Sonny Shroyer Shroyer in 2009 Otis Burt Shroyer , Jr . ( 1935 - 08 - 28 ) August 28 , 1935 ( age 82 ) Valdosta , Georgia , U.S. Occupation Actor , Singer Years active 1972 -- present Otis Burt `` Sonny '' Shroyer , Jr. ( born August 28 , 1935 ) is an American actor who has appeared in various television and movie roles . He is known for his role as Deputy Sheriff Enos Strate in the television series The Dukes of Hazzard . He also starred in a spin - off called Enos based on his Dukes of Hazzard character . Shroyer is married and has two sons , Chris and Mark . Shroyer was born in the town of Valdosta , Georgia . He attended Florida State University on a football scholarship , but his career was cut short by an injury . He finished his degree at the University of Georgia . He began a career as a professional model in 1961 . His first screen role came in the 1972 film Payday . Shroyer almost became typecast as a bad guy before landing the role of the naive Deputy Enos Strate in the hit pop culture series The Dukes of Hazzard in 1978 ( first broadcast early 1979 ) . The Dukes of Hazzard role was Shroyer 's most visible . His character was written out at the start of the third season to be given a spinoff series titled Enos in 1980 . The new show was not a success and was canceled after eighteen episodes . Shroyer returned to The Dukes of Hazzard at the start of the fifth season in 1982 and remained with the series until it ended in 1985 . Shroyer also released a children 's album in 1982 . The album was called Back in Hazzard and featured a cover of Roger Miller 's classic , `` You Ca n't Rollerskate In a Buffalo Herd '' . He also recorded a song `` Children in Need '' with fellow actor Randall Franks for Franks 's 2001 CD God 's Children . He and Franks have made personal appearances together . Shroyer remains active as a character actor . He portrayed University of Alabama coach Paul `` Bear '' Bryant in Forrest Gump , Delbert Birdsong in The Rainmaker , and Governor Jimmie Davis in Ray . He is also a country and gospel singer . Filmography ( edit ) Payday ( 1972 ) - Dabney Sixteen ( 1973 ) The Longest Yard ( 1974 ) - Tannen Gator ( 1976 ) - 4th Agent The Farmer ( 1977 ) - Corrigan Roots ( 1977 , TV Mini-Series ) - Seaman Thompson ( uncredited ) Smokey and the Bandit ( 1977 ) - Motorcycle cop ( uncredited ) The Lincoln Conspiracy ( 1977 ) - Lewis Paine The Million Dollar Dixie Deliverance ( 1978 , TV Movie ) - Luke King ( 1978 , TV Mini-Series ) - Police Officer preventing King from visiting an injured friend ( uncredited ) They Went That - A-Way & That - A-Way ( 1978 ) - Carlie The Dukes of Hazzard ( 1979 - 1985 , TV Series ) - Enos Strate The Devil and Max Devlin ( 1981 ) - Big Billy Hunniker Enos ( 1980 - 1981 , TV Series ) - Enos Strate In the Heat of the Night ( 1990 , TV Series ) - Emory Tanner Love Crimes ( 1992 ) - Plainclothes Cop # 1 In The Heat of the Night ( 1993 , TV Series ) - Dwight Foster Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) - Bear Bryant Bastard Out of Carolina ( 1996 ) - Sheriff The Dukes of Hazzard : Reunion ! ( 1997 , TV Movie ) - Enos Strate Wild America ( 1997 ) - Bud Paradise Falls ( 1997 ) - Bert Kyler The Rainmaker ( 1997 ) - Delbert Birdsong The Gingerbread Man ( 1998 ) - Chatham County Sheriff Freedom Song ( 2000 , TV Movie ) - Police Chief The Dukes of Hazzard : Hazzard in Hollywood ( 2000 , TV Movie ) - Enos Strate Diggity 's Treasure ( 2001 ) - Otis Cane A Love Song for Bobby Long ( 2004 ) - Earl Ray ( 2004 ) - Gov. Jimmie Davis ( uncredited ) A Tale About Bootlegging ( 2005 ) - Sheriff Ed Cooper The Hole in Willie 's Guitar ( 2005 , Memarie Music Video ) - Sheriff The Price ( 2008 ) - Ghost of Matthew Goldyn Opening Day ( 2009 ) - Ray Hampton The Way Home ( 2010 ) - Ed Walker Unconditional ( 2012 ) - Pauly External links ( edit ) Sonny 's Official website Sonny Shroyer on IMDb The Dukes of Hazzard Episodes Characters Bo Duke Luke Duke Daisy Duke Sheriff Rosco P. Coltrane Boss Hogg Reunion films The Dukes of Hazzard : Reunion ! ( 1997 ) The Dukes of Hazzard : Hazzard in Hollywood ! ( 2000 ) Remake films The Dukes of Hazzard ( 2005 ) The Dukes of Hazzard : The Beginning ( 2007 ) Video games The Dukes of Hazzard Racing for Home Daisy Dukes It Out Return of the General Lee Spin - offs Enos The Dukes See also The General Lee Boar 's Nest Jerry Rushing `` Theme from The Dukes of Hazzard ( Good Ol ' Boys ) '' Moonrunners Hazard Run VIAF : 160475645 ISNI : 0000 0001 0793 1025 IATH : w6ps5qsv Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sonny_Shroyer&oldid=809550722 '' Categories : 1935 births Living people American male film actors American male television actors Florida State Seminoles football players People from Valdosta , Georgia Male actors from Georgia ( U.S. state ) University of Georgia alumni Florida State University alumni Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from March 2013 All articles lacking in - text citations Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Français Frysk Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 9 November 2017 , at 21 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played enos on the dukes of hazzard | [
"Otis Burt \"Sonny\" Shroyer, Jr. (born August 28, 1935) is an American actor who has appeared in various television and movie roles. He is known for his role as Deputy Sheriff Enos Strate in the television series The Dukes of Hazzard. He also starred in a spin-off called Enos based on his Dukes of Hazzard character. Shroyer is married and has two sons, Chris and Mark."
] | [
"\"Sonny\" Shroyer, Jr."
] |
6460577503260443185 | Scars to Your Beautiful | Scars to Your Beautiful - wikipedia Scars to Your Beautiful Jump to : navigation , search `` Scars to Your Beautiful '' Single by Alessia Cara from the album Know - It - All Released July 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 26 ) Format Digital download Recorded 2015 Genre Synth - pop Length 3 : 50 Label Def Jam UMG Songwriter ( s ) Alessia Caracciolo Warren Felder Coleridge Tillman Andrew Wansel Producer ( s ) Pop & Oak Sebastian Kole Alessia Cara singles chronology `` Wild '' ( 2016 ) `` Scars to Your Beautiful '' ( 2016 ) `` How Far I 'll Go '' ( 2016 ) `` Wild '' ( 2016 ) `` Scars to Your Beautiful '' ( 2016 ) `` How Far I 'll Go '' ( 2016 ) Music video `` Scars to Your Beautiful '' on YouTube `` Scars to Your Beautiful '' is a song by Canadian singer and songwriter Alessia Cara for her debut studio album , Know - It - All ( 2015 ) . It was released to Top 40 radio on July 26 , 2016 , as the third single from the album . It peaked at number eight and thus became Alessia Cara 's second top - ten single on US Billboard Hot 100 . The song was written by Cara , Warren Felder , Coleridge Tillman , and Andrew Wansel , with the production being handled by Felder , Tillman , and Wansel . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Critical reception 3 Music video 3.1 Background 4 Usage in media 5 Charts 6 Certifications 7 Release history 8 References Background ( edit ) In an interview with Idolator 's Mike Wass , Cara stated about the song , `` Basically , that song is about body image . It 's directed at women , but I think men can relate to it as well . It 's just a song about these things that certain women go through on a daily basis in order to feel loved or in order to love themselves . I think that 's such a thing that goes on in today 's world . These weird things are instilled in us . You know ? That tell us that we 're not good enough or that there 's only one kind of beauty . This song basically is contradicting that idea . It 's saying , ' Well , if the world does n't like how you look then they should change . They should change their perspective . You do n't have to change yourself . ' I mean , I thought that that was important , you know , just to put out next . Especially because I think that 's kind of the direction we 're going in , you know , with ' Here ' . ' Here ' was about not belonging anywhere and ' Wild Things ' was about finding a space you belong . Now ' Scars To Your Beautiful ' is basically about embracing yourself and finally coming to that conclusion where you feel love and you can love yourself . I think it 's cool to put out third because I feel like I have a bigger platform now . The point of the song is to reach as many women , or people , as possible . '' Critical reception ( edit ) The Guardian 's Kitty Empire said that `` There 's substance on ( Scars to Your Beautiful ) , where Cara tackles the beauty myth à la Beyoncé . The verses pack some good stuff -- ' What 's a little bit of hunger ? I can go a little bit longer . ' '' and later went on to say `` the thumping motivational chorus merely suggests we are all stars . '' Katy Iandoli of Idolator stated `` ( Scars to Your Beautiful ) is a modern - day version of TLC 's ' Unpretty ' , in its acknowledgment of the beauty in both visible and invisible imperfections . '' Billboard ranked `` Scars to Your Beautiful '' at number 77 on their Billboard 's 100 Best Pop Songs of 2016 : Critics ' Picks '' list , commenting `` Body - positivity anthems typically do n't get this dark , but on `` Scars To Your Beautiful , '' Alessia Cara is n't afraid to talk cutting , tears and eating disorders , before getting to the uplifting chorus , where she delivers some of the most empowering , horizon - expanding lyrics of this year : ' You do n't have to change a thing / The world could change its heart . ' '' Music Video ( edit ) On July 11 , 2016 , a music video directed by Aaron A was released . It features a cameo by singer JoJo . Background ( edit ) On the concept of the music video , Cara said in an interview with Cosmopolitan : `` I wanted to do this kind of video for a very long time . Since we had this song -- and since we knew it was going to be a single -- I had this vision of many different cinematic shots of different kinds of people . I wanted all kinds of people -- young , old , whatever their situation , whether it 's visible scars , non-visible scars -- just a bunch of different women , and there are some men in there as well because it can reach out to guys too . But I wanted real shots of real people telling their stories , and showing the story through little vignettes . '' Usage in media ( edit ) The song is featured in the television show The Bold Type . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2016 -- 17 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 8 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 18 Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) 17 Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia ) 18 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 14 Canada AC ( Billboard ) Canada CHR / Top 40 ( Billboard ) 5 Canada Hot AC ( Billboard ) Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 32 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 37 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 19 Germany ( Airplay Chart ) Iceland ( RÚV ) Ireland ( IRMA ) 39 Italy ( FIMI ) 31 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 7 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 30 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 15 Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 35 Portugal ( AFP ) 18 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 27 Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) 7 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 37 Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 6 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 10 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 18 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 55 US Billboard Hot 100 8 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 9 US Dance / Mix Show Airplay ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 14 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 2 × Platinum 140,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) Platinum 10,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Gold 0 Germany ( BVMI ) Gold 200,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Platinum 50,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold 15,000 Sweden ( GLF ) 3 × Platinum 120,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 200,000 United States ( RIAA ) 2 × Platinum 2,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Label Ref . United States July 26 , 2016 Digital download Def Jam UMG Top 40 radio Def Jam United Kingdom November 8 , 2016 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Top 40 / M Future Releases - Mainstream Hit Songs Being Released and Their Release Dates '' . AllAccess Music Group . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2016 . Retrieved July 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Scars to Your Beautiful - Alessia Cara - Song Info - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved July 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wass , Mike ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Alessia Cara On Touring With Coldplay & Her Next Single - Idolator '' . Idolator . Retrieved July 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Empire , Kitty ( March 13 , 2016 ) . `` Know - It - All by Alessa Cara review - teen rebel in search of better cause '' . The Guardian . Retrieved July 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Iandoli , Kathy ( November 13 , 2015 ) . `` Alessia Cara 's ' Know - It - All ' : Album Review - Idolator '' . Idolator . Retrieved July 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard 's 100 Best Pop Songs of 2016 : Critics ' Picks '' . Billboard . December 12 , 2016 . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Scars To Your Beautiful - Alessia Cara - Vevo '' . Vevo . July 11 , 2016 . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Iandoli , Kathy ( July 11 , 2016 ) . `` Alessia Cara ' Scars To Your Beautiful ' Video - Alessia Cara Interview '' . Cosmopolitan . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Alessia Cara -- Scars to Your Beautiful '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved December 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Alessia Cara -- Scars to Your Beautiful '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Alessia Cara -- Scars to Your Beautiful '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratip . Retrieved October 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Alessia Cara -- Scars to Your Beautiful '' ( in French ) . Ultratip . Retrieved October 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Alessia Cara -- Chart history '' Canadian Hot 100 for Alessia Cara . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Alessia Cara -- Chart history '' Billboard Canada AC for Alessia Cara . Retrieved April 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alessia Cara -- Chart history '' Billboard Canada CHR / Top 40 for Alessia Cara . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Alessia Cara -- Chart history '' Billboard Canada Hot AC for Alessia Cara . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201708 into search . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201642 into search . Retrieved October 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Track Top - 40 Uge 46 , 2016 '' . Hitlisten.NU . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Alessia Cara -- Scars to Your Beautiful '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Airplay Charts Deutschland -- Woche 05 / 2017 '' . German Charts . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alessia Cara Chart History '' . RÚV . Retrieved 24 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 45 , 2016 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved November 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Classifica settimanale WK 3 '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 3 , 2017 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Alessia Cara -- Scars to Your Beautiful '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved January 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NZ Top 40 Singles Chart '' . Recorded Music NZ . December 5 , 2016 . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- Alessia Cara -- Scars to Your Beautiful '' . AFP Top 100 Singles . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archive Chart : 2017 - 01 - 06 '' . Scottish Singles Top 40 . Retrieved January 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201716 into search . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201640 into search . Retrieved October 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 -- Slovenian official singles chart '' . slotop50.si . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sverigetopplistan - Sveriges Officiella Topplista '' . Sverigetopplistan . Retrieved November 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Alessia Cara -- Scars to Your Beautiful '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archive Chart : 2017 - 01 - 13 '' UK Singles Chart . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alessia Cara -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Alessia Cara . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alessia Cara -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Contemporary for Alessia Cara . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alessia Cara -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Pop Songs for Alessia Cara . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alessia Cara -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs for Alessia Cara . Retrieved January 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alessia Cara -- Chart history '' Billboard Dance / Mix Show Airplay for Alessia Cara . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alessia Cara -- Chart history '' Billboard Pop Songs for Alessia Cara . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alessia Cara -- Chart history '' Billboard Rhythmic Songs for Alessia Cara . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Australian Top 50 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . February 27 , 2017 . Retrieved February 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Alessia Cara -- Scars To Your Beautiful '' . Music Canada . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Danish single certifications -- Alessia Cara -- Scars To Your Beautiful '' . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . Click on næste to go to page if certification from official website Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Alessia Cara ; ' Scars to Your Beautiful ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Alessia Cara -- Scars To Your Beautiful '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Alessia Cara -- Scars to Your Beautiful '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat '' ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Type Alessia Cara in the top right search bar . Click on `` Sok '' and select Scars To Your Beautiful and see certification . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Alessia Cara -- Scars To Your Beautiful '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . Enter Scars To Your Beautiful in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Alessia Cara -- Scars To Your Beautiful '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved July 5 , 2017 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Know - It - All ( Deluxe ) by Alessia Cara on iTunes '' . iTunes Store ( US ) . November 13 , 2016 . Retrieved July 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BBC - Radio 1 - Playlist '' . BBC Radio 1 . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2016 . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Alessia Cara Discography Studio albums Know - It - All EPs Four Pink Walls Singles `` Here '' `` Wild Things '' `` Scars to Your Beautiful '' `` Seventeen '' `` How Far I 'll Go '' `` Stay '' Featured singles `` Wild '' `` 1 - 800 - 273 - 8255 '' `` I Can Only '' `` Remember Home '' MTV Video Music Award for Best Video with a Social Message ( 2010s ) 2011 Lady Gaga -- `` Born This Way '' 2012 Demi Lovato -- `` Skyscraper '' 2013 Macklemore and Ryan Lewis ( featuring Mary Lambert ) -- `` Same Love '' 2014 Beyoncé -- `` Pretty Hurts '' 2015 Big Sean ( featuring Kanye West and John Legend ) -- `` One Man Can Change the World '' 2016 NA 2017 All nominees -- Big Sean ( `` Light '' ) , Alessia Cara ( `` Scars to Your Beautiful '' ) , The Hamilton Mixtape ( `` Immigrants ( We Get The Job Done ) '' ) , John Legend ( `` Surefire '' ) , Logic ( `` Black Spiderman '' ) , and Taboo ( `` Stand Up '' ) Complete list ( 2010s ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scars_to_Your_Beautiful&oldid=800654919 '' Categories : 2015 songs 2016 singles Alessia Cara songs Def Jam Recordings singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Billboard Dance / Mix Show Airplay number - one singles Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles MTV Video Music Award for Best Video with a Social Message Music videos directed by Aaron A Song recordings produced by Pop & Oak Songs written by Andrew Wansel 2010s ballads Pop ballads Songs with feminist themes Body image in popular culture Billboard Adult Top 40 number - one singles Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Tip Singlechart usages for Wallonia Tip Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadaac Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadachrtop40 Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadahotac Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart usages for Portugal Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Pages using Certification Table Entry - Sales with missing information Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 14 September 2017 , at 21 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who wrote the song scars to your beautiful | [
"\"Scars to Your Beautiful\" is a song by Canadian singer and songwriter Alessia Cara for her debut studio album, Know-It-All (2015). It was released to Top 40 radio on July 26, 2016, as the third single from the album. It peaked at number eight and thus became Alessia Cara's second top-ten single on US Billboard Hot 100.[1] The song was written by Cara, Warren Felder, Coleridge Tillman, and Andrew Wansel, with the production being handled by Felder, Tillman, and Wansel.[2]"
] | [
"Alessia Cara"
] |
6320307289285076362 | Crime lab | Crime lab - wikipedia Crime lab Jump to : navigation , search The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( December 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A crime laboratory - often shortened to crime lab - is a scientific laboratory , using primarily forensic science for the purpose of examining evidence from criminal cases . Contents ( hide ) 1 Lab personnel 2 Crime labs 2.1 United States 3 Crime labs in popular culture 4 See also 5 External links Lab personnel ( edit ) Police officer of the United States Park Police Identification Unit analysing evidence A typical crime lab has two sets of personnel : Field analysts - investigators that go to crime scenes , collect evidence , and process the scene . Job titles include : Forensic evidence technician Crime scene investigator Scenes of crime officer ( SOCO ) Laboratory analysts - scientists or other personnel who run tests on the evidence once it is brought to the lab ( i.e. , DNA tests , or bullet striations ) . Job titles include : Forensic Technician ( performs support functions such as making reagents ) Forensic Scientist / Criminalist ( performs scientific analyses on evidence ) Fingerprint Analyst Forensic Photographer Forensic Document Examiner Forensic Entomologist Crime labs ( edit ) United states ( edit ) In the United States , crime labs may be publicly or privately operated , although private laboratories typically do not respond to crime scenes to collect evidence . Public crime labs are organized at the city , county , state , or national level . A law enforcement agency that does not operate its own crime lab usually has free access to a higher level laboratory for analysis of their evidence . Most states have their own crime labs , for instance Oklahoma has the OSBI , many other places have smaller yet still sufficient crime labs . The Los Angeles Police Department founded the first crime laboratory in the United States ( 1923 ) , followed by the Bureau of Investigation ( 1926 ) , forerunner to the Federal Bureau of Investigation . ( Every Contact Leaves a Trace , Connie Fletcher , St. Martin 's Press , New York , 2006 , interview with crime lab director ) Crime labs in popular culture ( edit ) The term `` crime lab '' has become a part of popular culture , largely due to the TV dramas . Some of the more famous shows are : Bones ( TV series ) `` Castle ( TV series ) '' CSI : Crime Scene Investigation and spin - offs CSI : Miami and CSI : NY NCIS Quincy , M.E. - a 1970s television show featuring crime lab personnel and procedures . Several non-fiction television programs , document the resolution of criminal cases based on the scientific analysis of the evidence : Forensic Files See also ( edit ) Combined DNA Index System External links ( edit ) FBI Crime Lab Arkansas State Crime Lab Census of Publicly Funded Forensic Crime Laboratories Bureau of Justice Statistics Forensic Science Laboratories : Handbook for Facility Planning , Design , Construction , and Relocation National Institute of Standards and Technology US Postal Inspection Service Forensic Lab Reddy 's Forensic Page - link to US and international forensic laboratories Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crime_lab&oldid=803991991 '' Categories : Forensic facilities Hidden categories : Articles with limited geographic scope from December 2010 USA - centric Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 5 October 2017 , at 23 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where was the first police laboratory established in the us | [
"The Los Angeles Police Department founded the first crime laboratory in the United States (1923), followed by the Bureau of Investigation (1926), forerunner to the Federal Bureau of Investigation. (Every Contact Leaves a Trace, Connie Fletcher, St. Martin's Press, New York, 2006, interview with crime lab director)"
] | [
"Los Angeles Police Department"
] |
6385930657479296766 | Google Chrome version history | Google Chrome version history - wikipedia Google Chrome version history Jump to : navigation , search The following table summarizes the release history for the Google Chrome web browser . Discontinued Stable channel Beta channel Dev channel Canary channel Major version Release date Layout engine V8 engine Significant changes 0.2. 149 2008 - 09 - 02 WebKit 522 0.3 First release 0.3. 154 2008 - 10 - 29 Improved plugin performance and reliability Spell checking for input fields Improved web proxy performance and reliability Tab and window management updates 0.4. 154 2008 - 11 - 24 WebKit 525 Bookmark manager with import and export support Privacy section added to the application options New blocked popup notification 1.0. 154 2008 - 12 - 11 WebKit 528 First stable release 2.0. 172 2009 - 05 - 24 WebKit 530 0.4 35 % faster JavaScript on the SunSpider benchmark Mouse wheel support Full - screen mode Full - page zoom Form auto - fill Sort bookmarks by title Tab docking to browser and desktop edges Basic Greasemonkey support 3.0. 195 2009 - 10 - 12 WebKit 532 1.2 New `` new tab '' page for improved customization 25 % faster JavaScript HTML5 video and audio tag support Lightweight theming 4.0. 249 2010 - 01 - 25 WebKit 532.5 1.3 Extensions Bookmark synchronization Enhanced developer tools Improved HTML5 support Performance improvements Full ACID3 pass HTTP byte range support Experimental new anti-reflected - XSS feature called `` XSS Auditor '' 4.1. 249 2010 - 03 - 17 Translate infobar New privacy features Disabled XSS Auditor 5.0. 375 2010 - 05 - 21 WebKit 533 Browser preference synchronizing Increased HTML5 support ( Geolocation API , App Cache , web sockets , and file drag - and - drop ) Revamped bookmark manager Adobe Flash Player integrated First stable releases for macOS , 32 bit Linux , and 64 bit Linux 6.0. 472 2010 - 09 - 02 WebKit 534.3 Updated and more streamlined UI with simplified Omnibox New tab page Merged menu buttons Form auto - fill Expanded synchronization support to include extensions and auto - fill data Support for WebM videos Built - in PDF support ( disabled by default ) 7.0. 517 2010 - 10 - 21 WebKit 534.7 2.3. 11 Implemented HTML5 parsing algorithm File API Directory upload via input tag macOS version gained AppleScript support for UI automation Late binding enabled for SSL sockets : high priority SSL requests are now always sent to the server first . New options for managing cookies Updated New Tab page to enable featuring of web applications 8.0. 552 2010 - 12 - 02 WebKit 534.10 2.4. 9 Chrome Web Store Built - in PDF viewer that works inside Chrome 's sandbox for increased security Expanded synchronization support to include web applications Improved plug - in handling This release added `` about : flags '' to showcase experimental features such as Chrome Instant , side tabs on Windows , tabbed settings , Click to Play , background web applications , Remoting , disables outdated plug - ins , XSS Auditor , Cloud Print Proxy , GPU - accelerated compositing , WebGL support for the canvas element , and a `` tab overview '' mode ( like Exposé ) for macOS . 9.0. 597 2011 - 02 - 03 WebKit 534.13 2.5. 9 WebGL enabled by default Adobe Flash sandboxing on Windows and Chrome Instant ( a la Google Instant ) option WebP support New flags : print preview , GPU - accelerated compositing , GPU - accelerated Canvas 2D , Google Native Client , CRX-less Web Apps , Web page prerendering , experimental Extension APIs , disable hyperlink auditing 10.0. 648 2011 - 03 - 08 WebKit 534.16 3.0. 12 Google Cloud Print sign - in interface enabled by default Partially implemented sandboxing of the GPU process Faster JavaScript performance due to incorporation of Crankshaft , an improved compiler for V8 Settings pages that open in a tab , rather than a dialog box Malware reporting and disabling outdated plugins Password sync GPU accelerated video Background WebApps webNavigation extension API 11.0. 696 2011 - 04 - 27 WebKit 534.24 3.1. 8 HTML5 Speech Input API Updated icon 12.0. 742 2011 - 06 - 07 WebKit 534.30 3.2. 10 Hardware accelerated 3D CSS New Safe Browsing protection against downloading malicious files Ability to delete Flash cookies from inside Chrome Launch Apps by name from the Omnibox Integrated Sync into new settings pages Improved screen reader support New warning when hitting Command - Q on Mac New flags : P2P API Existing tab on foreground on open Experimental new tab page Add grouping to tab context menu Run PPAPI Flash in the renderer process Multiple profiles Removed Google Gears Print and Save buttons in the PDF viewer 13.0. 782 2011 - 08 - 02 WebKit 535.1 3.3. 10 Instant Pages ( pre-rendering of Web pages ) Native print interface and preview ( Linux and Windows only ) Experimental new tab page Experimental Restrict Instant To Search option 14.0. 835 2011 - 09 - 16 3.4. 14 Native Client ( NaCl ) enabled for apps in the Chrome Web Store Web Audio API Additional macOS Lion feature support Sync Encryption for all data Print preview on Mac Validation of HTTPS sites Experimental Web Request extension API Experimental Content Settings extension API 15.0. 874 2011 - 10 - 25 WebKit 535.2 3.5. 10 Faster print preview Redesigned new tab page on by default JavaScript fullscreen API enabled by default Inline installation of Chrome Web Store items by verified sites Omnibox History synchronization Switched to FFmpeg native VP8 decoder Extensions integrated into settings pages GPU Accelerated Canvas 2D disabled 16.0. 912 2011 - 12 - 13 WebKit 535.7 3.6. 6 Multiple profiles on by default Optional permissions in Chrome extensions , so the user can opt - in or opt - out of the optional permissions at installation time Experimental support for side tabs was removed . 17.0. 963 2012 - 02 - 08 WebKit 535.11 3.7. 12 Updated Omnibox prerendering of pages Download scanning protection New extensions APIs Improved History tab Removal of `` + '' symbol from the `` new tab '' button Limited support for changing user agent strings Adjustable margins in print preview Search engine synchronization Disabled GAIA profile info 18.0. 1025 2012 - 03 - 28 2012 - 06 - 27 ( Android ARM ) 2012 - 09 - 26 ( 18.0. 1026 , Android x86 ) WebKit 535.19 3.8. 9 Hardware - accelerated Canvas2D graphics WebGL without the need of 3D graphics hardware through the software rasterizer SwiftShader Brighter `` new tab '' button 19.0. 1084 2012 - 05 - 15 2012 - 06 - 28 ( iOS ) WebKit 536.5 3.9. 24 Access tabs between devices Reorganized and searchable settings interface Better spell check by using the Google search engine spell checker Web Store link to the bottom of New Tab page Experimental JavaScript Harmony ( ECMAScript 6 ) support Experimental Web Intents API 20.0. 1132 2012 - 06 - 26 WebKit 536.10 3.10. 6 Experimental touch friendly user interface adjustments . Context menus have extra vertical padding between items . New tab button is bigger and wider 21.0. 1180 2012 - 07 - 31 2012 - 08 - 22 ( iOS ) WebKit 537.1 3.11. 10 Media Stream API ( getUserMedia ) enabled by default . ( E.g. webcam access via JavaScript . ) Gamepad API prototype available by default . Support for ( pointer ) and ( hover ) CSS media queries so sites can optimize their user interface for touch when touch - screen support is available . HTML5 audio / video and WebAudio now support 24 - bit PCM wave files 22.0. 1229 2012 - 09 - 25 WebKit 537.4 3.12. 19 New - style packaged apps are enabled by default . New menu icon , replacing the wrench icon Support for TLS 1.1 Support for color management ICC v2 profiles by default 23.0. 1271 2012 - 11 - 06 2012 - 11 - 28 ( iOS ) WebKit 537.11 3.13. 7 Do Not Track preference Hardware video acceleration with 25 % more efficient power consumption in some scenarios Manager for site permission control New icon for Chrome Web Store when opening new tab PPAPI Flash Player ( or Pepper - based Flash Player ) replaced the NPAPI Flash Player on Mac also 24.0. 1312 2013 - 01 - 10 WebKit 537.17 3.14. 5 Support for MathML The HTML5 datalist element now supports suggesting a date and time Experimental support for CSS custom filters 25.0. 1364 2013 - 02 - 21 2013 - 02 - 27 ( Android ) 2013 - 03 - 04 ( iOS ) WebKit 537.22 3.15. 11 Support for Opus audio Support for VP9 video Silent installs of external extensions are now disabled by default . Web Speech API Encrypted omnibox search ( https ) Native Client on ARM Disabled MathML support for the time being Android version ( update from 18 ) : Newer V8 JavaScript engine Audio now continues to play while Chrome is in the background Support for pausing audio in Chrome when phone is in use 26.0. 1410 2013 - 03 - 26 2013 - 04 - 03 ( Android ) 2013 - 04 - 09 ( iOS ) WebKit 537.31 3.16. 14 Improved spell checker ( grammar and homonym checking ) Desktop shortcuts for multiple users ( profiles ) on Windows Asynchronous DNS resolver on Mac and Linux Android version : Autofill and password sync Performance and stability improvements 27.0. 1453 2013 - 05 - 21 2013 - 05 - 22 ( Android ) 2013 - 06 - 03 ( iOS ) WebKit 537.36 3.17. 6 Resource handling optimized for faster page loads Improved Omnibox predictions and spelling correction syncFileSystem API for Google Drive data synchronization Stop packaging Manifest version 1.0 extensions Android version : Fullscreen on phones ( scrolling down the page makes the toolbar disappear ) Simpler searching ( the query stays visible in the omnibox , making it easier to edit ) Client - side certificate support Tab history on tablets `` A ton of stability and performance fixes '' 28.0. 1500 2013 - 06 - 17 ( Linux ) 2013 - 07 - 09 ( macOS and Windows ) 2013 - 07 - 10 ( Android ) 2013 - 07 - 17 ( iOS ) Blink 537.36 WebKit 537.36 ( on iOS ) 3.18. 5 Replaced layout engine with Blink , a fork of WebKit on all platforms besides iOS Faster page loads with the new Blink threaded HTML parser Rich Notifications and Notification Center ( HTML - based notifications deprecated ) Major improvements to the asm. js benchmark performances Support for the CSS : unresolved pseudoclass for Custom Elements Support for the CSS @ supports conditional blocks to test for property : value pairs Android version : Fullscreen API support ( fullscreen browsing on tablets ) Experimental WebGL , Web Audio , WebRTC support behind flags Built - in translation iOS version : Improved interoperability with many other Google Apps Voice Search enhancements Fullscreen for iPad Data usage savings ( rolling out over time ) Access to browser history 29.0. 1547 2013 - 08 - 20 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2013 - 08 - 21 ( Android ) 2013 - 09 - 12 ( iOS ) Blink 537.36 3.19. 18 Support for VP9 final Support for TLS 1.2 Preliminary QUIC support Improved Omnibox suggestions based on the recency of visited sites Ability to reset user profile back to its original state New apps and extensions APIs ( such as Native Messaging API for connecting Chrome with native applications installed on the same computer - an alternative to NPAPI ) Android version : WebRTC support WebAudio support Improved scrolling responsiveness and visual indication when scrolling to the top or bottom of a page Startup performance and stability improvements New color picker user interface for web forms Support for Google 's experimental data compression service ( comparable to Opera Turbo ) that lets Google servers quickly read and optimize a Web page for mobile devices , then transmit it to the smartphone using Google 's SPDY network technology . Rudimentary tab groups implemented iOS version : Get back to Search Results faster Data cost savings enhancements ( rolled out incrementally ) Voice search pronoun support ( e.g. queries like : `` Who is the president of the United States ? '' followed by `` Who is his wife ? '' ) Improvements to Single Sign On with other Google Apps Support for WebP image format 30.0. 1599 2013 - 09 - 18 ( iOS ) 2013 - 10 - 01 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2013 - 10 - 02 ( Android ) Blink 537.36 3.20. 17 New image context menu item : `` Search Google for this image '' New Chrome Apps APIs : webview. request , media gallery write support and downloads New platform features ( both in desktop and mobile ) : support for the WebRTC Device Enumeration API , allowing users to change their microphones and / or camera on the fly without having to restart the WebRTC call ; DevTools now supports CSS source maps ; Chrome will now match the behavior of IE and not honor the Refresh header or tags when the URL to be refreshed to has a javascript : scheme ; Android version : New gesture : swipe horizontally across the top toolbar to quickly switch tabs New gesture : drag vertically down from the toolbar to enter into the tab switcher view New gesture : drag down from the menu to open the menu and select wanted item without having to lift finger WebGL is enabled by default on high - end devices DeviceMotion ( device acceleration and rotation rates ) events Media Source Extension is enabled on Android 4.1 + Two new experimental features behind a flag : Web Speech API ( recognition ) and the Vibration API iOS version : New look and feature enhancements for iOS7 Improvements to Fullscreen behavior especially on iPad ( iOS7 only ) New Settings UI Maps and email links launch the Google Maps and Gmail apps ( if installed ) automatically . You can change your preference in Settings Stability / security improvements and bug fixes 31.0. 1650 2013 - 11 - 12 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2013 - 11 - 14 ( Android ) 2013 - 11 - 20 ( iOS ) Blink 537.36 3.21. 18 Payment requestAutocomplete ( ) on Chrome for Android , Windows , Chrome OS PNaCl on desktop versions of Chrome New Chrome Apps APIs : With URL handlers for apps , Chrome App developers can now specify URLs to be handled by a Chrome App . For example , a document link on a website could open a document editor Chrome App . This gives users more seamless entry points into their favorite Chrome Apps . Directory access for Apps allows Chrome Apps to access and write to user - approved folders . This feature can be used to share files between a Chrome App and a native app . For example , a Chrome App code editor could modify files managed by a native Git client . SCTP for WebRTC Data Channel allows P2P data transfers between browsers to be either best effort , reliable , or semi reliable , opening up use cases such as gaming . Alpha channel support for WebM video enables transparency masking ( a.k.a. green screen effects ) in WebM videos . Speech recognition with the JavaScript Web Speech API is now supported on Chrome for Android . window. devicePixelRatio now takes full - page zoom ( but not pinch zoom ) into account Support for ( alpha : false ) in getContext ( ' 2d ' ) lets you create an opaque canvas . This is similar to existing WebGL functionality and can improve the rendering performance of your app . The Media Source API has been unprefixed and is now supported on Chrome for Android . It allows JavaScript to generate media streams for playback , addressing use cases like adaptive streaming and time shifting live streams . 2D canvas now supports the `` ellipse '' method . Support for several Mutation Events has been removed . Consider using MutationObserver instead . iOS version : Fast form completion with Autofill Long press on an image to search for related images Stability / security improvements and bug fixes 32.0. 1700 2014 - 01 - 14 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2014 - 01 - 15 ( Android ) 2014 - 01 - 27 ( iOS ) Blink 537.36 3.22. 24 Tab indicators for sound , webcam and casting A different look for Win8 Metro mode Automatically blocking malware files A number of new apps / extension APIs Various under - the - hood changes for stability and performance Android version : Add web page shortcuts right to your home screen more easily from the menu Reduce data usage in Chrome up to 50 % . Visit Settings > Bandwidth management > Reduce data usage to enable . iOS version : Translate When you come across a page written in a language that you do n't understand , just look for the translation bar . One tap and the page is quickly translated for you . Reduce Data Usage Reduce your data usage by up to 50 % . Enable this feature and view your savings : Settings > Bandwidth > Reduce Data Usage . New Tab Page update to make searching faster and easier This feature is being rolled out and will be available to all users over time , beginning on iPhone . 33.0. 1750 2014 - 02 - 18 ( iOS ) 2014 - 02 - 20 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2014 - 02 - 26 ( Android ) Blink 537.36 3.23. 17 Custom Elements Ogg Opus in MSE and < video > Page Visibility API VTTCue Web Speech API ( synthesis ) Font - kerning requestAutocomplete ( ) Speech Synthesis Android version : Download progress notification for file downloads using the Chrome network stack Updated help and feedback UI Support for < datalist > tag iOS version : Stability and security updates 34.0. 1847 2014 - 04 - 02 ( Android ) 2014 - 04 - 08 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2014 - 04 - 29 ( iOS ) Blink 537.36 3.24. 35 Responsive Images and Unprefixed Web Audio Import supervised users onto new computers A different look for Windows 8 Metro mode A number of new apps / extension APIs New scroll bar look Ignores autocomplete = `` off '' on password input fields Android version : Battery usage optimizations iOS version : Updated tour when you start Chrome for the first time Support for autocomplete in the omnibox for right to left languages 35.0. 1916 2014 - 05 - 20 ( Android ) 2014 - 05 - 20 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2014 - 05 - 28 ( iOS ) Blink 537.36 3.25. 28 More developer control over touch input New JavaScript features Unprefixed Shadow DOM v0 A number of new apps / extension APIs Opus updated to version v1. 1 Android version : Undo Tab Close Fullscreen video with Subtitles and HTML5 controls Support for some multi-window devices iOS version : Added right - to - left support to the omnibox for Arabic and Hebrew See your search term in the omnibox , instead of the long search query URL Easily refine your search queries and view more results on the search results page Stability improvements and bug fixes Linux version : Switched graphics interface backend from GTK+ to Aura 36.0. 1985 2014 - 07 - 15 ( iOS ) 2014 - 07 - 16 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2014 - 07 - 16 ( Android ) Blink 537.36 3.26. 31 Rich Notifications Improvements An Updated Incognito / Guest NTP design The addition of a Browser crash recovery bubble Multiple stability and performance improvements Android version : Improved text rendering on non-mobile optimized sites Doodles return to the new tab page iOS version : Allows mobile sites that have added Cast support to work with your Cast - enabled device Stability improvements and bug fixes Linux version : Chrome App Launcher 37.0. 2062 2014 - 08 - 26 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2014 - 09 - 03 ( Android ) 2014 - 09 - 22 ( iOS ) Blink 537.36 3.27. 34 DirectWrite support on Windows for improved font rendering A number of new apps / extension APIs Multiple stability and performance improvements Removal of the showModalDialog API , breaking several enterprise web apps Android version : Signing into Chrome signs you into your favorite Google sites Updated look and feel with elements of Material Design Multiple performance improvements and bug fixes Windows version : 64 - bit Windows support 38.0. 2125 2014 - 10 - 07 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2014 - 10 - 07 ( iOS ) 2014 - 10 - 08 ( Android ) Blink 537.36 3.28. 71 A number of new apps / extension APIs Support for logging into sites using FIDO U2F Security Key ( a USB or smartcard security token ) as a factor in 2 - factor authentication Under - the - hood changes for stability and performance Android version : Support for Battery Status and Screen orientation APIs Additional Material Design updates Bug fixes and performance improvements iOS version : Better support for iPhone 6 and 6 + Download and open files in Google Drive Stability improvements and bug fixes Security fix 39.0. 2171 2014 - 11 - 12 ( Android ) 2014 - 11 - 18 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2014 - 11 - 24 ( iOS ) Blink 537.36 3.29. 88 Removes SSL / TLS protocol version fallback to SSLv3 64 - bit support for Mac A number of new apps / extension APIs Under - the - hood changes for stability and performance Android version : Number of bug fixes and performance improvements Experimental Reader Mode can be enabled via chrome://flags , is not available for tablets in this version 40.0. 2214 2015 - 01 - 20 ( iOS ) 2015 - 01 - 21 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2015 - 01 - 21 ( Android ) Blink 537.36 3.30. 33 Disabled SSLv3 support by default The minimum SSL / TLS version can now be set through about : flags Updated info dialog for Chrome app on Windows and Linux A new clock behind / ahead error message Android version : Updated page info and content settings UI Number of bug fixes and performance improvements iOS version : New look with Material Design bringing bold graphics , fluid motion , and tactile surfaces iOS 8 optimizations and support for bigger phones Support handoff from Chrome to your default browser on macOS Stability improvements and bug fixes 41.0. 2272 2015 - 03 - 03 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2015 - 03 - 11 ( Android ) 2015 - 03 - 16 ( iOS ) Blink 537.36 4.1. 0 A number of new apps / extension APIs Lots of under the hood changes for stability and performance Aero interface is disabled in Windows Vista Android version : The ability to pull to reload at the top of most pages A number of bug fixes and performance improvements 42.0. 2311 2015 - 04 - 14 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2015 - 04 - 15 ( Android ) 2015 - 04 - 16 ( iOS ) Blink 537.36 4.2. 77 Support for NPAPI plugins disabled by default A number of new apps , extension and Web Platform APIs ( including the Push API ) Lots of under the hood changes for stability and performance Add Bookmark is now redesigned . Android version : Getting the latest updates from sites with notifications Adding your favorite sites to your homescreen is now even easier Bug fixes and speedy performance improvements 43.0. 2357 2015 - 05 - 19 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2015 - 05 - 27 ( Android ) 2015 - 06 - 01 ( iOS ) Blink 537.36 4.3. 61 Numerous bug fixes and security fixes Android version : Faster Checkout -- Quickly and securely complete checkout forms with data from Google Wallet Touch to Search -- Learn more about words and phrases by touching them on your screen Bug fixes and speedy performance improvements No longer supports Android 4.0 ( Ice Cream Sandwich ) 44.0. 2403 2015 - 07 - 21 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2015 - 07 - 22 ( iOS ) 2015 - 07 - 29 ( Android ) Blink 537.36 4.4. 63 A number of new apps / extension APIs Change in the loading page circle on Chrome tabs Lots of under the hood changes for stability and performance Android version : Fixed a boatload of bugs and performance issues . iOS version : Swipe to navigate : swipe right or left to navigate backwards and forwards Support for accessing Physical Web content from the Today view Stability improvements and bug fixes 45.0. 2454 2015 - 09 - 01 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2015 - 09 - 01 ( Android ) 2015 - 09 - 02 ( iOS ) Blink 537.36 4.5. 103 Support for NPAPI plugins permanently disabled A number of fixes and improvements Android version : A number of fixes for a whole bunch of performance / stability / other issues . 46.0. 2490 2015 - 10 - 13 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2015 - 10 - 14 ( Android ) 2015 - 10 - 22 ( iOS ) Blink 537.36 4.6. 85 Change in taskbar logo design A number of fixes and improvements . Android version : Under the hood performance and stability tweaks . 47.0. 2526 2015 - 12 - 01 ( iOS ) 2015 - 12 - 01 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2015 - 12 - 02 ( Android ) Blink 537.36 4.7. 80 Change in appearance on closing tabs with red x 's New PDF viewer design Security fixes Android version : `` More than a barge load of performance and stability fixes '' . iOS version : Added support for more keyboard shortcuts . Bluetooth keyboards can open , close or change tabs or conduct a voice search . Support for 3D touch on iPhone 6s / + . Force touch the Chrome icon to quickly open a new tab , a new incognito * tab , or conduct a voice search . 48.0. 2564 2016 - 01 - 20 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2016 - 01 - 27 ( iOS ) 2016 - 01 - 27 ( Android ) Blink 537.36 4.8. 271 `` Tab discarding '' was enabled by default in chrome://flags Window change in right - clicking an embedded web link The key icon in `` Save your password '' turns black `` Clear browsing history '' has been improved A large number of fixes and improvements Android version : Bug fixes and speedy performance improvements . iOS version : This version uses WKWebView , the latest rendering engine from Apple . The crash rate was reduced by 70 % and JavaScript execution is now faster . Redesigned icons on the New Tab page : easier access to more of your frequently - visited sites . Spotlight integration : Drag down or right from the Home screen and search for your Chrome bookmarks . 49.0. 2623 2016 - 03 - 02 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2016 - 03 - 09 ( iOS ) 2016 - 03 - 09 ( Android ) Blink 537.36 4.9. 385 Extension icons now appear near search tab . Changes in bookmark bar appearances . Change in Incognito mode window . Change in scrollbar movement . Changed Downloads page appearance / design . A large number of fixes and improvements Removed Windows 8 Mode ( Metro mode ) Last version available for Windows XP and Vista , and Mac OS 10.6 - 10.8 . Android version : `` More than a barge full of performance and stability fixes . '' iOS version : Bookmarks has a new look : Easily find your favorites ! Bug and stability fixes . 50.0. 2661 2016 - 04 - 13 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2016 - 04 - 20 ( iOS ) 2016 - 04 - 26 ( Android ) Blink 537.36 5.0. 71 Auto - fill form letters are now highlighted in bold . A number of fixes and improvements . No longer supports Windows XP and Vista . Android version : Bug fixes and speedy performance improvements . iOS version : Bug and stability fixes . 51.0. 2704 2016 - 05 - 25 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2016 - 06 - 01 ( iOS ) 2016 - 06 - 01 ( Android ) Blink 537.36 5.1. 281 A number of fixes and improvements . Android version : Brought tab switching back into Chrome ( Android L+ ) Bug fixes and speedy performance improvements . iOS version : Bug and stability fixes . 52.0. 2743 2016 - 07 - 20 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2016 - 07 - 27 ( iOS ) 2016 - 07 - 27 ( Android ) Blink 537.36 5.2. 361 It is impossible to disable DirectWrite . Bar on the bottom now shows darker text when hovering your mouse over the link . `` A number of fixes and improvements . '' Android version : Bug fixes and speedy performance improvements iOS version : Accelerated Mobile Pages ( `` AMP '' ) -- news and articles from many of your favorite publishers will now load instantly . Lightning bolt and `` AMP '' next to articles in the `` Top Stories '' section of search results indicate faster web page loading . 53.0. 2785 2016 - 08 - 31 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2016 - 09 - 07 ( iOS ) 2016 - 09 - 07 ( Android ) Blink 537.36 5.3. 332 New browser 's inside look , including a new bookmark `` A number of fixes and improvements . '' ' Simplify page ' option removed from ' Save as PDF ' . Shadow DOM v1 Android version : Bug fixes and speedy performance improvements Muted autoplay for video iOS version : Chrome 's History has a new look and it 's now easier to review , find , and delete your browsing history . Voice Search has been updated with a fresh look . Voice Search can now answer contextual questions such as `` How tall is the Eiffel Tower ? '' followed by `` When was it built ? '' 54.0. 2840 2016 - 10 - 12 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2016 - 10 - 19 ( iOS ) 2016 - 10 - 19 ( Android ) Blink 537.36 5.4. 500 `` Other bookmarks '' tab has changed appearance The message `` Right - click to play Adobe Flash Player '' now appears while pages with Adobe Flash Player are loading . `` A number of fixes and improvements . '' Android version : Bug fixes and speedy performance improvements View article suggestions for you on the new tab page Play media in the background for sites that support it Update saved passwords when you change or reset your password iOS version : No internet connection ? Smile and tap the dinosaur Fixed bookmark icons not displaying correctly Fixed phone number detection issues in web pages Stability improvements and bug fixes 55.0. 2883 2016 - 12 - 01 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2016 - 12 - 05 ( iOS ) 2016 - 12 - 06 ( Android ) Blink 537.36 5.5. 372 The History page has changed and is no longer in `` Settings '' Flash Player is now off by default for most sites `` A number of fixes and improvements . '' It is not possible to disable top level Material Design iOS version : You can swipe down or right from the iOS Home screen to search . Searching for `` voice '' or `` incognito '' enables you to start Chrome in Voice Search mode or in a new Incognito Tab , respectively . The appearance of items in Spotlight Search will only work for devices that support Spotlight Actions . The folder named `` All Bookmarks '' has been removed from the Bookmarks view . You can access all your other devices ' Bookmarks by clicking on the other folders . Android version : Bug fixes and speedy performance improvements Easily download music , videos , and even full web pages for viewing offline View and share your downloads within Chrome See misspelled words highlighted in text fields Improvements to contextual search UI 56.0. 2924 2017 - 01 - 25 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2017 - 02 - 01 ( iOS ) 2017 - 02 - 01 ( Android ) Blink 537.36 5.6. 326 HTML5 enabled by default Adobe Flash Player is automatically blocked for most sites that require the plugin Labeling of unsecured HTTP sites `` A number of fixes and improvements . '' iOS version : Scan a QR code or barcode by using 3D Touch on the app logo or searching for `` QR '' in Spotlight . We 've redesigned the tab switcher layout on iPad to make it easier to access your open sites . Android version : Easily download music , videos , and even full web pages for viewing offline View and share your downloads within Chrome See misspelled words highlighted in text fields Improvements to contextual search UI Bug fixes and significant memory savings 57.0. 2987 2017 - 03 - 09 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2017 - 03 - 14 ( iOS ) 2017 - 03 - 16 ( Android ) Blink 537.36 5.7. 492 CSS grid layout Improved `` Add to Home '' screen Media Session API `` A number of fixes and improvements . '' WebAssembly Background tab policy changes iOS version : Chrome can add pages to your Reading List . Find in Page now works correctly in iOS 10.3 . Android version : Quickly use emails , addresses , and phone numbers in web pages by tapping on them Easily access downloaded files and web pages from the new tab page Long press article suggestions on the new tab page to download them Bug fixes and performance improvements 58.0. 3029 2017 - 04 - 19 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2017 - 04 - 20 ( Android ) 2017 - 04 - 25 ( iOS ) Blink 537.36 5.8. 283 `` A number of fixes and improvements . '' IndexedDB 2.0 Workers and SharedWorkers in data - URLs . Android version : Useful actions like `` Find in page '' available in apps that open web pages using Chrome More frequently updated article suggestions on the New Tab page Use recently visited search engines as your default search engine See Physical Web suggestions , based on your surroundings , in the address bar Bug fixes and performance improvements iOS version : Stability improvements and bug fixes . 59.0. 3071 2017 - 06 - 05 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2017 - 06 - 06 ( iOS ) 2017 - 06 - 06 ( Android ) Blink 537.36 5.9. 211 `` A number of fixes and improvements . '' Revamped Settings and `` About Google Chrome '' page with Material Design Headless mode in Linux and macOS . iOS version : Fixed a user - reported issue that resulted in hangs and significant slowdowns when switching tabs . Fixed a crash involving dialogs presented while switching tabs . Stability improvements and bug fixes . Android version : View and manage in - progress downloads on the Downloads page View and clear your browsing data more easily on the redesigned History page Long - press a link to open it in a new Chrome tab ( from Chrome Custom Tabs ) Bug fixes and performance improvements 60.0. 3112 2017 - 07 - 25 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2017 - 07 - 25 ( iOS ) 2017 - 07 - 31 ( Android ) Blink 537.36 6.0. 286 MacBook Pro Touch Bar support . `` A number of fixes and improvements . '' iOS version : `` Request Mobile Site '' button can switch from a website 's desktop version back to its mobile version Android version Load pages faster and use less memory with an updated JavaScript engine Bug fixes and performance improvements Clear browsing data more easily 61.0. 3163 2017 - 09 - 05 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2017 - 09 - 05 ( iOS ) 2017 - 09 - 05 ( Android ) Blink 537.36 6.1. 534 Native support for JavaScript modules `` A number of fixes and improvements . '' iOS version : Added a new button for scanning QR codes above the virtual keyboard Android version Addition of Web Share API Bug fixes and performance improvements Translate pages with a more compact and intuitive toolbar Pick images to post online with an improved image picker 62.0. 3202 2017 - 10 - 17 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2017 - 10 - 18 ( iOS ) 2017 - 10 - 19 ( Android ) Blink 537.36 6.2. 414 The `` Save Your Password '' icon gets a new appearance `` A number of fixes and improvements . '' Support for OpenType Variable Fonts Network Information API updated to report users actual Internet speed , not just connection type , to websites HTTP sites that request user data will now be flagged as `` non-secure '' ( red ) in the Chrome Omnibox iOS version Two new Today widgets are added by tapping the Edit button at the bottom of the iOS Search screen Ability to drag a URL from another app and drop it into Chrome 's omnibox or the tab strip , or from Chrome 's content area to another app on iOS 11 iPads The Payment Request API has been introduced Android version Download files faster with accelerated downloads View and copy passwords saved with Chrome if device lock is enabled Quickly see your data savings in the Chrome menu when Data Saver is on 63.0. 3239 2017 - 10 - 26 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) Blink 537.36 6.3 Current Beta channel 64.0 2017 - 10 - 27 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) Blink 537.36 6.4 Current Dev channel 64.0 2017 - 10 - 14 ( macOS and Windows ) 2017 - 10 - 16 ( Android ) Blink 537.36 6.4 Current Canary channel Major version Release date Layout engine V8 engine Significant changes Notes ( edit ) Release date is the date of first release . All channels have subsequent updates which are not shown . For release update history see Google Chrome Releases . The first stable release in Windows , macOS and Linux was Google Chrome 5.0. 375 . The first stable release on Android was Chrome 18.0. 1025123 ( Chrome for Android ) . Old development and beta builds are not shown after they become stable releases . As of Chrome 26 , Linux installations of the browser may be updated only on systems that support GCC v4. 6 and GTK v2. 24 or later . Thus systems such as Ubuntu Lucid 10.04 LTS , Debian 6 's 2.20 , and RHEL 6 's 2.18 are now among those marked as deprecated . As of Chrome 59 , Linux Chrome defaults to GTK + 3 . Older versions of Linux , e.g. RHEL 6 or Centros 6 , with only GTK + 2 support , are not able to run this version of Chrome . Red Hat 's GTK + 2 build of Firefox ESR is probably the last remaining regularly updated browser on RHEL 6 / CentOS 6 . Versions 6 -- 32 had Google Chrome Frame counterparts , until its development was discontinued . As of version 50 , macOS 10.6 , 10.7 , 10.8 , Windows XP and Vista are no longer supported . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` OmahaProxy CSV Viewer '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Refs - v8 / v8. git - Git at Google '' . Google . Retrieved May 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A fresh take on the browser '' . September 1 , 2008 . Retrieved July 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Google Chrome Releases : Stable Update : Google Chrome 2.0. 172.28 '' . Jump up ^ Laforge , Anthony . `` Stable Channel Update '' . Google . Retrieved May 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Google Chrome Releases : Stable Channel Update March 17 , 2010 '' . googlechromereleases.blogspot.com . March 17 , 2010 . Retrieved April 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rakowski , Brian ( May 25 , 2010 ) . `` Evolving from beta to stable with a faster version of Chrome '' . Google . Retrieved May 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Adobe Flash Player support now enabled in Google Chrome 's stable channel '' . June 30 , 2010 . Retrieved August 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rakowski , Brian ( May 25 , 2010 ) . `` A new Chrome stable release : Welcome , Mac and Linux ! '' . Google . Retrieved August 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bringing improved PDF support to Google Chrome '' . Chromium Blog . June 17 , 2010 . Retrieved October 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bringing another Chrome release to you , right on time '' . Google . Retrieved October 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Stable , Beta Channel Updates '' . Google . Retrieved December 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Safer plug - ins , faster search , and richer graphics '' . Google . Retrieved December 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` WebP Home '' . Google . Retrieved February 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dev Channel Update '' . Google . Retrieved January 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Issue 48607 : Sandbox GPU process '' . Retrieved March 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A New Crankshaft for V8 '' . Google . Retrieved December 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Chrome Releases : Chrome Stable Release '' . googlechromereleases.blogspot.com . March 8 , 2011 . Retrieved April 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chrome Beta Release '' . March 22 , 2011 . Retrieved March 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Rura , Steve ( March 2011 ) . `` A fresh take on an icon '' . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chrome Stable Release '' . June 7 , 2011 . Retrieved June 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Google Operating System : Chrome shifts into a new gear '' . Google Operating System ( Unofficial Google Blog ) . June 7 , 2011 . Retrieved February 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bentzel , Chris ( June 16 , 2011 ) . `` Google Chrome Blog : Faster than fast '' . chrome.blogspot.com . Retrieved August 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Building better web apps with a new Chrome Beta '' . Retrieved August 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Langley , Adam ( August 16 , 2010 ) . `` DNSSEC authenticated HTTPS in Chrome '' . ImperialViolet . Retrieved April 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chrome Beta Channel Update '' . Retrieved August 15 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Download Google Chrome 15.0. 874.15 Dev with Fixes for the Revamped New Tab Page '' . Retrieved September 19 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Download Google Chrome 16 Dev and Chrome 15 Beta '' . Retrieved September 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Issue 50811 -- chromium -- Switch Chromium to ffmpeg native vp8 decoder -- An open - source browser project to help move the web forward . -- Google Project Hosting '' . Google . July 30 , 2010 . Retrieved April 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chromium Issue 48119 : Feature request : optional permissions in Chrome extensions '' . Google Code . July 1 , 2010 . Retrieved February 4 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Chromium Issue 99332 : Remove sidetabs '' . Google Code . October 6 , 2011 . Retrieved February 4 , 2012 ^ Jump up to : `` Stable Channel Update '' . Retrieved February 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Google Chrome 17 FINAL '' . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2012 . Retrieved February 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chromium Issue 15548 : Search Engines should be synced '' . Google . June 28 , 2009 . Retrieved April 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ilascu , Ionut ( January 19 , 2012 ) . `` Google Chrome Beta 17.0. 963.38 Disables GAIA Photo '' . Softpedia . Retrieved December 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Faster graphics for older PCs in Chrome 18 '' . Jump up ^ `` ( chrome ) Revision 119099 '' . Src.chromium.org . Retrieved May 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Google Chrome Blog : All your tabs , accessible everywhere '' . chrome.blogspot.com.au. April 10 , 2012 . Retrieved May 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Google Chrome 19 Adds Support for Next - Generation JavaScript '' . Softpedia . February 11 , 2012 . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Connect with Web Intents '' . Google . May 16 , 2012 . Retrieved May 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ( chrome ) Revision 133210 ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Decreased input padding , 8 - bit canvas and getUserMedia ( ) `` Peter Beverloo '' . Peter Beverloo . Retrieved May 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dev Channel Update '' . Google . May 29 , 2012 . Retrieved June 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Stable Channel Update '' . Google . August 21 , 2012 . Retrieved August 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Issue 143 : Handle color profiles in tagged images '' . Google . September 2 , 2008 . Retrieved March 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bright , Peter ( September 14 , 2012 ) . `` Do Not Track support added to Chrome , arriving by the end of the year '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved November 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Securing Flash Player for our Mac users '' . Google . Retrieved November 14 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` A web developer 's guide to t11 - 08 '' . Retrieved November 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` CSS Custom Filters '' . Adobe.github.com . Retrieved March 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hewitt , Ed ( February 21 , 2013 ) . `` Google Chrome hits 25 '' . OMG ! Chrome ! . Retrieved March 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` No more silent extension installs '' . Chromium Blog . December 24 , 2012 . Retrieved December 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chrome 25 Beta : Content Security Policy and Shadow DOM '' . Chromium Blog . January 14 , 2013 . Retrieved January 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Google Search in Chrome gets more secure '' . Chromium Blog . January 18 , 2013 . Retrieved January 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Issue 174455 : MathML support broken with Chrome 25 beta '' . February 5 , 2013 . Retrieved February 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Govindan , Dharani ( March 26 , 2013 ) . `` Stable Channel Update '' . Chrome Releases . Blogger . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Google Chrome Blog : Fill out forms faster , from anywhere '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Chrome Release : Stable Channel Release '' . May 21 , 2013 . Retrieved May 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Manifest Version - Google Chrome '' . Developer.chrome.com . March 4 , 2013 . Retrieved March 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chrome Releases : Chrome for Android Update '' . Jump up ^ Protalinski , Emil . `` Google 's Blink Q&A : New rendering engine will replace WebKit on all platforms in 10 weeks with Chrome 28 '' . The Next Web . Retrieved April 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Shankland , Stephen . `` Blink , Google 's new Chrome browser engine , comes to life '' . CNET News . CNET . Retrieved April 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Finley , Klint . `` Google Chrome Breaks Up With Apple 's WebKit '' . Wired Enterprise . Retrieved April 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chrome 28 Beta : A more immersive web , everywhere '' . Google . Retrieved June 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Protalinski , Emil . `` Google debuts Chrome 28 beta with rich notifications for apps and extensions on Windows ; Mac and Linux coming soon '' . The Next Web . Retrieved June 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Google Chrome Blog : More multilingual mobile web '' . Retrieved July 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chrome Releases : Chrome for iOS Update '' . Jump up ^ `` Chromium Code Reviews : Issue 12317026 : Various small QUIC cleanups after merging to Chrome '' . Retrieved February 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Connecting Chrome apps and extensions with native applications '' . October 15 , 2013 . Retrieved October 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chrome for Android Update - WebRTC support '' . ^ Jump up to : `` The Next Web : Chrome 29 for Android is out : WebRTC and Web Audio support , improved scrolling , and new color picker for Web forms '' . Jump up ^ `` Chrome for iOS Update '' . Jump up ^ `` Chrome for iOS Gets ' Conversational Search ' '' . Chrome Story . September 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chromium Blog : Chrome 30 Beta : A richer web on Android '' . Chromium Blog . ^ Jump up to : `` Chrome for iOS Update '' . Jump up ^ `` Chromium Blog : Chrome 31 Beta : Android Application Shortcuts , requestAutocomplete ( ) , and PNaCl '' . Chromium Blog . Jump up ^ `` Chrome Releases : Chrome for Android Update '' . Chrome Releases . ^ Jump up to : `` Chromium Dashboard '' . Retrieved March 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chrome Releases '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Stable Channel Update '' . Jump up ^ `` Chrome for Android Update '' . Jump up ^ `` Chrome for iOS Update '' . Jump up ^ `` Stable Channel Update '' . Jump up ^ `` Chrome 's Lack of Support for showModalDialog Breaks Some Enterprise Web Apps '' . InfoQ . Jump up ^ `` Chrome for Android Update '' . September 3 , 2014 . Retrieved September 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 64 bits of awesome : 64 - bit Windows Support , now in Stable ! '' . August 26 , 2014 . Retrieved August 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Google beefs up 2 - step verification with physical USB Security Key option in Chrome '' . October 21 , 2014 . Retrieved October 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Stable Channel Release '' . October 7 , 2014 . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chrome for Android Update '' . October 8 , 2014 . Retrieved October 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chrome for iOS Update '' . October 7 , 2014 . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Stable Channel Release '' . November 18 , 2014 . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chrome for Android Update '' . November 12 , 2014 . Retrieved November 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Google Chrome Beta Updated To v39 With Reader Mode And Tweaked Tab Closing Animation '' . October 14 , 2014 . Retrieved November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Stable Channel Release '' . January 21 , 2015 . Retrieved January 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chrome for Android Update '' . January 21 , 2015 . Retrieved January 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chrome for iOS Update '' . January 20 , 2015 . Retrieved January 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Stable Channel Update '' . March 3 , 2015 . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chrome for Android Update '' . March 11 , 2015 . Retrieved March 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Stable Channel Update '' . April 14 , 2015 . Retrieved April 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chrome for Android Update '' . April 15 , 2015 . Retrieved April 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Stable Channel Update '' . May 19 , 2015 . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chrome for Android Update '' . May 27 , 2015 . Retrieved May 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brinkmann , Martin ( March 3 , 2015 ) . `` You need to stop using Chrome on Android 4.0 Ice Cream Sandwich - gHacks Tech News '' . gHacks Technology News . Retrieved August 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tung , Liam ( March 4 , 2015 ) . `` Google to ditch Chrome support for Android 4.0 Ice Cream Sandwich '' . ZDNet . Retrieved August 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Stable Channel Update '' . July 21 , 2015 . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chrome for Android Update '' . July 29 , 2015 . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chrome for iOS Update '' . July 22 , 2015 . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Stable Channel Update '' . September 1 , 2015 . Retrieved September 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chrome for Android Update '' . September 1 , 2015 . Retrieved September 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Stable Channel Update '' . October 13 , 2015 . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chrome for Android Update '' . October 14 , 2015 . Retrieved October 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Stable Channel Update '' . December 1 , 2015 . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chrome for Android Update '' . December 2 , 2015 . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Stable Channel Update '' . January 20 , 2016 . Retrieved January 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stable Channel Update '' . March 2 , 2016 . Retrieved March 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chrome for Android Update '' . March 9 , 2016 . Retrieved March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stable Channel Update '' . April 13 , 2016 . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stable Channel Update '' . May 25 , 2016 . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chrome for Android Update '' . June 7 , 2016 . Retrieved September 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stable Channel Update '' . July 20 , 2016 . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chrome for Android Update '' . July 27 , 2016 . Retrieved July 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stable Channel Update for Desktop '' . August 31 , 2016 . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chrome for Android Update '' . September 7 , 2016 . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Muted Autoplay on Mobile : Say Goodbye to Canvas Hacks and Animated GIFs ! '' . Google Developers . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stable Channel Update for Desktop '' . October 12 , 2016 . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chrome for Android Update '' . October 19 , 2016 . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stable Channel Update for Desktop '' . December 1 , 2016 . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Google removes the ' Material Design in the browser 's top Chrome ' flag Techdows '' . techdows.com . Jump up ^ `` Chrome for Android Update '' . December 6 , 2016 . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stable Channel Update for Desktop '' . January 25 , 2017 . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chrome for Android Update '' . February 1 , 2017 . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stable Channel Update for Desktop '' . March 9 , 2017 . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chrome 57 Beta : CSS Grid Layout , Improved Add to Home screen , Media Session API '' . February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chrome for Android Update '' . March 16 , 2017 . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stable Channel Update for Desktop '' . April 19 , 2017 . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chrome for Android Update '' . April 25 , 2017 . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stable Channel Update for Desktop '' . June 5 , 2017 . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ LaPage , Pete ( May 2017 ) . `` New in Chrome 59 '' . Google Developers . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chrome for Android Update '' . June 6 , 2017 . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stable Channel Update for Desktop '' . July 25 , 2017 . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chrome for Android Update '' . August 1 , 2017 . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stable Channel Update for Desktop '' . September 5 , 2017 . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chrome for Android Update '' . September 5 , 2017 . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stable Channel Update for Desktop '' . October 17 , 2017 . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New in Chrome 62 '' . Google Developers . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chrome for Android Update '' . October 24 , 2017 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pichai , Sundar . `` Chrome for Android out of Beta ! '' . chrome.blogspot.com . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Chromium Blog : A deeper look at Chrome for Android '' . blog.chromium.org . Retrieved February 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chrome for Android Beta '' . market.android.com . Retrieved February 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chrome stops declaring Linux systems obsolete - The H Open : News and Features '' . H-online.com . February 14 , 2013 . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2013 . Retrieved March 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chromium Blog : Retiring Chrome Frame '' . Chromium Blog . External links ( edit ) User agent strings for different versions of Chrome . Archived copy . Jump up ^ https://www.chromestatus.com/feature/4667415417847808 Jump up ^ `` Background Tabs in Chrome 57 Web Google Developers '' . Google Developers . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ RKL . `` Chrome 59 Stable Channel Update for Desktop '' . Chrome Releases . Retrieved 21 Aug 2017 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Google_Chrome_version_history&oldid=809068069 '' Categories : Google Chrome Software version histories Hidden categories : Articles with inconsistent citation formats Accuracy disputes from April 2014 Use mdy dates from February 2017 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from February 2017 Talk About Wikipedia Italiano Magyar 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 November 2017 , at 23 : 04 . About Wikipedia | what version of google chrome is the latest | [
"\n\nMajor version\nRelease date\nLayout engine[r 1]\nV8 engine[r 2]\nSignificant changes\n\n\n0.2.149\n2008-09-02\nWebKit 522\n0.3\n\n\nFirst release[r 3]\n\n\n\n\n0.3.154\n2008-10-29\n\n\nImproved plugin performance and reliability\nSpell checking for input fields\nImproved web proxy performance and reliability\nTab and window management updates\n\n\n\n\n0.4.154\n2008-11-24\nWebKit 525\n\n\nBookmark manager with import and export support\nPrivacy section added to the application options\nNew blocked popup notification\n\n\n\n\n1.0.154\n2008-12-11\nWebKit 528\n\n\nFirst stable release\n\n\n\n\n2.0.172\n2009-05-24\nWebKit 530\n0.4\n\n\n35% faster JavaScript on the SunSpider benchmark\nMouse wheel support\nFull-screen mode\nFull-page zoom\nForm auto-fill\nSort bookmarks by title\nTab docking to browser and desktop edges\nBasic Greasemonkey support[r 4]\n\n\n\n\n3.0.195\n2009-10-12\nWebKit 532\n1.2\n\n\nNew \"new tab\" page for improved customization\n25% faster JavaScript\nHTML5 video and audio tag support\nLightweight theming\n\n\n\n\n4.0.249\n2010-01-25\nWebKit 532.5\n1.3\n\n\nExtensions\nBookmark synchronization\nEnhanced developer tools\nImproved HTML5 support\nPerformance improvements\nFull ACID3 pass\nHTTP byte range support\nExperimental new anti-reflected-XSS feature called \"XSS Auditor\"[r 5]\n\n\n\n\n4.1.249\n2010-03-17\n\n\nTranslate infobar[clarification needed]\nNew privacy features\nDisabled XSS Auditor[r 6]\n\n\n\n\n5.0.375\n2010-05-21\nWebKit 533\n2.1\n\n\nBrowser preference synchronizing\nIncreased HTML5 support (Geolocation API, App Cache, web sockets, and file drag-and-drop)\nRevamped bookmark manager\nAdobe Flash Player integrated[r 7][r 8]\nFirst stable releases for macOS, 32 bit Linux, and 64 bit Linux[r 9]\n\n\n\n\n6.0.472\n2010-09-02\nWebKit 534.3\n2.2\n\n\nUpdated and more streamlined UI with simplified Omnibox\nNew tab page\nMerged menu buttons\nForm auto-fill\nExpanded synchronization support to include extensions and auto-fill data\nSupport for WebM videos\nBuilt-in PDF support (disabled by default)[r 10]\n\n\n\n\n7.0.517\n2010-10-21\nWebKit 534.7\n2.3.11\n\n\nImplemented HTML5 parsing algorithm\nFile API\nDirectory upload via input tag\nmacOS version gained AppleScript support for UI automation[r 11]\nLate binding enabled for SSL sockets: high priority SSL requests are now always sent to the server first.\nNew options for managing cookies\nUpdated New Tab page to enable featuring of web applications\n\n\n\n\n8.0.552\n2010-12-02\nWebKit 534.10\n2.4.9\n\n\nChrome Web Store\nBuilt-in PDF viewer that works inside Chrome's sandbox for increased security\nExpanded synchronization support to include web applications\nImproved plug-in handling[r 12]\nThis release added \"about:flags\" to showcase experimental features such as Chrome Instant, side tabs on Windows, tabbed settings, Click to Play,[clarification needed] background web applications, Remoting,[clarification needed] disables outdated plug-ins,[clarification needed] XSS Auditor,[clarification needed] Cloud Print Proxy,[clarification needed] GPU-accelerated compositing, WebGL support for the canvas element, and a \"tab overview\" mode (like Exposé) for macOS.\n\n\n\n\n9.0.597\n2011-02-03\nWebKit 534.13\n2.5.9\n\n\nWebGL enabled by default\nAdobe Flash sandboxing on Windows and Chrome Instant (a la Google Instant) option[r 13]\nWebP support[r 14]\nNew flags: print preview, GPU-accelerated compositing, GPU-accelerated Canvas 2D, Google Native Client, CRX-less Web Apps, Web page prerendering, experimental Extension APIs, disable hyperlink auditing\n\n\n\n\n10.0.648\n2011-03-08\nWebKit 534.16\n3.0.12\n\n\nGoogle Cloud Print sign-in interface enabled by default\nPartially implemented sandboxing of the GPU process[r 15][r 16]\nFaster JavaScript performance due to incorporation of Crankshaft, an improved compiler for V8[r 17]\nSettings pages that open in a tab, rather than a dialog box\nMalware reporting and disabling outdated plugins\nPassword sync\nGPU accelerated video\nBackground WebApps\nwebNavigation extension API[r 18]\n\n\n\n\n11.0.696\n2011-04-27\nWebKit 534.24\n3.1.8\n\n\nHTML5 Speech Input API[r 19]\nUpdated icon[r 20]\n\n\n\n\n12.0.742\n2011-06-07\nWebKit 534.30\n3.2.10\n\n\nHardware accelerated 3D CSS\nNew Safe Browsing protection against downloading malicious files\nAbility to delete Flash cookies from inside Chrome[r 21]\nLaunch Apps by name from the Omnibox\nIntegrated Sync into new settings pages\nImproved screen reader support\nNew warning when hitting Command-Q on Mac[r 21]\nNew flags: P2P API\nExisting tab on foreground on open\nExperimental new tab page\nAdd grouping to tab context menu\nRun PPAPI Flash in the renderer process\nMultiple profiles\nRemoved Google Gears\nPrint and Save buttons in the PDF viewer[r 22]\n\n\n\n\n13.0.782\n2011-08-02\nWebKit 535.1\n3.3.10\n\n\nInstant Pages (pre-rendering of Web pages)[r 23]\nNative print interface and preview (Linux and Windows only)\nExperimental new tab page\nExperimental Restrict Instant To Search option\n\n\n\n\n14.0.835\n2011-09-16\n3.4.14\n\n\nNative Client (NaCl) enabled for apps in the Chrome Web Store[r 24]\nWeb Audio API\nAdditional macOS Lion feature support\nSync Encryption for all data\nPrint preview on Mac\nValidation of HTTPS sites[r 25]\nExperimental Web Request extension API\nExperimental Content Settings extension API[r 26]\n\n\n\n\n15.0.874\n2011-10-25\nWebKit 535.2\n3.5.10\n\n\nFaster print preview[r 27]\nRedesigned new tab page on by default[r 27]\nJavaScript fullscreen API enabled by default[r 27]\nInline installation of Chrome Web Store items by verified sites\nOmnibox History synchronization[r 28]\nSwitched to FFmpeg native VP8 decoder[r 29]\nExtensions integrated into settings pages\nGPU Accelerated Canvas 2D disabled\n\n\n\n\n16.0.912\n2011-12-13\nWebKit 535.7\n3.6.6\n\n\nMultiple profiles on by default[r 28]\nOptional permissions in Chrome extensions, so the user can opt-in or opt-out of the optional permissions at installation time[r 30]\nExperimental support for side tabs was removed.[r 31]\n\n\n\n\n17.0.963\n2012-02-08\nWebKit 535.11\n3.7.12\n\n\nUpdated Omnibox prerendering of pages[r 32]\nDownload scanning protection[r 32]\nNew extensions APIs[r 32]\nImproved History tab\nRemoval of \"+\" symbol from the \"new tab\" button\nLimited support for changing user agent strings\nAdjustable margins in print preview[r 33]\nSearch engine synchronization[r 34]\nDisabled GAIA profile info[r 35]\n\n\n\n\n18.0.1025\n2012-03-28\n2012-06-27 (Android ARM)\n2012-09-26\n(18.0.1026, Android x86)\nWebKit 535.19\n3.8.9\n\n\nHardware-accelerated Canvas2D graphics[r 36]\nWebGL without the need of 3D graphics hardware through the software rasterizer SwiftShader[r 36]\nBrighter \"new tab\" button[r 37]\n\n\n\n\n19.0.1084\n2012-05-15\n2012-06-28 (iOS)\nWebKit 536.5\n3.9.24\n\n\nAccess tabs between devices[r 38]\nReorganized and searchable settings interface\nBetter spell check by using the Google search engine spell checker\nWeb Store link to the bottom of New Tab page\nExperimental JavaScript Harmony (ECMAScript 6) support[r 39]\nExperimental Web Intents API[r 40]\n\n\n\n\n20.0.1132\n2012-06-26\nWebKit 536.10\n3.10.6\n\n\nExperimental touch friendly user interface adjustments. Context menus have extra vertical padding between items.[r 41]\nNew tab button is bigger and wider\n\n\n\n\n21.0.1180\n2012-07-31\n2012-08-22 (iOS)\nWebKit 537.1\n3.11.10\n\n\nMedia Stream API (getUserMedia) enabled by default. (E.g. webcam access via JavaScript.)[r 42]\nGamepad API prototype available by default.\nSupport for (pointer) and (hover) CSS media queries so sites can optimize their user interface for touch when touch-screen support is available.\nHTML5 audio/video and WebAudio now support 24-bit PCM wave files\n\n\n\n\n22.0.1229\n2012-09-25\nWebKit 537.4\n3.12.19\n\n\nNew-style packaged apps are enabled by default.\nNew menu icon, replacing the wrench icon\nSupport for TLS 1.1[r 43][r 44]\nSupport for color management ICC v2 profiles by default[r 45]\n\n\n\n\n23.0.1271\n2012-11-06\n2012-11-28 (iOS)\nWebKit 537.11\n3.13.7\n\n\nDo Not Track preference[r 46]\nHardware video acceleration with 25% more efficient power consumption in some scenarios\nManager for site permission control\nNew icon for Chrome Web Store when opening new tab\nPPAPI Flash Player (or Pepper-based Flash Player) replaced the NPAPI Flash Player on Mac also[r 47]\n\n\n\n\n24.0.1312\n2013-01-10\nWebKit 537.17\n3.14.5\n\n\nSupport for MathML[r 48]\nThe HTML5 datalist element now supports suggesting a date and time[r 48]\nExperimental support for CSS custom filters[r 48][r 49]\n\n\n\n\n25.0.1364\n2013-02-21\n2013-02-27 (Android)\n2013-03-04 (iOS)\nWebKit 537.22\n3.15.11\n\n\nSupport for Opus audio\nSupport for VP9 video[r 50]\nSilent installs of external extensions are now disabled by default.[r 51]\nWeb Speech API[r 52]\nEncrypted omnibox search (https)[r 53]\nNative Client on ARM\nDisabled MathML support for the time being[r 54]\n\nAndroid version (update from 18):\n\nNewer V8 JavaScript engine\nAudio now continues to play while Chrome is in the background\nSupport for pausing audio in Chrome when phone is in use\n\n\n\n\n26.0.1410\n2013-03-26\n2013-04-03 (Android)\n2013-04-09 (iOS)\nWebKit 537.31\n3.16.14\n\n\nImproved spell checker (grammar and homonym checking)[r 55]\nDesktop shortcuts for multiple users (profiles) on Windows[r 55]\nAsynchronous DNS resolver on Mac and Linux[r 55]\n\nAndroid version:[r 56]\n\nAutofill and password sync\nPerformance and stability improvements\n\n\n\n\n27.0.1453\n2013-05-21\n2013-05-22 (Android)\n2013-06-03 (iOS)\nWebKit 537.36\n3.17.6\n\n\nResource handling optimized for faster page loads[r 57]\nImproved Omnibox predictions and spelling correction[r 57]\nsyncFileSystem API for Google Drive data synchronization[r 57]\nStop packaging Manifest version 1.0 extensions[r 58]\n\nAndroid version:[r 59]\n\nFullscreen on phones (scrolling down the page makes the toolbar disappear)\nSimpler searching (the query stays visible in the omnibox, making it easier to edit)\nClient-side certificate support\nTab history on tablets\n\"A ton of stability and performance fixes\"\n\n\n\n\n28.0.1500\n2013-06-17 (Linux)\n2013-07-09\n(macOS and Windows)\n2013-07-10 (Android)\n2013-07-17 (iOS)\nBlink 537.36\nWebKit 537.36 (on iOS)\n3.18.5\n\n\nReplaced layout engine with Blink, a fork of WebKit[r 60][r 61][r 62] on all platforms besides iOS\nFaster page loads with the new Blink threaded HTML parser[r 63]\nRich Notifications and Notification Center (HTML-based notifications deprecated)[r 64]\nMajor improvements to the asm.js benchmark performances[r 63]\nSupport for the CSS :unresolved pseudoclass for Custom Elements[r 63]\nSupport for the CSS @supports conditional blocks to test for property:value pairs[r 63]\n\nAndroid version:\n\nFullscreen API support (fullscreen browsing on tablets)[r 63]\nExperimental WebGL, Web Audio, WebRTC support behind flags[r 63]\nBuilt-in translation[r 65]\n\niOS version:\n\nImproved interoperability with many other Google Apps[r 66]\nVoice Search enhancements[r 66]\nFullscreen for iPad[r 66]\nData usage savings (rolling out over time)[r 66]\nAccess to browser history[r 66]\n\n\n\n\n29.0.1547\n2013-08-20\n(Linux, macOS and Windows)\n2013-08-21 (Android)\n2013-09-12 (iOS)\nBlink 537.36\n3.19.18\n\n\nSupport for VP9 final\nSupport for TLS 1.2\nPreliminary QUIC support[r 67]\nImproved Omnibox suggestions based on the recency of visited sites\nAbility to reset user profile back to its original state\nNew apps and extensions APIs (such as Native Messaging API for connecting Chrome with native applications installed on the same computer - an alternative to NPAPI[r 68])\n\nAndroid version:\n\nWebRTC support[r 69]\nWebAudio support[r 69]\nImproved scrolling responsiveness[r 70] and visual indication when scrolling to the top or bottom of a page[r 69]\nStartup performance and stability improvements[r 70]\nNew color picker user interface for web forms[r 69]\nSupport for Google's experimental data compression service (comparable to Opera Turbo) that lets Google servers quickly read and optimize a Web page for mobile devices, then transmit it to the smartphone using Google's SPDY network technology.\nRudimentary tab groups implemented\n\niOS version:\n\nGet back to Search Results faster\nData cost savings enhancements (rolled out incrementally)\nVoice search pronoun support (e.g. queries like: “Who is the president of the United States?” followed by “Who is his wife?”)\nImprovements to Single Sign On with other Google Apps[r 71]\nSupport for WebP image format[r 72]\n\n\n\n\n30.0.1599\n2013-09-18 (iOS)\n2013-10-01\n(Linux, macOS and Windows)\n2013-10-02 (Android)\nBlink 537.36\n3.20.17\n\n\nNew image context menu item: \"Search Google for this image\"\nNew Chrome Apps APIs: webview.request, media gallery write support and downloads[r 73]\nNew platform features (both in desktop and mobile): support for the WebRTC Device Enumeration API, allowing users to change their microphones and/or camera on the fly without having to restart the WebRTC call; DevTools now supports CSS source maps; Chrome will now match the behavior of IE and not honor the Refresh header or tags when the URL to be refreshed to has a javascript: scheme;[r 73]\n\nAndroid version:\n\nNew gesture: swipe horizontally across the top toolbar to quickly switch tabs\nNew gesture: drag vertically down from the toolbar to enter into the tab switcher view\nNew gesture: drag down from the menu to open the menu and select wanted item without having to lift finger\nWebGL is enabled by default on high-end devices[r 73]\nDeviceMotion (device acceleration and rotation rates) events[r 73]\nMedia Source Extension is enabled on Android 4.1+[r 73]\nTwo new experimental features behind a flag: Web Speech API (recognition) and the Vibration API[r 73]\n\niOS version:\n\nNew look and feature enhancements for iOS7\nImprovements to Fullscreen behavior especially on iPad (iOS7 only)\nNew Settings UI\nMaps and email links launch the Google Maps and Gmail apps (if installed) automatically. You can change your preference in Settings\nStability / security improvements and bug fixes[r 74]\n\n\n\n\n31.0.1650\n2013-11-12\n(Linux, macOS and Windows)\n2013-11-14 (Android)\n2013-11-20 (iOS)\nBlink 537.36\n3.21.18\n\n\nPayment requestAutocomplete() on Chrome for Android, Windows, Chrome OS\nPNaCl on desktop versions of Chrome\nNew Chrome Apps APIs: With URL handlers for apps, Chrome App developers can now specify URLs to be handled by a Chrome App. For example, a document link on a website could open a document editor Chrome App. This gives users more seamless entry points into their favorite Chrome Apps.\nDirectory access for Apps allows Chrome Apps to access and write to user-approved folders. This feature can be used to share files between a Chrome App and a native app. For example, a Chrome App code editor could modify files managed by a native Git client.\nSCTP for WebRTC Data Channel allows P2P data transfers between browsers to be either best effort, reliable, or semi reliable, opening up use cases such as gaming.\nAlpha channel support for WebM video enables transparency masking (a.k.a. green screen effects) in WebM videos.\nSpeech recognition with the JavaScript Web Speech API is now supported on Chrome for Android.\nwindow.devicePixelRatio now takes full-page zoom (but not pinch zoom) into account\nSupport for { alpha: false } in getContext('2d') lets you create an opaque canvas. This is similar to existing WebGL functionality and can improve the rendering performance of your app.\nThe Media Source API has been unprefixed and is now supported on Chrome for Android. It allows JavaScript to generate media streams for playback, addressing use cases like adaptive streaming and time shifting live streams.\n2D canvas now supports the \"ellipse\" method.\nSupport for several Mutation Events has been removed. Consider using MutationObserver instead.[r 75]\n\niOS version:\n\nFast form completion with Autofill\nLong press on an image to search for related images\nStability / security improvements and bug fixes[r 74]\n\n\n\n\n32.0.1700\n2014-01-14\n(Linux, macOS and Windows)\n2014-01-15 (Android)\n2014-01-27 (iOS)\nBlink 537.36\n3.22.24\n\n\nTab indicators for sound, webcam and casting\nA different look for Win8 Metro mode\nAutomatically blocking malware files\nA number of new apps/extension APIs\nVarious under-the-hood changes for stability and performance\n\nAndroid version:\n\nAdd web page shortcuts right to your home screen more easily from the menu\nReduce data usage in Chrome up to 50%. Visit Settings > Bandwidth management > Reduce data usage to enable.[r 76]\n\niOS version:\n\nTranslate\n\nWhen you come across a page written in a language that you don’t understand, just look for the translation bar. One tap and the page is quickly translated for you.\n\n\nReduce Data Usage\n\nReduce your data usage by up to 50%. Enable this feature and view your savings: Settings > Bandwidth > Reduce Data Usage.\n\n\nNew Tab Page update to make searching faster and easier\n\nThis feature is being rolled out and will be available to all users over time, beginning on iPhone.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n33.0.1750\n2014-02-18 (iOS)\n2014-02-20\n(Linux, macOS and Windows)\n2014-02-26 (Android)\nBlink 537.36\n3.23.17\n\n\nCustom Elements[r 77]\nOgg Opus in MSE and [r 77]\nPage Visibility API[r 77]\nVTTCue [r 77]\nWeb Speech API (synthesis)[r 77]\nFont-kerning[r 77]\nrequestAutocomplete()[r 77]\nSpeech Synthesis[r 77]\n\nAndroid version:\n\nDownload progress notification for file downloads using the Chrome network stack[r 78]\nUpdated help and feedback UI[r 78]\nSupport for tag[r 78]\n\niOS version:\n\nStability and security updates[r 74]\n\n\n\n\n34.0.1847\n2014-04-02 (Android)\n2014-04-08\n(Linux, macOS and Windows)\n2014-04-29 (iOS)\nBlink 537.36\n3.24.35\n\n\nResponsive Images and Unprefixed Web Audio\nImport supervised users onto new computers\nA different look for Windows 8 Metro mode\nA number of new apps/extension APIs\nNew scroll bar look\nIgnores autocomplete=\"off\" on password input fields\n\nAndroid version:\n\nBattery usage optimizations\n\niOS version:\n\nUpdated tour when you start Chrome for the first time\nSupport for autocomplete in the omnibox for right to left languages\n\n\n\n\n35.0.1916\n2014-05-20 (Android)\n2014-05-20\n(Linux, macOS and Windows)\n2014-05-28 (iOS)\nBlink 537.36\n3.25.28\n\n\nMore developer control over touch input\nNew JavaScript features\nUnprefixed Shadow DOM v0\nA number of new apps/extension APIs\nOpus updated to version v1.1\n\nAndroid version:\n\nUndo Tab Close\nFullscreen video with Subtitles and HTML5 controls\nSupport for some multi-window devices\n\niOS version:\n\nAdded right-to-left support to the omnibox for Arabic and Hebrew\nSee your search term in the omnibox, instead of the long search query URL\nEasily refine your search queries and view more results on the search results page\nStability improvements and bug fixes[r 74]\n\nLinux version:\n\nSwitched graphics interface backend from GTK+ to Aura\n\n\n\n\n36.0.1985\n2014-07-15 (iOS)\n2014-07-16\n(Linux, macOS and Windows)\n2014-07-16 (Android)\nBlink 537.36\n3.26.31\n\n\nRich Notifications Improvements\nAn Updated Incognito / Guest NTP design\nThe addition of a Browser crash recovery bubble\nMultiple stability and performance improvements[r 79]\n\nAndroid version:\n\nImproved text rendering on non-mobile optimized sites\nDoodles return to the new tab page[r 80]\n\niOS version:\n\nAllows mobile sites that have added Cast support to work with your Cast-enabled device\nStability improvements and bug fixes[r 81]\n\nLinux version:\n\nChrome App Launcher[r 79]\n\n\n\n\n37.0.2062\n2014-08-26\n(Linux, macOS and Windows)\n2014-09-03 (Android)\n2014-09-22 (iOS)[citation needed]\nBlink 537.36\n3.27.34\n\n\nDirectWrite support on Windows for improved font rendering\nA number of new apps/extension APIs\nMultiple stability and performance improvements[r 82]\nRemoval of the showModalDialog API, breaking several enterprise web apps[r 83]\n\nAndroid version:\n\nSigning into Chrome signs you into your favorite Google sites\nUpdated look and feel with elements of Material Design\nMultiple performance improvements and bug fixes[r 84]\n\nWindows version:\n\n64-bit Windows support[r 85]\n\n\n\n\n38.0.2125\n2014-10-07\n(Linux, macOS and Windows)\n2014-10-07 (iOS)\n2014-10-08 (Android)\nBlink 537.36\n3.28.71\n\n\nA number of new apps/extension APIs\nSupport for logging into sites using FIDO U2F Security Key (a USB or smartcard security token) as a factor in 2-factor authentication[r 86]\nUnder-the-hood changes for stability and performance[r 87]\n\nAndroid version:\n\nSupport for Battery Status and Screen orientation APIs\nAdditional Material Design updates\nBug fixes and performance improvements[r 88]\n\niOS version:\n\nBetter support for iPhone 6 and 6+\nDownload and open files in Google Drive\nStability improvements and bug fixes\nSecurity fix[r 89]\n\n\n\n\n39.0.2171\n2014-11-12 (Android)\n2014-11-18\n(Linux, macOS and Windows)\n2014-11-24 (iOS)[citation needed]\nBlink 537.36\n3.29.88\n\n\nRemoves SSL/TLS protocol version fallback to SSLv3\n64-bit support for Mac\nA number of new apps/extension APIs\nUnder-the-hood changes for stability and performance[r 90]\n\nAndroid version:\n\nNumber of bug fixes and performance improvements[r 91]\nExperimental Reader Mode[r 92] can be enabled via chrome://flags[permanent dead link], is not available for tablets in this version\n\n\n\n\n40.0.2214\n2015-01-20 (iOS)\n2015-01-21\n(Linux, macOS and Windows)\n2015-01-21 (Android)\nBlink 537.36\n3.30.33\n\n\nDisabled SSLv3 support by default\nThe minimum SSL/TLS version can now be set through about:flags\nUpdated info dialog for Chrome app on Windows and Linux\nA new clock behind/ahead error message[r 93]\n\nAndroid version:\n\nUpdated page info and content settings UI\nNumber of bug fixes and performance improvements[r 94]\n\niOS version:\n\nNew look with Material Design bringing bold graphics, fluid motion, and tactile surfaces\niOS 8 optimizations and support for bigger phones\nSupport handoff from Chrome to your default browser on macOS\nStability improvements and bug fixes[r 95]\n\n\n\n\n41.0.2272\n2015-03-03\n(Linux, macOS and Windows)\n2015-03-11 (Android)\n2015-03-16 (iOS)\nBlink 537.36\n4.1.0\n\n\nA number of new apps/extension APIs\nLots of under the hood changes for stability and performance[r 96]\nAero interface is disabled in Windows Vista\n\nAndroid version:\n\nThe ability to pull to reload at the top of most pages\nA number of bug fixes and performance improvements[r 97]\n\n\n\n\n42.0.2311\n2015-04-14\n(Linux, macOS and Windows)\n2015-04-15 (Android)\n2015-04-16 (iOS)\nBlink 537.36\n4.2.77\n\n\nSupport for NPAPI plugins disabled by default\nA number of new apps, extension and Web Platform APIs (including the Push API)\nLots of under the hood changes for stability and performance[r 98]\nAdd Bookmark is now redesigned.\n\nAndroid version:\n\nGetting the latest updates from sites with notifications\nAdding your favorite sites to your homescreen is now even easier\nBug fixes and speedy performance improvements[r 99]\n\n\n\n\n43.0.2357\n2015-05-19\n(Linux, macOS and Windows)\n2015-05-27 (Android)\n2015-06-01 (iOS)\nBlink 537.36\n4.3.61\n\n\nNumerous bug fixes and security fixes[r 100]\n\nAndroid version:\n\nFaster Checkout – Quickly and securely complete checkout forms with data from Google Wallet\nTouch to Search – Learn more about words and phrases by touching them on your screen\nBug fixes and speedy performance improvements[r 101]\nNo longer supports Android 4.0 (Ice Cream Sandwich)[r 102][r 103]\n\n\n\n\n44.0.2403\n2015-07-21\n(Linux, macOS and Windows)\n2015-07-22 (iOS)\n2015-07-29 (Android)\nBlink 537.36\n4.4.63\n\n\nA number of new apps/extension APIs\nChange in the loading page circle on Chrome tabs\nLots of under the hood changes for stability and performance[r 104]\n\nAndroid version:\n\nFixed a boatload of bugs and performance issues.[r 105]\n\niOS version:\n\nSwipe to navigate: swipe right or left to navigate backwards and forwards\nSupport for accessing Physical Web content from the Today view\nStability improvements and bug fixes[r 106]\n\n\n\n\n45.0.2454\n2015-09-01\n(Linux, macOS and Windows)\n2015-09-01 (Android)\n2015-09-02 (iOS)\nBlink 537.36\n4.5.103\n\n\nSupport for NPAPI plugins permanently disabled\nA number of fixes and improvements[r 107]\n\nAndroid version:\n\nA number of fixes for a whole bunch of performance/stability/other issues.[r 108]\n\n\n\n\n46.0.2490\n2015-10-13\n(Linux, macOS and Windows)\n2015-10-14 (Android)\n2015-10-22 (iOS)\nBlink 537.36\n4.6.85\n\n\nChange in taskbar logo design\nA number of fixes and improvements.[r 109]\n\nAndroid version:\n\nUnder the hood performance and stability tweaks.[r 110]\n\n\n\n\n47.0.2526\n2015-12-01 (iOS)\n2015-12-01\n(Linux, macOS and Windows)\n2015-12-02 (Android)\nBlink 537.36\n4.7.80\n\n\nChange in appearance on closing tabs with red x's\nNew PDF viewer design\nSecurity fixes[r 111]\n\nAndroid version:\n\n\"More than a barge load of performance and stability fixes\".[r 112]\n\niOS version:\n\nAdded support for more keyboard shortcuts. Bluetooth keyboards can open, close or change tabs or conduct a voice search.\nSupport for 3D touch on iPhone 6s/+. Force touch the Chrome icon to quickly open a new tab, a new incognito* tab, or conduct a voice search.[citation needed]\n\n\n\n\n48.0.2564\n2016-01-20\n(Linux, macOS and Windows)\n2016-01-27 (iOS)\n2016-01-27 (Android)\nBlink 537.36\n4.8.271\n\n\n\"Tab discarding\" was enabled by default in chrome://flags[permanent dead link]\nWindow change in right-clicking an embedded web link\nThe key icon in \"Save your password\" turns black\n\"Clear browsing history\" has been improved\nA large number of fixes and improvements[r 113]\n\nAndroid version:\n\nBug fixes and speedy performance improvements.\n\niOS version:\n\nThis version uses WKWebView, the latest rendering engine from Apple.\nThe crash rate was reduced by 70% and JavaScript execution is now faster.\nRedesigned icons on the New Tab page: easier access to more of your frequently-visited sites.\nSpotlight integration: Drag down or right from the Home screen and search for your Chrome bookmarks.[citation needed]\n\n\n\n\n49.0.2623\n2016-03-02\n(Linux, macOS and Windows)\n2016-03-09 (iOS)\n2016-03-09 (Android)\nBlink 537.36\n4.9.385\n\n\nExtension icons now appear near search tab.\nChanges in bookmark bar appearances.\nChange in Incognito mode window.\nChange in scrollbar movement.\nChanged Downloads page appearance/design.\nA large number of fixes and improvements[r 114]\nRemoved Windows 8 Mode (Metro mode)\nLast version available for Windows XP and Vista, and Mac OS 10.6-10.8.\n\nAndroid version:\n\n\"More than a barge full of performance and stability fixes.\"[r 115]\n\niOS version:\n\nBookmarks has a new look: Easily find your favorites!\nBug and stability fixes.\n\n\n\n\n50.0.2661\n2016-04-13\n(Linux, macOS and Windows)\n2016-04-20 (iOS)\n2016-04-26 (Android)\nBlink 537.36\n5.0.71\n\n\nAuto-fill form letters are now highlighted in bold.\nA number of fixes and improvements.[r 116]\nNo longer supports Windows XP and Vista.\n\nAndroid version:\n\nBug fixes and speedy performance improvements.\n\niOS version:\n\nBug and stability fixes.\n\n\n\n\n51.0.2704\n2016-05-25\n(Linux, macOS and Windows)\n2016-06-01 (iOS)\n2016-06-01 (Android)\nBlink 537.36\n5.1.281\n\n\nA number of fixes and improvements.[r 117]\n\nAndroid version:\n\nBrought tab switching back into Chrome (Android L+)[r 118]\nBug fixes and speedy performance improvements.\n\niOS version:\n\nBug and stability fixes.\n\n\n\n\n52.0.2743\n2016-07-20\n(Linux, macOS and Windows)\n2016-07-27 (iOS)\n2016-07-27 (Android)\nBlink 537.36\n5.2.361\n\n\nIt is impossible to disable DirectWrite.\nBar on the bottom now shows darker text when hovering your mouse over the link.\n\"A number of fixes and improvements.\"[r 119]\n\nAndroid version:\n\nBug fixes and speedy performance improvements[r 120]\n\niOS version:\n\nAccelerated Mobile Pages (\"AMP\") – news and articles from many of your favorite publishers will now load instantly.\nLightning bolt and \"AMP\" next to articles in the \"Top Stories\" section of search results indicate faster web page loading.\n\n\n\n\n53.0.2785\n2016-08-31\n(Linux, macOS and Windows)\n2016-09-07 (iOS)\n2016-09-07 (Android)\nBlink 537.36\n5.3.332\n\n\nNew browser's inside look, including a new bookmark\n\"A number of fixes and improvements.\"[r 121]\n'Simplify page' option removed from 'Save as PDF'.\nShadow DOM v1[1]\n\nAndroid version:\n\nBug fixes and speedy performance improvements[r 122]\nMuted autoplay for video[r 123]\n\niOS version:\n\nChrome's History has a new look and it's now easier to review, find, and delete your browsing history.\nVoice Search has been updated with a fresh look. Voice Search can now answer contextual questions such as \"How tall is the Eiffel Tower?\" followed by \"When was it built?\"\n\n\n\n\n54.0.2840\n2016-10-12\n(Linux, macOS and Windows)\n2016-10-19 (iOS)\n2016-10-19 (Android)\nBlink 537.36\n5.4.500\n\n\n\"Other bookmarks\" tab has changed appearance\nThe message \"Right-click to play Adobe Flash Player\" now appears while pages with Adobe Flash Player are loading.\n\"A number of fixes and improvements.\"[r 124]\n\nAndroid version:\n\nBug fixes and speedy performance improvements\nView article suggestions for you on the new tab page\nPlay media in the background for sites that support it\nUpdate saved passwords when you change or reset your password[r 125]\n\niOS version:\n\nNo internet connection? Smile and tap the dinosaur\nFixed bookmark icons not displaying correctly\nFixed phone number detection issues in web pages\nStability improvements and bug fixes\n\n\n\n\n55.0.2883\n2016-12-01\n(Linux, macOS and Windows)\n2016-12-05 (iOS)\n2016-12-06 (Android)\nBlink 537.36\n5.5.372\n\n\nThe History page has changed and is no longer in \"Settings\"\nFlash Player is now off by default for most sites\n\"A number of fixes and improvements.\"[r 126]\nIt is not possible to disable top level Material Design[r 127]\n\niOS version:\n\nYou can swipe down or right from the iOS Home screen to search. Searching for \"voice\" or \"incognito\" enables you to start Chrome in Voice Search mode or in a new Incognito Tab, respectively. The appearance of items in Spotlight Search will only work for devices that support Spotlight Actions.\nThe folder named \"All Bookmarks\" has been removed from the Bookmarks view. You can access all your other devices’ Bookmarks by clicking on the other folders.\n\nAndroid version:\n\nBug fixes and speedy performance improvements\nEasily download music, videos, and even full web pages for viewing offline\nView and share your downloads within Chrome\nSee misspelled words highlighted in text fields\nImprovements to contextual search UI[r 128]\n\n\n\n\n56.0.2924\n2017-01-25\n(Linux, macOS and Windows)\n2017-02-01 (iOS)\n2017-02-01 (Android)\nBlink 537.36\n5.6.326\n\n\nHTML5 enabled by default\nAdobe Flash Player is automatically blocked for most sites that require the plugin\nLabeling of unsecured HTTP sites\n\"A number of fixes and improvements.\"[r 129]\n\niOS version:\n\nScan a QR code or barcode by using 3D Touch on the app logo or searching for \"QR\" in Spotlight.\nWe've redesigned the tab switcher layout on iPad to make it easier to access your open sites.\n\nAndroid version:\n\nEasily download music, videos, and even full web pages for viewing offline\nView and share your downloads within Chrome\nSee misspelled words highlighted in text fields\nImprovements to contextual search UI\nBug fixes and significant memory savings[r 130]\n\n\n\n\n57.0.2987\n2017-03-09\n(Linux, macOS and Windows)\n2017-03-14 (iOS)\n2017-03-16 (Android)\nBlink 537.36\n5.7.492\n\n\nCSS grid layout\nImproved \"Add to Home\" screen\nMedia Session API\n\"A number of fixes and improvements.\"[r 131]\nWebAssembly[r 132]\nBackground tab policy changes[2]\n\niOS version:\n\nChrome can add pages to your Reading List.\nFind in Page now works correctly in iOS 10.3.\n\nAndroid version:\n\nQuickly use emails, addresses, and phone numbers in web pages by tapping on them\nEasily access downloaded files and web pages from the new tab page\nLong press article suggestions on the new tab page to download them\nBug fixes and performance improvements[r 133]\n\n\n\n\n58.0.3029\n2017-04-19\n(Linux, macOS and Windows)\n2017-04-20 (Android)\n2017-04-25 (iOS)\nBlink 537.36\n5.8.283\n\n\n\"A number of fixes and improvements.\"[r 134]\nIndexedDB 2.0\nWorkers and SharedWorkers in data-URLs.\n\nAndroid version:\n\nUseful actions like “Find in page” available in apps that open web pages using Chrome\nMore frequently updated article suggestions on the New Tab page\nUse recently visited search engines as your default search engine\nSee Physical Web suggestions, based on your surroundings, in the address bar\nBug fixes and performance improvements[r 135]\n\niOS version:\n\nStability improvements and bug fixes.\n\n\n\n\n59.0.3071\n2017-06-05\n(Linux, macOS and Windows)\n2017-06-06 (iOS)\n2017-06-06 (Android)\nBlink 537.36\n5.9.211\n\n\n\"A number of fixes and improvements.\"[r 136]\nRevamped Settings and \"About Google Chrome\" page with Material Design\nHeadless mode in Linux and macOS.[r 137]\n\niOS version:\n\nFixed a user-reported issue that resulted in hangs and significant slowdowns when switching tabs.\nFixed a crash involving dialogs presented while switching tabs.\nStability improvements and bug fixes.\n\nAndroid version:\n\nView and manage in-progress downloads on the Downloads page\nView and clear your browsing data more easily on the redesigned History page\nLong-press a link to open it in a new Chrome tab (from Chrome Custom Tabs)\nBug fixes and performance improvements[r 138]\n\n\n\n\n60.0.3112\n2017-07-25\n(Linux, macOS and Windows)\n2017-07-25 (iOS)\n2017-07-31 (Android)\nBlink 537.36\n6.0.286\n\n\nMacBook Pro Touch Bar support.\n\"A number of fixes and improvements.\"[r 139]\n\niOS version:\n\n\"Request Mobile Site\" button can switch from a website's desktop version back to its mobile version\n\nAndroid version\n\nLoad pages faster and use less memory with an updated JavaScript engine\nBug fixes and performance improvements\nClear browsing data more easily[r 140]\n\n\n\n\n61.0.3163\n2017-09-05\n(Linux, macOS and Windows)\n2017-09-05 (iOS)\n2017-09-05 (Android)\nBlink 537.36\n6.1.534\n\n\nNative support for JavaScript modules\n\"A number of fixes and improvements.\"[r 141]\n\niOS version:\n\nAdded a new button for scanning QR codes above the virtual keyboard\n\nAndroid version\n\nAddition of Web Share API\nBug fixes and performance improvements\nTranslate pages with a more compact and intuitive toolbar\nPick images to post online with an improved image picker[r 142]\n\n\n\n\n62.0.3202\n2017-10-17\n(Linux, macOS and Windows)\n2017-10-18 (iOS)\n2017-10-19 (Android)\nBlink 537.36\n6.2.414\n\n\nThe \"Save Your Password\" icon gets a new appearance\n\"A number of fixes and improvements.\"[r 143]\nSupport for OpenType Variable Fonts\nNetwork Information API updated to report users actual Internet speed, not just connection type, to websites\nHTTP sites that request user data will now be flagged as \"non-secure\" (red) in the Chrome Omnibox[r 144]\n\niOS version\n\nTwo new Today widgets are added by tapping the Edit button at the bottom of the iOS Search screen\nAbility to drag a URL from another app and drop it into Chrome's omnibox or the tab strip, or from Chrome's content area to another app on iOS 11 iPads\nThe Payment Request API has been introduced\n\nAndroid version\n\nDownload files faster with accelerated downloads\nView and copy passwords saved with Chrome if device lock is enabled\nQuickly see your data savings in the Chrome menu when Data Saver is on[r 145]\n\n\n\n\n63.0.3239\n2017-10-26\n(Linux, macOS and Windows)\nBlink 537.36\n6.3\nCurrent Beta channel\n\n\n64.0\n2017-10-27\n(Linux, macOS and Windows)\nBlink 537.36\n6.4\nCurrent Dev channel\n\n\n64.0\n2017-10-14\n(macOS and Windows)\n2017-10-16\n(Android)\nBlink 537.36\n6.4\nCurrent Canary channel\n\n\n\nMajor version\nRelease date\nLayout engine[r 1]\nV8 engine[r 2]\nSignificant changes\n"
] | [
"64.0"
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-6300331286553209176 | List of Pac-12 Conference national championships | List of Pac - 12 Conference national championships - wikipedia List of Pac - 12 Conference national championships Jump to : navigation , search The following is a list of current Pac - 12 Conference members ' NCAA and AIAW championships . Current Pac - 12 members have won 500 NCAA national championships ( As of May 31 , 2017 ) becoming the first conference to win 500 team titles , which is 193 more than the next closest confernce , The Big Ten . Since the 1999 - 2000 academic year , the Pac - 12 claims a total of 150 NCAA team titles , including 10 in 2013 - 2014 . They have also led or tied the nation in NCAA Championships in 48 of the last 54 years , the only exceptions being in 1980 - 81 , 1988 - 89 , 1990 - 91 and 1995 - 96 when the conference finished second , and finished third in 1998 - 99 and 2004 - 2005 . This list also includes championships won by current Pac - 12 schools while members of the Pacific Coast Conference ( PCC ) , a closely related league that was formed in 1916 and disbanded in 1959 . Although the current charter of what is now known as the Pac - 12 dates only to the formation of the Athletic Association of Western Universities immediately after the demise of the PCC , the Pac - 12 claims the PCC 's history as its own . There is considerable continuity between the PCC and Pac - 12 -- eight of the nine final members of the PCC ( all except Idaho ) are now Pac - 12 members ; five of these schools had founded the AAWU , and all eight had joined the AAWU by the 1964 -- 65 school year . Contents ( hide ) 1 Current members 2 Fall Sports 2.1 Men 's Sports 2.2 Women 's Sports 3 Winter Sports 3.1 Men 's Sports 3.2 Women 's Sports 4 Spring Sports 4.1 Men 's Sports 4.2 Women 's Sports 5 Other NCAA championships 5.1 Men 's Sports 5.2 Women 's Sports 5.3 Combined Sports 6 AIAW national championships 7 See also 8 References Current members ( edit ) Institution Location Nickname NCAA Team Championships ( through May 31 , 2017 ) Arizona ! University of Arizona Tucson , Arizona Wildcats 18 Arizona State University Tempe , Arizona Sun Devils 24 California ! University of California , Berkeley Berkeley , California Golden Bears 34 California , Los Angeles ! University of California , Los Angeles Los Angeles , California Bruins 113 Colorado ! University of Colorado Boulder Boulder , Colorado Buffaloes 28 Oregon ! University of Oregon Eugene , Oregon Ducks 30 Oregon State University Corvallis , Oregon Beavers Southern California ! University of Southern California Los Angeles , California Trojans 104 Stanford University Stanford , California Cardinal 113 Utah ! University of Utah Salt Lake City , Utah Utes 21 Washington ! University of Washington Seattle , Washington Huskies 8 Washington State University Pullman , Washington Cougars Fall sports ( edit ) Men 's sports ( edit ) Cross Country ( 16 ) Year School 1961 Oregon State * 1971 Oregon 1973 Oregon Oregon 1977 Oregon Stanford 1997 Stanford 2001 Colorado * 2002 Stanford 2003 Stanford Colorado * 2006 Colorado * 2007 Oregon 2008 Oregon 2013 Colorado 2014 Colorado Soccer ( 6 ) Year School 1985 UCLA 1990 UCLA 1997 UCLA 2002 UCLA 2015 Stanford 2016 Stanford This section needs additional citations for verification . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Football † Year School Selector ( s ) 1920 California CFRA , HAF , HS , NCF , SR 1921 California BR , BS , CFRA , SR 1922 California BR , HS , NCF , SR 1923 California HS 1926 Stanford DiS , HAF , NCF , SR 1928 USC DiS , SR 1929 USC HS , SR , B ( QPRS ) 1931 USC BR , BS , CFRA , DiS , DuS , HAF , HS , NCF , PS , SR , WS , B ( QPRS ) 1932 USC BR , BS , CFRA , DuS , HAF , HS , NCF , PS , SR , WS , B ( QPRS ) 1933 USC WS 1937 California DuS , HAF 1939 USC DiS 1940 Stanford BR , HAF , PS 1954 UCLA FWAA , UPI 1960 Washington HAF 1962 USC AP , FWAA , NFF , UPI 1967 USC AP , FWAA , NFF , UPI 1970 Arizona State PS 1972 USC AP , FWAA , NFF , UPI USC FWAA , NFF , UPI Arizona State NCF , SN 1976 USC B ( QPRS ) , BR , CFRA , DeS , DuS , MGR 1978 USC UPI 1979 USC CFRA 1984 Washington B ( QPRS ) , FN , NCF 1990 Washington R ( FACT ) 1990 Colorado * AP , FWAA , NFF , USAT / CNN 1991 Washington FWAA , UPI / NFF , USAT / CNN 2002 USC DuS , MGR , SR 2003 USC AP , FWAA USC AP , NFF * Won while a member of another conference , or an independent . Oregon State was not initially invited to join the AAWU upon its 1959 formation . It played as an independent until joining the AAWU in 1964 . Colorado won its pre-2013 men 's cross country titles as a member of the Big 12 Conference . Colorado won its 1990 football title ( AP ) as a member of the Big Eight Conference . † The NCAA does not officially declare football national championships . Various polls , formulas , and other third - party systems have been used to determine national championships , not all of which are universally accepted . The various polls were often not unanimous , resulting in more than one team sharing a title , and mathematical systems were sometimes applied retroactively to determine championships . Furthermore , schools determined by one or more selectors as champions , do not necessarily claim the title . Italics indicate retroactive or minor selector . USC claims 11 national football championships , California claims 5 , Arizona State , Stanford and Washington each claim 2 , and Colorado and UCLA each claim 1 championship . Women 's sports ( edit ) Cross Country ( 12 ) Year School Oregon * Oregon Stanford 2000 Colorado * 2003 Stanford Colorado * 2005 Stanford 2006 Stanford 2007 Stanford 2008 Washington 2012 Oregon 2016 Oregon Soccer ( 4 ) Year School 2007 USC 2011 Stanford 2013 UCLA 2016 USC Volleyball ( 15 ) Year School 1981 USC * 1984 UCLA * 1990 UCLA 1991 UCLA 1992 Stanford 1994 Stanford Stanford 1997 Stanford 2001 Stanford 2002 USC 2003 USC Stanford 2005 Washington 2011 UCLA 2016 Stanford * Won while a member of another conference . The conference now known as the Pac - 12 did not sponsor women 's sports until the 1986 -- 87 school year , when it was known as the Pacific - 10 Conference . Oregon won its 1983 women 's cross country title as a member of the Northern Pacific Conference , while USC in 1981 and UCLA in 1984 won women 's volleyball titles as members of the Western Collegiate Athletic Association . Colorado won both of its women 's cross country championships as a member of the Big 12 Conference . Winter sports ( edit ) Men 's sports ( edit ) Basketball ( 16 ) Year School 1939 Oregon 1942 Stanford 1944 Utah * 1959 California 1964 UCLA 1965 UCLA 1967 UCLA 1968 UCLA 1969 UCLA 1970 UCLA 1971 UCLA 1972 UCLA 1973 UCLA UCLA 1995 UCLA 1997 Arizona Swimming & Diving ( 24 ) Year School 1960 USC 1963 USC 1964 USC 1965 USC 1966 USC 1967 Stanford USC USC 1976 USC 1977 USC 1979 California 1980 California 1982 UCLA 1985 Stanford 1986 Stanford Stanford 1992 Stanford 1993 Stanford 1994 Stanford 1998 Stanford 2008 Arizona 2011 California 2012 California 2014 California Indoor Track & Field ( 8 ) Year School 1967 USC 1972 USC 1977 Washington State 2008 Arizona State 2009 Oregon 2014 Oregon 2015 Oregon 2016 Oregon Wrestling ( 2 ) Year School 1985 UCLA 1988 Arizona State * Won while a member of another conference . Utah won its 1944 men 's basketball title as a member of the Mountain States Conference . Women 's sports ( edit ) Basketball ( 4 ) Year School USC 1984 USC 1990 Stanford 1992 Stanford Gymnastics ( 15 ) Year School 1982 Utah * Utah * 1984 Utah * 1985 Utah * 1986 Utah * 1990 Utah * 1992 Utah * 1994 Utah * 1995 Utah * 1997 UCLA 2000 UCLA 2001 UCLA 2003 UCLA UCLA UCLA Swimming & Diving ( 15 ) Year School Stanford * 1989 Stanford 1992 Stanford 1993 Stanford 1994 Stanford 1995 Stanford Stanford 1997 USC 1998 Stanford 2008 Arizona 2009 California 2011 California 2012 California 2015 California 2017 Stanford Indoor Track & Field ( 10 ) Year School 2000 UCLA 2001 UCLA 2007 Arizona State 2008 Arizona State Oregon 2011 Oregon 2012 Oregon 2013 Oregon 2014 Oregon 2016 Oregon * Won while a member of another conference . As noted above , the then - Pac - 10 did not sponsor women 's sports until 1986 -- 87 . Stanford won its 1983 women 's swimming and diving championship as a member of the Western Collegiate Athletic Association . Utah won all of its women 's gymnastics championships as a member of the Western Athletic Conference . Spring sports ( edit ) Men 's sports ( edit ) Baseball ( 28 ) Year School 1947 California 1948 USC 1957 California 1958 USC 1961 USC 1963 USC 1965 Arizona State * 1967 Arizona State * 1968 USC 1969 Arizona State * 1970 USC 1971 USC 1972 USC 1973 USC USC 1976 Arizona * 1977 Arizona State * 1978 USC 1980 Arizona 1981 Arizona State 1986 Arizona Stanford 1988 Stanford 1998 USC 2006 Oregon State 2007 Oregon State 2012 Arizona 2013 UCLA Golf ( 15 ) Year School 1938 Stanford 1939 Stanford 1941 Stanford 1942 Stanford ( co ) 1946 Stanford 1953 Stanford 1988 UCLA 1990 Arizona State 1992 Arizona 1994 Stanford Arizona State California 2007 Stanford 2008 UCLA 2016 Oregon Tennis ( 53 ) Year School 1950 UCLA 1951 USC 1952 UCLA 1953 UCLA 1954 UCLA 1955 USC 1956 UCLA 1958 USC 1960 UCLA 1961 UCLA 1962 USC 1963 USC 1964 USC 1965 UCLA 1966 USC 1967 USC 1968 USC 1969 USC 1970 UCLA 1971 UCLA 1973 Stanford Stanford UCLA 1976 UCLA & USC 1977 Stanford 1978 Stanford 1979 UCLA 1980 Stanford 1981 Stanford 1982 UCLA Stanford 1984 UCLA 1986 Stanford 1988 Stanford 1989 Stanford 1990 Stanford 1991 USC 1992 Stanford 1993 USC 1994 USC 1995 Stanford Stanford 1997 Stanford 1998 Stanford 2000 Stanford 2002 USC 2005 UCLA 2009 USC USC 2011 USC 2012 USC 2014 USC Outdoor Track & Field ( 48 ) Year School 1922 California 1925 Stanford 1926 USC 1928 Stanford 1930 USC 1931 USC 1934 Stanford 1935 USC 1936 USC 1937 USC 1938 USC 1939 USC 1940 USC 1941 USC 1942 USC 1943 USC 1949 USC 1950 USC 1951 USC 1952 USC 1953 USC 1954 USC 1955 USC 1956 UCLA 1958 USC 1961 USC 1962 Oregon * 1963 USC 1964 Oregon * 1965 USC & Oregon 1966 UCLA 1967 USC 1968 USC 1970 Oregon & California 1971 UCLA 1972 UCLA 1973 UCLA 1976 USC 1977 Arizona State * 1978 UCLA ( co ) 1984 Oregon UCLA 1988 UCLA 2000 Stanford 2014 Oregon 2015 Oregon * Won while a member of another conference . Oregon was not initially invited to join the AAWU on its formation in 1959 . It won its 1962 and 1964 men 's outdoor track and field titles as an independent ; it did not join the AAWU until the 1964 -- 65 school year . All national titles in baseball and men 's outdoor track and field won by Arizona and Arizona State prior to the 1978 -- 79 school year were won while the two schools were in the Western Athletic Conference . Women 's sports ( edit ) Golf ( 18 ) Year School 1990 Arizona State 1991 UCLA 1993 Arizona State 1994 Arizona State 1995 Arizona State Arizona 1997 Arizona State 1998 Arizona State 2000 Arizona 2003 USC UCLA 2008 USC 2009 Arizona State 2011 UCLA 2013 USC 2015 Stanford 2016 Washington 2017 Arizona State Rowing ( 8 ) Year School 1997 Washington 1998 Washington 2001 Washington 2005 California 2006 California ( co ) 2009 Stanford 2016 California 2017 Washington Softball ( 23 ) Year School 1982 UCLA * 1984 UCLA * 1985 UCLA * 1988 UCLA 1989 UCLA 1990 UCLA 1991 Arizona 1992 UCLA 1993 Arizona 1994 Arizona Arizona 1997 Arizona 1999 UCLA 2001 Arizona 2002 California 2003 UCLA UCLA 2006 Arizona 2007 Arizona 2008 Arizona State 2009 Washington UCLA 2011 Arizona State Tennis ( 22 ) Year School 1982 Stanford * USC * 1984 Stanford * 1985 USC * 1986 Stanford * Stanford 1988 Stanford 1989 Stanford 1990 Stanford 1991 Stanford 1997 Stanford 1999 Stanford 2001 Stanford 2002 Stanford Stanford 2005 Stanford 2006 Stanford 2008 UCLA Stanford 2013 Stanford 2014 UCLA 2016 Stanford Outdoor Track & Field ( 7 ) Year School 1982 UCLA * UCLA * 1985 Oregon * 2001 USC UCLA 2007 Arizona State 2015 Oregon Beach Volleyball ( 2 ) Year School 2016 USC 2017 USC * Won while a member of another conference . As noted previously , the then - Pac - 10 did not sponsor women 's sports until 1986 -- 87 . UCLA : Three national championships in softball ( 1982 , 1984 , 1985 ) and two in women 's outdoor track and field ( 1982 , 1983 ) were won as a member of the Western Collegiate Athletic Association ( WCAA ) . Stanford : Three national championships in women 's tennis ( 1982 , 1984 , 1986 ) were won as a member of the WCAA ( known as the Pacific West Conference in the 1985 -- 86 school year ) . USC : Two national championships in women 's tennis ( 1983 , 1985 ) were won as a member of the WCAA . Oregon : One national championship in women 's track and field ( 1985 ) was won as a member of the Northern Pacific Conference . Other NCAA championships ( edit ) The following are NCAA championships won by Pac - 12 members but in sports not sponsored by the Pac - 12 Men 's sports ( edit ) Boxing ( 1 ) Year School 1937 Washington State Gymnastics ( 13 ) Year School 1962 USC 1968 California California 1986 Arizona State UCLA 1992 Stanford 1993 Stanford 1995 Stanford 1997 California 1998 California 2009 Stanford 2011 Stanford Water Polo ( 43 ) Year School 1969 UCLA 1971 UCLA 1972 UCLA 1973 California California California 1976 Stanford 1977 California 1978 Stanford 1980 Stanford 1981 Stanford California 1984 California 1985 Stanford 1986 Stanford California 1988 California 1990 California 1991 California 1992 California 1993 Stanford 1994 Stanford 1995 UCLA UCLA 1998 USC 1999 UCLA 2000 UCLA 2001 Stanford 2002 Stanford 2003 USC UCLA 2005 USC 2006 California 2007 California 2008 USC 2009 USC USC 2011 USC 2012 USC 2013 USC 2014 UCLA 2015 UCLA 2016 California Volleyball ( 25 ) Year School 1970 UCLA 1971 UCLA 1972 UCLA UCLA UCLA 1976 UCLA 1977 USC 1979 UCLA 1980 USC 1981 UCLA 1982 UCLA UCLA 1984 UCLA UCLA 1988 USC 1989 UCLA 1990 USC 1993 UCLA 1995 UCLA UCLA 1997 Stanford 1998 UCLA 2000 UCLA 2006 UCLA Stanford Skiing ( 12 ) Year School 1959 Colorado * 1960 Colorado * 1972 Colorado * 1973 Colorado * Colorado * Colorado * 1976 Colorado * 1977 Colorado * 1978 Colorado * 1979 Colorado * 1981 Utah * 1982 Colorado * * Won while a member of another conference . All of Colorado 's championships in men 's skiing between 1959 and 1982 were won as a full member of the Big Eight Conference , which never sponsored skiing in its history . Utah 's 1981 men 's skiing title was won as a full member of the Western Athletic Conference , which like the Pac - 12 has never sponsored skiing . Women 's Sports ( edit ) Water Polo ( 16 ) Year School 2001 UCLA 2002 Stanford 2003 UCLA USC 2005 UCLA 2006 UCLA 2007 UCLA 2008 UCLA 2009 UCLA USC 2011 Stanford 2012 Stanford 2013 USC 2014 Stanford 2015 Stanford 2016 USC 2017 Stanford Combined sports ( edit ) Skiing ( 16 ) Year School Utah * 1984 Utah * 1986 Utah * Utah * 1988 Utah * 1991 Colorado * 1993 Utah * 1995 Colorado * Utah * 1997 Utah * 1998 Colorado * 1999 Colorado * 2003 Utah * 2006 Colorado * 2011 Colorado * 2013 Colorado 2015 Colorado 2017 Utah * Won while a member of another conference . Utah : Championships between 1983 and 1997 won as a full member of the Western Athletic Conference , and 2003 championship won as a full member of the Mountain West Conference . Neither conference has ever sponsored skiing . Colorado : Championships in 1991 and 1995 won as a full member of the Big Eight Conference , and championships between 1998 and 2011 won as a full member of the Big 12 Conference . The Big Eight never sponsored skiing before its demise in 1996 , and the Big 12 has never sponsored the sport . AIAW national championships ( edit ) Institution Nickname Total AIAW titles Arizona State University Sun Devils 12 University of California , Los Angeles Bruins 8 University of Southern California Trojans 6 University of Utah Utes University of Arizona Wildcats Stanford University Cardinal University of Colorado Buffaloes University of Washington Huskies Mary Budke of Oregon State won the 1974 AIAW individual collegiate golf national championship . Jump up ^ Includes Utah 's one cross-country national championship , which was won at the AIAW Division II level . See also ( edit ) List of NCAA schools with the most NCAA Division I championships List of NCAA schools with the most Division I national championships List of NCAA schools with the most AIAW Division I national championships List of college athletics championship game outcomes Mythical national championship References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Championships History '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved January 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ USC Sports Information Office ( 2008 ) . 2008 USC Football Media Guide ( PDF ) . University of Southern California . pp. 119 -- 124 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` CalBears.com -- Traditions : Cal National Team Champions '' . University of California Department of Athletics . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ Benenson , Herb , ed. ( 2008 ) . 2008 California Football Media Guide ( PDF ) . Cal Media Relations Office . p. 36 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ Kilwien , Richard ; Bechthold , Jeff ; Morry , Nicole ; Soriano , Jonathan ; McLeod , Brianna ( 2010 ) . Washington Huskies 2010 Football Record Book ( PDF ) . University of Washington Athletic Communications Office . p. 1 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ Official 2009 NCAA Division I Football Records Book ( PDF ) . Indianapolis , IN : National Collegiate Athletic Association . August 2009 . pp. 76 -- 77 , 81 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Stanford Official Athletic Site -- Traditions : Stanford Cardinal Championships '' . Stanford University Department of Athletics . Archived from the original on 2011 - 08 - 10 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ Young , Jim , ed. ( 2009 ) . 2009 Stanford Football Media Guide ( PDF ) . Stanford University Athletic Communications and Media Relations Department . pp. 141 , 144 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ Dellins , Marc , ed. ( 2009 ) . 2009 UCLA Football Media Guide ( PDF ) . UCLA Sports Information Office . pp. 147 , 154 , 164 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ COLORADO FOOTBALL 1990 NATIONAL CHAMPIONS , University of Colorado Athletic Department , 2011 , retrieved 2011 - 07 - 03 ( hide ) Pac - 12 Conference Teams Arizona Wildcats Arizona State Sun Devils California Golden Bears Colorado Buffaloes Oregon Ducks Oregon State Beavers Stanford Cardinal UCLA Bruins USC Trojans Utah Utes Washington Huskies Washington State Cougars Champions National Conference Athletics Basketball ( Men ) Football Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Pac-12_Conference_national_championships&oldid=796024785 '' Categories : Pac - 12 Conference Lists of NCAA national championships by conference Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 18 August 2017 , at 00 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many championships does the pac 12 have | [
"The following is a list of current Pac-12 Conference members' NCAA and AIAW championships. Current Pac-12 members have won 500 NCAA national championships (As of May 31, 2017) becoming the first conference to win 500 team titles, which is 193 more than the next closest confernce, The Big Ten. Since the 1999-2000 academic year, the Pac-12 claims a total of 150 NCAA team titles, including 10 in 2013-2014. They have also led or tied the nation in NCAA Championships in 48 of the last 54 years, the only exceptions being in 1980-81, 1988-89, 1990-91 and 1995-96 when the conference finished second, and finished third in 1998-99 and 2004-2005."
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-1148452966037187041 | Union budget of India | Union Budget of India - Wikipedia Union Budget of India Jump to : navigation , search The Union Budget of India , also referred to as the Annual Financial Statement in the Article 112 of the Constitution of India , is the annual budget of the Republic of India . The Government presents it on the first day of February so that it could be materialized before the commencement of new financial year in April . Till 2016 it was presented on the last working day of February by the Finance Minister of India in Parliament . The budget , which is presented by means of the Finance bill and the Appropriation bill has to be passed by both the Houses before it can come into effect from April 1 , the start of India 's financial year . An Interim Budget is not the same as a ' Vote on Account ' . While a ' Vote on Account ' deals only with the expenditure side of the government 's budget , an Interim Budget is a complete set of accounts , including both expenditure and receipts . An Interim Budget gives the complete financial statement , very similar to a full Budget . While the law does not debar the Union government from introducing tax changes , normally during an election year , successive governments have avoided making any major changes in income tax laws during an Interim Budget . As of September 2017 , Morarji Desai has presented 10 budgets which is the highest followed by P Chidambaram 's 9 and Pranab Mukherjee 's 8 . Yashwant Sinha , Yashwantrao Chavan and C.D. Deshmukh have presented 7 budgets each while Manmohan Singh and T.T. Krishnamachari have presented 6 budgets . Contents ( hide ) 1 Chronology 1.1 Pre-liberalisation 1.2 Post-liberalisation 2 Traditions 2.1 Time of Budget announcement 2.2 Date of Budget announcement 2.3 Halwa Ceremony 3 References 4 External links Chronology ( edit ) Pre-liberalisation ( edit ) The first Union budget of independent India was presented by R.K. Shanmukham Chetty on November 26 , 1947 . The Union budgets for the fiscal years 1959 - 61 to 1963 - 64 , inclusive of the interim budget for 1962 - 63 , were presented by Morarji Desai. On February 29 in 1964 and 1968 , he became the only finance minister to present the Union budget on his birthday . Desai presented budgets that included five annual budgets and an interim budget during his first stint and three final budgets and one interim budget in his second tenure when he was both the Finance Minister and the Deputy Prime Minister of India . After Desai 's resignation , Indira Gandhi , the then Prime Minister of India , took over the Ministry of Finance to become the only woman to hold the post of the Finance Minister . Pranab Mukherjee , the first Rajya Sabha member to hold the Finance portfolio , presented the annual budgets for the financial years 1982 - 83 , 1983 -- 84 and 1984 - 85 . Rajiv Gandhi presented the budget for 1987 - 89 , after V.P. Singh quit his government , and in the process became the third Prime Minister to present a budget after his mother and grandfather . N.D. Tiwari presented the budget for 1988 - 89 , S.B. Chavan for 1989 - 90 , while Madhu Dandawate presented the Union budget for 1990 - 91 . Dr. Manmohan Singh became the Finance Minister and presented the interim budget for 1991 - 92 as elections were forced . Due to political developments , early elections were held in May 1991 following which the Indian National Congress returned to political power and Manmohan Singh , the Finance Minister , presented the budget for 1991 - 92 . Post-liberalisation ( edit ) Manmohan Singh under P.V. Narasimha Rao , in his next annual budgets from 1992 -- 93 , opened the economy , encouraged foreign investments and reduced peak import duty from 300 plus percent to 50 percent . After elections in 1996 , a non-Congress ministry assumed office . Hence the financial budget for 1996 - 97 was presented by P. Chidambaram , who then belonged to Tamil Maanila Congress . Following a constitutional crisis when the I.K. Gujral Ministry was on its way out , a special session of Parliament was convened just to pass Chidambaram 's 1997 - 98 budget . This budget was passed without a debate . After the general elections in March 1998 that led to the Bharatiya Janata Party forming the Central Government , Yashwant Sinha , the then Finance Minister in this government , presented the interim and final budgets for 1998 - 99 . After general elections in 1999 , Sinha again became the Finance Minister and presented four annual budgets from 1999 - 2000 to 2002 - 2003 . Due to elections in May 2004 , an interim budget was presented by Jaswant Singh . Former Finance Minister Morarji Desai presented the budget ten times , the most by any . The Union Budget of India for 2012 -- 2013 was presented by Pranab Mukherjee , the Finance Minister of India on 16 March 2012 , which was the 7th budget of his career . These budgetary proposals would be applicable for financial year 1 April 2012 to 31 March 2013 . The Union Budget of India for 2013 -- 2014 was presented by P. Chidambaram on 28 February 2013 . The Interim Union Budget for 2014 -- 2015 was presented on February 17 , 2014 . The Union Budget of India for 2014 -- 2015 was presented by Arun Jaitley on 10 July 2014 . The Union Budget of India for 2015 -- 2016 was presented by Arun Jaitley on 28 February 2015 . The Union Budget of India for 2016 -- 2017 was presented by Arun Jaitley on 29 February 2016 . The Union Budget of India for 2017 -- 2018 was presented by Arun Jaitley on 1 February 2017 . The Union Budget of India for 2018 -- 2019 was presented by Arun Jaitley on 1 February 2018 . Traditions ( edit ) Time of Budget announcement ( edit ) Until the year 1999 , the Union Budget was announced at 6 : 00 pm on the last working day of the month of February . This practice was inherited from the Colonial Era , Another reason was that until the 1990s , all that budgets seem to do was to raise taxes , a presentation in the evening gave producers and the tax collecting agencies the night to work out the change in prices . It was Mr. Yashwant Sinha , the then Finance Minister of India in the NDA government ( led by Bharatiya Janata Party ) of Atal Bihari Vajpayee , who changed the ritual by announcing the 1999 Union Budget at 11 am . Date of Budget announcement ( edit ) Also again in 2017 , departing from the colonial - era tradition of presenting the Union Budget on the last working day of February , Minister of Finance ( India ) Arun Jaitley , in the NDA government ( led by Bharatiya Janata Party ) of Narendra Modi government announced that it will now be presented on 1 February . Additionally Rail Budget , presented separately for 92 Years , merged with union budget . Halwa ceremony ( edit ) The printing of budget documents starts roughly a week ahead of presenting in the Parliament with a customary ' Halwa ceremony ' in which halwa ( a sweet dish ) is prepared in large quantities and served to the officers and support staff involved . They remain isolated and stay in the North Block office until the Budget is presented . Halwa is also served by the Finance Minister . This ceremony is performed as a part of the Indian tradition of having something sweet before starting an important work . 1947 Union budget of India 2009 Union budget of India 2010 Union budget of India 2011 Union budget of India 2012 Union budget of India 2013 Union budget of India 2014 Interim - Union budget of India 2014 Union budget of India 2015 Union budget of India 2016 Union budget of India 2017 Union budget of India 2018 Union budget of India Railway Budget of India References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Procedure in Financial Matters '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Law and Justice ( India ) . p. 24 . Retrieved 1 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chidambaram is second only to Morarji Desai in presenting Budget '' . www.businesstoday.in . Retrieved 29 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Central Budgets in retrospect '' . pib.nic.in . Jump up ^ `` Meet Manmohan Singh , the economist '' . 2004 - 05 - 20 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Salient Features of Interim Union Budget of India for 2014 - 15 '' . IANS . news.biharprabha.com . Retrieved 17 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Expectation from union budget 2014 - 15 '' . Patrika Group . 10 July 2014 . Retrieved 10 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Highlights of union budget 2015 - 16 '' . The Hindu . 28 February 2015 . Retrieved 28 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Live : Jaitley presents Union Budget 2016 - 17 : ' Govt . will pay EPF contribution of 8.33 % to all new employees for first three years ' '' . The Hindu . 29 February 2016 . Retrieved 29 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Union Budget 2017 '' . 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Desk , Internet . `` Highlights of Union Budget 2017 - 18 '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Union Budget 2018 Highlights : Key takeaways from Arun Jaitley 's fifth Budget '' . Moneycontrol . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Budget with a difference '' . 2001 - 03 - 17 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Union Budget 2017 on 1 Feb : End of a colonial hangover for speedy implementation of schemes '' . Firstpost.com . Firstpost. 16 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Railway Budget , Presented For 92 Years , Merged With Union Budget '' . NDTV.com . NDTV . Jump up ^ `` Printing Of Union Budget Document Begins With ' Halwa ' Ceremony '' . NDTV . Press Trust of India . February 19 , 2016 . Retrieved 19 February 2016 . External links ( edit ) Government of India : Union Budget and Economic Survey Economic Survey and Union Budget List of Budget Speeches ( since 1947 ) Live financial minister Mr arun jaitley Budgets of India Union 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Railway 2014 2015 2016 National government budgets Australia Canada France Germany India Malaysia Norway Russia Switzerland United Kingdom Scotland United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Union_budget_of_India&oldid=829760187 '' Categories : Union budgets of India Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from January 2016 Use Indian English from January 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Articles containing potentially dated statements from September 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी മലയാളം Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Edit links This page was last edited on 10 March 2018 , at 17 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does the indian budget come into effect | [
"The Union Budget of India, also referred to as the Annual Financial Statement in the Article 112 of the Constitution of India,[1] is the annual budget of the Republic of India. The Government presents it on the first day of February so that it could be materialized before the commencement of new financial year in April. Till 2016 it was presented on the last working day of February by the Finance Minister of India in Parliament. The budget, which is presented by means of the Finance bill and the Appropriation bill has to be passed by both the Houses before it can come into effect from April 1, the start of India's financial year."
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"April 1"
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4263792488281887333 | Don't Look Back in Anger | Do n't Look Back in Anger - wikipedia Do n't Look Back in Anger Jump to : navigation , search `` Do n't Look Back in Anger '' Single by Oasis from the album ( What 's the Story ) Morning Glory ? B - side `` Step Out '' `` Underneath the Sky '' `` Cum On Feel the Noize '' Released 19 February 1996 Format CD 7 '' vinyl 12 '' vinyl cassette Recorded June 1995 at Rockfield Studios , Monmouth , Wales Genre Britpop Length 4 : 47 Label Creation Songwriter ( s ) Noel Gallagher Producer ( s ) Owen Morris Noel Gallagher Oasis singles chronology `` Wonderwall '' ( 1995 ) `` Do n't Look Back in Anger '' ( 1996 ) `` Champagne Supernova '' ( 1996 ) `` Wonderwall '' ( 1995 ) `` Do n't Look Back in Anger '' ( 1996 ) `` Champagne Supernova '' ( 1996 ) ( What 's the Story ) Morning Glory ? track listing 12 tracks ( show ) `` Hello '' `` Roll with It '' `` Wonderwall '' `` Do n't Look Back in Anger '' `` Hey Now ! '' Untitled `` Some Might Say '' `` Cast No Shadow '' `` She 's Electric '' `` Morning Glory '' Untitled `` Champagne Supernova '' `` Do n't Look Back in Anger '' is a song by the English rock band Oasis . It was released on 19 February 1996 as the fifth single from their second studio album , ( What 's the Story ) Morning Glory ? ( 1995 ) . The song was written by the band 's guitarist and main songwriter , Noel Gallagher . It became the band 's second single to reach number one on the UK Singles Chart , where it also went platinum . `` Do n't Look Back in Anger '' was also the first Oasis single with lead vocals by Noel ( who had previously only sung lead on B - sides ) instead of his brother , Liam . It is one of the band 's signature songs , and was played at almost every single live show from its release to the dissolution of the band . It was ranked number one on a list of the ' 50 Most Explosive Choruses ' by the NME , and was voted as the fourth most popular number - one single of the last 60 years in the UK by the public in conjunction with the Official Charts Company 's 60th anniversary . On 29 May 2017 , Absolute Radio 90s broadcast a programme counting down the top 50 songs written by Noel Gallagher to mark his 50th birthday with `` Do n't Look Back in Anger '' being voted as number one . Contents ( hide ) 1 Writing and recording 2 Live performances 3 Release 4 Critical reception 5 Chart performance 6 Music video 7 In popular culture 7.1 Media 7.2 Manchester Arena bombing 7.3 Covers 7.4 Spoofs 8 Personnel 9 Track listing 10 Charts and certifications 10.1 Charts 10.2 Certifications 11 References 12 External links Writing and recording ( edit ) Noel was so excited about the potential of the song when he first wrote it that he used an acoustic set to perform a work - in - progress version , without the second verse and a few other slight lyrical differences , at an Oasis concert at the Sheffield Arena on 22 April 1995 . He said before playing that he 'd only written it the previous Tuesday ( 18 April 1995 ) and that he did n't even have a title for it yet . The title was picked as a reference to the 1979 David Bowie song `` Look Back in Anger '' from the seminal art rock album Lodger , with Bowie 's work being a massive Oasis influence . Noel said of the song , `` ( It ) reminds me of a cross between `` All the Young Dudes '' and ( something ) the Beatles might have done . '' Of the character `` Sally '' referred to in the song he commented , `` I do n't actually know anybody called Sally . It 's just a word that fit , y'know , might as well throw a girl 's name in there . It 's got ta guarantee somebody a shag off a bird called Sally , has n't it ? '' Noel Gallagher ( from Uncut magazine August 2007 ) : `` We were in Paris playing with the Verve , and I had the chords for that song and started writing it . We were due to play 2 days later . Our first - ever big arena gig , it 's called Sheffield Arena now . At the sound check , I was strumming away on the acoustic guitar , and our kid ( Liam Gallagher ) said , ' What 's that you 're singin ' ? ' I was n't singing anyway , I was just making it up . And our kid said , ' Are you singing ' So Sally can wait ' . ' And I was like -- that 's genius ! So I started singing , ' So Sally can wait . ' I remember going back to the dressing room and writing it out . It all came really quickly after that . '' Noel claims that the character `` Lyla '' , from Oasis ' 2005 single is the sister of Sally . In the interview on the DVD released with the special edition of Stop the Clocks , Noel also revealed that a girl approached him and asked him if Sally was the same girl as in the Stone Roses ' track `` Sally Cinnamon '' . Noel replied that he 'd never thought of that but thought it was good anyway . Noel admits that certain lines from the song are lifted from John Lennon : `` I got this tape in the United States that had apparently been burgled from the Dakota Hotel and someone had found these cassettes . Lennon was starting to record his memoirs on tape . He 's going on about ' trying to start a revolution from me bed , because they said the brains I had went to my head . ' I thought ' Thank you , I 'll take that ' ! '' `` Revolution from me bed '' most likely refers to Lennon 's notorious bed - ins in 1969 . The piano in the introduction of the song strongly resembles Lennon 's `` Imagine '' , as well as `` Watching the Wheels '' . As Oasis are often criticised for borrowing parts of other artists ' songs for their own , Noel Gallagher commented on the intro 's similarity to `` Imagine '' saying , `` In the case of Do n't Look Back in Anger -- I mean , the opening piano riff 's Imagine . 50 % of it 's put in there to wind people up , and the other 50 % is saying ' look , this is how songs like Do n't Look Back in Anger come about -- because they 're inspired by songs like Imagine ' . And no matter what people might think , there will be some 13 year old kid out there who 'll read an interview and think ' Imagine ? I 've never heard that song ' and he might go and buy the album , you know what I mean ? '' Gallagher also admits that he was under the influence of illegal substances when he wrote the song and to this day he claims he does not know what it means . Live performances ( edit ) The song became a favourite at Oasis 's live performances . Noel encouraged the crowd to sing along and often kept quiet during the first chorus , allowing the fans instead to sing along while he played the song 's guitar part . During the Dig Out Your Soul Tour , Noel Gallagher abandoned the song 's previous , full - band live arrangement in favour of a much slower , primarily acoustic arrangement in a lower key ( B major ) . From 2008 through Oasis 's breakup , the song was performed by Gallagher on his Gibson J - 200 acoustic guitar backed up by Gem Archer on electric guitar , and Chris Sharrock playing tambourine . On 11 and 12 July 2009 , during performances of the song at London 's Wembley Stadium , Gallagher did n't sing a word ; instead , he stood back , played guitar , and allowed the crowd to sing the entire song . Since 2011 , he has alternated between the acoustic version and the original arrangement when playing the song with his solo project , Noel Gallagher 's High Flying Birds . Oasis became the first act since the Jam to perform two songs on the same showing of Top of the Pops , performing `` Do n't Look Back in Anger '' , followed by their cover of Slade 's `` Cum On Feel the Noize '' , also on the single . In June 2017 , Liam performed an a capella version of the song at Glastonbury , making it the first time he has performed the song rather than Noel . Release ( edit ) The single cover is a homage to the incident where Ringo Starr briefly left the Beatles during the recording of The White Album ; after the other three Beatles members successfully persuaded him to return , George Harrison decorated Ringo 's drum kit in red , white , and blue flowers to show their appreciation . The B - side `` Step Out '' was originally intended for the ( What 's the Story ) Morning Glory ? album but was taken off after Stevie Wonder requested 10 % of the royalties as the chorus bore a similarity to his hit `` Uptight ( Everything 's Alright ) '' . Also , because of this , Wonder , Henry Cosby and Sylvia Moy received credit for writing the song , along with Noel . Its charting coincided with its usage at the end of the final episode of the BBC television drama Our Friends in the North , which , upon production , used the track without knowledge it was going to be released as a single . Critical reception ( edit ) `` Do n't Look Back in Anger '' was met with high critical praise and it became a commercial hit . Billboard said of the tune , `` Noel Gallagher reveals a deft sense of timing and craft that turn his improprieties into masterful pop gems . '' In a 2006 readers ' poll conducted by Q magazine , `` Do n't Look Back in Anger '' was voted the 20th best song of all time . In May 2007 , NME magazine placed `` Do n't Look Back in Anger '' at number 14 in its list of the `` 50 Greatest Indie Anthems Ever '' . Chart performance ( edit ) The song reached No. 1 in the singles charts of Ireland and the United Kingdom , and it was a moderate success by reaching the top 60 in various countries . The song was the 10th - biggest - selling single of 1996 in the UK . It is Oasis 's second biggest selling single in the UK , with sales of 970,000 , going platinum in the process . The song returned to the UK charts in 2017 following Chris Martin and Jonny Buckland 's cover version at the One Love Manchester concert , reaching number 25 . `` Do n't Look Back in Anger '' is also Oasis 's sixth biggest Billboard hit in the US , reaching the number 10 spot on the Modern Rock Tracks for the week of 22 June 1996 . Music video ( edit ) The video for the song was directed by Nigel Dick and features Patrick Macnee , the actor who played John Steed in the 1960s television series The Avengers , apparently a favourite of Oasis . It features the band being driven to a mansion similar to the Playboy Mansion and performing the song there ; a group of women dressed in white also occasionally lip sync to the lyrics . While filming the video , drummer Alan White met future wife Liz Atkins . They married on 13 August 1997 at Studley Priory Hotel in Oxfordshire , but later divorced . There are two versions of the music video . One being posted by Vevo which got 36.7 million views and the other one posted by the band themselves which generated over 76.6 million views . In popular culture ( edit ) Media ( edit ) The song was included as the closing track on Oasis 's compilation album , Stop the Clocks . It is available for the music video game series Rock Band as a downloadable track . On the Wii version of the original Rock Band game , this song is included . It can also be found on - disc in the 2014 edition of Rocksmith . The song has been used in a multiple television programmes since its original release : 11 March 1996 : it played over the end credits of the final episode of the BBC Two drama serial Our Friends in the North the very week it was at the top of the UK charts . 11 January 2004 : the song was in episode 11 of the show Cold Case titled `` Hubris '' . 5 November 2007 : portions of this song appear as a motif in episode 7 of Chuck titled `` Chuck Versus the Alma Mater '' . 3 September 2009 : the song was used in episode six of We Are Klang during the 1990s flashback scene . 4 September 2010 : the song was used as the ending theme for the live - action film adaptation of the Japanese manga series BECK . 11 April 2011 : the song was used in the closing scene of the North American Being Human season 1 finale titled `` A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to Me Killing You '' . It is played during a flashback showing the body of Sally Malik being taken away as Aidan Waite and Josh Levinson walk past her house , not having met her ghost yet , which watches the ambulance pull away . This resembles the lyrics in the song `` as we 're walking on by , her soul slides away '' . Manchester Arena bombing ( edit ) Oasis had formed in Manchester , England , in 1991 , and following the Manchester Arena bombing after a concert by US singer Ariana Grande on May 22 , 2017 -- a terrorist attack that killed 22 people -- the song was used by the people of Manchester in remembrance of the victims and to show the city 's spirit . The song was sung by students of Manchester 's Chetham 's music school on May 23 , and on May 25 it was spontaneously sung by the crowd gathered for a minute of silence in the city centre . The woman who started the singing told The Guardian , `` I love Manchester , and Oasis is part of my childhood . Do n't Look Back in Anger -- that 's what this is about : we ca n't be looking backwards to what happened , we have to look forwards to the future . '' This shot the anthem straight back into the charts , along with Ariana Grande 's `` One Last Time , '' which was number one in the iTunes single charts as of May 26 . On May 27 , the song was performed as a tribute by 50,000 audience members of a performance by The Courteeners in Manchester . Liam Gallagher of Oasis responded to the bombing on Twitter : `` In total shock and absolutely devastated about what 's gone down in Manchester ... Sending Love and Light to all the families involved . '' It was performed by Coldplay 's Chris Martin and Jonny Buckland on either side of Ariana Grande at the One Love Manchester concert on 4 June 2017 . Martin introduced the song by saying `` Ariana , you 've been singing a lot for us , so I think we in Britain want to sing for you . This is called Do n't Look Back in Anger , and this is from us to you '' . It was also performed by the military band of the French Republican Guard on 13 June 2017 , at the France versus England football match at the Stade de France , as a tribute to the victims of the attacks in Manchester and , more recently , London . Covers ( edit ) The song was covered by the Wurzels among others for an album of covers of songs seemingly inappropriate to their West Country image and style , and has become one of their more frequently performed numbers . Opera group G4 covered the song during series one of The X Factor . The song was covered by Tori Amos on 6 June 2005 in Manchester at her Beekeeper tour . A soundboard quality solo piano version of the song was officially released on the live recording 2005 - 06 - 05 : Manchester Apollo , Manchester , UK An Electronic / Lounge / Jazz version by Styles Project - 90s Lounge Essentials ( 2007 ) containing covers by various artist of songs from the 90s . Amy Winehouse did a live rendition of the song at Fred Perry 's party . Glay covered the song for their 2011 album Rare Collectives Vol. 4 . The Killers covered this song at V Festival 2012 . It has also been covered by Devendra Banhart . Shane Watson released a video of himself covering this song in 2013 . MP4 ( band ) , a band made up of four UK politicians covered the song on their album , ' Cross Party ' . Portugal . The Man also did a cover of the song , which was performed at Bonnaroo in 2017 . Spoofs ( edit ) The UK comedy duo Hale and Pace did an Oasis skit as ' Oaday ' where the song featured as ' Do n't Talk Back You W * nker ' . Personnel ( edit ) Noel Gallagher -- lead vocals , lead guitar Liam Gallagher - backing vocals , tambourine Paul `` Bonehead '' Arthurs -- rhythm guitar , piano , mellotron Paul `` Guigsy '' McGuigan -- bass Alan White -- drums Track listing ( edit ) All songs were written by Noel Gallagher , except where noted . CD CRESCD 221 ( re-issued as RKISCD 018 ) `` Do n't Look Back in Anger '' -- 4 : 47 `` Step Out '' ( Gallagher / Wonder / Cosby / Moy ) -- 3 : 40 `` Underneath the Sky '' -- 3 : 20 `` Cum On Feel the Noize '' ( Holder / Lea ) -- 5 : 09 7 '' CRE 221 `` Do n't Look Back in Anger '' -- 4 : 47 `` Step Out '' ( Gallagher / Wonder / Cosby / Moy ) -- 3 : 40 12 '' CRE 221T `` Do n't Look Back in Anger '' -- 4 : 47 `` Step Out '' ( Gallagher / Wonder / Cosby / Moy ) -- 3 : 40 `` Underneath the Sky '' -- 3 : 20 Cassette CRECS 221 `` Do n't Look Back in Anger '' -- 4 : 47 `` Step Out '' ( Gallagher / Wonder / Cosby / Moy ) -- 3 : 40 CD re-issue ( US ) 34K78356 `` Do n't Look Back in Anger '' -- 4 : 47 `` Cum on Feel the Noize '' ( Holder / Lea ) -- 5 : 09 Charts and certifications ( edit ) Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1996 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 19 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 35 Canada ( RPM ) 24 Canadian Alternative 30 ( RPM ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( SNEP ) 24 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 57 Iceland ( Tonlist ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) 19 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 30 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 20 Norway ( VG - lista ) 19 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 27 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 55 US Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) 10 Zimbabwe ( ZIMA ) 8 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Italy ( FIMI ) Gold 25,000 Japan ( RIAJ ) Platinum 100,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 2 × Platinum 1,200,000 shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ BPI website , Search `` Oasis '' Archived 11 January 2013 at WebCite . Bpi.co.uk . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` ' Do n't Look Back in Anger ' by Oasis tops NME 's 50 Most Explosive Choruses list '' . NME. 28 February 2012 . Retrieved 13 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Queen 's ' Bohemian Rhapsody ' named as ' UK 's Favourite Number One single ' News '' . NME. 16 July 2012 . Retrieved 13 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Oasis : Mad For It ( 1996 , 2 / 4 ) on YouTube ( 2008 - 07 - 22 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ Simpson , Paul ( 2003 ) . The Rough Guide to Cult Pop : The Songs , the Artists , the Genres , the Dubious Fashions . Rough Guides . p. 107 . ISBN 1 - 84353 - 229 - 8 . Jump up ^ Hurry , Pam ( 2001 ) . Heinemann Advanced Music . Heinemann . p. 170 . ISBN 0 - 435 - 81258 - 0 . Jump up ^ Davina Earl ( 13 August 2005 ) . `` Noel Gallagher 's Plea For Help '' . Gigwise . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ OASIS - Do n't Look Back In Anger - Wembley Stadium 11 / 07 / 2009 on YouTube . Retrieved on 2012 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ http://metro.co.uk/2017/06/24/liam-gallagher-makes-history-as-he-performs-dont-look-back-in-anger-at-glastonbury-6732496/ Jump up ^ Flick , Larry ( 1996 - 06 - 15 ) , `` Singles : Pop '' . Billboard. 108 ( 24 ) : 74 Jump up ^ `` 100 Greatest Songs Ever '' . Q. 2006 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` 50 Greatest Indie Anthems Ever '' . NME. 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ Sexton , Paul ( 2005 - 08 - 27 ) , `` OASIS '' . Billboard. 117 ( 35 ) : 36 Jump up ^ Oasis -- Do n't Look Back In Anger . YouTube . 17 January 2014 . Retrieved 15 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Oasis -- Do n't Look Back In Anger ( Official Video ) . YouTube . 18 February 2008 . Retrieved 15 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Steve ( 2004 ) . The A to X of Alternative Music . Continuum International Publishing Group , p. 170 . ISBN 0 - 8264 - 8217 - 1 Jump up ^ `` Red Hot Chili Peppers , Oasis to Do Beck Film 's Themes '' . Anime News Network . 30 March 2010 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ Perraudin , Frances ; Halliday , Josh ( 2017 - 05 - 25 ) . `` Do n't Look Back in Anger becomes symbol of Manchester 's spirit '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Oasis classic re-enters the charts after crowds sing it at Manchester memorial - NME '' . NME. 2017 - 05 - 26 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` 50,000 Fans Sing Oasis At First Manchester Concert Since Attacks '' . 28 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Manchester Crowd Sing Oasis Song For Bombing Victims '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ Kim , Michelle ( 4 June 2017 ) . `` Coldplay Sing Oasis ' `` Do n't Look Back in Anger '' to Ariana Grande in Manchester : Watch `` . Pitchfork . Retrieved 9 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` France v England : French fans sing God Save The Queen '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . 13 June 2017 . Retrieved 25 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` GLAY to cover Oasis song `` Do n't Look Back In Anger '' over the radio `` . Tokyohive.com. 24 February 2011 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Watch the Killers Cover Oasis ' ' Do n't Look Back in Anger ' '' . Spin . Jump up ^ shakermaker11 ( 4 September 2008 ) . `` Oaday '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Oasis -- Do n't Look Back in Anger '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Oasis -- Do n't Look Back in Anger '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Oasis : Do n't Look Back in Anger '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Oasis -- Do n't Look Back in Anger '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Oasis -- Do n't Look Back in Anger '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Jump up ^ `` Tonlist Top 40 '' . DV . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard '' . google.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Hit Parade Italia - Indice per Interprete : O '' . hitparadeitalia.it . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Oasis -- Do n't Look Back in Anger '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Oasis -- Do n't Look Back in Anger '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Oasis -- Do n't Look Back in Anger '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Oasis -- Do n't Look Back in Anger '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Oasis : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Oasis -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Oasis . Jump up ^ `` Oasis -- Chart history '' Billboard Alternative Songs for Oasis . Jump up ^ * Zimbabwe . Kimberley , C. Zimbabwe : singles chart book . Harare : C. Kimberley , 2000 Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Oasis -- Do n't Look Back in Anger '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 23 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Japanese single certifications -- Oasis -- Do n't Look Back in Anger '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved 8 June 2017 . Select 2017 年 月 on the drop - down menu Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Oasis -- Do n't Look Back in Anger '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 9 June 2017 . Enter Do n't Look Back in Anger in the search field and then press Enter . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` Spaceman '' by Babylon Zoo UK Singles Chart number - one single 2 March 1996 ( one week ) Succeeded by `` How Deep Is Your Love '' by Take That ( hide ) Oasis Liam Gallagher Noel Gallagher Paul `` Guigsy '' McGuigan Paul `` Bonehead '' Arthurs Tony McCarroll Alan White Gem Archer Andy Bell Zak Starkey Chris Sharrock Studio albums Definitely Maybe ( What 's the Story ) Morning Glory ? Be Here Now Standing on the Shoulder of Giants Heathen Chemistry Do n't Believe the Truth Dig Out Your Soul Live albums Familiar to Millions Live from The Roundhouse Compilations Definitely Maybe ( singles box ) Morning Glory ( singles box ) The Masterplan Stop the Clocks Time Flies ... 1994 -- 2009 Be Here Now Acoustic Collection Extended plays Live Demonstration Boy with the Blues Singles `` Supersonic '' `` Shakermaker '' `` Live Forever '' `` Cigarettes & Alcohol '' `` Rock ' n ' Roll Star '' `` Whatever '' `` Some Might Say '' `` Roll with It '' `` Morning Glory '' `` Wonderwall '' `` Do n't Look Back in Anger '' `` Champagne Supernova '' `` D'You Know What I Mean ? '' `` Stand by Me '' `` All Around the World '' `` Do n't Go Away '' `` Acquiesce '' `` Go Let It Out '' `` Who Feels Love ? '' `` Sunday Morning Call '' `` Where Did It All Go Wrong ? '' `` The Hindu Times '' `` Stop Crying Your Heart Out '' `` Little by Little '' / `` She Is Love '' `` Songbird '' `` Lyla '' `` The Importance of Being Idle '' `` Let There Be Love '' `` Lord Do n't Slow Me Down '' `` The Shock of the Lightning '' `` I 'm Outta Time '' `` Falling Down '' Other songs `` Slide Away '' `` Half the World Away '' `` Talk Tonight '' `` Acquiesce '' `` The Masterplan '' `` Stop the Clocks '' `` Boy with the Blues '' Video albums Live by the Sea ... There and Then Familiar to Millions Definitely Maybe Lord Do n't Slow Me Down Time Flies ... 1994 -- 2009 Tours Definitely Maybe Tour ( What 's the Story ) Morning Glory ? Tour Be Here Now Tour Standing on the Shoulder of Giants Tour The Tour of Brotherly Love Heathen Chemistry Tour Do n't Believe the Truth Tour Dig Out Your Soul Tour Related Articles Discography Awards Band members Songs Big Brother Recordings Bands Beady Eye Heavy Stereo Hurricane # 1 Noel Gallagher 's High Flying Birds Ride The Rain No Way Sis People Jay Darlington Tony Griffiths Terry Kirkbride Alan McGee Scott McLeod Owen Morris Dave Sardy Paul Stacey Steve White Albums and Songs The Dreams We Have as Children Standing on the Edge of the Noise `` Wibbling Rivalry '' `` Stop the Clocks '' Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Don%27t_Look_Back_in_Anger&oldid=804443228 '' Categories : Oasis ( band ) songs 1996 singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Creation Records singles Music videos directed by Nigel Dick Rock ballads 1995 songs Songs written by Noel Gallagher Hidden categories : Webarchive template webcite links CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Use dmy dates from May 2012 Use British English from May 2012 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UKchartstats Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardalternativesongs Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for Japan Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית ქართული Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 9 October 2017 , at 01 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did dont look back in anger come out | [
"\"Don't Look Back in Anger\" is a song by the English rock band Oasis. It was released on 19 February 1996 as the fifth single from their second studio album, (What's the Story) Morning Glory? (1995). The song was written by the band's guitarist and main songwriter, Noel Gallagher. It became the band's second single to reach number one on the UK Singles Chart, where it also went platinum.[1] \"Don't Look Back in Anger\" was also the first Oasis single with lead vocals by Noel (who had previously only sung lead on B-sides) instead of his brother, Liam."
] | [
"19 February 1996"
] |
-9129975475668409164 | Chair of the Federal Reserve | Chair of the Federal Reserve - Wikipedia Chair of the Federal Reserve Chair of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System Seal of the Federal Reserve Board of Governors Flag of the Federal Reserve System Incumbent Jerome Powell since February 5 , 2018 Appointer the President of the United States ( with Senate advice and consent ) Formation August 10 , 1914 ; 104 years ago ( 1914 - 08 - 10 ) First holder Charles Sumner Hamlin Salary $201,700 ( 2017 ) Website Official bio The Chair of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System is the head of the Federal Reserve , which is the central banking system of the United States . The position is known colloquially as `` Chair of the Fed '' or `` Fed Chair '' . The chair is the `` active executive officer '' of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System . The chair is chosen by the President of the United States from among the members of the Board of Governors ; and serves for four - year - terms after appointment . A chair may be appointed for several consecutive terms . William Martin was the longest serving chair , holding the position from 1951 to 1970 . The current Chairman is Jerome Powell , who was sworn in on February 5 , 2018 . He was nominated to the position by President Donald Trump on November 2 , 2017 , and was later confirmed by the United States Senate . Contents 1 1935 reorganization 2 Appointment process 3 Conflict of interest law 4 List of Fed Chairs 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links 1935 reorganization ( edit ) Section 203 of the Banking Act of 1935 changed the name of the `` Federal Reserve Board '' to the `` Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System . '' The directors ' salaries were significantly lower ( at $12,000 when first appointed in 1914 ) and their terms of office were much shorter prior to 1935 . In effect , the Federal Reserve Board members in Washington , D.C. , were significantly less powerful than the presidents of the regional Federal Reserve Banks prior to 1935 . In the 1935 Act , the district heads had their titles changed to `` President '' ( e.g. , `` President of the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis '' ) . Appointment process ( edit ) Fed chairs 1979 - 2018 As stipulated by the Banking Act of 1935 , the President of the United States appoints the seven members of the Board of Governors ; they must then be confirmed by the Senate and serve fourteen year terms . The nominees for chair and vice-chair may be chosen by the President from among the sitting Governors for four - year terms ; these appointments are also subject to Senate confirmation . The Senate Committee responsible for vetting a Fed Reserve Chair nominee is the Senate Committee on Finance . By law , the chair reports twice a year to Congress on the Federal Reserve 's monetary policy objectives . He or she also testifies before Congress on numerous other issues and meets periodically with the Treasury Secretary . Conflict of interest law ( edit ) The law applicable to the Chair and all other members of the Board provides ( in part ) : No member of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System shall be an officer or director of any bank , banking institution , trust company , or Federal Reserve bank or hold stock in any bank , banking institution , or trust company ; and before entering upon his duties as a member of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System he shall certify under oath that he has complied with this requirement , and such certification shall be filed with the secretary of the Board . List of Fed Chairs ( edit ) The following is a list of past and present Chairs of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System . A chair serves for a four - year term after appointment , but may be reappointed for several consecutive four - year terms . As of 2018 , there have been a total of sixteen Fed Chairs . # Photo Name ( chair ) ( Birth -- Death ) Term of office First Appointed by ( Term ) Start of term End of term Charles Sumner Hamlin ( 1861 -- 1938 ) August 10 , 1914 August 10 , 1916 Woodrow Wilson ( 1913 -- 1921 ) William P.G. Harding ( 1864 -- 1930 ) August 10 , 1916 August 9 , 1922 Daniel R. Crissinger ( 1860 -- 1942 ) May 1 , 1923 September 15 , 1927 Warren G. Harding ( 1921 -- 1923 ) Roy A. Young ( 1882 -- 1960 ) October 4 , 1927 August 31 , 1930 Calvin Coolidge ( 1923 -- 1929 ) 5 Eugene Meyer ( 1875 -- 1959 ) September 16 , 1930 May 10 , 1933 Herbert Hoover ( 1929 -- 1933 ) 6 Eugene Robert Black ( 1873 -- 1934 ) May 19 , 1933 August 15 , 1934 Franklin D. Roosevelt ( 1933 -- 1945 ) 7 Marriner S. Eccles ( 1890 -- 1977 ) November 15 , 1934 February 3 , 1948 8 Thomas B. McCabe ( 1893 -- 1982 ) April 15 , 1948 April 2 , 1951 Harry S. Truman ( 1945 -- 1953 ) 9 William M. Martin ( 1906 -- 1998 ) April 2 , 1951 February 1 , 1970 10 Arthur F. Burns ( 1904 -- 1987 ) February 1 , 1970 January 31 , 1978 Richard Nixon ( 1969 -- 1974 ) 11 G. William Miller ( 1925 -- 2006 ) March 8 , 1978 August 6 , 1979 Jimmy Carter ( 1977 -- 1981 ) 12 Paul Volcker ( 1927 -- ) August 6 , 1979 August 11 , 1987 13 Alan Greenspan ( 1926 -- ) August 11 , 1987 January 31 , 2006 Ronald Reagan ( 1981 -- 1989 ) 14 Ben Bernanke ( 1953 -- ) February 1 , 2006 January 31 , 2014 George W. Bush ( 2001 -- 2009 ) 15 Janet Yellen ( 1946 -- ) February 3 , 2014 February 3 , 2018 Barack Obama ( 2009 -- 2017 ) 16 Jerome Powell ( 1953 -- ) February 5 , 2018 Incumbent Donald Trump ( 2017 -- ) See also ( edit ) Government of the United States portal History of central banking in the United States Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Johnston , Kevin ( January 31 , 2017 ) . `` What Is the Salary of the Federal Reserve Chairman ? '' . Investopedia . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ see 12 U.S.C. § 242 Jump up ^ `` Jerome H. Powell sworn in as Chairman of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System '' . Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ Appelbaum , Binyamin ( 2018 - 02 - 04 ) . `` Powell Takes Over as Fed Chief as Economy Starts to Show Strain '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ NPR . `` Senate Confirms Jerome Powell As New Federal Reserve Chair '' . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cox , Jeff ( January 31 , 2018 ) . `` Yellen leaving Fed Saturday , Powell to be sworn in Monday '' . CNBC . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gensler , Lauren ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` Trump Taps Jerome Powell As Next Fed Chair In Call For Continuity '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ Sec. 203 , Banking Act of 1935 , Public Law no . 305 , 49 Stat. 684 , 704 ( Aug. 23 , 1935 ) . Jump up ^ `` The Reserve Board Nominations '' . The Independent . July 20 , 1914 . Retrieved August 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Meltzer , Allan H. ( 2003 ) . A history of the Federal Reserve : Volume 1 , 1913 - 1951 . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . Jump up ^ `` The Fed - Board Members '' . Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System . February 21 , 2018 . Retrieved June 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Structure of the Federal Reserve System '' . Federalreserve.gov . Retrieved April 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Federal Reserve ( January 16 , 2009 ) . `` Board of Governors FAQ '' . Federal Reserve . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2009 . Retrieved January 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ 12 U.S.C. § 244 Jump up ^ `` Federal Reserve Bank Presidents '' . The Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis . Retrieved December 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Chairs '' . Membership of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System , 1914 -- present . The Federal Reserve Board . February 3 , 2014 . Retrieved February 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Chairs were designated Governors before August 23 , 1935 , and were then designated Chairmen until approximately 2014 , when Yellen became the first female chair . Jump up ^ Served as Chair pro tempore from February 3 , 1948 to April 15 , 1948 . Jump up ^ Served as Chair pro tempore from March 3 , 1996 to June 20 , 1996 . Jump up ^ `` Janet L. Yellen , Chair '' . federalreserve.gov . October 19 , 2017 . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . References ( edit ) Beckhart , Benjamin Haggott. 1972 . Federal Reserve System . ( New York ) : American Institute of Banking . Shull , Bernard . 2005 . The fourth branch : the Federal Reserve 's unlikely rise to power and influence . Westport , Conn. : Praeger . Andrews , Edmund L. ( November 5 , 2005 ) . `` All for a more open Fed '' . New Straits Times . p. 21 . `` Executive Order 11110 - Amendment of Executive Order No. 10289 as Amended , Relating to the Performance of Certain Functions Affecting the Department of the Treasury '' . The American Presidency Project . , via UCSB.edu External links ( edit ) Official website Public Statements of the Chairs of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System , via the St. Louis Federal Reserve Bank Nomination hearings , conducted in the Senate , for Chairs and Members of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System Timeline of Federal Reserve Chairs with related resources Federal Reserve System Federal Open Market Committee Chair Governors Federal Reserve Bank Banknotes Federal Reserve Note Federal Reserve Bank Note Reports Beige Book Federal Reserve Statistical Release Monetary Policy Report to the Congress Fedspeak Federal funds Discount window Federal funds Federal funds rate Primary dealer History Antecedents Bank of England ( 1694 -- 1776 ) Currency Acts ( 1751 ; 1764 ) Bank of North America ( 1781 -- 1791 ) First Bank of the United States ( 1791 -- 1811 ) Coinage Act of 1792 Second Bank of the United States ( 1816 -- 1836 ) Suffolk Bank ( 1818 -- 1858 ) Suffolk System ( 1824 -- 1858 ) Bank War ( 1832 -- 1836 ) Coinage Act of 1834 Coinage Act of 1849 Coinage Act of 1853 New York Clearing House ( 1853 -- 1913 ) Coinage Act of 1857 National Bank Acts ( 1863 ; 1864 ) Coinage Act of 1864 Contraction Act of 1866 Public Credit Act of 1869 Currency Act of 1870 Coinage Act of 1873 Specie Payment Resumption Act ( 1875 ) Bland -- Allison Act ( 1878 ) Sherman Silver Purchase Act ( 1890 ) Gold Standard Act ( 1900 ) Aldrich -- Vreeland Act ( 1908 ) Official Federal Reserve Act ( 1913 ) Pittman Act ( 1918 ) Post -- World War I recession ( 1918 -- 1919 ) Depression of 1920 -- 21 Wall Street Crash of 1929 Great Depression ( 1929 -- 1933 ) Gold Reserve Act ( 1934 ) Recession of 1937 -- 38 Employment Act of 1946 Late 1940s recession ( 1948 -- 1949 ) U.S. Treasury Department Accord ( 1951 ) Early 1950s recession ( 1953 -- 1954 ) Bank Holding Company Act ( 1956 ) Late 1950s recession ( 1957 -- 1958 ) Recession of 1960 -- 61 Federal Open Market Committee actions ( 1961 -- 2015 ) Recession of 1969 -- 70 1970s recession ( 1973 -- 1975 ) Federal Reserve Reform Act ( 1977 ) Humphrey -- Hawkins Full Employment Act ( 1978 ) Early 1980s recession ( 1980 ; 1981 -- 1982 ) Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act ( 1980 ) Board of Governors , FRS v. Investment Co . Institute ( 1981 ) Black Monday ( 1987 ) Financial Institutions Reform , Recovery , and Enforcement Act ( 1989 ) Friday the 13th mini-crash ( 1989 ) Early 1990s recession ( 1990 -- 1991 ) Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act ( 1991 ) 1997 mini-crash Gramm -- Leach -- Bliley Act ( 1999 ) Dot - com bubble bursting ( 2000 -- 2002 ) 9 / 11 economic effects ( 2001 ) Stock market downturn of 2002 Early 2000s recession ( 2002 -- 2003 ) Financial crisis of 2007 -- 2008 Great Recession ( 2007 -- 2009 ) 2007 -- 2009 U.S. bear market Federal Reserve responses to the subprime crisis ( 2007 -- 2010 ) Bloomberg v. Federal Reserve ( 2009 ) Flash Crash ( 2010 ) August 2011 stock markets fall 2015 -- 16 stock market selloff Chairs Charles S. Hamlin ( 1914 -- 1916 ) William P.G. Harding ( 1916 -- 1922 ) Daniel R. Crissinger ( 1923 -- 1927 ) Roy A. Young ( 1927 -- 1930 ) Eugene Meyer ( 1930 -- 1933 ) Eugene R. Black ( 1933 -- 1934 ) Marriner S. Eccles ( 1934 -- 1948 ) Thomas B. McCabe ( 1948 -- 1951 ) William M. Martin ( 1951 -- 1970 ) Arthur F. Burns ( 1970 -- 1978 ) G. William Miller ( 1978 -- 1979 ) Paul Volcker ( 1979 -- 1987 ) Alan Greenspan ( 1987 -- 2006 ) Ben Bernanke ( 2006 -- 2014 ) Janet Yellen ( 2014 -- 2018 ) Jerome Powell ( 2018 -- ) Current governors Jerome Powell ( Chairman ) Richard Clarida ( Vice Chairman ) Randal Quarles ( Vice Chairman for Supervision ) Lael Brainard 3 seats vacant Current presidents Eric S. Rosengren ( Boston ) John C. Williams ( New York ) Patrick T. Harker ( Philadelphia ) Loretta J. Mester ( Cleveland ) Jeffrey M. Lacker ( Richmond ) Raphael Bostic ( Atlanta ) Charles L. Evans ( Chicago ) James B. Bullard ( St. Louis ) Neel Kashkari ( Minneapolis ) Esther George ( Kansas City ) Robert Steven Kaplan ( Dallas ) Mark A. Gould ( Acting - San Francisco ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chair_of_the_Federal_Reserve&oldid=865540990 '' Categories : Chairs of the Federal Reserve Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Use mdy dates from July 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Galego 한국어 Nederlands नेपाली Polski Português Русский Simple English Українська Tiếng Việt 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2018 , at 15 : 20 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | who appoints the chairman of the federal reserve | [
"The chair is chosen by the President of the United States from among the members of the Board of Governors; and serves for four-year-terms after appointment. A chair may be appointed for several consecutive terms. William Martin was the longest serving chair, holding the position from 1951 to 1970.\n"
] | [
"President of the United States"
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8090874454698728384 | Palm Beach, Florida | Palm Beach , Florida - Wikipedia Palm Beach , Florida Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Palm Beach ( disambiguation ) . Town in Florida , United States Palm Beach , Florida Town Town of Palm Beach Aerial photograph of Palm Beach proper Seal Nickname ( s ) : The Island Location of Palm Beach , Florida U.S. Census Bureau map showing town boundaries Coordinates : 26 ° 42 ′ 54 '' N 80 ° 2 ′ 22 '' W / 26.71500 ° N 80.03944 ° W / 26.71500 ; - 80.03944 Coordinates : 26 ° 42 ′ 54 '' N 80 ° 2 ′ 22 '' W / 26.71500 ° N 80.03944 ° W / 26.71500 ; - 80.03944 Country United States State Florida County Palm Beach Founded 1872 Incorporated ( Town of Palm Beach ) April 17 , 1911 Area Total 8.12 sq mi ( 21.03 km ) Land 4.20 sq mi ( 10.89 km ) Water 3.92 sq mi ( 10.14 km ) Elevation 7 ft ( 2 m ) Population ( 2010 ) Total 8,348 Estimate ( 2016 ) 8,690 Density 2,067.08 / sq mi ( 798.14 / km ) Time zone Eastern ( EST ) ( UTC - 5 ) Summer ( DST ) EDT ( UTC - 4 ) ZIP code 33480 Area code ( s ) 561 FIPS code 12 - 54025 GNIS feature ID 0288390 Website townofpalmbeach.com Palm Beach , 1916 The Lake Trail along the Lake Worth Lagoon Worth Avenue Worth Avenue The Town of Palm Beach is an incorporated town in Palm Beach County , Florida , United States . The Intracoastal Waterway separates it from the neighboring cities of West Palm Beach and Lake Worth . In 2000 , Palm Beach had a year - round population of 10,468 , with an estimated seasonal population of 30,000 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Name 3 Geography 3.1 Climate 4 Demographics 5 Transportation 6 Schools 7 Points of interest 8 Notable people 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) Prior to being established as a resort by Henry Morrison Flagler , who made the Atlantic coast barrier island accessible via his Florida East Coast Railway , Palm Beach was a sparsely populated part of Lake Worth . The nucleus of the community was established by Flagler 's two luxury resort hotels , the Royal Poinciana Hotel and The Breakers Hotel . West Palm Beach was built across Lake Worth as a service town and has become a major city in its own right . Flagler 's house lots were bought by the beneficiaries of the Gilded Age , and in 1902 Flagler himself built a Beaux - Arts mansion , Whitehall , designed by the New York -- based firm Carrère and Hastings and helped establish the Palm Beach winter `` season '' by constantly entertaining . The town was incorporated on 17 April 1911 . An area known as the Styx housed the people who built up the island . Workers rented small houses from the landowners . In the early 1900s the landowners agreed to evict all of the residents of the Styx ( who moved to West Palm Beach , Florida ) and Edward R. Bradley bought up much of this land . The houses were razed , according to the Palm Beach Daily News . Name ( edit ) The wreck of the Providencia is credited with giving Palm Beach its famous name . The Providencia was traveling from Havana to Cádiz , Spain with a cargo of coconuts harvested on the Caribbean island of Trinidad , when the ship wrecked near Palm Beach . Many of the coconut naturalized or were planted along the Palm Beach coast . A lush grove of palm trees soon grew on what was later named Palm Beach . Today the tallest coconut palms in the United States can be found along the Palm Beach coast . Geography ( edit ) Palm Beach is the easternmost town in Florida , located on a 18 - mile ( 29 km ) long barrier island between Lake Worth Lagoon on the west and the Atlantic Ocean on the east . At no point is the island wider than three - quarters of a mile ( 1.2 km ) , and in places it is only 500 feet ( 150 m ) . According to the U.S. Census Bureau , the town has a total area of 10.4 square miles ( 27 square kilometres ) . 3.9 square miles ( 10 square kilometres ) of it is land and 6.5 square miles ( 17 square kilometres ) of it is water . The total area is 62.45 % water . Climate ( edit ) According to the koppen climate classification Palm Beach has a tropical rainforest climate , having slightly too much rainfall in it 's driest month to meet the tropical savanna criteria . The wet season is from May to October , when convective thunderstorms and tropical downpours are common , and weak tropical lows pass nearby . Average high temperatures in Palm Beach are 86 to 90 ° F ( 30 to 32 ° C ) with lows of 70 to 75 ° F ( 21 to 24 ° C ) . During this period , more than half of the summer days bring occasional afternoon thunderstorms and seabreezes that somewhat cool the rest of the day . The winter brings drier , sunnier , and much less humid weather . Average high temperatures of 75 to 82 ° F ( 24 to 28 ° C ) and lows of 57 to 66 ° F ( 14 to 19 ° C ) , and is considered the main tourist season in the Palm Beach area . Although most winter days have highs in the 75 F range in Palm Beach , occasional cold fronts during this period can result in a few days of cooler weather with high temperatures in the mid 60s F ( 15 to 20 ° C ) and lows in the upper 40s and 50s ( 8 to 14 ° C ) while at other times high temperatures occasionally reach the middle 80s F in mid winter . In some years , the dry season can become quite dry , and water restrictions are imposed . The annual average precipitation is 61 in ( 1,500 mm ) , most of which occurs during the summer season from May through October . In the wet summer season , short - lived heavy afternoon thunderstorms are common . Palm Beach reports more than 2,900 hrs of sunshine annually . Although rare , tropical cyclones can impact Palm Beach , with the last direct hit in 1928 . ( hide ) Climate data for Palm Beach Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 89 ( 32 ) 90 ( 32 ) 94 ( 34 ) 99 ( 37 ) 96 ( 36 ) 98 ( 37 ) 101 ( 38 ) 98 ( 37 ) 97 ( 36 ) 95 ( 35 ) 91 ( 33 ) 90 ( 32 ) 101 ( 38 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 75.1 ( 23.9 ) 76.3 ( 24.6 ) 79.2 ( 26.2 ) 82.1 ( 27.8 ) 85.9 ( 29.9 ) 88.5 ( 31.4 ) 90.1 ( 32.3 ) 90.1 ( 32.3 ) 88.7 ( 31.5 ) 85.0 ( 29.4 ) 80.4 ( 26.9 ) 76.4 ( 24.7 ) 83.1 ( 28.4 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 57.3 ( 14.1 ) 58.2 ( 14.6 ) 61.9 ( 16.6 ) 65.4 ( 18.6 ) 70.5 ( 21.4 ) 73.8 ( 23.2 ) 75.0 ( 23.9 ) 75.4 ( 24.1 ) 74.7 ( 23.7 ) 71.2 ( 21.8 ) 65.8 ( 18.8 ) 60.1 ( 15.6 ) 67.4 ( 19.7 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) 27 ( − 3 ) 32 ( 0 ) 30 ( − 1 ) 43 ( 6 ) 51 ( 11 ) 61 ( 16 ) 66 ( 19 ) 65 ( 18 ) 66 ( 19 ) 46 ( 8 ) 36 ( 2 ) 28 ( − 2 ) 27 ( − 3 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 3.75 ( 95.3 ) 2.55 ( 64.8 ) 3.68 ( 93.5 ) 3.57 ( 90.7 ) 5.39 ( 136.9 ) 7.58 ( 192.5 ) 5.97 ( 151.6 ) 6.65 ( 168.9 ) 8.10 ( 205.7 ) 5.46 ( 138.7 ) 5.55 ( 141 ) 3.14 ( 79.8 ) 61.39 ( 1,559.4 ) Source : National Weather Service Demographics ( edit ) Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1920 1,135 -- 1930 1,707 50.4 % 1940 3,747 119.5 % 1950 3,886 3.7 % 1960 6,055 55.8 % 1970 9,086 50.1 % 1980 9,729 7.1 % 9,814 0.9 % 2000 10,468 6.7 % 8,348 − 20.3 % Est. 2016 8,690 4.1 % U.S. Decennial Census Palm Beach has a median household income of $124,562 and a median family income of $137,867 . The town 's affluence and its `` abundance of pleasures '' and `` strong community - oriented sensibility '' were cited when it was selected in June 2003 as America 's `` Best Place to Live '' by Robb Report magazine . As of the 2000 census , over half the population ( 52.7 % ) are 65 years of age or older , with a median age of 67 years . 9.4 % are under the age of 18 , 1.5 % are from 18 to 24 , 11.5 % are from 25 to 44 , and 25.0 % from 45 to 64 . For every 100 females , there are 79.3 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there are 77.0 males . The household income for the town is $109,219 . Males have a median income of $71,685 versus $42,875 for females . 5.3 % of the population and 2.4 % of families are below the poverty line . 4.6 % of those under the age of 18 and 2.9 % of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line . The racial makeup of the town is 96 % White ( 93.8 % were non-Hispanic White ) , 2.57 % Black , 0.53 % Asian , 0.04 % Native American , 0.02 % Pacific Islander , 0.21 % from other races , and 0.63 % from two or more races. 2.56 % of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race . The 10,468 people in the town are organized into 5,789 households and 3,021 families . The population density is 2,669.2 inhabitants per square mile ( 1,031.1 / km ) . There are 9,948 housing units at an average density of 1,006.5 per square mile ( 387.7 / km ) . 7.7 % of the households have children under the age of 18 living with them , 48.1 % are married couples living together , 3.3 % have a female householder with no husband present , and 47.8 % are non-families. 42.6 % of all households are made up of individuals and 27.6 % have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older . The average household size is 1.81 and the average family size is 2.38 . In 2000 , English was the first language of 87.81 % of all residents , while French comprised 4.48 % , Spanish consisted of 3.65 % , German made up 2.16 % , Italian speakers made up 0.45 % , Yiddish made up 0.36 % , Russian was at 0.30 % , Arabic and Swedish at 0.25 % , and Polish was the mother tongue of 0.24 % of the population . In 2000 , Palm Beach had the 40th highest percentage of Russian residents in the U.S. , with 10.30 % of the populace ( tied with Pomona , N.Y. and the township of Lower Merion , Pa . ) . It also had the 26th highest percentage of Austrian residents in the US , at 2.10 % of the town 's population ( which tied with 19 other US areas ) . Palm Beach Transportation ( edit ) Worth Avenue The city is served by Amtrak and Tri-Rail , which connect Palm Beach with Miami , as well as Palm Beach International Airport , all located in West Palm Beach . The higher speed Brightline has a stop in West Palm Beach as well . Public transportation is available through Palm Tran , and connects with the rest of the county . The northern portion of Palm Beach is served by the Route 41 bus which travels from the northernmost portion of Palm Beach at the inlet and then down to Royal Palm Way , across the Royal Park Bridge ( State Road 704 ) into West Palm Beach and up to the government center , and then follows the same route in reverse . Private vehicles and taxis are the predominant means of transport in Palm Beach . Bicycles are a popular transport on the island , although most areas have no bicycle trails , so safe and comfortable travel is not always assured . The Lake Trail , exclusively for pedestrian and bike traffic , extends from Royal Palm Way ( State Road 704 ) in the south up to the north end of the island . The trail follows the edge of the Lake Worth Lagoon ( part of the intercoastal waterway ) except for a section between the Flagler Museum and the Biltmore Condominiums , where the trail follows the streets . Another break occurs to pass around the Sailfish Yacht Club in the north end of the island . The Lake Trail is filled daily with bikers , rollerbladers , runners , and dog - walkers . Traveling by bike along the ocean can be hazardous . Only a short section in the downtown area has sidewalks . The roads along the ocean are narrow and have small or no shoulders , making biking a potentially dangerous activity in those areas . In the southern end of the island , south of Sloan 's Curve , through South Palm Beach to East Ocean Avenue ( linking to Lantana ) is a two - mile ( 3200 m ) long , relatively wide pedestrian path that is popular with walkers , runners , and bikers alike . Schools ( edit ) Palm Beach Public Elementary is located on the island and has kindergarten through fifth grade . It has a school grade of A and 477 students attend the school . Palm Beach Day Academy is a private school in the area . It was formed in 2005 from a merger between Palm Beach Day School and the Academy of the Palm Beaches . Points of interest ( edit ) Night view of the Big Kapok tree near Flagler Museum Breakers Hotel Everglades Club Four Arts Gardens Mar - a-Lago Whitehall , the Flagler Museum Pan 's Garden , Preservation Foundation of Palm Beach Worth Avenue The Big Kapok tree on the property of the Royal Poinciana Chapel near Flagler Museum Notable people ( edit ) S. Daniel Abraham - Creator of Slim Fast Roger Ailes - American television executive and media consultant Steve Alvers - American football player Spencer Antle - Fashion designer , founder of lifestyle brand Island Company , and filmmaker Madeleine Astor - Titanic Survivor , and widow of John Jacob Astor IV Herman Barron ( 1909 -- 1978 ) - professional golfer Rich Barnes - MLB pitcher for the Chicago White Sox and Cleveland Indians Barney Family - heirs to the Smith Barney banking and brokerage fortune Ted Bell - Bestselling American author of suspense and espionage novels Billy Bishop - World War I flying ace , he died while spending the winter of 1956 in Palm Beach Conrad Black - a former Canadian media baron , author , and convicted fraudster lived on Palm Beach Island for over twenty years Jon Bon Jovi - American singer from New Jersey , who in March 2018 purchased a home on the island , in addition to his other residences in Boca Raton , and New Jersey . Dan Borislow - Founder of magicJack Nancy Brinker - founder of Susan G. Komen for the Cure Jimmy Buffett - Singer William S. Burroughs , Jr . - American novelist , son of famous beat writer William S. Burroughs and great - grandson to William Seward Burroughs I , the original inventor of the Burroughs adding machine . ( b . 1947 ) James H. Clark - Founder of Netscape Ann Coulter - Syndicated columnist , author , and political commentator Horace Dodge - The Dodge automotive family and died December 1920 at his Palm Beach residence The Duke and Duchess of Windsor frequently holidayed in Palm Beach after their marriage in 1937 Henry Morrison Flagler - founder of Palm Beach Malcolm Glazer - CEO of First Allied Corporation and sports team owner ( Manchester United of the Premier League and the Tampa Bay Buccaneers of the National Football League ) Robert W. Gottfried - homebuilder Curt Gowdy - Sportscaster Joseph Gurwin ( 1920 -- 2009 ) , philanthropist George Hamilton - Actor E.F. Hutton - Wall street broker who built Mar - a-Lago husband of Marjorie Merriweather Post Paul Ilyinsky or HH Paul Romanovsky - Ilynsky ( 1928 -- 2004 ) - senior male of Romanov Dynasty , Head of House of Holstein - Gottorp , Prince of Holstein - Gottorp , Duke of Holstein - Gottorp , Prince Romanovsky - Ilynsky , U.S. Marine Corps colonel , son of HIH Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich of Russia , grandson of John J. Emery , nephew of John J. Emery . Ilyinsky was elected to the Palm Beach town council in 1981 . Two years later , Ilyinsky ran unopposed and spent another term as council president . He won the mayor 's job in 1993 , and served until 2000 . Michael Jackson - Singer . Lived there briefly in 2003 until 2005 . Raymond Kassar - Investor and former Chairman and CEO of Atari and former Vice-Chair of Burlington Industries Kennedy family - political family Brett King - American actor who later opened Coral Sands Hotel in the Bahamas , died in Palm Beach in 1999 John Kluge - Chairman of Metromedia , estimated net worth is $11 Billion III Howard Leach - Ambassador to France under George W. Bush Evelyn Lauder - co-creator of the Pink Ribbon breast cancer awareness campaign , creator of Clinique Laurence Leamer - Writer John Lennon - Musician most famous with his work with The Beatles . Lennon bought Harold Vanderbilt 's former home , El Solano , in 1980 shortly before his murder . Rush Limbaugh - Radio show host , and conservative political commentator Edgar F. Luckenbach - Shipping magnate Bernard Madoff - Former NASDAQ chairman and convicted felon of various securities fraud Lana J. Marks - Designer Charles Peter McColough - Former Chairman and CEO of the Xerox Corporation Dina Merrill - American actress and socialite ( daughter of E.F. Hutton & Marjorie Merriweather Post ) Addison Mizner - influential architect of Palm Beach landmarks and residences in the 1920s Brian Mulroney - former Canadian Prime Minister Dmitri Nabokov - son and literary heir of famed novelist Vladimir Nabokov Tony Nader - author and leader of the Transcendental Meditation movement Kevin Ohme - MLB pitcher for the St. Louis Cardinals Mehmet Oz - Better known as Dr. Oz . Turkish - American cardiothoracic surgeon , professor , author , and television personality . James Patterson - Best Selling Author Mark Patton - 1980s television and film actor Henry Paulson - Former US Treasury Secretary Ronald Perelman - Corporate Raider , Chairman of Revlon who sold his Palm Beach house in 2004 for $70 million Marjorie Merriweather Post - Post cereal heiress , socialite , and philanthropist who built Mar - a-Lago . Wife of E.F. Hutton Wilbur Ross - US secretary of Commerce John Sculley - former CEO of Apple , Inc and former president of PepsiCo Stephanie Seymour - American model and actress Christopher A. Sinclair - Chairman and CEO of Mattel and former CEO of Pepsi - Cola Howard Stern - Radio personality Rod Stewart - Singer Butch Trucks - Founding member of The Allman Brothers Band Donald Trump - 45th President of the United States Ivana Trump - Ex-wife of Donald Trump Harold Vanderbilt - railroad executive , great - grandson of Cornelius Vanderbilt , owned El Solano before John Lennon bought it . Vera Wang - Fashion designer ( has recently sold the $9 m mansion she owned on the Palm Beach coast and moved to NYC ) Mollie Wilmot - Philanthropist and socialite Jayne Wrightsman - Philanthropist and socialite References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved Jul 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` US Board on Geographic Names '' . United States Geological Survey . 2007 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Loney , Jim ( 19 December 2008 ) . `` Madoff scandal stuns Palm Beach Jewish community '' . Reuters . Retrieved 2 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Styx : Removal '' . Palm Beach County History Online . 2009 . Retrieved 2 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Harvey Oyer III , `` `` The Wreck of the Providencia in 1878 and the Naming of Palm Beach County , '' South Florida History , vol. 29 , Nov. 4 , 2001 . Jump up ^ Town of Palm Beach , `` History of Palm Beach '' , http://www.townofpalmbeach.com/Index.aspx?NID=343 , retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Palm Beach County Historical Society , `` 1860 - 1879 , '' http://www.pbchistoryonline.org/page/timeline-1860-1879 , retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Town of Palm Beach , `` Story of the Town 's Founding '' , http://www.townofpalmbeach.com/Index.aspx?NID=344 , retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Federal Writers ' Project ( 1939 ) , Florida . A Guide to the Southernmost State , New York : Oxford University Press , p. 227 access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` WEST PALM BEACH , FLORIDA '' . Weatherbase . Retrieved May 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Climate of West Palm Beach '' . ClimaTemps.com . Retrieved June 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Historical Weather for West Palm Beach , Florida , United States of America '' . Weatherbase . Retrieved 2 December 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.nws.noaa.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=mfl Jump up ^ `` Census of Population and Housing '' . Census.gov . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Demographics of Palm Beach , Florida '' . MuniNetGuide.com . Retrieved 2 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` MLA Data Center Results of Palm Beach , FL '' . Modern Language Association . Retrieved 2 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ancestry Map of Russian Communities '' . Epodunk.com . Retrieved 2 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ancestry Map of Austrian Communities '' . Epodunk.com . Retrieved 2 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Stations : West Palm Beach , FL ( WPB ) '' . Amtrak . Retrieved 2 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` West Palm Beach to Palm Beach Inlet - Route 41 '' . Palm Beach County . 12 March 2013 . Archived from the original on 3 December 2013 . Retrieved 2 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Palm Beach Public Elementary '' . Edline.net . Retrieved 2 December 2013 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ ( 2 ) ^ Jump up to : Clemence , Sara ( 12 September 2005 ) . `` Palm Beach Peach '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Brad ( 4 November 2006 ) . `` Ann Coulter 's Felonious Florida Voter Registration Application '' . Retrieved 2 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Hyde , Charles K. ( 2005 ) . The Dodge brothers : the men , the motor cars , and the legacy . Wayne State University Press . p. 139 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8143 - 3246 - 7 . Retrieved 2 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Stephanie Murphy , Shannon Donnelly ( 31 May 2007 ) . `` He Certainly Put his Stamp on the Island '' . Palm Beach Daily News . Jump up ^ Martin , Douglas ( 26 September 2009 ) . `` Joseph Gurwin , Textile Manufacturer and Philanthropist , Dies at 89 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Davis , Christine ( 26 April 2012 ) . `` On the Market : George Hamilton , engaged , is selling Waterview Towers bachelor pad for $895,000 '' . Palm Beach Daily News . Retrieved 23 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Dargan , Michele ; Donnelly , Shannon ( 13 November 2011 ) . `` Service to be Monday for Evelyn Lauder , beauty exec and pink ribbon co-creator '' . Palm Beach Daily News . Archived from the original on 13 May 2012 . Retrieved 2 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` El Solano Review - Palm Beach and the Treasure Coast '' . Fodor 's Travel Guides. 1 October 2010 . Archived from the original on 11 August 2014 . Retrieved 2 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rush Limbaugh 's House , and Other Egomaniacal Estates '' . New York Magazine . 7 July 2008 . Retrieved 2 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Hofheinz , Darrell ( 15 September 2016 ) . `` North End home with Vedic principles wins board approval '' . The Shiny Sheet . Retrieved 6 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Ostrowski , Jeff . `` Dr. Oz just bought a Palm Beach mansion . See how much he paid '' . Palm Beach Post . External links ( edit ) Miami portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Palm Beach , Florida . 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1125226722819529917 | Back to You (Selena Gomez song) | Back to You ( Selena Gomez song ) - wikipedia Back to You ( Selena Gomez song ) `` Back to You '' Single by Selena Gomez from the album 13 Reasons Why : Season 2 ( Music from the Original TV Series ) Released May 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 10 ) Format Digital download Genre Dance - pop Length 3 : 27 Label Interscope Songwriter ( s ) Selena Gomez Parrish Warrington Diederik Van Elsas Amy Allen Micah Premnath Producer ( s ) Trackside Ian Kirkpatrick Selena Gomez singles chronology `` Wolves '' ( 2017 ) `` Back to You '' ( 2018 ) `` Taki Taki '' ( 2018 ) Music video `` Back to You '' on YouTube `` Back to You '' is a song recorded by American singer Selena Gomez . It was written by Gomez , Parrish Warrington , Diederik Van Elsas , Amy Allen , and Micah Premnath , while the production was handled by Trackside and Ian Kirkparick . The track was released on May 10 , 2018 , as the lead single from the soundtrack of the second season of Netflix 's original series 13 Reasons Why , a series adaptation of the eponymous book . Commercially , the song reached the top 5 in Australia , Canada , the Czech Republic , Greece , Hungary , Ireland , Malaysia , the Netherlands , Singapore and Slovakia ; the top 10 in Belgium , Finland , New Zealand , Norway , Portugal and Scotland ; as well as the top 20 in Denmark , Germany , Switzerland , Sweden , the United Kingdom and the United States . In the US , the song also became Gomez 's 15th consecutive top 40 entry on the Billboard Hot 100 , the longest active run of any artist . Contents 1 Release 2 Composition 3 Music video 3.1 Release and synopsis 4 Accolades 5 Track listing 6 Charts 7 Certifications 8 Release history 9 References Release ( edit ) Before its official announcement , the song was registered in ASCAP and teased by various US radio stations such as 104.7 KISS FM . Gomez finally confirmed the release through social media on May 1 , as well as its inclusion on the soundtrack of the second season of the Netflix 's original series 13 Reasons Why , in which she takes part as an executive producer . The song premiered on May 10 in Zane Lowe 's Apple Music radio show Beats 1 as the release day 's `` World Record '' . She was also interviewed by Lowe and confirmed that her third solo studio album was being completed . Composition ( edit ) `` Back to You '' was written by Selena Gomez , Parrish Warrington , Diederik Van Elsas , Amy Allen , and Micah Premnath . The production was handled by Trackside and Ian Kirkpatrick , the latter also working on Gomez 's previous single `` Bad Liar '' . The track has been described as an emotional acoustic midtempo with country influences , being also called a `` dance - pop anthem '' ballad . Gomez said that it was a `` very special record '' and that she wanted it to be `` a beautiful message in a really complicated way but really fun '' . The song is performed in the key of F ♯ major with a tempo of 102 beats per minute in 4 / 4 time and follows a chord progression of D ♯ m -- B -- F ♯ . Gomez ' vocals span two octaves , from C ♯ to C ♯ . Music video ( edit ) A lyric video with scenes of the second season of 13 Reasons Why was released on May 10 , 2018 . Release and synopsis ( edit ) The official music video was directed by Scott Cudmore . The imagery for the music video is inspired from the 1965 French New Wave film Pierrot le Fou . The music video starts at a party with Gomez , dressed in a vintage feather - trimmed green sequined high - neck dress , locking eyes with a sharply suited man ( Andrey Kupchenko ) , and they steal a convertible and end up frolicking in a bucolic pasture . Gomez wears an ensemble fit for the French countryside : a vintage white skirt and a sleeveless orange - and - yellow crop top . and take Gomez 's twist on iconic ' 60s French - girl style as some summer style inspiration . Nevertheless , Gomez 's video , is saturated with Godard 's quintessential filmmaking quirks : fragmented editing ; characters breaking the fourth wall ; melodramatic dialogue ; a garish , primary color - focused palette ; and cartoonish neorealism . Cinemaphiles will immediately notice parallels , as the music video 's opening visual directly mirrors the famous party scene in `` Pierrot le Fou , '' both doused in deep , ever - changing colors . The inane dialogue from side characters serves to highlight the shallow , bourgeois lifestyle that Pierrot wants to escape from . The two find they are wanted and burn their car to destroy the evidence . The video returns to the party from the start and despite everything , Gomez cycles back , locks eyes with a sharply dressed man and asks : `` Do you want to steal a car ? '' . As of October 2018 , Back to You 's official music video has received over 165 million views on YouTube . Accolades ( edit ) Year Ceremony Award Result Ref 2018 Teen Choice Awards Choice Summer Song Won People 's Choice Awards The Song Of 2018 Pending The Music Video of 2018 Pending Track listing ( edit ) Digital download `` Back to You '' -- 3 : 30 Riton and Kah - Lo Remix `` Back to You '' ( Riton and Kah - Lo Remix ) -- 3 : 27 Joey Pecoraro Remix `` Back to You '' ( Joey Pecoraro Remix ) -- 3 : 46 Anki Remix `` Back to You '' ( Anki Remix ) -- 4 : 41 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2018 ) Peak position Argentina Anglo ( Monitor Latino ) 8 Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 8 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 10 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 37 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Canada CHR / Top 40 ( Billboard ) 8 Canada Hot AC ( Billboard ) 7 Croatia ( Croatia Singles Chart ) 17 Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 12 Dominican Republic ( Monitor Latino Anglo ) 11 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 8 France ( SNEP ) 51 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 19 Greece International Digital ( IFPI ) 5 Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 22 Hungary ( Stream Top 40 ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Israel ( Media Forest TV Airplay ) Italy ( FIMI ) 49 Japan Hot Overseas ( Billboard ) 8 Latvia ( Latvijas Top 40 ) 11 Lebanon ( Lebanese Top 20 ) 7 Lithuania ( M - 1 Top 40 ) Malaysia ( RIM ) Mexico ( Monitor Latino Anglo ) 16 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 5 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 5 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 8 Norway ( VG - lista ) 10 Panama ( Monitor Latino Anglo ) 9 Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 5 Portugal ( AFP ) 8 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 9 Singapore ( RIAS ) Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) 53 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 14 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 44 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 14 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 20 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 13 US Billboard Hot 100 18 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 14 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 5 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Platinum 70,000 Brazil ( Pro-Música Brasil ) Gold 20,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Gold 45,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Gold 25,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold 15,000 Sweden ( GLF ) Platinum 40,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 200,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Version Label Ref . Various May 10 , 2018 Digital download Original Interscope United States May 15 , 2018 Contemporary hit radio Various August 10 , 2018 Digital download Remixes References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Hugh McIntyre ( May 10 , 2018 ) . `` Selena Gomez Continues Her Latest Era With New EDM - Pop Single ' Back To You ' '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ Sam Prance ( May 1 , 2018 ) . `` Selena Gomez Appears to Start Teasing Her Next Single '' . MTV UK . Jump up ^ Shanté Honeycutt ( May 1 , 2018 ) . `` Selena Gomez Announces New Song ' Back To You ' : ' I 'm So Excited ' '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Ben Kaye ( May 10 , 2018 ) . `` Selena Gomez shares new song `` Back to You '' : Stream `` . Consequence of Sound . ^ Jump up to : Mike Wass ( May 10 , 2018 ) . `` Selena Gomez 's `` Back To You '' Is A Deeply Emotional ( Post ) Breakup Song `` . Idolator . ^ Jump up to : Erica Russell ( May 10 , 2018 ) . `` Selena Gomez Drops Country - Hued New Single ' Back to You ' '' . PopCrush . ^ Jump up to : Claire Dodson ( May 10 , 2018 ) . `` Selena Gomez Released a New Single for the `` 13 Reasons Why '' Soundtrack `` . Teen Vogue . Jump up ^ Gomez , Selena . `` Selena Gomez `` Back to You '' Sheet Music in F ♯ Major `` . Musicnotes LLC . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez -- Back to You ( Lyric Video ) '' . YouTube . May 10 , 2018 . Retrieved June 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez -- Back to You '' . YouTube . June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Selena Gomez Dress Like a ' 60s New Wave French Muse in Her New Music Video '' . Vogue.com . June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez 's New Music Video Parallels a French Film -- And Fans Ca n't Decide If It 's an Homage Or Rip - Off '' . uk.businessinsider.com.com . June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VY1eFxgRR-k Jump up ^ Iansimone , Ashley ( August 12 , 2018 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards Winners 2018 : See the Full List '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` 13 Reasons Why : Season 2 ( Music from the Original TV Series ) by Selena Gomez , OneRepublic & YUNGBLUD '' . iTunes ( US ) . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Helix , Vol. 2 by Various Artists '' . iTunes ( US ) , Apple Music . July 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : All remixes of `` Back to You '' released on August 10 , 2018 : Riton and Kah - Lo remix ( firstly released on July 27 , 2018 through Interscope 's Helix complilation album ) : `` Helix , Vol. 2 by Various Artists '' . iTunes ( US ) , Apple Music . July 27 , 2018 . `` Back to You ( Riton & Kah - Lo Remix ) - Single by Selena Gomez '' . iTunes ( US ) , Apple Music . Retrieved August 10 , 2018 . Joey Pecoraro remix : `` Back to You ( Joey Pecoraro Remix ) - Single by Selena Gomez '' . iTunes ( US ) , Apple Music . Retrieved August 10 , 2018 . Anki remix : `` Back to You ( Anki Remix ) - Single by Selena Gomez '' . iTunes ( US ) , Apple Music . Retrieved August 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Anglo Argentina -- Del 18 al 24 de Junio , 2018 '' ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved July 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Selena Gomez -- Back to You '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved June 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Selena Gomez -- Back to You '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Selena Gomez -- Back to You '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved August 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Selena Gomez -- Back to You '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez Chart History ( Canada CHR / Top 40 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez Chart History ( Canada Hot AC ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia Singles Chart '' . Croatia Singles Chart . June 20 , 2018 . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201835 into search . Retrieved September 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201823 into search . Retrieved June 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Selena Gomez -- Back to You '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` TOP 20 ANGLO -- República Dominicana '' . Monitor Latino ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez : Back to You '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved June 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Le Top de la semaine : Top Singles -- SNEP ( Week 24 , 2018 ) '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved June 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Selena Gomez -- Back to You '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Greece Official IFPI Charts : Digital Singles Chart ( International ) -- Εβδομάδα : 22 / 2018 '' . IFPI Charts . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved June 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Stream Top 40 slágerlista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Irish-charts.com -- Discography Selena Gomez '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved June 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` מדיה פורסט -- לדעת שאתה באוויר '' . Mediaforest.biz . Retrieved 1 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Selena Gomez -- Back to You '' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved June 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Japan Hot Overseas '' ( in Japanese ) . Billboard Japan . June 25 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Latvijas Top 40 '' . Latvijas Radio . Retrieved June 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Lebanese Top 20 - Selena Gomez '' . The Official Lebanese Top 20 . June 10 , 2018 . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lithuanian Airplay Chart '' . Archived from the original on 11 September 2018 . Retrieved 11 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Most Streamed International & Domestic Singles in Malaysia : Week 21 ( 18 / 05 / 18 -- 24 / 05 / 18 ) '' ( PDF ) . Recording Industry Association of Malaysia . Retrieved June 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` TOP 20 ANGLO - México '' . Monitor Latino ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 24 , 2018 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved June 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Selena Gomez -- Back to You '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- Selena Gomez -- Back to You '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Selena Gomez -- Back to You '' . VG - lista . Retrieved June 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` TOP 20 ANGLO -- Panama '' . Monitor Latino ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved July 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- Selena Gomez -- Back to You '' . AFP Top 100 Singles . Retrieved June 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved June 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` '' Singapore Top 30 Digital Streaming Chart Week 26 `` '' . Recording Industry Association ( Singapore ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201835 into search . Retrieved September 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201823 into search . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 -- Slovenian official singles chart '' . slotop50.si . Retrieved 5 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Selena Gomez -- Back to You '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Selena Gomez -- Back to You '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Selena Gomez -- Back to You '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved June 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved June 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Australian Top 50 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . August 13 , 2018 . Retrieved August 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Brazilian single certifications -- Selena Gomez -- Back To You '' ( in Portuguese ) . Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos . Retrieved September 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Danish single certifications -- Selena Gomez -- Back To You '' . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved September 11 , 2018 . Click on næste to go to page if certification is from the official website . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Selena Gomez -- Back To You '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved October 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Selena Gomez -- Back to You '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved July 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat '' ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Retrieved September 29 , 2018 . Type Selena Gomez in the top right search bar . Click on `` Sok '' and select Back To You and see certification . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Selena Gomez -- Back To You '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved July 13 , 2018 . Select singles in the Format field . Select Silver in the Certification field . Type Back To You in the `` Search BPI Awards '' field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Selena Gomez -- Back To You '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved September 7 , 2018 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 / M Future Releases '' . All Access . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2018 . Selena Gomez Discography Awards and nominations Songs Studio albums Stars Dance Revival Compilation albums For You EPs Another Cinderella Story ( EP ) Singles `` Tell Me Something I Do n't Know '' `` Magic '' `` Come & Get It '' `` Slow Down '' `` The Heart Wants What It Wants '' `` Good for You '' `` Same Old Love '' `` Hands to Myself '' `` Kill Em with Kindness '' `` It Ai n't Me '' `` Bad Liar '' `` Fetish '' `` Wolves '' `` Back to You '' Featured singles `` Whoa Oh ! '' ( remix ) `` I Want You to Know '' `` We Do n't Talk Anymore '' `` Hands '' `` Trust Nobody '' `` Taki Taki '' Promotional singles `` Send It On '' `` Shake It Up '' `` Me & the Rhythm '' Other songs `` One and the Same '' `` Birthday '' `` Stars Dance '' `` Like a Champion '' `` Forget Forever '' `` Revival '' `` Sober '' `` Me & My Girls '' `` Only You '' Concert tours Stars Dance Tour Revival Tour Related articles Selena Gomez & the Scene Francia Raisa Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Back_to_You_(Selena_Gomez_song)&oldid=866523611 '' Categories : 2010s ballads 2018 songs 2018 singles Selena Gomez songs Interscope Records singles Songs written by Selena Gomez Electropop ballads Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadachrtop40 Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadahotac Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungarysingle Singlechart usages for Hungarystream Singlechart usages for Ireland3 Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart usages for Portugal Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Brazil Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Italiano עברית Português Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 21 : 22 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was back to you made by selena gomez | [
"\"Back to You\"\nSingle by Selena Gomezfrom the album 13 Reasons Why: Season 2 (Music from the Original TV Series)Released\nMay 10, 2018 (2018-05-10)Format\nDigital downloadGenre\nDance-popLength\n3:27Label\nInterscopeSongwriter(s)\nSelena Gomez\nParrish Warrington\nDiederik Van Elsas\nAmy Allen\nMicah Premnath\nProducer(s)\nTrackside\nIan Kirkpatrick\nSelena Gomez singles chronology\n\n\n\n\"Wolves\" (2017)\n\n\"Back to You\" (2018)\n\n\"Taki Taki\" (2018)\n\nMusic video\n\"Back to You\" on YouTube\n"
] | [
"May 10, 2018"
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6098465629713582210 | American Quarter Horse | American Quarter Horse - wikipedia American Quarter Horse Jump to : navigation , search American Quarter Horse A palomino American Quarter Horse shown at halter Other names Quarter Horse Country of origin United States Traits Distinguishing features Great sprinting speed over short distances ; short , refined head ; strong , well - muscled body , featuring a broad chest and powerful , rounded hindquarters Breed standards American Quarter Horse Association Equus ferus caballus The American Quarter Horse , or Quarter Horse , is an American breed of horse that excels at sprinting short distances . Its name came from its ability to outdistance other horse breeds in races of a quarter mile or less ; some have been clocked at speeds up to 55 mph ( 88.5 km / h ) . The American Quarter Horse is the most popular breed in the United States today , and the American Quarter Horse Association is the largest breed registry in the world , with almost 3 million living American Quarter Horses registered in 2014 . The American Quarter Horse is well known both as a race horse and for its performance in rodeos , horse shows and as a working ranch horse . The compact body of the American Quarter Horse is well - suited to the intricate and speedy maneuvers required in reining , cutting , working cow horse , barrel racing , calf roping , and other western riding events , especially those involving live cattle . The American Quarter Horse is also shown in English disciplines , driving , and many other equestrian activities . Contents ( hide ) 1 Breed History 1.1 Colonial era 1.2 Westward expansion 1.3 Development as a distinct breed 2 `` Appendix '' and `` Foundation '' horses 3 American Quarter Horses today 4 Breed characteristics 4.1 Stock type 4.2 Halter type 4.3 Racing and hunter type 5 Genetic diseases 6 See also 7 References 8 Sources 9 Further reading 10 External links Breed history ( edit ) Colonial era ( edit ) In the 17th century , colonists on the eastern seaboard of what today is the United States began to cross imported English Thoroughbred horses with assorted `` native '' horses such as the Chickasaw horse , which was a breed developed by Native American people from horses descended from Spain , developed from Iberian , Arabian and Barb stock brought to what is now the Southeastern United States by the Conquistadors . One of the most famous of these early imports was Janus , a Thoroughbred who was the grandson of the Godolphin Arabian . He was foaled in 1746 , and imported to colonial Virginia in 1756 . The influence of Thoroughbreds like Janus contributed genes crucial to the development of the colonial `` Quarter Horse '' . The breed is sometimes referred to as the `` Famous American Quarter Running Horse '' . The resulting horse was small , hardy , and quick , and was used as a work horse during the week and a race horse on the weekends . As flat racing became popular with the colonists , the Quarter Horse gained even more popularity as a sprinter over courses that , by necessity , were shorter than the classic racecourses of England , and were often no more than a straight stretch of road or flat piece of open land . When matched against a Thoroughbred , local sprinters often won . As the Thoroughbred breed became established in America , many colonial Quarter Horses were included in the original American stud books , starting a long association between the Thoroughbred breed and what would later become officially known as the `` Quarter Horse '' , named after the ⁄ mile ( 0.40 km ) race distance at which it excelled . with some individuals being clocked at up to 55 mph . Westward expansion ( edit ) In the 19th century , pioneers heading West needed a hardy , willing horse . On the Great Plains , settlers encountered horses that descended from the Spanish stock Hernán Cortés and other Conquistadors had introduced into the viceroyalty of New Spain , which today includes the Southwestern United States and Mexico . These horses of the west included herds of feral animals known as Mustangs , as well as horses domesticated by Native Americans , including the Comanche , Shoshoni and Nez Perce tribes . As the colonial Quarter Horse was crossed with these western horses , the pioneers found that the new crossbred had innate `` cow sense '' , a natural instinct for working with cattle , making it popular with cattlemen on ranches . Development as a distinct breed ( edit ) See also : American Quarter Horse Association and American Quarter Horse Hall of Fame A photograph of Peter McCue , taken in Oklahoma around 1905 . Early foundation sires of Quarter horse type included Steel Dust , foaled 1843 ; Shiloh ( or Old Shiloh ) , foaled 1844 ; Old Cold Deck ( 1862 ) ; Lock 's Rondo , one of many `` Rondo '' horses , foaled in 1880 ; Old Billy -- again , one of many `` Billy '' horses -- foaled circa 1880 ; Traveler , a stallion of unknown breeding , known to have been in Texas by 1889 ; and Peter McCue , foaled 1895 , registered as a Thoroughbred but of disputed pedigree . The main duty of the ranch horse in the American West was working cattle . Even after the invention of the automobile , horses were still irreplaceable for handling livestock on the range . Thus , major Texas cattle ranches , such as the King Ranch , the 6666 ( Four Sixes ) Ranch , and the Waggoner Ranch played a significant role in the development of the modern Quarter Horse . The skills needed by cowboys and their horses became the foundation of the rodeo , a contest which began with informal competition between cowboys and expanded to become a major competitive event throughout the west . To this day , the Quarter Horse dominates the sport both in speed events and in competition that emphasizes the handling of live cattle . However , sprint races were also popular weekend entertainment and racing became a source of economic gain for breeders as well . As a result , more Thoroughbred blood was added back into the developing American Quarter Horse breed . The American Quarter Horse also benefitted from the addition of Arabian , Morgan , and even Standardbred bloodlines . In 1940 , the American Quarter Horse Association ( AQHA ) was formed by a group of horsemen and ranchers from the southwestern United States dedicated to preserving the pedigrees of their ranch horses . The horse honored with the first registration number , P - 1 , was Wimpy , a descendant of the King Ranch foundation sire Old Sorrel . Other sires alive at the founding of the AQHA were given the earliest registration numbers Joe Reed P - 3 , Chief P - 5 , Oklahoma Star P - 6 , Cowboy P - 12 , and Waggoner 's Rainy Day P - 13 . The Thoroughbred race horse Three Bars , alive in the early years of the AQHA , is recognized by the American Quarter Horse Hall of Fame as one of the significant foundation sires for the Quarter Horse breed . Other significant Thoroughbred sires seen in early AQHA pedigrees include Rocket Bar , Top Deck and Depth Charge . `` Appendix '' and `` Foundation '' Horses ( edit ) Since the American Quarter Horse formally established itself as a breed , the AQHA stud book has remained open to additional Thoroughbred blood via a performance standard . An `` Appendix '' American Quarter Horse is a first generation cross between a registered Thoroughbred and an American Quarter Horse or a cross between a `` numbered '' American Quarter Horse and an `` appendix '' American Quarter Horse . The resulting offspring is registered in the `` appendix '' of the American Quarter Horse Association 's studbook , hence the nickname . Horses listed in the appendix may be entered in competition , but offspring are not initially eligible for full AQHA registration . If the Appendix horse meets certain conformational criteria and is shown or raced successfully in sanctioned AQHA events , the horse can earn its way from the appendix into the permanent studbook , making its offspring eligible for AQHA registration . Since Quarter Horse / Thoroughbred crosses continue to enter the official registry of the American Quarter Horse breed , this creates a continual gene flow from the Thoroughbred breed into the American Quarter Horse breed , which has altered many of the characteristics that typified the breed in the early years of its formation . Some breeders , who argue that the continued infusion of Thoroughbred bloodlines is beginning to compromise the integrity of the breed standard , favor the earlier style of horse and have created several separate organizations to promote and register `` Foundation '' Quarter Horses . American Quarter Horses today ( edit ) The Quarter Horse is well - suited for the western disciplines . The American Quarter Horse is best known today as a show horse , race horse , reining and cutting horse , rodeo competitor , ranch horse , and all - around family horse . Quarter Horses compete well in rodeo events such as barrel racing , calf roping and team roping ; and gymkhana or O - Mok - See . Other stock horse events such as cutting and reining are open to all breeds but also dominated by American Quarter Horse . Large purses allow top competitors to earnover a million dollars in these events . The breed is not only well - suited for western riding and cattle work . Many race tracks offer Quarter Horses a wide assortment of pari - mutuel horse racing with purses in the millions . Quarter Horses have also been trained to compete in dressage and can be good jumpers . They are also used for recreational trail riding and in mounted police units . The American Quarter Horse has also been exported worldwide . European nations such as Germany and Italy have imported large numbers of Quarter Horses . Next to the American Quarter Horse Association ( which also encompasses Quarter Horses from Canada ) , the second largest registry of Quarter Horses is in Brazil , followed by Australia . With the internationalization of the discipline of reining and its acceptance as one of the official seven events of the World Equestrian Games , there is a growing international interest in Quarter Horses . Countries like Japan , Switzerland and Israel that did not have traditional stock horse industries have begun to compete with American Quarter Horses in their own nations and internationally . The American Quarter Horse is the most popular breed in the United States today , and the American Quarter Horse Association is the largest breed registry in the world , with over 5 million American Quarter Horses registered worldwide . Breed characteristics ( edit ) A halter - type Quarter Horse The Quarter Horse has a small , short , refined head with a straight profile , and a strong , well - muscled body , featuring a broad chest and powerful , rounded hindquarters . They usually stand between 14 and 16 hands ( 56 and 64 inches , 142 and 163 cm ) high , although some Halter - type and English hunter - type horses may grow as tall as 17 hands ( 68 inches , 173 cm ) . There are two main body types : the stock type and the hunter or racing type . The stock horse type is shorter , more compact , stocky and well - muscled , yet agile . The racing and hunter type Quarter Horses are somewhat taller and smoother muscled than the stock type , more closely resembling the Thoroughbred . Quarter Horses come in nearly all colors . The most common color is sorrel , a brownish red , part of the color group called chestnut by most other breed registries . Other recognized colors include bay , black , brown , buckskin , palomino , gray , dun , red dun , grullo ( also occasionally referred to as blue dun ) , red roan , blue roan , bay roan , perlino , cremello , and white . In the past , spotted color patterns were excluded , but now with the advent of DNA testing to verify parentage , the registry accepts all colors as long as both parents are registered . Stock type ( edit ) See also : Stock horse A stock horse is a horse of a type that is well suited for working with livestock , particularly cattle . Reining and cutting horses are smaller in stature , with quick , agile movements and very powerful hindquarters . Western pleasure show horses are often slightly taller , with slower movements , smoother gaits , and a somewhat more level topline -- though still featuring the powerful hindquarters characteristic of the Quarter Horse . Halter type ( edit ) Horses shown in - hand in Halter competition are larger yet , with a very heavily muscled appearance , while retaining small heads with wide jowls and refined muzzles . There is controversy amongst owners , breeder and veterinarians regarding the health effects of the extreme muscle mass that is currently fashionable in the specialized halter horse , which typically is 15.2 to 16 hands ( 62 to 64 inches , 157 to 163 cm ) and weighs in at over 1,200 pounds ( 540 kg ) when fitted for halter competition . Not only are there concerns about the weight to frame ratio on the horse 's skeletal system , but the massive build is also linked to HYPP in descendants of the stallion Impressive ( see Genetic diseases below ) . Racing and hunter type ( edit ) A Quarter Horse warming up for hunt seat competition . Quarter Horse race horses are bred to sprint short distances ranging from 220 to 870 yards . Thus , they have long legs and are leaner than their stock type counterparts , but are still characterized by muscular hindquarters and powerful legs . Quarter Horses race primarily against other Quarter Horses , and their sprinting ability has earned them the nickname , `` the world 's fastest athlete . '' The show hunter type is slimmer , even more closely resembling a Thoroughbred , usually reflecting a higher percentage of appendix breeding . They are shown in hunter / jumper classes at both breed shows and in open USEF - rated horse show competition . Genetic diseases ( edit ) There are several genetic diseases of concern to Quarter Horse breeders : Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis ( HYPP ) , which is caused by an autosomal dominant gene linked to the stallion Impressive . It is characterized by uncontrollable muscle twitching and substantial muscle weakness or paralysis among affected horses . Because it is a dominant gene , only one parent has to have the gene for it to be transmitted to offspring . There is a DNA test for HYPP , which is required by the AQHA . Since 2007 , the AQHA bars registration of horses who possess the homozygous form ( H / H ) of the gene , and though heterozygous ( H / N ) horses are still eligible for registration , altering that status is currently being discussed . Additionally all Quarter Horses born 2007 or later that are confirmed to be descendants of Impressive must carry a note about the risks of HYPP on their registration papers . Due to HYPP , the halter classes are undergoing significant changes . Halter classes are dominated by the Impressive bloodline . Impressive , a very prolific halter horse , brought to the stock breeds the muscle mass that is popular in halter competition today . This muscle mass is linked to HYPP , and as the condition is reduced within the breed , the style of horse in halter classes is also likely to change . Already there have been rule changes , including the creation of a `` Performance Halter class '' in which a horse must possess a Register of Merit in performance or racing before it can compete . Malignant hyperthermia . A causative mutated allele , ryanodine receptor 1 gene ( RyR1 ) at nucleotide C7360G , generating a R2454G amino acid substitution . has been identified in the American Quarter Horse and breeds with Quarter Horse ancestry , inherited as an autosomal dominant It can be caused by overwork , anesthesia , or stress . Hereditary Equine Regional Dermal Asthenia ( HERDA ) , also known as hyperelastosis cutis ( HC ) . This is caused by an autosomal recessive gene , and thus , unlike HYPP , HERDA can only be transmitted if both parents carry the gene . When a horse has this disease , there is a collagen defect that results in the layers of skin not being held firmly together . Thus , when the horse is ridden under saddle or suffers trauma to the skin , the outer layer often splits or separates from the deeper layer , or it can tear off completely . It rarely heals without disfiguring scars . Sunburn can also be a concern . In dramatic cases , the skin can split along the back and even roll down the sides , with the horse literally being skinned alive . Most horses with HERDA are euthanized for humane reasons between the age of two and four years . The very hotly debated and controversial theory , put forth by researchers at Cornell University and Mississippi State University is that the sire line of the great foundation stallion Poco Bueno is implicated as the origin of the disease . As of May 9 , 2007 , Researchers working independently at Cornell University and at the University of California , Davis announced that a DNA test for HERDA has been developed . Over 1,500 horses were tested during the development phase of the test , which is now available to the general public through both institutions . Glycogen Branching Enzyme Deficiency ( GBED ) is a genetic disease where the horse is lacking an enzyme necessary for storing glycogen , the horse 's heart muscle and skeletal muscles can not function , leading to rapid death . The disease occurs in foals who are homozygous for the lethal GBED allele , meaning both parents carry one copy of the gene . The stallion King P - 234 has been linked to this disease . There is a DNA blood test for this gene . Equine polysaccharide storage myopathy , also called EPSM or PSSM , is a metabolic muscular condition in horses that causes tying up , and is also related to a glycogen storage disorder . While also seen in some draft horse breeds , PSSM has been traced to three specific but undisclosed bloodlines in Quarter Horses , with an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern . 48 % of Quarter Horses with symptoms of neuromuscular disease have PSSM . To some extent it can be diet controlled with specialized low - starch diets , but genetic testing is advised before breeding , as the condition exists at a subclinical level in approximately 6 % of the general Quarter Horse population . Lethal White Syndrome . Although `` cropout '' Quarter Horses with Paint markings were not allowed to be registered for many years , the gene for such markings is a recessive and continued to periodically appear in Quarter Horse foals . Thus , it is believed that some Quarter Horses may carry the gene for Lethal White Syndrome . There is a DNA test for this condition . See also ( edit ) Quarab Quarter pony References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` AQHA Annual Report - 2014 Horse Statistics '' . American Quarter Horse Association . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2015 . Retrieved August 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Denhardt Quarter Running Horse pp. 4 -- 8 Jump up ^ Denhardt Quarter Running Horse pp. 20 -- 32 Jump up ^ Mackay - Smith Colonial Quarter Race Horse p. 106 Jump up ^ Mackay - Smith Colonial Quarter Race Horse p. 138 ^ Jump up to : Mackay - Smith Colonial Quarter Race Horse p. xxxi ^ Jump up to : Beckmann , Bruce . `` Quarter Horses '' . Handbook of Texas Online . Texas State Historical Association . Retrieved 2006 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` American Quarter Horse . '' Britannica School . Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc. , 2015 . Web . 1 Jul. 2015 . Jump up ^ Dutson , Judith ( 2012 ) , Storey 's Illustrated Guide to 96 Horse Breeds of North America , Storey Publishing , p. 64 , ISBN 9781603429184 Jump up ^ Iowa Quarter Horse Racing Association . `` Iowa Quarter Horse Racing Association 1976 -- 2008 '' . IQHRA Website . Iowa Quarter Horse Racing Association . Archived from the original on 7 June 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ Mackay - Smith Colonial Quarter Race Horse p. 193 ^ Jump up to : Close , Legends 2 : Outstanding Quarter Horse Stallions and Mares . Jump up ^ Oklahoma State University . `` Quarter Horse '' . Breeds of Livestock . Oklahoma State University . Archived from the original on 22 June 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ https://bmcgenomics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2164-13-78 Jump up ^ http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/horses/quarter/ Jump up ^ Denhardt Quarter Horse pp. 143 -- 167 ^ Jump up to : Kentucky Horse Park . `` American Quarter Horse '' . International Museum of the Horse - Horse Breeds of the World . Kentucky Horse Park . Archived from the original on 2010 - 08 - 22 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ American Quarter Horse Association Combined Stud Book 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 p. 1 Jump up ^ `` Three Bars ( TB ) '' ( PDF ) . American Quarter Horse Association . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 07 - 07 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ Wiggins Great American Speedhorse p. 166 Jump up ^ American Quarter Horse Association . `` AQHA Handbook of Rules and Regulations '' . SECTION II , Registration Rules and Regulations . American Quarter Horse Association . Archived from the original on 2008 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ Foundation Quarter Horse Association . `` Foundation Quarter Horse Association '' . FQHA Website . Foundation Quarter Horse Association . Archived from the original on 1 April 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ Foundation Horses . `` Foundation Bred Quarter Horses '' . FoundationHorses.com . Foundation Horses . Archived from the original on 26 April 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ National Foundation Quarter Horse Association . `` National Foundation Quarter Horse Association '' . NFQHA Website . National Foundation Quarter Horse Association . Archived from the original on 22 April 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=Wy18dfDKYNEC&pg=PA1171&dq=Quarter+Horses+team+roping&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi3j4vVxebUAhUM0YMKHaRNCXcQ6AEILzAD#v=onepage&q=Quarter%20Horses%20team%20roping&f=false ^ Jump up to : https://books.google.com/books?id=myQBSVVEhagC&pg=PA28&dq=Quarter+Horses+barrel+racing&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiWzYqHxubUAhUhzIMKHY55APIQ6AEIIjAB Jump up ^ National Saddle Clubs Association Jump up ^ The Canadian Quarter Horse Association Jump up ^ American Quarter Horse Association . `` Horse Statistics '' ( PDF ) . 2006 AQHA Annual Report . American Quarter Horse Association . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 04 - 14 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Registration rules '' ( PDF ) . American Quarter Horse Association . Archived from the original ( pdf ) on 2011 - 07 - 07 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ American Quarter Horse Association . `` AQHA Handbook of Rules & Regulations 2008 Rule 205 ( d ) '' . AQHA Website . American Quarter Horse Association . Retrieved August 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Ellen. , Frazel , ( 2012 ) . The American quarter horse . Minneapolis , MN : Bellwether Media . ISBN 1612115438 . OCLC 794554681 . Jump up ^ M. , Baxter , Gary ( 2011 ) . Adams and Stashak 's Lameness in Horses ( 6th ed . ) . Somerset : Wiley . pp. Chapter 2 . ISBN 9780470961773 . OCLC 927499663 . Jump up ^ Details on AQHA HYP rules for registration Archived 2009 - 01 - 20 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` AQHA Handbook , Section 448 Halter Classes , ( j ) Performance Halter '' . Retrieved 30 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Aleman M ( 2009 ) . `` Malignant Hyperthermia Associated with Ryanodine Receptor 1 ( C7360G ) Mutation in Quarter Horses '' . Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine . 23 : 329 -- 334 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1939 - 1676.2009. 0274. x . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2014 - 06 - 09 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ ftp://ftp.aave.inv.org.ar/IVIS/aaep/Equine%20Malignant%20Hyperthermia.pdf Jump up ^ Valberg SJ , Mickelson JR , Gallant EM , MacLeay JM , Lentz L , de la Corte F ( 1999 ) . `` Exertional rhabdomyolysis in quarter horses and thoroughbreds : one syndrome , multiple aetiologies '' . Equine Vet J Suppl. 30 : 533 -- 8 . PMID 10659313 . Jump up ^ Sellnow , `` HERDA '' , The Horse Online News Jump up ^ Valberg , Stephanie DVM , Diplomate ACVIM and James R Mickelson . `` Glycogen Branching Enzyme Deficiency ( GBED ) in Horses '' . Glycogen Branching Enzyme Deficiency ( GBED ) . University of Minnsesota . Archived from the original on 12 May 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 12 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Valberg et al. , `` Exertional rhabdomyolysis in quarter horses and thoroughbreds '' , Equine Vet Journal Supplement , pp. 533 -- 38 Jump up ^ Ulman , Katherine . `` Equine Exertional Rhabdomyolysis '' . Summer 2000 Newsletter . Purdue University , Animal Disease Diagnostic Lab . Archived from the original on 13 May 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ Church , `` ACVIM 2006 '' , The Horse Online News Jump up ^ University of California -- Davis . `` Horse Coat Color Tests '' . Veterinary Genetics Laboratory . University of California at Davis . Archived from the original on 19 February 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 08 . Sources ( edit ) American Quarter Horse Association ( 1961 ) . Official Stud Book and Registry Combined Books 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 . Amarillo , TX : American Quarter Horse Association . Church , Stephanie L. ( 2006 - 09 - 14 ) . `` ACVIM 2006 : Prevalence of PSSM in Quarter Horses '' . The Horse Online News ( # 7628 ) . Archived from the original on 6 June 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 12 . Close , Pat ( 1994 ) . Legends 2 : Outstanding Quarter Horse Stallions and Mares . Colorado Springs : Western Horseman . ISBN 0 - 911647 - 30 - 9 . Denhardt , Robert M. ( 1979 ) . The Quarter Running Horse : America 's Oldest Breed . Norman , OK : University of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 0 - 8061 - 1500 - 9 . Mackay - Smith , Alexander ( 1983 ) . The Colonial Quarter Race Horse . Richmond , VA : Whittet & Shepperson . Sellnow , Les ( 2007 - 05 - 28 ) . `` HERDA : DNA Tests Available for Disfiguring Skin Disease '' . The Horse Online News . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 07 . Valberg SJ , Mickelson JR , Gallant EM , MacLeay JM , Lentz L , de la Corte F ( July 1999 ) . `` Exertional rhabdomyolysis in quarter horses and thoroughbreds : one syndrome , multiple aetiologies '' . Equine Vet Journal Supplement. 30 : 533 -- 8 . PMID 10659313 . Wiggins , Walt ( 1978 ) . The Great American Speedhorse : A Guide to Quarter Racing . New York : Sovereign Books . ISBN 0 - 671 - 18340 - 0 . Further reading ( edit ) Denhardt , Robert Moorman ( 1997 ) . Foundation Sires of the American Quarter Horse . University of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 0 - 8061 - 2947 - 6 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to American Quarter Horse . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where did the name quarter horse come from | [
"The American Quarter Horse, or Quarter Horse, is an American breed of horse that excels at sprinting short distances. Its name came from its ability to outdistance other horse breeds in races of a quarter mile or less; some have been clocked at speeds up to 55 mph (88.5 km/h). The American Quarter Horse is the most popular breed in the United States today, and the American Quarter Horse Association is the largest breed registry in the world, with almost 3 million living American Quarter Horses registered in 2014.[1]"
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"its ability to outdistance other horse breeds in races of a quarter mile or less"
] |
6847483168682461285 | Ballast Water Management Convention | Ballast water management Convention - wikipedia Ballast water management Convention Admiralty law History Ordinamenta et consuetudo maris Amalfian Laws Hanseatic League Features Shipping Freight rate General average Marine insurance Marine salvage Maritime lien Ship mortgage Ship registration Ship transport International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea Contracts of affreightment Bill of lading Charter - party Types of charter - party Bareboat Demise Time Voyage Parties Carrier Charterer Consignee Consignor Shipbroker Ship - manager Ship - owner Shipper Stevedore Judiciary Admiralty court Vice admiralty court International conventions Hague - Visby Rules Hamburg Rules Rotterdam Rules Maritime Labour Convention International Convention on Salvage United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea ( UNCLOS ) SOLAS Convention Ballast Water Management Convention International organisations International Maritime Organization London Maritime Arbitrators Association The International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships ' Ballast Water and Sediments ( Ballast Water Management Convention ) 2004 , is an international maritime treaty which requires Signatory flag states to ensure that ships flagged by them comply with standards and procedures for the management and control of ships ' ballast water and sediments . The Convention aims to prevent the spread of harmful aquatic organisms from one region to another and halt damage to the marine environment from ballast water discharge , by minimising the uptake and subsequent discharge of sediments and organisms . From 2024 all ships are required to have approved Ballast Water Management Treatment System , according to the D2 standard ( see below ) . Existing ships are required to install an approved system , which may cost up to 5 million USD per ship to install . To assist with implementation the IMO has released 14 Guidance documents in regards to the Convention including the G2 Guidelines for Ballast Water Sampling , G4 Guidelines for Ballast Water management and G6 Guidelines for Ballast Water Exchange . Contents 1 Development and Entry into force 2 Requirements of the Convention 2.1 Standards 3 Bibliography 4 References Development and entry into force ( edit ) The first scientifically recognised occurrence of a non-indigenous marine species being transported in ships water occurred in the North Sea in 1903 , with the Asian phytoplankton Odontella appearing . The issue became more prevalent with the increase in shipping in the late 20th century and the issue was raised for the first time at the IMO in 1988 . Following several years of development , the Convention was adopted by the International Maritime Organization in 2004 . To enter into force , the Convention required ratification by a minimum of 30 States , representing 35 % of world merchant shipping tonnage , subject to which it would enter into force 12 months later . On 8th September 2016 , Finland acceded to the Convention , bringing the contracting states to 52 and the combined tonnage of States to 35.14 % . This triggered the applicability of the entry into force date of the Convention , which occurred on the 8th September 2017 . Since Finland , a number of States have continued to accede , bringing the total as of 8th September 2017 to 66 contracting States , representing 74.89 % of world merchant shipping tonnage . Requirements of the Convention ( edit ) All international going ships under the Convention must implement a ' Ballast water management plan ' that enables the ship to manage their ballast water and sediment discharge to a certain standard . The plan is designed to meet the requirements for compliance with the Convention and the G4 Guidelines produced by the IMO . It includes standard operational guidance , planning and management , as well as additional details including sampling points and systems . Additionally all ships over 400GT must also carry a ballast water record book that details such requirements as the filling and discharge of each tank , according to time , date , location and the treatment applied to the water . Ships that comply with the Convention will receive and are duly required to carry an international ballast water management certificate . To receive a certificate , a ship will have to supply the necessary documentation showing compliance with the Convention and a survey will be carried out on - board . A survey may be carried out by a flag State , or by a Classification Society who have been authorised by a flag State . The convention is monitored by Port State Control , who must assess the ballast water management plan and its operation on the ship . Standards ( edit ) Under the Convention , ships are required , according to a timetable of implementation , to comply with the D1 or D2 standards . The D1 standard requires ships to carry out a ballast water exchange , and specifies the volume of water that must be replaced . This standard involves exchanging the uptaken discharge water from the last port , with new sea water ; it must occur at a minimum of 200 nautical miles from shore . The D2 standard is more stringent and requires the use of an approved ballast water treatment system . The system must ensure that only small levels of viable organisms remain left in water after treatment so as to minimise the Environmental impact of shipping . New ships will be required to install and comply with the D2 standard from the 8th September 2017 , once the Convention has entered into force . Existing ships , who are subject to the phased implementation schedule , have potentially ( depending on the renewal of their ship certificates ) until the 8th September 2024 , by which time all ships will comply with the D2 standard . It is also possible for ships to discharge ballast at approved shore reception facilities in ports , as article 5 requires that when cleaning or repair of a ships ballast tanks occurs , ports should have adequate reception facilities for the sediments . Facilities must include safe disposal arrangements , storage and treatment equipment , safe and suitable mooring and emergency arrangements and the necessary reducers for connections to ships . Some ships may be exempted from complying with the Convention , according to certain conditions and the appropriate permission being given by a flag State . These include ships trading in a limited area , small vessels including sailboats and fishing vessels , vessels only operating on one coast and also FPSOs . Bibliography ( edit ) N. Anwar & Dr. L. Churcher , Ballast Water Management : Understanding the regulations and the treatment technologies available , 7th Edition , Witherby Publishing Group , 2016 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` BWM Convention '' . International Maritime Organization . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BWM Convention : counting the cost '' . Ballast Water Treatment Technology . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anwar & Churcher , p. 175 Jump up ^ Anwar & Churcher , p. 2 ^ Jump up to : `` BWM Convention to enter into force in 2017 '' . Maritime Executive . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ballast water management - the control of harmful invasive species '' . International Maritime Organization . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IMO 's BWM Convention to Enter Into Force in September 2017 '' . World Maritime News . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Status of Treaties '' ( PDF ) . International Maritime Organization . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anwar & Churcher , p. 123 - 124 Jump up ^ `` Ballast Water Record Book , 3rd Edition '' . Witherby Publishing Group . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Understanding ballast water management '' ( PDF ) . Lloyd 's Register . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` BWM CONVENTION -- APPLICATION AND REQUIREMENTS '' ( PDF ) . DNV GL . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anwar & Churcher , p. 128 Jump up ^ Anwar & Churcher , p. 141 ^ Jump up to : `` Ballast Water Management '' . Britannia P&I club . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` MEPC 71 Brief : Ballast Water Management Implementation Scheme Agreed in Principle '' . Hellenic Shipping News . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anwar & Churcher , p. 167 Ports and harbors Types Home port Fuelling station Inland harbor Inland port Landing Outport Port of entry Trust port Dry port Anchorage Wharf Natural gas terminals Oil terminals Coal terminals Container terminals Free port Naval base Individual sites Lists of ports By sea or ocean By continent By country Rankings World 's busiest port Busiest container ports Busiest transshipment ports Busiest by tonnage Busiest by cruise passengers Port management Infrastructure Port authority Port state control Harbour engineer Port operator Security Ship transport Port operations simulator Terminal Operating System Conventions SOLAS MARPOL 73 / 78 STCW Ballast Water Management Convention Organizations Port operating companies Port workers ' trade unions Commons Wiktionary `` Port '' Wiktionary `` Harbor '' WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ballast_Water_Management_Convention&oldid=811434148 '' Categories : International Maritime Organization treaties Admiralty law treaties Talk Contents About Wikipedia Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 21 November 2017 , at 16 : 06 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the ballast water management convention entry into force | [
"The International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships' Ballast Water and Sediments (Ballast Water Management Convention) 2004, is an international maritime treaty which requires Signatory flag states to ensure that ships flagged by them comply with standards and procedures for the management and control of ships’ ballast water and sediments.[1] The Convention aims to prevent the spread of harmful aquatic organisms from one region to another and halt damage to the marine environment from ballast water discharge, by minimising the uptake and subsequent discharge of sediments and organisms.[1] From 2024 all ships are required to have approved Ballast Water Management Treatment System, according to the D2 standard (see below). Existing ships are required to install an approved system, which may cost up to 5 million USD per ship to install.[2] To assist with implementation the IMO has released 14 Guidance documents in regards to the Convention including the G2 Guidelines for Ballast Water Sampling, G4 Guidelines for Ballast Water management and G6 Guidelines for Ballast Water Exchange.[3] \n"
] | [
"From 2024"
] |
-869357891387711290 | It Never Rains in Southern California | It Never Rains in Southern California - wikipedia It Never Rains in Southern California Jump to : navigation , search For the Tony ! Toni ! Toné song , see It Never Rains ( In Southern California ) . `` It Never Rains in Southern California '' Single by Albert Hammond from the album It Never Rains in Southern California B - side `` Anyone Here in the Audience '' Released October 21 , 1972 ( United States ) Recorded 1972 Genre Soft rock Length 3 : 49 3 : 20 ( 7 '' version ) Label Mums Records Songwriter ( s ) Albert Hammond , Mike Hazlewood Producer ( s ) Albert Hammond , Don Altfeld Albert Hammond singles chronology `` Down by the River '' ( 1972 ) `` It Never Rains in Southern California '' ( 1972 ) `` If You Gotta Break Another Heart '' ( 1973 ) `` Down by the River '' ( 1972 ) `` It Never Rains in Southern California '' ( 1972 ) `` If You Gotta Break Another Heart '' ( 1973 ) `` It Never Rains in Southern California '' , written by Albert Hammond and Mike Hazlewood , is a song first released by Hammond , a British born singer - songwriter , in 1972 . Instrumental backing was provided by L.A. session musicians from the Wrecking Crew . The song is from his album , It Never Rains in Southern California . Hammond 's version peaked at number five on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 that year . In the UK the song is perhaps the quintessential example of a turntable hit : a song which , although very frequently played and requested on radio , never makes it into the charts . Through the 1970s , the record was re-issued at least five times by various labels but remained outside the UK top 40 , despite yet more airplay , and is still frequently to be heard on UK radio . The song concerns the struggles of an actor who moves out to California to pursue a career in Hollywood but does not have any success and deteriorates in the process . In the chorus , Hammond sings : `` It never rains in California , but girl do n't they warn ya . It pours , man , it pours . '' In 1989 , Hammond re-recorded the song for his Best of Me greatest hits compilation . Contents ( hide ) 1 Chart performance 1.1 Albert Hammond version 1.2 Saori Minami version 1.3 Trent Summar & the New Row Mob version 2 References 3 External links Chart performance ( edit ) Albert Hammond version ( edit ) Chart ( 1972 -- 73 ) Peak position Australia KMR 12 Canada RPM Top Singles Canada RPM Adult Contemporary 38 Dutch Singles Chart 21 Japanese Oricon Singles Chart 11 Japanese Oricon International Chart Norwegian VG - lista Singles Chart New Zealand ( Listener ) Swiss Singles Chart 5 US Billboard Hot 100 5 US Billboard Easy Listening US Cash Box Top 100 West German Singles Chart 9 Saori Minami version ( edit ) Chart ( 1973 ) Peak position Japanese Oricon Singles Chart 77 Trent Summar & the New Row Mob version ( edit ) Chart ( 2000 ) Peak position U.S. Billboard Hot Country Songs 74 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stephen Thomas Erlewine . `` Hard to Find 45s on CD , Vol. 14 - Various Artists Songs , Reviews , Credits , Awards '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ Hartman , Kent ( 2012 ) . The Wrecking Crew . St. Martin 's Griffin . pp. 261 -- 263 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 250 - 03046 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Albert Hammond - It Never Rains In Southern California 1989 '' . YouTube . 2013 - 11 - 25 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Forum - 1970 ( ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts ) '' . Australian-charts.com . Archived from the original on 2016 - 10 - 20 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ RPM 100 Singles , January 13 , 1973 Jump up ^ RPM Adult Contemporary , January 13 , 1973 Jump up ^ `` dutchcharts.nl Albert Hammond - It Never Rains In Southern California '' . dutchcharts.nl . MegaCharts . Retrieved January 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` List of number - one singles on the Japanese Oricon International Chart ( 1968 - 2000 ) '' . Oricon . Archived from the original on 2015 - 04 - 21 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` norwegiancharts.com Albert Hammond - It Never Rains in Southern California '' . VG - lista . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ ( http://www.flavourofnz.co.nz/index.php?qpageID=search%20listener&qartistid=1415#n_view_location Flavour of New Zealand , 29 January 1973 Jump up ^ `` Albert Hammond - It Never Rains In Southern California - hitparade.ch '' . Swiss Music Charts . Retrieved 1 January 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` allmusic ( ( ( Albert Hammond > Charts & Awards > Billboard Singles ) ) ) '' . allmusic.com . Billboard Charts . Retrieved January 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Günter Ehnert ( ed . ) : Hit Bilanz . Deutsche Chart Singles 1956 - 1980 . Hamburg : Taurus Press 1990 , p. 91 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 16 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 12 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at LetsSingIt ( hide ) Albert Hammond Studio albums It Never Rains in Southern California The Free Electric Band Albert Hammond Other albums It Never Rains in Southern California Singles `` Down by the River '' `` It Never Rains in Southern California '' `` The Free Electric Band '' `` I 'm a Train '' `` 99 Miles From L.A. '' `` When I 'm Gone '' `` Your World and My World '' Songwriting `` Be Tender with Me Baby '' `` Do n't Turn Around '' `` Gimme Dat Ding '' `` I Do n't Wanna Live Without Your Love '' `` I Do n't Wanna Lose You '' `` I Need to Be in Love '' `` It Is n't , It Was n't , It Ai n't Never Gonna Be '' `` Just Walk Away '' `` Little Arrows '' `` Lonely Is the Night '' `` Love Thing '' `` Make Me an Island '' `` Nothing 's Gonna Stop Us Now '' `` One Moment in Time '' `` Room in Your Heart '' `` Tall , Dark Handsome Stranger '' `` The Air That I Breathe '' `` To All the Girls I 've Loved Before '' `` Way of the World '' `` When I Need You '' `` When You Tell Me That You Love Me '' `` Where Were You '' `` You 're Such a Good Looking Woman '' Languages `` Cantaré , cantarás '' `` Sensualité '' `` Y Tú También Llorarás '' Related articles Albert Hammond , Jr . John Bettis Mike Hazlewood Holly Knight Carole Bayer Sager The Family Dogg Diane Warren Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=It_Never_Rains_in_Southern_California&oldid=800820069 '' Categories : 1972 singles 2000 singles Albert Hammond songs Songs about California Songs written by Albert Hammond Songs written by Mike Hazlewood Sonny & Cher songs Trent Summar & the New Row Mob songs Oricon International Singles Chart number - one singles 1972 songs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages 日本 語 Norsk Polski Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017 , at 21 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sings the song it never rains in southern california | [
"\"It Never Rains in Southern California\", written by Albert Hammond and Mike Hazlewood, is a song first released by Hammond, a British born singer-songwriter, in 1972. Instrumental backing was provided by L.A. session musicians from the Wrecking Crew.[2] The song is from his album, It Never Rains in Southern California. Hammond's version peaked at number five on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 that year."
] | [
"Hammond"
] |
5902155670886350486 | MS Queen Elizabeth | MS Queen Elizabeth - wikipedia MS Queen Elizabeth Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with RMS Queen Elizabeth or Queen Elizabeth 2 . Queen Elizabeth in Tallinn , 10 June 2011 History Name : Queen Elizabeth Owner : Carnival Corporation & plc Operator : Cunard Line Port of registry : Southampton , U.K. ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Hamilton , Bermuda ( 2011 -- present ) Ordered : October 2007 Builder : Fincantieri Monfalcone Shipyard , Italy Cost : UK £ 350 million ( approx . ) ( US $560 million ) Yard number : 6187 Laid down : 2 July 2009 Launched : 5 January 2010 Christened : 11 October 2010 Completed : October 2010 Maiden voyage : 12 October 2010 In service : October 2010 Identification : Callsign ZCEF2 IMO number : 9477438 MMSI number : 310625000 Status : In service General characteristics Class and type : Vista Class cruise ship Tonnage : 90,901 GT Length : 294 m ( 965 ft ) Beam : 32.3 m ( 106 ft ) Draught : 8 m ( 26 ft ) Decks : 16 total 12 accessible to passengers Installed power : 4 × MaK 12VM43C 2 × MaK 8M43C 64,000 kW ( combined ) Propulsion : Diesel - electric Two ABB Azipods ( 2 × 17.6 MW ) Three ABB bow thrusters ( 3 × 2,200 kW ) Speed : 23.7 knots ( 43.9 km / h ; 27.3 mph ) Capacity : 2,092 passengers lower beds , 2,547 maximum passengers Queen Elizabeth outbound from Southampton on her maiden voyage , 2010 MS Queen Elizabeth in Cádiz , 2010 Queen Elizabeth in Tallinn , 2012 Queen Elizabeth in Kobe , 2014 Queen Elizabeth in Kobe , 2014 MS Queen Elizabeth ( QE ) is a cruise ship of the Vista class operated by the Cunard Line . The design is modified from that of previous ships of that class , and slightly larger than Queen Victoria , at 92,000 GT , largely due to a more vertical stern . The ship is able to carry up to 2092 passengers . The ship 's name was announced by Cunard on 10 October 2007 . Since the retirement of Queen Elizabeth 2 in 2008 the company has operated three vessels . The naming of the ship as Queen Elizabeth brings about a situation similar to that between 1940 and 1948 , when Cunard 's original Queen Elizabeth was in service at the same time as the Royal Navy battleship HMS Queen Elizabeth . The Royal Navy 's aircraft carrier HMS Queen Elizabeth went to sea the summer of 2017 , six and a half years after the cruise ship entered service . Contents ( hide ) 1 Design 1.1 Exterior 1.2 Interior 2 Launch 3 Service history 3.1 Cunard Royal Rendezvous 3.2 Special Voyages 3.2. 1 QE2 50th Anniversary Celebration 3.2. 2 Australia 2019 4 References 4.1 Notes 4.2 Bibliography 5 External links Design ( edit ) Exterior ( edit ) Queen Elizabeth is almost identical in design to Queen Victoria , although because of the steeper stern , her introduction into service the passenger capacity was slightly higher with up to 2,058 compared to Queen Victoria 's 2,014 . Also unlike many previous Cunard Queens , Queen Elizabeth is not a true ocean liner as she does not have the heavy plating throughout the hull nor the propulsion system of a dedicated transatlantic liner . However the bow was constructed with heavier plating to cope with the Transatlantic run , and the ship has a high freeboard . Interior ( edit ) Although having an almost identical interior arrangement to Queen Victoria , the decor is very different . The ship is a tribute to the two previous Queen Elizabeth - named ships : the original Queen Elizabeth and Queen Elizabeth 2 . She also evokes the era of the 1930s , in which Cunard 's first Queen Elizabeth was launched , with many art deco interior touches . The ship also features a Britannia Club section of the main restaurant , which is a feature popular on Queen Mary 2 , but not available on Queen Victoria . This service allows passengers in the Britannia staterooms to have single seating dining arrangements , without having to upgrade to the more expensive Grills classes . The sliding roof over the Winter Garden featured on Queen Victoria is replaced with a simple glass roof ( the space being renamed The Garden Lounge ) . Launch ( edit ) Following the ship 's construction in Italy from 2007 to 2010 , Cunard Line officially confirmed that Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II would name Cunard 's new ship . The ceremony was held in Southampton on Monday 11 October 2010 before the ship set sail on her maiden voyage to the Canary Islands the following day . The Queen was also the sponsor of the now - retired Queen Elizabeth 2 in 1967 and Cunard 's current flagship , Queen Mary 2 , in 2004 . Service History ( edit ) The first master of Queen Elizabeth was Captain Christopher Wells . On Monday 4 October 2010 Queen Elizabeth was formally handed over to Cunard . She sailed on her maiden voyage from Southampton on Tuesday 12 October 2010 , following a naming ceremony with the monarch on Monday 11 October 2010 . At the end of October 2011 Queen Elizabeth and her fleet mates changed their registries to Hamilton , Bermuda , in order to host weddings aboard . On 29 June 2012 , the ship made her one and only visit to Ny - Ålesund , in Svalbard . The previous scheduled visit in 2011 had to be aborted due to bad weather . However , she was not scheduled to visit Svalbard in her 2013 schedule . Legislation relating to cruise ships visiting the archipelago ( applicable from 2014 ) means that Queen Elizabeth will never be able to visit again . On 31 August 2013 , British journalist and broadcaster Sir David Frost had been invited to give a speech by Cunard whilst travelling on board the ship but died of a heart attack . On 13 August 2016 Queen Elizabeth made the 2,500 th cruise ship call at Kiel , Germany . On 6 July 2017 , during a cruise around the British Isles , Queen Elizabeth encountered the new Royal Navy aircraft carrier Queen Elizabeth in the Moray Firth , during the warship 's initial sea trials . Cunard Royal Rendezvous ( edit ) 13 January 2011 : Two years after the first Cunard Royal Rendezvous , RMS Queen Mary 2 met up with Queen Victoria and the then brand new Queen Elizabeth for another Royal Rendezvous in New York City . Both Queen Victoria and Queen Elizabeth made an Atlantic crossing in tandem for the event . All three Cunarders met in front of the Statue of Liberty at 6 : 45 pm for a Grucci fireworks display . The Empire State Building was lit up in red to mark the event . 5 June 2012 : All three ' Queens ' met once more , but this time in Southampton in order to celebrate the Queen 's Diamond Jubilee . 15 July 2012 : Both Queen Elizabeth and Queen Mary 2 visited Hamburg the first time together . 12 March 2013 : Passed the former Cunard ship Queen Mary , currently a hotel in Long Beach , California , for the first time along with fireworks display . 6 May 2014 : All three Queens met up for the first time in Lisbon , Portugal , in preparation for Queen Mary 2s 10th birthday . All three on departure sailed in a one - line formation to Southampton . 9 May 2014 : Both Queen Elizabeth and Queen Victoria led in single file , Queen Mary 2 up the Southampton channel , with both ships docking in a bow to bow formation performing a birthday salute to Queen Mary 2 . Later on , all three Cunarders gather for a fireworks display in which Queen Mary 2 led both the Queen Elizabeth and Queen Victoria back down the channel . Queen Elizabeth at Liverpool Cruise Terminal , on 25 May 2015 , after the Cunard 175 celebration 25 May 2015 : The three ' Queens ' at Liverpool celebrating 175 years of the formation of the Cunard Line , which was formed and based at Liverpool . At low tide , the three ships stopped in line in middle of the River Mersey , bow to stern , turned 180 degrees in full synchronisation with each other , which was known as river dance ) , they then formed an arrow side by side . The Queen Mary 2 was in the centre with its bow in line with the Cunard Building at the Pier Head . The RAF Red Arrows performed a flypast in Vic formation , emitting red , white and blue smoke , over the vessels . An estimated 1.3 million people lined the river banks to witness the spectacle . Special Voyages ( edit ) QE2 50th anniversary celebration ( edit ) In September 2017 the ship hosted a special commemorative cruise to honour the 50th anniversary of its predecessor the QE2 . The Mediterranean cruise was chosen to pay tribute to QE2 's role as a cruise ship . Special guests include Captain Ian McNaught , Commodore Ronald Warwick , Maritime Historian Chris Frame and QE2 Social Hostess Maureen Ryan . Australia 2019 ( edit ) Queen Elizabeth will spend an extended season in Australia in 2019 . References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Cunard Line ( 10 October 2007 ) . `` Cunard to Build `` Queen Elizabeth '' `` . Jump up ^ `` Cunard - Welcome to the latest news from Cunard '' . Cunard . Retrieved 25 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Queen Elizabeth '' . Cunard . Retrieved 27 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Three Queens : Spotlight on Queen Elizabeth '' . Lancashire Telegraph . 3 May 2015 . Retrieved 22 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Queen Elizabeth Press Launch '' . Cunard Line - Press Release . 17 March 2009 . Retrieved 17 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Britannia Club '' . Cunard . Archived from the original on 4 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Queen Elizabeth '' . Avid Cruiser . Retrieved 4 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Queen WILL name the Queen ! ( 10556 ) '' . cruises.co.uk . Retrieved 25 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Peter Woodman ( 11 October 2010 ) . `` Queen officially names luxury liner '' . The Independent . Retrieved 6 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Charles Starmer - Smith ( 1 September 2010 ) . `` Queen to name Cunard 's new ship '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 6 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking News -- The Master is Appointed For Queen Elizabeth '' . Cunard Blog. 7 September 2009 . Retrieved 14 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` MS Queen Elizabeth naming ceremony highlights '' . Cunard . Retrieved 26 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Official : Cunard Re-flags Ships in Bermuda , Launches Weddings at Sea '' . Cruise Critic. 19 October 2011 . Retrieved 1 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cruise regulations put Svalbard off - limits '' . The Telegraph . 17 March 2014 . Retrieved 4 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sir David Frost , broadcaster and writer , dies at 74 '' . BBC . 1 September 2013 . Retrieved 1 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Mayes , William ( 2016 ) . Ships Monthly November 2016 . p. 13 . Jump up ^ Whitelaw , Jonathan ( 7 July 2017 ) . `` Queens of the Sea : Stunning moment huge Queen Elizabeth ships meet for the first time in Moray Firth '' . Scottish Sun . The Sun . Retrieved 7 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Iconic Cunard Line Queens to Meet for Historic Royal Rendezvous in New York Harbour on 13 January '' . PR New Wire. 8 December 2010 . Retrieved 4 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cunard Line Announces 2012 - 2013 Deployment '' . cruiseindustrynews.com . Retrieved 25 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hafen Hamburg - `` Queen Mary 2 '' und `` Queen Elizabeth '' im Doppelpack `` . Hamburger Abendblatt . Jump up ^ `` Queen Elizabeth and Queen Mary to meet in first Cunard royal rendezvous '' . Breaking Travel News . 2 March 2013 . Retrieved 4 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Do you come here often ? Cunard 's three royal ladies , the liners Queen Elizabeth , Queen Mary 2 and Queen Victoria dock in Lisbon for family portrait '' . Daily Mail . 6 June 2014 . Retrieved 4 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pictures of the day '' . The Telegraph . 9 May 2014 . Retrieved 4 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Three Queens : Eyes of the world on Liverpool for Cunard 's 175th anniversary '' . Liverpool Echo . Retrieved 29 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cunard sailing to mark 50th anniversary of QE2 launch '' . Travelweekly.co.uk . Retrieved 26 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cunard 's Queen Elizabeth Cruise Ship to Host QE2 50th Anniversary Celebrations '' . Cruisecritic.com.au. 17 August 2017 . Retrieved 26 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Big Fat Cruise Wrap -- Travel Weekly '' . Travelweekly.com.au . Retrieved 26 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grand Voyages on Queen Elizabeth 2019 - Cunard '' . Cunardline.com.au . Retrieved 26 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Staff , CIN ( 2018 - 02 - 18 ) . `` Queen Elizabeth to be Based in Australia for 2019 - 2020 Season '' . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 19 . Bibliography ( edit ) Dawson , Philip ( 2010 ) . Queen Elizabeth : a celebration of ocean travel for modern Elizabethan times ( 2nd ed . ) . Ramsey , Isle of Man : Lily Publications . ISBN 9781906608224 . Frame , Chris ; Cross , Rachelle ( 2011 ) . Queen Elizabeth : a photographic journey . Stroud , Gloucestershire , UK : The History Press . ISBN 9780752459165 . Thiel , Ingo ( 2011 ) . Queen Elizabeth : Noble Eleganz zur See / Elegance at Sea ( in German and English ) . Bielefeld , Germany : Delius Klasing . ISBN 9783768833226 . CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) Wills , Elspeth ( 2011 ) . Cunard Queens : the story of the six Cunard Line Queens . London : Open Agency . ISBN 9780954245191 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to MS Queen Elizabeth . Video of the press launch ( 17 March 2009 ) MS Queen Elizabeth on Cunard.co.uk `` Queen Elizabeth : Art Deco Queen '' . Chris ' Cunard Page . Retrieved 16 February 2010 . Queen Elizabeth -- review by Douglas Ward in The Daily Telegraph , London . List of ships built by Fincantieri Warships Andrea Doria Assad - class corvettes Caio Duilio Carvajal Cassiopea - class patrol vessels Cavour Deepak Diciotti - class offshore patrol vessels Durand de la Penne - class destroyers Etna Falaj 2 - class patrol vessels Giuseppe Garibaldi Laksamana - class corvettes Maestrale - class frigates Minerva - class corvettes San Giorgio - class amphibious transport docks San Giusto Sauro - class submarines Scirè Shakti Toti - class submarines Villavisencio Vittorio Veneto Cruise ships Amsterdam Arcadia L'Austral Azura Le Boreal Britannia Caribbean Princess Carnival Breeze Carnival Conquest Carnival Dream Carnival Freedom Carnival Glory Carnival Liberty Carnival Magic Carnival Splendor Carnival Sunshine Carnival Triumph Carnival Valor Carnival Victory Carnival Vista Concordia - class cruise ships Costa Concordia Costa Deliziosa Costa Diadema Costa Fascinosa Costa Fortuna Costa Luminosa Costa Magica Costa neoClassica Costa neoRomantica Costa Pacifica Costa Serena Crown Princess Dawn Princess Destiny - class cruise ships Disney Magic Disney Wonder Emerald Princess Eurodam Fram Golden Princess Grand Princess Koningsdam Le Lyrial Maasdam Majestic Princess Marina Nieuw Amsterdam Noordam Oceana Oosterdam Pacific Aria Pacific Dawn Pacific Eden Pacific Jewel Queen Elizabeth Queen Victoria Regal Princess Riviera Rotterdam Royal Princess Royal - class cruise ships Ruby Princess Sea Princess Seabourn Encore MSC Seaside Seven Seas Explorer Silver Spirit Le Soléal Star Princess Sun Princess Sun - class cruise ships The Calypso Veendam Ventura Viking Sea Viking Sky Viking Star Vista - class cruise ships Volendam Westerdam Zaandam Zuiderdam Ferries al - Salam Boccaccio 98 Almudaina Dos Gotlandia II Knossos Palace Festos Palace Hellenic Wind MDV1200 - class fast ferries Pride of Hull Pride of Rotterdam Star - class ferries Speedrunner III Speedrunner IV Superstar Cargo ships Britannia Seaways Cape Victory Cape Vincent Yachts Destriero Serene Victory Miscellaneous vessels Castoro Sei Karadeniz Powership İrem Sultan Petrobras 36 Sagar Nidhi Saipem 7000 Scarabeo 8 Related Cantieri Riuniti dell'Adriatico Fincantieri Ships of the Cunard Line Current fleet 2004 RMS Queen Mary 2 2007 MS Queen Victoria 2010 MS Queen Elizabeth Former ships 1840 -- 1994 1840 RMS Britannia 1856 RMS Persia 1865 SS Java 1862 RMS Scotia 1870 SS Abyssinia 1870 SS Parthia 1878 SS Aleppo 1881 SS Servia 1881 SS Catalonia 1882 RMS Aurania 1884 RMS Etruria 1884 RMS Umbria 1892 RMS Campania 1893 RMS Lucania 1898 SS Ultonia 1899 SS Ivernia 1899 RMS Saxonia 1903 RMS Carpathia 1904 RMS Slavonia 1905 RMS Carmania 1905 RMS Caronia 1907 RMS Lusitania 1907 RMS Mauretania 1910 RMS Franconia 1911 RMS Albania 1912 RMS Laconia 1913 RMS Alaunia 1913 RMS Aquitania 1914 SS Orduna 1918 SS Empire Barracuda 1920 RMS Lancastria 1920 RMS Samaria 1921 RMS Antonia 1921 RMS Ausonia 1921 RMS Andania 1921 RMS Scythia 1922 RMS Andania 1922 RMS Berengaria 1922 RMS Franconia 1922 RMS Laconia 1922 RMS Majestic 1923 RMS Ascania 1924 RMS Aurania 1924 SS Letitia 1925 RMS Carinthia 1927 SS Laurentic 1929 MV Britannic 1934 MV Georgic 1934 RMS Olympic 1936 RMS Queen Mary 1939 RMS Mauretania 1939 SS Pasteur 1939 MV Empire Audacity 1940 RMS Queen Elizabeth 1943 SS Empire Battleaxe 1943 SS Empire Broadsword 1943 SS Valacia 1945 MV Empire Ettrick 1947 RMS Media 1947 RMS Parthia 1949 RMS Caronia 1954 RMS Saxonia 1955 RMS Ivernia 1956 RMS Carinthia 1957 RMS Sylvania 1969 MS Queen Elizabeth 2 1971 MS Cunard Adventurer 1972 MS Cunard Ambassador 1975 MS Cunard Countess 1976 MS Cunard Princess 1980 SS Atlantic Conveyor 1983 MS Sagafjord 1983 MS Caronia 1994 MS Royal Viking Sun Years indicate year of entry into Cunard service . Vista class cruise ships and derived designs Original Vista class Zuiderdam Oosterdam Westerdam Arcadia Noordam Enlarged Vista class Queen Victoria Queen Elizabeth Signature class Eurodam Nieuw Amsterdam Hybrid Vista / Spirit class Costa Luminosa Costa Deliziosa Holland America Line P&O Cruises Cunard Line Costa Cruises Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MS_Queen_Elizabeth&oldid=839843641 '' Categories : 2010 ships Cruise ships Ships of the Cunard Line Panamax cruise ships Ships built in Monfalcone Ships built by Fincantieri Passenger ships of Bermuda 2010 establishments in England Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from September 2017 IMO Number MMSI Number CS1 maint : Unrecognized language Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Français Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Suomi Svenska 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 May 2018 , at 01 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where was the new queen elizabeth cruise ship built | [
"\n\n\nQueen Elizabeth in Tallinn, 10 June 2011\n\n\n\nHistory\n\n\n\n\n\nName:\nQueen Elizabeth\n\n\nOwner:\nCarnival Corporation & plc\n\n\nOperator:\nCunard Line\n\n\nPort of registry:\n\n\n Southampton, U.K. (2010–2011)\n Hamilton, Bermuda (2011–present)\n\n\n\n\nOrdered:\nOctober 2007\n\n\nBuilder:\nFincantieri Monfalcone Shipyard, Italy\n\n\nCost:\nUK£350 million (approx.)[1] (US$560 million)\n\n\nYard number:\n6187\n\n\nLaid down:\n2 July 2009\n\n\nLaunched:\n5 January 2010\n\n\nChristened:\n11 October 2010\n\n\nCompleted:\nOctober 2010\n\n\nMaiden voyage:\n12 October 2010\n\n\nIn service:\nOctober 2010\n\n\nIdentification:\n\n\nCallsign ZCEF2\nIMO number: 9477438\nMMSI number: 310625000\n\n\n\n\nStatus:\nIn service\n\n\nGeneral characteristics\n\n\nClass and type:\nVista Class cruise ship\n\n\nTonnage:\n90,901 GT\n\n\nLength:\n294 m (965 ft)\n\n\nBeam:\n32.3 m (106 ft)\n\n\nDraught:\n8 m (26 ft)\n\n\nDecks:\n\n\n16 total\n12 accessible to passengers\n\n\n\n\nInstalled power:\n\n\n4 × MaK 12VM43C\n2 × MaK 8M43C\n64,000 kW (combined)\n\n\n\n\nPropulsion:\n\n\nDiesel-electric\nTwo ABB Azipods (2 × 17.6 MW)\nThree ABB bow thrusters (3 × 2,200 kW)\n\n\n\n\nSpeed:\n23.7 knots (43.9 km/h; 27.3 mph)\n\n\nCapacity:\n2,092 passengers lower beds, 2,547 maximum passengers\n\n"
] | [
"Fincantieri Monfalcone Shipyard, Italy"
] |
1214234740135727402 | List of Miss America titleholders | List of Miss America titleholders - Wikipedia List of Miss America titleholders Miss America is an annual competition open to women from the United States between the ages of 17 and 25 . Originating in 1921 as a beauty pageant , the competition now judges competitors ' talent performances and interviews in addition to their physical appearance . In January 2018 , the new board of directors increased the maximum age of titleholders to 25 years old , from 24 . Therefore , contestants can not be older than 25 years old on December 31 in the calendar year of her state competition . Contents 1 Gallery of past Miss Americas 2 Winners 3 Winners by state 3.1 States without Miss America winners 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Gallery of past Miss Americas ( edit ) Margaret Gorman , Miss America 1921 Mary Katherine Campbell , Miss America 1922 and 1923 Lois Delander , Miss America 1927 Bess Myerson , Miss America 1945 Marilyn Buferd , Miss America 1946 Lee Meriwether , Miss America 1955 Mary Ann Mobley , Miss America 1959 Lynda Lee Mead , Miss America 1960 Phyllis George , Miss America 1971 Shirley Cothran , Miss America 1975 Susan Perkins , Miss America 1978 Debra Maffett , Miss America 1983 Vanessa L. Williams , Miss America 1984 Susan Akin , Miss America 1986 Heather French , Miss America 2000 Erika Harold , Miss America 2003 Jennifer Berry , Miss America 2006 Lauren Nelson , Miss America 2007 Kirsten Haglund , Miss America 2008 Katie Stam , Miss America 2009 Caressa Cameron , Miss America 2010 Teresa Scanlan , Miss America 2011 Laura Kaeppeler , Miss America 2012 Mallory Hagan , Miss America 2013 Nina Davuluri , Miss America 2014 Kira Kazantsev , Miss America 2015 Savvy Shields , Miss America 2017 Cara Mund , Miss America 2018 Winners ( edit ) Year Crowned Winner State / District City Age Awards Talent Notes 1921 Sept. 8 , 1921 Margaret Gorman District of Columbia Washington 16 Inter-City Beauty , Amateur Actually crowned `` The Most Beautiful Bathing Girl in America '' ; was not titled `` Miss America '' until 1922 1922 Sept. 7 , 1922 Mary Katherine Campbell Ohio Columbus 16 Only person to win twice ; also was 1st runner - up at the 1924 pageant 1923 Sept. 7 , 1923 17 1924 Sept. 6 , 1924 Ruth Malcomson Pennsylvania Philadelphia 18 1925 Sept. 11 , 1925 Fay Lanphier California Oakland 19 1926 Sept. 10 , 1926 Norma Smallwood Oklahoma Tulsa 18 Bather 's Revue Winner Evening Gown Award 1927 Sept. 9 , 1927 Lois Delander Illinois Joliet 17 1928 No pageants were held 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 Sept. 9 , 1933 Marian Bergeron Connecticut West Haven 15 Youngest winner in history at the age of 151⁄2 Held title for two years since no competition was held in 1934 1934 No pageant was held 1935 Sept. 7 , 1935 Henrietta Leaver Pennsylvania Pittsburgh 17 Vocal / Tap dance , `` Living In a Great Big Way '' 1936 Sept. 12 , 1936 Rose Coyle Pennsylvania Philadelphia 22 Preliminary Talent Vocal / Tap dance , `` I Ca n't Escape From You '' & `` Truckin ' '' 1937 Sept. 11 , 1937 Bette Cooper New Jersey Bertrand Island 17 Evening Gown Award Vocal , `` When the Poppies Bloom Again '' 1938 Sept. 10 , 1938 Marilyn Meseke Ohio Marion 21 Tap dance , `` The World Is Waiting for the Sunrise '' Held the title of Miss Ohio twice ( 1931 & 1938 ) 1939 Sept. 9 , 1939 Patricia Donnelly Michigan Detroit 19 Vocal / Bass Fiddle , `` To You '' & `` Ol ' Man Mose '' 1940 Sept. 7 , 1940 Frances Marie Burke Pennsylvania Philadelphia 19 Preliminary Swimsuit Vocal / Dance , `` I Ca n't Love You Anymore '' 1941 Sept. 6 , 1941 Rosemary LaPlanche California Los Angeles 18 Preliminary Swimsuit Dance Also placed 1st runner - up at Miss America 1940 pageant 1942 Sept. 12 , 1942 Jo - Carroll Dennison Texas Tyler 18 Preliminary Swimsuit Preliminary Talent Vocal / Dance , `` Deep in the Heart of Texas '' 1943 Sept. 11 , 1943 Jean Bartel California Los Angeles 19 Preliminary Swimsuit Preliminary Talent Vocal , `` Night and Day '' 1944 Sept. 9 , 1944 Venus Ramey District of Columbia Washington 19 Preliminary Swimsuit Preliminary Talent Vocal / Dance , `` Take It Easy '' 1945 Sept. 8 , 1945 Bess Myerson New York New York City 21 Preliminary Swimsuit Preliminary Talent Piano & flute , `` Piano Concerto In A Minor '' by Edvard Grieg & `` Summertime '' First Jewish - American Miss America First Miss New York crowned 1946 Sept. 7 , 1946 Marilyn Buferd California Los Angeles 21 Preliminary Swimsuit Preliminary Talent ( tie ) Dramatic monologue , Accent on Youth 1947 Sept. 6 , 1947 Barbara Jo Walker Tennessee Memphis 21 Preliminary Talent Art display & vocal medley , `` One Kiss '' & `` Un Bel Di '' from Madama Butterfly 1948 Sept. 11 , 1948 BeBe Shopp Minnesota Hopkins 18 Preliminary Swimsuit Vibraharp , `` Caprice Viennois '' by Fritz Kreisler 1949 Sept. 10 , 1949 Jacque Mercer Arizona Litchfield Park 18 Preliminary Swimsuit ( tie ) Preliminary Talent Dramatic reading , Romeo and Juliet 1951 Sept. 9 , 1950 Yolande Betbeze Alabama Mobile 21 Preliminary Swimsuit Classical vocal , `` Caro Nome '' from Rigoletto Sparked the creation of the Miss USA and Miss Universe pageants 1952 Sept. 8 , 1951 Colleen Kay Hutchins Utah Salt Lake City 25 Preliminary Talent Dramatic monologue , `` Elizabeth the Queen '' by Maxwell Anderson 1953 Sept. 6 , 1952 Neva Jane Langley Georgia Macon 19 Preliminary Swimsuit Preliminary Talent Classical piano , `` Toccata '' 1954 Sept. 12 , 1953 Evelyn Margaret Ay Pennsylvania Ephrata 20 Preliminary Swimsuit Poetry recitation , `` Footsteps '' from Leaves from a Grass - House by Don Blanding 1955 Sept. 11 , 1954 Lee Meriwether California San Francisco 19 Preliminary Swimsuit Dramatic monologue , Riders to the Sea First winner crowned on television ( ABC ) Became an actress ( Batman ) 1956 Sept. 10 , 1955 Sharon Ritchie Colorado Denver 18 Recitation , `` The Murder of Lidice '' by Edna St. Vincent Millay 1957 Sept. 8 , 1956 Marian McKnight South Carolina Manning 19 Comedy sketch , `` The Monroe Doctrine '' 1958 Sept. 7 , 1957 Marilyn Van Derbur Colorado Denver 20 Organ , `` Tea for Two '' & `` Tenderly '' Television broadcast moved to CBS 1959 Sept. 6 , 1958 Mary Ann Mobley Mississippi Brandon 21 Preliminary Talent Vocal medley & dance , `` Un Bel Di '' & `` There 'll Be Some Changes Made '' Became an actress ( Diff'rent Strokes ) and TV hostess 1960 Sept. 12 , 1959 Lynda Lee Mead Natchez 20 Original dramatic act , `` Schizophrenia '' 1961 Sept. 10 , 1960 Nancy Fleming Michigan Montague 18 Preliminary Swimsuit Preliminary Talent ( tie ) Presentation of dress design 1962 Sept. 9 , 1961 Maria Fletcher North Carolina Asheville 19 Preliminary Swimsuit First Miss North Carolina crowned 1963 Sept. 8 , 1962 Jacquelyn Mayer Ohio Sandusky 20 Broadway vignette , `` Wishing Upon a Star , '' `` My Favorite Things '' & The White Cliffs of Dover 1964 Sept. 7 , 1963 Donna Axum Arkansas El Dorado 21 Preliminary Swimsuit Vocal medley , `` Quando me'n vo ' '' & `` I Love Paris '' 1965 Sept. 12 , 1964 Vonda Kay Van Dyke Arizona Phoenix 21 Miss Congeniality Ventriloquism , `` Together ( Wherever We Go ) '' Only Miss Congeniality award winner to be also crowned Miss America 1966 Sept. 11 , 1965 Deborah Irene Bryant Kansas Overland Park 19 Preliminary Swimsuit Dramatic interpretation , `` The Miserable Miserliness of Midas Moneybags '' 1967 Sept. 10 , 1966 Jane Anne Jayroe Oklahoma Laverne 19 Preliminary Talent Vocal / Orchestral conducting , `` 1 - 2 - 3 '' Television broadcast moved to NBC 1968 Sept. 9 , 1967 Debra Dene Barnes Kansas Moran 20 Preliminary Swimsuit Piano , `` Born Free '' 1969 Sept. 7 , 1968 Judith Ford Illinois Belvidere 18 Preliminary Swimsuit Preliminary Talent Acrobatic dance & trampoline , `` The Blue Danube '' 1970 Sept. 6 , 1969 Pamela Eldred Michigan West Bloomfield 21 Preliminary Swimsuit Ballet , `` Love Theme '' from Romeo & Juliet 1971 Sept. 12 , 1970 Phyllis George Texas Denton 21 Preliminary Swimsuit Piano medley , Promises , Promises & `` Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head '' Former sportscaster on CBS Former First Lady of Kentucky ( 1979 - 83 ) 1972 Sept. 11 , 1971 Laurie Lea Schaefer Ohio Bexley 22 Preliminary Swimsuit Semi-classical vocal , `` And This Is My Beloved '' 1973 Sept. 9 , 1972 Terry Meeuwsen Wisconsin De Pere 23 Preliminary Swimsuit Preliminary Talent Vocal , `` He Touched Me '' from Drat ! The Cat ! First Miss Wisconsin crowned Co-host of The 700 Club Sept. 8 , 1973 Rebecca King Colorado Denver 23 Vocal , `` If I Ruled the World '' Mother of Miss Colorado 2011 , Diana Dremen Sept. 7 , 1974 Shirley Cothran Texas Fort Worth 21 Preliminary Swimsuit Flute medley , `` Bumble Boogie '' & `` Swingin ' Shepherd Blues '' 1976 Sept. 6 , 1975 Tawny Godin New York Yonkers 18 Original piano composition , `` Images in Pastels '' 1977 Sept. 11 , 1976 Dorothy Benham Minnesota Edina 20 Preliminary Swimsuit Preliminary Talent Classical vocal , `` Adele 's Laughing Song '' from Die Fledermaus Appeared in Jerome Robbins ' Broadway 1978 Sept. 10 , 1977 Susan Perkins Ohio Columbus 23 Preliminary Talent Vocal , `` Good Morning Heartache '' Television broadcast moved to CBS 1979 Sept. 9 , 1978 Kylene Barker Virginia Galax 22 Gymnastics routine , `` Gonna Fly Now '' & `` Feels So Good '' Television broadcast moved to NBC 1980 Sept. 8 , 1979 Cheryl Prewitt Mississippi Ackerman 22 Preliminary Swimsuit Vocal / Piano , `` Do n't Cry Out Loud '' 1981 Sept. 6 , 1980 Susan Powell Oklahoma Elk City 21 Preliminary Talent ( tie ) Classical vocal , `` The Telephone Aria '' 1982 Sept. 12 , 1981 Elizabeth Ward Arkansas Russellville 20 Preliminary Swimsuit Vocal , `` After You 've Gone '' Previously National Sweetheart 1981 Infamously had short - lived affair with President Bill Clinton in 1998 Sept. 11 , 1982 Debra Maffett California Anaheim 25 Preliminary Swimsuit Preliminary Talent Popular vocal , `` Come In From the Rain '' 1984 Sept. 17 , 1983 Vanessa Lynn Williams New York Millwood 20 Preliminary Swimsuit Preliminary Talent Popular vocal , `` Happy Days Are Here Again '' First African American Miss America Resigned on July 23 , 1984 due to backlash from unauthorized nude photos of her being published in Penthouse magazine July 23 , 1984 Suzette Charles New Jersey Mays Landing 21 Preliminary Talent Popular vocal , `` Kiss Me In the Rain '' Served the shortest term by any Miss America , lasting only seven weeks 1985 Sept. 8 , 1984 Sharlene Wells Utah Salt Lake City 20 Preliminary Swimsuit Spanish vocal & Paraguyan harp , `` Mis Noches Sin Ti '' The first foreign - born , bilingual Miss America ( born in Asunción , Paraguay ) 1986 Sept. 14 , 1985 Susan Akin Mississippi Meridian 21 Preliminary Swimsuit Vocal , `` You 're My World '' Sept. 13 , 1986 Kellye Cash Tennessee Memphis 21 Preliminary Swimsuit Preliminary Talent Piano / Vocal , `` I 'll Be Home '' Grandniece of singer , Johnny Cash 1988 Sept. 19 , 1987 Kaye Lani Rae Rafko Michigan Monroe 24 Preliminary Swimsuit Hawaiian - Tahitian dance 1989 Sept. 10 , 1988 Gretchen Carlson Minnesota Anoka 22 Preliminary Talent Classical violin , `` Zigeunerweisen '' Former news anchor of Fox & Friends Current chairwoman of the board of directors of the Miss America Organization 1990 Sept. 16 , 1989 Debbye Turner Missouri Mexico 23 Preliminary Swimsuit Marimba medley , `` Flight of the Bumblebee , '' `` Csárdás '' & `` Can - Can '' Medical Reporter and Anchor for CBS 's The Early Show First Miss Missouri crowned 1991 Sept. 8 , 1990 Marjorie Vincent Illinois Oak Park 25 Preliminary Talent Classical piano , `` Fantaisie - Impromptu '' First Miss America winner of Haitian descent Former Chair of the Board of Trustees for the Miss America Organization ( served for 3 months ) 1992 Sept. 14 , 1991 Carolyn Suzanne Sapp Hawaii Kona 24 Preliminary Swimsuit Vocal , `` Ai n't Misbehavin ' '' First Miss Hawaii crowned 1993 Sept. 19 , 1992 Leanza Cornett Florida Jacksonville 21 Vocal , `` A New Life '' from Jekyll & Hyde Married ( and later divorced ) Mark Steines 1994 Sept. 18 , 1993 Kimberly Clarice Aiken South Carolina Columbia 18 Vocal , `` Summertime '' 1995 Sept. 17 , 1994 Heather Whitestone Alabama Birmingham 21 Preliminary Swimsuit Preliminary Talent Ballet en Pointe , `` Via Dolorosa '' First deaf Miss America Sept. 16 , 1995 Shawntel Smith Oklahoma Muldrow 24 Vocal , `` The Woman in the Moon '' from A Star Is Born 1997 Sept. 14 , 1996 Tara Dawn Holland Kansas Overland Park 23 Preliminary Swimsuit Classical vocal , `` Où Va la Jeune Hindoue '' from Lakmé Her crowning was featured at beginning of the 2006 film , Little Miss Sunshine 1998 Sept. 13 , 1997 Katherine Shindle Illinois Evanston 20 Preliminary Talent Vocal , `` Do n't Rain on My Parade '' Performed in Legally Blonde on Broadway President of the Actors ' Equity Association Briefly on the Board of Directors for the Miss America Organization in 2018 Television broadcast moved to ABC 1999 Sept. 19 , 1998 Nicole Johnson Virginia Roanoke 24 Vocal , `` That 's Life '' Diabetes awareness advocate 2000 Sept. 18 , 1999 Heather Renee French Kentucky Maysville 24 Preliminary Swimsuit Vocal , `` As If We Never Said Goodbye '' from Sunset Boulevard First Miss Kentucky crowned 2001 Oct. 14 , 2000 Angela Perez Baraquio Hawaii Honolulu 24 Preliminary Swimsuit Hula , `` Theme '' from Mutiny on the Bounty First Filipino American and Asian American Miss America 2002 Sept. 22 , 2001 Katie Harman Oregon Gresham 21 Preliminary Talent Classical vocal , `` O mio babbino caro '' First Miss Oregon crowned 2003 Sept. 21 , 2002 Erika Harold Illinois Urbana 22 Classical vocal , `` Habanera '' Sept. 20 , 2003 Ericka Dunlap Florida Orlando 21 Vocal , `` If I Could '' Finished in third place on The Amazing Race 15 with her then - husband , Brian Kleinschmidt 2005 Sept. 18 , 2004 Deidre Downs Alabama Birmingham 24 Vocal , `` I 'm Afraid This Must Be Love '' 2006 Jan. 21 , 2006 Jennifer Berry Oklahoma Tulsa 22 Preliminary Talent Ballet en Pointe , `` Within '' Television broadcast moved to CMT 2007 Jan. 29 , 2007 Lauren Nelson Lawton 20 Preliminary Lifestyle & Fitness Vocal , `` You 'll Be in My Heart '' 2008 Jan. 26 , 2008 Kirsten Haglund Michigan Farmington Hills 19 Preliminary Lifestyle & Fitness Vocal , `` Over the Rainbow '' Haglund 's grandmother , Iora Hunt , represented Detroit , Michigan at the Miss America 1944 pageant Television broadcast moved to TLC 2009 Jan. 24 , 2009 Katie Stam Indiana Seymour 22 Preliminary Lifestyle & Fitness Vocal , `` Via Dolorosa '' First Miss Indiana crowned Jan. 30 , 2010 Caressa Cameron Virginia Fredericksburg 22 Preliminary Talent Vocal , `` Listen '' from Dreamgirls 2011 Jan. 15 , 2011 Teresa Scanlan Nebraska Gering 17 Preliminary Talent Piano , `` White Water Chopped Sticks '' by Calvin Jones Youngest Miss America winner since 1933 First Miss Nebraska crowned Television broadcast moved to ABC 2012 Jan. 14 , 2012 Laura Kaeppeler Wisconsin Kenosha 23 Preliminary Talent Operatic vocal , `` Il Bacio '' by Luigi Arditi Briefly on the Board of Directors for the Miss America Organization in 2018 2013 Jan. 12 , 2013 Mallory Hagan New York Brooklyn 24 Tap dance , `` Get Up Offa That Thing '' by James Brown Served the second shortest term by any Miss America , lasting only nine months 2014 Sept. 15 , 2013 Nina Davuluri Fayetteville 24 Bollywood fusion dance , `` Dhoom Tana '' from Om Shanti Om First Indian American winner First to perform a Bollywood dance at a Miss America pageant 2015 Sept. 14 , 2014 Kira Kazantsev Manhattan 23 Vocal with plastic cup percussion , `` Happy '' by Pharrell Williams 2016 Sept. 13 , 2015 Betty Cantrell Georgia Warner Robins 21 Preliminary Talent Classical vocal , `` Tu ? Tu ? Piccolo Iddio ! '' from Madama Butterfly 2017 Sept. 11 , 2016 Savvy Shields Arkansas Fayetteville 21 Preliminary Talent Jazz dance , `` They Just Keep Moving the Line '' from the NBC show Smash 2018 Sept. 10 , 2017 Cara Mund North Dakota Bismarck 23 Jazz dance , `` The Way You Make Me Feel '' by Michael Jackson First Miss North Dakota crowned 2019 Sept. 9 , 2018 Nia Franklin New York Brooklyn 25 Operatic vocal , `` Quando m'en vò '' from La bohème Winners by state ( edit ) State Number of titles won Year ( s ) won New York 7 1945 , 1976 , 1984 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2019 Oklahoma 6 1926 , 1967 , 1981 , 1996 , 2006 , 2007 California 1925 , 1941 , 1943 , 1946 , 1955 , 1983 Ohio 1922 , 1923 , 1938 , 1963 , 1972 , 1978 Michigan 5 1939 , 1961 , 1970 , 1988 , 2008 Illinois 1927 , 1969 , 1991 , 1998 , 2003 Pennsylvania 1924 , 1935 , 1936 , 1940 , 1954 Mississippi 1959 , 1960 , 1980 , 1986 Arkansas 1964 , 1982 , 2017 Virginia 1979 , 1999 , 2010 Alabama 1951 , 1995 , 2005 Kansas 1966 , 1968 , 1997 Minnesota 1948 , 1977 , 1989 Texas 1942 , 1971 , 1975 Colorado 1956 , 1958 , 1974 Georgia 1953 , 2016 Wisconsin 1973 , 2012 Florida 1993 , 2004 Hawaii 1992 , 2001 South Carolina 1957 , 1994 Tennessee 1947 , 1987 Utah 1952 , 1985 New Jersey 1937 , 1984 Arizona 1949 , 1965 District of Columbia 1921 , 1944 North Dakota 2018 Nebraska 2011 Indiana 2009 Oregon 2002 Kentucky 2000 Missouri 1990 North Carolina 1962 Connecticut 1933 States without Miss America winners ( edit ) There have been no Miss America winners from the following eighteen states and two U.S. territories : Alaska Delaware Idaho Iowa Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Montana Nevada New Hampshire New Mexico Puerto Rico Rhode Island South Dakota Vermont Virgin Islands Washington West Virginia Wyoming Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ No `` Miss America 1950 '' was officially crowned . Since the majority of each titleholder 's reign occurred during the following year , the organization began referring to titleholder using upcoming year . Jump up ^ Competed at Miss New York City Jump up ^ Competed at Miss Tulsa Jump up ^ Competed at Miss Columbus Jump up ^ Competed at Miss Columbus Jump up ^ Competed at Miss Philadelphia Jump up ^ Competed at Miss Pittsburgh Jump up ^ Competed at Miss Philadelphia Jump up ^ Competed at Miss Philadelphia Jump up ^ Competed at Miss Memphis Jump up ^ Competed at Miss Bertrand Island References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Silva , Daniella ( January 7 , 2018 ) . `` Future of Miss America , beauty pageants in question in the wake of # MeToo '' . NBC News . Jump up ^ `` American Experience : Miss America '' . pbs.org . Retrieved April 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1939 Patricia Donnelly Harris ( Miss Detroit ) becomes our first Miss America ! '' . Miss Michigan . Archived from the original on 18 December 2017 . Retrieved 18 December 2017 . Jump up ^ McNutt , K.S. ( September 11 , 2016 ) . `` Jane Jayroe : Oklahoma native reflects on her Miss America win '' . NewsOK . Jump up ^ Minton , Amanda ( October 18 , 2018 ) . `` OUR HISTORY -- Our very own Miss America , Debra Dene Barnes '' . The Morning Sun . Jump up ^ Thralls , Todd ( April 29 , 2015 ) . `` Crowning of Miss America 1969 -- Judy Ford '' . YouTube . Jump up ^ Arino , Lisha ( June 14 , 2012 ) . `` Former Miss Michigan title holders describe life after crown '' . MLive . ^ Jump up to : Gilfillian , Trudi ( September 16 , 2013 ) . `` Miss America 1971 Phyllis George forever remembered for tiara topple '' . Press of Atlantic City . Jump up ^ `` Miss America 1972 Sitting on Throne '' . Getty Images . September 11 , 1971 . ^ Jump up to : Aukofer , Frank A. ( September 11 , 1972 ) . `` De Pere Girl Begins US Reign '' . The Milwaukee Journal . Jump up ^ `` New Life : Meeuwsen Changes Her Course '' . The Milwaukee Journal . April 25 , 1993 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` In a pageant rife with conformity , America will tune in to see which Miss America contestant breaks the mold '' . Atlantic City Weekly . September 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Miss Colorado Makes Pageant History : Daughter of Miss America 1974 Competes for 2012 Miss America Title '' . Pageant Center . Jump up ^ Klemesrud , Judy ( September 9 , 1974 ) . `` For Miss America ' 75 the Questions Get Tougher '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Vespa , Mary ( March 22 , 1976 ) . `` Miss America , Tawny Godin , Puts a Ring on Her Finger and Steps on Some Toes '' . People . Jump up ^ Neuhaus , Cable ( January 21 , 1980 ) . `` A Former Miss America Celebrates When Her Iceman Cometh Home '' . People . Jump up ^ `` Dorothy Benham - Performer '' . Internet Broadway Database . Jump up ^ Roberts , Roxanne ( September 16 , 1995 ) . `` Beauty Is as Beauty Does '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Darling , Lynn ( October 17 , 1978 ) . `` There She Is , Miss America '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Hall , Carla ( May 27 , 1980 ) . `` Cheryl Prewitt 's Born - Again American Beauty '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Kornheiser , Tony ( September 8 , 1980 ) . `` There She Is ... '' The Washington Post . ^ Jump up to : `` Miss Arkansas Named Miss America of 1982 '' . The New York Times . September 13 , 1981 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Helen ( February 8 , 2000 ) . `` She hitched her star to a wagon for the love of Bill , Hillary put her goals on hold and move to Ark. stick '' . New York Daily News . Jump up ^ Cleary , Tom ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` Bill Clinton Sex Allegations : 17 Claims of Rape & Affairs '' . Heavy.com . Jump up ^ Toscano , Louis ( September 12 , 1982 ) . `` Debra Sue Maffett : Miss America 1983 '' . United Press International . ^ Jump up to : Singleton , Don ( 1983 - 09 - 18 ) . `` Vanessa Williams is crowned the first African - American Miss America in 1983 '' . New York Daily News . Jump up ^ Eady , Brenda ( August 6 , 1984 ) . `` Vanessa 's Story '' . People Magazine . Jump up ^ Stark , John ; Alexander , Michael ( January 30 , 1989 ) . `` Ex-Miss America Vanessa Williams Overcomes Her Disgrace by Showing and Singing the Right Stuff '' . People . Jump up ^ Latson , Jennifer ( July 23 , 2015 ) . `` The Scandal That Cost a Miss America Her Crown '' . Time Magazine . Jump up ^ `` American Experience Miss America People & Events '' . PBS . Jump up ^ Gilfillian , Trudi . `` Miss America 1985 took crown in wake of Vanessa Williams controversy '' . Press of Atlantic City . Jump up ^ `` Miss America : 1985 '' . Miss America . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2008 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ Hall , Carla ( September 16 , 1985 ) . `` America 's New Miss ... And the Near Misses '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Mansfield , Stephanie ( September 15 , 1986 ) . `` Tennessee Cashes In '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( 1986 - 09 - 14 ) . `` Miss America grandniece of Johnny Cash '' . Houston Chronicle . p. 3 . Jump up ^ Zibart , Eve ( September 21 , 1987 ) . `` Just What the Judges Ordered '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` Miss America History -- 1989 '' . Miss America Organization . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Gretchen Carlson takes helm at struggling Miss America pageant '' . NJ.com . Jump up ^ `` Miss America 1990 Debbye Turner : A Profile of Success '' . Pageantry Magazine . 1989 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ Libman , Norma ( August 25 , 1991 ) . `` Year of Living as Miss America Offers an Education in Life '' . The Chicago Tribune . Jump up ^ Carroll , Lauren ( July 26 , 2018 ) . `` Miss America scholarship foundation chairwoman resigns '' . Press of Atlantic City . ^ Jump up to : Achenbach , Joel ( September 15 , 1991 ) . `` Miss Hawaii Wins Crown in Miss America Pageant ; 24 - Year - Old University Student Becomes First Contestant From 50th State to Take Title '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` Miss America 1993 Closes Pageant with AIDS Appeal '' . The Washington Post . September 20 , 1992 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Steines annoyed that his divorce with wife Leanza Cornett is taking so long '' . Hitberry . Retrieved April 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rosenfield , Megan ( September 19 , 1993 ) . `` Miss America 1994 Takes Homelessness as her Cause '' . The Washington Post . ^ Jump up to : `` First Deaf Miss America '' . The New York Times . September 19 , 1994 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Roxanne ( September 17 , 1995 ) . `` Miss Oklahoma Wins , So Does Pageant Tradition '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Curran , John ( September 15 , 1996 ) . `` Miss Kansas Tara Dawn Holland Wins Miss America Pageant '' . The Associated Press . Jump up ^ Carroll , Lauren ( September 10 , 2017 ) . `` 20 years later , Brigantine native Kate Shindle reflects on Miss America '' . Press of Atlantic City . Jump up ^ Purcell , Carey . `` Actress , Newly Elected Equity President and Former Miss America Kate Shindle On Still Trying to `` Cobble Together a Living '' Playbill , August 2015 ^ Jump up to : Carroll , Lauren ( June 29 , 2018 ) . `` Changes with Miss America cause issues among board members '' . Press of Atlantic City . Jump up ^ Curran , John ( September 19 , 1998 ) . `` Miss Virginia Nicole Johnson wins Miss America pageant '' . Times Daily . Jump up ^ Ruiz Patton , Susan ( September 20 , 1999 ) . `` Miss Pa . Played Violin Flawlessly Despite Format Changes That Cut Performances In Half , Susan Spafford Made The Most Of Her Opportunity '' . The Morning Call . Allentown , Pennsylvania . ^ Jump up to : `` Angela Perez Baraquio Shares Her Story Of Becoming First Asian - American To Win Miss America In 2001 '' . KCAL . Los Angeles , California . November 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Curran , John ( September 22 , 2001 ) . `` Miss Oregon Katie Harman wins Miss America crown '' . Arizona Daily Sun . Jump up ^ `` Illinois Contestant Is Miss America '' . The Washington Post . September 22 , 2002 . Jump up ^ `` Miss Florida crowned new Miss America '' . Arizona Daily Sun . September 20 , 2003 . Jump up ^ Johnston , Lauren ( July 29 , 2004 ) . `` Miss Ala . Wins Spiced - Up Pageant '' . CBS News . Jump up ^ Ross , Jr. , Bobby ( January 25 , 2006 ) . `` Months after baptism , Jennifer Berry wins Miss American pageant '' . Christian Chronicle . Archived from the original on 2010 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( January 30 , 2007 ) . `` Miss Oklahoma Lauren Nelson Wins Miss America 2007 Pageant '' . FOX News.com . Jump up ^ `` Miss Michigan Kirsten Haglund Crowned Miss America 2008 '' . Associated Press . January 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Shawn ( 2008 - 01 - 28 ) . `` A dream come true for Miss America '' . The Detroit News . Jump up ^ Clarke , Norm ( 2008 - 01 - 24 ) . `` Michigan pageant success is in genes '' . Las Vegas Review Journal . Jump up ^ `` Miss Indiana Katie Stam is crowned 2009 Miss America ; Miss Georgia is first runner - up '' . Las Vegas Sun . January 24 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Indiana student ill , but wins Miss America crown '' . Associated Press . 2009 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Miss Virginia wins 2010 Miss America crown '' . USA Today . 2010 - 01 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` She 's just 17 ! Nebraskan wins Miss America pageant '' . TODAY . January 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Oldenburg , Ann ( January 14 , 2012 ) . `` Miss America pageant crowns 2012 winner '' . USA Today . Gannett . Jump up ^ `` NY woman crowned Miss America '' . 3 News NZ . January 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Cavaliere , Victoria ( September 16 , 2013 ) . `` Miss New York is first Indian - American to win Miss America '' . Reuters . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stern , Marlow ( September 16 , 2013 ) . `` Nina Davuluri Crowned Miss America : The First Miss America of Indian Descent '' . Daily Beast . Jump up ^ `` A threepeat : Miss New York Kira Kazantsev crowned Miss America '' . CNN . September 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Erin ( September 14 , 2015 ) . `` Miss Georgia is crowned Miss America 2016 '' . USA Today . Gannett . Jump up ^ `` Miss America 2017 is : Miss Arkansas Savvy Shields '' . USA Today . Gannett . September 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Moniuszko , Sara M. ( September 10 , 2017 ) . `` Miss America 2018 : Miss North Dakota Cara Mund takes the crown '' . USA Today . Gannett . Jump up ^ Stone , Natalie ( September 9 , 2018 ) . `` Miss New York Nia Imani Franklin Crowned Miss America 2019 '' . People . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Miss America titleholders . Miss America official website Miss America 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Titleholders Award winners Outstanding Teen MAOT State pageants Miss America state pageants Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Puerto Rico Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Virgin Islands Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Miss America titleholders 1921 -- 1939 Margaret Gorman ( 1921 ) Mary Campbell ( 1922 ) Mary Campbell ( 1923 ) Ruth Malcomson ( 1924 ) Fay Lanphier ( 1925 ) Norma Smallwood ( 1926 ) Lois Delander ( 1927 ) Marian Bergeron ( 1933 ) Henrietta Leaver ( 1935 ) Rose Coyle ( 1936 ) Bette Cooper ( 1937 ) Marilyn Meseke ( 1938 ) Patricia Donnelly ( 1939 ) 1940 -- 1959 Frances Marie Burke ( 1940 ) Rosemary LaPlanche ( 1941 ) Jo - Carroll Dennison ( 1942 ) Jean Bartel ( 1943 ) Venus Ramey ( 1944 ) Bess Myerson ( 1945 ) Marilyn Buferd ( 1946 ) Barbara Jo Walker ( 1947 ) BeBe Shopp ( 1948 ) Jacque Mercer ( 1949 ) Yolande Betbeze ( 1951 ) Colleen Kay Hutchins ( 1952 ) Neva Jane Langley ( 1953 ) Evelyn Margaret Ay ( 1954 ) Lee Meriwether ( 1955 ) Sharon Ritchie ( 1956 ) Marian McKnight ( 1957 ) Marilyn Van Derbur ( 1958 ) Mary Ann Mobley ( 1959 ) 1960 -- 1979 Lynda Lee Mead ( 1960 ) Nancy Fleming ( 1961 ) Maria Fletcher ( 1962 ) Jacquelyn Mayer ( 1963 ) Donna Axum ( 1964 ) Vonda Kay Van Dyke ( 1965 ) Deborah Bryant ( 1966 ) Jane Anne Jayroe ( 1967 ) Debra Dene Barnes ( 1968 ) Judith Anne Ford ( 1969 ) Pamela Eldred ( 1970 ) Phyllis Ann George ( 1971 ) Laurie Lea Schaefer ( 1972 ) Terry Meeuwsen ( 1973 ) Rebecca Ann King ( 1974 ) Shirley Cothran ( 1975 ) Tawny Elaine Godin ( 1976 ) Dorothy Benham ( 1977 ) Susan Perkins ( 1978 ) Kylene Barker ( 1979 ) 1980 -- 1999 Cheryl Prewitt ( 1980 ) Susan Powell ( 1981 ) Elizabeth Ward ( 1982 ) Debra Maffett ( 1983 ) Vanessa Williams / Suzette Charles ( 1984 ) Sharlene Wells ( 1985 ) Susan Akin ( 1986 ) Kellye Cash ( 1987 ) Kaye Lani Rae Rafko ( 1988 ) Gretchen Carlson ( 1989 ) Debbye Turner ( 1990 ) Marjorie Judith Vincent ( 1991 ) Carolyn Suzanne Sapp ( 1992 ) Leanza Cornett ( 1993 ) Kimberly Clarice Aiken ( 1994 ) Heather Whitestone ( 1995 ) Shawntel Smith ( 1996 ) Tara Dawn Holland ( 1997 ) Katherine Shindle ( 1998 ) Nicole Johnson ( 1999 ) 2000 -- 2019 Heather French ( 2000 ) Angela Perez Baraquio ( 2001 ) Katie Harman ( 2002 ) Erika Harold ( 2003 ) Ericka Dunlap ( 2004 ) Deidre Downs ( 2005 ) Jennifer Berry ( 2006 ) Lauren Nelson ( 2007 ) Kirsten Haglund ( 2008 ) Katie Stam ( 2009 ) Caressa Cameron ( 2010 ) Teresa Scanlan ( 2011 ) Laura Kaeppeler ( 2012 ) Mallory Hagan ( 2013 ) Nina Davuluri ( 2014 ) Kira Kazantsev ( 2015 ) Betty Cantrell ( 2016 ) Savvy Shields ( 2017 ) Cara Mund ( 2018 ) Nia Franklin ( 2019 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Miss_America_titleholders&oldid=866390686 '' Categories : Lists of American women Lists of award winners Lists of women in beauty pageants Miss America winners Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use American English from July 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from July 2015 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Nederlands Português Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 01 : 39 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many miss americas are from new york | [
"\n\n\nState\n\nNumber of titles won\n\nYear(s) won\n\n\nNew York\n\n7\n\n1945[b], 1976, 1984, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2019\n\n\nOklahoma\n\n6\n\n1926[c], 1967, 1981, 1996, 2006, 2007\n\n\nCalifornia\n\n1925, 1941, 1943, 1946, 1955, 1983\n\n\nOhio\n\n1922[d], 1923[e], 1938, 1963, 1972, 1978\n\n\nMichigan\n\n5\n\n1939, 1961, 1970, 1988, 2008\n\n\nIllinois\n\n1927, 1969, 1991, 1998, 2003\n\n\nPennsylvania\n\n1924[f], 1935[g], 1936[h], 1940[i], 1954\n\n\nMississippi\n\n4\n\n1959, 1960, 1980, 1986\n\n\nArkansas\n\n3\n\n1964, 1982, 2017\n\n\nVirginia\n\n1979, 1999, 2010\n\n\nAlabama\n\n1951, 1995, 2005\n\n\nKansas\n\n1966, 1968, 1997\n\n\nMinnesota\n\n1948, 1977, 1989\n\n\nTexas\n\n1942, 1971, 1975\n\n\nColorado\n\n1956, 1958, 1974\n\n\nGeorgia\n\n2\n\n1953, 2016\n\n\nWisconsin\n\n1973, 2012\n\n\nFlorida\n\n1993, 2004\n\n\nHawaii\n\n1992, 2001\n\n\nSouth Carolina\n\n1957, 1994\n\n\nTennessee\n\n1947[j], 1987\n\n\nUtah\n\n1952, 1985\n\n\nNew Jersey\n\n1937[k], 1984\n\n\nArizona\n\n1949, 1965\n\n\nDistrict of Columbia\n\n1921, 1944\n\n\nNorth Dakota\n\n1\n\n2018\n\n\nNebraska\n\n2011\n\n\nIndiana\n\n2009\n\n\nOregon\n\n2002\n\n\nKentucky\n\n2000\n\n\nMissouri\n\n1990\n\n\nNorth Carolina\n\n1962\n\n\nConnecticut\n\n1933\n"
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3253787650093213555 | List of the highest major summits of North America | List of the highest major summits of North America - wikipedia List of the highest major summits of North America Further information : List of mountain peaks of North America See also : List of the most prominent summits of North America and List of the most isolated major summits of North America Denali in Alaska is the highest mountain peak of North America . Denali is the third-most topographically prominent and third-most topographically isolated summit on Earth after Mount Everest and Aconcagua . The following sortable table comprises the 200 highest mountain peaks of greater North America with at least 500 meters ( 1640 feet ) of topographic prominence . The summit of a mountain or hill may be measured in three principal ways : The topographic elevation of a summit measures the height of the summit above a geodetic sea level . The topographic prominence of a summit is a measure of how high the summit rises above its surroundings . The topographic isolation ( or radius of dominance ) of a summit measures how far the summit lies from its nearest point of equal elevation . In greater North America , only Denali exceeds 6000 meters ( 19,685 feet ) elevation . Three major summits exceed 5500 meters ( 18,045 feet ) , 11 exceed 5000 meters ( 16,404 feet ) , 21 exceed 4500 meters ( 14,764 feet ) , 124 exceed 4000 meters ( 13,123 feet ) , 277 exceed 3500 meters ( 11,483 feet ) , and 401 exceed 3000 meters ' ( 9843 feet ) elevation . Contents 1 Highest major summits 2 Gallery 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Highest major summits ( edit ) Map this section 's coordinates using : OpenStreetMap Download coordinates as : KML GPX See also : List of the major 5000 - meter summits of North America , List of the major 4000 - meter summits of North America , and List of the major 3000 - meter summits of North America Of these 200 highest major summits of North America , 160 are located in the United States , 30 in Canada , 11 in México , six in Guatemala , and one in Costa Rica . Seven of these peaks lie on the Canada - United States border and one lies on the México - Guatemala border . The 200 highest summits of greater North America with at least 500 meters of topographic prominence Rank Mountain peak Region Mountain range Elevation Prominence Isolation Location Denali ( formerly Mount McKinley ) Alaska Alaska Range 6190.5 m 20,310 ft 6141 m 20,146 ft 7,450 km 4,629 mi 63 ° 04 ′ 08 '' N 151 ° 00 ′ 23 '' W / 63.0690 ° N 151.0063 ° W / 63.0690 ; - 151.0063 ( Denali ) Mount Logan Yukon Saint Elias Mountains 5959 m 19,551 ft 5247 m 17,215 ft 623 km 387 mi 60 ° 34 ′ 02 '' N 140 ° 24 ′ 20 '' W / 60.5671 ° N 140.4055 ° W / 60.5671 ; - 140.4055 ( Mount Logan ) Pico de Orizaba ( Citlaltépetl ) Puebla Veracruz Cordillera Neovolcanica 5636 m 18,491 ft 4922 m 16,148 ft 2,690 km 1,672 mi 19 ° 01 ′ 50 '' N 97 ° 16 ′ 11 '' W / 19.0305 ° N 97.2698 ° W / 19.0305 ; - 97.2698 ( Pico de Orizaba ) Mount Saint Elias Alaska Yukon Saint Elias Mountains 5489 m 18,009 ft 3429 m 11,250 ft 41.3 km 25.6 mi 60 ° 17 ′ 34 '' N 140 ° 55 ′ 51 '' W / 60.2927 ° N 140.9307 ° W / 60.2927 ; - 140.9307 ( Mount Saint Elias ) 5 Popocatépetl México Morelos Puebla Cordillera Neovolcanica 5410 m 17,749 ft 3040 m 9,974 ft 143.0 km 88.8 mi 19 ° 01 ′ 21 '' N 98 ° 37 ′ 40 '' W / 19.0225 ° N 98.6278 ° W / 19.0225 ; - 98.6278 ( Popocatépetl ) 6 Mount Foraker Alaska Alaska Range 5304 m 17,400 ft 2210 m 7,250 ft 23.0 km 14.27 mi 62 ° 57 ′ 37 '' N 151 ° 23 ′ 59 '' W / 62.9604 ° N 151.3998 ° W / 62.9604 ; - 151.3998 ( Mount Foraker ) 7 Mount Lucania Yukon Saint Elias Mountains 5260 m 17,257 ft 3080 m 10,105 ft 43.0 km 26.7 mi 61 ° 01 ′ 17 '' N 140 ° 27 ′ 58 '' W / 61.0215 ° N 140.4661 ° W / 61.0215 ; - 140.4661 ( Mount Lucania ) 8 Iztaccíhuatl México Puebla Cordillera Neovolcanica 5230 m 17,159 ft 1560 m 5,118 ft 17.51 km 10.88 mi 19 ° 10 ′ 49 '' N 98 ° 38 ′ 29 '' W / 19.1802 ° N 98.6415 ° W / 19.1802 ; - 98.6415 ( Iztaccíhuatl ) 9 King Peak Yukon Saint Elias Mountains 5173 m 16,972 ft 1073 m 3,520 ft 4.68 km 2.91 mi 60 ° 35 ′ 00 '' N 140 ° 39 ′ 18 '' W / 60.5833 ° N 140.6549 ° W / 60.5833 ; - 140.6549 ( King Peak ) 10 Mount Bona Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 5044 m 16,550 ft 2103 m 6,900 ft 80.0 km 49.7 mi 61 ° 23 ′ 08 '' N 141 ° 44 ′ 58 '' W / 61.3856 ° N 141.7495 ° W / 61.3856 ; - 141.7495 ( Mount Bona ) 11 Mount Steele Yukon Saint Elias Mountains 5020 m 16,470 ft 760 m 2,493 ft 9.45 km 5.87 mi 61 ° 05 ′ 34 '' N 140 ° 18 ′ 42 '' W / 61.0929 ° N 140.3118 ° W / 61.0929 ; - 140.3118 ( Mount Steele ) 12 Mount Blackburn Alaska Wrangell Mountains 4996 m 16,390 ft 3548 m 11,640 ft 97.6 km 60.7 mi 61 ° 43 ′ 50 '' N 143 ° 24 ′ 11 '' W / 61.7305 ° N 143.4031 ° W / 61.7305 ; - 143.4031 ( Mount Blackburn ) 13 Mount Sanford Alaska Wrangell Mountains 4949 m 16,237 ft 2343 m 7,687 ft 64.8 km 40.3 mi 62 ° 12 ′ 48 '' N 144 ° 07 ′ 45 '' W / 62.2132 ° N 144.1292 ° W / 62.2132 ; - 144.1292 ( Mount Sanford ) 14 Mount Wood Yukon Saint Elias Mountains 4860 m 15,945 ft 1200 m 3,937 ft 18.95 km 11.77 mi 61 ° 13 ′ 57 '' N 140 ° 30 ′ 44 '' W / 61.2326 ° N 140.5123 ° W / 61.2326 ; - 140.5123 ( Mount Wood ) 15 Mount Vancouver Yukon Saint Elias Mountains 4812 m 15,787 ft 2712 m 8,898 ft 44.0 km 27.4 mi 60 ° 21 ′ 32 '' N 139 ° 41 ′ 53 '' W / 60.3589 ° N 139.6980 ° W / 60.3589 ; - 139.6980 ( Mount Vancouver ) 16 Mount Slaggard Yukon Saint Elias Mountains 4742 m 15,558 ft 522 m 1,713 ft 7.74 km 4.81 mi 61 ° 10 ′ 22 '' N 140 ° 35 ′ 06 '' W / 61.1727 ° N 140.5851 ° W / 61.1727 ; - 140.5851 ( Mount Slaggard ) 17 Nevado de Toluca ( Volcán Xinantécatl ) México Cordillera Neovolcanica 4690 m 15,387 ft 2225 m 7,300 ft 118.4 km 73.6 mi 19 ° 06 ′ 07 '' N 99 ° 46 ′ 04 '' W / 19.1020 ° N 99.7677 ° W / 19.1020 ; - 99.7677 ( Nevado de Toluca ) 18 Mount Fairweather ( Fairweather Mountain ) Alaska British Columbia Saint Elias Mountains 4671 m 15,325 ft 3961 m 12,995 ft 200 km 124.4 mi 58 ° 54 ′ 23 '' N 137 ° 31 ′ 35 '' W / 58.9064 ° N 137.5265 ° W / 58.9064 ; - 137.5265 ( Mount Fairweather ) 19 Mount Hubbard Alaska Yukon Saint Elias Mountains 4557 m 14,951 ft 2457 m 8,061 ft 34.4 km 21.3 mi 60 ° 19 ′ 10 '' N 139 ° 04 ′ 21 '' W / 60.3194 ° N 139.0726 ° W / 60.3194 ; - 139.0726 ( Mount Hubbard ) 20 Mount Bear Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 4520 m 14,831 ft 1540 m 5,054 ft 32.4 km 20.1 mi 61 ° 17 ′ 00 '' N 141 ° 08 ′ 36 '' W / 61.2834 ° N 141.1433 ° W / 61.2834 ; - 141.1433 ( Mount Bear ) 21 Mount Walsh Yukon Saint Elias Mountains 4506 m 14,783 ft 1366 m 4,482 ft 18.76 km 11.66 mi 61 ° 00 ′ 13 '' N 140 ° 01 ′ 02 '' W / 61.0037 ° N 140.0171 ° W / 61.0037 ; - 140.0171 ( Mount Walsh ) 22 Mount Hunter Alaska Alaska Range 4442 m 14,573 ft 1418 m 4,653 ft 11.07 km 6.88 mi 62 ° 57 ′ 01 '' N 151 ° 05 ′ 29 '' W / 62.9504 ° N 151.0915 ° W / 62.9504 ; - 151.0915 ( Mount Hunter ) 23 La Malintzin ( La Malinche ) Puebla Tlaxcala Cordillera Neovolcanica 4430 m 14,534 ft 1920 m 6,299 ft 63.9 km 39.7 mi 19 ° 13 ′ 52 '' N 98 ° 01 ′ 56 '' W / 19.2310 ° N 98.0321 ° W / 19.2310 ; - 98.0321 ( La Malintzin ) 24 Mount Whitney California Sierra Nevada 4421.0 m 14,505 ft 3072 m 10,080 ft 2,649 km 1,646 mi 36 ° 34 ′ 43 '' N 118 ° 17 ′ 31 '' W / 36.5786 ° N 118.2920 ° W / 36.5786 ; - 118.2920 ( Mount Whitney ) 25 Mount Alverstone ( Boundary Point 180 ) Alaska Yukon Saint Elias Mountains 4420 m 14,500 ft 594 m 1,950 ft 3.62 km 2.25 mi 60 ° 21 ′ 06 '' N 139 ° 04 ′ 30 '' W / 60.3518 ° N 139.0749 ° W / 60.3518 ; - 139.0749 ( Mount Alverstone ) 26 University Peak Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 4410 m 14,470 ft 978 m 3,210 ft 5.97 km 3.71 mi 61 ° 19 ′ 38 '' N 141 ° 47 ′ 12 '' W / 61.3272 ° N 141.7867 ° W / 61.3272 ; - 141.7867 ( University Peak ) 27 Mount Elbert Colorado Sawatch Range 4401.2 m 14,440 ft 2772 m 9,093 ft 1,079 km 671 mi 39 ° 07 ′ 04 '' N 106 ° 26 ′ 43 '' W / 39.1178 ° N 106.4454 ° W / 39.1178 ; - 106.4454 ( Mount Elbert ) 28 Mount Massive Colorado Sawatch Range 4398 m 14,428 ft 598 m 1,961 ft 8.14 km 5.06 mi 39 ° 11 ′ 15 '' N 106 ° 28 ′ 33 '' W / 39.1875 ° N 106.4757 ° W / 39.1875 ; - 106.4757 ( Mount Massive ) 29 Mount Harvard Colorado Sawatch Range 4395.6 m 14,421 ft 719 m 2,360 ft 24.0 km 14.92 mi 38 ° 55 ′ 28 '' N 106 ° 19 ′ 15 '' W / 38.9244 ° N 106.3207 ° W / 38.9244 ; - 106.3207 ( Mount Harvard ) 30 Mount Rainier Washington Cascade Range 4394 m 14,417 ft 4026 m 13,210 ft 1,177 km 731 mi 46 ° 51 ′ 10 '' N 121 ° 45 ′ 37 '' W / 46.8529 ° N 121.7604 ° W / 46.8529 ; - 121.7604 ( Mount Rainier ) 31 Mount Williamson California Sierra Nevada 4383 m 14,379 ft 511 m 1,676 ft 8.70 km 5.41 mi 36 ° 39 ′ 21 '' N 118 ° 18 ′ 40 '' W / 36.6559 ° N 118.3111 ° W / 36.6559 ; - 118.3111 ( Mount Williamson ) 32 McArthur Peak Yukon Saint Elias Mountains 4380 m 14,370 ft 960 m 3,150 ft 9.10 km 5.65 mi 60 ° 36 ′ 25 '' N 140 ° 12 ′ 52 '' W / 60.6069 ° N 140.2144 ° W / 60.6069 ; - 140.2144 ( McArthur Peak ) 33 Blanca Peak Colorado Sangre de Cristo Mountains 4374 m 14,351 ft 1623 m 5,326 ft 166.4 km 103.4 mi 37 ° 34 ′ 39 '' N 105 ° 29 ′ 08 '' W / 37.5775 ° N 105.4856 ° W / 37.5775 ; - 105.4856 ( Blanca Peak ) 34 La Plata Peak Colorado Sawatch Range 4372 m 14,343 ft 560 m 1,836 ft 10.11 km 6.28 mi 39 ° 01 ′ 46 '' N 106 ° 28 ′ 22 '' W / 39.0294 ° N 106.4729 ° W / 39.0294 ; - 106.4729 ( La Plata Peak ) 35 Uncompahgre Peak Colorado San Juan Mountains 4365.0 m 14,321 ft 1304 m 4,277 ft 136.8 km 85.0 mi 38 ° 04 ′ 18 '' N 107 ° 27 ′ 44 '' W / 38.0717 ° N 107.4621 ° W / 38.0717 ; - 107.4621 ( Uncompahgre Peak ) 36 Crestone Peak Colorado Sangre de Cristo Range 4359 m 14,300 ft 1388 m 4,554 ft 44.0 km 27.4 mi 37 ° 58 ′ 01 '' N 105 ° 35 ′ 08 '' W / 37.9669 ° N 105.5855 ° W / 37.9669 ; - 105.5855 ( Crestone Peak ) 37 Mount Lincoln Colorado Mosquito Range 4356.5 m 14,293 ft 1177 m 3,862 ft 36.2 km 22.5 mi 39 ° 21 ′ 05 '' N 106 ° 06 ′ 42 '' W / 39.3515 ° N 106.1116 ° W / 39.3515 ; - 106.1116 ( Mount Lincoln ) 38 Castle Peak Colorado Elk Mountains 4352.2 m 14,279 ft 721 m 2,365 ft 33.6 km 20.9 mi 39 ° 00 ′ 35 '' N 106 ° 51 ′ 41 '' W / 39.0097 ° N 106.8614 ° W / 39.0097 ; - 106.8614 ( Castle Peak ) 39 Grays Peak Colorado Front Range 4352 m 14,278 ft 844 m 2,770 ft 40.2 km 25.0 mi 39 ° 38 ′ 02 '' N 105 ° 49 ′ 03 '' W / 39.6339 ° N 105.8176 ° W / 39.6339 ; - 105.8176 ( Grays Peak ) 40 Mount Antero Colorado Sawatch Range 4351.4 m 14,276 ft 763 m 2,503 ft 28.4 km 17.67 mi 38 ° 40 ′ 27 '' N 106 ° 14 ′ 46 '' W / 38.6741 ° N 106.2462 ° W / 38.6741 ; - 106.2462 ( Mount Antero ) 41 Mount Evans Colorado Front Range 4350 m 14,271 ft 844 m 2,770 ft 15.76 km 9.79 mi 39 ° 35 ′ 18 '' N 105 ° 38 ′ 38 '' W / 39.5883 ° N 105.6438 ° W / 39.5883 ; - 105.6438 ( Mount Evans ) 42 Longs Peak Colorado Front Range 4346 m 14,259 ft 896 m 2,940 ft 70.2 km 43.6 mi 40 ° 15 ′ 18 '' N 105 ° 36 ′ 54 '' W / 40.2550 ° N 105.6151 ° W / 40.2550 ; - 105.6151 ( Longs Peak ) 43 Mount Wilson Colorado San Miguel Mountains 4344 m 14,252 ft 1227 m 4,024 ft 53.1 km 33.0 mi 37 ° 50 ′ 21 '' N 107 ° 59 ′ 30 '' W / 37.8391 ° N 107.9916 ° W / 37.8391 ; - 107.9916 ( Mount Wilson ) 44 White Mountain Peak California White Mountains 4344.0 m 14,252 ft 2193 m 7,196 ft 108.6 km 67.4 mi 37 ° 38 ′ 03 '' N 118 ° 15 ′ 21 '' W / 37.6341 ° N 118.2557 ° W / 37.6341 ; - 118.2557 ( White Mountain Peak ) 45 North Palisade California Sierra Nevada 4343 m 14,248 ft 882 m 2,894 ft 51.8 km 32.2 mi 37 ° 05 ′ 39 '' N 118 ° 30 ′ 52 '' W / 37.0943 ° N 118.5145 ° W / 37.0943 ; - 118.5145 ( North Palisade ) 46 Mount Princeton Colorado Sawatch Range 4329.3 m 14,204 ft 664 m 2,177 ft 8.36 km 5.19 mi 38 ° 44 ′ 57 '' N 106 ° 14 ′ 33 '' W / 38.7492 ° N 106.2424 ° W / 38.7492 ; - 106.2424 ( Mount Princeton ) 47 Mount Yale Colorado Sawatch Range 4328.2 m 14,200 ft 578 m 1,896 ft 8.93 km 5.55 mi 38 ° 50 ′ 39 '' N 106 ° 18 ′ 50 '' W / 38.8442 ° N 106.3138 ° W / 38.8442 ; - 106.3138 ( Mount Yale ) 48 Mount Shasta California Cascade Range 4321.8 m 14,179 ft 2979 m 9,772 ft 539 km 335 mi 41 ° 24 ′ 33 '' N 122 ° 11 ′ 42 '' W / 41.4092 ° N 122.1949 ° W / 41.4092 ; - 122.1949 ( Mount Shasta ) 49 Maroon Peak Colorado Elk Mountains 4317.0 m 14,163 ft 712 m 2,336 ft 12.97 km 8.06 mi 39 ° 04 ′ 15 '' N 106 ° 59 ′ 20 '' W / 39.0708 ° N 106.9890 ° W / 39.0708 ; - 106.9890 ( Maroon Peak ) 50 Mount Wrangell Alaska Wrangell Mountains 4317 m 14,163 ft 1711 m 5,613 ft 23.8 km 14.79 mi 62 ° 00 ′ 21 '' N 144 ° 01 ′ 07 '' W / 62.0059 ° N 144.0187 ° W / 62.0059 ; - 144.0187 ( Mount Wrangell ) 51 Mount Sneffels Colorado Sneffels Range 4315.4 m 14,158 ft 930 m 3,050 ft 25.3 km 15.71 mi 38 ° 00 ′ 14 '' N 107 ° 47 ′ 32 '' W / 38.0038 ° N 107.7923 ° W / 38.0038 ; - 107.7923 ( Mount Sneffels ) 52 Capitol Peak Colorado Elk Mountains 4309 m 14,137 ft 533 m 1,750 ft 11.98 km 7.44 mi 39 ° 09 ′ 01 '' N 107 ° 04 ′ 58 '' W / 39.1503 ° N 107.0829 ° W / 39.1503 ; - 107.0829 ( Capitol Peak ) 53 Pikes Peak Colorado Front Range 4302.31 m 14,115 ft 1686 m 5,530 ft 97.6 km 60.6 mi 38 ° 50 ′ 26 '' N 105 ° 02 ′ 39 '' W / 38.8405 ° N 105.0442 ° W / 38.8405 ; - 105.0442 ( Pikes Peak ) 54 Windom Peak Colorado Needle Mountains 4296 m 14,093 ft 667 m 2,187 ft 42.4 km 26.3 mi 37 ° 37 ′ 16 '' N 107 ° 35 ′ 31 '' W / 37.6212 ° N 107.5919 ° W / 37.6212 ; - 107.5919 ( Windom Peak ) 55 Mount Augusta Alaska Yukon Saint Elias Mountains 4289 m 14,070 ft 1549 m 5,082 ft 23.2 km 14.41 mi 60 ° 18 ′ 27 '' N 140 ° 27 ′ 30 '' W / 60.3074 ° N 140.4584 ° W / 60.3074 ; - 140.4584 ( Mount Augusta ) 56 Handies Peak Colorado San Juan Mountains 4284.8 m 14,058 ft 582 m 1,908 ft 18.00 km 11.18 mi 37 ° 54 ′ 47 '' N 107 ° 30 ′ 16 '' W / 37.9130 ° N 107.5044 ° W / 37.9130 ; - 107.5044 ( Handies Peak ) 57 Culebra Peak Colorado Culebra Range 4283 m 14,053 ft 1471 m 4,827 ft 56.9 km 35.4 mi 37 ° 07 ′ 21 '' N 105 ° 11 ′ 09 '' W / 37.1224 ° N 105.1858 ° W / 37.1224 ; - 105.1858 ( Culebra Peak ) 58 San Luis Peak Colorado La Garita Mountains 4273.8 m 14,022 ft 949 m 3,113 ft 43.4 km 26.9 mi 37 ° 59 ′ 12 '' N 106 ° 55 ′ 53 '' W / 37.9868 ° N 106.9313 ° W / 37.9868 ; - 106.9313 ( San Luis Peak ) 59 Mount of the Holy Cross Colorado Sawatch Range 4270.5 m 14,011 ft 644 m 2,113 ft 29.6 km 18.41 mi 39 ° 28 ′ 00 '' N 106 ° 28 ′ 54 '' W / 39.4668 ° N 106.4817 ° W / 39.4668 ; - 106.4817 ( Mount of the Holy Cross ) 60 Nevado de Colima Jalisco Cordillera Neovolcanica 4270 m 14,009 ft 2720 m 8,924 ft 405 km 252 mi 19 ° 33 ′ 48 '' N 103 ° 36 ′ 31 '' W / 19.5633 ° N 103.6087 ° W / 19.5633 ; - 103.6087 ( Nevado de Colima ) 61 Grizzly Peak Colorado Sawatch Range 4265.6 m 13,995 ft 588 m 1,928 ft 10.89 km 6.77 mi 39 ° 02 ′ 33 '' N 106 ° 35 ′ 51 '' W / 39.0425 ° N 106.5976 ° W / 39.0425 ; - 106.5976 ( Grizzly Peak ) 62 Mount Humphreys California Sierra Nevada 4265 m 13,992 ft 781 m 2,563 ft 23.7 km 14.71 mi 37 ° 16 ′ 14 '' N 118 ° 40 ′ 23 '' W / 37.2705 ° N 118.6730 ° W / 37.2705 ; - 118.6730 ( Mount Humphreys ) 63 Mount Keith California Sierra Nevada 4262 m 13,982 ft 590 m 1,936 ft 4.97 km 3.09 mi 36 ° 42 ′ 00 '' N 118 ° 20 ′ 37 '' W / 36.7001 ° N 118.3436 ° W / 36.7001 ; - 118.3436 ( Mount Keith ) 64 Mount Strickland Yukon Saint Elias Mountains 4260 m 13,976 ft 800 m 2,625 ft 7.35 km 4.57 mi 61 ° 14 ′ 11 '' N 140 ° 40 ′ 32 '' W / 61.2365 ° N 140.6755 ° W / 61.2365 ; - 140.6755 ( Mount Strickland ) 65 Mount Ouray Colorado Sawatch Range 4255.4 m 13,961 ft 810 m 2,659 ft 21.9 km 13.58 mi 38 ° 25 ′ 22 '' N 106 ° 13 ′ 29 '' W / 38.4227 ° N 106.2247 ° W / 38.4227 ; - 106.2247 ( Mount Ouray ) 66 Vermilion Peak Colorado San Juan Mountains 4237 m 13,900 ft 642 m 2,105 ft 14.60 km 9.07 mi 37 ° 47 ′ 57 '' N 107 ° 49 ′ 43 '' W / 37.7993 ° N 107.8285 ° W / 37.7993 ; - 107.8285 ( Vermilion Peak ) 67 Avalanche Peak Yukon Saint Elias Mountains 4228 m 13,871 ft 608 m 1,995 ft 4.54 km 2.82 mi 61 ° 14 ′ 24 '' N 140 ° 45 ′ 35 '' W / 61.2401 ° N 140.7597 ° W / 61.2401 ; - 140.7597 ( Avalanche Peak ) 68 Atna Peaks Alaska Wrangell Mountains 4225 m 13,860 ft 674 m 2,210 ft 5.86 km 3.64 mi 61 ° 44 ′ 58 '' N 143 ° 14 ′ 29 '' W / 61.7495 ° N 143.2414 ° W / 61.7495 ; - 143.2414 ( Atna Peaks ) 69 Volcán Tajumulco Guatemala Sierra de las Nubes 4220 m 13,845 ft 3990 m 13,091 ft 722 km 448 mi 15 ° 02 ′ 35 '' N 91 ° 54 ′ 13 '' W / 15.0430 ° N 91.9037 ° W / 15.0430 ; - 91.9037 ( Volcán Tajumulco ) 70 Regal Mountain Alaska Wrangell Mountains 4220 m 13,845 ft 1340 m 4,395 ft 19.72 km 12.25 mi 61 ° 44 ′ 38 '' N 142 ° 52 ′ 03 '' W / 61.7438 ° N 142.8675 ° W / 61.7438 ; - 142.8675 ( Regal Mountain ) 71 Mount Darwin California Sierra Nevada 4218 m 13,837 ft 576 m 1,891 ft 11.48 km 7.13 mi 37 ° 10 ′ 01 '' N 118 ° 40 ′ 20 '' W / 37.1669 ° N 118.6721 ° W / 37.1669 ; - 118.6721 ( Mount Darwin ) 72 Mount Hayes Alaska Alaska Range 4216 m 13,832 ft 3507 m 11,507 ft 202 km 125.5 mi 63 ° 37 ′ 13 '' N 146 ° 43 ′ 04 '' W / 63.6203 ° N 146.7178 ° W / 63.6203 ; - 146.7178 ( Mount Hayes ) 73 Mount Silverheels Colorado Front Range 4215.0 m 13,829 ft 696 m 2,283 ft 8.82 km 5.48 mi 39 ° 20 ′ 22 '' N 106 ° 00 ′ 19 '' W / 39.3394 ° N 106.0054 ° W / 39.3394 ; - 106.0054 ( Mount Silverheels ) 74 Rio Grande Pyramid Colorado San Juan Mountains 4214.4 m 13,827 ft 573 m 1,881 ft 17.31 km 10.76 mi 37 ° 40 ′ 47 '' N 107 ° 23 ′ 33 '' W / 37.6797 ° N 107.3924 ° W / 37.6797 ; - 107.3924 ( Rio Grande Pyramid ) 75 Cofre de Perote Veracruz Cordillera Neovolcanica 4210 m 13,812 ft 1340 m 4,396 ft 52.9 km 32.9 mi 19 ° 29 ′ 38 '' N 97 ° 08 ′ 53 '' W / 19.4940 ° N 97.1480 ° W / 19.4940 ; - 97.1480 ( Cofre de Perote ) 76 Gannett Peak Wyoming Wind River Range 4209.1 m 13,809 ft 2157 m 7,076 ft 467 km 290 mi 43 ° 11 ′ 03 '' N 109 ° 39 ′ 15 '' W / 43.1842 ° N 109.6542 ° W / 43.1842 ; - 109.6542 ( Gannett Peak ) 77 Mount Kaweah California Sierra Nevada 4209 m 13,807 ft 618 m 2,027 ft 17.27 km 10.73 mi 36 ° 31 ′ 34 '' N 118 ° 28 ′ 43 '' W / 36.5261 ° N 118.4785 ° W / 36.5261 ; - 118.4785 ( Mount Kaweah ) 78 Grand Teton Wyoming Teton Range 4198.7 m 13,775 ft 1995 m 6,545 ft 111.6 km 69.4 mi 43 ° 44 ′ 28 '' N 110 ° 48 ′ 09 '' W / 43.7412 ° N 110.8024 ° W / 43.7412 ; - 110.8024 ( Grand Teton ) 79 Mount Cook Alaska Yukon Saint Elias Mountains 4194 m 13,760 ft 2350 m 7,710 ft 23.4 km 14.54 mi 60 ° 10 ′ 54 '' N 139 ° 58 ′ 52 '' W / 60.1816 ° N 139.9811 ° W / 60.1816 ; - 139.9811 ( Mount Cook ) 80 Mount Morgan California Sierra Nevada 4193.4 m 13,758 ft 807 m 2,648 ft 15.87 km 9.86 mi 37 ° 24 ′ 19 '' N 118 ° 43 ′ 58 '' W / 37.4053 ° N 118.7329 ° W / 37.4053 ; - 118.7329 ( Mount Morgan ) 81 Mount Gabb California Sierra Nevada 4190 m 13,747 ft 793 m 2,601 ft 6.89 km 4.28 mi 37 ° 22 ′ 37 '' N 118 ° 48 ′ 09 '' W / 37.3769 ° N 118.8025 ° W / 37.3769 ; - 118.8025 ( Mount Gabb ) 82 Bald Mountain Colorado Front Range 4173 m 13,690 ft 640 m 2,099 ft 12.09 km 7.51 mi 39 ° 26 ′ 41 '' N 105 ° 58 ′ 14 '' W / 39.4448 ° N 105.9705 ° W / 39.4448 ; - 105.9705 ( Bald Mountain ) 83 Mount Oso Colorado San Juan Mountains 4173 m 13,690 ft 507 m 1,664 ft 8.71 km 5.41 mi 37 ° 36 ′ 25 '' N 107 ° 29 ′ 37 '' W / 37.6070 ° N 107.4936 ° W / 37.6070 ; - 107.4936 ( Mount Oso ) 84 Mount Jackson Colorado Sawatch Range 4168.5 m 13,676 ft 552 m 1,810 ft 5.16 km 3.21 mi 39 ° 29 ′ 07 '' N 106 ° 32 ′ 12 '' W / 39.4853 ° N 106.5367 ° W / 39.4853 ; - 106.5367 ( Mount Jackson ) 85 Mount Tom California Sierra Nevada 4163 m 13,657 ft 607 m 1,992 ft 7.67 km 4.77 mi 37 ° 22 ′ 34 '' N 119 ° 10 ′ 44 '' W / 37.3762 ° N 119.1789 ° W / 37.3762 ; - 119.1789 ( Mount Tom ) 86 Bard Peak Colorado Front Range 4159 m 13,647 ft 518 m 1,701 ft 8.74 km 5.43 mi 39 ° 43 ′ 13 '' N 105 ° 48 ′ 16 '' W / 39.7204 ° N 105.8044 ° W / 39.7204 ; - 105.8044 ( Bard Peak ) 87 West Spanish Peak Colorado Spanish Peaks 4155 m 13,631 ft 1123 m 3,686 ft 32.0 km 19.87 mi 37 ° 22 ′ 32 '' N 104 ° 59 ′ 36 '' W / 37.3756 ° N 104.9934 ° W / 37.3756 ; - 104.9934 ( West Spanish Peak ) 88 Mount Powell Colorado Gore Range 4141 m 13,586 ft 914 m 3,000 ft 34.6 km 21.5 mi 39 ° 45 ′ 36 '' N 106 ° 20 ′ 27 '' W / 39.7601 ° N 106.3407 ° W / 39.7601 ; - 106.3407 ( Mount Powell ) 89 Hagues Peak Colorado Mummy Range 4137 m 13,573 ft 738 m 2,420 ft 25.3 km 15.70 mi 40 ° 29 ′ 04 '' N 105 ° 38 ′ 47 '' W / 40.4845 ° N 105.6464 ° W / 40.4845 ; - 105.6464 ( Hagues Peak ) 90 Mount Dubois California White Mountains 4135 m 13,565 ft 713 m 2,339 ft 15.50 km 9.63 mi 37 ° 47 ′ 00 '' N 118 ° 20 ′ 36 '' W / 37.7834 ° N 118.3432 ° W / 37.7834 ; - 118.3432 ( Mount Dubois ) 91 Tower Mountain Colorado San Juan Mountains 4132 m 13,558 ft 504 m 1,652 ft 7.86 km 4.88 mi 37 ° 51 ′ 26 '' N 107 ° 37 ′ 23 '' W / 37.8573 ° N 107.6230 ° W / 37.8573 ; - 107.6230 ( Tower Mountain ) 92 Treasure Mountain Colorado Elk Mountains 4125 m 13,535 ft 862 m 2,828 ft 11.13 km 6.92 mi 39 ° 01 ′ 28 '' N 107 ° 07 ′ 22 '' W / 39.0244 ° N 107.1228 ° W / 39.0244 ; - 107.1228 ( Treasure Mountain ) 93 Kings Peak Utah Uinta Mountains 4125 m 13,534 ft 1938 m 6,358 ft 268 km 166.6 mi 40 ° 46 ′ 35 '' N 110 ° 22 ′ 22 '' W / 40.7763 ° N 110.3729 ° W / 40.7763 ; - 110.3729 ( Kings Peak ) 94 Monte Tlaloc Mexico Trans Mexican Volcanic Belt 4120 m 13,517 ft 958 m 3,143 ft 15.00 km 9.32 mi 19 ° 23 ′ 42 '' N 98 ° 46 ′ 52 '' W / 19.3950 ° N 98.781 ° W / 19.3950 ; - 98.781 ( Monte Tlaloc ) 95 North Arapaho Peak Colorado Front Range 4117 m 13,508 ft 507 m 1,665 ft 24.8 km 15.38 mi 40 ° 01 ′ 35 '' N 105 ° 39 ′ 01 '' W / 40.0265 ° N 105.6504 ° W / 40.0265 ; - 105.6504 ( North Arapaho Peak ) 96 Mount Pinchot California Sierra Nevada 4115 m 13,500 ft 643 m 2,110 ft 7.58 km 4.71 mi 36 ° 56 ′ 50 '' N 118 ° 24 ′ 19 '' W / 36.9473 ° N 118.4054 ° W / 36.9473 ; - 118.4054 ( Mount Pinchot ) 97 Mount Natazhat Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 4095 m 13,435 ft 1824 m 5,985 ft 24.9 km 15.49 mi 61 ° 31 ′ 18 '' N 141 ° 06 ′ 11 '' W / 61.5217 ° N 141.1030 ° W / 61.5217 ; - 141.1030 ( Mount Natazhat ) 98 Mount Jarvis Alaska Wrangell Mountains 4091 m 13,421 ft 1454 m 4,771 ft 17.95 km 11.15 mi 62 ° 01 ′ 24 '' N 143 ° 37 ′ 11 '' W / 62.0234 ° N 143.6198 ° W / 62.0234 ; - 143.6198 ( Mount Jarvis ) 99 Parry Peak Colorado Front Range 4083 m 13,397 ft 524 m 1,720 ft 15.22 km 9.46 mi 39 ° 50 ′ 17 '' N 105 ° 42 ′ 48 '' W / 39.8381 ° N 105.7132 ° W / 39.8381 ; - 105.7132 ( Parry Peak ) 100 Bill Williams Peak Colorado Williams Mountains 4081 m 13,389 ft 513 m 1,682 ft 6.00 km 3.73 mi 39 ° 10 ′ 50 '' N 106 ° 36 ′ 37 '' W / 39.1806 ° N 106.6102 ° W / 39.1806 ; - 106.6102 ( Bill Williams Peak ) 101 Sultan Mountain Colorado San Juan Mountains 4076 m 13,373 ft 569 m 1,868 ft 7.39 km 4.59 mi 37 ° 47 ′ 09 '' N 107 ° 42 ′ 14 '' W / 37.7859 ° N 107.7038 ° W / 37.7859 ; - 107.7038 ( Sultan Mountain ) 102 Mount Herard Colorado Sangre de Cristo Mountains 4068 m 13,345 ft 622 m 2,040 ft 7.45 km 4.63 mi 37 ° 50 ′ 57 '' N 105 ° 29 ′ 42 '' W / 37.8492 ° N 105.4949 ° W / 37.8492 ; - 105.4949 ( Mount Herard ) 103 Volcán Tacaná Chiapas Guatemala Sierra de Istatan 4067 m 13,343 ft 1037 m 3,402 ft 24.1 km 14.99 mi 15 ° 07 ′ 56 '' N 92 ° 06 ′ 30 '' W / 15.1323 ° N 92.1084 ° W / 15.1323 ; - 92.1084 ( Volcán Tacaná ) 104 West Buffalo Peak Colorado Mosquito Range 4064 m 13,332 ft 605 m 1,986 ft 15.46 km 9.61 mi 38 ° 59 ′ 30 '' N 106 ° 07 ′ 30 '' W / 38.9917 ° N 106.1249 ° W / 38.9917 ; - 106.1249 ( West Buffalo Peak ) 105 Mount Craig Yukon Saint Elias Mountains 4060 m 13,320 ft 520 m 1,706 ft 6.97 km 4.33 mi 61 ° 15 ′ 49 '' N 140 ° 52 ′ 48 '' W / 61.2636 ° N 140.8800 ° W / 61.2636 ; - 140.8800 ( Mount Craig ) 106 Tressider Peak Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 4058 m 13,315 ft 507 m 1,665 ft 5.34 km 3.32 mi 61 ° 21 ′ 32 '' N 141 ° 39 ′ 59 '' W / 61.3590 ° N 141.6664 ° W / 61.3590 ; - 141.6664 ( Tressider Peak ) 107 Summit Peak Colorado San Juan Mountains 4056.2 m 13,308 ft 841 m 2,760 ft 63.7 km 39.6 mi 37 ° 21 ′ 02 '' N 106 ° 41 ′ 48 '' W / 37.3506 ° N 106.6968 ° W / 37.3506 ; - 106.6968 ( Summit Peak ) 108 Middle Peak Colorado San Miguel Mountains 4056 m 13,306 ft 597 m 1,960 ft 7.69 km 4.78 mi 37 ° 51 ′ 13 '' N 108 ° 06 ′ 30 '' W / 37.8536 ° N 108.1082 ° W / 37.8536 ; - 108.1082 ( Middle Peak ) 109 Antora Peak Colorado Sawatch Range 4046 m 13,275 ft 734 m 2,409 ft 10.86 km 6.75 mi 38 ° 19 ′ 30 '' N 106 ° 13 ′ 05 '' W / 38.3250 ° N 106.2180 ° W / 38.3250 ; - 106.2180 ( Antora Peak ) 110 Henry Mountain Colorado Sawatch Range 4042 m 13,261 ft 510 m 1,674 ft 17.61 km 10.94 mi 38 ° 41 ′ 08 '' N 106 ° 37 ′ 16 '' W / 38.6856 ° N 106.6211 ° W / 38.6856 ; - 106.6211 ( Henry Mountain ) 111 Hesperus Mountain Colorado La Plata Mountains 4035 m 13,237 ft 869 m 2,852 ft 39.5 km 24.5 mi 37 ° 26 ′ 42 '' N 108 ° 05 ′ 20 '' W / 37.4451 ° N 108.0890 ° W / 37.4451 ; - 108.0890 ( Hesperus Mountain ) 112 Mount Silverthrone Alaska Alaska Range 4029 m 13,220 ft 988 m 3,240 ft 12.72 km 7.90 mi 63 ° 06 ′ 57 '' N 150 ° 40 ′ 32 '' W / 63.1157 ° N 150.6755 ° W / 63.1157 ; - 150.6755 ( Mount Silverthrone ) 113 Jacque Peak Colorado Gore Range 4027 m 13,211 ft 629 m 2,065 ft 7.28 km 4.52 mi 39 ° 27 ′ 18 '' N 106 ° 11 ′ 49 '' W / 39.4549 ° N 106.1970 ° W / 39.4549 ; - 106.1970 ( Jacque Peak ) 114 Bennett Peak Colorado San Juan Mountains 4026 m 13,209 ft 531 m 1,743 ft 27.5 km 17.08 mi 37 ° 29 ′ 00 '' N 106 ° 26 ′ 03 '' W / 37.4833 ° N 106.4343 ° W / 37.4833 ; - 106.4343 ( Bennett Peak ) 115 Wind River Peak Wyoming Wind River Range 4022.4 m 13,197 ft 784 m 2,572 ft 56.6 km 35.1 mi 42 ° 42 ′ 31 '' N 109 ° 07 ′ 42 '' W / 42.7085 ° N 109.1284 ° W / 42.7085 ; - 109.1284 ( Wind River Peak ) 116 Mount Waddington British Columbia Coast Mountains 4019 m 13,186 ft 3289 m 10,791 ft 562 km 349 mi 51 ° 22 ′ 25 '' N 125 ° 15 ′ 49 '' W / 51.3737 ° N 125.2636 ° W / 51.3737 ; - 125.2636 ( Mount Waddington ) 117 Conejos Peak Colorado San Juan Mountains 4017.0 m 13,179 ft 583 m 1,912 ft 13.12 km 8.15 mi 37 ° 17 ′ 19 '' N 106 ° 34 ′ 15 '' W / 37.2887 ° N 106.5709 ° W / 37.2887 ; - 106.5709 ( Conejos Peak ) 118 Mount Marcus Baker Alaska Chugach Mountains 4016 m 13,176 ft 3277 m 10,751 ft 203 km 126.3 mi 61 ° 26 ′ 15 '' N 147 ° 45 ′ 09 '' W / 61.4374 ° N 147.7525 ° W / 61.4374 ; - 147.7525 ( Mount Marcus Baker ) 119 Cloud Peak Wyoming Bighorn Mountains 4013.3 m 13,167 ft 2157 m 7,077 ft 233 km 145.0 mi 44 ° 22 ′ 56 '' N 107 ° 10 ′ 26 '' W / 44.3821 ° N 107.1739 ° W / 44.3821 ; - 107.1739 ( Cloud Peak ) Wheeler Peak New Mexico Taos Mountains 4013.3 m 13,167 ft 1039 m 3,409 ft 59.6 km 37.0 mi 36 ° 33 ′ 25 '' N 105 ° 25 ′ 01 '' W / 36.5569 ° N 105.4169 ° W / 36.5569 ; - 105.4169 ( Wheeler Peak ) 121 Francs Peak Wyoming Absaroka Range 4012.3 m 13,164 ft 1236 m 4,056 ft 76.0 km 47.2 mi 43 ° 57 ′ 41 '' N 109 ° 20 ′ 21 '' W / 43.9613 ° N 109.3392 ° W / 43.9613 ; - 109.3392 ( Francs Peak ) 122 Twilight Peak Colorado Needle Mountains 4012 m 13,163 ft 713 m 2,338 ft 7.86 km 4.88 mi 37 ° 39 ′ 47 '' N 107 ° 43 ′ 37 '' W / 37.6630 ° N 107.7270 ° W / 37.6630 ; - 107.7270 ( Twilight Peak ) 123 South River Peak Colorado San Juan Mountains 4009.4 m 13,154 ft 746 m 2,448 ft 34.0 km 21.1 mi 37 ° 34 ′ 27 '' N 106 ° 58 ′ 53 '' W / 37.5741 ° N 106.9815 ° W / 37.5741 ; - 106.9815 ( South River Peak ) 124 Mount Ritter California Sierra Nevada 4008 m 13,149 ft 1216 m 3,990 ft 35.4 km 22.0 mi 37 ° 41 ′ 21 '' N 119 ° 11 ′ 59 '' W / 37.6891 ° N 119.1996 ° W / 37.6891 ; - 119.1996 ( Mount Ritter ) 125 Red Slate Mountain California Sierra Nevada 4002 m 13,129 ft 529 m 1,736 ft 13.38 km 8.31 mi 37 ° 30 ′ 27 '' N 118 ° 52 ′ 09 '' W / 37.5075 ° N 118.8693 ° W / 37.5075 ; - 118.8693 ( Red Slate Mountain ) 126 Mount Lyell ( California ) California Sierra Nevada 3998.9 m 13,120 ft 587 m 1,926 ft 8.46 km 5.26 mi 37 ° 44 ′ 22 '' N 119 ° 16 ′ 18 '' W / 37.7394 ° N 119.2716 ° W / 37.7394 ; - 119.2716 ( Mount Lyell ) 127 Bushnell Peak Colorado Sangre de Cristo Mountains 3995.8 m 13,110 ft 733 m 2,405 ft 17.82 km 11.07 mi 38 ° 20 ′ 28 '' N 105 ° 53 ′ 21 '' W / 38.3412 ° N 105.8892 ° W / 38.3412 ; - 105.8892 ( Bushnell Peak ) 128 Truchas Peak New Mexico Santa Fe Mountains 3995.2 m 13,108 ft 1220 m 4,001 ft 68.2 km 42.3 mi 35 ° 57 ′ 45 '' N 105 ° 38 ′ 42 '' W / 35.9625 ° N 105.6450 ° W / 35.9625 ; - 105.6450 ( Truchas Peak ) 129 Wheeler Peak Nevada Snake Range 3982.3 m 13,065 ft 2307 m 7,568 ft 373 km 232 mi 38 ° 59 ′ 09 '' N 114 ° 18 ′ 50 '' W / 38.9858 ° N 114.3139 ° W / 38.9858 ; - 114.3139 ( Wheeler Peak ) 130 Mount Dana California Sierra Nevada 3981.5 m 13,063 ft 743 m 2,437 ft 18.35 km 11.40 mi 37 ° 54 ′ 00 '' N 119 ° 13 ′ 16 '' W / 37.8999 ° N 119.2211 ° W / 37.8999 ; - 119.2211 ( Mount Dana ) 131 Spring Glacier Peak Yukon Saint Elias Mountains 3976 m 13,045 ft 676 m 2,218 ft 6.00 km 3.73 mi 61 ° 02 ′ 27 '' N 139 ° 55 ′ 58 '' W / 61.0408 ° N 139.9328 ° W / 61.0408 ; - 139.9328 ( Spring Glacier Peak ) 132 West Elk Peak Colorado West Elk Mountains 3975.2 m 13,042 ft 943 m 3,095 ft 22.2 km 13.78 mi 38 ° 43 ′ 04 '' N 107 ° 11 ′ 58 '' W / 38.7179 ° N 107.1994 ° W / 38.7179 ; - 107.1994 ( West Elk Peak ) 133 Volcán Acatenango Guatemala Chimaltenango 3975 m 13,041 ft 1835 m 6,020 ft 125.9 km 78.2 mi 14 ° 30 ′ 06 '' N 90 ° 52 ′ 32 '' W / 14.5016 ° N 90.8755 ° W / 14.5016 ; - 90.8755 ( Volcán Acatenango ) 134 Mount Moffit Alaska Alaska Range 3969 m 13,020 ft 1210 m 3,970 ft 16.41 km 10.20 mi 63 ° 34 ′ 06 '' N 146 ° 23 ′ 54 '' W / 63.5683 ° N 146.3982 ° W / 63.5683 ; - 146.3982 ( Mount Moffit ) 135 Mount Centennial ( Peak 13010 ) Colorado San Juan Mountains 3967 m 13,016 ft 546 m 1,790 ft 4.61 km 2.86 mi 37 ° 36 ′ 22 '' N 107 ° 14 ′ 41 '' W / 37.6062 ° N 107.2446 ° W / 37.6062 ; - 107.2446 ( Mount Centennial ) 136 Mount Robson British Columbia Canadian Rockies 3959 m 12,989 ft 2829 m 9,281 ft 460 km 286 mi 53 ° 06 ′ 38 '' N 119 ° 09 ′ 24 '' W / 53.1105 ° N 119.1566 ° W / 53.1105 ; - 119.1566 ( Mount Robson ) 137 Clark Peak Colorado Medicine Bow Mountains 3948.4 m 12,954 ft 845 m 2,771 ft 26.4 km 16.40 mi 40 ° 36 ′ 24 '' N 105 ° 55 ′ 48 '' W / 40.6068 ° N 105.9300 ° W / 40.6068 ; - 105.9300 ( Clark Peak ) 138 Mount Richthofen Colorado Never Summer Mountains 3946 m 12,945 ft 817 m 2,680 ft 15.54 km 9.66 mi 40 ° 28 ′ 10 '' N 105 ° 53 ′ 40 '' W / 40.4695 ° N 105.8945 ° W / 40.4695 ; - 105.8945 ( Mount Richthofen ) 139 Cerro Ajusco Distrito Federal Cordillera Neovolcanica 3937 m 12,917 ft 1227 m 4,026 ft 53.5 km 33.2 mi 19 ° 12 ′ 27 '' N 99 ° 15 ′ 30 '' W / 19.2074 ° N 99.2582 ° W / 19.2074 ; - 99.2582 ( Cerro Ajusco ) 140 Mount Harrison ( Yukon ) Yukon Saint Elias Mountains 3935 m 12,910 ft 875 m 2,871 ft 11.00 km 6.84 mi 61 ° 04 ′ 41 '' N 140 ° 06 ′ 07 '' W / 61.0781 ° N 140.1019 ° W / 61.0781 ; - 140.1019 ( Mount Harrison ) 141 Mount Queen Mary Yukon Saint Elias Mountains 3928 m 12,887 ft 1348 m 4,423 ft 25.3 km 15.69 mi 60 ° 37 ′ 43 '' N 139 ° 43 ′ 29 '' W / 60.6286 ° N 139.7247 ° W / 60.6286 ; - 139.7247 ( Mount Queen Mary ) Mount Root Alaska British Columbia Saint Elias Mountains 3928 m 12,887 ft 908 m 2,979 ft 8.79 km 5.46 mi 58 ° 59 ′ 07 '' N 137 ° 30 ′ 00 '' W / 58.9854 ° N 137.5001 ° W / 58.9854 ; - 137.5001 ( Mount Root ) 143 Lizard Head Peak Wyoming Wind River Range 3916 m 12,847 ft 580 m 1,902 ft 10.40 km 6.46 mi 42 ° 47 ′ 24 '' N 109 ° 11 ′ 52 '' W / 42.7901 ° N 109.1978 ° W / 42.7901 ; - 109.1978 ( Lizard Head Peak ) 144 Granite Peak Montana Beartooth Mountains 3903.5 m 12,807 ft 1457 m 4,779 ft 138.5 km 86.0 mi 45 ° 09 ′ 48 '' N 109 ° 48 ′ 27 '' W / 45.1634 ° N 109.8075 ° W / 45.1634 ; - 109.8075 ( Granite Peak ) 145 Mount Crosson Alaska Alaska Range 3901 m 12,800 ft 503 m 1,650 ft 8.22 km 5.11 mi 63 ° 00 ′ 29 '' N 151 ° 16 ′ 35 '' W / 63.0081 ° N 151.2763 ° W / 63.0081 ; - 151.2763 ( Mount Crosson ) 146 Venado Peak New Mexico Taos Mountains 3883 m 12,739 ft 906 m 2,971 ft 18.99 km 11.80 mi 36 ° 47 ′ 30 '' N 105 ° 29 ′ 36 '' W / 36.7917 ° N 105.4933 ° W / 36.7917 ; - 105.4933 ( Venado Peak ) 147 Chair Mountain Colorado Elk Mountains 3879.1 m 12,727 ft 750 m 2,461 ft 14.30 km 8.89 mi 39 ° 03 ′ 29 '' N 107 ° 16 ′ 56 '' W / 39.0581 ° N 107.2822 ° W / 39.0581 ; - 107.2822 ( Chair Mountain ) 148 Mount Peale Utah La Sal Mountains 3879 m 12,726 ft 1884 m 6,181 ft 117.1 km 72.8 mi 38 ° 26 ′ 19 '' N 109 ° 13 ′ 45 '' W / 38.4385 ° N 109.2292 ° W / 38.4385 ; - 109.2292 ( Mount Peale ) 149 Mount Crillon Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 3879 m 12,726 ft 2187 m 7,176 ft 31.4 km 19.52 mi 58 ° 39 ′ 45 '' N 137 ° 10 ′ 16 '' W / 58.6625 ° N 137.1712 ° W / 58.6625 ; - 137.1712 ( Mount Crillon ) 150 Mount Gunnison Colorado West Elk Mountains 3878.7 m 12,725 ft 1079 m 3,539 ft 19.05 km 11.84 mi 38 ° 48 ′ 44 '' N 107 ° 22 ′ 57 '' W / 38.8121 ° N 107.3826 ° W / 38.8121 ; - 107.3826 ( Mount Gunnison ) 151 East Spanish Peak Colorado Spanish Peaks 3867 m 12,688 ft 726 m 2,383 ft 6.78 km 4.21 mi 37 ° 23 ′ 36 '' N 104 ° 55 ′ 12 '' W / 37.3934 ° N 104.9201 ° W / 37.3934 ; - 104.9201 ( East Spanish Peak ) 152 Borah Peak Idaho Lost River Range 3861.2 m 12,668 ft 1829 m 6,002 ft 243 km 150.8 mi 44 ° 08 ′ 15 '' N 113 ° 46 ′ 52 '' W / 44.1374 ° N 113.7811 ° W / 44.1374 ; - 113.7811 ( Borah Peak ) 153 Mount Wood Montana Absaroka Range 3860 m 12,665 ft 878 m 2,880 ft 12.04 km 7.48 mi 45 ° 16 ′ 30 '' N 109 ° 48 ′ 28 '' W / 45.2749 ° N 109.8078 ° W / 45.2749 ; - 109.8078 ( Mount Wood ) 154 Mount Gunnar Naslund Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 3858 m 12,658 ft 643 m 2,108 ft 11.04 km 6.86 mi 61 ° 13 ′ 42 '' N 141 ° 18 ′ 50 '' W / 61.2282 ° N 141.3140 ° W / 61.2282 ; - 141.3140 ( Mount Gunnar Naslund ) 155 Mount Conness California Sierra Nevada 3855.5 m 12,649 ft 808 m 2,650 ft 11.55 km 7.18 mi 37 ° 58 ′ 01 '' N 119 ° 19 ′ 17 '' W / 37.9670 ° N 119.3213 ° W / 37.9670 ; - 119.3213 ( Mount Conness ) 156 Humphreys Peak Arizona San Francisco Peaks 3852 m 12,637 ft 1841 m 6,039 ft 396 km 246 mi 35 ° 20 ′ 47 '' N 111 ° 40 ′ 41 '' W / 35.3464 ° N 111.6780 ° W / 35.3464 ; - 111.6780 ( Humphreys Peak ) 157 Santa Fe Baldy New Mexico Santa Fe Mountains 3850.1 m 12,632 ft 610 m 2,002 ft 17.69 km 10.99 mi 35 ° 49 ′ 56 '' N 105 ° 45 ′ 29 '' W / 35.8322 ° N 105.7581 ° W / 35.8322 ; - 105.7581 ( Santa Fe Baldy ) 158 Gothic Mountain Colorado Elk Mountains 3850 m 12,631 ft 501 m 1,645 ft 4.39 km 2.73 mi 38 ° 57 ′ 22 '' N 107 ° 00 ′ 39 '' W / 38.9562 ° N 107.0107 ° W / 38.9562 ; - 107.0107 ( Gothic Mountain ) 159 Castle Mountain Montana Absaroka Range 3846.1 m 12,618 ft 814 m 2,672 ft 15.67 km 9.74 mi 45 ° 05 ′ 56 '' N 109 ° 37 ′ 50 '' W / 45.0989 ° N 109.6305 ° W / 45.0989 ; - 109.6305 ( Castle Mountain ) Lone Cone Colorado San Miguel Mountains 3846.1 m 12,618 ft 693 m 2,273 ft 13.52 km 8.40 mi 37 ° 53 ′ 17 '' N 108 ° 15 ′ 20 '' W / 37.8880 ° N 108.2556 ° W / 37.8880 ; - 108.2556 ( Lone Cone ) 161 Mount Moran Wyoming Teton Range 3843.5 m 12,610 ft 806 m 2,645 ft 9.94 km 6.18 mi 43 ° 50 ′ 06 '' N 110 ° 46 ′ 35 '' W / 43.8350 ° N 110.7765 ° W / 43.8350 ; - 110.7765 ( Mount Moran ) 162 Tlingit Peak Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 3842 m 12,606 ft 611 m 2,006 ft 3.63 km 2.26 mi 58 ° 53 ′ 35 '' N 137 ° 23 ′ 38 '' W / 58.8931 ° N 137.3938 ° W / 58.8931 ; - 137.3938 ( Tlingit Peak ) 163 Volcán Tancítaro Michoacán Cordillera Neovolcanica 3840 m 12,598 ft 1665 m 5,463 ft 136.3 km 84.7 mi 19 ° 25 ′ 00 '' N 102 ° 19 ′ 11 '' W / 19.4166 ° N 102.3198 ° W / 19.4166 ; - 102.3198 ( Volcán Tancítaro ) 164 Mount Tiedemann British Columbia Coast Mountains 3838 m 12,592 ft 848 m 2,782 ft 2.86 km 1.78 mi 51 ° 23 ′ 38 '' N 125 ° 14 ′ 12 '' W / 51.3940 ° N 125.2366 ° W / 51.3940 ; - 125.2366 ( Mount Tiedemann ) 165 Alto Cuchumatanes Guatemala Huehuetenango 3837 m 12,589 ft 1877 m 6,158 ft 65.2 km 40.5 mi 15 ° 31 ′ 06 '' N 91 ° 32 ′ 40 '' W / 15.5182 ° N 91.5445 ° W / 15.5182 ; - 91.5445 ( Alto Cuchumatanes ) 166 Little Costilla Peak New Mexico Culebra Range 3836.8 m 12,588 ft 745 m 2,444 ft 12.48 km 7.75 mi 36 ° 50 ′ 01 '' N 105 ° 13 ′ 22 '' W / 36.8335 ° N 105.2229 ° W / 36.8335 ; - 105.2229 ( Little Costilla Peak ) 167 Volcán de Colima Colima Jalisco Cordillera Neovolcanica 3830 m 12,566 ft 610 m 2,001 ft 5.62 km 3.49 mi 19 ° 30 ′ 48 '' N 103 ° 37 ′ 03 '' W / 19.5132 ° N 103.6174 ° W / 19.5132 ; - 103.6174 ( Volcán de Colima ) 168 Mount Carpe Alaska Alaska Range 3825 m 12,550 ft 549 m 1,800 ft 6.60 km 4.10 mi 63 ° 09 ′ 08 '' N 150 ° 51 ′ 42 '' W / 63.1521 ° N 150.8616 ° W / 63.1521 ; - 150.8616 ( Mount Carpe ) 169 Needham Mountain California Sierra Nevada 3824 m 12,545 ft 561 m 1,840 ft 9.54 km 5.93 mi 36 ° 27 ′ 16 '' N 118 ° 32 ′ 14 '' W / 36.4545 ° N 118.5373 ° W / 36.4545 ; - 118.5373 ( Needham Mountain ) 170 Graham Peak Colorado San Juan Mountains 3821.1 m 12,536 ft 778 m 2,551 ft 13.90 km 8.64 mi 37 ° 29 ′ 50 '' N 107 ° 22 ′ 34 '' W / 37.4972 ° N 107.3761 ° W / 37.4972 ; - 107.3761 ( Graham Peak ) 171 Centennial Peak Yukon Saint Elias Mountains 3820 m 12,533 ft 960 m 3,150 ft 9.77 km 6.07 mi 60 ° 56 ′ 49 '' N 140 ° 43 ′ 18 '' W / 60.9470 ° N 140.7217 ° W / 60.9470 ; - 140.7217 ( Centennial Peak ) 172 Chirripó Grande ( Cerro Chirripó ) Costa Rica Cordillera de Talamanca 3819 m 12,530 ft 3755 m 12,320 ft 878 km 546 mi 9 ° 29 ′ 03 '' N 83 ° 29 ′ 20 '' W / 9.4843 ° N 83.4889 ° W / 9.4843 ; - 83.4889 ( Chirripó Grande ) 173 Whetstone Mountain Colorado West Elk Mountains 3818.1 m 12,527 ft 749 m 2,456 ft 15.11 km 9.39 mi 38 ° 49 ′ 20 '' N 106 ° 58 ′ 48 '' W / 38.8223 ° N 106.9799 ° W / 38.8223 ; - 106.9799 ( Whetstone Mountain ) 174 Kahiltna Dome Alaska Alaska Range 3818 m 12,525 ft 663 m 2,175 ft 5.55 km 3.45 mi 63 ° 03 ′ 18 '' N 151 ° 14 ′ 22 '' W / 63.0550 ° N 151.2394 ° W / 63.0550 ; - 151.2394 ( Kahiltna Dome ) 175 Mount Thor Alaska Chugach Mountains 3816 m 12,521 ft 997 m 3,271 ft 32.8 km 20.4 mi 61 ° 29 ′ 07 '' N 147 ° 08 ′ 46 '' W / 61.4854 ° N 147.1460 ° W / 61.4854 ; - 147.1460 ( Mount Thor ) 176 Mount Watson Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 3809 m 12,497 ft 589 m 1,932 ft 4.05 km 2.52 mi 59 ° 00 ′ 32 '' N 137 ° 33 ′ 15 '' W / 59.0088 ° N 137.5541 ° W / 59.0088 ; - 137.5541 ( Mount Watson ) 177 Atlantic Peak Wyoming Wind River Range 3808 m 12,495 ft 655 m 2,150 ft 14.60 km 9.07 mi 42 ° 36 ′ 59 '' N 109 ° 00 ′ 05 '' W / 42.6165 ° N 109.0013 ° W / 42.6165 ; - 109.0013 ( Atlantic Peak ) 178 Specimen Mountain Colorado Front Range 3808 m 12,494 ft 528 m 1,731 ft 7.56 km 4.70 mi 40 ° 26 ′ 42 '' N 105 ° 48 ′ 29 '' W / 40.4449 ° N 105.8081 ° W / 40.4449 ; - 105.8081 ( Specimen Mountain ) 179 Baldy Mountain New Mexico Cimarron Range 3793.3 m 12,445 ft 823 m 2,701 ft 18.24 km 11.33 mi 36 ° 37 ′ 48 '' N 105 ° 12 ′ 48 '' W / 36.6299 ° N 105.2134 ° W / 36.6299 ; - 105.2134 ( Baldy Mountain ) 180 East Beckwith Mountain Colorado West Elk Mountains 3792.1 m 12,441 ft 760 m 2,492 ft 10.05 km 6.24 mi 38 ° 50 ′ 47 '' N 107 ° 13 ′ 24 '' W / 38.8464 ° N 107.2233 ° W / 38.8464 ; - 107.2233 ( East Beckwith Mountain ) 181 Knobby Crest Colorado Kenosha Mountains 3790 m 12,434 ft 536 m 1,759 ft 13.31 km 8.27 mi 39 ° 22 ′ 05 '' N 105 ° 36 ′ 18 '' W / 39.3681 ° N 105.6050 ° W / 39.3681 ; - 105.6050 ( Knobby Crest ) 182 Bison Peak Colorado Tarryall Mountains 3789.4 m 12,432 ft 747 m 2,451 ft 29.3 km 18.23 mi 39 ° 14 ′ 18 '' N 105 ° 29 ′ 52 '' W / 39.2384 ° N 105.4978 ° W / 39.2384 ; - 105.4978 ( Bison Peak ) 183 Anthracite Peak Colorado West Elk Mountains 3777.8 m 12,394 ft 648 m 2,125 ft 7.68 km 4.77 mi 38 ° 48 ′ 52 '' N 107 ° 08 ′ 40 '' W / 38.8145 ° N 107.1445 ° W / 38.8145 ; - 107.1445 ( Anthracite Peak ) 184 Matchless Mountain Colorado Elk Mountains 3776 m 12,389 ft 537 m 1,763 ft 12.67 km 7.87 mi 38 ° 50 ′ 02 '' N 106 ° 38 ′ 42 '' W / 38.8340 ° N 106.6451 ° W / 38.8340 ; - 106.6451 ( Matchless Mountain ) 185 Mount Malaspina Yukon Saint Elias Mountains 3776 m 12,388 ft 936 m 3,071 ft 6.39 km 3.97 mi 60 ° 19 ′ 06 '' N 140 ° 34 ′ 19 '' W / 60.3182 ° N 140.5719 ° W / 60.3182 ; - 140.5719 ( Mount Malaspina ) 186 Volcán Santa María Guatemala Sierra Madre 3772 m 12,375 ft 1054 m 3,458 ft 49.4 km 30.7 mi 14 ° 45 ′ 25 '' N 91 ° 33 ′ 06 '' W / 14.7570 ° N 91.5517 ° W / 14.7570 ; - 91.5517 ( Volcán Santa María ) 187 Flat Top Mountain Colorado Flat Tops 3767.7 m 12,361 ft 1236 m 4,054 ft 65.6 km 40.8 mi 40 ° 00 ′ 53 '' N 107 ° 05 ′ 00 '' W / 40.0147 ° N 107.0833 ° W / 40.0147 ; - 107.0833 ( Flat Top Mountain ) 188 Mount Nystrom Wyoming Wind River Range 3767.5 m 12,361 ft 554 m 1,816 ft 7.92 km 4.92 mi 42 ° 38 ′ 30 '' N 109 ° 05 ′ 38 '' W / 42.6418 ° N 109.0939 ° W / 42.6418 ; - 109.0939 ( Mount Nystrom ) 189 Moby Dick ( Alaska ) Alaska Alaska Range 3767 m 12,360 ft 887 m 2,910 ft 7.70 km 4.78 mi 63 ° 33 ′ 22 '' N 146 ° 36 ′ 09 '' W / 63.5561 ° N 146.6026 ° W / 63.5561 ; - 146.6026 ( Moby Dick ) 190 Greenhorn Mountain Colorado Wet Mountains 3765.0 m 12,352 ft 1151 m 3,777 ft 40.6 km 25.2 mi 37 ° 52 ′ 53 '' N 105 ° 00 ′ 48 '' W / 37.8815 ° N 105.0133 ° W / 37.8815 ; - 105.0133 ( Greenhorn Mountain ) 191 Elliott Mountain Colorado San Miguel Mountains 3763 m 12,346 ft 683 m 2,240 ft 8.26 km 5.13 mi 37 ° 44 ′ 04 '' N 108 ° 03 ′ 29 '' W / 37.7344 ° N 108.0580 ° W / 37.7344 ; - 108.0580 ( Elliott Mountain ) 192 Volcán de Agua Guatemala Escuintla 3761 m 12,339 ft 1981 m 6,499 ft 14.86 km 9.23 mi 14 ° 27 ′ 55 '' N 90 ° 44 ′ 34 '' W / 14.4654 ° N 90.7428 ° W / 14.4654 ; - 90.7428 ( Volcán de Agua ) 193 Mount Deborah Alaska Alaska Range 3761 m 12,339 ft 1582 m 5,189 ft 25.9 km 16.08 mi 63 ° 38 ′ 16 '' N 147 ° 14 ′ 18 '' W / 63.6377 ° N 147.2384 ° W / 63.6377 ; - 147.2384 ( Mount Deborah ) 194 Twin Peaks California Sierra Nevada 3758 m 12,329 ft 653 m 2,143 ft 7.70 km 4.78 mi 38 ° 05 ′ 01 '' N 119 ° 21 ′ 32 '' W / 38.0836 ° N 119.3588 ° W / 38.0836 ; - 119.3588 ( Twin Peaks ) 195 Carter Mountain Wyoming Absaroka Range 3756.4 m 12,324 ft 518 m 1,699 ft 26.8 km 16.68 mi 44 ° 11 ′ 50 '' N 109 ° 24 ′ 40 '' W / 44.1972 ° N 109.4112 ° W / 44.1972 ; - 109.4112 ( Carter Mountain ) 196 Parkview Mountain Colorado Rabbit Ears Range 3749.4 m 12,301 ft 816 m 2,676 ft 15.07 km 9.36 mi 40 ° 19 ′ 49 '' N 106 ° 08 ′ 11 '' W / 40.3303 ° N 106.1363 ° W / 40.3303 ; - 106.1363 ( Parkview Mountain ) 197 Cornwall Mountain Colorado San Juan Mountains 3746 m 12,291 ft 532 m 1,744 ft 8.37 km 5.20 mi 37 ° 22 ′ 52 '' N 106 ° 29 ′ 31 '' W / 37.3811 ° N 106.4920 ° W / 37.3811 ; - 106.4920 ( Cornwall Mountain ) 198 Mount Adams Washington Cascade Range 3743.4 m 12,281 ft 2480 m 8,136 ft 73.6 km 45.8 mi 46 ° 12 ′ 09 '' N 121 ° 29 ′ 27 '' W / 46.2024 ° N 121.4909 ° W / 46.2024 ; - 121.4909 ( Mount Adams ) 199 Mount Columbia Alberta British Columbia Canadian Rockies 3741 m 12,274 ft 2371 m 7,779 ft 158.0 km 98.2 mi 52 ° 08 ′ 50 '' N 117 ° 26 ′ 30 '' W / 52.1473 ° N 117.4416 ° W / 52.1473 ; - 117.4416 ( Mount Columbia ) 200 Mount King George Yukon Saint Elias Mountains 3741 m 12,274 ft 1281 m 4,203 ft 11.30 km 7.02 mi 60 ° 31 ′ 53 '' N 139 ° 47 ′ 03 '' W / 60.5314 ° N 139.7841 ° W / 60.5314 ; - 139.7841 ( Mount King George ) 201 Mount Johansen Yukon Saint Elias Mountains 3740 m 12,270 ft 560 m 1,837 ft 20.0 km 12.43 mi 60 ° 41 ′ 00 '' N 140 ° 40 ′ 56 '' W / 60.6832 ° N 140.6823 ° W / 60.6832 ; - 140.6823 ( Mount Johansen ) Gallery ( edit ) 1 . Denali in Alaska is the highest summit of the United States and North America . 2 . Mount Logan in Yukon is the highest summit of Canada . 3 . Pico de Orizaba is the highest summit of México . 4 . Mount Saint Elias is the second - highest summit of both Canada and the United States . 5 . Popocatépetl is the second - highest summit of México . 6 . Mount Foraker is the second - highest major summit of the Alaska Range . 7 . Mount Lucania in Yukon is the highest summit of the northern Saint Elias Mountains . 8 . Iztaccihuatl is the third - highest summit of México . 9 . King Peak in Yukon is the fourth - highest summit of Canada . 10 . Mount Bona in Alaska is the highest volcano in the United States . 11 . Mount Steele in Yukon is the fifth - highest summit of Canada . 12 . Mount Blackburn in Alaska is the highest summit of the Wrangell Mountains . 13 . Mount Sanford in Alaska is the third - highest volcano in the United States . 17 . Nevado de Toluca is the fourth - highest summit of México . 18 . Mount Fairweather on the Alaska border is the highest summit of British Columbia . 24 . Mount Whitney is the highest summit of the Sierra Nevada and California . 27 . Mount Elbert is the highest summit of Colorado and the Rocky Mountains . 30 . Mount Rainier is the highest summit of Washington and the Cascade Range . 39 . Grays Peak in Colorado is the highest point on the Continental Divide in North America . 48 . Mount Shasta in California is the highest summit of the southern Cascade Range . 53 . Pikes Peak in Colorado was the inspiration for America the Beautiful . 60 . Nevado de Colima is the highest summit of Jalisco . 69 . Volcán Tajumulco is the highest summit in Guatemala and all of Central America . 72 . Mount Hayes is the highest summit of the eastern Alaska Range . 75 . Cofre de Perote is the highest summit of Veracruz . 76 . Gannett Peak is the highest summit of the Wind River Range and Wyoming . 78 . Grand Teton in Wyoming is the highest summit of the Teton Range . 93 . Kings Peak is the highest summit of the Uinta Range and Utah . 102 . Volcán Tacaná is the second - highest summit of Central America . 118 . Wheeler Peak is the highest summit of New Mexico . 128 . Wheeler Peak in Nevada is the highest summit of the Snake Range . 135 . Mount Robson in British Columbia is the highest summit of the Canadian Rockies . 143 . Granite Peak is the highest summit of the Beartooth Range and Montana . 151 . Borah Peak is the highest summit of the Lost River Range and Idaho . 155 . Humphreys Peak is the highest summit of the San Francisco Peaks and Arizona . 171 . Chirripó Grande is the highest summit of Costa Rica . 198 . Mount Columbia on the British Columbia border is the highest summit of Alberta . See also ( edit ) North America portal Geography portal Geology portal Mountains portal Volcanoes portal Greenland portal Canada portal United States portal Mexico portal Central America portal Caribbean portal North America Geography of North America Geology of North America Lists of mountain peaks of North America List of mountain peaks of North America List of the highest major summits of North America List of the major 5000 - meter summits of North America List of the major 4000 - meter summits of North America List of the major 3000 - meter summits of North America List of the highest islands of North America List of the most prominent summits of North America List of the ultra-prominent summits of North America List of the most isolated major summits of North America List of the major 100 - kilometer summits of North America List of extreme summits of North America List of mountain peaks of Greenland List of mountain peaks of Canada List of mountain peaks of the Rocky Mountains List of mountain peaks of the United States List of mountain peaks of México List of mountain peaks of Central America List of mountain peaks of the Caribbean Category : Mountains of North America commons : Category : Mountains of North America Physical geography Topography Topographic elevation Topographic prominence Topographic isolation References ( edit ) Jump up ^ This article defines greater North America as the portion of the continental landmass of the Americas extending westward and northward from the Isthmus of Panama plus the ocean islands surrounding that landmass . This article defines the ocean islands of greater North America to include the coastal islands of North America , the islands of the Caribbean Sea , the Lucayan Archipelago , the islands of Greenland ( Kalaallit Nunaat ) , the islands of Canada , and the islands of Alaska . The Hawaiian Islands are not included because they are considered part of Oceania . Jump up ^ This article defines a significant summit as a summit with at least 100 meters ( 328.1 feet ) of topographic prominence , and a major summit as a summit with at least 500 meters ( 1640 feet ) of topographic prominence . All summits in this article have at least 500 meters of topographic prominence . An ultra-prominent summit is a summit with at least 1500 meters ( 4921 feet ) of topographic prominence . Jump up ^ All elevations in the 48 states of the contiguous United States include an elevation adjustment from the National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 ( NGVD 29 ) to the North American Vertical Datum of 1988 ( NAVD 88 ) . For further information , please see this United States National Geodetic Survey note . ^ Jump up to : If the elevation or prominence of a summit is calculated as a range of values , the arithmetic mean is shown . Jump up ^ The topographic prominence of a summit is the topographic elevation difference between the summit and its highest or key col to a higher summit . The summit may be near its key col or quite far away . The key col for Denali in Alaska is the Isthmus of Rivas in Nicaragua , 7642 kilometers ( 4749 miles ) away . Jump up ^ The topographic isolation of a summit is the great - circle distance to its nearest point of equal elevation . Jump up ^ The summit of Denali is the highest point of the Alaska Range , the State of Alaska , the United States of America , and greater North America . Denali is the third-most topographically prominent and third-most topographically isolated summit on Earth after Mount Everest and Aconcagua . Jump up ^ `` Denali '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Denali '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Logan is the highest point of the Saint Elias Mountains , Yukon , and all of Canada . Jump up ^ `` Mount Logan '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Logan '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Pico de Orizaba is the highest point of Estado Libre y Soberano de Puebla , Estado Libre y Soberano de Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave , and all of México . Jump up ^ `` Pico de Orizaba '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pico de Orizaba '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Mount Saint Elias is the second - highest major summit of both Canada and the United States . Jump up ^ `` Mount Saint Elias '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Saint Elias '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Popocatépetl on the border of Puebla is the highest point of both Estado Libre y Soberano de México and Estado Libre y Soberano de Morelos . Jump up ^ Popocatépetl is the southernmost 5000 - meter ( 16,404 - foot ) summit of México and greater North America . Jump up ^ `` Popocatépetl '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Popocatépetl '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Mount Foraker is the westernmost 5000 - meter ( 16,404 - foot ) summit of Alaska , the United States , and greater North America . Jump up ^ `` Mount Foraker '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Foraker '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Lucania is the highest point of the northern Saint Elias Mountains . Jump up ^ Mount Lucania is the northernmost summit of its elevation in Canada . Jump up ^ `` Mount Lucania '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Lucania '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Iztaccíhuatl is the northernmost and westernmost 5000 - meter ( 16,404 - foot ) summit of México . Jump up ^ `` Iztaccíhuatl '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Iztaccíhuatl '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` King Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` King Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Bona is the highest point of the northwest Saint Elias Mountains . Jump up ^ `` Mount Bona '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Bona '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Mount Steele is the northernmost and easternmost 5000 - meter ( 16,404 - foot ) summit of Canada . Jump up ^ `` Mount Steele '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Steele '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Blackburn is the highest point of the Wrangell Mountains . Jump up ^ `` MT BLACKBURN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station UV4136 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Blackburn '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Blackburn '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Sanford '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Sanford '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Mount Wood is the northernmost summit of its elevation in Canada . Jump up ^ `` Mount Wood '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Wood '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Mount Vancouver is the easternmost summit of its elevation in Canada . Jump up ^ `` Mount Vancouver '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Vancouver '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Slaggard '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Slaggard '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Nevado de Toluca is the westernmost summit of its elevation in México . Jump up ^ `` Nevado de Toluca '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nevado de Toluca '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Mount Fairweather lies on the international border between Alaska and British Columbia . The peak is the highest point of the Canadian Province of British Columbia and the southernmost and easternmost summit of its elevation in both Canada and the United States . Jump up ^ `` Mount Fairweather '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Fairweather '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Hubbard '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Hubbard '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Bear '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Bear '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Walsh '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Walsh '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Hunter '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Hunter '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ La Malintzin on the border of Puebla is the highest point of Estado Libre y Soberano de Tlaxcala . Jump up ^ La Malintzin is the northernmost summit of its elevation in México . Jump up ^ `` La Malintzin '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` La Malintzin '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Whitney is the highest point of the Sierra Nevada , the State of California , and the contiguous United States . Jump up ^ Mount Whitney is the southernmost and easternmost summit of its elevation in United States . Jump up ^ `` WHITNEY '' . Datasheet for NGS Station GT1811 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Whitney '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Whitney '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BOUNDARY POINT 180 '' . Datasheet for NGS Station UV3032 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Alverstone '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Alverstone '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` University Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` University Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Elbert is the highest point of the U.S. State of Colorado , the Rocky Mountains of North America , and the entire Mississippi River drainage basin . Jump up ^ `` MOUNT ELBERT '' . Datasheet for NGS Station KL0637 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Elbert '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Elbert '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Mount Massive is the second - highest major summit of the Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ `` MOUNT MASSIVE CAIRN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station KL0640 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Massive includes an adjustment of + 2.087 m ( + 6.85 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Massive '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Massive '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Harvard is the highest point of the Collegiate Peaks . Jump up ^ Mount Harvard is the southernmost and easternmost summit of its elevation in the Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ `` HARVARD '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JL0879 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Harvard '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Harvard '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Rainier is the highest point of the Cascade Range and the U.S. state of Washington . Mount Rainier is the most prominent summit in the contiguous United States and the fourth-most prominent in North America . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Rainier includes an adjustment of + 1.914 m ( + 6.28 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Rainier '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Rainier '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Williamson includes an adjustment of + 1.807 m ( + 5.93 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Williamson '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Williamson '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` McArthur Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` McArthur Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Blanca Peak is the highest point of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains and the entire Rio Grande drainage basin . Jump up ^ Blanca Peak is the southernmost ultra-prominent summit of the Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ The elevation of Blanca Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.755 m ( + 5.76 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Blanca Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Blanca Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of La Plata Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.983 m ( + 6.51 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` La Plata Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` La Plata Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Uncompahgre Peak is the highest point of the San Juan Mountains and the entire Gulf of California drainage basin . Jump up ^ Uncompahgre Peak is the westernmost summit of its elevation in the Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ `` UNCOMPAHGRE '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JL0798 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Uncompahgre Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Uncompahgre Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Crestone Peak is the highest point of the Crestones . Jump up ^ The elevation of Crestone Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.76 m ( + 5.77 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Crestone Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Crestone Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Lincoln is the highest point of the Mosquito Range and the entire Missouri River drainage basin . Jump up ^ Mount Lincoln is the northernmost summit of its elevation in the Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ `` MT LINCOLN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station KL0627 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Lincoln '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Lincoln '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Castle Peak is the highest point of the Elk Mountains . Jump up ^ `` CASTLE PK '' . Datasheet for NGS Station KL0659 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Castle Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Castle Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Grays Peak is the highest point of the Front Range and the Continental Divide in North America . Jump up ^ Grays Peak is the northernmost summit of its elevation in the Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ `` GRAYS PEAK '' . Datasheet for NGS Station KK2036 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Grays Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Grays Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Antero is the highest point of the southern Sawatch Range . Jump up ^ `` MT ANTERO '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JL0883 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Antero '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Antero '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EVANS '' . Datasheet for NGS Station KK2030 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit elevation of Mount Evans includes a vertical offset of + 1.798 m ( + 5.9 ft ) from the station benchmark . Jump up ^ `` Mount Evans '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Evans '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Longs Peak is the highest point of the northern Front Range . Jump up ^ Longs Peak is the northernmost 14,000 - foot ( 4267 - meter ) summit of the Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ `` LONGS PEAK '' . Datasheet for NGS Station LL1346 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Longs Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Longs Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Wilson is the highest point of the San Miguel Mountains . Jump up ^ Mount Wilson is the westernmost summit of its elevation in the Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Wilson includes an adjustment of + 1.899 m ( + 6.23 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Wilson '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Wilson '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of White Mountain Peak is the highest point of the White Mountains . Jump up ^ `` WHITE MOUNTAIN PEAK '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HR2559 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` White Mountain Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` White Mountain Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of North Palisade is the highest point of the Palisades . Jump up ^ `` NORTH PALISADE '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HR2629 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of North Palisade includes an adjustment of + 1.867 m ( + 6.13 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` North Palisade '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` North Palisade '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PRINCETON '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JL0886 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Princeton '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Princeton '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` YALE '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JL0889 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Yale '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Yale '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Shasta is the highest point of the southern Cascade Range . Jump up ^ `` MT SHASTA '' . Datasheet for NGS Station MX1016 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Shasta '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Shasta '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MAROON PEAK '' . Datasheet for NGS Station KL0805 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Maroon Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Maroon Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Wrangell '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Wrangell '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Sneffels is the highest point of the Sneffels Range . Jump up ^ `` SNEFFLES '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JL0826 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Sneffels '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Sneffels '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CAPITOL PK '' . Datasheet for NGS Station KL0688 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Capitol Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.991 m ( + 6.53 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Capitol Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Capitol Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Pikes Peak is the easternmost 14,000 - foot ( 4267 - meter ) summit and ultra-prominent summit of the Rocky Mountains . Pikes Peak was the inspiration for the lyrics of America the Beautiful . Jump up ^ `` PIKES PEAK '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JK1242 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pikes Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pikes Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Windom Peak is the highest point of the Needle Mountains . Jump up ^ Mount Eolus may be higher than Windom Peak . Jump up ^ The elevation of Windom Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.785 m ( + 5.86 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Windom Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Windom Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Augusta '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Augusta '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` HANDIES '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HL0635 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Handies Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Handies Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Culebra Peak is the highest point of the Culebra Range . Jump up ^ Culebra Peak is the southernmost 14,000 - foot ( 4267 - meter ) summit of the Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ The elevation of Culebra Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.740 m ( + 5.71 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Culebra Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Culebra Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of San Luis Peak is the highest point of the La Garita Mountains . Jump up ^ `` SAN LUIS PEAK CAIRN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HL0570 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` San Luis Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` San Luis Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount of the Holy Cross is the highest point of the northern Sawatch Range . Jump up ^ `` MT HOLY CROSS ET '' . Datasheet for NGS Station KL0649 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit elevation of Mount of the Holy Cross includes a vertical offset of + 0.610 m ( + 2.0 ft ) from the station benchmark . Jump up ^ `` Mount of the Holy Cross '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount of the Holy Cross '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Nevado de Colima is the highest point of Estado Libre y Soberano de Jalisco . Jump up ^ Nevado de Colima is the northernmost and westernmost 4000 - meter ( 13,123 - foot ) summit of México . Jump up ^ `` Nevado de Colima '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nevado de Colima '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` GRIZZLY '' . Datasheet for NGS Station KL0800 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Grizzly Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Grizzly Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MT HUMPHREYS '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HR2626 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Humphreys includes an adjustment of + 1.842 m ( + 6.04 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Humphreys '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Humphreys '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MT KEITH '' . Datasheet for NGS Station GT1807 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Keith includes an adjustment of + 1.795 m ( + 5.89 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Keith '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Keith '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Mount Strickland is the northernmost summit of its elevation in Canada . Jump up ^ `` Mount Strickland '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Strickland '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Ouray is the highest point of the far southern Sawatch Range . Jump up ^ `` MOUNT OURAY RESET '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JL0672 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Ouray '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Ouray '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Vermilion Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.827 m ( + 5.99 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Vermilion Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Vermilion Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Avalanche Peak is the northernmost summit of its elevation in Canada . Jump up ^ `` Avalanche Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Avalanche Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Atna Peaks '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Atna Peaks '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Volcán Tajumulco is the highest point of the Sierra de las Nubes , the Republic of Guatemala , and all of Central America . Jump up ^ Volcán Tajumulco is the southernmost and easternmost 4000 - meter ( 13,123 - foot ) summit of greater North America . Jump up ^ `` Volcán Tajumulco '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` REGAL MOUNTAIN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station UV4133 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Regal Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Regal Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MT DARWIN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HR2631 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Darwin includes an adjustment of + 1.886 m ( + 6.19 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Darwin '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Darwin '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Hayes is the highest point of the Hayes Range . Jump up ^ Mount Hayes is the northernmost 4000 - meter ( 13,123 - foot ) summit of Alaska , the United States , and greater North America . Jump up ^ `` Mount Hayes '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Hayes '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SILVERHEELS ET '' . Datasheet for NGS Station KL0629 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Silverheels '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Silverheels '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PYRAMID '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HL0589 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rio Grande Pyramid '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rio Grande Pyramid '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Cofre de Perote is the easternmost summit of its elevation in México . Jump up ^ `` Cofre de Perote '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cofre de Perote '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Gannett Peak is the highest point of the Wind River Range , the U.S. State of Wyoming , and the central Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ Gannett Peak is the northernmost and westernmost summit of its elevation in the Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ `` GANNETT PEAK CAIRN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station OW0356 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gannett Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gannett Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Kaweah is the highest point of the Great Western Divide . Jump up ^ Mount Kaweah is the southernmost summit of its elevation in United States . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Kaweah includes an adjustment of + 1.652 m ( + 5.42 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Kaweah '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Kaweah '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Grand Teton is the highest point of the Teton Range . Jump up ^ Grand Teton is the northernmost and westernmost 4000 - meter ( 13,123 - foot ) summit of the Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ `` GRAND TETON '' . Datasheet for NGS Station OX0838 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Grand Teton '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Grand Teton '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Cook '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Cook '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MORGAN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HR2627 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Morgan '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Morgan '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Gabb includes an adjustment of + 1.958 m ( + 6.42 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Gabb '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Gabb '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Bald Mountain includes an adjustment of + 1.922 m ( + 6.31 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Bald Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bald Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Oso includes an adjustment of + 1.776 m ( + 5.83 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Oso '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Oso '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MT JACKSON ET '' . Datasheet for NGS Station KL0650 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Jackson '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Jackson '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MT TOM LOOKOUT TOWER '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HR2770 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Tom includes an adjustment of + 1.379 m ( + 4.52 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Tom '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Tom '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Bard Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.707 m ( + 5.60 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Bard Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bard Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ West Spanish Peak is the easternmost 4000 - meter ( 13,123 - foot ) summit of the Rocky Mountains and the United States . Jump up ^ The elevation of West Spanish Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.468 m ( + 4.82 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` West Spanish Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` West Spanish Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Powell is the highest point of the Gore Range . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Powell includes an adjustment of + 1.771 m ( + 5.81 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Powell '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Powell '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Hagues Peak is the highest point of the Mummy Range . Jump up ^ `` HAGUE RM '' . Datasheet for NGS Station LL1350 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hagues Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hagues Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Dubois includes an adjustment of + 1.879 m ( + 6.16 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Dubois '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Dubois '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Tower Mountain includes an adjustment of + 1.796 m ( + 5.89 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Tower Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tower Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Treasure Mountain includes an adjustment of + 2.008 m ( + 6.59 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Treasure Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Treasure Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Kings Peak is the highest point of the Uinta Mountains , the U.S. State of Utah , and the western Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ The elevation of Kings Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.807 m ( + 5.93 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Kings Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kings Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Monte Tlaloc is the highest point of the Cordillera Neovolcanica . Jump up ^ `` Trans - Mexican Volcanic Belt '' . Datasheet for NGS Station LL1357 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Monte Tlaloc includes an adjustment of + 1.763 m ( + 5.78 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Monte Tlaloc '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Monte Tlaloc '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of North Arapaho Peak is the highest point of the Indian Peaks . Jump up ^ `` NORTH ARAPAHOE PEAK CAIRN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station LL1357 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of North Arapaho Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.763 m ( + 5.78 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` North Arapaho Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` North Arapaho Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Pinchot includes an adjustment of + 1.810 m ( + 5.94 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Pinchot '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Pinchot '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Natazhat '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Natazhat '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Jarvis '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Jarvis '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Parry Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.763 m ( + 5.78 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Parry Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Parry Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Bill Williams Peak is the highest point of the Williams Mountains . Jump up ^ The elevation of Bill Williams Peak includes an adjustment of + 2.044 m ( + 6.71 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Williams Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Williams Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Sultan Mountain includes an adjustment of + 1.649 m ( + 5.41 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Sultan Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sultan Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Herard includes an adjustment of + 1.640 m ( + 5.38 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Herard '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Herard '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Volcán Tacaná on the international border with Guatemala is the highest point of Estado Libre y Soberano de Chiapas . Jump up ^ `` Volcán Tacaná '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Volcán Tacaná '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BUFFALO WEST PEAK CAIRN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JL0653 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of West Buffalo Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.834 m ( + 6.02 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` West Buffalo Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` West Buffalo Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Mount Craig is the northernmost 4000 - meter ( 13,123 - foot ) summit of Canada . Jump up ^ `` Mount Craig '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Craig '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tressider Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tressider Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Summit Peak is the highest point of the southern San Juan Mountains . Jump up ^ `` SUMMIT '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HL0503 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Summit Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Summit Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Dolores Peak may be higher than Middle Peak . Jump up ^ The elevation of Middle Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.809 m ( + 5.94 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Middle Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Middle Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Antora Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.883 m ( + 6.18 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Antora Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Antora Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Henry Mountain includes an adjustment of + 2.037 m ( + 6.68 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Henry Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Henry Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Hesperus Mountain is the highest point of the La Plata Mountains . Jump up ^ The elevation of Hesperus Mountain includes an adjustment of + 1.650 m ( + 5.41 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Hesperus Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hesperus Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Silverthrone '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Silverthrone '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Jacque Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.866 m ( + 6.12 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Jacque Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jacque Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Bennett Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.782 m ( + 5.85 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Bennett Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bennett Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Wind River Peak is the highest point of the southern Wind River Range . Jump up ^ `` WIND '' . Datasheet for NGS Station NS0274 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wind River Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wind River Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Waddington is the highest point of the Coast Mountains . Jump up ^ Mount Waddington is the southernmost and easternmost 4000 - meter ( 13,123 - foot ) summit of Canada . Jump up ^ `` Mount Waddington '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Waddington '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CONEJOS '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HL0502 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Conejos Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Conejos Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Marcus Baker is the highest point of the Chugach Mountains . Jump up ^ `` Mount Marcus Baker '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Marcus Baker '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Cloud Peak is the highest point of the Bighorn Mountains . Jump up ^ Cloud Peak is the northernmost 4000 - meter ( 13,123 - foot ) summit of the Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ `` CLOUD PEAK '' . Datasheet for NGS Station PW0524 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cloud Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cloud Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Wheeler Peak is the highest point of the Taos Mountains and the U.S. State of New Mexico . Jump up ^ Wheeler Peak is the southernmost 4000 - meter ( 13,123 - foot ) summit of the Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ `` WHEELER '' . Datasheet for NGS Station GM0779 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wheeler Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wheeler Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Francs Peak is the highest point of the Absaroka Range . Jump up ^ `` FRANCS PK 2 '' . Datasheet for NGS Station OW0325 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Francs Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Francs Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Twilight Peak is the highest point of the West Needle Mountains . Jump up ^ The elevation of Twilight Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.537 m ( + 5.04 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Twilight Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Twilight Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` S RIVER '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HL0558 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` South River Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` South River Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Ritter is the highest point of the Ritter Range . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Ritter includes an adjustment of + 1.786 m ( + 5.86 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Ritter '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Ritter '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` RED SLATE MOUNTAIN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HR2690 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Red Slate Mountain includes an adjustment of + 1.893 m ( + 6.21 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Red Slate Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LYELL 2 '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HR2884 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Lyell ( California ) '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Lyell ( California ) '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TWIN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JK1305 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bushnell Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bushnell Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Truchas Peak is the highest point of the Santa Fe Mountains . Jump up ^ Truchas Peak is the southernmost summit of its elevation in the Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ `` TRUCHAS '' . Datasheet for NGS Station FN0666 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Truchas Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Truchas Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Wheeler Peak is the highest point of the Snake Range . Jump up ^ `` WHEELER PEAK '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JP0339 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wheeler Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wheeler Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MOUNT DANA '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HR2738 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Dana '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Dana '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Spring Glacier Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of West Elk Peak is the highest point of the West Elk Mountains . Jump up ^ `` WEST ELK D '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JL0755 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` West Elk Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` West Elk Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Volcán Acatenango is the southernmost and easternmost summit of its elevation in Central America and greater North America . Jump up ^ `` Volcán Acatenango '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Moffit '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Moffit '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Centennial includes an adjustment of + 1.814 m ( + 5.95 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Centennial '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Robson is the highest point of the Canadian Rockies . Jump up ^ Mount Robson is the easternmost summit of its elevation in Canada and the northernmost and westernmost summit of its elevation in the Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ `` Mount Robson '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Robson '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Clark Peak is the highest point of the Medicine Bow Mountains . Jump up ^ `` CLARK '' . Datasheet for NGS Station LL1388 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Clark Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Clark Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Richthofen is the highest point of the Never Summer Mountains . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Richthofen includes an adjustment of + 1.658 m ( + 5.44 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Richthofen '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Richthofen '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Cerro Ajusco is the highest point of Distrito Federal de México . Jump up ^ `` Cerro Ajusco '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cerro Ajusco '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Harrison ( Yukon ) '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Queen Mary '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Queen Mary '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Root '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Root '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Lizard Head Peak is the highest point of the Cirque of the Towers . Jump up ^ The elevation of Lizard Head Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.572 m ( + 5.16 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Lizard Head Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lizard Head Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Granite Peak is the highest point of the Beartooth Mountains and the U.S. State of Montana . Jump up ^ `` GRANITE PEAK '' . Datasheet for NGS Station QW0616 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Granite Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Granite Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Crosson '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Crosson '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Venado Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.650 m ( + 5.41 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Venado Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Venado Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CHAIR D '' . Datasheet for NGS Station KL0696 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chair Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chair Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Peale is the highest point of the La Sal Mountains and the Colorado Plateau . Jump up ^ `` MOUNT PEALE '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JM0496 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Peale '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Peale '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Crillon '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Crillon '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` GUNNISON D '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JL0762 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Gunnison '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Gunnison '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ East Spanish Peak is the easternmost 3000 - meter ( 9843 - foot ) summit of the Rocky Mountains and the United States . Jump up ^ `` EAST SPANISH PEAK CAIRN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HK0488 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of East Spanish Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.372 m ( + 4.50 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` East Spanish Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` East Spanish Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Borah Peak is the highest point of the Lost River Range and the U.S. State of Idaho . Jump up ^ `` BEAUTY RESET '' . Datasheet for NGS Station PZ0770 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Borah Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Borah Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Wood is the highest point of the Granite Range . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Wood includes an adjustment of + 1.516 m ( + 4.97 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Wood '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Wood '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Gunnar Naslund '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MOUNT CONNESS '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HR2743 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Conness '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Conness '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Humphreys Peak is the highest point of the San Francisco Peaks and the U.S. State of Arizona . Jump up ^ The elevation of Humphreys Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.345 m ( + 4.41 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Humphreys Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Humphreys Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Santa Fe Baldy is the southernmost 3000 - meter ( 9843 - foot ) summit of the Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ `` SANTA FE BALDY '' . Datasheet for NGS Station FN0726 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Santa Fe Baldy '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Santa Fe Baldy '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Gothic Mountain includes an adjustment of + 1.936 m ( + 6.35 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Gothic Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gothic Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PLATEAU '' . Datasheet for NGS Station QW0613 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Castle Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Castle Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LONE CONE '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HM0489 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lone Cone '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lone Cone '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MT MORAN ET '' . Datasheet for NGS Station OX0854 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Moran '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Moran '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tlingit Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tlingit Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Volcán Tancítaro is the highest point of Estado Libre y Soberano de Michoacán de Ocampo . Jump up ^ `` Volcán Tancítaro '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Volcán Tancítaro '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Tiedemann '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Tiedemann '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Alto Cuchumatanes is the northernmost 3000 - meter ( 9843 - foot ) summit of Central America . Jump up ^ `` Alto Cuchumatanes '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CUERVO '' . Datasheet for NGS Station GM0770 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Little Costilla Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Little Costilla Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Volcán de Colima on the border of Jalisco is the highest point of Estado Libre y Soberano de Colima and the westernmost summit of its elevation in México . Jump up ^ `` Volcán de Colima '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Volcán de Colima '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Carpe '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Carpe '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Needham Mountain includes an adjustment of + 1.602 m ( + 5.26 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Needham Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Needham Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` GRAHAM '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HL0620 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Graham Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Graham Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Centennial Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Centennial Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Chirripó Grande is the highest point of the Republic of Costa Rica . Jump up ^ Chirripó Grande is the southernmost and easternmost summit of its elevation in Central America and greater North America . Jump up ^ `` Chirripó Grande '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` WHETSTONE MTN CAIRN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JL0732 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Whetstone Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Whetstone Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kahiltna Dome '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kahiltna Dome '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Thor '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Thor '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Watson '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Watson '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Atlantic Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.521 m ( + 4.99 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Atlantic Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Atlantic Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Specimen Mountain includes an adjustment of + 1.614 m ( + 5.30 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Specimen Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Specimen Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Baldy Mountain is the highest point of the Cimarron Range . Jump up ^ `` BALDY MTN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station GM0775 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Baldy Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Baldy Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EAST BECKWITH '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JL0741 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` East Beckwith Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` East Beckwith Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Knobby Crest is the highest point of the Kenosha Mountains . Jump up ^ The elevation of Knobby Crest includes an adjustment of + 1.595 m ( + 5.23 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Knobby Crest '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Bison Peak is the highest point of the Tarryall Mountains . Jump up ^ `` BISON '' . Datasheet for NGS Station KK1966 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bison Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bison Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ANTHRACITE '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JL0739 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Anthracite Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Anthracite Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Matchless Mountain includes an adjustment of + 1.941 m ( + 6.37 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Matchless Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Matchless Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Malaspina '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Malaspina '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Volcán Santa María '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Flat Top Mountain is the highest point of the Flat Tops . Jump up ^ `` FLATTOP '' . Datasheet for NGS Station LM0694 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Flat Top Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Flat Top Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MT NYSTROM '' . Datasheet for NGS Station NS0271 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Nystrom '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Nystrom '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Moby Dick ( Alaska ) '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Moby Dick ( Alaska ) '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Greenhorn Mountain is the highest point of the Wet Mountains . Jump up ^ `` GREENHORN MTN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HK0512 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Greenhorn Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Greenhorn Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Elliott Mountain includes an adjustment of + 1.709 m ( + 5.61 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Elliott Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Volcán de Agua '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Mount Deborah is the northernmost summit of its elevation in Alaska , the United States , and greater North America . Jump up ^ `` Mount Deborah '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Deborah '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Twin Peaks includes an adjustment of + 1.717 m ( + 5.63 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Twin Peaks '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Twin Peaks '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CARTER '' . Datasheet for NGS Station PX0432 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Carter Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Carter Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Parkview Mountain is the highest point of the Rabbit Ears Range . Jump up ^ `` PARKVIEW MOUNTAIN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station LM0574 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Parkview Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Parkview Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Cornwall Mountain includes an adjustment of + 1.715 m ( + 5.63 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Cornwall Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cornwall Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MOUNT ADAMS '' . Datasheet for NGS Station SB1004 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Adams '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Adams '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Mount Columbia on the Great Divide between British Columbia and Alberta is the highest point of the Columbia Icefield , the Province of Alberta , and the entire Beaufort Sea Drainage basin . Jump up ^ `` Mount Columbia '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Columbia '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount King George '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount King George '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Johansen '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutMountains of North Americaat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Natural Resources Canada ( NRC ) Canadian Geographical Names @ NRC United States Geological Survey ( USGS ) Geographic Names Information System @ USGS United States National Geodetic Survey ( NGS ) Geodetic Glossary @ NGS NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 online elevation converter @ NGS Survey Marks and Datasheets @ NGS Instituto Nacional de Estadística , Geografía e Informática ( INEGI ) Sistemas Nacionales Estadístico y de Información Geográfica ( SNEIG ) Bivouac.com Peakbagger.com Peaklist.org Peakware.com Summitpost.org North America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Navassa Island Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands The 124 highest major summits of greater North America Denali Mount Logan Pico de Orizaba Mount Saint Elias Popocatépetl Mount Foraker Mount Lucania Iztaccíhuatl King Peak Mount Bona Mount Steele Mount Blackburn Mount Sanford Mount Wood Mount Vancouver Mount Slaggard Nevado de Toluca Mount Fairweather Mount Hubbard Mount Bear Mount Walsh Mount Hunter La Malinche Mount Whitney Mount Alverstone University Peak Mount Elbert Mount Massive Mount Harvard Mount Rainier Mount Williamson McArthur Peak Blanca Peak La Plata Peak Uncompahgre Peak Crestone Peak Mount Lincoln Castle Peak Grays Peak Mount Antero Mount Evans Longs Peak Mount Wilson White Mountain Peak North Palisade Mount Princeton Mount Yale Mount Shasta Maroon Peak Mount Wrangell Mount Sneffels Capitol Peak Pikes Peak Windom Peak / Mount Eolus Mount Augusta Handies Peak Culebra Peak San Luis Peak Mount of the Holy Cross Nevado de Colima Grizzly Peak Mount Humphreys Mount Keith Mount Strickland Mount Ouray Vermilion Peak Avalanche Peak Atna Peaks Volcán Tajumulco Regal Mountain Mount Darwin Mount Hayes Mount Silverheels Rio Grande Pyramid Cofre de Perote Gannett Peak Mount Kaweah Grand Teton Mount Cook Mount Morgan Mount Gabb Bald Mountain Mount Oso Mount Jackson Mount Tom Bard Peak West Spanish Peak Mount Powell Hagues Peak Mount Dubois Tower Mountain Treasure Mountain Kings Peak North Arapaho Peak Mount Pinchot Mount Natazhat Mount Jarvis Parry Peak Bill Williams Peak Sultan Mountain Mount Herard Volcán Tacaná West Buffalo Peak Mount Craig Tressider Peak Summit Peak Middle Peak / Dolores Peak Antora Peak Henry Mountain Hesperus Mountain Mount Silverthrone Jacque Peak Bennett Peak Wind River Peak Mount Waddington Conejos Peak Mount Marcus Baker Cloud Peak Wheeler Peak Francs Peak Twilight Peak South River Peak Mount Ritter Red Slate Mountain The 100 most prominent summits of greater North America Denali Mount Logan Pico de Orizaba Mount Rainier Volcán Tajumulco Mount Fairweather Chirripó Grande Gunnbjørn Fjeld Mount Blackburn Mount Hayes Mount Saint Elias Mount Waddington Mount Marcus Baker Pico Duarte Mount Lucania Mount Whitney Popocatépetl Mount Shasta Monarch Mountain Shishaldin Volcano Mount Robson Redoubt Volcano Mount Elbert Mount Sir Wilfrid Laurier Nevado de Colima Mount Vancouver Mount Sir Sandford Mount Baker Mount Torbert Pic la Selle Barbeau Peak San Jacinto Peak San Gorgonio Mountain Charleston Peak Pavlof Volcano Mount Veniaminof Mount Adams Skihist Mountain Mount Hubbard Mount Ratz Mount Odin Mount Isto Mount Monashee Iliamna Volcano Mount Olympus Mount Columbia Mount Queen Bess Mount Cook Mount Hood Mount Sanford Mount Tom White Mount Cooper Wheeler Peak Ulysses Mountain Glacier Peak Mount Kimball Blue Mountain Peak Wedge Mountain Otter Mountain Mount Griggs Nevado de Toluca Kwatna Peak Outlook Peak Mount Foraker Golden Hinde White Mountain Peak Mount Crillon Stauning Alper Cerro Teotepec Scud Peak Keele Peak Cloud Peak Gannett Peak Razorback Mountain Mount Vsevidof Mount Odin Cerro el Nacimiento Mount Hesperus Picacho del Diablo Mount Farnham Palup Qaqa HP Mount Bona Oscar Peak Pic Macaya Montaña de Santa Bárbara Mount Assiniboine Mount Jancowski Cerro Las Minas Mount Drum Gladsheim Peak Milne Land HP Mount Dawson Payers Tinde Beitstad Peak Mount Chiginagak Mount Edith Cavell Alsek Peak Mount Valpy Perserajoq Mount Cairnes The 107 most isolated major summits of greater North America Denali Gunnbjørn Fjeld Pico de Orizaba Mount Whitney Mount Mitchell Mount Washington Mount Rainier Mount Elbert Pico Duarte Chirripó Grande Shishaldin Volcano Barbeau Peak Mount Caubvick Volcán Tajumulco Melville Island HP La Grande Soufrière Tanaga Volcano Avannaarsua HP Mount Isto Cerro San Rafael Mathiassen Mountain Mount Logan Angilaaq Mountain Signal Hill Mount Odin Cerro el Potosí Mount Waddington Melville Hills HP Keele Peak Mount Shasta Perserajoq Mealy Mountains HP Peary Land HP The Cabox Volcán Everman Greenland Ice Sheet HP Gannett Peak Mont Yapeitso Mount Robson Mount Osborn Mount Igikpak Ulysses Mountain Cerro de Punta Cerro Gordo Pico San Juan Mont Jacques - Cartier Nevado de Colima Sukkertoppen Humphreys Peak Haffner Bjerg Victoria Island HP Wheeler Peak Revaltoppe Kisimngiuqtuq Peak Mount Vsevidof Mont Forel Beitstad Peak Hahn Land HP Pico La Laguna Volcán Las Tres Vírgenes Isla Guadalupe HP Mount Veniaminof Picacho del Diablo Cerro el Nacimiento Mount Ratz Hall Island HP Dillingham HP Mount Paatusoq Petermann Bjerg Spruce Knob Blue Mountain Peak Kings Peak Outlook Peak Sierra Blanca Peak Devon Ice Cap HP Point 1740 San Gorgonio Mountain Manuel Peak Katahdin Peak 4030 Howson Peak Mount Baldy Borah Peak Sierra Fría Cloud Peak Cerro Mohinora Fox Mountain Cap Mountain Sierra la Madera Black Elk Peak Mount Frank Rae Mount Nirvana Slide Mountain Durham Heights Mount Griggs Charleston Peak Pico Turquino Pic Macaya Junipero Serra Peak Mount Baker Mount Marcy Mont Raoul - Blanchard Mount Marcus Baker Mount Hayes Sacajawea Peak Steens Mountain Mount Fairweather Mountain peaks of North America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands Coordinates : 63 ° 04 ′ 08 '' N 151 ° 00 ′ 23 '' W / 63.0690 ° N 151.0063 ° W / 63.0690 ; - 151.0063 ( Denali ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_the_highest_major_summits_of_North_America&oldid=835916791 '' Categories : Mountains of North America Geography of North America North America - related lists Hidden categories : Lists of coordinates Geographic coordinate lists Articles with Geo Coordinates not on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Edit links This page was last edited on 11 April 2018 , at 15 : 22 ( UTC ) . 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"\nThe 200 highest summits of greater North America with at least 500 meters of topographic prominence\n\n\nRank\n\nMountain peak\n\nRegion\n\nMountain range\n\nElevation\n\nProminence\n\nIsolation\n\nLocation\n\n\n1\n\nDenali[7][8][9](formerly Mount McKinley)\n\n Alaska\n\nAlaska Range\n\n6190.5 m20,310 ft\n6141 m20,146 ft\n7,450 km4,629 mi\n\n63°04′08″N 151°00′23″W / 63.0690°N 151.0063°W / 63.0690; -151.0063 (Denali)\n\n\n2\n\nMount Logan[10][11][12]\n\n Yukon\n\nSaint Elias Mountains\n\n5959 m19,551 ft\n5247 m17,215 ft\n623 km387 mi\n\n60°34′02″N 140°24′20″W / 60.5671°N 140.4055°W / 60.5671; -140.4055 (Mount Logan)\n\n\n3\n\nPico de Orizaba[13][14][15](Citlaltépetl)\n\n Puebla Veracruz\n\nCordillera Neovolcanica\n\n5636 m18,491 ft\n4922 m16,148 ft\n2,690 km1,672 mi\n\n19°01′50″N 97°16′11″W / 19.0305°N 97.2698°W / 19.0305; -97.2698 (Pico de Orizaba)\n\n\n4\n\nMount Saint Elias[16][17][18]\n\n Alaska Yukon\n\nSaint Elias Mountains\n\n5489 m18,009 ft\n3429 m11,250 ft\n41.3 km25.6 mi\n\n60°17′34″N 140°55′51″W / 60.2927°N 140.9307°W / 60.2927; -140.9307 (Mount Saint Elias)\n\n\n5\n\nPopocatépetl[19][20][21][22]\n\n México Morelos Puebla\n\nCordillera Neovolcanica\n\n5410 m17,749 ft\n3040 m9,974 ft\n143.0 km88.8 mi\n\n19°01′21″N 98°37′40″W / 19.0225°N 98.6278°W / 19.0225; -98.6278 (Popocatépetl)\n\n\n6\n\nMount Foraker[23][24][25]\n\n Alaska\n\nAlaska Range\n\n5304 m17,400 ft\n2210 m7,250 ft\n23.0 km14.27 mi\n\n62°57′37″N 151°23′59″W / 62.9604°N 151.3998°W / 62.9604; -151.3998 (Mount Foraker)\n\n\n7\n\nMount Lucania[26][27][28][29]\n\n Yukon\n\nSaint Elias Mountains\n\n5260 m17,257 ft\n3080 m10,105 ft\n43.0 km26.7 mi\n\n61°01′17″N 140°27′58″W / 61.0215°N 140.4661°W / 61.0215; -140.4661 (Mount Lucania)\n\n\n8\n\nIztaccíhuatl[30][31][32]\n\n México Puebla\n\nCordillera Neovolcanica\n\n5230 m17,159 ft\n1560 m5,118 ft\n17.51 km10.88 mi\n\n19°10′49″N 98°38′29″W / 19.1802°N 98.6415°W / 19.1802; -98.6415 (Iztaccíhuatl)\n\n\n9\n\nKing Peak[33][34]\n\n Yukon\n\nSaint Elias Mountains\n\n5173 m16,972 ft\n1073 m3,520 ft\n4.68 km2.91 mi\n\n60°35′00″N 140°39′18″W / 60.5833°N 140.6549°W / 60.5833; -140.6549 (King Peak)\n\n\n10\n\nMount Bona[35][36][37]\n\n Alaska\n\nSaint Elias Mountains\n\n5044 m16,550 ft\n2103 m6,900 ft\n80.0 km49.7 mi\n\n61°23′08″N 141°44′58″W / 61.3856°N 141.7495°W / 61.3856; -141.7495 (Mount Bona)\n\n\n11\n\nMount Steele[38][39][40]\n\n Yukon\n\nSaint Elias Mountains\n\n5020 m16,470 ft\n760 m2,493 ft\n9.45 km5.87 mi\n\n61°05′34″N 140°18′42″W / 61.0929°N 140.3118°W / 61.0929; -140.3118 (Mount Steele)\n\n\n12\n\nMount Blackburn[41][42][43][44]\n\n Alaska\n\nWrangell Mountains\n\n4996 m16,390 ft\n3548 m11,640 ft\n97.6 km60.7 mi\n\n61°43′50″N 143°24′11″W / 61.7305°N 143.4031°W / 61.7305; -143.4031 (Mount Blackburn)\n\n\n13\n\nMount Sanford[45][46]\n\n Alaska\n\nWrangell Mountains\n\n4949 m16,237 ft\n2343 m7,687 ft\n64.8 km40.3 mi\n\n62°12′48″N 144°07′45″W / 62.2132°N 144.1292°W / 62.2132; -144.1292 (Mount Sanford)\n\n\n14\n\nMount Wood[47][48][49]\n\n Yukon\n\nSaint Elias Mountains\n\n4860 m15,945 ft\n1200 m3,937 ft\n18.95 km11.77 mi\n\n61°13′57″N 140°30′44″W / 61.2326°N 140.5123°W / 61.2326; -140.5123 (Mount Wood)\n\n\n15\n\nMount Vancouver[50][51][52]\n\n Yukon\n\nSaint Elias Mountains\n\n4812 m15,787 ft\n2712 m8,898 ft\n44.0 km27.4 mi\n\n60°21′32″N 139°41′53″W / 60.3589°N 139.6980°W / 60.3589; -139.6980 (Mount Vancouver)\n\n\n16\n\nMount Slaggard[53][54]\n\n Yukon\n\nSaint Elias Mountains\n\n4742 m15,558 ft\n522 m1,713 ft\n7.74 km4.81 mi\n\n61°10′22″N 140°35′06″W / 61.1727°N 140.5851°W / 61.1727; -140.5851 (Mount Slaggard)\n\n\n17\n\nNevado de Toluca[55][56][57](Volcán Xinantécatl)\n\n México\n\nCordillera Neovolcanica\n\n4690 m15,387 ft\n2225 m7,300 ft\n118.4 km73.6 mi\n\n19°06′07″N 99°46′04″W / 19.1020°N 99.7677°W / 19.1020; -99.7677 (Nevado de Toluca)\n\n\n18\n\nMount Fairweather[58][59][60](Fairweather Mountain)\n\n Alaska British Columbia\n\nSaint Elias Mountains\n\n4671 m15,325 ft\n3961 m12,995 ft\n200 km124.4 mi\n\n58°54′23″N 137°31′35″W / 58.9064°N 137.5265°W / 58.9064; -137.5265 (Mount Fairweather)\n\n\n19\n\nMount Hubbard[61][62]\n\n Alaska Yukon\n\nSaint Elias Mountains\n\n4557 m14,951 ft\n2457 m8,061 ft\n34.4 km21.3 mi\n\n60°19′10″N 139°04′21″W / 60.3194°N 139.0726°W / 60.3194; -139.0726 (Mount Hubbard)\n\n\n20\n\nMount Bear[63][64]\n\n Alaska\n\nSaint Elias Mountains\n\n4520 m14,831 ft\n1540 m5,054 ft\n32.4 km20.1 mi\n\n61°17′00″N 141°08′36″W / 61.2834°N 141.1433°W / 61.2834; -141.1433 (Mount Bear)\n\n\n21\n\nMount Walsh[65][66]\n\n Yukon\n\nSaint Elias Mountains\n\n4506 m14,783 ft\n1366 m4,482 ft\n18.76 km11.66 mi\n\n61°00′13″N 140°01′02″W / 61.0037°N 140.0171°W / 61.0037; -140.0171 (Mount Walsh)\n\n\n22\n\nMount Hunter[67][68]\n\n Alaska\n\nAlaska Range\n\n4442 m14,573 ft\n1418 m4,653 ft\n11.07 km6.88 mi\n\n62°57′01″N 151°05′29″W / 62.9504°N 151.0915°W / 62.9504; -151.0915 (Mount Hunter)\n\n\n23\n\nLa Malintzin[69][70][71][72](La Malinche)\n\n Puebla Tlaxcala\n\nCordillera Neovolcanica\n\n4430 m14,534 ft\n1920 m6,299 ft\n63.9 km39.7 mi\n\n19°13′52″N 98°01′56″W / 19.2310°N 98.0321°W / 19.2310; -98.0321 (La Malintzin)\n\n\n24\n\nMount Whitney[73][74][75][76][77]\n\n California\n\nSierra Nevada\n\n4421.0 m14,505 ft\n3072 m10,080 ft\n2,649 km1,646 mi\n\n36°34′43″N 118°17′31″W / 36.5786°N 118.2920°W / 36.5786; -118.2920 (Mount Whitney)\n\n\n25\n\nMount Alverstone[78][79][80](Boundary Point 180)\n\n Alaska Yukon\n\nSaint Elias Mountains\n\n4420 m14,500 ft\n594 m1,950 ft\n3.62 km2.25 mi\n\n60°21′06″N 139°04′30″W / 60.3518°N 139.0749°W / 60.3518; -139.0749 (Mount Alverstone)\n\n\n26\n\nUniversity Peak[81][82]\n\n Alaska\n\nSaint Elias Mountains\n\n4410 m14,470 ft\n978 m3,210 ft\n5.97 km3.71 mi\n\n61°19′38″N 141°47′12″W / 61.3272°N 141.7867°W / 61.3272; -141.7867 (University Peak)\n\n\n27\n\nMount Elbert[83][84][85][86]\n\n Colorado\n\nSawatch Range\n\n4401.2 m14,440 ft\n2772 m9,093 ft\n1,079 km671 mi\n\n39°07′04″N 106°26′43″W / 39.1178°N 106.4454°W / 39.1178; -106.4454 (Mount Elbert)\n\n\n28\n\nMount Massive[87][88][89][90][91]\n\n Colorado\n\nSawatch Range\n\n4398 m14,428 ft\n598 m1,961 ft\n8.14 km5.06 mi\n\n39°11′15″N 106°28′33″W / 39.1875°N 106.4757°W / 39.1875; -106.4757 (Mount Massive)\n\n\n29\n\nMount Harvard[92][93][94][95][96]\n\n Colorado\n\nSawatch Range\n\n4395.6 m14,421 ft\n719 m2,360 ft\n24.0 km14.92 mi\n\n38°55′28″N 106°19′15″W / 38.9244°N 106.3207°W / 38.9244; -106.3207 (Mount Harvard)\n\n\n30\n\nMount Rainier[97][98][99][100]\n\n Washington\n\nCascade Range\n\n4394 m14,417 ft\n4026 m13,210 ft\n1,177 km731 mi\n\n46°51′10″N 121°45′37″W / 46.8529°N 121.7604°W / 46.8529; -121.7604 (Mount Rainier)\n\n\n31\n\nMount Williamson[101][102][103]\n\n California\n\nSierra Nevada\n\n4383 m14,379 ft\n511 m1,676 ft\n8.70 km5.41 mi\n\n36°39′21″N 118°18′40″W / 36.6559°N 118.3111°W / 36.6559; -118.3111 (Mount Williamson)\n\n\n32\n\nMcArthur Peak[104][105]\n\n Yukon\n\nSaint Elias Mountains\n\n4380 m14,370 ft\n960 m3,150 ft\n9.10 km5.65 mi\n\n60°36′25″N 140°12′52″W / 60.6069°N 140.2144°W / 60.6069; -140.2144 (McArthur Peak)\n\n\n33\n\nBlanca Peak[106][107][108][109][110]\n\n Colorado\n\nSangre de Cristo Mountains\n\n4374 m14,351 ft\n1623 m5,326 ft\n166.4 km103.4 mi\n\n37°34′39″N 105°29′08″W / 37.5775°N 105.4856°W / 37.5775; -105.4856 (Blanca Peak)\n\n\n34\n\nLa Plata Peak[111][112][113]\n\n Colorado\n\nSawatch Range\n\n4372 m14,343 ft\n560 m1,836 ft\n10.11 km6.28 mi\n\n39°01′46″N 106°28′22″W / 39.0294°N 106.4729°W / 39.0294; -106.4729 (La Plata Peak)\n\n\n35\n\nUncompahgre Peak[114][115][116][117][118]\n\n Colorado\n\nSan Juan Mountains\n\n4365.0 m14,321 ft\n1304 m4,277 ft\n136.8 km85.0 mi\n\n38°04′18″N 107°27′44″W / 38.0717°N 107.4621°W / 38.0717; -107.4621 (Uncompahgre Peak)\n\n\n36\n\nCrestone Peak[119][120][121][122]\n\n Colorado\n\nSangre de Cristo Range\n\n4359 m14,300 ft\n1388 m4,554 ft\n44.0 km27.4 mi\n\n37°58′01″N 105°35′08″W / 37.9669°N 105.5855°W / 37.9669; -105.5855 (Crestone Peak)\n\n\n37\n\nMount Lincoln[123][124][125][126][127]\n\n Colorado\n\nMosquito Range\n\n4356.5 m14,293 ft\n1177 m3,862 ft\n36.2 km22.5 mi\n\n39°21′05″N 106°06′42″W / 39.3515°N 106.1116°W / 39.3515; -106.1116 (Mount Lincoln)\n\n\n38\n\nCastle Peak[128][129][130][131]\n\n Colorado\n\nElk Mountains\n\n4352.2 m14,279 ft\n721 m2,365 ft\n33.6 km20.9 mi\n\n39°00′35″N 106°51′41″W / 39.0097°N 106.8614°W / 39.0097; -106.8614 (Castle Peak)\n\n\n39\n\nGrays Peak[132][133][134][135][136]\n\n Colorado\n\nFront Range\n\n4352 m14,278 ft\n844 m2,770 ft\n40.2 km25.0 mi\n\n39°38′02″N 105°49′03″W / 39.6339°N 105.8176°W / 39.6339; -105.8176 (Grays Peak)\n\n\n40\n\nMount Antero[137][138][139][140]\n\n Colorado\n\nSawatch Range\n\n4351.4 m14,276 ft\n763 m2,503 ft\n28.4 km17.67 mi\n\n38°40′27″N 106°14′46″W / 38.6741°N 106.2462°W / 38.6741; -106.2462 (Mount Antero)\n\n\n41\n\nMount Evans[141][142][143][144]\n\n Colorado\n\nFront Range\n\n4350 m14,271 ft\n844 m2,770 ft\n15.76 km9.79 mi\n\n39°35′18″N 105°38′38″W / 39.5883°N 105.6438°W / 39.5883; -105.6438 (Mount Evans)\n\n\n42\n\nLongs Peak[145][146][147][148][149]\n\n Colorado\n\nFront Range\n\n4346 m14,259 ft\n896 m2,940 ft\n70.2 km43.6 mi\n\n40°15′18″N 105°36′54″W / 40.2550°N 105.6151°W / 40.2550; -105.6151 (Longs Peak)\n\n\n43\n\nMount Wilson[150][151][152][153][154]\n\n Colorado\n\nSan Miguel Mountains\n\n4344 m14,252 ft\n1227 m4,024 ft\n53.1 km33.0 mi\n\n37°50′21″N 107°59′30″W / 37.8391°N 107.9916°W / 37.8391; -107.9916 (Mount Wilson)\n\n\n44\n\nWhite Mountain Peak[155][156][157][158]\n\n California\n\nWhite Mountains\n\n4344.0 m14,252 ft\n2193 m7,196 ft\n108.6 km67.4 mi\n\n37°38′03″N 118°15′21″W / 37.6341°N 118.2557°W / 37.6341; -118.2557 (White Mountain Peak)\n\n\n45\n\nNorth Palisade[159][160][161][162][163]\n\n California\n\nSierra Nevada\n\n4343 m14,248 ft\n882 m2,894 ft\n51.8 km32.2 mi\n\n37°05′39″N 118°30′52″W / 37.0943°N 118.5145°W / 37.0943; -118.5145 (North Palisade)\n\n\n46\n\nMount Princeton[164][165][166]\n\n Colorado\n\nSawatch Range\n\n4329.3 m14,204 ft\n664 m2,177 ft\n8.36 km5.19 mi\n\n38°44′57″N 106°14′33″W / 38.7492°N 106.2424°W / 38.7492; -106.2424 (Mount Princeton)\n\n\n47\n\nMount Yale[167][168][169]\n\n Colorado\n\nSawatch Range\n\n4328.2 m14,200 ft\n578 m1,896 ft\n8.93 km5.55 mi\n\n38°50′39″N 106°18′50″W / 38.8442°N 106.3138°W / 38.8442; -106.3138 (Mount Yale)\n\n\n48\n\nMount Shasta[170][171][172][173]\n\n California\n\nCascade Range\n\n4321.8 m14,179 ft\n2979 m9,772 ft\n539 km335 mi\n\n41°24′33″N 122°11′42″W / 41.4092°N 122.1949°W / 41.4092; -122.1949 (Mount Shasta)\n\n\n49\n\nMaroon Peak[174][175][176]\n\n Colorado\n\nElk Mountains\n\n4317.0 m14,163 ft\n712 m2,336 ft\n12.97 km8.06 mi\n\n39°04′15″N 106°59′20″W / 39.0708°N 106.9890°W / 39.0708; -106.9890 (Maroon Peak)\n\n\n50\n\nMount Wrangell[177][178]\n\n Alaska\n\nWrangell Mountains\n\n4317 m14,163 ft\n1711 m5,613 ft\n23.8 km14.79 mi\n\n62°00′21″N 144°01′07″W / 62.0059°N 144.0187°W / 62.0059; -144.0187 (Mount Wrangell)\n\n\n51\n\nMount Sneffels[179][180][181][182]\n\n Colorado\n\nSneffels Range\n\n4315.4 m14,158 ft\n930 m3,050 ft\n25.3 km15.71 mi\n\n38°00′14″N 107°47′32″W / 38.0038°N 107.7923°W / 38.0038; -107.7923 (Mount Sneffels)\n\n\n52\n\nCapitol Peak[183][184][185][186]\n\n Colorado\n\nElk Mountains\n\n4309 m14,137 ft\n533 m1,750 ft\n11.98 km7.44 mi\n\n39°09′01″N 107°04′58″W / 39.1503°N 107.0829°W / 39.1503; -107.0829 (Capitol Peak)\n\n\n53\n\nPikes Peak[187][188][189][190]\n\n Colorado\n\nFront Range\n\n4302.31 m14,115 ft\n1686 m5,530 ft\n97.6 km60.6 mi\n\n38°50′26″N 105°02′39″W / 38.8405°N 105.0442°W / 38.8405; -105.0442 (Pikes Peak)\n\n\n54\n\nWindom Peak[191][192][193][194][195]\n\n Colorado\n\nNeedle Mountains\n\n4296 m14,093 ft\n667 m2,187 ft\n42.4 km26.3 mi\n\n37°37′16″N 107°35′31″W / 37.6212°N 107.5919°W / 37.6212; -107.5919 (Windom Peak)\n\n\n55\n\nMount Augusta[196][197]\n\n Alaska Yukon\n\nSaint Elias Mountains\n\n4289 m14,070 ft\n1549 m5,082 ft\n23.2 km14.41 mi\n\n60°18′27″N 140°27′30″W / 60.3074°N 140.4584°W / 60.3074; -140.4584 (Mount Augusta)\n\n\n56\n\nHandies Peak[198][199][200]\n\n Colorado\n\nSan Juan Mountains\n\n4284.8 m14,058 ft\n582 m1,908 ft\n18.00 km11.18 mi\n\n37°54′47″N 107°30′16″W / 37.9130°N 107.5044°W / 37.9130; -107.5044 (Handies Peak)\n\n\n57\n\nCulebra Peak[201][202][203][204][205]\n\n Colorado\n\nCulebra Range\n\n4283 m14,053 ft\n1471 m4,827 ft\n56.9 km35.4 mi\n\n37°07′21″N 105°11′09″W / 37.1224°N 105.1858°W / 37.1224; -105.1858 (Culebra Peak)\n\n\n58\n\nSan Luis Peak[206][207][208][209]\n\n Colorado\n\nLa Garita Mountains\n\n4273.8 m14,022 ft\n949 m3,113 ft\n43.4 km26.9 mi\n\n37°59′12″N 106°55′53″W / 37.9868°N 106.9313°W / 37.9868; -106.9313 (San Luis Peak)\n\n\n59\n\nMount of the Holy Cross[210][211][212][213][214]\n\n Colorado\n\nSawatch Range\n\n4270.5 m14,011 ft\n644 m2,113 ft\n29.6 km18.41 mi\n\n39°28′00″N 106°28′54″W / 39.4668°N 106.4817°W / 39.4668; -106.4817 (Mount of the Holy Cross)\n\n\n60\n\nNevado de Colima[215][216][217][218]\n\n Jalisco\n\nCordillera Neovolcanica\n\n4270 m14,009 ft\n2720 m8,924 ft\n405 km252 mi\n\n19°33′48″N 103°36′31″W / 19.5633°N 103.6087°W / 19.5633; -103.6087 (Nevado de Colima)\n\n\n61\n\nGrizzly Peak[219][220][221]\n\n Colorado\n\nSawatch Range\n\n4265.6 m13,995 ft\n588 m1,928 ft\n10.89 km6.77 mi\n\n39°02′33″N 106°35′51″W / 39.0425°N 106.5976°W / 39.0425; -106.5976 (Grizzly Peak)\n\n\n62\n\nMount Humphreys[222][223][224][225]\n\n California\n\nSierra Nevada\n\n4265 m13,992 ft\n781 m2,563 ft\n23.7 km14.71 mi\n\n37°16′14″N 118°40′23″W / 37.2705°N 118.6730°W / 37.2705; -118.6730 (Mount Humphreys)\n\n\n63\n\nMount Keith[226][227][228][229]\n\n California\n\nSierra Nevada\n\n4262 m13,982 ft\n590 m1,936 ft\n4.97 km3.09 mi\n\n36°42′00″N 118°20′37″W / 36.7001°N 118.3436°W / 36.7001; -118.3436 (Mount Keith)\n\n\n64\n\nMount Strickland[230][231][232]\n\n Yukon\n\nSaint Elias Mountains\n\n4260 m13,976 ft\n800 m2,625 ft\n7.35 km4.57 mi\n\n61°14′11″N 140°40′32″W / 61.2365°N 140.6755°W / 61.2365; -140.6755 (Mount Strickland)\n\n\n65\n\nMount Ouray[233][234][235][236]\n\n Colorado\n\nSawatch Range\n\n4255.4 m13,961 ft\n810 m2,659 ft\n21.9 km13.58 mi\n\n38°25′22″N 106°13′29″W / 38.4227°N 106.2247°W / 38.4227; -106.2247 (Mount Ouray)\n\n\n66\n\nVermilion Peak[237][238][239]\n\n Colorado\n\nSan Juan Mountains\n\n4237 m13,900 ft\n642 m2,105 ft\n14.60 km9.07 mi\n\n37°47′57″N 107°49′43″W / 37.7993°N 107.8285°W / 37.7993; -107.8285 (Vermilion Peak)\n\n\n67\n\nAvalanche Peak[240][241][242]\n\n Yukon\n\nSaint Elias Mountains\n\n4228 m13,871 ft\n608 m1,995 ft\n4.54 km2.82 mi\n\n61°14′24″N 140°45′35″W / 61.2401°N 140.7597°W / 61.2401; -140.7597 (Avalanche Peak)\n\n\n68\n\nAtna Peaks[243][244]\n\n Alaska\n\nWrangell Mountains\n\n4225 m13,860 ft\n674 m2,210 ft\n5.86 km3.64 mi\n\n61°44′58″N 143°14′29″W / 61.7495°N 143.2414°W / 61.7495; -143.2414 (Atna Peaks)\n\n\n69\n\nVolcán Tajumulco[245][246][247]\n\n Guatemala\n\nSierra de las Nubes\n\n4220 m13,845 ft\n3990 m13,091 ft\n722 km448 mi\n\n15°02′35″N 91°54′13″W / 15.0430°N 91.9037°W / 15.0430; -91.9037 (Volcán Tajumulco)\n\n\n70\n\nRegal Mountain[248][249][250]\n\n Alaska\n\nWrangell Mountains\n\n4220 m13,845 ft\n1340 m4,395 ft\n19.72 km12.25 mi\n\n61°44′38″N 142°52′03″W / 61.7438°N 142.8675°W / 61.7438; -142.8675 (Regal Mountain)\n\n\n71\n\nMount Darwin[251][252][253][254]\n\n California\n\nSierra Nevada\n\n4218 m13,837 ft\n576 m1,891 ft\n11.48 km7.13 mi\n\n37°10′01″N 118°40′20″W / 37.1669°N 118.6721°W / 37.1669; -118.6721 (Mount Darwin)\n\n\n72\n\nMount Hayes[255][256][257][258]\n\n Alaska\n\nAlaska Range\n\n4216 m13,832 ft\n3507 m11,507 ft\n202 km125.5 mi\n\n63°37′13″N 146°43′04″W / 63.6203°N 146.7178°W / 63.6203; -146.7178 (Mount Hayes)\n\n\n73\n\nMount Silverheels[259][260][261]\n\n Colorado\n\nFront Range\n\n4215.0 m13,829 ft\n696 m2,283 ft\n8.82 km5.48 mi\n\n39°20′22″N 106°00′19″W / 39.3394°N 106.0054°W / 39.3394; -106.0054 (Mount Silverheels)\n\n\n74\n\nRio Grande Pyramid[262][263][264]\n\n Colorado\n\nSan Juan Mountains\n\n4214.4 m13,827 ft\n573 m1,881 ft\n17.31 km10.76 mi\n\n37°40′47″N 107°23′33″W / 37.6797°N 107.3924°W / 37.6797; -107.3924 (Rio Grande Pyramid)\n\n\n75\n\nCofre de Perote[265][266][267]\n\n Veracruz\n\nCordillera Neovolcanica\n\n4210 m13,812 ft\n1340 m4,396 ft\n52.9 km32.9 mi\n\n19°29′38″N 97°08′53″W / 19.4940°N 97.1480°W / 19.4940; -97.1480 (Cofre de Perote)\n\n\n76\n\nGannett Peak[268][269][270][271][272]\n\n Wyoming\n\nWind River Range\n\n4209.1 m13,809 ft\n2157 m7,076 ft\n467 km290 mi\n\n43°11′03″N 109°39′15″W / 43.1842°N 109.6542°W / 43.1842; -109.6542 (Gannett Peak)\n\n\n77\n\nMount Kaweah[273][274][275][276][277]\n\n California\n\nSierra Nevada\n\n4209 m13,807 ft\n618 m2,027 ft\n17.27 km10.73 mi\n\n36°31′34″N 118°28′43″W / 36.5261°N 118.4785°W / 36.5261; -118.4785 (Mount Kaweah)\n\n\n78\n\nGrand Teton[278][279][280][281][282]\n\n Wyoming\n\nTeton Range\n\n4198.7 m13,775 ft\n1995 m6,545 ft\n111.6 km69.4 mi\n\n43°44′28″N 110°48′09″W / 43.7412°N 110.8024°W / 43.7412; -110.8024 (Grand Teton)\n\n\n79\n\nMount Cook[283][284]\n\n Alaska Yukon\n\nSaint Elias Mountains\n\n4194 m13,760 ft\n2350 m7,710 ft\n23.4 km14.54 mi\n\n60°10′54″N 139°58′52″W / 60.1816°N 139.9811°W / 60.1816; -139.9811 (Mount Cook)\n\n\n80\n\nMount Morgan[285][286][287]\n\n California\n\nSierra Nevada\n\n4193.4 m13,758 ft\n807 m2,648 ft\n15.87 km9.86 mi\n\n37°24′19″N 118°43′58″W / 37.4053°N 118.7329°W / 37.4053; -118.7329 (Mount Morgan)\n\n\n81\n\nMount Gabb[288][289][290]\n\n California\n\nSierra Nevada\n\n4190 m13,747 ft\n793 m2,601 ft\n6.89 km4.28 mi\n\n37°22′37″N 118°48′09″W / 37.3769°N 118.8025°W / 37.3769; -118.8025 (Mount Gabb)\n\n\n82\n\nBald Mountain[291][292][293]\n\n Colorado\n\nFront Range\n\n4173 m13,690 ft\n640 m2,099 ft\n12.09 km7.51 mi\n\n39°26′41″N 105°58′14″W / 39.4448°N 105.9705°W / 39.4448; -105.9705 (Bald Mountain)\n\n\n83\n\nMount Oso[294][295][296]\n\n Colorado\n\nSan Juan Mountains\n\n4173 m13,690 ft\n507 m1,664 ft\n8.71 km5.41 mi\n\n37°36′25″N 107°29′37″W / 37.6070°N 107.4936°W / 37.6070; -107.4936 (Mount Oso)\n\n\n84\n\nMount Jackson[297][298][299]\n\n Colorado\n\nSawatch Range\n\n4168.5 m13,676 ft\n552 m1,810 ft\n5.16 km3.21 mi\n\n39°29′07″N 106°32′12″W / 39.4853°N 106.5367°W / 39.4853; -106.5367 (Mount Jackson)\n\n\n85\n\nMount Tom[300][301][302][303]\n\n California\n\nSierra Nevada\n\n4163 m13,657 ft\n607 m1,992 ft\n7.67 km4.77 mi\n\n37°22′34″N 119°10′44″W / 37.3762°N 119.1789°W / 37.3762; -119.1789 (Mount Tom)\n\n\n86\n\nBard Peak[304][305][306]\n\n Colorado\n\nFront Range\n\n4159 m13,647 ft\n518 m1,701 ft\n8.74 km5.43 mi\n\n39°43′13″N 105°48′16″W / 39.7204°N 105.8044°W / 39.7204; -105.8044 (Bard Peak)\n\n\n87\n\nWest Spanish Peak[307][308][309][310]\n\n Colorado\n\nSpanish Peaks\n\n4155 m13,631 ft\n1123 m3,686 ft\n32.0 km19.87 mi\n\n37°22′32″N 104°59′36″W / 37.3756°N 104.9934°W / 37.3756; -104.9934 (West Spanish Peak)\n\n\n88\n\nMount Powell[311][312][313][314]\n\n Colorado\n\nGore Range\n\n4141 m13,586 ft\n914 m3,000 ft\n34.6 km21.5 mi\n\n39°45′36″N 106°20′27″W / 39.7601°N 106.3407°W / 39.7601; -106.3407 (Mount Powell)\n\n\n89\n\nHagues Peak[315][316][317][318]\n\n Colorado\n\nMummy Range\n\n4137 m13,573 ft\n738 m2,420 ft\n25.3 km15.70 mi\n\n40°29′04″N 105°38′47″W / 40.4845°N 105.6464°W / 40.4845; -105.6464 (Hagues Peak)\n\n\n90\n\nMount Dubois[319][320][321]\n\n California\n\nWhite Mountains\n\n4135 m13,565 ft\n713 m2,339 ft\n15.50 km9.63 mi\n\n37°47′00″N 118°20′36″W / 37.7834°N 118.3432°W / 37.7834; -118.3432 (Mount Dubois)\n\n\n91\n\nTower Mountain[322][323][324]\n\n Colorado\n\nSan Juan Mountains\n\n4132 m13,558 ft\n504 m1,652 ft\n7.86 km4.88 mi\n\n37°51′26″N 107°37′23″W / 37.8573°N 107.6230°W / 37.8573; -107.6230 (Tower Mountain)\n\n\n92\n\nTreasure Mountain[325][326][327]\n\n Colorado\n\nElk Mountains\n\n4125 m13,535 ft\n862 m2,828 ft\n11.13 km6.92 mi\n\n39°01′28″N 107°07′22″W / 39.0244°N 107.1228°W / 39.0244; -107.1228 (Treasure Mountain)\n\n\n93\n\nKings Peak[328][329][330][331]\n\n Utah\n\nUinta Mountains\n\n4125 m13,534 ft\n1938 m6,358 ft\n268 km166.6 mi\n\n40°46′35″N 110°22′22″W / 40.7763°N 110.3729°W / 40.7763; -110.3729 (Kings Peak)\n\n\n94\n\nMonte Tlaloc[332][333][334][335][336]\n\n Mexico\n\nTrans Mexican Volcanic Belt\n\n4120 m13,517 ft\n958 m3,143 ft\n15.00 km9.32 mi\n\n19°23′42″N 98°46′52″W / 19.3950°N 98.781°W / 19.3950; -98.781 (Monte Tlaloc)\n\n\n95\n\nNorth Arapaho Peak[337][338][339][340][341]\n\n Colorado\n\nFront Range\n\n4117 m13,508 ft\n507 m1,665 ft\n24.8 km15.38 mi\n\n40°01′35″N 105°39′01″W / 40.0265°N 105.6504°W / 40.0265; -105.6504 (North Arapaho Peak)\n\n\n96\n\nMount Pinchot[342][343][344]\n\n California\n\nSierra Nevada\n\n4115 m13,500 ft\n643 m2,110 ft\n7.58 km4.71 mi\n\n36°56′50″N 118°24′19″W / 36.9473°N 118.4054°W / 36.9473; -118.4054 (Mount Pinchot)\n\n\n97\n\nMount Natazhat[345][346]\n\n Alaska\n\nSaint Elias Mountains\n\n4095 m13,435 ft\n1824 m5,985 ft\n24.9 km15.49 mi\n\n61°31′18″N 141°06′11″W / 61.5217°N 141.1030°W / 61.5217; -141.1030 (Mount Natazhat)\n\n\n98\n\nMount Jarvis[347][348]\n\n Alaska\n\nWrangell Mountains\n\n4091 m13,421 ft\n1454 m4,771 ft\n17.95 km11.15 mi\n\n62°01′24″N 143°37′11″W / 62.0234°N 143.6198°W / 62.0234; -143.6198 (Mount Jarvis)\n\n\n99\n\nParry Peak[349][350][351]\n\n Colorado\n\nFront Range\n\n4083 m13,397 ft\n524 m1,720 ft\n15.22 km9.46 mi\n\n39°50′17″N 105°42′48″W / 39.8381°N 105.7132°W / 39.8381; -105.7132 (Parry Peak)\n\n\n100\n\nBill Williams Peak[352][353][354][355]\n\n Colorado\n\nWilliams Mountains\n\n4081 m13,389 ft\n513 m1,682 ft\n6.00 km3.73 mi\n\n39°10′50″N 106°36′37″W / 39.1806°N 106.6102°W / 39.1806; -106.6102 (Bill Williams Peak)\n\n\n101\n\nSultan Mountain[356][357][358]\n\n Colorado\n\nSan Juan Mountains\n\n4076 m13,373 ft\n569 m1,868 ft\n7.39 km4.59 mi\n\n37°47′09″N 107°42′14″W / 37.7859°N 107.7038°W / 37.7859; -107.7038 (Sultan Mountain)\n\n\n102\n\nMount Herard[359][360][361]\n\n Colorado\n\nSangre de Cristo Mountains\n\n4068 m13,345 ft\n622 m2,040 ft\n7.45 km4.63 mi\n\n37°50′57″N 105°29′42″W / 37.8492°N 105.4949°W / 37.8492; -105.4949 (Mount Herard)\n\n\n103\n\nVolcán Tacaná[362][363][364]\n\n Chiapas Guatemala\n\nSierra de Istatan\n\n4067 m13,343 ft\n1037 m3,402 ft\n24.1 km14.99 mi\n\n15°07′56″N 92°06′30″W / 15.1323°N 92.1084°W / 15.1323; -92.1084 (Volcán Tacaná)\n\n\n104\n\nWest Buffalo Peak[365][366][367][368]\n\n Colorado\n\nMosquito Range\n\n4064 m13,332 ft\n605 m1,986 ft\n15.46 km9.61 mi\n\n38°59′30″N 106°07′30″W / 38.9917°N 106.1249°W / 38.9917; -106.1249 (West Buffalo Peak)\n\n\n105\n\nMount Craig[369][370][371]\n\n Yukon\n\nSaint Elias Mountains\n\n4060 m13,320 ft\n520 m1,706 ft\n6.97 km4.33 mi\n\n61°15′49″N 140°52′48″W / 61.2636°N 140.8800°W / 61.2636; -140.8800 (Mount Craig)\n\n\n106\n\nTressider Peak[372][373]\n\n Alaska\n\nSaint Elias Mountains\n\n4058 m13,315 ft\n507 m1,665 ft\n5.34 km3.32 mi\n\n61°21′32″N 141°39′59″W / 61.3590°N 141.6664°W / 61.3590; -141.6664 (Tressider Peak)\n\n\n107\n\nSummit Peak[374][375][376][377]\n\n Colorado\n\nSan Juan Mountains\n\n4056.2 m13,308 ft\n841 m2,760 ft\n63.7 km39.6 mi\n\n37°21′02″N 106°41′48″W / 37.3506°N 106.6968°W / 37.3506; -106.6968 (Summit Peak)\n\n\n108\n\nMiddle Peak[378][379][380][381]\n\n Colorado\n\nSan Miguel Mountains\n\n4056 m13,306 ft\n597 m1,960 ft\n7.69 km4.78 mi\n\n37°51′13″N 108°06′30″W / 37.8536°N 108.1082°W / 37.8536; -108.1082 (Middle Peak)\n\n\n109\n\nAntora Peak[382][383][384]\n\n Colorado\n\nSawatch Range\n\n4046 m13,275 ft\n734 m2,409 ft\n10.86 km6.75 mi\n\n38°19′30″N 106°13′05″W / 38.3250°N 106.2180°W / 38.3250; -106.2180 (Antora Peak)\n\n\n110\n\nHenry Mountain[385][386][387]\n\n Colorado\n\nSawatch Range\n\n4042 m13,261 ft\n510 m1,674 ft\n17.61 km10.94 mi\n\n38°41′08″N 106°37′16″W / 38.6856°N 106.6211°W / 38.6856; -106.6211 (Henry Mountain)\n\n\n111\n\nHesperus Mountain[388][389][390][391]\n\n Colorado\n\nLa Plata Mountains\n\n4035 m13,237 ft\n869 m2,852 ft\n39.5 km24.5 mi\n\n37°26′42″N 108°05′20″W / 37.4451°N 108.0890°W / 37.4451; -108.0890 (Hesperus Mountain)\n\n\n112\n\nMount Silverthrone[392][393]\n\n Alaska\n\nAlaska Range\n\n4029 m13,220 ft\n988 m3,240 ft\n12.72 km7.90 mi\n\n63°06′57″N 150°40′32″W / 63.1157°N 150.6755°W / 63.1157; -150.6755 (Mount Silverthrone)\n\n\n113\n\nJacque Peak[394][395][396]\n\n Colorado\n\nGore Range\n\n4027 m13,211 ft\n629 m2,065 ft\n7.28 km4.52 mi\n\n39°27′18″N 106°11′49″W / 39.4549°N 106.1970°W / 39.4549; -106.1970 (Jacque Peak)\n\n\n114\n\nBennett Peak[397][398][399]\n\n Colorado\n\nSan Juan Mountains\n\n4026 m13,209 ft\n531 m1,743 ft\n27.5 km17.08 mi\n\n37°29′00″N 106°26′03″W / 37.4833°N 106.4343°W / 37.4833; -106.4343 (Bennett Peak)\n\n\n115\n\nWind River Peak[400][401][402][403]\n\n Wyoming\n\nWind River Range\n\n4022.4 m13,197 ft\n784 m2,572 ft\n56.6 km35.1 mi\n\n42°42′31″N 109°07′42″W / 42.7085°N 109.1284°W / 42.7085; -109.1284 (Wind River Peak)\n\n\n116\n\nMount Waddington[404][405][406][407]\n\n British Columbia\n\nCoast Mountains\n\n4019 m13,186 ft\n3289 m10,791 ft\n562 km349 mi\n\n51°22′25″N 125°15′49″W / 51.3737°N 125.2636°W / 51.3737; -125.2636 (Mount Waddington)\n\n\n117\n\nConejos Peak[408][409][410]\n\n Colorado\n\nSan Juan Mountains\n\n4017.0 m13,179 ft\n583 m1,912 ft\n13.12 km8.15 mi\n\n37°17′19″N 106°34′15″W / 37.2887°N 106.5709°W / 37.2887; -106.5709 (Conejos Peak)\n\n\n118\n\nMount Marcus Baker[411][412][413]\n\n Alaska\n\nChugach Mountains\n\n4016 m13,176 ft\n3277 m10,751 ft\n203 km126.3 mi\n\n61°26′15″N 147°45′09″W / 61.4374°N 147.7525°W / 61.4374; -147.7525 (Mount Marcus Baker)\n\n\n119\n\nCloud Peak[414][415][416][417][418]\n\n Wyoming\n\nBighorn Mountains\n\n4013.3 m13,167 ft\n2157 m7,077 ft\n233 km145.0 mi\n\n44°22′56″N 107°10′26″W / 44.3821°N 107.1739°W / 44.3821; -107.1739 (Cloud Peak)\n\n\nWheeler Peak[419][420][421][422][423]\n\n New Mexico\n\nTaos Mountains\n\n4013.3 m13,167 ft\n1039 m3,409 ft\n59.6 km37.0 mi\n\n36°33′25″N 105°25′01″W / 36.5569°N 105.4169°W / 36.5569; -105.4169 (Wheeler Peak)\n\n\n121\n\nFrancs Peak[424][425][426][427]\n\n Wyoming\n\nAbsaroka Range\n\n4012.3 m13,164 ft\n1236 m4,056 ft\n76.0 km47.2 mi\n\n43°57′41″N 109°20′21″W / 43.9613°N 109.3392°W / 43.9613; -109.3392 (Francs Peak)\n\n\n122\n\nTwilight Peak[428][429][430][431]\n\n Colorado\n\nNeedle Mountains\n\n4012 m13,163 ft\n713 m2,338 ft\n7.86 km4.88 mi\n\n37°39′47″N 107°43′37″W / 37.6630°N 107.7270°W / 37.6630; -107.7270 (Twilight Peak)\n\n\n123\n\nSouth River Peak[432][433][434]\n\n Colorado\n\nSan Juan Mountains\n\n4009.4 m13,154 ft\n746 m2,448 ft\n34.0 km21.1 mi\n\n37°34′27″N 106°58′53″W / 37.5741°N 106.9815°W / 37.5741; -106.9815 (South River Peak)\n\n\n124\n\nMount Ritter[435][436][437][438]\n\n California\n\nSierra Nevada\n\n4008 m13,149 ft\n1216 m3,990 ft\n35.4 km22.0 mi\n\n37°41′21″N 119°11′59″W / 37.6891°N 119.1996°W / 37.6891; -119.1996 (Mount Ritter)\n\n\n125\n\nRed Slate Mountain[439][440][441]\n\n California\n\nSierra Nevada\n\n4002 m13,129 ft\n529 m1,736 ft\n13.38 km8.31 mi\n\n37°30′27″N 118°52′09″W / 37.5075°N 118.8693°W / 37.5075; -118.8693 (Red Slate Mountain)\n\n\n126\n\nMount Lyell (California)[442][443][444]\n\n California\n\nSierra Nevada\n\n3998.9 m13,120 ft\n587 m1,926 ft\n8.46 km5.26 mi\n\n37°44′22″N 119°16′18″W / 37.7394°N 119.2716°W / 37.7394; -119.2716 (Mount Lyell)\n\n\n127\n\nBushnell Peak[445][446][447]\n\n Colorado\n\nSangre de Cristo Mountains\n\n3995.8 m13,110 ft\n733 m2,405 ft\n17.82 km11.07 mi\n\n38°20′28″N 105°53′21″W / 38.3412°N 105.8892°W / 38.3412; -105.8892 (Bushnell Peak)\n\n\n128\n\nTruchas Peak[448][449][450][451][452]\n\n New Mexico\n\nSanta Fe Mountains\n\n3995.2 m13,108 ft\n1220 m4,001 ft\n68.2 km42.3 mi\n\n35°57′45″N 105°38′42″W / 35.9625°N 105.6450°W / 35.9625; -105.6450 (Truchas Peak)\n\n\n129\n\nWheeler Peak[453][454][455][456]\n\n Nevada\n\nSnake Range\n\n3982.3 m13,065 ft\n2307 m7,568 ft\n373 km232 mi\n\n38°59′09″N 114°18′50″W / 38.9858°N 114.3139°W / 38.9858; -114.3139 (Wheeler Peak)\n\n\n130\n\nMount Dana[457][458][459]\n\n California\n\nSierra Nevada\n\n3981.5 m13,063 ft\n743 m2,437 ft\n18.35 km11.40 mi\n\n37°54′00″N 119°13′16″W / 37.8999°N 119.2211°W / 37.8999; -119.2211 (Mount Dana)\n\n\n131\n\nSpring Glacier Peak[460]\n\n Yukon\n\nSaint Elias Mountains\n\n3976 m13,045 ft\n676 m2,218 ft\n6.00 km3.73 mi\n\n61°02′27″N 139°55′58″W / 61.0408°N 139.9328°W / 61.0408; -139.9328 (Spring Glacier Peak)\n\n\n132\n\nWest Elk Peak[461][462][463][464]\n\n Colorado\n\nWest Elk Mountains\n\n3975.2 m13,042 ft\n943 m3,095 ft\n22.2 km13.78 mi\n\n38°43′04″N 107°11′58″W / 38.7179°N 107.1994°W / 38.7179; -107.1994 (West Elk Peak)\n\n\n133\n\nVolcán Acatenango[465][466]\n\n Guatemala\n\nChimaltenango\n\n3975 m13,041 ft\n1835 m6,020 ft\n125.9 km78.2 mi\n\n14°30′06″N 90°52′32″W / 14.5016°N 90.8755°W / 14.5016; -90.8755 (Volcán Acatenango)\n\n\n134\n\nMount Moffit[467][468]\n\n Alaska\n\nAlaska Range\n\n3969 m13,020 ft\n1210 m3,970 ft\n16.41 km10.20 mi\n\n63°34′06″N 146°23′54″W / 63.5683°N 146.3982°W / 63.5683; -146.3982 (Mount Moffit)\n\n\n135\n\nMount Centennial[469][470](Peak 13010)\n\n Colorado\n\nSan Juan Mountains\n\n3967 m13,016 ft\n546 m1,790 ft\n4.61 km2.86 mi\n\n37°36′22″N 107°14′41″W / 37.6062°N 107.2446°W / 37.6062; -107.2446 (Mount Centennial)\n\n\n136\n\nMount Robson[471][472][473][474]\n\n British Columbia\n\nCanadian Rockies\n\n3959 m12,989 ft\n2829 m9,281 ft\n460 km286 mi\n\n53°06′38″N 119°09′24″W / 53.1105°N 119.1566°W / 53.1105; -119.1566 (Mount Robson)\n\n\n137\n\nClark Peak[475][476][477][478]\n\n Colorado\n\nMedicine Bow Mountains\n\n3948.4 m12,954 ft\n845 m2,771 ft\n26.4 km16.40 mi\n\n40°36′24″N 105°55′48″W / 40.6068°N 105.9300°W / 40.6068; -105.9300 (Clark Peak)\n\n\n138\n\nMount Richthofen[479][480][481][482]\n\n Colorado\n\nNever Summer Mountains\n\n3946 m12,945 ft\n817 m2,680 ft\n15.54 km9.66 mi\n\n40°28′10″N 105°53′40″W / 40.4695°N 105.8945°W / 40.4695; -105.8945 (Mount Richthofen)\n\n\n139\n\nCerro Ajusco[483][484][485]\n\n Distrito Federal\n\nCordillera Neovolcanica\n\n3937 m12,917 ft\n1227 m4,026 ft\n53.5 km33.2 mi\n\n19°12′27″N 99°15′30″W / 19.2074°N 99.2582°W / 19.2074; -99.2582 (Cerro Ajusco)\n\n\n140\n\nMount Harrison (Yukon)[486]\n\n Yukon\n\nSaint Elias Mountains\n\n3935 m12,910 ft\n875 m2,871 ft\n11.00 km6.84 mi\n\n61°04′41″N 140°06′07″W / 61.0781°N 140.1019°W / 61.0781; -140.1019 (Mount Harrison)\n\n\n141\n\nMount Queen Mary[487][488]\n\n Yukon\n\nSaint Elias Mountains\n\n3928 m12,887 ft\n1348 m4,423 ft\n25.3 km15.69 mi\n\n60°37′43″N 139°43′29″W / 60.6286°N 139.7247°W / 60.6286; -139.7247 (Mount Queen Mary)\n\n\nMount Root[489][490]\n\n Alaska British Columbia\n\nSaint Elias Mountains\n\n3928 m12,887 ft\n908 m2,979 ft\n8.79 km5.46 mi\n\n58°59′07″N 137°30′00″W / 58.9854°N 137.5001°W / 58.9854; -137.5001 (Mount Root)\n\n\n143\n\nLizard Head Peak[491][492][493][494]\n\n Wyoming\n\nWind River Range\n\n3916 m12,847 ft\n580 m1,902 ft\n10.40 km6.46 mi\n\n42°47′24″N 109°11′52″W / 42.7901°N 109.1978°W / 42.7901; -109.1978 (Lizard Head Peak)\n\n\n144\n\nGranite Peak[495][496][497][498]\n\n Montana\n\nBeartooth Mountains\n\n3903.5 m12,807 ft\n1457 m4,779 ft\n138.5 km86.0 mi\n\n45°09′48″N 109°48′27″W / 45.1634°N 109.8075°W / 45.1634; -109.8075 (Granite Peak)\n\n\n145\n\nMount Crosson[499][500]\n\n Alaska\n\nAlaska Range\n\n3901 m12,800 ft\n503 m1,650 ft\n8.22 km5.11 mi\n\n63°00′29″N 151°16′35″W / 63.0081°N 151.2763°W / 63.0081; -151.2763 (Mount Crosson)\n\n\n146\n\nVenado Peak[501][502][503]\n\n New Mexico\n\nTaos Mountains\n\n3883 m12,739 ft\n906 m2,971 ft\n18.99 km11.80 mi\n\n36°47′30″N 105°29′36″W / 36.7917°N 105.4933°W / 36.7917; -105.4933 (Venado Peak)\n\n\n147\n\nChair Mountain[504][505][506]\n\n Colorado\n\nElk Mountains\n\n3879.1 m12,727 ft\n750 m2,461 ft\n14.30 km8.89 mi\n\n39°03′29″N 107°16′56″W / 39.0581°N 107.2822°W / 39.0581; -107.2822 (Chair Mountain)\n\n\n148\n\nMount Peale[507][508][509][510]\n\n Utah\n\nLa Sal Mountains\n\n3879 m12,726 ft\n1884 m6,181 ft\n117.1 km72.8 mi\n\n38°26′19″N 109°13′45″W / 38.4385°N 109.2292°W / 38.4385; -109.2292 (Mount Peale)\n\n\n149\n\nMount Crillon[511][512]\n\n Alaska\n\nSaint Elias Mountains\n\n3879 m12,726 ft\n2187 m7,176 ft\n31.4 km19.52 mi\n\n58°39′45″N 137°10′16″W / 58.6625°N 137.1712°W / 58.6625; -137.1712 (Mount Crillon)\n\n\n150\n\nMount Gunnison[513][514][515]\n\n Colorado\n\nWest Elk Mountains\n\n3878.7 m12,725 ft\n1079 m3,539 ft\n19.05 km11.84 mi\n\n38°48′44″N 107°22′57″W / 38.8121°N 107.3826°W / 38.8121; -107.3826 (Mount Gunnison)\n\n\n151\n\nEast Spanish Peak[516][517][518][519][520]\n\n Colorado\n\nSpanish Peaks\n\n3867 m12,688 ft\n726 m2,383 ft\n6.78 km4.21 mi\n\n37°23′36″N 104°55′12″W / 37.3934°N 104.9201°W / 37.3934; -104.9201 (East Spanish Peak)\n\n\n152\n\nBorah Peak[521][522][523][524]\n\n Idaho\n\nLost River Range\n\n3861.2 m12,668 ft\n1829 m6,002 ft\n243 km150.8 mi\n\n44°08′15″N 113°46′52″W / 44.1374°N 113.7811°W / 44.1374; -113.7811 (Borah Peak)\n\n\n153\n\nMount Wood[525][526][527][528]\n\n Montana\n\nAbsaroka Range\n\n3860 m12,665 ft\n878 m2,880 ft\n12.04 km7.48 mi\n\n45°16′30″N 109°48′28″W / 45.2749°N 109.8078°W / 45.2749; -109.8078 (Mount Wood)\n\n\n154\n\nMount Gunnar Naslund[529]\n\n Alaska\n\nSaint Elias Mountains\n\n3858 m12,658 ft\n643 m2,108 ft\n11.04 km6.86 mi\n\n61°13′42″N 141°18′50″W / 61.2282°N 141.3140°W / 61.2282; -141.3140 (Mount Gunnar Naslund)\n\n\n155\n\nMount Conness[530][531][532]\n\n California\n\nSierra Nevada\n\n3855.5 m12,649 ft\n808 m2,650 ft\n11.55 km7.18 mi\n\n37°58′01″N 119°19′17″W / 37.9670°N 119.3213°W / 37.9670; -119.3213 (Mount Conness)\n\n\n156\n\nHumphreys Peak[533][534][535][536]\n\n Arizona\n\nSan Francisco Peaks\n\n3852 m12,637 ft\n1841 m6,039 ft\n396 km246 mi\n\n35°20′47″N 111°40′41″W / 35.3464°N 111.6780°W / 35.3464; -111.6780 (Humphreys Peak)\n\n\n157\n\nSanta Fe Baldy[537][538][539][540]\n\n New Mexico\n\nSanta Fe Mountains\n\n3850.1 m12,632 ft\n610 m2,002 ft\n17.69 km10.99 mi\n\n35°49′56″N 105°45′29″W / 35.8322°N 105.7581°W / 35.8322; -105.7581 (Santa Fe Baldy)\n\n\n158\n\nGothic Mountain[541][542][543]\n\n Colorado\n\nElk Mountains\n\n3850 m12,631 ft\n501 m1,645 ft\n4.39 km2.73 mi\n\n38°57′22″N 107°00′39″W / 38.9562°N 107.0107°W / 38.9562; -107.0107 (Gothic Mountain)\n\n\n159\n\nCastle Mountain[544][545][546]\n\n Montana\n\nAbsaroka Range\n\n3846.1 m12,618 ft\n814 m2,672 ft\n15.67 km9.74 mi\n\n45°05′56″N 109°37′50″W / 45.0989°N 109.6305°W / 45.0989; -109.6305 (Castle Mountain)\n\n\nLone Cone[547][548][549]\n\n Colorado\n\nSan Miguel Mountains\n\n3846.1 m12,618 ft\n693 m2,273 ft\n13.52 km8.40 mi\n\n37°53′17″N 108°15′20″W / 37.8880°N 108.2556°W / 37.8880; -108.2556 (Lone Cone)\n\n\n161\n\nMount Moran[550][551][552]\n\n Wyoming\n\nTeton Range\n\n3843.5 m12,610 ft\n806 m2,645 ft\n9.94 km6.18 mi\n\n43°50′06″N 110°46′35″W / 43.8350°N 110.7765°W / 43.8350; -110.7765 (Mount Moran)\n\n\n162\n\nTlingit Peak[553][554]\n\n Alaska\n\nSaint Elias Mountains\n\n3842 m12,606 ft\n611 m2,006 ft\n3.63 km2.26 mi\n\n58°53′35″N 137°23′38″W / 58.8931°N 137.3938°W / 58.8931; -137.3938 (Tlingit Peak)\n\n\n163\n\nVolcán Tancítaro[555][556][557]\n\n Michoacán\n\nCordillera Neovolcanica\n\n3840 m12,598 ft\n1665 m5,463 ft\n136.3 km84.7 mi\n\n19°25′00″N 102°19′11″W / 19.4166°N 102.3198°W / 19.4166; -102.3198 (Volcán Tancítaro)\n\n\n164\n\nMount Tiedemann[558][559]\n\n British Columbia\n\nCoast Mountains\n\n3838 m12,592 ft\n848 m2,782 ft\n2.86 km1.78 mi\n\n51°23′38″N 125°14′12″W / 51.3940°N 125.2366°W / 51.3940; -125.2366 (Mount Tiedemann)\n\n\n165\n\nAlto Cuchumatanes[560][561]\n\n Guatemala\n\nHuehuetenango\n\n3837 m12,589 ft\n1877 m6,158 ft\n65.2 km40.5 mi\n\n15°31′06″N 91°32′40″W / 15.5182°N 91.5445°W / 15.5182; -91.5445 (Alto Cuchumatanes)\n\n\n166\n\nLittle Costilla Peak[562][563][564]\n\n New Mexico\n\nCulebra Range\n\n3836.8 m12,588 ft\n745 m2,444 ft\n12.48 km7.75 mi\n\n36°50′01″N 105°13′22″W / 36.8335°N 105.2229°W / 36.8335; -105.2229 (Little Costilla Peak)\n\n\n167\n\nVolcán de Colima[565][566][567]\n\n Colima Jalisco\n\nCordillera Neovolcanica\n\n3830 m12,566 ft\n610 m2,001 ft\n5.62 km3.49 mi\n\n19°30′48″N 103°37′03″W / 19.5132°N 103.6174°W / 19.5132; -103.6174 (Volcán de Colima)\n\n\n168\n\nMount Carpe[568][569]\n\n Alaska\n\nAlaska Range\n\n3825 m12,550 ft\n549 m1,800 ft\n6.60 km4.10 mi\n\n63°09′08″N 150°51′42″W / 63.1521°N 150.8616°W / 63.1521; -150.8616 (Mount Carpe)\n\n\n169\n\nNeedham Mountain[570][571][572]\n\n California\n\nSierra Nevada\n\n3824 m12,545 ft\n561 m1,840 ft\n9.54 km5.93 mi\n\n36°27′16″N 118°32′14″W / 36.4545°N 118.5373°W / 36.4545; -118.5373 (Needham Mountain)\n\n\n170\n\nGraham Peak[573][574][575]\n\n Colorado\n\nSan Juan Mountains\n\n3821.1 m12,536 ft\n778 m2,551 ft\n13.90 km8.64 mi\n\n37°29′50″N 107°22′34″W / 37.4972°N 107.3761°W / 37.4972; -107.3761 (Graham Peak)\n\n\n171\n\nCentennial Peak[576][577]\n\n Yukon\n\nSaint Elias Mountains\n\n3820 m12,533 ft\n960 m3,150 ft\n9.77 km6.07 mi\n\n60°56′49″N 140°43′18″W / 60.9470°N 140.7217°W / 60.9470; -140.7217 (Centennial Peak)\n\n\n172\n\nChirripó Grande[578][579][580](Cerro Chirripó)\n\n Costa Rica\n\nCordillera de Talamanca\n\n3819 m12,530 ft\n3755 m12,320 ft\n878 km546 mi\n\n9°29′03″N 83°29′20″W / 9.4843°N 83.4889°W / 9.4843; -83.4889 (Chirripó Grande)\n\n\n173\n\nWhetstone Mountain[581][582][583]\n\n Colorado\n\nWest Elk Mountains\n\n3818.1 m12,527 ft\n749 m2,456 ft\n15.11 km9.39 mi\n\n38°49′20″N 106°58′48″W / 38.8223°N 106.9799°W / 38.8223; -106.9799 (Whetstone Mountain)\n\n\n174\n\nKahiltna Dome[584][585]\n\n Alaska\n\nAlaska Range\n\n3818 m12,525 ft\n663 m2,175 ft\n5.55 km3.45 mi\n\n63°03′18″N 151°14′22″W / 63.0550°N 151.2394°W / 63.0550; -151.2394 (Kahiltna Dome)\n\n\n175\n\nMount Thor[586][587]\n\n Alaska\n\nChugach Mountains\n\n3816 m12,521 ft\n997 m3,271 ft\n32.8 km20.4 mi\n\n61°29′07″N 147°08′46″W / 61.4854°N 147.1460°W / 61.4854; -147.1460 (Mount Thor)\n\n\n176\n\nMount Watson[588][589]\n\n Alaska\n\nSaint Elias Mountains\n\n3809 m12,497 ft\n589 m1,932 ft\n4.05 km2.52 mi\n\n59°00′32″N 137°33′15″W / 59.0088°N 137.5541°W / 59.0088; -137.5541 (Mount Watson)\n\n\n177\n\nAtlantic Peak[590][591][592]\n\n Wyoming\n\nWind River Range\n\n3808 m12,495 ft\n655 m2,150 ft\n14.60 km9.07 mi\n\n42°36′59″N 109°00′05″W / 42.6165°N 109.0013°W / 42.6165; -109.0013 (Atlantic Peak)\n\n\n178\n\nSpecimen Mountain[593][594][595]\n\n Colorado\n\nFront Range\n\n3808 m12,494 ft\n528 m1,731 ft\n7.56 km4.70 mi\n\n40°26′42″N 105°48′29″W / 40.4449°N 105.8081°W / 40.4449; -105.8081 (Specimen Mountain)\n\n\n179\n\nBaldy Mountain[596][597][598][599]\n\n New Mexico\n\nCimarron Range\n\n3793.3 m12,445 ft\n823 m2,701 ft\n18.24 km11.33 mi\n\n36°37′48″N 105°12′48″W / 36.6299°N 105.2134°W / 36.6299; -105.2134 (Baldy Mountain)\n\n\n180\n\nEast Beckwith Mountain[600][601][602]\n\n Colorado\n\nWest Elk Mountains\n\n3792.1 m12,441 ft\n760 m2,492 ft\n10.05 km6.24 mi\n\n38°50′47″N 107°13′24″W / 38.8464°N 107.2233°W / 38.8464; -107.2233 (East Beckwith Mountain)\n\n\n181\n\nKnobby Crest[603][604][605]\n\n Colorado\n\nKenosha Mountains\n\n3790 m12,434 ft\n536 m1,759 ft\n13.31 km8.27 mi\n\n39°22′05″N 105°36′18″W / 39.3681°N 105.6050°W / 39.3681; -105.6050 (Knobby Crest)\n\n\n182\n\nBison Peak[606][607][608][609]\n\n Colorado\n\nTarryall Mountains\n\n3789.4 m12,432 ft\n747 m2,451 ft\n29.3 km18.23 mi\n\n39°14′18″N 105°29′52″W / 39.2384°N 105.4978°W / 39.2384; -105.4978 (Bison Peak)\n\n\n183\n\nAnthracite Peak[610][611][612]\n\n Colorado\n\nWest Elk Mountains\n\n3777.8 m12,394 ft\n648 m2,125 ft\n7.68 km4.77 mi\n\n38°48′52″N 107°08′40″W / 38.8145°N 107.1445°W / 38.8145; -107.1445 (Anthracite Peak)\n\n\n184\n\nMatchless Mountain[613][614][615]\n\n Colorado\n\nElk Mountains\n\n3776 m12,389 ft\n537 m1,763 ft\n12.67 km7.87 mi\n\n38°50′02″N 106°38′42″W / 38.8340°N 106.6451°W / 38.8340; -106.6451 (Matchless Mountain)\n\n\n185\n\nMount Malaspina[616][617]\n\n Yukon\n\nSaint Elias Mountains\n\n3776 m12,388 ft\n936 m3,071 ft\n6.39 km3.97 mi\n\n60°19′06″N 140°34′19″W / 60.3182°N 140.5719°W / 60.3182; -140.5719 (Mount Malaspina)\n\n\n186\n\nVolcán Santa María[618]\n\n Guatemala\n\nSierra Madre\n\n3772 m12,375 ft\n1054 m3,458 ft\n49.4 km30.7 mi\n\n14°45′25″N 91°33′06″W / 14.7570°N 91.5517°W / 14.7570; -91.5517 (Volcán Santa María)\n\n\n187\n\nFlat Top Mountain[619][620][621][622]\n\n Colorado\n\nFlat Tops\n\n3767.7 m12,361 ft\n1236 m4,054 ft\n65.6 km40.8 mi\n\n40°00′53″N 107°05′00″W / 40.0147°N 107.0833°W / 40.0147; -107.0833 (Flat Top Mountain)\n\n\n188\n\nMount Nystrom[623][624][625]\n\n Wyoming\n\nWind River Range\n\n3767.5 m12,361 ft\n554 m1,816 ft\n7.92 km4.92 mi\n\n42°38′30″N 109°05′38″W / 42.6418°N 109.0939°W / 42.6418; -109.0939 (Mount Nystrom)\n\n\n189\n\nMoby Dick (Alaska)[626][627]\n\n Alaska\n\nAlaska Range\n\n3767 m12,360 ft\n887 m2,910 ft\n7.70 km4.78 mi\n\n63°33′22″N 146°36′09″W / 63.5561°N 146.6026°W / 63.5561; -146.6026 (Moby Dick)\n\n\n190\n\nGreenhorn Mountain[628][629][630][631]\n\n Colorado\n\nWet Mountains\n\n3765.0 m12,352 ft\n1151 m3,777 ft\n40.6 km25.2 mi\n\n37°52′53″N 105°00′48″W / 37.8815°N 105.0133°W / 37.8815; -105.0133 (Greenhorn Mountain)\n\n\n191\n\nElliott Mountain[632][633]\n\n Colorado\n\nSan Miguel Mountains\n\n3763 m12,346 ft\n683 m2,240 ft\n8.26 km5.13 mi\n\n37°44′04″N 108°03′29″W / 37.7344°N 108.0580°W / 37.7344; -108.0580 (Elliott Mountain)\n\n\n192\n\nVolcán de Agua[634]\n\n Guatemala\n\nEscuintla\n\n3761 m12,339 ft\n1981 m6,499 ft\n14.86 km9.23 mi\n\n14°27′55″N 90°44′34″W / 14.4654°N 90.7428°W / 14.4654; -90.7428 (Volcán de Agua)\n\n\n193\n\nMount Deborah[635][636][637]\n\n Alaska\n\nAlaska Range\n\n3761 m12,339 ft\n1582 m5,189 ft\n25.9 km16.08 mi\n\n63°38′16″N 147°14′18″W / 63.6377°N 147.2384°W / 63.6377; -147.2384 (Mount Deborah)\n\n\n194\n\nTwin Peaks[638][639][640]\n\n California\n\nSierra Nevada\n\n3758 m12,329 ft\n653 m2,143 ft\n7.70 km4.78 mi\n\n38°05′01″N 119°21′32″W / 38.0836°N 119.3588°W / 38.0836; -119.3588 (Twin Peaks)\n\n\n195\n\nCarter Mountain[641][642][643]\n\n Wyoming\n\nAbsaroka Range\n\n3756.4 m12,324 ft\n518 m1,699 ft\n26.8 km16.68 mi\n\n44°11′50″N 109°24′40″W / 44.1972°N 109.4112°W / 44.1972; -109.4112 (Carter Mountain)\n\n\n196\n\nParkview Mountain[644][645][646][647]\n\n Colorado\n\nRabbit Ears Range\n\n3749.4 m12,301 ft\n816 m2,676 ft\n15.07 km9.36 mi\n\n40°19′49″N 106°08′11″W / 40.3303°N 106.1363°W / 40.3303; -106.1363 (Parkview Mountain)\n\n\n197\n\nCornwall Mountain[648][649][650]\n\n Colorado\n\nSan Juan Mountains\n\n3746 m12,291 ft\n532 m1,744 ft\n8.37 km5.20 mi\n\n37°22′52″N 106°29′31″W / 37.3811°N 106.4920°W / 37.3811; -106.4920 (Cornwall Mountain)\n\n\n198\n\nMount Adams[651][652][653]\n\n Washington\n\nCascade Range\n\n3743.4 m12,281 ft\n2480 m8,136 ft\n73.6 km45.8 mi\n\n46°12′09″N 121°29′27″W / 46.2024°N 121.4909°W / 46.2024; -121.4909 (Mount Adams)\n\n\n199\n\nMount Columbia[654][655][656]\n\n Alberta British Columbia\n\nCanadian Rockies\n\n3741 m12,274 ft\n2371 m7,779 ft\n158.0 km98.2 mi\n\n52°08′50″N 117°26′30″W / 52.1473°N 117.4416°W / 52.1473; -117.4416 (Mount Columbia)\n\n\n200\n\nMount King George[657][658]\n\n Yukon\n\nSaint Elias Mountains\n\n3741 m12,274 ft\n1281 m4,203 ft\n11.30 km7.02 mi\n\n60°31′53″N 139°47′03″W / 60.5314°N 139.7841°W / 60.5314; -139.7841 (Mount King George)\n\n\n201\n\nMount Johansen[659]\n\n Yukon\n\nSaint Elias Mountains\n\n3740 m12,270 ft\n560 m1,837 ft\n20.0 km12.43 mi\n\n60°41′00″N 140°40′56″W / 60.6832°N 140.6823°W / 60.6832; -140.6823 (Mount Johansen)\n"
] | [
"Denali"
] |
-1079108749865419003 | Australian referendum, 1967 (Aboriginals) | Australian referendum , 1967 ( Aboriginals ) - Wikipedia Australian referendum , 1967 ( Aboriginals ) Jump to : navigation , search 1967 Australian referendum 27 May 1967 Do you approve the proposed law for the alteration of the Constitution entitled -- ' An Act to alter the Constitution so as to omit certain words relating to the People of the Aboriginal Race in any State and so that Aboriginals are to be counted in reckoning the Population ' ? Results Votes % Yes 5,183,113 7001907700000000000 ♠ 90.77 % No 527,007 7000923000000000000 ♠ 9.23 % Valid votes 5,710,120 7001984200000000000 ♠ 98.42 % Invalid or blank votes 91,464 7000158000000000000 ♠ 1.58 % Total votes 5,801,584 100.00 % Registered voters / turnout 6,182,585 7001938400000000000 ♠ 93.84 % Results by state Yes No Note : Saturation of colour denotes strength of vote The Australian referendum of 27 May 1967 , called by the Holt Government , approved two amendments to the Australian constitution relating to Indigenous Australians . Technically it was a vote on the Constitution Alteration ( Aboriginals ) 1967 , which became law on 10 August 1967 following the results of the referendum . The amendments were overwhelmingly endorsed , winning 90.77 % of votes cast and carrying in all six states . These amendments altered sections 51 ( xxvi ) , and 127 , having the immediate effect of including Aboriginal Australians in determinations of population , and also empowered the Federal Parliament to legislate specifically for this racial group . The other question put in the referendum , to allow the number of seats in the House of Representatives to be increased without increasing the number of senators , was rejected . It received majority support in only one state -- New South Wales -- and received about 40.25 % `` yes '' votes nationwide . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Amendments to the Constitution 3 Question 4 Results 5 Legacy 5.1 Proposed new referendum in the 2010s 5.2 Responses to the recognition campaign in the 2010s 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading and external links Background ( edit ) A proposed change to the Australian Constitution begins as a Bill that is presented to the Federal Parliament . If the Bill is passed by both Houses of Parliament , case committees are developed , a writ for a referendum is issued by the Governor - General , and a referendum is then presented to Australian voters , where it is passed if approved by a majority of people and majority of states . Strong activism by individuals and both Indigenous and non-Indigenous groups greatly aided in the success of the 1967 referendum in the years leading up to the vote . Calls for Aboriginal issues to be dealt with at the Federal level began as early as 1910 . Despite a failed attempt in the 1944 Referendum , minimal changes were instigated for Aboriginal rights until the 1960s , where the Bark Petition in 1963 and the ensuing Milirrpum v Nabalco Pty Ltd and Commonwealth of Australia ( Gove Land Rights Case ) , and Gurindji Strike highlighted the negative treatment of Indigenous workers in the Northern Territory . From here , the overall plight of Aboriginal Australians became a fundamental political issue . On 7 April 1965 , the Menzies Cabinet decided that it would seek to repeal Section 127 of the Constitution at the same time as it sought to amend the nexus provision , but made no firm plans or timetable for such action . In August 1965 , Attorney - General Billy Snedden proposed to Cabinet that abolition of Section 127 was inappropriate unless Section 51 ( xxvi ) was simultaneously amended to remove the words `` other than the aboriginal race in any state '' . He was rebuffed , but gained agreement when he made a similar submission to the Holt Cabinet in 1966 . In the meantime , his Liberal colleague Billy Wentworth had introduced a private member 's bill proposing inter alia to amend Section 51 ( xxvi ) . Even before , in 1964 , the Leader of the Opposition , Arthur Calwell , had proposed such a change and pledged that his party , the Australian Labor Party , would back any referendum to that effect . The Australian Board of Missions , the Australian Association for the Advancement of Science , the Australian Aborigines League , the Australian Council of Churches , the Federal Council for the Advancement of Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders and spokespeople such as Ruby Hammond , Bill Onus and Faith Bandler are just some of the many groups and individuals who effectively utilised the media and their influential platforms to generate the momentum needed to achieve a landslide ' Yes ' vote . Amendments to the Constitution ( edit ) In 1967 the Australian Parliament was unanimous in voting for the proposed law . As a result , only a `` yes '' case was published by the Parliament . Voters were asked to approve , together , changes to both of the provisions in which Aboriginal People were mentioned in the Constitution -- sections 51 ( xxvi ) and 127 . Section 51 begins : The Parliament shall , subject to this Constitution , have power to make laws for the peace , order , and good government of the Commonwealth with respect to : And the extraordinary clauses that follow ( ordinarily referred to as `` heads of power '' ) list most of the legislative powers of the federal parliament . The amendment deleted the text in bold from Clause xxvi ( known as the `` race '' or `` races '' power ) : The people of any race , other than the aboriginal race in any State , for whom it is deemed necessary to make special laws ; The amendment gave the Commonwealth parliament power to legislate with respect to Aborigines living in a State as well as those living in a federal territory ; the parliament has unfettered power in regard to territories under section 122 of the Constitution . The intent was that this new power for the Commonwealth would be used only beneficially , though the High Court decision in Kartinyeri v Commonwealth , was that the 1967 amendment did not impose such a restriction and the power could be used to the detriment of an identified race . The Hindmarsh Island bridge controversy , and the Northern Territory Intervention are two circumstances where the post-1967 race power has arguably been used in this way . Section 127 was wholly removed . Headed `` Aborigines not to be counted in reckoning population '' , it had read : In reckoning the numbers of the people of the Commonwealth , or of a State or other part of the Commonwealth , aboriginal natives shall not be counted . This section should be read in conjunction with Section 24 and Section 51 ( xi ) . The section related to calculating the population of the States and Territories for the purpose of allocating seats in the lower house of the federal parliament and per capita Commonwealth grants . The context of its introduction was to prevent Queensland and Western Australia from using their large Aboriginal populations to gain extra seats or extra funds . The ' statistics ' power in Section 51 ( xi ) allowed the Commonwealth to collect information on Aboriginal people . There was a separate count of aboriginal people in the Australian Census and a specific annual census of aboriginal people from 1925 to 1949 . At this time voters in the Territories , while able and required to vote in elections for the House of Representatives , were not permitted to vote in referendums . That was not established until 1977 . It is frequently stated that the 1967 referendum gave Aboriginal people Australian citizenship and that it gave them the right to vote in federal elections , but neither of these statements is correct . All Australians , including aboriginal people , first became Australian citizens in 1949 , when a separate Australian citizenship was created ; before that time all Australians rather were British subjects . Most Indigenous Australians had been denied the right to vote in elections for the Australian Parliament until 1949 . The Commonwealth Electoral Act 1949 gave Aboriginal people the right to vote in federal elections if they were able to vote in their state elections ( they were disqualified from voting altogether in Queensland , while in Western Australia and the Northern Territory the right was conditional ) , or if they had served in the defence force . The Commonwealth Electoral Act 1962 gave all Aboriginal people the option of enrolling to vote in federal elections . It was not until the Commonwealth Electoral Amendment Act 1983 that voting became compulsory for Aboriginal people , as it was for other Australians . It is also sometimes mistakenly stated that the 1967 referendum overturned a `` Flora and Fauna Act '' , which supposedly mandated that indigenous Australians were governed and managed under the same portfolio as Australian wildlife -- New South Wales state MP Linda Burney made mention of such an act in her maiden speech in 2003 , as did Mark Colvin in a 2007 ABC article . A 2014 SBS article described the notion that `` Indigenous people were classed as fauna '' as a `` myth '' , listing it as one of `` four key misunderstandings persist ( ing ) about modern Indigenous history and the referendum '' . Question ( edit ) DO YOU APPROVE the proposed law for the alteration of the Constitution entitled -- ' An Act to alter the Constitution so as to omit certain words relating to the People of the Aboriginal Race in any State and so that Aboriginals are to be counted in reckoning the Population ' ? Results ( edit ) Result State On rolls Ballots issued For Against Invalid Result Votes % Votes % New South Wales 2,315,828 2,166,507 1,949,036 91.46 182,010 8.54 35,461 Yes Victoria 1,734,476 1,630,594 1,525,026 94.68 85,611 5.32 19,957 Yes Queensland 904,808 848,728 748,612 89.21 90,587 10.79 9,529 Yes South Australia 590,275 560,844 473,440 86.26 75,383 13.74 12,021 Yes Western Australia 437,609 405,666 319,823 80.95 75,282 19.05 10,561 Yes Tasmania 199,589 189,245 167,176 90.21 18,134 9.79 3,935 Yes Australian Total 6,182,585 5,801,584 5,183,113 90.77 527,007 9.23 91,464 Yes Obtained majority in all six States and an overall majority of 4,656,106 votes . Carried Legacy ( edit ) Ninety percent of voters voted yes , and the overwhelming support gave the Federal Government a clear mandate to implement policies to benefit Aboriginal people . A lot of misconceptions have arisen as to the outcomes of the referendum , some as a result of it taking on a symbolic meaning during a period of increasing Aboriginal self - confidence . It was some five years before any real change occurred as a result of the referendum , but federal legislation has since been enacted covering land rights , discriminatory practices , financial assistance , and preservation of cultural heritage . The referendum had two main outcomes . The first was to alter the legal boundaries within which the Federal Government could act . The Federal Parliament was given a constitutional head - of - power under which it could make special laws `` for '' Aboriginal people ( for their benefit or , as has since become clear , their detriment ) in addition to other `` races '' . The Australian Constitution states that federal law prevails over state law , where they are inconsistent , so the Federal Parliament could , if it so chose , enact legislation that would end discrimination against Aboriginal people by state governments . However , during the first five years following the referendum the Federal Government did not use this new power . The other key outcome of the referendum was to provide Aboriginal people with a symbol of their political and moral rights . The referendum occurred at a time when Aboriginal activism was accelerating and it was used as a kind of `` historical shorthand '' for all the relevant political events of the time , such as the demands for land rights by the Gurindji , the equal - pay case for pastoral workers , and the `` Freedom Rides '' to end segregation in New South Wales . This use as a symbol for a period of activism and change has contributed to the misconceptions about the effects of the constitutional changes themselves . The benefits of the referendum began to flow to Aboriginal people in 1972 . On 26 January 1972 , Aboriginal peoples erected the Aboriginal Tent Embassy on the lawns of the Federal Parliament building in Canberra to express their frustration at the lack of progress on land rights and racial discrimination issues . This became a major confrontation that raised Aboriginal affairs high on the political agenda in the federal election later that year . One week after gaining office , the Whitlam Government ( 1972 -- 1975 ) established a Royal Commission into land rights for Aboriginal people in the Northern Territory under Justice Woodward . Its principal recommendations , delivered in May 1974 , were : that Aboriginal people should have inalienable title to reserve lands ; that regional Land Councils should be established ; to establish a fund to purchase land with which Aboriginal people had a traditional connection , or that would provide economic or other benefits ; prospecting and mineral exploration on Aboriginal land should only occur with their consent or that of the Federal Government if the national interest required it ; entry onto Aboriginal land should require a permit issued by the regional Land Council . The recommendations were framed in terms to enable application outside the Northern Territory . The Federal Government agreed to implement the principal recommendations and in 1975 the House of Representatives passed the Aboriginal Councils and Associations Bill and the Aboriginal Land ( Northern Territory ) Bill but the Senate had not considered them by the time parliament was dissolved in 1975 . The following year , the Fraser government ( 1975 -- 1983 ) amended the Aboriginal Land ( Northern Territory ) Bill by introducing the Aboriginal Land Rights ( Northern Territory ) Bill . The new bill made a number of significant changes such as limitation on the operations and boundaries of Land Councils ; giving Northern Territory law effect on Aboriginal land , thereby enabling land rights to be eroded ; removing the power of Land Councils to issue permits to non-Aboriginal people ; allowing public roads to be built on Aboriginal land without consent . It is significant however that this legislation was implemented at all , given the political allegiances of the Fraser Government , and shows the level of community support for social justice for Aboriginal people at the time . The Whitlam Government used its constitutional powers to overrule racially discriminatory State legislation . On reserves in Queensland , they were forbidden to gamble , use foul language , undertake traditional cultural practices , indulge in adultery , or drink alcohol . They were also required to work without payment . In the Aboriginal Courts in Queensland the same official acted as judge as well as the prosecuting counsel . Defendants almost invariably pleaded ' guilty ' as pleas of ' not guilty ' were more than likely to lead to a longer sentence . The Whitlam Government , using the race power , enacted the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders ( Queensland Discriminatory Laws ) Act 1975 to override the State laws and eliminate racial discrimination against Aboriginal people . No federal government ever enforced this Act . The race power was also used by the Whitlam Government to positively discriminate in favour of Aboriginal people . It established schemes whereby Aboriginal people could obtain housing , loans , emergency accommodation and tertiary education allowances . It also increased funding for the Aboriginal Legal Service enabling twenty - five offices to be established throughout Australia . The race power gained in the 1967 referendum has been used in several other pieces of significant Federal legislation . One of the pieces of legislation enacted to protect the Gordon River catchment used the race power but applied it to all people in Australia . The law prohibited anyone from damaging sites , relics and artefacts of Aboriginal settlement in the Gordon River catchment . In the Tasmanian Dam Case , the High Court held that even though this law applied to all people and not only to Aboriginal people , it still constituted a special law . In the 1992 Mabo judgement , the High Court established the existence of Native Title in Australian Common Law . Using the race power , the Keating Government enacted the Native Title Act 1993 and successfully defended a High Court challenge from the Queensland Government . One last impact of the referendum has been the benefits flowing from the removal of the prohibition on counting Aboriginal people in the population statistics . Without official statistics as to their number , age structure or distribution , it was not possible for government agencies to establish soundly based policies for serving Aboriginal people , especially in the area of health . The availability of demographic data following the 1971 census ( and onwards ) relating to the Aboriginal population enabled the determination and monitoring of key health indicators such as infant mortality rates and life expectancy . Aboriginal life expectancy , especially for males , was significantly lower than the average population . Infant mortality rates in the early 1970s were among the highest in the world . Substantial improvements had occurred by the early 1990s but Aboriginal health indicators still lag behind those of the total population , especially for those living in remote areas , and closing the gap policies remain an ongoing part of governance in Australia . The 1967 referendum has acquired a symbolic meaning in relation to a period of rapid social change during the 1960s . As a result , it has been credited with initiating political and social change that was the result of other factors . The real legislative and political impact of the 1967 referendum has been to enable , and thereby compel , the federal government to take action in the area of Aboriginal Affairs . Federal governments with a broader national and international agenda have attempted to end the discriminatory practices of state governments such as Queensland and to introduce policies that encourage self - determination and financial security for Aboriginal people . However , the effectiveness of these policies has been tempered by an unwillingness of most federal governments to deal with the difficult issues involved in tackling recalcitrant state governments . When John Howard 's Coalition government came to power in 1996 , it intervened in the Hindmarsh Island bridge controversy with legislation that introduced an exception to the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Heritage Protection Act 1984 , in order to allow the bridge to proceed . The Ngarrindjeri challenged the new legislation in the High Court on the basis that it was discriminatory to declare that the Heritage Protection Act applied to sites everywhere but Hindmarsh Island , and that such discrimination -- essentially on the basis of race -- had been disallowed since the Commonwealth was granted the power to make laws with respect to the `` Aboriginal race '' as a result of the 1967 Referendum . The High Court decided , by a majority , that the amended s. 51 ( xxvi ) of the Constitution still did not restrict the Commonwealth parliament to making laws solely for the benefit of any particular `` race '' , but still empowered the parliament to make laws that were to the detriment of any race . This decision effectively meant that those people who had believed that they were casting a vote against the discrimination of Indigenous people in 1967 had in fact allowed the Commonwealth to participate in the discrimination against Indigenous people which had been practised by the States . Proposed new referendum in the 2010s ( edit ) In 2010 the federal government established an `` expert panel '' to inquire into changing the federal constitution so that Australia 's Indigenous peoples would be recognised in it . This would require a new referendum under section 128 of the Australian Constitution . After wide - ranging consultation and receiving thousands of submissions , the panel delivered its report to Prime Minister Julia Gillard on 19 January 2012 . The report recommends the removal of Constitution sections 25 and 51 ( xxvi ) , and the insertion of new sections 51A , 116A and 127A : Section 51A Recognition of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples Recognising that the continent and its islands now known as Australia were first occupied by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples ; Acknowledging the continuing relationship of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples with their traditional lands and waters ; Respecting the continuing cultures , languages and heritage of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples ; Acknowledging the need to secure the advancement of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples ; the Parliament shall , subject to this Constitution , have power to make laws for the peace , order and good government of the Commonwealth with respect to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples . Section 116A Prohibition of racial discrimination ( 1 ) The Commonwealth , a State or a Territory shall not discriminate on the grounds of race , colour or ethnic or national origin . ( 2 ) Subsection ( 1 ) does not preclude the making of laws or measures for the purpose of overcoming disadvantage , ameliorating the effects of past discrimination , or protecting the cultures , languages or heritage of any group . Section 127A Recognition of languages ( 1 ) The national language of the Commonwealth of Australia is English . ( 2 ) The Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander languages are the original Australian languages , a part of our national heritage . The panel recommends that there be a single referendum -- in which , in particular , removal of s 51 ( xxvi ) and insertion of the new s 51A would be proposed together , so that the validity of legislation that depends upon s 51 ( xxvi ) , such as the Native Title Act 1993 ( Cth ) , would switch immediately from s 51 ( xxvi ) to s 51A . The panel seeks a referendum process that will be nationally unifying and not divisive , with an eventual level of public support similar to that in 1967 . To that end , it proposes that the referendum be preceded by `` a properly resourced public education and awareness program '' and `` should only proceed when it is likely to be supported by all major political parties , and a majority of State governments '' . If the federal government were to prefer different changes , the panel advises , it should return to consultation with the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples . On 12 March 2013 , with all - party support , the federal parliament passed the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples Recognition Act 2013 , which recognises the Indigenous peoples of Australia and requires establishment of a committee to advise on a suitable date for a referendum on these proposals . The process was to have been completed within two years , with a sunset provision ending the force of the Act on 28 March 2015 ; the period was extended for a further three years . In December 2015 a Referendum Council , with 16 Indigenous and non-Indigenous members , was established to advise the Prime Minister and the Leader of the Opposition on progress toward a referendum . It conducted national consultations which continued through the second half of 2016 , and published a discussion paper about five key proposals in October 2016 . The Recognition Council is expected to report by 30 June 2017 . Responses to the recognition campaign in the 2010s ( edit ) Party positions : Position Political parties Ref Support Australian Labor Party Liberal / National Coalition Australian Greens Oppose Pauline Hanson 's One Nation See also ( edit ) Section 51 ( xxvi ) of the Australian Constitution ( the race power ) Australian Aborigines Voting rights of Australian Aboriginals Referendums in Australia Politics of Australia History of Australia References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Constitution Alteration ( Aboriginals ) 1967 '' . ComLaw . Retrieved 5 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Wendy Lewis ; Simon Balderstone John Bowan ( 2006 ) . Events That Shaped Australia . New Holland . pp. 224 -- 228 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 74110 - 492 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Commonwealth of Australia Constitution ( Cth ) s 51 ^ Jump up to : `` Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act -- Amendment to Section 127 , page 24 '' . Museum of Australian Democracy . Retrieved 9 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fact sheet 150 -- The 1967 Referendum '' . National Archives of Australia . Archived from the original on 4 November 2010 . Retrieved 9 November 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Handbook of the 44th Parliament ( 2014 ) `` Part 5 -- Referendums and Plebiscites -- Referendum results '' . Parliamentary Library of Australia . Archived from the original on 29 September 2017 ... Jump up ^ `` Referendums and Plebiscites '' . Parliamentary Education Office . Retrieved 12 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Commonwealth of Australia Constitution ( Cth ) s 128 ^ Jump up to : Lynch , George Williams , Sean Brennan , Andrew ( 2014 ) . Blackshield and Williams Australian constitutional law and theory : commentary and materials ( 6th edition . ed . ) . Annendale , NSW : Federation Press . pp. 987 -- 8 . ISBN 9781862879188 . Jump up ^ Van Krieken , Robert ( 2000 ) . `` From Milirrpum to Mabo : The High Court , Terra Nullius and Moral Entrepreneurship '' . University of New South Wales Law Journal . 23 ( 1 ) : 63 . Retrieved 30 July 2016 . Jump up ^ ' Milirrpum v Nabalco Pty Ltd and Commonwealth of Australia ( 1971 ) 17 FLR 141 . ^ Jump up to : Gardiner - Garden , John ( 2 May 2007 ) . `` The 1967 Referendum -- history and myths '' ( PDF ) . Research Brief no 11 . Parliamentary Library of Australia . ISSN 1832 - 2883 . Retrieved 23 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Juddery , Bruce ( 27 May 1997 ) . `` Unsung hero of blacks ' progress '' . The Canberra Times . Jump up ^ `` Campaigning for a YES vote '' . National Museum Australia . Retrieved 30 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Case for ' yes ' in the 1967 Referendum : Argument in favour of the proposed Constitution Alteration ( Aboriginals ) 1967 '' . National Archives of Australia . Retrieved 23 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kartinyeri v Commonwealth ( 1998 ) HCA 22 , ( 1998 ) 195 CLR 337 . Jump up ^ Williams , George ( 2012 ) . Race and the Australian Constitution ( PDF ) . Australasian Study of Parliament Group Conference . Darwin , Australia . Retrieved November 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stuart Rintoul ( 22 December 2011 ) . `` Race power opens Pandora 's box '' . The Australian . Jump up ^ `` A Guide to the Constitutional Recognition of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples in Australia '' ( PDF ) . Ready 4 Recognition . p. 11 . Retrieved 23 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Ellen Percy Kraly ( 2007 ) . `` The Annual Censuses of Aborigines , 1925 -- 1944 : Technical Imperative , Social Demography , or Social Control ? '' . Population Association of America . Jump up ^ Constitution Alteration ( Referendums ) 1977 ( Cth ) . Jump up ^ Commonwealth Electoral Act 1949 ( Cth ) Jump up ^ Commonwealth Electoral Act 1962 ( Cth ) Jump up ^ Voters and the Franchise : the Federal Story ( PDF ) , Department of the Parliamentary Library , Commonwealth of Australia , 2002 , ISSN 1328 - 7478 , retrieved 16 May 2015 Jump up ^ Williams , George ; Brennan , Sean ; Lynch , Andrew ( 2014 ) . Blackshield and Williams Australian Constitutional Law and Theory ( 6th ed . ) . Leichhardt , NSW : Federation Press . pp. 135 -- 6 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86287 - 918 - 8 . Jump up ^ Inaugural Speeches Archived 31 March 2011 at the Wayback Machine . -- Parliament of New South Wales . Retrieved 9 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Haxton , Nance ( 25 May 2007 ) , Aust commemorates Aboriginal referendum , Australian Broadcasting Corporation , archived from the original on 17 April 2013 Jump up ^ Ron Sutton ( 10 March 2014 ) . `` Myths persist about the 1967 referendum '' -- SBS . Retrieved 9 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Image of ballot paper : National Archives of Australia , item barcode 1843611 , p 54 . Jump up ^ Aboriginal Land Rights ( Northern Territory ) Act 1976 ( Cth ) . Jump up ^ Native Title Act 1993 ( Cth ) . Jump up ^ Racial Discrimination Act 1975 ( Cth ) . Jump up ^ States Grants ( Aboriginal Advancement ) Act 1972 ( Cth ) . ^ Jump up to : Aboriginal Loans Commission Act 1974 ( Cth ) . Jump up ^ Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Heritage ( Interim Protection ) Act 1984 ( Cth ) . Jump up ^ ' Wik Bill challenged following Hindmarsh decision ' , ABC Radio News , 1 April 1998 ^ Jump up to : Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders ( Queensland Discriminatory Laws ) Act 1975 ( Cth ) . Jump up ^ Whitlam 1985 , p. 465 . Jump up ^ Whitlam 1985 , p. 467 . Jump up ^ Whitlam 1985 , pp. 469 -- 470 . Jump up ^ Whitlam 1985 , p. 470 . Jump up ^ Broome 1982 , pp. 189 -- 190 . Jump up ^ Broome 1982 , pp. 178 -- 179 . Jump up ^ Lippmann 1994 . Jump up ^ Broome 1982 , p. 179 . Jump up ^ Pilger , J. ( 1990 ) , A Secret Country , London : Vintage , p. 46 Jump up ^ Whitlam 1985 , pp. 473 -- 474 . Jump up ^ World Heritage Properties Conservation Act 1983 ( Cth ) . Jump up ^ Commonwealth v Tasmania ( 1983 ) HCA 21 Jump up ^ Bates , G.M. ( 1987 ) . Environmental Law in Australia . Butterworths Pty Ltd , Sydney . Jump up ^ Mabo v Queensland ( No 2 ) ( 1992 ) HCA 23 . Jump up ^ Whitlam , E.G. ( 1997 ) , Dragging the Chain 1897 -- 1997 : The Second Vincent Lingiari Memorial Lecture , archived from the original on 2 December 1998 Jump up ^ Lippmann 1994 , p. 89 . Jump up ^ `` Close the Gap : Indigenous Health Campaign Australian Human Rights Commission '' . www.humanrights.gov.au . Retrieved 23 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Evatt , E. `` Ch 5 Effective interaction with State and Territory laws '' . Review of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Heritage Protection Act 1984 '' ( PDF ) . ( 1996 ) Indigenous Law Resources 1 . Jump up ^ Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Heritage Protection Act 198 ( Cth ) Jump up ^ Hindmarsh Island Bridge Act 1997 ( Cth ) ^ Jump up to : Recognising Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples in the Constitution : Report of the Expert Panel ( PDF ) , January 2012 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 921975 - 29 - 5 , archived ( PDF ) from the original on 16 March 2015 Jump up ^ `` Push to recognise indigenous Australians in constitution '' , Sydney Morning Herald , Sydney , 19 January 2012 , retrieved 2013 - 04 - 02 Jump up ^ Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples Recognition Act 2013 ( Cth ) , retrieved 31 May 2013 Jump up ^ Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet . `` Referendum Council '' . Retrieved 29 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Discussion paper '' . Referendum Council . Archived from the original on 11 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Communique -- 25 November 2016 '' . Department of the Prime Minister and Cobinet . Retrieved 23 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Constitutional Recognition of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples '' . Australian Labor Party . Archived from the original on 19 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Ford , M ; Blumer , C ( 20 May 2016 ) . `` Vote Compass : Most Australians back constitutional recognition for Indigenous Australians '' . abc.net.au . Jump up ^ `` Aboriginal Torres Strait Islander Peoples '' . Australian Greens . Archived from the original on 15 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Our aims '' . Pauline Hanson 's One Nation . Archived from the original on 6 July 2016 . Further Reading and external links ( edit ) Marcia Langton , `` Reading the Constitution Out Loud '' . Meanjin. 70 ( 4 ) : 18 -- 32 . 2011 . Retrieved 10 May 2012 . Discusses the 1967 referendum in the light of the proposed new referendum . Collaborating for Indigenous Rights : the 1967 Referendum : history and archival resources on the 1967 Referendum , National Museum of Australia , March 2007 The 1967 Referendum : Fact sheet , National Archives of Australia The 1967 Referendum , National Film and Sound Archive Australian 1967 Referendum , retrieved 12 March 2011 . Contains interviews with Aboriginal campaigners . Williams , George ( 2012 ) , `` Removing racism from Australia 's constitutional DNA '' , Alternative Law Journal , 37 ( 3 ) : 151 Howard , John ( 15 July 1998 ) . `` THE 1967 REFERENDUM '' ( Press release ) . Archived from the original on 24 January 2014 . Broome , R. ( 1982 ) , Aboriginal Australians , St Leonards : Allen & Unwin Lippmann , L. ( 1994 ) , Generations of Resistance : Mabo and justice , Melbourne : Longman Australia Pty Ltd Whitlam , Gough ( 1985 ) , The Whitlam Government 1972 -- 1975 , Ringwood Victoria : Viking Preceded by : Social Services Amendment ( 1946 ) Amendments to the Constitution of Australia Followed by : Senate Vacancies Amendment Referendum Amendment Retirement of Judges Amendment ( 1977 ) Elections and referendums in Australia Federal elections 1901 1903 1906 1910 1913 1914 1917 1919 1922 1925 1928 1929 1931 1934 1937 1940 1943 1946 1949 1951 1953 1954 1955 1958 1961 1963 1964 1966 1967 1969 1970 1972 1977 1980 1984 1998 2007 2013 2016 next by - elections Referendums 1906 1910 1911 1913 1916 1917 1919 1926 1928 1937 1944 1946 1948 1951 1967 1973 1977 1984 1999 Surveys 1998 2017 Elections in : Australian Capital Territory New South Wales Northern Territory Queensland South Australia Tasmania Victoria Western Australia Indigenous and minority rights Rights Ancestral domain Free , prior and informed consent Intellectual property Land rights Language Self - determination in Australia in Canada in the United States Traditional knowledge Treaty rights Governmental organizations African Commission on Human and Peoples ' Rights Arctic Council Bureau of Indian Affairs Council of Indigenous Peoples ( Taiwan ) Fundação Nacional do Índio Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada National Commission for the Development of Indigenous Peoples National Commission on Indigenous Peoples ( Philippines ) United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues Non-governmental and political organizations Amazon Watch Assembly of First Nations Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador Congress of Aboriginal Peoples Coordinator of Indigenous Organizations of the Amazon River Basin Cultural Survival Indigenous Environmental Network Indigenous Peoples Council on Biocolonialism International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs National Indigenous Organization of Colombia Native American Rights Fund Survival International Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization Zapatista Army of National Liberation ( more ... ) Issues Civilizing mission Colonialism Internal colonialism Settler colonialism Cultural appropriation Sports mascots Redface Dakota Access Pipeline protests Discovery doctrine Homeland Lands inhabited by indigenous peoples Bantustan American Indian reservation Indian reserve Ranchería Manifest destiny Plastic shaman Rainbow Warriors Two - Spirit Legal representation Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention , 1989 Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples , 2007 Historical cases 2009 Peruvian political crisis Alta controversy Chiapas conflict Depopulation of Diego Garcia High Arctic relocation Indian removal Mapuche conflict Oka Crisis Residential Schools Canada New Zealand South Africa United States Rubber boom San controversy Stolen Generations Human Rights Indigenous rights Minority rights Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Australian_referendum,_1967_(Aboriginals)&oldid=809907346 '' Categories : 1967 in Australia Amendments to the Constitution of Australia Indigenous Australian politics 1967 referendums Constitutional referendums in Australia Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use Australian English from January 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Use dmy dates from May 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 12 November 2017 , at 07 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the referendum occur and in what states | [
"The Australian referendum of 27 May 1967, called by the Holt Government, approved two amendments to the Australian constitution relating to Indigenous Australians. Technically it was a vote on the Constitution Alteration (Aboriginals) 1967,[1] which became law on 10 August 1967 following the results of the referendum. The amendments were overwhelmingly endorsed, winning 90.77% of votes cast and carrying in all six states.[2] These amendments altered sections 51(xxvi),[3] and 127,[4] having the immediate effect of including Aboriginal Australians in determinations of population, and also empowered the Federal Parliament to legislate specifically for this racial group. The other question put in the referendum, to allow the number of seats in the House of Representatives to be increased without increasing the number of senators, was rejected. It received majority support in only one state – New South Wales – and received about 40.25% \"yes\" votes nationwide.[5][6]",
"The Australian referendum of 27 May 1967, called by the Holt Government, approved two amendments to the Australian constitution relating to Indigenous Australians. Technically it was a vote on the Constitution Alteration (Aboriginals) 1967,[1] which became law on 10 August 1967 following the results of the referendum. The amendments were overwhelmingly endorsed, winning 90.77% of votes cast and carrying in all six states.[2] These amendments altered sections 51(xxvi),[3] and 127,[4] having the immediate effect of including Aboriginal Australians in determinations of population, and also empowered the Federal Parliament to legislate specifically for this racial group. The other question put in the referendum, to allow the number of seats in the House of Representatives to be increased without increasing the number of senators, was rejected. It received majority support in only one state – New South Wales – and received about 40.25% \"yes\" votes nationwide.[5][6]"
] | [
"27 May 1967",
"six states"
] |
1407661730968960798 | Introduced species | Introduced species - wikipedia Introduced species Jump to : navigation , search `` Alien species '' redirects here . For life on planets other than Earth , see Extraterrestrial life . Cattle Bos primigenius taurus introduced worldwide Sweet clover ( Melilotus sp . ) , introduced and naturalized to the Americas from Europe as a forage and cover crop . An introduced species ( alien species , exotic species , non-indigenous species , or non-native species ) is a species living outside its native distributional range , which has arrived there by human activity , either deliberate or accidental . Non-native species can have various effects on the local ecosystem . Introduced species that become established and spread beyond the place of introduction are called invasive species . The impact of introduced species is highly variable . Some have a negative effect on a local ecosystem , while other introduced species may have no negative effect or only minor impact . Some species have been introduced intentionally to combat pests . They are called biocontrols and may be regarded as beneficial as an alternative to pesticides in agriculture for example . In some instances the potential for being beneficial or detrimental in the long run remains unknown . The effects of introduced species on natural environments have gained much scrutiny from scientists , governments , farmers and others . Contents ( hide ) 1 Terminology : introduced species and subsets 1.1 Invasive species 2 Nature of introductions 2.1 Intentional introductions 2.1. 1 Motivations for intentional introductions 2.1. 2 Human enjoyment 2.1. 3 Addressing environmental problems 2.2 Unintentional introductions 3 Introduced plants 4 Introduced animals 4.1 Most commonly introduced species 5 Genetics 6 On a planetary body 7 See also 8 Notes 9 External links Terminology : introduced species and subsets ( edit ) Life timeline view discuss edit - 4500 -- -- - 4000 -- -- - 3500 -- -- - 3000 -- -- - 2500 -- -- - 2000 -- -- - 1500 -- -- - 1000 -- -- - 500 -- -- 0 -- water Single - celled life photosynthesis Eukaryotes Multicellular life Land life Dinosaurs Mammals Flowers ← Earliest Earth ( − 4540 ) ← Earliest water ← Earliest life ← LHB meteorites ← Earliest oxygen ← Atmospheric oxygen ← Oxygen crisis ← Earliest sexual reproduction ← Ediacara biota ← Cambrian explosion ← Earliest humans h n r o z o i r o r o z o i r h n d n Pongola Huronian Cryogenian Andean Karoo Quaternary Axis scale : millions of years . Orange labels : known ice ages . Also see : Human timeline and Nature timeline Formal definition from the United States Environmental Protection Agency : A species that has been intentionally or inadvertently brought into a region or area . Also called an exotic or non-native species . There are many terms associated with introduced species that represent subsets of introduced species , and the terminology associated with introduced species is now in flux for various reasons . Examples of these terms are acclimatized , adventive , naturalized , and immigrant species but those terms refer to a subset of introduced species . The term `` invasive '' is used to describe introduced species when the introduced species causes substantial damage to the area in which it was introduced . Subset descriptions : Acclimatized species : Introduced species that have changed physically and / or behaviorally in order to adjust to their new environment . Acclimatized species are not necessarily optimally adjusted to their new environment and may just be physically / behaviorally sufficient for the new environment . Adventive species Naturalized species ( plants ) : A naturalized plant species refers to a non-native plant that does not need human help to reproduce and maintain its population in an area that it is not native to . General description of introduced species : In the broadest and most widely used sense , an introduced species is synonymous with non-native and therefore applies as well to most garden and farm organisms ; these adequately fit the basic definition given above . However , some sources add to that basic definition `` and are now reproducing in the wild '' , which removes from consideration as introduced species that were raised or grown in gardens or farms that do not survive without tending by people . With respect to plants , these latter are in this case defined as either ornamental or cultivated plants . Invasive species ( edit ) Introduction of a species outside its native range is all that is required to be qualified as an `` introduced species '' such that one can distinguish between introduced species that may not occur except in cultivation , under domestication or captivity whereas others become established outside their native range and reproduce without human assistance . Such species might be termed `` naturalized '' , `` established '' , `` wild non-native species '' . If they further spread beyond the place of introduction and cause damage to nearby species , they are called `` invasive '' . The transition from introduction , to establishment and to invasion has been described in the context of plants . Introduced species are essentially `` non-native '' species . Invasive species are those introduced species that spreadwidely or quickly and cause harm , be that to the environment , human health , other valued resources or the economy . There have been calls from scientists to consider a species `` invasive '' only in terms of their spread and reproduction rather than the harm they may cause . According to a practical definition , an invasive species is one that has been introduced and become a pest in its new location , spreading ( invading ) by natural means . The term is used to imply both a sense of urgency and actual or potential harm . For example , U.S. Executive Order 13112 ( 1999 ) defines `` invasive species '' as `` an alien species whose introduction does or is likely to cause economic or environmental harm or harm to human health '' . The biological definition of invasive species , on the other hand , makes no reference to the harm they may cause , only to the fact that they spread beyond the area of original introduction . Although some argue that `` invasive '' is a loaded word and harm is difficult to define , the fact of the matter is that organisms have and continue to be introduced to areas in which they are not native , sometimes with but usually without much regard to the harm that could result . From a regulatory perspective , it is neither desirable nor practical to list as undesirable or outright ban all non-native species ( although the State of Hawaii has adopted an approach that comes close to this ) . Regulations require a definitional distinction between non-natives that are deemed especially onerous and all others . Introduced pest species that are officially listed as invasive , best fit the definition of an invasive species . Early detection and rapid response is the most effective strategy for regulating a pest species and reducing economic and environmental impacts of an introduction In Great Britain , the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 prevents the introduction of any animal not naturally occurring in the wild or any of a list of both animals or plants introduced previously and proved to be invasive . Nature of introductions ( edit ) By definition , a species is considered `` introduced '' when its transport into an area outside of its native range is human mediated . Introductions by humans can be described as either intentional or accidental . Intentional introductions have been motivated by individuals or groups who either ( 1 ) believe that the newly introduced species will be in some way beneficial to humans in its new location or , ( 2 ) species are introduced intentionally but with no regard to the potential impact . Unintentional or accidental introductions are most often a byproduct of human movements , and are thus unbound to human motivations . Subsequent range expansion of introduced species may or may not involve human activity . Wheat Triticum introduced worldwide from its place of origin Mesopotamia . Intentional introductions ( edit ) Species that humans intentionally transport to new regions can subsequently become successfully established in two ways . In the first case , organisms are purposely released for establishment in the wild . It is sometimes difficult to predict whether a species will become established upon release , and if not initially successful , humans have made repeated introductions to improve the probability that the species will survive and eventually reproduce in the wild . In these cases it is clear that the introduction is directly facilitated by human desires . Male Lophura nycthemera ( silver pheasant ) , a native of East Asia that has been introduced into parts of Europe for ornamental reasons . In the second case , species intentionally transported into a new region may escape from captive or cultivated populations and subsequently establish independent breeding populations . Escaped organisms are included in this category because their initial transport to a new region is human motivated . Motivations for intentional introductions ( edit ) Economic : Perhaps the most common motivation for introducing a species into a new place is that of economic gain . Non-native species can become such a common part of an environment , culture , and even diet that little thought is given to their geographic origin . For example , soybeans , kiwi fruit , wheat , honey bees , and all livestock except the American bison and the turkey are non-native species to North America . Collectively , non-native crops and livestock comprise 98 % of US food . These and other benefits from non-natives are so vast that , according to the Congressional Research Service , they probably exceed the costs . Other examples of species introduced for the purposes of benefiting agriculture , aquaculture or other economic activities are widespread . Eurasian carp was first introduced to the United States as a potential food source . The apple snail was released in Southeast Asia with the intent that it be used as a protein source , and subsequently to places like Hawaii to establish a food industry . In Alaska , foxes were introduced to many islands to create new populations for the fur trade . About twenty species of African and European dung beetles have established themselves in Australia after deliberate introduction by the Australian Dung Beetle Project in an effort to reduce the impact of livestock manure . The timber industry promoted the introduction of Monterey pine ( Pinus radiata ) from California to Australia and New Zealand as a commercial timber crop . These examples represent only a small subsample of species that have been moved by humans for economic interests . The rise in the use of genetically modified organisms has added another potential economic advantage to introducing new / modified species into different environments . Companies such as Monsanto that earn much of their profit through the selling of genetically modified seeds has added to the controversy surrounding introduced species . The effect of genetically modified organisms varies from organism to organism and is still being researched today , however the rise of genetically modified organisms has added complexity to the conversations surrounding introduced species . Human enjoyment ( edit ) Introductions have also been important in supporting recreation activities or otherwise increasing human enjoyment . Numerous fish and game animals have been introduced for the purposes of sport fishing and hunting ( earthworms as invasive species ) . The introduced amphibian ( Ambystoma tigrinum ) that threatens the endemic California salamander ( Ambystoma californiense ) was introduced to California as a source of bait for fishermen . Pet animals have also been frequently transported into new areas by humans , and their escapes have resulted in several successful introductions , such as those of feral cats and parrots . Many plants have been introduced with the intent of aesthetically improving public recreation areas or private properties . The introduced Norway maple for example occupies a prominent status in many of Canada 's parks . The transport of ornamental plants for landscaping use has and continues to be a source of many introductions . Some of these species have escaped horticultural control and become invasive . Notable examples include water hyacinth , salt cedar , and purple loosestrife In other cases , species have been translocated for reasons of `` cultural nostalgia , '' which refers to instances in which humans who have migrated to new regions have intentionally brought with them familiar organisms . Famous examples include the introduction of starlings to North America by Englishman Eugene Schieffelin , a lover of the works of Shakespeare and the chairman of the American Acclimatization Society , who , it is rumoured , wanted to introduce all of the birds mentioned in Shakespeare 's plays into the United States . He deliberately released eighty starlings into Central Park in New York City in 1890 , and another forty in 1891 . Yet another prominent example of an introduced species that became invasive is the European rabbit in Australia . Thomas Austin , a British landowner had rabbits released on his estate in Victoria because he missed hunting them . A more recent example is the introduction of the common wall lizard to North America by a Cincinnati boy , George Rau , around 1950 after a family vacation to Italy . Addressing environmental problems ( edit ) Intentional introductions have also been undertaken with the aim of ameliorating environmental problems . A number of fast spreading plants such as kudzu have been introduced as a means of erosion control . Other species have been introduced as biological control agents to control invasive species and involves the purposeful introduction of a natural enemy of the target species with the intention of reducing its numbers or controlling its spread . A special case of introduction is the reintroduction of a species that has become locally endangered or extinct , done in the interests of conservation . Examples of successful reintroductions include wolves to Yellowstone National Park in the U.S. , and the red kite to parts of England and Scotland . Introductions or translocations of species have also been proposed in the interest of genetic conservation , which advocates the introduction of new individuals into genetically depauperate populations of endangered or threatened species . The above examples highlight the intent of humans to introduce species as a means of incurring some benefit . While these benefits have in some cases been realized , introductions have also resulted in unforeseen costs , particularly when introduced species take on characteristics of invasive species . Unintentional introductions ( edit ) Unintentional introductions occur when species are transported by human vectors . Increasing rates of human travel are providing accelerating opportunities for species to be accidentally transported into areas in which they are not considered native . For example , three species of rat ( the black , Norway and Polynesian ) have spread to most of the world as hitchhikers on ships . There are also numerous examples of marine organisms being transported in ballast water , one being the zebra mussel . Over 200 species have been introduced to the San Francisco Bay in this manner making it the most heavily invaded estuary in the world . There is also the accidental release of the Africanized honey bees ( AHB ) , known colloquially as `` killer bees '' or Africanized bee to Brazil in 1957 and the Asian carps to the United States . The insect commonly known as the brown marmorated stink bug ( Halyomorpha halys ) was introduced accidentally in Pennsylvania . Another form of unintentional introductions is when an intentionally introduced plant carries a parasite or herbivore with it . Some become invasive , for example the oleander aphid , accidentally introduced with the ornamental plant , oleander . Most accidentally or intentionally introduced species do not become invasive as the ones mentioned above . For instance Some 179 coccinellid species have been introduced to the U.S. and Canada ; about 27 of these non-native species have become established , and only a handful can be considered invasive , including the intentionally introduced Harmonia axyridis , multicolored Asian lady beetle . However the small percentage of introduced species that become invasive can produce profound ecological changes . In North America Harmonia axyridis has become the most abundant lady beetle and probably accounts for more observations than all the native lady beetles put together . Introduced plants ( edit ) Many non-native plants have been introduced into new territories , initially as either ornamental plants or for erosion control , stock feed , or forestry . Whether an exotic will become an invasive species is seldom understood in the beginning , and many non-native ornamentals languish in the trade for years before suddenly naturalizing and becoming invasive . Peaches , for example , originated in China , and have been carried to much of the populated world . Tomatoes are native to the Andes . Squash ( pumpkins ) , maize ( corn ) , and tobacco are native to the Americas , but were introduced to the Old World . Many introduced species require continued human intervention to survive in the new environment . Others may become feral , but do not seriously compete with natives , but simply increase the biodiversity of the area . Dandelions are also introduced species to North America . A very troublesome marine species in southern Europe is the seaweed Caulerpa taxifolia . Caulerpa was first observed in the Mediterranean Sea in 1984 , off the coast of Monaco . By 1997 , it had covered some 50 km2 . It has a strong potential to overgrow natural biotopes , and represents a major risk for sublittoral ecosystems . The origin of the alga in the Mediterranean was thought to be either as a migration through the Suez Canal from the Red Sea , or as an accidental introduction from an aquarium . Another troublesome plant species is the terrestrial plant Phyla canescens , which was intentionally introduced into many countries in North America , Europe , and Africa as an ornamental plant . This species has become invasive in Australia , where it threatens native rare plants and causes erosion and soil slumping around river banks . It has also become invasive in France where it has been listed as an invasive plant species of concern in the Mediterranean region , where it can form monocultures that threaten critical conservation habitats . Japanese knotweed grows profusely in many nations . Human beings introduced it into many places in the 19th century . It is a source of resveratrol , a dietary supplement . Chickens Gallus gallus domesticus , from Asia , introduced in the rest of the world Introduced animals ( edit ) Bear in mind that most introduced species do not become invasive . Examples of introduced animals that have become invasive include the gypsy moth in eastern North America , the zebra mussel and alewife in the Great Lakes , the Canada goose and gray squirrel in Europe , the muskrat in Europe and Asia , the cane toad and red fox in Australia , nutria in North America , Eurasia , and Africa , and the common brushtail possum in New Zealand . In Taiwan , the success of introduced bird species was related to their native range size and body size ; larger species with larger native range sizes were found to have larger introduced range sizes . Most commonly introduced species ( edit ) Some species , such as the brown rat , house sparrow , ring - necked pheasant and European starling , have been introduced very widely . In addition there are some agricultural and pet species that frequently become feral ; these include rabbits , dogs , goats , fish , pigs and cats . Genetics ( edit ) When a new species is introduced , the species could potentially breed with members of native species , producing hybrids . The effect of the creating of hybrids can range from having little effect , a negative effect , to having devastating effects on native species . Potential negative effects include hybrids that are less fit for their environment resulting in a population decrease . This was seen in the Atlantic Salmon population when high levels of escape from Atlantic Salmon farms into the wild populations resulted in hybrids that had reduced survival . Potential positive effects include adding to the genetic diversity of the population which can increase the adaptation ability of the population and increase the number of healthy individuals within a population . This was seen in the introduction of guppies in Trinidad to encourage population growth and introduce new alleles into the population . The results of this introduction included increased levels of heterozygosity and a larger population size . On a planetary body ( edit ) Main article : Interplanetary contamination It has been hypothesized that invasive species of microbial life could contaminate a planetary body after the former is introduced by a space probe or spacecraft , either deliberately or unintentionally . See also ( edit ) Avian range expansion Biodiversity Biological contamination Biological dispersal Burmese pythons in Florida Directed panspermia Genetic pollution Introduced mammals on seabird breeding islands Introduced species in Australia Introduced species of the British Isles Introduced species in New Zealand Invasion biology terminology Invasive species List of introduced bird species List of introduced mammal species List of introduced species Native ( indigenous ) species Terraforming Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dov Sax , Aug 2008 . The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Archived July 6 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . Mid-Atlantic Integrated Assessment . September 16 , 2003 . Introduced species . Web site at US EPA ^ Jump up to : Carlton , James T. 2002 . Introduced Species in U.S. Coastal Waters . Pew Oceans Commission . Jump up ^ Richardson et al. 2000 Jump up ^ biodiversity Jump up ^ Colautti and MacIsaac 2004 Jump up ^ CEQ ( 1999 ) . Web site page with Executive Order 13112 Archived 2008 - 05 - 15 at the Wayback Machine . text . Jump up ^ 2013 . Invasive Species Program . Clemson University -- DPI . http://www.clemson.edu/public/regulatory/plant_industry/invasive_exotic_programs/ . Accessed 24 May 2013 . Jump up ^ David Pimentel , Lori Lach , Rodolfo Zuniga , and Doug Morrison , Environmental and Economic Costs Associated with Non-Indigenous Species in the United States , College of Agriculture and Life Sciences , Cornell University ( Ithaca , New York ) , June 12 , 1999 . Jump up ^ Corn ; Tim Johnson , `` Invasive Species , '' The Burlington Free Press , November 9 , 2003 Jump up ^ Naylor , R.L. , S.L. Williams , and D.R. Strong . 2001 . Aquaculture -- a gateway for exotic species . Science 294 : 1655 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Riley , SPD , H.B. Shaffer , S.R. Voss , B.M. Fitzpatrick . Hybridization between a rare , native tiger salamander and its introduced congener. 2003 . Ecological Applications 13 : 1263 -- 1275 . Jump up ^ Foster , J. and A. Sandberg . Friends or foe ? Invasive species and public green space in Toronto . 2004 . The Geographical Review 94 : 178 -- 198 . Jump up ^ Deichsel , G. & Gist , D.H. On the Origin of the Common Wall Lizards Podarcis muralis ( Reptilia : Lacertidae ) in Cincinnati , Ohio Archived 2009 - 09 - 09 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Shirey , P.D. and G.A. Lamberti. 2010 . Assisted colonization under the U.S. Endangered Species Act . Conservation Letters 3 ( 1 ) : 45 -- 52 . Jump up ^ Moritz , Craig . 1999 . Conservation units and translocations : Strategies for conserving evolutionary processes . Hereditas 130 : 217 -- 228 . Jump up ^ Cohen , A.N. And J.T. Carlton. 1998 . Accelerating invasion rate in a highly invaded estuary . Science 279 : 555 -- 558 . Jump up ^ Field guide to recently introduced species of coccinellidae ( Coleoptera ) in North America , with a revised key to north American genera of coccinellini Jump up ^ http://www.lostladybug.org/summary-page-555.php Lost Ladybug Project Jump up ^ Kennedy , K. 1992 . A systematic study of the genus Phyla Lour ( Verbenaceae : Verbenoideae , Lantanae ) . University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas , USA . Jump up ^ Xu , Cheng - Yuan ; Tang , Shaoqing ; Fatemi , Mohammad ; Gross , Caroline L. ; Julien , Mic H. ; Curtis , Caitlin ; van Klinken , Rieks D. ( 2015 - 09 - 01 ) . `` Population structure and genetic diversity of invasive Phyla canescens : implications for the evolutionary potential '' . Ecosphere. 6 ( 9 ) : 1 -- 21 . ISSN 2150 - 8925 . doi : 10.1890 / ES14 - 00374.1 . Jump up ^ Whalley , R.D.B. ; Price , J.N. ; Macdonald , M.J. ; Berney , P.J. ( 2011 ) . `` Drivers of change in the Social - Ecological Systems of the Gwydir Wetlands and Macquarie Marshes in northern New South Wales , Australia '' . The Rangeland Journal . 33 ( 2 ) : 109 . doi : 10.1071 / rj11002 . Jump up ^ Olivier , L. , J.P. Galland , and H. Maurin , editors. 1995 . Livre Rouge de la flore menacée de France. Tome I. Espèces prioritaires . SPN - IEGB / MNHN , DNP / Ministère Environnement , CBN Porquerolles , Paris , France Jump up ^ Su , S. ; Cassey , P. ; Dyer , E.E. ; Blackburn , T.M. ( 2017 ) . `` Geographical range expansion of alien birds and environmental matching '' . Ibis. 159 ( 1 ) : 193 -- 203 . doi : 10.1111 / ibi. 12418 . Jump up ^ McGinnity , Philip ; Prodöhl , Paulo ; Ferguson , Andy ; Hynes , Rosaleen ; Maoiléidigh , Niall ó ; Baker , Natalie ; Cotter , Deirdre ; O'Hea , Brendan ; Cooke , Declan ( 2003 - 12 - 07 ) . `` Fitness reduction and potential extinction of wild populations of Atlantic salmon , Salmo salar , as a result of interactions with escaped farm salmon '' . Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B : Biological Sciences . 270 ( 1532 ) : 2443 -- 2450 . ISSN 0962 - 8452 . PMC 1691531 . PMID 14667333 . doi : 10.1098 / rspb. 2003.2520 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Sarah W. ; Gerberich , Jill C. ; Angeloni , Lisa M. ; Bailey , Larissa L. ; Broder , Emily D. ; Torres - Dowdall , Julian ; Handelsman , Corey A. ; López - Sepulcre , Andrés ; Reznick , David N. ( 2016 - 08 - 01 ) . `` Gene flow from an adaptively divergent source causes rescue through genetic and demographic factors in two wild populations of Trinidadian guppies '' . Evolutionary Applications. 9 ( 7 ) : 879 -- 891 . ISSN 1752 - 4571 . PMC 4947150 . PMID 27468306 . doi : 10.1111 / eva. 12356 . Jump up ^ Assessment of Planetary Protection and Contamination Control Technologies for Future Planetary Science Missions , Jet Propulsion Laboratory , January 24 , 2011 3.1. 1 Microbial Reduction Methodologies : `` This protocol was defined in concert with Viking , the first mission to face the most stringent planetary protection requirements ; its implementation remains the gold standard today . '' External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Invasive plants by country . Wikisource has the text of the 1920 Encyclopedia Americana article Immigrations , Animal and Vegetal . GB Non-native Species Secretariat GB Non-native Species -- information , ID sheets , risk assessments , case studies , resources , free photos , videos and more . Alien Plants in Ireland Database of Alien plants in Ireland Introduced species in the British Isles Alien species in Poland Introduced Species in Eastern United States Pathways for Invasive Species Introduction Species Profile - Invasive Species , National Invasive Species Information Center , United States National Agricultural Library . Lists general information and resources for invasive species . Nonindigenous Species Database Network The Naked Scientists Invasive Species Articles Ecologists challenge the categories that identify some species as natives and others as invaders . Bugguide.net List of non-native arthropods in North America Ecology : Modelling ecosystems : Trophic components General Abiotic component Abiotic stress Behaviour Biogeochemical cycle Biomass Biotic component Biotic stress Carrying capacity Competition Ecosystem Ecosystem ecology Ecosystem model Keystone species List of feeding behaviours Metabolic theory of ecology Productivity Resource Producers Autotrophs Chemosynthesis Chemotrophs Foundation species Mixotrophs Myco - heterotrophy Mycotroph Organotrophs Photoheterotrophs Photosynthesis Photosynthetic efficiency Phototrophs Primary nutritional groups Primary production Consumers Apex predator Bacterivore Carnivores Chemoorganotroph Foraging Generalist and specialist species Intraguild predation Herbivores Heterotroph Heterotrophic nutrition Insectivore Mesopredators Mesopredator release hypothesis Omnivores Optimal foraging theory Predation Prey switching Decomposers Chemoorganoheterotrophy Decomposition Detritivores Detritus Microorganisms Archaea Bacteriophage Environmental microbiology Lithoautotroph Lithotrophy Microbial cooperation Microbial ecology Microbial food web Microbial intelligence Microbial loop Microbial mat Microbial metabolism Phage ecology Food webs Biomagnification Ecological efficiency Ecological pyramid Energy flow Food chain Trophic level Example webs Cold seeps Hydrothermal vents Intertidal Kelp forests Lakes North Pacific Subtropical Gyre Rivers San Francisco Estuary Soil Tide pool Processes Ascendency Bioaccumulation Cascade effect Climax community Competitive exclusion principle Consumer - resource systems Copiotrophs Dominance Ecological network Ecological succession Energy quality Energy Systems Language f - ratio Feed conversion ratio Feeding frenzy Mesotrophic soil Nutrient cycle Oligotroph Paradox of the plankton Trophic cascade Trophic mutualism Trophic state index Defense / counter Animal coloration Antipredator adaptations Camouflage Deimatic behaviour Herbivore adaptations to plant defense Mimicry Plant defense against herbivory Predator avoidance in schooling fish ( hide ) Ecology : Modelling ecosystems : Other components Population ecology Abundance Allee effect Depensation Ecological yield Effective population size Intraspecific competition Logistic function Malthusian growth model Maximum sustainable yield Overpopulation in wild animals Overexploitation Population cycle Population dynamics Population modeling Population size Predator -- prey ( Lotka -- Volterra ) equations Recruitment Resilience Small population size Stability Species Biodiversity Density - dependent inhibition Ecological effects of biodiversity Ecological extinction Endemic species Flagship species Gradient analysis Indicator species Introduced species Invasive species Latitudinal gradients in species diversity Minimum viable population Neutral theory Occupancy -- abundance relationship Population viability analysis Priority effect Rapoport 's rule Relative abundance distribution Relative species abundance Species diversity Species homogeneity Species richness Species distribution Species - area curve Umbrella species Species interaction Antibiosis Biological interaction Commensalism Community ecology Ecological facilitation Interspecific competition Mutualism Storage effect Spatial ecology Biogeography Cross-boundary subsidy Ecocline Ecotone Ecotype Disturbance Edge effects Foster 's rule Habitat fragmentation Ideal free distribution Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis Island biogeography Landscape ecology Landscape epidemiology Landscape limnology Metapopulation Patch dynamics r / K selection theory Source -- sink dynamics Niche Ecological niche Ecological trap Ecosystem engineer Environmental niche modelling Guild Habitat Marine habitats Limiting similarity Niche apportionment models Niche construction Niche differentiation Other networks Assembly rules Bateman 's principle Bioluminescence Ecological collapse Ecological debt Ecological deficit Ecological energetics Ecological indicator Ecological threshold Ecosystem diversity Emergence Extinction debt Kleiber 's law Liebig 's law of the minimum Marginal value theorem Thorson 's rule Xerosere Other Allometry Alternative stable state Balance of nature Biological data visualization Constructal theory Ecocline Ecological economics Ecological footprint Ecological forecasting Ecological humanities Ecological stoichiometry Ecopath Ecosystem based fisheries Endolith Evolutionary ecology Functional ecology Industrial ecology Macroecology Microecosystem Natural environment Regime shift Systems ecology Urban ecology Theoretical ecology List of ecology topics GND : 4776201 - 9 NDL : 00565774 Earth sciences portal Ecology portal Environment portal Gardening portal Sustainable development portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Introduced_species&oldid=806841429 '' Categories : Introduced species Invasive species Biology terminology Ecology Ecology terminology Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2012 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Français Frysk 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Русский Seeltersk Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2017 , at 14 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | most exotic species are introduced into a new environment accidentally as a result of | [
"Unintentional introductions occur when species are transported by human vectors. Increasing rates of human travel are providing accelerating opportunities for species to be accidentally transported into areas in which they are not considered native. For example, three species of rat (the black, Norway and Polynesian) have spread to most of the world as hitchhikers on ships. There are also numerous examples of marine organisms being transported in ballast water, one being the zebra mussel. Over 200 species have been introduced to the San Francisco Bay in this manner making it the most heavily invaded estuary in the world.[17] There is also the accidental release of the Africanized honey bees (AHB), known colloquially as \"killer bees\" or Africanized bee to Brazil in 1957 and the Asian carps to the United States. The insect commonly known as the brown marmorated stink bug (Halyomorpha halys) was introduced accidentally in Pennsylvania. Another form of unintentional introductions is when an intentionally introduced plant carries a parasite or herbivore with it. Some become invasive, for example the oleander aphid, accidentally introduced with the ornamental plant, oleander."
] | [
"human travel"
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-3069864098820507576 | List of regions of the United States | List of regions of the United States - wikipedia List of regions of the United States This is a list of some of the regions in the United States . Contents 1 Interstate regions 1.1 Official regions of the United States 1.1. 1 Census Bureau - designated regions and divisions 1.1. 2 Standard federal regions 1.1. 3 Federal Reserve banks 1.1. 4 Time zones 1.1. 5 Courts of Appeals circuits 1.1. 6 Bureau of Economic Analysis regions 1.1. 7 Energy Information Administration 1.2 Unofficial U.S. multi-state and multi-territory regions 1.2. 1 The Belts 1.2. 2 Interstate metropolitan areas 1.2. 3 Interstate megalopolises 2 Intrastate and intraterritory regions 2.1 Alabama 2.2 Alaska 2.3 American Samoa 2.4 Arizona 2.5 Arkansas 2.6 California 2.7 Colorado 2.8 Connecticut 2.9 Delaware 2.10 District of Columbia 2.11 Florida 2.12 Georgia 2.12. 1 Physiographic regions 2.13 Guam 2.14 Hawaii 2.15 Idaho 2.16 Illinois 2.17 Indiana 2.18 Iowa 2.19 Kansas 2.20 Kentucky 2.21 Louisiana 2.22 Maine 2.23 Maryland 2.24 Massachusetts 2.25 Michigan 2.26 Minnesota 2.27 Mississippi 2.28 Missouri 2.29 Montana 2.30 Nebraska 2.31 Nevada 2.32 New Hampshire 2.33 New Jersey 2.34 New Mexico 2.35 New York 2.36 North Carolina 2.37 North Dakota 2.38 Northern Mariana Islands 2.39 Ohio 2.40 Oklahoma 2.41 Oregon 2.42 Pennsylvania 2.43 Puerto Rico 2.44 Rhode Island 2.45 South Carolina 2.46 South Dakota 2.47 Tennessee 2.48 Texas 2.49 U.S. Minor Outlying Islands 2.50 Utah 2.51 Vermont 2.52 Virgin Islands 2.53 Virginia 2.54 Washington 2.55 West Virginia 2.56 Wisconsin 2.57 Wyoming 3 Other regional listings 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Interstate regions ( edit ) Official regions of the United States ( edit ) Many regions in the United States are defined in law or regulations by the federal government . Census Bureau - designated regions and Divisions ( edit ) U.S. Census Bureau Regions and Divisions . The United States Census Bureau defines four statistical regions , with nine divisions . The Census Bureau region definition is `` widely used ... for data collection and analysis , '' and is the most commonly used classification system . Regional divisions used by the United States Census Bureau : Region 1 : Northeast Division 1 : New England ( Connecticut , Maine , Massachusetts , New Hampshire , Rhode Island , and Vermont ) Division 2 : Mid-Atlantic ( New Jersey , New York , and Pennsylvania ) Region 2 : Midwest ( Prior to June 1984 , the Midwest Region was designated as the North Central Region . ) Division 3 : East North Central ( Illinois , Indiana , Michigan , Ohio , and Wisconsin ) Division 4 : West North Central ( Iowa , Kansas , Minnesota , Missouri , Nebraska , North Dakota , and South Dakota ) Region 3 : South Division 5 : South Atlantic ( Delaware , Florida , Georgia , Maryland , North Carolina , South Carolina , Virginia , District of Columbia , and West Virginia ) Division 6 : East South Central ( Alabama , Kentucky , Mississippi , and Tennessee ) Division 7 : West South Central ( Arkansas , Louisiana , Oklahoma , and Texas ) Region 4 : West Division 8 : Mountain ( Arizona , Colorado , Idaho , Montana , Nevada , New Mexico , Utah , and Wyoming ) Division 9 : Pacific ( Alaska , California , Hawaii , Oregon , and Washington ) Puerto Rico and other US territories are not part of any census region or census division . Standard Federal regions ( edit ) Standard federal regions . The ten standard federal regions were established by OMB ( Office of Management and Budget ) Circular A-105 , `` Standard Federal Regions , '' in April , 1974 , and required for all executive agencies . In recent years , some agencies have tailored their field structures to meet program needs and facilitate interaction with local , state , and regional counterparts . However , the OMB must still approve any departures . Region I : Connecticut , Maine , Massachusetts , New Hampshire , Rhode Island , Vermont Region II : New Jersey , New York , Puerto Rico , US Virgin Islands Region III : Delaware , District of Columbia , Maryland , Pennsylvania , Virginia , West Virginia Region IV : Alabama , Florida , Georgia , Kentucky , Mississippi , North Carolina , South Carolina , Tennessee Region V : Illinois , Indiana , Michigan , Minnesota , Ohio , Wisconsin Region VI : Arkansas , Louisiana , New Mexico , Oklahoma , Texas Region VII : Iowa , Kansas , Missouri , Nebraska Region VIII : Colorado , Montana , North Dakota , South Dakota , Utah , Wyoming Region IX : Arizona , California , Hawaii , Nevada , American Samoa , Guam , Northern Mariana Islands , Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands Region X : Alaska , Idaho , Oregon , Washington Federal Reserve Banks ( edit ) Federal Reserve districts . The Federal Reserve Act of 1913 divided the country into twelve districts with a central Federal Reserve Bank in each district . These twelve Federal Reserve Banks together form a major part of the Federal Reserve System , the central banking system of the United States . Missouri is the only U.S. state to have two Federal Reserve locations within its borders . Boston New York Philadelphia Cleveland Richmond Atlanta Chicago St. Louis Minneapolis Kansas City Dallas San Francisco Time zones ( edit ) Main article : Time in the United States U.S. time zones . UTC − 12 : 00 ( Baker Island , Howland Island ) Samoa Time Zone ( American Samoa , Jarvis Island , Kingman Reef , Midway Atoll , Palmyra Atoll ) Hawaii -- Aleutian Time Zone ( Hawaii , Aleutian Islands ( Alaska ) , Johnston Atoll ) Alaska Time Zone ( Alaska , excluding Aleutian Islands ) Pacific Time Zone Mountain Time Zone Central Time Zone Eastern Time Zone Atlantic Time Zone ( Puerto Rico , U.S. Virgin Islands ) Chamorro Time Zone ( Guam , Northern Mariana Islands ) Wake Island Time Zone ( Wake Island ) Courts of appeals circuits ( edit ) Main article : United States courts of appeals U.S. Courts of Appeals circuits . First Circuit Second Circuit Third Circuit Fourth Circuit Fifth Circuit Sixth Circuit Seventh Circuit Eighth Circuit Ninth Circuit Tenth Circuit Eleventh Circuit D.C. Circuit The Federal Circuit is not a regional circuit . Its jurisdiction is nationwide , but based on subject matter . Bureau of Economic Analysis regions ( edit ) Bureau of Economic Analysis regions . The Bureau of Economic Analysis defines regions for comparison of economic data . New England : Connecticut , Maine , Massachusetts , New Hampshire , Rhode Island and Vermont Mideast : Delaware , District of Columbia , Maryland , New Jersey , New York , Pennsylvania Great Lakes : Illinois , Indiana , Michigan , Ohio , and Wisconsin Plains : Iowa , Kansas , Minnesota , Missouri , Nebraska , North Dakota , and South Dakota Southeast : Alabama , Arkansas , Florida , Georgia , Kentucky , Louisiana , Mississippi , North Carolina , South Carolina , Tennessee , Virginia , and West Virginia Southwest : Arizona , New Mexico , Oklahoma , and Texas Rocky Mountain : Colorado , Idaho , Montana , Utah , and Wyoming Far West : Alaska , California , Hawaii , Nevada , Oregon , and Washington Energy Information Administration ( edit ) The Energy Information Administration currently uses the PADD system established by Petroleum Administration for War in World War II . It is used for data collection on refining petroleum and its products . Each PADD is subdivided into refining districts . PADD I : East Coast East Coast : Maine , New Hampshire , Vermont , Massachusetts , Rhode Island , Connecticut , New Jersey , Delaware , Maryland , Virginia , North Carolina , South Carolina , Georgia , Florida ; along with counties in New York east of , north of and including Cayuga , Tompkins , and Chemung ; and counties in Pennsylvania east of and including Bradford , Sullivan , Columbia , Montour , Northumberland , Dauphin and York . Appalachian No. 1 : West Virginia along with counties of Pennsylvania and New York State not mentioned above . PADD II : Midwest Indiana - Illinois - Kentucky : Indiana , Illinois , Kentucky , Tennessee , Michigan , Ohio Minnesota - Wisconsin - North and South Dakota : Minnesota , Wisconsin , North Dakota , South Dakota Oklahoma - Kansas - Missouri : Oklahoma , Kansas , Missouri , Nebraska , Iowa PADD III : Gulf Coast Texas Gulf Coast : The Texan counties of Newton , Orange , Jefferson , Jasper , Tyler , Hardin , Liberty , Chambers , Polk , San Jacinto , Montgomery , Harris , Galveston , Waller , Fort Bend , Brazoria , Wharton , Matagorda , Jackson , Victoria , Calhoun , Refugio , Aransas , San Patricio , Nueces , Kleberg , Kenedy , Willacy and Cameron Texas Inland : Texan counties not mentioned above . Louisiana Gulf Coast : Parishes of Louisiana south of , and including Vernon , Rapides , Avoyelles , Pointe Coupee , West Feliciana , East Feliciana , Saint Helena , Tangipahoa and Washington ; along with Pearl River , Stone , George , Hancock , Harrison , and Jackson County of Mississippi ; and Alabama 's Mobile and Baldwin County . North Louisiana - Arkansas : Arkansas and parts of Louisiana , Mississippi and Alabama not mentioned above . New Mexico : New Mexico PADD IV : Rocky Mountain : Colorado , Montana , Idaho , Wyoming , Utah PADD V : West Coast : Washington , Oregon , California , Nevada , Arizona , Alaska , Hawaii PADD I can also be subdivided into 3 Subdistricts : Sub-PAD 1A : New England ( Connecticut , Maine , Massachusetts , New Hampshire , Rhode Island , Vermont ) Sub-PAD 1B : Central Atlantic ( Delaware , Maryland , New Jersey , New York , Pennsylvania , District of Columbia ) Sub-PAD 1C : Lower Atlantic ( Florida , Georgia , North Carolina , South Carolina , Virginia , West Virginia ) PADD system was established in World War II and therefore do n't accurately reflect current trends . The EIA has updated the PADD system with a complimentary set of regions to reflect this and will change it to suite current needs . ( Note : Region 9 includes countries not part of the USA but is included for the sake of completion since it contains Puerto Rico ) Region 1 : PADD I Region 2 : PADD II `` Inland '' ( States of North Dakota , South Dakota , Nebraska , Kansas , Oklahoma , Missouri , Iowa , Tennessee and Kentucky ) Region 3 : PADD II `` Lakes '' ( States of Minnesota , Wisconsin , Illinois , Michigan , Indiana and Ohio ) Region 4 : PADD III `` Gulf '' ( Refining districts of Texas Gulf Coast and Louisiana Gulf Coast ) Region 5 : PADD III `` Inland '' ( Refining districts of Texas Inland , New Mexico and North Louisiana - Arkansas ) Region 6 : PADD IV Region 7 : PADD V `` California '' ( State of California ) Region 8 : PADD V `` Other '' ( States of Alaska , Arizona , Hawaii , Nevada , Oregon and Washington ) Region 9 : `` International '' Maritime Canada ( Newfoundland , Nova Scotia , New Brunswick ) Caribbean ( Puerto Rico , Trinidad & Tobago ) Unofficial U.S. multi-state and multi-territory regions ( edit ) Appalachia Ark - La - Tex Black Dirt Region Blackstone Valley Border states : Civil War border states International border states Calumet Region The Carolinas Central United States Champlain Valley Coastal states Colorado Plateau Columbia Basin Contiguous United States The Dakotas Deep South Delaware Valley Delmarva Peninsula Dixie Driftless Area East Coast Eastern United States Four Corners Great American Desert Great Appalachian Valley Great Basin Great Lakes Region Great North Woods Great Plains Gulf Coast Gulf South High Plains Inland Northwest Interior Plains Intermountain States Jefferson ( proposed Pacific state ) Lake Tahoe Lehigh Valley Llano Estacado Mid-Atlantic states Mississippi Delta Mojave Desert Mormon Corridor Northern New England Ohio Valley Ozarks Pacific Northwest Pacific States Palouse Piedmont Piney Woods Rocky Mountains Shawnee Hills Shenandoah Valley Siouxland South Shore Southeastern United States Southern New England Southern Rocky Mountains Southern United States Southwestern United States Old Southwest Susquehanna River Tennessee Valley Tornado Alley Trans - Mississippi Twin Tiers Upland South Upper Midwest Virginias Waxhaws West Coast American Frontier Oregon Trail Appalachian Trail There are also multi-territory regions : Mariana Islands ( Guam and Northern Mariana Islands ) Samoan Islands ( American Samoa and independent Samoa ) Virgin Islands ( U.S. Virgin Islands , eastern Puerto Rico , and British Virgin Islands ) The belts ( edit ) For a more comprehensive list , see List of belt regions of the United States . Bible Belt Black Belt Corn Belt Cotton Belt Frost Belt Pine Belt Rice Belt Rust Belt Snowbelt Sun Belt Interstate metropolitan areas ( edit ) See also : Tri-state area Central Savannah River Area ( part of Georgia and South Carolina ) Baltimore -- Washington metropolitan area ( District of Columbia and parts of Maryland , Virginia , West Virginia , and Pennsylvania ) Washington metropolitan area ( District of Columbia and parts of Maryland , Virginia , and West Virginia ) Greater Boston ( parts of Massachusetts , Rhode Island , and New Hampshire ) Charlotte metropolitan area ( parts of North Carolina and South Carolina ) Chattanooga Metropolitan Area Chicago metropolitan area ( parts of Illinois , Indiana , and Wisconsin ) Cincinnati metropolitan area ( parts of Ohio , Indiana , and Kentucky ) Columbus - Auburn - Opelika ( GA - AL ) Combined Statistical Area ( parts of Georgia and Alabama ) Delaware Valley ( Philadelphia metropolitan area ) ( parts of Pennsylvania , New Jersey , Delaware , and Maryland ) Evansville , IN -- KY Metropolitan Statistical Area ( parts of Indiana and Kentucky ) Fargo -- Moorhead ( parts of North Dakota and Minnesota ) Fort Smith metropolitan area ( parts of Arkansas and Oklahoma ) Front Range Urban Corridor ( parts of Colorado and Wyoming ) Greater Grand Forks ( part of Minnesota and North Dakota ) Kansas City metropolitan area ( parts of Missouri and Kansas ) Louisville metropolitan area ( Kentuckiana ) ( parts of Kentucky and Indiana ) Memphis metropolitan area ( parts of Tennessee , Arkansas , and Mississippi ) Michiana ( parts of Michigan and Indiana ) Minneapolis -- Saint Paul ( the Twin Cities ) ( parts of Minnesota and Wisconsin ) New York metropolitan area ( parts of New York , New Jersey , Connecticut , and Pennsylvania ) Omaha -- Council Bluffs metropolitan area ( parts of Nebraska and Iowa ) Portland metropolitan area ( parts of Oregon and Washington ) Quad Cities ( parts of Iowa and Illinois ) Sacramento metropolitan area ( parts of California and Nevada ) Greater St. Louis ( parts of Missouri and Illinois ) Texarkana metropolitan area ( parts of Texas and Arkansas ) Tri-Cities ( parts of Tennessee and Virginia ) Twin Ports ( Duluth , Minnesota and Superior , Wisconsin ) Hampton Roads region ( parts of Virginia and North Carolina ) Youngstown -- Warren -- Boardman metropolitan statistical area ( parts of Ohio and Pennsylvania ) Interstate megalopolises ( edit ) See also : Megaregions of the United States and Megalopolis ( city type ) Arizona Sun Corridor California Cascadia Great Lakes Northeast megalopolis Piedmont Atlantic Megaregion ( PAM ) Intrastate and intraterritory regions ( edit ) Alabama ( edit ) A map of Alabama regions . Alabama Gulf Coast Greater Birmingham Black Belt Central Alabama Lower Alabama Mobile Bay North Alabama Northeast Alabama Northwest Alabama South Alabama Alaska ( edit ) The Alaska Panhandle . Alaska Interior Alaska North Slope Alaska Panhandle Aleutian Islands Arctic Alaska The Bush Kenai Peninsula Matanuska - Susitna Valley Seward Peninsula Southcentral Alaska Southwest Alaska Tanana Valley Yukon - Kuskokwim Delta American Samoa ( edit ) American Samoa Ofu - Olosega Rose Atoll Swains Island ( claimed by Tokelau ) Ta'ū Tutuila & Aunu'u Arizona ( edit ) The Arizona Strip . For a more comprehensive list , see List of regions of Arizona . Arizona Strip Grand Canyon North Central Arizona Northeast Arizona Northern Arizona Phoenix metropolitan area Southern Arizona Arkansas ( edit ) Arkansas Delta Arkansas River Valley Arkansas Timberlands Central Arkansas Crowley 's Ridge Northwest Arkansas South Arkansas California ( edit ) For a more comprehensive list , see List of regions of California . Colorado ( edit ) An enlargeable map of the Front Range Urban Corridor of Colorado and Wyoming Central Colorado ( part of Southern Rocky Mountains ) Colorado Eastern Plains ( part of High Plains and Great Plains ) Colorado Front Range ( part of Front Range Urban Corridor ) Colorado Mineral Belt ( part of Southern Rocky Mountains ) Colorado Piedmont ( contains parts of the Front Range Urban Corridor and High Plains ) Colorado Western Slope ( part of Southern Rocky Mountains and Colorado Plateau ) Denver - Aurora Metropolitan Area ( part of Front Range Urban Corridor ) High Rockies ( part of Southern Rocky Mountains ) Northwestern Colorado ( part of Southern Rocky Mountains ) San Luis Valley South - Central Colorado ( part of Front Range Urban Corridor ) Southwestern Colorado ( part of Southern Rocky Mountains and Colorado Plateau ) Connecticut ( edit ) The Greater Bridgeport Region in location to other officially recognized Connecticut regions with regional governments . The Connecticut Panhandle and `` The Oblong '' . In Connecticut , there are 14 official regions , each with a regional government that serves for the absence of county government in Connecticut . There are also a fair number of unofficial regions in Connecticut with no regional government . Central Naugatuck Valley Coastal Connecticut Connecticut panhandle Greater Bridgeport Greater New Haven Greater Hartford Housatonic Valley ( shared with Massachusetts ) Litchfield Hills Lower Connecticut River Valley Naugatuck River Valley New York Metropolitan Area / Gold Coast Southeastern Connecticut Western Connecticut Delaware ( edit ) `` Upstate '' or `` Up North '' Delaware Valley also known as `` Above the Canal '' ( referring to the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal ) `` Slower Lower '' Cape Region Central Kent Delaware coast District of Columbia ( edit ) See Neighborhoods in the District of Columbia Florida ( edit ) The First Coast . The Florida Panhandle . Directional regions Central Florida North Florida Northwest Florida North Central Florida Northeast Florida South Florida Southwest Florida Local vernacular regions Big Bend Emerald Coast First Coast Florida Heartland Florida Keys Florida Panhandle Forgotten Coast Glades Gold Coast Halifax area ( also Surf Coast and Fun Coast ) Red Hills Nature Coast Space Coast Suncoast Tampa Bay Area Treasure Coast Georgia ( edit ) Atlanta metropolitan area Central Georgia Central Savannah River Area Colonial Coast Golden Isles of Georgia Historic South North Georgia North Georgia mountains ( Northeast Georgia ) Southern Rivers Southeast Georgia Wiregrass Region Physiographic regions ( edit ) Appalachian Plateau Blue Ridge Mountains Coastal Plain Piedmont Ridge - and - Valley Appalachians Guam ( edit ) Guam ( main island ) Tumon Hawaii ( edit ) Hawaiian archipelago Main Hawaiian Islands Hawaiʻi / Big Island Hamakua Coast Kaʻū Desert Kohala Coast Kona Coast Mauna Kea Puna District Waiākea - Uka Kahoʻolawe Kauaʻi Nā Pali Coast Kaʻula Lānai Maui Haleakalā Molokini West Maui Mountains Iao Valley Molokaʻi Kalaupapa Peninsula Niʻihau Lehua Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Nihoa ( Moku Manu ) Necker Island ( Mokumanamana ) French Frigate Shoals ( Kānemiloha ) Gardner Pinnacles ( Pūhāhonu ) Maro Reef ( Nalukākala ) Laysan ( Kauō ) Lisianski ( Papaāpoho ) Pearl and Hermes ( Holoikauaua ) Kure Atoll ( Mokupāpapa ) Oʻahu Kaʻena Point Makapuʻu North Shore Waikīkī Idaho ( edit ) The Idaho Panhandle . Central Idaho Eastern Idaho Idaho Panhandle Magic Valley North Central Idaho Palouse Hills Southern Idaho Southwestern Idaho Treasure Valley Illinois ( edit ) Main article : Regions of Illinois Southern Illinois is also known as `` Little Egypt '' . American Bottom Central Illinois Champaign -- Urbana metropolitan area Chicago metropolitan area Driftless Area Forgottonia Fox Valley Metro - East Metro Lakeland Military Tract of 1812 Mississippi Alluvial Plain North Shore Northern Illinois Northwestern Illinois Peoria , Illinois metropolitan area Quad Cities River Bend Rock River Valley Shawnee Hills Southern Illinois ( sometimes , Little Egypt ) Streatorland Tri-State Area Wabash Valley Indiana ( edit ) Regions of Indiana . Main article : Geography of Indiana East Central Indiana Indianapolis metropolitan area Michiana Northern Indiana Northwest Indiana Southern Indiana Southwestern Indiana Wabash Valley Iowa ( edit ) Regions of Iowa . Coteau des Prairies Des Moines metropolitan area Dissected Till Plains Driftless Area Great River Road Honey Lands Iowa Great Lakes Loess Hills Omaha -- Council Bluffs metropolitan area Quad Cities Siouxland Kansas ( edit ) East - Central Kansas Flint Hills High Plains Kansas City Metropolitan Area North Central Kansas Osage Plains Ozarks Red Hills Santa Fe Trail Smoky Hills Southeast Kansas Kentucky ( edit ) Kentucky 's regions . The Bluegrass Central Kentucky Cumberland Plateau Eastern Kentucky Coalfield Kentucky Bend The Knobs Northern Kentucky Pennyroyal Plateau South Central Kentucky The Purchase Western Coal Fields Louisiana ( edit ) A map of Louisiana 's regions . Acadiana Cajun Heartland River Parishes Central Louisiana ( Cen - La ) Florida Parishes `` French Louisiana '' ( Acadiana + Greater New Orleans ) Greater New Orleans North Louisiana Maine ( edit ) Acadia Down East High Peaks / Maine Highlands Kennebec Valley Maine Highlands Maine Lake Country Maine North Woods Mid Coast Penobscot Bay Southern Maine Coast Western Maine Mountains Maryland ( edit ) Maryland 's regions . Baltimore - Washington Metropolitan Area Capital region Chesapeake Bay Eastern Shore of Maryland Patapsco Valley Southern Maryland Western Maryland Western Shore of Maryland Regions shared with other states : Allegheny Mountains Atlantic coastal plain Blue Ridge Mountains Cumberland Valley Delaware Valley Delmarva Peninsula consists of Maryland 's and Virginia 's Eastern Shore and all of Delaware Piedmont ( United States ) Ridge - and - Valley Appalachians Massachusetts ( edit ) The Berkshire region of Massachusetts . Western Massachusetts The Berkshires ( map shown , right ) Housatonic Valley Pioneer Valley Quabbin - Swift River Valley Central Massachusetts MetroWest Montachusett - North County South County Blackstone River Valley Northeastern Massachusetts North Shore Merrimack Valley Cape Ann Greater Boston Southeastern Massachusetts Cape Cod and Islands South Coast South Shore Michigan ( edit ) Michigan 's regions . Main article : Geography of Michigan Lower Peninsula Northern Michigan Leelanau Peninsula Central / Mid-Michigan The Thumb West Michigan Michiana Southeast Michigan Metro Detroit Upper Peninsula Copper Country Keweenaw Peninsula Minnesota ( edit ) Main article : Geography of Minnesota Regions of Minnesota . Arrowhead Region Boundary Waters Buffalo Ridge Central Minnesota Coulee Region Iron Range Minnesota River Valley North Shore Northwest Angle Pipestone Region Red River Valley Southeast Minnesota Twin Cities Metro Mississippi ( edit ) Black Belt Mississippi Alluvial Plain Mississippi East Gulf Coast Plain Missouri ( edit ) The Missouri Bootheel . Bootheel Dissected Till Plains Kansas City Metropolitan Area Lead Belt Little Dixie Natchez Trace Ozarks St. Louis Metropolitan Area Montana ( edit ) Big Horn Mountains Eastern Montana The Flathead Glacier Country Glacier National Park Regional designations of Montana South Central Montana Southwestern Montana Two Medicine Western Montana Yellowstone National Park Nebraska ( edit ) The Nebraska Panhandle . Nebraska Panhandle Northwest Nebraska Pine Ridge Rainwater Basin Sand Hills Southeast Nebraska South Central Nebraska Wildcat Hills Nevada ( edit ) Black Rock Desert Lake Tahoe Las Vegas Valley Mojave Desert Pahranagat Valley Sierra Nevada New Hampshire ( edit ) Connecticut River Valley Dartmouth - Lake Sunapee Region ( overlaps with Connecticut River Valley ) Great North Woods Region Lakes Region Merrimack Valley Golden Triangle Monadnock Region ( overlaps with Connecticut River Valley ) Seacoast Region White Mountains New Jersey ( edit ) North Jersey Skylands Amwell Valley Black Dirt Region ( shared with New York ) Great Valley Sussex County Snow Belt Hunterdon Plateau Ridge - and - Valley Appalachians Highlands Somerset Hills The Sourlands Gateway Chemical Coast / Soundshore Hudson Waterfront North Hudson Meadowlands Pascack Valley Raritan Bayshore West Hudson Central Jersey Bayshore Jersey Shore Shore Region South Jersey Shore Region Northern Headlands Irish Riviera Pine Barrens Delaware Valley Pine Barrens The Sourlands Southern Shore Cape May The Glades Tri Cities ( Bridgeton , Millville , Vineland ) Tri-County Farm Belt Greater Atlantic City Pine Barrens Central Corridor Piedmont Region New Mexico ( edit ) Central New Mexico Eastern New Mexico New Mexico Bootheel Northern New Mexico New York ( edit ) Regions of New York as defined by the New York State Department of Economic Development . 1 . Western New York -- counties : Niagara , Erie , Chautauqua , Cattaraugus , Allegany 2 . Finger Lakes -- counties : Orleans , Genesee , Wyoming , Monroe , Livingston , Wayne , Ontario , Yates , Seneca 3 . Southern Tier -- counties : Steuben , Schuyler , Chemung , Tompkins , Tioga , Chenango , Broome , Delaware 4 . Central New York -- counties : Cortland , Cayuga , Onondaga , Oswego , Madison 5 . North Country -- counties : St. Lawrence , Lewis , Jefferson , Hamilton , Essex , Clinton , Franklin 6 . Mohawk Valley -- counties : Oneida , Herkimer , Fulton , Montgomery , Otsego , Schoharie 7 . Capital District -- counties : Albany , Columbia , Greene , Warren , Washington , Saratoga , Schenectady , Rensselaer 8 . Hudson Valley -- counties : Sullivan , Ulster , Dutchess , Orange , Putnam , Rockland , Westchester 9 . New York City -- counties ( boroughs ) : New York ( Manhattan ) , Bronx ( The Bronx ) , Queens ( Queens ) , Kings ( Brooklyn ) , Richmond ( Staten Island ) 10 . Long Island -- counties : Nassau , Suffolk Downstate New York New York metropolitan area The Five Boroughs ( New York City ) Long Island Nassau County Suffolk County The Hamptons North Shore ( Gold Coast ) South Shore Westchester County Rockland County Putnam County Upstate New York Erie Canal Corridor New York State Canal System New York State Canalway Trail Western New York Holland Purchase Burned - over district Finger Lakes former Leatherstocking Country ( now the Central New York Region ) Central New York Central New York Military Tract Phelps and Gorham Purchase Syracuse metropolitan area Mohawk Valley Southern Tier Capital District North Country Adirondack Mountains Adirondack Park Ski country Thousand Islands Tug Hill Catskill Mountains Borscht Belt Hudson Valley Shawangunk Ridge Black Dirt Region ( shared with New Jersey ) North Carolina ( edit ) Regions of North Carolina . Western North Carolina Foothills Region South Mountains The Unifour ( Catawba Valley Area ) High Country ( Boone Area ) Land of the Sky Asheville Metropolitan Area Great Craggy Mountains Blue Ridge Mountains Black Mountains Brushy Mountains Great Balsam Mountains Unaka Mountains Unicoi Mountains Great Smoky Mountains ( ( Western North Carolina # Tennessee Valley Tennessee John just do it Central North Carolina Piedmont Crescent Metropolitan Charlotte ( Metrolina ) Lake Norman Area Metropolitan Piedmont Triad Sauratown Mountains Uwharrie Mountains Yadkin Valley The Research Triangle New Hope Valley Triangle East Eastern North Carolina Fayetteville Metropolitan Area Inner Banks Albemarle Global TransPark Economic Development Area Tidewater Lower Cape Fear ( Wilmington Area ) Outer Banks Crystal Coast Bogue Banks Down East Sandhills North Dakota ( edit ) Badlands Missouri Escarpment Missouri River Corridor Red River Valley Northern Mariana Islands ( edit ) Northern Mariana Islands Anatahan Agrihan Asuncion Island Farallon de Medinilla Farallon de Pajaros Guguan Maug Islands Pagan Rota Saipan Sarigan Tinian Ohio ( edit ) The area roughly covered by the Great Black Swamp Allegheny Plateau Appalachian Ohio Cincinnati - Northern Kentucky metropolitan area Columbus , Ohio metropolitan area Connecticut Western Reserve ( historic , now defunct ) Great Black Swamp ( shared with Indiana ) The Lake Erie Islands Miami Valley Northeast Ohio ( often used interchangeably with Greater Cleveland , but also includes the counties of Ashtabula , Portage , Summit , Trumbull , Mahoning and Columbiana . ) Northwest Ohio Oklahoma ( edit ) The Oklahoma Panhandle . Central Oklahoma Cherokee Outlet Green Country Kiamichi Country Little Dixie Northwestern Oklahoma Panhandle South Central Oklahoma Southwestern Oklahoma Oregon ( edit ) Main article : List of regions of Oregon Oregon 's topography . Oregon 's High Desert . Cascade Range Central Oregon Columbia Plateau Columbia River Columbia River Gorge Eastern Oregon Goose Lake Valley Harney Basin High Desert Hood River Valley Mount Hood Corridor Northwest Oregon Oregon Coast Palouse Portland metropolitan area Rogue Valley Southern Oregon Treasure Valley Tualatin Valley Warner Valley Western Oregon Willamette Valley Pennsylvania ( edit ) Allegheny National Forest Coal Region Cumberland Valley Delaware Valley Dutch Country Endless Mountains Highlands Region Laurel Highlands Lehigh Valley Main Line Northern Tier Northeastern Pennsylvania Northwest Region Pittsburgh metropolitan area The Poconos South Central Pennsylvania Susquehanna Valley Western Pennsylvania Wyoming Valley ( Scranton / Wilkes - Barre Metropolitan Area ) Puerto Rico ( edit ) Puerto Rico Caja de Muertos Culebra Desecheo Island Isla de Mona Puerto Rico ( main island ) Vieques Rhode Island ( edit ) Blackstone Valley Block Island East Bay West Bay South County South Carolina ( edit ) The Lowcountry The Midlands The Upstate Travel / Tourism locations Grand Strand Lake Murray Country The Lowcountry & Resort Islands Old 96 District Olde English District Pee Dee Santee Cooper Country Other geographical distinctions Blue Ridge Mountains Charleston metropolitan area Coastal South Carolina Columbia metropolitan area The Piedmont Rock Hill , South Carolina Area The Sandhills Sea Islands West Ashley South Dakota ( edit ) South Dakota East River West River East River and West River , divided by the Missouri River Badlands Black Hills Coteau des Prairies Tennessee ( edit ) Main article : Grand Divisions of Tennessee East Tennessee Middle Tennessee West Tennessee Other geographical distinctions : Highland Rim Nashville Basin Tennessee Valley Texas ( edit ) Main article : List of geographical regions in Texas The Texas Panhandle . Brazos Valley Central Texas Texas blackland prairies The Hill Country Gulf Coast Galveston Bay Greater Houston East Texas Piney Woods and Northeast Texas North Texas Dallas -- Fort Worth Metroplex Texoma South Texas Mission Country Rio Grande Valley Southeast Texas Golden Triangle Greater Houston Texas Midwest / West - Central Texas ( includes Abilene , San Angelo , Brownwood , Texas ) Texas Urban Triangle ( Houston to San Antonio to Dallas - Fort Worth ) West Texas Concho Valley Edwards Plateau Llano Estacado ( a portion of northwest Texas ) Permian Basin South Plains ( includes 24 counties south of the Texas Panhandle and north of the Permian Basin ) Texas Panhandle ( pictured ) Trans - Pecos Great Plains U.S. Minor Outlying Islands ( edit ) The United States Minor Outlying Islands ( Navassa Island not on map ) Baker Island Howland Island Jarvis Island Johnston Island Kingman Reef Midway Atoll Navassa Island ( claimed by Haiti ) Palmyra Atoll Wake Island Utah ( edit ) Cache Valley Colorado Plateau Dixie Great Salt Lake Desert Mojave Desert San Rafael Swell Southeastern Utah Southwestern Utah Uinta Mountains Wasatch Back Wasatch Front Wasatch Range Vermont ( edit ) Burlington metropolitan area Champlain Valley Green Mountains Mount Mansfield Northeast Kingdom Virgin Islands ( edit ) Minor islands of the U.S. Virgin Islands Saint Croix Saint John Saint Thomas Virginia ( edit ) A map of the Shenandoah Valley . Eastern Shore Hampton Roads Historic Triangle Piedmont region of Virginia Northern Neck Northern Virginia Greater Richmond Region Shenandoah Valley South Hampton Roads Southside Virginia Southwest Virginia Tidewater Tri-Cities Virginia Peninsula Washington ( edit ) Central Washington Columbia Plateau Eastern Washington Kitsap Peninsula Long Beach Peninsula Okanagan Country Olympic Mountains Olympic Peninsula Puget Sound Rocky Mountains San Juan Islands Skagit Valley Tri-Cities Walla Walla Valley Western Washington Yakima Valley West Virginia ( edit ) Eastern Panhandle North - Central West Virginia Northern Panhandle Potomac Highlands Southern West Virginia Wisconsin ( edit ) Wisconsin 's Door Peninsula . Apostle Islands Central Plain Chippewa Valley Door Peninsula Driftless Region Eastern Ridges and Lowlands Four Lakes Region Fox River Valley Kettle Moraine Lake Superior Lowland Menomonee Valley Northern Highland Southeastern Wisconsin Western Upland Wyoming ( edit ) Bighorn Basin Grand Teton Powder River Country Yellowstone National Park Other regional listings ( edit ) Boy Scouts of America regions in 1992 Regions of the Boy Scouts of America Central Region Northeast Region Southern Region Western Region See also ( edit ) United States portal Geography of the United States Historic regions of the United States List of metropolitan areas of the United States Media market , e.g. , Nielsen Designated Market Area The Nine Nations of North America Political divisions of the United States United States territory Vernacular geography Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Midway Atoll , part of the Northwest Hawaiian Islands , is not politically part of Hawaii ; it is one of the United States Minor Outlying Islands References ( edit ) Jump up ^ United States Census Bureau , Geography Division . `` Census Regions and Divisions of the United States '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` The National Energy Modeling System : An Overview 2003 '' ( Report # : DOE / EIA - 0581 , October 2009 ) . United States Department of Energy , Energy Information Administration . Jump up ^ `` The most widely used regional definitions follow those of the U.S. Bureau of the Census . '' Seymour Sudman and Norman M. Bradburn , Asking Questions : A Practical Guide to Questionnaire Design ( 1982 ) . Jossey - Bass : p. 205 . Jump up ^ `` Perhaps the most widely used regional classification system is one developed by the U.S. Census Bureau . '' Dale M. Lewison , Retailing , Prentice Hall ( 1997 ) : p. 384 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 13 - 461427 - 4 Jump up ^ `` ( M ) ost demographic and food consumption data are presented in this four - region format . '' Pamela Goyan Kittler , Kathryn P. Sucher , Food and Culture , Cengage Learning ( 2008 ) : p. 475 . ISBN 9780495115410 ^ Jump up to : `` Census Bureau Regions and Divisions with State FIPS Codes '' ( PDF ) . US Census Bureau . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 September 2013 . Retrieved 20 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Geographic Terms and Concepts - Census Divisions and Census Regions '' . US Census Bureau . Retrieved 19 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BEA Regions '' . Bureau of Economic Analysis . February 18 , 2004 . Retrieved December 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Records of Petroleum Administration for War '' . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Appedix A : District Description and Maps '' ( PDF ) . Energy Information Administration . October 2012 . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` PADD Definitions '' . Energy Information Administration . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2011 . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Energy Outlook 2012 '' . Energy Information Administration . June 25 , 2012 . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) U.S. Library of Congress Map of the US Regions Regions of the United States Administrative ( political ) Units U.S. state District of Columbia Insular area Minor Outlying Island Maritime territory Time zones Hawaii -- Aleutian Alaska Pacific Mountain Central Eastern Census West Pacific Mountain Midwest EN Central WN Central Northeast New England Middle Atlantic South S Atlantic ES Central WS Central Courts of appeals 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th Physical Physiographic Pacific Mountain Intermontane Plateaus Rocky Mountain Superior Upland Interior Plains Interior Highlands Appalachian Atlantic Plain Coastal Arctic West Great Lakes Gulf East Historical Acquisitions Thirteen Colonies Northwest Territory Southwest Territory Louisiana Purchase Gadsden Purchase Texas annexation Oregon Treaty Mexican Cession Alaska Purchase Newlands Resolution Civil War Union Border states Confederacy Old South Dixie Slave and free states Theaters Pacific Western Trans - Mississippi Lower Seaboard Eastern Divided Pacific Northwest Atlantic Northeast Prairie Pothole Columbia Oregon Other Appalachia Border states Red states and blue states Central Eastern Four Corners Great Plains High Plains Intermountain Interior Northern Northwest South Central Southern Deep New Upland Southeast Southwest Upper Midwest List Category United States political regions States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal district Washington , D.C. 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related lists United States history - related lists United States science - related lists Regions of North America by country Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Asturianu Čeština Español فارسی Italiano Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina தமிழ் اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 03 : 30 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | is california in the north east south or west | [
"Region 1: Northeast\nDivision 1: New England (Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont)\nDivision 2: Mid-Atlantic (New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania)\nRegion 2: Midwest (Prior to June 1984, the Midwest Region was designated as the North Central Region.)[6]\nDivision 3: East North Central (Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin)\nDivision 4: West North Central (Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota)\nRegion 3: South\nDivision 5: South Atlantic (Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, District of Columbia, and West Virginia)\nDivision 6: East South Central (Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi, and Tennessee)\nDivision 7: West South Central (Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas)\nRegion 4: West\nDivision 8: Mountain (Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming)\nDivision 9: Pacific (Alaska, California, Hawaii, Oregon, and Washington)"
] | [
"West"
] |
-2303724601925511111 | The Carrie Diaries (season 2) | The Carrie Diaries ( season 2 ) - Wikipedia The Carrie Diaries ( season 2 ) Jump to : navigation , search The Carrie Diaries ( season 2 ) Promotional poster Country of origin United States No. of episodes 13 Release Original network The CW Original release October 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 25 ) -- January 31 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 31 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 1 List of The Carrie Diaries episodes The second and final season of The Carrie Diaries aired from October 25 , 2013 , through January 31 , 2014 , on The CW . The series serves as a prequel to the HBO series Sex and the City . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main cast 1.2 Recurring cast 2 Episodes 3 Ratings 4 References Cast ( edit ) Main cast ( edit ) AnnaSophia Robb as Carrie Bradshaw ( 13 episodes ) Austin Butler as Sebastian Kydd ( 13 episodes ) Lindsey Gort as Samantha Jones ( 10 episodes ) Katie Findlay as Maggie Landers ( 11 episodes ) Brendan Dooling as Walt Reynolds ( 10 episodes ) Ellen Wong as Jill `` Mouse '' Chen ( 13 episodes ) Freema Agyeman as Larissa Loughlin ( 10 episodes ) Stefania Owen as Dorrit Bradshaw ( 10 episodes ) Matt Letscher as Tom Bradshaw ( 12 episodes ) Chloe Bridges as Donna LaDonna ( 10 episodes ) Recurring cast ( edit ) Jake Robinson as Bennet Wilcox ( 9 episodes ) Chris Wood as Adam Weaver ( 4 episodes ) Josh Salatin as Simon Byrnes ( 3 episodes ) Scott Cohen as Harlan Silver ( 4 episodes ) Nadia Dajani as Deb ( 3 episodes ) R.J. Brown as Thomas West ( 7 episodes ) Whitney Vance and Alexandra Miller as the Jens ( 3 episodes ) Evan Crooks as Miller ( 3 episodes ) Giullian Yao Gioiello as Scott ( 3 episodes ) Terry Serpico as Mr. Kydd ( 3 episodes ) Noelle Beck as Mrs. Kydd ( 3 episodes ) Kate Nowlin as Barbara ( 2 episodes ) Molly Sims as Vicky Donovan ( 2 episodes ) Boris McGiver as Eddie Landers ( 2 episodes ) John Boyd as Elliot ( 2 episodes ) Claybourne Elder as Pete ( 3 episodes ) Episodes ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Production code U.S. viewers ( million ) 14 `` Win Some , Lose Some '' Andy Wolk Amy B. Harris October 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 25 ) 4X5201 0.78 This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Carrie has been living at Larissa 's apartment in Manhattan for the past three or four weeks of the summer with Walt as her platonic roommate . With Larissa still out of the country , Carrie has been filling in for her at Interview magazine full - time during the day and partying at local nightclubs at night . She has not seen or spoken to either Sebastian or Maggie since their falling out . But by chance during the Fourth of July weekend , Carrie runs into Sebastian when he tags along with Donna to the city to meet Donna 's cousin Samantha Jones , an older woman in her late 20s , who co-manages a rock music nightclub . Carrie declines going with Walt , Sebastian , and Donna and instead goes to her regular hangout where , due to a combination of bad luck and carelessness , her valued purse gets stolen . She later has a chance meeting with Samantha who agrees to help her out of being locked out of her apartment . Back in Castlebury , Mouse invites West as her date to the local golf and tennis club 's July 4th fireworks display where they find Maggie working as a waitress . Mouse is openly hostile towards Maggie for interfering with Carrie and Sebastian 's relationship , but they eventually reconcile after Maggie confides in Mouse that she is only working at the country club to help herself pay for college and fears being stuck in Castlebury for the rest of her life like her parents . Elsewhere , Tom finds out about Dorrit dating Miller and wants to meet him . Dorrit tries to prevent her father from meeting Miller fearing that Tom may find out that she and Miller are in a sexual relationship and that they both take recreational drugs . Miller eventually goes behind Dorrit 's back and meets with Tom where he makes a good impression upon Tom who allows Miller and Dorrit to date . Samantha crashes at Larissas loft with Carrie and Walt and Carrie finds herself with a lifelong friend . 15 `` Express Yourself '' Amy Heckerling Jessica O'Toole & Amy Rardin November 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 01 ) 4X5202 0.89 With the brash and man - hungry Samantha having crashed with Carrie and Walt for the past three weeks , they are both faced with kicking out Samantha when she makes herself too comfortable . Later , Walt summons the courage to tell Bennet how he feels about him when Bennet takes Walt out to a VIP Z100 concert to celebrate Walt 's 18th birthday . Things go horribly wrong before Bennet can respond when Walt , Bennet , Donna , Mouse , and Carrie come down with a case of food poisoning . Meanwhile , Samantha and Mouse meet and Samantha wastes no time giving Mouse sex tips over how to `` go at it '' with West . Back in Castlebury , Sebastian and Maggie run into each other after three months apart . Sebastian also deals with his estranged father who comes back into town , but is more interested in business then father - son bonding . Elsewhere , Tom invites his girlfriend , Deb , to spend the weekend with him , which does n't go exactly as planned . 16 `` Strings Attached '' Daisy von Scherler Mayer Doug Stockstill November 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 08 ) 4X5203 0.77 Larissa returns from her overseas vacation and gives Carrie and Walt inspiration with zen to take the next step with their lives . Larissa and Samantha take an instant dislike to each other when they first meet since Samantha 's streetwise demeanor and attitude clashes with Larissa 's prim and proper routine . On Carrie 's first day back at school for her senior year , Sebastian asks Doritt for a little help to try to get Carrie to talk with him . Walt fears that Maggie will out his true sexual orientation . Mouse tries to get Maggie to look at more college options despite her lack of interest . Meanwhile , Samantha hooks up with a masked karate instructor as an outlet to her troubled feelings . Elsewhere , Tom is offered a job back at Harlan 's law firm . 17 `` Borderline '' Michael Fields Heney Alonso Myers November 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 15 ) 4X5204 0.78 Carrie pitches Larissa a profile on New York wunderkind playwright Adam Weaver , but when he proves a difficult , yet fascinating , interview , Carrie 's job is on the line . Bennet 's rules in his relationship with Walt force Bennet to acknowledge his real feelings . Carrie and Dorrit are surprised to find a common enemy in Tom 's girlfriend Deb 's ill - behaved son . Meanwhile , Sebastian seeks comfort in the arms of an older woman . 18 5 `` Too Close for Comfort '' Zetna Fuentes Jessica Queller November 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 22 ) 4X5205 0.71 When Sebastian learns that his mother is getting remarried , he asks Carrie 's dad , Tom , for help to make sure she is legally protected . Meanwhile , Carrie is furious when she discovers that Weaver has secretly read her journal . After reading that Carrie is a virgin and apologizing relentlessly , Carrie and Weaver have SEX and Carrie experiences intimacy for the first time . Mouse volunteers to help with the Homecoming float , but tries to distance herself when West wins Homecoming King . Samantha finds herself a new place to live and another unusual job . Elsewhere , Dorrit begins to feel smothered by Miller , especially when he befriends her dad , and Donna gives Dorrit some advice resulting in Dorrit and Millers relationship ending . 19 6 `` The Safety Dance '' David Warren Sascha Rothchild December 6 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 06 ) 4X5206 0.90 Carrie struggles with what she should write about in her essay . Weaver encourages her to write about what she fears the most but when Carrie decides to write about sex , Weaver tries to help her figure out something better and just ends up getting in the way leading them to later break up . Maggie and Sebastian start to grow closer as Maggie discovers some shocking news : she 's pregnant ! Carrie feels a potential love interest in Sebastian once again after seeing his jacket in her closet and drives to his house to tell him her feelings but instead leaves he jacket on his front foor after seeing Maggie asleep on the couch . Meanwhile , Mouse is apprehensive about applying to safety schools but West thinks it 's good to be on the safe side . Walt takes drastic measures to keep himself safe when Bennet moves to a dangerous neighborhood . Also , Larissa and Samantha plan to have a threesome with Harlan but instead make a sex tape with each other after finding out Harlan is stuck in traffic . 20 7 `` I Heard a Rumor '' Norman Buckley Amy B. Harris December 13 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 13 ) 4X5207 0.70 Weaver makes some false accusations to the press about Carrie to prevent people from thinking anything bad about him . Samantha brings Carrie , Walt , and Bennet to an event with a raffle with a free trip to Paris as the prize . Carrie meets the journalist who wrote about her , and in spite says awful things about Weaver . Meanwhile , Sebastian lets people think that he 's the father to Maggie 's baby just to keep Maggie 's secret about who the real father is . This makes Carrie decide to call the journalist and tells the truth , that she is the ex that Weaver had said awful words about in the paper . Maggie collapses and ends up in the hospital where she has to partake a major surgery . Elsewhere , Mouse is worried that she and West are boring and therefore tries to spice up their relationship by planting a surprise in West 's backback but then starts to freak out when the `` surprise '' ( a topless Polaroid photo of herself ) is missing . 21 8 `` The Second Time Around '' Janice Cooke Terri Minsky December 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 20 ) 4X5208 0.73 Carrie is excited when she gets the chance to interview the CEO of Bongo Jeans . But Larissa tells Carrie that the interview is Carrie 's last chance to land a piece in Interview magazine or she will be let go . Meanwhile , Mouse gets some news that drives an unexpected wedge between her and West . Sebastian 's estranged father delivers other news that could forever change Sebastian and Carrie 's relationship . Elsewhere , Walt finds himself homeless after his conservative parents kick him out when he 's forced to confess to them his sexual orientation . He moves in with Carrie where he finds a surprising father figure in Carrie 's father Tom . Also , Maggie tries to muster the courage to tell her neglectful father the truth about her past relations with Simon , resulting in him getting fired . He goes to Maggies school and confronts her about his unemployment while Sebastian and Carrie are there . Sebastian and Simon end up fighting , resulting in Sebastian getting expelled . His father supports him for fighting for Maggie and Carrie and tells him they are both moving to California since Sebastian is no longer in school . Carrie and Sebastian decide that they will have a long - distance relationship and hope things work out . Carries article is published in Interview magazie , Sebastian arrives in California with his dad and Walt and Bennet celebrate Christmas with Samantha and Larissa . 22 9 `` Under Pressure '' Andy Wolk Logan Slakter January 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 03 ) 4X5209 0.99 When her father 's away on business for the weekend , Dorrit and her friends have a party . Carrie tries to maintain a long - distance relationship with Sebastian , only to have him show up a month later claiming that he is back for good . Mouse and Donna find common ground to talk and bond over their respective lives . Meanwhile , Tom is invited into the city by Harlan where he asks him to draw up a pre-nuptial agreement after Harlan announces his engagement to Larissa . Larissa lets Sebastian stay in her loft in Manhattan which gives him a chance to start anew . 23 10 `` Date Expectations '' Amy Heckerling Jessica O'Toole & Amy Rardin January 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 10 ) 4X5210 0.81 On Valentine 's Day , Carrie becomes resentful when Sebastian breaks their dinner date in New York because of a work opportunity for him to meet an investor for his new skateboard clothing business . Walt and Bennet get devastating news that changes their future together , when Bennet learns that one of his former boyfriends has AIDS . The news sends Walt into such a panic that he flees from Bennet and the city , refusing to deal with anything or get tested for the virus . Larissa and Samantha continue their personal feud over Samantha being hired as a nude model of Lady Godiva . Meanwhile , the insecure Maggie accidentally enlists in the US Army , and she 's forced to ask Mouse and Donna for help to retrieve her consent form . Elsewhere , Tom decides to use reverse psychology on Dorrit to encourage her to start dating again by play - acting as the bad parent . 24 11 `` Hungry Like the Wolf '' Sarah Price Henry Alonso Myers January 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 17 ) 4X5211 0.86 Larissa blames Bennet for slacking off since his breakup with Walt , forcing Carrie to cover for him . But when Bennet takes advantage of Carrie 's generosity by continuing to skip work , she takes it upon herself to interview a professional ballerina whom Bennet was assigned to interview . Meanwhile , Samantha makes an unruly decision by seducing a married man while she is looking for a lost parakeet to claim a reward . Sebastian 's future could change forever when his father arrives in town and asks for money , claiming that he is broke from a lifetime of bad investments . Meanwhile , Tom gets taken advantage of by a female lawyer which prompts Doritt to offer Tom her help . Elsewhere , Maggie seeks Mouse and Donna 's advice when her potentially new boyfriend , Pete , comes to visit during his R&R . 25 12 `` This Is the Time '' Jason Reilly Sascha Rothchild January 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 24 ) 4X5212 0.90 Carrie and her friends get together for perhaps the last time before graduation from high school : the senior prom . Since all of them are dateless they attend as a group . Dorrit also tags along with her boyfriend Scott to try to stir up trouble and drama . Meanwhile , Larissa convinces Carrie to rethink her college plans by offering her a full - time job at Interview magazine . Tom learns about this and threatens to financially cut Carrie off if she does not choose to attend college first . Mouse threatens Donna with revealing a secret about Donna 's future plans that could bring Donna to her knees . Walt re-thinks his current situation and decides to reconcile with Bennet . Maggie finds herself uncertain over her future with her Army boyfriend Pete . Elsewhere , Sebastian tries to hide something from Carrie when he is offered a career opportunity to move to California to further his skateboard clothing company . 26 13 `` Run to You '' Andrew McCarthy Amy B. Harris January 31 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 31 ) 4X5213 0.86 Carrie and all of her friends finally graduate from high school . As a result of Larissa 's firing , Carrie loses her job at Interview magazine and worse still , can not get into NYU for at least a year . Meanwhile , Maggie tries to uncover a secret about her new military man , Pete . Mouse and West get thrown together as co-valedictorians as they prepare to leave for their separate colleges . While attempting to get her life back in order , Carrie temporarily moves in with Sebastian , who 's keeping a secret from her . Elsewhere , Samantha tries to get out of New York City when she has a run - in with her one - time married lover Elliot . After Larissa reveals Carrie 's secret about being fired to her father Tom , he confronts Carrie about her poor judgment and refuses to take her back home . After learning about Carrie 's situation , Sebastian tells her that he is moving to California to further his business and asks her to come . Larissa and Harlan have the biggest wedding of all : at the TWA terminal at JFK International Airport . In the end , Carrie makes a life changing decision to stay in New York City and try to rebuild her life by focusing on writing as well as waitressing . Ratings ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR Viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) 14 `` Win Some , Lose Some '' 000000002013 - 10 - 25 - 0000 October 25 , 2013 0.3 / 1 0.78 0.2 N / A 0.5 N / A 15 `` Express Yourself '' 000000002013 - 11 - 01 - 0000 November 1 , 2013 0.3 / 1 0.89 0.2 N / A 0.5 N / A 16 `` Strings Attached '' 000000002013 - 11 - 08 - 0000 November 8 , 2013 0.3 / 1 0.77 0.2 N / A 0.5 N / A 17 `` Borderline '' 000000002013 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15 , 2013 0.3 / 1 0.78 0.2 N / A 0.5 N / A 18 5 `` Too Close for Comfort '' 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 0.3 / 1 0.71 0.2 N / A 0.5 N / A 19 6 `` The Safety Dance '' 000000002013 - 12 - 06 - 0000 December 6 , 2013 0.3 / 1 0.90 0.2 N / A 0.5 N / A 20 7 `` I Heard a Rumor '' 000000002013 - 12 - 13 - 0000 December 13 , 2013 0.2 / 1 0.70 0.2 N / A 0.4 N / A 21 8 `` The Second Time Around '' 000000002013 - 12 - 20 - 0000 December 20 , 2013 0.3 / 1 0.73 0.2 0.32 0.5 1.16 22 9 `` Under Pressure '' 000000002014 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 2014 0.4 / 1 0.99 0.1 0.28 0.5 1.28 23 10 `` Date Expectations '' 000000002014 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2014 0.3 / 1 0.81 0.2 N / A 0.5 N / A 24 11 `` Hungry Like the Wolf '' 000000002014 - 01 - 17 - 0000 January 17 , 2014 0.4 / 1 0.86 N / A N / A N / A N / A 25 12 `` This Is the Time '' 000000002014 - 01 - 24 - 0000 January 24 , 2014 0.3 / 1 0.90 0.2 N / A 0.5 N / A 26 13 `` Run to You '' 000000002014 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2014 0.3 / 1 0.86 0.2 N / A 0.5 N / A In the netlet 's target demo W18 - 34 , the season premiere averaged 0.3 , doubling the numbers with the following episode to 0.6 . The third episode of the season slipped to 0.5 points . The fourth episode surged to 0.7 , a new season high in that demo . The fifth episode of the season fell to 0.3 . However , the sixth episode rose to 0.5 . The seventh episode dropped to 0.4 . The midseason finale rose to 0.5 . The ninth episode rose again , this time to 0.6 . The tenth episode dropped to 0.4 . The eleventh episode rose to 0.5 . The penultimate episode scored a 0.6 . The season finale tumbled to 0.4 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 9 , 2013 ) . `` ' Nikita ' Renewed For A Short ( Final ? ) 4th Season & ' The Carrie Diaries ' Renewed For 2nd Season '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bricker , Tierney ( July 20 , 2013 ) . `` The Carrie Diaries Casts Samantha Jones For Season 2 '' . E ! Online . Retrieved August 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Slezak , Michael ( July 20 , 2013 ) . `` The Carrie Diaries Scoop : Meet Young Samantha ! '' . TV Line . Retrieved August 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Carrie Diaries ' Scoop : Chris Wood Cast As Carrie 's New Love '' . Hollywood Life . August 16 , 2013 . Retrieved January 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( October 28 , 2013 ) . `` Friday Final TV Ratings : No Adjustments to ' Grimm , ' Dracula ' or ' The Carrie Diaries ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 4 , 2013 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : ' Shark Tank ' Adjusted Up , ' Blue Bloods ' Adjusted Down + No Adjustment for ' Grimm ' or ' Dracula ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 4 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( November 11 , 2013 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : ' Dracula ' & ' The Neighbors ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 18 , 2013 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' , ' Undercover Boss ' , ' Grimm ' & ' Raising Hope ' Adjusted Up ; ' Last Man Standing ' , ' The Carrie Diaries ' & ' The Neighbors ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 18 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( November 25 , 2013 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : ' Raising Hope ' & ' Where Were You When JFK Died ? ' Adjusted Down ; No Adjustment for ' Nikita ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 9 , 2013 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : ' Bones ' & ' Raising Hope ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Neighbors ' & ' The Carrie Diaries ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 16 , 2013 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : No Adjustment for ' Last Man Standing ' , ' Raising Hope ' or ' The Carrie Diaries ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( December 23 , 2013 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' & ' Blue Bloods ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( January 6 , 2014 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : ' Grimm ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 13 , 2014 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' Adjusted Up ; ' Dracula ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( January 21 , 2014 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : No Adjustments to ' Grimm ' , ' Dracula ' , ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' or ' The Carrie Diaries ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 27 , 2014 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : ' The Neighbors ' Adjusted Down ; No Adjustment for ' Enlisted ' or ' The Carrie Diaries ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 27 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( February 3 , 2014 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Carrie Diaries ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 3 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( November 11 , 2013 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' Tops Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase , ' Beauty and the Beast ' Earns Biggest Percentage Gain , ' The Blacklist ' Tops Viewer Increases in Week 5 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 18 , 2013 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' The Blacklist ' & ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Top Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase , ' Beauty and the Beast ' , ' Parenthood ' & ' Nashville ' Lead Percentage Gains , ' The Blacklist ' Tops Viewer Increases in Week 6 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( November 25 , 2013 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Tops Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase , ' Dracula ' Leads Percentage Gains , ' The Blacklist ' Tops Viewer Increases in Week 7 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 3 , 2013 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Tops Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase , ' Elementary ' Leads Percentage Gains , ' The Blacklist ' Tops Viewer Increases in Week 8 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : DarkUFO ( December 10 , 2013 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings - Week 9 ( 18th Nov - 24th Nov 2013 ) '' . Spoiler TV . Retrieved December 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( December 23 , 2013 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Tops Adults 18 - 49 Ratings , ' Glee ' Leads Percentage Gains & ' The Blacklist ' Wins Total Viewer Increase in Week 11 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 30 , 2013 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Tops Adults 18 - 49 & Viewership Gains , ' Grimm ' Leads Percentage Increase in Week 12 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( January 6 , 2014 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' How I Met Your Mother ' Tops Adults 18 - 49 , ' Almost Human ' & ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' Lead Percentage Increase , ' Person of Interest ' Biggest Viewership Gains in Week 13 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( January 21 , 2014 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Has Biggest 18 - 49 Ratings & Total Viewership Increase , ' Elementary ' Tops Percentage Gains in Week 15 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( January 26 , 2014 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Has Biggest 18 - 49 Ratings & Total Viewer Increase , ' Enlisted ' Tops Percentage Gains in Week 16 ( Updated ) '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 10 , 2014 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Has Biggest 18 - 49 Ratings Gain , ' The Blacklist ' Tops Percentage & Total Viewer Increase in Week 18 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( February 18 , 2014 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Has Biggest 18 - 49 Ratings Gain , ' Beauty and the Beast ' Tops Percentage Gain & ' The Blacklist ' Has Largest Total Viewer Increase in Week 19 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ratings - The CW Is Up + 9 % Year to Year in Total Viewers and + 10 % in Adults 18 - 49 '' . The Futon Critic . November 5 , 2013 . Retrieved November 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ratings - Friday 's Broadcast Ratings : CBS Tops Viewers , Shares Demo Crown with ABC '' . The Futon Critic . November 9 , 2013 . Retrieved November 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Friday 's Broadcast Ratings : CBS Pulls in Front Among Viewers , Demos '' . The Futon Critic . November 16 , 2013 . Retrieved November 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Friday 's Broadcast Ratings : CBS Tops Viewers , Splits Demos with ABC '' . The Futon Critic . November 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Friday 's Broadcast Ratings : ABC Tops Viewers , Shares Demos with NBC '' . The Futon Critic . December 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Friday 's Broadcast Ratings : `` I Love Lucy Christmas Special '' Sparks CBS Victory `` . The Futon Critic . December 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Friday 's Broadcast Ratings : FOX Rides the Cotton Bowl to Victory '' . The Futon Critic . January 3 , 2014 . Retrieved January 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Friday 's Broadcast Ratings : ABC Wins Demo Race with `` Shark Tank '' `` . The Futon Critic . January 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Friday 's Broadcast Ratings : ABC Tops Demos Once Again with `` Shark Tank '' `` . The Futon Critic . January 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Friday 's Broadcast Ratings : `` Shark Tank '' Powers Another Demo Victory for ABC `` . The Futon Critic . January 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Friday 's Broadcast Ratings : `` Shark Tank '' Helps ABC Hold Off CBS in Demos `` . The Futon Critic . February 1 , 2014 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Carrie_Diaries_(season_2)&oldid=819020949 '' Categories : 2013 American television seasons 2014 American television seasons Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from January 2018 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 6 January 2018 , at 23 : 14 . About Wikipedia | when does carrie and sebastian get back together in season 2 | [
"\n\nNo. in\nseries\nNo. in\nseason\nTitle\nDirected by\nWritten by\nOriginal air date\nProduction\ncode\nU.S. viewers\n(million)\n\n\n14\n1\n\"Win Some, Lose Some\"\nAndy Wolk\nAmy B. Harris\nOctober 25, 2013 (2013-10-25)\n4X5201\n0.78[5]\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nThis episode's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (January 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)\n\n\n\nCarrie has been living at Larissa's apartment in Manhattan for the past three or four weeks of the summer with Walt as her platonic roommate. With Larissa still out of the country, Carrie has been filling in for her at Interview magazine full-time during the day and partying at local nightclubs at night. She has not seen or spoken to either Sebastian or Maggie since their falling out. But by chance during the Fourth of July weekend, Carrie runs into Sebastian when he tags along with Donna to the city to meet Donna's cousin Samantha Jones, an older woman in her late 20s, who co-manages a rock music nightclub. Carrie declines going with Walt, Sebastian, and Donna and instead goes to her regular hangout where, due to a combination of bad luck and carelessness, her valued purse gets stolen. She later has a chance meeting with Samantha who agrees to help her out of being locked out of her apartment. Back in Castlebury, Mouse invites West as her date to the local golf and tennis club's July 4th fireworks display where they find Maggie working as a waitress. Mouse is openly hostile towards Maggie for interfering with Carrie and Sebastian's relationship, but they eventually reconcile after Maggie confides in Mouse that she is only working at the country club to help herself pay for college and fears being stuck in Castlebury for the rest of her life like her parents. Elsewhere, Tom finds out about Dorrit dating Miller and wants to meet him. Dorrit tries to prevent her father from meeting Miller fearing that Tom may find out that she and Miller are in a sexual relationship and that they both take recreational drugs. Miller eventually goes behind Dorrit's back and meets with Tom where he makes a good impression upon Tom who allows Miller and Dorrit to date. Samantha crashes at Larissas loft with Carrie and Walt and Carrie finds herself with a lifelong friend.\n\n\n15\n2\n\"Express Yourself\"\nAmy Heckerling\nJessica O'Toole & Amy Rardin\nNovember 1, 2013 (2013-11-01)\n4X5202\n0.89[6]\n\n\nWith the brash and man-hungry Samantha having crashed with Carrie and Walt for the past three weeks, they are both faced with kicking out Samantha when she makes herself too comfortable. Later, Walt summons the courage to tell Bennet how he feels about him when Bennet takes Walt out to a VIP Z100 concert to celebrate Walt's 18th birthday. Things go horribly wrong before Bennet can respond when Walt, Bennet, Donna, Mouse, and Carrie come down with a case of food poisoning. Meanwhile, Samantha and Mouse meet and Samantha wastes no time giving Mouse sex tips over how to \"go at it\" with West. Back in Castlebury, Sebastian and Maggie run into each other after three months apart. Sebastian also deals with his estranged father who comes back into town, but is more interested in business then father-son bonding. Elsewhere, Tom invites his girlfriend, Deb, to spend the weekend with him, which doesn't go exactly as planned.\n\n\n16\n3\n\"Strings Attached\"\nDaisy von Scherler Mayer\nDoug Stockstill\nNovember 8, 2013 (2013-11-08)\n4X5203\n0.77[7]\n\n\nLarissa returns from her overseas vacation and gives Carrie and Walt inspiration with zen to take the next step with their lives. Larissa and Samantha take an instant dislike to each other when they first meet since Samantha's streetwise demeanor and attitude clashes with Larissa's prim and proper routine. On Carrie's first day back at school for her senior year, Sebastian asks Doritt for a little help to try to get Carrie to talk with him. Walt fears that Maggie will out his true sexual orientation. Mouse tries to get Maggie to look at more college options despite her lack of interest. Meanwhile, Samantha hooks up with a masked karate instructor as an outlet to her troubled feelings. Elsewhere, Tom is offered a job back at Harlan's law firm.\n\n\n17\n4\n\"Borderline\"\nMichael Fields\nHeney Alonso Myers\nNovember 15, 2013 (2013-11-15)\n4X5204\n0.78[8]\n\n\nCarrie pitches Larissa a profile on New York wunderkind playwright Adam Weaver, but when he proves a difficult, yet fascinating, interview, Carrie's job is on the line. Bennet's rules in his relationship with Walt force Bennet to acknowledge his real feelings. Carrie and Dorrit are surprised to find a common enemy in Tom's girlfriend Deb's ill-behaved son. Meanwhile, Sebastian seeks comfort in the arms of an older woman.\n\n\n18\n5\n\"Too Close for Comfort\"\nZetna Fuentes\nJessica Queller\nNovember 22, 2013 (2013-11-22)\n4X5205\n0.71[9]\n\n\nWhen Sebastian learns that his mother is getting remarried, he asks Carrie's dad, Tom, for help to make sure she is legally protected. Meanwhile, Carrie is furious when she discovers that Weaver has secretly read her journal. After reading that Carrie is a virgin and apologizing relentlessly, Carrie and Weaver have SEX and Carrie experiences intimacy for the first time. Mouse volunteers to help with the Homecoming float, but tries to distance herself when West wins Homecoming King. Samantha finds herself a new place to live and another unusual job. Elsewhere, Dorrit begins to feel smothered by Miller, especially when he befriends her dad, and Donna gives Dorrit some advice resulting in Dorrit and Millers relationship ending.\n\n\n19\n6\n\"The Safety Dance\"\nDavid Warren\nSascha Rothchild\nDecember 6, 2013 (2013-12-06)\n4X5206\n0.90[10]\n\n\nCarrie struggles with what she should write about in her essay. Weaver encourages her to write about what she fears the most but when Carrie decides to write about sex, Weaver tries to help her figure out something better and just ends up getting in the way leading them to later break up. Maggie and Sebastian start to grow closer as Maggie discovers some shocking news: she's pregnant! Carrie feels a potential love interest in Sebastian once again after seeing his jacket in her closet and drives to his house to tell him her feelings but instead leaves he jacket on his front foor after seeing Maggie asleep on the couch. Meanwhile, Mouse is apprehensive about applying to safety schools but West thinks it's good to be on the safe side. Walt takes drastic measures to keep himself safe when Bennet moves to a dangerous neighborhood. Also, Larissa and Samantha plan to have a threesome with Harlan but instead make a sex tape with each other after finding out Harlan is stuck in traffic.\n\n\n20\n7\n\"I Heard a Rumor\"\nNorman Buckley\nAmy B. Harris\nDecember 13, 2013 (2013-12-13)\n4X5207\n0.70[11]\n\n\nWeaver makes some false accusations to the press about Carrie to prevent people from thinking anything bad about him. Samantha brings Carrie, Walt, and Bennet to an event with a raffle with a free trip to Paris as the prize. Carrie meets the journalist who wrote about her, and in spite says awful things about Weaver. Meanwhile, Sebastian lets people think that he's the father to Maggie's baby just to keep Maggie's secret about who the real father is. This makes Carrie decide to call the journalist and tells the truth, that she is the ex that Weaver had said awful words about in the paper. Maggie collapses and ends up in the hospital where she has to partake a major surgery. Elsewhere, Mouse is worried that she and West are boring and therefore tries to spice up their relationship by planting a surprise in West's backback but then starts to freak out when the \"surprise\" (a topless Polaroid photo of herself) is missing.\n\n\n21\n8\n\"The Second Time Around\"\nJanice Cooke\nTerri Minsky\nDecember 20, 2013 (2013-12-20)\n4X5208\n0.73[12]\n\n\nCarrie is excited when she gets the chance to interview the CEO of Bongo Jeans. But Larissa tells Carrie that the interview is Carrie's last chance to land a piece in Interview magazine or she will be let go. Meanwhile, Mouse gets some news that drives an unexpected wedge between her and West. Sebastian's estranged father delivers other news that could forever change Sebastian and Carrie's relationship. Elsewhere, Walt finds himself homeless after his conservative parents kick him out when he's forced to confess to them his sexual orientation. He moves in with Carrie where he finds a surprising father figure in Carrie's father Tom. Also, Maggie tries to muster the courage to tell her neglectful father the truth about her past relations with Simon, resulting in him getting fired. He goes to Maggies school and confronts her about his unemployment while Sebastian and Carrie are there. Sebastian and Simon end up fighting, resulting in Sebastian getting expelled. His father supports him for fighting for Maggie and Carrie and tells him they are both moving to California since Sebastian is no longer in school. Carrie and Sebastian decide that they will have a long-distance relationship and hope things work out. Carries article is published in Interview magazie, Sebastian arrives in California with his dad and Walt and Bennet celebrate Christmas with Samantha and Larissa.\n\n\n22\n9\n\"Under Pressure\"\nAndy Wolk\nLogan Slakter\nJanuary 3, 2014 (2014-01-03)\n4X5209\n0.99[13]\n\n\nWhen her father's away on business for the weekend, Dorrit and her friends have a party. Carrie tries to maintain a long-distance relationship with Sebastian, only to have him show up a month later claiming that he is back for good. Mouse and Donna find common ground to talk and bond over their respective lives. Meanwhile, Tom is invited into the city by Harlan where he asks him to draw up a pre-nuptial agreement after Harlan announces his engagement to Larissa. Larissa lets Sebastian stay in her loft in Manhattan which gives him a chance to start anew.\n\n\n23\n10\n\"Date Expectations\"\nAmy Heckerling\nJessica O'Toole & Amy Rardin\nJanuary 10, 2014 (2014-01-10)\n4X5210\n0.81[14]\n\n\nOn Valentine's Day, Carrie becomes resentful when Sebastian breaks their dinner date in New York because of a work opportunity for him to meet an investor for his new skateboard clothing business. Walt and Bennet get devastating news that changes their future together, when Bennet learns that one of his former boyfriends has AIDS. The news sends Walt into such a panic that he flees from Bennet and the city, refusing to deal with anything or get tested for the virus. Larissa and Samantha continue their personal feud over Samantha being hired as a nude model of Lady Godiva. Meanwhile, the insecure Maggie accidentally enlists in the US Army, and she's forced to ask Mouse and Donna for help to retrieve her consent form. Elsewhere, Tom decides to use reverse psychology on Dorrit to encourage her to start dating again by play-acting as the bad parent.\n\n\n24\n11\n\"Hungry Like the Wolf\"\nSarah Price\nHenry Alonso Myers\nJanuary 17, 2014 (2014-01-17)\n4X5211\n0.86[15]\n\n\nLarissa blames Bennet for slacking off since his breakup with Walt, forcing Carrie to cover for him. But when Bennet takes advantage of Carrie's generosity by continuing to skip work, she takes it upon herself to interview a professional ballerina whom Bennet was assigned to interview. Meanwhile, Samantha makes an unruly decision by seducing a married man while she is looking for a lost parakeet to claim a reward. Sebastian's future could change forever when his father arrives in town and asks for money, claiming that he is broke from a lifetime of bad investments. Meanwhile, Tom gets taken advantage of by a female lawyer which prompts Doritt to offer Tom her help. Elsewhere, Maggie seeks Mouse and Donna's advice when her potentially new boyfriend, Pete, comes to visit during his R&R.\n\n\n25\n12\n\"This Is the Time\"\nJason Reilly\nSascha Rothchild\nJanuary 24, 2014 (2014-01-24)\n4X5212\n0.90[16]\n\n\nCarrie and her friends get together for perhaps the last time before graduation from high school: the senior prom. Since all of them are dateless they attend as a group. Dorrit also tags along with her boyfriend Scott to try to stir up trouble and drama. Meanwhile, Larissa convinces Carrie to rethink her college plans by offering her a full-time job at Interview magazine. Tom learns about this and threatens to financially cut Carrie off if she does not choose to attend college first. Mouse threatens Donna with revealing a secret about Donna's future plans that could bring Donna to her knees. Walt re-thinks his current situation and decides to reconcile with Bennet. Maggie finds herself uncertain over her future with her Army boyfriend Pete. Elsewhere, Sebastian tries to hide something from Carrie when he is offered a career opportunity to move to California to further his skateboard clothing company.\n\n\n26\n13\n\"Run to You\"\nAndrew McCarthy\nAmy B. Harris\nJanuary 31, 2014 (2014-01-31)\n4X5213\n0.86[17]\n\n\nCarrie and all of her friends finally graduate from high school. As a result of Larissa's firing, Carrie loses her job at Interview magazine and worse still, cannot get into NYU for at least a year. Meanwhile, Maggie tries to uncover a secret about her new military man, Pete. Mouse and West get thrown together as co-valedictorians as they prepare to leave for their separate colleges. While attempting to get her life back in order, Carrie temporarily moves in with Sebastian, who's keeping a secret from her. Elsewhere, Samantha tries to get out of New York City when she has a run-in with her one-time married lover Elliot. After Larissa reveals Carrie's secret about being fired to her father Tom, he confronts Carrie about her poor judgment and refuses to take her back home. After learning about Carrie's situation, Sebastian tells her that he is moving to California to further his business and asks her to come. Larissa and Harlan have the biggest wedding of all: at the TWA terminal at JFK International Airport. In the end, Carrie makes a life changing decision to stay in New York City and try to rebuild her life by focusing on writing as well as waitressing.\n\n"
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-5769611029043752261 | The Collegian (Hillsdale College) | The Collegian ( Hillsdale College ) - Wikipedia The Collegian ( Hillsdale College ) Jump to : navigation , search This article relies largely or entirely on a single source . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources . ( October 2016 ) For other uses , see The Collegian . The Collegian , of Hillsdale College , has been the weekly student newspaper of record published by Hillsdale College and its students in Hillsdale , Michigan in one form or another since 1878 . The publication is staffed by students , many of whom are members of the Herbert H. Dow II program in American journalism . In addition to its weekly printing , the paper is available online . History and description ( edit ) The Collegian is the oldest college newspaper in Michigan . The paper 's history traces back to 1878 , when the Hillsdale Herald was first published . The administration started The Collegian in 1893 as a rival paper to the Herald . In 1896 , the two papers merged and became the Herald - Collegian . Eventually , the newspaper dropped the Herald and became The Collegian of Hillsdale College . Today it is known simply as The Collegian . In 2014 , staff at the Kalamazoo College Index claimed that the Index predated the Collegian . But , after an investigation by the Collegian 's Editor - in - Chief at the time , it was determined that Hillsdale is Michigan 's oldest college newspaper . The Index began as a publication in 1877 , which predates the Hillsdale Herald , but did not become a newspaper until 1916 , 20 years after the Herald had merged with the Collegian to become the Hillsdale Herald - Collegian . The Collegian has won several Michigan Press Association awards including General Excellence in 2011 . The newspaper had a three - year streak in 2007 , 2008 and 2009 where editors of the paper were named Journalists of the Year by the Michigan Press Association . Reporters for the newspaper have gone on to write for The Wall Street Journal , the Washington Times , the Washington Examiner , National Review , The Daily , Congressional Quarterly , The Daily Caller , The Hill , the New York Times , Gannett newspapers and more . Several of its reporters have gone on to become Pulliam Fellows . The paper asserts itself as a training ground for journalists as well as a service to the campus , alumni community , and supporters of the college . External links ( edit ) The Hillsdale Collegian References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.kzoo.edu/index/article/index-throwback/ Hillsdale College Facilities Frank `` Muddy '' Waters Stadium Hillsdale Academy Slayton Arboretum Athletics Hillsdale Chargers Media The Collegian Imprimis People List of Hillsdale College alumni List of Presidents of Hillsdale College This article about a university or college in Michigan is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This article about a Michigan newspaper is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Collegian_(Hillsdale_College)&oldid=793736435 '' Categories : Hillsdale College Student newspapers published in Michigan Publications established in 1878 Midwestern United States university stubs Michigan school stubs Midwestern United States newspaper stubs Michigan stubs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from October 2016 All articles needing additional references All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 3 August 2017 , at 16 : 36 . About Wikipedia | what college newspaper refers to itself as the oldest college newspaper in michigan | [
"The Collegian is the oldest college newspaper in Michigan. The paper's history traces back to 1878, when the Hillsdale Herald was first published. The administration started The Collegian in 1893 as a rival paper to the Herald."
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"The Collegian"
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4916068853612744638 | Pollen tube | Pollen tube - wikipedia Pollen tube Jump to : navigation , search SEM image of pollen tubes growing from Lily pollen grains . A pollen tube is part of the male gametophyte of seed plants . It acts as a conduit to transport the male gamete cells from the pollen grain , either from the stigma ( in flowering plants ) to the ovules . In maize , this single cell can grow longer than 12 inches to traverse the length of the pistil . Pollen tubes were first discovered by Giovanni Battista Amici . Contents ( hide ) 1 The pollen tube in Angiosperms 2 Pollen tubes used to study cell physiology 3 Pollen tube guidance 4 DNA repair 5 See also 6 References 7 External links The pollen tube in angiosperms ( edit ) Angiosperm life cycle . Angiosperm reproduction is a complex process that includes several steps that may vary among species . Each step is a vast procedure in its own right . Pollen is produced by the stamen , the male reproductive organ of the flower . Each pollen grain contains a vegetative cell , and a generative cell that divides to form two sperm cells . The pollen is delivered by the opening of anthers for subsequent pollination , that is , for the transfer of pollen grains to the pistil , the female reproductive organ . Pollination is usually carried out by wind , water or insects . The ovaries hold the ovules that produce the female gamete : the egg cell , which waits in place for fertilization . Once a pollen grain settles on a compatible pistil , it may germinate in response to a sugary fluid secreted by the mature stigma of certain plants . Lipids at the surface of the stigma may also stimulate pollen tube growth for compatible pollen . Plants that are self - sterile often inhibit the pollen grains from their own flowers from growing pollen tubes . The presence of multiple grains of pollen has been observed to stimulate quicker pollen tube growth in some plants . The vegetative cell then produces the pollen tube , a tubular protrusion from the pollen grain , which carries the sperm cells within its cytoplasm . The sperm cells are the male gametes that will join with the egg cell and the central cell in double fertilization . The germinated pollen tube must then drill its way through the nutrient - rich style and curl to the bottom of the ovary to reach the ovule . Once the pollen tube successfully attains an ovule , it delivers the two sperm cells with a burst . One of them fertilizes the egg cell to form an embryo , which will become the future plant . The other one fuses with both polar nuclei of the central cell to form the endosperm , which serves as the embryo 's food supply . Finally , the ovary will develop into a fruit and the ovules will develop into seeds . Pollen tubes used to study cell physiology ( edit ) Pollen tubes are an excellent model for the understanding of plant cell behavior . They are easily cultivated in vitro and have a very dynamic cytoskeleton that polymerizes at very high rates , providing the pollen tube with interesting mechanical properties . The pollen tube has an unusual kind of growth ; it extends exclusively at its apex . Extending the cell wall only at the tip minimizes friction between the tube and the invaded tissue . This tip growth is performed in a pulsating manner rather than in a steady fashion . Remarkably , the pollen tube 's journey through the style often results in depth - to - diameter ratios above 100 : 1 and up to 1000 : 1 in certain species . The internal machinery and the external interactions that govern the dynamics of pollen tube growth are far from being fully understood . Pollen tube guidance ( edit ) Extensive work has been dedicated to comprehend how the pollen tube responds to extracellular guidance signals to achieve fertilization . It is believed that pollen tubes react to a combination of chemical , electrical , and mechanical cues during its journey through the pistil . However , it is not clear how these external cues work or how they are processed internally . Moreover , sensory receptors for any external cue have not been identified yet . Nevertheless , several aspects have already been identified as central in the process of pollen tube growth . The actin filaments in the cytoskeleton , the peculiar cell wall , secretory vesicle dynamics , and the flux of ions , to name a few , are some of the fundamental features readily identified as crucial , but whose role has not yet been completely elucidated . DNA repair ( edit ) During pollen tube growth , DNA damages that arise need to be repaired in order for the male genomic information to be transmitted intact to the next generation . In the plant Cyrtanthus mackenii , bicellular mature pollen contains a generative cell and a vegetative cell . Sperm cells are derived by mitosis of the generative cell during pollen tube elongation . The vegetative cell is responsible for pollen tube development . Double - strand breaks in DNA that arise appear to be efficiently repaired in the generative cell , but not in the vegetative cell , during the transport process to the female gametophyte . See also ( edit ) Evolutionary history of plants Flowering plant Self incompatibility in plants Siphonogamy References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Geitmann , Anja ; Palanivelu Ravishankar ( 2007 ) . `` Fertilization requires communication : Signal generation and perception during pollen tube guidance '' . Floriculture and Ornamental Biotechnology . 1 : 77 -- 89 . ^ Jump up to : Malhó , Rui ( 2006 ) . The pollen tube : a cellular and molecular perspective . Springer . Jump up ^ Gossot , Olivier ; Geitmann Anja ( 2007 ) . `` Pollen tube growth : coping with mechanical obstacles involves the cytoskeleton '' . Planta. 226 ( 2 ) : 405 -- 416 . PMID 17318608 . doi : 10.1007 / s00425 - 007 - 0491 - 5 . Jump up ^ Messerli , Mark ; et al. ( 2000 ) . `` Periodic increases in elongation rate precede increases in cytosolic Ca2+ during pollen tube growth '' . Developmental Biology . 222 ( 1 ) : 84 -- 98 . PMID 10885748 . doi : 10.1006 / dbio. 2000.9709 . Jump up ^ Malhó , Rui ( 1998 ) . `` Pollen tube guidance -- the long and winding road '' . Sexual Plant Reproduction. 11 ( 5 ) : 242 -- 244 . doi : 10.1007 / s004970050148 . Jump up ^ Okuda , Satohiro ; Higashiyama Tetsuya ( 2010 ) . `` Pollen tube guidance by attractant molecules : LUREs '' . Cell Structure and Function. 35 ( 1 ) : 45 -- 52 . PMID 20562497 . doi : 10.1247 / csf. 10003 . Jump up ^ Mascarenhas , Joseph ; Machlis Leonard ( 1964 ) . `` Chemotropic response of the pollen of Antirrhinum majus to calcium '' . Plant Physiology. 39 ( 1 ) : 70 -- 77 . PMC 550029 . PMID 16655882 . doi : 10.1104 / pp. 39.1. 70 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Kenneth ( 1985 ) . `` The Responses of Cells to Electrical Fields : A Review '' . The Journal of Cell Biology . 101 . PMC 2114002 . PMID 3905820 . doi : 10.1083 / jcb. 101.6. 2023 . Jump up ^ Chebli , Youssef ; Geitmann Anja ( 2007 ) . `` Mechanical principles governing pollen tube growth '' . Functional Plant Science and Biotechnology . 1 : 232 -- 245 . ^ Jump up to : Hirano T , Takagi K , Hoshino Y , Abe T ( 2013 ) . `` DNA damage response in male gametes of Cyrtanthus mackenii during pollen tube growth '' . AoB Plants . 5 : plt004 . PMC 3583183 . PMID 23550213 . doi : 10.1093 / aobpla / plt004 . External links ( edit ) Pollen tube primer Images : Pollen tetrad and Pollen tube Calanthe discolor Lindl . - Flavon 's Secret Flower Garden ( hide ) Botany History of botany Subdisciplines Plant systematics Ethnobotany Paleobotany Plant anatomy Plant ecology Phytogeography Geobotany Flora Phytochemistry Plant pathology Bryology Phycology Floristics Dendrology Plant groups Algae Archaeplastida Bryophyte Non-vascular plants Vascular plants Spermatophytes Pteridophyte Gymnosperm Angiosperm Plant morphology ( glossary ) Plant cells Cell wall Phragmoplast Plastid Plasmodesmata Vacuole Tissues Meristem Vascular tissue Vascular bundle Ground tissue Mesophyll Cork Wood Storage organs Vegetative Root Rhizoid Bulb Rhizome Shoot Stem Leaf Petiole Cataphyll Bud Sessility Reproductive ( Flower ) Flower development Inflorescence Umbel Raceme Bract Pedicellate Flower Whorl Floral symmetry Floral diagram Floral formula Receptacle Hypanthium ( Floral cup ) Perianth Tepal Petal Sepal Sporophyll Gynoecium Ovary Ovule Stigma Archegonium Androecium Stamen Staminode Pollen Tapetum Gynandrium Gametophyte Sporophyte Plant embryo Fruit Fruit anatomy Berry Capsule Seed Seed dispersal Endosperm Surface structures Epicuticular wax Plant cuticle Epidermis Stoma Nectary Trichome Prickle Plant physiology Materials Nutrition Photosynthesis Chlorophyll Plant hormone Transpiration Turgor pressure Bulk flow Aleurone Phytomelanin Sugar Sap Starch Cellulose Plant growth and habit Secondary growth Woody plants Herbaceous plants Habit Vines Lianas Shrubs Subshrubs Trees Succulent plants Reproduction Evolution Ecology Alternation of generations Sporangium Spore Microsporangia Microspore Megasporangium Megaspore Pollination Pollinators Pollen tube Double fertilization Germination Evolutionary development Evolutionary history timeline Hardiness zone Plant taxonomy History of plant systematics Herbarium Biological classification Botanical nomenclature Botanical name Correct name Author citation International Code of Nomenclature for algae , fungi , and plants ( ICN ) - for Cultivated Plants ( ICNCP ) Taxonomic rank International Association for Plant Taxonomy ( IAPT ) Plant taxonomy systems Cultivated plant taxonomy Citrus taxonomy cultigen cultivar Group grex Practice Agronomy Floriculture Forestry Horticulture Lists Related topics Botanical terms Botanists by author abbreviation Botanical expedition Commons Portal WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pollen_tube&oldid=802387633 '' Categories : Pollination Plant physiology Botany Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español Français Galego Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 September 2017 , at 21 : 17 . About Wikipedia | when you combine an egg with the material in pollen you get | [
"Once a pollen grain settles on a compatible pistil, it may germinate in response to a sugary fluid secreted by the mature stigma of certain plants. Lipids at the surface of the stigma may also stimulate pollen tube growth for compatible pollen. Plants that are self-sterile often inhibit the pollen grains from their own flowers from growing pollen tubes. The presence of multiple grains of pollen has been observed to stimulate quicker pollen tube growth in some plants.[citation needed] The vegetative cell then produces the pollen tube, a tubular protrusion from the pollen grain, which carries the sperm cells within its cytoplasm. The sperm cells are the male gametes that will join with the egg cell and the central cell in double fertilization."
] | [
"double fertilization"
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-7537926685999073198 | Hindu Mahila Vidyalaya | Hindu Mahila Vidyalaya - Wikipedia Hindu Mahila Vidyalaya Hindu Mahila Vidyalaya ( School for Hindu Women ) was a boarding school located at 22 Beniapukur Lane , Entally , Kolkata , India , founded by Annette Akroyd The school made a break with the idea of a less taxing curricula for girls , and provided the same kind of learning for its students as was available for boys . Sources record different dates for the establishment of the school . While Jogesh C. Bagal , records the date of establishment as 18 November 1873 David Kopf mentions it as 18 September 1873 . Dwarkanath Ganguly was the headmaster . Ananda Mohan Bose and Durga Mohan Das bore the expenses of the institution . Others involved in the school were Sivanath Sastri and Monomohun Ghose . Mrs. J.B. Phear was an honorary teacher . She went to the extent of teaching her students how to eat at table with cutlery . After the marriage of Annette Akroyd , the school was closed in March 1876 for a short time and was revived on 1 June 1876 as Banga Mahila Vidyalaya ( Bengali Women 's College ) . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Bagal , Jogesh Chandra , History of the Bethune School and College ( 1849 - 1949 ) in Bethune College and School Centenary Volume , edited by Dr. Kalidas Nag , 1949 , p33 ^ Jump up to : Karlekar , Malavika . `` Lessons in a Sari - Did women 's education in India change the way they dressed ? '' . The Telegraph , 4 February 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Kopf , David , The Brahmo Samaj and the Shaping of the Modern Indian Mind , 1979 , pp. 34 - 39 , Princeton University Press , ISBN 0 - 691 - 03125 - 8 Jump up ^ Sastri , Sivanath , History of the Brahmo Samaj , 1911 - 12 / 1993 , p. 164 , Sadharan Brahmo Samaj . Jump up ^ Amin , Sonia ( 2012 ) . `` Beveridge , Annette Susannah Akroyd '' . In Islam , Sirajul ; Jamal , Ahmed A. Banglapedia : National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh ( Second ed . ) . Asiatic Society of Bangladesh . External links ( edit ) There is a picture of Annette Akroyd with the students of Hindu Mahila Vidyalaya , 1875 , from Henry Beveridge 's India Called Them ( 1947 ) . - Karlekar , Malavika . `` Frozen Frames '' . Spectrum . The Tribune , 8 May 2005 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 19 . Bengali renaissance People Sri Aurobindo Atul Prasad Sen Rajnarayan Basu Jagadish Chandra Bose Subhash Chandra Bose Satyendra Nath Bose Bethune Upendranath Brahmachari Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay Akshay Kumar Datta Henry Derozio Alexander Duff Michael Madhusudan Dutt Romesh Chunder Dutt Anil Kumar Gain Dwarkanath Ganguly Kadambini Ganguly Monomohun Ghose Ramgopal Ghosh Aghore Nath Gupta David Hare Kazi Nazrul Islam Eugène Lafont Ashutosh Mukherjee Kalikrishna Mitra Harish Chandra Mukherjee Ramakrishna Paramahamsa Gour Govinda Ray Upendrakishore Ray Chowdhury Raja Ram Mohan Roy Meghnad Saha Akshay Chandra Sarkar Mahendralal Sarkar Brajendra Nath Seal Girish Chandra Sen Keshub Chandra Sen Haraprasad Shastri Debendranath Tagore Rabindranath Tagore Satyendranath Tagore Jnanadanandini Devi Sitanath Tattwabhushan Brahmabandhav Upadhyay Ram Chandra Vidyabagish Dwarkanath Vidyabhusan Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar Swami Vivekananda Paramahansa Yogananda Begum Rokeya Culture Adi Dharm Bengali literature Bengali poetry Bengali music Brahmo Samaj British Raj British Indian Association History of Bengal Nazrul geeti Rabindra Nritya Natya Rabindra Sangeet Sambad Prabhakar Socialism in Bengal Swadeshi Satyagraha Tattwabodhini Patrika Tagore family Bangiya Sahitya Parishad Young Bengal Institutions Anandamohan College Asiatic Society Banga Mahila Vidyalaya Bangabasi College Bethune College Bengal Engineering and Science University , Shibpur Calcutta Madrasah College Calcutta Medical College Fort William College General Assembly 's Institution Hindu Mahila Vidyalaya Hindu Theatre Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science Midnapore College National Council of Education , Bengal Oriental Seminary Presidency College Ripon College Sanskrit College Scottish Church College Serampore College St. Xavier 's College , Kolkata Vidyasagar College Visva - Bharati University University of Calcutta University of Dhaka Other renaissance and revolutionary movements Bhakti movement Gaudiya Vaishnavism Brahmoism Fakir - Sannyasi rebellion Indian independence movement Kalighat painting Jugantar movement Bengal School of Art Hindu -- German Conspiracy Kallol Gananatya Andolan Bratachari movement Bengali Little Magazine Movement Parallel cinema Indian Communism Naxalism Hungryalism Prakalpana Movement This article about a school in West Bengal , India is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hindu_Mahila_Vidyalaya&oldid=853195290 '' Categories : Boarding schools in West Bengal Girls ' schools in Kolkata Academic institutions associated with the Bengal Renaissance Educational institutions established in 1873 1873 establishments in India West Bengal school stubs Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from August 2018 Use Indian English from August 2018 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English West Bengal articles missing geocoordinate data All articles needing coordinates All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia বাংলা Edit links This page was last edited on 3 August 2018 , at 02 : 22 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who founded the hindu balika vidyalaya in calcutta | [
"\n\nHindu Mahila Vidyalaya (School for Hindu Women) was a boarding school located at 22 Beniapukur Lane, Entally, Kolkata, India, founded by Annette Akroyd[1] The school made a break with the idea of a less taxing curricula for girls, and provided the same kind of learning for its students as was available for boys.[2] Sources record different dates for the establishment of the school. While Jogesh C. Bagal, records the date of establishment as 18 November 1873[1] David Kopf mentions it as 18 September 1873.[3]\n"
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"Annette Akroyd"
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-8188618882103189709 | Hans Island | Hans Island - wikipedia Hans Island Hans Island Disputed island Native name : Tartupaluk , ᑕᕐᑐᐸᓗᒃ Other names : Hans Ø , Île Hans Hans Island from the east ( Greenland ) side Geography Map of part of Kennedy Channel , with the disputed Island . Location Kennedy Channel of the Nares Strait Coordinates 80 ° 49 ′ 41 '' N 66 ° 27 ′ 35 '' W / 80.82806 ° N 66.45972 ° W / 80.82806 ; - 66.45972 Coordinates : 80 ° 49 ′ 41 '' N 66 ° 27 ′ 35 '' W / 80.82806 ° N 66.45972 ° W / 80.82806 ; - 66.45972 Area 1.3 km ( 0.5 sq mi ) Length 1,290 m ( 0.8 mi ) Width 1,199 m ( 0.745 mi ) Administered by Disputed , affairs de facto handled by Danish Realm Claimed by Canada Denmark Demographics Population Uninhabited Hans Island ( Greenlandic : Tartupaluk ; Inuktitut : ᑕᕐᑐᐸᓗᒃ ; French : Île Hans pronounced ( il ɑ̃ ) ; Danish : Hans Ø ) is a small , uninhabited barren knoll measuring 1.3 km ( 0.5 sq mi ) , 1,290 m ( 4,230 ft ) long and 1,199 m ( 3,934 ft ) wide , located in the centre of the Kennedy Channel of Nares Strait -- the strait that separates Ellesmere Island from northern Greenland and connects Baffin Bay with the Lincoln Sea . Hans Island is the smallest of three islands located in Kennedy Channel ; the others are Franklin Island and Crozier Island . The strait at this point is 35 kilometres ( 22 mi ) wide , placing the island within the territorial waters of both Canada and Greenland . A theoretical line in the middle of the strait goes through the island . The island has likely been part of Inuit hunting grounds since the 14th century . It is claimed by Denmark on behalf of Greenland 's home rule government and also by Canada . In accordance with the Greenland home rule treaty , Denmark handles certain foreign affairs , such as border disputes , on behalf of the entire commonwealth . The nearest populated places are Alert , Canada ( 198 km or 123 - mile distance , pop . 62 ) , Siorapaluk , Greenland ( 349 km or 217 - mile distance , pop . 68 ) and Qaanaaq , Greenland ( 379 km or 235 - mile distance , pop . 656 ) . Contents 1 Name 2 History and disputed sovereignty 2.1 Early history 2.2 1972 -- 73 border treaty 2.3 Joint administration 2.4 Media attention and continuing negotiations 2.4. 1 Google fight 2.5 Timeline 3 See also 4 Notes 5 Sources 6 External links Name ( edit ) The island is named after Hans Hendrik , whose native Greenlandic name was Suersaq . Hendrik was an Arctic traveller and translator who worked on the American and British Arctic expeditions of Elisha Kent Kane , Charles Francis Hall , Isaac Israel Hayes and George Strong Nares , from 1853 to 1876 . Prior to 2005 , the island was thought to have been named during Charles Francis Hall 's third North Pole expedition between 1871 and 1873 . The first written reference to the name and the island itself appears in Charles Henry Davis 's book Narrative of the North Polar expedition ( 1876 ) , which is a narrative of Hall 's third North Pole expedition . On page 407 it appears , without any previous mention . The island made its first cartographic appearance on a map accompanying the book . Charles Henry Davis writes , The ship was tied to a large floe , and drifted slowly down the channel with the pack ; about noon , she was quite near Hans Island and west of it . The latitude by observation was 80 ° 48 ′ N ; longitude 68 ° 38 ′ W . The ship continued to drift , and at 7 p.m. was midway between Hans and Franklin Islands , which are ten miles distant from each other . Soundings were taken at a depth of 203 fathoms , with a bottom of black limestone . He was referring to the ship Polaris 's return voyage southward down the Kennedy channel . This does not answer when it was named . However , the ship 's doctor and leader of the scientific part of the expedition , Emil Bessels , wrote of it in his own book , Die amerikanische Nordpol - Expedition ( 1879 ) . On page 124 he tells that on August 29 , 1871 , on the voyage north through Kennedy Channel , the Polaris sailed between Grinnell - land ( Ellesmere Island ) and a small unknown island which they later named Hans Island , after his native Greenlandic helper , Hans Hendrik . An earlier mention of a Hans Island expedition is in Elisha Kent Kane 's Arctic Explorations : The Second Grinnell Expedition , 1853 , ' 54 , ' 55 , ( published 1857 ) , in pages 317 -- 319 . Thus the year 1853 is now often cited as the date of the discovery and naming of the island , including in a letter by the Danish Ambassador to Canada in the Ottawa Citizen on July 28 , 2005 . We now neared the Litteton Island of Captain Inglefield where a piece of good fortune awaited us . We saw a number of ducks , both eiders and hareldas ; and it occurred to me that by tracking their flight we should reach their breeding - grounds . There was no trouble in doing so , for they flew in a bee - line to a group of rocky islets , ( ... snip ... ) A rugged little ledge , which I named Eider Island , was so thickly colonized that we could hardly walk without treading on a nest ( ... snip ... ) Nearby was a low and isolated rock - ledge , which we called Hans Island . The glaucous gulls , those cormorants of the Arctic seas , had made it their peculiar homestead . Littleton Island ( Greenlandic : Pikiuleq ) is approximately 1 km ( 0.6 mi ) from Greenland 's coast right in Smith Sound . It is about 300 km ( 190 mi ) south of the island today called Hans Island . Around it and the coast of Greenland lay dozens of tiny Islands , and Kane names one of them Hans Island after Hans Hendrik , the native Greenlandic helper he had with him on the trip . That this is the current Littleton Island is confirmed by Kane mentioning Edward Augustus Inglefield , who named Littleton Island . The names of many places in this region have changed or been altered during the last 100 years . For example , the name of Nares Strait ( named after George Strong Nares ) , separating Ellesmere Island and Northern Greenland , was not agreed upon between the Danish and Canadian governments until 1964 . History and disputed sovereignty ( edit ) Early history ( edit ) Inuit living in northern Greenland or Canada would have known the island for centuries . In the mid 19th century , Nares Strait was likely unknown to Europeans . It is not known whether Vikings visited the island in the centuries when Greenland was inhabited by Norsemen . From 1850 to 1880 , the area in which Hans Island is situated was explored by American and British expeditions . These expeditions were a response partly due to the popular search for the missing British explorer John Franklin , and partly to search for the elusive Northwest Passage and / or reach the North Pole . The Danish `` Celebration Expedition '' of 1920 to 1923 accurately mapped the whole region of the Northern Greenland coast from Cape York ( Kap York ) to Denmark Sound ( Danmark fjord ) . In 1933 , the Permanent Court of International Justice declared the legal status of Greenland in favour of Denmark . Denmark claims that geological evidence points to Hans Island being part of Greenland , and therefore that it belongs to Denmark by extension of the Court 's ruling . Since the 1960s , numerous surveys have been undertaken in the Nares Strait region , including seismic , ice flow , mapping , archeological and economic surveys . Canadian - based Dome Petroleum Ltd. made surveys on and around Hans Island from 1980 to 1983 , to investigate the movement of ice masses . 1972 -- 73 border treaty ( edit ) In 1972 , a team consisting of personnel from the Canadian Hydrographic Service and Danish personnel working in the Nares Strait determined the geographic coordinates for Hans Island . During negotiations between Canada and Denmark on their maritime boundary in 1973 , both states claimed that Hans Island was part of their territory . No agreement was reached between the two governments on the issue . The maritime boundary immediately north and south of Hans Island was established in the continental shelf treaty ratified by Greenland and Canada and then submitted to the United Nations on December 17 , 1973 , in force since March 13 , 1974 . At that time , it was the longest shelf boundary treaty ever negotiated and may have been the first ever continental shelf boundary developed by a computer . The Government of the Kingdom of Denmark and the Government of Canada , Having decided to establish in the area between Greenland and the Canadian Arctic Islands a dividing line beyond which neither Party exercising its rights under the Convention on the Continental Shelf of April / 29 / 1958 will extend its sovereign rights for the purpose of exploration and exploitation of the natural resources of the continental shelf ... The treaty lists 127 points ( latitude and longitude ) from the Davis Strait to the end of the Robeson Channel , where the Nares Strait runs into the Lincoln Sea , to draw geodesic lines between , to form the border . The treaty does not , however , draw a line from point 122 ( 80 ° 49 ′ 12 `` N , 66 ° 29 ′ 00 '' W ) to point 123 ( 80 ° 49 ′ 48 `` N , 66 ° 26 ′ 18 '' W ) , a distance of 1,370 m ( 4,490 ft ) , because Hans Island is situated in between those two points . Joint administration ( edit ) In 1984 Kenn Harper , a historian from Iqaluit , wrote an article about Hans Island which was published in the local newspaper Hainang in Qaanaaq ( Thule ) in northwestern Greenland . This article was picked up by a Danish newspaper in Copenhagen , and by CBC Radio in Canada . This article was sparked because of a chance encounter on the ice near Resolute , in the Canadian Arctic in the autumn of 1983 . According to Kenn Harper he met a man wearing a hat with bold letters around the side of the hat saying `` HANS ISLAND , N.W.T. '' This man was a scientist with Dome Petroleum who had just spent the summer on the island doing ice research . Dome Petroleum did research on and around the island from 1980 to 1983 . Simultaneously , the Danish and Canadian governments were in the process of signing a cooperation agreement in relation to the marine environment in Nares Strait . The agreement was signed and put into force on August 26 , 1983 . ( The treaty was extended in 1991 . ) The Agreement aims at developing further bilateral cooperation in respect of the protection of the marine environment of the waters lying between Canada and Greenland and of its living resources , particularly with respect to preparedness measures as a contingency against pollution incidents resulting from offshore hydrocarbon exploration or exploitation ( Annex A ) and from shipping activities ( Annex B) that may affect the marine environment of these waters . One of the items also discussed was the possibility of establishing a reciprocal arrangement for processing applications to conduct research on and around Hans Island . This was never signed ; however , Canadian John Munro , at that time Minister for Northern Affairs and Development , and Dane Tom Høyem , at that time Minister for Greenland , agreed , in common interest , to avoid acts that might prejudice future negotiations . However , unknown to the politicians , Dome Petroleum was already doing research on the island . According to Kenn Harper , the Canadian Department of External Affairs conducting these negotiations with the Danes might not even have been aware that Dome Petroleum was already doing research on the island . Kenn Harper claims that in 1984 a senior official of Energy Mines and Resources , Canada , wrote him , saying , `` To my knowledge the Department of Energy , Mines & Resources did not confer with the Department of External Affairs over the use of the island by Dome Petroleum . '' In 1984 , the Danish Minister for Greenland planted the Danish flag on the Island and left a little message saying `` Velkommen til den danske ø '' ( English : Welcome to the Danish Island ) . It is also said he left a bottle of brandy , however this seems to have been Schnapps , which unlike brandy is a traditional Danish spirit . The Canadians have reciprocated with their own sign , the flag of Canada and a bottle of Canadian Club . Media attention and continuing negotiations ( edit ) Hans Island . NASA Landsat 7 image Though CBC and others had done some reporting in the 1980s , the dispute came to popular attention through Canadian press stories during late March 2004 . Within days , it spread to other newspapers worldwide . On March 25 , 2004 , when Adrian Humphreys of the Canadian National Post newspaper wrote an article entitled `` Five - year plan to ' put footprints in the snow ' and assert northern sovereignty '' , Humphreys made a brief mention of the dispute over Hans Island , and that the Danes had sent warships to the island . The Arctic sea region has long been a subject of the dispute . In this matter , Canada , Denmark , Iceland , Russia , and Norway share a common interest because they regard parts of the Arctic seas as `` national waters '' . The United States and most European Union countries , on the other hand , officially regard the region as international waters . Further items in the Canadian media led to the issue being picked up by international news organizations . The Canadian federal government 's 2004 budget was introduced on March 23 , 2004 , two days before the issue gained widespread attention . It proposed minimal increases to spending on national defence . The issue of Hans Island was raised in the Canadian Parliament by opposition foreign affairs critic Stockwell Day to highlight the government 's failure to provide more funding for the military . A new article by Adrian Humphreys on March 30 , 2004 , also in the National Post , entitled `` Danes summon envoy over Arctic fight -- the solution of the dispute is not going to be military '' , drew even more attention to the issue . The article claimed that Brian Herman , Canada 's only diplomat in Denmark ( ambassador Alfonso Gagliano having been recently recalled as a result of an unrelated Canadian scandal ) , was called before the Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs , to comment about his country 's intentions in the dispute , which had , according to the article , recently been inflamed by Danish sailors occupying Hans Island . On March 31 , 2004 , the Danish and Canadian governments denied that Herman or any other Canadian official was summoned to the Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs . Both governments stated that the dispute was a long - standing issue , and that nothing had changed in the matter . A Canadian military exercise , named `` Narwhal 04 '' , inflamed the issue further . However , this exercise had been in the planning stage since September 2003 , and it took place around Pangnirtung , Baffin Island , 2,000 km ( 1,240 mi ) south of Hans Island . The Canadian military denied that the exercise had anything to do with the Danish -- Canadian territorial dispute . The exercise took place from August 9 to 30 , 2004 , involving about 160 soldiers from the army , various aircraft , helicopters and one frigate , HMCS Montréal . About 600 Canadian Forces personnel were involved in total . A new development came to light after Canadian Defence Minister Bill Graham visited the island on July 20 , 2005 . Peter Taksø - Jensen , the head of the International Law department at Denmark 's foreign ministry , said the following in an interview with Reuters on July 25 in response to the event : We consider Hans Island to be part of Danish territory and will therefore hand over a complaint about the Canadian minister 's unannounced visit . -- Peter Taksø - Jensen , Danish Foreign Office On August 18 , 2005 , Canadian frigate HMCS Fredericton left Halifax for an Arctic cruise . Canadian officials said the month - long patrol was unrelated to the Hans Island dispute . The Kingston - class coastal defence vessels HMCS Glace Bay and HMCS Shawinigan were also scheduled to patrol the Arctic in 2005 . In July 2007 , owing to updated satellite imagery , Canadian authorities realized that the line constructed as a basis for the maritime boundary ( but not for land ) would have run roughly across the middle of the island , but the boundary did not `` move '' as that required a bilateral agreement by the two states for which negotiations continued . The two countries maintain a sense of humour in the dispute . Peter Taksøe - Jensen has stated `` when Danish military go there , they leave a bottle of Schnapps . And when Canadian military forces come there , they leave a bottle of Canadian Club and a sign saying , ' Welcome to Canada . ' '' Negotiations in 2012 between Canada and Denmark , not yet finalized , call for either a condominium or splitting the disputed island 's sovereignty in half . If the island were to be split by a boundary , it would create a second land neighbour for Canada and Denmark , each of which currently only has one , with the United States and Germany respectively . On May 23 , 2018 , Canada and Denmark announced the creation of a Joint Task Force to determine the boundary between Canada and Greenland , including the fate of Hans Island . Google fight ( edit ) `` Google fight '' or `` Google war '' is the name given to a number of advertisements on the Internet search engine Google which promoted either Danish or Canadian sovereignty over Hans Island . According to an article in the Ottawa Citizen on July 27 , 2005 , Toronto resident Rick Broadhead saw an advertisement on Google stating `` Hans Island is Greenland . Greenland natives have used the island for centuries '' and which linked to a Danish foreign affairs webpage that stated that the Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs had sent a note to Canada 's ambassador to Denmark on July 25 , 2005 expressing Denmark 's regret that `` the Canadian Minister of National Defence had paid a visit to Hans Island without prior notification of the Danish Government . '' Poul Erik Dam Kristensen , Denmark 's ambassador to Canada , told the press that the paid advertisement was not a Danish government initiative and whoever placed it was acting alone . According to the article , this prompted Broadhead to put up his own advertisement on Google which linked to his own site , which promoted the Canadian claim to the island , on July 26 . Timeline ( edit ) 1980 -- 1983 -- Canadian firm Dome Petroleum did research on and around the island . 1984 -- Tom Høyem , Danish Minister for Greenland , chartered a helicopter to the island . 1988 -- The Danish Arctic Ocean patrol cutter HDMS Tulugaq ( Y388 ) arrived at the island , built a cairn and placed a flagpole and Danish flag on the island . 1995 -- The Danish liaison officer and geodesists Geodesy flew in and placed another flagpole and flag . Late August 1997 -- The Danish Arctic / Ocean patrol cutter HDMS Agpa ( Y387 ) tried to reach the island , but was forced to turn around 241 km ( 150 mi ) from the Island , owing to extreme ice . 2001 -- Keith Dewing and Chris Harrison , geologists with the Geological Survey of Canada who were mapping northern Ellesmere Island , flew by helicopter to the island . August 13 , 2002 -- The Danish inspection ship HDMS Vædderen ( F359 ) arrived and erected a new cairn , flagpole and flag , finding the 1988 flag missing and the 1995 flag in pieces . August 1 , 2003 -- The crew of the Danish frigate HDMS Triton ( F358 ) landed on the island and replaced the Danish flag again . July 13 , 2005 -- Canadian soldiers land on the Island , placing a traditional Inuit stone marker ( Inukshuk ) with a plaque and a Canadian flag . July 20 , 2005 -- As a symbolic move , Canadian Defence Minister Bill Graham set foot on the island . July 25 , 2005 -- A Danish government official announced that Denmark would issue a letter of protest to Canada . July 25 , 2005 -- Deputy premier of Greenland , Josef Motzfeldt , stated that the island had been occupied by Canada , stating that experts should determine which country the island belongs to . July 28 , 2005 -- The Danish Ambassador to Canada published an article in the Ottawa Citizen newspaper regarding the Danish view on the Hans Island issue . August 4 , 2005 -- The Danish Arctic / Ocean patrol cutter HDMS Tulugaq ( Y388 ) was sent from Naval Station Grønnedal to Hans Island to assert Danish sovereignty . The cutter was expected to arrive in three weeks ' time . August 8 , 2005 -- Danish newspapers reported that Canada wished to open negotiations regarding the future of Hans Island . The news was welcomed by Danish Prime Minister Anders Fogh Rasmussen who stated that `` It is time to stop the flag war . It has no place in a modern , international world . Countries like Denmark and Canada must be able to find a peaceful solution in a case such as this . '' August 16 , 2005 -- According to Danish Foreign Minister Per Stig Møller , Denmark and Canada agreed to reopen negotiations regarding the future of Hans Island . Denmark would immediately begin geological surveys in the area , and Per Stig Møller would meet his Canadian counterpart Pierre Pettigrew in New York City in the middle of September . Should they fail to reach an agreement , both governments have agreed to submit the dispute to the International Court of Justice in The Hague . The government of Greenland agreed to this course of action . Regarding the Danish patrol cutter HDMS Tulugaq ( Y388 ) then en route to Hans Island , the minister stated `` I have instructed the ship to sail there , but they will not go ashore tearing down ( the Canadian ) flag and replacing it with a new one . It would be a somewhat childish ( behaviour ) between two NATO allies . '' August 20 , 2005 -- Canada 's Foreign Affairs Minister , Pierre Pettigrew , stated that Canada 's claim to the island had a firm basis in international law and would likely not end up before a world court . `` Our sovereignty over the island has a very strong foundation , '' the minister said in a telephone interview with a Canadian Press journalist . September 19 , 2005 -- According to Canada 's Foreign Affairs Minister , Pierre Pettigrew , Canada and Denmark have agreed on a process to resolve the dispute over the island . Pettigrew and his Danish counterpart , Per Stig Møller , met in New York on this day . Pettigrew said the two countries would work together `` to put this issue behind us . '' However Pettigrew reiterated that Canada has sovereignty over the island . August 16 , 2006 -- A Vancouver geologist receives a prospecting permit for Hans Island from the Canadian government . March 17 , 2007 -- Scientists from the University of Toronto and the Technical University of Denmark announced plans to install an automated weather station on the island , some time in the summer of 2007 . July , 2007 -- Canada updates satellite photos and recognizes that its line constructed for the earlier maritime agreement would have run roughly through the middle of the island ; negotiations continue with Denmark over establishing an international land boundary or island sovereignty . May 4 , 2008 -- An international group of scientists from Australia , Canada , Denmark , and the UK installed an automated weather station on Hans Island . April 11 , 2012 -- Proposal for Canada and Denmark to split Hans Island . November 29 , 2012 -- Canada and Denmark settle an agreement on the exact border between them , though without defining the border near Hans Island . May 23 , 2018 - Canada and Denmark announce a Joint Task Force to settle the dispute over Hans Island See also ( edit ) Arctic portal Greenland portal Islands portal Nunavut portal List of islands of Canada List of islands of Denmark Operation Hurricane ( Canada ) Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : McKernan , Bethan ( 13 November 2015 ) . `` Canada and Denmark are locked in an adorable war '' . i100.co.uk . Retrieved 14 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Whose Hans ? '' . Canadian Geographic . Archived from the original on January 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ They are 19 km from each other , so he must have meant nautical miles , 10 nmi ( 19 km ; 12 mi ) Jump up ^ 203 fathoms ( 1,218 ft ; 371 m ) Jump up ^ Stevenson , Christopher ( 2007 ) . `` Hans Off ! : The Struggle for Hans Island and the Potential Ramifications for International Border Dispute Resolution '' . Boston College International and Comparative Law Review . p. 265 . By most accounts , the first western explorer to discover and name Hans Island was American Charles Francis Hall . Jump up ^ `` Agreement between the Government of the Kingdom of Denmark and the Government of Canada relating to the Delimitation of the Continental Shelf between Greenland and Canada ( 17 December 1973 ) '' ( PDF ) . Delimitation Treaties Infobase . United Nations . 13 March 2002 . Retrieved 20 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Limits in the Seas No. 72 - Continental Shelf Boundary - Canada -- Greenland '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Department of State . 4 August 1976 . Retrieved 20 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Hainang newspaper , Qaanaaq -- according to `` Newspapers on microfilm '' , 24th edition , 2004 , Statsbiblioteket , Denmark -- existed 1964 -- 1982 , so it might have been named different in 1984 , or it might be a different newspaper altogether . ^ Jump up to : Canada , Denmark agree to resolve dispute over Arctic island , CBC News September 19 , 2005 Archived January 27 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Byers , Michael ( 2009 ) . Who owns the Arctic ? : understanding sovereignty disputes in the North ( 1st U.S. ed . ) . Vancouver : Douglas & McIntyre . pp. 26 -- 27 . ISBN 9781553654995 . Jump up ^ `` Canada and Denmark Whiskey War Over Hans Island '' . Business Insider . January 8 , 2016 . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` April 11 , 2012 audio report on Hans Island '' . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved April 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Europe Canada island visit angers Danes '' . BBC News . July 25 , 2005 . Retrieved November 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` HMCS Fredericton leaves Halifax for Arctic patrol '' . CTV.ca . August 18 , 2005 . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2005 . Retrieved November 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Canada has claim to Hans Island : Pettigrew '' . CTV.ca . August 20 , 2005 . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2005 . Retrieved November 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : The Canadian Press ( July 26 , 2007 ) . `` Satellite imagery moves Hans Island boundary : report '' . Cbc.ca . Retrieved November 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Weber , Bob ( 2015 - 11 - 15 ) . `` Canada , Denmark should turn Hans Island into a condominium : academics '' . CBC News . ^ Jump up to : `` Canada and the Kingdom of Denmark ( with Greenland ) announce the establishment of a Joint Task Force on Boundary Issues '' ( Press release ) . Ottawa : Government of Canada . Global Affairs Canada . 2018 - 05 - 23 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` HANS ISLAND : DANISH NOTE TO CANADIAN AMBASSADOR '' . Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2005 . Retrieved August 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Island squabble goes Google '' . Reuters . cnn.com . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2005 . Retrieved November 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hans Island Belongs to Canada '' . Rickbroadhead.com . July 26 , 2005 . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2009 . Retrieved November 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Hans Island '' . The Canadian Encyclopedia . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ Lynge , Mads ( 25 July 2005 ) . `` Josef Motzfeldt : Uforskammet af Canada '' ( in Danish ) . Kalaallit Nunaata Radioa . Retrieved 12 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Article about the Hans Island issue -- Embassy of Denmark Canada '' . Ambottawa.um.dk . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2008 . Retrieved November 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ? '' . Jump up ^ `` ? '' . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Ø - farcen er slut '' . Jump up ^ Canada , Denmark agree to resolve dispute over Arctic island Archived December 29 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Geologist to prospect on disputed Hans Island in Arctic '' . Cbc.ca . August 16 , 2006 . Retrieved November 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian , Danish scientists join Hans '' . globeandmail.com. 15 March 2007 . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2007 . Retrieved November 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Arctic Weather Station '' . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Canada , Denmark closer to settling border dispute '' . The Globe and Mail . November 29 , 2012 . Retrieved November 2 , 2013 . Sources ( edit ) United Nations : Delimitation Treaties . Agreement between the Government of the Kingdom of Denmark and the Government of Canada relating to the Delimitation of the Continental Shelf between Greenland and Canada , December 17 , 1973 , U.S. Department of State : Bureau of Intelligence and Research Limits in the Seas No. 72 Continental shelf Boundary : Canada -- Greenland , Issued by the Geographer , August 4 , 1976 . Hans Island rightfully belongs to Greenland , Denmark -- Kenn Harper , Article , Nunatsiaq News , April 9 , 2004 . Agreement between the Government of Canada and the Kingdom of Denmark for Cooperation relating to the Marine Environment , August 26 , 1983 . Narrative of the North Polar expedition : U.S Ship Polaris , Captain Charles Francis Hall commanding , edited under the direction of G.M. Robeson by C.H. Davis . Washington , G.P.O. , 1876 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hans Island . Hans Island in the Atlas of Canada -- Toporama ; Natural Resources Canada Hans Island : A border dispute between Denmark and Canada -- Background , maps , timeline about the Hans Island dispute . NPR 's Morning Edition , Friday , Aug 12 , 2005 -- Summary of the dispute . Newsletter No. 3 HDMS Triton -- about the August 1 , 2003 landing on the island . CASR -- article on the dispute by the Canadian American Strategic Review . Caryophyllaceae of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago Canadian Archipelago Throughflow Study Crisis in the Arctic ! Canadian perspective , March 29 , 2004 ( updated ) The Globe and Mail : Denmark wo n't provoke ' flag war ' over Hans Island Queen Elizabeth Islands , Nunavut and Northwest Territories , Canada Ellesmere Island Ellesmere Ward Hunt Island Parry Islands major Devon Melville Bathurst Prince Patrick Cornwallis Mackenzie King Borden Cornwall Eglinton Graham Lougheed Byam Martin Île Vanier Cameron Brock North Kent Emerald Isle Alexander Massey Little Cornwallis Coburg Helena Baillie - Hamilton Griffith Hoved Lowther Buckingham minor Beechey Berkeley Browne Cheyne Cocked Hat Crescent Des Voeux Dundas Edmund Walker Eight Bears Ekins Fairholme Fitzwilliam Owen Findlay Group Grosvenor Hans ( disputed by Denmark ) Houston Stewart Hyde Parker Île Marc John Barrow Margaret Nookap Norman Lockyer Patterson Philpots Pim Princess Royal Skraeling Stupart Table Thor Truro Sverdrup Islands major Axel Heiberg Ellef Ringnes Amund Ringnes King Christian Meighen Stor minor Fay Gretha Haig - Thomas Hat Ulvingen Islands of the Qikiqtaaluk Region Adams Akpatok Alfred Allen Amherst Arvalik Aulitivik Aulitiving Baffin Barth Beloeil Bergesen Bjarnason Bylot Curry Davids Dexterity Diana Edgeworth Eider Elder Emmerson Fraser Frechette Gyrfalcon Hamilton Imiqqutailaqtuuq Kaigosuiyat Kilian Lady Franklin Landslip Liddon Lock Low Marvin Nakoaiyet Nova Zembla Old Squaw Ormonde Otrick Pandora Payne Peter Richards Pisiktarfik Plover Prescott Prince Leopold Prince of Wales Ragged Round Russell Salikuit Saneruarsuk Scott Sillem Somerset Spicer Stephens Trinity Vesey Hamilton Vivian Ward Hunt Wollaston Yeoman Young Belcher Islands Bradbury Broomfield Bun Cake Camsell Dove Fair Flaherty Innetalling Karlay La Duke Loaf Mata Mavor Moore Nero Ney O'Leary Range Renouf Snape Split Tukarak Twin Cairns Walton Wiegand Islands of Cumberland Sound Akulagok Anarnittuq Aupaluktok Aupaluktut Beacon Blacklead Clear Passage Drum Ekallulik Iglunga Imigen Ivisa Kaigosuit Kangigutsak Kekertelung Kekerten Kekertukdjuak Kudjak Maktaktujanak Miliakdjuin Moodie Nimigen Nunatak Nuvujen Opingivik Sanigut Saunik Shakshukowshee Shakshukuk Tesseralik Tuapait Ugpitimik Utsusivik Wareham Islands of Davis Strait Akuglek Alikdjuak Angijak Durban Idjuniving Kekertaluk Kekertuk Kekerturnak Manitung Monumental Nedlukseak Nudlung Nunatsiaq Nuvuktik Padloping Pilektuak Qaqaluit Rock Satigsun Islands of Foxe Basin Air Force Bird Bray Deer Foley Igloolik Jens Munk Koch Neerlonakto North Tweedsmuir Prince Charles Rowley South Tweedsmuir Tern White Winter Islands of Frobisher Bay Algerine Alligator Anchorage Aubrey Augustus Bear Beveridge Bishop Brigus Brook Bruce Cairn Camp Carter Chase Coffin Crimmins Crowell Culbertson Daniel Dog Eden Emerick Falk Faris Field Fletcher Frobisher 's Farthest Gabriel Gardiner Gay Gross Halford Hantzsch Harper Hill Jenvey Kudlago Kungo Lefferts Leopold Loks Land Long Low Luella Mair Mark Mary McAllister McBride McLaren McLean Metela Mitchell Monument Nest Nouyarn Ogden Pan Peak Pichit Pike Pink Lady Pope Potter Precipice Ptarmigan Pugh Qarsau Quadrifid Redan Resor Sale Scalene Sliver Smith Sybil Thompson Whiskukun Islands of the Gulf of Boothia Crown Prince Frederik Glen Honeyman Lavoie Sabine Wales Islands of Hudson Bay Awrey Big Booth Bronson Commodore Cox Digges Eddy Elsie Fraley Frazier Gilmour Harrison J. Gordon Johnnys Kugong Long Mansel Marcopeet McCormack Nuvuk Ottawa Pattee Perley Smith Islands of Hudson Strait Alareak Aulassivik Avingasittuit Siqinirsipangat Beacon Big Black Bluff Bush Button Charles Clark Dolphin Dorset Edgell Emma Erhardt Forder Glasgow Glencoe Goodwin Gudmusson Hector High Bluff Holdridge Ijjurittiak Ivisaat Juet King Lacy Lavoie Lawson Leading Lee Lower Savage MacColl Mallik Middle Savage Mill Niels Nottingham Nunajuak Nuvursiit Nuvursirpaaraaluk Observation Okolli Point Poodlatee Rabbit Resolution Sakkiak Salisbury Sheer Strathcona Uugalautiit Wishart Islands of James Bay Akimiski Bear Big Cape Hope Carey Charlton Grey Goose Gull Jacob North Twin Paint Hills Solomons Temple South Twin Spencer Stag Strutton Sunday Trodely Twin Walter Weston Islands of the Labrador Sea Brevoort Cape Chidley Christopher Hall Hozier Hudson Ilikok Jackson Killiniq Knight Leybourne Little Hall Muingmak Rogers Queen Elizabeth Islands Alexander Baillie - Hamilton Bathurst Beechey Berkeley Borden Brock Browne Buckingham Byam Martin Cameron Cheyne Coburg Cocked Hat Cornwall Cornwallis Crescent Des Voeux Devon Dundas Edmund Walker Eglinton Ekins Ellesmere Emerald Exmouth Fairholme Findlay Group Garrett Graham Griffith Grosvenor Hans Helena Houston Stewart Hoved Hyde Parker John Barrow Little Cornwallis Lougheed Lowther Mackenzie King Marc Margaret Massey Melville Nookap Norman Lockyer North Kent Patterson Philpots Pim Pioneer Prince Patrick Princess Royal Seymour Skraeling Spit Stupart Table Thor Truro Vanier Sverdrup Islands Amund Ringnes Axel Heiberg Ellef Ringnes Fay Gretha Haig - Thomas Hat King Christian Meighen Stor Ulvingen See also Islands of the Kitikmeot Region , Islands of the Kivalliq Region . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Island&oldid=853303891 '' Categories : Canada -- Greenland border Disputed islands Islands of the Queen Elizabeth Islands Territorial disputes of Canada Territorial disputes of Denmark Uninhabited islands of Greenland Uninhabited islands of Qikiqtaaluk Region Avannaata Islands of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago Canada -- Denmark relations Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) Articles with dead external links from September 2010 Use mdy dates from August 2012 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Articles containing French - language text Articles containing Danish - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Articles containing Greenlandic - language text All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from August 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Articles containing explicitly cited English - language text Articles with dead external links from August 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 August 2018 , at 20 : 05 ( UTC ) . 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8733502538482086092 | List of Tokyo Ghoul episodes | List of Tokyo ghoul episodes - wikipedia List of Tokyo ghoul episodes Tokyo Ghoul is an anime television series by Studio Pierrot aired on Tokyo MX between July and September 2014 with a second season titled Tokyo Ghoul √ A that aired January 8 , 2015 , to March 26 , 2015 , and a third season titled Tokyo Ghoul : re , currently airing from April 3 , 2018 . Studio Pierrot also produced an OVA for Tokyo Ghoul : JACK along with a portion of the light novel Tokyo Ghoul : Hibi titled Tokyo Ghoul : PINTO . Contents ( hide ) 1 Episode list 1.1 Tokyo Ghoul 1.2 Tokyo Ghoul √ A 1.3 Tokyo Ghoul : re 1.4 OVA 2 Home release 2.1 Tokyo Ghoul 3 Notes 4 References Episode list ( edit ) Tokyo ghoul ( edit ) No . Title Original air date English air date `` Tragedy '' `` Higeki '' ( 悲劇 ) July 4 , 2014 March 26 , 2017 Ken Kaneki is a young man who befriends the beautiful and enigmatic Rize Kamishiro , unaware that she is a ghoul . Rize reveals her intentions to eat Kaneki but by a stroke of luck Kaneki survives her attack but is mortally wounded . He is saved by an emergency operation , transferring Rize 's organs into himself . This subsequently turns him into a half - ghoul half - human hybrid and Kaneki struggles to survive and cope by himself . `` Incubation '' `` Fuka '' ( 孵化 ) July 11 , 2014 April 2 , 2017 Kaneki struggles to adapt to his new nature with no success , until another ghoul , Nishiki Nishio , attempts to prey on his friend , Hideyoshi Nagachika , and he must fight to protect him . `` Dove '' `` Shirohato '' ( 白 鳩 ) July 18 , 2014 April 9 , 2017 After saving his friend , Kaneki is taken in by Yoshimura , a ghoul who runs the Cafe `` Anteiku '' , who teaches him to blend in human society while hiding his true nature . However , he gets bullied by another ghoul named Touka . `` Supper '' `` Bansan '' ( 晩餐 ) July 25 , 2014 April 23 , 2017 A ghoul named Tsukiyama approaches Kaneki with unknown intentions and the two start hanging out . However , Tsukiyama has prepared a mortal trap where Kaneki is to be killed and eaten . Kaneki finds himself in an arena facing a giant ghoul executioner , Taro , but Tsukiyama intervenes and kills Taro as he wants Kaneki for himself . 5 `` Scars '' `` Zankon '' ( 残 痕 ) August 1 , 2014 April 30 , 2017 Intending to consume Kaneki himself , Tsukiyama prepares another trap , using Nishio 's human girlfriend Nishino Kimi as a hostage . Kaneki confronts Tsukiyama and is assisted by Nishio and then Touka . They are no match for Tsukiyama as their kagune are not as strong because they do not consume human flesh , so Touka bites Kaneki , restoring her kagune . 6 `` Cloudburst '' `` Shūu '' ( 驟雨 ) August 8 , 2014 May 7 , 2017 Tsukiyama is defeated by Touka with Nishio 's help . Meanwhile , recent developments in the 20th ward draw the attention of the Commission of Counter Ghoul ( CCG ) , who sends two of their investigators , Kureo Mado & Kōtarō Amon to hunt down all ghouls in the area . They find Hinami 's father , Fueguchi and kill him . They then use some of Fueguchi 's blood to attract ghouls and trap Hinami and her mother , Ryouko . 7 `` Captivity '' `` Yūshū '' ( 幽囚 ) August 15 , 2014 May 14 , 2017 Hinami 's mother Ryouka is killed by Mado . An angry and vengeful Touka attacks members of the CCG . She kills Kusaba and attacks Amon , but Mado intervenes , using his kagune - like quinque and wounds Touka . Kaneki tells Touka that he wants to fight the ghoul investigators , much to Touka 's chagrin , and is given his mask by Uta . 8 `` Circular '' `` Enkan '' ( 円 環 ) August 22 , 2014 May 21 , 2017 Mado lures Hinami into a trap , but she is followed by Kaneki and Touka . Touka attacks Mado while Kaneki confronts Amon . During the fight with Amon , Kaneki realizes that he 's the only one that understands the plight of both humans and ghouls . Kaneki bites Amon , releasing his kagune , but then tells Amon to escape , to his surprise . Meanwhile as Mado fights Touka , he reveals that the quinque used by the CCG are made from the kagune of dead ghouls . Hinami eventually uses her kagune to save Touka fatally wounding Mado , but refusing to kill him . 9 `` Birdcage '' `` Torikago '' ( 鳥 籠 ) August 29 , 2014 June 4 , 2017 Amon recalls his early days in the CCG when he was partnered with the experienced Mado . Meanwhile , Touka looks after Hinami above the cafe . Still mourning the loss of his partner , Amon is relocated to the 11th ward , where the CCG have trouble facing dangerous ghouls who do not fear them . 10 `` Aogiri '' ( 青桐 ) September 5 , 2014 June 11 , 2017 In the 11th ward , Aogiri Tree ghouls attack a CCG branch and kill all the investigators , to the concern of Yoshimura and Yomo . Banjou Kazuichi from the 11th Ward comes to the cafe looking for Rize , then Touka 's brother Ayato arrives , and then Yamori ( Jason ) who brutally beats and then kidnaps Kaneki . While the CCG plan an attack on the Aogiri Tree , Touka , Nishio and Hinami prepare to rescue Kaneki . 11 `` High Spirits '' `` Shōten '' ( 衝天 ) September 12 , 2014 June 18 , 2017 As Kaneki is tortured mercilessly by Yamori , the CCG storm the Aogiri Tree hideout . Meanwhile the Anteiku group infiltrate the building to rescue Kaneki . The CCG gain the upper hand , but are then confronted by the One - Eyed Owl , the leader of Aogiri Tree . 12 `` Ghoul '' `` Kushu '' ( 喰 種 ) September 19 , 2014 June 25 , 2017 During the physical and mental tortures he suffers at the hands of Jason , Kaneki 's hair turns white and he sees a vision of Rize . Eventually he comes to accept his ghoul - half and fights back and mortally wounds Yamori . Tokyo ghoul √ a ( edit ) No . Title Original air date English air date `` New Surge '' `` Shinkō '' ( 新 洸 ) January 9 , 2015 July 9 , 2017 An all - out battle takes place between the CCG and the Aogiri led by the One - Eyed Owl . Shinohara and Iwa take on the One - Eyed Owl using new quinque armour called aratas , but are unable to defeat him . As the building collapses , the CCG lose about half of their troops and suspect that it was a trap . Meanwhile , Touka fights her brother Ayato but she is badly injured and saved by Kaneki . To her surprise , Kaneki leaves the Anteiku group to join the Aogiri Tree . `` Dancing Flowers '' `` Buka '' ( 舞花 ) January 16 , 2015 July 16 , 2017 The 9th and 10th wards are lost to the Aogiri , apparently led by a ghoul with an eyepatch . Meanwhile Mado 's daughter Akira , is assigned to become Amon 's new partner . She suggests that a ghoul organization is in control of the 20th ward , but also causes some friction among the investigators because of her abrupt manner . Kaneki has now joined the Aogiri . `` Hangman '' `` Tsurushibito '' ( 吊 人 ) January 23 , 2015 July 23 , 2017 Kaneki and Ayato lead an Aogiri attack on a CCG convoy to rescue Naki , one of Jason 's old cohorts who is being taken to the maximum security prison for ghouls known as Cochlea . During the mission , they are attacked by two one - eyed ghouls in black and white striped masks . Touka pays a visit to the university which Kaneki used to attend , where she has an encounter with Hideyoshi Nagachika ( Hide ) who is now working as a messenger for the CCG . `` Deeper Layers '' `` Shinsō '' ( 深層 ) January 30 , 2015 July 30 , 2017 While Amon and Akira visit Cochlea prison to learn more about Aogiri 's plan from Donato Porpora , the Aogiri commence their invasion of Cochlea and free a majority of the imprisoned ghouls . The two one - eyed ghouls , Kurona and Nashiro Yasuhisa , meet up with the idiosyncratic inspector Juzo Suzuya . Kaneki frees the powerful ghoul Matasaka Kamishiro , but is attacked by him and badly beaten . 5 `` Rift '' `` Sakeme '' ( 裂 目 ) February 6 , 2015 August 6 , 2017 The battle at Cochlea intensifies on several fronts . Juzo defeats Kurona and Nashiro Yasuhisa , and Shinohara in his arata armour almost kills Ayato . Kaneki undergoes a transformation , generating an additional kagune after consuming dead ghouls , however he is beaten by Amon . Amon recalls the time Kaneki spared him and so he hesitates , reluctant to kill Kaneki . At that moment , the One - Eyed - Owl arrives , grabs Ayato and Kaneki , then departs . 6 `` Thousand Paths '' `` Senro '' ( 千 路 ) February 13 , 2015 August 13 , 2017 Juzo recalls the time when he was known as Rei , an arena executioner for the ghoul Big Madam , and then his acceptance into the CCG by Shinohara . Amon and Akira spend some time together and develop a better understanding of each other . Meanwhile the CCG prepare a task force to combat the One - Eyed - Owl and the Aogiri . Kaneki painfully tries to gain control his new kagune . 7 `` Permeation '' `` Tōka '' ( 透過 ) February 20 , 2015 August 20 , 2017 Hinami misses Kaneki but is uncertain what to do about it . Sen Takatsuki , Kaneki 's and Hinami 's favourite author , shows up at the Anteiku coffee shop and tells Hinami that in her current state , she can not help her Onii - chan ( Kaneki ) . Takatsuki visits the CCG , and tells Shinohara about Anteiku so he pays a visit with Juzo and meets Yoshimura . Later , Kaneki appears at Anteiku and although Touka rushes there to see him , she beats him up instead of revealing her true feelings for him . 8 `` Old Nines '' `` Kyūkyū '' ( 旧 九 ) February 27 , 2015 August 27 , 2017 Yoshimura tells Kaneki about his early life as the killer Kuzen and that the One - Eyed - Owl is actually his child , Eto , with a human woman , Ukina . Yoshimura then sends Touka and Hinami to safety with Yomo , suspecting that the CCG has discovered the truth about Anteiku and is planning an attack . 9 `` City In Waiting '' `` Gaibō '' ( 街 望 ) March 6 , 2015 September 10 , 2017 The CCG staff prepare their testamentary notes in their own personal ways in preparation for a potentially fatal full scale assault on Anteiku . They launch the attack using conventional and specialized weapons and are greeted by the Devil Apes and Black Dober groups with Yoshimura and his friends - Yoshimura pretending to be the One - Eyed Owl . Despite being warned of the danger , Touka and Kaneki head to the 20th ward to assist their friends . 10 `` Last Rain '' `` Shūu '' ( 終 雨 ) March 13 , 2015 September 17 , 2017 Kaneki 's friends from Anteiku are defeated one by one but he arrives to help them . Juzo , Shinohara and a few other investigators finally defeat Yoshimura after a long , fierce battle . Amon faces off against Kaneki , but with victory in sight for the CCG the real One - Eyed Owl appears before the investigators . 11 `` Deluge of Flowers '' `` Itsuka '' ( 溢 花 ) March 20 , 2015 September 24 , 2017 The One - Eyed Owl easily defeats Shinohara and Juzo , and when the Aogiri Tree joins the battle , the CCG is driven into a corner . Kaneki and Amon face off , and reluctantly engage in battle . Eventually the strongest investigator , Kishō Arima appears and attacks the One - Eyed Owl giving the CCG renewed hope to fight on . Badly wounded , the One - Eyed Owl consumes Yoshimura 's body and escapes . Also wounded , Kaneki struggles towards Anteiku . He wakes up in the cafe and finds Hide trying to make coffee for him . In a post-credits scene , the Owl regurgitates a still alive Yoshimura behind an alley and goes back to her original form , revealing herself to be both Sen Takatsuki and the Owl / Eto . 12 `` Ken '' ( 研 ) March 27 , 2015 October 1 , 2017 Kaneki thinks back to happier times in Anteiku . Hide reveals that he knew Kaneki was a ghoul after Nishiki attacked the two of them . As they talk , Hide collapses from loss of blood and passes out in Kaneki 's arms , having been mortally wounded on the battlefield . Touka sobs when she arrives to see Anteiku burning down . She chases after Kaneki when she sees him walking out , but is stopped by Yomo , who states that Yoshimura 's last request to him was for him to protect her . Kaneki walks toward the CCG , carrying Hide 's body in his arms , and comes face - to - face with Arima . At the next morning , both Kaneki and Amon have disappeared . After the credits , it is shown that Touka has opened up a new café . Tokyo ghoul : re ( edit ) No . Title Original air date `` START : Those Who Hunt '' `` Karu Monotachi START '' ( 狩る 者 たち START ) April 3 , 2018 Quinx squad leader Kuki Urie and his frustrating underling Ginshi Shirazu are surveying Tokyo in search of the ghoul serial killer Torso , who has been killing women and eating their torsos but leaving the rest of their bodies . Eventually , they meet with photographer Chie Hori , who gives them valuable information in exchange for the underpants of senior Quinx Haise Sasaki . Hinami , now an Aogiri Tree member , warns Torso to be careful because they are close to catching him . Learning that the culprit is a taxi driver , Toru Mutsuki discovers him and is brutally attacked in his car . However , this allows Ginshi and Urie to locate the killer and lure him into a roadblock trap . While they face the killer , however , a mysterious and exceptionally strong ghoul named Orochi attacks , massacring all of the officers maintaining the roadblock , and allowing the taxi driver to escape . Sasaki appears and faces Orochi , but then suffers a hallucination of Ken Kaneki telling him to `` accept '' him in order to kill Orochi brutally . Sasaki then unleashes his kagune . `` member : Fragments '' `` Kakera member '' ( 欠片 member ) April 10 , 2018 When Sasaki removes Orochi 's mask during their fight he is shocked to see the face of Nishio underneath , who calls him `` Kaneki '' , prompting his memories to flicker back and forth and drive him insane . To prevent Sasaki from killing his fellow CCG agents , Akira Mado tranquilizes him . After returning to his senses , Sasaki demotes Urie for endangering his squadmates and promotes Ginshi to Quinx Squad leader . Sasaki then spars with Kisho Arima , before telling him that he was worried that the memories of his past self `` Kaneki '' were returning and that they might drive him away from his family with the Quinx Squad . Later , Torso meets with The Rabbit ( Ayato Kirishima ) , to become a member of Aogiri Tree . Sasaki , Ginshi , and Mutsuki then begin investigating a ghoul nicknamed `` Nutcracker '' who has been crushing the testicles of her victims and stop by in the coffee shop : re . While at the shop , Sasaki recognizes and is recognized by Touka . After tasting the coffee she makes for him , he begins to cry , subconsciously recalling his time at Anteiku . He then thinks to himself that he had never before seen anyone so beautiful . `` fresh : Eve '' `` Zen'yasai fresh '' ( 前夜祭 fresh ) April 17 , 2018 Kanae von Rosewald brings Shu Tsukiyama the underwear that Chie Hori had collected from Haise Sasaki , but the latter falls into despair after realizing that he could n't recognize the scent as Kaneki 's . Later , the Quinx Squad continue their investigation of Nutcracker and cross-dress to disguise themselves at a nightclub where she had been sighted . At the nightclub , two members of the Clowns recognize Sasaki as Kaneki and note that `` for Kaneki to come out , Sasaki will have to ' die . ' '' The squad , alongside Juzo Suzuya , then follow up on a lead that takes them to the auction where the Nutcracker had been selling her victims to the gourmets . Note : This episode features an insert song by popular American youtuber and singer Amanda Lee `` MAIN : Auction '' `` Ōkushon MAIN '' ( オークション MAIN ) April 24 , 2018 Kidnapped and entered into a circus - themed gourmet auction , Toru is sold off to Big Madam . However , Suzuya initiates an assault on the auction in which many ghouls and CCG operatives are killed . Eto watches the chaos from afar in amusement , and sends in a mysterious ghoul called Takizawa , who brutally kills a squad leader . During the fray , Torso and Kanae fight over who gets to keep Toru . 5 `` PresS : Night of Scattering '' `` Chiri Yuku Yoru Press '' ( 散り ゆく 夜 Press ) May 1 , 2018 Takizawa , revealed to be former Investigator Takizawa , now a crazed one - eyed ghoul , slaughters an entire squad of CCG operatives , while another squad is killed by Nutcracker . Meanwhile , Sasaki and the Quinx Squad face off against Kanae , who furiously blames him for Tsukiyama 's reduced mental state , but is critically injured and rescued by a mysterious ghoul named Matsumae . Big Madam and the other auctioneers are attacked by Suzuya and Urie , but mid-way through the fight , Urie is critically injured and swallowed by Big Madam . The episode ends with Takizawa leaping from above and attacking Sasaki , who is forced by his superiors to fight the SS - rated one - eyed ghoul alone . 6 `` turn : In the End '' `` Sono , Hate ni turn '' ( その 、 果て に turn ) May 8 , 2018 Sasaki suffers multiple hallucinations of Ken Kaneki , while Takizawa is beating him inside the auction room . Meanwhile , the Nutcracker is killed by Quinx Squad members Ginshi Shirazu and Saiko Yonebayashi . Big Madam fights both Urie , who nearly goes insane , and Mutsuki , who unleashes his kagune . She comes face to face with Juzo , who despite that he was tortured by her , is unable to kill her . She is eventually wounded by fellow Suzuya squad member Hanbee Abara , who covers Juzo 's ears while the CCG investigators kill her . Meanwhile Hinami , realizing that Sasaki is Kaneki , and Saiko hearing Sasaki 's screams , they both rush into the auction room , where Hinami fights Takizawa in order to save Sasaki . Sasaki fearfully accepts his Kaneki side and fights Takizawa . They both pierce each other with their kagunes and fall down . 7 `` mind : Days of Recollections '' `` Kokorooboe Arishi Hibi mind '' ( 心 覚え 在りし 日々 mind ) May 15 , 2018 Hinami is arrested by CCG operators led by Kisho Arima . Sasaki , having survived his encounter with Takizawa , saves her from execution by asking to take her into custody . She is imprisoned in Cochlea ghoul prison . In the following weeks after the operation , the members of the Quinx Squad are being promoted while Sasaki becomes senior investigator . At the next morning , he hallucinates that an investigator is Yamori . The same night , Eto delivers him a package with Kaneki 's old mask and a book signed by her in it . He goes to the : re cafe where he is served coffee by Touka . After he leaves , Touka , Uta , Yomo and Nishio discuss about Kaneki . Sasaki starts searching about Kaneki and then suffers a hallucination of Yoshimura and Anteiku . On the same night , Tsukiyama is in terrible pain despite eating many people . 8 `` TAKe : One Who Writhes '' `` Ugomeku Mono TAKe '' ( 蠢く モノ TAKe ) May 22 , 2018 Tsukiyama is always hungry and ca n't control his kagune.In the meantine , Tatara refuses Ayato 's request to rescue Hinami from Cochlea . Sasaki is approached by the ghoul investigators Nimura Furuta and Shiki Kijima who tell him that he is going to work them on the upcoming Rose Investigation . In CCG HQ , Sasaki and the Quinx Squad are informed by the investigator Kori Ui about the Rose ghoul gang ( actually members of the Tsukiyama crime family ) , who attack Furuta and Kijima . They are saved by the investigator Hairu Ihei . Gang member Yuuma is arrested and tortured by Kijima in Cochlea . Sasaki visits Uta to learn more about the mask and Takatsuki 's book . Uta lies about both of them . Sasaki then asks him to make him a new mask . Chie Hori delivers Sasaki 's photos to Kanae von Rosewald and Tsukiyama recognizes him to be Kaneki . 9 `` play : Departed Spirit '' `` Bōrei play '' ( 亡霊 play ) May 29 , 2018 Tsukiyama wants to make Sasaki remember that he is Kaneki . He and Kanae find him on the street , along with the Quinx Squad , and Tsukiyama runs towards him but fells down . Sasaki hears him saying `` Kaneki '' but he does n't recognise him . Sasaki goes to Uta 's shop and orders masks for the entire Quinx Squad , in order to impersonate ghouls for the upcoming Rose Investigation . Kori Ui rejects the plan , knowing that Sasaki is a ghoul . In the meantime , Kijima 's video of him torturing Yuuma brutally and provoking Rose gang to kill him has gone viral . Tsukiyama plans to release him and to use Kaneki / Sasaki as a key person by restoring his memories . Tsukiyama makes many failed attempts to speak to Sasaki , so Kanae bribes some Aogiri members to attack the Squad in order to isolate Sasaki . However , Yamori 's old gang attacks Sasaki by accident and Mutsuki battles with Torso but he is attacked by the ghoul Grave Robber . Sasaki kills his attackers with his kagune . Saiko is almost killed but she is saved by Amon Kotaru who is revealed to be alive . Eto watches the entire scene . 10 `` think : Sway '' `` Yureru think '' ( ゆれる think ) June 5 , 2018 Kanae comes face to face with Eto who first toys with him and then attacks him with her full power . It 's revealed that Kanae loves Tsukiyama but he does n't , so Kanae wishes he could kill Sasaki . Eto tells him that she will `` be his god '' and captures him . Back on the CCG HQ , Sasaki asks Ui to reconsider his plan about ghoul impersonation and Ui agrees . The same night , Sasaki wears Kaneki 's mask and along with the Quinx Squad start a patrol . Sasaki is recognised by ghouls as Eyepatch , so he starts finding information about him . He learns that the Eyepatch was the one who `` killed '' Amon and he sees again a Kaneki hallucination crying about killing Amon . Tsukiyama meets again with Sasaki who asks him if he is a ghoul and if he knows Ken Kaneki . Tsukiyama refuses to tell him . CCG 's chairman , Tsuneyoshi Washu , gives Ui permission to kill Tsukiyama 's family . On the same night , Tsukiyama 's father drugs him in order to keep him safe . The CCG are at the front of the Tsukiyama mansion ready to attack . Tsukiyama 's father allows himself to be arrested while Tsukiyama takes control of the family as the CCG arrives in his hideout . In the meantime , Kanae is tortured and mutilated by Eto . 11 `` writE : The Absent One '' `` Ketsuraku - sha write '' ( 欠落 者 writE ) June 12 , 2018 Kijima , Nimura Furuta , Sasaki , and the Quinx Squad are killing ghouls on the Tsukiyama hideout . In the meantime , Tsukiyama says goodbye to his friends who tell him to go to the rooftop where a helicopter is going to take him away . Kori Ui sends Sasaki on the roof . Tsukiyama arrives there too and comes face to face with Sasaki . Sasaki tells Tsukiyama to surrender but Tsukiyama attacks him . Meanwhile , Kanae is now insane and attacks CCG investigators on the hideout . Hariu Ihei is wounded badly by Matsumae and makes a final stand but Matsumae decapitates her . Kijima arrives on the scene but Matsumae slices him up and cuts him in two with his own quinque killing him . Furuta protects himself from one of Matsumae 's attacks by using another agent as a human shield , and then kills Matsumae with Kijima 's quinque . The Quinx Squad come face to face with Noro . Sasaki fights with Tsukiyama and in a moment of weakness , he loses his hand by Kanae . Noro is destroyed by Ginshi Shirazu but he does n't die . Kanae tries to kill Sasaki , who starts to remember that Arima was mocking him for his defeat at his hands . Sasuki escapes Kanae who is revealed to be a woman named Karren . Eto arrives on the scene with her form as the One Eyed Owl . 12 `` Beautiful Dream : Daybreak '' `` Yoake Beautiful Dream '' ( 夜明け Beautiful Dream ) June 19 , 2018 As the battle on the hideout still continues , Sasaki is attacked by Eto who reveals her identity as Sen Takatsuki to him and calls him Kaneki . She watches as Karren brutally attacks Sasaki and kicks him in the head multiple times . Inside his head , Sasaki sees a child version of Kaneki whom he strangles . As the child curses him , Sasaki realizes that he is Kaneki as he sees a memory of his mother abusing him . He remembers Hide and his battle with Arima who pierced him in the head with his quinque . With his memories back , and his hair completely black again , Kaneki ditches his Sasaki identity and cuts off Karren 's arm . Meanwhile , Kori Ui and the rest of CCG find Furuta , who killed all the other CCG investigators that were there with him , claiming to be the sole survivor . Kaneki fights with Karen , piercing her mersilessly with his kagune as Tsukiyama watches . Although Kaneki recognizes Tsukiyama he stabs him . Meanwhile , Shirazu still fights Noro who remembers when Yoshimura gave him Eto to take care of her . Urie and Shirzu kill Noro but Shirazu also dies due to his injuries . Kaneki and Eto fight and Kaneki calls her a piece of trash who does n't deserve to be saved . They run from the windows towards the roof of the hideout and Kaneki destroys her kakuja and her Owl form while she licks her blood from his face . Kaneki rips her apart and she falls from the building while declaring her love for him . Kori Ui finds Kaneki devouring Eto 's kakuja on the roof . Kaneki pretends to still be Sasaki and throws Tsukiyama from the building . Karren falls along with him in order to save him . She does save him , however she falls down to her death . Kaneki meets the Quinx Squad and sees Shirazu 's body . Kaneki coldly tells Urie that this is his fault and that he is weak . Tsukiyama is saved by Touka , Yomo and Chie Hori . Naki 's goons steal Shirazu 's corpse . OVA ( edit ) No . Title Release date `` Tokyo Ghoul : JACK '' `` Tōkyō Gūru ( JACK ) '' ( 東京 喰 種 トーキョー グール ( JACK ) ) September 30 , 2015 The story features a serious young Special Investigator Kishou Arima at high school where he first meets the carefree Taishi Fura who joins him in hunting ghouls in the 13th ward . Later , they both become Special Investigators in the CCG , but retain their original opposite attitudes . `` Tokyo Ghoul : PINTO '' `` Tōkyō Gūru ( PINTO ) '' ( 東京 喰 種 トーキョー グール ( PINTO ) ) December 25 , 2015 The story features Shuu Tsukiyama the `` Gourmet '' during his high school years and Chie Hori . They meet when she photographs Tsukiyama killing a jogger and then about to eat him because of the tone of his body . She being uninterested in exposing him as a Ghoul and seems completely lost in a world of her own , photographing anything that takes her interest . Home release ( edit ) The series was released to DVD and Blu - Ray format in four volumes . Tokyo Ghoul ( edit ) TC Entertainment ( Japan , Region 2 / A ) Episodes DVD / Blu - ray Release date Volume 1 1 - 3 000000002014 - 09 - 26 - 0000 September 26 , 2014 Volume 2 4 - 6 000000002014 - 10 - 31 - 0000 October 31 , 2014 Volume 3 7 - 9 000000002014 - 11 - 28 - 0000 November 28 , 2014 Volume 4 10 - 12 000000002014 - 12 - 26 - 0000 December 26 , 2014 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Tokyo Ghoul did not air on Toonami the weekend of April 15 -- 16 , 2017 due to special scheduling . Jump up ^ Tokyo Ghoul did not air on Toonami the weekend of May 27 -- 28 , 2017 due to a Samurai Jack marathon . Jump up ^ Tokyo Ghoul √ A did not air on the weekend for September 2 -- 3 , 2017 due to a Dragon Ball Z Kai marathon . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 東京 喰 種 トーキョー グール '' . Media Artis Database ( in Japanese ) . Agency for Cultural Affairs . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Adult Swim Schedule '' . AdultSwim.com . Turner Broadcasting System , Inc . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Toonami '' . www.facebook.com . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Toonami Premieres Attack on Titan Season 2 on April 22 '' . animenewsnetwork.com . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Toonami '' . www.facebook.com . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 東京 喰 種 トーキョー グール √ A '' . Media Arts Database ( in Japanese ) . Agency for Cultural Affairs . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Toonami '' . www.facebook.com . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tōkyō Kushu : re no Hōsō Jōhō '' 東京 喰 種 : re の 放送 情報 ( Tokyo Ghoul : re Broadcast Information ) . Tokyo MX . Retrieved June 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` TV アニメ 『 東京 喰 種 トーキョー グール 』 公式 サイト '' ( TV Anime Tokyo Ghoul Official Site - Products - Blu - ray & DVD ) . Tokyo Ghoul Anime Official Site ( in Japanese ) . Marvelous Entertainment . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2014 . Retrieved August 8 , 2014 . hide Tokyo Ghoul by Sui Ishida Chapters Characters Episodes Film Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Tokyo_Ghoul_episodes&oldid=846604375 '' Categories : Lists of anime episodes Hidden categories : CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) Use mdy dates from September 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Română Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018 , at 19 : 56 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | when does tokyo ghoul re episode 2 release | [
"\n\nNo.\nTitle\nOriginal air date[8]\n\n\n1\n\"START: Those Who Hunt\"\n\"Karu Monotachi START\" (狩る者たち ＳＴＡＲＴ) \nApril 3, 2018\n\n\nQuinx squad leader Kuki Urie and his frustrating underling Ginshi Shirazu are surveying Tokyo in search of the ghoul serial killer Torso, who has been killing women and eating their torsos but leaving the rest of their bodies. Eventually, they meet with photographer Chie Hori, who gives them valuable information in exchange for the underpants of senior Quinx Haise Sasaki. Hinami, now an Aogiri Tree member, warns Torso to be careful because they are close to catching him. Learning that the culprit is a taxi driver, Toru Mutsuki discovers him and is brutally attacked in his car. However, this allows Ginshi and Urie to locate the killer and lure him into a roadblock trap. While they face the killer, however, a mysterious and exceptionally strong ghoul named Orochi attacks, massacring all of the officers maintaining the roadblock, and allowing the taxi driver to escape. Sasaki appears and faces Orochi, but then suffers a hallucination of Ken Kaneki telling him to \"accept\" him in order to kill Orochi brutally. Sasaki then unleashes his kagune. \n\n\n2\n\"member: Fragments\"\n\"Kakera member\" (欠片 member) \nApril 10, 2018\n\n\nWhen Sasaki removes Orochi's mask during their fight he is shocked to see the face of Nishio underneath, who calls him \"Kaneki\", prompting his memories to flicker back and forth and drive him insane. To prevent Sasaki from killing his fellow CCG agents, Akira Mado tranquilizes him. After returning to his senses, Sasaki demotes Urie for endangering his squadmates and promotes Ginshi to Quinx Squad leader. Sasaki then spars with Kisho Arima, before telling him that he was worried that the memories of his past self \"Kaneki\" were returning and that they might drive him away from his family with the Quinx Squad. Later, Torso meets with The Rabbit (Ayato Kirishima), to become a member of Aogiri Tree. Sasaki, Ginshi, and Mutsuki then begin investigating a ghoul nicknamed \"Nutcracker\" who has been crushing the testicles of her victims and stop by in the coffee shop :re. While at the shop, Sasaki recognizes and is recognized by Touka. After tasting the coffee she makes for him, he begins to cry, subconsciously recalling his time at Anteiku. He then thinks to himself that he had never before seen anyone so beautiful. \n\n\n3\n\"fresh: Eve\"\n\"Zen'yasai fresh\" (前夜祭 fresh) \nApril 17, 2018\n\n\n\nKanae von Rosewald brings Shu Tsukiyama the underwear that Chie Hori had collected from Haise Sasaki, but the latter falls into despair after realizing that he couldn't recognize the scent as Kaneki's. Later, the Quinx Squad continue their investigation of Nutcracker and cross-dress to disguise themselves at a nightclub where she had been sighted. At the nightclub, two members of the Clowns recognize Sasaki as Kaneki and note that \"for Kaneki to come out, Sasaki will have to ‘die.’\" The squad, alongside Juzo Suzuya, then follow up on a lead that takes them to the auction where the Nutcracker had been selling her victims to the gourmets.\n\nNote: This episode features an insert song by popular American youtuber and singer Amanda Lee \n\n\n4\n\"MAIN: Auction\"\n\"Ōkushon MAIN\" (オークション MAIN) \nApril 24, 2018\n\n\nKidnapped and entered into a circus-themed gourmet auction, Toru is sold off to Big Madam. However, Suzuya initiates an assault on the auction in which many ghouls and CCG operatives are killed. Eto watches the chaos from afar in amusement, and sends in a mysterious ghoul called Takizawa, who brutally kills a squad leader. During the fray, Torso and Kanae fight over who gets to keep Toru. \n\n\n5\n\"PresS: Night of Scattering\"\n\"Chiri Yuku Yoru Press\" (散りゆく夜 Press) \nMay 1, 2018\n\n\nTakizawa, revealed to be former Investigator Takizawa, now a crazed one-eyed ghoul, slaughters an entire squad of CCG operatives, while another squad is killed by Nutcracker. Meanwhile, Sasaki and the Quinx Squad face off against Kanae, who furiously blames him for Tsukiyama's reduced mental state, but is critically injured and rescued by a mysterious ghoul named Matsumae. Big Madam and the other auctioneers are attacked by Suzuya and Urie, but mid-way through the fight, Urie is critically injured and swallowed by Big Madam. The episode ends with Takizawa leaping from above and attacking Sasaki, who is forced by his superiors to fight the SS-rated one-eyed ghoul alone. \n\n\n6\n\"turn: In the End\"\n\"Sono, Hate ni turn\" (その、果てに turn) \nMay 8, 2018\n\n\nSasaki suffers multiple hallucinations of Ken Kaneki, while Takizawa is beating him inside the auction room. Meanwhile, the Nutcracker is killed by Quinx Squad members Ginshi Shirazu and Saiko Yonebayashi. Big Madam fights both Urie, who nearly goes insane, and Mutsuki, who unleashes his kagune. She comes face to face with Juzo, who despite that he was tortured by her, is unable to kill her. She is eventually wounded by fellow Suzuya squad member Hanbee Abara, who covers Juzo's ears while the CCG investigators kill her. Meanwhile Hinami, realizing that Sasaki is Kaneki, and Saiko hearing Sasaki's screams, they both rush into the auction room, where Hinami fights Takizawa in order to save Sasaki. Sasaki fearfully accepts his Kaneki side and fights Takizawa. They both pierce each other with their kagunes and fall down. \n\n\n7\n\"mind: Days of Recollections\"\n\"Kokorooboe Arishi Hibi mind\" (心覚え在りし日々 mind) \nMay 15, 2018\n\n\nHinami is arrested by CCG operators led by Kisho Arima. Sasaki, having survived his encounter with Takizawa, saves her from execution by asking to take her into custody. She is imprisoned in Cochlea ghoul prison. In the following weeks after the operation, the members of the Quinx Squad are being promoted while Sasaki becomes senior investigator. At the next morning, he hallucinates that an investigator is Yamori. The same night, Eto delivers him a package with Kaneki's old mask and a book signed by her in it. He goes to the :re cafe where he is served coffee by Touka. After he leaves, Touka, Uta, Yomo and Nishio discuss about Kaneki. Sasaki starts searching about Kaneki and then suffers a hallucination of Yoshimura and Anteiku. On the same night, Tsukiyama is in terrible pain despite eating many people. \n\n\n8\n\"TAKe: One Who Writhes\"\n\"Ugomeku Mono TAKe\" (蠢くモノ TAKe) \nMay 22, 2018\n\n\nTsukiyama is always hungry and can't control his kagune.In the meantine, Tatara refuses Ayato's request to rescue Hinami from Cochlea. Sasaki is approached by the ghoul investigators Nimura Furuta and Shiki Kijima who tell him that he is going to work them on the upcoming Rose Investigation. In CCG HQ, Sasaki and the Quinx Squad are informed by the investigator Kori Ui about the Rose ghoul gang (actually members of the Tsukiyama crime family), who attack Furuta and Kijima. They are saved by the investigator Hairu Ihei. Gang member Yuuma is arrested and tortured by Kijima in Cochlea. Sasaki visits Uta to learn more about the mask and Takatsuki's book. Uta lies about both of them. Sasaki then asks him to make him a new mask. Chie Hori delivers Sasaki's photos to Kanae von Rosewald and Tsukiyama recognizes him to be Kaneki. \n\n\n9\n\"play: Departed Spirit\"\n\"Bōrei play\" (亡霊 play) \nMay 29, 2018\n\n\nTsukiyama wants to make Sasaki remember that he is Kaneki. He and Kanae find him on the street, along with the Quinx Squad, and Tsukiyama runs towards him but fells down. Sasaki hears him saying \"Kaneki\" but he doesn't recognise him. Sasaki goes to Uta's shop and orders masks for the entire Quinx Squad, in order to impersonate ghouls for the upcoming Rose Investigation. Kori Ui rejects the plan, knowing that Sasaki is a ghoul. In the meantime, Kijima's video of him torturing Yuuma brutally and provoking Rose gang to kill him has gone viral. Tsukiyama plans to release him and to use Kaneki/Sasaki as a key person by restoring his memories. Tsukiyama makes many failed attempts to speak to Sasaki, so Kanae bribes some Aogiri members to attack the Squad in order to isolate Sasaki. However, Yamori's old gang attacks Sasaki by accident and Mutsuki battles with Torso but he is attacked by the ghoul Grave Robber. Sasaki kills his attackers with his kagune. Saiko is almost killed but she is saved by Amon Kotaru who is revealed to be alive. Eto watches the entire scene. \n\n\n10\n\"think: Sway\"\n\"Yureru think\" (ゆれる think) \nJune 5, 2018\n\n\nKanae comes face to face with Eto who first toys with him and then attacks him with her full power. It's revealed that Kanae loves Tsukiyama but he doesn't, so Kanae wishes he could kill Sasaki. Eto tells him that she will \"be his god\" and captures him. Back on the CCG HQ, Sasaki asks Ui to reconsider his plan about ghoul impersonation and Ui agrees. The same night, Sasaki wears Kaneki's mask and along with the Quinx Squad start a patrol. Sasaki is recognised by ghouls as Eyepatch, so he starts finding information about him. He learns that the Eyepatch was the one who \"killed\" Amon and he sees again a Kaneki hallucination crying about killing Amon. Tsukiyama meets again with Sasaki who asks him if he is a ghoul and if he knows Ken Kaneki. Tsukiyama refuses to tell him. CCG's chairman, Tsuneyoshi Washu, gives Ui permission to kill Tsukiyama's family. On the same night, Tsukiyama's father drugs him in order to keep him safe. The CCG are at the front of the Tsukiyama mansion ready to attack. Tsukiyama's father allows himself to be arrested while Tsukiyama takes control of the family as the CCG arrives in his hideout. In the meantime, Kanae is tortured and mutilated by Eto. \n\n\n11\n\"writE: The Absent One\"\n\"Ketsuraku-sha write\" (欠落者 writE) \nJune 12, 2018\n\n\nKijima, Nimura Furuta, Sasaki, and the Quinx Squad are killing ghouls on the Tsukiyama hideout. In the meantime, Tsukiyama says goodbye to his friends who tell him to go to the rooftop where a helicopter is going to take him away. Kori Ui sends Sasaki on the roof. Tsukiyama arrives there too and comes face to face with Sasaki. Sasaki tells Tsukiyama to surrender but Tsukiyama attacks him. Meanwhile, Kanae is now insane and attacks CCG investigators on the hideout. Hariu Ihei is wounded badly by Matsumae and makes a final stand but Matsumae decapitates her. Kijima arrives on the scene but Matsumae slices him up and cuts him in two with his own quinque killing him. Furuta protects himself from one of Matsumae's attacks by using another agent as a human shield, and then kills Matsumae with Kijima's quinque. The Quinx Squad come face to face with Noro. Sasaki fights with Tsukiyama and in a moment of weakness, he loses his hand by Kanae. Noro is destroyed by Ginshi Shirazu but he doesn't die. Kanae tries to kill Sasaki, who starts to remember that Arima was mocking him for his defeat at his hands. Sasuki escapes Kanae who is revealed to be a woman named Karren. Eto arrives on the scene with her form as the One Eyed Owl. \n\n\n12\n\"Beautiful Dream: Daybreak\"\n\"Yoake Beautiful Dream\" (夜明け Beautiful Dream) \nJune 19, 2018\n\n\nAs the battle on the hideout still continues, Sasaki is attacked by Eto who reveals her identity as Sen Takatsuki to him and calls him Kaneki. She watches as Karren brutally attacks Sasaki and kicks him in the head multiple times. Inside his head, Sasaki sees a child version of Kaneki whom he strangles. As the child curses him, Sasaki realizes that he is Kaneki as he sees a memory of his mother abusing him. He remembers Hide and his battle with Arima who pierced him in the head with his quinque. With his memories back, and his hair completely black again, Kaneki ditches his Sasaki identity and cuts off Karren's arm. Meanwhile, Kori Ui and the rest of CCG find Furuta, who killed all the other CCG investigators that were there with him, claiming to be the sole survivor. Kaneki fights with Karen, piercing her mersilessly with his kagune as Tsukiyama watches. Although Kaneki recognizes Tsukiyama he stabs him. Meanwhile, Shirazu still fights Noro who remembers when Yoshimura gave him Eto to take care of her. Urie and Shirzu kill Noro but Shirazu also dies due to his injuries. Kaneki and Eto fight and Kaneki calls her a piece of trash who doesn't deserve to be saved. They run from the windows towards the roof of the hideout and Kaneki destroys her kakuja and her Owl form while she licks her blood from his face. Kaneki rips her apart and she falls from the building while declaring her love for him. Kori Ui finds Kaneki devouring Eto's kakuja on the roof. Kaneki pretends to still be Sasaki and throws Tsukiyama from the building. Karren falls along with him in order to save him. She does save him, however she falls down to her death. Kaneki meets the Quinx Squad and sees Shirazu's body. Kaneki coldly tells Urie that this is his fault and that he is weak. Tsukiyama is saved by Touka, Yomo and Chie Hori. Naki's goons steal Shirazu's corpse. \n\n"
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"April 10, 2018"
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5582118951632576113 | List of Presidents of the Ohio Senate | List of presidents of the Ohio senate - wikipedia List of presidents of the Ohio senate Jump to : navigation , search Seal of the President of the Ohio Senate The President of the Ohio State Senate is the leader of the Ohio State Senate . Under Ohio 's first constitution , in effect from 1803 to 1851 , the presiding officer of the Senate was called the speaker . Starting in 1851 , when the second constitution took effect , a new office of lieutenant governor was created . The new position of lieutenant governor carried with it the office of president of the senate , and was nominally the presiding officer of the senate . During this time , the actual legislative leader of the senate majority was the President pro tempore of the Ohio Senate . In the 1970s , another change was made , which made the office of lieutenant governor elected jointly with the Governor . At this time , the duty of presiding over the senate was removed from the lieutenant governor 's portfolio and the majority party of the senate began electing its own president starting in 1979 . The President is second in line to the office of the Governor . Contents ( hide ) 1 Speakers of the Ohio Senate , 1803 - 1851 2 Presidents Pro Tempore of the Ohio Senate , 1852 - 1978 3 Presidents of the Ohio Senate , 1979 - present 4 References Speakers of the Ohio Senate , 1803 - 1851 ( edit ) Term Name Party Home County 1803 - 03 - 01 -- 1803 - 12 - 04 Nathaniel Massie Democratic - Republican Ross 1803 - 12 - 05 -- 1805 - 02 - 21 Daniel Symmes Democratic - Republican Hamilton 1805 - 02 - 21 -- 1806 - 11 - 30 James Pritchard Democratic - Republican Jefferson 1806 - 12 - 01 -- 1809 - 12 - 03 Thomas Kirker Democratic - Republican Adams 1809 - 12 - 04 -- 1810 - 12 - 02 Duncan McArthur Democratic - Republican Ross 1810 - 12 - 03 -- 1813 - 12 - 05 Thomas Kirker ( 2nd ) Democratic - Republican Adams 1813 - 12 - 06 -- 1814 - 12 - 04 Othniel Looker Democratic - Republican Hamilton 1814 - 12 - 05 -- 1815 - 12 - 03 Thomas Kirker ( 3rd ) Democratic - Republican Adams 1815 - 12 - 04 -- 1816 - 12 - 01 Peter Hitchcock Democratic - Republican Geauga 1816 - 12 - 02 -- 1818 - 12 - 06 Abraham Shepherd Democratic - Republican Adams 1818 - 12 - 07 -- 1819 - 12 - 05 Robert Lucas Democratic - Republican Pike 1819 - 12 - 06 -- 1826 - 12 - 03 Allen Trimble National Republican Highland 1826 - 12 - 04 -- 1827 - 12 - 02 Abraham Shepherd ( 2nd ) Democratic Brown 1827 - 12 - 03 -- 1829 - 12 - 06 Samuel Wheeler National Republican Geauga 1829 - 12 - 07 -- 1830 - 12 - 05 Robert Lucas ( 2nd ) Democratic Pike 1830 - 12 - 06 -- 1831 - 12 - 04 Samuel R. Miller Democratic Hamilton 1831 - 12 - 05 -- 1832 - 12 - 02 William Doherty Whig Franklin 1832 - 12 - 03 -- 1833 - 12 - 01 Samuel R. Miller ( 2nd ) Democratic Hamilton 1833 - 12 - 02 -- 1834 - 11 - 30 David T. Disney Democratic Hamilton 1834 - 12 - 01 -- 1835 - 03 - 06 Peter Hitchcock ( 2nd ) Whig Geauga 1835 - 03 - 06 - 1835 - 06 - 07 Charles Anthony Whig Clark 1835 - 06 - 08 - 1835 - 12 - 06 David T. Disney ( 2nd ) Democratic Hamilton 1835 - 12 - 07 -- 1837 - 12 - 03 Elijah Vance Democratic Butler 1837 - 12 - 04 -- 1838 - 12 - 02 George J. Smith Whig Warren 1838 - 12 - 03 -- 1839 - 12 - 01 William Hawkins Democratic Morgan 1839 - 12 - 02 -- 1841 - 12 - 05 William McLaughlin Democratic Richland 1841 - 12 - 06 -- 1843 - 12 - 03 James J. Faran Democratic Hamilton 1843 - 12 - 04 -- 1844 - 12 - 01 Thomas W. Bartley Democratic Richland 1844 - 12 - 02 -- 1845 - 11 - 30 David Chambers Whig Muskingum 1845 - 12 - 01 -- 1846 - 12 - 06 Seabury Ford Whig Geauga 1846 - 12 - 07 -- 1847 - 12 - 05 Edson B. Olds Democratic Pickaway 1847 - 12 - 06 -- 1848 - 12 - 03 Charles B. Goddard Whig Muskingum 1848 - 12 - 04 -- 1849 - 12 - 02 Brewster Randall Free Soil Ashtabula 1849 - 12 - 03 -- 1850 - 12 - 01 Harrison G.O. Blake Whig Medina 1850 - 12 - 02 -- 1852 - 01 - 04 Charles Cleveland Convers Whig Muskingum Presidents pro tempore of the Ohio senate , 1852 - 1978 ( edit ) ( At this time , the nominal presiding officer of the senate was the Lieutenant Governor of Ohio . ) Term Name Party Home County 1852 - 01 - 05 -- 1854 - 01 - 01 Joel W. Wilson George Rex Democratic Sandusky Wayne 1854 - 01 - 02 -- 1856 - 01 - 06 Robert J. Atkinson Democratic Carroll 1856 - 01 - 07 -- 1858 - 01 - 03 Robert Walker Tayler Republican Trumbull 1858 - 01 - 04 -- 1860 - 01 - 01 Edward M. Phelps Democratic Defiance 1860 - 01 - 02 -- 1862 - 01 - 05 Richard A. Harrison Republican Madison 1862 - 01 - 06 -- 1864 - 01 - 03 James Monroe Republican Lorain 1864 - 01 - 04 -- 1865 - 12 - 31 Samuel Humphreville Republican Medina 1866 - 01 - 01 -- 1868 - 01 - 05 H.S. Martin Republican Stark 1868 - 01 - 06 -- 1870 - 01 - 02 Thomas J. Godfrey Democratic Mercer 1870 - 01 - 03 -- 1871 - 12 - 31 Samuel Furman Hunt Democratic Hamilton 1872 - 01 - 01 -- 1874 - 01 - 04 Allen T. Brinsmade Republican Cuyahoga 1874 - 01 - 05 -- 1876 - 01 - 02 Emery D. Potter Democratic Lucas 1876 - 01 - 03 -- 1878 - 01 - 06 H.W. Curtiss Republican Cuyahoga 1878 - 01 - 07 -- 1880 - 01 - 03 James W. Owens Democratic Licking 1880 - 01 - 04 -- 1882 - 01 - 01 Rees G. Richards Republican Jefferson 1882 - 01 - 02 -- 1884 - 01 - 06 Roland A. Horr Republican Lorain 1884 - 01 - 07 -- 1886 - 01 - 03 Elmer White Democratic Defiance 1886 - 01 - 04 -- 1888 - 01 - 01 John O'Neill Silas A. Conrad Democratic Republican Muskingum Stark 1888 - 01 - 02 -- 1890 - 01 - 05 Theodore F. Davis Republican Washington 1890 - 01 - 06 -- 1892 - 01 - 03 Perry M. Adams Democratic Seneca 1892 - 01 - 04 -- 1894 - 01 - 02 Elbert L. Lampson Republican Ashtabula 1894 - 01 - 03 -- 1896 - 01 - 05 Thomas H. McConica Republican Hancock 1896 - 01 - 06 -- 1898 - 01 - 02 John C. Hutsinpiller Republican Gallia 1898 - 01 - 03 -- 1899 - 12 - 31 Thaddeus E. Cromley Democratic Pickaway 1900 - 01 - 01 -- 1902 - 01 - 05 Oscar Sheppard Republican Preble 1902 - 01 - 06 -- 1904 - 01 - 03 Frank B. Archer Republican Belmont 1904 - 01 - 04 -- 1905 - 12 - 31 George Henry Chamberlain Republican Lorain 1906 - 01 - 01 -- 1909 - 01 - 03 James M. Williams Democratic Cuyahoga 1909 - 01 - 04 -- 1911 - 01 - 01 Nation O. Mather Republican Summit 1911 - 01 - 02 -- 1915 - 01 - 03 William Green Democratic Coshocton 1915 - 01 - 04 -- 1916 - 12 - 31 Charles John Howard Republican Belmont 1917 - 01 - 01 -- 1919 - 01 - 05 J.H. Miller Democratic Licking 1919 - 01 - 06 -- 1922 - 12 - 31 Frank E. Whittemore Republican Summit 1923 - 01 - 01 -- 1925 - 01 - 04 George E. Kryder Republican Henry 1925 - 01 - 05 -- 1927 - 01 - 02 Joseph R. Gardner Republican Hamilton 1927 - 01 - 03 -- 1929 - 01 - 06 Chester C. Bolton Republican Cuyahoga 1929 - 01 - 07 -- 1931 - 01 - 04 Allan G. Aigler Republican Sandusky 1931 - 01 - 05 -- 1933 - 01 - 01 Earl R. Lewis Republican Belmont 1933 - 01 - 02 -- 1935 - 01 - 06 D.H. DeArmond Democratic Hamilton 1935 - 01 - 07 -- 1937 - 01 - 03 Paul P. Yoder Democratic Montgomery 1937 - 01 - 04 -- 1939 - 01 - 01 Keith Lawrence Democratic Cuyahoga 1939 - 01 - 02 -- 1949 - 01 - 02 Frank E. Whittemore ( 2nd ) Republican Summit 1949 - 01 - 03 -- 1950 - 12 - 31 Margaret A. Mahoney Democratic Cuyahoga 1951 - 01 - 01 -- 1953 - 01 - 04 Roscoe R. Walcutt Republican Franklin 1953 - 01 - 05 -- 1959 - 01 - 04 C. Stanley Mechem Republican Athens 1959 - 01 - 05 -- 1961 - 01 - 01 Frank W. King Democratic Lucas 1961 - 01 - 02 -- 1965 - 01 - 03 C. Stanley Mechem ( 2nd ) Republican Athens 1965 - 01 - 04 -- 1975 - 01 - 05 Theodore M. Gray Republican Miami 1975 - 01 - 06 -- 1979 - 01 - 01 Oliver R. Ocasek Democratic Summit Presidents of the Ohio Senate , 1979 - present ( edit ) Term Name Party Home County District 1979 -- 1981 Oliver R. Ocasek Democratic Summit 27th 1981 -- 1983 Paul E. Gillmor Republican Ottawa 2nd 1983 -- 1985 Harry Meshel Democratic Mahoning 33rd 1985 -- 1989 Paul E. Gillmor ( 2nd ) Republican Ottawa 2nd 1989 -- 1997 Stanley J. Aronoff Republican Hamilton 8th 1997 -- 2003 Richard Finan Republican Hamilton 7th 2003 -- 2005 Doug White Republican Adams 14th 2005 -- 2011 Bill Harris Republican Ashland 19th 2011 -- 2013 Tom Niehaus Republican Clermont 14th 2013 -- 2017 Keith Faber Republican Mercer 12th 2017 -- Present Larry Obhof Republican Medina 22nd References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Taylor , William Alexander ; Taylor , Aubrey Clarence ( 1899 ) . Ohio statesmen and annals of progress : from the year 1788 to the year 1900 ... State of Ohio . p. 42 . - Symmes resigned February 21 , 1805 , and was replaced by Pritchard Jump up ^ Hitchcock resigned March 6th , 1835 and was replaced by Charles Anthony of Clark County , sources : Ohio General Assembly ( 1917 ) . Manual of legislative practice in the General Assembly . State of Ohio . p. 230 . and Bell , William , Jr. ( 1876 ) . Annual report of the Secretary of State to the Governor and General Assembly for the year 1875 ... Ohio Secretary of State . p. 66 . Bell , William Jr. ( 1876 ) . Annual report of the Secretary of State to the Governor and General Assembly for the year 1875 ... Ohio Secretary of State . - pre-1874 party affiliations ( hide ) Years in Ohio ( 1803 -- present ) 1803 1804 1805 1806 1807 1808 1809 1810 1811 1812 1813 1814 1815 1816 1817 1818 1819 1820 1821 1822 1823 1824 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 1832 1833 1834 1835 1836 1837 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2017 2018 2019 2020 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Presidents_of_the_Ohio_Senate&oldid=798962397 '' Categories : Presidents of the Ohio State Senate Lists of Ohio politicians Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 4 September 2017 , at 20 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is the president of the ohio senate | [
"\n\nTerm\nName\nParty\nHome County\nDistrict\n\n\n1979 – 1981\nOliver R. Ocasek\nDemocratic\nSummit\n27th\n\n\n1981 – 1983\nPaul E. Gillmor\nRepublican\nOttawa\n2nd\n\n\n1983 – 1985\nHarry Meshel\nDemocratic\nMahoning\n33rd\n\n\n1985 – 1989\nPaul E. Gillmor (2nd)\nRepublican\nOttawa\n2nd\n\n\n1989 – 1997\nStanley J. Aronoff\nRepublican\nHamilton\n8th\n\n\n1997 – 2003\nRichard Finan\nRepublican\nHamilton\n7th\n\n\n2003 – 2005\nDoug White\nRepublican\nAdams\n14th\n\n\n2005 – 2011\nBill Harris\nRepublican\nAshland\n19th\n\n\n2011 – 2013\nTom Niehaus\nRepublican\nClermont\n14th\n\n\n2013 – 2017\nKeith Faber\nRepublican\nMercer\n12th\n\n\n2017 – Present\nLarry Obhof\nRepublican\nMedina\n22nd\n\n"
] | [
"Larry Obhof"
] |
3460620886965237153 | Pin Valley National Park | Pin Valley National park - Wikipedia Pin Valley National park Jump to : navigation , search Pin Valley National Park Pin Valley National Park Location in Himachal Pradesh Nearest town Kaza Coordinates 32 ° 00 ′ N 77 ° 53 ′ E / 32.00 ° N 77.88 ° E / 32.00 ; 77.88 Coordinates : 32 ° 00 ′ N 77 ° 53 ′ E / 32.00 ° N 77.88 ° E / 32.00 ; 77.88 Established Pin Valley National Park is a National park of India located within the Lahaul and Spiti district , in the state of Himachal Pradesh , in far Northern India . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Geography 3 Ecology 3.1 Flora and fauna 3.1. 1 Medicinal Plants 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) Steeped in historical and present day Buddhist Tibetan culture , the area has many Tibetan Buddhist influences , evident architecturally in monasteries and stupas , and in the daily living of its residents and lamas . Pin Valley National Park was established by India in 9January1987 . Geography ( edit ) The park is located in the desert habitat of the Spiti Valley , within the Cold Desert Biosphere Reserve , in the Himalayas region . Spreading south of Dhankar Gompa near the Tibetan border , the park marks the border between the formerly separate districts of Lahaul and Spiti . The elevation of the park ranges from about 3,500 metres ( 11,500 ft ) near Ka Dogri to more than 6,000 metres ( 20,000 ft ) at its highest point . Ecology ( edit ) With its snow laden unexplored higher reaches and slopes , the Park forms a natural habitat for a number of endangered animals including the snow leopard and Siberian ibex . Flora and fauna ( edit ) Because of the park 's high altitude and extreme temperatures , the vegetation density is sparse , consisting mostly of alpine trees and groves of Himalayan cedar ( Cedrus deodara ) . In summer , rare birds such as the Himalayan snowcock , chukar partridge , snow partridge and snowfinch flourish in the park . Medicinal plants ( edit ) Some plants within the park 's alpine habitats have significant medicinal properties . Twenty - two rare and endangered medicinal plant species , have been discovered in and around Pin Valley National Park , which are distributed over 10 different habitat types . Aconitum rotundifolium , Arnebia euchroma , Ephedra gerardiana , Ferula jaeschkeana , Hyoscymus niger are the threatened but medicinally important plants occur in this national park . See also ( edit ) National parks of Himachal Pradesh References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Tourism , Lahaul & Spiti District , Himachal Pradesh , India Jump up ^ Kala , Chandra Prakash 2000 . Status and conservation of rare and endangered medicinal plants in the Indian trans - Himalaya . Biological Conservation , 93 : 371 - 379 . Jump up ^ Kala , Chandra Prakash 2005 ; Indigenous uses , population density , and conservation of threatened medicinal plants in protected areas of the Indian Himalayas . Conservation Biology , 19 ( 2 ) : 368 - 378 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pin Valley National Park . himachaltourism.nic.in ( 1 ) Protected areas of Himachal Pradesh National parks Great Himalayan Pin Valley Wildlife Sanctuaries Chail Churdhar Daranghati Kalatop Khajjiar Kanwar Maharana Pratap Majthal Manali Nargu Renuka National parks of India Protected areas of India Ministry of Environment and Forests ( India ) Andaman & Nicobar Islands Campbell Bay Galathea Mahatma Gandhi Middle Button Island Mt . Harriet Island North Button Island Rani Jhansi Saddle Peak South Button Island Andhra Pradesh Sri Venkateswara Arunachal Pradesh Mouling Namdapha Assam Dibru - Saikhowa Kaziranga Manas Nameri Orang Bihar Valmiki Chhattisgarh Indravati Kanger Ghati Goa Mollem Gujarat Blackbuck Gir Gulf of Kutch Vansda Haryana Kalesar Sultanpur Himachal Pradesh Great Himalayan Pin Valley Khirganga Jammu & Kashmir Dachigam Hemis Kishtwar Jharkhand Betla Karnataka Anshi Bandipur Bannerghatta Nagarhole Kerala Anamudi Shola Eravikulam Mathikettan Shola Pampadam Shola Periyar Silent Valley Madhya Pradesh Bandhavgarh Fossil Kanha Madhav Panna Pench Sanjay Satpura Van Vihar Maharashtra Chandoli Gilbert Hill Gugamal Karnala Navegaon Pench Sanjay Gandhi Tadoba Manipur Keibul Lamjao Sirohi Meghalaya Balphakram Nokrek Mizoram Murlen Phawngpui Nagaland Intangki Odisha Bhitarkanika Simlipal Rajasthan Darrah Desert Keoladeo Ranthambhore Sariska Sikkim Khangchendzonga Tamil Nadu Guindy Gulf of Mannar Anamalai Mudumalai Mukurthi Palani Hills Telangana Kasu Brahmananda Reddy Mahavir Harina Vanasthali Mrugavani Tripura Clouded Leopard Rajbari Uttar Pradesh Dudhwa Uttarakhand Corbett Gangotri Govind Nanda Devi Rajaji Valley of Flowers West Bengal Buxa Gorumara Neora Valley Singalila Sundarbans Jaldapara This Himachal Pradesh location article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pin_Valley_National_Park&oldid=801973968 '' Categories : National parks of Himachal Pradesh Geography of Lahaul and Spiti district Protected areas established in 1987 1987 establishments in India Himachal Pradesh geography stubs Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from February 2017 Use Indian English from February 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Coordinates on Wikidata All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français ગુજરાતી हिन्दी മലയാളം پنجابی தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 23 September 2017 , at 04 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | the pin valley national park (pvnp) is located in which state | [
"Pin Valley National Park is a National park of India located within the Lahaul and Spiti district, in the state of Himachal Pradesh, in far Northern India."
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"Himachal Pradesh"
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8414672902002576546 | Outer space | Outer space - wikipedia Outer space Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Outer space ( disambiguation ) . The interface between the Earth 's surface and outer space . The Kármán line at an altitude of 100 km ( 62 mi ) is shown . The layers of the atmosphere are drawn to scale , whereas objects within them , such as the International Space Station , are not . Outer space , or just space , is the expanse that exists beyond the Earth and between celestial bodies . Outer space is not completely empty -- it is a hard vacuum containing a low density of particles , predominantly a plasma of hydrogen and helium as well as electromagnetic radiation , magnetic fields , neutrinos , dust , and cosmic rays . The baseline temperature , as set by the background radiation from the Big Bang , is 2.7 kelvins ( K ) ( − 270.45 ° C ; − 454.81 ° F ) . The plasma between galaxies accounts for about half of the baryonic ( ordinary ) matter in the universe ; it has a number density of less than one hydrogen atom per cubic metre and a temperature of millions of kelvins ; local concentrations of this plasma have condensed into stars and galaxies . Studies indicate that 90 % of the mass in most galaxies is in an unknown form , called dark matter , which interacts with other matter through gravitational but not electromagnetic forces . Observations suggest that the majority of the mass - energy in the observable universe is a poorly understood vacuum energy of space , which astronomers label dark energy . Intergalactic space takes up most of the volume of the Universe , but even galaxies and star systems consist almost entirely of empty space ... Outer space does not begin at a definite altitude above the Earth 's surface . However , the Kármán line , at an altitude of 100 km ( 62 mi ) above sea level , is conventionally used as the start of outer space in space treaties and for aerospace records keeping . The framework for international space law was established by the Outer Space Treaty , which entered into force on 10 October 1967 . This treaty precludes any claims of national sovereignty and permits all states to freely explore outer space . Despite the drafting of UN resolutions for the peaceful uses of outer space , anti-satellite weapons have been tested in Earth orbit . Humans began the physical exploration of space during the 20th century with the advent of high - altitude balloon flights , followed by manned rocket launches . Earth orbit was first achieved by Yuri Gagarin of the Soviet Union in 1961 , and unmanned spacecraft have since reached all of the known planets in the Solar System . Due to the high cost of getting into space , manned spaceflight has been limited to low Earth orbit and the Moon . Outer space represents a challenging environment for human exploration because of the dual hazards of vacuum and radiation . Microgravity also has a negative effect on human physiology that causes both muscle atrophy and bone loss . In addition to these health and environmental issues , the economic cost of putting objects , including humans , into space is very high . Contents ( hide ) 1 Discovery 2 Formation and state 3 Environment 3.1 Effect on human bodies 4 Boundary 5 Legal status 6 Earth orbit 7 Regions 7.1 Geospace 7.1. 1 Cislunar space 7.2 Interplanetary space 7.3 Interstellar space 7.4 Intergalactic space 8 Exploration and applications 9 See also 10 References 10.1 Bibliography 11 External links Discovery ( edit ) In 350 BCE , Greek philosopher Aristotle suggested that nature abhors a vacuum , a principle that became known as the horror vacui . This concept built upon a 5th - century BCE ontological argument by the Greek philosopher Parmenides , who denied the possible existence of a void in space . Based on this idea that a vacuum could not exist , in the West it was widely held for many centuries that space could not be empty . As late as the 17th century , the French philosopher René Descartes argued that the entirety of space must be filled . In ancient China , the 2nd century astronomer Zhang Heng became convinced that space must be infinite , extending well beyond the mechanism that supported the Sun and the stars . The surviving books of the Hsüan Yeh school said that the heavens were boundless , `` empty and void of substance '' . Likewise , the `` sun , moon , and the company of stars float in the empty space , moving or standing still '' . The Italian scientist Galileo Galilei knew that air had mass and so was subject to gravity . In 1640 , he demonstrated that an established force resisted the formation of a vacuum . However , it would remain for his pupil Evangelista Torricelli to create an apparatus that would produce a partial vacuum in 1643 . This experiment resulted in the first mercury barometer and created a scientific sensation in Europe . The French mathematician Blaise Pascal reasoned that if the column of mercury was supported by air , then the column ought to be shorter at higher altitude where the air pressure is lower . In 1648 , his brother - in - law , Florin Périer , repeated the experiment on the Puy de Dôme mountain in central France and found that the column was shorter by three inches . This decrease in pressure was further demonstrated by carrying a half - full balloon up a mountain and watching it gradually expand , then contract upon descent . The original Magdeburg hemispheres ( lower left ) used to demonstrate Otto von Guericke 's vacuum pump ( right ) In 1650 , German scientist Otto von Guericke constructed the first vacuum pump : a device that would further refute the principle of horror vacui . He correctly noted that the atmosphere of the Earth surrounds the planet like a shell , with the density gradually declining with altitude . He concluded that there must be a vacuum between the Earth and the Moon . Back in the 15th century , German theologian Nicolaus Cusanus speculated that the Universe lacked a center and a circumference . He believed that the Universe , while not infinite , could not be held as finite as it lacked any bounds within which it could be contained . These ideas led to speculations as to the infinite dimension of space by the Italian philosopher Giordano Bruno in the 16th century . He extended the Copernican heliocentric cosmology to the concept of an infinite Universe filled with a substance he called aether , which did not resist the motion of heavenly bodies . English philosopher William Gilbert arrived at a similar conclusion , arguing that the stars are visible to us only because they are surrounded by a thin aether or a void . This concept of an aether originated with ancient Greek philosophers , including Aristotle , who conceived of it as the medium through which the heavenly bodies move . The concept of a Universe filled with a luminiferous aether remained in vogue among some scientists until the early 20th century . This form of aether was viewed as the medium through which light could propagate . In 1887 , the Michelson -- Morley experiment tried to detect the Earth 's motion through this medium by looking for changes in the speed of light depending on the direction of the planet 's motion . However , the null result indicated something was wrong with the concept . The idea of the luminiferous aether was then abandoned . It was replaced by Albert Einstein 's theory of special relativity , which holds that the speed of light in a vacuum is a fixed constant , independent of the observer 's motion or frame of reference . The first professional astronomer to support the concept of an infinite Universe was the Englishman Thomas Digges in 1576 . But the scale of the Universe remained unknown until the first successful measurement of the distance to a nearby star in 1838 by the German astronomer Friedrich Bessel . He showed that the star 61 Cygni had a parallax of just 0.31 arcseconds ( compared to the modern value of 0.287 '' ) . This corresponds to a distance of over 10 light years . In 1917 , Heber Curtis noted that novae in spiral nebulae were , on average , 10 magnitudes fainter than galactic novae , suggesting that the former are 100 times further away . The distance to the Andromeda Galaxy was determined in 1923 by American astronomer Edwin Hubble by measuring the brightness of cepheid variables in that galaxy , a new technique discovered by Henrietta Leavitt . This established that the Andromeda galaxy , and by extension all galaxies , lay well outside the Milky Way . The earliest known estimate of the temperature of outer space was by the Swiss physicist Charles É . Guillaume in 1896 . Using the estimated radiation of the background stars , he concluded that space must be heated to a temperature of 5 -- 6 K. British physicist Arthur Eddington made a similar calculation to derive a temperature of 3.18 K in 1926 . German physicist Erich Regener used the total measured energy of cosmic rays to estimate an intergalactic temperature of 2.8 K in 1933 . The modern concept of outer space is based on the `` Big Bang '' cosmology , first proposed in 1931 by the Belgian physicist Georges Lemaître . This theory holds that the universe originated from a very dense form that has since undergone continuous expansion . The background energy released during the initial expansion has steadily decreased in density , leading to a 1948 prediction by American physicists Ralph Alpher and Robert Herman of a temperature of 5 K for the temperature of space . The term outward space was used in 1842 by the English poet Lady Emmeline Stuart - Wortley in her poem `` The Maiden of Moscow '' . The expression outer space was used as an astronomical term by Alexander von Humboldt in 1845 . It was later popularized in the writings of H.G. Wells in 1901 . The shorter term space is older , first used to mean the region beyond Earth 's sky in John Milton 's Paradise Lost in 1667 . Formation and state ( edit ) This is an artist 's concept of the metric expansion of space , where a volume of the Universe is represented at each time interval by the circular sections . At left is depicted the rapid inflation from the initial state , followed thereafter by steady expansion to the present day , shown at right . Main article : Big Bang According to the Big Bang theory , the very early Universe was an extremely hot and dense state about 13.8 billion years ago which rapidly expanded . About 380,000 years later the Universe had cooled sufficiently to allow protons and electrons to combine and form hydrogen -- the so - called recombination epoch . When this happened , matter and energy became decoupled , allowing photons to travel freely through space . Matter that remained following the initial expansion has since undergone gravitational collapse to create stars , galaxies and other astronomical objects , leaving behind a deep vacuum that forms what is now called outer space . As light has a finite velocity , this theory also constrains the size of the directly observable universe . This leaves open the question as to whether the Universe is finite or infinite . The present day shape of the universe has been determined from measurements of the cosmic microwave background using satellites like the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe . These observations indicate that the observable universe is `` flat '' , meaning that photons on parallel paths at one point remain parallel as they travel through space to the limit of the observable universe , except for local gravity . The flat Universe , combined with the measured mass density of the Universe and the accelerating expansion of the Universe , indicates that space has a non-zero vacuum energy , which is called dark energy . Estimates put the average energy density of the Universe at the equivalent of 5.9 protons per cubic meter , including dark energy , dark matter , and baryonic matter ( ordinary matter composed of atoms ) . The atoms account for only 4.6 % of the total energy density , or a density of one proton per four cubic meters . The density of the Universe , however , is clearly not uniform ; it ranges from relatively high density in galaxies -- including very high density in structures within galaxies , such as planets , stars , and black holes -- to conditions in vast voids that have much lower density , at least in terms of visible matter . Unlike matter and dark matter , dark energy seems not to be concentrated in galaxies : although dark energy may account for a majority of the mass - energy in the Universe , dark energy 's influence is 5 orders of magnitude smaller than the influence of gravity from matter and dark matter within the Milky Way . Environment ( edit ) Part of the Hubble Ultra-Deep Field image showing a typical section of space containing galaxies interspersed by deep vacuum . Given the finite speed of light , this view covers the last 13 billion years of the history of outer space . Outer space is the closest known approximation to a perfect vacuum . It has effectively no friction , allowing stars , planets , and moons to move freely along their ideal orbits . However , even the deep vacuum of intergalactic space is not devoid of matter , as it contains a few hydrogen atoms per cubic meter . By comparison , the air humans breathe contains about 10 molecules per cubic meter . The low density of matter in outer space means that electromagnetic radiation can travel great distances without being scattered : the mean free path of a photon in intergalactic space is about 10 km , or 10 billion light years . In spite of this , extinction , which is the absorption and scattering of photons by dust and gas , is an important factor in galactic and intergalactic astronomy . Stars , planets , and moons retain their atmospheres by gravitational attraction . Atmospheres have no clearly delineated upper boundary : the density of atmospheric gas gradually decreases with distance from the object until it becomes indistinguishable from outer space . The Earth 's atmospheric pressure drops to about 0.032 Pa at 100 kilometres ( 62 miles ) of altitude , compared to 100,000 Pa for the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry ( IUPAC ) definition of standard pressure . Above this altitude , isotropic gas pressure rapidly becomes insignificant when compared to radiation pressure from the Sun and the dynamic pressure of the solar wind . The thermosphere in this range has large gradients of pressure , temperature and composition , and varies greatly due to space weather . The temperature of outer space is measured in terms of the kinetic activity of the gas , as it is on Earth . However , the radiation of outer space has a different temperature than the kinetic temperature of the gas , meaning that the gas and radiation are not in thermodynamic equilibrium . All of the observable universe is filled with photons that were created during the Big Bang , which is known as the cosmic microwave background radiation ( CMB ) . ( There is quite likely a correspondingly large number of neutrinos called the cosmic neutrino background . ) The current black body temperature of the background radiation is about 3 K ( − 270 ° C ; − 454 ° F ) . The gas temperatures in outer space are always at least the temperature of the CMB but can be much higher . For example , the corona of the Sun reaches temperatures over 1.2 -- 2.6 million K . Magnetic fields have been detected in the space around just about every class of celestial object . Star formation in spiral galaxies can generate small - scale dynamos , creating turbulent magnetic field strengths of around 5 -- 10 μ G . The Davis -- Greenstein effect causes elongated dust grains to align themselves with a galaxy 's magnetic field , resulting in weak optical polarization . This has been used to show ordered magnetic fields exist in several nearby galaxies . Magneto - hydrodynamic processes in active elliptical galaxies produce their characteristic jets and radio lobes . Non-thermal radio sources have been detected even among the most distant , high - z sources , indicating the presence of magnetic fields . Outside a protective atmosphere and magnetic field , there are few obstacles to the passage through space of energetic subatomic particles known as cosmic rays . These particles have energies ranging from about 10 eV up to an extreme 10 eV of ultra-high - energy cosmic rays . The peak flux of cosmic rays occurs at energies of about 10 eV , with approximately 87 % protons , 12 % helium nuclei and 1 % heavier nuclei . In the high energy range , the flux of electrons is only about 1 % of that of protons . Cosmic rays can damage electronic components and pose a health threat to space travelers . According to astronauts , like Don Pettit , space has a burned / metallic odor that clings to their suits and equipment , similar to the scent of an arc welding torch . Despite the harsh environment , several life forms have been found that can withstand extreme space conditions for extended periods . Species of lichen carried on the ESA BIOPAN facility survived exposure for ten days in 2007 . Seeds of Arabidopsis thaliana and Nicotiana tabacum germinated after being exposed to space for 1.5 years . A strain of bacillus subtilis has survived 559 days when exposed to low - Earth orbit or a simulated martian environment . The lithopanspermia hypothesis suggests that rocks ejected into outer space from life - harboring planets may successfully transport life forms to another habitable world . A conjecture is that just such a scenario occurred early in the history of the Solar System , with potentially microorganism - bearing rocks being exchanged between Venus , Earth , and Mars . Effect on human bodies ( edit ) See also : Space exposure and Weightlessness Because of the hazards of a vacuum , astronauts must wear a pressurized space suit while off - Earth and outside their spacecraft . Even at relatively low altitudes in the Earth 's atmosphere , conditions are hostile to the human body . The altitude where atmospheric pressure matches the vapor pressure of water at the temperature of the human body is called the Armstrong line , named after American physician Harry G. Armstrong . It is located at an altitude of around 19.14 km ( 11.89 mi ) . At or above the Armstrong line , fluids in the throat and lungs boil away . More specifically , exposed bodily liquids such as saliva , tears , and liquids in the lungs boil away . Hence , at this altitude , human survival requires a pressure suit , or a pressurized capsule . Once in space , sudden exposure of unprotected humans to very low pressure , such as during a rapid decompression , can cause pulmonary barotrauma -- a rupture of the lungs , due to the large pressure differential between inside and outside the chest . Even if the subject 's airway is fully open , the flow of air through the windpipe may be too slow to prevent the rupture . Rapid decompression can rupture eardrums and sinuses , bruising and blood seep can occur in soft tissues , and shock can cause an increase in oxygen consumption that leads to hypoxia . As a consequence of rapid decompression , oxygen dissolved in the blood empties into the lungs to try to equalize the partial pressure gradient . Once the deoxygenated blood arrives at the brain , humans lose consciousness after a few seconds and die of hypoxia within minutes . Blood and other body fluids boil when the pressure drops below 6.3 kPa , and this condition is called ebullism . The steam may bloat the body to twice its normal size and slow circulation , but tissues are elastic and porous enough to prevent rupture . Ebullism is slowed by the pressure containment of blood vessels , so some blood remains liquid . Swelling and ebullism can be reduced by containment in a pressure suit . The Crew Altitude Protection Suit ( CAPS ) , a fitted elastic garment designed in the 1960s for astronauts , prevents ebullism at pressures as low as 2 kPa . Supplemental oxygen is needed at 8 km ( 5.0 mi ) to provide enough oxygen for breathing and to prevent water loss , while above 20 km ( 12 mi ) pressure suits are essential to prevent ebullism . Most space suits use around 30 -- 39 kPa of pure oxygen , about the same as on the Earth 's surface . This pressure is high enough to prevent ebullism , but evaporation of nitrogen dissolved in the blood could still cause decompression sickness and gas embolisms if not managed . Humans evolved for life in Earth gravity , and exposure to weightlessness has been shown to have deleterious effects on human health . Initially , more than 50 % of astronauts experience space motion sickness . This can cause nausea and vomiting , vertigo , headaches , lethargy , and overall malaise . The duration of space sickness varies , but it typically lasts for 1 -- 3 days , after which the body adjusts to the new environment . Longer - term exposure to weightlessness results in muscle atrophy and deterioration of the skeleton , or spaceflight osteopenia . These effects can be minimized through a regimen of exercise . Other effects include fluid redistribution , slowing of the cardiovascular system , decreased production of red blood cells , balance disorders , and a weakening of the immune system . Lesser symptoms include loss of body mass , nasal congestion , sleep disturbance , and puffiness of the face . For long - duration space travel , radiation can pose an acute health hazard . Exposure to high - energy , ionizing cosmic rays can result in fatigue , nausea , vomiting , as well as damage to the immune system and changes to the white blood cell count . Over longer durations , symptoms include an increased risk of cancer , plus damage to the eyes , nervous system , lungs and the gastrointestinal tract . On a round - trip Mars mission lasting three years , a large fraction of the cells in an astronaut 's body would be traversed and potentially damaged by high energy nuclei . Fortunately , the energy of such particles is significantly diminished by the shielding provided by the walls of a spacecraft and can be further diminished by water containers and other barriers . However , the impact of the cosmic rays upon the shielding produces additional radiation that can affect the crew . Further research is needed to assess the radiation hazards and determine suitable countermeasures . Boundary ( edit ) SpaceShipOne completed the first manned private spaceflight in 2004 , reaching an altitude of 100.12 km ( 62.21 mi ) . There is no clear boundary between Earth 's atmosphere and space , as the density of the atmosphere gradually decreases as the altitude increases . There are several standard boundary designations , namely : The Fédération Aéronautique Internationale has established the Kármán line at an altitude of 100 km ( 62 mi ) as a working definition for the boundary between aeronautics and astronautics . This is used because at an altitude of about 100 km ( 62 mi ) , as Theodore von Kármán calculated , a vehicle would have to travel faster than orbital velocity to derive sufficient aerodynamic lift from the atmosphere to support itself . The United States designates people who travel above an altitude of 50 miles ( 80 km ) as astronauts . NASA 's Space Shuttle used 400,000 feet ( 76 mi , 122 km ) as its re-entry altitude ( termed the Entry Interface ) , which roughly marks the boundary where atmospheric drag becomes noticeable , thus beginning the process of switching from steering with thrusters to maneuvering with aerodynamic control surfaces . In 2009 , scientists reported detailed measurements with a Supra - Thermal Ion Imager ( an instrument that measures the direction and speed of ions ) , which allowed them to establish a boundary at 118 km ( 73 mi ) above Earth . The boundary represents the midpoint of a gradual transition over tens of kilometers from the relatively gentle winds of the Earth 's atmosphere to the more violent flows of charged particles in space , which can reach speeds well over 268 m / s ( 600 mph ) . Legal Status ( edit ) Main article : Space law 2008 launch of the SM - 3 missile used to destroy American reconnaissance satellite USA - 193 The Outer Space Treaty provides the basic framework for international space law . It covers the legal use of outer space by nation states , and includes in its definition of outer space the Moon and other celestial bodies . The treaty states that outer space is free for all nation states to explore and is not subject to claims of national sovereignty . It also prohibits the deployment of nuclear weapons in outer space . The treaty was passed by the United Nations General Assembly in 1963 and signed in 1967 by the USSR , the United States of America and the United Kingdom . As of 2017 , 105 state parties have either ratified or acceded to the treaty . An additional 25 states signed the treaty , without ratifying it. . Since 1958 , outer space has been the subject of multiple United Nations resolutions . Of these , more than 50 have been concerning the international co-operation in the peaceful uses of outer space and preventing an arms race in space . Four additional space law treaties have been negotiated and drafted by the UN 's Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space . Still , there remains no legal prohibition against deploying conventional weapons in space , and anti-satellite weapons have been successfully tested by the US , USSR and China . The 1979 Moon Treaty turned the jurisdiction of all heavenly bodies ( including the orbits around such bodies ) over to the international community . However , this treaty has not been ratified by any nation that currently practices manned spaceflight . In 1976 , eight equatorial states ( Ecuador , Colombia , Brazil , Congo , Zaire , Uganda , Kenya , and Indonesia ) met in Bogotá , Colombia . With their `` Declaration of the First Meeting of Equatorial Countries '' , or `` the Bogotá Declaration '' , they claimed control of the segment of the geosynchronous orbital path corresponding to each country . These claims are not internationally accepted . Earth orbit ( edit ) A spacecraft enters orbit when its centripetal acceleration due to gravity is less than or equal to the centrifugal acceleration due to the horizontal component of its velocity . For a low Earth orbit , this velocity is about 7,800 m / s ( 28,100 km / h ; 17,400 mph ) ; by contrast , the fastest manned airplane speed ever achieved ( excluding speeds achieved by deorbiting spacecraft ) was 2,200 m / s ( 7,900 km / h ; 4,900 mph ) in 1967 by the North American X-15 . To achieve an orbit , a spacecraft must travel faster than a sub-orbital spaceflight . The energy required to reach Earth orbital velocity at an altitude of 600 km ( 370 mi ) is about 36 MJ / kg , which is six times the energy needed merely to climb to the corresponding altitude . Spacecraft with a perigee below about 2,000 km ( 1,200 mi ) are subject to drag from the Earth 's atmosphere , which decreases the orbital altitude . The rate of orbital decay depends on the satellite 's cross-sectional area and mass , as well as variations in the air density of the upper atmosphere . Below about 300 km ( 190 mi ) , decay becomes more rapid with lifetimes measured in days . Once a satellite descends to 180 km ( 110 mi ) , it has only hours before it vaporizes in the atmosphere . The escape velocity required to pull free of Earth 's gravitational field altogether and move into interplanetary space is about 11,200 m / s ( 40,300 km / h ; 25,100 mph ) . Regions ( edit ) Space is a partial vacuum : its different regions are defined by the various atmospheres and `` winds '' that dominate within them , and extend to the point at which those winds give way to those beyond . Geospace extends from Earth 's atmosphere to the outer reaches of Earth 's magnetic field , whereupon it gives way to the solar wind of interplanetary space . Interplanetary space extends to the heliopause , whereupon the solar wind gives way to the winds of the interstellar medium . Interstellar space then continues to the edges of the galaxy , where it fades into the intergalactic void . Geospace ( edit ) Aurora australis observed from the Space Shuttle Discovery , on STS - 39 , May 1991 ( orbital altitude : 260 km ) Geospace is the region of outer space near Earth , including the upper atmosphere and magnetosphere . The Van Allen radiation belts lies within the geospace . The outer boundary of geospace is the magnetopause , which forms an interface between the Earth 's magnetosphere and the solar wind . The inner boundary is the ionosphere . The variable space - weather conditions of geospace are affected by the behavior of the Sun and the solar wind ; the subject of geospace is interlinked with heliophysics -- the study of the Sun and its impact on the planets of the Solar System . The day - side magnetopause is compressed by solar - wind pressure -- the subsolar distance from the center of the Earth is typically 10 Earth radii . On the night side , the solar wind stretches the magnetosphere to form a magnetotail that sometimes extends out to more than 100 -- 200 Earth radii . For roughly four days of each month , the lunar surface is shielded from the solar wind as the Moon passes through the magnetotail . Geospace is populated by electrically charged particles at very low densities , the motions of which are controlled by the Earth 's magnetic field . These plasmas form a medium from which storm - like disturbances powered by the solar wind can drive electrical currents into the Earth 's upper atmosphere . Geomagnetic storms can disturb two regions of geospace , the radiation belts and the ionosphere . These storms increase fluxes of energetic electrons that can permanently damage satellite electronics , interfering with shortwave radio communication and GPS location and timing . Magnetic storms can also be a hazard to astronauts , even in low Earth orbit . They also create aurorae seen at high latitudes in an oval surrounding the geomagnetic poles . Although it meets the definition of outer space , the atmospheric density within the first few hundred kilometers above the Kármán line is still sufficient to produce significant drag on satellites . This region contains material left over from previous manned and unmanned launches that are a potential hazard to spacecraft . Some of this debris re-enters Earth 's atmosphere periodically . Cislunar space ( edit ) Proposed spacecraft for manned cislunar travel in 2020s Earth 's gravity keeps the Moon in orbit at an average distance of 384,403 km ( 238,857 mi ) . The region outside Earth 's atmosphere and extending out to just beyond the Moon 's orbit , including the Lagrangian points , is sometimes referred to as cis - lunar space . The region of space where the gravity of the Earth remains dominant against gravitational perturbations from the Sun is called the Hill sphere . This extends well out into translunar space to a distance of roughly 1 % of the mean distance from the Earth to the Sun , or 1.5 million km ( 0.93 million mi ) . Deep space has different definitions as to where it starts . It has been defined by the United States government and others as any region beyond cislunar space . The International Telecommunication Union responsible for radio communication ( including satellites ) defines the beginning of deep space at about 5 times that distance ( 7009200000000000000 ♠ 2 × 10 km ) . Interplanetary space ( edit ) Main article : Interplanetary medium The sparse plasma ( blue ) and dust ( white ) in the tail of comet Hale -- Bopp are being shaped by pressure from solar radiation and the solar wind , respectively Interplanetary space is defined by the solar wind , a continuous stream of charged particles emanating from the Sun that creates a very tenuous atmosphere ( the heliosphere ) for billions of kilometers into space . This wind has a particle density of 5 -- 10 protons / cm and is moving at a velocity of 350 -- 400 km / s ( 780,000 -- 890,000 mph ) . Interplanetary space extends out to the heliopause where the influence of the galactic environment starts to dominate over the magnetic field and particle flux from the Sun . The distance and strength of the heliopause varies depending on the activity level of the solar wind . The volume of interplanetary space is a nearly total vacuum , with a mean free path of about one astronomical unit at the orbital distance of the Earth . However , this space is not completely empty , and is sparsely filled with cosmic rays , which include ionized atomic nuclei and various subatomic particles . There is also gas , plasma and dust , small meteors , and several dozen types of organic molecules discovered to date by microwave spectroscopy . A cloud of interplanetary dust is visible at night as a faint band called the zodiacal light . Interplanetary space contains the magnetic field generated by the Sun . There are also magnetospheres generated by planets such as Jupiter , Saturn , Mercury and the Earth that have their own magnetic fields . These are shaped by the influence of the solar wind into the approximation of a teardrop shape , with the long tail extending outward behind the planet . These magnetic fields can trap particles from the solar wind and other sources , creating belts of charged particles such as the Van Allen radiation belts . Planets without magnetic fields , such as Mars , have their atmospheres gradually eroded by the solar wind . Interstellar space ( edit ) Main article : Interstellar medium `` Interstellar space '' redirects here . For the album , see Interstellar Space . Bow shock formed by the magnetosphere of the young star LL Orionis ( center ) as it collides with the Orion Nebula flow Interstellar space is the physical space within a galaxy beyond the influence each star has upon the encompassed plasma . The contents of interstellar space are called the interstellar medium . Approximately 70 % of the mass of the interstellar medium consists of lone hydrogen atoms ; most of the remainder consists of helium atoms . This is enriched with trace amounts of heavier atoms formed through stellar nucleosynthesis . These atoms are ejected into the interstellar medium by stellar winds or when evolved stars begin to shed their outer envelopes such as during the formation of a planetary nebula . The cataclysmic explosion of a supernova generates an expanding shock wave consisting of ejected materials that further enrich the medium . The density of matter in the interstellar medium can vary considerably : the average is around 10 particles per m , but cold molecular clouds can hold 10 -- 10 per m . A number of molecules exist in interstellar space , as can tiny 0.1 μm dust particles . The tally of molecules discovered through radio astronomy is steadily increasing at the rate of about four new species per year . Large regions of higher density matter known as molecular clouds allow chemical reactions to occur , including the formation of organic polyatomic species . Much of this chemistry is driven by collisions . Energetic cosmic rays penetrate the cold , dense clouds and ionize hydrogen and helium , resulting , for example , in the trihydrogen cation . An ionized helium atom can then split relatively abundant carbon monoxide to produce ionized carbon , which in turn can lead to organic chemical reactions . The local interstellar medium is a region of space within 100 parsecs ( pc ) of the Sun , which is of interest both for its proximity and for its interaction with the Solar System . This volume nearly coincides with a region of space known as the Local Bubble , which is characterized by a lack of dense , cold clouds . It forms a cavity in the Orion Arm of the Milky Way galaxy , with dense molecular clouds lying along the borders , such as those in the constellations of Ophiuchus and Taurus . ( The actual distance to the border of this cavity varies from 60 to 250 pc or more . ) This volume contains about 10 -- 10 stars and the local interstellar gas counterbalances the astrospheres that surround these stars , with the volume of each sphere varying depending on the local density of the interstellar medium . The Local Bubble contains dozens of warm interstellar clouds with temperatures of up to 7,000 K and radii of 0.5 -- 5 pc . When stars are moving at sufficiently high peculiar velocities , their astrospheres can generate bow shocks as they collide with the interstellar medium . For decades it was assumed that the Sun had a bow shock . In 2012 , data from Interstellar Boundary Explorer ( IBEX ) and NASA 's Voyager probes showed that the Sun 's bow shock does not exist . Instead , these authors argue that a subsonic bow wave defines the transition from the solar wind flow to the interstellar medium . A bow shock is the third boundary of an astrosphere after the termination shock and the astropause ( called the heliopause in the Solar System ) . Intergalactic space ( edit ) A star forming region in the Large Magellanic Cloud , perhaps the closest Galaxy to Earth 's Milky Way See also : Intracluster medium Intergalactic space is the physical space between galaxies . Studies of the large scale distribution of galaxies show that the Universe has a foam - like structure , with clusters and groups of galaxies lying along filaments that occupy about a tenth of the total space . The remainder forms huge voids that are mostly empty of galaxies . Typically , a void spans a distance of ( 10 -- 40 ) h Mpc , where h is the Hubble constant in units of 100 km s Mpc . Surrounding and stretching between galaxies , there is a rarefied plasma that is organized in a galactic filamentary structure . This material is called the intergalactic medium ( IGM ) . The density of the IGM is 5 -- 200 times the average density of the Universe . It consists mostly of ionized hydrogen ; i.e. a plasma consisting of equal numbers of electrons and protons . As gas falls into the intergalactic medium from the voids , it heats up to temperatures of 10 K to 10 K , which is high enough so that collisions between atoms have enough energy to cause the bound electrons to escape from the hydrogen nuclei ; this is why the IGM is ionized . At these temperatures , it is called the warm -- hot intergalactic medium ( WHIM ) . ( Although the plasma is very hot by terrestrial standards , 10 K is often called `` warm '' in astrophysics . ) Computer simulations and observations indicate that up to half of the atomic matter in the Universe might exist in this warm -- hot , rarefied state . When gas falls from the filamentary structures of the WHIM into the galaxy clusters at the intersections of the cosmic filaments , it can heat up even more , reaching temperatures of 10 K and above in the so - called intracluster medium . Exploration and applications ( edit ) Main articles : Space exploration , Space colonization , and Space manufacturing The first image taken of the entire Earth by astronauts was shot during the Apollo 8 mission For the majority of human history , space was explored by observations made from the Earth 's surface -- initially with the unaided eye and then with the telescope . Prior to the advent of reliable rocket technology , the closest that humans had come to reaching outer space was through the use of balloon flights . In 1935 , the U.S. Explorer II manned balloon flight had reached an altitude of 22 km ( 14 mi ) . This was greatly exceeded in 1942 when the third launch of the German A-4 rocket climbed to an altitude of about 80 km ( 50 mi ) . In 1957 , the unmanned satellite Sputnik 1 was launched by a Russian R - 7 rocket , achieving Earth orbit at an altitude of 215 -- 939 kilometres ( 134 -- 583 mi ) . This was followed by the first human spaceflight in 1961 , when Yuri Gagarin was sent into orbit on Vostok 1 . The first humans to escape Earth orbit were Frank Borman , Jim Lovell and William Anders in 1968 on board the U.S. Apollo 8 , which achieved lunar orbit and reached a maximum distance of 377,349 km ( 234,474 mi ) from the Earth . The first spacecraft to reach escape velocity was the Soviet Luna 1 , which performed a fly - by of the Moon in 1959 . In 1961 , Venera 1 became the first planetary probe . It revealed the presence of the solar wind and performed the first fly - by of Venus , although contact was lost before reaching Venus . The first successful planetary mission was the 1962 fly - by of Venus by Mariner 2 . The first fly - by of Mars was by Mariner 4 in 1964 . Since that time , unmanned spacecraft have successfully examined each of the Solar System 's planets , as well their moons and many minor planets and comets . They remain a fundamental tool for the exploration of outer space , as well as observation of the Earth . In August 2012 , Voyager 1 became the first man - made object to leave the Solar System and enter interstellar space . The absence of air makes outer space an ideal location for astronomy at all wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum . This is evidenced by the spectacular pictures sent back by the Hubble Space Telescope , allowing light from more than 13 billion years ago -- almost to the time of the Big Bang -- to be observed . However , not every location in space is ideal for a telescope . The interplanetary zodiacal dust emits a diffuse near - infrared radiation that can mask the emission of faint sources such as extrasolar planets . Moving an infrared telescope out past the dust increases its effectiveness . Likewise , a site like the Daedalus crater on the far side of the Moon could shield a radio telescope from the radio frequency interference that hampers Earth - based observations . Unmanned spacecraft in Earth orbit are an essential technology of modern civilization . They allow direct monitoring of weather conditions , relay long - range communications like television , provide a means of precise navigation , and allow remote sensing of the Earth . The latter role serves a wide variety of purposes , including tracking soil moisture for agriculture , prediction of water outflow from seasonal snow packs , detection of diseases in plants and trees , and surveillance of military activities . The deep vacuum of space could make it an attractive environment for certain industrial processes , such as those requiring ultraclean surfaces . However , like asteroid mining , space manufacturing requires significant investment with little prospect of immediate return . An important factor in the total expense is the high cost of placing mass into Earth orbit : $7,000 -- 24,000 per kg in inflation - adjusted dollars , according to a 2006 estimate . Proposed concepts for addressing this issue include non-rocket spacelaunch , momentum exchange tethers , and space elevators . Interstellar travel for a human crew remains at present only a theoretical possibility . The distances to the nearest stars will require new technological developments and the ability to safely sustain crews for journeys lasting several decades . For example , the Daedalus Project study , which proposed a spacecraft powered by the fusion of Deuterium and He , would require 36 years to reach the nearby Alpha Centauri system . Other proposed interstellar propulsion systems include light sails , ramjets , and beam - powered propulsion . More advanced propulsion systems could use antimatter as a fuel , potentially reaching relativistic velocities . See also ( edit ) Astronomy portal Cosmology portal Space portal Spaceflight portal Earth 's location in the universe List of government space agencies List of topics in space Outline of space science Panspermia Space and survival Space race Space station Space technology Timeline of knowledge about the interstellar and intergalactic medium Timeline of Solar System exploration Timeline of spaceflight References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Chuss , David T. ( June 26 , 2008 ) , Cosmic Background Explorer , NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , archived from the original on May 9 , 2013 , retrieved 2013 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ Freedman & Kaufmann 2005 , pp. 573 , 599 -- 601 . Jump up ^ Trimble , V. ( 1987 ) , `` Existence and nature of dark matter in the universe '' , Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics , 25 : 425 -- 472 , Bibcode : 1987ARA&A ... 25 ... 425T , doi : 10.1146 / annurev. aa. 25.090187. 002233 . 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Eckert , Michael ( 2006 ) , The dawn of fluid dynamics : a discipline between science and technology , Wiley - VCH , ISBN 3 - 527 - 40513 - 5 Ellery , Alex ( 2000 ) , An introduction to space robotics , Springer - Praxis books in astronomy and space sciences , Springer , ISBN 1 - 85233 - 164 - X Freedman , Roger A. ; Kaufmann , William J. ( 2005 ) , Universe ( seventh ed . ) , New York : W.H. Freeman and Company , ISBN 0 - 7167 - 8694 - X Fichtner , Horst ; Liu , W. William ( 2011 ) , `` Advances in Coordinated Sun - Earth System Science Through Interdisciplinary Initiatives and International Programs '' , written at Sopron , Hungary , in Miralles , M.P. ; Almeida , J. Sánchez , The Sun , the Solar Wind , and the Heliosphere , IAGA Special Sopron Book Series , 4 , Berlin : Springer , p. 341 , Bibcode : 2011sswh. book ... 341F , doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 90 - 481 - 9787 - 3_24 , ISBN 978 - 90 - 481 - 9786 - 6 Frisch , Priscilla C. ; Müller , Hans R. ; Zank , Gary P. ; Lopate , C. 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( 2000 ) , Atmospheric Science and Environment , Allied Publishers , ISBN 8177640437 Grant , Edward ( 1981 ) , Much ado about nothing : theories of space and vacuum from the Middle Ages to the scientific revolution , The Cambridge history of science series , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 0 - 521 - 22983 - 9 Hardesty , Von ; Eisman , Gene ; Krushchev , Sergei ( 2008 ) , Epic Rivalry : The Inside Story of the Soviet and American Space Race , National Geographic Books , pp. 89 -- 90 , ISBN 1 - 4262 - 0321 - 7 Hariharan , P. ( 2003 ) , Optical interferometry ( 2nd ed . ) , Academic Press , ISBN 0 - 12 - 311630 - 9 Harris , Philip Robert ( 2008 ) , Space enterprise : living and working offworld in the 21st century , Springer Praxis Books / Space Exploration Series , Springer , ISBN 0 - 387 - 77639 - 7 Harrison , Albert A. ( 2002 ) , Spacefaring : The Human Dimension , University of California Press , ISBN 0 - 520 - 23677 - 7 Holton , Gerald James ; Brush , Stephen G. 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( 1993 ) , CRC handbook of chemistry and physics ( 74th ed . ) , CRC Press , ISBN 0 - 8493 - 0595 - 0 Maor , Eli ( 1991 ) , To infinity and beyond : a cultural history of the infinite , Princeton paperbacks , ISBN 0 - 691 - 02511 - 8 Mendillo , Michael ( November 8 -- 10 , 2000 ) , `` The atmosphere of the moon '' , in Barbieri , Cesare ; Rampazzi , Francesca , Earth - Moon Relationships , Padova , Italy at the Accademia Galileiana Di Scienze Lettere Ed Arti : Springer , p. 275 , ISBN 0 - 7923 - 7089 - 9 Needham , Joseph ; Ronan , Colin ( 1985 ) , The Shorter Science and Civilisation in China , Shorter Science and Civilisation in China , 2 , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 0 - 521 - 31536 - 0 O'Leary , Beth Laura ( 2009 ) , Darrin , Ann Garrison , ed. , Handbook of space engineering , archaeology , and heritage , Advances in engineering , CRC Press , ISBN 1 - 4200 - 8431 - 3 Olenick , Richard P. ; Apostol , Tom M. ; Goodstein , David L. ( 1986 ) , Beyond the mechanical universe : from electricity to modern physics , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 0 - 521 - 30430 - X Orloff , Richard W. ( 2001 ) , Apollo by the Numbers : A Statistical Reference , NASA , ISBN 0 - 16 - 050631 - X , retrieved 2008 - 01 - 28 Papagiannis , Michael D. ( 1972 ) , Space Physics and Space Astronomy , Taylor & Francis , ISBN 0 - 677 - 04000 - 8 Piantadosi , Claude A. ( 2003 ) , The Biology of Human Survival : Life and Death in Extreme Environments , Oxford University Press , ISBN 0199748071 Porter , Roy ; Park , Katharine ; Daston , Lorraine ( 2006 ) , `` The Cambridge History of Science : Early modern science '' , Early Modern Science , Cambridge University Press , 3 , p. 27 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 57244 - 4 Prialnik , Dina ( 2000 ) , An Introduction to the Theory of Stellar Structure and Evolution , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 052165937X , retrieved 2015 - 03 - 26 Razani , Mohammad ( 2012 ) , Information Communication and Space Technology , CRC Press , ISBN 1439841632 Rauchfuss , Horst ( 2008 ) , Chemical Evolution and the Origin of Life , Translated by T.N. Mitchell , Springer , ISBN 3 - 540 - 78822 - 0 Schrijver , Carolus J. ; Siscoe , George L. ( 2010 ) , Heliophysics : Evolving Solar Activity and the Climates of Space and Earth , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 0 - 521 - 11294 - X Silk , Joseph ( 2000 ) , The Big Bang ( 3rd ed . ) , Macmillan , ISBN 0 - 8050 - 7256 - X Sparke , Linda S. ; Gallagher , John S. ( 2007 ) , Galaxies in the Universe : An Introduction ( 2nd ed . ) , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 85593 - 8 Spitzer , Lyman , Jr. ( 1978 ) , Physical Processes in the Interstellar Medium , Wiley Classics Library , ISBN 0471293350 Stuart Wortley , Emmeline Charlotte E. ( 1841 ) , The maiden of Moscow , a poem , How and Parsons , Canto X , section XIV , lines 14 -- 15 , All Earth in madness moved , -- o'erthrown , / To outer space -- driven -- racked -- undone ! Thagard , Paul ( 1992 ) , Conceptual revolutions , Princeton University Press , ISBN 0 - 691 - 02490 - 1 Tassoul , Jean Louis ; Tassoul , Monique ( 2004 ) , A concise history of solar and stellar physics , Princeton University Press , ISBN 0 - 691 - 11711 - X Tyson , Neil deGrasse ; Goldsmith , Donald ( 2004 ) , Origins : fourteen billion years of cosmic evolution , W.W. Norton & Company , pp. 114 -- 115 , ISBN 0 - 393 - 05992 - 8 Von Humboldt , Alexander ( 1845 ) , Cosmos : a survey of the general physical history of the Universe , New York : Harper & Brothers Publishers Webb , Stephen ( 1999 ) , Measuring the universe : the cosmological distance ladder , Springer , ISBN 1 - 85233 - 106 - 2 Williamson , Mark ( 2006 ) , Spacecraft Technology : The Early Years , History and Management of Technology Series , 33 , IET , ISBN 0863415539 Wong , Wilson ; Fergusson , James Gordon ( 2010 ) , Military space power : a guide to the issues , Contemporary military , strategic , and security issues , ABC - CLIO , ISBN 0 - 313 - 35680 - 7 Wszolek , Bogdan ( 2013 ) , `` Is there Matter in Voids ? '' , in Arp , H.C. ; Keys , C.R. ; Rudnicki , K. , Progress in New Cosmologies : Beyond the Big Bang , Springer Science & Business Media , ISBN 1489912258 `` United States '' ( 2016 ) , United States Code 2006 Edition Supplement V , Washington D.C. : United States Government Printing Office , p. 536 < / ref > External links ( edit ) Find more aboutOuter spaceat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Data from Wikidata Newscientist Space space.com ... in space Topics Accidents Animals Archaeology Architecture Batteries Christmas Colonization Corrosion Debris Dogs Dust Food Humans The human body The human body ( exposed ) Hygiene Industry Law Medicine Monkeys and non-human apes Music Nuclear power Neuroscience Plants Religion Sex Sleep Telescopes Toilet Tourism War Weapons Weather Women Writing See also Near space Outer space Space - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the distance to space from earth | [
"Outer space does not begin at a definite altitude above the Earth's surface. However, the Kármán line, at an altitude of 100 km (62 mi) above sea level,[6][7] is conventionally used as the start of outer space in space treaties and for aerospace records keeping. The framework for international space law was established by the Outer Space Treaty, which entered into force on 10 October 1967. This treaty precludes any claims of national sovereignty and permits all states to freely explore outer space. Despite the drafting of UN resolutions for the peaceful uses of outer space, anti-satellite weapons have been tested in Earth orbit."
] | [
"100 km (62 mi) above sea level"
] |
2129195080564234790 | List of National Basketball Association career 3-point scoring leaders | List of National Basketball Association career 3 - point scoring leaders - wikipedia List of National Basketball Association career 3 - point scoring leaders This article provides two lists : A list of National Basketball Association players by total career regular season three - point field goals made . A progressive list of three - point leaders showing how the record has increased through the years . Contents 1 Three - point field goals made leaders 2 Progressive list of 3 - point scoring leaders 3 Notes 4 External links Three - point field goals made leaders ( edit ) This is a list of National Basketball Association players by total career regular - season three - point field goals made . Statistics accurate as of the conclusion of the 2017 -- 18 NBA season on April 11 , 2018 . Active NBA player * Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame † Not yet eligible for Hall of Fame consideration § 1st time nominee for Hall of Fame in 2018 Rank Name Position ( s ) Team ( s ) played for ( years ) Total 3 - point field goals made Total 3 - point field goals attempted 3 - point field goal percentage Ray Allen * SG Milwaukee Bucks ( 1996 -- 2003 ) Seattle SuperSonics ( 2003 -- 2007 ) Boston Celtics ( 2007 -- 2012 ) Miami Heat ( 2012 -- 2014 ) 2,973 7,429 . 400 Reggie Miller * SG Indiana Pacers ( 1987 -- 2005 ) 2,560 6,486 . 395 Jason Terry ^ SG / PG Atlanta Hawks ( 1999 -- 2004 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 2004 -- 2012 ) Boston Celtics ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Brooklyn Nets ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Houston Rockets ( 2014 -- 2016 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 2016 - 2018 ) 2,282 6,010 . 380 Kyle Korver ^ SG / SF Philadelphia 76ers ( 2003 -- 2007 ) Utah Jazz ( 2007 -- 2010 ) Chicago Bulls ( 2010 -- 2012 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 2012 -- 2017 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2017 -- present ) 2,213 5,130 . 431 Jamal Crawford ^ SG / PG Chicago Bulls ( 2000 -- 2004 ) New York Knicks ( 2004 -- 2008 ) Golden State Warriors ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 2009 -- 2011 ) Portland Trail Blazers ( 2011 -- 2012 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 2012 -- 2017 ) Minnesota Timberwolves ( 2017 -- 2018 ) 2,153 6,175 . 349 6 Paul Pierce SF Boston Celtics ( 1999 -- 2013 ) Brooklyn Nets ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Washington Wizards ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 2015 -- 2017 ) 2,143 5,816 . 368 7 Stephen Curry ^ PG Golden State Warriors ( 2009 -- present ) 2,129 4,880 . 436 8 Vince Carter ^ SG / SF Toronto Raptors ( 1999 -- 2004 ) New Jersey Nets ( 2004 -- 2009 ) Orlando Magic ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Phoenix Suns ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 2011 -- 2014 ) Memphis Grizzlies ( 2014 -- 2017 ) Sacramento Kings ( 2017 -- 2018 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 2018 -- present ) 2,106 5,650 . 373 9 Jason Kidd * PG Dallas Mavericks ( 1994 -- 1996 , 2008 -- 2012 ) Phoenix Suns ( 1996 -- 2001 ) New Jersey Nets ( 2001 -- 2008 ) New York Knicks ( 2012 -- 2013 ) 1,988 5,701 . 349 10 Joe Johnson ^ SG / SF Boston Celtics ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Phoenix Suns ( 2002 -- 2005 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 2005 -- 2012 ) Brooklyn Nets ( 2012 -- 2016 ) Miami Heat ( 2016 ) Utah Jazz ( 2016 -- 2018 ) Houston Rockets ( 2018 -- present ) 1,978 5,331 . 371 11 Dirk Nowitzki ^ PF Dallas Mavericks ( 1999 -- present ) 1,918 5,005 . 383 12 J.R. Smith ^ SG New Orleans ( / Oklahoma City ) Hornets ( 2004 -- 2006 ) Denver Nuggets ( 2006 -- 2011 ) New York Knicks ( 2011 -- 2015 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2015 -- present ) 1,917 5,128 . 374 13 Chauncey Billups PG / SG Boston Celtics ( 1997 -- 1998 ) Toronto Raptors ( 1998 ) Denver Nuggets ( 19 99 , 2008 -- 2011 ) Minnesota Timberwolves ( 2000 -- 2002 ) Detroit Pistons ( 2002 -- 2008 , 2013 -- 2014 ) New York Knicks ( 2011 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 2011 -- 2013 ) 1,830 4,725 . 387 14 Kobe Bryant SG Los Angeles Lakers ( 1996 -- 2016 ) 1,827 5,546 . 330 15 Rashard Lewis SF / PF Seattle SuperSonics ( 1999 -- 2007 ) Orlando Magic ( 2007 -- 2010 ) Washington Wizards ( 2010 -- 2012 ) Miami Heat ( 2012 -- 2014 ) 1,787 4,625 . 386 16 Peja Stojaković SF Sacramento Kings ( 1999 -- 2006 ) Indiana Pacers ( 2006 ) New Orleans ( / Oklahoma City ) Hornets ( 2006 -- 2010 ) Toronto Raptors ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 2011 ) 1,760 4,392 . 401 17 Dale Ellis SF / SG Dallas Mavericks ( 1983 -- 1986 ) Seattle SuperSonics ( 1986 -- 1991 , 1997 -- 1999 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 1991 -- 1992 , 1999 -- 2000 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 1992 -- 1994 ) Denver Nuggets ( 1994 -- 1997 ) Charlotte Hornets ( 2000 ) 1,719 4,266 . 403 18 Steve Nash * PG Phoenix Suns ( 1996 -- 1998 , 2004 -- 2012 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 1999 -- 2004 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2012 -- 2014 ) 1,685 3,939 . 428 19 James Harden ^ SG Oklahoma City Thunder ( 2009 -- 2012 ) Houston Rockets ( 2012 -- present ) 1,647 4,523 . 364 20 LeBron James ^ SF Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2003 -- 2010 , 2014 -- 2018 ) Miami Heat ( 2010 -- 2014 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2018 -- present ) 1,616 4,701 . 344 21 Jason Richardson SG Golden State Warriors ( 2001 -- 2007 ) Charlotte Bobcats ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Phoenix Suns ( 2008 -- 2010 ) Orlando Magic ( 2010 -- 2012 ) Philadelphia 76ers ( 2012 -- 2015 ) 1,608 4,344 . 370 22 Mike Miller SF / SG Orlando Magic ( 2000 -- 2003 ) Memphis Grizzlies ( 2003 -- 2008 , 2013 -- 2014 ) Minnesota Timberwolves ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Washington Wizards ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Miami Heat ( 2010 -- 2013 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Denver Nuggets ( 2015 -- 2017 ) 1,590 3,910 . 407 23 Glen Rice SF Miami Heat ( 1989 -- 1995 ) Charlotte Hornets ( 1995 -- 1998 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 1999 -- 2000 ) New York Knicks ( 2000 -- 2001 ) Houston Rockets ( 2001 -- 2003 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 2003 -- 2004 ) 1,559 3,896 . 400 24 Klay Thompson ^ SG Golden State Warriors ( 2011 -- present ) 1,557 3,691 . 422 25 Eddie Jones SG Los Angeles Lakers ( 1994 -- 1999 ) Charlotte Hornets ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Miami Heat ( 2000 -- 2005 , 2007 ) Memphis Grizzlies ( 2005 -- 2007 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 2007 -- 2008 ) 1,546 4,147 . 373 26 Tim Hardaway PG Golden State Warriors ( 1989 -- 1993 , 1994 -- 1996 ) Miami Heat ( 1996 -- 2001 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Denver Nuggets ( 2002 ) Indiana Pacers ( 2003 ) 1,542 4,345 . 355 27 Nick Van Exel PG Los Angeles Lakers ( 1993 -- 1998 ) Denver Nuggets ( 1999 -- 2002 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 2002 -- 2003 ) Golden State Warriors ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Portland Trail Blazers ( 2004 -- 2005 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 2005 -- 2006 ) 1,528 4,278 . 357 28 Mike Bibby PG Vancouver Grizzlies ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Sacramento Kings ( 2001 -- 2008 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 2008 -- 2011 ) Washington Wizards ( 2011 ) Miami Heat ( 2011 ) New York Knicks ( 2011 -- 2012 ) 1,517 3,999 . 379 29 Manu Ginóbili ^ SG San Antonio Spurs ( 2002 -- present ) 1,495 4,055 . 369 30 J.J. Redick ^ SG Orlando Magic ( 2006 -- 2013 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 2013 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 2013 -- 2017 ) Philadelphia 76ers ( 2017 -- present ) 1,464 3,524 . 415 31 Michael Finley SF Phoenix Suns ( 1995 -- 1996 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 1996 -- 2005 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 2005 -- 2010 ) Boston Celtics ( 2010 ) 1,454 3,880 . 375 32 Kevin Durant ^ SF / SG Seattle SuperSonics / Oklahoma City Thunder ( 2007 -- 2016 ) Golden State Warriors ( 2016 -- present ) 1,433 3,734 . 384 33 Wesley Matthews ^ SG Utah Jazz ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Portland Trail Blazers ( 2010 -- 2015 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 2015 -- present ) 1,405 3,667 . 383 34 Brent Barry SG Los Angeles Clippers ( 1995 -- 1998 ) Miami Heat ( 1998 ) Chicago Bulls ( 1999 ) Seattle SuperSonics ( 1999 -- 2004 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 2004 -- 2008 ) Houston Rockets ( 2008 -- 2009 ) 1,395 3,442 . 405 35 Antoine Walker PF Boston Celtics ( 1996 -- 2003 , 2005 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 2004 -- 2005 ) Miami Heat ( 2005 -- 2007 ) Minnesota Timberwolves ( 2007 -- 2008 ) 1,386 4,264 . 325 36 Kyle Lowry ^ PG Memphis Grizzlies ( 2006 -- 2009 ) Houston Rockets ( 2009 -- 2012 ) Toronto Raptors ( 2012 -- present ) 1,375 3,717 . 370 37 Dan Majerle SG / SF Phoenix Suns ( 1988 -- 1995 , 2001 -- 2002 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( 1995 -- 1996 ) Miami Heat ( 1996 -- 2001 ) 1,360 3,798 . 358 38 Carmelo Anthony ^ SF Denver Nuggets ( 2003 -- 2011 ) New York Knicks ( 2011 -- 2017 ) Oklahoma City Thunder ( 2017 -- 2018 ) 1,341 3,861 . 347 39 Baron Davis PG Charlotte Hornets ( 1999 -- 2002 ) New Orleans Hornets ( 2002 -- 2005 ) Golden State Warriors ( 2005 -- 2008 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 2008 -- 2011 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2011 ) New York Knicks ( 2012 ) 1,332 4,159 . 320 40 Mitch Richmond * SG Golden State Warriors ( 1988 -- 1991 ) Sacramento Kings ( 1991 -- 1998 ) Washington Wizards ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2001 -- 2002 ) 1,326 3,419 . 388 41 Ryan Anderson ^ PF New Jersey Nets ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Orlando Magic ( 2009 -- 2012 ) New Orleans Hornets / Pelicans ( 2012 -- 2016 ) Houston Rockets ( 2016 -- present ) 1,315 3,446 . 382 42 Trevor Ariza ^ SF New York Knicks ( 2004 -- 2006 ) Orlando Magic ( 2006 -- 2007 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2007 -- 2009 ) Houston Rockets ( 2009 -- 2010 , 2014 -- 2018 ) New Orleans Hornets ( 2010 -- 2012 ) Washington Wizards ( 2012 -- 2014 ) Phoenix Suns ( 2018 -- present ) 1,313 3,721 . 353 43 Allan Houston SG Detroit Pistons ( 1993 -- 1996 ) New York Knicks ( 1996 -- 2005 ) 1,305 3,247 . 402 44 Mike Dunleavy Jr . SF / SG Golden State Warriors ( 2002 -- 2007 ) Indiana Pacers ( 2007 -- 2011 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 2011 -- 2013 ) Chicago Bulls ( 2013 -- 2016 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 2017 ) 1,304 3,460 . 377 45 Terry Porter PG Portland Trail Blazers ( 1985 -- 1995 ) Minnesota Timberwolves ( 1995 -- 1998 ) Miami Heat ( 1999 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 1999 -- 2002 ) 1,297 3,360 . 386 46 Mookie Blaylock PG New Jersey Nets ( 1989 -- 1992 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 1992 -- 1999 ) Golden State Warriors ( 1999 -- 2002 ) 1,283 3,816 . 336 47 Damian Lillard ^ PG Portland Trail Blazers ( 2012 -- present ) 1,269 3,447 . 368 48 Vernon Maxwell SG San Antonio Spurs ( 1988 -- 1990 , 1996 -- 1997 ) Houston Rockets ( 1990 -- 1995 ) Philadelphia 76ers ( 1995 -- 1996 , 2000 ) Orlando Magic ( 1998 ) Charlotte Hornets ( 1998 ) Sacramento Kings ( 1999 ) Seattle SuperSonics ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 2001 ) 1,256 3,931 . 320 49 Clifford Robinson PF / SF Portland Trail Blazers ( 1989 -- 1997 ) Phoenix Suns ( 1997 -- 2001 ) Detroit Pistons ( 2001 -- 2003 ) Golden State Warriors ( 2003 -- 2005 ) New Jersey Nets ( 2005 -- 2007 ) 1,253 3,515 . 356 50 Stephen Jackson SG / SF New Jersey Nets ( 2000 -- 2001 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 2001 -- 2003 , 2012 -- 2013 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Indiana Pacers ( 2004 -- 2007 ) Golden State Warriors ( 2007 -- 2009 ) Charlotte Bobcats ( 2009 -- 2011 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 2011 -- 2012 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 2013 -- 2014 ) 1,252 3,763 . 333 Progressive list of 3 - point scoring leaders ( edit ) This is a progressive list of 3 - point scoring leaders showing how the record has increased through the years . Statistics accurate as of the conclusion of the 2017 -- 18 NBA season on April 11 , 2018 . Active NBA player * Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame † Not yet eligible for Hall of Fame consideration § 1st time nominee for Hall of Fame in 2018 Team abbreviations Team ( s ) listed is the one player was on when he established the record . BOS Boston Celtics HOU Houston Rockets ORL Orlando Magic SEA Seattle SuperSonics CHA Charlotte Bobcats IND Indiana Pacers PHI Philadelphia 76ers TOR Toronto Raptors CHI Chicago Bulls LAL Los Angeles Lakers PHO Phoenix Suns UTA Utah Jazz CLE Cleveland Cavaliers MIA Miami Heat SAC Sacramento Kings WAS Washington Wizards DEN Denver Nuggets MIL Milwaukee Bucks SAS San Antonio Spurs WSB Washington Bullets GSW Golden State Warriors NYK New York Knicks SDC San Diego Clippers Progressive 3 - point leaders Season Year - by - year leader 3P Active player leader 3P Career record 3P Single - season record 3P Season 1979 -- 80 Brian Taylor 000SDC 90 Brian Taylor 000SDC 90 Brian Taylor 000SDC 90 Brian Taylor 000SDC 90 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 Mike Bratz 000CLE 57 134 134 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 Don Buse 000IND 73 Joe Hassett 000GSW 193 Joe Hassett 000GSW 193 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 Mike Dunleavy 000 SAS 67 194 194 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 Darrell Griffith 000UTA 91 Darrell Griffith 000UTA 154 Darrell Griffith 000UTA 91 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 92 246 Darrell Griffith 000UTA 246 92 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 Larry Bird * 000BOS 82 Larry Bird * 000BOS 267 Larry Bird * 000BOS 267 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 90 357 357 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 Danny Ainge 000BOS 148 455 455 Danny Ainge 000BOS 148 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 Michael Adams 000DEN 166 Dale Ellis 000SEA 472 Dale Ellis 000SEA 472 Michael Adams 000DEN 166 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 158 568 568 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 Vernon Maxwell 000HOU 172 Michael Adams 000DEN 1990 -- 91 000WSB 1991 -- 92 658 Michael Adams 000DEN 1990 -- 91 000WSB 1991 -- 92 658 Vernon Maxwell 000HOU 172 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 162 783 783 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 Reggie Miller * 000IND Dan Majerle 000PHO 167 Dale Ellis 000 SAS 1992 -- 94 000 DEN 1994 -- 97 882 Dale Ellis 000 SAS 1992 -- 94 000 DEN 1994 -- 97 882 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 Dan Majerle 000PHO 192 1,013 1,013 Dan Majerle 000PHO 192 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 John Starks 000NYK 217 1,119 1,119 John Starks 000NYK 217 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 Dennis Scott 000ORL 267 1,269 1,269 Dennis Scott 000ORL 267 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 Reggie Miller * 000IND 229 1,461 1,461 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 Wesley Person 000CLE 192 Reggie Miller * 000IND 1,596 Reggie Miller * 000IND 1,596 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 Dee Brown 000TOR 135 1,702 1,702 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 00 Gary Payton * 000SEA 177 1,867 1,867 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 Antoine Walker 000BOS 221 2,037 2,037 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 Ray Allen * 000MIL 229 2,217 2,217 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 201 2,330 2,330 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 Peja Stojaković 000SAC 240 2,464 2,464 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 Quentin Richardson 0PHO Kyle Korver ^ 00PHI 226 2,560 2,560 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 Ray Allen * 000SEA 269 Ray Allen * 000SEA 2005 -- 07 000BOS 2007 -- 12 000MIA 2012 -- 14 1,755 Ray Allen * 000SEA 269 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 Gilbert Arenas 00WAS Raja Bell 00PHO 205 1,920 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 Jason Richardson 000CHA 243 2,100 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 Rashard Lewis 000ORL 220 2,299 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 Aaron Brooks ^ 000HOU 209 2,444 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 Dorell Wright 000GSW 194 2,612 Ray Allen * 000BOS 2010 -- 12 000MIA 2012 -- 14 2,612 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 Ryan Anderson ^ 000ORL 166 2,718 2,718 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 Stephen Curry ^ 000GSW 272 2,857 2,857 Stephen Curry ^ 000GSW 272 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 261 2,973 2,973 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 286 Jason Terry ^ 000HOU 2014 -- 16 000MIL 2016 -- 18 2,076 286 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 402 2,169 402 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 324 2,242 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 James Harden ^ 000HOU 265 2,282 2017 -- 18 Season Year - by - year leader 3P Active player leader 3P Career record 3P Single - season record 3P Season Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The National Basketball Association did not record 3 - point field goals until the 1979 -- 80 season Jump up ^ `` NBA Progressive Leaders and Records for 3 - Pt Field Goals '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Sports - Reference . Retrieved 24 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : A player is not eligible for induction into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame until he has been fully retired for three calendar years . ^ Jump up to : `` Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Announces Eligible Candidates for the Class of 2018 '' . Retrieved 29 December 2017 . Jump up ^ American Basketball Association ( ABA ) teams other than those admitted into the NBA in 1976 are not included ; each year is linked to an article about that particular NBA season . External links ( edit ) Basketball-Reference.com enumeration of NBA career leaders in 3 - point field goals made National Basketball Association statistical leaders Players Career Regular season Points Franchise Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Seasons Games Minutes Playoffs Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Games Minutes Annual Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Minutes Field goal percentage Three - point field goals Three - point field goal percentage Free throw percentage Season Points Rookie Rebounds Rookie Game Points Playoffs Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Misc Tallest players Shortest players Oldest and youngest players Highest - paid players Teams Winningest teams All - time win - loss records Winning streaks Losing streaks Misc Highest - scoring games Records Regular season Playoffs All - Star Game Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_National_Basketball_Association_career_3-point_scoring_leaders&oldid=854497664 '' Categories : National Basketball Association lists National Basketball Association statistical leaders Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 19 : 59 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | nba 3 point percentage leaders of all time | [
"\n\n\n\nRank\n\nName\n\nPosition(s)\n\nTeam(s) played for (years)[5]\n\nTotal 3-point field goals made\n\nTotal 3-point field goals attempted\n\n3-point field goalpercentage\n\n\n1\n\nRay Allen*\n\nSG\n\nMilwaukee Bucks (1996–2003) Seattle SuperSonics (2003–2007)Boston Celtics (2007–2012)Miami Heat (2012–2014)\n\n2,973\n\n7,429\n\n.400\n\n\n2\n\nReggie Miller*\n\nSG\n\nIndiana Pacers (1987–2005)\n\n2,560\n\n6,486\n\n.395\n\n\n3\n\nJason Terry^\n\nSG/PG\n\nAtlanta Hawks (1999–2004)Dallas Mavericks (2004–2012)Boston Celtics (2012–2013)Brooklyn Nets (2013–2014)Houston Rockets (2014–2016)Milwaukee Bucks (2016-2018)\n\n2,282\n\n6,010\n\n.380\n\n\n4\n\nKyle Korver^\n\nSG/SF\n\nPhiladelphia 76ers (2003–2007)Utah Jazz (2007–2010)Chicago Bulls (2010–2012)Atlanta Hawks (2012–2017)Cleveland Cavaliers (2017–present)\n\n2,213\n\n5,130\n\n.431\n\n\n5\n\nJamal Crawford^\n\nSG/PG\n\nChicago Bulls (2000–2004)New York Knicks (2004–2008)Golden State Warriors (2008–2009)Atlanta Hawks (2009–2011)Portland Trail Blazers (2011–2012)Los Angeles Clippers (2012–2017)Minnesota Timberwolves (2017–2018)\n\n2,153\n\n6,175\n\n.349\n\n\n6\n\nPaul Pierce†\n\nSF\n\nBoston Celtics (1999–2013)Brooklyn Nets (2013–2014)Washington Wizards (2014–2015)Los Angeles Clippers (2015–2017)\n\n2,143\n\n5,816\n\n.368\n\n\n7\n\nStephen Curry^\n\nPG\n\nGolden State Warriors (2009–present)\n\n2,129\n\n4,880\n\n.436\n\n\n8\n\nVince Carter^\n\nSG/SF\n\nToronto Raptors (1999–2004)New Jersey Nets (2004–2009)Orlando Magic (2009–2010)Phoenix Suns (2010–2011)Dallas Mavericks (2011–2014)Memphis Grizzlies (2014–2017)Sacramento Kings (2017–2018)Atlanta Hawks (2018–present)\n\n2,106\n\n5,650\n\n.373\n\n\n9\n\nJason Kidd*\n\nPG\n\nDallas Mavericks (1994–1996, 2008–2012)Phoenix Suns (1996–2001)New Jersey Nets (2001–2008)New York Knicks (2012–2013)\n\n1,988\n\n5,701\n\n.349\n\n\n10\n\nJoe Johnson^\n\nSG/SF\n\nBoston Celtics (2001–2002)Phoenix Suns (2002–2005)Atlanta Hawks (2005–2012)Brooklyn Nets (2012–2016)Miami Heat (2016)Utah Jazz (2016–2018)Houston Rockets (2018–present)\n\n1,978\n\n5,331\n\n.371\n\n\n11\n\nDirk Nowitzki^\n\nPF\n\nDallas Mavericks (1999–present)\n\n1,918\n\n5,005\n\n.383\n\n\n12\n\nJ. R. Smith^\n\nSG\n\nNew Orleans(/Oklahoma City) Hornets (2004–2006)Denver Nuggets (2006–2011)New York Knicks (2011–2015)Cleveland Cavaliers (2015–present)\n\n1,917\n\n5,128\n\n.374\n\n\n13\n\nChauncey Billups\n\nPG/SG\n\nBoston Celtics (1997–1998)Toronto Raptors (1998)Denver Nuggets (1999, 2008–2011)Minnesota Timberwolves (2000–2002)Detroit Pistons (2002–2008, 2013–2014)New York Knicks (2011)Los Angeles Clippers (2011–2013)\n\n1,830\n\n4,725\n\n.387\n\n\n14\n\nKobe Bryant†\n\nSG\n\nLos Angeles Lakers (1996–2016)\n\n1,827\n\n5,546\n\n.330\n\n\n15\n\nRashard Lewis\n\nSF/PF\n\nSeattle SuperSonics (1999–2007)Orlando Magic (2007–2010)Washington Wizards (2010–2012)Miami Heat (2012–2014)\n\n1,787\n\n4,625\n\n.386\n\n\n16\n\nPeja Stojaković\n\nSF\n\nSacramento Kings (1999–2006) Indiana Pacers (2006) New Orleans(/Oklahoma City) Hornets (2006–2010) Toronto Raptors (2010–2011) Dallas Mavericks (2011)\n\n1,760\n\n4,392\n\n.401\n\n\n17\n\nDale Ellis\n\nSF/SG\n\nDallas Mavericks (1983–1986)Seattle SuperSonics (1986–1991, 1997–1999)Milwaukee Bucks (1991–1992, 1999–2000)San Antonio Spurs (1992–1994)Denver Nuggets (1994–1997)Charlotte Hornets (2000)\n\n1,719\n\n4,266\n\n.403\n\n\n18\n\nSteve Nash*\n\nPG\n\nPhoenix Suns (1996–1998, 2004–2012)Dallas Mavericks (1999–2004)Los Angeles Lakers (2012–2014)\n\n1,685\n\n3,939\n\n.428\n\n\n19\n\nJames Harden^\n\nSG\n\nOklahoma City Thunder (2009–2012)Houston Rockets (2012–present)\n\n1,647\n\n4,523\n\n.364\n\n\n20\n\nLeBron James^\n\nSF\n\nCleveland Cavaliers (2003–2010, 2014–2018)Miami Heat (2010–2014)Los Angeles Lakers (2018–present)\n\n1,616\n\n4,701\n\n.344\n\n\n21\n\nJason Richardson†\n\nSG\n\nGolden State Warriors (2001–2007)Charlotte Bobcats (2007–2008)Phoenix Suns (2008–2010)Orlando Magic (2010–2012)Philadelphia 76ers (2012–2015)\n\n1,608\n\n4,344\n\n.370\n\n\n22\n\nMike Miller\n\nSF/SG\n\nOrlando Magic (2000–2003)Memphis Grizzlies (2003–2008, 2013–2014)Minnesota Timberwolves (2008–2009)Washington Wizards (2009–2010)Miami Heat (2010–2013)Cleveland Cavaliers (2014–2015)Denver Nuggets (2015–2017)\n\n1,590\n\n3,910\n\n.407\n\n\n23\n\nGlen Rice\n\nSF\n\nMiami Heat (1989–1995)Charlotte Hornets (1995–1998)Los Angeles Lakers (1999–2000)New York Knicks (2000–2001)Houston Rockets (2001–2003)Los Angeles Clippers (2003–2004)\n\n1,559\n\n3,896\n\n.400\n\n\n24\n\nKlay Thompson^\n\nSG\n\nGolden State Warriors (2011–present)\n\n1,557\n\n3,691\n\n.422\n\n\n25\n\nEddie Jones\n\nSG\n\nLos Angeles Lakers (1994–1999)Charlotte Hornets (1999–2000)Miami Heat (2000–2005, 2007)Memphis Grizzlies (2005–2007)Dallas Mavericks (2007–2008)\n\n1,546\n\n4,147\n\n.373\n\n\n26\n\nTim Hardaway\n\nPG\n\nGolden State Warriors (1989–1993, 1994–1996)Miami Heat (1996–2001)Dallas Mavericks (2001–2002)Denver Nuggets (2002)Indiana Pacers (2003)\n\n1,542\n\n4,345\n\n.355\n\n\n27\n\nNick Van Exel\n\nPG\n\nLos Angeles Lakers (1993–1998)Denver Nuggets (1999–2002)Dallas Mavericks (2002–2003)Golden State Warriors (2003–2004)Portland Trail Blazers (2004–2005)San Antonio Spurs (2005–2006)\n\n1,528\n\n4,278\n\n.357\n\n\n28\n\nMike Bibby\n\nPG\n\nVancouver Grizzlies (1999–2001)Sacramento Kings (2001–2008)Atlanta Hawks (2008–2011)Washington Wizards (2011)Miami Heat (2011)New York Knicks (2011–2012)\n\n1,517\n\n3,999\n\n.379\n\n\n29\n\nManu Ginóbili^\n\nSG\n\nSan Antonio Spurs (2002–present)\n\n1,495\n\n4,055\n\n.369\n\n\n30\n\nJ. J. Redick^\n\nSG\n\nOrlando Magic (2006–2013)Milwaukee Bucks (2013) Los Angeles Clippers (2013–2017) Philadelphia 76ers (2017–present)\n\n1,464\n\n3,524\n\n.415\n\n\n31\n\nMichael Finley\n\nSF\n\nPhoenix Suns (1995–1996)Dallas Mavericks (1996–2005)San Antonio Spurs (2005–2010)Boston Celtics (2010)\n\n1,454\n\n3,880\n\n.375\n\n\n32\n\nKevin Durant^\n\nSF/SG\n\nSeattle SuperSonics/Oklahoma City Thunder (2007–2016)Golden State Warriors (2016–present)\n\n1,433\n\n3,734\n\n.384\n\n\n33\n\nWesley Matthews^\n\nSG\n\nUtah Jazz (2009–2010)Portland Trail Blazers (2010–2015)Dallas Mavericks (2015–present)\n\n1,405\n\n3,667\n\n.383\n\n\n34\n\nBrent Barry\n\nSG\n\nLos Angeles Clippers (1995–1998)Miami Heat (1998)Chicago Bulls (1999)Seattle SuperSonics (1999–2004)San Antonio Spurs (2004–2008)Houston Rockets (2008–2009)\n\n1,395\n\n3,442\n\n.405\n\n\n35\n\nAntoine Walker\n\nPF\n\nBoston Celtics (1996–2003, 2005)Dallas Mavericks (2003–2004)Atlanta Hawks (2004–2005)Miami Heat (2005–2007)Minnesota Timberwolves (2007–2008)\n\n1,386\n\n4,264\n\n.325\n\n\n36\n\nKyle Lowry^\n\nPG\n\nMemphis Grizzlies (2006–2009)Houston Rockets (2009–2012)Toronto Raptors (2012–present)\n\n1,375\n\n3,717\n\n.370\n\n\n37\n\nDan Majerle\n\nSG/SF\n\nPhoenix Suns (1988–1995, 2001–2002)Cleveland Cavaliers (1995–1996)Miami Heat (1996–2001)\n\n1,360\n\n3,798\n\n.358\n\n\n38\n\nCarmelo Anthony^\n\nSF\n\nDenver Nuggets (2003–2011)New York Knicks (2011–2017)Oklahoma City Thunder (2017–2018)\n\n1,341\n\n3,861\n\n.347\n\n\n39\n\nBaron Davis\n\nPG\n\nCharlotte Hornets (1999–2002)New Orleans Hornets (2002–2005)Golden State Warriors (2005–2008)Los Angeles Clippers (2008–2011)Cleveland Cavaliers (2011)New York Knicks (2012)\n\n1,332\n\n4,159\n\n.320\n\n\n40\n\nMitch Richmond*\n\nSG\n\nGolden State Warriors (1988–1991)Sacramento Kings (1991–1998)Washington Wizards (1999–2001)Los Angeles Lakers (2001–2002)\n\n1,326\n\n3,419\n\n.388\n\n\n41\n\nRyan Anderson^\n\nPF\n\nNew Jersey Nets (2008–2009)Orlando Magic (2009–2012)New Orleans Hornets/Pelicans (2012–2016)Houston Rockets (2016–present)\n\n1,315\n\n3,446\n\n.382\n\n\n42\n\nTrevor Ariza^\n\nSF\n\nNew York Knicks (2004–2006)Orlando Magic (2006–2007)Los Angeles Lakers (2007–2009)Houston Rockets (2009–2010, 2014–2018)New Orleans Hornets (2010–2012)Washington Wizards (2012–2014)Phoenix Suns (2018–present)\n\n1,313\n\n3,721\n\n.353\n\n\n43\n\nAllan Houston\n\nSG\n\nDetroit Pistons (1993–1996)New York Knicks (1996–2005)\n\n1,305\n\n3,247\n\n.402\n\n\n44\n\nMike Dunleavy Jr.\n\nSF/SG\n\nGolden State Warriors (2002–2007)Indiana Pacers (2007–2011)Milwaukee Bucks (2011–2013)Chicago Bulls (2013–2016)Cleveland Cavaliers (2016–2017) Atlanta Hawks (2017)\n\n1,304\n\n3,460\n\n.377\n\n\n45\n\nTerry Porter\n\nPG\n\nPortland Trail Blazers (1985–1995)Minnesota Timberwolves (1995–1998)Miami Heat (1999)San Antonio Spurs (1999–2002)\n\n1,297\n\n3,360\n\n.386\n\n\n46\n\nMookie Blaylock\n\nPG\n\nNew Jersey Nets (1989–1992)Atlanta Hawks (1992–1999)Golden State Warriors (1999–2002)\n\n1,283\n\n3,816\n\n.336\n\n\n47\n\nDamian Lillard^\n\nPG\n\nPortland Trail Blazers (2012–present)\n\n1,269\n\n3,447\n\n.368\n\n\n48\n\nVernon Maxwell\n\nSG\n\nSan Antonio Spurs (1988–1990, 1996–1997)Houston Rockets (1990–1995)Philadelphia 76ers (1995–1996, 2000)Orlando Magic (1998)Charlotte Hornets (1998)Sacramento Kings (1999)Seattle SuperSonics (1999–2000)Dallas Mavericks (2001)\n\n1,256\n\n3,931\n\n.320\n\n\n49\n\nClifford Robinson\n\nPF/SF\n\nPortland Trail Blazers (1989–1997)Phoenix Suns (1997–2001)Detroit Pistons (2001–2003)Golden State Warriors (2003–2005)New Jersey Nets (2005–2007)\n\n1,253\n\n3,515\n\n.356\n\n\n50\n\nStephen Jackson\n\nSG/SF\n\nNew Jersey Nets (2000–2001)San Antonio Spurs (2001–2003, 2012–2013)Atlanta Hawks (2003–2004)Indiana Pacers (2004–2007)Golden State Warriors (2007–2009)Charlotte Bobcats (2009–2011)Milwaukee Bucks (2011–2012)Los Angeles Clippers (2013–2014)\n\n1,252\n\n3,763\n\n.333\n"
] | [
"Stephen Curry"
] |
-1538259527009457240 | Republic of Ireland national football team | Republic of Ireland national Football team - Wikipedia Republic of Ireland national Football team This article is about the men 's team . For the women 's team , see Republic of Ireland women 's national football team . Not to be confused with Northern Ireland national football team . Republic of Ireland Nickname ( s ) The Boys in Green ( Irish : Na buachaillí i glas ) The Green Army Association Football Association of Ireland ( FAI ) Confederation UEFA ( Europe ) Head coach Martin O'Neill Captain Séamus Coleman Most caps Robbie Keane ( 146 ) Top scorer Robbie Keane ( 68 ) Home stadium Aviva Stadium FIFA code IRL First colours Second colours FIFA ranking Current 31 ( 7 June 2018 ) Highest 6 ( August 1993 ) Lowest 70 ( June -- July 2014 ) Elo ranking Current 33 3 ( 11 July 2018 ) Highest 8 ( March -- April 1991 , April 2002 , August 2002 ) Lowest 63 ( May 1972 ) First international Ireland 1 -- 0 Bulgaria ( Stade Colombes , France ; 28 May 1924 ) Biggest win Republic of Ireland 8 -- 0 Malta ( Dublin , Ireland ; 16 November 1983 ) Biggest defeat Brazil 7 -- 0 Republic of Ireland ( Uberlândia , Brazil ; 27 May 1982 ) World Cup Appearances 3 ( first in 1990 ) Best result Quarter - finals , 1990 European Championship Appearances 3 ( first in 1988 ) Best result Round of 16 , 2016 The Republic of Ireland national football team ( Irish : Foireann peile náisiúnta Phoblacht na hÉireann ) represents Ireland in association football . It is governed by the Football Association of Ireland ( FAI ) and plays its home fixtures at the Aviva Stadium in Dublin . The team made their debut at the 1924 Summer Olympics , reaching the quarter - finals . Between 1924 and 1936 , the team competed as the Irish Free State and from then until 1950 , it was referred to by the FAI as Éire or Ireland . In 1953 , FIFA decreed that for competitive matches in tournaments that both Irish teams may enter , the FAI team would be officially called the Republic of Ireland while the IFA team was to be named Northern Ireland . Northern Ireland was allowed to use the title Ireland by FIFA in the Home International Competition until it was discontinued in 1984 . The Republic of Ireland was the first nation from outside the United Kingdom to defeat England at home at a fixture played at Goodison Park , Liverpool , in 1949 . The team also reached the quarter - final stage of the 1964 European Nations ' Cup , where they lost to the eventual winners Spain . Under the guidance of Jack Charlton , the team enjoyed its most successful era , reaching their highest FIFA world ranking ever at sixth in August 1993 , and qualifying for UEFA Euro 1988 in their first appearance at the UEFA European Championship , reaching the quarter - finals of the 1990 FIFA World Cup in their first ever appearance at the finals , as well as making the last 16 at the 1994 edition . Charlton 's successor Mick McCarthy lost out on the next two major tournaments but ultimately qualified for the 2002 World Cup , making it to the last 16 . Under Giovanni Trapattoni , the team narrowly lost out on qualification for the 2010 World Cup during a controversial play - off , but went on to qualify for Euro 2012 . The team failed to qualify for the 2014 World Cup in Brazil , marking the end of Trapattoni 's tenure as manager . The Republic of Ireland also fell to a record low FIFA ranking of 59th , then a record low of 70th in June 2014 . For the next Euro qualifying campaign under manager Martin O'Neill , the Republic of Ireland finished third behind Germany and Poland , but went on to qualify for Euro 2016 after a 3 -- 1 aggregate win over Bosnia and Herzegovina in the play - offs . The Boys in Green reached the Round of 16 stage at that tournament and were knocked out by the hosts and eventual runners - up France after losing 2 -- 1 . Contents 1 History 1.1 Irish Free State ( 1924 -- 1936 ) 1.2 Ireland ( 1937 -- 1952 ) 1.3 Republic of Ireland ( 1953 -- 1968 ) 1.4 Wilderness ( 1969 -- 1985 ) 1.5 The Charlton years ( 1986 -- 1995 ) 1.6 Mick McCarthy era ( 1996 -- 2002 ) 1.7 Decline ( 2003 -- 2007 ) 1.8 The Trapattoni years ( 2008 -- 2013 ) 1.9 Recent history ( 2014 -- present ) 2 Team image 2.1 Kits 2.2 Kit sponsorship 2.2. 1 Kit evolution 2.3 Home stadium and other venues 2.4 Media coverage 2.5 Selection and nationality issues 3 Staff 4 Squad 4.1 Current squad 4.2 Recent call - ups 4.3 Previous squads 5 Competitive record 5.1 FIFA World Cup 5.2 UEFA European Championship 5.3 Other tournaments 5.4 Opponents 6 Honours 6.1 Major 6.2 Friendly titles 6.3 Other awards 7 Recent results and forthcoming fixtures 7.1 Schedule 8 Records 8.1 Most capped players 8.2 Top goalscorers 9 Managers 9.1 Manager records 10 Pictures 11 See also 12 References 13 External links History ( edit ) Irish Free State ( 1924 -- 1936 ) ( edit ) Between 1882 and 1924 , Ireland was represented by a single national football team organised by the Belfast - based Irish Football Association ( IFA ) . In 1920 , Ireland was partitioned into Northern Ireland and the Irish Free State ( the latter in turn becoming Éire or Ireland after adopting a new Constitution in 1937 , followed by declaring itself a republic in 1948 . ) Following the initial political upheavals surrounding Partition , a Dublin - based organisation calling itself the Football Association of the Irish Free State ( FAIFS ) split from the IFA in 1921 and began organising its own league and national football team . In 1923 , the FAIFS was recognised by FIFA as the governing body of the Irish Free State and at the 1924 Summer Olympics , the Irish Free State made their international debut . On 28 May , at the Stade Olympique , they beat Bulgaria 1 -- 0 , with Paddy Duncan scoring the team 's first ever goal . As a result , they qualified for the quarter - finals . On 14 June 1924 , the Irish Free State made their home debut against the United States , who had embarked on a brief European tour after competing in the same Summer Olympics . Ed Brookes scored a hat - trick in a 3 -- 1 home win at Dalymount Park . The Irish Free State did not play their next game until 21 March 1926 , an away game against Italy lost 3 -- 0 . In subsequent years , the status of the Olympic Games football competition was downgraded and as a result , this game is widely regarded as the Irish Free State 's first official game . On 25 February 1934 , the Irish Free State made their FIFA World Cup debut , drawing 4 -- 4 with Belgium at Dalymount Park in a 1934 FIFA World Cup qualifier . Paddy Moore scored all four of the Free State 's goals and became the first player ever to score four goals in a World Cup game . Ireland ( 1937 -- 1952 ) ( edit ) After 1936 , they reverted to the designation `` Football Association of Ireland '' and began to refer to their team as Éire or `` Ireland '' . During this entire period , there were two Irish international football teams , chosen by two rival Associations . Both Associations , the Northern Ireland - based IFA and the Irish Free State - based FAI claimed jurisdiction over the whole of Ireland and considered themselves entitled to select players from the entire island . At least 38 dual internationals were selected to represent both teams , however the overwhelming majority of these were Southerners who also agreed to play for the IFA team , with only a bare handful `` crossing the border '' in the other direction . A 2 -- 0 win over England at Goodison Park on 21 September 1949 was the first time England suffered a home defeat by a team outside the Home Countries of Scotland , Wales and the Ireland team run by the Belfast - based Irish FA . FIFA eventually intervened when both teams entered 1950 World Cup qualification , the first time they had entered the same competition . Four players -- Tom Aherne , Reg Ryan , Davy Walsh , Con Martin -- actually played for the two different teams in the same FIFA World Cup tournament . All four players concerned had been born in the Irish Free State and made their full international debut in FAI colours before agreeing to represent the IFA team . This may have alarmed the FAI , since they subsequently lobbied FIFA to prevent the IFA from picking Southern - born players ( as well as attempting to exert pressure on the players themselves , sometimes through their clubs ) . FIFA 's response was to restrict the eligibility of players on the basis of the ( political ) border , further ruling in 1953 that neither team could be referred to as Ireland in competitions which both teams were eligible to enter ; i.e. , initially the FIFA World Cup and subsequently the European Nations Cup ( now the UEFA European Football Championship ) . FIFA decreed that the FAI team officially be called the Republic of Ireland while the IFA team was to be named Northern Ireland . Republic of Ireland ( 1953 -- 1968 ) ( edit ) In 1953 , FIFA renamed the team from `` Ireland '' to `` Republic of Ireland '' . The 1958 World Cup qualifiers saw the Republic of Ireland drawn with England . In their home game against England , Alf Ringstead put the hosts 1 -- 0 up before John Atyeo equalised in the last minute to salvage a 1 -- 1 draw for England . Under the rules of the day , a win for the Republic of Ireland would have meant a play - off with England for a place in the World Cup . After reaching the quarter - finals of the 1964 European Nations ' Cup , the Republic of Ireland were drawn to face Spain and Syria in 1966 World Cup qualifying . Despite Syria 's withdrawal , this was still considered a qualifying group with the Irish winning 1 -- 0 at home and losing 4 -- 1 away . This meant a play - off at the Parc des Princes in Paris , which Spain won 1 -- 0 Eamon Dunphy made his Ireland debut in this game . The play - off was originally scheduled to take place at Wembley Stadium in London , home to a large Irish diaspora , but the FAI agreed with the Royal Spanish Football Federation to have the match moved to Paris , where a large Spanish diaspora lived . The FAI was criticised for this move to boost revenue from gate receipts . In 1965 , the Republic of Ireland team made history when selecting Manchester United full - back Shay Brennan for the senior national team . This was the first instance of a player born outside the Republic being selected to play for the national team due to having an Irish parent . Since then , many of the Republic 's most prominent players have been born in England , including Mark Lawrenson , David O'Leary , John Aldridge , Tony Cascarino and David Kelly . A number of Scottish - born players , including Ray Houghton , have since represented the Republic due to having Irish parentage . The selection rules were later relaxed to allow for the selection of players with an Irish grandparent . Wilderness ( 1969 -- 1985 ) ( edit ) In 1969 , the FAI appointed Mick Meagan as the first permanent manager of the national side . His two years in charge were marked by exceptionally poor results , however with the team losing five out of six matches and gaining just one point in their 1970 World Cup qualification , and doing no better in the UEFA Euro 1972 qualifiers , leading to his dismissal . His replacement , Liam Tuohy , did a somewhat better in the 1974 qualification , and more importantly oversaw major improvements to the national team 's training facilities and persuaded many English club sides to end their policies of not releasing Irish players for international games during the domestic season . Ultimately , however , the team still failed to qualify for the World Cup , and Tuohy resigned following a dispute over his wages . Johnny Giles became the side 's first player - manager in the 1970s . This was followed by the debut of a young Liam Brady and results improved markedly . The side missed out on the 1978 World Cup by two points , having defeated France at home during qualification . After a less than impressive performance at Euro 1980 qualifying , in which the team finished well behind group winners England and Northern Ireland , Giles resigned , saying that he had taken the national side as far as he could . Eoin Hand took over as manager for the 1982 World Cup qualifiers , and once more the Republic of Ireland narrowly missed out on qualification , this time on goal difference behind France , whom they had defeated at home once more . Disappointing qualifying campaigns for both Euro 1984 and the 1986 World Cup followed , ending Hand 's time in charge . The Charlton years ( 1986 -- 1995 ) ( edit ) In 1986 , the Republic of Ireland appointed Jack Charlton , a top rated English manager who had been part of England 's World Cup - winning side of 1966 . During the 1970s , he had developed Middlesbrough into a side which provided many players to the dominant Liverpool team of the time . Republic of Ireland playing Netherlands at the Citrus Bowl in Orlando , Florida , where they lost 2 -- 0 in the Round of 16 of the 1994 World Cup After taking charge of the Republic of Ireland , Charlton influenced changes in the national side which resulted in arguably the most successful period of its history , qualifying for two World Cups and a European Championship . Ireland 's first appearance at a major finals tournament came in Euro 1988 . With Ireland 's fixtures already complete , Qualification was secured through Gary Mackay 's 87th - minute goal in Sofia when Scotland beat Bulgaria 1 -- 0 . The Scottish win left Ireland top of the group . In the finals in West Germany , Ireland beat England 1 -- 0 in Stuttgart with a header from Ray Houghton ; drew 1 -- 1 with the Soviet Union in Hannover , with Ronnie Whelan the scorer ; and lost to eventual champions the Netherlands 1 -- 0 in Gelsenkirchen , coming within seven minutes of a draw that would have meant a semi-final place . The Republic of Ireland 's longest competitive winning streak was achieved in 1989 during the 1990 World Cup qualifying campaign . Five games against Spain , Northern Ireland , Hungary and Malta twice , were all wins for the Irish . Subsequently , the side made it to the 1990 World Cup in Italy . Three draws in the group stage against England , Egypt and the Netherlands was enough to make the knockout stage . Virtually the entire country watched as they beat Romania on penalties , with Packie Bonner making a vital save and David O'Leary scoring the decisive spot - kick . Ireland were then beaten 1 -- 0 by hosts Italy in the quarter - final at the Stadio Olimpico in Rome . During the tournament , the team had an audience with Pope John Paul II , the only team to do so . After missing out on Euro 1992 ( despite being unbeaten in qualifying ) , the Republic of Ireland qualified for the 1994 World Cup , held in the United States . In their first match , they beat the previous World Cup hosts and third - place finishers , Italy , 1 -- 0 in their opening game at Giants Stadium just outside New York City , but lost to Mexico 2 -- 1 at the Citrus Bowl in the heat and humidity of Orlando , Florida . They ended the group stage with a 0 -- 0 draw with Norway at Giants Stadium , in East Rutherford , New Jersey . With these results , they made it to the second round , eventually losing 2 -- 0 to the Netherlands in Orlando . In 1996 , Ireland finished second behind Portugal in Euro 1996 qualifying 's Group 6 , but narrowly missed out on Euro 1996 after losing 2 -- 0 in a play - off , played at Anfield between the two worst group runners - up , to the Netherlands ( the other worst runner - up ) , with Patrick Kluivert scoring both goals to send his team through . It was Jack Charlton 's final game as manager . Mick McCarthy era ( 1996 -- 2002 ) ( edit ) Charlton was replaced by Mick McCarthy but Ireland still missed out on the next two major tournaments . Ireland just managed to finish second to Romania in their 1998 World Cup qualification campaign after Tony Cascarino scored a late goal to win the away match with Lithuania . A play - off with Belgium followed , with the match at Lansdowne Road finishing in a 1 -- 1 draw , the match in Belgium finishing 2 -- 1 to the home team and substitute David Connolly being sent off in the latter , preventing Ireland from progressing to the 1998 World Cup . FIFA awarded the FIFA Fair Play Award for 1997 to the Irish supporters `` for their exemplary behaviour at Ireland team matches , especially the FIFA World Cup qualifying play - offs against Belgium '' . Ireland 's opponents in UEFA Euro 2000 qualifying Group 8 were Yugoslavia , Croatia , Malta and Macedonia . Macedonia scored a last - minute equaliser that denied Ireland top spot in the group ; instead , they faced Turkey in a play - off to decide which team would participate in Euro 2000 . The match in Dublin finished in a 1 -- 1 draw , although Turkey qualified through the away goals rule after a 0 -- 0 draw , at the end of which Tony Cascarino became involved in a fight and retired from international football . Ireland took on both Portugal and the Netherlands in 2002 World Cup qualifiers in UEFA 's Group 2 , ending the group in second place with 24 points from 10 matches ( seven victories and three draws ) . Despite this unbeaten run , Ireland were drawn in a play - off with Iran . The match in Dublin finished in a 2 -- 0 victory to Ireland with goals from Ian Harte ( penalty ) and Robbie Keane , while the match in Tehran , played in front of 100,000 spectators , finished in a 1 -- 0 win for Iran . McCarthy thus managed to lead Ireland to the 2002 World Cup final stages , though only for the team to lose inspirational captain Roy Keane due to the pair 's infamous public spat in Saipan. 1 -- 1 draws with Cameroon and Germany were followed by a 3 -- 0 victory over Saudi Arabia in Group E. The Irish once again progressed to the knockout stage , only losing narrowly 3 -- 2 on penalties to Spain in Suwon after Robbie Keane 's last minute equalising penalty kick forced the game into extra-time . Decline ( 2003 -- 2007 ) ( edit ) After a poor start to qualifying for Euro 2004 , McCarthy was replaced by Brian Kerr , but he too struggled to guide the side to the tournament or the subsequent 2006 World Cup in Germany , and was ultimately sacked in October 2005 . Kerr was replaced by Steve Staunton ( assisted by Bobby Robson in the position of `` international football consultant '' ) in January 2006 . Under Staunton , results varied widely but the team still failed to qualify for Euro 2008 and Staunton lost the position in October 2007 . His reign included a humiliating 5 -- 2 defeat to Cyprus during the qualifiers ' Group D , one of the worst defeats in the team 's history . The Trapattoni years ( 2008 -- 2013 ) ( edit ) Irish celebrating qualification for UEFA Euro 2012 Giovanni Trapattoni was appointed manager in February 2008 following a spell with assistant coach Don Givens in charge . Trapattoni went through all ten first round 2010 World Cup qualifying games unbeaten , winning four of the ten games . Ireland lost out on a place in the finals , however , after a controversial , narrow loss to France in the play - offs . Ireland went down 0 -- 1 in the first leg , and lost 2 -- 1 on aggregate , with William Gallas scoring a controversial goal in extra time in the second leg after Thierry Henry had handled the ball before crossing for Gallas to score . This followed another controversy over FIFA 's last - minute decision to seed the play - off draw . In 2011 , Ireland hosted and won the inaugural Nations Cup with wins against Wales , Northern Ireland and Scotland without conceding a goal . In their Euro 2012 qualifying group , Ireland finished second , losing only the home fixture against Russia . They thus reached the play - offs and were drawn against Estonia , whom they beat 5 -- 1 on aggregate . Euro 2012 was Ireland 's first major tournament since 2002 , but in Group C they lost all three matches , against Croatia , Spain and Italy . UEFA , however , announced a special award for the fans of the Irish team , who notably sang in the last few minutes against Spain , despite trailing 4 -- 0 . Irish team in September 2013 Ireland were drawn in Group C of UEFA 's 2014 World Cup qualification alongside Germany , Sweden , Austria , the Faroe Islands and Kazakhstan . On 12 October , Ireland suffered their largest ever competitive home defeat , 6 -- 1 against Germany , at the Aviva Stadium . Ireland then lost against Sweden and Austria in early September 2013 , effectively ending the qualification campaign , and Giovanni Trapattoni resigned as team manager the following day . Noel King was appointed interim senior manager on 23 September 2013 following his resignation . On 5 November 2013 , the FAI announced that Martin O'Neill would be Trapattoni 's replacement as manager , with former team captain Roy Keane as his assistant . They assumed their roles when the team met on 11 November where they won against Latvia 3 -- 0 and drew against Poland 0 -- 0 . Recent history ( 2014 -- present ) ( edit ) For the Euro 2016 qualification phase , the Republic of Ireland were drawn in Group D against Georgia , Germany , Gibraltar , Poland and Scotland . The team played against Gibraltar for the first time , beating them 7 -- 0 , and scored an away draw against World Cup champions , Germany , a few days later in October 2014 . On 8 October 2015 , the Republic of Ireland beat world champions Germany 1 - 0 in a Euro 2016 qualifier at the Aviva Stadium . Shane Long scored the game 's only goal with an excellent finish in the 70th minute , rewarding the Republic of Ireland 's impressive defensive display . The result , hailed as one of the Republic of Ireland 's greatest , guaranteed the Republic of Ireland a play - off place at least , with hopes of automatic qualification still a reality going into the final group game against Poland in Warsaw . A win , or a draw of 2 -- 2 or more , would guarantee at least second place in the group and ensure automatic qualification for the finals in France . The Republic of Ireland , however , lost 2 -- 1 , thus entering them into the play - offs . The draw for the Euro 2016 Play - off was held in Nyon , Switzerland , on 18 October 2015 . Ireland were unseeded in the draw , meaning they could face one of Bosnia and Herzegovina , Ukraine , Sweden or Hungary . Ireland were drawn against Bosnia and Herzegovina , the top seeded team in the play - off . The only previous meeting between the teams resulted in a 1 -- 0 win for the Republic of Ireland in a friendly in 2012 , Shane Long scoring the game 's only goal . Owing to injuries and suspensions , Ireland had only the `` B '' squad available for the first leg of the play - off , played in Bilino Polje Stadium . A goal from Robbie Brady almost secured a victory for the Irish until Edin Džeko equalized 1 -- 1 to end off the match . In the second leg played at the Aviva Stadium , Jonathan Walters scored two goals leading to a 2 -- 0 victory for the Irish . In the end , Ireland won the play - off 3 -- 1 on aggregate , qualifying them for Euro 2016 . At the tournament 's final stages in France , Ireland were drawn into Group E against Italy , Belgium and Sweden . In their opener at the Stade de France in Saint - Denis , Paris , Wes Hoolahan scored the opener with a spectacular half - volley off a Séamus Coleman cross , but Sweden equalised after Ciaran Clark headed into his own net attempting to clear a cross from Zlatan Ibrahimović , leading to a 1 -- 1 draw . At the Nouveau Stade de Bordeaux against Belgium , the Belgians cruised to a 3 -- 0 victory after two goals from Romelu Lukaku and one from Axel Witsel , leaving Ireland needing to win their final match against Italy to qualify for the knockout stage . Against Italy at the Stade Pierre - Mauroy in Villeneuve - d'Ascq , Lille , Ireland played strongly but were five minutes plus stoppage time away from elimination when Robbie Brady headed in Hoolahan 's cross . The Republic held on to win 1 -- 0 , sending Ireland through as one of the four best third - place teams . On 26 June , Ireland played France in the round of 16 in Lyon . Ireland took the lead in the match with an early penalty from Robbie Brady , but France went on to win 2 -- 1 to advance to the quarter - finals . The 2018 World Cup qualification draw took place on 25 July 2015 when the team were drawn in Group D against Austria , Georgia , Moldova , Serbia and Wales . Ireland started qualifying well with a well - fought 2 - 2 draw away to Serbia preceding two impressive victories over Georgia and Moldova . On 12 November 2016 , Ireland beat Austria in Vienna to go top of the 2018 World Cup qualifying group . However , a run of three draws against Wales , Austria and Georgia followed by a devastating 1 - 0 loss at home to Serbia looked to have diminished any chances of the Republic of Ireland qualifying for the 2018 FIFA World Cup . The Republic of Ireland were soon back on form however after securing a 2 - 0 victory at home to Moldova thanks to a brace from Daryl Murphy . On 9 October 2017 , Ireland defeated Wales 1 -- 0 in Cardiff to qualify for the qualification play - offs after a James McClean goal fired Ireland to second place in the group . They went on to play Denmark in the play - offs . In the first leg of the play - offs on 11 November , Ireland drew 0 -- 0 against Denmark in Copenhagen . In the second leg on 14 November in Dublin , Ireland lost 5 -- 1 to Denmark after taking the lead in the game . Shane Duffy 's early header looked to have given the Republic of Ireland hope in qualifying for their first World Cup since 2002 , however , a Cyrus Christie own goal , a Christian Eriksen hat - trick and a late Nicklas Bendtner penalty shattered Irish dreams . Team image ( edit ) Kits ( edit ) Ireland players ( L-R ) Robbie Keane , Liam Lawrence , Keith Andrews and Greg Cunningham in a 2010 friendly against Algeria Traditionally , the team has played in a home strip of green shirt , white shorts and green socks . The second strip is usually the reverse of these colours , although there have been exceptions , such as an orange shirt in the late 1990s . Squad numbers are either white with an orange trim , on the home shirts , or green with an orange trim . The FAI logo appears at the bottom of the numbering . A limited edition grey shirt was used just once , in a match against Wales on 17 November 2007 . A black jersey with a green stripe across the chest was worn in the final game of the 2011 Nations Cup against Scotland and in a friendly against Italy in Liège , Belgium . The previous kit was supplied by Umbro since 1994 . In March 2009 , Umbro signed a deal with the FAI to keep them as kit suppliers to the team until 2020 . However New Balance have been kit suppliers since August 2017 . Kit sponsorship ( edit ) Kit supplier Period Notes Adidas 1980s - 1994 Umbro 1994 -- 2017 New Balance 2017 -- present Kit evolution ( edit ) Home Classic 1978 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 1988 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2012 2014 2016 Away 1990 1994 2002 2012 2013 2014 2016 2017 Home Stadium and other venues ( edit ) Ireland versus Argentina at the Aviva Stadium on 11 August 2010 Since the 1980s , most home matches have been played at Lansdowne Road , Dublin , the national rugby stadium owned by the Irish Rugby Football Union ( IRFU ) . The ground was closed for redevelopment in 2007 , with the replacement ground , the Aviva Stadium , opening on 14 May 2010 . The first football match in the Aviva was Manchester United against a League of Ireland XI side , managed by Damien Richardson , on 4 August 2010. ( 43 ) Manchester United won the game 7 -- 1 , with Park Ji - Sung scoring the first ever goal in the Aviva Stadium . Aviva Stadium is jointly owned by the IRFU and FAI , although it will return to solely IRFU ownership on expiry of the current 60 - year lease . The first football international played at Lansdowne Road by a FAI team was a friendly against Italy in 1971 ( an IFA team first played in 1878 against England ) ; a 5 -- 0 victory over San Marino in a UEFA Euro 2008 qualifying Group D match on 15 November 2006 was the last game there before the reconstruction . The all - seater capacity of Lansdowne Road prior to the renovation was 36,000 , although higher attendances , using the standing only areas , were permitted for friendly matches . The Aviva Stadium 's status as an all - seater increased capacity for competitive games to 51,700 . The opening game at the Aviva Stadium , a controversial 1 -- 0 friendly defeat to Argentina , was noted for Robbie Keane securing his membership in the FIFA Century Club and manager Giovanni Trapattoni 's absence due to surgery , with assistant manager Marco Tardelli taking charge . Croke Park , the headquarters of the Gaelic Athletic Association , has been used for Irish matches . With the announcement of the rebuilding of Lansdowne Road , a new venue was required to stage the Republic of Ireland 's home internationals . The only stadium in Ireland deemed suitable to stage international football was the 84,500 capacity Croke Park , home of the Gaelic Athletic Association ( GAA ) . To accommodate this , the GAA temporarily relaxed its rule governing the playing of `` foreign '' games on its property . Initially , four UEFA Euro 2008 qualifying Group D matches were played at Croke Park in 2007 , resulting in two wins and two draws . The GAA initially agreed to allow the FAI use until the end of 2008 , and later extended the permission until the completion of Aviva Stadium . The Hill 16 end of Croke Park is a terrace , which means like Lansdowne Road before it , the capacity of the stadium was reduced to around 74,500 for competitive matches as temporary seating must be used . Prior to the 1980s , the Republic of Ireland played most home games at Dalymount Park , home of Bohemians , but progressively more games were played at Lansdowne Road following a safety review which reduced Dalymount 's capacity . The last international match played there was against Morocco in 1990 . The Republic of Ireland have also played home matches in Tolka Park ( twice ) and the RDS Arena in Dublin as well at the Mardyke and Flower Lodge grounds in Cork . These games in Cork were , until 2009 , the only two home Irish internationals played outside of Dublin . During the construction of the Aviva Stadium , two friendly games were played in Thomond Park , Limerick , in 2009 . Two further friendlies were played in the RDS Arena in May 2010 . Ireland played a friendly against Belarus in Cork 's 7,000 capacity Turners Cross stadium in May 2016 . Media coverage ( edit ) Ireland matches are broadcast by Raidió Teilifís Éireann ( RTÉ ) , Sky Sports , and Setanta Ireland . Sky Sports shows most of Irelands friendly matches , while RTÉ shows competitive games such as World Cup and European Championship qualifiers . RTÉ briefly lost its broadcast rights in 2002 when the FAI controversially sold them in a multi-million deal to Sky Sports , a subscription based satellite channel . The decision was criticised by fans and politicians , and the Consumers ' Association of Ireland ( CAI ) described the FAI as `` greedy '' . The FAI was eventually forced to reverse its decision and to allow RTÉ to continue its broadcasts after the government intervened to stop the sale of important Irish sporting events to non-terrestrial television broadcasters . RTÉ will hold the rights until 2018 . Selection and nationality issues ( edit ) The selection of young Northern Irish born players , especially those who have already represented Northern Ireland at youth level , into Republic of Ireland national teams has been controversial , as these players are able to claim Irish nationality even though born and brought up outside the Republic 's territory . This has led to accusations of unfairness and predatory behaviour . In Northern Ireland it is seen by Northern Ireland supporters as having the effect of dividing international football in their country along sectarian lines , whereby Nationalists will declare for the Republic of Ireland while Unionists continue to play for Northern Ireland . It has also been argued that it is actually the sectarian divisions , which already existed in Northern Irish football , that are a factor in a number of players switching to the Republic . Traditionally , those in the North who identify as Irish , predominantly Catholics and nationalists , support the Republic of Ireland team . Staff ( edit ) The senior men 's management team includes : Martin O'Neill is the team 's current manager . Position Name Appointed Manager Martin O'Neill Assistant manager Roy Keane 5 November 2013 Assistant coach Steve Walford Assistant coach Steve Guppy Goalkeeping coach Jim McDonagh 8 November 2013 High Performance Director Ruud Dokter 5 April 2013 ( commenced 1 August ) Squad ( edit ) Current squad ( edit ) The following 26 players were called up for the friendlies against France and United States on 28 May and 2 June 2018 . Caps and goals updated as of 2 June 2018 after the match against United States . No . Pos . Player Date of birth ( age ) Caps Goals Club 1GK Colin Doyle ( 1985 - 06 - 12 ) 12 June 1985 ( age 33 ) 0 Heart of Midlothian 16 1GK Conor O'Malley ( 1994 - 08 - 01 ) 1 August 1994 ( age 24 ) 0 0 Peterborough United 23 1GK Shane Supple ( 1987 - 05 - 04 ) 4 May 1987 ( age 31 ) 0 0 Bohemians 26 2DF John O'Shea ( 1981 - 04 - 30 ) 30 April 1981 ( age 37 ) 118 Reading 2DF Séamus Coleman ( captain ) ( 1988 - 10 - 11 ) 11 October 1988 ( age 29 ) 46 Everton 5 2DF Shane Duffy ( 1992 - 01 - 01 ) 1 January 1992 ( age 26 ) 20 Brighton & Hove Albion 21 2DF Kevin Long ( 1990 - 08 - 18 ) 18 August 1990 ( age 27 ) 7 0 Burnley 7 2DF Greg Cunningham ( 1991 - 01 - 31 ) 31 January 1991 ( age 27 ) 0 Cardiff City 2DF Declan Rice ( 1999 - 01 - 14 ) 14 January 1999 ( age 19 ) 0 West Ham United 2DF Matt Doherty ( 1992 - 01 - 16 ) 16 January 1992 ( age 26 ) 0 Wolverhampton Wanderers 10 2DF John Egan ( 1992 - 10 - 20 ) 20 October 1992 ( age 25 ) 0 Sheffield United 12 2DF Darragh Lenihan ( 1994 - 03 - 16 ) 16 March 1994 ( age 24 ) 0 Blackburn Rovers 20 2DF Enda Stevens ( 1990 - 07 - 09 ) 9 July 1990 ( age 28 ) 0 Sheffield United 17 2DF Derrick Williams ( 1993 - 01 - 17 ) 17 January 1993 ( age 25 ) 0 Blackburn Rovers 11 3MF James McClean ( 1989 - 04 - 22 ) 22 April 1989 ( age 29 ) 60 10 Stoke City 13 3MF Jeff Hendrick ( 1992 - 01 - 31 ) 31 January 1992 ( age 26 ) 40 Burnley 18 3MF David Meyler ( 1989 - 05 - 29 ) 29 May 1989 ( age 29 ) 26 0 Reading 22 3MF Harry Arter ( 1989 - 12 - 28 ) 28 December 1989 ( age 28 ) 13 0 Cardiff City 8 3MF Callum O'Dowda ( 1995 - 04 - 23 ) 23 April 1995 ( age 23 ) 10 0 Bristol City 3MF Eunan O'Kane ( 1990 - 07 - 10 ) 10 July 1990 ( age 28 ) 7 0 Leeds United 6 3MF Alan Judge ( 1988 - 11 - 11 ) 11 November 1988 ( age 29 ) Brentford 15 3MF Daryl Horgan ( 1992 - 08 - 10 ) 10 August 1992 ( age 26 ) 0 Hibernian 14 3MF Alan Browne ( 1995 - 04 - 15 ) 15 April 1995 ( age 23 ) 0 Preston North End 25 3MF Shaun Williams ( 1986 - 10 - 19 ) 19 October 1986 ( age 31 ) 0 Millwall 9 4FW Shane Long ( 1987 - 01 - 22 ) 22 January 1987 ( age 31 ) 81 17 Southampton 19 4FW Jonathan Walters ( 1983 - 09 - 20 ) 20 September 1983 ( age 34 ) 53 14 Burnley 24 4FW Graham Burke ( 1993 - 09 - 21 ) 21 September 1993 ( age 24 ) Preston North End Recent call - ups ( edit ) The following players have been selected by the Republic of Ireland in the past 12 months , but were not selected in the final squad for the play - off games against Denmark in November 2017 , or withdrew from that squad due to injury or suspension . Pos . Player Date of birth ( age ) Caps Goals Club Latest call - up GK Aaron McCarey ( 1992 - 01 - 14 ) 14 January 1992 ( age 26 ) 0 0 unattached v. Turkey , 23 March 2018 GK Kieran O'Hara ( 1996 - 04 - 22 ) 22 April 1996 ( age 22 ) 0 0 Manchester United v. Turkey , 23 March 2018 GK Darren Randolph ( 1987 - 05 - 12 ) 12 May 1987 ( age 31 ) 28 0 Middlesbrough v. Denmark , 14 November 2017 GK Keiren Westwood ( 1984 - 10 - 23 ) 23 October 1984 ( age 33 ) 21 0 Sheffield Wednesday v. Denmark , 14 November 2017 GK Rob Elliot ( 1986 - 04 - 30 ) 30 April 1986 ( age 32 ) 0 Newcastle United v. Wales , 9 October 2017 DF Ciaran Clark ( 1989 - 09 - 26 ) 26 September 1989 ( age 28 ) 31 Newcastle United v. Turkey , 23 March 2018 DF Cyrus Christie ( 1992 - 09 - 30 ) 30 September 1992 ( age 25 ) 17 Fulham v. Turkey , 23 March 2018 DF Alex Pearce ( 1988 - 11 - 09 ) 9 November 1988 ( age 29 ) 9 Derby County v. Turkey , 23 March 2018 DF Stephen Ward ( 1985 - 08 - 20 ) 20 August 1985 ( age 32 ) 49 Burnley v. Denmark , 11 November 2017 DF Paul McShane ( 1986 - 01 - 06 ) 6 January 1986 ( age 32 ) 33 0 Reading v. Denmark , 11 November 2017 DF Richard Keogh ( 1986 - 08 - 11 ) 11 August 1986 ( age 32 ) 17 Derby County v. Wales , 9 October 2017 MF Conor Hourihane ( 1991 - 02 - 02 ) 2 February 1991 ( age 27 ) 5 0 Aston Villa v. Turkey , 23 March 2018 MF Glenn Whelan ( 1984 - 01 - 13 ) 13 January 1984 ( age 34 ) 84 Aston Villa v. Denmark , 11 November 2017 MF Aiden McGeady ( 1986 - 04 - 04 ) 4 April 1986 ( age 32 ) 93 5 Sunderland v. Denmark , 11 November 2017 MF Wes Hoolahan ( 1982 - 05 - 20 ) 20 May 1982 ( age 36 ) 43 unattached v. Denmark , 11 November 2017 MF Robbie Brady ( 1992 - 01 - 14 ) 14 January 1992 ( age 26 ) 39 7 Burnley v. Denmark , 11 November 2017 MF Jonny Hayes ( 1987 - 07 - 09 ) 9 July 1987 ( age 31 ) 0 Celtic v. Serbia , 5 September 2017 FW Seán Maguire ( 1994 - 05 - 01 ) 1 May 1994 ( age 24 ) 0 Preston North End v. Turkey , 23 March 2018 FW Scott Hogan ( 1992 - 04 - 13 ) 13 April 1992 ( age 26 ) 0 Aston Villa v. Turkey , 23 March 2018 FW Daryl Murphy ( 1983 - 03 - 15 ) 15 March 1983 ( age 35 ) 32 Nottingham Forest v. Denmark , 11 November 2017 Previous squads ( edit ) FIFA World Cup squads 1990 FIFA World Cup squad 1994 FIFA World Cup squad 2002 FIFA World Cup squad UEFA European Football Championship squads UEFA Euro 1988 squad UEFA Euro 2012 squad UEFA Euro 2016 squad Competitive record ( edit ) FIFA World Cup ( edit ) See also : Republic of Ireland national football team -- record in major tournaments and Republic of Ireland at the FIFA World Cup Ireland Competed as `` Irish Free State '' . Paddy Moore ( v. Belgium ) became the first player anywhere to score 4 goals in a World Cup match . For the 1950 World Cup , after three qualified teams withdrew , FIFA invited the FAI to compete as a replacement , however they declined . During qualification for the 1962 World Cup , it was the only qualifying tournament in which the team had a 0 % record . During qualification for the 1966 World Cup , Ireland reached their first playoff against Spain . Goal difference did not count , so a playoff was played at the Stade Colombes , Paris , and Ireland failed to progress . Ireland almost qualified but lost on goal difference to France in a tough and tight group . Fans lamented some controversial refereeing decisions For the 1990 World Cup , Ireland reached the quarter finals of the tournament for the first time in their history . It was Ireland 's first ever participation in a FIFA World Cup . Ireland played England in the first drawing 1 -- 1 . Ireland drew the next two matches but ultimately qualified for the knockout stages where they played Romania . The match ended 0 -- 0 and Ireland won on penalties 5 -- 4 which sent Ireland into the quarter - final showdown against the tournament host Italy . There Ireland lost 1 -- 0 via a Salvatore Schillaci goal in the 38th minute that sent the Irish out of the competition . Ray Houghton scored against Italy at the 1994 FIFA World Cup In 1994 , Ireland participated in their second consecutive World Cup . This time they were drawn with Mexico , Norway and Italy . Ireland won their first game against Italy which was the first time Ireland had won a World Cup match and their first ever victory over Italy with a spectacular goal from Ray Houghton . Ireland lost against Mexico in the second group match and drew with Norway but still made to the knockout phase where they faced the Netherlands . Ireland lost 2 -- 0 . For the 1998 qualification campaign , Ireland scraped into the playoffs largely due to Tony Cascarino 's seven goals in ten games . They lost in the playoff against Belgium , drawing 1 -- 1 in the first leg then losing 2 -- 1 in the second leg . Although for next campaign Ireland were drawn with two big European nations , the Netherlands , Portugal . Ireland went the whole campaign unbeaten , beating the Netherlands 1 -- 0 in the process courtesy of a Jason McAteer goal that helped Ireland qualify . Main article : Saipan Incident At the start of the tournament , captain Roy Keane and manager Mick McCarthy where involved in a `` bust up '' and Keane was sent home . Despite this , McCarthy did not call up a replacement and continued with 22 players . Ireland drew in their first match against Cameroon and in their second match they drew again against the tournaments runner up Germany . In Ireland 's final group match , they defeated Saudi Arabia , their second ever victory in a World Cup and progressed them to the round of 16 . Ireland met Spain and lost in penalty shootout . With failure to qualify for the 2006 World Cup , Ireland reached a playoff against France for a place at the 2010 World Cup . Main article : 2009 Republic of Ireland v France football matches France 's Thierry Henry 's handball stirred international controversy after the move set up William Gallas to score in extra-time of the second leg of the playoff ; the referee did not notice and allowed the goal to stand , leading to widespread media controversy , protests at the French embassy in Dublin and comments from senior government officials from both countries . FIFA World Cup FIFA World Cup qualification record Year Round Position Pld D * GF GA Pld GF GA Position 1930 Did not enter -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1934 Did not qualify 0 6 9 3 / 3 1938 0 5 6 2 / 2 1950 6 7 2 / 3 1954 0 8 6 2 / 3 1958 6 7 2 / 3 1962 0 0 17 3 / 3 1966 0 5 Lost Playoff 1970 6 0 5 14 4 / 4 5 2 / 3 1978 3 / 3 1982 8 17 11 3 / 5 1986 8 5 10 4 / 5 1990 Quarter - finals 8th 5 0 8 5 10 2 / 5 1994 Round of 16 15th 12 7 19 6 2 / 7 1998 Did not qualify 12 5 24 11 2 / 6 Lost Playoff 2002 Round of 16 12th 0 6 12 8 25 6 2 / 6 Won Playoff 2006 Did not qualify 10 5 12 5 4 / 6 12 7 13 10 2 / 6 Lost Playoff 2014 10 16 17 4 / 6 2018 12 5 5 13 11 2 / 6 Lost Playoff 2022 To be determined To be determined 2026 Total Quarter - finals 3 / 21 13 8 10 10 141 56 43 42 199 169 Draws include knockout matches decided by penalty shootout . show FIFA World Cup history Year Round Score Result Republic of Ireland scorers 1990 Round 1 Republic of Ireland 1 -- 1 England Draw Kevin Sheedy 73 ' Round 1 Republic of Ireland 1 -- 1 Netherlands Draw Niall Quinn 71 ' Round 1 Republic of Ireland 0 -- 0 Egypt Draw Round 2 Republic of Ireland 0 ( 5 ) -- 0 ( 4 ) Romania Draw Quarter - finals Republic of Ireland 0 -- 1 Italy Loss 1994 Round 1 Republic of Ireland 1 -- 0 Italy Win Ray Houghton 11 ' Round 1 Republic of Ireland 1 -- 2 Mexico Loss John Aldridge 84 ' Round 1 Republic of Ireland 0 -- 0 Norway Draw Round 2 Republic of Ireland 0 -- 2 Netherlands Loss 2002 Round 1 Republic of Ireland 1 -- 1 Cameroon Draw Matt Holland 52 ' Round 1 Republic of Ireland 1 -- 1 Germany Draw Robbie Keane 90 + 2 ' Round 1 Republic of Ireland 3 -- 0 Saudi Arabia Win Robbie Keane 7 ' Gary Breen 61 ' Damien Duff 87 ' Round 2 Republic of Ireland 1 ( 2 ) -- 1 ( 3 ) Spain Draw Robbie Keane 90 ' ( pen . ) UEFA European Championship ( edit ) Irish line up for Ireland 's fixture against Italy at Euro 2016 See also : Republic of Ireland at the UEFA European Championship Ireland reached the quarter finals of the 1964 European Nations Cup . Ireland did not qualify for a European Championship until Euro 1988 . On 12 June 1988 in Stuttgart , the Irish team took to the pitch in its first match at a major championship finals against England . Ray Houghton of Liverpool scored the only goal of the match as Ireland recorded a memorable and historic victory . The game is fondly remembered in Irish folklore through the song `` Joxer goes to Stuttgart '' by Irish folk legend Christy Moore . Ireland took on the former Soviet Union next and took the lead late in the first half via a spectacular volley from Liverpool 's Ronnie Whelan . Unfortunately for both Whelan and Ireland the lead was cancelled out midway through the second half by Oleh Protasov as the match ended in a 1 -- 1 draw . In their final match , Ireland lost out to the Netherlands 1 -- 0 . It was not until 2011 that Ireland clinched a place at another European Championship , qualifying for Euro 2012 with a 5 -- 1 aggregate victory over Estonia . At the tournament itself , however , Ireland lost all three of its matches and conceded nine goals , the nation 's worst performance in a major tournament to date . Ireland qualified to Euro 2016 following a play - off victory over Bosnia and Herzegovina . In the group stages they drew 1 -- 1 with Sweden , having initially taken the lead through a Wes Hoolahan strike , before being beaten 3 -- 0 by Belgium in the following game . However , a 1 -- 0 victory over Italy in their final game , courtesy of a late header from Robbie Brady , earned the side a spot in the round of 16 , the first time the team had ever advanced from the group stage at a European Championship . In the round of 16 , Ireland faced the hosts France and , after taking an early lead through a Brady penalty , were beaten 2 -- 1 . Championship record UEFA European Championship qualifying record Year Round Position Pld GF GA Pld GF GA Position 1960 Did not qualify 0 Preliminary round 1964 6 9 12 Quarter - finals 1968 6 5 8 3 / 4 1972 6 0 5 17 4 / 4 1976 6 11 5 2 / 4 1980 8 9 8 3 / 5 1984 8 20 10 3 / 5 1988 Group stage 5th 8 10 5 1 / 5 1992 Did not qualify 6 0 13 6 2 / 4 11 5 17 13 2 / 6 Lost Playoff 2000 10 5 15 7 2 / 5 Lost Playoff 8 10 11 3 / 5 2008 12 5 17 14 3 / 7 2012 Group stage 16th 0 0 9 12 7 20 8 2 / 6 Won Playoff 2016 Round of 16 15th 6 12 6 22 8 3 / 6 Won Playoff 2020 To be determined To be determined Total Round of 16 3 / 15 10 6 6 17 113 46 33 34 166 132 show UEFA Euro history Year Round Score Result Republic of Ireland scorers 1988 Round 1 Republic of Ireland 1 -- 0 England Win Ray Houghton 6 ' Round 1 Republic of Ireland 1 -- 1 Soviet Union Draw Ronnie Whelan 38 ' Round 1 Republic of Ireland 0 -- 1 Netherlands Loss 2012 Round 1 Republic of Ireland 1 -- 3 Croatia Loss Sean St Ledger 19 ' Round 1 Spain 4 -- 0 Republic of Ireland Loss Round 1 Italy 2 -- 0 Republic of Ireland Loss 2016 Round 1 Republic of Ireland 1 -- 1 Sweden Draw Wes Hoolahan 48 ' Round 1 Belgium 3 -- 0 Republic of Ireland Loss Round 1 Italy 0 -- 1 Republic of Ireland Win Robbie Brady 85 ' Round of 16 France 2 -- 1 Republic of Ireland Loss Robbie Brady 2 ' Other tournaments ( edit ) Year Position Pld GF GA 1924 Olympics 5th 0 1948 Olympics 17th 0 0 1972 Brazil Independence Cup 13th 0 7 7 1984 Kirin Cup 2nd 1986 Iceland Triangular Tournament 1st 0 0 1992 U.S. Cup 3rd 0 5 1996 U.S. Cup 2nd 6 2000 U.S. Cup 2nd 0 5 2004 Unity Cup 2nd 0 2011 Celtic Nations Cup 1st 0 0 9 0 Total 24 13 8 38 29 Opponents ( edit ) See also : Matches of the Republic of Ireland national football team The team 's head - to - head records against all 78 nations whom they have played to date , including friendly internationals : Three of these teams no longer exist ( Czechoslovakia , the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia ) , so Ireland have played against 76 of the 211 FIFA members : 50 UEFA , 8 CONMEBOL , 7 CAF , 6 CONCACAF and 5 AFC members as of 1 September 2016 . The only UEFA members against whom Ireland have not played are : Azerbaijan , Kosovo , Slovenia and Ukraine . As of 23 March 2018 . show Against Region GF GA GD Win % First match Last match Albania UEFA 0 6 + 4 75 % 26 May 1992 2003 - 06 - 07 Algeria CAF 0 + 1 50 % 28 April 1982 2010 - 05 - 29 Andorra UEFA 0 0 11 + 9 100 % 28 March 2001 2011 - 10 - 07 Argentina CONMEBOL 0 0 0 5 − 5 0 % 13 May 1951 2010 - 08 - 11 Armenia UEFA 0 0 + 2 100 % 3 September 2010 2011 - 10 - 11 Australia AFC 0 − 2 50 % 19 August 2003 2009 - 08 - 12 Austria UEFA 16 9 19 37 − 18 18.75 % 7 May 1952 2017 - 06 - 11 Belarus UEFA 0 0 − 1 0 % 31 May 2016 2016 - 05 - 31 Belgium UEFA 15 5 6 24 28 − 4 26.67 % 12 February 1928 2016 - 06 - 18 Bolivia CONMEBOL 0 5 + 4 66.67 % 24 May 1994 2007 - 05 - 26 Bosnia and Herzegovina UEFA 0 + 3 66.67 % 26 May 2012 2015 - 11 - 16 Brazil CONMEBOL 6 12 − 10 16.67 % 5 May 1974 2010 - 03 - 02 Bulgaria UEFA 10 11 8 + 3 30 % 28 May 1924 2009 - 06 - 06 Cameroon CAF 0 0 0 0 % 1 June 2002 2002 - 06 - 01 Canada CONCACAF 0 0 0 + 3 100 % 18 November 2003 2003 - 11 - 18 Chile CONMEBOL 6 6 6 0 33.33 % 30 March 1960 2006 - 05 - 24 China PR AFC 0 0 0 + 2 100 % 3 June 1984 2005 - 03 - 29 Colombia CONMEBOL 0 0 0 + 1 100 % 29 May 2008 2008 - 05 - 29 Costa Rica CONCACAF 0 0 0 0 % 6 June 2014 2014 - 06 - 06 Croatia UEFA 7 8 8 0 28.57 % 2 June 1996 2012 - 06 - 10 Cyprus UEFA 10 8 27 9 + 18 80 % 26 March 1980 2009 - 09 - 05 Czech Republic UEFA 8 9 13 − 4 25 % 5 June 1994 2012 - 02 - 29 Czechoslovakia UEFA 12 7 14 29 − 15 33.33 % 18 May 1938 1986 - 05 - 27 Denmark UEFA 15 5 6 21 21 0 33.33 % 3 October 1956 2017 - 11 - 14 Ecuador CONMEBOL 0 + 1 50 % 18 June 1972 2007 - 05 - 23 Egypt CAF 0 0 0 0 0 0 % 17 June 1990 1990 - 06 - 17 England UEFA 16 8 5 14 20 − 6 18.75 % 30 September 1946 2015 - 06 - 07 Estonia UEFA 5 0 12 + 10 80 % 3 June 1924 2011 - 11 - 15 Faroe Islands UEFA 0 0 11 + 10 100 % 13 October 2004 2013 - 06 - 07 Finland UEFA 5 0 11 + 9 60 % 8 September 1949 2002 - 08 - 21 France UEFA 16 5 7 15 20 − 5 25 % 23 May 1937 2016 - 06 - 26 Georgia UEFA 9 8 0 17 5 + 12 88.89 % 29 March 2003 2017 - 09 - 02 Germany UEFA 20 6 5 9 24 35 − 11 30 % 8 May 1935 2015 - 10 - 08 Germany ' B ' UEFA 0 − 2 50 % 1 March 1975 1981 - 05 - 21 Gibraltar UEFA 0 0 11 0 + 11 100 % 11 October 2014 2015 - 09 - 04 Greece UEFA 0 0 − 2 0 % 26 April 2000 2012 - 11 - 14 Hungary UEFA 11 5 16 21 − 5 18.18 % 15 December 1934 2012 - 06 - 04 Iceland UEFA 8 5 16 7 + 9 62.5 % 12 August 1962 2017 - 03 - 28 Iran AFC 0 + 2 66.67 % 11 June 1972 2001 - 11 - 15 Israel UEFA 5 8 6 + 2 20 % 4 April 1984 2005 - 06 - 04 Italy UEFA 14 8 10 20 − 10 21.43 % 21 March 1926 2016 - 06 - 22 Italy ' B ' UEFA 0 0 − 1 0 % 23 April 1927 1927 - 04 - 23 Jamaica CONCACAF 0 0 0 + 1 100 % 2 June 2004 2004 - 06 - 02 Kazakhstan UEFA 0 0 5 + 3 100 % 7 September 2012 2013 - 10 - 15 Latvia UEFA 5 5 0 0 14 + 13 100 % 9 September 1992 2013 - 11 - 15 Liechtenstein UEFA 0 14 0 + 14 75 % 12 October 1994 1997 - 05 - 21 Lithuania UEFA 0 5 + 4 75 % 16 June 1993 1997 - 09 - 10 Luxembourg UEFA 5 5 0 0 14 + 12 100 % 9 May 1936 1987 - 09 - 09 Macedonia UEFA 6 11 5 + 6 66.67 % 9 October 1996 2011 - 06 - 04 Malta UEFA 7 7 0 0 24 + 22 100 % 30 March 1983 1999 - 09 - 08 Mexico CONCACAF 6 0 6 9 − 3 0 % 8 August 1984 2017 - 06 - 02 Moldova UEFA 0 0 5 + 4 100 % 9 October 2016 2017 - 10 - 06 Montenegro UEFA 0 0 0 0 0 0 % 10 September 2008 2009 - 10 - 14 Morocco CAF 0 0 0 + 1 100 % 12 September 1990 1990 - 09 - 12 Netherlands UEFA 22 7 11 29 40 − 11 31.82 % 2 June 1924 2016 - 05 - 27 Nigeria CAF 0 6 − 4 0 % 16 May 2002 2009 - 05 - 29 Northern Ireland UEFA 10 17 + 13 40 % 20 September 1978 2011 - 05 - 24 Norway UEFA 18 7 8 29 19 + 10 38.89 % 10 October 1937 2010 - 11 - 17 Oman AFC 0 0 10 + 9 100 % 11 September 2012 2016 - 08 - 31 Paraguay CONMEBOL 0 0 + 3 100 % 10 February 1999 2010 - 05 - 25 Poland UEFA 27 6 10 11 29 43 − 14 22.22 % 22 May 1938 2015 - 10 - 11 Portugal UEFA 13 7 10 20 − 10 30.77 % 16 June 1946 2014 - 06 - 10 Romania UEFA 5 + 2 40 % 23 March 1988 2004 - 05 - 27 Russia UEFA 7 7 10 − 3 14.29 % 23 March 1994 2011 - 09 - 06 San Marino UEFA 0 0 7 + 6 100 % 15 November 2006 2007 - 02 - 07 Saudi Arabia AFC 0 0 0 + 3 100 % 11 June 2002 2002 - 06 - 11 Scotland UEFA 11 9 12 − 3 36.36 % 3 May 1961 2015 - 06 - 13 Serbia UEFA 9 9 12 − 3 22.22 % 19 October 1955 2017 - 09 - 05 Slovakia UEFA 5 0 6 5 + 1 20 % 28 March 2007 2016 - 03 - 29 South Africa CAF 0 0 + 2 100 % 11 June 2000 2009 - 09 - 08 Soviet Union UEFA 8 8 8 0 37.5 % 18 October 1972 1990 - 04 - 25 Spain UEFA 26 7 15 18 54 − 36 15.38 % 26 April 1931 2013 - 06 - 11 Sweden UEFA 11 5 14 17 − 3 27.27 % 2 June 1949 2016 - 06 - 13 Switzerland UEFA 16 8 5 18 10 + 8 50 % 5 May 1935 2016 - 03 - 25 Trinidad and Tobago CONCACAF 0 0 − 1 0 % 30 May 1982 1982 - 05 - 30 Tunisia CAF 0 0 0 + 4 100 % 19 October 1988 1988 - 10 - 19 Turkey UEFA 14 5 6 27 16 + 11 35.71 % 16 November 1966 2018 - 03 - 23 United States CONCACAF 9 5 20 13 + 7 55.56 % 14 June 1924 2014 - 11 - 18 Uruguay CONMEBOL 6 7 − 1 25 % 8 May 1974 2017 - 06 - 04 Wales UEFA 15 6 5 17 13 + 4 40 % 28 September 1960 2017 - 10 - 09 Total 78 nations 553 219 151 183 770 684 + 86 39.6 % a. ^ `` Germany '' includes nine games against West Germany which were played between 1950 and German reunification in 1990 . b. ^ `` Serbia '' includes four games against Serbian predecessor ( YUG / SFRY and FRY / SCG ) teams . Honours ( edit ) Jack Charlton is Ireland 's most successful manager Major ( edit ) FIFA World Cup Quarter finalists ( 1 ) : 1990 Friendly titles ( edit ) Celtic Nations Cup Winners ( 1 ) : 2011 Iceland Triangular Tournament Winners ( 1 ) : 1986 Other awards ( edit ) FIFA Fair Play Award Winners ( 1 ) 1997 Unofficial Football World Championships Holders ( 2 ) : 30 March 1977 -- 1 July 1977 , 31 March 2004 -- 29 May 2004 Recent results and forthcoming fixtures ( edit ) See also : Republic of Ireland national football team 2010s results Ireland began their qualification campaign for the UEFA Euro 2016 tournament with a 2 -- 1 away victory against Georgia . This was followed by a 7 -- 0 home victory against Gibraltar , and on 14 October 2014 , the team played a 1 -- 1 away draw against world champions , Germany , when a goal by John O'Shea won Ireland a late point in the 94th minute . They then suffered their first defeat of the campaign to Scotland ; losing 1 -- 0 , before scoring another late goal through Shane Long to make it 1 -- 1 and earn a well - deserved point against Poland at home . They then drew 1 -- 1 at home to Scotland , before winning 3 games in a row against Gibraltar , Georgia and Germany ; 4 -- 0 , 1 -- 0 and 1 -- 0 respectively . Shane Long scored the memorable winner against the World Champions Germany . However , in their last group game , they lost 2 -- 1 away to Poland and missed out on an qualifying spot , finishing third in the group and advancing to the play - offs . They were drawn against Bosnia and Herzegovina in the play - offs . They drew the first leg away 1 -- 1 , and won the second leg 2 -- 0 , winning 3 -- 1 on aggregate and qualifying for UEFA Euro 2016 in France . Schedule ( edit ) As of 2 June 2018 Republic of Ireland goal tally first . Date Competition Venue Opponent Result Scorers 11 June 2017 World Cup 2018 qualifier Dublin , Ireland Austria 1 -- 1 Martin Hinteregger 31 ' , Jonathan Walters 85 ' 2 September 2017 World Cup 2018 qualifier Tbilisi , Georgia Georgia 1 -- 1 Shane Duffy 4 ' , Valeri Qazaishvili 34 ' 5 September 2017 World Cup 2018 qualifier Dublin , Ireland Serbia 0 -- 1 Aleksandar Kolarov 55 ' 6 October 2017 World Cup 2018 qualifier Dublin , Ireland Moldova 2 -- 0 Daryl Murphy 2 ' , 19 ' 9 October 2017 World Cup 2018 qualifier Cardiff , Wales Wales 1 -- 0 James McClean 57 ' 11 November 2017 World Cup 2018 play - off Copenhagen , Denmark Denmark 0 -- 0 14 November 2017 World Cup 2018 play - off Dublin , Ireland Denmark 1 -- 5 Shane Duffy 6 ' , Cyrus Christie 29 ' ( og ) , Christian Eriksen 32 ' , 63 ' , 74 ' , Nicklas Bendtner 90 ' ( pen ) 23 March 2018 Friendly match Antalya , Turkey Turkey 0 -- 1 Mehmet Topal 52 ' 20 May 2018 Unofficial friendly Glasgow , Scotland Celtic 2 -- 2 Alan Browne , Ross Doohan og ' , Leigh Griffiths , Patrick Roberts 28 May 2018 Friendly match Saint Denis , France France 0 -- 2 Olivier Giroud 40 ' , Nabil Fekir 44 ' 2 June 2018 Friendly match Dublin , Ireland United States 2 -- 1 Bobby Wood 45 + 1 ' , Graham Burke 57 ' , Alan Judge 90 ' 6 September 2018 UEFA Nations League Cardiff , Wales Wales 11 September 2018 Friendly match Wrocław , Poland Poland 13 October 2018 UEFA Nations League Dublin , Ireland Denmark 16 October 2018 UEFA Nations League Dublin , Ireland Wales 15 November 2018 Friendly match Dublin , Ireland Northern Ireland 19 November 2018 UEFA Nations League Aarhus , Denmark Denmark Records ( edit ) Robbie Keane , top goalscorer and the most capped player Shay Given , most capped goalkeeper and the second most capped player Players still active are highlighted in green Most capped players ( edit ) As of 2 June 2018 # Player National career Caps Goals 1 . Robbie Keane 1998 -- 2016 146 68 2 . Shay Given 1996 -- 2016 134 0 3 . John O'Shea 2001 -- 2018 118 4 . Kevin Kilbane 1997 -- 2011 110 8 5 . Steve Staunton 1988 -- 2002 102 7 6 . Damien Duff 1998 -- 2012 100 8 7 . Aiden McGeady 2004 -- 93 5 8 . Niall Quinn 1986 -- 2002 91 21 9 . Tony Cascarino 1985 -- 2000 88 19 10 . Glenn Whelan 2008 -- 84 Top goalscorers ( edit ) As of 3 June 2018 # Player National career Goals Caps Average 1 . Robbie Keane ( list ) 1998 -- 2016 68 146 0.47 2 . Niall Quinn 1986 -- 2002 21 91 0.23 3 . Frank Stapleton 1977 -- 90 20 71 0.28 4 . Don Givens 1969 -- 81 19 56 0.34 John Aldridge 1986 -- 97 19 69 0.28 Tony Cascarino 1985 -- 2000 19 88 0.22 7 . Shane Long 2007 -- 17 81 0.21 8 . Noel Cantwell 1953 -- 67 14 36 0.39 Kevin Doyle 2006 -- 17 14 63 0.22 Jonathan Walters 2010 -- 14 53 0.26 10 . Jimmy Dunne 1930 -- 39 13 15 0.87 Gerry Daly 1973 -- 86 13 48 0.27 Managers ( edit ) Between 1921 and 1969 , a committee of selectors chose the team , on occasions a coach or team manager was appointed ; Mick Meagan was the first manager to actually select the team . Managers from the periods in which the national side was known as the Irish Free State or simply Ireland are obscure and many are not currently known , however it is known that Val Harris , Bill Lacey and Alex Stevenson managed the side . Manager records ( edit ) As of 2 June 2018 Manager Career GF GA GD Win % Loss % Notes Mick Meagan 1969 -- 1971 12 0 9 7 26 − 19 0 % 75 % Liam Tuohy 1971 -- 1973 10 6 11 20 − 9 30 % 60 % Seán Thomas 1973 0 0 0 0 % 0 % Caretaker Johnny Giles 1973 -- 1980 36 13 9 14 48 45 36.1 % 38.9 % Alan Kelly , Sr . 1980 0 0 0 100 % 0 % Caretaker Eoin Hand 1980 -- 1985 39 11 9 19 47 56 − 9 28.2 % 48.7 % Jack Charlton 1986 -- 1995 93 47 29 17 132 67 65 50.5 % 18.3 % Qualified for Euro 1988 , and World Cups 1990 and 1994 Mick McCarthy 1996 -- 2002 68 29 19 20 113 68 45 42.6 % 29.4 % Qualified for 2002 World Cup Don Givens 2002 , 2007 -- 08 0 − 1 0 % 33.3 % Caretaker Brian Kerr 2003 -- 2005 33 18 11 39 20 19 54.5 % 12.1 % Steve Staunton 2006 -- 2007 17 6 6 5 24 19 5 35.3 % 29.4 % Giovanni Trapattoni 2008 -- 2013 64 26 22 16 86 64 22 40.6 % 25 % Qualified for Euro 2012 Noel King 2013 0 − 1 50 % 50 % Caretaker Martin O'Neill 2013 -- 49 19 14 14 66 50 16 38.3 % 27.7 % Qualified for Euro 2016 Pictures ( edit ) Roy Keane was team captain from 1997 to 2002 . He is now the assistant manager . Shay Given is Ireland 's second most capped player and played in two major tournaments . Ronnie Whelan played in two World Cups and one European Championship . John Aldridge scored 19 goals for Ireland played in two World Cups and one European Championship . Mick McCarthy captained Ireland in the 1990 World Cup and managed Ireland in the 2002 World Cup . Richard Dunne played in 2 major championships and won 80 caps . See also ( edit ) Republic of Ireland B national football team Republic of Ireland women 's national football team Republic of Ireland national under - 21 football team Republic of Ireland national under - 19 football team Republic of Ireland national under - 17 football team Category : Republic of Ireland national football team results References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : New Senior international management team confirmed Football Association of Ireland , 5 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NIFG : Northern Ireland Programmes 1968 -- 1972 '' . 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Jump up ^ `` Gerry Armstrong claims teen footballers ' tapped up ' for Republic '' . BBC . 10 October 2011 . Retrieved 26 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` O'Kane says religion not reason for Republic switch '' . BBC . 14 September 2011 . Retrieved 6 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Shane Ferguson cool on national team future '' . Evening Chronicle. 4 May 2011 . Retrieved 6 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NI Under - 21 coach Beaglehole fears more defections '' . BBC . 16 November 2011 . Retrieved 6 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FAI 's policy of recruiting Northern Ireland players is wrong '' . The Irish Times . 2 March 2010 . Retrieved 26 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Granny rules okay for the ' predatory ' boys in green '' . Irish Independent . 7 March 2010 . Retrieved 6 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NI fans group call for changes in Republic player ruling '' . BBC . 24 May 2011 . Retrieved 26 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` James McClean switches from N Ireland to Republic '' . BBC . 8 August 2011 . Retrieved 8 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Shane Duffy follows his dream '' . Donegal Democrat . 23 February 2010 . Archived from the original on 27 April 2012 . Retrieved 24 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Why are the same fans not celebrating both Irish victories ? '' . The Irish Times . 9 October 2015 . Retrieved 26 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Management Profiles '' . Football Association of Ireland . Archived from the original on 27 January 2018 . Jump up ^ FAI thanks Alan Kelly on his departure Football Association of Ireland , 8 November 2013 . Jump up ^ FAI appoints Ruud Dokter as high performance director RTÉ Sport , 5 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Dokter who ? FAI 's performance director Ruud Dokter Irish Independent , 7 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ireland squad confirmed for friendly games '' . FAI.ie. 24 May 2018 . Retrieved 24 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ireland squad finalised for Turkey friendly '' . FAI.ie. 18 March 2018 . Retrieved 19 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` O'Neill selects squad for World Cup Play - Off '' . FAI. 26 October 2017 . Retrieved 26 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia -- Matches -- Wales - Republic of Ireland '' . FIFA. 9 October 2017 . Retrieved 13 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia -- Matches -- Republic of Ireland - Moldova '' . FIFA. 6 October 2017 . Retrieved 13 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia -- Matches -- Republic of Ireland - Serbia '' . FIFA. 5 September 2017 . Retrieved 13 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia -- Matches -- Georgia - Republic of Ireland '' . FIFA. 2 September 2017 . Retrieved 13 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia -- Matches -- Republic of Ireland - Austria '' . FIFA. 11 June 2017 . Retrieved 13 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` As it happened : Ireland v Uruguay , international friendly '' . The42. 4 June 2017 . Retrieved 13 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` As it happened : Ireland v Mexico , international friendly '' . The42. 2 June 2017 . Retrieved 13 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Sean ( 1997 ) . The Boys in Green : the FAI international story . Edinburgh : Mainstream Publishing . p. 60 . ISBN 1 - 85158 - 939 - 2 . Jump up ^ Byrne , Peter ( 1996 ) . Football Association of Ireland : 75 years . Dublin : Sportsworld . pp. 115 -- 6 . ISBN 1 - 900110 - 06 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Republic of Ireland : 1990 World Cup Football Finals : Italy : Italia 90 '' . Soccer-Ireland.com . Retrieved 26 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Republic of Ireland : 1994 World Cup Football Finals : USA '' . Soccer-Ireland.com . Retrieved 26 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Republic of Ireland Football : Irish 1998 World Cup Qualifying Group 8 : Romania : Lithuania : Macedonia : Iceland : Liechtenstein '' . Soccer-Ireland.com . Retrieved 26 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Republic of Ireland 2002 World Cup Qualifying Group 2 : Portugal , Holland , Estonia , Cyprus , Andorra , Play - off , Iran : Irish Football Team '' . Soccer-Ireland.com . Retrieved 26 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Republic of Ireland : 2002 World Cup Finals : Japan : South Korea '' . Soccer-Ireland.com . Retrieved 26 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Irish 2010 World Cup Qualification Campaign -- Group 8 '' . Soccer-Ireland.com . Retrieved 26 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott , Matt ( 20 November 2009 ) . `` Thierry Henry 's handball puts goalline referees on Fifa 's World Cup agenda '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 22 May 2010 . Jump up ^ 19 November 2009 -- 18 : 40 : 28 ( 19 November 2009 ) . `` Taoiseach to confront Sarkozy over ' Henry handball ' '' . BreakingNews.ie . Retrieved 26 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 22 October 2012 . Retrieved 26 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Irish Football : Republic of Ireland 1964 European Nations Cup Qualifying Campaign : Iceland : Austria : Spain '' . Soccer-Ireland.com . Retrieved 26 June 2016 . Jump up ^ uefa.com ( 5 October 2003 ) . `` UEFA EURO 1988 - History - England - Republic of Ireland -- UEFA '' . UEFA . Retrieved 5 May 2017 . Jump up ^ TiocfaidhArLa1967 ( 13 February 2010 ) , Christy Moore -- Joxer Goes To Stuttgart , retrieved 5 May 2017 Jump up ^ `` Republic of Ireland : Euro 1988 Finals : West Germany : England : Soviet Union : Holland '' . Soccer-Ireland.com . Retrieved 26 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Irish Football : Republic of Ireland Euro 2012 Soccer Fixtures & Qualifying Campaign : Group B Qualifiers : Russia : Slovakia : FYR Macedonia : Armenia : Andorra '' . Soccer-Ireland.com . Retrieved 26 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Republic of Ireland : Euro 2012 Finals : Spain : Italy : Croatia : Poland '' . Soccer-Ireland.com. 2 December 2011 . Retrieved 26 June 2016 . Jump up ^ uefa.com ( 16 November 2015 ) . `` Walters double takes Ireland to UEFA EURO 2016 '' . Retrieved 4 November 2017 . Jump up ^ uefa.com ( 15 June 2017 ) . `` UEFA EURO 2016 - History - Republic of Ireland '' . Retrieved 4 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA EURO 1988 - History - Standings -- UEFA '' . UEFA . Retrieved 19 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA EURO - Standings -- UEFA '' . UEFA . Retrieved 2 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Head to Head Data '' . FIFA . Retrieved 29 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Republic of Ireland -- Head to Head Data '' . statto.com . Archived from the original on 14 July 2014 . Retrieved 5 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA EURO 2016 -- Matches '' . UEFA . Retrieved 26 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA EURO 2016 -- Matches '' . UEFA . Retrieved 26 June 2016 . Jump up ^ O'Shea's ' fairytale ending ' secures draw RTÉ Sport , 14 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Senior Men Matches '' . Football Association of Ireland . Retrieved 12 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Walters the Ireland saviour as crucial point is rescued RTÉ Sport , 12 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Disappointing draw leaves Ireland playing catch - up RTÉ Sport , 2 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Narrow Serbia defeat a bitter blow for Ireland 's World Cup hopes RTÉ Sport , 5 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : European Qualifiers , Fixture List , 2018 FIFA World Cup Preliminary Competition UEFA , 26 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Denmark v Ireland - As it happened RTÉ Sport , 2017 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ Eriksen - inspired Denmark demolish Irish World Cup dreams RTÉ Sport , 2017 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ Rep of Ireland 1 -- 5 Denmark The Guardian , 2017 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ Turkey vs Republic of Ireland FAI.ie . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ http://www.the42.ie/celtic-ireland-xi-scott-brown-testimonial-4023993-May2018/ Seven Ireland newcomers and a cameo from Celtic great Larsson as Scott Brown 's testimonial ends in draw ) The42.ie . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ France vs Republic of Ireland FAI.ie . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ Republic of Ireland to host USA in friendly FAI.ie , 2018 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ Republic of Ireland vs USA FAI.ie , 2018 - 02 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : The Program for 2018 is Clear Dansk Boldspil Union , 2018 - 05 - 05 ( In Danish ) . Jump up ^ Football : Poland to play friendlies in Wrocław and Gdańsk , Radio Poland , 2018 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Football Association of Ireland , 2018 - 02 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Ireland -- Record International Players Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 5 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ireland 's Senior Team Managers '' . Football Association of Ireland . 3 February 2010 . Archived from the original on 8 October 2011 . Retrieved 3 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` FAI History : 1930 -- 1959 '' . Football Association of Ireland . 5 June 2009 . Retrieved 25 July 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Republic of Ireland national football team . Official website Republic of Ireland at FIFA.com RSSSF archive of most capped players and highest goalscorers Reports for all matches of Republic of Ireland national football team Complete Results and Line - Ups Republic of Ireland national football team Players Managers Governing body Football Association of Ireland Venues Aviva Stadium Lansdowne Road Croke Park Dalymount Park Results Complete list of matches ( 1924 -- present ) Irish Free State results ( 1924 -- 35 ) Ireland ( FAI ) results ( 1936 -- 54 ) Republic of Ireland results ( 1954 -- present ) -- 1954 -- 59 1960s 70s 80s 90s 2000s 10s Players Players Dual Ireland players Hat - trick scorers World Cup finals 1990 1994 2002 ( including Saipan incident ) World Cup record European finals 1988 2012 2016 Euro record Other tournaments 1924 Olympic Football Tournament 1948 Olympic Football Tournament Brazil Independence Cup ( 1972 ) Kirin Cup ( 1984 ) Iceland Triangular Tournament ( 1986 ) U.S. Cup ( 1992 2000 ) Unity Cup ( 2004 ) 2011 Nations Cup Famous matches 1949 defeat of England 1995 friendly against England 2010 FIFA World Cup play - off against France Songs `` Olé , Olé , Olé '' `` Joxer Goes to Stuttgart '' `` Give It a Lash Jack '' `` Put ' Em Under Pressure '' `` Watch Your House for Ireland '' `` Here Come the Good Times '' `` The Rocky Road to Poland '' Other National teams Women 's U-23 U-21 U-19 U-17 League of Ireland XI Awards FAI International Football Awards Republic of Ireland national football team -- managers Livingstone ( 1951 -- 53 ) Stevenson ( 1953 -- 55 ) Carey ( 1955 -- 67 ) Cantwell ( 1967 ) Hurley ( 1967 -- 69 ) Meagan ( 1969 -- 71 ) Tuohy ( 1971 -- 73 ) Thomas ( 1973 ) Giles ( 1973 -- 80 ) Kelly ( 1980 ) Hand ( 1980 -- 85 ) Charlton ( 1986 -- 95 ) McCarthy ( 1996 -- 2002 ) Givens ( 2002 ) Kerr ( 2003 -- 05 ) Staunton ( 2006 -- 07 ) Givens ( 2007 -- 08 ) Trapattoni ( 2008 -- 13 ) King ( 2013 ) O'Neill ( 2013 -- ) ( c ) caretaker : ( p ) player - manager Republic of Ireland national football team matches FIFA World Cup qualification Republic of Ireland 2 -- 1 ( agg . ) Iran ( 2002 ) Republic of Ireland 1 -- 2 ( agg . ) France ( 2009 ) UEFA European Championship qualifying Republic of Ireland 2 -- 4 ( agg . ) Czechoslovakia ( 1959 ) Republic of Ireland 0 -- 2 Netherlands ( 1995 ) Other matches England 0 -- 2 Ireland ( 1949 ) Republic of Ireland 1 -- 0 England ( 1995 ) Ireland UEFA Euro and FIFA World Cup squads Republic of Ireland squad -- UEFA Euro 1988 1 Bonner 2 Morris 3 Hughton 4 McCarthy 5 Moran 6 Whelan 7 McGrath 8 Houghton 9 Aldridge 10 Stapleton ( c ) 11 Galvin 12 Cascarino 13 O'Brien 14 Kelly 15 Sheedy 16 Peyton 17 Byrne 18 Sheridan 19 Anderson 20 Quinn Coach : Charlton Republic of Ireland squad -- 1990 FIFA World Cup 1 Bonner 2 Morris 3 Staunton 4 McCarthy ( c ) 5 Moran 6 Whelan 7 McGrath 8 Houghton 9 Aldridge 10 Cascarino 11 Sheedy 12 O'Leary 13 Townsend 14 Hughton 15 Slaven 16 Sheridan 17 Quinn 18 Stapleton 19 Kelly 20 Byrne 21 McLoughlin 22 Peyton Coach : Charlton Republic of Ireland squad -- 1994 FIFA World Cup 1 Bonner 2 Irwin 3 Phelan 4 Moran 5 McGrath 6 Keane 7 Townsend ( c ) 8 Houghton 9 Aldridge 10 Sheridan 11 Staunton 12 G. Kelly 13 Kernaghan 14 Babb 15 Coyne 16 Cascarino 17 McGoldrick 18 Whelan 19 McLoughlin 20 D. Kelly 21 McAteer 22 A. Kelly Coach : Charlton Republic of Ireland squad -- 2002 FIFA World Cup 1 Given 2 Finnan 3 Harte 4 Cunningham 5 Staunton ( c ) 6 Roy Keane 7 McAteer 8 Holland 9 Duff 10 Robbie Keane 11 Kilbane 12 Kinsella 13 Connolly 14 Breen 15 Dunne 16 Kiely 17 Quinn 18 G. Kelly 19 Morrison 20 O'Brien 21 Reid 22 Carsley 23 A. Kelly Coach : McCarthy Republic of Ireland squad -- UEFA Euro 2012 1 Given 2 St Ledger 3 Ward 4 O'Shea 5 Dunne 6 Whelan 7 McGeady 8 Andrews 9 Doyle 10 Keane ( c ) 11 Duff 12 Kelly 13 McShane 14 Walters 15 Gibson 16 Westwood 17 Hunt 18 O'Dea 19 Long 20 Cox 21 Green 22 McClean 23 Forde Coach : Trapattoni Republic of Ireland squad -- UEFA Euro 2016 1 Westwood 2 Coleman 3 Clark 4 O'Shea 5 Keogh 6 Whelan 7 McGeady 8 McCarthy 9 Long 10 Keane ( c ) 11 McClean 12 Duffy 13 Hendrick 14 Walters 15 Christie 16 Given 17 Ward 18 Meyler 19 Brady 20 Hoolahan 21 Murphy 22 Quinn 23 Randolph Coach : O'Neill UEFA Euro and FIFA World Cup finalists UEFA Euro 1988 finalists Champions Netherlands Runners - up Soviet Union Eliminated in the semi-finals Italy West Germany Eliminated in the group stage Group 1 Denmark Spain Group 2 England Republic of Ireland 1990 FIFA World Cup finalists Champions West Germany Runners - up Argentina Third place Italy Fourth place England Quarter - finals Cameroon Czechoslovakia Republic of Ireland Yugoslavia Round of 16 Belgium Brazil Colombia Costa Rica Netherlands Romania Spain Uruguay Group stage Austria Egypt Scotland South Korea Soviet Union Sweden United Arab Emirates United States 1994 FIFA World Cup finalists Champions Brazil Runners - up Italy Third place Sweden Fourth place Bulgaria Quarter - finals Germany Netherlands Romania Spain Round of 16 Argentina Belgium Mexico Nigeria Republic of Ireland Saudi Arabia Switzerland United States Group stage Bolivia Cameroon Colombia Greece Morocco Norway Russia South Korea 2002 FIFA World Cup finalists Champions Brazil Runners - up Germany Third place Turkey Fourth place South Korea Quarter - finals England Senegal Spain United States Round of 16 Belgium Denmark Italy Japan Mexico Paraguay Republic of Ireland Sweden Group stage Argentina Cameroon China PR Costa Rica Croatia Ecuador France Nigeria Poland Portugal Russia Saudi Arabia Slovenia South Africa Tunisia Uruguay UEFA Euro 2012 finalists Champions Spain Runners - up Italy Eliminated in the semi-finals Germany Portugal Eliminated in the quarter - finals Czech Republic England France Greece Eliminated in the group stage Group A Poland Russia Group B Denmark Netherlands Group C Croatia Republic of Ireland Group D Sweden Ukraine UEFA Euro 2016 finalists Champions Portugal Runners - up France Eliminated in the semi-finals Germany Wales Eliminated in the quarter - finals Belgium Iceland Italy Poland Eliminated in the round of 16 Croatia England Hungary Northern Ireland Republic of Ireland Slovakia Spain Switzerland Eliminated in the group stage Group A Albania Romania Group B Russia Group C Ukraine Group D Czech Republic Turkey Group E Sweden Group F Austria Association football in the Republic of Ireland Women 's association football in the Republic of Ireland Governing bodies Football Association of Ireland League of Ireland Connacht Leinster Munster Universities WFAI GFA National teams Men 's Women 's U-23 U-21 U-19 U-17 League of Ireland XI Futsal National leagues Premier Division First Division U19 Division U17 Division Women 's National League Provincial leagues Leinster Senior League Senior Division Munster Senior League Premier Division Ulster Senior League Emerald Futsal League County / local leagues Leinster AUL Wicklow Dublin Munster Cork AUL Kerry Desmond Limerick West Cork Connacht Galway Mayo Men 's Women 's Ulster Inishowen National cups FAI Cup League of Ireland Cup President 's Cup FAI Women 's Cup FAI Intermediate Cup FAI Junior Cup FAI Youth Cup FAI Futsal Cup Provincial cups Leinster Senior Cup Munster Senior Cup Connacht Junior Cup All - Ireland cups Setanta Cup Collingwood Cup List of clubs List of leagues List of venues Records National football teams of Europe ( UEFA ) Active Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark England Estonia Faroe Islands Finland France Georgia Germany Gibraltar Greece Hungary Iceland Israel Italy Kazakhstan Kosovo Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Montenegro Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Russia San Marino Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales Defunct Czechoslovakia East Germany Ireland ( 1882 -- 1950 ) Saarland Serbia and Montenegro Soviet Union ( CIS ) Yugoslavia National sports teams of Ireland A1 GP Basketball MU / 19 MU / 17 WU / 19 WU / 17 M 3x3 W 3x3 Cricket MU / 19 Field hockey Football CP Handball Hurling Ice hockey U / 18 Korfball M / W Netball Pitch and putt Racquetball Roller derby Rugby league Rugby union MU - 20 M7 W7 Soccer Squash Tennis Volleyball Water polo Olympic Games Paralympic Games Deaflympic Games European Games Commonwealth Games Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_Ireland_national_football_team&oldid=854641454 '' Categories : 1924 establishments in Ireland European national association football teams Football Association of Ireland Irish national football teams Republic of Ireland national football team Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Webarchive template webcite links Use dmy dates from October 2017 Use Irish English from February 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in Irish English Articles containing Irish - language text Pages using Template : Football kit with incorrect pattern parameters All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from September 2014 Articles containing potentially dated statements from March 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2018 Articles with hCards Commons category with page title different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Ligure Magyar Malti मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 51 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 20 : 25 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who did ireland lose to in world cup 2018 | [
"\n\n\nDate\n\nCompetition\n\nVenue\n\nOpponent\n\nResult\n\nScorers\n\n\n11 June 2017\n\nWorld Cup 2018 qualifier\n\nDublin, Ireland\n\n Austria\n\n1–1\n\nMartin Hinteregger 31', Jonathan Walters 85'[141]\n\n\n2 September 2017\n\nWorld Cup 2018 qualifier\n\nTbilisi, Georgia\n\n Georgia\n\n1–1\n\nShane Duffy 4', Valeri Qazaishvili 34'[142]\n\n\n5 September 2017\n\nWorld Cup 2018 qualifier\n\nDublin, Ireland\n\n Serbia\n\n0–1\n\nAleksandar Kolarov 55'[143]\n\n\n6 October 2017\n\nWorld Cup 2018 qualifier\n\nDublin, Ireland\n\n Moldova\n\n2–0\n\nDaryl Murphy 2', 19'[144]\n\n\n9 October 2017\n\nWorld Cup 2018 qualifier\n\nCardiff, Wales\n\n Wales\n\n1–0\n\nJames McClean 57'[144]\n\n\n11 November 2017\n\nWorld Cup 2018 play-off\n\nCopenhagen, Denmark\n\n Denmark\n\n0–0\n\n[145]\n\n\n14 November 2017\n\nWorld Cup 2018 play-off\n\nDublin, Ireland\n\n Denmark\n\n1–5\n\nShane Duffy 6', Cyrus Christie 29' (og), Christian Eriksen 32', 63', 74', Nicklas Bendtner 90' (pen)[146][147]\n\n\n23 March 2018\n\nFriendly match\n\nAntalya, Turkey\n\n Turkey\n\n0–1\n\nMehmet Topal 52'[148]\n\n\n20 May 2018\n\nUnofficial friendly\n\nGlasgow, Scotland\n\n Celtic\n\n2–2\n\nAlan Browne , Ross Doohan og', Leigh Griffiths , Patrick Roberts [149]\n\n\n28 May 2018\n\nFriendly match\n\nSaint Denis, France\n\n France\n\n0–2\n\nOlivier Giroud 40', Nabil Fekir 44'[150]\n\n\n2 June 2018\n\nFriendly match\n\nDublin, Ireland\n\n United States\n\n2–1\n\nBobby Wood 45+1', Graham Burke 57', Alan Judge 90'[151][152]\n\n\n6 September 2018\n\nUEFA Nations League\n\nCardiff, Wales\n\n Wales\n\n\n\n[153]\n\n\n11 September 2018\n\nFriendly match\n\nWrocław, Poland\n\n Poland\n\n\n\n[154]\n\n\n13 October 2018\n\nUEFA Nations League\n\nDublin, Ireland\n\n Denmark\n\n\n\n[153]\n\n\n16 October 2018\n\nUEFA Nations League\n\nDublin, Ireland\n\n Wales\n\n\n\n[153]\n\n\n15 November 2018\n\nFriendly match\n\nDublin, Ireland\n\n Northern Ireland\n\n\n\n[155]\n\n\n19 November 2018\n\nUEFA Nations League\n\nAarhus, Denmark\n\n Denmark\n\n\n\n[153]\n",
"\n\n\nDate\n\nCompetition\n\nVenue\n\nOpponent\n\nResult\n\nScorers\n\n\n11 June 2017\n\nWorld Cup 2018 qualifier\n\nDublin, Ireland\n\n Austria\n\n1–1\n\nMartin Hinteregger 31', Jonathan Walters 85'[141]\n\n\n2 September 2017\n\nWorld Cup 2018 qualifier\n\nTbilisi, Georgia\n\n Georgia\n\n1–1\n\nShane Duffy 4', Valeri Qazaishvili 34'[142]\n\n\n5 September 2017\n\nWorld Cup 2018 qualifier\n\nDublin, Ireland\n\n Serbia\n\n0–1\n\nAleksandar Kolarov 55'[143]\n\n\n6 October 2017\n\nWorld Cup 2018 qualifier\n\nDublin, Ireland\n\n Moldova\n\n2–0\n\nDaryl Murphy 2', 19'[144]\n\n\n9 October 2017\n\nWorld Cup 2018 qualifier\n\nCardiff, Wales\n\n Wales\n\n1–0\n\nJames McClean 57'[144]\n\n\n11 November 2017\n\nWorld Cup 2018 play-off\n\nCopenhagen, Denmark\n\n Denmark\n\n0–0\n\n[145]\n\n\n14 November 2017\n\nWorld Cup 2018 play-off\n\nDublin, Ireland\n\n Denmark\n\n1–5\n\nShane Duffy 6', Cyrus Christie 29' (og), Christian Eriksen 32', 63', 74', Nicklas Bendtner 90' (pen)[146][147]\n\n\n23 March 2018\n\nFriendly match\n\nAntalya, Turkey\n\n Turkey\n\n0–1\n\nMehmet Topal 52'[148]\n\n\n20 May 2018\n\nUnofficial friendly\n\nGlasgow, Scotland\n\n Celtic\n\n2–2\n\nAlan Browne , Ross Doohan og', Leigh Griffiths , Patrick Roberts [149]\n\n\n28 May 2018\n\nFriendly match\n\nSaint Denis, France\n\n France\n\n0–2\n\nOlivier Giroud 40', Nabil Fekir 44'[150]\n\n\n2 June 2018\n\nFriendly match\n\nDublin, Ireland\n\n United States\n\n2–1\n\nBobby Wood 45+1', Graham Burke 57', Alan Judge 90'[151][152]\n\n\n6 September 2018\n\nUEFA Nations League\n\nCardiff, Wales\n\n Wales\n\n\n\n[153]\n\n\n11 September 2018\n\nFriendly match\n\nWrocław, Poland\n\n Poland\n\n\n\n[154]\n\n\n13 October 2018\n\nUEFA Nations League\n\nDublin, Ireland\n\n Denmark\n\n\n\n[153]\n\n\n16 October 2018\n\nUEFA Nations League\n\nDublin, Ireland\n\n Wales\n\n\n\n[153]\n\n\n15 November 2018\n\nFriendly match\n\nDublin, Ireland\n\n Northern Ireland\n\n\n\n[155]\n\n\n19 November 2018\n\nUEFA Nations League\n\nAarhus, Denmark\n\n Denmark\n\n\n\n[153]\n"
] | [
"Serbia",
"Denmark"
] |
3349222009418924424 | Tom and Jerry | Tom and Jerry - wikipedia Tom and Jerry This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 1 March 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the animal cartoon series . For other uses , see Tom and Jerry ( disambiguation ) . Tom and Jerry Tom and Jerry title card ( 1946 -- 54 ) for the MGM Hanna - Barbera shorts . Genre Comedy Slapstick Created by William Hanna Joseph Barbera Written by William Hanna ( 1940 -- 58 ) Joseph Barbera ( 1940 -- 58 ) Gene Deitch ( 1961 -- 62 ) Eli Bauer ( 1961 -- 62 ) Larz Bourne ( 1961 -- 62 ) Michael Maltese ( 1963 -- 67 ) Jim Pabian ( 1965 ) Bob Ogle ( 1966 -- 67 ) John W. Dunn ( 1965 -- 67 ) Directed by William Hanna ( 1940 -- 58 ) Joseph Barbera ( 1940 -- 58 ) Gene Deitch ( 1961 -- 62 ) Chuck Jones ( 1963 -- 67 ) Maurice Noble ( 1964 -- 67 ) Abe Levitow ( 1965 -- 67 ) Tom Ray ( 1966 -- 67 ) Ben Washam ( 1966 -- 67 ) Voices of Harry E. Lang Clarence Nash William Hanna Red Coffee Lillian Randolph Billy Bletcher Daws Butler Mel Blanc Allen Swift June Foray Dick Nelson Composer ( s ) Scott Bradley ( 113 shorts ) Edward Plumb ( 1 short ) Steven Konichek ( 12 shorts ) Eugene Poddany ( 20 shorts ) Dean Elliott ( 8 shorts ) Carl Brandt ( 2 shorts ) Hoyt Curtin ( 16 shorts ) Yvette Blais and Jeff Michael ( 15 shorts ) Tom Worrall ( 39 shorts ) Gary Lionelli ( 26 shorts ) J. Eric Schmidt Tom Erba ( 26 shorts ) Vivek Maddala David Ricard John Van Tongeren Henry Mancini ( the movie ) Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of episodes 164 shorts ( list of episodes ) Production Producer ( s ) Rudolf Ising ( 1940 ) Fred Quimby ( 1940 -- 55 ) William Hanna ( 1955 -- 58 ) Joseph Barbera ( 1955 -- 58 ) William L. Snyder ( 1961 -- 62 ) Chuck Jones ( 1963 -- 67 ) Walter Bien ( 1963 -- 65 ) Les Goldman ( 1963 -- 67 ) Earl Jonas ( 1965 -- 67 ) Running time 6 -- 10 minutes ( per short ) Distributor Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer Release Original release Puss Gets the Boot ( February 10 , 1940 ( 1940 - 02 - 10 ) ) Tom and Jerry is an American animated series of short films created in 1940 by William Hanna and Joseph Barbera . It centers on a rivalry between its two title characters , Tom , a cat , and Jerry , a mouse , and many recurring characters , based around slapstick comedy . In its original run , Hanna and Barbera produced 114 Tom and Jerry shorts for Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer from 1940 to 1958 . During this time , they won seven Academy Awards for Animated Short Film , tying for first place with Walt Disney 's Silly Symphonies with the most awards in the category . After the MGM cartoon studio closed in 1957 , MGM revived the series with Gene Deitch directing an additional 13 Tom and Jerry shorts for Rembrandt Films from 1961 to 1962 . Tom and Jerry then became the highest - grossing animated short film series of that time , overtaking Looney Tunes . Chuck Jones then produced another 34 shorts with Sib Tower 12 Productions between 1963 and 1967 . Three more shorts were produced , The Mansion Cat in 2001 , The Karate Guard in 2005 , and A Fundraising Adventure in 2014 , making a total of 164 shorts . Various shorts have been released for home media since the 1990s . A number of spin - offs have been made , including the television series The Tom and Jerry Show ( 1975 ) , The Tom and Jerry Comedy Show ( 1980 -- 82 ) , Tom and Jerry Kids ( 1990 -- 93 ) , Tom and Jerry Tales ( 2006 -- 08 ) , and The Tom and Jerry Show ( 2014 -- present ) . The first feature - length film based on the series , Tom and Jerry : The Movie , was released in 1992 , and 13 direct - to - video films have been produced since 2002 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Production 3 Characters 3.1 Tom and Jerry 3.1. 1 Tom and Jerry speaking 3.2 Spike and Tyke 3.3 Butch and Toodles Galore 3.4 Nibbles 3.5 Mammy Two Shoes 4 History 4.1 Hanna - Barbera era ( 1940 -- 58 ) 4.2 Gene Deitch era ( 1961 -- 62 ) 4.3 Chuck Jones era ( 1963 -- 67 ) 4.4 Tom and Jerry hit television 4.5 Second Hanna - Barbera era : The Tom and Jerry Show ( 1975 ) 4.6 Filmation era ( 1980 -- 82 ) 4.7 Tom and Jerry 's new owners 4.8 Third Hanna - Barbera era : Tom and Jerry Kids ( 1990 -- 94 ) 4.9 One - off productions ( 2001 ; 2005 ) 4.10 Warner Bros. era ( 2006 -- present ) 5 Outside the United States 6 Feature films 7 Controversy 8 Other formats 9 Cultural influences 9.1 In popular culture 10 Home media 11 Theatrical shorts 12 Television 12.1 Television shows 12.2 Packaged shows and programming blocks 12.3 Television specials 13 Feature films 14 See also 15 References 16 Further reading Plot ( edit ) The series features comic fights between an iconic set of adversaries , a house cat ( Tom ) and a mouse ( Jerry ) . The plots of each short usually center on Tom 's numerous attempts to capture Jerry and the mayhem and destruction that follows . Tom rarely succeeds in catching Jerry , mainly because of Jerry 's cleverness , cunning abilities , and luck . However , there are also several instances within the cartoons where they display genuine friendship and concern for each other 's well - being . At other times , the pair set aside their rivalry in order to pursue a common goal , such as when a baby escaped the watch of a negligent babysitter , causing Tom and Jerry to pursue the baby and keep it away from danger . The cartoons are known for some of the most violent cartoon gags ever devised in theatrical animation such as Tom using everything from axes , hammers , firearms , firecrackers , explosives , traps and poison to kill Jerry . On the other hand , Jerry 's methods of retaliation are far more violent due to their frequent success , including slicing Tom in half , decapitating him , shutting his head or fingers in a window or a door , stuffing Tom 's tail in a waffle iron or a mangle , kicking him into a refrigerator , getting him electrocuted , pounding him with a mace , club or mallet , letting a tree or electric pole drive him into the ground , sticking matches into his feet and lighting them , tying him to a firework and setting it off , and so on . Because of this , Tom and Jerry has often been criticized as excessively violent . Despite the frequent violence , there is no blood or gore in any scene . Music plays a very important part in the shorts , emphasizing the action , filling in for traditional sound effects , and lending emotion to the scenes . Musical director Scott Bradley created complex scores that combined elements of jazz , classical , and pop music ; Bradley often reprised contemporary pop songs , as well as songs from MGM films , including The Wizard of Oz and Meet Me in St. Louis , which both starred Judy Garland in a leading role . Generally , there is little dialogue as Tom and Jerry almost never speak ; however , minor characters are not similarly limited , and the two lead characters are able to speak English on rare occasions and are thus not mute . For example , the character Mammy Two Shoes has lines in nearly every cartoon in which she appears . Most of the vocal effects used for Tom and Jerry are their high - pitched laughs and gasping screams . Production ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Before 1954 , all Tom and Jerry cartoons were produced in the standard Academy ratio and format ; in 1954 and 1955 , some of the output was dually produced in dual versions : one Academy - ratio negative composed for a flat widescreen ( 1.75 : 1 ) format and one shot in the CinemaScope process . From 1955 until the close of the MGM cartoon studio a year later , all Tom and Jerry cartoons were produced in CinemaScope , some even had their soundtracks recorded in Perspecta directional audio . All of the Hanna and Barbera cartoons were shot as successive color exposure negatives in Technicolor ; the 1960s entries were done in Metrocolor . The 1960s entries also returned to the standard Academy ratio and format , too . The 2005 short The Karate Guard was also filmed in the standard Academy ratio and format . Characters ( edit ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : List of Tom and Jerry characters Tom and Jerry ( edit ) Main articles : Tom Cat and Jerry Mouse Tom ( named `` Jasper '' in his debut appearance ) is a grey and white domestic shorthair cat . ( `` Tom '' is a generic name for a male cat . ) He is usually but not always , portrayed as living a comfortable , or even pampered life , while Jerry ( named `` Jinx '' in his debut appearance ) is a small , brown , house mouse who always lives in close proximity to Tom . Despite being very energetic , determined and much larger , Tom is no match for Jerry 's wits . Jerry also possesses surprising strength for his size , approximately the equivalent of Tom 's , lifting items such as anvils with relative ease and withstanding considerable impacts . Although cats typically chase mice to eat them , it is quite rare for Tom to actually try to eat Jerry . Most of his attempts are just to torment or humiliate Jerry , sometimes in revenge , and sometimes to obtain a reward from a human for catching Jerry . By the final `` fade - out '' of each cartoon , Jerry usually emerges triumphant , while Tom is shown as the loser . However , other results may be reached . On rare occasions , Tom triumphs , usually when Jerry becomes the aggressor or he pushes Tom a little too far . In The Million Dollar Cat Jerry learns that Tom will lose his newly acquired wealth if he harms any animal , especially mice ; he then torments Tom a little too much until he retaliates . In Timid Tabby Tom 's look - alike cousin pushes Jerry over the edge . Occasionally and usually ironically , they both lose , usually because Jerry 's last trap or attack on Tom backfires on him or he overlooks something . In Chuck Jones ' Filet Meow , Jerry orders a shark from the pet store to scare Tom away from eating a goldfish . Afterwards , the shark scares Jerry away as well . Finally , they occasionally end up being friends , although within this set of stories , there is often a last minute event that ruins the truce . One cartoon that has a friendly ending is Snowbody Loves Me . Both characters display sadistic tendencies , in that they are equally likely to take pleasure in tormenting each other , although it is often in response to a triggering event . However , when one character appears to truly be in mortal danger from an unplanned situation or due to actions by a third party , the other will develop a conscience and save him . Occasionally , they bond over a mutual sentiment towards an unpleasant experience and their attacking each other is more play than serious attacks . Multiple shorts show the two getting along with minimal difficulty , and they are more than capable of working together when the situation calls for it , usually against a third party who manages to torture and humiliate them both . Sometimes this partnership is forgotten quickly when an unexpected event happens , or when one character feels that the other is no longer necessary . This is the case in Posse Cat , when they agree that Jerry will allow himself to be caught if Tom agrees to share his reward dinner , but Tom then reneges . Other times however , Tom does keep his promise to Jerry and the partnerships are not quickly dissolved after the problem is solved . Tom changes his love interest many times . The first love interest is Toots who appears in Puss n ' Toots , and calls him `` Tommy '' in The Mouse Comes to Dinner . He is also interested in a cat called Toots in The Zoot Cat although she has a different appearance to the original Toots . The most frequent love interest of Tom 's is Toodles Galore , who never has any dialogue in the cartoons . Despite five shorts ending with a depiction of Tom 's apparent death , his demise is never permanent ; he even reads about his own death in a flashback in Jerry 's Diary . He appears to die in explosions in Mouse Trouble ( after which he is seen in heaven ) , Yankee Doodle Mouse and in Safety Second , while in The Two Mouseketeers he is guillotined offscreen . Tom and Jerry speaking ( edit ) Although many supporting and minor characters speak , rarely do Tom and Jerry so themselves . Tom , most famously , sings while wooing female cats ; for example , Tom sings Louis Jordan 's `` Is You Is or Is You Ai n't My Baby '' in the 1946 short Solid Serenade . In that one as well as Zoot Cat , Tom , when romancing a female cat , woos her in a French - accented voice similar to that of screen actor Charles Boyer . At the end of The Million Dollar Cat after beginning to antagonize Jerry he says , `` Gee , I 'm throwin ' away a million dollars ... BUT I 'M HAPPY ! '' In Tom and Jerry : The Magic Ring , Jerry says , `` No , no , no , no , no , '' when choosing the shop to remove his ring . In The Mouse Comes to Dinner Tom speaks to his girlfriend Toots while inadvertently sitting on a stove : `` Say , what 's cookin ' ? '' , to which Toots replies `` You are , stupid . '' Another instance of speech comes in Solid Serenade and The Framed Cat , where Tom directs Spike through a few dog tricks in a dog - trainer manner . Co-director William Hanna provided most of the squeaks , gasps , and other vocal effects for the pair , including the most famous sound effects from the series , Tom 's leather - lunged scream ( created by recording Hanna 's scream and eliminating the beginning and ending of the recording , leaving only the strongest part of the scream on the soundtrack ) and Jerry 's nervous gulp . The only other reasonably common vocalization is made by Tom when some external reference claims a certain scenario or eventuality to be impossible , which inevitably , ironically happens to thwart Tom 's plans -- at which point , a bedraggled and battered Tom appears and says in a haunting , echoing voice `` Do n't you believe it ! '' , a reference to the then - popular 1940s radio show Do n't You Believe It . In Mouse Trouble , Tom says `` Do n't you believe it ! '' after being beaten up by Jerry ( this also happens in The Missing Mouse ) . In the 1946 short Trap Happy , Tom hires a cat disguised as a mouse exterminator who , after several failed attempts to dispatch Jerry , changes profession to Cat exterminator by crossing out the `` Mouse '' on his title and writing `` Cat '' , resulting in Tom spelling out the word out loud before reluctantly pointing at himself . One short , 1956 's Blue Cat Blues , is narrated by Jerry in voiceover ( voiced by Paul Frees ) as they try to win back their ladyfriends . Both Tom and Jerry speak more than once in the 1943 short The Lonesome Mouse , while Jerry was voiced by Sara Berner during his appearance in the 1945 MGM musical Anchors Aweigh . Tom and Jerry : The Movie is the first ( and so far only ) installment of the series where the famous cat - and - mouse duo regularly speak . In that movie , Tom was voiced by Richard Kind , and Jerry was voiced by Dana Hill . Spike and Tyke ( edit ) Main article : Spike and Tyke ( characters ) In his attempts to catch Jerry , Tom often has to deal with Spike ( known as `` Killer '' and `` Butch '' in some shorts ) , an angry , vicious but easily duped bulldog who tries to attack Tom for bothering him or his son Tyke while trying to get Jerry . Originally , Spike was unnamed and mute ( aside from howls and biting noises ) as well as attacking indiscriminately , not caring whether it was Tom or Jerry though usually attacking Tom . In later cartoons , Spike spoke often , using a voice and expressions ( performed by Billy Bletcher and later Daws Butler ) modeled after comedian Jimmy Durante . Spike 's coat has altered throughout the years between grey and creamy tan . The addition of Spike 's son Tyke in the late 1940s led to both a slight softening of Spike 's character and a short - lived spin - off theatrical series ( Spike and Tyke ) . Most cartoons with Spike in it have a system ; usually Spike is trying to accomplish something ( such as building a dog house or sleeping ) when Tom and Jerry 's antics stop him from doing it . Spike then ( presumably due to prejudice ) singles out Tom as the culprit and threatens him that if it ever happens again , he will do `` something horrible '' to him ( effectively forcing Tom to take the blame ) while Jerry overhears ; afterwards Jerry usually does anything he can to interrupt whatever Spike is doing while Tom barely manages to stop him ( usually getting injured in the process ) . Usually Jerry does eventually wreck whatever Spike is doing in spectacular fashion and leaving Tom to take the blame , forcing him to flee from Spike and inevitably lose ( usually due to the fact that Tom is usually framed by Jerry and that Spike just does n't like Tom ) . Off - screen , Spike does something to Tom and finally Tom is generally shown injured or in a bad situation while Jerry smugly cuddles up to Spike unscathed . Tom sometimes can get irritated with Spike on some occasions ( example is in That 's My Pup ! , when Spike forced Tom to run up a tree every time his son barked , causing Tom to hang Tyke on a flag pole ) . At least once however , Tom does something that benefits Spike , who promises not to interfere ever again ; causing Jerry to frantically leave the house and run into the distance ( in Hic - cup Pup ) . Spike is well known for his famous `` Listen pussycat ! '' catchphrase when he threatens Tom , his other famous catchphrase is `` That 's my boy ! '' normally said when he supports or congratulates his son . Tyke is described as a cute , sweet looking , happy and a lovable puppy . He is Spike 's son , but unlike Spike , Tyke does not speak and only communicates ( mostly towards his father ) by barking , yapping , wagging his tail , whimpering and growling . Tyke 's father Spike would always go out of his way to care and comfort his son and make sure that he is safe from Tom . Tyke loves his father and Spike loves his son and they get along like friends , although most of time they would be taking a nap or Spike would teach Tyke the main facts of life of being a dog . Like Spike , Tyke 's appearance has altered throughout the years , from grey ( with white paws ) to creamy tan . When Tom and Jerry Kids first aired , this was the first time that viewers were able to hear Tyke speak . Butch and Toodles Galore ( edit ) Main articles : Butch ( Tom and Jerry ) and Toodles Galore Butch is a black , cigar - smoking cat who also wants to eat Jerry . He is the most frequent adversary of Tom . However , for most of the episodes he appears in , he is usually seen rivaling Tom over Toodles . Butch was also Tom 's chum as in some cartoons , where Butch is leader of Tom 's alley cat buddies , who are mostly Lightning , Topsy , and Meathead . Butch talks more often than Tom or Jerry in most shorts . Both characters were originally introduced in Hugh Harman 's 1941 short The Alley Cat , but were integrated into Tom and Jerry rather than continuing in their own series . Nibbles ( edit ) Main article : Nibbles ( Tom and Jerry ) Nibbles is a small grey mouse who often appears in shorts as Jerry 's nephew . He is a carefree individual who very rarely understands the danger of the situation , simply following instructions the best he can both to Jerry 's command and his own innocent understanding of the situation . This can lead to such results as `` getting the cheese '' by simply asking Tom to pick it up for him , rather than following Jerry 's example of outmaneuvering and sneaking around Tom . Many times Nibbles is an ally of Jerry in fights against Tom , including being the second Mouseketeer . He is given speaking roles in all his appearances as a Mouseketeer , often with a high - pitched French tone . However , during a short in which he rescued Robin Hood , his voice was instead more masculine , gruff , and cockney accented . Mammy Two Shoes ( edit ) Main article : Mammy Two Shoes Mammy Two Shoes is a heavy - set middle - aged mammy who often has to deal with the mayhem generated by the lead characters . Voiced by character actress Lillian Randolph , she is often seen as the owner of Tom . Her face was only shown once , very briefly , in Saturday Evening Puss . Mammy 's appearances have often been edited out , dubbed , or re-animated as a slim white woman in later television showings , since her character is a mammy archetype now often regarded as racist . She was mostly restored in the DVD releases of the cartoons , with an introduction by Whoopi Goldberg explaining the importance of African - American representation in the cartoon series , however stereotyped . History ( edit ) `` Tom and Jerry '' was a commonplace phrase for youngsters indulging in riotous behaviour in 19th - century London . The term comes from Life in London , or Days and Nights of Jerry Hawthorne and his elegant friend Corinthian Tom ( 1823 ) by Pierce Egan . However Brewer notes no more than an `` unconscious '' echo of the Regency era original in the naming of the cartoon . Hanna - Barbera era ( 1940 -- 58 ) ( edit ) William Hanna and Joseph Barbera were both part of the Rudolf Ising unit at the MGM cartoon studio in the late 1930s . After the financial disaster of a series of MGM cartoons based upon the Captain and the Kids comic strip characters , Barbera , a storyman and character designer , was paired ( out of desperation ) with Hanna , an experienced director , to start directing films for the Ising unit . In their first discussion for a cartoon , Barbera suggested a cat - and - mouse cartoon titled Puss Gets the Boot . `` We knew we needed two characters . We thought we needed conflict , and chase and action . And a cat after a mouse seemed like a good , basic thought , '' as he recalled in an interview . Hanna and other employees complained that the idea was n't very original ; nevertheless , the short was completed in late 1939 , and released to theaters on February 10 , 1940 . Puss Gets The Boot centers on Jasper , a gray tabby cat trying to catch a mouse named Jinx ( whose name is not mentioned within the cartoon itself ) , but after accidentally breaking a houseplant and its stand , the African American housemaid Mammy has threatened to throw Jasper out if he breaks one more thing in the house . Naturally , Jinx uses this to his advantage , and begins tossing any and everything fragile , so that Jasper will be thrown outside . Puss Gets The Boot was previewed and released without fanfare , and Hanna and Barbera went on to direct other non-cat - and - mouse related shorts such as Gallopin ' Gals ( 1940 ) and Officer Pooch ( 1941 ) . `` After all , '' remarked many of the MGM staffers , `` have n't there been enough cat - and - mouse cartoons already ? '' The pessimistic attitude towards the cat and mouse duo changed when the cartoon became a favorite with theater owners and with the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences , which nominated the film for the Academy Award for Best Short Subject : Cartoons of 1941 . It lost to another MGM cartoon , Rudolph Ising 's The Milky Way . Producer Fred Quimby , who ran the MGM animation studio , quickly pulled Hanna and Barbera off the other one - shot cartoons they were working on , and commissioned a series featuring the cat and mouse . Hanna and Barbera held an intra-studio contest to give the pair a new name by drawing suggested names out of a hat ; animator John Carr won $50 with his suggestion of Tom and Jerry , at the time best known as the name of a Christmastime mixed drink . The Tom and Jerry series went into production with The Midnight Snack in 1941 , and Hanna and Barbera rarely directed anything but the cat - and - mouse cartoons for the rest of their tenure at MGM . Barbera would create the story for each short while Hanna would supervise production . Tom 's physical appearance evolved significantly over the years . During the early 1940s , Tom had an excess of detail -- shaggy fur , numerous facial wrinkles , and multiple eyebrow markings , all of which were streamlined into a more workable form by the end of the 1940s . In addition , he also looked like a more realistic cat early on ; evolving from his quadrupedal beginnings Tom to become increasingly and almost exclusively bipedal . By contrast , Jerry 's design remained essentially the same for the duration of the series . By the mid-1940s , the series had developed a quicker , more energetic and violent tone , due to the inspiration from the work of their colleague in the MGM cartoon studio , Tex Avery , who joined the studio in 1942 . Even though the theme of each short is virtually the same -- cat chases mouse -- Hanna and Barbera found endless variations on that theme . Barbera 's storyboards and rough layouts and designs , combined with Hanna 's timing , resulted in MGM 's most popular and successful cartoon series . Thirteen entries in the Tom and Jerry series ( including Puss Gets The Boot ) were nominated for the Academy Award for Best Short Subject : Cartoons ; seven of them went on to win the Academy Award , breaking the Disney studio 's winning streak in that category . Tom and Jerry won more Academy Awards than any other character - based theatrical animated series . Tom and Jerry remained popular throughout their original theatrical run , even when the budgets began to tighten in the 1950s and the pace of the shorts slowed slightly . However , after television became popular in the 1950s , box office revenues decreased for theatrical films , and short subjects . At first , MGM combated this by going to all - CinemaScope production on the series . After MGM realized that their re-releases of the older cartoons brought in just as much money as the new cartoons did , the studio executives decided , much to the surprise of the staff , to close the animation studio . The MGM cartoon studio was shut down on May 15 , 1957 , and the last of the 114 Hanna - Barbera Tom and Jerry shorts , Tot Watchers , was released on August 1 , 1958 . Hanna and Barbera established their own television animation studio , Hanna - Barbera Productions , on July 7 , 1957 , which went on to produce hit TV shows , such as The Flintstones , Yogi Bear , The Jetsons and Scooby - Doo . Gene Deitch era ( 1961 -- 62 ) ( edit ) In 1961 , MGM revived the Tom and Jerry franchise , and contracted European animation studio Rembrandt Films to produce thirteen Tom and Jerry shorts in Prague , Czechoslovakia . All thirteen shorts were directed by Gene Deitch and produced by William L. Snyder . Deitch himself wrote most of the cartoons , with occasional assistance from Larz Bourne and Eli Bauer . Stěpan Koniček provided the musical score for the Deitch shorts . Sound effects were produced by Tod Dockstader . The majority of vocal effects and voices in Deitch 's films were provided by Allen Swift . Deitch states that , being a `` UPA man '' , he was not a fan of the Tom and Jerry cartoons , thinking they were `` needlessly violent '' . However , after being assigned to work on the series , he quickly realized that `` nobody took ( the violence ) seriously '' , and it was merely `` a parody of exaggerated human emotions '' . He also came to see what he perceived as the `` biblical roots '' in Tom and Jerry 's conflict , similar to David and Goliath , stating `` That 's where we feel a connection to these cartoons : the little guy can win ( or at least survive ) to fight another day . '' Since the Deitch / Snyder team had seen only a handful of the original Tom and Jerry shorts , and since the team produced their cartoons on a tighter budget of $10,000 , the resulting films were considered surrealist in nature , though this was not Deitch 's intention . The animation was limited and jerky in movement , compared to the more fluid Hanna - Barbera shorts . Background art was done in a more simplistic , angular , Art Deco-esque style . The soundtracks featured sparse and echoic electronic music , futuristic sound effects , heavy reverb , and dialogue that was mumbled rather than spoken . According to Jen Nessel of The New York Times , `` The Czech style had nothing in common with these gag - driven cartoons . '' Whereas Hanna - Barbera 's shorts generally took place in and outside of a house , Deitch 's shorts opted for more exotic locations , such as a 19th - century whaling ship , the jungles of Nairobi , an Ancient Greek acropolis , or the Wild West . In addition , Mammy Two - Shoes was replaced as Tom 's owner by Clint Clobber , a bald , overweight , short - tempered , middle - aged white man who was also much more brutal and violent in punishing Tom 's actions as compared to previous owners , by beating and thrashing Tom repeatedly , stomping on his hand , searing his head with a grill , forcing him to drink an entire carbonated beverage , slamming his fingers with a lunchbox lid and even wrapping a shotgun over his head and firing it . To avoid being linked to Communism , Deitch romanized the Czech names of his crew in the opening credits of the shorts ( e.g. Stêpan Koniček became `` Steven Konichek '' and Vaclav Lidl became `` Victor Little '' ) . In addition , these shorts are among the few Tom and Jerry cartoons not to carry the `` Made In Hollywood , U.S.A. '' phrase on the end title card ; due to Deitch 's studio being behind the Iron Curtain , the production studio 's location is omitted entirely on it . After the thirteen shorts were completed , Joe Vogel , the head of production , was fired from MGM . Vogel had approved of Deitch and his team 's work , but MGM decided not to renew their contract after Vogel 's departure . The final of the thirteen shorts , Carmen Get It ! , was released on December 21 , 1962 . Deitch 's shorts were commercial successes . In 1961 , the Tom and Jerry series became the highest - grossing animated short film series of that time , dethroning Looney Tunes , which had held the position for sixteen years ; this success was repeated once more in 1962 . However , unlike the Hanna - Barbera shorts , none of Deitch 's films were nominated for nor did they win an Academy Award . In retrospect , these shorts are often considered the worst of the Tom and Jerry theatrical output . Deitch stated that due to his team 's inexperience as well as their low budget , he `` hardly had a chance to succeed '' , and `` well understand ( s ) the negative reactions '' to his shorts . He believes `` They could all have been better animated -- truer to the characters -- but our T&Js were produced in the early 1960s , near the beginning of my presence here , over a half - century ago as I write this ! '' Despite the criticism , some fans wrote positive letters to Deitch , stating that his Tom and Jerry shorts were their personal favorites due to their quirky and surreal nature . The shorts were released on DVD in 2015 in Tom and Jerry : The Gene Deitch Collection . Chuck Jones era ( 1963 -- 67 ) ( edit ) After the last of the Deitch cartoons were released , Chuck Jones , who had been fired from his thirty - plus year tenure at Warner Bros. Cartoons , started his own animation studio , Sib Tower 12 Productions ( later renamed MGM Animation / Visual Arts ) , with partner Les Goldman . Beginning in 1963 , Jones and Goldman went on to produce 34 more Tom and Jerry shorts , all of which carried Jones ' distinctive style ( and a slight psychedelic influence ) . Jones had trouble adapting his style to Tom and Jerry 's brand of humor , and a number of the cartoons favored full animation , personality and style over storyline . The characters underwent a slight change of appearance : Tom was given thicker eyebrows ( resembling Jones ' Grinch , Count Blood Count or Wile E. Coyote ) , a less complex look ( including the color of his fur becoming gray ) , sharper ears , longer tail and furrier cheeks ( resembling Jones ' Claude Cat or Sylvester ) , while Jerry was given larger eyes and ears , a lighter brown color , and a sweeter , Porky Pig - like expression . Some of Jones ' Tom and Jerry cartoons are reminiscent of his work with Wile E. Coyote and the Road Runner , included the uses of blackout gags and gags involving characters falling from high places . Jones co-directed the majority of the shorts with layout artist Maurice Noble . The remaining shorts were directed by Abe Levitow and Ben Washam , with Tom Ray directing two shorts built around footage from earlier Tom and Jerry cartoons directed by Hanna and Barbera , and Jim Pabian directed a short with Maurice Noble . Various vocal characteristics were made by Mel Blanc and June Foray . These shorts contain a memorable opening theme , in which Tom first replaces the MGM lion , then is trapped inside the `` O '' of his name . Though Jones 's shorts were generally considered an improvement over Deitch 's , they nevertheless had varying degrees of critical success . MGM ceased production of Tom and Jerry shorts in 1967 , by which time Jones had moved on to television specials and the feature film The Phantom Tollbooth . The shorts were released on DVD in 2009 in Tom and Jerry : The Chuck Jones Collection . Tom and Jerry hit television ( edit ) Beginning in 1965 , the Hanna and Barbera Tom and Jerry cartoons began to appear on television in heavily edited versions . The Jones team was required to take the cartoons featuring Mammy Two Shoes and remove her by pasting over the scenes featuring her with new scenes . Most of the time , she was replaced with a similarly fat White Irish woman ; occasionally , as in Saturday Evening Puss , a thin white teenager took her place instead , with both characters voiced by June Foray . However , recent telecasts on Cartoon Network and Boomerang retain Mammy with new voiceover work performed by Thea Vidale to remove the stereotypical black jargon featured on the original cartoon soundtracks . The standard Tom and Jerry opening titles were removed as well . Instead of the roaring MGM Lion sequence , an opening sequence featuring different clips of the cartoons was used instead . The title cards were also changed . A pink title card with the name written in white font was used instead . Debuting on CBS ' Saturday morning schedule on September 25 , 1965 , Tom and Jerry moved to CBS Sundays two years later and remained there until September 17 , 1972 . Second Hanna - Barbera era : the Tom and Jerry Show ( 1975 ) ( edit ) In 1975 , Tom and Jerry were reunited with Hanna and Barbera , who produced new Tom and Jerry cartoons for Saturday mornings . These 48 seven - minute short cartoons were paired with Grape Ape and Mumbly cartoons , to create The Tom and Jerry / Grape Ape Show , The Tom and Jerry / Grape Ape / Mumbly Show , and The Tom and Jerry / Mumbly Show , all of which initially ran on ABC Saturday mornings between September 6 , 1975 and September 3 , 1977 . In these cartoons , Tom and Jerry ( now with a red bow tie ) , who had been enemies during their formative years , became nonviolent pals who went on adventures together , as Hanna - Barbera had to meet the stringent rules against violence for children 's TV . This 1975 - styled format was no longer used in the newer Tom and Jerry entrees . Filmation era ( 1980 -- 82 ) ( edit ) Filmation Studios ( in association with MGM Television ) also tried their hands at producing a Tom and Jerry TV series . Their version , The Tom and Jerry Comedy Show , debuted in 1980 , and also featured new cartoons starring Droopy , Spike ( from Tom & Jerry , and the same version also used in Droopy ) , Slick Wolf , and Barney Bear , not seen since the original MGM shorts . The Filmation Tom and Jerry cartoons were noticeably different from Hanna - Barbera 's efforts , as they returned Tom and Jerry to the original chase formula , with a somewhat more `` slapstick '' humor format . This incarnation , much like the 1975 version , was not as well received by audiences as the originals , and lasted on CBS Saturday mornings from September 6 , 1980 to September 4 , 1982 . Tom and Jerry 's new owners ( edit ) In 1986 , MGM was purchased by WTBS founder Ted Turner . Turner sold the company a short while later , but retained MGM 's pre-1986 film library , thus Tom and Jerry became the property of Turner Entertainment Co. ( where the rights stand today via Warner Bros . ) , and have in subsequent years appeared on Turner - run stations , such as TBS , TNT , Cartoon Network , The WB , Boomerang , and Turner Classic Movies . Third Hanna - Barbera era : Tom and Jerry Kids ( 1990 -- 94 ) ( edit ) One of the biggest trends for Saturday morning television in the 1980s and 1990s was the `` babyfication '' of older , classic cartoon stars , and on March 2 , 1990 , Tom and Jerry Kids , co-produced by Turner Entertainment Co. and Hanna - Barbera Productions ( which would be sold to Turner in 1991 ) debuted on Fox Kids and for a few years , aired on British children 's block , CBBC . It featured a youthful version of the famous cat - and - mouse duo chasing each other . As with the 1975 H-B series , Jerry wears his red bowtie , while Tom now wears a red cap . Spike and his son Tyke ( who now had talking dialogue ) and Droopy and his son Dripple , appeared in back - up segments for the show , which ran until November 18 , 1994 . Tom and Jerry Kids was the last Tom and Jerry cartoon series produced in 4 : 3 ( full screen ) aspect ratio . One - off Productions ( 2001 ; 2005 ) ( edit ) In 2001 , a new television special titled Tom and Jerry : The Mansion Cat premiered on Boomerang . It featured Joe Barbera ( who was also a creative consultant ) as the voice of Tom 's owner , whose face is never seen . In this cartoon , Jerry , housed in a habitrail , is as much of a house pet as Tom is , and their owner has to remind Tom to not `` blame everything on the mouse '' . In 2005 , a new Tom and Jerry theatrical short , titled The Karate Guard , which had been written and directed by Barbera and Spike Brandt , storyboarded by Joseph Barbera and Iwao Takamoto and produced by Joseph Barbera , Spike Brandt and Tony Cervone premiered in Los Angeles cinemas on September 27 , 2005 . As part of the celebration of Tom and Jerry 's sixty - fifth anniversary , this marked Barbera 's first return as a writer , director and storyboard artist on the series since his and Hanna 's original MGM cartoon shorts , and last overall ; he would die shortly after production ended . Director / animator , Spike Brandt was nominated for an Annie award for best character animation . The short debuted on Cartoon Network on January 27 , 2006 . Warner Bros. era ( 2006 -- present ) ( edit ) During the first half of 2006 , a new series called Tom and Jerry Tales was produced at Warner Bros. Animation . Thirteen half - hour episodes ( each consisting of three shorts , some of them -- like The Karate Guard -- were produced and completed in 2003 as part of a 30 - plus theatrical cartoon schedule aborted after the financial disaster of Looney Tunes : Back in Action ) were produced , with only markets outside of the United States and United Kingdom signed up . The show then came to the UK in February 2006 on Boomerang , and it went to the U.S. on Kids ' WB on The CW . Tales is the first Tom and Jerry TV series that utilizes the original style of the classic shorts , along with the slapstick . The series was canceled in 2008 , shortly before the Kids ' WB block shut down . Tales is also the first Tom and Jerry production presented in 16 : 9 widescreen aspect ratio ( which was aired on Cartoon Network in the United States ) but cropped to 4 : 3 fullscreen aspect ratio ( which was aired on The CW and Boomerang in the United States ) . Cartoon Network , which began rerunning the Tom and Jerry Tales in January 2012 , subsequently aired a second series consisting of two 11 - minute shorts per episode that likewise sought to maintain the look , core characters and sensibility of the original theatrical shorts . Similar to other reboot works like Scooby - Doo ! Mystery Incorporated and The Looney Tunes Show , several episodes the new series brought Tom and Jerry into contemporary environments , telling new stories and relocating the characters to more fantastic worlds , from a medieval castle to a mad scientist 's lab . Titled The Tom and Jerry Show , the series is produced by Warner Bros. Animation , with Sam Register serving as executive producer in collaboration with Darrell Van Citters and Ashley Postelwaite at Renegade Animation . Originally slated for an undated 2013 Cartoon Network premiere before being pushed back to April 9 , 2014 , this is the second Tom and Jerry production presented in 16 : 9 widescreen aspect ratio . In November 2014 , a two - minute sketch was shown as part of the Children In Need Telethon in the United Kingdom , the sketch was produced as a collaboration with Warner Bros . Outside the United States ( edit ) When shown on terrestrial television in the United Kingdom ( from 1967 to 2000 , usually on the BBC ) Tom and Jerry cartoons were not edited for violence , and Mammy was retained . As well as having regular slots ( mainly after the evening BBC News with around 2 shorts shown every evening and occasionally shown on children 's network CBBC in the morning ) , Tom and Jerry served the BBC in another way . When faced with disruption to the schedules ( such as those occurring when live broadcasts overrun ) , the BBC would invariably turn to Tom and Jerry to fill any gaps , confident that it would retain much of an audience that might otherwise channel hop . This proved particularly helpful in 1993 , when Noel 's House Party had to be cancelled due to an IRA bomb scare at BBC Television Centre -- Tom and Jerry was shown instead , bridging the gap until the next programme . In 2006 , a mother complained to OFCOM of the smoking scenes shown in the cartoons , since Tom often attempts to impress love interests with the habit , resulting in reports that the smoking scenes in Tom and Jerry films may be subject to censorship . Due to its lack of dialogue , Tom and Jerry was easily translated into various foreign languages . Tom and Jerry began broadcast in Japan in 1965 . A 2005 nationwide survey taken in Japan by TV Asahi , sampling age groups from teenagers to adults in their sixties , ranked Tom and Jerry # 85 in a list of the top 100 `` anime '' of all time ; while their web poll taken after the airing of the list ranked it at # 58 -- the only non-Japanese animation on the list , and beating anime classics like Tsubasa : Reservoir Chronicle , A Little Princess Sara , and the ultra-classics Macross and Ghost in the Shell ( in Japan , the word `` anime '' refers to all animation regardless of origin , not just Japanese animation ) . Tom and Jerry also serve as long - time licensed mascots for Gifu - based Juroku Bank . Unlike some other Western cartoons such as Bob the Builder and Postman Pat , whose characters had to be doctored to have five fingers in each hand instead of the original four , Tom and Jerry aired in Japan without such edits , as did other series starring non-human protagonists such as SpongeBob SquarePants . Tom and Jerry have long since been popular in Germany . The different shorts are usually linked together with key scenes from Jerry 's Diary ( 1949 ) , in which Tom reads about his and Jerry 's past adventures . The cartoons are introduced with rhyming German language verse , and when necessary , a German voice spoke the translations of English labels on items and similar information . The show was aired in Mainland China by CCTV in the late 1980s to early 1990s , and was extremely popular at the time . Collections of the show are still a prominent feature in Chinese book stores . Even though Gene Deitch 's shorts were created in Czechoslovakia ( 1960 -- 1962 ) , the first official TV release of Tom and Jerry was in 1988 . It was one of the few cartoons of western origin broadcast in Czechoslovakia ( 1988 ) and Romania ( until 1989 ) before the fall of the Soviet Union in 1989 . The Pakistani ice cream brand OMORÉ has launched a chocolate bar ice cream based on the show . Feature films ( edit ) Tom and Jerry 's first feature film appearance was in the 1945 MGM musical Anchors Aweigh , in which Jerry performs a dance number with Gene Kelly . In this scene , Tom also made a cameo as a servant . Filmmakers had wanted Mickey Mouse for the scene , but Roy Disney had rejected the deal , as the Disney studio was focusing on its own cartoons to help pay off its debts after World War II . William Hanna and Joe Barbera supervised animation for the scene . Tom and Jerry 's second feature film appearance was swimming with Esther Williams in a dream sequence in another MGM big - screen musical , Dangerous When Wet ( 1953 ) . On October 1 , 1992 , the first international release of Tom and Jerry : The Movie arrived when the film was released overseas to theatres in Europe and then domestically by Miramax Films on July 30 , 1993 , with future video and DVD releases that would be sold under Warner Bros. , which , following Disney 's acquisition of Miramax and Turner 's subsequent merger with Time Warner , had acquired the film 's distribution rights . Barbera served as creative consultant for the picture , which was produced and directed by Phil Roman . The film was a musical with a structure similar to MGM 's blockbusters , The Wizard of Oz and Singin ' in the Rain . In 2001 , Warner Bros. ( which had , by then , merged with Turner and assumed its properties ) released the duo 's first direct - to - video movie , Tom and Jerry : The Magic Ring , in which Tom covets a ring that grants mystical powers to the wearer , and has become accidentally stuck on Jerry 's head . It would mark the last time Hanna and Barbera co-produced a Tom and Jerry cartoon together , as William Hanna died shortly after The Magic Ring was released . Four years later , Bill Kopp scripted and directed two more Tom and Jerry DTV features for the studio , Tom and Jerry : Blast Off to Mars and Tom and Jerry : The Fast and the Furry , the latter one based on a story by Barbera . Both were released on DVD in 2005 , marking the celebration of Tom and Jerry 's 65th anniversary . In 2006 , another direct - to - video film , Tom and Jerry : Shiver Me Whiskers , tells the story about the pair having to work together to find the treasure . Joe came up with the storyline for the next film , Tom and Jerry : A Nutcracker Tale , as well as the initial idea of synchronizing the on - screen actions to music from Tchaikovsky 's Nutcracker Suite . This DTV film , directed by Spike Brandt and Tony Cervone , would be Joe Barbera 's last Tom and Jerry project due to his death in December 2006 . The holiday - set animated film was released on DVD in late 2007 , and dedicated to Barbera . A new direct - to - video film , Tom and Jerry Meet Sherlock Holmes , was released on August 24 , 2010 . It is the first made - for - video Tom and Jerry movie produced without any of the characters ' original creators . The next direct - to - video film , Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz , was released on August 23 , 2011 and was the first made - for - video Tom and Jerry movie made for Blu - ray . It had a preview showing on Cartoon Network . Robin Hood and His Merry Mouse was released on Blu - ray and DVD on October 2 , 2012 . Tom and Jerry 's Giant Adventure was released in 2013 on Blu - ray and DVD . Tom and Jerry : The Lost Dragon was released on DVD on September 2 , 2014 . Tom and Jerry : Spy Quest was released on DVD on June 23 , 2015 . Tom and Jerry : Back to Oz was released on DVD on June 21 , 2016 . Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory was released on DVD on July 11 , 2017 . On April 6 , 2015 , a new theatrical feature film was announced . It will be completely animated and will be `` in the same vein '' as the source material . Cate Adams and Jesse Ehrman will oversee the movie . Controversy ( edit ) Frame from the short The Truce Hurts . The characters in this shot have turned into black stereotypes after a passing car splashed mud on their faces . Scenes such as this are frequently highly edited or cut from modern broadcasts of Tom and Jerry Like many animated cartoons from the 1930s to the early 1950s , Tom and Jerry featured racial stereotypes . After explosions , for example , characters with blasted faces would resemble stereotypical blacks , with large lips and bow - tied hair . Perhaps the most controversial element of the show is the character Mammy Two Shoes , a poor black maid who speaks in a stereotypical `` black accent '' and has a rodent problem . Joseph Barbera , who was responsible for these gags , claimed that the racial gags in Tom and Jerry did not reflect his racial opinion ; they were just reflecting what was common in society and cartoons at the time and were meant to be humorous . Today , the blackface gags are often censored when these shots are aired . Mammy Two - Shoes ' voice was re-dubbed by Turner in the mid-1990s to make the character sound less stereotypical ; the resulting accent sounds more Irish . Three shorts in particular , His Mouse Friday , the depiction of cannibals , in Casanova Cat , a scene where the face of Jerry is blackened by Tom with cigar smoke and Mouse Cleaning where Tom is shown as blackface has been removed from the Blu - ray DVD edition . In Tom and Jerry 's Spotlight Collection DVD , a disclaimer by Whoopi Goldberg warns viewers about the potentially offensive material in the cartoons and emphasizes that they were `` wrong then and they are wrong today '' , borrowing a phrase from the Warner Bros. Golden collection . This disclaimer is also used in the Tom and Jerry Golden Collection : Volume 1 on iTunes . Mammy Two Shoes in a scene from the Tom & Jerry short Saturday Evening Puss , in which her full face was shown for the first time . `` The cartoons you are about to see are products of their time . They may depict some of the ethnic and racial prejudices that were commonplace in the U.S. society . These depictions were wrong then and they are wrong today . While the following does not represent the Warner Bros. view of today 's society , these cartoons are being presented as they were originally created , because to do otherwise would be the same as claiming that these prejudices never existed . '' -- Disclaimer by Whoopi Goldberg As of 2011 , most shorts that feature Mammy Two Shoes , except Part Time Pal , are rarely seen on Cartoon Network and Boomerang . In 2006 , the British version of the Boomerang channel made plans to edit Tom and Jerry cartoons being aired in the UK where the characters were seen to be smoking . There was a subsequent investigation by UK media watchdog OFCOM . It has also taken the U.S. approach by censoring blackface gags , though this seems to be random as not all scenes of this type are cut . In 2013 , it was reported that Cartoon Network of Brazil censored 27 shorts on the grounds of being `` politically incorrect '' . In an official release , the channel confirmed that it had censored only 2 shorts ( The Two Mouseketeers and Heavenly Puss ) `` by editorial issues and appropriateness of the content to the target audience -- children of 7 to 11 years '' . Other formats ( edit ) Main article : List of Tom and Jerry video games Tom and Jerry began appearing in comic books in 1942 , as one of the features in Our Gang Comics . In 1949 , with MGM 's live - action Our Gang shorts having ceased production five years earlier , the series was renamed Tom and Jerry Comics . The pair continued to appear in various books for the rest of the 20th century . The pair have also appeared in a number of video games as well , spanning titles for systems for the Sega Genesis plus also Sega Game Gear and the Sega Master System and their rival console around the 1990s , Nintendo Entertainment System and Super NES and Nintendo 64 to more recent entries for PlayStation 2 , Xbox , and GameCube and also on the portable Nintendo consoles , Game Boy and Nintendo DS . Cultural influences ( edit ) Throughout the years , the term and title Tom and Jerry became practically synonymous with never - ending rivalry , as much as the related `` cat and mouse fight '' metaphor has . Yet in Tom and Jerry it was not the more powerful Tom who usually came out on top . In January 2009 , IGN named Tom and Jerry as the 66th best in the Top 100 Animated TV Shows . In popular Culture ( edit ) This article appears to contain trivial , minor , or unrelated references to popular culture . Please reorganize this content to explain the subject 's impact on popular culture rather than simply listing appearances ; add references to reliable sources if possible . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2017 ) In 1945 , Jerry made an appearance in the live - action MGM musical feature film Anchors Aweigh , in which , through the use of special effects , he performs a dance routine with Gene Kelly . Tom is briefly seen in Anchors Aweigh . He appears as a servant , offering King Jerry some food on a tray . Both Tom and Jerry appear with Esther Williams in a dream sequence in another big - screen musical , Dangerous When Wet ( 1953 ) . In 1973 , the magazine National Lampoon referenced Tom and Jerry in a violence - filled comic book parody , Kit ' n ' Kaboodle . In The Simpsons , The Itchy & Scratchy Show is a spoof of Tom and Jerry -- a `` cartoon within a cartoon '' . In an episode of the series titled `` Krusty Gets Kancelled '' , Worker and Parasite , a replacement cartoon for Itchy & Scratchy , is a reference to Soviet - era animation . In an interview found on the DVD releases , several MADtv cast members stated that Tom and Jerry is one of their biggest influences for slapstick comedy . Also in the Cartoon Network show MAD , Tom and Jerry appear in three segments `` Celebrity Birthdays '' , `` Mickey Mouse Exterminator Service '' , and `` Tom and Jury '' . Johnny Knoxville from Jackass has stated that watching Tom and Jerry inspired many of the stunts in the movies . Home media ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In the pre-video era , Tom & Jerry cartoons were a popular subject for 8mm home movies , with the UK - based Walton Films issuing dozens of titles as colour one - reel Super 8 films , in both silent and sound editions . Walton 's agreement with MGM obligated them to release the films in slightly edited form , even though the single - reel format would have comfortably accommodated the cartoons ' seven to eight minute running time . MGM / UA released a series of Tom & Jerry laserdisc box sets in the 1990s . The Art of Tom & Jerry volumes 1 and 2 , contain all the MGM shorts up to ( but not including ) the Deitch Era , including letterboxed versions of the shorts filmed in CinemaScope . The cartoons are all intact save for His Mouse Friday ( dialogue has been wiped ) and Saturday Evening Puss , which is the re-drawn version with June Foray 's voice added . A third volume to The Art of Tom & Jerry was released and contains all of the Chuck Jones - era Tom and Jerry shorts . There have been several Tom and Jerry DVDs released in Region 1 ( the United States and Canada ) , including a series of two - disc sets known as the Tom and Jerry Spotlight Collection . There have been negative responses to Vol. 1 and Vol. 2 , due to some of the cartoons included on each having cuts and redubbed Mammy Two - Shoes dialogue . A replacement program offering uncut versions of the shorts on DVD was later announced . There are also negative responses to Vol. 3 , due to Mouse Cleaning and Casanova Cat being excluded from these sets and His Mouse Friday being edited for content with an extreme zooming - in towards the end to avoid showing a particularly race - based caricature . There have been two Tom and Jerry DVD sets in Region 2 . In Western Europe , most of the Tom and Jerry shorts have been released ( only two , The Million Dollar Cat and Busy Buddies , were not included ) under the name Tom and Jerry : Classic Collection . Almost all of the shorts contain re-dubbed Mammy Two - Shoes tracks . Despite these cuts , His Mouse Friday , the only Tom and Jerry cartoon to be completely taken off the airwaves in some countries due to claims of racism , is included , unedited with the exception of zooming - in as on the North American set . These are regular TV prints sent from the U.S. in the 1990s . Shorts produced in CinemaScope are presented in pan and scan . Mouse Cleaning and Casanova Cat are presented uncut as part of these sets . Tom and Jerry : Classic Collection is available in 6 double - sided DVDs ( issued in the United Kingdom ) and 12 single - layer DVDs ( issued throughout Western Europe ) . Another Tom and Jerry Region 2 DVD set is available in Japan . As with Tom and Jerry : Classic Collection in Western Europe , almost all of the shorts ( including His Mouse Friday ) contain cuts . Slicked - up Pup , Tom 's Photo Finish , Busy Buddies , The Egg and Jerry , Tops with Pops and Feedin ' the Kiddie are excluded from these sets . However , most of these cartoons are included in the UK version . Most shorts produced in CinemaScope are presented in pan and scan for showing on the 4 : 3 aspect ratio television screen . Prior to 2015 , the Gene Deitch - era shorts saw limited home media release outside of Europe and Asia . In Japan , all thirteen shorts were released on the Tom and Jerry & Droopy laserdisc and VHS , as well as on the bonus DVD for those who have purchased all the ten titles of the DVD collection series at its initial release . In the United Kingdom , the shorts are available on the second side of the Tom and Jerry Classic Collection : Volume 5 DVD . In the United States , The Tom and Jerry Cartoon Kit , Down and Outing , and Carmen Get It ! were included on the Paws for a Holiday VHS and DVD , the Summer Holidays DVD , and the Musical Mayhem DVD , respectively . On June 2 , 2015 , Tom and Jerry : The Gene Deitch Collection DVD was released in the United States , with all thirteen shorts as well as special features . The Chuck Jones - era Tom and Jerry shorts were released in a two - disc set titled Tom and Jerry : The Chuck Jones Collection on June 23 , 2009 . On October 25 , 2011 , Warner Home Video released the first volume of the Tom and Jerry Golden Collection on DVD and Blu - ray . This set featured newly remastered prints and bonus material never before seen . The sets were aimed at the collector in a way that the previous `` Spotlight '' DVD releases were not . A second set was due for release at June 11 , 2013 . in February 2013 , it was announced by TVShowsOnDVD.com that Mouse Cleaning was not part of the list of cartoons on this release , as well as the cartoon Casanova Cat that was also skipped over on the 2007 DVD release . Many collectors and fans have posted negative reviews of the product on Amazon and other various websites to make Warner put Mouse Cleaning and Casanova Cat on the release . Theatrical shorts ( edit ) For a list of all theatrical Tom and Jerry cartoon shorts , see Tom and Jerry filmography . The following cartoons won the Academy Award for Best Short Subject : Cartoons : 1943 : The Yankee Doodle Mouse 1944 : Mouse Trouble 1945 : Quiet Please ! 1946 : The Cat Concerto 1948 : The Little Orphan 1952 : The Two Mouseketeers 1953 : Johann Mouse These cartoons were nominated for the Academy Award for Best Short Subject : Cartoons , but did not win : 1940 : Puss Gets the Boot 1941 : The Night Before Christmas 1947 : Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Mouse 1949 : Hatch Up Your Troubles 1950 : Jerry 's Cousin 1954 : Touché , Pussy Cat ! Television ( edit ) Television shows ( edit ) The Tom and Jerry Show ( ABC , 1975 ) The Tom and Jerry Comedy Show ( CBS , 1980 -- 1982 ) Tom & Jerry Kids ( FOX , 1990 -- 1994 ) Tom and Jerry Tales ( The CW , Cartoon Network , 2006 -- 2008 ) The Tom and Jerry Show ( Teletoon , Cartoon Network , 2014 -- present ) Packaged shows and programming blocks ( edit ) Tom and Jerry ( 1960s packaged show ) ( CBS , 1965 -- 1972 ) Tom and Jerry on BBC One ( BBC , 1967 -- 2000 ) Tom and Jerry 's Funhouse on TBS ( TBS , 1986 -- 1989 ) Cartoon Network 's Tom and Jerry Show ( Cartoon Network , 1992 -- present ) Television specials ( edit ) Hanna - Barbera 's 50th : A Yabba Dabba Doo Celebration ( TNT , 1989 ) Tom and Jerry : The Mansion Cat ( Boomerang , 2001 ) Tom and Jerry : Santa 's Little Helpers ( Warner Home Video , 2014 ) Feature films ( edit ) Crew / detail Theatrical film Direct - to - video Tom and Jerry : The Movie ( 1992 ) The Magic Ring ( 2002 ) Blast Off to Mars ( 2005 ) The Fast and the Furry ( 2005 ) Shiver Me Whiskers ( 2006 ) A Nutcracker Tale ( 2007 ) Meet Sherlock Holmes ( 2010 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 2011 ) Robin Hood and His Merry Mouse ( 2012 ) Giant Adventure ( 2013 ) The Lost Dragon ( 2014 ) Spy Quest ( 2015 ) Back to Oz ( 2016 ) Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ( 2017 ) Director Phil Roman James T. Walker Bill Kopp Scott Jeralds Spike Brandt Tony Cervone Spike Brandt Jeff Siergey Spike Brandt Tony Cervone Producer Tom Minton Stephen Fossatti Scott Jeralds Tom Minton Tony Cervone Sam Register Spike Brandt Bobbie Page Alan Burnett Todd Popp Bobbie Page Judge Plummer Spike Brandt Tony Cervone Spike Brandt Tony Cervone Sam Register Spike Brandt Tony Cervone Spike Brandt Tony Cervone Sam Register Writer Dennis Marks Tim Cahill Julie McNally Cahill Bill Kopp Bill Kopp ( screenplay ) Joseph Barbera ( story ) Chris Painter Spike Brandt Tom Minton ( screenplay ) Joseph Barbera ( story ) Earl Kress Gene Grillo Earl Kress Michael F. Ryan ( screenplay ) Earl Kress ( story ) Paul Dini Brian Swenlin Jim Krieg Heath Corson ( screenplay ) Jim Krieg ( story ) Paul Dini Gene Grillo Composer Henry Mancini J. Eric Schmidt Julie Bernstein Steven Bernstein Nathan Wang Mark Watters Dirk Brossé Michael Tavera Production Companies Turner Entertainment Co . Film Roman WMG Turner Entertainment Co . Warner Bros. Animation Warner Bros. Family Entertainment Turner Entertainment Co . Warner Bros. Animation Turner Entertainment Co . Hanna - Barbera Warner Bros. Animation Turner Entertainment Co . Warner Bros. Animation Distributor Warner Bros. Family Entertainment Warner Bros. Pictures Warner Premiere Warner Home Video Warner Premiere Warner Home Video Warner Bros. Home Entertainment Runtime 84 minutes 64 minutes 74 minutes 75 minutes 72 minutes 47 minutes 50 minutes 61 minutes 58 minutes 57 minutes 57 minutes 73 minutes 81 minutes 79 minutes Released July 30 , 1993 ( 1993 - 07 - 30 ) March 12 , 2002 ( 2002 - 03 - 12 ) January 18 , 2005 ( 2005 - 01 - 18 ) October 11 , 2005 ( 2005 - 10 - 11 ) August 22 , 2006 ( 2006 - 08 - 22 ) October 2 , 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 02 ) August 24 , 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 24 ) August 23 , 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 23 ) September 28 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 28 ) August 6 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 06 ) September 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 02 ) June 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 23 ) June 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 21 ) July 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 11 ) See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tom and Jerry . Animation portal Film portal United States portal Tom and Jerry filmography Tom and Jerry Tales § Episodes List of Tom and Jerry characters Golden age of American animation Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer cartoon studio and MGM Animation / Visual Arts List of works produced by Hanna - Barbera Productions List of Hanna - Barbera characters References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jones , Paul ( 2015 - 02 - 17 ) . `` Tom and Jerry 's 75th anniversary proves cat and mouse games never get old '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Whitworth , Melissa ( December 20 , 2006 ) . `` Master cartoonist who created Tom and Jerry draws his last '' . The Daily Telegraph ( LONDON ) . p. 9 . Jump up ^ Hanna , William ; Joseph Barbera ; with Ted Sennett ( 1989 ) . The Art of Hanna - Barbera : Fifty Years of Creativity . New York , NY : Viking Studio Books . ISBN 0 - 670 - 82978 - 1 . Jump up ^ Smoodin , Eric . `` Cartoon and Comic Classicism : High - Art Histories of Lowbrow Culture '' . American Literary History . Oxford , England : Oxford University Press . 4 ( 1 ( Spring , 1992 ) ) . Jump up ^ Sample audio : introduction to an episode of Do n't You Believe It , January 4 , 1947 ( mp3 audio ) Jump up ^ Recording of Do n't You Believe It from January 4 , 1947 . My Old Radio Show . Retrieved October 2 , 2013 ^ Jump up to : Brian , Behnken ( 2015 ) . Racism in American Popular Media : From Aunt Jemima to the Frito Bandito . pp. 92 -- 99 . ISBN 1 - 440 - 82977 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Tom and Jerry '' . Oxford English Dictionary ( 2 ed . ) . 1989 . Jump up ^ McMahon , Seán ; O'Donoghue , Jo ( 2004 ) . Brewer 's Dictionary of Irish Phrase & Fable . London : Weidenfeld & Nicholson . p. 799 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 304 - 36334 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Leonard Maltin ( 1997 ) . Interview with Joseph Barbera ( Digital ) . Archive of American Television . Jump up ^ Barbera , Joseph ( 1994 ) . My Life in `` Toons '' : From Flatbush to Bedrock in Under a Century . Atlanta , GA : Turner Publishing . p. 76 . ISBN 1 - 57036 - 042 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rare Tom & Jerry Cell '' . Rembrandt Films . Retrieved August 17 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Brion , p. 34 Jump up ^ MacDougall , Kent ( June 11 , 1962 ) . `` Popeye , Tom & Jerry Join Trend to Shift Production Overseas '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved August 17 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : P. Lehman , Christopher ( 2007 ) . `` The Cartoons of 1961 -- 1962 '' . American Animated Cartoons of the Vietnam Era : A Study of Social Commentary in Films and Television Programs , 1961 -- 1973 . McFarland & Company . pp. 23 -- 24 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 2818 - 2 . Jump up ^ Grimes , William ( April 27 , 2010 ) . `` Allen Swift , Voice Actor for Radio and TV , Dies at 86 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 13 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Deitch , Gene ( 2015 ) . Tom and Jerry ... and Gene in Tom and Jerry : The Gene Deitch Collection ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . ^ Jump up to : Deitch , Gene ( 2001 ) . `` Tom & Jerry : The First Reincarnation '' . Animation World Network . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2009 . Retrieved September 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Nessel , Jen ( August 9 , 1998 ) . `` ... a spicy , funny memoir ! '' Archived July 11 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... The New York Times . Retrieved August 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tom & Jerry -- The Gene Deitch Collection - '' . cartoonresearch.com . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ North , Jonathan ( June 21 , 2015 ) . `` ' Tom and Jerry : The Gene Deitch Collection ' -- DVD Review '' . Rotoscopers.com . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2015 . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Adams , T.R. ( 1991 ) . Tom and Jerry : Fifty Years of Cat and Mouse . New York , NY : Crescent Books . ISBN 0 - 517 - 05688 - 7 . 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Jump up ^ `` Tom & Jerry Comes to Pakistan with Omore Choco Bar - Brandsynario '' . August 25 , 2015 . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bob Thomas. Building a Company : Roy O. Disney and the Creation of an Entertainment Empire . Eventually Disneys lent out their effects wizard Joshua Meador to spruce up MGM 's 1956 Forbidden Planet . Jump up ^ McBride , Joseph ( October 2 , 1992 ) . `` Review : Tom and Jerry '' . Variety . Variety Media , LLC . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2014 . Retrieved August 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Solomon , Charles ( July 30 , 1993 ) . `` Movie Review : Tom and Jerry ' : A Bland Cat - and - Mouse Chase : The formulaic story feels like a rerun and borrows characters from many other classics '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2013 . Retrieved August 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Liu , Ed ( August 9 , 2012 ) . `` PR : `` Tom & Jerry : Robin Hood and His Merry Mouse '' Comes to Blu - ray and DVD on October 2 , 2012 `` . ToonZone . Retrieved October 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tom and Jerry 's Giant Adventure Blu - ray '' . Blu-ray.com. April 25 , 2013 . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Wolfe , Jennifer ( June 26 , 2014 ) . `` ' Tom and Jerry : The Lost Dragon ' Hits Shelves Sept. 2 '' . Animation World Network . Retrieved July 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tom and Jerry Team up with Jonny Quest in ' Tom and Jerry : Spy Quest ' '' . Forces of Geek . March 17 , 2015 . Retrieved March 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tom and Jerry : Back to Oz DVD Release on June 21 - www.MrsKathyKing.com '' . April 15 , 2016 . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ' Trailer Confuses the Internet '' . Collider.com . Jump up ^ Seddon , Gem ( April 8 , 2015 ) . `` New Animated Tom And Jerry Movie In The Works At Warner Bros '' . We Got This Covered . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Tom and Jerry ' Cartoons Get `` Racial Prejudices '' Disclaimer on iTunes `` . The Hollywood Reporter . March 10 , 2014 . Retrieved March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cartoon Network tira do ar ' Tom e Jerry ' : politicamente incorreto '' ( in Portuguese ) . O Globo . September 25 , 2013 . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2014 . Retrieved September 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cartoon Network confirma que tirou do ar `` apenas '' DOIS episódios de Tom & Jerry '' ( in Portuguese ) . Judão . September 26 , 2013 . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2013 . Retrieved September 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tom and Jerry Comics '' . Web.archive.org . August 25 , 2006 . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2006 . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` IGN -- 66 . Tom and Jerry '' . Tv.ign.com . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2012 . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Who Were Itchy & Scratchy Modeled After ? '' . The Krusty the Clown Homepage . The Krusty the Clown Homepage. 1999 . Archived from the original on November 18 , 1999 . Retrieved September 17 , 2015 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ Simonson , Mark ( 1997 ) . `` June 1973 '' . Mark 's Very Large National Lampoon Site . Retrieved September 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kit ' n ' Kaboodle '' . National Lampoon. 6 ( 6 ) : 33 . June 1973 . Jump up ^ Rhodes , Joe ( 2000 - 10 - 21 ) . `` Flash ! 24 Simpsons Stars Reveal Themselves '' . TV Guide . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Groening , Matt ( 2002 ) . The Simpsons season 2 DVD commentary for the episode `` Itchy & Scratchy & Marge '' ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . Jump up ^ Groening , Matt . ( 2004 ) . DVD Commentary for `` Krusty Gets Kancelled '' , in The Simpsons : The Complete Fourth Season ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . Jump up ^ `` Behind the Scenes with Johnny Knoxville '' . Vice Magazine . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2013 . Retrieved December 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Pratt , Douglas ( June 2004 ) . `` Tom and Jerry Paws for a Holiday ( Warner , 65721 ) '' . Doug Pratt 's DVD : Movies , Television , Art , Adult , and More ! -- Volume 2 L -- Z . Douglas Pratt . p. 1247 . ISBN 1 - 932916 - 00 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Tom and Jerry : New 2 - DVD set collects the Chuck Jones Shorts into One Package '' . Tvshowsondvd.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tom and Jerry DVD news : Announcement for Tom and Jerry -- Golden Collection Volume 1 '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Bugs Bunny / Looney Tunes Comedy Hour DVD news : Jerry Beck guest stars on Stu 's Show '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . May 25 , 2007 . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tom and Jerry DVD news : Details for Tom and Jerry - Golden Collection Volume 2 - TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . tvshowsondvd.com . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vallance , Tom ( December 20 , 2006 ) . `` Joseph Barbera : Animation pioneer whose creations with William Hanna included the Flintstones and Tom and Jerry '' . The Independent ( London ) . Jump up ^ `` Tom and Jerry : Santa 's Little Helpers ( DVD ) DVD - Movies & TV : On Sale - WBshop Savings WBshop.com - Warner Bros '' . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The All - new Animated Family Film ' Tom and Jerry : Back to Oz ' ; Available on DVD June 21 , 2016 from Warner Bros '' . Screen - Connections. April 12 , 2016 . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tom and Jerry : Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Trailer '' . Movieclips Extra . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) Adams , T.R. ( 1991 ) . Tom and Jerry : Fifty Years of Cat and Mouse . Crescent Books . ISBN 0 - 517 - 05688 - 7 . Aravind , Aju . Mammy Two Shoes : Subversion and Reaffirmation of Racial Stereotypes in Tom and Jerry . The IUP Journal of History and Culture , Vol . V , No. 3 , July 2011 . Pp. 76 -- 83 . ISSN 0973 - 8517 . Barrier , Michael ( 1999 ) . Hollywood Cartoons : American Animation in Its Golden Age . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 503759 - 6 . Brion , Patrick ( 1990 ) Tom & Jerry : The Definitive Guide to their Animated Adventures , New York : Harmony Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 517 - 57351 - 8 . Maltin , Leonard ( 1980 , updated 1987 ) . Of Mice and Magic : A History of American Animated Cartoons . New York : Penguin Books . ISBN 0 - 452 - 25993 - 2 . Links to related articles Tom and Jerry Characters Tom Cat Jerry Mouse Butch Nibbles Spike and Tyke Mammy Two Shoes Theatrical releases Tom and Jerry ( shorts ) Spike and Tyke ( shorts ) The Movie Cameos Anchors Aweigh Dangerous When Wet DVD releases of shorts Spotlight Collection Golden Collection Chuck Jones Collection Classic Collection Deluxe Anniversary Collection Gene Deitch Collection Television series Show ( 1975 ) Comedy Show Kids Show episodes Tales Show ( 2014 ) episodes Television specials Hanna - Barbera 's 50th : A Yabba Dabba Doo Celebration The Mansion Cat Santa 's Little Helpers Direct - to - video films The Magic Ring Blast Off to Mars The Fast and the Furry Shiver Me Whiskers A Nutcracker Tale Meet Sherlock Holmes The Wizard of Oz Robin Hood and His Merry Mouse Giant Adventure The Lost Dragon Spy Quest Back to Oz Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory Other formats Video games Soundtrack Related William Hanna Joseph Barbera Scott Bradley Hanna - Barbera Tom and Jerry shorts ( 1940 -- 1958 ; 2001 ; 2005 ) 1940 Puss Gets the Boot 1941 The Midnight Snack The Night Before Christmas 1942 Fraidy Cat Dog Trouble Puss n ' Toots The Bowling Alley - Cat Fine Feathered Friend 1943 Sufferin ' Cats ! The Lonesome Mouse The Yankee Doodle Mouse Baby Puss 1944 The Zoot Cat The Million Dollar Cat The Bodyguard Puttin ' on the Dog Mouse Trouble 1945 The Mouse Comes to Dinner Mouse in Manhattan Tee for Two Flirty Birdy Quiet Please ! 1946 Springtime for Thomas The Milky Waif Trap Happy Solid Serenade 1947 Cat Fishin ' Part Time Pal The Cat Concerto Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Mouse Salt Water Tabby A Mouse in the House The Invisible Mouse 1948 Kitty Foiled The Truce Hurts Old Rockin ' Chair Tom Professor Tom Mouse Cleaning 1949 Polka - Dot Puss The Little Orphan Hatch Up Your Troubles Heavenly Puss The Cat and the Mermouse Love That Pup Jerry 's Diary Tennis Chumps 1950 Little Quacker Saturday Evening Puss Texas Tom Jerry and the Lion Safety Second Tom and Jerry in the Hollywood Bowl The Framed Cat Cue Ball Cat 1951 Casanova Cat Jerry and the Goldfish Jerry 's Cousin Sleepy - Time Tom His Mouse Friday Slicked - up Pup Nit - Witty Kitty Cat Napping 1952 The Flying Cat The Duck Doctor The Two Mouseketeers Smitten Kitten Triplet Trouble Little Runaway Fit to Be Tied Push - Button Kitty Cruise Cat The Dog House 1953 The Missing Mouse Jerry and Jumbo Johann Mouse That 's My Pup ! Just Ducky Two Little Indians Life with Tom 1954 Puppy Tale Posse Cat Hic - cup Pup Little School Mouse Baby Butch Mice Follies Neapolitan Mouse Downhearted Duckling Pet Peeve Touché , Pussy Cat ! 1955 Southbound Duckling Pup on a Picnic Mouse for Sale Designs on Jerry Tom and Chérie Smarty Cat Pecos Pest That 's My Mommy 1956 The Flying Sorceress The Egg and Jerry Busy Buddies Muscle Beach Tom Down Beat Bear Blue Cat Blues Barbecue Brawl 1957 Tops with Pops Give and Tyke ( Spin off # 1 ) Timid Tabby Feedin ' the Kiddie Scat Cats ( Spin off # 2 ) Mucho Mouse Tom 's Photo Finish 1958 Happy Go Ducky Royal Cat Nap The Vanishing Duck Robin Hoodwinked Tot Watchers The Mansion Cat ( TV ) 2005 The Karate Guard See also : Gene Deitch Tom and Jerry shorts ( 1961 -- 1962 ) and Chuck Jones Tom and Jerry shorts ( 1963 -- 1967 ) Gene Deitch Tom and Jerry shorts ( 1961 -- 1962 ) 1961 Switchin ' Kitten Down and Outing It 's Greek to Me - ow ! 1962 High Steaks Mouse into Space Landing Stripling Calypso Cat Dicky Moe The Tom and Jerry Cartoon Kit Tall in the Trap Sorry Safari Buddies Thicker Than Water Carmen Get It ! See also : Hanna - Barbera Tom and Jerry shorts ( 1940 -- 1958 ; 2001 ; 2005 ) and Chuck Jones Tom and Jerry shorts ( 1963 -- 1967 ) Chuck Jones Tom and Jerry shorts ( 1963 -- 1967 ) 1963 Pent - House Mouse 1964 The Cat Above and the Mouse Below Is There a Doctor in the Mouse ? Much Ado About Mousing Snowbody Loves Me The Unshrinkable Jerry Mouse 1965 Ah , Sweet Mouse - Story of Life Tom - ic Energy Bad Day at Cat Rock The Brothers Carry - Mouse - Off Haunted Mouse I 'm Just Wild About Jerry Of Feline Bondage The Year of the Mouse The Cat 's Me - Ouch ! 1966 Duel Personality Jerry , Jerry , Quite Contrary Jerry - Go - Round Love Me , Love My Mouse Puss ' n ' Boats Filet Meow Matinee Mouse The A-Tom - Inable Snowman Catty - Cornered 1967 Cat and Dupli - cat O - Solar Meow Guided Mouse - ille ( or Science on a Wet Afternoon ) Rock ' n ' Rodent Cannery Rodent The Mouse from H.U.N.G.E.R. Surf - Bored Cat Shutter Bugged Cat Advance and Be Mechanized Purr - Chance to Dream See also : Hanna - Barbera Tom and Jerry shorts ( 1940 -- 1958 ; 2001 ; 2005 ) and Gene Deitch Tom and Jerry shorts ( 1961 -- 1962 ) MGM Cartoons Series Barney Bear Captain and the Kids Count Screwloose Droopy Flip the Frog George and Junior Happy Harmonies The Pink Panther Red Hot Riding Hood ( Red ( Tex Avery ) ) Screwy Squirrel Butch Dog Spike and Tyke Tom and Jerry ( filmography ) One - shots Willie Whopper People Tex Avery Joseph Barbera Preston Blair Scott Bradley Friz Freleng William Hanna Hugh Harman Rudolph Ising Ub Iwerks Chuck Jones Michael Lah Dick Lundy Fred Quimby Related Associated Artists Productions DePatie - Freleng Enterprises MGM Animation / Visual Arts Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer Animation Hanna - Barbera Founders William Hanna Joseph Barbera Original productions The Atom Ant / Secret Squirrel Show Birdman Captain Caveman and the Teen Angels CB Bears The Flintstones The Funky Phantom Grape Ape Hong Kong Phooey Huckleberry Hound Jabberjaw The Jetsons Jonny Quest Loopy De Loop Magilla Gorilla The Hanna - Barbera New Cartoon Series Peter Potamus Quick Draw McGraw The Ruff and Reddy Show Scooby - Doo Smurfs Snorks Space Ghost Tom and Jerry Top Cat Yogi Bear Wacky Races Amusement attractions Hanna -- Barbera Land The Funtastic World of Hanna - Barbera Comics Hanna - Barbera Beyond Other media Films Video games See also Characters Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tom_and_Jerry&oldid=828314451 '' Categories : Film series introduced in 1940 Tom and Jerry Animated film series Fictional rivalries YTV shows Fictional anthropomorphic characters MGM cartoon characters Comedy films by series Animated duos Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer animated short films Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 maint : Unfit url Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Use mdy dates from March 2015 Articles needing additional references from April 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles that may contain original research from May 2017 All articles that may contain original research All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012 Articles with attributed pull quotes Articles with trivia sections from January 2017 Articles needing additional references from June 2009 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from December 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote አማርኛ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Bamanankan বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская भोजपुरी Български Boarisch Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Нохчийн Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پښتو Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 中文 75 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 March 2018 , at 20 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | toms name in the first tom and jerry cartoon | [
"Tom (named \"Jasper\" in his debut appearance) is a grey and white domestic shorthair cat. (\"Tom\" is a generic name for a male cat.) He is usually but not always, portrayed as living a comfortable, or even pampered life, while Jerry (named \"Jinx\" in his debut appearance) is a small, brown, house mouse who always lives in close proximity to Tom. Despite being very energetic, determined and much larger, Tom is no match for Jerry's wits. Jerry also possesses surprising strength for his size, approximately the equivalent of Tom's, lifting items such as anvils with relative ease and withstanding considerable impacts. Although cats typically chase mice to eat them, it is quite rare for Tom to actually try to eat Jerry. Most of his attempts are just to torment or humiliate Jerry, sometimes in revenge, and sometimes to obtain a reward from a human for catching Jerry. By the final \"fade-out\" of each cartoon, Jerry usually emerges triumphant, while Tom is shown as the loser."
] | [
"Jasper"
] |
7795182197673906376 | Cutaneous condition | Cutaneous condition - wikipedia Cutaneous condition Jump to : navigation , search `` Pustule '' redirects here . It is not to be confused with Boil . See also : List of cutaneous conditions Cutaneous condition Classification and external resources Specialty Dermatology ( edit on Wikidata ) A cutaneous condition is any medical condition that affects the integumentary system -- the organ system that encloses the body and includes skin , hair , nails , and related muscle and glands . The major function of this system is as a barrier against the external environment . Conditions of the human integumentary system constitute a broad spectrum of diseases , also known as dermatoses , as well as many nonpathologic states ( like , in certain circumstances , melanonychia and racquet nails ) . While only a small number of skin diseases account for most visits to the physician , thousands of skin conditions have been described . Classification of these conditions often presents many nosological challenges , since underlying causes and pathogenetics are often not known . Therefore , most current textbooks present a classification based on location ( for example , conditions of the mucous membrane ) , morphology ( chronic blistering conditions ) , cause ( skin conditions resulting from physical factors ) , and so on . Clinically , the diagnosis of any particular skin condition is made by gathering pertinent information regarding the presenting skin lesion ( s ) , including the location ( such as arms , head , legs ) , symptoms ( pruritus , pain ) , duration ( acute or chronic ) , arrangement ( solitary , generalized , annular , linear ) , morphology ( macules , papules , vesicles ) , and color ( red , blue , brown , black , white , yellow ) . The diagnosis of many conditions often also requires a skin biopsy which yields histologic information that can be correlated with the clinical presentation and any laboratory data . The introduction of cutaneous ultrasound has allowed the detection of cutaneous tumors , inflammatory processes , nail disorders and hair diseases . Contents ( hide ) 1 Layer of skin involved 1.1 Epidermis 1.2 Dermis 1.3 Subcutaneous tissue 2 Diseases of the skin 3 History 4 Diagnoses 5 Lesions 5.1 Primary lesions 5.2 Secondary lesions 5.3 Configuration 5.4 Distribution 5.5 Other related terms 6 Histopathology 7 References Layer of skin involved ( edit ) Main article : Integumentary system The skin weighs an average of 4 kg ( 8.8 lb ) , covers an area of 2 m ( 22 sq ft ) , and is made of three distinct layers : the epidermis , dermis , and subcutaneous tissue . The two main types of human skin are glabrous skin , the nonhairy skin on the palms and soles ( also referred to as the `` palmoplantar '' surfaces ) , and hair - bearing skin . Within the latter type , hairs in structures called pilosebaceous units have a hair follicle , sebaceous gland , and associated arrector pili muscle . In the embryo , the epidermis , hair , and glands are from the ectoderm , which is chemically influenced by the underlying mesoderm that forms the dermis and subcutaneous tissues . Epidermis ( edit ) Main article : Epidermis ( skin ) The epidermis is the most superficial layer of skin , a squamous epithelium with several strata : the stratum corneum , stratum lucidum , stratum granulosum , stratum spinosum , and stratum basale . Nourishment is provided to these layers via diffusion from the dermis , since the epidermis is without direct blood supply . The epidermis contains four cell types : keratinocytes , melanocytes , Langerhans cells , and Merkel cells . Of these , keratinocytes are the major component , constituting roughly 95 % of the epidermis . This stratified squamous epithelium is maintained by cell division within the stratum basale , in which differentiating cells slowly displace outwards through the stratum spinosum to the stratum corneum , where cells are continually shed from the surface . In normal skin , the rate of production equals the rate of loss ; about two weeks are needed for a cell to migrate from the basal cell layer to the top of the granular cell layer , and an additional two weeks to cross the stratum corneum . Dermis ( edit ) Main article : Dermis The dermis is the layer of skin between the epidermis and subcutaneous tissue , and comprises two sections , the papillary dermis and the reticular dermis . The superficial papillary dermis interdigitates with the overlying rete ridges of the epidermis , between which the two layers interact through the basement membrane zone . Structural components of the dermis are collagen , elastic fibers , and ground substance also called extra fibrillar matrix . Within these components are the pilosebaceous units , arrector pili muscles , and the eccrine and apocrine glands . The dermis contains two vascular networks that run parallel to the skin surface -- one superficial and one deep plexus -- which are connected by vertical communicating vessels . The function of blood vessels within the dermis is fourfold : to supply nutrition , to regulate temperature , to modulate inflammation , and to participate in wound healing . Subcutaneous tissue ( edit ) Main article : Subcutaneous tissue The subcutaneous tissue is a layer of fat between the dermis and underlying fascia . This tissue may be further divided into two components , the actual fatty layer , or panniculus adiposus , and a deeper vestigial layer of muscle , the panniculus carnosus . The main cellular component of this tissue is the adipocyte , or fat cell . The structure of this tissue is composed of septal ( i.e. linear strands ) and lobular compartments , which differ in microscopic appearance . Functionally , the subcutaneous fat insulates the body , absorbs trauma , and serves as a reserve energy source . Diseases of the skin ( edit ) For a comprehensive list , see List of cutaneous conditions . Skin diseases deaths per million persons in 2012 0 -- 2 3 -- 4 5 -- 8 9 -- 13 14 -- 17 18 -- 21 22 -- 27 28 -- 34 35 -- 47 48 -- 106 Diseases of the skin include skin infections and skin neoplasms ( including skin cancer ) . History ( edit ) In 1572 , Geronimo Mercuriali of Forlì , Italy , completed De morbis cutaneis ( translated `` On the diseases of the skin '' ) . It is considered the first scientific work dedicated to dermatology . Diagnoses ( edit ) The physical examination of the skin and its appendages , as well as the mucous membranes , forms the cornerstone of an accurate diagnosis of cutaneous conditions . Most of these conditions present with cutaneous surface changes termed `` lesions , '' which have more or less distinct characteristics . Often proper examination will lead the physician to obtain appropriate historical information and / or laboratory tests that are able to confirm the diagnosis . Upon examination , the important clinical observations are the ( 1 ) morphology , ( 2 ) configuration , and ( 3 ) distribution of the lesion ( s ) . With regard to morphology , the initial lesion that characterizes a condition is known as the `` primary lesion , '' and identification of such a lesions is the most important aspect of the cutaneous examination . Over time , these primary lesions may continue to develop or be modified by regression or trauma , producing `` secondary lesions . '' However , with that being stated , the lack of standardization of basic dermatologic terminology has been one of the principal barriers to successful communication among physicians in describing cutaneous findings . Nevertheless , there are some commonly accepted terms used to describe the macroscopic morphology , configuration , and distribution of skin lesions , which are listed below . Lesions ( edit ) Primary lesions ( edit ) Chigger bites on human skin showing characteristic welts Macule and patch Papule and plaque Nodules Vesicles and bulla Fissures , erosions and ulcers A pustule on the cheek Macule : A macule is a change in surface color , without elevation or depression and , therefore , nonpalpable , well or ill - defined , variously sized , but generally considered less than either 5 or 10 mm in diameter at the widest point . Patch : A patch is a large macule equal to or greater than either 5 or 10 mm across , depending on one 's definition of a macule . Patches may have some subtle surface change , such as a fine scale or wrinkling , but although the consistency of the surface is changed , the lesion itself is not palpable . Papule : A papule is a circumscribed , solid elevation of skin with no visible fluid , varying in size from a pinhead to less than either 5 or 10 mm in diameter at the widest point . Plaque : A plaque has been described as a broad papule , or confluence of papules equal to or greater than 1 cm , or alternatively as an elevated , plateau - like lesion that is greater in its diameter than in its depth . Nodule : A nodule is morphologically similar to a papule in that it is also a palpaple spherical lesion less than 1 cm in diameter . However , it is differentiated by being centered deeper in the dermis or subcutis . Tumour : Similar to a nodule but larger than 1 cm in diameter . Vesicle : A vesicle is small blister , a circumscribed , fluid - containing , epidermal elevation generally considered less than either 5 or 10 mm in diameter at the widest point . The fluid is clear serous fluid . Bulla : A bulla is a large blister , a rounded or irregularly shaped blister containing serous or seropurulent fluid , equal to or greater than either 5 or 10 mm , depending on one 's definition of a vesicle . Pustule : A pustule is a small elevation of the skin containing cloudy or purulent material ( pus ) usually consisting of necrotic inflammatory cells . These can be either white or red . Cyst : A cyst is an epithelial - lined cavity containing liquid , semi-solid , or solid material . Erosion : An erosion is a discontinuity of the skin exhibiting incomplete loss of the epidermis , a lesion that is moist , circumscribed , and usually depressed . Ulcer : An ulcer is a discontinuity of the skin exhibiting complete loss of the epidermis and often portions of the dermis and even subcutaneous fat . Fissure : A fissure is a crack in the skin that is usually narrow but deep . Wheal : A wheal is a rounded or flat - topped , pale red papule or plaque that is characteristically evanescent , disappearing within 24 to 48 hours . The temporary raised bubble of taut skin on the site of a properly - delivered intradermal injection is also called a welt , with the ID injection process itself frequently referred to as simply `` raising a wheal '' in medical texts . Telangiectasia : A telangiectasia represents an enlargement of superficial blood vessels to the point of being visible . Burrow : A burrow appears as a slightly elevated , grayish , tortuous line in the skin , and is caused by burrowing organisms . Secondary lesions ( edit ) Scale : dry or greasy laminated masses of keratin that represent thickened stratum corneum . Crust : dried sebum , pus , or blood usually mixed with epithelial and sometimes bacterial debris . Lichenification : epidermal thickening characterized by visible and palpable thickening of the skin with accentuated skin markings . Excoriation : a punctate or linear abrasion produced by mechanical means ( often scratching ) , usually involving only the epidermis , but commonly reaching the papillary dermis . Induration : dermal thickening causing the cutaneous surface to feel thicker and firmer . Atrophy : refers to a loss of tissue , and can be epidermal , dermal , or subcutaneous . With epidermal atrophy , the skin appears thin , translucent , and wrinkled . Dermal or subcutaneous atrophy is represented by depression of the skin . Maceration : softening and turning white of the skin due to being consistently wet . Umbilication : formation of a depression at the top of a papule , vesicle , or pustule . Phyma : A tubercle on any external part of the body , such as in phymatous rosacea Configuration ( edit ) `` Configuration '' refers to how lesions are locally grouped ( `` organized '' ) , which contrasts with how they are distributed ( see next section ) . Agminate : in clusters Annular or circinate : ring - shaped Arciform or arcuate : arc - shaped Digitate : with finger - like projections Discoid or nummular : round or disc - shaped Figurate : with a particular shape Guttate : resembling drops Gyrate : coiled or spiral - shaped Herpetiform : resembling herpes Linear Mammillated : with rounded , breast - like projections Reticular or reticulated : resembling a net Serpiginous : with a wavy border Stellate : star - shaped Targetoid : resembling a bullseye Verrucous : wart - like Distribution ( edit ) `` Distribution '' refers to how lesions are localized . They may be confined to a single area ( a patch ) or may exist in several places . Some distributions correlate with the means by which a given area becomes affected . For example , contact dermatitis correlates with locations where allergen has elicited an allergic immune response . Varicella zoster virus is known to recur ( after its initial presentation as chicken pox ) as herpes zoster ( `` shingles '' ) . Chicken pox appears nearly everywhere on the body , but herpes zoster tends to follow one or two dermatomes ; for example , the eruptions may appear along the bra line , on either or both sides of the patient . Generalized Symmetric : one side mirrors the other Flexural : on the front of the fingers Extensor : on the back of the fingers Intertriginous : in an area where two skin areas may touch or rub together Morbilliform : resembling measles Palmoplantar : on the palm of the hand or bottom of the foot Periorificial : around an orifice such as the mouth Periungual / subungual : around or under a fingernail or toenail Blaschkoid : following the path of Blaschko 's lines in the skin Photodistributed : in places where sunlight reaches Zosteriform or dermatomal : associated with a particular nerve Other related terms ( edit ) Collarette Comedo Confluent Eczema ( a type of dermatitis ) Evanescent ( lasting less than 24 hours ) Granuloma Livedo Purpura Erythema ( redness ) Horn ( a cell type ) Poikiloderma Histopathology ( edit ) Hyperkeratosis Parakeratosis Hypergranulosis Acanthosis Papillomatosis Dyskeratosis Acantholysis Spongiosis Hydropic swelling Exocytosis Vacuolization Erosion Ulceration Lentiginous References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Miller , Jeffrey H. ; Marks , James G. ( 2006 ) . Lookingbill and Marks ' Principles of Dermatology . Saunders . ISBN 1 - 4160 - 3185 - 5 . Jump up ^ Lippens , S ; Hoste , E ; Vandenabeele , P ; Agostinis , P ; Declercq , W ( April 2009 ) . `` Cell death in the skin '' . Apoptosis. 14 ( 4 ) : 549 -- 69 . doi : 10.1007 / s10495 - 009 - 0324 - z . PMID 19221876 . Jump up ^ King , L.S. ( 1954 ) . `` What Is Disease ? '' . Philosophy of Science . 21 ( 3 ) : 193 -- 203 . doi : 10.1086 / 287343 . Jump up ^ Bluefarb , Samuel M. ( 1984 ) . Dermatology . Upjohn Co . ISBN 0 - 89501 - 004 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Lynch , Peter J. ( 1994 ) . Dermatology . Williams & Wilkins . ISBN 0 - 683 - 05252 - 7 . Jump up ^ Tilles G , Wallach D ( 1989 ) . `` ( The history of nosology in dermatology ) '' . Ann Dermatol Venereol ( in French ) . 116 ( 1 ) : 9 -- 26 . PMID 2653160 . Jump up ^ Lambert WC , Everett MA ( October 1981 ) . `` The nosology of parapsoriasis '' . J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 5 ( 4 ) : 373 -- 95 . doi : 10.1016 / S0190 - 9622 ( 81 ) 70100 - 2 . PMID 7026622 . Jump up ^ Jackson R ( 1977 ) . `` Historical outline of attempts to classify skin diseases '' . Can Med Assoc J. 116 ( 10 ) : 1165 -- 68 . PMC 1879511 . PMID 324589 . Jump up ^ Copeman PW ( February 1995 ) . `` The creation of global dermatology '' . JR Soc Med. 88 ( 2 ) : 78 -- 84 . PMC 1295100 . PMID 7769599 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Thomas B. ; Klauss Wolff ; Wolff , Klaus Dieter ; Johnson , Richard R. ; Suurmond , Dick ; Richard Suurmond ( 2005 ) . Fitzpatrick 's color atlas and synopsis of clinical dermatology . McGraw - Hill Medical Pub . Division . ISBN 0 - 07 - 144019 - 4 . Jump up ^ Werner B ( August 2009 ) . `` ( Skin biopsy and its histopathologic analysis : Why ? What for ? How ? Part I ) '' . An Bras Dermatol ( in Portuguese ) . 84 ( 4 ) : 391 -- 95 . PMID 19851671 . Jump up ^ Werner B ( October 2009 ) . `` ( Skin biopsy with histopathologic analysis : why ? what for ? how ? part II ) '' . An Bras Dermatol ( in Portuguese ) . 84 ( 5 ) : 507 -- 13 . doi : 10.1590 / S0365 - 05962009000500010 . PMID 20098854 . Jump up ^ Xiaowei Xu ; Elder , David A. ; Rosalie Elenitsas ; Johnson , Bernett L. ; Murphy , George E. ( 2008 ) . Lever 's Histopathology of the Skin . Hagerstwon , MD : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . ISBN 0 - 7817 - 7363 - 6 . Jump up ^ Weedon 's Skin Pathology , 2 - Volume Set : Expert Consult -- Online and Print . Edinburgh : Churchill Livingstone. 2009 . ISBN 0 - 7020 - 3941 - 1 . Jump up ^ Fernando Alfageme , Cerezo E , Roustan G. `` Real - Time Elastography in Inflammatory Skin Diseases : A Primer Ultrasound '' in Medicine & Biology , Volume 41 , Issue 4 , Supplement , April 2015 , pp. S82 -- S83 ^ Jump up to : Burns , Tony ; et al. ( 2006 ) Rook 's Textbook of Dermatology CD - ROM . Wiley - Blackwell . ISBN 1 - 4051 - 3130 - 6 . Jump up ^ Paus R , Cotsarelis G ( 1999 ) . `` The biology of hair follicles '' . N Engl J Med. 341 ( 7 ) : 491 -- 97 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJM199908123410706 . PMID 10441606 . Jump up ^ Goldsmith , Lowell A. ( 1983 ) . Biochemistry and physiology of the skin . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 261253 - 0 . Jump up ^ Fuchs E ( February 2007 ) . `` Scratching the surface of skin development '' . Nature . 445 ( 7130 ) : 834 -- 42 . doi : 10.1038 / nature05659 . PMC 2405926 . PMID 17314969 . Jump up ^ Fuchs E , Horsley V ( April 2008 ) . `` More than one way to skin '' . Genes Dev. 22 ( 8 ) : 976 -- 85 . doi : 10.1101 / gad. 1645908 . PMC 2732395 . PMID 18413712 . ^ Jump up to : Wolff , Klaus Dieter ; et al. ( 2008 ) . Fitzpatrick 's Dermatology in General Medicine . McGraw - Hill Medical . ISBN 0 - 07 - 146690 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Skin Anatomy '' . Medscape . Retrieved 3 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Bolognia , Jean L. ; et al. ( 2007 ) . Dermatology . St. Louis : Mosby . ISBN 1 - 4160 - 2999 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Rapini , Ronald P. ( 2005 ) . Practical dermatopathology . Elsevier Mosby . ISBN 0 - 323 - 01198 - 5 . Jump up ^ Grant - Kels , JM ( 2007 ) . Color Atlas of Dermatopathology ( Dermatology : Clinical & Basic Science ) . Informa Healthcare . p. 163 . ISBN 0 - 8493 - 3794 - 1 . Jump up ^ Ryan , T ( 1991 ) . `` Cutaneous Circulation '' . In Goldsmith , Lowell A. Physiology , biochemistry , and molecular biology of the skin ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 1019 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 505612 - 4 . Jump up ^ Swerlick , RA ; Lawley , TJ ( January 1993 ) . `` Role of microvascular endothelial cells in inflammation '' . J. Invest . Dermatol. 100 ( 1 ) : 111S -- 115S . doi : 10.1038 / jid. 1993.33 . PMID 8423379 . Jump up ^ `` ecognizing Neoplastic Skin Lesions : A Photo Guide '' . American Family Physician . Retrieved 3 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Callen , Jeffrey ( 2000 ) . Color atlas of dermatology . Philadelphia : W.B. Saunders . ISBN 0 - 7216 - 8256 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : James , William D. ; et al. ( 2006 ) . Andrews ' Diseases of the Skin : Clinical Dermatology . Saunders Elsevier . ISBN 0 - 7216 - 2921 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Fitzpatrick , Thomas B. ; Klauss Wolff ; Wolff , Klaus Dieter ; Johnson , Richard R. ; Suurmond , Dick ; Richard Suurmond ( 2005 ) . Fitzpatrick 's color atlas and synopsis of clinical dermatology . New York : McGraw - Hill Medical Pub . Division . ISBN 0 - 07 - 144019 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Elsevier , Dorland 's Illustrated Medical Dictionary , Elsevier . ^ Jump up to : Cotran , Ramzi S. ; Kumar , Vinay ; Fausto , Nelson ; Nelso Fausto ; Robbins , Stanley L. ; Abbas , Abul K. ( 2005 ) . Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease . St. Louis , Mo : Elsevier Saunders . ISBN 0 - 7216 - 0187 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Description of Skin Lesions '' . The Merk Manual . Retrieved 3 June 2013 . Dermatitis and eczema ( L20 -- L30 , 690 -- 693,698 ) Atopic dermatitis Besnier 's prurigo Seborrheic dermatitis Pityriasis simplex capillitii Cradle cap Contact dermatitis ( allergic , irritant ) plants : Urushiol - induced contact dermatitis African blackwood dermatitis Tulip fingers other : Abietic acid dermatitis Diaper rash Airbag dermatitis Baboon syndrome Contact stomatitis Protein contact dermatitis Eczema Autoimmune estrogen dermatitis Autoimmune progesterone dermatitis Breast eczema Ear eczema Eyelid dermatitis Topical steroid addiction Hand eczema Chronic vesiculobullous hand eczema Hyperkeratotic hand dermatitis Autosensitization dermatitis / Id reaction Candidid Dermatophytid Molluscum dermatitis Circumostomy eczema Dyshidrosis Juvenile plantar dermatosis Nummular eczema Nutritional deficiency eczema Sulzberger -- Garbe syndrome Xerotic eczema Pruritus / Itch / Prurigo Lichen simplex chronicus / Prurigo nodularis by location : Pruritus ani Pruritus scroti Pruritus vulvae Scalp pruritus Drug - induced pruritus Hydroxyethyl starch - induced pruritus Senile pruritus Aquagenic pruritus Aquadynia Adult blaschkitis due to liver disease Biliary pruritus Cholestatic pruritus Prion pruritus Prurigo pigmentosa Prurigo simplex Puncta pruritica Uremic pruritus Other substances taken internally : Bromoderma Fixed drug reaction Nummular dermatitis Pityriasis alba Papuloerythroderma of Ofuji Disorders of skin appendages ( L60 -- L75 , 703 -- 706 ) Nail thickness : Onychogryphosis Onychauxis color : Beau 's lines Yellow nail syndrome Leukonychia Azure lunula shape : Koilonychia Nail clubbing behavior : Onychotillomania Onychophagia other : Ingrown nail Anonychia ungrouped : Paronychia Acute Chronic Chevron nail Congenital onychodysplasia of the index fingers Green nails Half and half nails Hangnail Hapalonychia Hook nail Ingrown nail Lichen planus of the nails Longitudinal erythronychia Malalignment of the nail plate Median nail dystrophy Mees ' lines Melanonychia Muehrcke 's lines Nail -- patella syndrome Onychoatrophy Onycholysis Onychomadesis Onychomatricoma Onychomycosis Onychophosis Onychoptosis defluvium Onychorrhexis Onychoschizia Platonychia Pincer nails Plummer 's nail Psoriatic nails Pterygium inversum unguis Pterygium unguis Purpura of the nail bed Racquet nail Red lunulae Shell nail syndrome Splinter hemorrhage Spotted lunulae Staining of the nail plate Stippled nails Subungual hematoma Terry 's nails Twenty - nail dystrophy Hair Hair loss / Baldness noncicatricial alopecia : Alopecia areata totalis universalis Ophiasis Androgenic alopecia ( male - pattern baldness ) Hypotrichosis Telogen effluvium Traction alopecia Lichen planopilaris Trichorrhexis nodosa Alopecia neoplastica Anagen effluvium Alopecia mucinosa cicatricial alopecia : Pseudopelade of Brocq Central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia Pressure alopecia Traumatic alopecia Tumor alopecia Hot comb alopecia Perifolliculitis capitis abscedens et suffodiens Graham - Little syndrome Folliculitis decalvans ungrouped : Triangular alopecia Frontal fibrosing alopecia Marie Unna hereditary hypotrichosis Hypertrichosis Hirsutism Acquired localised generalised patterned Congenital generalised localised X-linked Prepubertal Acneiform eruption Acne Acne vulgaris Acne conglobata Acne miliaris necrotica Tropical acne Infantile acne / Neonatal acne Excoriated acne Acne fulminans Acne medicamentosa ( e.g. , steroid acne ) Halogen acne Iododerma Bromoderma Chloracne Oil acne Tar acne Acne cosmetica Occupational acne Acne aestivalis Acne keloidalis nuchae Acne mechanica Acne with facial edema Pomade acne Acne necrotica Blackhead Lupus miliaris disseminatus faciei Rosacea Perioral dermatitis Granulomatous perioral dermatitis Phymatous rosacea Rhinophyma Blepharophyma Gnathophyma Metophyma Otophyma Papulopustular rosacea Lupoid rosacea Erythrotelangiectatic rosacea Glandular rosacea Gram - negative rosacea Steroid rosacea Ocular rosacea Persistent edema of rosacea Rosacea conglobata variants Periorificial dermatitis Pyoderma faciale Ungrouped Granulomatous facial dermatitis Idiopathic facial aseptic granuloma Periorbital dermatitis SAPHO syndrome Follicular cysts `` Sebaceous cyst '' Epidermoid cyst Trichilemmal cyst Steatocystoma simplex multiplex Milia Inflammation Folliculitis Folliculitis nares perforans Tufted folliculitis Pseudofolliculitis barbae Hidradenitis Hidradenitis suppurativa Recurrent palmoplantar hidradenitis Neutrophilic eccrine hidradenitis Ungrouped Acrokeratosis paraneoplastica of Bazex Acroosteolysis Bubble hair deformity Disseminate and recurrent infundibulofolliculitis Erosive pustular dermatitis of the scalp Erythromelanosis follicularis faciei et colli Hair casts Hair follicle nevus Intermittent hair -- follicle dystrophy Keratosis pilaris atropicans Kinking hair Koenen 's tumor Lichen planopilaris Lichen spinulosus Loose anagen syndrome Menkes kinky hair syndrome Monilethrix Parakeratosis pustulosa Pili ( Pili annulati Pili bifurcati Pili multigemini Pili pseudoannulati Pili torti ) Pityriasis amiantacea Plica neuropathica Poliosis Rubinstein -- Taybi syndrome Setleis syndrome Traumatic anserine folliculosis Trichomegaly Trichomycosis axillaris Trichorrhexis ( Trichorrhexis invaginata Trichorrhexis nodosa ) Trichostasis spinulosa Uncombable hair syndrome Wooly hair Wooly hair nevus Sweat glands Eccrine Miliaria Colloid milium Miliaria crystalline Miliaria profunda Miliaria pustulosa Miliaria rubra Occlusion miliaria Postmiliarial hypohidrosis Granulosis rubra nasi Ross ' syndrome Anhidrosis Hyperhidrosis Generalized Gustatory Palmoplantar Apocrine Body odor Chromhidrosis Fox -- Fordyce disease Sebaceous Sebaceous hyperplasia Diseases of the skin and appendages by morphology Growths Epidermal wart callus seborrheic keratosis acrochordon molluscum contagiosum actinic keratosis squamous - cell carcinoma basal - cell carcinoma Merkel - cell carcinoma nevus sebaceous trichoepithelioma Pigmented Freckles lentigo melasma nevus melanoma Dermal and subcutaneous epidermal inclusion cyst hemangioma dermatofibroma ( benign fibrous histiocytoma ) keloid lipoma neurofibroma xanthoma Kaposi 's sarcoma infantile digital fibromatosis granular cell tumor leiomyoma lymphangioma circumscriptum myxoid cyst Rashes With epidermal involvement Eczematous contact dermatitis atopic dermatitis seborrheic dermatitis stasis dermatitis lichen simplex chronicus Darier 's disease glucagonoma syndrome langerhans cell histiocytosis lichen sclerosus pemphigus foliaceus Wiskott -- Aldrich syndrome Zinc deficiency Scaling psoriasis tinea ( corporis cruris pedis manuum faciei ) pityriasis rosea secondary syphilis mycosis fungoides systemic lupus erythematosus pityriasis rubra pilaris parapsoriasis ichthyosis Blistering herpes simplex herpes zoster varicella bullous impetigo acute contact dermatitis pemphigus vulgaris bullous pemphigoid dermatitis herpetiformis porphyria cutanea tarda epidermolysis bullosa simplex Papular scabies insect bite reactions lichen planus miliaria keratosis pilaris lichen spinulosus transient acantholytic dermatosis lichen nitidus pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta Pustular acne vulgaris acne rosacea folliculitis impetigo candidiasis gonococcemia dermatophyte coccidioidomycosis subcorneal pustular dermatosis Hypopigmented tinea versicolor vitiligo pityriasis alba postinflammatory hyperpigmentation tuberous sclerosis idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis leprosy hypopigmented mycosis fungoides Without epidermal involvement Red Blanchable Erythema Generalized drug eruptions viral exanthems toxic erythema systemic lupus erythematosus Localized cellulitis abscess boil erythema nodosum carcinoid syndrome fixed drug eruption Specialized urticaria erythema ( multiforme migrans gyratum repens annulare centrifugum ab igne ) Nonblanchable Purpura Macular thrombocytopenic purpura actinic / solar purpura Papular disseminated intravascular coagulation vasculitis Indurated scleroderma / morphea granuloma annulare lichen sclerosis et atrophicus necrobiosis lipoidica Miscellaneous disorders Ulcers Hair telogen effluvium androgenic alopecia alopecia areata systemic lupus erythematosus tinea capitis loose anagen syndrome lichen planopilaris folliculitis decalvans acne keloidalis nuchae Nail onychomycosis psoriasis paronychia ingrown nail Mucous membrane Aphthous stomatitis oral candidiasis lichen planus leukoplakia pemphigus vulgaris mucous membrane pemphigoid cicatricial pemphigoid herpesvirus coxsackievirus syphilis systemic histoplasmosis squamous - cell carcinoma Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cutaneous_condition&oldid=808661086 '' Categories : Cutaneous conditions Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Català Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Ido Italiano עברית Кыргызча മലയാളം ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Português Русский தமிழ் Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 November 2017 , at 08 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | skin loss that is confined to epidermal tissue is called a | [
"Erosion: An erosion is a discontinuity of the skin exhibiting incomplete loss of the epidermis,[33] a lesion that is moist, circumscribed, and usually depressed.[21]"
] | [
"Erosion"
] |
-8743113880613949502 | Do Wah Diddy Diddy | Do Wah Diddy Diddy - wikipedia Do Wah Diddy Diddy Jump to : navigation , search `` Do Wah Diddy Diddy '' Single by Manfred Mann from the album The Manfred Mann Album B - side `` What You Gonna Do ? '' Released 10 July 1964 Format Vinyl record Recorded 11 June 1964 Genre Pop rock Length 2 : 23 Label HMV POP 1320 ( UK ) Ascot ( US ) Capitol ( Canada ) Songwriter ( s ) Jeff Barry , Ellie Greenwich Producer ( s ) John Burgess Manfred Mann singles chronology `` Hubble Bubble ( Toil and Trouble ) '' ( 1964 ) `` Do Wah Diddy Diddy '' ( 1964 ) `` Sha La La '' ( 1964 ) `` Hubble Bubble ( Toil and Trouble ) '' ( 1964 ) `` Do Wah Diddy Diddy '' ( 1964 ) `` Sha La La '' ( 1964 ) `` Do Wah Diddy Diddy '' is a song written by Jeff Barry and Ellie Greenwich and originally recorded in 1963 , as `` Do - Wah - Diddy '' , by the American vocal group The Exciters made internationally famous by a version by the British band Manfred Mann . Contents ( hide ) 1 Manfred Mann version 2 Other versions 3 In popular culture 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Manfred Mann version ( edit ) It was soon covered by British R&B , beat and pop band Manfred Mann . Manfred Mann 's version , which was more commercially successful , was recorded on 11 June 1964 , released on 10 July , and spent two weeks No. 1 in the UK Singles Chart in August , and two weeks at the No. 1 spot in the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 in October . Other versions ( edit ) The song has been covered many times , notably by DJ Ötzi whose version titled `` Do Wah Diddy '' peaked at # 9 on the Ö3 Austria Top 40 , as well as charting in Germany , Switzerland , the UK and Ireland . Dutch girl group Dolly Dots recorded the song in 1982 . American hip - hop group 2 Live Crew covers a friendly parody version of that song from the 1988 album Move Somethin ' . In popular culture ( edit ) It was used as the theme song for Ang TV , a famous youth - oriented variety show in the Philippines from 1992 -- 1997 . See also ( edit ) List of number - one singles from the 1960s ( UK ) List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 1964 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Rice , Jo ( 1982 ) . The Guinness Book of 500 Number One Hits ( 1st ed . ) . Enfield , Middlesex : Guinness Superlatives Ltd. p. 82 . ISBN 0 - 85112 - 250 - 7 . Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 166 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived May 25 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` All the Number One Singles : 1964 '' . The Official Charts Company . Retrieved 13 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Bronson , Fred ( 1992 ) . The Billboard Book of Number One Hits ( 3rd ed . ) . New York , NY : Billboard Publications , Inc. p. 158 . ISBN 0 - 8230 - 8298 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` A Hard Day 's Night '' by the Beatles UK Singles Chart number - one single 13 August 1964 ( 2 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Have I the Right ? '' by the Honeycombs Preceded by `` Oh , Pretty Woman '' by Roy Orbison Billboard Hot 100 number - one single 17 October 1964 ( 2 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Baby Love '' by the Supremes ( hide ) Manfred Mann Manfred Mann Mike Hugg Mike Vickers Tom McGuinness Paul Jones Mike d'Abo Jack Bruce Klaus Voormann Dave Richmond Studio albums The Five Faces of Manfred Mann Mann Made As Is Up the Junction Mighty Garvey ! Extended play Manfred Mann 's Cock - a-Hoop Groovin ' with Manfred Mann The One in the Middle No Living Without Loving Machines Instrumental Asylum As Was Instrumental Assassination Compilations Mann Made Hits Soul of Mann What A Mann Chapter Two : The Best of the Fontana Years Basic : Original Hits The Best of Manfred Mann : The Definitive Collection The Best of the EMI Years Manfred Mann at Abbey Road , 1963 - 1966 BBC Sessions Very Best of Manfred Mann The Story Classic Masters The Evolution of Manfred Mann Complete Greatest Hits UK singles `` Why Should We Not '' `` Cock - a-Hoop '' `` 5 - 4 - 3 - 2 - 1 '' `` Hubble Bubble ( Toil and Trouble ) '' `` Ha ! Ha ! Said the Clown '' `` Do Wah Diddy Diddy '' `` Sha La La '' `` Come Tomorrow '' `` Oh No , Not My Baby '' `` If You Gotta Go , Go Now '' `` Pretty Flamingo '' `` You Gave Me Somebody to Love '' `` Just Like a Woman '' `` Semi-Detached Suburban Mr James '' `` Ha ! Ha ! Said the Clown '' `` Sweet Pea '' `` So Long , Dad '' `` Mighty Quinn '' `` Theme from `` Up The Junction '' `` My Name Is Jack '' `` Fox on the Run '' `` Ragamuffin Man '' Related articles Discography Manfred Mann Chapter Three Manfred Mann 's Earth Band The Manfreds Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Do_Wah_Diddy_Diddy&oldid=797182934 '' Categories : 1963 songs 1964 singles Songs written by Ellie Greenwich Songs written by Jeff Barry Manfred Mann songs The Exciters songs Jan and Dean songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles RPM Top Singles number - one singles His Master 's Voice singles Capitol Records singles Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 25 August 2017 , at 12 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sang the song do wah diddy diddy dum diddy do | [
"\"Do Wah Diddy Diddy\" is a song written by Jeff Barry and Ellie Greenwich and originally recorded in 1963, as \"Do-Wah-Diddy\", by the American vocal group The Exciters made internationally famous by a version by the British band Manfred Mann.",
"\"Do Wah Diddy Diddy\" is a song written by Jeff Barry and Ellie Greenwich and originally recorded in 1963, as \"Do-Wah-Diddy\", by the American vocal group The Exciters made internationally famous by a version by the British band Manfred Mann."
] | [
"The Exciters",
"Manfred Mann"
] |
-6525564204413526837 | Hail Mary | Hail Mary - wikipedia Hail Mary Jump to : navigation , search `` Ave Maria '' redirects here . For other uses , see Ave Maria ( disambiguation ) . For other uses , see Hail Mary ( disambiguation ) . The Annunciation , by Fra Angelico The Hail Mary , also commonly called the Ave Maria ( Latin ) or Angelic Salutation , is a traditional Catholic prayer asking for the intercession of the Blessed Virgin Mary , the mother of Jesus . In Roman Catholicism , the prayer forms the basis of the Rosary and the Angelus prayers . In the Oriental Orthodox Churches , Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholic Churches , a similar prayer is used in formal liturgies , both in Greek and in translations . It is also used by many other groups within the catholic tradition of Christianity including Anglicans , Independent Catholics , and Old Catholics . Some Protestant denominations , such as Lutherans , also make use of a form of the prayer . Based on the greeting of the archangel Gabriel to the Virgin Mary in the Gospel of Luke , the prayer takes different forms in various traditions . It has often been set to music . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biblical source 2 In Western ( Latin ) tradition 3 Eastern Christian use 3.1 In Greek tradition 3.2 Slavonic versions 4 Roman Catholic use 5 Anglican use 6 Lutheran use 7 Musical settings 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Biblical source ( edit ) The prayer incorporates two passages from Saint Luke 's Gospel : `` Hail , the Lord is with thee . '' and `` Blessed art thou amongst women and blessed is the fruit of thy womb . '' In mid-13th - century Western Europe the prayer consisted only of these words with the single addition of the name `` Mary '' after the word `` Hail '' , as is evident from the commentary of Saint Thomas Aquinas on the prayer . The first of the two passages from Saint Luke 's Gospel is the greeting of the Angel Gabriel to Mary , originally written in Koine Greek . The opening word of greeting , χαῖρε , chaíre , here translated `` Hail '' , literally has the meaning `` rejoice '' or `` be glad '' . This was the normal greeting in the language in which Saint Luke 's Gospel is written and continues to be used in the same sense in Modern Greek . Accordingly , both `` Hail '' and `` Rejoice '' are valid English translations of the word ( `` Hail '' reflecting the Latin translation , and `` Rejoice '' reflecting the original Greek ) . The word κεχαριτωμένη , ( kecharitōménē ) , here translated as `` full of grace '' , admits of various translations . Grammatically , the word is the feminine perfect passive participle of the verb χαριτόω , charitóō , which means `` to show , or bestow with , grace '' and here , in the passive voice , `` to have grace shown , or bestowed upon , one '' . The text also appears in the account of the annunciation contained in the apocryphal Infancy Gospel of Matthew , in chapter 9 . The second passage is taken from Elizabeth 's greeting to Mary in Luke 1 : 42 , `` Blessed art thou among women , and blessed is the fruit of thy womb . '' Taken together , these two passages are the two times Mary is greeted in Chapter 1 of Luke . In Western ( Latin ) tradition ( edit ) Part of a series on the Mariology of the Catholic Church The Immaculate Conception , by Murillo Overview ( show ) Prayers Antiphons Hymns to Mary Devotional practices Prayers ( show ) Angelus Fátima Prayers Flos Carmeli Hail Mary Hail Mary of Gold Immaculata prayer Magnificat Mary , Mother of Grace Mary Our Queen Memorare Sub tuum praesidium Antiphons ( show ) Alma Redemptoris Mater Ave Maris Stella Ave Regina Caelorum Salve Regina Hymns to Mary ( show ) Hail Queen of Heaven , the Ocean Star Immaculate Mary Lo , How a Rose E'er Blooming O Sanctissima Regina Coeli Stabat Mater Devotional practices ( show ) Acts of Reparation Consecration to Mary First Saturdays Rosary Seven Joys of the Virgin Seven Sorrows of Mary Three Hail Marys Litany of the Blessed Virgin Mary Catholicism portal After considering the use of similar words in Syriac , Greek and Latin in the 6th century , Herbert Thurston , writing in the Catholic Encyclopedia concludes that `` there is little or no trace of the Hail Mary as an accepted devotional formula before about 1050 '' , ( though a later pious tale attributed to Ildephonsus of Toledo ( fl . 7th century ) the use of the first part , namely the angel 's greeting Mary , without that of Elizabeth , as a prayer ) . All the evidence suggests that it took its rise from certain versicles and responsories occurring in the Little Office of the Blessed Virgin Mary , which just at that time was coming into favour among the monastic orders . Saint Thomas Aquinas spoke of the name `` Mary '' as the only word added at his time to the Biblical text , to indicate the person who was `` full of grace . '' But at about the same time the name `` Jesus '' was also added , to specify who was meant by the phrase `` the fruit of thy womb . '' The Western version of the prayer is thus not derived from the Greek version : even the earliest Western forms have no trace of the Greek version 's phrases : `` Mother of God and Virgin '' and `` for thou hast given birth to the Saviour of our souls . '' To the greeting and praise of Mary of which the prayer thus consisted , a petition `` Holy Mary , Mother of God , pray for us sinners now and at the hour of our death . Amen . '' was added later . The petition first appeared in print in 1495 in Girolamo Savonarola 's `` Esposizione sopra l'Ave Maria . '' The `` Hail Mary '' prayer in Savonarola 's exposition reads : `` Hail Mary , full of grace , the Lord is with thee ; blessed art thou amongst women , and blessed is the fruit of thy womb , Jesus . Holy Mary , Mother of God , pray for us sinners , now and at the hour of our death . Amen '' The petition was commonly added around the time of the Council of Trent . The Dutch Jesuit St. Petrus Canisius is credited with adding in 1555 in his Catechism the sentence Holy Mary , Mother of God , pray for us sinners . Eleven years later , the sentence was included in the Catechism of the Council of Trent of 1566 . The `` Catechism of the Council of Trent '' says that to the first part of the Hail Mary , by which `` we render to God the highest praise and return Him most gracious thanks , because He has bestowed all His heavenly gifts on the most holy Virgin ... the Church of God has wisely added prayers and an invocation addressed to the most holy Mother of God ... we should earnestly implore her help and assistance ; for that she possesses exalted merits with God , and that she is most desirous to assist us by her prayers , no one can doubt without impiety and wickedness . '' The beginning of the verse in historiated letters in the book of hours Heures de Charles d'Angoulême The current Latin version is thus as follows , with accents added to indicate how the prayer is said in the current ecclesiastical pronunciation of Latin : Áve María , grátia pléna , Dóminus técum . Benedícta tū in muliéribus , et benedíctus frúctus véntris túi , Iésus . Sáncta María , Máter Déi , óra pro nóbis peccatóribus , nunc et in hóra mórtis nóstrae . Ámen . Hail Mary , full of grace , the Lord is with thee . Blessed art thou amongst women , and blessed is the fruit of thy womb , Jesus . Holy Mary , Mother of God , pray for us sinners , now and at the hour of our death . Amen . On account of its connection with the Angelus , the Ave Maria was often inscribed on bells . Eastern christian use ( edit ) In Greek tradition ( edit ) The Hail Mary prayer of the Eastern Orthodox Church and Eastern Catholic Churches is in the form Θεοτόκε Παρθένε , χαῖρε , κεχαριτωμένη Μαρία , ὁ Κύριος μετὰ σοῦ . εὐλογημένη σὺ ἐν γυναιξί , καὶ εὐλογημένος ὁ καρπὸς τῆς κοιλίας σου , ὅτι Σωτῆρα ἔτεκες τῶν ψυχῶν ἡμῶν . God - bearing Virgin , rejoice , grace - filled Mary , the Lord with thee . Praised thou among women , and praised the fruit of thy womb , because it was the Saviour of our souls that thou borest . Another English rendering of the same text reads : Mother of God and Virgin , rejoice , Mary full of grace , the Lord is with thee . Blessed art thou amongst women , and blessed is the fruit of thy womb , for thou hast given birth to the Saviour of our souls . To the Biblical texts this adds the opening invocation `` Theotokos Virgin , '' the name `` Mary '' and the concluding `` because it was the Saviour of our souls that thou bearest '' . In the Eastern Orthodox and Byzantine Rite Eastern Catholic churches , the prayer is very common in the Greek form indicated above , or in translations from it . Although it is not said quite as often as in the West , it is well known and often used and appears in several canons of prayer . It is typically sung thrice at the end of Vespers during an All - Night Vigil , as well as occurring many times in the course of daily prayer . Slavonic versions ( edit ) There exist two variant versions in Church Slavonic : Cyrillic Romanization English Translation Богородице дѣво радѹйсѧ ѡбрадованнаѧ Марїе Господь съ тобою благословена ты въ женахъ , и благословенъ плодъ чрева твоегѡ , Якѡ родила еси Христа Спаса , Избавителѧ дѹшамъ нашимъ . Bogoroditse Djevo , raduisya , Obradovannaya Marie , Gospodh s ' toboyu . Blagoslovena tyh v ' zhenach , Y blagosloven plod chreva Tvoego , Yako rodila esi Christa Spasa , Izbavitelya dusham nashim . Theotokos Virgin , rejoice , ( or : Rejoice , O Virgin Theotokos ) Mary full of grace , the Lord is with thee . Blessed art thou amongst women , and blessed is the fruit of thy womb , for thou hast borne Christ the Saviour , the Deliverer of our souls . Богородице дѣво , радѹйсѧ , Благодатнаѧ Марїе , Господь съ тобою : благословена Ты въ женахъ , и благословенъ плодъ чрева Твоегѡ ; якѡ Спаса родила еси дѹшъ нашихъ . Bogoroditse Djevo , raduisya , Blagodatnaya Marie , Gospod s ' toboyu : Blagoslovyena tyh v ' zhenakh , Y blagoslovyen plod chreva Tvoyego , yako Spasa rodila yesi dush nashikh . Theotokos Virgin , rejoice , ( or : Rejoice , O Virgin Theotokos ) Mary full of grace , The Lord is with thee . Blessed art thou amongst women , and blessed is the fruit of thy womb , for thou hast borne the Saviour of our souls . Church Slavonic Bogorodice děvo in traditional Cyrillic script The first is the older , and remains in use by the Old Believers as well as those who follow the Ruthenian recension ( among them the Ukrainian Greek - Catholic Church and the Ruthenian Catholic Church ) . The second , corresponding more closely to the Greek , appeared in 1656 under the liturgical reforms of Patriarch Nikon of Moscow , and is in use by the Russian Orthodox Church , the Serbian Orthodox Church , the Bulgarian Orthodox Church and the Ukrainian Orthodox Church ) . Roman Catholic use ( edit ) The Hail Mary is the central part of the Angelus , a devotion generally recited thrice daily by many Catholics , as well as broad & high church Anglicans , and Lutherans who usually omit the second half . The Hail Mary is the essential element of the Rosary , a prayer method in use especially among Roman Rite ( Western ) Catholics . The Eastern Catholic Churches say a similar version . The Rosary consists traditionally of three sets of five Mysteries , each mystery consisting of one `` decade '' or ten Ave Marias . The 150 Ave Marias of the Rosary thus echo the 150 psalms . These meditate upon events of Jesus ' life during his childhood ( Joyful Mysteries ) , Passion ( Sorrowful Mysteries ) , and from his Resurrection onwards ( Glorious Mysteries ) . Another set , the Luminous Mysteries , is of comparatively recent origin , having been proposed by Pope John Paul II in 2002 . Each of these Mysteries is prayed as a decade ( a unit of ten ) , consisting of one Our Father ( Pater Noster or The Lord 's Prayer ) , ten Hail Marys , and one ' Glory Be ' ( Gloria Patri ) ( Doxology ) . The restatement of the prayers locks one into fixed language , having the effect of freeing the conscious mind so that the recitation may come more from the heart and not the head . Pope Paul V said that `` the Rosary is a treasure of graces '' . Even for those souls who pray without meditating , the simple act of taking the beads in hand to pray is already a remembrance of God -- of the supernatural `` . Anglican use ( edit ) Anglicans also employ the Hail Mary in devotional practice . Traditional Anglicism uses the prayer in much the same way as Roman Catholics , including use of the Rosary and the recitation of the Angelus . Many Anglican churches contain statues of the Virgin Mary , and the faithful use devotional prayers including the Hail Mary . Lutheran use ( edit ) Martin Luther , the founder of Lutheranism , believed that Mary should be held in highest reverence . Although he did not agree with Mary 's veneration , he did advocate the use of the first half of the Hail Mary ( that is , `` Hail Mary , full of grace , the Lord is with thee . Blessed art thou amongst women and blessed is the fruit of thy womb , Jesus . '' ) as a sign of reverence for and devotion to the Virgin . Musical settings ( edit ) See also : Roman Catholic Marian music The Hail Mary , or Ave Maria in Latin , has been set to music numerous times . Arguably the two most famous settings are : the version by Franz Schubert ( 1825 ) ; originally composed as Ave Maria ( Ellens Gesang III , D839 , Op 52 no 6 , 1825 ) , Ellen 's third song in English , as part of his Opus 52 , a setting of seven songs from Walter Scott 's popular epic poem `` The Lady of the Lake '' , and was translated into German by Adam Storck , used in the final segment of Walt Disney 's Fantasia , opening with the greeting `` Ave Maria '' ( `` Hail Mary '' ) , but not a setting of the traditional Ave Maria prayer ; but nowadays commonly sung with the words of the traditional prayer . the version by Charles Gounod ( 1859 ) , adding melody and words to Johann Sebastian Bach 's first prelude from The Well - Tempered Clavier Anton Bruckner wrote three different settings , the best known being a motet for seven voices . Antonín Dvořák 's version was composed in 1877 . Another setting of Ave Maria was written by Giuseppe Verdi for his 1887 opera Otello . Russian composer César Cui , who was raised Roman Catholic , set the text at least three times : as the `` Ave Maria '' , op . 34 , for one or two women 's voices with piano or harmonium ( 1886 ) , and as part of two of his operas : Le flibustier ( premiered 1894 ) and Mateo Falcone ( 1907 ) . Settings also exist by Mozart , Liszt , Byrd , Elgar , Saint - Saëns , Rossini , Brahms , Stravinsky , Lauridsen , Franz Biebl , David Conte and Perosi as well as numerous versions by less well - known composers , such as J.B. Tresch and Ninel Samokhvalova . `` Ave Maria '' The prayer as a traditional Latin Gregorian chant `` Ave Maria '' The second of Anton Bruckner 's three settings of `` Ave Maria '' Problems playing these files ? See media help . In Slavonic , the text was also a popular subject for setting to music by Eastern European composers . These include Rachmaninov , Stravinsky , Bortniansky , Vavilov ( his version often misattributed to Caccini ) , Mikhail Shukh , Lyudmyla Hodzyumakha and others . This text was also very often set by composers in the Renaissance , including Josquin des Prez , Orlando di Lasso , and Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina . Before the Council of Trent there were actually different versions of the text , so the earlier composers in the period sometimes set versions of the text different from the ones shown above . Josquin des Prez , for example , himself set more than one version of the Ave Maria . Here is the text of his motet Ave Maria ... Virgo serena , which begins with the first six words above and continues with a poem in rhymed couplets . Hail Mary ( Annunciation ) , Les Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry , Chantilly Museum Ave Maria , gratia plena , Dominus tecum , Virgo serena . Ave cuius conceptio , solemni plena gaudio , celestia , terrestria , nova replet letitia . Ave cuius nativitas , nostra fuit solemnitas , ut lucifer lux oriens verum solem preveniens . Ave pia humilitas , sine viro fecunditas , cuius annunciatio nostra fuit salvatio . Ave vera virginitas , immaculata castitas , cuius purificatio nostra fuit purgatio . Ave preclara omnibus angelicis virtutibus , cuius fuit assumptio nostra glorificatio . O Mater Dei , memento mei . Amen . The much anthologized Ave Maria by Jacques Arcadelt is actually a 19th - century arrangement by Pierre - Louis Dietsch , loosely based on Arcadelt 's three part madrigal Nous voyons que les hommes . Even though Protestant Christianity generally avoids any special veneration of Mary , access to the beautiful and culturally significant tradition of Marian music is facilitated by substitution texts . These texts are intended to replace the words of the standard `` Ave Maria '' , preserving word boundaries and syllable stresses , so that music written for the former text can be sung with the latter . An example is the Christ - centric Ave Redemptor : English translation Ave redemptor , Domine Iesus : Cuius ob opus Superatur mors , enim salvatio Nunc inundavit super universam terram . Sancte redemptor , reputata Fides est nobis peccatoribus , Nunc et in morte , ad iustitiam . Hail the Redeemer , Lord Jesus , By whose work Death is defeated , for salvation Has now overflowed upon all of the world . Holy redeemer , our faith Is reckoned to us sinners , Now and in death , as righteousness . A famous setting for the Orthodox version of the prayer in Church Slavonic ( Bogoroditsye Djevo ) was composed by Sergei Rachmaninoff in his All - Night Vigil . See also ( edit ) Book : Mary and Mariology Wikisource has original text related to this article : Hail Mary Wikisource has original text related to this article : Hail Mary translations Devotion of the Three Hail Marys Hail Mary pass Hymns to Mary Marian apparitions Marian devotions Marian shrine Mariology , theological study of Mary Mary , the mother of Jesus Prayer beads Rosary The Glories of Mary Theotokos Christianity portal Religion portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Luke 1 : 28 : Χαῖρε , κεχαριτωμένη , ὁ Κύριος μετὰ σοῦ / Chaire , kecharitōmenē , o Kyrios meta sou ) . Jump up ^ Luke 1 : 42 : Εὐλογημένη σὺ ἐν γυναιξὶν καὶ εὐλογημένος ὁ καρπὸς τῆς κοιλίας σου / eulogēmenē su en gynaixin kai eulogēmenos o karpos tēs koilias sou ) . Jump up ^ `` Saint Thomas Aquinas on the Hail Mary '' , Catholic Dossier , May - June 1996 , Ignatius Press , Snohomish , Washington . Jump up ^ Liddell and Scott , A Greek -- English Lexicon ( 1 ) . ^ Jump up to : Thurston , Herbert ( 1910 ) , `` Hail Mary '' , The Catholic Encyclopedia , VII , New York : Robert Appleton Company , retrieved 2007 - 09 - 19 Jump up ^ British Library - Rare Books Department , shelfmark : IA 27542 . Jump up ^ The prayer is printed in latin on the first page of the exposition and reads : `` Ave Maria gratia plena Dominus tecum Benedicta tu in mulieribus et benedictus Fructus uentris tui Iesus sancta Maria mater Dei ora pro nobis peccatoribus nunc et in hora mortis Amen '' . Jump up ^ This sentence appeared for the first time in his catechism of 1555 : Petrus Canisius , CATECHISMI Latini et Germanici , I , ( ed Friedrich Streicher , SPC CATECHISMI Latini et Germanici , I , Roma , Munich , 1933 , I , 12 . Jump up ^ The catechism of the Council of Trent by Theodore Alois Buckley 2010 ISBN 1 - 177 - 70694 - 6 Part IV ( 2 ) . Jump up ^ With Pope John XXIII 's edition of the Roman Missal , the use of the letter J in printing Latin was dropped even in liturgical books , which had preserved that usage long after it ceased in the printing of ordinary Latin texts , including documents of the Holy See . Jump up ^ Nicholas Danielides , Archon Lambadarios . Jump up ^ `` Mother of God '' is not a literal translation of the Greek word Theotokos , which has very specific theological implications . `` Mother of God '' is the literal translation of a different Greek term , Μήτηρ Θεού ( Mitir Theou ) . Jump up ^ Society of Mary . Jump up ^ Lehmann , H. , ed . ' ' Luther 's Works , American edition ' ' , vol. 43 , p. 40 , Fortress , 1968 . Jump up ^ Luther 's Works , 10 II , 407 -- 409 . Jump up ^ In keeping with the principle of sola scriptura , Luther exclusively emphasized the quotation from Luke 1 : 42 , without addition . Jump up ^ Ave Maria , D. 839 ( Schubert , Franz ) music score in Public Domain Petrucci Music Library . Jump up ^ Franz Schubert : music and belief by Leo Black 2005 ISBN 1 - 84383 - 135 - X page 115 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ave Maria . University of Dayton Hail Mary in various languages Audio recordings and texts of the Hail Mary and other prayers in various languages ( hide ) Prayers of the Catholic Church Prayers of the Mass Agnus Dei Confiteor Creeds Apostles ' Creed Athanasian Creed Nicene Creed Gloria in excelsis Deo Gloria Patri Kyrie Eleison Pater Noster Sanctus Signum Crucis Marian prayers Alma Redemptoris Mater Angelus Ave Maria Ave Maris Stella Ave Regina Caelorum Fatima Prayer Litany Loreto Magnificat Maria Mater Gratiae Memorare Regina Coeli Rosary Salve Regina Sub Tuum Praesidium Three Hail Marys Other prayers Act of Contrition Adoro te devote Angele Dei Anima Christi Ave Verum Corpus Benedictus Chaplets Come , Holy Spirit Jesus Prayer Mental prayer Laudes Divinae Litanies Litany of the Saints Morning offering Novena Nunc Dimittis O Salutaris Hostia Penitential Psalms 51 : Miserere mei 130 : De Profundis Prayer before a Crucifix Prayer of Saint Francis Prayer to Saint Joseph Prayer to Saint Michael Requiem Aeternam Spiritual Communion Tantum Ergo Te Deum Thanksgiving after Communion Veni Creator Spiritus Veni Sancte Spiritus Visit to the Blessed Sacrament Way of the Cross Note : For prayers listed in italics , indulgences are normally granted . Catholicism portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hail_Mary&oldid=843604472 '' Categories : Christian prayer Eastern Orthodox Mariology Marian devotions Marian hymns Roman Catholic prayers Rosary Hidden categories : Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Alemannisch Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Armãneashti Arpetan Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Беларуская Boarisch Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Chavacano de Zamboanga Corsu Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kapampangan ქართული Kaszëbsczi Kernowek Kiswahili Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Lingála Lumbaart Magyar മലയാളം Nāhuatl Dorerin Naoero Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Occitan Pangasinan Polski Português Ripoarisch Română Rumantsch Runa Simi Русский Shqip Simple English SiSwati Slovenčina Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Tarandíne ไทย Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 78 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 06 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where are the words to the hail mary found in the bible | [
"The second passage is taken from Elizabeth's greeting to Mary in Luke 1:42, \"Blessed art thou among women, and blessed is the fruit of thy womb.\"[5] Taken together, these two passages are the two times Mary is greeted in Chapter 1 of Luke."
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"Chapter 1 of Luke"
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8038412633073959418 | Wentworth (season 6) | Wentworth ( season 6 ) - Wikipedia Wentworth ( season 6 ) Wentworth ( season 6 ) Region 4 DVD Cover Country of origin Australia No. of episodes 8 Release Original network Showcase Original release 19 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 19 ) -- present ( present ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 5 List of Wentworth episodes The sixth season of television drama series Wentworth premiered on Showcase in Australia on 19 June 2018 . It is executive produced by FremantleMedia 's Director of Drama , Jo Porter . The season will comprise 12 episodes . The sixth season picks up just days after the escape of Franky Doyle and Joan Ferguson . This season will introduce three new characters portrayed by Leah Purcell , Susie Porter and Rarriwuy Hick . Contents 1 Cast 1.1 Main 1.2 Recurring 1.3 Guest 2 Episodes 3 Production 4 Ratings 5 Home media 6 References 7 External links Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of Wentworth characters Main ( edit ) Leah Purcell as Rita Connors Sigrid Thornton as Sonia Stevens Susie Porter as Marie Winter Celia Ireland as Liz Birdsworth Katrina Milosevic as Sue `` Boomer '' Jenkins Robbie J Magasiva as Deputy Governor Will Jackson Tammy Macintosh as Kaz Proctor Kate Jenkinson as Allie Novak Bernard Curry as Jake Stewart Rarriwuy Hick as Ruby Mitchell Kate Atkinson as Governor Vera Bennett Nicole da Silva as Franky Doyle Recurring ( edit ) Libby Tanner as Bridget Westfall Jacquie Brennan as Linda Miles Sally - Anne Upton as Lucy Gambaro Madeline Jevic as Nurse Lee Radcliffe Artemis Inannides as Vicky Kosta Kate Elliot as Spike Baxter Sun Park as Cherry Li Emily Havea as Mon Alson Catherine Larcey as Sharon Gilmour Bessie Holland as Stella Radic Sarah Hallam as Jen Hutchins Katerina Kotsonis as former officer Brenda Murphy Stefan Dennis as Michael Armstrong QC Guest ( edit ) Pamela Rabe as Joan Ferguson Episodes ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Aus . viewers 59 `` Clean Slate '' Kevin Carlin Pete McTighe June 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 19 ) 101,000 Franky Doyle and Joan Ferguson are still missing . While Ferguson 's fate remains unknown , Franky is still on the run and desperately attempts to come up with the evidence that she is innocent of the murder of Mike Pennisi . Liz fears for her safety when news has surfaced that Sonia was poisoned and is to make a full recovery . Vera 's career could be in jeopardy when Jake uncovers that Vera let Bea Smith wander into a restricted area of the prison in order to attack Joan . New inmate , Rita Connors , arrives at Wentworth and immediately crosses Kaz when she takes the rap for recently transferred , trouble - making prisoner , Ruby Mitchell , when she violently attacks another prisoner . Vera makes a discovery . 60 `` The Boxer '' Kevin Carlin Marcia Gardner June 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 26 ) 87,000 Sonia returns to Wentworth and is determined to take her revenge on Liz . Ruby continues to push Rita away while she sinks deeper into despair as she has constant memories of the past . Ruby is provoked into partaking in secret fist fighting matches organized by several of the other inmates . Vera confides in Bridget about her pregnancy , while Jake 's guilt of blackmailing Vera gets the better of him and he decides to back down . Franky stumbles upon crucial evidence that can clear her name . 61 `` Bleed Out '' Fiona Banks John Ridley July 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 03 ) 105,000 Franky is seriously wounded and seeks Bridget 's help . Sonia convinces Liz to tell her solicitor that she was used by Don . Kaz discovers that Rita took the rap for Ruby for beating up Spike . The fight club continues and Ruby is injured during a match with Spike . Vicky and Kaz agree to a fight before it is interrupted by the officers . Will confronts Kaz on being a secret `` lagger '' . The police discover that Franky is innocent and she is finally set free . 62 `` Winter Is Here '' Fiona Banks Andrew Anastasios July 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 10 ) 83,000 Marie Winter arrives at Wentworth and her past is immediately revealed . Rita goes to great lengths to keep Ruby out of trouble and agrees to be Marie 's bodyguard . Sonia makes a deal with Vera and the workshop is reopened . Will cracks under pressure as he confesses to Jake that he buried Joan alive . 63 5 `` Bitter Pill '' Roger Hodgman John Ridley July 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 17 ) 71,000 Vera undergoes her first pregnancy scan and is indecisive as to whether or not she is going to keep the baby . Kaz threatens Marie when she and Allie discover that she is having drugs smuggled into the prison . Jake is injured while saving Liz from being electrocuted . Will is struggling with is sanity and begins having nightmares . Rita lands herself in trouble following a violent confrontation with Vicky and her gang . Sonia 's workshop becomes a success . Liz fears she is going mad and reveals all to Kaz regarding Sonia . 64 6 `` Angel of Wentworth '' Roger Hodgman Andrew Anastasios & Marcia Gardner July 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 24 ) 82,000 Marie and Zara becomes suspicious of Rita , while Rita comes up with a desperate plan to get Zara out of the way . Boomer takes her exam and anxiously awaits the results . Will becomes frantic and confesses everything to Kaz about what he did to Joan . Vera , Will and Kaz begin to suspect that Sonia was behind Sharon Gilmour 's murder , but with no proof . Liz begins to things she is suffering from dementia . During the radio interview , Liz is ambushed by Sonia when she reveals that Liz is ' Witness X ' , putting her in a dangerous position with the other prisoners for lagging . Sonia is later informed that she will be released within 48 hours due to Liz 's confession on air , while Kaz lets Sonia know that she could be dead within a day once Spike is released from solitary confinement . 65 7 `` The Edge '' Sian Davies Pete McTighe July 31 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 31 ) 77,000 Sonia comes up with a plan to set Kaz up against the other women which eventually backfires . Will begins to have terrifying visions of Joan and turns to Marie for comfort . Liz 's condition is finally diagnosed . Sonia begins to realize that her time is running out when she is attacked by Spike , while it is finally discovered that she murdered Sharon Gilmour and is charged thanks to Liz . Liz becomes confused and thinks Don is in the prison and heads to the roof with Sonia close behind which leads to a fight that proves fatal for one of them . 66 8 `` Lovers and Fighters '' Sian Davies John Ridley and Marcia Gardner August 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 07 ) 91,000 Kaz is released from solitary confinement for which she spent two weeks for murdering Sonia . Allie is informed that Ruby could die of a brain aneurysm if she continues to fight , while Kaz decides to let the fight club go on and intends to collect half the profits . Marie discovers that Ruby was with her son the night he was attacked and is intent on getting information from her . Rita reveals to Marie that she is Ruby 's sister and Ruby makes a confession to Rita about the death of Marie 's son . Vera becomes the target of a stalker and is convinced that it is Jake , however , it is later revealed not to be Jake when Vera discovers that someone has left a pair of leather gloves on her bed . 67 9 `` Shallow Grave '' TBA TBA August 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 14 ) TBD Production ( edit ) On 9 May 2017 , it was announced that FremantleMedia had renewed Wentworth for a sixth season , set to air in 2018 . FremantleMedia 's Director of Drama , Jo Porter , said `` Getting to a sixth season is something none of us take for granted . Key to this is the unwavering dedication to the show by the incredible Wentworth audience both in Australia and around the world . Like us they are drawn to our exceptional cast who embody the diverse , complex and intriguing characters who populate the intense world of Wentworth and its high stakes and compelling stories . Foxtel Head of Drama , Penny Win , said `` As Foxtel 's longest running original drama , Wentworth continues to set a high bar for our local production slate . There is so much yet to unfold with season five premiering now in Australia on Foxtel before any details should be revealed about the sixth season . My lips are sealed other than to say Marcia Gardner and the writers continue to excel in setting up intriguing story arcs and finely crafted scripts for the wonderfully talented Wentworth cast to bring to life . '' Ratings ( edit ) Episode Title Original airdate Overnight Viewers Nightly Rank 6 - 01 `` Clean Slate '' 19 June 2018 101,000 6 - 02 `` The Boxer '' 26 June 2018 87,000 6 - 03 `` Bleed Out '' 3 July 2018 105,000 6 - 04 `` Winter Is Here '' 10 July 2018 83,000 6 - 05 `` Bitter Pill '' 17 July 2018 71,000 6 - 06 `` Angel of Wentworth '' 24 July 2018 82,000 6 - 07 `` The Edge '' 31 July 2018 77,000 6 - 08 `` Lovers and Fighters '' 7 August 2018 91,000 6 - 09 `` Shallow Grave '' 14 August 2018 TBD TBD Figures are OzTAM Data for the 5 City Metro areas . Overnight - Live broadcast and recordings viewed the same night . Consolidated - Live broadcast and recordings viewed . Home media ( edit ) Set title Release date Additional Region 1 Region 2 ( UK ) Region 2 ( DE ) Region 4 / B Wentworth : The Complete Season 6 ( Australia ) Wentworth Prison : Season Six ( United Kingdom ) TBA 15 October 2018 TBA 3 October 2018 Set details 12 episodes 600 minutes 1.78 : 1 aspect ratio DVD Audio TBA Blu - ray Audio TBA Subtitles TBA Discs 4 - DVD set ( region 2 UK ) Rating ACB : TBA BBFC : 18 Special Features : TBA References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 5 April 2018 ) . `` Returning : Wentworth '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 1 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Dainty , Sophie ( 1 August 2018 ) . `` Neighbours star Stefan Dennis took a break from show to film guest role in Wentworth '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 1 August 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tuesday 19 June 2018 '' . TV Tonight . 21 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tuesday 26 June 2018 '' . TV Tonight . 27 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tuesday 3 July 2018 '' . TV Tonight . 4 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tuesday 10 July 2018 '' . TV Tonight . 11 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tuesday 17 July 2018 '' . TV Tonight . 18 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tuesday 24 July 2018 '' . TV Tonight . 25 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tuesday 31 July 2018 '' . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday 7 August 2018 '' . Jump up ^ `` Wentworth : episode guide '' . Australiantelevision.net . Retrieved 11 August 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wentworth Season 6 Confirmed '' . Showcasechannel.com. 9 May 2017 . Retrieved 26 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : https://tvtonight.com.au/2018/08/tuesday-7-august-2018.html Jump up ^ Region 2 ( UK ) : `` Wentworth Prison : Season Six ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 18 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Region 4 / B : `` Australian release dates for movies & TV '' . Stack.com.au . Retrieved 3 August 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website Wentworth Seasons 5 6 Notable episodes `` No Place Like Home '' `` Fear Her '' `` First Blood '' Characters Maxine Conway Franky Doyle Joan Ferguson Jacs Holt Will Jackson Allie Novak Kaz Proctor Bea Smith Jess Warner Bridget Westfall Related Awards and nominations Prisoner Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wentworth_(season_6)&oldid=854467420 '' Categories : 2018 Australian television seasons Wentworth ( TV series ) Hidden categories : Use Australian English from June 2012 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Use dmy dates from June 2012 Pages using center with no arguments Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 15 : 47 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when is season 6 of wentworth coming out | [
"The sixth season of television drama series Wentworth premiered on Showcase in Australia on 19 June 2018. It is executive produced by FremantleMedia's Director of Drama, Jo Porter. The season will comprise 12 episodes. The sixth season picks up just days after the escape of Franky Doyle and Joan Ferguson. This season will introduce three new characters portrayed by Leah Purcell, Susie Porter and Rarriwuy Hick.[1]\n"
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"19 June 2018"
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-4505653343346737109 | Gaspar | Gaspar - wikipedia Gaspar Jump to : navigation , search Gaspar is a given and / or surname of French , German , Hungarian , Italian , Portuguese , and Spanish origin that could refer to : Contents ( hide ) 1 Names 2 Places 3 In fiction 4 See also Names ( edit ) The original spelling of Casper ; a male 's given name Saint Caspar , the traditional name of one of the Wise Men in the Gospel of Matthew . The name of Arthur 's dog in Karl Pearson 's novelette `` The New Werther '' . ( `` Gaspar , faithful hound , who roved / Where'er his master went , beyond all else beloved . '' ) Roberto Luís Gaspar de Deus Severo , Portuguese footballer commonly known as Beto Álvaro Gaspar , former Portuguese footballer Alexandre - Pierre Gaspar , French information architect Alfredo Rodrigues Gaspar , Portuguese military officer and politician Boom Gaspar , American piano / keyboard / organ player Chuck Gaspar ( 1938 - 2009 ) , American special effects artist Eduardo César Gaspar , Brazilian footballer commonly known as Edu Enrique Gaspar y Rimbau , Spanish play - wright ( 1842 - 1902 ) Hugo Gaspar , Portuguese volleyball José Gaspar ( also known as Gasparilla ) , a mythical Spanish pirate supposedly based in southwest Florida during the late 17th and early 18th centuries Odirlei de Souza Gaspar , Brazilian footballer Rod Gaspar , former baseball player Gaspar Araújo , Portuguese long jumper Gaspar Azevedo , Portuguese footballer Gaspar Bergman , Canadian film director Gaspar Cassadó , Spanish cellist and musical composer Gaspar Corte - Real , Portuguese explorer Gaspar Flores de Abrego ( 1781 -- 1836 ) , Texan who fought alongside the colonists of Austin ; and San Antonio ruled four times ( 1819 , 1824 , 1829 and 1834 ) . Gaspar DiGregorio , Italian - American organized - crime figure Gaspar Fagel , 17th - century Dutch statesman Gaspar Fernandes , 16th - century Portuguese musical composer Gaspar Gálvez Burgos , Spanish footballer known simply as Gaspar Gaspar Méndez ( fl. 1546 ) , Spanish architect of Badajoz Gaspar Méndez de Haro , 7th Marquis of Carpio , 17th - century Spanish political figure Gaspar Milazzo , Italian - American organized - crime figure Gaspar Noé , French filmmaker Gaspar de Portolà , Spanish soldier then governor Gaspar Saladino , longtime comic book letterer and logo designer Gaspar Sanz ( 1640 -- 1710 ) , Aragonese baroque composer , guitarist , organist and priest . Manuel Gaspar Haro , Spanish footballer Gaspar Yanga , Leader of successful slave revolt in Mexico 1570 Places ( edit ) Gaspar , Santa Catarina , a town in Brazil Gaspar , Cuba Gaşpar , Moldova Gaspar , Gaspra or Gasparalı Gaspar Strait , a waterway in Indonesia In fiction ( edit ) Gaspar , a character in Chrono Trigger a Muppet character in Barrio Sesamo one of the spells in the `` Zork '' series the name of a Buddhist monk who Joshua ( Jesus Christ ) visits in his quest to learn the Divine spark in the book Lamb : The Gospel According to Biff , Christ 's Childhood Pal by Christopher Moore . one of three components of the MAGI supercomputer from the anime Neon Genesis Evangelion A planet in the Ratchet & Clank series , normally the first Ratchet & Clank game Gaspar one of the three Magi mentioned in the famous novel Ben - Hur : A Tale of the Christ by Lew Wallace . One of the The Simpsons ' cartoon characters name in the Spanish version of The Simpsons - Jasper . Gaspar , a character in the 2012 novel Unholy Night by Seth Grahame - Smith Gaspar de la Croix , A templar agent in Assassin 's Creed Brotherhood . The title character in Joseph Conrad 's story Gaspar Ruiz See also ( edit ) Gaspard ( disambiguation ) This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Gaspar . If an internal link led you here , you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gaspar&oldid=788359186 '' Categories : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories : All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cebuano Deutsch Español Français Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 1 July 2017 , at 00 : 17 . About Wikipedia | where does the last name gaspar come from | [
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-3414513621789226164 | Vietnam War | Vietnam War - wikipedia Vietnam War Jump to : navigation , search `` The Vietnam War '' redirects here . For the 2017 film , see The Vietnam War ( film ) . For a list of wars throughout the history of Vietnam , see List of wars involving Vietnam . Vietnam War ( Chiến tranh Việt Nam ) Part of the Indochina Wars and the Cold War Clockwise , from top left : U.S. combat operations in Ia Drang , ARVN Rangers defending Saigon during the 1968 Tet Offensive , two A-4C Skyhawks after the Gulf of Tonkin incident , ARVN recapture Quảng Trị during the 1972 Easter Offensive , civilians fleeing the 1972 Battle of Quảng Trị , and burial of 300 victims of the 1968 Huế Massacre . Date 1 November 1955 -- 30 April 1975 ( 1975 - 04 - 30 ) ( 19 years , 5 months , 4 weeks and 1 day ) Location South Vietnam , North Vietnam , Cambodia , Laos Result North Vietnamese victory Withdrawal of American - led forces from Indochina Communist governments take power in South Vietnam , Cambodia and Laos South Vietnam is annexed by North Vietnam Territorial changes Reunification of North and South Vietnam into the Socialist Republic of Vietnam . Belligerents South Vietnam United States South Korea Thailand Australia Philippines New Zealand Khmer Republic Kingdom of Laos Military support : Republic of China Other support ( show ) Malaysia Spain Canada Iran West Germany Brazil Japan North Vietnam Viet Cong Khmer Rouge Pathet Lao People 's Republic of China North Korea Military support : Soviet Union Cuba Other support ( show ) Czechoslovakia Bulgaria East Germany Romania Poland Hungary Sweden Commanders and leaders Ngô Đình Diệm † Nguyễn Văn Thiệu Nguyễn Cao Kỳ Cao Văn Viên Ngô Quang Trưởng John F. Kennedy Lyndon B. Johnson Richard Nixon Gerald Ford Robert McNamara William Westmoreland Creighton Abrams Frederick C. Weyand Park Chung - hee Thanom Kittikachorn Robert Menzies Harold Holt John McEwen John Gorton William McMahon Ferdinand Marcos Keith Holyoake Jack Marshall Norman Kirk ... and others Ho Chi Minh Lê Duẩn Võ Nguyên Giáp Văn Tiến Dũng Lê Trọng Tấn Phạm Văn Đồng Hoàng Văn Thái Trần Văn Trà Nguyễn Văn Linh Nguyễn Hữu Thọ ... and others Strength ≈ 1,830,000 ( 1968 ) South Vietnam : 850,000 ( 1968 ) 1,500,000 ( 1974 -- 75 ) United States : 543,000 ( April 1969 ) South Korea : 50,003 Thailand : 11,586 Australia : 7,672 Philippines : 2,061 New Zealand : 552 ≈ 461,000 North Vietnam : 287,465 ( January 1968 ) Viet Cong : 108,000 -- 114,000 ( estimated in 1964 ) China : 170,000 ( 1965 -- 69 ) North Korea : 200 Casualties and losses South Vietnam 195,000 -- 430,000 civilian dead 220,357 -- 313,000 military dead 1,170,000 wounded United States 58,318 dead ; 303,644 wounded ( including 150,341 not requiring hospital care ) South Korea 5,099 dead ; 10,962 wounded ; 4 missing Australia 521 dead ; 3,129 wounded Thailand 351 dead ; 1,358 wounded New Zealand 37 dead ; 187 wounded Republic of China 25 dead ; Philippines 9 dead ; 64 wounded Total dead : 479,668 -- 807,311 Total wounded : ≈ 1,340,000 + North Vietnam & Viet Cong 65,000 civilian dead 444,000 -- 1,100,000 military dead or missing 600,000 + wounded China ≈ 1,100 dead and 4,200 wounded North Korea 14 dead Total dead : 510,114 -- 1,166,114 Total wounded : ≈ 604,200 Vietnamese civilian dead : 627,000 -- 2,000,000 Vietnamese total dead : 966,000 -- 3,812,000 Cambodian Civil War dead : 240,000 -- 300,000 * Laotian Civil War dead : 20,000 -- 62,000 * Non-Indochinese military dead ( sum ) : 65,425 Total dead ( sum ) : 1,291,425 -- 4,211,451 For more information see Vietnam War casualties and Aircraft losses of the Vietnam War * indicates approximations , see Casualties below Indochina Wars Masterdom First Second Laotian Civil War Cambodian Civil War Third Cambodian - Vietnamese Cambodian - Thai border Sino - Vietnamese border conflicts Hmong insurgency FULRO insurgency against Vietnam Military engagements of the Vietnam War Guerrilla phase Laos Chopper Sunrise 1st Ap Bac Go Cong Hiep Hoa 34A Long Dinh Kien Long Quyet Thang 202 Bien Hoa Airbase USNS Card Nam Dong An Lao Binh Gia Camp Holloway Song Be Ba Gia Dong Xoai Ka Nak Deo Nhong American intervention Nui Thanh Chu Lai Starlite Piranha An Ninh Plei Me Marble Mountain Minh Thanh Hump Dong Duong Cam Khe Gang Toi 1st Bau Bang Bushmaster II Ia Drang Crimp Masher / White Wing Bong Son Suoi Bong Trang Kim Son Valley New York Cocoa Beach Utah A Shau Oregon Texas Ha Vy Birmingham Xa Cam My Davy Crockett Paul Revere Crazy Horse El Paso Hawthorne Hill 488 1st Dong Ha Wahiawa Hastings Minh Thanh Road Prairie Colorado Duc Co Long Tan Amarillo Thayer Attleboro Irving Tan Son Nhut airbase Lam Son II Firebase Bird SS Baton Rouge Victory Shenandoah Paul Revere IV Thayer II Deckhouse V Cedar Falls Tuscaloosa Desoto Tra Binh Dong Sam Houston Bribie Junction City ( 1st Prek Klok 2nd Prek Klok Ap Gu Suoi Tre 2nd Bau Bang ) Francis Marion Beaver Cage Union The Hill Fights 1st Con Thien Malheur I and Malheur II Baker Nine Days in May Union II Vinh Huy Concordia Buffalo 2nd Con Thien Hong Kil Dong Suoi Chau Pha Swift Dong Son Wheeler / Wallowa 3rd Con Thien Medina Ong Thanh 1st Loc Ninh Kingfisher Kentucky Lancaster 1st Dak To Tam Quan Thom Tham Khe Phoenix Vuon Dieu - Bau Nau Auburn 1968 New Year 's Day Battle of 1968 Khe Sanh Coburg Tet Offensive 1st Saigon Hue 1st Quảng Trị Ban Houei Sane Lang Vei Lima Site 85 My Lai Massacre Pegasus Toan Thang I Scotland II Delaware 2nd Dong Ha Allen Brook May ' 68 Kham Duc Coral -- Balmoral Mameluke Thrust Robin Duc Lap Maui Peak Meade River Speedy Express Drawdown 1969 -- 71 Bold Mariner Dewey Canyon Taylor Common 2nd Tet Purple Martin Massachusetts Striker Maine Crag Montana Mauler Oklahoma Hills Virginia Ridge Apache Snow Hamburger Hill Twinkletoes Binh Ba LZ Kate Bu Prang Texas Star Chicago Peak FSB Ripcord 1st Cambodia Kompong Speu Prey Veng 2nd Cambodia Snuol Tailwind Jefferson Glenn Hat Dich Lam Son 719 Son Tay Raid Chenla I Chenla II FSB Mary Ann Long Khanh Nui Le Easter Offensive 2nd Quang Trị 3rd Quang Trị 2nd Loc Ninh An Lộc 3rd Dong Ha 2nd Dak To Kontum Thunderhead Post-Paris Peace Accords ( 1973 -- 1974 ) Cửa Việt Ap Da Bien Svay Rieng Iron Triangle Thượng Đức Spring ' 75 Phuoc Long Ban Me Thuot Hue -- Da Nang Phan Rang Xuân Lộc Newport Bridge Rach Chiec Bridge 2nd Saigon Air operations Farm Gate Chopper Ranch Hand Pierce Arrow Barrel Roll Pony Express Flaming Dart Iron Hand Rolling Thunder Steel Tiger Arc Light Tiger Hound Shed Light Thanh Hoa Bolo Popeye Yen Vien Niagara Niagara II 1st Do Luong 2nd Do Luong Igloo White Giant Lance Commando Hunt Menu Patio Freedom Deal Linebacker I Enhance Plus Linebacker II Homecoming Tan Son Nhut Air Base Babylift New Life Eagle Pull Frequent Wind Naval operations Yankee & Dixie Stations Gulf of Tonkin Market Time Vung Ro Bay Game Warden Double Eagle PIRAZ Sea Dragon Deckhouse Five Bo De River , Nha Trang , Tha Cau River Sealords Đồng Hới Pocket Money Custom Tailor End Sweep Paracel Islands East Sea Mayaguez incident The Vietnam War ( Vietnamese : Chiến tranh Việt Nam ) , also known as the Second Indochina War , and known in Vietnam as the Resistance War Against America ( Vietnamese : Kháng chiến chống Mỹ ) or simply the American War , was a war that occurred in Vietnam , Laos , and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975 . It was the second of the Indochina Wars and was officially fought between North Vietnam and the government of South Vietnam . The North Vietnamese army was supported by the Soviet Union , China and other communist allies and the South Vietnamese army was supported by the United States , South Korea , Australia , Thailand and other anti-communist allies . The war is therefore considered a Cold War - era proxy war . The Viet Cong ( also known as the National Liberation Front , or NLF ) , a South Vietnamese communist common front aided by the North , fought a guerrilla war against anti-communist forces in the region , while the People 's Army of Vietnam , also known as the North Vietnamese Army ( NVA ) , engaged in more conventional warfare , at times committing large units to battle . As the war continued , the military actions of the Viet Cong decreased as the role and engagement of the NVA grew . U.S. and South Vietnamese forces relied on air superiority and overwhelming firepower to conduct search and destroy operations , involving ground forces , artillery , and airstrikes . In the course of the war , the U.S. conducted a large - scale strategic bombing campaign against North Vietnam . The North Vietnamese government and the Viet Cong were fighting to reunify Vietnam . They viewed the conflict as a colonial war and a continuation of the First Indochina War against forces from France and later on the United States . The U.S. government viewed its involvement in the war as a way to prevent a communist takeover of South Vietnam . This was part of the domino theory of a wider containment policy , with the stated aim of stopping the spread of communism . Beginning in 1950 , American military advisors arrived in what was then French Indochina . U.S. involvement escalated in the early 1960s , with troop levels tripling in 1961 and again in 1962 . U.S. involvement escalated further following the 1964 Gulf of Tonkin incident , in which a U.S. destroyer clashed with North Vietnamese fast attack craft , which was followed by the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution , which gave the U.S. president authorization to increase U.S. military presence . Regular U.S. combat units were deployed beginning in 1965 . Operations crossed international borders : bordering areas of Laos and Cambodia were heavily bombed by U.S. forces as American involvement in the war peaked in 1968 , the same year that the communist side launched the Tet Offensive . The Tet Offensive failed in its goal of overthrowing the South Vietnamese government , but became the turning point in the war , as it persuaded a large segment of the U.S. population that its government 's claims of progress toward winning the war were illusory despite many years of massive U.S. military aid to South Vietnam . Gradual withdrawal of U.S. ground forces began as part of `` Vietnamization '' , which aimed to end American involvement in the war while transferring the task of fighting the communists to the South Vietnamese themselves . Despite the Paris Peace Accord , which was signed by all parties in January 1973 , the fighting continued . In the U.S. and the Western world , a large anti-Vietnam War movement developed as part of a larger counterculture . The war changed the dynamics between the Eastern and Western Blocs , and altered North -- South relations . Direct U.S. military involvement ended on 15 August 1973 . The capture of Saigon by the North Vietnamese Army in April 1975 marked the end of the war , and North and South Vietnam were reunified the following year . The war exacted a huge human cost in terms of fatalities ( see Vietnam War casualties ) . Estimates of the number of Vietnamese soldiers and civilians killed vary from 966,000 to 3.8 million . Some 240,000 -- 300,000 Cambodians , 20,000 -- 62,000 Laotians , and 58,220 U.S. service members also died in the conflict , and a further 1,626 remain missing in action . Contents ( hide ) 1 Names for the war 2 Background to 1949 3 Exit of the French , 1950 -- 54 4 Transition period 5 Diệm era , 1955 -- 63 5.1 Rule 5.2 Insurgency in the South , 1954 -- 60 5.2. 1 North Vietnamese involvement 6 Kennedy 's escalation , 1961 -- 63 6.1 Ousting and assassination of Ngô Đình Diệm 7 Johnson 's escalation , 1963 -- 69 7.1 Escalation and ground war 7.2 Tet Offensive 8 Vietnamization , 1969 -- 72 8.1 Nixon Doctrine / Vietnamization 8.2 Cambodia and Laos 8.3 1972 election and Paris Peace Accords 9 Opposition to U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War : 1962 -- 1973 10 Exit of the Americans : 1973 -- 75 10.1 Campaign 275 10.2 Final North Vietnamese offensive 10.3 Fall of Saigon 11 Other countries ' involvement 11.1 Pro-Hanoi 11.1. 1 People 's Republic of China 11.1. 2 Soviet Union 11.1. 3 North Korea 11.1. 4 Cuba 11.2 Pro-Saigon 11.2. 1 South Korea 11.2. 2 Australia and New Zealand 11.2. 3 Philippines 11.2. 4 Thailand 11.2. 5 Republic of China ( Taiwan ) 11.2. 6 Brazil 11.3 Canada and the ICC 12 United Front for the Liberation of Oppressed Races ( FULRO ) 13 War crimes 13.1 Allied war crimes 13.2 North Vietnamese , Viet Cong , and Khmer Rouge war crimes 14 Women in the Vietnam War 14.1 American nurses 14.2 Vietnamese women 15 Black servicemen in Vietnam 16 Weapons 16.1 Radio communications 16.2 Extent of U.S. bombing 17 Aftermath 17.1 Events in Southeast Asia 17.2 Effect on the United States 17.3 Impact on the U.S. military 17.4 Effects of U.S. chemical defoliation 17.5 Casualties 17.6 In popular culture 18 See also 19 Annotations 20 Notes 21 References 21.1 Secondary sources 21.2 Primary sources 21.3 Historiography 22 External links Names for the War Further information : Terminology of the Vietnam War Various names have been applied to the conflict . Vietnam War is the most commonly used name in English . It has also been called the Second Indochina War and the Vietnam Conflict . As there have been several conflicts in Indochina , this particular conflict is known by the names of its primary protagonists to distinguish it from others . In Vietnamese , the war is generally known as Kháng chiến chống Mỹ ( Resistance War Against America ) , but less formally as ' Cuộc chiến tranh Mỹ ' ( The American War ' ) . It is also called Chiến tranh Việt Nam ( The Vietnam War ) . The primary military organizations involved in the war were , on one side , the Army of the Republic of Vietnam ( ARVN ) and the U.S. military , and , on the other side , the People 's Army of Vietnam ( PAVN ) ( more commonly called the North Vietnamese Army , or NVA , in English - language sources ) , and the National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam ( NLF , more commonly known as the Viet Cong in English language sources ) , a South Vietnamese communist guerrilla force . Background to 1949 See also : History of Vietnam , Cochinchina Campaign , Cần Vương , Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng , Yên Bái mutiny , Vietnam during World War II , War in Vietnam ( 1945 -- 46 ) , 1940 -- 46 in the Vietnam War , and 1947 -- 50 in the Vietnam War France began its conquest of Indochina in the late 1850s , and completed pacification by 1893 . The 1884 Treaty of Huế formed the basis for French colonial rule in Vietnam for the next seven decades . In spite of military resistance , most notably by the Cần Vương of Phan Đình Phùng , by 1888 the area of the current - day nations of Cambodia and Vietnam was made into the colony of French Indochina ( Laos was later added to the colony ) . Various Vietnamese opposition movements to French rule existed during this period , such as the Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng who staged the failed Yên Bái mutiny in 1930 , but none were ultimately as successful as the Viet Minh common front , which was founded in 1941 , controlled by the Indochinese Communist Party , and funded by the U.S. and the Chinese Nationalist Party in its fight against Imperial Japanese occupation . In 1940 , during World War II , the French were defeated by the Germans . The French State ( commonly known as Vichy France ) was established as a client state of Nazi Germany . The French colonial authorities , in French Indochina , sided with the Vichy regime . In September 1940 , Japan invaded Indochina . Following the cessation of fighting and the beginning of the Imperial Japanese occupation , the French colonial authorities collaborated with the Japanese . The French continued to run affairs in Indochina , but ultimate power resided in the hands of the Imperial Japanese . The Viet Minh was founded as a league for independence from France , but also opposed Japanese occupation in 1945 for the same reason . The U.S. and Chinese Nationalist Party supported them in the fight against the Imperial Japanese . However , they did not have enough power to fight actual battles at first . Viet Minh leader Ho Chi Minh was suspected of being a communist and jailed for a year by the Chinese Nationalist Party . Double occupation by France and Japan continued until the German forces were expelled from France and the French Indochina colonial authorities started holding secret talks with the Free French . Fearing that they could no longer trust the French authorities , the Imperial Japanese military interned the French authorities and troops on 9 March 1945 and created the puppet Empire of Vietnam state , under Bảo Đại instead . During 1944 -- 1945 , a deep famine struck northern Vietnam due to a combination of bad weather and French / Japanese exploitation ( French Indochina had to supply grains to Japan ) . Between 400,000 and 2 million people died of starvation ( out of a population of 10 million in the affected area ) . Exploiting the administrative gap that the internment of the French had created , the Viet Minh in March 1945 urged the population to ransack rice warehouses and refuse to pay their taxes . Between 75 and 100 warehouses were consequently raided . This rebellion against the effects of the famine and the authorities that were partially responsible for it bolstered the Viet Minh 's popularity and they recruited many members during this period . On 22 August 1945 , following the Imperial Japanese surrender , OSS agents Archimedes Patti and Carleton B. Swift Jr. arrived in Hanoi on a mercy mission to liberate allied POWs and were accompanied by Jean Sainteny , a French government official . The Japanese forces informally surrendered ( the official surrender took place on 2 September 1945 in Tokyo Bay ) but being the only force capable of maintaining law and order the Imperial Japanese military remained in power while keeping French colonial troops and Sainteny detained . During August the Imperial Japanese forces remained inactive as the Viet Minh and other nationalist groups took over public buildings and weapons , which began the August Revolution . OSS officers met repeatedly with Ho Chi Minh and other Viet Minh officers during this period and on 2 September 1945 Ho Chi Minh declared the independent Democratic Republic of Vietnam before a crowd of 500,000 in Hanoi . In an overture to the Americans , he began his speech by paraphrasing the United States Declaration of Independence : `` All men are created equal . The Creator has given us certain inviolable Rights : the right to Life , the right to be Free , and the right to achieve Happiness . '' The Viet Minh took power in Vietnam in the August Revolution . The Viet Minh , downplaying their Communist agenda and stressing nationalism enjoyed large popular support ( Vietnamese independence being popular at the time ) , although Arthur J. Dommen cautions against a `` romanticized view '' of their success : `` The Viet Minh use of terror was systematic .... the party had drawn up a list of those to be liquidated without delay . '' After their defeat in the war , the Imperial Japanese Army ( IJA ) gave weapons to the Vietnamese , and kept Vichy French officials and military officers imprisoned for a month after the surrender . The Viet Minh had recruited more than 600 Imperial Japanese soldiers and given them roles to train or command Vietnamese soldiers . An Imperial Japanese naval officer surrenders his sword to a British lieutenant in Saigon on 13 September 1945 . However , the major allied victors of World War II , the United Kingdom , the United States , and the Soviet Union , all agreed the area belonged to the French . As the French did not have the means to immediately retake Vietnam , the major powers came to an agreement that British troops would occupy the south while Nationalist Chinese forces would move in from the north . Nationalist Chinese troops entered the country to disarm Imperial Japanese troops north of the 16th parallel on 14 September 1945 . When the British landed in the south , they rearmed the interned French forces as well as parts of the surrendered Imperial Japanese forces to aid them in retaking southern Vietnam , as they did not have enough troops to do this themselves . On the urging of the Soviet Union , Ho Chi Minh initially attempted to negotiate with the French , who were slowly re-establishing their control across the area . In January 1946 , the Viet Minh won elections across central and northern Vietnam . On 6 March 1946 , Ho signed an agreement allowing French forces to replace Nationalist Chinese forces , in exchange for French recognition of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam as a `` free '' republic within the French Union , with the specifics of such recognition to be determined by future negotiation . The French landed in Hanoi by March 1946 and in November of that year they ousted the Viet Minh from the city . British forces departed on 26 March 1946 , leaving Vietnam in the hands of the French . Soon thereafter , the Viet Minh began a guerrilla war against the French Union forces , beginning the First Indochina War . The war spread to Laos and Cambodia , where communists organized the Pathet Lao and the Khmer Serei , both of which were modeled on the Viet Minh . Globally , the Cold War began in earnest , which meant that the rapprochement that existed between the Western powers and the Soviet Union during World War II disintegrated . The Viet Minh fight was hampered by a lack of weapons ; this situation changed by 1949 when the Chinese Communists had largely won the Chinese Civil War and were free to provide arms to their Vietnamese allies . Exit of the French , 1950 -- 54 Main articles : First Indochina War , Operation Vulture , Operation Passage to Freedom , and 1954 in the Vietnam War In January 1950 , the People 's Republic of China and the Soviet Union recognized the Viet Minh 's Democratic Republic of Vietnam , based in Hanoi , as the legitimate government of Vietnam . The following month the United States and Great Britain recognized the French - backed State of Vietnam in Saigon , led by former Emperor Bảo Đại , as the legitimate Vietnamese government . The outbreak of the Korean War in June 1950 convinced many Washington policymakers that the war in Indochina was an example of communist expansionism directed by the Soviet Union . French soldiers fight off a Viet Minh ambush in 1952 . Military advisors from the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) began assisting the Viet Minh in July 1950 . PRC weapons , expertise , and laborers transformed the Viet Minh from a guerrilla force into a regular army . In September 1950 , the United States created a Military Assistance and Advisory Group ( MAAG ) to screen French requests for aid , advise on strategy , and train Vietnamese soldiers . By 1954 , the United States had supplied 300,000 small arms and spent US $1 billion in support of the French military effort , shouldering 80 percent of the cost of the war . There were also talks between the French and Americans in which the possible use of three tactical nuclear weapons was considered , though reports of how seriously this was considered and by whom are even now vague and contradictory . One version of the plan for the proposed Operation Vulture envisioned sending 60 B - 29s from U.S. bases in the region , supported by as many as 150 fighters launched from U.S. Seventh Fleet carriers , to bomb Viet Minh commander Võ Nguyên Giáp 's positions . The plan included an option to use up to three atomic weapons on the Viet Minh positions . Admiral Arthur W. Radford , Chairman of the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff , gave this nuclear option his backing . U.S. B - 29s , B - 36s , and B - 47s could have executed a nuclear strike , as could carrier aircraft from the Seventh Fleet . U.S. carriers sailed to the Gulf of Tonkin , and reconnaissance flights over Điện Biên Phủ were conducted during the negotiations . According to U.S. Vice-President Richard Nixon , the plan involved the Joint Chiefs of Staff drawing up plans to use three small tactical nuclear weapons in support of the French . Nixon , a so - called `` hawk '' on Vietnam , suggested that the United States might have to `` put American boys in '' . U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower made American participation contingent on British support , but they were opposed to such a venture . In the end , convinced that the political risks outweighed the possible benefits , Eisenhower decided against the intervention . Eisenhower was a five - star general . He was wary of getting the United States involved in a land war in Asia . The Viet Minh received crucial support from the Soviet Union and PRC . PRC support in the Border Campaign of 1950 allowed supplies to come from the PRC into Vietnam . Throughout the conflict , U.S. intelligence estimates remained skeptical of French chances of success . The Battle of Dien Bien Phu marked the end of French involvement in Indochina . Giap 's Viet Minh forces handed the French a stunning military defeat , and on 7 May 1954 , the French Union garrison surrendered . At the Geneva Conference , the French negotiated a ceasefire agreement with the Viet Minh , and independence was granted to Cambodia , Laos , and Vietnam . Transition period Main articles : Geneva Conference ( 1954 ) ; Operation Passage to Freedom ; Battle of Saigon ( 1955 ) ; Ba Cụt ; State of Vietnam referendum , 1955 ; Land reform in Vietnam ; and Land reform in North Vietnam The Geneva Conference , 1954 Vietnam was temporarily partitioned at the 17th parallel , and under the terms of the Geneva Accords , civilians were to be given the opportunity to move freely between the two provisional states for a 300 - day period . Elections throughout the country were to be held in 1956 to establish a unified government . Around one million northerners , mainly minority Catholics , fled south , fearing persecution by the communists following an American propaganda campaign using slogans such as `` The Virgin Mary is heading south '' , and aided by a U.S. - funded $93 million relocation program , which included the use of the Seventh Fleet to ferry refugees . As many as two million more would have left had they not been stopped by the Viet Minh . The northern , mainly Catholic refugees were meant to give the later Ngô Đình Diệm regime a strong anti-communist constituency . Diệm later went on to staff his administration 's key posts mostly with northern and central Catholics . In addition to the Catholics flowing south , up to 130,000 `` Revolutionary Regroupees '' went to the north for `` regroupment '' , expecting to return to the south within two years . The Viet Minh left roughly 5,000 to 10,000 cadres in the south as a `` politico - military substructure within the object of its irredentism . '' The last French soldiers were to leave Vietnam in April 1956 . The PRC completed its withdrawal from North Vietnam at around the same time . Around 52,000 Vietnamese civilians moved from south to north . Between 1953 and 1956 , the North Vietnamese government instituted various agrarian reforms , including `` rent reduction '' and `` land reform '' , which resulted in significant political oppression . During the land reform , testimony from North Vietnamese witnesses suggested a ratio of one execution for every 160 village residents , which extrapolated nationwide would indicate nearly 100,000 executions . Because the campaign was concentrated mainly in the Red River Delta area , a lower estimate of 50,000 executions became widely accepted by scholars at the time . However , declassified documents from the Vietnamese and Hungarian archives indicate that the number of executions was much lower than reported at the time , although likely greater than 13,500 . In 1956 , leaders in Hanoi admitted to `` excesses '' in implementing this program and restored a large amount of the land to the original owners . The south , meanwhile , constituted the State of Vietnam , with Bảo Đại as Emperor and Ngô Đình Diệm ( appointed in July 1954 ) as his prime minister . Neither the United States government nor Ngô Đình Diệm 's State of Vietnam signed anything at the 1954 Geneva Conference . With respect to the question of reunification , the non-communist Vietnamese delegation objected strenuously to any division of Vietnam , but lost out when the French accepted the proposal of Viet Minh delegate Phạm Văn Đồng , who proposed that Vietnam eventually be united by elections under the supervision of `` local commissions '' . The United States countered with what became known as the `` American Plan '' , with the support of South Vietnam and the United Kingdom . It provided for unification elections under the supervision of the United Nations , but was rejected by the Soviet delegation . The United States said , `` With respect to the statement made by the representative of the State of Vietnam , the United States reiterates its traditional position that peoples are entitled to determine their own future and that it will not join in any arrangement which would hinder this '' . U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower wrote in 1954 , `` I have never talked or corresponded with a person knowledgeable in Indochinese affairs who did not agree that had elections been held as of the time of the fighting , possibly eighty percent of the population would have voted for the Communist Ho Chi Minh as their leader rather than Chief of State Bảo Đại . Indeed , the lack of leadership and drive on the part of Bảo Đại was a factor in the feeling prevalent among Vietnamese that they had nothing to fight for . '' According to the Pentagon Papers , however , from 1954 to 1956 `` Ngô Đình Diệm really did accomplish miracles '' in South Vietnam : `` It is almost certain that by 1956 the proportion which might have voted for Ho -- in a free election against Diệm -- would have been much smaller than eighty percent . '' In 1957 , independent observers from India , Poland , and Canada representing the International Control Commission ( ICC ) stated that fair , unbiased elections were not possible , with the ICC reporting that neither South nor North Vietnam had honored the armistice agreement From April to June 1955 , Diệm eliminated any political opposition in the south by launching military operations against two religious groups : the Cao Đài and Hòa Hảo of Ba Cụt . The campaign also focused on the Bình Xuyên organized crime group which was allied with members of the communist party secret police and had some military elements . As broad - based opposition to his harsh tactics mounted , Diệm increasingly sought to blame the communists . In a referendum on the future of the State of Vietnam on 23 October 1955 , Diệm rigged the poll supervised by his brother Ngô Đình Nhu and was credited with 98.2 percent of the vote , including 133 % in Saigon . His American advisors had recommended a more modest winning margin of `` 60 to 70 percent . '' Diệm , however , viewed the election as a test of authority . Three days later , he declared South Vietnam to be an independent state under the name Republic of Vietnam ( ROV ) , with himself as president . Likewise , Ho Chi Minh and other communist officials always won at least 99 % of the vote in North Vietnamese `` elections '' . The domino theory , which argued that if one country fell to communism , then all of the surrounding countries would follow , was first proposed as policy by the Eisenhower administration . John F. Kennedy , then a U.S. Senator , said in a speech to the American Friends of Vietnam : `` Burma , Thailand , India , Japan , the Philippines and obviously Laos and Cambodia are among those whose security would be threatened if the Red Tide of Communism overflowed into Vietnam . '' Diệm era , 1955 -- 63 Main articles : Ngô Đình Diệm and War in Vietnam ( 1954 -- 59 ) U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower and Secretary of State John Foster Dulles greet President Ngô Đình Diệm of South Vietnam in Washington , 8 May 1957 . Rule See also : Ngô Đình Diệm presidential visit to Australia A devout Roman Catholic , Diệm was fervently anti-communist , nationalist , and socially conservative . Historian Luu Doan Huynh notes that `` Diệm represented narrow and extremist nationalism coupled with autocracy and nepotism . '' The majority of Vietnamese people were Buddhist , and were alarmed by actions such as Diệm 's dedication of the country to the Virgin Mary . Beginning in the summer of 1955 , Diệm launched the `` Denounce the Communists '' campaign , during which communists and other anti-government elements were arrested , imprisoned , tortured , or executed . He instituted the death penalty against any activity deemed communist in August 1956 . According to Gabriel Kolko about 12,000 suspected opponents of Diệm were killed between 1955 and 1957 and by the end of 1958 an estimated 40,000 political prisoners had been jailed . In May 1957 , Diệm undertook a ten - day state visit to the United States . President Eisenhower pledged his continued support , and a parade was held in Diệm 's honor in New York City . Although Diệm was publicly praised , in private Secretary of State John Foster Dulles conceded that Diệm had been selected because there were no better alternatives . Former Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara wrote in Argument Without End ( 1999 ) that the new American patrons of the Republic of Vietnam ( ROV ) were almost completely ignorant of Vietnamese culture . They knew little of the language or long history of the country . There was a tendency to assign American motives to Vietnamese actions , though Diệm warned that it was an illusion to believe that blindly copying Western methods would solve Vietnamese problems . Insurgency in the South , 1954 -- 60 Main articles : Viet Cong and War in Vietnam ( 1959 -- 63 ) The Ho Chi Minh trail was used to supply the Viet Cong . Between 1954 and 1957 there was large - scale but disorganized dissidence in the countryside which the Diệm government succeeded in quelling . In early 1957 South Vietnam had its first peace in over a decade . However , by mid-1957 through 1959 incidents of violence increased but the government `` did not construe it as a campaign , considering the disorders too diffuse to warrant committing major GVN ( Government of Vietnam ) resources . '' By early 1959 however , Diệm considered it an organized campaign and implemented Law 10 / 59 , which made political violence punishable by death and property confiscation . There had been some division among former Viet Minh whose main goal was to hold the elections promised in the Geneva Accords , leading to `` wildcat '' activities separate from the other communists and anti-GVN activists . In December 1960 , the National Liberation Front ( NLF , a.k.a. the Viet Cong ) was formally created with the intent of uniting all anti-GVN activists , including non-communists . According to the Pentagon Papers , the Viet Cong `` placed heavy emphasis on the withdrawal of American advisors and influence , on land reform and liberalization of the GVN , on coalition government and the neutralization of Vietnam . '' Often the leaders of the organization were kept secret . The reason for the continued survival of the NLF was the class relations in the countryside . The vast majority of the population lived in villages in the countryside where the key issue was land reform . The Viet Minh had reduced rents and debts ; and had leased communal lands , mostly to the poorer peasants . Diem brought the landlords back to the villages . People who were farming land they held for years now had to return it to landlords and pay years of back rent . This rent collection was enforced by the South Vietnamese army . The divisions within villages reproduced those that had existed against the French : `` 75 percent support for the NLF , 20 percent trying to remain neutral and 5 percent firmly pro-government , '' North Vietnamese involvement See also : North Vietnamese invasion of Laos Sources disagree on whether North Vietnam played a direct role in aiding and organizing South Vietnamese rebels prior to 1960 . Kahin and Lewis assert : Contrary to United States policy assumptions , all available evidence shows that the revival of the civil war in the South in 1958 was undertaken by Southerners at their own -- not Hanoi 's -- initiative ... Insurgency activity against the Saigon government began in the South under Southern leadership not as a consequence of any dictate from Hanoi , but contrary to Hanoi 's injunctions . Similarly , historian Arthur Schlesinger Jr. states that `` it was not until September , 1960 that the Communist Party of North Vietnam bestowed its formal blessing and called for the liberation of the south from American imperialism '' . By contrast , James Olson and Randy Roberts assert that North Vietnam authorized a low - level insurgency in December 1956 . To counter the accusation that North Vietnam was violating the Geneva Accord , the independence of the Viet Cong was stressed in communist propaganda . In March 1956 , southern communist leader Lê Duẩn presented a plan to revive the insurgency entitled `` The Road to the South '' to the other members of the Politburo in Hanoi , but as both China and the Soviets opposed confrontation at this time , Lê Duẩn 's plan was rejected . However the North Vietnamese leadership approved tentative measures to revive the southern insurgency in December 1956 . Communist forces were under a single command structure set up in 1958 . The North Vietnamese Communist Party approved a `` people 's war '' on the South at a session in January 1959 and in May , Group 559 was established to maintain and upgrade the Ho Chi Minh trail , at this time a six - month mountain trek through Laos . About 500 of the `` regroupees '' of 1954 were sent south on the trail during its first year of operation . The first arms delivery via the trail was completed in August 1959 . About 40,000 communist soldiers infiltrated into the south from 1961 -- 63 . Kennedy 's escalation , 1961 -- 63 Main articles : Strategic Hamlet Program and Phạm Ngọc Thảo In the 1960 U.S. presidential election , Senator John F. Kennedy defeated incumbent Vice President Richard Nixon . Although Eisenhower warned Kennedy about Laos and Vietnam , Europe and Latin America `` loomed larger than Asia on his sights . '' In his inaugural address , Kennedy made the ambitious pledge to `` pay any price , bear any burden , meet any hardship , support any friend , oppose any foe , in order to assure the survival and success of liberty . '' In June 1961 , he bitterly disagreed with Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev when they met in Vienna to discuss key U.S. -- Soviet issues . Only 16 months later , the Cuban Missile Crisis ( 16 -- 28 October 1962 ) played out on television worldwide . It was the closest the Cold War came to escalating into a full - scale nuclear war , and the U.S. raised the readiness level of Strategic Air Command ( SAC ) forces to DEFCON 2 . President 's news conference of 23 March 1961 The Kennedy administration remained essentially committed to the Cold War foreign policy inherited from the Truman and Eisenhower administrations . In 1961 , the U.S. had 50,000 troops based in Korea , and Kennedy faced a three - part crisis -- the failure of the Bay of Pigs Invasion , the construction of the Berlin Wall , and a negotiated settlement between the pro-Western government of Laos and the Pathet Lao communist movement . These crises made Kennedy believe that another failure on the part of the United States to gain control and stop communist expansion would fatally damage U.S. credibility with its allies and his own reputation . Kennedy was thus determined to `` draw a line in the sand '' and prevent a communist victory in Vietnam . He told James Reston of The New York Times immediately after his Vienna meeting with Khrushchev , `` Now we have a problem making our power credible and Vietnam looks like the place . '' In May 1961 , U.S. Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson visited Saigon and enthusiastically declared Diệm the `` Winston Churchill of Asia . '' Asked why he had made the comment , Johnson replied , `` Diệm 's the only boy we got out there . '' Johnson assured Diệm of more aid in molding a fighting force that could resist the communists . Kennedy 's policy toward South Vietnam rested on the assumption that Diệm and his forces had to ultimately defeat the guerrillas on their own . He was against the deployment of American combat troops and observed that `` to introduce U.S. forces in large numbers there today , while it might have an initially favorable military impact , would almost certainly lead to adverse political and , in the long run , adverse military consequences . '' The quality of the South Vietnamese military , however , remained poor . Poor leadership , corruption , and political promotions all played a part in weakening the South Vietnamese Army ( ARVN ) . The frequency of guerrilla attacks rose as the insurgency gathered steam . While Hanoi 's support for the Viet Cong played a role , South Vietnamese governmental incompetence was at the core of the crisis . South Vietnam , Military Regions , 1967 One major issue Kennedy raised was whether the Soviet space and missile programs had surpassed those of the United States . Although Kennedy stressed long - range missile parity with the Soviets , he was also interested in using special forces for counterinsurgency warfare in Third World countries threatened by communist insurgencies . Although they were originally intended for use behind front lines after a conventional Soviet invasion of Europe , Kennedy believed that the guerrilla tactics employed by special forces such as the Green Berets would be effective in a `` brush fire '' war in Vietnam . Kennedy advisors Maxwell Taylor and Walt Rostow recommended that U.S. troops be sent to South Vietnam disguised as flood relief workers . Kennedy rejected the idea but increased military assistance yet again . In April 1962 , John Kenneth Galbraith warned Kennedy of the `` danger we shall replace the French as a colonial force in the area and bleed as the French did . '' By November 1963 , there were 16,000 American military personnel in South Vietnam , up from Eisenhower 's 900 advisors . The Strategic Hamlet Program was initiated in late 1961 . This joint U.S. - South Vietnamese program attempted to resettle the rural population into fortified camps . It was implemented in early 1962 and involved some forced relocation , village internment , and segregation of rural South Vietnamese into new communities where the peasantry would be isolated from Communist insurgents . It was hoped these new communities would provide security for the peasants and strengthen the tie between them and the central government . However , by November 1963 the program had waned , and it officially ended in 1964 . On 23 July 1962 , fourteen nations , including China , South Vietnam , the Soviet Union , North Vietnam and the United States , signed an agreement promising to respect the neutrality of Laos . Ousting and assassination of Ngô Đình Diệm See also : Role of the United States in the Vietnam War § John F. Kennedy ( 1961 -- 1963 ) , 1960 South Vietnamese coup attempt , 1962 South Vietnamese Independence Palace bombing , Huế Phật Đản shootings , and Xá Lợi Pagoda raids Main articles : Cable 243 , Arrest and assassination of Ngô Đình Diệm , Buddhist crisis , Krulak Mendenhall mission , McNamara Taylor mission , 1963 South Vietnamese coup , and Reaction to the 1963 South Vietnamese coup The inept performance of the South Vietnamese army was exemplified by failed actions such as the Battle of Ap Bac on 2 January 1963 , in which a small band of Viet Cong won a battle against a much larger and better - equipped South Vietnamese force , many of whose officers seemed reluctant even to engage in combat . The Army of the Republic of Vietnam forces were led in that battle by Diệm 's most trusted general , Huỳnh Văn Cao , commander of the IV Corps . Cao was a Catholic who had been promoted due to religion and fidelity rather than skill , and his main job was to preserve his forces to stave off coups ; he had earlier vomited during a communist attack . Some policymakers in Washington began to conclude that Diệm was incapable of defeating the communists and might even make a deal with Ho Chi Minh . He seemed concerned only with fending off coups , and had become more paranoid after attempts in 1960 and 1962 , which he partly attributed to U.S. encouragement . As Robert F. Kennedy noted , `` Diệm would n't make even the slightest concessions . He was difficult to reason with ... '' As historian James Gibson summed up the situation : Strategic hamlets had failed ... The South Vietnamese regime was incapable of winning the peasantry because of its class base among landlords . Indeed , there was no longer a ' regime ' in the sense of a relatively stable political alliance and functioning bureaucracy . Instead , civil government and military operations had virtually ceased . The National Liberation Front had made great progress and was close to declaring provisional revolutionary governments in large areas . A US tank convoy during the Vietnam War Discontent with Diệm 's policies exploded following the Huế Phật Đản shootings of nine majority Buddhists who were protesting against the ban on the Buddhist flag on Vesak , the Buddha 's birthday . This resulted in mass protests against discriminatory policies that gave privileges to the Catholic Church and its adherents . Diệm 's elder brother Ngô Đình Thục was the Archbishop of Huế and aggressively blurred the separation between church and state . Thuc 's anniversary celebrations shortly before Vesak had been bankrolled by the government , and Vatican flags were displayed prominently . There had also been reports of Buddhist pagodas being demolished by Catholic paramilitaries throughout Diệm 's rule . Diệm refused to make concessions to the Buddhist majority or take responsibility for the deaths . On 21 August 1963 , the ARVN Special Forces of Colonel Lê Quang Tung , loyal to Diệm 's younger brother Ngô Đình Nhu , raided pagodas across Vietnam , causing widespread damage and destruction and leaving a death toll estimated to range into the hundreds . Kennedy and McNamara Ngô Đình Diệm after being shot and killed in the 1963 coup U.S. officials began discussing the possibility of a regime change during the middle of 1963 . The United States Department of State was generally in favor of encouraging a coup , while the Defense Department favored Diệm . Chief among the proposed changes was the removal of Diệm 's younger brother Nhu , who controlled the secret police and special forces and was seen as the man behind the Buddhist repression and more generally the architect of the Ngô family 's rule . This proposal was conveyed to the U.S. embassy in Saigon in Cable 243 . The Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) was in contact with generals planning to remove Diệm . They were told that the United States would not oppose such a move nor punish the generals by cutting off aid . President Diệm was overthrown and executed , along with his brother , on 2 November 1963 . When Kennedy was informed , Maxwell Taylor remembered that he `` rushed from the room with a look of shock and dismay on his face . '' He had not anticipated Diệm 's murder . The U.S. ambassador to South Vietnam , Henry Cabot Lodge , invited the coup leaders to the embassy and congratulated them . Ambassador Lodge informed Kennedy that `` the prospects now are for a shorter war '' . Kennedy wrote Lodge a letter congratulating him for `` a fine job '' . Following the coup , chaos ensued . Hanoi took advantage of the situation and increased its support for the guerrillas . South Vietnam entered a period of extreme political instability , as one military government toppled another in quick succession . Increasingly , each new regime was viewed by the communists as a puppet of the Americans ; whatever the failings of Diệm , his credentials as a nationalist ( as Robert McNamara later reflected ) had been impeccable . U.S military advisors were embedded at every level of the South Vietnamese armed forces . They were however criticized for ignoring the political nature of the insurgency . The Kennedy administration sought to refocus U.S. efforts on pacification and `` winning over the hearts and minds '' of the population . The military leadership in Washington , however , was hostile to any role for U.S. advisors other than conventional troop training . General Paul Harkins , the commander of U.S. forces in South Vietnam , confidently predicted victory by Christmas 1963 . The CIA was less optimistic , however , warning that `` the Viet Cong by and large retain de facto control of much of the countryside and have steadily increased the overall intensity of the effort '' . Paramilitary officers from the CIA 's Special Activities Division trained and led Hmong tribesmen in Laos and into Vietnam . The indigenous forces numbered in the tens of thousands and they conducted direct action missions , led by paramilitary officers , against the Communist Pathet Lao forces and their North Vietnamese supporters . The CIA also ran the Phoenix Program and participated in Military Assistance Command , Vietnam -- Studies and Observations Group ( MAC - V SOG ) , which was originally named the Special Operations Group , but was changed for cover purposes . Johnson 's escalation , 1963 -- 69 Main article : Joint warfare in South Vietnam , 1963 -- 69 Further information : Role of the United States in the Vietnam War § Americanization See also : Opposition to the U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War , Gulf of Tonkin incident , 1964 South Vietnamese coup , September 1964 South Vietnamese coup attempt , December 1964 South Vietnamese coup , and 1965 South Vietnamese coup A U.S. B - 66 Destroyer and four F - 105 Thunderchiefs dropping bombs on North Vietnam during Operation Rolling Thunder At the time Lyndon B. Johnson took over the presidency after the death of Kennedy , he had not been heavily involved with policy toward Vietnam , Presidential aide Jack Valenti recalls , `` Vietnam at the time was no bigger than a man 's fist on the horizon . We hardly discussed it because it was not worth discussing . '' Upon becoming president , however , Johnson immediately had to focus on Vietnam : on 24 November 1963 , he said , `` the battle against communism ... must be joined ... with strength and determination . '' The pledge came at a time when the situation in South Vietnam was deteriorating , especially in places like the Mekong Delta , because of the recent coup against Diệm . However , Johnson knew that he had inherited a rapidly deteriorating situation in South Vietnam , believing in the widely accepted arguments that were used for defending the South : Should they retreat or appease , either action would imperil other nations beyond the conflict . The military revolutionary council , meeting in lieu of a strong South Vietnamese leader , was made up of 12 members headed by General Dương Văn Minh -- whom Stanley Karnow , a journalist on the ground , later recalled as `` a model of lethargy '' . Lodge , frustrated by the end of the year , cabled home about Minh : `` Will he be strong enough to get on top of things ? '' His regime was overthrown in January 1964 by General Nguyễn Khánh . However , there was persistent instability in the military as several coups -- not all successful -- occurred in a short period of time . An alleged Viet Cong activist , captured during an attack on an American outpost near the Cambodian border , is interrogated . On 2 August 1964 , the USS Maddox , on an intelligence mission along North Vietnam 's coast , allegedly fired upon and damaged several torpedo boats that had been stalking it in the Gulf of Tonkin . A second attack was reported two days later on the USS Turner Joy and Maddox in the same area . The circumstances of the attack were murky . Lyndon Johnson commented to Undersecretary of State George Ball that `` those sailors out there may have been shooting at flying fish . '' The second attack led to retaliatory air strikes , prompted Congress to approve the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution on 7 August 1964 , signed by Johnson , and gave the president power to conduct military operations in Southeast Asia without declaring war . Although Congressmen at the time denied that this was a full - scale war declaration , the Tonkin Resolution allowed the president unilateral power to launch a full - scale war if the president deemed it necessary . In the same month , Johnson pledged that he was not `` committing American boys to fighting a war that I think ought to be fought by the boys of Asia to help protect their own land '' . An undated NSA publication declassified in 2005 , however , revealed that there was no attack on 4 August . It had already been called into question long before this . `` The Gulf of Tonkin incident '' , wrote Louise Gerdes , `` is an oft - cited example of the way in which Johnson misled the American people to gain support for his foreign policy in Vietnam . '' George C. Herring argues , however , that McNamara and the Pentagon `` did not knowingly lie about the alleged attacks , but they were obviously in a mood to retaliate and they seem to have selected from the evidence available to them those parts that confirmed what they wanted to believe . '' `` From a strength of approximately 5,000 at the start of 1959 the Viet Cong 's ranks grew to about 100,000 at the end of 1964 ... Between 1961 and 1964 the Army 's strength rose from about 850,000 to nearly a million men . '' The numbers for U.S. troops deployed to Vietnam during the same period were quite different ; 2,000 in 1961 , rising rapidly to 16,500 in 1964 . By early 1965 , 7,559 South Vietnamese hamlets had been destroyed by the Viet Cong . A Marine from 1st Battalion , 3rd Marines , moves an alleged Viet Cong activist to the rear during a search and clear operation held by the battalion 15 miles ( 24 km ) west of Da Nang Air Base . The National Security Council recommended a three - stage escalation of the bombing of North Vietnam . On 2 March 1965 , following an attack on a U.S. Marine barracks at Pleiku , Operation Flaming Dart ( initiated when Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin was on a state visit to North Vietnam ) , Operation Rolling Thunder and Operation Arc Light commenced . The bombing campaign , which ultimately lasted three years , was intended to force North Vietnam to cease its support for the Viet Cong by threatening to destroy North Vietnam 's air defenses and industrial infrastructure . As well , it was aimed at bolstering the morale of the South Vietnamese . Between March 1965 and November 1968 , `` Rolling Thunder '' deluged the north with a million tons of missiles , rockets and bombs . Bombing was not restricted to North Vietnam . Other aerial campaigns , such as Operation Commando Hunt , targeted different parts of the Viet Cong and NVA infrastructure . These included the Ho Chi Minh trail supply route , which ran through Laos and Cambodia . The objective of stopping North Vietnam and the Viet Cong was never reached . As one officer noted , `` This is a political war and it calls for discriminate killing . The best weapon ... would be a knife ... The worst is an airplane . '' The Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force Curtis LeMay , however , had long advocated saturation bombing in Vietnam and wrote of the communists that `` we 're going to bomb them back into the Stone Age '' . Escalation and ground War Play media Universal Newsreel film about an attack on U.S. air bases and the U.S. response , 1965 Peasants suspected of being Viet Cong under detention of U.S. army , 1966 Start of Tet Offensive as seen looking north from LZ Betty 's water tower , just south of Quang Tri City Heavily bandaged woman with a tag attached to her arm which reads `` VNC Female '' meaning Vietnamese civilian After several attacks upon them , it was decided that U.S. Air Force bases needed more protection as the South Vietnamese military seemed incapable of providing security . On 8 March 1965 , 3,500 U.S. Marines were dispatched to South Vietnam . This marked the beginning of the American ground war . U.S. public opinion overwhelmingly supported the deployment . In a statement similar to that made to the French almost two decades earlier , Ho Chi Minh warned that if the Americans `` want to make war for twenty years then we shall make war for twenty years . If they want to make peace , we shall make peace and invite them to afternoon tea . '' Some have argued that the policy of North Vietnam was not to topple other non-communist governments in South East Asia . The Marines ' initial assignment was defensive . The first deployment of 3,500 in March 1965 was increased to nearly 200,000 by December . The U.S. military had long been schooled in offensive warfare . Regardless of political policies , U.S. commanders were institutionally and psychologically unsuited to a defensive mission . In December 1964 , ARVN forces had suffered heavy losses at the Battle of Bình Giã , in a battle that both sides viewed as a watershed . Previously , communist forces had utilized hit - and - run guerrilla tactics . However , at Binh Gia , they had defeated a strong ARVN force in a conventional battle . Tellingly , South Vietnamese forces were again defeated in June 1965 at the Battle of Đồng Xoài . U.S. soldiers searching a village for Viet Cong Desertion rates were increasing , and morale plummeted . General William Westmoreland informed Admiral U.S. Grant Sharp Jr. , commander of U.S. Pacific forces , that the situation was critical . He said , `` I am convinced that U.S. troops with their energy , mobility , and firepower can successfully take the fight to the NLF ( National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam a.k.a. the Viet Cong ) '' . With this recommendation , Westmoreland was advocating an aggressive departure from America 's defensive posture and the sidelining of the South Vietnamese . By ignoring ARVN units , the U.S. commitment became open - ended . Westmoreland outlined a three - point plan to win the war : Phase 1 . Commitment of U.S. ( and other free world ) forces necessary to halt the losing trend by the end of 1965 . Phase 2 . U.S. and allied forces mount major offensive actions to seize the initiative to destroy guerrilla and organized enemy forces . This phase would end when the enemy had been worn down , thrown on the defensive , and driven back from major populated areas . Phase 3 . If the enemy persisted , a period of twelve to eighteen months following Phase 2 would be required for the final destruction of enemy forces remaining in remote base areas . The plan was approved by Johnson and marked a profound departure from the previous administration 's insistence that the government of South Vietnam was responsible for defeating the guerrillas . Westmoreland predicted victory by the end of 1967 . Johnson did not , however , communicate this change in strategy to the media . Instead he emphasized continuity . The change in U.S. policy depended on matching the North Vietnamese and the Viet Cong in a contest of attrition and morale . The opponents were locked in a cycle of escalation . The idea that the government of South Vietnam could manage its own affairs was shelved . Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin with U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson at the Glassboro Summit Conference where the two representatives discussed the possibilities of a peace settlement The one - year tour of duty of American soldiers deprived units of experienced leadership . As one observer noted `` we were not in Vietnam for 10 years , but for one year 10 times . '' As a result , training programs were shortened . South Vietnam was inundated with manufactured goods . As Stanley Karnow writes , `` the main PX ( Post Exchange ) , located in the Saigon suburb of Cholon , was only slightly smaller than the New York Bloomingdale 's ... '' The American buildup transformed the economy and had a profound effect on South Vietnamese society . A huge surge in corruption was witnessed . Washington encouraged its SEATO allies to contribute troops . Australia , New Zealand , South Korea , Thailand , and the Philippines all agreed to send troops . Major allies , however , notably NATO nations Canada and the United Kingdom , declined Washington 's troop requests . The U.S. and its allies mounted complex operations , such as operations Masher , Attleboro , Cedar Falls , and Junction City . However , the communist insurgents remained elusive and demonstrated great tactical flexibility . Meanwhile , the political situation in South Vietnam began to stabilize with the coming to power of prime minister Air Marshal Nguyễn Cao Kỳ and figurehead Chief of State , General Nguyễn Văn Thiệu , in mid-1965 at the head of a military junta . This ended a series of coups that had happened more than once a year . In 1967 , Thieu became president with Ky as his deputy , after rigged elections . Although they were nominally a civilian government , Ky was supposed to maintain real power through a behind - the - scenes military body . However , Thieu outmaneuvered and sidelined Ky by filling the ranks with generals from his faction . Thieu was also accused of murdering Ky loyalists through contrived military accidents . Thieu , mistrustful and indecisive , remained president until 1975 , having won a one - candidate election in 1971 . The Johnson administration employed a `` policy of minimum candor '' in its dealings with the media . Military information officers sought to manage media coverage by emphasizing stories that portrayed progress in the war . Over time , this policy damaged the public trust in official pronouncements . As the media 's coverage of the war and that of the Pentagon diverged , a so - called credibility gap developed . Tet offensive Main article : Tet Offensive A US `` tunnel rat '' soldier prepares to enter a Viet Cong tunnel . In late 1967 the Communists lured American forces into the hinterlands at Đắk Tô and at the Marine Khe Sanh combat base in Quảng Trị Province where the United States was more than willing to fight because it could unleash its massive firepower unimpeded by civilians . However , on 30 January 1968 , the NVA and the Viet Cong broke the truce that traditionally accompanied the Tết ( Lunar New Year ) holiday by launching the largest battle of the war , the Tet Offensive , in the hope of sparking a national uprising . Over 100 cities were attacked by over 85,000 enemy troops including assaults on General Westmoreland 's headquarters and the U.S. Embassy in Saigon . Although the U.S. and South Vietnamese forces were initially shocked by the scale of the urban offensive , they responded quickly and effectively , decimating the ranks of the Viet Cong . In the former capital city of Huế , the combined NVA and Viet Cong troops captured the Imperial Citadel and much of the city and massacred over 3,000 unarmed Huế civilians . In the following Battle of Huế American forces employed massive firepower that left 80 percent of the city in ruins . Further north , at Quảng Trị City , members of the 1st Cavalry Division and 1st ARVN Infantry Division killed more than 900 NVA and Vietcong troops in and around the city . In Saigon , 1,000 NLF ( Viet Cong ) fighters fought off 11,000 U.S. and ARVN troops for three weeks . U.S. Marines in Operation Allen Brook in 1968 Across South Vietnam , 1,100 Americans and other allied troops , 2,100 ARVN , 14,000 civilians , and 32,000 NVA and Viet Cong lay dead . But the Tet Offensive had another , unintended consequence . General Westmoreland had become the public face of the war . He had been named Time magazine 's 1965 's Man of the Year and eventually was featured on the magazine 's cover three times . Time described him as `` the sinewy personification of the American fighting man ... ( who ) directed the historic buildup , drew up the battle plans , and infused the ... men under him with his own idealistic view of U.S. aims and responsibilities . '' Six weeks after the Tet Offensive began , `` public approval of his overall performance dropped from 48 percent to 36 percent -- and , more dramatically , endorsement for his handling of the war fell from 40 percent to 26 percent . '' U.S. Marines fighting in Huế A few months earlier , in November 1967 , Westmoreland had spearheaded a public relations drive for the Johnson administration to bolster flagging public support . In a speech before the National Press Club he had said a point in the war had been reached `` where the end comes into view . '' Thus , the public was shocked and confused when Westmoreland 's predictions were trumped by Tet . The American media , which had until then been largely supportive of U.S. efforts , turned on the Johnson administration for what had become an increasing credibility gap . Although the Tet Offensive was a significant victory for allied forces , in terms of casualties and control of territory , it was a sound defeat when evaluated from the point of view of strategic consequences : it became a turning point in America 's involvement in the Vietnam War because it had a profound impact on domestic support for the conflict . Despite the military failure for the Communist forces , the Tet Offensive became a political victory for them and ended the career of president Lyndon B. Johnson , who declined to run for re-election as his approval rating slumped from 48 to 36 percent . As James Witz noted , Tet `` contradicted the claims of progress ... made by the Johnson administration and the military '' . The offensive constituted an intelligence failure on the scale of Pearl Harbor . Journalist Peter Arnett , in a disputed article , quoted an officer he refused to identify , saying of Bến Tre ( laid to rubble by U.S. attacks ) that `` it became necessary to destroy the village in order to save it '' . Viet Cong / NVA killed by U.S. Air Force personnel during a perimeter attack of Tan Son Nhut Air Base during the Tet Offensive Walter Cronkite said in an editorial , `` To say that we are closer to victory today is to believe , in the face of the evidence , the optimists who have been wrong in the past . To suggest we are on the edge of defeat is to yield to unreasonable pessimism . To say that we are mired in stalemate seems the only realistic , yet unsatisfactory , conclusion . '' Following Cronkite 's editorial report , President Lyndon Johnson is reported to have said , `` If I 've lost Cronkite , I 've lost Middle America . '' Westmoreland became Chief of Staff of the Army in March 1968 , just as all resistance was finally subdued . The move was technically a promotion . However , his position had become untenable because of the offensive and because his request for 200,000 additional troops had been leaked to the media . Westmoreland was succeeded by his deputy Creighton Abrams , a commander less inclined to public media pronouncements . On 10 May 1968 , despite low expectations , peace talks began between the United States and North Vietnam in Paris . Negotiations stagnated for five months , until Johnson gave orders to halt the bombing of North Vietnam . As historian Robert Dallek writes , `` Lyndon Johnson 's escalation of the war in Vietnam divided Americans into warring camps ... cost 30,000 American lives by the time he left office , ( and ) destroyed Johnson 's presidency ... '' His refusal to send more U.S. troops to Vietnam was seen as Johnson 's admission that the war was lost . In effect , Johnson found that the Vietnam War was no easier to prosecute than the Korean war , learning from experience that China was likely to intervene directly if Hanoi 's survival was threatened . Likewise , the Soviet Union would respond by providing more supplies and equipment to raise the cost for U.S. involvement , weakening their defenses in Europe and in the worse case trigger a nuclear confrontation . It can be seen that the refusal was a tacit admission that the war could not be won by escalation , at least not at a cost acceptable to the American people . As Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara noted , `` the dangerous illusion of victory by the United States was therefore dead . '' Vietnam was a major political issue during the United States presidential election in 1968 . The election was won by Republican party candidate Richard Nixon . Vietnamization , 1969 -- 72 Nixon Doctrine / Vietnamization Propaganda leaflet urging the defection of Viet Cong and North Vietnamese to the side of the Republic of Vietnam U.S. President Richard Nixon began troop withdrawals in 1969 . His plan , called the Nixon Doctrine , was to build up the ARVN , so that they could take over the defense of South Vietnam . The policy became known as `` Vietnamization '' . Nixon said in 1970 in an announcement , `` I am tonight announcing plans for the withdrawal of an additional 150,000 American troops to be completed during the spring of next year . This will bring a total reduction of 265,500 men in our armed forces in Vietnam below the level that existed when we took office 15 months ago . '' On 10 October 1969 , Nixon ordered a squadron of 18 B - 52s loaded with nuclear weapons to race to the border of Soviet airspace to convince the Soviet Union , in accord with the madman theory , that he was capable of anything to end the Vietnam War . Nixon also pursued negotiations . Theater commander Creighton Abrams shifted to smaller operations , aimed at communist logistics , with better use of firepower and more cooperation with the ARVN . Nixon also began to pursue détente with the Soviet Union and rapprochement with China . This policy helped to decrease global tensions . Détente led to nuclear arms reduction on the part of both superpowers . But Nixon was disappointed that China and the Soviet Union continued to supply the North Vietnamese with aid . In September 1969 , Ho Chi Minh died at age seventy - nine . The anti-war movement was gaining strength in the United States . Nixon appealed to the `` silent majority '' of Americans who he said supported the war without showing it in public . But revelations of the My Lai Massacre , in which a U.S. Army platoon raped and killed civilians , and the 1969 `` Green Beret Affair '' where eight Special Forces soldiers , including the 5th Special Forces Group Commander , were arrested for the murder of a suspected double agent provoked national and international outrage . Beginning in 1970 , American troops were withdrawn from border areas where most of the fighting took place , and instead redeployed along the coast and interior , which is one reason why casualties in 1970 were less than half of 1969 's totals . Cambodia and Laos Main articles : Operation Menu , Operation Freedom Deal , Operation Commando Hunt , Laotian Civil War , Cambodian Civil War , and Operation Lam Son 719 Prince Norodom Sihanouk had proclaimed Cambodia neutral since 1955 , but the communists used Cambodian soil as a base and Sihanouk tolerated their presence , because he wished to avoid being drawn into a wider regional conflict . Under pressure from Washington , however , he changed this policy in 1969 . The Vietnamese communists were no longer welcome . President Nixon took the opportunity to launch a massive bombing campaign , called Operation Menu , against communist sanctuaries along the Cambodia / Vietnam border . Only five high - ranking Congressional officials were informed of Operation Menu . In 1970 , Prince Sihanouk was deposed by his pro-American prime minister Lon Nol . North Vietnam invaded Cambodia in 1970 at the request of Khmer Rouge deputy leader Nuon Chea . U.S. and ARVN forces launched an invasion into Cambodia to attack NVA and Viet Cong bases . This invasion sparked nationwide U.S. protests as Nixon had promised to deescalate the American involvement . Four students were killed by National Guardsmen at Kent State University during a protest in Ohio , which provoked further public outrage in the United States . The reaction to the incident by the Nixon administration was seen as callous and indifferent , providing additional impetus for the anti-war movement . The U.S. Air Force continued to heavily bomb Cambodia in support of the Cambodian government as part of Operation Freedom Deal . In 1971 the Pentagon Papers were leaked to The New York Times . The top - secret history of U.S. involvement in Vietnam , commissioned by the Department of Defense , detailed a long series of public deceptions on the part of the U.S. government . The Supreme Court ruled that its publication was legal . M41 Walker Bulldog , the main battle tank of the ARVN The ARVN launched Operation Lam Son 719 in February 1971 , aimed at cutting the Ho Chi Minh trail in Laos . The ostensibly neutral Laos had long been the scene of a civil war , pitting the Laotian government backed by the US against the Pathet Lao and its North Vietnamese allies . After meeting resistance , ARVN forces retreated in a confused rout . They fled along roads littered with their own dead . When they exhausted fuel supplies , soldiers abandoned their vehicles and attempted to barge their way on to American helicopters sent to evacuate the wounded . Many ARVN soldiers clung to helicopter skids in a desperate attempt to save themselves . U.S. aircraft had to destroy abandoned equipment , including tanks , to prevent them from falling into enemy hands . Half of the ARVN troops involved in the operation were either captured or killed . The operation was a fiasco and represented a clear failure of Vietnamization . As Karnow noted `` the blunders were monumental ... The ( South Vietnamese ) government 's top officers had been tutored by the Americans for ten or fifteen years , many at training schools in the United States , yet they had learned little . '' In 1971 Australia and New Zealand withdrew their soldiers . The U.S. troop count was further reduced to 196,700 , with a deadline to remove another 45,000 troops by February 1972 . As peace protests spread across the United States , disillusionment and ill - discipline grew in the ranks including increased drug use , `` fragging '' ( the act of murdering the commander of a fighting unit ) and desertions . Vietnamization was again tested by the Easter Offensive of 1972 , a massive conventional NVA invasion of South Vietnam . The NVA and Viet Cong quickly overran the northern provinces and in coordination with other forces attacked from Cambodia , threatening to cut the country in half . U.S. troop withdrawals continued . American airpower responded , beginning Operation Linebacker , and the offensive was halted . However , it became clear that without American airpower South Vietnam could not survive . The last remaining American ground troops were withdrawn by the end of March 1973 ; U.S. naval and air forces remained in the Gulf of Tonkin , as well as Thailand and Guam . 1972 election and Paris Peace Accords The war was the central issue of the 1972 U.S. presidential election . Nixon 's opponent , George McGovern , campaigned on a platform of withdrawal from Vietnam . Nixon 's National Security Advisor , Henry Kissinger , continued secret negotiations with North Vietnam 's Lê Đức Thọ . In October 1972 , they reached an agreement . Operation Linebacker II , December 1972 However , South Vietnamese president Thieu demanded massive changes to the peace accord . When North Vietnam went public with the agreement 's details , the Nixon administration claimed that the North was attempting to embarrass the president . The negotiations became deadlocked . Hanoi demanded new changes . To show his support for South Vietnam and force Hanoi back to the negotiating table , Nixon ordered Operation Linebacker II , a massive bombing of Hanoi and Haiphong 18 -- 29 December 1972 . The offensive destroyed much of the remaining economic and industrial capacity of North Vietnam . Simultaneously Nixon pressured Thieu to accept the terms of the agreement , threatening to conclude a bilateral peace deal and cut off American aid . On 15 January 1973 , Nixon announced the suspension of offensive action against North Vietnam . The Paris Peace Accords on `` Ending the War and Restoring Peace in Vietnam '' were signed on 27 January 1973 , officially ending direct U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War . A cease - fire was declared across North and South Vietnam . U.S. prisoners of war were released . The agreement guaranteed the territorial integrity of Vietnam and , like the Geneva Conference of 1954 , called for national elections in the North and South . The Paris Peace Accords stipulated a sixty - day period for the total withdrawal of U.S. forces . `` This article '' , noted Peter Church , `` proved ... to be the only one of the Paris Agreements which was fully carried out . '' Opposition to U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War : 1962 -- 1973 Main article : Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War Protests against the war in Washington , D.C. on 24 April 1971 Anti-Vietnam War demonstration , 1967 Anti-war protests During the course of the Vietnam War a large segment of the American population came to be opposed to U.S. involvement in South Vietnam . Public opinion steadily turned against the war following 1967 and by 1970 only a third of Americans believed that the U.S. had not made a mistake by sending troops to fight in Vietnam . Nearly a third of the American population were strongly against the war . It is possible to specify certain groups who led the anti-war movement and the reasons why . Many young people protested because they were the ones being drafted while others were against the war because the anti-war movement grew increasingly popular among the counterculture and drug culture in American society and its music . Some advocates within the peace movement advocated a unilateral withdrawal of U.S. forces from Vietnam . One reason given for the withdrawal is that it would contribute to a lessening of tensions in the region and thus less human bloodshed . Early opposition to U.S. involvement in Vietnam drew its inspiration from the Geneva Conference of 1954 . American support of Diệm in refusing elections was seen as thwarting the very democracy that America claimed to be supporting . John F. Kennedy , while Senator , opposed involvement in Vietnam . Opposition to the Vietnam War tended to unite groups opposed to U.S. anti-communism and imperialism and , for those involved with the New Left such as the Catholic Worker Movement . Others , such as Stephen Spiro opposed the war based on the theory of Just War . Some wanted to show solidarity with the people of Vietnam , such as Norman Morrison emulating the actions of Thích Quảng Đức . In a key televised debate from 15 May 1965 , Eric Severeid reporting for CBS conducted a debate between McGeorge Bundy and Hans Morgenthau dealing with an acute summary of the main war concerns of the U.S. as seen at that time stating them as : `` ( 1 ) What are the justifications for the American presence in Vietnam -- why are we there ? ( 2 ) What is the fundamental nature of this war ? Is it aggression from North Vietnam or is it basically , a civil war between the peoples of South Vietnam ? ( 3 ) What are the implications of this Vietnam struggle in terms of Communist China 's power and aims and future actions ? And ( 4 ) What are the alternatives to our present policy in Vietnam ? '' High - profile opposition to the Vietnam War turned to street protests in an effort to turn U.S. political opinion . On 15 October 1969 , the Vietnam Moratorium attracted millions of Americans . Riots broke out at the 1968 Democratic National Convention during protests against the war . After news reports of American military abuses such as the 1968 My Lai Massacre , brought new attention and support to the anti-war movement , some veterans joined Vietnam Veterans Against the War . The fatal shooting of four students at Kent State University in 1970 led to nationwide university protests . Anti-war protests ended with the final withdrawal of troops after the Paris Peace Accords were signed in 1973 . South Vietnam was left to defend itself alone when the fighting resumed . Many South Vietnamese subsequently fled to the United States . Exit of the Americans : 1973 -- 75 The United States began drastically reducing their troop support in South Vietnam during the final years of Vietnamization . Many U.S. troops were removed from the region , and on 5 March 1971 , the United States returned the 5th Special Forces Group , which was the first American unit deployed to South Vietnam , to its former base in Fort Bragg , North Carolina . Under the Paris Peace Accords , between North Vietnamese Foreign Minister Lê Đức Thọ and U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger , and reluctantly signed by South Vietnamese president Thiệu , U.S. military forces withdrew from South Vietnam and prisoners were exchanged . North Vietnam was allowed to continue supplying communist troops in the South , but only to the extent of replacing expended materiel . Later that year the Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to Kissinger and Thọ , but the Vietnamese negotiator declined it saying that a true peace did not yet exist . The communist leaders had expected that the ceasefire terms would favor their side . But Saigon , bolstered by a surge of U.S. aid received just before the ceasefire went into effect , began to roll back the Viet Cong . The communists responded with a new strategy hammered out in a series of meetings in Hanoi in March 1973 , according to the memoirs of Trần Văn Trà . As the Viet Cong 's top commander , Tra participated in several of these meetings . With U.S. bombings suspended , work on the Ho Chi Minh trail and other logistical structures could proceed unimpeded . Logistics would be upgraded until the North was in a position to launch a massive invasion of the South , projected for the 1975 -- 76 dry season . Tra calculated that this date would be Hanoi 's last opportunity to strike before Saigon 's army could be fully trained . Calling for immediate withdrawal of U.S. forces from Vietnam , George McGovern 's 1972 Presidential Campaign lost 49 of 50 states to Richard Nixon . In the November 1972 Election , Democratic nominee George McGovern lost 49 of 50 states to the incumbent President Richard Nixon . On 15 March 1973 , President Nixon implied that the United States would intervene militarily if the communist side violated the ceasefire . Public and congressional reaction to Nixon 's trial balloon was unfavorable and in April Nixon appointed Graham Martin as U.S. ambassador to South Vietnam . During his confirmation hearings in June 1973 , Secretary of Defense James R. Schlesinger stated that he would recommend resumption of U.S. bombing in North Vietnam if North Vietnam launched a major offensive against South Vietnam . On 4 June 1973 , the U.S. Senate passed the Case -- Church Amendment to prohibit such intervention . The oil price shock of October 1973 following the Yom Kippur War in Egypt caused significant damage to the South Vietnamese economy . The Viet Cong resumed offensive operations when the dry season began and by January 1974 it had recaptured the territory it lost during the previous dry season . After two clashes that left 55 South Vietnamese soldiers dead , President Thieu announced on 4 January that the war had restarted and that the Paris Peace Accord was no longer in effect . There had been over 25,000 South Vietnamese casualties during the ceasefire period . Gerald Ford took over as U.S. president on 9 August 1974 after President Nixon resigned due to the Watergate scandal . At this time , Congress cut financial aid to South Vietnam from $1 billion a year to $700 million . The U.S. midterm elections in 1974 brought in a new Congress dominated by Democrats who were even more determined to confront the president on the war . Congress immediately voted in restrictions on funding and military activities to be phased in through 1975 and to culminate in a total cutoff of funding in 1976 . The success of the 1973 -- 74 dry season offensive inspired Trà to return to Hanoi in October 1974 and plead for a larger offensive in the next dry season . This time , Trà could travel on a drivable highway with regular fueling stops , a vast change from the days when the Ho Chi Minh trail was a dangerous mountain trek . Giáp , the North Vietnamese defense minister , was reluctant to approve Trà 's plan . A larger offensive might provoke a U.S. reaction and interfere with the big push planned for 1976 . Trà appealed over Giáp 's head to first secretary Lê Duẩn , who approved of the operation . Trà 's plan called for a limited offensive from Cambodia into Phước Long Province . The strike was designed to solve local logistical problems , gauge the reaction of South Vietnamese forces , and determine whether U.S. would return to the fray . Recently released American POWs from North Vietnamese prison camps , 1973 On 13 December 1974 , North Vietnamese forces attacked Route 14 in Phước Long Province . Phuoc Binh , the provincial capital , fell on 6 January 1975 . Ford desperately asked Congress for funds to assist and re-supply the South before it was overrun . Congress refused . The fall of Phuoc Binh and the lack of an American response left the South Vietnamese elite demoralized . The speed of this success led the Politburo to reassess its strategy . It was decided that operations in the Central Highlands would be turned over to General Văn Tiến Dũng and that Pleiku should be seized , if possible . Before he left for the South , Dũng was addressed by Lê Duẩn : `` Never have we had military and political conditions so perfect or a strategic advantage as great as we have now . '' At the start of 1975 , the South Vietnamese had three times as much artillery and twice the number of tanks and armored cars as the opposition . They also had 1,400 aircraft and a two - to - one numerical superiority in combat troops over their Communist enemies . However , the rising oil prices meant that much of this could not be used . They faced a well - organized , highly determined and well - funded North Vietnam . Much of the North 's material and financial support came from the communist bloc . Within South Vietnam , there was increasing chaos . The departure of the American military had compromised an economy dependent on U.S. financial support and the presence of a large number of U.S. troops . South Vietnam suffered from the global recession that followed the Arab oil embargo . Campaign 275 See also : 1975 Spring Offensive , Battle of Ban Me Thuot , and Hue -- Da Nang Campaign Captured U.S. - supplied armored vehicles and artillery pieces . On 10 March 1975 , General Dung launched Campaign 275 , a limited offensive into the Central Highlands , supported by tanks and heavy artillery . The target was Buôn Ma Thuột , in Đắk Lắk Province . If the town could be taken , the provincial capital of Pleiku and the road to the coast would be exposed for a planned campaign in 1976 . The ARVN proved incapable of resisting the onslaught , and its forces collapsed on 11 March . Once again , Hanoi was surprised by the speed of their success . Dung now urged the Politburo to allow him to seize Pleiku immediately and then turn his attention to Kon Tum . He argued that with two months of good weather remaining until the onset of the monsoon , it would be irresponsible to not take advantage of the situation . President Nguyễn Văn Thiệu , a former general , was fearful that his forces would be cut off in the north by the attacking communists ; Thieu ordered a retreat . The president declared this to be a `` lighten the top and keep the bottom '' strategy . But in what appeared to be a repeat of Operation Lam Son 719 , the withdrawal soon turned into a bloody rout . While the bulk of ARVN forces attempted to flee , isolated units fought desperately . ARVN General Phu abandoned Pleiku and Kon Tum and retreated toward the coast , in what became known as the `` column of tears '' . As the ARVN tried to disengage from the enemy , refugees mixed in with the line of retreat . The poor condition of roads and bridges , damaged by years of conflict and neglect , slowed Phu 's column . As the North Vietnamese forces approached , panic set in . Often abandoned by the officers , the soldiers and civilians were shelled incessantly . The retreat degenerated into a desperate scramble for the coast . By 1 April the `` column of tears '' was all but annihilated . On 20 March , Thieu reversed himself and ordered Huế , Vietnam 's third - largest city , be held at all costs , and then changed his policy several times . Thieu 's contradictory orders confused and demoralized his officer corps . As the North Vietnamese launched their attack , panic set in , and ARVN resistance withered . On 22 March , the NVA opened the siege of Huế . Civilians flooded the airport and the docks hoping for any mode of escape . Some even swam out to sea to reach boats and barges anchored offshore . In the confusion , routed ARVN soldiers fired on civilians to make way for their retreat . On 25 March , after a three - day battle , Huế fell . As resistance in Huế collapsed , North Vietnamese rockets rained down on Da Nang and its airport . By 28 March 35,000 VPA troops were poised to attack the suburbs . By 30 March 100,000 leaderless ARVN troops surrendered as the NVA marched victoriously through Da Nang . With the fall of the city , the defense of the Central Highlands and Northern provinces came to an end . Final North Vietnamese offensive For more details on the final North Vietnamese offensive , see Ho Chi Minh Campaign . Captured RVNAF warplanes in Ho Chi Minh City With the northern half of the country under their control , the Politburo ordered General Dung to launch the final offensive against Saigon . The operational plan for the Ho Chi Minh Campaign called for the capture of Saigon before 1 May . Hanoi wished to avoid the coming monsoon and prevent any redeployment of ARVN forces defending the capital . Northern forces , their morale boosted by their recent victories , rolled on , taking Nha Trang , Cam Ranh , and Da Lat . On 7 April , three North Vietnamese divisions attacked Xuân Lộc , 40 miles ( 64 km ) east of Saigon . The North Vietnamese met fierce resistance at Xuân Lộc from the ARVN 18th Division , who were outnumbered six to one . For two bloody weeks , severe fighting raged as the ARVN defenders made a last stand to try to block the North Vietnamese advance . By 21 April , however , the exhausted garrison were ordered to withdraw towards Saigon . An embittered and tearful president Thieu resigned on the same day , declaring that the United States had betrayed South Vietnam . In a scathing attack , he suggested U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger had tricked him into signing the Paris peace agreement two years earlier , promising military aid that failed to materialize . Having transferred power to Trần Văn Hương , he left for Taiwan on 25 April . At the same time , North Vietnamese tanks had reached Biên Hòa and turned toward Saigon , brushing aside isolated ARVN units along the way . By the end of April , the ARVN had collapsed on all fronts except in the Mekong Delta . Thousands of refugees streamed southward , ahead of the main communist onslaught . On 27 April 100,000 North Vietnamese troops encircled Saigon . The city was defended by about 30,000 ARVN troops . To hasten a collapse and foment panic , the NVA shelled the airport and forced its closure . With the air exit closed , large numbers of civilians found that they had no way out . Fall of Saigon Main article : Fall of Saigon Further information : Operation Frequent Wind Victorious NVA troops at the Presidential Palace , Saigon Chaos , unrest , and panic broke out as hysterical South Vietnamese officials and civilians scrambled to leave Saigon . Martial law was declared . American helicopters began evacuating South Vietnamese , U.S. , and foreign nationals from various parts of the city and from the U.S. embassy compound . Operation Frequent Wind had been delayed until the last possible moment , because of U.S. Ambassador Graham Martin 's belief that Saigon could be held and that a political settlement could be reached . Schlesinger announced early in the morning of 29 April 1975 the evacuation from Saigon by helicopter of the last U.S. diplomatic , military , and civilian personnel . Frequent Wind was arguably the largest helicopter evacuation in history . It began on 29 April , in an atmosphere of desperation , as hysterical crowds of Vietnamese vied for limited space . Martin pleaded with Washington to dispatch $700 million in emergency aid to bolster the regime and help it mobilize fresh military reserves . But American public opinion had soured on this conflict . In the United States , South Vietnam was perceived as doomed . President Gerald Ford had given a televised speech on 23 April , declaring an end to the Vietnam War and all U.S. aid . Frequent Wind continued around the clock , as North Vietnamese tanks breached defenses on the outskirts of Saigon . In the early morning hours of 30 April , the last U.S. Marines evacuated the embassy by helicopter , as civilians swamped the perimeter and poured into the grounds . Many of them had been employed by the Americans and were left to their fate . On 30 April 1975 , NVA troops entered the city of Saigon and quickly overcame all resistance , capturing key buildings and installations . A tank from the 324th Division crashed through the gates of the Independence Palace at 11 : 30 am local time and the Viet Cong flag was raised above it . President Dương Văn Minh , who had succeeded Huong two days earlier , surrendered . Other countries ' involvement Pro-hanoi Ho Chi Minh with East German sailors in Stralsund harbour , 1957 2,000 years of Chinese - Vietnamese enmity and hundreds of years of Chinese and Russian mutual suspicions were suspended when they united against us in Vietnam . -- Richard Holbrooke , 1985 People 's Republic of China In 1950 , the People 's Republic of China extended diplomatic recognition to the Viet Minh 's Democratic Republic of Vietnam and sent weapons , as well as military advisers led by Luo Guibo to assist the Viet Minh in its war with the French . The first draft of the 1954 Geneva Accords was negotiated by French prime minister Pierre Mendès France and Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai who , fearing U.S. intervention , urged the Viet Minh to accept a partition at the 17th parallel . China 's support for North Vietnam included both financial aid and the deployment of hundreds of thousands of military personnel in support roles . In the summer of 1962 , Mao Zedong agreed to supply Hanoi with 90,000 rifles and guns free of charge . Starting in 1965 , China sent anti-aircraft units and engineering battalions to North Vietnam to repair the damage caused by American bombing , man anti-aircraft batteries , rebuild roads and railroads , transport supplies , and perform other engineering works . This freed North Vietnamese army units for combat in the South . China sent 320,000 troops and annual arms shipments worth $180 million . The Chinese military claims to have caused 38 % of American air losses in the war . China claimed that its military and economic aid to North Vietnam and the Viet Cong totaled $20 billion ( approx . $143 billion adjusted for inflation in 2015 ) during the Vietnam War . Included in that aid were donations of 5 million tons of food to North Vietnam ( equivalent to NV food production in a single year ) , accounting for 10 - 15 % of the North Vietnamese food supply by the 1970s . Military aid given to North Vietnam by the People 's Republic of China Date 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 Total Guns 80,500 220,767 141,531 146,600 219,899 139,900 101,800 143,100 189,000 233,500 164,500 141,800 1,922,897 Artillery pieces 1,205 4,439 3,362 3,984 7,087 3,906 2,212 7,898 9,238 9,912 6,406 4,880 64,529 Bullets 25,240,000 114,010,000 178,120,000 147,000,000 247,920,000 119,117,000 29,010,000 57,190,000 40,000,000 40,000,000 30,000,000 20,600,000 1,048,207,000 Artillery shells 335,000 1,800,000 1,066,000 1,363,000 2,082,000 1,357,000 397,000 1,899,000 2,210,000 2,210,000 1,390,000 965,000 17,074,000 Radio transmitters 426 2,779 1,568 2,464 1,854 2,210 950 2,464 4,370 4,335 5,148 2,240 30,808 Telephones 2,941 9,502 2,235 2,289 3,313 3,453 1,600 4,424 5,905 6,447 4,663 2,150 48,922 Tanks 16 ? ? 26 18 ? ? 80 220 120 80 ? 560 Planes 18 ? 70 ? ? ? 14 36 ? 20 164 Automobiles 25 114 96 435 454 162 ? 4,011 8,758 1,210 506 ? 15,771 Sino - Soviet relations soured after the Soviets invaded Czechoslovakia in August 1968 . In October , the Chinese demanded North Vietnam cut relations with Moscow , but Hanoi refused . The Chinese began to withdraw in November 1968 in preparation for a clash with the Soviets , which occurred at Zhenbao Island in March 1969 . The Chinese also began financing the Khmer Rouge as a counterweight to the Vietnamese communists at this time . China `` armed and trained '' the Khmer Rouge during the civil war and continued to aid them for years afterward . The Khmer Rouge launched ferocious raids into Vietnam in 1975 -- 1978 . When Vietnam responded with an invasion that toppled the Khmer Rouge , China launched a brief , punitive invasion of Vietnam in 1979 . Soviet Union Leonid Brezhnev ( left ) was the leader of the Soviet Union during the second half of the Vietnam War . Soviet ships in the South China Sea gave vital early warnings to Viet Cong forces in South Vietnam . The Soviet intelligence ships would pick up American B - 52 bombers flying from Okinawa and Guam . Their airspeed and direction would be noted and then relayed to COSVN , North Vietnam 's southern headquarters . Using airspeed and direction , COSVN analysts would calculate the bombing target and tell any assets to move `` perpendicularly to the attack trajectory . '' These advance warning gave them time to move out of the way of the bombers , and , while the bombing runs caused extensive damage , because of the early warnings from 1968 to 1970 they did not kill a single military or civilian leader in the headquarters complexes . The Soviet Union supplied North Vietnam with medical supplies , arms , tanks , planes , helicopters , artillery , anti-aircraft missiles and other military equipment . Soviet crews fired Soviet - made surface - to - air missiles at U.S. F - 4 Phantoms , which were shot down over Thanh Hóa in 1965 . Over a dozen Soviet citizens lost their lives in this conflict . Following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 , Russian officials acknowledged that the Soviet Union had stationed up to 3,000 troops in Vietnam during the war . Some Russian sources give more specific numbers : Between 1953 and 1991 , the hardware donated by the Soviet Union included 2,000 tanks , 1,700 APCs , 7,000 artillery guns , over 5,000 anti-aircraft guns , 158 surface - to - air missile launchers , 120 helicopters . During the war , the Soviets sent North Vietnam annual arms shipments worth $450 million . From July 1965 to the end of 1974 , fighting in Vietnam was observed by some 6,500 officers and generals , as well as more than 4,500 soldiers and sergeants of the Soviet Armed Forces . In addition , Soviet military schools and academies began training Vietnamese soldiers -- in all more than 10,000 military personnel . North Korea As a result of a decision of the Korean Workers ' Party in October 1966 , in early 1967 North Korea sent a fighter squadron to North Vietnam to back up the North Vietnamese 921st and 923rd fighter squadrons defending Hanoi . They stayed through 1968 , and 200 pilots were reported to have served . In addition , at least two anti-aircraft artillery regiments were sent as well . North Korea also sent weapons , ammunition and two million sets of uniforms to their comrades in North Vietnam . Kim Il - sung is reported to have told his pilots to `` fight in the war as if the Vietnamese sky were their own '' . Cuba The contribution to North Vietnam by the Republic of Cuba , under Fidel Castro have been recognized several times by representatives of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam . Fidel Castro mentioned in his discourses the Batallón Girón ( Giron Battalion ) as comprising the Cuban contingent that served as military advisors during the war . In this battalion , alongside the Cubans , fought Nguyễn Thị Định , founding member of the Viet Cong , who later became the first female Major General in the North Vietnamese Army . There are numerous allegations by former U.S. prisoners of war that Cuban military personnel were present at North Vietnamese prison facilities during the war and that they participated in torture activities , in what is known as the `` Cuba Program '' . Witnesses to this include Senator John McCain , 2008 U.S. Presidential candidate and former Vietnam prisoner of war , according to his 1999 book Faith of My Fathers . Benjamin Gilman , a Vietnam War POW / MIA issue advocate , claim evidence that Cuba 's military and non-military involvement may have run into the `` thousands '' of personnel . Fidel Castro visited in person Quảng Trị province , held by North Vietnam after the Easter Offensive to show his support for the Viet Cong . Pro-Saigon South Korea Main article : Military history of South Korea during the Vietnam War Soldiers of the South Korean White Horse Division in Vietnam Vietnamese civilians of Phong Nhi village massacred by South Korean Blue Dragon Brigade in 1968 On the anti-communist side , South Korea ( a.k.a. the Republic of Korea , ROK ) had the second - largest contingent of foreign troops in South Vietnam after the United States . In November 1961 , Park Chung - hee proposed South Korean participation in the war to John F. Kennedy , but Kennedy disagreed . On 1 May 1964 Lyndon Johnson requested South Korean participation . The first South Korean troops began arriving in 1964 and large combat formations began arriving a year later . The ROK Marine Corps dispatched their 2nd Marine Brigade while the ROK Army sent the Capital Division and later the 9th Infantry Division . In August 1966 after the arrival of the 9th Division the Koreans established a corps command , the Republic of Korea Forces Vietnam Field Command , near I Field Force , Vietnam at Nha Trang . The South Koreans soon developed a reputation for effectiveness , reportedly conducting counterinsurgency operations so well that American commanders felt that the South Korean area of responsibility was the safest . Approximately 320,000 South Korean soldiers were sent to Vietnam , each serving a one - year tour of duty . Maximum troop levels peaked at 50,000 in 1968 , however all were withdrawn by 1973 . About 5,099 South Koreans were killed and 10,962 wounded during the war . South Korea claimed to have killed 41,000 Viet Cong fighters . The United States paid South Korean soldiers 236 million dollars for their efforts in Vietnam , and South Korean GNP increased five-fold during the war . Australia and New Zealand Main articles : Military history of Australia during the Vietnam War and New Zealand in the Vietnam War An Australian soldier in Vietnam Australia and New Zealand , close allies of the United States and members of the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization ( SEATO ) and the ANZUS military co-operation treaty , sent ground troops to Vietnam . Both nations had gained experience in counterinsurgency and jungle warfare during the Malayan Emergency and World War II . Their governments subscribed to the Domino theory . Australia began by sending advisors to Vietnam in 1962 , and combat troops were committed in 1965 . New Zealand began by sending a detachment of engineers and an artillery battery , and then started sending special forces and regular infantry which were attached to Australian formations . Australia 's peak commitment was 7,672 combat troops and New Zealand 's 552 . More than 60,000 Australian personnel were involved during the course of the war , of which 521 were killed and more than 3,000 wounded . Approximately 3,500 New Zealanders served in Vietnam , with 37 killed and 187 wounded . Most Australians and New Zealanders served in the 1st Australian Task Force in Phước Tuy Province . Philippines Some 10,450 Filipino troops were dispatched to South Vietnam . They were primarily engaged in medical and other civilian pacification projects . These forces operated under the designation PHLCAG - V or Philippine Civic Action Group - Vietnam . More noteworthy was the fact that the naval base in Subic Bay was used for the U.S. Seventh Fleet from 1964 till the end of the war in 1975 . The Navy base in Subic bay and the Air force base at Clark achieved maximum functionality during the war and supported an estimated 80,000 locals in allied tertiary businesses from shoe making to prostitution . Thailand See also : Laotian Civil War The Thai Queen 's Cobra battalion in Phuoc Tho Thai Army formations , including the `` Queen 's Cobra '' battalion , saw action in South Vietnam between 1965 and 1971 . Thai forces saw much more action in the covert war in Laos between 1964 and 1972 , though Thai regular formations there were heavily outnumbered by the irregular `` volunteers '' of the CIA - sponsored Police Aerial Reconnaissance Units or PARU , who carried out reconnaissance activities on the western side of the Ho Chi Minh trail . Republic of China ( Taiwan ) Main article : Republic of China in the Vietnam War Since November 1967 , the Taiwanese government secretly operated a cargo transport detachment to assist the United States and South Vietnam . Taiwan also provided military training units for the South Vietnamese diving units , later known as the Lien Doi Nguoi Nhai ( LDMN ) or `` Frogman unit '' in English . In addition to the diving trainers there were several hundred military personnel . Military commandos from Taiwan were captured by communist forces three times trying to infiltrate North Vietnam . Brazil The Brazilian government of President Castelo Branco officially supported the United States 's position in South Vietnam and contributed a medical team and supplies to the country -- the only Latin American country to do so ( two other Latin American countries -- Nicaragua and Paraguay -- offered to send military forces in support of the United States , but their offers were declined ) . Canada and the ICC Main article : Canada and the Vietnam War Canada , India and Poland constituted the International Control Commission , which was supposed to monitor the 1954 ceasefire agreement . Officially , Canada did not have partisan involvement in the Vietnam War and diplomatically it was `` non-belligerent '' . Victor Levant suggested otherwise in his book Quiet Complicity : Canadian Involvement in the Vietnam War ( 1986 ) . The Vietnam War entry in The Canadian Encyclopedia asserts plainly that Canada 's record on the truce commissions was a pro-Saigon partisan one . United Front for the Liberation of Oppressed races ( FULRO ) Main articles : United Front for the Liberation of Oppressed Races and FULRO insurgency against Vietnam The ethnic minority peoples of south Vietnam like the Christian Montagnards ( Degar ) , Hindu and Muslim Cham and the Buddhist Khmer Krom banded together in the United Front for the Liberation of Oppressed Races ( French : Front Uni de Lutte des Races Opprimées , acronym : FULRO ) to fight against the Vietnamese for autonomy or independence . FULRO fought against both the anti-Communist South Vietnamese and the Communist Viet Cong , and then FURLO proceeded to fight against the united Communist Socialist Republic of Vietnam after the fall of South Vietnam . FULRO was supported by China , the United States , Cambodia , and some French citizens . During the war , the South Vietnamese President Ngo Dinh Diem began a program to settle ethnic Vietnamese Kinh on Montagnard lands in the Central Highlands region . This provoked a backlash from the Montagnards . The Cambodians under both the pro-China King Sihanouk and the pro-American Lon Nol supported their fellow co-ethnic Khmer Krom in south Vietnam , following an anti - ethnic Vietnamese policy . FULRO was formed from the amalgation of the Cham organization `` Champa Liberation Front '' ( Front de Liberation du Champa FLC ) led by the Cham Muslim officer Les Kosem who served in the Royal Cambodian Army , the Khmer Krom organization `` Liberation Front of Kampuchea Krom '' ( Front de Liberation du Kampuchea Krom FLKK ) led by Chau Dara , a former monk , and the Montagnard organizations `` Central Highlands Liberation Front '' ( Front de Liberation des Hauts Plateaux FLHP ) led by Y Bham Enuol and BAJARAKA . The leaders of FULRO were executed by the Khmer Rouge leader Pol Pot when he took power in Cambodia but FULRO insurgents proceeded to fight against the Vietnamese occupation of Cambodia and it was not until 1992 that they finally surrendered to the United Nations in Cambodia . War crimes Victims of the My Lai massacre Main articles : List of war crimes § 1954 -- 1975 : Vietnam War , and Vietnam War casualties See also : List of massacres in Vietnam A large number of war crimes took place during the Vietnam War . War crimes were committed by both sides during the conflict and included rape , massacres of civilians , bombings of civilian targets , terrorism , the widespread use of torture and the murder of prisoners of war . Additional common crimes included theft , arson , and the destruction of property not warranted by military necessity . Allied War crimes Main articles : Tiger Force and Vietnam War Crimes Working Group In 1968 , the Vietnam War Crimes Working Group ( VWCWG ) was established by the Pentagon task force set up in the wake of the My Lai Massacre , to attempt to ascertain the veracity of emerging claims of war crimes by U.S. armed forces in Vietnam , during the Vietnam War period . A Viet Cong prisoner captured in 1967 by the U.S. Army awaits interrogation . He has been placed in a stress position by tying a board between his arms . The investigation compiled over 9,000 pages of investigative files , sworn statements by witnesses and status reports for top military officers , indicating that 320 incidents had factual basis . The substantiated cases included 7 massacres between 1967 and 1971 in which at least 137 civilians were killed ; seventy eight further attacks targeting non-combatants resulting in at least 57 deaths , 56 wounded and 15 sexually assaulted ; one hundred and forty - one cases of US soldiers torturing civilian detainees or prisoners of war with fists , sticks , bats , water or electric shock . Over 800 alleged atrocities were investigated , but only 23 soldiers were ever convicted on charges and most served sentences of less than a year . A Los Angeles Times report on the archived files concluded that the war crimes were not confined to a few rogue units , having been uncovered in every army division that was active in Vietnam . During their visits to transit detention facilities under American administration in 1968 and 1969 , the International Red Cross recorded many cases of torture and inhumane treatment before the captives were handed over to South Vietnamese authorities . In 2003 a series of investigative reports by the Toledo Blade uncovered a large number of unreported American war crimes particularly from the Tiger Force unit . The war involved the establishment of numerous free - fire zones by U.S. forces as a tactic to prevent Viet Cong fighters from sheltering in South Vietnamese villages . Such practice , which involved the assumption that any individual appearing in the designated zones was an enemy combatant that could be freely targeted by weapons , is regarded by journalist Lewis M. Simons as `` a severe violation of the laws of war '' . Cases of indiscriminate attacks against civilians within free - fire zones resulting from unsuccessful forced evacuations were frequent . According to political scientist R.J. Rummel , U.S. troops murdered about 6,000 Vietnamese civilians during the war . Nick Turse , in his 2013 book , Kill Anything that Moves , argues that a relentless drive toward higher body counts , a widespread use of free - fire zones , rules of engagement where civilians who ran from soldiers or helicopters could be viewed as Viet Cong , and a widespread disdain for Vietnamese civilians led to massive civilian casualties and endemic war crimes inflicted by U.S. troops . One example cited by Turse is Operation Speedy Express , an operation by the 9th Infantry Division , which was described by John Paul Vann as , in effect , `` many My Lais '' . A report by Newsweek magazine suggested that an estimated 5,000 civilians may have been killed during six months of the operation . In terms of atrocities by the South Vietnamese , during the Diem era ( 1954 -- 1963 ) R.J. Rummell estimated that 16,000 to 167,000 South Vietnamese civilians were killed in democide ; for 1964 to 1975 , Rummel estimated a total of 42,000 to 128,000 killed in democide . Thus , the total for 1954 to 1975 is from 57,000 to 284,000 deaths caused by South Vietnam , excluding NLF / North Vietnamese forces killed by the South Vietnamese armed forces . Torture and ill - treatment were frequently applied by the South Vietnamese to POWs as well as civilian prisoners . During their visit to the Con Son Prison in 1970 , U.S. Congressmen Augustus F. Hawkins and William R. Anderson witnessed detainees either confined in minute `` tiger cages '' or chained to their cells , and provided with poor - quality food . A group of American doctors inspecting the prison in the same year found many inmates suffering symptoms resulting from forced immobility and torture . Red Cross reports after the war showed connections of U.S. advisors with the torture at POW camps . South Korean forces were also accused of war crimes as well . One documented event was the Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất massacre where the 2nd Marine Brigade of the South Korean Army purportedly killed 69 - 79 civilians on 12 February 1968 in Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất village , Điện Bàn District of Quảng Nam Province in South Vietnam . South Korean forces are also accused of perpetrating other massacres , namely : Bình Hòa massacre , Binh Tai Massacre and Hà My massacre . North Vietnamese , Viet Cong , and Khmer Rouge War crimes Main article : Viet Cong and PAVN strategy , organization and structure § VC / NVA use of terror Victims of the Huế Massacre According to Guenter Lewy , the Viet Cong assassinated about 36,725 South Vietnamese between 1957 and 1972 . Statistics for 1968 -- 72 suggest that `` about 80 percent of the terrorist victims were ordinary civilians and only about 20 percent were government officials , policemen , members of the self - defence forces or pacification cadres . '' Ami Pedahzur has written that `` the overall volume and lethality of Viet Cong terrorism rivals or exceeds all but a handful of terrorist campaigns waged over the last third of the twentieth century '' . Notable Viet Cong atrocities include the massacre of over 3,000 unarmed civilians at Huế during the Tet Offensive and the incineration of hundreds of civilians at the Đắk Sơn massacre with flamethrowers . Up to 155,000 refugees fleeing the final North Vietnamese Spring Offensive were killed or abducted on the road to Tuy Hòa in 1975 . According to Rummel , North Vietnamese and Viet Cong troops murdered between 106,000 and 227,000 civilians in South Vietnam . North Vietnam was also known for its inhumane and abusive treatment of American POWs , most notably in Hỏa Lò Prison ( aka the Hanoi Hilton ) , where severe torture was employed to extract `` confessions '' . According to a U.S. Senate report , squads were assigned monthly assassination quotas . Peer De Silva , former head of the Saigon department of the CIA , wrote that from as early as 1963 , Viet Cong units were using disembowelment and other methods of mutilation for psychological warfare . In the Cambodian Civil War , Khmer Rouge insurgents reportedly committed atrocities during the war . These include the murder of civilians and POWs by slowly sawing off their heads a little more each day , the destruction of Buddhist wats and the killing of monks , attacks on refugee camps involving the deliberate murder of babies and bomb threats against foreign aid workers , the abduction and assassination of journalists , and the shelling of Phnom Penh for more than a year . Journalist accounts stated that the Khmer Rouge shelling `` tortured the capital almost continuously '' , inflicting `` random death and mutilation '' on 2 million trapped civilians . The Khmer Rouge forcibly evacuated the entire city after taking it , in what has been described as a death march : François Ponchaud wrote : `` I shall never forget one cripple who had neither hands nor feet , writhing along the ground like a severed worm , or a weeping father carrying his ten - year old daughter wrapped in a sheet tied around his neck like a sling , or the man with his foot dangling at the end of a leg to which it was attached by nothing but skin '' ; John Swain recalled that the Khmer Rouge were `` tipping out patients from the hospitals like garbage into the streets ... In five years of war , this is the greatest caravan of human misery I have seen . '' Women in the Vietnam War American nurses Da Nang , South Vietnam , 1968 During the Vietnam War , American women served on active duty doing a variety of jobs . Early in 1963 , the Army Nurse Corps ( ANC ) launched Operation Nightingale , an intensive effort to recruit nurses to serve in Vietnam . Most nurses who volunteered to serve in Vietnam came from predominantly working or middle - class families with histories of military service . The majority of these women were white Catholics and Protestants . Because the need for medical aid was great , many nurses underwent a concentrated four - month training program before being deployed to Vietnam in the ANC . Due to the shortage of staff , nurses usually worked twelve - hour shifts , six days per week and often suffered from exhaustion . First Lieutenant Sharon Lane was the only female military nurse to be killed by enemy gunfire during the war , on 8 June 1969 . A nurse treats a Vietnamese child , 1967 At the start of the Vietnam War , it was commonly thought that American women had no place in the military . Their traditional place had been in the domestic sphere , but with the war came opportunity for the expansion of gender roles . In Vietnam , women held a variety of jobs which included operating complex data processing equipment and serving as stenographers . Although a small number of women were assigned to combat zones , they were never allowed directly in the field of battle . The women who served in the military were solely volunteers . They faced a plethora of challenges , one of which was the relatively small number of female soldiers . Living in a male - dominated environment created tensions between the sexes . While this high male to female ratio was often uncomfortable for women , many men reported that having women in the field with them boosted their morale . Although this was not the women 's purpose , it was one positive result of their service . By 1973 , approximately 7,500 women had served in Vietnam in the Southeast Asian theater . In that same year , the military lifted the prohibition on women entering the armed forces . American women serving in Vietnam were subject to societal stereotypes . Many Americans either considered females serving in Vietnam masculine for living under the army discipline , or judged them to be women of questionable moral character who enlisted for the sole purpose of seducing men . To address this problem , the ANC released advertisements portraying women in the ANC as `` proper , professional and well protected . '' ( 26 ) This effort to highlight the positive aspects of a nursing career reflected the ideas of second - wave feminism that occurred during the 1960s -- 1970s in the United States . Although female military nurses lived in a heavily male environment , very few cases of sexual harassment were ever reported . Vietnamese women Master - Sergeant and pharmacist Do Thi Trinh , part of the WAFC , supplying medication to ARVN dependents Unlike the American women who went to Vietnam , North Vietnamese women were enlisted and fought in the combat zone as well as providing manual labor to keep the Ho Chi Minh trail open and cook for the soldiers . They also worked in the rice fields in North Vietnam and Viet Cong - held farming areas in South Vietnam 's Mekong Delta region to provide food for their families and the war effort . Women were enlisted in both the North Vietnamese Army ( NVA ) and the Viet Cong guerrilla insurgent force in South Vietnam . Some women also served for the North Vietnamese and Viet Cong intelligence services . In South Vietnam , many women voluntarily served in the ARVN 's Women 's Armed Force Corps ( WAFC ) and various other Women 's corps in the military . Some , like in the WAFC , fought in combat with other soldiers . Others served as nurses and doctors in the battlefield and in military hospitals , or served in South Vietnam or America 's intelligence agencies . During Diệm 's presidency , Madame Nhu was the commander of the WAFC . The war saw more than one million rural people migrate or flee the fighting in the South Vietnamese countryside to the cities , especially Saigon . Among the internal refugees were many young women who became the ubiquitous `` bargirls '' of wartime South Vietnam `` hawking her wares -- be that cigarettes , liquor , or herself '' to American and allied soldiers . American bases were ringed by bars and brothels . 8,040 Vietnamese women came to the United States as war brides between 1964 and 1975 . Many mixed - blood Amerasian children were left behind when their American fathers returned to the United States after their tour of duty in South Vietnam . 26,000 of them were permitted to immigrate to the United States in the 1980s and 1990s . Black servicemen in Vietnam See also : African - American Civil Rights Movement ( 1954 -- 1968 ) A wounded African American soldier being carried away , 1968 The experience of American military personnel of African origin during the Vietnam War had received significant attention . For example , the website `` African - American Involvement in the Vietnam War '' compiles examples of such coverage , as does the print and broadcast work of journalist Wallace Terry . The epigraph of Terry 's book Bloods : An Oral History of the Vietnam War by Black Veterans ( 1984 ) , includes the following quote : `` I have an intuitive feeling that the Negro serviceman have a better understanding than whites of what the war is about . '' -- General William C. Westmoreland , U.S. Army , Saigon , 1967 . That book 's introduction includes observations about the impact of the war on the black community in general and on black servicemen specifically . Points he makes on the latter topic include : the higher proportion of combat casualties in Vietnam among African American servicemen than among American soldiers of other races , the shift toward and different attitudes of black military careerists versus black draftees , the discrimination encountered by black servicemen `` on the battlefield in decorations , promotion and duty assignments '' as well as their having to endure `` the racial insults , cross-burnings and Confederate flags of their white comrades '' -- and the experiences faced by black soldiers stateside , during the war and after America 's withdrawal . Upon the war 's completion , black casualties made up 12.5 % of US combat deaths , approximately equal to percentage of draft - eligible black men , though still slightly higher than the 10 % who served in the military . Weapons Main article : Weapons of the Vietnam War Marines complete construction of M101 howitzer positions at a mountain - top fire support base , 1968 The communist forces were principally armed with Chinese and Soviet weaponry though some guerrilla units were equipped with Western infantry weapons either captured from French stocks during the First Indochina war or from ARVN units or bought on the black market . The ubiquitous Soviet AK - 47 assault rifle was often regarded as the best rifle of the war , due to its ability to continue to function even in adverse , muddy conditions . Other weapons used by the Viet Cong included the World War II - era PPSh - 41 submachine gun ( both Soviet and Chinese versions ) , the SKS carbine , the RPD light machine gun , the DShK heavy machine gun and the RPG - 2 / B - 40 grenade launcher . While the Viet Cong had both amphibious tanks ( such as the PT - 76 ) and light tanks ( such as the Type 62 ) , they also used bicycles to transport munitions . The US ' heavily armored , 90 mm M48A3 Patton tank saw extensive action during the Vietnam War and over 600 were deployed with US Forces . They played an important role in infantry support . The US service rifle was initially the M14 ( though some units were still using the WWII - era M1 Garand for a lack of M14s ) . Found to be unsuitable for jungle warfare , the M14 was replaced by M16 which was more accurate and lighter than the AK - 47 . For a period , the gun suffered from a jamming flaw known as `` failure to extract '' , which means that a spent cartridge case remained lodged in the action after a round is fired . According to a congressional report , the jamming was caused primarily by a change in gunpowder which was done without adequate testing and reflected a decision for which the safety of soldiers was a secondary consideration . That issue was solved in early 1968 with the issuance of the M16A1 that featured a chrome plated chamber among several other features . End - user satisfaction with the M16 was high except during this episode , but the M16 still has a reputation as a gun that jams easily . The M60 machine gun GPMG ( General Purpose Machine Gun ) was the main machine gun of the US army at the time and many of them were put on helicopters , to provide suppressive fire when landing in hostile regions . The MAC - 10 machine pistol was supplied to many special forces troops in the midpoint of the war . It also armed many CIA agents in the field . UH - 1D helicopters airlift members of a U.S. infantry regiment , 1966 Two aircraft which were prominent in the war were the AC - 130 `` Spectre '' Gunship and the UH - 1 `` Huey '' gunship . The AC - 130 was a heavily armed ground - attack aircraft variant of the C - 130 Hercules transport plane ; it was used to provide close air support , air interdiction and force protection . The AC - 130H `` Spectre '' was armed with two 20 mm M61 Vulcan cannons , one Bofors 40mm autocannon , and one 105 mm M102 howitzer . The Huey is a military helicopter powered by a single , turboshaft engine , with a two - bladed main rotor and tail rotor . Approximately 7,000 UH - 1 aircraft saw service in Vietnam . The Claymore M18A1 , an anti-personnel mine , was widely used during the war . Unlike a conventional land mine , the Claymore is command - detonated and directional , meaning it is fired by remote - control and shoots a pattern of 700 one - eighth - inch steel balls into the kill zone like a shotgun . The aircraft ordnance used during the war included precision - guided munition , cluster bombs , and napalm , a thickening / gelling agent generally mixed with petroleum or a similar fuel for use in an incendiary device , initially against buildings and later primarily as an anti-personnel weapon that sticks to skin and can burn down to the bone . Radio communications The Vietnam War was the first conflict where U.S. forces had secure voice communication equipment available at the tactical level . The National Security Agency ran a crash program to provide U.S. forces with a family of security equipment code named NESTOR , fielding 17,000 units initially . Eventually 30,000 units were produced . However limitations of the units , including poor voice quality , reduced range , annoying time delays and logistical support issues led to only one unit in ten being used . While many in the U.S. military believed that the Viet Cong and NVA would not be able to exploit insecure communications , interrogation of captured communication intelligence units showed they were able to understand the jargon and codes used in realtime and were often able to warn their side of impending U.S. actions . Extent of U.S. bombing Bombs being dropped by the B - 52 Stratofortress long - range strategic bomber See also : Operation Rolling Thunder , Operation Menu , Operation Freedom Deal , and CIA activities in Laos The U.S. dropped over 7 million tons of bombs on Indochina during the war -- more than triple the 2.1 million tons of bombs the U.S. dropped on Europe and Asia during all of World War II , and more than ten times the amount dropped by the U.S. during the Korean War . 500 thousand tons were dropped on Cambodia , 1 million tons were dropped on North Vietnam , and 4 million tons were dropped on South Vietnam . On a per capita basis , the 2 million tons dropped on Laos make it the most heavily bombed country in history ; The New York Times noted this was `` nearly a ton for every person in Laos . '' In Laos alone , some 80 million bombs failed to explode and remain scattered throughout the country , rendering vast swathes of land impossible to cultivate and killing or maiming 50 Laotians every year . Former U.S. Air Force official Earl Tilford has recounted `` repeated bombing runs of a lake in central Cambodia . The B - 52s literally dropped their payloads in the lake '' : The Air Force ran many missions of this kind for the purpose of securing additional funding during budget negotiations , so the amount of tonnage expended does not directly correlate with the resulting damage . Aftermath Events in Southeast Asia Further information : Mayaguez incident and Indochina refugee crisis Vietnamese refugees fleeing Vietnam , 1984 On 2 July 1976 , North and South Vietnam were merged to form the Socialist Republic of Vietnam . Despite speculation that the victorious North Vietnamese would , in President Nixon 's words , `` massacre the civilians there ( South Vietnam ) by the millions , '' there is a widespread consensus that no mass executions in fact took place . However , in the years following the end of the war , up to 300,000 South Vietnamese were sent to reeducation camps ( not including `` dissidents detained in the many prisons of Vietnam '' ) , where many endured torture , starvation , and disease while being forced to perform hard labor . In addition , 200,000 to 400,000 Vietnamese boat people died at sea , according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees . Phnom Penh , the capital of Cambodia , fell to the communist Khmer Rouge on 17 April 1975 . Under the leadership of Pol Pot , the Khmer Rouge would eventually kill 1 -- 3 million Cambodians out of a population of around 8 million , in one of the bloodiest genocides in history . An estimated 1,386,734 victims of execution have been counted in mass graves , while demographic analysis suggests that the policies of the regime caused between 1.7 and 2.5 million excess deaths altogether ( including disease and starvation ) . After repeated border clashes in 1978 , Vietnam invaded Democratic Kampuchea ( Cambodia ) and ousted the Khmer Rouge , who were being supported by China , in the Cambodian -- Vietnamese War . In response , China invaded Vietnam in 1979 . The two countries fought a brief border war , known as the Sino - Vietnamese War . From 1978 to 1979 , some 450,000 ethnic Chinese left Vietnam by boat as refugees or were expelled . The devastating impact of Khmer Rouge rule contributed to a 1979 famine in Cambodia , during which an additional 300,000 Cambodians perished . The Pathet Lao overthrew the monarchy of Laos in December 1975 , establishing the Lao People 's Democratic Republic under the leadership of a member of the royal family , Souphanouvong . The change in regime was `` quite peaceful , a sort of Asiatic ' velvet revolution ' '' -- although 30,000 former officials were sent to reeducation camps , often enduring harsh conditions for several years . The conflict between Hmong rebels and the Pathet Lao continued in isolated pockets . Over 3 million people left Vietnam , Laos , and Cambodia in the Indochina refugee crisis . Most Asian countries were unwilling to accept these refugees , many of whom fled by boat and were known as boat people . Between 1975 and 1998 , an estimated 1.2 million refugees from Vietnam and other Southeast Asian countries resettled in the United States , while Canada , Australia , and France resettled over 500,000 . China accepted 250,000 people . Of all the countries of Indochina , Laos experienced the largest refugee flight in proportional terms , as 300,000 people out of a total population of 3 million crossed the border into Thailand . Included among their ranks were `` about 90 percent '' of Laos 's `` intellectuals , technicians , and officials . '' In 1988 , Vietnam suffered a famine that afflicted millions . Vietnam retained its pro-Soviet orientation after the war and remained an important ally of the USSR in the region . Agent Orange and similar chemical substances used by the U.S. have also caused a considerable number of deaths and injuries over the years , including the US Air Force crew that handled them . On 9 August 2012 , the United States and Vietnam began a cooperative cleaning up of the toxic chemical on part of Danang International Airport , marking the first time Washington has been involved in cleaning up Agent Orange in Vietnam . Effect on the United States United States expenditures in South Vietnam ( SVN ) ( 1953 -- 1974 ) Direct costs only . Some estimates are higher . U.S. military costs U.S. military aid to SVN U.S. economic aid to SVN Total Total ( 2015 dollars ) $111 billion $16.138 billion $7.315 billion $134.53 billion $1.020 trillion Vietnam War protests at the Pentagon , October 1967 In the post-war era , Americans struggled to absorb the lessons of the military intervention . As General Maxwell Taylor , one of the principal architects of the war , noted , `` First , we did n't know ourselves . We thought that we were going into another Korean War , but this was a different country . Secondly , we did n't know our South Vietnamese allies ... And we knew less about North Vietnam . Who was Ho Chi Minh ? Nobody really knew . So , until we know the enemy and know our allies and know ourselves , we 'd better keep out of this kind of dirty business . It 's very dangerous . '' President Ronald Reagan coined the term `` Vietnam Syndrome '' to describe the reluctance of the American public and politicians to support further international interventions after Vietnam . Some have suggested that `` the responsibility for the ultimate failure of this policy ( America 's withdrawal from Vietnam ) lies not with the men who fought , but with those in Congress ... '' Alternatively , the official history of the United States Army noted that `` tactics have often seemed to exist apart from larger issues , strategies , and objectives . Yet in Vietnam the Army experienced tactical success and strategic failure ... The ... Vietnam War ... legacy may be the lesson that unique historical , political , cultural , and social factors always impinge on the military ... Success rests not only on military progress but on correctly analyzing the nature of the particular conflict , understanding the enemy 's strategy , and assessing the strengths and weaknesses of allies . A new humility and a new sophistication may form the best parts of a complex heritage left to the Army by the long , bitter war in Vietnam . '' A young Marine private waits on the beach during the Marine landing , Da Nang , 3 August 1965 U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger wrote in a secret memo to President Gerald Ford that `` in terms of military tactics , we can not help draw the conclusion that our armed forces are not suited to this kind of war . Even the Special Forces who had been designed for it could not prevail . '' Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara concluded that `` the achievement of a military victory by U.S. forces in Vietnam was indeed a dangerous illusion . '' Doubts surfaced as to the effectiveness of large - scale , sustained bombing . As Army Chief of Staff Harold Keith Johnson noted , `` if anything came out of Vietnam , it was that air power could n't do the job . '' Even General William Westmoreland admitted that the bombing had been ineffective . As he remarked , `` I still doubt that the North Vietnamese would have relented . '' The inability to bring Hanoi to the bargaining table by bombing also illustrated another U.S. miscalculation . The North 's leadership was composed of hardened communists who had been fighting for thirty years . They had defeated the French , and their tenacity as both nationalists and communists was formidable . Ho Chi Minh is quoted as saying , `` You can kill ten of my men for every one I kill of yours ... But even at these odds you will lose and I will win . '' Marine gets his wounds treated during operations in Huế City , 1968 The Vietnam War called into question the U.S. Army doctrine . Marine Corps General Victor H. Krulak heavily criticised Westmoreland 's attrition strategy , calling it `` wasteful of American lives ... with small likelihood of a successful outcome . '' In addition , doubts surfaced about the ability of the military to train foreign forces . Between 1953 and 1975 , the United States spent $168 billion on the war ( $1.02 trillion in FY2015 dollars ) . This resulted in a large federal budget deficit . More than 3 million Americans served in the Vietnam War , some 1.5 million of whom actually saw combat in Vietnam . James E. Westheider wrote that `` At the height of American involvement in 1968 , for example , there were 543,000 American military personnel in Vietnam , but only 80,000 were considered combat troops . '' Conscription in the United States had been controlled by the president since World War II , but ended in 1973 . By war 's end , 58,220 American soldiers had been killed , more than 150,000 had been wounded , and at least 21,000 had been permanently disabled . The average age of the U.S. troops killed in Vietnam was 23.11 years . According to Dale Kueter , `` Of those killed in combat , 86.3 percent were white , 12.5 percent were black and the remainder from other races . '' Approximately 830,000 Vietnam veterans suffered some degree of posttraumatic stress disorder . An estimated 125,000 Americans left for Canada to avoid the Vietnam draft , and approximately 50,000 American servicemen deserted . In 1977 , United States president Jimmy Carter granted a full and unconditional pardon to all Vietnam - era draft dodgers . The Vietnam War POW / MIA issue , concerning the fate of U.S. service personnel listed as missing in action , persisted for many years after the war 's conclusion . The costs of the war loom large in American popular consciousness ; a 1990 poll showed that the public incorrectly believed that more Americans lost their lives in Vietnam than in World War II . As of 2013 , the U.S. government is paying Vietnam veterans and their families or survivors more than $22 billion a year in war - related claims . Impact on the U.S. military As the Vietnam War continued inconclusively and became more unpopular with the American public , morale declined and disciplinary problems grew among American enlisted men and junior , non-career officers . Drug use , racial tensions , and the growing incidence of fragging -- attempting to kill unpopular officers and non-commissioned officers with grenades or other weapons -- created severe problems for the U.S. military and impacted its capability of undertaking combat operations . By 1971 , a U.S. Army colonel writing in the Armed Forces Journal declared : `` By every conceivable indicator , our army that now remains in Vietnam is in a state approaching collapse , with individual units avoiding or having refused combat , murdering their officers and non commissioned officers , drug - ridden , and dispirited where not near mutinous ... The morale , discipline , and battleworthiness of the U.S. Armed Forces are , with a few salient exceptions , lower and worse than at any time in this century and possibly in the history of the United States . '' Between 1969 and 1971 the US Army recorded more than 700 attacks by troops on their own officers . Eighty - three officers were killed and almost 650 were injured . Ron Milam has questioned the severity of the `` breakdown '' of the U.S. armed forces , especially among combat troops , as reflecting the opinions of `` angry colonels '' who deplored the erosion of traditional military values during the Vietnam War . Although acknowledging serious problems , he questions the alleged `` near mutinous '' conduct of junior officers and enlisted men in combat . Investigating one combat refusal incident , a journalist declared , `` A certain sense of independence , a reluctance to behave according to the military 's insistence on obedience , like pawns or puppets ... The grunts ( infantrymen ) were determined to survive ... they insisted of having something to say about the making of decisions that determined whether they might live or die . '' The morale and discipline problems and resistance to conscription ( the draft ) were important factors leading to the creation of an all - volunteer military force by the United States and the termination of conscription . The last conscript was inducted into the army in 1973 . The all - volunteer military moderated some of the coercive methods of discipline previously used to maintain order in military ranks . Effects of U.S. chemical defoliation U.S. helicopter spraying chemical defoliants in the Mekong Delta , South Vietnam , 1969 One of the most controversial aspects of the U.S. military effort in Southeast Asia was the widespread use of chemical defoliants between 1961 and 1971 . They were used to defoliate large parts of the countryside to prevent the Viet Cong from being able to hide their weapons and encampments under the foliage . These chemicals continue to change the landscape , cause diseases and birth defects , and poison the food chain . Early in the American military effort , it was decided that since the enemy were hiding their activities under triple - canopy jungle , a useful first step might be to defoliate certain areas . This was especially true of growth surrounding bases ( both large and small ) in what became known as Operation Ranch Hand . Corporations like Dow Chemical Company and Monsanto were given the task of developing herbicides for this purpose . American officials also pointed out that the British had previously used 2 , 4 , 5 - T and 2 , 4 - D ( virtually identical to America 's use in Vietnam ) on a large scale throughout the Malayan Emergency in the 1950s in order to destroy bushes , crops , and trees in effort to deny communist insurgents the concealment they needed to ambush passing convoys . Indeed , Secretary of State Dean Rusk told President John F. Kennedy on 24 November 1961 , that `` ( t ) he use of defoliant does not violate any rule of international law concerning the conduct of chemical warfare and is an accepted tactic of war . Precedent has been established by the British during the emergency in Malaya in their use of aircraft for destroying crops by chemical spraying . '' The defoliants , which were distributed in drums marked with color - coded bands , included the `` Rainbow Herbicides '' -- Agent Pink , Agent Green , Agent Purple , Agent Blue , Agent White , and , most famously , Agent Orange , which included dioxin as a by - product of its manufacture . About 11 -- 12 million gallons ( 41.6 -- 45.4 million L ) of Agent Orange were sprayed over southern Vietnam between 1961 and 1971 . A prime area of Ranch Hand operations was in the Mekong Delta , where the U.S. Navy patrol boats were vulnerable to attack from the undergrowth at the water 's edge . In 1961 and 1962 , the Kennedy administration authorized the use of chemicals to destroy rice crops . Between 1961 and 1967 , the U.S. Air Force sprayed 20 million U.S. gallons ( 75,700,000 L ) of concentrated herbicides over 6 million acres ( 24,000 km ) of crops and trees , affecting an estimated 13 % of South Vietnam 's land . In 1965 , 42 % of all herbicide was sprayed over food crops . Another purpose of herbicide use was to drive civilian populations into RVN - controlled areas . Vietnamese victims affected by Agent Orange attempted a class action lawsuit against Dow Chemical and other US chemical manufacturers , but District Court Judge Jack B. Weinstein dismissed their case . They appealed , but the dismissal was cemented in February 2008 by the Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit . As of 2006 , the Vietnamese government estimates that there are over 4,000,000 victims of dioxin poisoning in Vietnam , although the United States government denies any conclusive scientific links between Agent Orange and the Vietnamese victims of dioxin poisoning . In some areas of southern Vietnam , dioxin levels remain at over 100 times the accepted international standard . The U.S. Veterans Administration has listed prostate cancer , respiratory cancers , multiple myeloma , Diabetes mellitus type 2 , B - cell lymphomas , soft - tissue sarcoma , chloracne , porphyria cutanea tarda , peripheral neuropathy , and spina bifida in children of veterans exposed to Agent Orange . Casualties See also : Vietnam War casualties Military deaths in Vietnam War ( 1955 -- 1975 ) Year U.S. South Vietnam 1956 -- 1959 n.a. 1960 5 2,223 1961 16 4,004 1962 53 4,457 1963 122 5,665 1964 216 7,457 1965 1,928 11,242 1966 6,350 11,953 1967 11,363 12,716 1968 16,899 27,915 1969 11,780 21,833 1970 6,173 23,346 1971 2,414 22,738 1972 759 39,587 1973 68 27,901 31,219 62 n.a. After 1975 7 n.a. Total 58,220 > 254,256 Estimates of the number of casualties vary , with one source suggesting up to 3.8 million violent war deaths in Vietnam for the period 1955 to 2002 . Between 195,000 and 430,000 South Vietnamese civilians died in the war . Extrapolating from a 1969 US intelligence report , Guenter Lewy estimated 65,000 North Vietnamese civilians died in the war . Estimates of civilian deaths caused by American bombing of North Vietnam in Operation Rolling Thunder range from 52,000 to 182,000 . The military forces of South Vietnam suffered an estimated 254,256 killed between 1960 and 1974 and additional deaths from 1954 to 1959 and in 1975 . The official US Department of Defense figure was 950,765 communist forces killed in Vietnam from 1965 to 1974 . Defense Department officials believed that these body count figures need to be deflated by 30 percent . In addition , Guenter Lewy assumes that one - third of the reported `` enemy '' killed may have been civilians , concluding that the actual number of deaths of communist military forces was probably closer to 444,000 . It was difficult to distinguish between civilians and military personnel on the Viet Cong side as many persons were part - time guerrillas or impressed laborers who did not wear uniforms . A detailed demographic study calculated 791,000 -- 1,141,000 war - related deaths for all of Vietnam . According to figures released by the Vietnamese government in 1995 , there were 1,100,000 North Vietnamese Army and Viet Cong military personnel deaths during the Vietnam War ( including the missing ) . The Vietnamese government released its estimate of war deaths for the more lengthy period of 1955 to 1975 . According to the Vietnamese , Communist battle deaths totaled 1.1 million and civilian deaths of Vietnamese totaled 2.0 million . These estimates probably include battle deaths of Vietnamese soldiers in Laos and Cambodia , but do not include deaths of South Vietnamese and allied soldiers which would add nearly 300,000 for a grand total of 3.4 million military and civilian dead . Between 240,000 and 300,000 Cambodians died during the war . 20,000 - 62,000 Laotians also died , and 58,300 U.S. military personnel were killed , of which 1,596 are still listed as missing as of 2015 . Unexploded ordnance , mostly from U.S. bombing , continue to detonate and kill people today . According to the Vietnamese government , ordnance has killed some 42,000 people since the war officially ended . According to the government of Laos , unexploded ordnance has killed or injured over 20,000 Laotians since the end of the war . In popular culture See also : Vietnam War in film , Vietnam War in games , and War in popular culture The Vietnam War has been featured extensively in television , film , video games , and literature in the participant countries . In American popular culture , the `` Crazy Vietnam Veteran '' , who was suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder , became a common stock character after the war . One of the first major films based on the Vietnam War was John Wayne 's pro-war film , The Green Berets ( 1968 ) . Further cinematic representations were released during the 1970s and 1980s , including Michael Cimino 's The Deer Hunter ( 1978 ) , Francis Ford Coppola 's Apocalypse Now ( 1979 ) , Oliver Stone 's Platoon ( 1986 ) -- based on his service in the U.S. military during the Vietnam War , Stanley Kubrick 's Full Metal Jacket ( 1987 ) , Hamburger Hill ( 1987 ) , and Casualties of War ( 1989 ) . Later films would include We Were Soldiers ( 2002 ) and Rescue Dawn ( 2007 ) . The war also influenced a generation of musicians and songwriters in Vietnam and the United States , both anti-war and pro / anti-communist . The band Country Joe and the Fish recorded `` I - Feel - Like - I 'm - Fixin ' - To - Die Rag '' / The `` Fish '' Cheer in 1965 , and it became one of the most influential anti-Vietnam protest anthems . Many songwriters and musicians supported the anti-war movement , including Pete Seeger , Joan Baez , Peggy Seeger , Ewan MacColl , Barbara Dane , The Critics Group , Phil Ochs , John Lennon , Nina Simone , Neil Young , Tom Paxton , Jimmy Cliff and Arlo Guthrie . See also Vietnam portal United States portal War portal Cold War portal 1950s portal 1960s portal 1970s portal Aircraft losses of the Vietnam War Awards and decorations of the Vietnam War Battle of Quang Tri ( 1968 ) Counterculture of the 1960s Củ Chi tunnels Đắk Sơn massacre Draft lottery ( 1969 ) Kit Carson Scouts List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Vietnam War List of United States servicemembers and civilians missing in action during the Vietnam War ( 1968 -- 69 ) McNamara Line Major General Michael D. Healy Operation Wheeler / Wallowa Patrol Craft Fast Protests of 1968 The Sixties Unplugged United States Air Force in Thailand United States Army Special Forces in popular culture U.S. news media and the Vietnam War Vietnam War Crimes Working Group Files Weapons of the Cambodian Civil War Weapons of the Vietnam War Winter Soldier Investigation General : History of Cambodia History of Laos List of conflicts in Asia Annotations ^ Jump up to : Due to the early presence of American troops in Vietnam the start date of the Vietnam War is a matter of debate . In 1998 , after a high level review by the Department of Defense ( DoD ) and through the efforts of Richard B. Fitzgibbon 's family the start date of the Vietnam War according to the US government was officially changed to 1 November 1955 . U.S. government reports currently cite 1 November 1955 as the commencement date of the `` Vietnam Conflict '' , because this date marked when the U.S. Military Assistance Advisory Group ( MAAG ) in Indochina ( deployed to Southeast Asia under President Truman ) was reorganized into country - specific units and MAAG Vietnam was established . Other start dates include when Hanoi authorized Viet Cong forces in South Vietnam to begin a low - level insurgency in December 1956 , whereas some view 26 September 1959 when the first battle occurred between the Viet Cong and the South Vietnamese army , as the start date . ^ Jump up to : The figures of 58,220 and 303,644 for U.S. deaths and wounded come from the Department of Defense Statistical Information Analysis Division ( SIAD ) , Defense Manpower Data Center , as well as from a Department of Veterans fact sheet dated May 2010 ; the total is 153,303 WIA excluding 150,341 persons not requiring hospital care the CRS ( Congressional Research Service ) Report for Congress , American War and Military Operations Casualties : Lists and Statistics , dated 26 February 2010 , and the book Crucible Vietnam : Memoir of an Infantry Lieutenant . Some other sources give different figures ( e.g. the 2005 / 2006 documentary Heart of Darkness : The Vietnam War Chronicles 1945 -- 1975 cited elsewhere in this article gives a figure of 58,159 U.S. deaths , and the 2007 book Vietnam Sons gives a figure of 58,226 ) Jump up ^ The Military Assistance Advisory Group , Indochina ( with an authorized strength of 128 men ) was set up in September 1950 with a mission to oversee the use and distribution of US military equipment by the French and their allies . Jump up ^ The Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng had previously formed in Nanjing , China , at some point between August 1935 and early 1936 when the non-communist Vietnamese Nationalist Party ( Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng , or Viet Quoc ) , led by Nguyễn Thái Học , and some members of the Indochinese Communist Party ( ICP ) and a number of other Vietnamese nationalist parties formed an anti-imperialist united front . This organisation soon lapsed into inactivity , only to be revived by the ICP and Ho Chi Minh in 1941 . Jump up ^ On 8 March 1965 the first American combat troops , the Third Marine Regiment , Third Marine Division , began landing in Vietnam to protect the Da Nang airport . Notes ^ Jump up to : Moïse 1996 , pp. 3 -- 4 . ^ Jump up to : `` ALLIES OF THE REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM '' . Retrieved 24 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chapter Three : 1957 - 1969 Early Relations between Malaysia and Vietnam '' ( PDF ) . University of Malaya Student Repository . p. 72 . Retrieved 17 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al - Haj ( Profiles of Malaysia 's Foreign Ministers ) '' ( PDF ) . Institute of Diplomacy and Foreign Relations ( IDFR ) , Ministry of Foreign Affairs ( Malaysia ) . 2008 . p. 31 . ISBN 978 - 983 - 2220 - 26 - 8 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 16 October 2015 . Retrieved 17 October 2015 . The Tunku had been personally responsible for Malaya 's partisan support of the South Vietnamese regime in its fight against the Vietcong and , in reply to a Parliamentary question on 6 February 1962 , he had listed all the used weapons and equipment of the Royal Malaya Police given to Saigon . These included a total of 45,707 single - barrel shotguns , 611 armoured cars and smaller numbers of carbines and pistols . Writing in 1975 , he revealed that `` we had clandestinely been giving ' aid ' to Vietnam since early 1958 . Published American archival sources now reveal that the actual Malaysian contributions to the war effort in Vietnam included the following : `` over 5,000 Vietnamese officers trained in Malaysia ; training of 150 U.S. soldiers in handling Tracker Dogs ; a rather impressive list of military equipment and weapons given to Viet - Nam after the end of the Malaysian insurgency ( for example , 641 armored personnel carriers , 56,000 shotguns ) ; and a creditable amount of civil assistance ( transportation equipment , cholera vaccine , and flood relief ) '' . It is undeniable that the Government 's policy of supporting the South Vietnamese regime with arms , equipment and training was regarded by some quarters , especially the Opposition parties , as a form of interfering in the internal affairs of that country and the Tunku 's valiant efforts to defend it were not convincing enough , from a purely foreign policy standpoint . ^ Jump up to : Weil , Thomas E. et . al. Area Handbook for Brazil ( 1975 ) , p. 293 Jump up ^ The Cuban Military Under Castro , 1989 . Page 76 Jump up ^ Cuba in the World , 1979 . Page 66 Jump up ^ `` Cesky a slovensky svet '' . Svet.czsk.net . Retrieved 24 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bilaterální vztahy České republiky a Vietnamské socialistické republiky Mezinárodní vztahy e-Polis -- Internetový politologický časopis '' . E-polis.cz . Retrieved 24 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Foreign Affairs in the 1960s and 1970s '' . Library of Congress . 1992 . Throughout the 1960s and 1970s , Bulgaria gave official military support to many national liberation causes , most notably in the Democratic Republic of Vietnam , ( North Vietnam ) ... Jump up ^ `` Project MUSE - Sailing in the Shadow of the Vietnam War : The GDR Government and the `` Vietnam Bonus '' of the Early 1970s '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Crump 2015 , p. 183 Jump up ^ http://www.historycy.org/index.php?showtopic=36539&st=15 Polish military advisers in North Vietnam ( in Polish ) ^ Jump up to : Radvanyi , Janos ( 1980 ) . `` Vietnam War Diplomacy : Reflections of a Former Iron Curtain Official '' ( PDF ) . Paramaters : Journal of the US Army War College . Carlise Barracks , Pennsylvania . 10 ( 3 ) : 8 -- 15 . Jump up ^ `` Why did Sweden support the Viet Cong ? '' . HistoryNet. 25 July 2013 . Retrieved 20 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sweden announces support to Viet Cong '' . HISTORY.com . Retrieved 20 July 2016 . In Sweden , Foreign Minister Torsten Nilsson reveals that Sweden has been providing assistance to the Viet Cong , including some $550,000 worth of medical supplies . Similar Swedish aid was to go to Cambodian and Laotian civilians affected by the Indochinese fighting . This support was primarily humanitarian in nature and included no military aid . Jump up ^ DoD 1998 Jump up ^ Lawrence 2009 , p. 20 . ^ Jump up to : Olson & Roberts 1991 , p. 67 . ^ Jump up to : Origins of the Insurgency in South Vietnam , 1954 -- 1960 , The Pentagon Papers ( Gravel Edition ) , Volume 1 , Chapter 5 , ( Boston : Beacon Press , 1971 ) , Section 3 , pp. 314 -- 346 ; International Relations Department , Mount Holyoke College . Jump up ^ Le Gro , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Spencer ( 2011 ) . The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War : A Political , Social , and Military History , 2nd Edition . ABC - CLIO . p. xlv . ISBN 9781851099610 . Jump up ^ `` Facts about the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Collection '' . nps.gov . ( citing The first American ground combat troops landed in South Vietnam during March 1965 , specifically the U.S. Third Marine Regiment , Third Marine Division , deployed to Vietnam from Okinawa to defend the Da Nang , Vietnam , airfield . During the height of U.S. military involvement , 31 December 1968 , the breakdown of allied forces were as follows : 536,100 U.S. military personnel , with 30,610 U.S. military having been killed to date ; 65,000 Free World Forces personnel ; 820,000 South Vietnam Armed Forces ( SVNAF ) with 88,343 having been killed to date . At the war 's end , there were approximately 2,200 U.S. missing in action ( MIA ) and prisoners of war ( POW ) . Source : Harry G. Summers Jr . Vietnam War Almanac , Facts on File Publishing , 1985 . ) ^ Jump up to : The A to Z of the Vietnam War . The Scarecrow Press . 2005 . ISBN 9781461719038 . Jump up ^ Vietnam War After Action Reports , BACM Research , 2009 , page 430 Jump up ^ `` China admits 320,000 troops fought in Vietnam '' . Toledo Blade . Reuters. 16 May 1989 . Retrieved 24 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Roy , Denny ( 1998 ) . China 's Foreign Relations . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 27 . ISBN 978 - 0847690138 . ^ Jump up to : Womack , Brantly ( 2006 - 02 - 13 ) . China and Vietnam . ISBN 9780521618342 . Jump up ^ Pham Thi Thu Thuy ( 1 August 2013 ) . `` The colorful history of North Korea - Vietnam relations '' . NK News . Retrieved 3 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Charles Hirschman et al. , `` Vietnamese Casualties During the American War : A New Estimate , '' Population and Development Review , December 1995 . ^ Jump up to : Lewy 1978 , pp. 450 -- 3 . ^ Jump up to : Thayer 1985 , chap. 12 . ^ Jump up to : Aaron Ulrich ( editor ) ; Edward FeuerHerd ( producer and director ) ( 2005 , 2006 ) . Heart of Darkness : The Vietnam War Chronicles 1945 -- 1975 ( Box set , Color , Dolby , DVD - Video , Full Screen , NTSC , Dolby , Vision Software ) ( Documentary ) . Koch Vision . Event occurs at 321 minutes . ISBN 1 - 4172 - 2920 - 9 . Jump up ^ Rummel , R.J ( 1997 ) , `` Table 6.1 A. Vietnam Democide : Estimates , Sources , and Calculations , '' ( GIF ) , Freedom , Democracy , Peace ; Power , Democide , and War , University of Hawaii System ^ Jump up to : Tucker , Spencer E. The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War : A Political , Social , and Military History ABC - CLIO . ISBN 1 - 85109 - 961 - 1 Jump up ^ Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund ( 29 May 2017 ) . `` 3 new names added to Vietnam Veterans Memorial wall '' ( Press release ) . Associated Press . Jump up ^ America 's Wars ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Department of Veterans Affairs . May 2010 . Jump up ^ Anne Leland ; Mari -- Jana `` M-J '' Oboroceanu ( 26 February 2010 ) . American War and Military Operations : Casualties : Lists and Statistics ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Congressional Research Service . Jump up ^ Lawrence 2009 , pp. 65 , 107 , 154 , 217 Jump up ^ Kueter , Dale . Vietnam Sons : For Some , the War Never Ended . AuthorHouse ( 21 March 2007 ) . ISBN 978 - 1425969318 Jump up ^ `` Australian casualties in the Vietnam War , 1962 -- 72 Australian War Memorial '' . Awm.gov.au . Retrieved 29 June 2013 . Jump up ^ The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War : A Political , Social , and Military History By Spencer C. Tucker `` https://books.google.com/?id=qh5lffww-KsC '' Jump up ^ `` Overview of the war in Vietnam VietnamWar.govt.nz , New Zealand and the Vietnam War '' . Vietnamwar.govt.nz. 16 July 1965 . Archived from the original on 26 July 2013 . Retrieved 29 June 2013 . Jump up ^ ( ( cite web url = http://militaryhistorynow.com/2013/10/02/the-international-vietnam-war-the-other-world-powers-that-fought-in-south-east-asia/%7Ctitle=America Was n't the Only Foreign Power in the Vietnam War accessdate = 10 June 2017 deadurl = no Jump up ^ `` Chapter III : The Philippines '' . History.army.mil . Archived from the original on 29 October 2013 . Retrieved 24 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Asian Allies in Vietnam '' ( PDF ) . Embassy of South Vietnam . March 1970 . Retrieved 18 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Associated Press , 3 April 1995 , `` Vietnam Says 1.1 Million Died Fighting For North . '' Jump up ^ Soames , John . A History of the World , Routledge , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` North Korea fought in Vietnam War '' . BBC News . 31 March 2000 . Retrieved 18 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Shenon , Philip ( 23 April 1995 ) . `` 20 Years After Victory , Vietnamese Communists Ponder How to Celebrate '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 24 February 2011 . The Vietnamese government officially claimed a rough estimate of 2 million civilian deaths , but it did not divide these deaths between those of North and South Vietnam . Jump up ^ `` fifty years of violent war deaths : data analysis from the world health survey program : BMJ '' . 23 April 2008 . Retrieved 5 January 2013 . From 1955 to 2002 , data from the surveys indicated an estimated 5.4 million violent war deaths ... 3.8 million in Vietnam ^ Jump up to : Obermeyer , Murray & Gakidou 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Heuveline , Patrick ( 2001 ) . `` The Demographic Analysis of Mortality in Cambodia '' . Forced Migration and Mortality . National Academy Press . pp. 102 -- 104 , 120 , 124 . ISBN 9780309073349 . As best as can now be estimated , over two million Cambodians died during the 1970s because of the political events of the decade , the vast majority of them during the mere four years of the ' Khmer Rouge ' regime ... Subsequent reevaluations of the demographic data situated the death toll for the ( civil war ) in the order of 300,000 or less . ^ Jump up to : Banister , Judith ; Johnson , E. Paige ( 1993 ) . `` After the Nightmare : The Population of Cambodia '' . Genocide and Democracy in Cambodia : The Khmer Rouge , the United Nations and the International Community . Yale University Southeast Asia Studies . p. 87 . ISBN 9780938692492 . An estimated 275,000 excess deaths . We have modeled the highest mortality we can justify for the early 1970s . ^ Jump up to : Sliwinski estimates 240,000 wartime deaths , of which 40,000 were caused by U.S. bombing . ( Sliwinski 1995 , p. 48 ) . He characterizes other estimates ranging from 600,000 -- 700,000 as `` the most extreme evaluations '' ( p. 42 ) . Jump up ^ Factasy . `` The Vietnam War or Second Indochina War '' . PRLog . Retrieved 29 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Vietnam War '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 5 March 2008 . Meanwhile , the United States , its military demoralized and its civilian electorate deeply divided , began a process of coming to terms with defeat in its longest and most controversial war Jump up ^ Lind , Michael ( 1999 ) . `` Vietnam , The Necessary War : A Reinterpretation of America 's Most Disastrous Military Conflict '' . New York Times . Retrieved 17 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Digital History ; Steven Mintz . `` The Vietnam War '' . Digitalhistory.uh.edu . Archived from the original on 30 October 2011 . Retrieved 31 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Major General George S. Eckhardt , Vietnam Studies Command and Control 1950 -- 1969 , Department of the Army , Washington , D.C. ( 1991 ) , p. 6 Jump up ^ Vietnam War Statistics and Facts 1 , 25th Aviation Battalion website . Jump up ^ Thee , Marek ( 1976 ) . `` The Indochina Wars : Great Power Involvement - Escalation and Disengagement '' . Journal of Peace Research . Sage Publications . 13 ( 2 ) : 117 . ISSN 1460 - 3578 . JSTOR 423343 . doi : 10.1177 / 002234337601300204 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Kolko 1985 , pp. 457 , 461ff . Jump up ^ Moore , Harold . G and Joseph L. Galloway We Are Soldiers Still : A Journey Back to the Battlefields of Vietnam ( p. 57 ) . Jump up ^ `` Asian - Nation : Asian American History , Demographics , & Issues : : The American / Viet Nam War '' . Retrieved 18 August 2008 . The Viet Nam War is also called ' The American War ' by the Vietnamese Jump up ^ Tucker , Spencer C. ( 2011 ) The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War : A Political , Social , and Military History ABC - CLIO . ISBN 1 - 85109 - 961 - 1 , p. xli Jump up ^ Ooi , Keat Gin . Southeast Asia : a historical encyclopedia , from Angkor Wat to East Timor . ABC - CLIO ; 2004 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 770 - 2 . p. 520 . Jump up ^ Rai , Lajpat . Social Science . FK Publications ; ISBN 978 - 81 - 89611 - 12 - 5 . p. 22 . Jump up ^ Dommen , Arthur J. The Indochinese experience of the French and the Americans : nationalism and communism in Cambodia , Laos , and Vietnam . Indiana University Press ; 2001 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 33854 - 9 . p. 4 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Neale 2001 , p. 3 . ^ Jump up to : Neale 2001 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Sophie Quinn - Judge ( 2003 ) . Ho Chi Minh : the missing years , 1919 -- 1941 . C. Hurst . pp. 212 -- 213 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85065 - 658 - 6 . Jump up ^ Tucker 1999 , p. 42 Jump up ^ Brocheux 2007 , p. 198 Jump up ^ Neale 2001 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Koh , David ( 21 August 2008 ) . `` Vietnam needs to remember famine of 1945 '' . The Straits Times . Singapore . Jump up ^ Neale 2001 , pp. 18 -- 9 . ^ Jump up to : Kolko 1985 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Neale 2001 , p. 19 . ^ Jump up to : Neale 2001 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Interview with Carleton Swift , 1981 , http://openvault.wgbh.org/catalog/vietnam-9dc948-interview-with-carleton-swift Jump up ^ Stuart - Fox 1997 , p. . Jump up ^ Interview with Archimedes L.A. Patti , 1981 , http://openvault.wgbh.org/catalog/vietnam-bf3262-interview-with-archimedes-l-a-patti-1981 Jump up ^ Kolko 1985 , p. 37 . Jump up ^ Dommen , Arthur J. ( 2001 ) , The Indochinese Experience of the French and the Americans , Indiana University Press , pg. 120 . `` According to one estimate , 15,000 nationalists were massacred '' in the summer of 1946 ( pg. 154 ) . In addition , `` 100,000 to 150,000 ( civilians ) had been assassinated by the Viet Minh '' by the end of the First Indochina war ( pg. 252 ) . Jump up ^ `` ベトナム 独立 戦争 参加 日本 人 の 事跡 に 基づく 日 越 の あり方 に関する 研究 '' ( PDF ) . 井川 一久 . Tokyo foundation . October 2005 . Retrieved 10 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 日 越 関係 発展 の 方途 を 探る 研究 ヴェトナム 独立 戦争 参加 日本 人 ― その 実態 と 日 越 両国 にとって の 歴史 的 意味 ― '' ( PDF ) . 井川 一久 . Tokyo foundation . May 2006 . Retrieved 10 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Willbanks 2009 , p. 8 ^ Jump up to : Neale 2001 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Neale 2001 , pp. 23 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Willbanks 2009 , p. 9 Jump up ^ `` Franco - Vietnam Agreement of March 6th , 1946 '' . Vietnamgear.com. 6 March 1946 . Retrieved 29 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pentagon Papers , Gravel Edition , Chapter ! , Section 2 '' . Mtholyoke.edu . Retrieved 29 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Peter Dennis ( 1987 ) . Troubled days of peace : Mountbatten and South East Asia command , 1945 -- 46 . Manchester University Press ND . p. 179 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7190 - 2205 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Neale 2001 , p. 25 . ^ Jump up to : McNamara 1999 , pp. 377 -- 9 . Jump up ^ `` The Vietnam War Seeds of Conflict 1945 -- 1960 '' . The History Place . Retrieved 13 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Pentagon Papers , Gravel , ed , Chapter 2 , ' U.S. Involvement in the Franco - Viet Minh War ' , p. 54 . ^ Jump up to : Ang , Cheng Guan , The Vietnam War from the Other Side , p. 14 . Routledge ( 2002 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` The History Place -- Vietnam War 1945 -- 1960 '' . Retrieved 11 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Herring 2001 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Zinn , A People 's History of the United States , p. 471 . ^ Jump up to : Vietnam The Ten Thousand Day War , Thames 1981 , Michael Maclear , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Vietnam at War : The History : 1946 -- 1975 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 506792 - 7 , p. 263 . Jump up ^ Dien Bien Phu , Air Force Magazine 87 : 8 , August 2004 . ^ Jump up to : Tucker 1999 , p. 76 Jump up ^ The U.S. Navy : a history , Naval Institute Press , 1997 , Nathan Miller , ISBN 978 - 1 - 55750 - 595 - 8 , pp. 67 -- 68 . Jump up ^ The Pentagon Papers . Gravel , ed. vol. 1 , pp. 391 -- 404 . Jump up ^ Press release by the Embassy of the Republic of Vietnam , quoted from the Washington , D.C. press and Information Service , vol I. no . 18 ( 22 July 1955 ) and no . 20 ( 18 August 1955 ) , in Chapter 19 of Gettleman , Franklin and Young , Vietnam and America : A Documented History , pp. 103 -- 105 . Jump up ^ Jacobs , pp. 45 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Fall 1967 , p. . Jump up ^ Vietnam Divided by B.S.N. Murti , Asian Publishing House , 1964 . Jump up ^ Turner 1975 , p. 102 . Jump up ^ Karnow 1997 , p. 238 . Jump up ^ Kolko 1985 , p. 98 . Jump up ^ 1 Pentagon Papers ( The Senator Gravel Edition ) , 247 , 328 ( Boston , Beacon Press , 1971 ) . Jump up ^ John Prados , `` The Numbers Game : How Many Vietnamese Fled South In 1954 ? '' . The VVA Veteran ( January / February 2005 ) . Archived from the original on 27 May 2006 . Retrieved 11 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Turner 1975 , p. 143 . Jump up ^ cf . Gittinger , J. Price , `` Communist Land Policy in Viet Nam '' , Far Eastern Survey , Vol. 29 , No. 8 , 1957 , p. 118 . Jump up ^ Courtois , Stephane ; et al. ( 1997 ) . The Black Book of Communism . Harvard University Press . p. 569 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 07608 - 2 . Jump up ^ Dommen , Arthur J. ( 2001 ) , The Indochinese Experience of the French and the Americans , Indiana University Press , p. 340 , gives a lower estimate of 32,000 executions . Jump up ^ `` Newly released documents on the land reform '' . Vietnam Studies Group . Archived from the original on 20 April 2011 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 15 . Vu Tuong : There is no reason to expect , and no evidence that I have seen to demonstrate , that the actual executions were less than planned ; in fact the executions perhaps exceeded the plan if we consider two following factors . First , this decree was issued in 1953 for the rent and interest reduction campaign that preceded the far more radical land redistribution and party rectification campaigns ( or waves ) that followed during 1954 - 1956 . Second , the decree was meant to apply to free areas ( under the control of the Viet Minh government ) , not to the areas under French control that would be liberated in 1954 - 1955 and that would experience a far more violent struggle . Thus the number of 13,500 executed people seems to be a low - end estimate of the real number . This is corroborated by Edwin Moise in his recent paper `` Land Reform in North Vietnam , 1953 - 1956 '' presented at the 18th Annual Conference on SE Asian Studies , Center for SE Asian Studies , University of California , Berkeley ( February 2001 ) . In this paper Moise ( 7 - 9 ) modified his earlier estimate in his 1983 book ( which was 5,000 ) and accepted an estimate close to 15,000 executions . Moise made the case based on Hungarian reports provided by Balazs , but the document I cited above offers more direct evidence for his revised estimate . This document also suggests that the total number should be adjusted up some more , taking into consideration the later radical phase of the campaign , the unauthorized killings at the local level , and the suicides following arrest and torture ( the central government bore less direct responsibility for these cases , however ) . cf . Szalontai , Balazs ( November 2005 ) . `` Political and Economic Crisis in North Vietnam , 1955 -- 56 '' . Cold War History . 5 ( 4 ) : 395 -- 426 . doi : 10.1080 / 14682740500284630 . cf . Vu , Tuong ( 2010 ) . Paths to Development in Asia : South Korea , Vietnam , China , and Indonesia . Cambridge University Press . p. 103 . ISBN 9781139489010 . Clearly Vietnamese socialism followed a moderate path relative to China ... Yet the Vietnamese ' land reform ' campaign ... testified that Vietnamese communists could be as radical and murderous as their comrades elsewhere . Jump up ^ Appy 2006 , pp. 46 -- 7 . Jump up ^ The Pentagon Papers ( 1971 ) , Beacon Press , vol. 3 , p. 134 . Jump up ^ The Pentagon Papers ( 1971 ) , Beacon Press , vol. 3 , p. 119 . ^ Jump up to : The Pentagon Papers ( 1971 ) , Beacon Press , vol. 3 , p. 140 . Jump up ^ The Pentagon Papers ( 1971 ) , Beacon Press , vol. 3 , pp. 570 -- 71 . Jump up ^ Dwight D. Eisenhower . Mandate for Change . Garden City , New Jersey . Doubleday & Company , 1963 , p. 372 . Jump up ^ Turner , Robert F. ( 1990 ) . `` Myths and Realities in the Vietnam Debate '' . The Vietnam Debate : A Fresh Look at the Arguments . University Press of America . ISBN 9780819174161 . Jump up ^ Woodruff 2005 , p. 6 states : `` The elections were not held . South Vietnam , which had not signed the Geneva Accords , did not believe the Communists in North Vietnam would allow a fair election . In January 1957 , the International Control Commission ( ICC ) , comprising observers from India , Poland , and Canada , agreed with this perception , reporting that neither South nor North Vietnam had honored the armistice agreement . With the French gone , a return to the traditional power struggle between north and south had begun again . '' Jump up ^ Karnow 1997 , p. 224 . Jump up ^ Gerdes ( ed . ) Examining Issues Through Political Cartoons : The Vietnam War p. 19 . Jump up ^ Turner 1975 , pp. 193 -- 4 , 202 -- 3 , 215 -- 7 Jump up ^ McNamara 1999 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ John F. Kennedy . `` America 's Stakes in Vietnam '' . Speech to the American Friends of Vietnam , June 1956 . Archived 26 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ McNamara 1999 , pp. 200 -- 1 . Jump up ^ `` The Pentagon Papers Gravel Edition Volume 1 , Chapter 5 , `` Origins of the Insurgency in South Vietnam , 1954 -- 1960 '' `` . Mtholyoke.edu . Retrieved 31 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Kolko 1985 , p. 89 . ^ Jump up to : Karnow 1997 , p. 230 . Jump up ^ Excerpts from Law 10 / 59 , 6 May 1959 . Jump up ^ Marilyn Young , The Vietnam Wars : 1945 -- 1990 ( New York : Harper Perennial , 1991 ) , p. 73 ^ Jump up to : Ang , Cheng Guan ( 2002 ) . The Vietnam War from the Other Side . RoutledgeCurzon . pp. 16 , 58 , 76 . ISBN 0 - 7007 - 1615 - 7 . Jump up ^ Olson & Roberts 1991 , p. 67 . This decision was made at the 11th Plenary Session of the Lao Dong Central Committee . Jump up ^ Military History Institute of Vietnam , ( 2002 ) Victory in Vietnam : The Official History of the People 's Army of Vietnam , 1954 -- 1975 , translated by Merle L. Pribbenow . University Press of Kansas . p. 68 . ISBN 0 - 7006 - 1175 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` The History Place -- Vietnam War 1945 -- 1960 '' . Retrieved 11 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Victory in Vietnam , p. xi . Jump up ^ Prados 2006 . Jump up ^ Karnow 1997 , p. 264 . Jump up ^ The Avalon Project at Yale Law School . Inaugural Address of John F. Kennedy . Jump up ^ Karnow 1997 , p. 265 : `` Kennedy sidestepped Laos , whose rugged terrain was no battleground for American soldiers . '' Jump up ^ The case of John F. Kennedy and Vietnam Presidential Studies Quarterly . Jump up ^ Mann , Robert . A Grand Delusion , Basic Books , 2002 . Jump up ^ Karnow 1997 , p. 267 . Jump up ^ VTF 1969 , IV . B. 4. , pp. 1 -- 2 Jump up ^ McNamara 1999 , p. 369 . Jump up ^ John Kenneth Galbraith . `` Memorandum to President Kennedy from John Kenneth Galbraith on Vietnam , 4 April 1962 . '' The Pentagon Papers . Gravel . ed . Boston , Massachusetts Beacon Press , 1971 , vol. 2 . pp. 669 -- 671 . Jump up ^ `` Vietnam War '' . Swarthmore College Peace Collection . Archived from the original on 3 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2011 , p. 1070 . ^ Jump up to : International Agreement on the Neutrality of Laos . Jump up ^ Sheehan 1989 , pp. 201 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Live interview by John Bartlow Martin . Was Kennedy Planning to Pull out of Vietnam ? New York City . John F. Kennedy Library , 1964 , Tape V , Reel 1 . Jump up ^ James Gibson , The Perfect War : Technowar in Vietnam ( Boston / New York : The Atlantic Monthly Press , 1986 ) , p. 88 . Jump up ^ Karnow 1997 , p. 326 . Jump up ^ Karnow 1997 , p. 327 . Jump up ^ FRUS , Foreign Relations of the United States , 1961 -- 1963 , Vol. IV , Vietnam , August -- December 1863 , Document 304 , https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v04/d304 Jump up ^ McNamara 1999 , p. 328 . ^ Jump up to : Demma 1989 . Jump up ^ Blaufarb 1977 , p. 119 . Jump up ^ Herring 2001 , p. 103 . Jump up ^ Schandler 2009 , p. 36 Jump up ^ U.S. Special Forces : A Guide to America 's Special Operations Units : the World 's Most Elite Fighting Force , By Samuel A. Southworth , Stephen Tanner , Published by Da Capo Press , 2002 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 81165 - 4 . Jump up ^ Shooting at the Moon by Roger Warner -- The history of CIA / IAD 'S 15 - year involvement in conducting the secret war in Laos , 1960 -- 1975 , and the career of CIA PMCO ( paramilitary case officer ) Bill Lair . Jump up ^ Karnow 1997 , pp. 336 -- 9 . Johnson viewed many members that he inherited from Kennedy 's cabinet with distrust because he had never penetrated their circle during Kennedy 's presidency ; to Johnson 's mind , those like W. Averell Harriman and Dean Acheson spoke a different language . Jump up ^ Shortly after the assassination of Kennedy , when McGeorge Bundy called LBJ on the phone , LBJ responded : `` Goddammit , Bundy . I 've told you that when I want you I 'll call you . '' Brian VanDeMark , Into the Quagmire ( New York : Oxford University Press , 1995 ) , 13 . Jump up ^ Karnow 1997 , p. 339 . Before a small group , including Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. , the new president also said , `` We should stop playing cops and robbers ( a reference to Diệm 's failed leadership ) and get back to ... winning the war ... tell the generals in Saigon that Lyndon Johnson intends to stand by our word ... ( to ) win the contest against the externally directed and supported Communist conspiracy . '' Jump up ^ Karnow 1997 , p. 339 : `` At a place called Hoa Phu , for example , the strategic hamlet built during the previous summer now looked like it had been hit by a hurricane ... Speaking through an interpreter , a local guard explained to me that a handful of Viet Cong agents had entered the hamlet one night and told the peasants to tear it down and return to their native villages . The peasants complied without question . '' ^ Jump up to : Hunt , Michael ( 2016 ) . The World Transformed - 1945 to the Present . New York City : Oxford . pp. 169 -- 171 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 937102 - 0 . Jump up ^ Karnow 1997 , p. 340 . Jump up ^ Karnow 1997 , p. 341 . Jump up ^ Kolko 1985 , p. 124 . Jump up ^ Kutler 1996 , p. 249 . Jump up ^ Moïse 1996 , p. 78 . ^ Jump up to : Healy 2009 , p. 91 . Jump up ^ Palmer 1978 , p. 882 . Jump up ^ Scott Shane ( 31 October 2005 ) . `` Vietnam Study , Casting Doubts , Remains Secret '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 13 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Gerdes ( ed . ) Examining Issues Through Political Cartoons : The Vietnam War p. 25 . Jump up ^ Herring 2001 , p. 121 . ^ Jump up to : The United States in Vietnam : An analysis in depth of the history of America 's involvement in Vietnam by George McTurnan Kahin and John W. Lewis , Delta Books , 1967 . Jump up ^ Hubbel , John G. ( November 1968 ) . `` The Blood - Red Hands of Ho Chi Minh '' . Readers Digest : 61 -- 67 . Jump up ^ Simon , Dennis M. ( August 2002 ) . `` The War in Vietnam , 1965 -- 1968 '' . Archived from the original on 26 April 2009 . Retrieved 7 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Nalty 1998 , pp. 97 , 261 . Jump up ^ Earl L. Tilford , Setup : What the Air Force did in Vietnam and Why . Maxwell Air Force Base AL : Air University Press , 1991 , p. 89 . Jump up ^ Karnow 1997 , p. 468 . ^ Jump up to : Courtwright 2005 , p. 210 . Jump up ^ Gen. Curtis E LeMay . Jump up ^ `` Generations Divide Over Military Action in Iraq '' . Pew Research Center . October 2002 . ( archived from the original on 2 February 2008 ) . ( The archived link is dead , and the original link is towards another article . ) Jump up ^ Young 1991 , p. 172 . Jump up ^ McNamara 1999 , p. 48 . ^ Jump up to : McNamara 1999 , pp. 349 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Moyar 2006 , p. 339 Jump up ^ McNeill 1993 , p. 58 . Jump up ^ McNeill 1993 , p. 94 . Jump up ^ U.S. Department of Defense , U.S. - Vietnam Relations vol. 4 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ McNamara 1999 , p. 353 . Jump up ^ U.S. Department of Defense , U.S. -- Vietnam Relations vol. 5 , pp. 8 -- 9 . Jump up ^ U.S. Department of Defense , U.S. - Vietnam Relations vol. 4 , pp 117 -- 119 . and vol. 5 , pp. 8 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Public Papers of the Presidents , 1965 . Washington , D.C. Government Printing Office , 1966 , vol. 2 , pp. 794 -- 799 . ^ Jump up to : McNamara 1999 , pp. 353 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Karnow 1997 , p. 453 . ^ Jump up to : Karnow 1997 , p. 556 . Jump up ^ Peter Church . ed . A Short History of South - East Asia . Singapore , John Wiley & Sons , 2006 , p. 193 . Jump up ^ Karnow 1997 , p. 706 . Jump up ^ Jewett , Russell ( 2014 ) . Northern I Corps - Vietnam : A Corpsman 's Story . Ft Bragg , California : Blurb . ^ Jump up to : Karnow 1997 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ McNamara 1999 , pp. 363 -- 365 . Jump up ^ Stephen T. Hosmer ( 1970 ) , Viet Cong Repression and its Implications for the Future ( Rand Corporation ) , pp. 72 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Kolko 1985 , pp. 308 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Villard , Erik B. , The 1968 Tet Offensive Battles of Quang Tri City and Hue , U.S. Army Center of Military History , Washington , D.C. , ( 2008 ) ^ Jump up to : Ankony , Robert C. , Lurps : A Ranger 's Diary of Tet , Khe Sanh , A Shau , and Quang Tri , Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group , Landham , MD , ( 2009 ) : p. 104 Jump up ^ Villard , Erik B. , The 1968 Tet Offensive Battles of Quang Tri City and Hue , U.S. Army Center of Military History , Washington , D.C. , ( 2008 ) : p. 82 ^ Jump up to : `` The Guardians at the Gate '' , Time 7 January 1966 , vol. 87 , no. 1 . Jump up ^ Stanley Karnow , Vietnam : A History ( New York : Penguin , 1986 ) , p. 546 ^ Jump up to : Witz The Tet Offensive : Intelligence Failure in War pp. 1 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Larry Berman . Lyndon Johnson 's War . New York , W.W. Norton , 1991 , p. 116 . Jump up ^ Harold P. Ford . CIA and the Vietnam Policymakers pp. 104 -- 123 . Jump up ^ Keyes , Ralph ( 2006 ) . The Quote Verifier : Who Said What , Where , and When . St. Martin 's Griffin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 34004 - 9 . Jump up ^ Survivors Hunt Dead of Bentre , Turned to Rubble in Allied Raids nytimes.com . Jump up ^ `` Peter Arnett : Whose Man in Baghdad ? '' , Mona Charen , Jewish World Review , 1 April 2003 . Jump up ^ Moore , Frazier ( 18 July 2009 ) . `` Cronkite , who defined the role of anchor , dies at 92 '' . News Observer . Associated Press . Archived from the original on 6 November 2013 . Retrieved 31 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Oberdorfer 2001 , p. 251 . Jump up ^ Winfrey , Lee ; Schaffer , Michael D. ( 17 July 2009 ) . `` Walter Cronkite dies '' . Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved 18 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Wicker , Tom ( 26 January 1997 ) . `` Broadcast News '' . New York Times . Retrieved 1 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Sorely 1999 , pp. 11 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Gerdes ( ed . ) Examining Issues Through Political Cartoons : The Vietnam War p. 27 . ^ Jump up to : Command Magazine Issue 18 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ McNamara 1999 , pp. 366 -- 7 . ^ Jump up to : `` Vietnamization : 1970 Year in Review '' . Upi.com. 27 October 2011 . Archived from the original on 31 August 2011 . Retrieved 31 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ho Chi Minh Dies of Heart Attack in Hanoi '' . The Times . 4 September 1969 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Jeff Stein , Murder in Wartime : The Untold Spy Story that Changed the Course of the Vietnam War . ( New York : St. Martin 's Press , 1992 ) 60 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Seals , Bob ( 2007 ) The `` Green Beret Affair '' : A Brief Introduction . Jump up ^ Sihanouk , Prince Norodom . `` Cambodia Neutral : The Dictates of Necessity '' . Foreign Affairs . 1958 : 582 -- 583 . Jump up ^ They were : Senators John C. Stennis ( MS ) and Richard B. Russell Jr . ( GA ) and Representatives Lucius Mendel Rivers ( SC ) , Gerald R. Ford ( MI ) , and Leslie C. Arends ( IL ) . Arends and Ford were leaders of the Republican minority and the other three were Democrats on either the Armed Services or Appropriations committees . Jump up ^ Dmitry Mosyakov , `` The Khmer Rouge and the Vietnamese Communists : A History of Their Relations as Told in the Soviet Archives '' , in Susan E. Cook , ed. , Genocide in Cambodia and Rwanda ( Yale Genocide Studies Program Monograph Series No. 1 , 2004 ) , p. 54 ff . Available online at : www.yale.edu/gsp/publications/Mosyakov.doc `` In April -- May 1970 , many North Vietnamese forces entered Cambodia in response to the call for help addressed to Vietnam not by Pol Pot , but by his deputy Nuon Chea . Nguyen Co Thach recalls : `` Nuon Chea has asked for help and we have liberated five provinces of Cambodia in ten days . '' Jump up ^ Joe Angio . Nixon a Presidency Revealed . Television Documentary , The History Channel , 15 February 2007 . Jump up ^ USA.gov ( February 1997 ) . `` The Pentagon Papers Case '' . EJournal USA . 2 ( 1 ) . Archived from the original on 12 January 2008 . Retrieved 27 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Karnow 1997 , pp. 644 -- 5 . Jump up ^ `` 11 . The U.S. Army in Vietnam from Tet to the Final Withdrawal , 1968 -- 1975 '' . American Military History , Volume II , The United states Army in a Global Era , 1917 -- 2003 . United States Army Center of Military History . pp. 349 -- 350 . Jump up ^ Ronald H. Spector . `` Vietnam War ( 1954 -- 75 ) '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Archived from the original on 20 May 2014 . Retrieved 20 May 2014 . Jump up ^ G. Herring , America 's Longest War ( 2nd ed. , 1986 ) , p. 260 . Jump up ^ Peter Church , ed . A Short History of South - East Asia . Singapore . John Wiley & Sons , 2006 , pp. 193 -- 194 . Jump up ^ Lunch , W. & Sperlich , P. ( 1979 ) . The Western Political Quarterly . 32 ( 1 ) . pp. 21 -- 44 Jump up ^ Louis B. Zimmer , The Vietnam War Debate ; pp. 54 -- 55 ; Hardcover : 430 pages ; Publisher : Lexington Books ( 13 October 2011 ) ; ISBN 0739137697 . Jump up ^ Louis B. Zimmer , The Vietnam War Debate ; pp. 53 -- 54 ; Hardcover : 430 pages ; Publisher : Lexington Books ( 13 October 2011 ) ; ISBN 0739137697 . Jump up ^ Videorecording of entire debate proceedings available at the Museum of Radio and Television in New York City . Jump up ^ 1969 : Millions march in US Vietnam Moratorium . BBC On This Day . Jump up ^ Jennings & Brewster 1998 : 413 . Jump up ^ Bob Fink . `` Vietnam -- A View from the Walls : a History of the Vietnam Anti-War Movement '' . Greenwich Publishing . Jump up ^ `` History Lesson 8 : Refugees From Vietnam and Cambodia '' , Immigration in US history , Constitutional Rights Foundation Jump up ^ Stanton 2003 , p. 240 Jump up ^ Willbanks 2009 , p. 110 Jump up ^ `` Facts about the Vietnam Veterans memorial collection '' . NPS.gov. 2010 . Retrieved 26 April 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Karnow 1997 , pp. 672 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Karnow 1997 , pp. 670 -- 2 . Jump up ^ `` This Day in History 1974 : Thieu announces war has resumed '' . History.com . Retrieved 17 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Karnow 1997 , p. 676 . Jump up ^ Clark Dougan , David Fulgham et al. , The Fall of the South . Boston : Boston Publishing Company , 1985 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ The End of the Vietnam War , 30 Years Ago Archived 12 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine . by Gabriel Kolko , CounterPunch 30 April / 1 May 2005 . Jump up ^ Tucker 1999 , p. 29 Jump up ^ U.S. POWER IN ASIA HAS GROWN SINCE VIETNAM by Leslie H. Gelb , The New York Times , April 18 , 1985 Jump up ^ Qiang Zhai , China and the Vietnam Wars , 1950 -- 1975 , University of North Carolina Press , pp. 54 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Qiang Zhai ( 2000 ) , China and the Vietnam Wars , 1950 -- 1975 , University of North Carolina Press , p. 135 Jump up ^ Chen Jian , `` China 's Involvement in the Vietnam War : 1964 to 1969 '' , Cambridge University Press , 2012 , p. 379 . Citing `` Wenhua dageming zhong de jiefangjun '' by Li Ke and Hao Shengzhang , p. 416 Jump up ^ Ang , Cheng Guan , Ending the Vietnam War : The Vietnamese Communists ' Perspective , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Bezlova , Antoaneta , China haunted by Khmer Rouge links , Asia Times , 21 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Truong 1985 , p. 168 Jump up ^ AP ( 2010 ) . `` Soviet Involvement in the Vietnam War '' . historicaltextarchive.com . Associated Press . Retrieved 27 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Oleg Sarin and Lev Dvoretsky ( 1996 ) , Alien Wars : The Soviet Union 's Aggressions Against the World , 1919 to 1989 , Presidio Press , pp. 93 -- 4 . Jump up ^ `` Asia Times -- Russian missiles to guard skies over Vietnam '' . Atimes.com. 5 September 2003 . Retrieved 24 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Soviet rocketeer : After our arrival in Vietnam , American pilots refused to fly '' ( in Russian ) . RU : rus. ruvr. 29 January 2010 . Retrieved 26 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Asia Times , 18 August 2006 , Richard M Bennett Missiles and madness . Jump up ^ Pribbenow , Merle ( 2003 ) . `` The ' Ology War : technology and ideology in the defense of Hanoi , 1967 '' . Journal of Military History . 67 ( 1 ) : 183 . Jump up ^ Gluck , Caroline ( 7 July 2001 ) . `` N Korea admits Vietnam war role '' . BBC News . Retrieved 19 October 2006 . ; also see `` North Korea fought in Vietnam War '' . BBC News . 31 March 2000 . Retrieved 19 October 2006 . ; also see `` North Korea honours Vietnam war dead '' . BBC News . 12 July 2001 . Retrieved 19 October 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Vietnam agradece apoyo cubano durante guerra ( Vietnam say thanks for Cuban support during the war , in Spanish ) '' . Revista Vietnam . Retrieved 2 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Castro , Fidel . `` CUBA y VIETNAM : discurso de Fidel Castro en apoyo del F.N.L. ( Cuba and Vietnam , speech of Fidel Castro in support of NFL , in Spanish ) '' . Ruinas Digitales . Retrieved 2 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cubanos y vietnamitas conmemoran aniversarios de victorias '' . Cuba Diplomática ( Diplomatic Cuba ) . Embajada de Cuba en Vietnam ( Cuban Embassy in Vietnam ) . Retrieved 2 August 2015 . Jump up ^ AII POW - MIA Cuban Torture Archived 15 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine ... Aiipowmia.com ( 8 November 1999 ) . Retrieved 6 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Cuban General Lies Repeatedly About Torturing U.S. POWs . Latinamericanstudies.org ( 11 December 1978 ) . Retrieved 6 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Former U.S. POWs detail torture by Cubans in Vietnam . Autentico.org ( 22 August 1999 ) . Retrieved 6 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Facts of the Cuban Program . Miafacts.org . Retrieved 6 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Cuba Program Research Paper . Vietnam and All Veterans of Florida . Retrieved 6 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Castro denies McCain 's torture claim -- World news -- Americas -- Focus on Cuba . MSNBC ( 19 April 1959 ) . Retrieved 6 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Testimony of Michael D. Benge before the House International Relations Committee Chaired by the Honorable Benjamin A. Gilman Archived 4 March 2010 at the Wayback Machine. , 4 November 1999 Jump up ^ dT ( ) ; ( 11 September 2008 ) . `` Photo exhibition on Fidel Castro 's visit in 1973 '' . VietnamPlus . Retrieved 29 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Chang , Jae Baik ( 2011 ) . The Park Chung Hee Era : The Transformation of South Korea . Harvard University Press . p. 409 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 05820 - 8 . Jump up ^ Stanton , ' Vietnam Order of Battle ' . Jump up ^ `` ROK Army and Marines prove to be rock - solid fighters and allies in Vietnam War '' . Archived from the original on 28 September 2007 . Retrieved 3 February 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1965 년 전투병 베트남 파병 의결 '' . Donga Ilbo. 2 July 2008 . Retrieved 17 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Leepson 1999 , p. 209 . ^ Jump up to : Dennis et al 2008 , pp. 555 -- 558 . Jump up ^ McGibbon 2000 , pp. 561 -- 566 . Jump up ^ `` Vietnam War 1962 -- 1972 '' . Encyclopaedia . Australian War Memorial . Retrieved 1 July 2006 . Jump up ^ McGibbon 2000 , p. 539 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Gerald ( January 2009 ) . Subic bay : from Magellan to Pinatubo . CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform . ISBN 1441444521 . Jump up ^ Karnow , Stanley ( 1990 ) . In Our Image : America 's Empire in the Philippines . Ballantine books . ISBN 0345328167 . Jump up ^ Utts , Thomas . GI Joe Does n't Live Here Anymore : A History of Clark Air Base , America 's Mighty Air Force Bastion in the Philippines . University of Michigan . Jump up ^ Booth , John A. and Thomas W. Walker . Understanding Central America . Westview Press . ISBN 0 - 8133 - 0002 - 9 Page 31 . Jump up ^ Washington Post Obituary : `` Alfredo Stroessner ; Paraguayan Dictator . '' Jump up ^ Edelgard Elsbeth Mahant ; Graeme S. Mount ( 1999 ) . Invisible and inaudible in Washington : American policies toward Canada . UBC Press . p. 50 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7748 - 0703 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Quiet Complicity : Canadian Involvement in the Vietnam War , by Victor Levant ( 1986 ) . '' . The Canadian Encyclopedia . Archived from the original on 30 September 2007 . Retrieved 15 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Quiet Complicity : Canadian Involvement in the Vietnam War '' . Review by The Manitoba Historical Society . Retrieved 15 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Vietnam War '' . The Canadian Encyclopedia . Archived from the original on 26 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Gary D. Solis ( 15 February 2010 ) . The Law of Armed Conflict : International Humanitarian Law in War . Cambridge University Press . pp. 301 -- 303 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 139 - 48711 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Nick Turse ; Deborah Nelson ( 6 August 2006 ) . `` Civilian Killings Went Unpunished '' . latimes.com . Retrieved 14 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Palmer , James ( 27 September 2012 ) . `` US army continues to avoid legacy of concealed Vietnam crimes '' . Global Times . Jump up ^ Greiner 2010 , p. 78 Jump up ^ 16 November 2003 , `` The Vietnam War Crimes You Never Heard Of '' , Nick Turse , History News Network Jump up ^ Lewis M. Simons . `` Free Fire Zones '' . Crimes of War . Retrieved 5 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Westheider 2007 , p. 19 ^ Jump up to : Rummel , Rudolph , Statistics of Vietnamese Democide , in his Statistics of Democide , 1997 . ^ Jump up to : Turse 2013 , p. 251 . Jump up ^ Kevin Buckley `` Pacification 's Deadly Price '' , ( Newsweek , 19 June 1972 , pp. 42 -- 43 ) Jump up ^ Rummel , R.J. `` Statistics of Vietnamese Democide '' ( 1 ) , accessed 30 Oct 75 ^ Jump up to : Greiner 2010 , p. 77 ^ Jump up to : Robbins 2007 , p. 13 Jump up ^ Go Gyeong - tae ( 2000 - 11 - 15 ) . 잠자 던 진실 , 30 년만 에 깨어나 다 `` 한국군 은 베트남 에서 무엇 을 했는가 '' ... 미국 국립 문서 보관소 비밀 해제 보고서 사진 최초 공개 . Hankyoreh ( in Korean ) . Retrieved 8 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Lewy 1978 , pp. 272 -- 273 . Jump up ^ Pedahzur , Ami ( 2006 ) , Root Causes of Suicide Terrorism : The Globalization of Martyrdom , Taylor & Francis , p. 116 . Jump up ^ Pike , Douglas ( 1996 ) . PAVN : Peoples Army of Vietnam . Presidio . Jump up ^ Wiesner , Louis ( 1988 ) , Victims and Survivors : Displaced Persons and Other War Victims in Viet - Nam , 1954 -- 1975 Greenwood Press , pp. 318 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Karnow 1997 , p. 655 . Jump up ^ U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee , The Human Cost of Communism in Vietnam ( 1972 ) , p. 49 . Jump up ^ De Silva , Peer ( 1978 ) . Sub Rosa : The CIA and the Uses of Intelligence . New York : Time Books . p. 249 . ISBN 0 - 8129 - 0745 - 0 . Jump up ^ Kirk , Donald ( 14 July 1974 ) . `` I watched them saw him 3 days '' . Chicago Tribune . Jump up ^ Kirk , Donald ( 14 July 1974 ) . `` Khmer Rouge 's Bloody War on Trapped Villagers '' . Chicago Tribune . Jump up ^ Yates , Ronald ( 17 March 1975 ) . `` Priest Wo n't Leave Refugees Despite Khmer Rouge Threat '' . Chicago Tribune . Jump up ^ Power , Samantha ( 2002 ) . A Problem From Hell . Perennial Books . pp. 98 -- 99 . Jump up ^ Becker , Elizabeth ( 28 January 1974 ) . `` The Agony of Phnom Penh '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ Barron , John ; Paul , Anthony ( 1977 ) . Murder of a Gentle Land . Reader 's Digest Press . pp. 1 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Ponchaud , François ( 1978 ) . Cambodia Year Zero . Holt , Rinehart and Winston . pp. 6 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Swain , John ( 1999 ) . River of Time : A Memoir of Vietnam and Cambodia . Berkley Trade . Jump up ^ Norman , Elizabeth M. Women at War : the Story of Fifty Military Nurses Who Served in Vietnam . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania , 1990 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 1317 - 1 p. 7 . Jump up ^ Vuic , Kara Dixon . Officer , Nurse , Woman : the Army Nurse Corps in the Vietnam War . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins UP , 2010 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 9391 - 9 p. 5 . Jump up ^ Norman , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Holm 1992 , p. 214 . Jump up ^ Holm 1992 , p. 213 . Jump up ^ Holm 1992 , p. 206 . Jump up ^ Vuic , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Norman , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Shapiro , T. Rees ( 27 April 2011 ) . `` Mme . Ngo Dinh Nhu , who exerted political power in Vietnam , dies at 87 '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 4 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Gustafsson , Mai Lan `` ' Freedom . Money . Fun . Love ' : The Warlore of Vietnamese Bargirls '' Oral History Review , 2011 , Vol. 38 , No. 2 , p. 308 ; Hunt , Richard A. Pacification : The American Struggle for Vietnam 's Hearts and Minds Boulder , CO : Westview Press , 1995 , p. 40 Jump up ^ Barry , Kathleen The Prostitution of Sexuality New York : NYU Press , 1995 , p. 133 Jump up ^ Linda Trinh Võ and Marian Sciachitano , Asian American women : the Frontiers reader , University of Nebraska Press , 2004 , p. 144 . Jump up ^ Lamb , David Children of the Vietnam War Smithsonian Magazine June 2009 . Retrieved 28 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Fully Integrated ' '' . African - American Involvement in the Vietnam War ( aavw.org ) . Retrieved 11 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Terry , Wallace ( 1984 ) . Bloods : An Oral History of the Vietnam War by Black Veterans . Random House . pp. Epigraph and pages xv -- xvii . ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 53028 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Working - Class War '' . Jump up ^ Chinese Support for North Vietnam during the Vietnam War : The Decisive Edge , Bob Seals , Military History Online , 23 September 2008 Jump up ^ Albert Parray , Military Review , Soviet aid to Vietnam , June 1967 Jump up ^ Gordon L. Rottman , Viet Cong Fighter , Osprey Publishing ( 2007 ) p. 20 - 30 ISBN 978 - 1 - 84603 - 126 - 7 Jump up ^ C.H. Chivers ( 2 November 2009 ) . `` How Reliable is the M16 Rifle ? '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ David Maraniss ( 2003 ) . They Marched into Sunlight : War and Peace Vietnam and America October 1967 . Simon and Schuster . p. 410 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 6255 - 2 . Jump up ^ Hog , Ian V. , Jane 's Infantry Weapons 1986 -- 87 , Jane 's Publishing , Inc . New York , NY ( 1986 ) p. 225 . ^ Jump up to : A History of U.S. Communications Security ; the David G. Boak Lectures , National Security Agency ( NSA ) , Volumes I , 1973 , Volumes II 1981 , partially released 2008 , additional portions declassified 14 October 2015 Jump up ^ Kiernan , Ben ; Owen , Taylor ( 2015 - 04 - 26 ) . `` Making More Enemies than We Kill ? Calculating U.S. Bomb Tonnages Dropped on Laos and Cambodia , and Weighing Their Implications '' . The Asia - Pacific Journal . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Wright , Rebecca ( 2016 - 09 - 06 ) . `` ' My friends were afraid of me ' : What 80 million unexploded US bombs did to Laos '' . CNN . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ Greenberg , Jon ( 2014 - 09 - 11 ) . `` Kissinger : Drones have killed more civilians than the bombing of Cambodia in the Vietnam War '' . Politifact.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ Robbers , Gerhard ( 30 January 2007 ) . Encyclopedia of world constitutions . Infobase Publishing . p. 1021 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 6078 - 8 . Retrieved 1 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Elliot , Duong Van Mai ( 2010 ) . `` The End of the War '' . RAND in Southeast Asia : A History of the Vietnam War Era . RAND Corporation . pp. 499 , 512 -- 513 . ISBN 9780833047540 . A study by Jacqueline Desbarats and Karl D. Jackson estimated that 65,000 South Vietnamese were executed for political reasons between 1975 and 1983 , based on a survey of 615 Vietnamese refugees who claimed to have personally witnessed 47 executions . However , `` their methodology was reviewed and criticized as invalid by authors Gareth Porter and James Roberts . '' 16 of the 47 names used to extrapolate this `` bloodbath '' were duplicates ; this extremely high duplication rate ( 34 % ) strongly suggests Desbarats and Jackson were drawing from a small number of total executions . Rather than arguing that this duplication rate proves there were very few executions in post-war Vietnam , Porter and Roberts suggest it is an artifact of the self - selected nature of the participants in the Desbarats - Jackson study , as the authors followed subjects 's recommendations on other refugees to interview . See Elliot , Duong Van Mai ( 2010 ) . `` The End of the War '' . RAND in Southeast Asia : A History of the Vietnam War Era . RAND Corporation . pp. 512 -- 513 . ISBN 9780833047540 . cf . Porter , Gareth ; Roberts , James ( Summer 1988 ) . `` Creating a Bloodbath by Statistical Manipulation : A Review of A Methodology for Estimating Political Executions in Vietnam , 1975 - 1983 , Jacqueline Desbarats ; Karl D. Jackson . '' . Pacific Affairs . 61 ( 2 ) : 303 -- 310 . JSTOR 2759306 . Nevertheless , there exist unverified reports of mass executions ( see Nguyen Cong Hoan ' testimony in `` Human Rights in Vietnam : Hearings Before the Subcommittee on International Organizations of the Committee on International Relations : House of Representatives , Ninety - Fifth Congress , First Session '' . U.S. Government Printing Office : 149 , 153 . 1977 - 07 - 26 . ; see also Desbarats and Jackson . `` Vietnam 1975 -- 1982 : The Cruel Peace '' The Washington Quarterly 8 , no . 4 ( September 1985 ) : p. 117 ) Jump up ^ Sagan , Ginetta ; Denney , Stephen ( October -- November 1982 ) . `` Re-education in Unliberated Vietnam : Loneliness , Suffering and Death '' . The Indochina Newsletter . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ See also Nghia M. Vo , The Bamboo Gulag : Political Imprisonment in Communist Vietnam ( McFarland , 2004 ) . Jump up ^ Associated Press , 23 June 1979 , San Diego Union , 20 July 1986 . See generally Nghia M. Vo , The Vietnamese Boat People ( 2006 ) , 1954 and 1975 -- 1992 , McFarland . ^ Jump up to : Sharp , Bruce ( 1 April 2005 ) . `` Counting Hell : The Death Toll of the Khmer Rouge Regime in Cambodia '' . Retrieved 15 July 2016 . The range based on the figures above extends from a minimum of 1.747 million , to a maximum of 2.495 million . Jump up ^ Courtois , Stephane ; et al. ( 1997 ) . The Black Book of Communism . Harvard University Press . pp. 575 -- 576 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 07608 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Migration in the Asia - Pacific Region '' . Stephen Castles , University of Oxford . Mark J. Miller , University of Delaware . July 2009 . Jump up ^ Robinson , William Courtland ( 1998 ) . Terms of refuge : the Indochinese exodus & the international response . Zed Books . p. 127 . ISBN 1 - 85649 - 610 - 4 . Jump up ^ Courtois , Stephane ; et al. ( 1997 ) . The Black Book of Communism . Harvard University Press . p. 575 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 07608 - 2 . Jump up ^ Crossette , Barbara , Hanoi , Citing Famine Fears , Seeks Emergency Aid , The New York Times , 15 May 1988 . Jump up ^ Van , Canh Nguyen ; Cooper , Earle ( 1983 ) . Vietnam under Communism , 1975 -- 1982 , p. 229 . Hoover Press . ISBN 9780817978518 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. starts its first Agent Orange cleanup in Vietnam '' . Reuters. 9 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Dacy , Douglas C. ( 1986 ) , Foreign aid , war , and economic development : south Vietnam 1955 -- 1975 , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , p. 242 ; `` CRS report for Congress : Costs of Major Wars '' , https://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/108054.pdf , accessed 22 Oct 2015 Jump up ^ Gerdes ( ed ) . Examining Issues Through Political Cartoons : The Vietnam War pp. 14 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Karnow 1997 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Taylor paraphrases Sun Tzu , The Art of War , trans . Samuel B. Griffith . Oxford , UK . Oxford University Press , 1963 . Jump up ^ `` President Richard Nixon 's Role in the Vietnam War '' . Vietnam War . Archived from the original on 31 March 2009 . Retrieved 17 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Lessons of Vietnam -- Secret Memoranda to The President of the United States by Secretary of State Henry Kissinger ( ca . 12 May 1975 ) '' . p. 3 . Archived from the original on 9 May 2008 . Retrieved 11 June 2008 . Jump up ^ McNamara 1999 , p. 368 . ^ Jump up to : Quoted in Bob Buzzano. `` 25 Years After End of Vietnam War , Myths Keep Us from Coming to Terms with Vietnam '' . The Baltimore Sun Times . 17 April 2000 . Retrieved 11 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Karnow 1997 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Dacy , Douglas C. ( 1986 ) , Foreign aid , war , and economic development : south Vietnam 1955 -- 1975 , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , p. 242 Jump up ^ `` Echoes of Combat : The Vietnam War in American Memory '' . Stanford University . Jump up ^ Westheider 2007 , p. 78 . ^ Jump up to : The War 's Costs . Digital History . Jump up ^ Combat Area Casualty File , November 1993 . ( The CACF is the basis for the Vietnam Veterans Memorial , i.e. The Wall ) , Center for Electronic Records , National Archives , Washington , D.C. Jump up ^ Kueter , Dale ( 2007 ) . Vietnam Sons : For Some , the War Never Ended . AuthorHouse . ISBN 1 - 4259 - 6931 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` War Resisters Remain in Canada with No Regrets '' . ABC News . 19 November 2005 . Retrieved 26 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Vietnam War Resisters in Canada Open Arms to U.S. Military Deserters Archived 12 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine ... Pacific News Service . 28 June 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Proclamation 4483 : Granting Pardon for Violations of the Selective Service Act '' . Retrieved 11 June 2008 . By The President of the United States of America , A Proclamation Granting Pardon For Violations of the Selective Services Act , 4 August 1964 To 28 March 1973 . 21 January 1977 . Jump up ^ Victory in Europe 56 Years Ago Gallup News Service 8 May 2001 Jump up ^ `` US still making payments to relatives of Civil War veterans , analysis finds '' . Fox News . Associated Press . 20 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Jim Lobe ( 30 March 2013 ) . `` Iraq , Afghanistan Wars Will Cost U.S. 4 -- 6 Trillion Dollars : Report '' . Inter Press Service . Jump up ^ Heinl , Jr. , Col. Robert D. ( 1971 ) , `` The Collapse of the Armed Forces '' , Armed Forces Journal , 7 June 1971 Jump up ^ Flitton , Dave . `` Battlefield Vietnam : Peace with Honour '' . PBS . Retrieved 2 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Milam , Ron ( 2009 ) , Not A Gentleman 's War : An Inside View of Junior Officers in the Vietnam War , Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press , p. 172 Jump up ^ Shkurti , William J. ( 2011 ) , Soldiering on in a Dying War : The True Story of the Firebase Pace Incidents and the Vietnam Drawdown , Lawrence : University of Kansas Press , p. 95 Jump up ^ `` Military draft system stopped '' . The Bulletin . Bend , Oregon . UPI. 27 January 1973 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Military draft ended by Laird '' . The Times - News . Hendersonville , North Carolina . Associated Press . 27 January 1973 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Lepre , p. 183 Jump up ^ Palmer 2007 ; Stone 2007 . Jump up ^ Lynne Peeples ( 10 July 2013 ) . `` Veterans Sick From Agent Orange - Poisoned Planes Still Seek Justice '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 4 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Bruce Cumings ( 1998 ) . The Global Politics of Pesticides : Forging Consensus from Conflicting Interests . Earthscan . p. 61 . Jump up ^ `` Foreign Relations of the United States , 1961 -- 1963 Volume I , Vietnam , 1961 , Document 275 '' . History.state.gov . Retrieved 24 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Michael F. Martin ( 13 November 2015 ) . U.S. Agent Orange / Dioxin Assistance to Vietnam ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Congressional Research Service . Jump up ^ Kolko 1985 , pp. 144 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Roberts 2005 , p. 380 . In his 234 - page judgment , Weinstein observed : `` Despite the fact that Congress and the President were fully advised of a substantial belief that the herbicide spraying in Vietnam was a violation of international law , they acted on their view that it was not a violation at the time . '' Jump up ^ Crook 2008 . Jump up ^ Anthony Faiola ( 13 November 2006 ) . `` In Vietnam , Old Foes Take Aim at War 's Toxic Legacy '' . washingtonpost.com . Retrieved 8 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Veterans ' Diseases Associated with Agent Orange '' . va.gov . Archived from the original on 9 May 2010 . Retrieved 4 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Information about Fatal Casualties of the Vietnam War , Electronic Records Reference Report '' . U.S. National Archives . DCAS Vietnam Conflict Extract File record counts by HOME OF RECORD STATE CODE ( as of 29 April 2008 ) . ( generated from the Vietnam Conflict Extract Data File of the Defense Casualty Analysis System ( DCAS ) Extract Files ( as of 29 April 2008 ) Jump up ^ Clarke , Jeffrey J. ( 1988 ) , United States Army in Vietnam : Advice and Support : The Final Years , 1965 -- 1973 , Washington , D.C. : Center of Military History , United States Army , p. 275 Jump up ^ `` fifty years of violent war deaths : data analysis from the world health survey program : BMJ '' . 23 April 2008 . Retrieved 5 January 2013 . From 1955 to 2002 , data from the surveys indicated an estimated 5.4 million violent war deaths ... 3.8 million in Vietnam . Jump up ^ Tucker , Spencer , ed. ( 1998 ) . Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War : A Political , Social , and Military History . Volume Two . Santa Barbara , CA : ABC - CLIO . p. 617 . ISBN 0 - 87436 - 983 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Battlefield : Vietnam Timeline '' . Pbs.org . Retrieved 31 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Clarke , p. 275 Jump up ^ Willbanks , James H. ( 2008 ) . The Tet Offensive : A Concise History . New York : Columbia University Press . p. 32 . ISBN 0 - 231 - 12841 - X . Jump up ^ Rand Corporation SOME IMPRESSIONS OF VIET CONG VULNERABILITIES AN INTERIM REPORT 1965 Jump up ^ James J.F. Forest Countering Terrorism and Insurgency in the 21st Century 2007 ISBN 978 - 0275990343 Jump up ^ Associated Press , 3 April 1995 . Jump up ^ Shenon , Philip , `` 20 Years After Victory , Vietnamese Communists Ponder How to Celebrate , The New York Times , 23 April 1995 Jump up ^ `` Vietnam War Casualties '' . vietnamwarcasualties.org . Jump up ^ Linnington , Michael , Director , Defense POW / MIA Accounting Agency , `` World 's Largest Anthropology Lab ' Opens , '' VFW magazine , Nov. / Dec. 2015 : 8 . Jump up ^ `` Vietnam War Bomb Explodes Killing Four Children '' . Huffington Post . 3 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Vietnam war shell explodes , kills two fishermen The Australian ( 28 April 2011 ) References Secondary sources Anderson , David L. ( 2004 ) . Columbia Guide to the Vietnam War . New York : Columbia University Press . ISBN 0 - 231 - 11492 - 3 . Angio , Joe . Nixon a Presidency Revealed ( 2007 ) The History Channel television documentary Appy , Christian G. ( 2006 ) . Vietnam : The Definitive Oral History , Told from All Sides . London : Ebury Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 091 - 91011 - 2 . Baker , Kevin . `` Stabbed in the Back ! The past and future of a right - wing myth '' , Harper 's Magazine ( June 2006 ) `` Stabbed in the back ! The past and future of a right - wing myth ( Harper 's Magazine ) '' . Retrieved 11 June 2008 . Berman , Larry ( 1989 ) . Lyndon Johnson 's War : The Road to Stalemate in Vietnam . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 02636 - 8 . Blaufarb , Douglas S. ( 1977 ) . The Counterinsurgency Era : U.S. Doctrine and Performance , 1950 to the Present . New York : Free Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 029 - 03700 - 3 . Blaufarb Douglas S . The Counterinsurgency Era ( 1977 ) . A history of the Kennedy Administration 's involvement in South Vietnam . Brigham , Robert K. Battlefield Vietnam : A Brief History . A PBS interactive website . Brocheux , Pierre ( 2007 ) . Ho Chi Minh : a biography . Cambridge University Press . p. 198 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 85062 - 9 . Buckley , Kevin . `` Pacification 's Deadly Price '' , Newsweek , 19 June 1972 . Buzzanco , Bob . `` 25 Years After End of Vietnam War : Myths Keep Us from Coming to Terms with Vietnam '' , The Baltimore Sun ( 17 April 2000 ) `` 25 Years After End of Vietnam War Myths Keep Us From Coming To Terms With Vietnam '' . Retrieved 11 June 2008 . Carney , Timothy ( 1989 ) . `` The Unexpected Victory '' . In Karl D. Jackson , ed. , Cambodia , 1975 -- 1978 : Rendezvous with Death ( pp. 13 -- 35 ) . Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 07807 - 6 . Church , Peter , ed. ( 2006 ) . A Short History of South - East Asia . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 82181 - 7 . Cooper , Chester L. ( 1970 ) . The Lost Crusade : America in Vietnam . ISBN 0 - 396 - 06241 - 5 . a Washington insider 's memoir of events . Courtwright , David T. ( 2005 ) . Sky as Frontier : Adventure , Aviation , and Empire . College Station , Texas : Texas A&M University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 585 - 44384 - 0 . Crook , John R. ( 2008 ) . `` Court of Appeals Affirms Dismissal of Agent Orange Litigation '' . American Journal of International Law . 102 ( 3 ) : 662 -- 664 . JSTOR 20456664 . Crump , Laurien ( 2015 ) . The Warsaw Pact Reconsidered : International Relations in Eastern Europe , 1955 - 1969 . Oxon : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 1 - 315 - 73254 - 1 . Demma , Vincent H. ( 1989 ) . `` The U.S. Army in Vietnam '' . American Military History . Washington , D.C. : US Army Center of Military History . pp. 619 -- 694 . Dennis , Peter ; et al. ( 2008 ) . The Oxford Companion to Australian Military History ( Second ed . ) . Melbourne : Oxford University Press Australia & New Zealand . 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Examining Issues Through Political Cartoons : The Vietnam War . Greenhaven Press . ISBN 0 - 7377 - 2531 - 1 . Gettleman , Marvin E. ; Franklin , Jane ; Young , Marilyn Vietnam and America : A Documented History . ( 1995 ) . Greiner , Bernd ( 2010 ) . War Without Fronts : The USA in Vietnam . London : Vintage Books . ISBN 9780099532590 . Hammond , William . Public Affairs : The Military and the Media , 1962 -- 1968 ( 1987 ) ; Public Affairs : The Military and the Media , 1968 -- 1973 ( 1995 ) . Full - scale history of the war by U.S. Army ; much broader than title suggests . Healy , Gene ( 2009 ) . The Cult of the Presidency : America 's Dangerous Devotion to Executive Power . Cato Institute . ISBN 978 - 1 - 933995 - 19 - 9 . Herring , George C. ( 2001 ) . America 's Longest War : The United States and Vietnam , 1950 -- 1975 ( 4th ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 978 - 0 - 072 - 53618 - 8 . Hitchens , Christopher . The Vietnam Syndrome . Holm , Jeanne ( 1992 ) . Women in the Military : An Unfinished Revolution ( Rev. ed . ) . Novato , California : Presidio Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 891 - 41450 - 6 . Karnow , Stanley ( 1997 ) . Vietnam : A History ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Penguin Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 140 - 26547 - 7 . Khong , Yuen Foong ( 1992 ) . Analogies at War : Korea , Munich , Dien Bien Phu , and the Vietnam Decisions of 1965 . Princeton University Press . ISBN 0691078467 . Kiernan , Ben ( 2008 ) . The Pol Pot Regime : Race , Power , and Genocide in Cambodia Under the Khmer Rouge ( 3rd ed . ) . New Haven , Connecticut : Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 14434 - 5 . -- -- -- ; Owen , Taylor . Bombs over Cambodia ( PDF ) . The Walrus . pp. 62 -- 69 . Kolko , Gabriel ( 1985 ) . Anatomy of a War : Vietnam , the United States , and the Modern Historical Experience . New York : Pantheon Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 74761 - 3 . Kutler , Stanley I. , ed. ( 1996 ) . Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 132 - 76932 - 7 . Lawrence , A.T. ( 2009 ) . Crucible Vietnam : Memoir of an Infantry Lieutenant . Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland . ISBN 978 - 0 - 786 - 44517 - 2 . Lawrence , Mark Atwood ( 2008 ) . The Vietnam War : A Concise International History . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780195314656 . Leepson , Marc ed. ( 1999 ) . Dictionary of the Vietnam War . New York : Webster 's New World . Lewy , Guenter ( 1978 ) . America in Vietnam . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 195 - 02732 - 7 . Logevall , Fredrik ( 2001 ) . The Origins of the Vietnam War . Harlow : Longman . ISBN 978 - 0 - 582 - 31918 - 9 . -- -- -- ( 2010 ) . `` The Indochina wars and the Cold War , 1945 -- 1975 '' . In Melvyn P. Leffler and Odd Arne Westad , eds. , The Cambridge History of the Cold War , Volume II : Crises and Détente ( pp. 281 -- 304 ) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 83720 - 0 . McGibbon , Ian ; ed ( 2000 ) . The Oxford Companion to New Zealand Military History . Auckland : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 558376 - 0 . McMahon , Robert J. ( 1995 ) . Major Problems in the History of the Vietnam War : Documents and Essays . McNamara , Robert S. ; Blight , James G. ; Brigham , Robert K. ; Biersteker , Thomas J. ; Schandler , Herbert ( 1999 ) . Argument Without End : In Search of Answers to the Vietnam Tragedy . New York : PublicAffairs . ISBN 978 - 1 - 891 - 62087 - 4 . McNeill , Ian ( 1993 ) . To Long Tan : The Australian Army and the Vietnam War 1950 -- 1966 . St Leonards : Allen & Unwin . ISBN 1 - 86373 - 282 - 9 . Milne , David ( 2008 ) . America 's Rasputin : Walt Rostow and the Vietnam War . New York : Hill & Wang . ISBN 978 - 0 - 374 - 10386 - 6 . Moïse , Edwin E. ( 1996 ) . Tonkin Gulf and the Escalation of the Vietnam War . Chapel Hill , North Carolina : University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 807 - 82300 - 2 . -- -- -- ( 2002 ) . Historical Dictionary of the Vietnam War . Lanham , Maryland : Scarecrow Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 810 - 84183 - 3 . Moss , George D. Vietnam ( 4th ed 2002 ) textbook . Moyar , Mark ( 2006 ) . Triumph Forsaken : The Vietnam War , 1954 -- 1965 . New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 86911 - 9 . Major General Spurgeon Neel . Medical Support of the U.S. Army in Vietnam 1965 -- 1970 ( Department of the Army 1991 ) official medical history Neale , Jonathan ( 2001 ) . The American War : Vietnam , 1960 -- 1975 . London : Bookmarks . ISBN 978 - 1 - 898 - 87667 - 0 . Nelson , Deborah ( 2008 ) . The War Behind Me : Vietnam Veterans Confront the Truth about U.S. War Crimes . Philadelphia , Pennsylvania : Basic Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 00527 - 7 . Nulty , Bernard. The Vietnam War ( 1998 ) New York : Barnes and Noble . Oberdorfer , Don ( 2001 ) ( 1971 ) . Tet ! The Turning Point in the Vietnam War . Baltimore , Maryland : Johns Hopkins University Press . 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On Strategy : A Critical Analysis of the Vietnam War , Presidio press ( 1982 ) , ISBN 0 - 89141 - 563 - 7 ( 225 pages ) Thayer , Thomas C. ( 1985 ) . War Without Fronts : The American Experience in Vietnam . Boulder , Colorado : Westview Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 813 - 37132 - 0 . Tucker , Spencer . ed . Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War ( 1998 ) 3 vol . reference set ; also one - volume abridgement ( 2001 ) . -- -- -- ( 1999 ) . Vietnam . London : UCL Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 857 - 28921 - 3 . Tucker , Spencer ( 2011 ) ( 1998 ) . The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War : A Political , Social , and Military History . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 1851099603 . Turner , Robert F. ( 1975 ) . Vietnamese Communism : Its Origins and Development . Stanford , California : Hoover Institution Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 817 - 96431 - 3 . Turse , Nick ( 2013 ) . Kill Anything That Moves : The Real American War in Vietnam . New York : Metropolitan Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 805 - 08691 - 1 . Vietnam Task Force ( 1969 ) . Report of the Office of the Secretary of Defense Vietnam Task Force . Washington , D.C. : Office of the Secretary of Defense . Westheider , James E. ( 2007 ) . The Vietnam War . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 33755 - 0 . Willbanks , James H. ( 2009 ) . Vietnam War almanac . Infobase Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 7102 - 9 . Witz , James J. The Tet Offensive : Intelligence Failure in War ( 1991 ) . Woodruff , Mark ( 2005 ) . Unheralded Victory : The Defeat of The Viet Cong and The North Vietnamese . Arlington , Virginia : Presidio Press . ISBN 0 - 8914 - 1866 - 0 . Young , Marilyn B. ( 1991 ) . The Vietnam Wars , 1945 -- 1990 . New York : HarperPerennial . ISBN 978 - 0 - 060 - 92107 - 1 . Xiaoming , Zhang . `` China 's 1979 War With Vietnam : A Reassessment '' , China Quarterly . Issue no . 184 , ( December 2005 ) `` CJO -- Abstract -- China 's 1979 War with Vietnam : A Reassessment '' . Retrieved 11 June 2008 . Primary sources Carter , Jimmy . By The President Of The United States Of America , A Proclamation Granting Pardon For Violations Of The Selective Service Act , 4 August 1964 To 28 March 1973 ( 21 January 1977 ) Central Intelligence Agency . `` Laos '' , CIA World Factbook ' Cora Weiss Collection ( materials related to war resistance and peace activism movements during the Vietnam War ) , Lloyd Sealy Library Special Collections , John Jay College of Criminal Justice Eisenhower , Dwight D. Mandate for Change . ( 1963 ) a presidential political memoir Ho , Chi Minh . `` Vietnam Declaration of Independence '' , Selected Works . ( 1960 -- 1962 ) selected writings LeMay , General Curtis E. and Kantor , MacKinlay . Mission with LeMay ( 1965 ) autobiography of controversial former Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force Kissinger , United States Secretary of State Henry A. `` Lessons on Vietnam '' , ( 1975 ) secret memoranda to U.S. President Ford O'Connell , Kim A. ( 2006 ) . Primary Source Accounts of the Vietnam War . Berkeley Heights , New Jersey : MyReportLinks.com . ISBN 978 - 1 - 598 - 45001 - 9 . McCain , John . Faith of My Fathers : A Family Memoir ( 1999 ) ISBN 0060957867 Marshall , Kathryn . In the Combat Zone : An Oral History of American Women in Vietnam , 1966 -- 1975 ( 1987 ) ISBN 0316547077 Martin , John Bartlow . Was Kennedy Planning to Pull out of Vietnam ? ( 1964 ) oral history for the John F. Kennedy Library , tape V , reel 1 . Myers , Thomas . Walking Point : American Narratives of Vietnam ( 1988 ) ISBN 0195053516 Public Papers of the Presidents , 1965 ( 1966 ) official documents of U.S. presidents . Schlesinger , Arthur M. Jr . Robert Kennedy and His Times . ( 1978 ) a first - hand account of the Kennedy administration by one of his principal advisors Sinhanouk , Prince Norodom . `` Cambodia Neutral : The Dictates of Necessity . '' Foreign Affairs . ( 1958 ) describes the geopolitical situation of Cambodia Tang , Truong Nhu . A Viet Cong Memoir ( 1985 ) , revealing account by senior NLF official Terry , Wallace , ed . Bloods : An Oral History of the Vietnam War by Black Veterans ( 1984 ) Truong , Như Tảng ; David Chanoff , Van Toai Doan ( 1985 ) . A Vietcong memoir ( 1985 ed . ) . Harcourt Brace Jovanovich . ISBN 978 - 0 - 15 - 193636 - 6 . - Total pages : 350 The landmark series Vietnam : A Television History , first broadcast in 1983 , is a special presentation of the award - winning PBS history series , American Experience . The Pentagon Papers ( Gravel ed. 5 vol 1971 ) ; combination of narrative and secret documents compiled by Pentagon . excerpts U.S. Department of State . Foreign Relations of the United States ( multivolume collection of official secret documents ) vol 1 : 1964 ; vol 2 : 1965 ; ; vol 4 : 1966 ; U.S. Department of Defense and the House Committee on Armed Services . U.S. - Vietnam Relations , 1945 -- 1967 . Washington , D.C. Department of Defense and the House Committee on Armed Services , 1971 , 12 volumes . Historiography Hall , Simon , `` Scholarly Battles over the Vietnam War '' , Historical Journal 52 ( September 2009 ) , 813 -- 29 . External links Find more aboutVietnam Warat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Data from Wikidata A Vietnam Diary 's Homecoming Video produced by the PBS Series History Detectives Detailed bibliography of Vietnam War Documents Relating to American Foreign Policy - Vietnam primary sources on U.S. involvement Fallout of the War from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives Glossary of Military Terms & Slang from the Vietnam War Impressions of Vietnam and descriptions of the daily life of a soldier from the oral history of Elliott Gardner , U.S. Army `` Perspectives , '' Vietnam magazine . Stephen H. Warner Southeast Asia Photograph Collection at Gettysburg College The Effects of Vietnamization on the Republic of Vietnam 's Armed Forces , 1969 -- 1972 Timeline US -- Vietnam ( 1947 -- 2001 ) in Open - Content project The U.S. Army in Vietnam the official history of the United States Army The Vietnam War at The History Channel UC Berkeley Library Social Activism Sound Recording Project : Anti-Vietnam War Protests Vietnam Casualties database searchable by first name , last name and location Vietnam War Bibliography covers online and published resources Vietnam war timeline comprehensive timeline of the Vietnam War Virtual Vietnam Archive -- Texas Tech University 1965 -- 1975 Another Vietnam ; Unseen images of the war from the winning side - Mashable Archival collections about the Vietnam War , University Archives and Special Collections , Joseph P. Healey Library , University of Massachusetts Boston ( show ) Vietnam War timeline ↓ Battle of Saigon ↓ Hòa Hảo defeated ↓ Viet Cong created ↓ Palace Bombing ↓ Gulf of Tonkin incident ↓ Battle of Đức Cơ ↓ Tet Offensive ↓ Cambodian Campaign ↓ Operation Lam Son 719 ↓ Easter Offensive ↓ Paracel Islands ↓ Fall of Saigon ↓ Trần Văn Hương → U.S.A. presidents : Dwight D. Eisenhower John F. Kennedy Lyndon B. Johnson Richard Nixon G. Ford S. Vietnam presidents : Ngô Đình Diệm Instability Nguyễn Văn Thiệu N. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the us involvement in vietnam end | [
"The Vietnam War (Vietnamese: Chiến tranh Việt Nam), also known as the Second Indochina War,[56] and known in Vietnam as the Resistance War Against America (Vietnamese: Kháng chiến chống Mỹ) or simply the American War, was a war that occurred in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955[A 1] to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. It was the second of the Indochina Wars and was officially fought between North Vietnam and the government of South Vietnam. The North Vietnamese army was supported by the Soviet Union, China and other communist allies and the South Vietnamese army was supported by the United States, South Korea, Australia, Thailand and other anti-communist allies.[57] The war is therefore considered a Cold War-era proxy war.[58]"
] | [
"30 April 1975"
] |
-6218998170602200233 | Roller coaster inversion | Roller coaster inversion - wikipedia Roller coaster inversion Jump to : navigation , search An inversion on Black Mamba ( 2006 ) at Phantasialand in Brühl , Germany A roller coaster inversion is a roller coaster element in which the track turns riders upside - down and then returns them to an upright position . Early forms of inversions , dating as far back as 1848 on the Centrifugal Railway in Paris , were vertical loops that were circular in nature . They produced massive g - force that was often dangerous to riders , and as a result , the element eventually became non-existent with the last rides to feature the looping inversions being dismantled during the Great Depression . In 1975 , designers from Arrow Development created the corkscrew , reviving interest in the inversion during the modern age of steel roller coasters . Since then , the element have evolved from simple corkscrews and vertical loops to more complex inversions such Immelmann loops and cobra rolls . Featuring fourteen inversions , The Smiler at Alton Towers holds the world record for the number of inversions on a roller coaster . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Prototypes ( 1848 -- 1903 ) 1.2 Corkscrew ( 1968 -- 1976 ) 1.3 Inversions ( 1977 -- present ) 2 See also 3 References 4 External links History ( edit ) Prototypes ( 1848 -- 1903 ) ( edit ) Loop the Loop ( 1903 ) , at Coney Island , one of the first oval - looping coasters The first inversion in roller coaster history was part of the Centrifugal Railway of Paris , France , built in 1848 . It consisted of a 43 - foot ( 13 - meter ) sloping track leading into a nearly circular vertical loop 13 feet ( 3.9 m ) in diameter . During the early 1900s , many rides including vertical loops appeared around the world . These early loops had a major design flaw : the circular structure produced intense g - forces ( hereafter `` Gs '' ) . The Flip Flap Railway , designed by Lina Beecher and built in 1895 on Coney Island of Brooklyn , United States , had a 25 - foot circular loop at the end which though initially popular caused some discomfort in passenger 's necks , and the ride soon closed . Loop the Loop , another looping coaster , was built later in Coney Island as well . This time the loops were slightly oval - shaped rather than circular , though not clothoid in shape like modern loops . Although the ride was safe , it had a low capacity , loading four people every five minutes ( 48 people per hour , compared to 1800 riders per hour on Corkscrew , an early modern coaster that opened in 1976 ) , and was poorly received after the discomfort of the Flip Flap Railway . As their novelty wore off and their dangerous reputation spread , compounded with the developing Great Depression , the early looping coasters faded and disappeared . Corkscrew ( 1968 -- 1976 ) ( edit ) Corkscrews on the Magic Mountain roller coaster ( 1985 ) at Gardaland in Italy The concept of inverting riders was not revisited until the 1970s . In 1968 , Karl Bacon of Arrow Dynamics created a prototype steel roller coaster with a corkscrew , the first of its kind . The prototype proved that a tubular steel track , first pioneered by Arrow to create Disneyland 's Matterhorn Bobsleds in 1959 , could execute inversions both safely and reliably . The full model of the prototype , aptly named Corkscrew , was then installed in Knott 's Berry Farm in Buena Park , United States , making history as the world 's first modern inverting roller coaster ( it was relocated to Silverwood Park of Idaho in 1990 ) . In 1976 , the previously disastrous vertical loop was successfully revived when Anton Schwarzkopf of Intamin constructed the Great American Revolution at Six Flags Magic Mountain of Valencia , United States , which became the world 's first complete circuit looping roller coaster . Another roller coaster named Corkscrew , built in Cedar Point of Ohio in the same year , became the first with three inversions . Inversions ( 1977 -- present ) ( edit ) Boomerang has been cloned over 50 times . The next few years brought innovations that are still popular in modern coasters . The shuttle roller coaster ( non-complete circuit ) was invented by Schwarzkopf in 1977 and realized at Kings Island with the Screamin ' Demon coaster . These early incarnations used the weight - drop mechanism ( as opposed to the later flywheel methods ) to launch the trains . Built in 1978 , the Loch Ness Monster in Busch Gardens Williamsburg became the first coaster with interlocking loops . It is still the only coaster with this feature , as the only other coasters containing interlocking loops are now defunct : Lightnin ' Loops , built by Arrow in Six Flags Great Adventure , was sold in 1992 , and Orient Express of Worlds of Fun was demolished in 2003 . The first Schwarzkopf shuttle loops with a flywheel launch also first appeared in 1978 . Arrow 's Revolution , Europe 's first looping coaster , was built in 1979 at Blackpool Pleasure Beach of England . In 1980 , Carolina Cyclone opened at Carowinds as the first roller coaster with four inversions . The Orient Express opened at Worlds of Fun of Kansas City , United States , in 1980 , with the newly invented batwing ( also referred to as a boomerang or kamikaze kurve ) , a single track element with two inversions . In 1981 , Vekoma invented the Boomerang coaster model , which became the most duplicated roller coaster ever . The first Boomerang was built at Reino Aventura ( now Six Flags México ) of Mexico City , Mexico in 1982 . The Boomerang has had over 50 clones built worldwide from Doha , Qatar , to Tashkent , Uzbekistan. 1982 also brought the first five - inversion coaster , Arrow 's Viper at Darien Lake in Darien , New York . The record for number of inversions was broken quickly in the following years . Arrow 's Vortex at Kings Island , built in 1987 , was the first to have six . The next year , Shockwave at Six Flags Great America broke that record with seven inversions . In 1995 , Dragon Khan in Spain 's Port Aventura became the first to have eight . In 2002 , Colossus at Thorpe Park in Chertsey , Surrey , England was the first with ten . In 2013 , The Smiler at Alton Towers in Staffordshire , England , broke the record again with 14 inversions . Son of Beast ( 2000 ) at Kings Island , the first wooden roller coaster to have an inversion In 2000 , Kings Island built Son of Beast , the world 's first Wooden roller coaster with a vertical loop . Until then , all roller coasters with any inversions were steel . In December 2006 , however , the loop was removed to make it possible to use lighter trains . This occurred after structural problems caused an incident in July 2006 that injured several riders . In 2002 , X , designed by Arrow , opened in Six Flags Magic Mountain . It is marketed as the world 's first Fourth dimension roller coaster , capable of rotating riders upside - down independently of any track elements . This adds difficulty in delineating the number of inversions such rides have . As the riders physically rotate 360 degrees forward and backwards , proponents insist the number of inversions should not include only track elements . According to Guinness World Records , the roller coaster with the most inversions counted this way is Eejanaika ( Japanese : ええじゃないか , Ai n't it great ? ) , essentially a clone of X , in Fuji - Q Highland of Fujiyoshida , Japan , which rotates riders 14 times . Counting only track elements , however , The Smiler at Alton Towers , Staffordshire , England has the world record for the world 's first 14 looping roller coaster . Coincidentally , both coasters would share the record if it was not limited to track elements only . In 2013 , 2014 and 2017 , two or more wooden roller coasters with inversions opened . As opposed to the vertical loop that Son of Beast had , Outlaw Run and Hades 360 , Mine Blower and Goliath ( at Six Flags Great America ) have more complex inversions . Outlaw Run at Silver Dollar City has a double barrel roll and a 153 ° over-banked turn , and Hades 360 has a single corkscrew . Other elements which partially invert riders , such as the overbanked turn which occasionally turn riders beyond 90 degrees , are not typically considered inversions . See also ( edit ) Roller coaster elements -- includes a list of inversions List of roller coaster inversion records References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Kay , James ( 2007 ) . `` The History of the Inversion '' . CoasterGlobe . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 28 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Roller coaster dictionary '' . Six Flags Houston fan site . 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Most track inversions in a rollercoaster '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved 16 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Gieszl ( 2006 ) . `` Roller Coaster History : Timeline '' . ultimaterollercoaster.com . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ Immerso , Michael ( 21 Oct 2002 ) . Coney Island : The People 's Playground . Rutgers University Press . p. 96 . Retrieved 10 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Pescovitz , David ( 2003 ) . `` History : 1880 '' . britannica.com . Retrieved 10 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bowers , David ( 2007 ) . `` History of Roller Coasters '' . Coasterville . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ Marden , Duane ( 2007 ) . `` Loch Ness Monster '' . Roller Coaster Database . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Lightnin ' Loops '' . Amusement Pics. 2007 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 07 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ Marden , Duane ( 2007 ) . `` Orient Express '' . Roller Coaster Database . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Marden , Duane ( 2004 ) . `` Versatile Vekoma '' . Fun World : International Association of Amusement Parks and Attractions Magazine . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ Bannister , Richard F. ( 2007 ) . `` Coasters : Parks : Six Flags Darien Lake '' . Richard Bannister : Track Record . Archived from the original on 2007 - 07 - 30 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ The Smiler is the world 's first 14 looping rollercoaster . YouTube . 9 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Gieszl , Eric ( 1999 ) . `` Millennium Force : Cedar Point '' . ultimaterollercoaster.com . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 23 . External links ( edit ) Element Cross Reference at Roller Coaster Database ( hide ) Roller coasters Roller coasters by name Roller coasters by country Overview Elements History Manufacturers Physics Rankings Types Technology Brake run Inversion Vertical loop Launch track Rollback Lift hill On - ride camera Stadium seating Station Train Underfriction Wheel assembly Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roller_coaster_inversion&oldid=832465682 '' Categories : Roller coaster elements Hidden categories : Articles containing Japanese - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Français Nederlands Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 26 March 2018 , at 05 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the first looping roller coaster and what was wrong with it | [
"The first inversion in roller coaster history was part of the Centrifugal Railway of Paris, France, built in 1848.[1] It consisted of a 43-foot (13-meter) sloping track leading into a nearly circular vertical loop 13 feet (3.9 m) in diameter.[4] During the early 1900s, many rides including vertical loops appeared around the world. These early loops had a major design flaw: the circular structure produced intense g-forces (hereafter \"Gs\"). The Flip Flap Railway, designed by Lina Beecher and built in 1895 on Coney Island of Brooklyn, United States, had a 25-foot circular loop at the end which though initially popular caused some discomfort in passenger's necks, and the ride soon closed.[5][6] Loop the Loop, another looping coaster, was built later in Coney Island as well. This time the loops were slightly oval-shaped rather than circular, though not clothoid in shape like modern loops.[7] Although the ride was safe, it had a low capacity, loading four people every five minutes (48 people per hour, compared to 1800 riders per hour on Corkscrew, an early modern coaster that opened in 1976), and was poorly received after the discomfort of the Flip Flap Railway.[7] As their novelty wore off and their dangerous reputation spread, compounded with the developing Great Depression, the early looping coasters faded and disappeared.[1]",
"The first inversion in roller coaster history was part of the Centrifugal Railway of Paris, France, built in 1848.[1] It consisted of a 43-foot (13-meter) sloping track leading into a nearly circular vertical loop 13 feet (3.9 m) in diameter.[4] During the early 1900s, many rides including vertical loops appeared around the world. These early loops had a major design flaw: the circular structure produced intense g-forces (hereafter \"Gs\"). The Flip Flap Railway, designed by Lina Beecher and built in 1895 on Coney Island of Brooklyn, United States, had a 25-foot circular loop at the end which though initially popular caused some discomfort in passenger's necks, and the ride soon closed.[5][6] Loop the Loop, another looping coaster, was built later in Coney Island as well. This time the loops were slightly oval-shaped rather than circular, though not clothoid in shape like modern loops.[7] Although the ride was safe, it had a low capacity, loading four people every five minutes (48 people per hour, compared to 1800 riders per hour on Corkscrew, an early modern coaster that opened in 1976), and was poorly received after the discomfort of the Flip Flap Railway.[7] As their novelty wore off and their dangerous reputation spread, compounded with the developing Great Depression, the early looping coasters faded and disappeared.[1]"
] | [
"1848",
"intense g-forces (hereafter \"Gs\")"
] |
2264317308466980879 | The X-Files (film) | The X-Files ( film ) - wikipedia The X-Files ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search The X-Files Theatrical release poster Directed by Rob Bowman Produced by Chris Carter Daniel Sackheim Screenplay by Chris Carter Story by Chris Carter Frank Spotnitz Based on The X-Files by Chris Carter Starring David Duchovny Gillian Anderson Martin Landau Lucas Black Blythe Danner Armin Mueller - Stahl Music by Mark Snow Cinematography Ward Russell Edited by Stephen Mark Production company Ten Thirteen Productions Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date June 19 , 1998 ( 1998 - 06 - 19 ) Running time 121 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $66 million Box office $189.2 million The X-Files ( also known as The X-Files : Fight the Future ) is a 1998 American science fiction thriller film directed by Rob Bowman . Chris Carter wrote the screenplay . The story is by Carter and Frank Spotnitz . It is the first feature film based on Carter 's television series The X-Files , which revolves around fictional unsolved cases called the X-Files and the characters solving them . Five main characters from the television series appear in the film : David Duchovny , Gillian Anderson , Mitch Pileggi , John Neville , and William B. Davis reprise their respective roles as FBI agents Fox Mulder and Dana Scully , FBI Assistant Director Walter Skinner , Well - Manicured Man , and the Cigarette - Smoking Man . The film was promoted with the tagline Fight the Future . The film takes place between seasons five ( episode `` The End '' ) and six ( episode `` The Beginning '' ) of the television series , and is based upon the series ' extraterrestrial mythology . The story follows agents Mulder and Scully , removed from their usual jobs on the X-Files , and investigating the bombing of a building and the destruction of criminal evidence . They uncover what appears to be a government conspiracy attempting to hide the truth about an alien colonization of Earth . Carter decided to make a feature film to explore the show 's mythology on a wider scale , as well as appealing to non-fans . He wrote the story with Frank Spotnitz at the end of 1996 and , with a budget from 20th Century Fox , filming began in 1997 , following the end of the show 's fourth season . Carter assembled cast and crew from the show , as well as some other , well - known actors such as Blythe Danner and Martin Landau , to begin production on what they termed `` Project Blackwood '' . The film was produced by Carter and Daniel Sackheim . Mark Snow continued his role as X-Files composer to create the film 's score . The film premiered on June 19 , 1998 , in the United States , and received mixed to positive reviews from critics . Although some enjoyed the style and effects of the film , others found the plot confusing and viewed it as little more than an extended episode of the series . A sequel , entitled I Want to Believe , was released ten years later . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Conception and pre-production 3.2 Writing and casting 3.3 Set design 3.4 Filming 3.5 Music 4 Release 4.1 Theatrical run 4.2 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 6 Sequel 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) The film opens in 35,000 B.C. , in what will become North Texas . Two cavemen hunters encounter a large extraterrestrial life form in a cave , which kills one and infects the other with a black oil - like substance . In 1998 , in the same area , a boy falls into a hole and is also infected by a black substance which seeps from the ground . Firefighters who enter the hole to rescue him do not come out . A team of men wearing hazmat suits arrive and extract the boy 's body . Meanwhile , FBI Special Agents Fox Mulder and Dana Scully , while investigating a bomb threat against a federal building in Dallas , discover the bomb in a building across the street . As the building is evacuated , Special Agent in Charge Darius Michaud remains , ostensibly to disarm the bomb . However , he simply waits for the bomb to detonate . Mulder and Scully are later chastised because , in addition to Michaud , four other people were in the building during the bombing . That evening Mulder is accosted by a paranoid doctor , Alvin Kurtzweil , who explains that the `` victims '' were already dead , and that the bombing was staged to cover up how they died . At the hospital morgue , Scully is able to examine one of the victims , finding evidence of an alien virus . Meanwhile , the Cigarette Smoking Man goes to Texas , where Dr. Ben Bronschweig shows him one of the lost firefighters , who has an alien organism residing inside his body . He orders Bronschweig to administer a vaccine to it , but to burn the body if it fails . Later , the alien organism unexpectedly gestates and kills Bronschweig . Mulder and Scully travel to the crime scene in Texas , encountering the boys whose friend fell into the hole . Following their direction , they discover a large cornfield surrounding two glowing domes . Inside the domes , grates in the floor open and swarms of bees fly out . The agents flee , chased by black helicopters , but manage to escape . After returning to Washington , D.C. , Scully attends a performance hearing , after which she is transferred . Mulder is devastated to lose his partner . The two are about to share a kiss when Scully is stung by a bee which had lodged itself under her shirt collar , and she quickly loses consciousness . Mulder calls paramedics , but the driver of the ambulance shoots Mulder and whisks Scully away . Mulder , not severely injured , slips out of hospital with the help of The Lone Gunmen and FBI Assistant Director Walter Skinner . He then meets a former adversary , the Well - Manicured Man , who gives him Scully 's location , along with a vaccine against the virus that has infected her . As Mulder leaves , the Well - Manicured Man kills himself in a car bomb , before his betrayal of The Syndicate is discovered . Mulder finds Scully underground in Antarctica , in a large facility containing many humans in ice - like enclosures . He breaks Scully 's confinement and uses the vaccine to revive her , but this disrupts the facility and cocooned aliens begin trying to escape . Just after the agents escape to the surface , a huge alien vessel emerges from beneath the ice and travels into the sky . Mulder watches it disappear into the distance as Scully regains consciousness . Some time later , Scully attends a hearing , where her testimony is disregarded and the evidence covered up . She hands over the only remaining proof of their ordeal , the bee that stung her , noting that the FBI is not currently capable of investigating this evidence . Outside , Mulder reads an article that has covered up the domes and crop field in Texas ; Scully informs Mulder that she is willing to continue working with him . At another crop outpost in Tunisia , the Cigarette Smoking Man warns Strughold that Mulder remains a threat , as he explains what Mulder has found out about the virus . He then hands him a telegram revealing that the X-files unit has been re-opened . Cast ( edit ) Lead actor David Duchovny who portrayed FBI agent Fox Mulder . David Duchovny as Special Agent Fox Mulder Gillian Anderson as Special Agent Dana Scully Martin Landau as Alvin Kurtzweil Blythe Danner as Jana Cassidy Armin Mueller - Stahl as Conrad Strughold Mitch Pileggi as Assistant Director Walter Skinner William B. Davis as Cigarette - Smoking Man John Neville as Well - Manicured Man Dean Haglund as Richard `` Ringo '' Langly Bruce Harwood as John Fitzgerald Byers Tom Braidwood as Melvin Frohike Jeffrey DeMunn as Ben Bronschweig Jason Beghe as FBI Man at Bomb Site Michael Shamus Wiles as Black - Haired Man Terry O'Quinn as Special Agent in Charge Darius Michaud Lucas Black as Stevie Gary Grubbs as Fire Captain Cooles Nick Lashaway as Young Fox Mulder Production ( edit ) Conception and pre-production ( edit ) `` We wanted it to be true to the TV show , for one thing . We did n't want The X-Files to become something else in the movie , just because we had a bigger budget to work with . Yet , we were also mindful that it had to be a culmination of something for the people who had been watching the show for five years , as well as an introduction of these characters and this story to people who had n't . '' -- Frank Spotnitz talking about the development of The X-Files film . After five successful seasons , Chris Carter wanted to tell the story of the series on a wider scale , which ultimately meant creating a feature film . He later explained that the main problem was to create a story for which the viewer would not need to be familiar with the show 's setting and the various story arcs . Carter and Frank Spotnitz wrote major parts of the script in Hawaii over Christmas 1996 . They used the same method that they had used when writing episodes and sketching out scenes for the series on 3x5 index cards . By the time the Christmas break had ended , the whole narrative for the film had been written . Upon his return from Hawaii , Carter looked for spare time to write the script . He returned to Hawaii and in ten days wrote about half of the 124 - page screenplay for the film . Carter gave 90 pages of the screenplay to Fox who received it well . While not officially greenlighted , he got a budget from Fox and began to make plans as to when and where it would be filmed . Carter then enlisted Daniel Sackheim as a producer on the film . Sackheim had previously produced the pilot episode of The X-Files and directed several episodes in the first two seasons . The X-Files marked his first contribution as producer to a feature film . Carter 's choice for director was Rob Bowman , who had been the series ' executive producer and a director before the production base was moved from Vancouver to Los Angeles . During production , the filmmakers went to great lengths to preserve secrecy , including printing the script on red paper to prevent photocopying , and leaking disinformation to the media and giving the film the codename `` Project Blackwood '' . The code was cracked by fans who speculated on the meaning behind it . According to Spotnitz , `` Blackwood '' held no particular significance . At the beginning of the pre-production phase , Carter and Bowman were busy with the television series , leaving Sackheim to work alone . Sackheim hired executive producer Lata Ryan , who had previously collaborated with Steven Spielberg for his 1993 film , Jurassic Park . Once hired , Ryan was allowed to read the script in front of the Ten Thirteen Productions staff members -- but not to take it away . At this time , most of the staff members had not read the script for themselves . After Ryan accepted the offer of becoming executive producer , Chris Nowak was hired as production designer , Ward Russell as director of photography and Bill Liams as construction coordinator . According to Ryan , they had secured all key personnel six weeks before principal filming began . Writing and casting ( edit ) Martin Landau was one of the film 's well - known stars Both Carter and Spotnitz wanted to make the film `` bigger '' than the series , so they decided to start and end the film at an `` extreme place '' and explain aspects of the story arc that the show had not . While gathering research materials , they learned that the Earth was once covered with ice and decided to open the film in Texas in 35,000 BC with human `` Primitives '' as the first characters to appear . The film included known actors from the show such as David Duchovny as Fox Mulder , Gillian Anderson as Dana Scully , Mitch Pileggi as Walter Skinner and William B. Davis as the Cigarette Smoking Man , as well as new actors and characters to the franchise . These included Martin Landau and Blythe Danner . The signing of these actors broke with what had become tradition for The X-Files . Carter had purposely cast virtually unknown actors for the television series , to make it more believable ; `` As soon as you put in an actor whose face is very recognizable , you 've got a situation that works against the reality of the show . '' He saw creating the film as a chance to break this rule . He offered Glenne Headly the small role of a bartender . A fan of the show , she accepted enthusiastically . Set design ( edit ) Chris Nowak was hired as production designer for the film by Daniel Sackheim . Nowak was a former architect who had worked as a professional theater set designer for eight years , before moving towards the film business as an art director . Nowak had previously worked with Sackheim on a television production , which led to Sackheim contacting him to do an interview for the selection of a production designer . According to Sackheim , Nowak was hired because he was the only one able to create a `` focused vision '' for the film . Nowak wanted to start the design process after talking through the story with the filmmakers so that he could formulate `` a sense of the atmosphere '' which they wanted to create for the film . He wanted to create a `` dark , scary and oppressive environment '' for the characters , especially Mulder . While familiar with the television series , Nowak decided not to review any episodes as preparation for his role in the production . Explaining this decision , he said , `` I wanted the movie to be as fresh and new as possible in its design . Of course , there were some elements from the show that had to be retained . '' The design department found all their locations and designed sets in eight weeks , guided by input from the filmmakers . Nowak started by creating artwork for all the major sets and locations , working with the two concept artists Tim Flattery and Jim Martin . Nowak created drafts and sent them to Flattery and Martin who continued to develop them until they were complete . The complete artwork was then presented to Chris Carter , Rob Bowman , Lata Ryan and Sackheim for approval . While considering the time schedule , they made no notable changes to the artwork . Once the set concepts were approved by Carter , Bowman , Sackheim and Ryan , they were sent to the blueprint stage so that construction of the sets could begin under the supervision of construction coordinator Bill Liams . All the major sets were constructed `` simultaneously '' because of the schedule . However , this proved to be a challenge for the production team , because it meant they had to pay the rent on all the stages at the same time . The set construction started seven weeks before filming . Filming ( edit ) Not only could I not have directed the movie as well as Rob Bowman ( ... ) I did n't have the time to even attempt to direct the movie as well as Rob Bowman . Rob is a very collaborative person ; and I thought that working with him collaboratively was a much wiser way to approach this than to try to do it myself . -- Carter talking about choosing a director for the film . Carter and Bowman wanted to film in as many different locations as possible to give the film a `` grander '' feel than had usually been achievable for the television episodes . The tighter schedule , with only eight weeks of pre-production and 45 days of principal photography , still caused the production to have less location shooting than planned . Los Angeles ended up standing in for Dallas and London ( though a shot was done in London with a double ) , and the ice scenes , initially envisaged for an ice field in Alaska , were moved to Whistler , British Columbia , nearby the show 's regular locations in Vancouver . Principal photography for the film started on June 16 , 1997 . The X-Files was filmed in the hiatus between the show 's fourth and fifth seasons and re-shoots were conducted during the filming of the show 's fifth season . Due to the demands of the film shoot on the actors ' schedules , some episodes of the fifth season did not revolve around both Mulder and Scully but just one of the two lead stars . Music ( edit ) Main articles : The X-Files : Original Motion Picture Score and The X-Files : The Album Two soundtracks , The X-Files : Original Motion Picture Score and The X-Files : The Album were both released to home markets in 1998 . The X-Files : The Album included a take on the original theme song by the American duo The Dust Brothers , and included a hidden track on which Chris Carter details a summary of The X-Files mythology . Mark Snow , who had worked on the television series as a composer , was hired to score the film . Chris Carter wanted a `` very minimal approach '' to the music . He did not want much `` melody '' and wanted to replace it with plain `` ambient atmosphere '' and `` sound design '' . Snow mixed electronic music with an 85 - member orchestra to give the film a `` great sense of scope and grandeur . '' When creating the music for the film , Snow had a couple of months to write and produce the music , composing the television series simultaneously . The film marked the first time in the history of the franchise that music was composed and recorded with the help of an orchestra , although , according to Snow , there was no significant change in the recording and writing process during the production of the film . The most substantial difference was that Snow used MIDI files to save his musical scores and pieces , which would afterward be sent to a copyist who would take it through one of their programs and eventually give it to the orchestrators . Release ( edit ) Theatrical run ( edit ) The film premiered theatrically in the United States ( as well as Canada ) on June 19 , 1998 , distributed by 20th Century Fox . It closed after 14 weeks , with its widest release having been 2,650 theaters . Home media ( edit ) The same year as the international theatrical release , the film was released on VHS on October 13 , 1998 in an Extended Cut edition that is 41 seconds longer than the theatrical release . The film made its first appearance on DVD on January 24 , 2000 in Region 2 and in early 2001 in Region 1 . In 2008 , producer Frank Spotnitz announced plans to release a new special edition DVD and Blu - ray edition of the movie . `` We are working on packing the ( re-issued ) DVD and Blu - ray releases with as many extras as they will fit , including video and audio commentaries , behind - the - scenes footage , bloopers , trailers , a new documentary , and several other cool surprises . '' The Blu - ray version was released on December 2 , 2008 . In addition , a novelization of the film was written by Elizabeth Hand and released on June 19 , 1998 . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) The film grossed $83,898,313 in the U.S. and $105,278,110 abroad , giving a total worldwide gross of $189,176,423 . In its opening weekend , showing at 2,629 theaters , it earned $30,138,758 which was 35.9 % of its total gross . According to Box Office Mojo , it ranked at No. 23 for all films released in the U.S. in 1998 and No. 10 for PG - 13 rated films released that year . Critical response ( edit ) The film received generally positive reviews . The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported that 64 % of 69 listed film critics gave the film a positive review , with an average rating of 6.1 out of 10 . `` The X-Files '' movie does answer one question raised in the show for an hour a week , five years running : Is the government conspiring to keep the truth about extraterrestrials from the public ? You bet . That 's certainly been the implication from the start , and since paranoia fuels the show , it 's no great leap on the big screen . `` '' -- Tim Goodman , writing for The San Francisco Examiner Roger Ebert gave a positive review of the film with three out of four stars , saying , `` As pure movie , The X-Files more or less works . As a story , it needs a sequel , a prequel , and Cliff Notes . '' Joyce Millman of Salon was more equivocal , writing , `` ... You really ca n't treat The X-Files as a movie because it is n't one . It 's a two - hour episode of the show , '' and said it was far from the `` most satisfying '' of X-Files releases . San Francisco Chronicle reviewer Bob Graham was positive towards the film , calling `` David Duchovny and Gillian Anderson ( ... ) enormously sympathetic heroes . '' Michael O'Sullivan , a reviewer from The Washington Post called the film , `` stylish , scary , sardonically funny and at times just plain gross . '' Los Angeles Times reviewer Kenneth Turan felt that it was difficult to make sense of the film , saying that it relied too heavily on the series ' mythology . Lisa Alspector wrote that `` Only two scenes in this spin - off are worth the time of followers of the TV series . '' Variety reviewer Todd McCarthy remarked , `` As it is , the pic serves up set - pieces and a measure of scope that are beyond TV size but remain rather underwhelming by feature standards . '' Janet Maslin of The New York Times responded negatively towards the film , complaining that it was uneventful and scorning the `` hush - hush atmosphere '' surrounding the production . Sequel ( edit ) Main articles : The X-Files franchise and The X-Files : I Want to Believe The X-Files has spawned one sequel , a 2008 film entitled The X-Files : I Want to Believe released six years after the series ended . The film performed modestly at the box office and received a less positive response than the first film . In an interview with Entertainment Weekly , Chris Carter announced that if I Want to Believe proved successful , he would propose that a third movie go back to the television series ' mythology and focus on the alien invasion foretold within the series , due to occur in December 2012 . No third movie appeared ; instead , the TV series was revived in 2016 . See also ( edit ) Speculative fiction / Science fiction portal 1990s portal Film portal Extraterrestrial hypothesis 1998 in film References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` THE X-FILES ( 15 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . July 7 , 1998 . Retrieved November 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The X-Files ( 1998 ) '' , Box Office Mojo , IMDb.com , Inc , retrieved April 3 , 2010 Jump up ^ Duncan 1998 , p. 4 . ^ Jump up to : Carter , Chris , Spotnitz , Frank , Bowman , Rob , Duchovny , David , Anderson , Gillian , Pileggi , Mitch , Sackheim , Daniel , Paris , David , Lombardi , Paul , Epstein , John , McLaglen , Josh , Beck , Mat , Wash , John and Snow , Mark ( 1998 ) . The Making of The X-Files Movie ( DVD ) . Fox Home Entertainment . Jump up ^ Duncan 1998 , pp. 4 - 5 . Jump up ^ Duncan 1998 , pp. 5 - 6 . Jump up ^ Duncan 1998 , pp. 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ Duncan 1998 , p 11 . ^ Jump up to : Carter , Chris and Bowman , Rob ( 1998 ) . Audio commentary for The X-Files ( DVD ) . Fox Home Entertainment . ^ Jump up to : Duncan 1998 , p. 18 . ^ Jump up to : Duncan 1998 , p. 7 . ^ Jump up to : Duncan 1998 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Green , Chris ( Spring 2010 ) . `` Case Study : Fred Baron '' ( PDF ) . Produced by . Producers Guild of America : 15 . Jump up ^ Carter , Chris , Gilligan , Vince , Shiban , John , Haglund , Dean , Manners , Kim , Bowman , Rob , Spotnitz , Frank , Cartwright , Veronica , Rabwin , Paul , Rogers , Mimi and Goodwin , R.W. `` Bob '' ( 1998 ) . The Truth Behind Season 5 ( DVD ) . Fox Home Entertainment . Jump up ^ Love , Brett , `` X-Files ( Score ) '' , Allmusic , Rovi Corporation , retrieved September 29 , 2009 Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas , `` X-Files ( Original Soundtrack ) '' , Allmusic , Rovi Corporation , retrieved September 29 , 2009 Jump up ^ Goldwasser , Dan ( May 27 , 2008 ) , `` The S Files '' , Soundtrack.net , SoundtrackNet , LLC , retrieved September 29 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` X-Files : Fight the Future , The '' . Jump up ^ `` The X-Files : Fight the Future Blu - ray review at High Def Digest '' . ^ Jump up to : Graham , Bob ( October 16 , 1998 ) , `` Conspiracy Marks the Spot The X-Files proves an intriguing thrill '' , San Francisco Chronicle , Hearst Communications , Inc , retrieved September 29 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` DV - Delicious '' , SFX , Future plc , January 2000 Jump up ^ Stark , Jeff ( January 16 , 2001 ) . `` The X-Files : Fight the Future '' . Salon . Salon Media Group . Retrieved September 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Producer : Fox Plotting to Bring X-Files Movies to Blu - ray '' . Blu-ray.com . July 7 , 2008 . Retrieved September 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The X-Files : Fight The Future - Blu - ray '' . Barnes & Noble . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ The X-Files : Fight The Future . HarperEntertainment . ISBN 0061050679 . Jump up ^ `` The X-Files : Fight the Future ( 1998 ) '' , Rotten Tomatoes , Flixster , Inc , archived from the original on September 2 , 2009 , retrieved September 29 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` X ' hits the spot '' . The San Francisco Examiner . Retrieved February 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( June 19 , 1998 ) , `` The X-Files '' , Chicago Sun Times , Sun - Times Media Group , retrieved September 29 , 2009 Jump up ^ Millmann , Joyce ( 1998 ) , `` I want to believe '' , Salon , Salon Media Group , archived from the original on May 7 , 2010 , retrieved September 29 , 2009 Jump up ^ O'Sullivan , Michael ( June 19 , 1998 ) , `` ' X ' - tra , ' X ' - tra ! See All About It ! '' , The Washington Post , The Washington Post Company , retrieved September 29 , 2009 Jump up ^ Turan , Kenneth ( June 19 , 1998 ) , `` The X-Files '' , Los Angeles Times , Tribune Company , retrieved September 29 , 2009 Jump up ^ Alspector , Lisa ( 1998 ) , `` The X-Files '' , Chicago Reader , Creative Loafing , Inc , retrieved September 29 , 2009 Jump up ^ McCarthy , Todd ( June 19 , 1998 ) , `` The X-Files '' , Variety , Reed Business Information , retrieved September 29 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` The X-Files : Fight the Future ( 1998 ) '' , Rotten Tomatoes , Flixster , Inc , retrieved April 6 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` The X-Files : I Want to Believe '' . The Numbers . Retrieved September 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The X-Files : I Want to Believe ( 2008 ) '' , Rotten Tomatoes , Flixster , Inc , retrieved September 29 , 2009 Jump up ^ Clark Collis ( April 18 , 2008 ) , `` ' X-Files ' creator Chris Carter wants to believe in a third film featuring Mulder and Scully '' , Entertainment Weekly , Time Inc , retrieved July 27 , 2009 Duncan , Jody ( 1998 ) . The Making of The X-Files Movie . New York , US : HarperPrism . ISBN 0 - 06 - 107316 - 4 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The X-Files : Fight The Future The X-Files on IMDb The X-Files at AllMovie The X-Files at the TCM Movie Database The X-Files at the American Film Institute Catalog The X-Files at Box Office Mojo The X-Files at Rotten Tomatoes The X-Files at Metacritic The X-Files The X-Files Awards Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Unmade The X-Files ( film ) The X-Files : I Want to Believe Mythology Religion in The X-Files Sources and analogues Characters Colonists Minor Samantha Mulder X-files unit Fox Mulder Dana Scully Walter Skinner John Doggett Monica Reyes Brad Follmer Jeffrey Spender Alvin Kersh Lone Gunmen Jimmy Bond Syndicate Cigarette Smoking Man Well - Manicured Man Deep Throat X Marita Covarrubias Alex Krycek Men in Black Merchandise Games Collectible Card Game The X-Files Game Unrestricted Access Resist or Serve DVD releases Volume 1 Volume 2 Volume 3 Volume 4 Revelations Music Theme Songs in the Key of X The Truth and the Light The X-Files : Original Motion Picture Score The X-Files : The Album I Want to Believe : Original Motion Picture Score Literature The X-Files ( comics ) The X-Files Season 10 The X-Files Season 11 Related shows Millennium The Lone Gunmen `` The Springfield Files '' Book Portal Films directed by Rob Bowman Airborne ( 1993 ) The X-Files ( 1998 ) Reign of Fire ( 2002 ) Elektra ( 2005 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_X-Files_(film)&oldid=808544430 '' Categories : 1998 films English - language films The X-Files ( franchise ) 1998 horror films 1990s action films 1990s science fiction films 20th Century Fox films American films American science fiction action films American science fiction horror films Detective films Federal Bureau of Investigation in fiction Film scores by Mark Snow Films about extraterrestrial life Films based on television series Films directed by Rob Bowman Films set in 1998 Films set in Antarctica Films set in pre-Columbian America Films set in Texas Films set in Dallas Films set in Tunisia Films set in Washington , D.C. Films shot in British Columbia Films shot in London Films shot in Los Angeles Prehistoric people in popular culture Films set in Maryland Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2010 Articles with dead external links from November 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from November 2015 Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית ქართული Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 November 2017 , at 14 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | after what season was the x files movie | [
"The film takes place between seasons five (episode \"The End\") and six (episode \"The Beginning\") of the television series, and is based upon the series' extraterrestrial mythology. The story follows agents Mulder and Scully, removed from their usual jobs on the X-Files, and investigating the bombing of a building and the destruction of criminal evidence. They uncover what appears to be a government conspiracy attempting to hide the truth about an alien colonization of Earth."
] | [
"extraterrestrial mythology"
] |
-6783668849269206462 | Captain Underpants: The First Epic Movie | Captain Underpants : the First Epic Movie - Wikipedia Captain Underpants : the First Epic Movie Jump to : navigation , search Captain Underpants : The First Epic Movie Theatrical release poster Directed by David Soren Produced by Mireille Soria Mark Swift Screenplay by Nicholas Stoller David Soren ( additional screenplay material ) Based on Captain Underpants by Dav Pilkey Starring Kevin Hart Ed Helms Thomas Middleditch Nick Kroll Jordan Peele Kristen Schaal Music by Theodore Shapiro Edited by Matthew Landon Production company DreamWorks Animation Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date May 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 21 ) ( Regency Village Theater ) June 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 02 ) ( United States ) Running time 89 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $38 million Box office $125.3 million Captain Underpants : The First Epic Movie is a 2017 American computer - animated superhero comedy film based on the children 's novel series of the same name by Dav Pilkey . It was produced by DreamWorks Animation , and Mikros Image Montreal with Technicolor Animation Productions provided animation . It was directed by David Soren from a screenplay by Nicholas Stoller , and stars the voices of Kevin Hart , Ed Helms , Thomas Middleditch , Nick Kroll , Jordan Peele , and Kristen Schaal . The plot follows two imaginative elementary school pranksters named George Beard and Harold Hutchins ( voiced by Hart and Middleditch ) who hypnotize their mean - spirited principal , Mr. Krupp ( voiced by Helms ) , into thinking he is Captain Underpants , a superhero who fights crime while wearing only underwear and a cape , and the main protagonist of George and Harold 's comic books . Captain Underpants premiered on May 21 , 2017 , at the Regency Village Theater in Los Angeles , and was released in the United States on June 2 , 2017 , in 3D and 2D . The film received generally positive reviews from critics and has grossed $125 million worldwide against a budget of $38 million , making it the lowest - budgeted computer - animated feature of DreamWorks Animation 's history . This was the last DreamWorks Animation film to be distributed by 20th Century Fox . With the film 's release in Saudi Arabia paired with The Emoji Movie on January 13 , 2018 , both became the first films to be given official public screenings in the country in 35 years after the removal of Saudi Arabia 's cinema ban . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Voice cast 3 Production 4 Music 4.1 Soundtrack 4.1. 1 Track listing 4.2 Score 4.2. 1 Track listing 5 Release 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Home media 5.4 Accolades 6 Television series 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Plot ( edit ) In the city of Piqua , Ohio , two fourth - grade friends and next - door neighbors named George Beard ( Kevin Hart ) and Harold Hutchins ( Thomas Middleditch ) are the pranksters at their school , Jerome Horwitz Elementary School . They excessively prank the cruel teachers , with many of these pranks directed at their `` evil '' principal , Mr. Benjamin `` Benny '' Krupp ( Ed Helms ) , putting the two at odds with him . The duo also create comic books about a superhero named Captain Underpants , a character who has superpowers and wears underwear and a cape . They sell these to their schoolmates through a comic company called Treehouse Comix Inc. , located in their treehouse . George and Harold 's pranks come to an apparent end after they 're caught tampering with a toilet invention , the Turbo Toilet 2000 , made by the school 's local snitch and intellectual , Melvin Sneedly ( Jordan Peele ) , on video . Because of this , Mr. Krupp has no choice but to annihilate their friendship by putting them into separate classes . To prevent this , George hypnotizes Mr. Krupp with a 3D Hypno Ring he received out of a box of Frosted Sugar Doodles . The boys see that Mr. Krupp bears an odd resemblance to Captain Underpants without his toupee and command him to be Captain Underpants . The boys soon learn the severity of their actions when `` Captain Underpants '' begins causing problems around Piqua . To prevent these issues , the boys take him to their treehouse , where they discover that they can turn Captain Underpants back into Mr. Krupp by splashing water on him and can turn him back into Captain Underpants by snapping their fingers . Believing that Mr. Krupp will continue trying to separate them , they decide to settle with Captain Underpants but insist that he be dressed up as Mr. Krupp under the pretense of a `` secret identity , '' to which Captain Underpants agrees . His sudden personality change even manages to attract the attention ( and affection ) of the school 's shy lunch lady , Edith ( Kristen Schaal ) . Just when George and Harold believe that their troubles have ended , Jerome Horwitz Elementary School is visited by an odd , German - accented scientist named Professor Pee - Pee Diarrheastein Poopypants , Esq . ( Nick Kroll ) , or as he calls himself , Professor P. Captain Underpants ( disguised as Mr. Krupp ) hires him to be a new teacher , but George and Harold are suspicious of him . As it turns out , Poopypants is seeking to get rid of laughter altogether due to the fact that people have made fun of his name for years . He recruits Melvin to help him , as he discovers his brain makes him incapable of laughing or having fun . After Mr. Krupp finally separates the boys in separate classes from a school carnival accident by Captain Underpants , Professor Poopypants tries to take over the town with a giant version of the Turbo Toilet 2000 , fueled by the school cafeteria 's rotten leftovers left out by Edith and uses Melvin 's brain to turn the children into glum , humorless zombies . Captain Underpants tries to stop the villain , but due to having no actual superpowers , is effortlessly defeated and thrown into the toilet . George and Harold are captured and nearly turned into zombies , but are able to escape after Professor Poopypants includes Uranus as one of the planets he 'll rid of laughter , causing the boys to laugh and damage the Turbo Toilet 2000 's computer , restoring the children back to normal . Upon consuming the mutated leftovers , Captain Underpants acquires superpowers and , with George and Harold 's help , defeats and shrinks Poopypants , though he escapes on a bumblebee shortly thereafter . Knowing that they ca n't control Captain Underpants , George and Harold destroy the Hypno Ring to permanently change him back into Mr. Krupp . Feeling that Mr. Krupp would be nicer if he had friends , the boys set him and lovesick Edith up on a date , thus making Mr. Krupp have a change of heart , returns the comics he took away from George and Harold , and even admits their comics are funny . However , the toxic waste from the Turbo Toilet 2000 transforms all the toilets into vicious monsters which attack the restaurant at which Mr. Krupp and Edith are dining . Upon snapping his fingers , Mr. Krupp once again becomes Captain Underpants , carrying George and Harold away to help him fight them , much to Edith 's surprise and admiration . In a mid-credits scene , George and Harold realize that the secretary , who they put on hold before by faking a contest with a cash prize of $1 billion , has been on the phone for the entire film , so they shut off the call , make the secretary angry , and make a new comic based on her reaction . Voice cast ( edit ) Kevin Hart as George Beard , a fourth - grade student . He is Harold 's best friend and writes stories for the comics he and Harold make . Thomas Middleditch as Harold Hutchins , a fourth - grade student . He is George 's best friend and illustrates the comics he and George make . Ed Helms as Mr. Benjamin `` Benny '' Krupp / Captain Underpants , the mean - spirited principal of Jerome Horwitz Elementary School , who is hypnotized into becoming the superhero created by George and Harold . Nick Kroll as Professor Pee - Pee Diarrheastein Poopypants , Esq. , a scientist angered after being constantly made fun of and not taken seriously for his name , who decides to take over the world to get rid of all laughter and captain underpants _́ s arch - nemesis . Jordan Peele as Melvin Sneedly , George and Harold 's arch - nemesis , a child prodigy inventor ; he becomes Prof. Poopypants ' unwitting sidekick . Kristen Schaal as Edith , the shy school lunch lady and the love interest of Mr. Krupp . Dee Dee Rescher as Ms. Tara Ribble , the 4th - grade teacher ( and George 's new teacher when Mr. Krupp separates the boys ) . Brian Posehn as Mr. Rected , the guidance counselor ( and Harold 's new teacher when Mr. Krupp separates the boys ) . Mel Rodriguez as Mr. Morty Fyde , the science teacher who gets fired by Krupp and is replaced by Professor Poopypants . David Soren as Tommy , a boy who is seen frequently throughout the movie climbing into his own locker and shutting the locker door behind him . Susan Fitzker as Mrs. Dayken , George and Harold 's kindergarten teacher and unintentionally made them laugh by mentioning Uranus Lynnanne Zager as Mrs. Beard Tiffany Lauren Bennicke as Sad Girl James Ryan as Mime Leslie David Baker as Officer McPiggly Sugar Lyn Beard as Goodie Two - Shoes Girl Lesley Nicol as Nobel Moderator Chris Miller as Nobel Audience Member Coco Soren as Balloon Girl Production ( edit ) DreamWorks ' interest in the film rights to the Captain Underpants series dates back to when the first installment was published in 1997 , but creator Dav Pilkey did not want to sell them . Early pitches for an adaptation included video games , animated and live - action films , an animated series , and a live - action series . To persuade him , DreamWorks gave Pilkey a tour around the studio with everyone wearing underpants over their actual pants , which made him laugh . In October 2011 , his representatives indicated Pilkey was ready , and DreamWorks Animation won the rights in an auction . In October 2013 , Rob Letterman was announced as director and Nicholas Stoller as scriptwriter . The two had previously worked together on the film Gulliver 's Travels . In January 2014 , the cast was announced . Ed Helms joined as Mr. Krupp a.k.a. Captain Underpants , Kevin Hart as George Beard , Thomas Middleditch as Harold Hutchins , Nick Kroll as the `` insidious villain '' Professor Poopypants , and Jordan Peele as George and Harold 's `` nerdy nemesis '' Melvin Sneedly . In 2014 , DreamWorks Animation announced a January 2017 release date . Following DreamWorks Animation 's reorganization in early 2015 , the studio announced that the film would be produced outside of the studio 's pipeline at a significantly lower cost . It was instead animated at Mikros Image in Montreal , Canada , and at Technicolor Animation Productions in France , and therefore looks identical to Pilkey 's artwork , as well as differently than most of DWA 's films . A month later , Letterman left the project but came back as an executive producer , and David Soren , the director of Turbo , entered talks to direct the film . During production , Pilkey got to work closely with Soren . He was relieved that Soren was directing since he was a fan of Turbo . In an interview with Los Angeles Times , Pilkey said : `` Once I met David , it was like a huge load fell off my back ; I was like , ' I do n't even have to think about this anymore . Just send me a couple of tickets to the premiere . ' '' Commenting back , Soren said , `` In a way , the controversy over the books ended up being liberating for the film . Normally on an animated movie you 're trying to appeal to every possible demographic , and often that results in your content being watered down a little bit . Obviously we hope we get as wide of an audience as possible . But it 's likely that if people have issues with the books they may have issues with the movie too , and we did n't feel like we needed to waste a lot of time trying to rope them in . It allowed us to make the purest version of the movie . '' Soreness also said that he took inspiration from John Hughes films . In an interview with MovieFreak , he mentioned , ... we actually looked at a lot of John Hughes movies for inspiration , like Ferris Bueller 's Day Off and Weird Science . John Hughes had this great knack for making comedies likes this . Both of those movies have great friendships at the center of them . He seemed to be able to tap into the voice of a generation . They 're very funny , all of his movies , but they are also poignant and they actually have meaningful things to say , which I think is why they have stood the test of time . So there 's timelessness to his work that we were attempting to go for with this . Although it is a CG - animated feature , the film includes scenes that are traditionally animated , flash animated , a short cutout animation segment , and a sock puppet sequence created by Screen Novelties . Music ( edit ) Soundtrack ( edit ) `` Weird Al '' Yankovic wrote and performed the theme song for the film , which was featured in a lyric video . It currently stands at over 10 million views ( as of March 2018 ) . Andy Grammer wrote another original song for the film , titled `` A Friend Like You '' . The film also features music from Adam Lambert , Cold War Kids member Nathan Willett , and Lil Yachty . An 11 - track soundtrack album was released digitally on June 2 , 2017 , by Virgin Records and Deep Well Records . Track listing ( edit ) No . Title Artist Length 1 . `` Captain Underpants Theme Song '' `` Weird Al '' Yankovic and Ed Helms 2 : 14 2 . `` A Friend Like You '' Andy Grammer 3 : 40 3 . `` Saturday ( cast version ) '' Kevin Hart and Thomas Middleditch 0 : 48 4 . `` Think '' Adam Lambert 2 : 59 5 . `` 1812 Ofarture '' The Students of Jerome Horwitz Elementary School 1 : 08 6 . `` Hallelujah '' Kevin Hart , Thomas Middleditch , Ed Helms 0 : 39 7 . `` Oh Yeah '' Lil Yachty 2 : 51 8 . `` Saturday '' Nathan Willett 3 : 29 9 . `` Comic Book Opening '' Theodore Shapiro 1 : 54 10 . `` Saving the Day '' Theodore Shapiro 7 : 22 11 . `` The Prank for Good '' Theodore Shapiro 5 : 38 Total length : 32 : 42 Score ( edit ) The film score was composed by Theodore Shapiro . A soundtrack for the score of the film was released on June 9 . It features 24 pieces of music , and an exclusive digital booklet on iTunes . Three of the scores are also available on the soundtrack ( those being `` Comic Book Opening '' , `` Saving the Day '' , and `` The Prank for Good '' ) . Track listing ( edit ) All tracks written by Theodore Shapiro . No . Title Length 2 . `` Treehouse '' 1 : 03 3 . `` Bromance Origin Story '' 1 : 58 4 . `` Annihilate the Friendship '' 2 : 13 5 . `` Tuna Casserole '' 0 : 59 6 . `` Snooping '' 1 : 47 7 . `` Power of the Hypno Ring '' 1 : 57 8 . `` A Hero is Born '' 4 : 14 9 . `` Mad Genius Inventor '' 0 : 53 10 . `` Bringing Krupp Home '' 2 : 20 11 . `` Two Blue Eyes '' 2 : 10 12 . `` Brain of a Child '' 1 : 54 13 . `` Hallelujah , His Name is Poopypants '' 1 : 37 14 . `` The Nobel Prize '' 3 : 02 15 . `` Anti-Humor Boy '' 1 : 49 16 . `` Art Class Liberation '' 1 : 57 17 . `` Carnival Conniptions '' 2 : 17 18 . `` Separation Anxiety '' 1 : 32 19 . `` Poopypants Has No Gas '' 1 : 36 20 . `` A World Without Laughter '' 2 : 53 21 . `` Flip - O-Rama ! '' 1 : 24 22 . `` Really Silly Names '' 1 : 23 Total length : 55 : 42 Release ( edit ) Captain Underpants : The First Epic Movie was previously scheduled to be released on March 10 , 2017 , but in September 2015 , The Boss Baby took over its date . The film was then moved to June 2 , 2017 , and was released by 20th Century Fox . Other territories such as Europe and Asia received the film between July and October 2017 and the movie came on DVD and Blu - Ray on September 12 , 2017 and it premiered on May 21 , 2017 at the Regency Village Theater in Los Angeles . The film was chosen along with The Emoji Movie to inaugurate the removal of Saudi Arabia 's cinema ban through a double feature screening on January 13 , 2018 organized by Cinema 70 . Both are the first two movies to be given an official public screening in the country in 35 years . Box Office ( edit ) Captain Underpants : The First Epic Movie has grossed $73.9 million in the United States and Canada and $51.2 million in other territories , for a worldwide gross of $125.3 million . In North America , the film was released alongside Wonder Woman , and was projected to gross around $20 million from 3,434 theaters in its opening weekend . It made $8 million on its first day and $23.9 million in its opening weekend , finishing second at the box office , behind Wonder Woman ( $103.3 million ) . The film would go on to gross $12.2 million in its second weekend , $7.2 million in its third and $4.3 million in its fourth . Critical response ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 86 % based on 116 reviews and an average rating of 6.9 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` With a tidy plot , clean animation , and humor that fits its source material snugly , Captain Underpants : The First Epic Movie is entertainment that wo n't drive a wedge between family members . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 69 out of 100 based on 25 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B + '' on an A+ to F scale . Matt Zoller Seitz of RogerEbert.com gave the film three - and - a-half out of four stars . Although Seitz pointed out that the film is hampered by `` a rushed , jumbled quality '' and has `` tiresome '' features that he says are common to DreamWorks , such as `` frenetic action scenes ... and the use of workhorse pop songs '' , he emphasized that `` ( t ) hey 've approached this compendium of elemental slapstick and unabashed childishness with the reverence that the Coen brothers brought to No Country for Old Men . '' He further added that the inclusion of the flip book interludes are the film 's best parts , especially in having the pages accidentally be torn similar to the real books , stating that `` ( i ) t 's not often that a movie puts a spotlight on a mundane ritual in your own life that you never realized was profound and says , ' You probably forgot about this , but I want you to remember it and savor it , because it meant something . ' '' Home Media ( edit ) Captain Underpants : The First Epic Movie was released on Digital HD on August 29 , 2017 , and on DVD , Blu - ray and Ultra HD Blu - ray on September 12 , 2017 , by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment , and has been released by Universal Pictures Home Entertainment in certain territories . Accolades ( edit ) Award Recipient ( s ) Result Annie Award Best Animated Feature Mireille Soria and Mark Swift Nominated Music in an Animated Feature Production Theodore Shapiro Voice Acting in an Animated Feature Production Nick Kroll Detroit Film Critics Society Best Animated Film Captain Underpants : The First Epic Movie Empire Awards Best Animated Film Nominated Golden Tomato Awards 2017 Best Animated Film 5th Place Hollywood Music in Media Awards 2017 Best Original Song - Animated Film `` Captain Underpants Theme Song '' for `` Weird Al '' Yankovic Nominated Best Original Score - Animated Film Theodore Shapiro International Film Music Critics Association Best Original Score for an Animated Film Won IGN Awards Best Animated Movie Captain Underpants : The First Epic Movie Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Animated Film Nominated Los Angeles Online Film Critics Society Best Animated Film Nominated St. Louis Film Critics Association Best Animated Feature David Soren 16th Visual Effects Society Awards Outstanding Visual Effects in an Animated Feature David Soren , Mark Swift , Mireille Soria , David Dulac Television series ( edit ) Main article : The Epic Tales of Captain Underpants On December 12 , 2017 , Netflix and DreamWorks Animation announced that there will be an animated series entitled The Epic Tales of Captain Underpants on Netflix sometime in 2018 . The series will be executive produced by Peter Hastings . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Half - cover of the Yello song of the same name References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Rechtshaffen , Michael ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Captain Underpants : The First Epic Movie ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Captain Underpants : The First Epic Movie '' . AMC Theatres . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Captain Underpants The First Epic Movie ( 2017 ) '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office Preview : ' Wonder Woman ' Readies for $95 M - Plus U.S. Debut '' . The Hollywood Reporter . June 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Captain Underpants : The First Epic Movie ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb.com , Inc . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Amidi , Amid ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Captain Underpants ' Could Dramatically Alter The U.S. Feature Animation Industry '' . Cartoon Brew . Cartoon Brew , LLC . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : DreamWorks Animation ( January 21 , 2014 ) . `` Captain Underpants Saves The Day By Recruiting Top Comedy Talent To Voice New DreamWorks Animation Film '' ( Press release ) . PR Newswire . Retrieved January 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Snetiker , Marc ( June 28 , 2016 ) . `` Captain Underpants movie recruits Kristen Schaal '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Josh Rottenberg ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` Why Captain Underpants author Dav Pilkey played hard to get with Hollywood '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mike Flemming , Jr ( October 19 , 2011 ) . `` DreamWorks Animation Wins Auction For ' Captain Underpants ' Feature Film Rights '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( October 25 , 2013 ) . `` Rob Letterman to Direct ' Captain Underpants ' for DWA ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` DreamWorks Animation Release Dates Include Madagascar 4 '' . Collider.com . June 12 , 2014 . Retrieved June 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lieberman , David ( January 22 , 2015 ) . `` DreamWorks Animation Restructuring To Cut 500 Jobs With $290 M Charge '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( January 22 , 2015 ) . `` Jeffrey Katzenberg on DWA 's Cutbacks : ' 3 Films a Year Was Too Ambitious '' . Variety . Retrieved September 20 , 2015 . `` Trolls , '' set for a 2016 release , will be the first film to be made with the $120 million budget . ^ Jump up to : Fleming Jr. , Mike ( February 26 , 2015 ) . `` Rob Letterman Doffs ' Captain Underpants ' ; ' Turbo 's David Soren Being Fitted For DWA Pic '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sara Michelle Fetters . `` '' CAPTAIN UNDERPANTS : THE FIRST EPIC ADVENTURE '' -- INTERVIEW WITH DAVID SOREN `` . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Unknown parameter dat = ignored ( help ) Jump up ^ Romano , Nick ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` Tra la la ! Weird Al Yankovic sings Captain Underpants theme in lyric video '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tom , Lauren ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` Captain Underpants ' Movie Scores Epic Soundtrack With ' Weird Al ' , Lil Yachty & More '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Captain Underpants : The First Epic Movie ' Soundtrack Details '' . Film Music Reporter . May 11 , 2017 . Retrieved May 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( September 18 , 2015 ) . `` Hugh Jackman 's ' Greatest Showman on Earth ' Pushed a Year to Christmas 2017 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Theatrical Movie Schedule Changes and Additions '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb.com , Inc . March 27 , 2016 . Retrieved March 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Coggan , Devan ( December 24 , 2016 ) . `` Captain Underpants leaps to the big screen in exclusive first look '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved December 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Hart , Kristen Schaal attend ' Captain Underpants ' premiere in Los Angeles '' . United Press International . May 22 , 2017 . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Milligan , Mercedes ( January 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Emoji Movie , ' ' Captain Underpants ' Break Saudi Arabia 's 35 - Year Cinema Fast '' . Animation Magazine . Jean Thoren . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( May 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' : All The World Is Waiting For You As Warner Bros. / DC Pic Eyes $175 M+ Global Opening '' . Deadline . Penske Business Media , LLC . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Wonder Woman ' Breaks Glass Ceiling For Female Directors & Stomps On ' Iron Man ' With $100.5 M Debut -- Sunday AM Final '' . Deadline.com . June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Tre'vell ( June 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' lassos $100.5 million at domestic box office , ' Captain Underpants ' overperforms '' . Los Angeles Times . Tronc . Jump up ^ `` Why ' Transformers ' Is Screaming For Reboot After $69 M Start ; ' Wonder Woman ' & ' Cars 3 ' Fight Over 2nd Place '' . Deadline . Penske Business Media , LLC . June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Captain Underpants : The First Epic Movie ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Captain Underpants : The First Epic Movie reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive Inc . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seitz , Matt Zoller ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` Captain Underpants : The First Epic Movie Movie Review '' . RogerEbert.com . Ebert Digital LLC . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Captain Underpants : The First Epic Movie DVD Release Date '' . DVDs Release Dates . Retrieved 24 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Amidi , Amid ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` Walt Disney Company Picks Up 33 Annie Award Nominations , Including 13 For ' Coco ' '' . Cartoon Brew . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Detroit Film Critics Society Awards Nominations '' . Detroit Film Critics Society . December 4 , 2017 . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ruby , Jennifer ( January 19 , 2018 ) . `` Empire Film Awards 2018 : The Last Jedi leads the pack with nine nominations including Best Actress for Daisy Ridley '' . London Evening Standard . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ritman , Alex ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi ' Leads Nominations for U.K. 's Empire Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` BEST - REVIEWED ANIMATED MOVIES 2017 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . January 3 , 2018 . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pond , Steve ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` Hollywood Music in Media Awards Announces Nominees in Film , TV , & Video Game Music '' . Shoot Online . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://filmmusiccritics.org/2018/02/ifmca-award-nominations-2017/ Jump up ^ http://filmmusiccritics.org/2018/02/ifmca-award-winners-2017/ Jump up ^ IGN Editors ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` BEST OF 2017 NOMINEES '' . IGN Awards . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Pond , Steve ( February 26 , 2018 ) . `` Nickelodeon 's Kids ' Choice Awards 2018 : Watch Host John Cena Announce the Favorite Movie Nominees '' . E ! Online . Retrieved February 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Online Film Critics Society Film Nominations -- LA Online Film Critics Society '' . laofcs.org . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Los Angeles Online Film Critics Society Nominations '' . December 4 , 2017 . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Amidi , Amid ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` Annual StLFCA Awards '' . Sf . Louis Film Association . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` Visual Effects Society Awards : ' Apes , ' ' Blade Runner 2049 ' Lead Feature Nominees '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' She - Ra ' Scores Netflix Reboot Through DreamWorks Animation '' . 12 December 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) Zahed , Ramin ( 2017 ) , The Art of Captain Underpants The First Epic Movie ( 1st ed . ) , Titan Books , ISBN 978 - 1785652905 External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Captain Underpants : The First Epic Movie Official website Captain Underpants : The First Epic Movie on IMDb Captain Underpants : The First Epic Movie at AllMovie Captain Underpants : The First Epic Movie at Box Office Mojo Captain Underpants : The First Epic Movie at Metacritic Captain Underpants : The First Epic Movie at Rotten Tomatoes DreamWorks Animation A subsidiary of NBCUniversal , a Comcast company Feature films Antz ( 1998 ) The Prince of Egypt ( 1998 ) The Road to El Dorado ( 2000 ) Joseph : King of Dreams ( 2000 ) Shrek ( 2001 ) Spirit : Stallion of the Cimarron ( 2002 ) Sinbad : Legend of the Seven Seas ( 2003 ) Shrek 2 ( 2004 ) Shark Tale ( 2004 ) Madagascar ( 2005 ) Over the Hedge ( 2006 ) Shrek the Third ( 2007 ) Bee Movie ( 2007 ) Kung Fu Panda ( 2008 ) Madagascar : Escape 2 Africa ( 2008 ) Monsters vs. Aliens ( 2009 ) How to Train Your Dragon ( 2010 ) Shrek Forever After ( 2010 ) Megamind ( 2010 ) Kung Fu Panda 2 ( 2011 ) Puss in Boots ( 2011 ) Madagascar 3 : Europe 's Most Wanted ( 2012 ) Rise of the Guardians ( 2012 ) The Croods ( 2013 ) Turbo ( 2013 ) Mr. Peabody & Sherman ( 2014 ) How to Train Your Dragon 2 ( 2014 ) Penguins of Madagascar ( 2014 ) Home ( 2015 ) Kung Fu Panda 3 ( 2016 ) Trolls ( 2016 ) The Boss Baby ( 2017 ) Captain Underpants : The First Epic Movie ( 2017 ) Produced with Aardman Chicken Run ( 2000 ) Wallace & Gromit : The Curse of the Were - Rabbit ( 2005 ) Flushed Away ( 2006 ) Upcoming How to Train Your Dragon 3 ( 2019 ) Franchises Shrek ( since 2001 ) Madagascar ( since 2005 ) Kung Fu Panda ( since 2008 ) Monsters vs. Aliens ( 2009 -- 14 ) How to Train Your Dragon ( since 2010 ) Tales of Arcadia ( since 2016 ) TV series Toonsylvania ( 1998 ) Invasion America ( 1998 ) Alienators : Evolution Continues ( 2001 -- 02 ) Father of the Pride ( 2004 -- 05 ) The Penguins of Madagascar ( 2008 -- 15 ) Neighbors from Hell ( 2010 ) Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness ( 2011 -- 16 ) DreamWorks Dragons ( 2012 -- 18 ) Monsters vs. Aliens ( 2013 -- 14 ) Turbo FAST ( 2013 -- 16 ) VeggieTales in the House ( 2014 -- 16 ) All Hail King Julien ( 2014 -- 17 ) The Adventures of Puss in Boots ( 2015 -- 18 ) Dawn of the Croods ( since 2015 ) Dinotrux ( since 2015 ) The Mr. Peabody & Sherman Show ( since 2015 ) Home : Adventures with Tip & Oh ( since 2016 ) Noddy , Toyland Detective ( since 2016 ) Trollhunters ( since 2016 ) Voltron : Legendary Defender ( since 2016 ) VeggieTales in the City ( since 2017 ) Spirit Riding Free ( since 2017 ) Trolls : The Beat Goes On ! ( since 2018 ) The Boss Baby : Back in Business ( since 2018 ) Upcoming The Epic Tales of Captain Underpants ( 2018 ) Harvey Street Kids ( 2018 ) 3 Below ( 2018 ) Wizards ( 2019 ) Television specials Shrek the Halls ( 2007 ) Monsters vs. Aliens : Mutant Pumpkins from Outer Space ( 2009 ) Merry Madagascar ( 2009 ) Scared Shrekless ( 2010 ) Kung Fu Panda Holiday ( 2010 ) Madly Madagascar ( 2013 ) Trolls Holiday ( 2017 ) Short films Shrek 4 - D ( 2003 ) Far Far Away Idol ( 2004 ) The Madagascar Penguins in a Christmas Caper ( 2005 ) First Flight ( 2006 ) Hammy 's Boomerang Adventure ( 2006 ) Secrets of the Furious Five ( 2008 ) B.O.B. 's Big Break ( 2009 ) Legend of the Boneknapper Dragon ( 2010 ) Megamind : The Button of Doom ( 2011 ) Night of the Living Carrots ( 2011 ) Gift of the Night Fury ( 2011 ) Book of Dragons ( 2011 ) Kung Fu Panda : Secrets of the Masters ( 2011 ) Puss in Boots : The Three Diablos ( 2012 ) Rocky and Bullwinkle ( 2014 ) Dawn of the Dragon Racers ( 2014 ) Kung Fu Panda : Secrets of the Scroll ( 2016 ) People Bill Damaschke Chris Meledandri Jeffrey Katzenberg Subsidiaries DreamWorks Channel DreamWorks Classics Big Idea Entertainment Harvey Entertainment DreamWorks New Media ( AwesomenessTV ( 51 % ) ) Pearl Studio Related topics Amblimation DreamWorks DreamWorks Records DreamWorks Television DreamWorks Interactive Go Fish Pictures In amusement parks DreamWorks Experience Pacific Data Images List of DreamWorks Animation programs List of unproduced DreamWorks Animation projects The Captain Underpants series by Dav Pilkey Novels The Adventures of Captain Underpants ( 1997 ) Attack of the Talking Toilets ( 1999 ) Invasion of the Incredibly Naughty Cafeteria Ladies from Outer Space ( 1999 ) Perilous Plot of Professor Poopypants ( 2000 ) Wrath of the Wicked Wedgie Woman ( 2001 ) Big , Bad Battle of the Bionic Booger Boy ( Parts 1 & 2 ) ( 2003 ) Preposterous Plight of the Purple Potty People ( 2006 ) Terrifying Return of Tippy Tinkletrousers ( 2012 ) Revolting Revenge of the Radioactive Robo - Boxers ( 2013 ) Tyrannical Retaliation of the Turbo Toilet 2000 ( 2014 ) Sensational Saga of Sir Stinks - A-Lot ( 2015 ) Spin - offs Super Diaper Baby The Adventures of Super Diaper Baby ( 2002 ) Super Diaper Baby 2 : The Invasion of the Potty Snatchers ( 2011 ) Ook and Gluk The Adventures of Ook and Gluk : Kung - Fu Cavemen from the Future ( 2010 ) Dog Man Dog Man ( 2016 ) Dog Man Unleashed ( 2017 ) Dog Man : A Tale of Two Kitties ( 2017 ) Dog Man and Cat Kid ( 2018 ) Dog Man : Lord of the Fleas ( 2018 ) Other media Film Captain Underpants : The First Epic Movie ( 2017 ) Television The Epic Tales of Captain Underpants ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Captain_Underpants:_The_First_Epic_Movie&oldid=834441981 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films 2017 3D films 2017 computer - animated films 2010s American animated films 2010s comedy films 20th Century Fox animated films 20th Century Fox films American 3D films American action comedy films American children 's animated comedy films American children 's animated fantasy films American computer - animated films American films American slapstick comedy films Animated films about revenge Animated films based on children 's books Animated films based on novels Animated superhero films Captain Underpants DreamWorks Animation animated films Films about educators Films featuring hypnosis Films set in Ohio Screenplays by Nicholas Stoller Self - reflexive films Superhero comedy films Hidden categories : Pages with citations using unsupported parameters CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Türkçe 中文 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 19 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays harold in captain underpants the movie | [
"In the city of Piqua, Ohio, two fourth-grade friends and next-door neighbors named George Beard (Kevin Hart) and Harold Hutchins (Thomas Middleditch) are the pranksters at their school, Jerome Horwitz Elementary School. They excessively prank the cruel teachers, with many of these pranks directed at their \"evil\" principal, Mr. Benjamin \"Benny\" Krupp (Ed Helms), putting the two at odds with him. The duo also create comic books about a superhero named Captain Underpants, a character who has superpowers and wears underwear and a cape. They sell these to their schoolmates through a comic company called Treehouse Comix Inc., located in their treehouse. George and Harold's pranks come to an apparent end after they're caught tampering with a toilet invention, the Turbo Toilet 2000, made by the school's local snitch and intellectual, Melvin Sneedly (Jordan Peele), on video. Because of this, Mr. Krupp has no choice but to annihilate their friendship by putting them into separate classes."
] | [
"Thomas Middleditch"
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-7607003880529096570 | New York Giants | New York Giants - wikipedia New York Giants Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the current American football team . For the baseball team , see San Francisco Giants and History of the New York Giants ( baseball ) . For other uses , see New York Giants ( disambiguation ) . `` New Jersey Giants '' redirects here . For other uses , see Jersey Giant . New York Giants Current season Established August 1 , 1925 ; 92 years ago ( August 1 , 1925 ) First season : 1925 Play in MetLife Stadium East Rutherford , New Jersey Headquartered in the Quest Diagnostics Training Center East Rutherford , New Jersey Logo Wordmark League / conference affiliations National Football League ( 1925 -- present ) Eastern Division ( 1933 -- 1949 ) American Conference ( 1950 -- 1952 ) Eastern Conference ( 1953 -- 1969 ) Century Division ( 1967 ; 1969 ) Capitol Division ( 1968 ) National Football Conference ( 1970 -- present ) NFC East ( 1970 -- present ) Current uniform Team colors Dark Blue , Red , White Personnel Owner ( s ) John Mara , Steve Tisch Chairman Steve Tisch President John Mara General manager Dave Gettleman Head coach Steve Spagnuolo ( interim ) Team history New York Giants ( 1925 -- present ) Team nicknames Big Blue , G - Men , Jints , Big Blue Wrecking Crew , New York Football Giants Championships League championships ( 8 ) NFL championships ( pre-1970 AFL -- NFL merger ) ( 4 ) 1927 , 1934 , 1938 , 1956 Super Bowl championships ( 4 ) 1986 ( XXI ) , 1990 ( XXV ) , 2007 ( XLII ) , 2011 ( XLVI ) Conference championships ( 11 ) NFL Eastern : 1956 , 1958 , 1959 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 NFC : 1986 , 1990 , 2000 , 2007 , 2011 Division championships ( 16 ) NFL East : 1933 , 1934 , 1935 , 1938 , 1939 , 1941 , 1944 , 1946 NFC East : 1986 , 1989 , 1990 , 1997 , 2000 , 2005 , 2008 , 2011 Playoff appearances ( 32 ) NFL : 1933 , 1934 , 1935 , 1938 , 1939 , 1941 , 1943 , 1944 , 1946 , 1950 , 1956 , 1958 , 1959 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1981 , 1984 , 1985 , 1986 , 1989 , 1990 , 1993 , 1997 , 2000 , 2002 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2011 , 2016 Home fields Polo Grounds ( 1925 -- 1955 ) Yankee Stadium ( 1956 -- 1973 ) Yale Bowl ( 1973 -- 1974 ) Shea Stadium ( 1975 ) Giants Stadium ( 1976 -- 2009 ) MetLife Stadium ( 2010 -- present ) The New York Giants are a professional American football team based in the New York metropolitan area . The Giants compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's National Football Conference ( NFC ) East division . The team plays its home games at MetLife Stadium in East Rutherford , New Jersey , which it shares with the New York Jets in a unique arrangement . The Giants hold their summer training camp at the Quest Diagnostics Training Center at the Meadowlands Sports Complex . The Giants were one of five teams that joined the NFL in 1925 , and is the only one of that group still existing , as well as the league 's longest - established team in the Northeastern United States . The team ranks third among all NFL franchises with eight NFL championship titles : four in the pre -- Super Bowl era ( 1927 , 1934 , 1938 , 1956 ) and four since the advent of the Super Bowl ( Super Bowls XXI ( 1986 ) , XXV ( 1990 ) , XLII ( 2007 ) , and XLVI ( 2011 ) ) , along with more championship appearances than any other team , with 19 overall appearances . Their championship tally is surpassed only by the Green Bay Packers ( 13 ) and Chicago Bears ( 9 ) . Throughout their history , the Giants have featured 28 Hall of Fame players , including NFL Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) award winners Mel Hein , Frank Gifford , Y.A. Tittle , and Lawrence Taylor . To distinguish themselves from the professional baseball team of the same name , the football team was incorporated as the `` New York National League Football Company , Inc . '' in 1929 and changed to `` New York Football Giants , Inc . '' in 1937 . While the baseball team moved to San Francisco after the 1957 season , the football team continues to use `` New York Football Giants , Inc . '' as its legal corporate name , and is often referred to by fans and sportscasters as the `` New York Football Giants '' . The team has also acquired several nicknames , including `` Big Blue '' , the `` G - Men '' , and the `` Jints '' , an intentionally mangled contraction seen frequently in the New York Post and New York Daily News , originating from the baseball team when they were based in New York . Additionally , the team as a whole is occasionally referred to as the `` Big Blue Wrecking Crew '' , even though this moniker primarily and originally refers to the Giants defensive unit during the 80s and early 90s ( and before that to the Los Angeles Dodgers baseball teams of the late 1970s and early 1980s ) . The team 's heated rivalry with the Philadelphia Eagles is the oldest of the NFC East rivalries , dating all the way back to 1933 , and has been called the best rivalry in the NFL in the 21st century . Contents ( hide ) 1 Team history 1.1 1925 -- 1932 1.2 1933 -- 1946 1.3 Fourth NFL championship and `` The Greatest Game Ever Played '' ( 1947 -- 1963 ) 1.4 Postseason drought and resurgence ( 1964 -- 1982 ) 1.5 Bill Parcells era ( 1983 -- 1990 ) 1.5. 1 First Super Bowl championship ( 1986 season ) 1.5. 2 Second Super Bowl championship ( 1990 season ) 1.6 Post-Parcells era ( 1991 -- 1996 ) 1.7 Jim Fassel era ( 1997 -- 2003 ) 1.7. 1 NFC Champions ( 2000 season ) 1.8 Tom Coughlin / Eli Manning era ( 2004 -- 2015 ) 1.8. 1 Third Super Bowl championship ( 2007 season ) 1.8. 2 Late - season collapses ( 2008 -- 2010 ) 1.8. 3 Fourth Super Bowl championship ( 2011 season ) 1.8. 4 Post-Super Bowl struggles ( 2012 -- 2015 ) 1.8. 5 Back to the playoffs ( 2016 ) 1.8. 6 Struggles ( 2017 ) 1.9 Timeline 2 Championships 2.1 League Championships 2.1. 1 Pre-Super Bowl NFL Championships 2.1. 2 Super Bowl Championships 2.2 NFC Championships 3 Logos and uniforms 4 Ownerships , financial history and fan base 5 Rivalries 5.1 Philadelphia Eagles 5.2 Washington Redskins 5.3 Dallas Cowboys 5.4 San Francisco 49ers 5.5 New York Jets 6 Players of note 6.1 Current roster 6.2 Retired numbers 6.3 Pro Football Hall of Famers 6.4 Ring of Honor 6.5 NFL MVP award winners 6.6 Super Bowl MVP award winners 6.7 First - round draft picks 7 Coaches of note 7.1 Current staff 8 Media , radio and television 8.1 Past 9 See also 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 External links Team history Main article : History of the New York Giants 1925 -- 1932 The Giants played their first game as an away game against All New Britain in New Britain , Connecticut , on October 4 , 1925 . They defeated New Britain 26 -- 0 in front of a crowd of 10,000 . The Giants were successful in their first season , finishing with an 8 -- 4 record . In its third season , the team finished with the best record in the league at 11 -- 1 -- 1 and was awarded the NFL title . After a disappointing fourth season ( 1928 ) owner Mara bought the entire squad of the Detroit Wolverines , principally to acquire star quarterback Benny Friedman , and merged the two teams under the Giants name . In 1930 , there were still many who questioned the quality of the professional game , claiming the college `` amateurs '' played with more intensity than professionals . In December 1930 , the Giants played a team of Notre Dame All Stars at the Polo Grounds to raise money for the unemployed of New York City . It was also an opportunity to establish the skill and prestige of the pro game . Knute Rockne reassembled his Four Horsemen along with the stars of his 1924 Championship squad and told them to score early , then defend . Rockne , like much of the public , thought little of pro football and expected an easy win . But from the beginning it was a one - way contest , with Friedman running for two Giant touchdowns and Hap Moran passing for another . Notre Dame failed to score . When it was all over , Coach Rockne told his team , `` That was the greatest football machine I ever saw . I am glad none of you got hurt . '' The game raised $100,000 for the homeless , and is often credited with establishing the legitimacy of the professional game for those who were critical . It also was the last game the legendary Rockne ever coached ; he was killed in an airplane crash on March 31 , 1931 . 1933 -- 1946 Al Blozis , Giants tackle , died in World War II . According to Mel Hein , `` If he had n't been killed , he could have been the greatest tackle who ever played football . '' In a 14 - year span from 1933 to 1947 , the Giants qualified to play in the NFL championship game 8 times , winning twice . During this period the Giants were led by Hall of Fame coach Steve Owen , and Hall of Fame players Mel Hein , Red Badgro and Tuffy Leemans . The period also featured the 1944 Giants , which are ranked as the # 1 defensive team in NFL history , `` ... a truly awesome unit '' . They gave up only 7.5 points per game ( a record that still stands ) and shut out five of their 10 opponents , though they lost 14 - 7 to the Green Bay Packers in the 1944 NFL Championship Game . The famous `` Sneakers Game '' was played in this era where the Giants defeated the Chicago Bears on an icy field in the 1934 NFL Championship Game , while wearing sneakers for better traction . The Giants played the Detroit Lions to a scoreless tie on November 7 , 1943 . To this day , no NFL game played since then has ended in a scoreless tie . The Giants were particularly successful from the latter half of the 1930s until the United States entry into World War II . They added their third NFL championship in 1938 with a 23 -- 17 win over the Green Bay Packers . Fourth NFL Championship and `` the greatest game ever played '' ( 1947 -- 1963 ) They did not win another league title until 1956 , aided by a number of future Pro Football Hall of Fame players such as running back Frank Gifford , linebacker Sam Huff , and offensive tackle Roosevelt Brown , as well as all - pro running back Alex Webster . The Giants ' 1956 championship team not only included players who would eventually find their way to the Pro Football Hall of Fame , but a Hall of Fame coaching staff , as well . Head coach Jim Lee Howell 's staff had Vince Lombardi coaching the offense and Tom Landry coaching the defense . From 1958 to 1963 , the Giants played in the NFL Championship Game five times , but failed to win . Most significantly , the Giants played the Colts in the 1958 NFL Championship Game , which is considered a watershed event in the history of the NFL . The game , which the Giants lost in overtime 23 -- 17 , is often called `` The Greatest Game Ever Played '' and is considered one of the most important events in furthering the NFL 's popularity . The following year , they lost the championship to the Colts again , giving up a 9 - 7 4th quarter lead en route to a 31 -- 16 loss . Both the 1961 and 1962 championship game matched the Giants up against the Green Bay Packers , with the Giants losing both 37 - 0 and 16 - 7 respectively . In 1963 , led by league MVP quarterback Y.A. Tittle , who threw a then - NFL record 36 touchdown passes , the Giants advanced to the NFL Championship Game , where they lost to the Bears 14 -- 10 for their third consecutive championship loss , as well as their fifth loss in the title game in 6 years . Postseason drought and resurgence ( 1964 -- 1982 ) From 1964 to 1978 , the Giants registered only two winning seasons and no playoff appearances . With players , such as Tittle and Gifford approaching their mid 30s , the team declined rapidly , finishing 2 -- 10 -- 2 in 1964 . They rebounded with a 7 -- 7 record in 1965 , before compiling a league - worst 1 -- 12 -- 1 record , and allowing more than 500 points on defense in 1966 . During the 1969 preseason , the Giants lost their first meeting with the New York Jets , 37 -- 14 , in front of 70,874 fans at the Yale Bowl in New Haven , Connecticut . Following the game , Wellington Mara fired coach Allie Sherman , and replaced him with former Giants fullback Alex Webster . In 1967 , the team acquired quarterback Fran Tarkenton from the Minnesota Vikings . Despite having several respectable seasons with Tarkenton at quarterback , including a 7 -- 7 finish in 1967 and 9 -- 5 in 1970 , the Giants traded him back to the Vikings after a 4 -- 10 finish in 1971 . Tarkenton would go on to lead the Vikings to three Super Bowls and earn a place in the Hall of Fame , while the Giants suffered through one of the worst stretches in their history , winning only 23 games from 1973 to 1979 . Before the 1976 season , the Giants tried to revive a weak offense by replacing retired RB Ron Johnson with future Hall of Fame fullback Larry Csonka , but Csonka was often injured and ineffective during his 3 years in New York . The 1977 season featured a roster that included three rookie quarterbacks . The Giants were allowed to play their home games at the Yale Bowl in New Haven , Connecticut in 1973 and 1974 , and at Shea Stadium ( home of the Mets and Jets ) in 1975 , due to the renovation of Yankee Stadium . They finally moved into their own dedicated state - of - the - art stadium in 1976 , when they moved into Giants Stadium at the Meadowlands in East Rutherford , New Jersey . One of the low points during this period was the play known as the `` Miracle at the Meadowlands '' , which occurred in 1978 . With the Giants trying to kill the clock and secure a win against the Philadelphia Eagles , offensive coordinator , Bob Gibson , chose to call a running play . This resulted in `` The Fumble '' by QB Joe Pisarcik that was returned for a game - winning touchdown by the Eagles ' Herman Edwards . The Giants ' front office operations were complicated by a long - standing feud between Wellington Mara and his nephew , Tim Mara . Jack Mara had died in 1965 , leaving his share of the club to his son Tim . Wellington and Tim 's personal styles and their visions for the club clashed , and eventually they stopped talking to each other . Commissioner Rozelle intervened and appointed a neutral general manager , George Young , allowing the club to operate more smoothly . The feud became moot on February 20 , 1991 , when Tim Mara sold his shares in the club to Preston Robert Tisch . Giants Stadium was home to the Giants from 1976 to 2009 . In 1979 , the Giants began the steps that would , in time , return them to the pinnacle of the NFL . These included the drafting of quarterback Phil Simms in 1979 , and linebacker Lawrence Taylor in 1981 . In 1981 , Taylor won the NFL 's Defensive Rookie of the Year and Defensive Player of the Year awards and the Giants made the playoffs for the first time since 1963 . One of the few bright spots during this time was the team 's excellent linebackers , who were known as the Crunch Bunch . After the strike - shortened 1982 season , in which they finished 4 -- 5 , head coach Ray Perkins resigned to take over the same position at the University of Alabama . In a change that would prove crucial in the coming years , he was replaced by the team 's defensive coordinator , Bill Parcells . Bill Parcells era ( 1983 -- 1990 ) In 1983 , Bill Parcells was promoted to head coach from defensive coordinator . One of his first moves was to change his starting quarterback , sitting the injury - prone and struggling Phil Simms ( who had missed the entire 1982 season with an injury ) and electing instead to go with Scott Brunner , who had gone 4 - 5 as the starter in place of Simms in the strike - shortened previous season . Parcells went as far as to demote Simms to the third string position , promoting Jeff Rutledge over Simms to be Brunner 's backup . Parcells later said the move was a mistake and one he `` nearly paid for dearly '' as the team finished with a 3 -- 12 -- 1 record and his job security was called into question . In the offseason the Giants released Brunner and named Simms the starter . The move paid off as the team won nine games and returned to the playoffs . After beating the Los Angeles Rams in the Wild Card Round , the Giants prepared for a showdown against top - seeded San Francisco . The 49ers defeated the Giants 21 -- 10 in the Divisional Round . The 1985 Giants compiled a 10 -- 6 record and avenged their loss against San Francisco by beating them in the Wild Card round 17 -- 3 . However , they again lost in the Divisional Round , this time to the Bears , by a score of 21 -- 0 . However , the following season would end with the Giants winning their first Super Bowl championship . First Super Bowl Championship ( 1986 season ) After 9 -- 7 and 10 -- 6 finishes in 1984 and 1985 respectively , the Giants compiled a 14 -- 2 record in 1986 led by league MVP and Defensive Player of the Year Lawrence Taylor and the Big Blue Wrecking Crew defense . As of 2015 , this is the Giants ' best regular season record since the NFL began playing 16 - game seasons in 1978 . After clinching the top seed in the NFC , the Giants defeated the 49ers 49 -- 3 in the divisional round of the NFC playoffs and the Redskins 17 -- 0 in the NFC championship game , advancing to their first Super Bowl , Super Bowl XXI , against the Denver Broncos at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena . Led by MVP Simms who completed 22 of 25 passes for a Super Bowl record 88 % completion percentage , they defeated the Broncos 39 -- 20 , to win their first championship since 1956 . In addition to Phil Simms and Lawrence Taylor , the team was led during this period by head coach Bill Parcells , tight end Mark Bavaro , running back Joe Morris , and Hall of Fame linebacker Harry Carson . The Giants struggled to a 6 -- 9 record in the strike - marred 1987 season , due largely to a decline in the running game , as Morris managed only 658 yards behind an injury - riddled offensive line . The early portion of the 1988 season was marred by a scandal involving Lawrence Taylor . Taylor had abused cocaine and was suspended for the first four games of the season for his second violation of the league 's substance abuse policy . Despite the controversy , the Giants finished 10 -- 6 , and Taylor recorded 15.5 sacks after his return from the suspension . They surged to a 12 -- 4 record in 1989 , but lost to the Los Angeles Rams in their opening playoff game when Flipper Anderson caught a 47 - yard touchdown pass to give the Rams a 19 -- 13 overtime win . Second Super Bowl Championship ( 1990 season ) In 1990 , the Giants went 13 -- 3 and , at the time , set an NFL record for fewest turnovers in a season ( 14 ) . They defeated the San Francisco 49ers , who were attempting to win the Super Bowl for an unprecedented third straight year , 15 -- 13 at San Francisco and then defeated the Buffalo Bills 20 -- 19 in Super Bowl XXV . Post-parcells era ( 1991 -- 1996 ) Following the 1990 season , Parcells resigned as head coach and was replaced by the team 's offensive - line coach Ray Handley . Handley served as coach for two disappointing seasons ( 1991 and 1992 ) , which saw the Giants fall from Super Bowl champions to an 8 -- 8 record in 1991 and a 6 -- 10 record in 1992 . He was fired following the 1992 season , and replaced by former Denver Broncos ' coach Dan Reeves . In the early 1990s , Simms and Taylor , two of the stars of the 1980s , played out the last seasons of their careers with steadily declining production . The Giants experienced a resurgent season with Reeves at the helm in 1993 however , and Simms and Taylor ended their careers as members of a playoff team . Giants defensive end Justin Tuck at the Giants Super Bowl XLII parade on February 5 , 2008 . The Giants initially struggled in the post Simms - Taylor era . After starting 3 -- 7 in 1994 , the Giants won their final six games to finish 9 -- 7 but missed the playoffs . Quarterback Dave Brown received heavy criticism throughout the season . Brown performed poorly the following two seasons , and the Giants struggled to 5 -- 11 and 6 -- 10 records . Reeves was fired following the 1996 season . Jim Fassel era ( 1997 -- 2003 ) In 1997 , the Giants named Jim Fassel , who had spent the previous season as offensive coordinator of the Arizona Cardinals , as their 16th head coach . Fassel named Danny Kanell the team 's starting quarterback . The Giants finished the 1997 season with a record of 10 -- 5 -- 1 and qualified for the playoffs for the first time in four years . However , they lost in the Wild Card round to the Vikings at home . The following year , the Giants began the season 4 -- 8 before rallying to finish the season 8 -- 8 . One of the notable games of that season was a win over the eventual Super Bowl champion Denver Broncos in week 15 , giving the Broncos their first loss of the season after starting 13 -- 0 . Before the 1999 season , the Giants signed ex-Carolina Panthers quarterback Kerry Collins . Collins was the first - ever draft choice of the expansion Carolina Panthers in 1995 , and led the Panthers to the NFC Championship game in his second season . However , problems with alcohol , conflicts with his teammates and questions about his character led to his release from the Panthers . The Giants finished the season with a 7 -- 9 record , Fassel 's first losing season as head coach . NFC champions ( 2000 season ) In 2000 , the Giants were looking to make the playoffs for the first time in three seasons . The Giants started the season 7 -- 2 , but suffered back - to - back home losses to St. Louis and Detroit to make their record 7 -- 4 and call their playoff prospects into question . At a press conference following the Giants ' loss to Detroit , Fassel guaranteed that `` this team is going to the playoffs '' . The Giants responded , winning the rest of their regular season games to finish the season 12 -- 4 and clinch the top seed in the NFC . In the Divisional Round , the Giants beat the Philadelphia Eagles 20 -- 10 at home to qualify for the NFC Championship Game , in which they defeated the Minnesota Vikings 41 -- 0 . They advanced to play the Baltimore Ravens in Super Bowl XXXV . Though the Giants went into halftime down only 10 -- 0 , the Ravens dominated the second half . Their defense harassed Kerry Collins all game long , resulting in Collins completing only 15 of 39 passes for 112 yards and 4 interceptions . The Ravens won the game 34 -- 7 . After a disappointing 7 -- 9 record in 2001 , the Giants finished the 2002 season with a record of 10 -- 6 , qualifying for the playoffs as a wild card . This set up a meeting with the San Francisco 49ers in Candlestick Park in the Wild Card round . The Giants built up a sizable lead throughout the game , and led 38 -- 14 with 4 : 27 left in the third quarter . However , San Francisco rallied to win the game by one point , with the final score of 39 -- 38 . After a dismal 2003 season in which the Giants finished with a 4 -- 12 record , Jim Fassel was released by the Giants . His head coaching record with the Giants during this time was 58 -- 53 -- 1 . Tom Coughlin / Eli Manning era ( 2004 -- 2015 ) Tom Coughlin alongside George W. Bush at the White House to celebrate the Giants ' Super Bowl XLII championship . In 2004 , three years after their last Super Bowl appearance , Fassel was replaced by Tom Coughlin . Although Collins had several solid seasons as the Giants quarterback , he experienced his share of struggles . In 2004 , the Giants completed a draft day trade for University of Mississippi quarterback Eli Manning . Manning became the team 's starting quarterback in the middle of the 2004 season , taking over for Kurt Warner . During the three - year period from 2004 to 2006 , Tom Coughlin 's Giants compiled a 25 -- 23 regular season record and two appearances in the Wild Card Round -- both losses ( to the Carolina Panthers in 2005 and to the Philadelphia Eagles in 2006 . ) and spawned intense media scrutiny concerning the direction of the team . During this period in their history , standout players included defensive end Michael Strahan , who set the NFL single season record in sacks in 2001 , and running back Tiki Barber , who set a team record for rushing yards in a season in 2005 . Barber retired at the end of the 2006 season . Third Super Bowl Championship ( 2007 season ) The NFL Green Bay Packers in the shotgun formation against the New York Giants on September 16 , 2007 . Going into 2007 , the Giants had made the playoffs in back - to - back seasons . In 2007 , the Giants became the third NFL franchise to win at least 600 games when they defeated the Atlanta Falcons 31 -- 10 on Monday Night Football . For the 2007 season , the NFL scheduled the Giants ' road game against the Miami Dolphins on October 28 in London 's Wembley Stadium ; this was the first NFL regular - season game to be played outside of North America . The Giants defeated the Dolphins , 13 -- 10 . The Giants finished 10 -- 6 , and became NFC Champions after defeating the Tampa Bay Buccaneers , Dallas Cowboys , and Green Bay Packers in the NFC Playoffs . They set a record for most consecutive road wins in a single season with 10 ( a streak which ended with a loss to the Cleveland Browns during week 6 of the 2008 season ) . The Patriots ( 18 -- 0 ) entered the Super Bowl undefeated and were 12 point favorites going into game weekend . The Giants defeated the Patriots 17 -- 14 in Super Bowl XLII , aided by the famous `` Manning to Tyree '' pass . On this famous play , Manning escaped the grip of several Patriots defensive linemen , stepped up in the pocket , and heaved the ball down the middle of the field to a double covered David Tyree . With Rodney Harrison , a Patriots defensive back , all over Tyree , David managed to hold on to the ball by holding it on his helmet until he fell to the ground . This catch set up a Manning to Plaxico Burress touchdown pass in the back of the end zone to put the Giants in the lead . It was the third biggest upset by betting line in Super Bowl history ( the Baltimore Colts were favored by 17 over the New York Jets in Super Bowl III , and the St. Louis Rams were favored by 14 over the New England Patriots in Super Bowl XXXVI ) . Co-owner John Mara described it as `` the greatest victory in the history of this franchise , without question '' . Late - season collapses ( 2008 -- 2010 ) Main articles : 2008 New York Giants season , 2009 New York Giants season , and 2010 New York Giants season The Giants began the 2008 NFL season with a record of 11 -- 1 , but lost three of their last four regular season games partially due to a self - inflicted gunshot wound to wide receiver Plaxico Burress . However , the Giants still won the NFC East with a record of 12 -- 4 , and clinched the number one seed in the NFC after beating the Carolina Panthers for home field advantage and a first - round bye . In the Divisional Round of the playoffs , the Giants lost 23 -- 11 to the Philadelphia Eagles at home . In 2009 , the Giants opened a new training complex , the Timex Performance Center , also located in the Meadowlands . After starting 5 -- 0 in the 2009 season , New York lost to the likewise undefeated New Orleans Saints at the Superdome 48 -- 27 , beginning a four - game losing streak , in which they lost to the Arizona Cardinals 24 -- 17 , the San Diego Chargers 21 -- 20 and the Philadelphia Eagles 40 -- 17 . The streak was broken with a 34 -- 31 overtime victory against the Falcons . On Thanksgiving night , they lost to the Denver Broncos 26 -- 6 . The Giants next beat the division leading Cowboys . A week later , with a record of 7 -- 5 , they lost to the Philadelphia Eagles , 45 -- 38 . On December 27 , the Giants lost to the Carolina Panthers 41 -- 9 in their final game at Giants Stadium , and were eliminated from playoff eligibility . The Giants finished the season 8 -- 8 . Eli Manning lines up a pass just out of the reach of Houston Texans defenders in 2010 . Following the season , the Giants fired first - year defensive coordinator Bill Sheridan , and replaced him with the former Buffalo Bills interim head coach , Perry Fewell . The Giants defense finished 13th overall under Sheridan , giving up 324.9 yards per game , and the final two losses of the season against Carolina and Minnesota , in which the Giants gave up 85 points , ultimately led to the firing . In 2010 , the Giants moved from Giants Stadium into MetLife Stadium , then known as the `` New Meadowlands Stadium '' . They won against the Panthers in the very first game at the New Meadowlands , but then lost to the Colts in the second `` Manning Bowl '' , so - called due to Eli Manning 's brother Peyton playing for the Colts . The Giants dropped one game to the Tennessee Titans before going on a five - game winning streak , beating the Bears , Houston Texans , Lions , Cowboys , and Seattle Seahawks . Before long , the Giants were 6 -- 2 , but lost two straight to division foes : to the Cowboys 33 -- 20 at home , and to the Eagles on the road , putting the G - Men in 2nd place in the NFC East at 6 -- 4 . In first place was the Eagles , but at December 19 they were both tied for first place at 8 -- 4 , setting up a match for first place . The Giants were at home , and led 24 -- 3 over the Eagles at halftime . The score was 31 -- 10 with 5 : 40 left in the game , but Michael Vick led the Eagles to three touchdown drives to tie the game up at 31 with 40 seconds left . After a Giants three - and - outs , Matt Dodge punted the ball to DeSean Jackson , who returned it for a touchdown , concluding the Giants ' epic collapse . The next game , the Giants lost to the eventual Super Bowl Champion Green Bay Packers 45 -- 17 , and at 9 -- 6 , they faced the Redskins . They had to win and have the Packers lose in order to get into the playoffs . The Giants won 17 -- 14 , but the Packers beat the Bears 10 -- 3 , so the Giants missed out on the playoffs again , ending a collapse in which the Giants went 4 -- 4 in their last eight games . Fourth Super Bowl Championship ( 2011 season ) Main article : 2011 New York Giants season During the 2011 preseason , the Giants lost Kevin Boss , Steve Smith , Rich Seubert , Keith Bulluck , Derek Hagan , and Pro Bowl center Shaun O'Hara to free agency . However , the season also saw the emergence of second - year wide receiver Victor Cruz and second - year tight end Jake Ballard . The Giants opened their season with a 28 -- 14 loss to the Washington Redskins at FedEx Field on the 10th anniversary of the September 11th attacks . However , the Giants secured a 6 -- 2 record by the midpoint of the season , including road victories over the Philadelphia Eagles and the New England Patriots . The latter victory ended the Patriots ' NFL record home - game winning streak , after a touchdown pass from Manning to Jake Ballard with 15 seconds left in the game . Wide receiver Victor Cruz played a critical role in helping the Giants become world champions in 2011 . However , the Giants then suffered a four - game losing streak , including road losses against the resurgent San Francisco 49ers and the New Orleans Saints and home losses to the Eagles and the then - undefeated Green Bay Packers , to make their record 6 -- 6 entering December . The Giants broke their losing streak with a tightly contested 37 -- 34 road victory over the Cowboys on December 11 , but lost at home to the Washington Redskins the following week to make their record 7 -- 7 with a Christmas Eve showdown against their crosstown rival New York Jets the following week . The Giants won , 29 -- 14 , and knocked the Eagles out of playoff contention , to set up a Week 17 home game against the Cowboys in which the winner would clinch the NFC East while the loser would be eliminated from playoff contention . The game was flexed into Sunday Night Football . The Giants defeated the Cowboys , 31 -- 14 , and clinched the NFC East title and the fourth seed in the playoffs . Wide receiver Victor Cruz finished the regular season with 1,536 receiving yards , breaking the Giants franchise record previously held by Amani Toomer . On January 8 , 2012 in the first round of the playoffs the Giants defeated the Atlanta Falcons 24 -- 2 . After giving up an early safety in the first half , QB Eli Manning threw for three consecutive touchdowns . RBs Ahmad Bradshaw and Brandon Jacobs combined for 172 yards rushing , a season - high for the Giants . With the victory , the Giants advanced to the second round against the top - ranked Green Bay Packers . On January 15 , 2012 , the Giants defeated the Green Bay Packers 37 -- 20 . Eli Manning threw for 330 yards and 3 touchdowns , two of which to wide receiver Hakeem Nicks . This earned the Giants a spot in the NFC Championship Game on January 22 , 2012 , against the San Francisco 49ers . They won this game 20 -- 17 , in overtime , with Tynes scoring the winning field goal as he did four years earlier in the same game against the Packers . The New York Giants won Super Bowl XLVI against the New England Patriots with a score of 21 -- 17 . The winning touchdown was preceded by a 38 - yard reception by receiver Mario Manningham . As in Super Bowl XLII , Eli Manning was Super Bowl MVP , defeating the New England Patriots for a second time in the Super Bowl . Ahmad Bradshaw scored the game - winning touchdown by falling into the end zone . The Patriots were allowing Bradshaw to get the touchdown so they would get the ball with some time remaining . When Eli Manning handed the ball to Bradshaw , he told him not to score . Bradshaw was about to fall down at the 1 - yard line but his momentum carried him in , thus the `` reluctant touchdown . '' As was the case in each of their four previous Super Bowl appearances , the Giants trailed at halftime . They are the only team in NFL history to have more than two second half , come - from - behind , Super Bowl victories ( 4 ) . The Pittsburgh Steelers , who accomplished the feat in Super Bowl X and Super Bowl XIV , are the only other team to do it more than once . Post-super Bowl struggles ( 2012 -- 2015 ) Main articles : 2012 New York Giants season , 2013 New York Giants season , 2014 New York Giants season , and 2015 New York Giants season The Giants began the 2012 season with a home loss to the Cowboys , but rebounded to finish October with a 6 -- 2 record and on a four - game winning streak that included a 26 -- 3 road victory against the eventual NFC champion San Francisco 49ers . Following the arrival of Hurricane Sandy in the Northeastern United States , the Giants lost back - to - back games against the Steelers and Bengals to fall to 6 -- 4 . Despite impressive blowout home victories over the Packers , Saints and Eagles , the Giants finished the season 9 -- 7 and out of the playoffs . The Redskins won the division with a 10 -- 6 record , only to lose to the Seahawks 24 -- 14 in Wild Card Weekend . QB Eli Manning , DE Jason Pierre - Paul , WR Victor Cruz , and G Chris Snee represented the Giants at the Pro Bowl . The 2013 New York Giants season began with hope that the Giants could become the first team to play in the Super Bowl in their home stadium , as MetLife Stadium was scheduled to host Super Bowl XLVIII that February . However , the Giants ' playoff hopes took a massive hit when they lost the first six games of the season . They rebounded to win the next four games in a row to improve to 4 -- 6 , but lost a critical home game to the Cowboys on a last - minute field goal . They finished the season 7 -- 9 and with a losing record for the first time since 2004 . The Giants drafted rookie wide receiver Odell Beckham Jr. in the 2014 NFL Draft , who would later go on to win the AP Offensive Rookie of the Year award . However , the Giants missed the playoffs for a third straight season , finishing with a 6 -- 10 record . The 2015 New York Giants season was another disappointing campaign , as the Giants showcased a struggling defense and several late - game collapses . The Giants finished the season with a 6 -- 10 record and missed the playoffs . Back to the playoffs ( 2016 ) Main article : 2016 New York Giants season On January 14 , 2016 , the Giants announced that Ben McAdoo would become the team 's head coach . He replaced Tom Coughlin , who had resigned the previous week . The Giants turned it around in 2016 , ending their five - year playoff drought . The Giants later lost to the Green Bay Packers 38 -- 13 in the Wild Card round . Struggles ( 2017 ) Main article : 2017 New York Giants season After having high expectations due to their 11 -- 5 record in 2016 , the Giants had an unexpected 0 -- 5 start to the season , before pulling a massive upset versus the Broncos at Sports Authority Field at Mile High for their first win of the season . However , during the Week 5 game against the Los Angeles Chargers , Odell Beckham Jr. fractured his fibula , an injury that ended his season . During the same game , the Giants also lost WRs Brandon Marshall and Dwayne Harris to season ending injuries . The season was also marred by suspensions to Dominique Rodgers - Cromartie and Janoris Jenkins . Timeline Season by season timeline of the New York Giants franchise including the team name , changes of Home Field , Postseason Championships Seasons , and coaches throughout the years . Championships League Championships The Giants have won a total of eight League Championships : 1927 , 1934 , 1938 , 1956 , 1986 , 1990 , 2007 and 2011 . The first four of those championships came in the pre-Super Bowl era . New York 's eight championships put them third among all active and defunct NFL teams , trailing only the Green Bay Packers ( 13 ) and the Chicago Bears ( 9 ) . Pre-Super Bowl NFL Championships Before the Super Bowl was instituted , the Giants won four officially recognized NFL Championships . Year Coach Location Opponent Score Record 1927 Earl Potteiger N / A N / A N / A 11 -- 1 -- 1 1934 Steve Owen New York , NY Chicago Bears 30 -- 13 8 -- 5 1938 Steve Owen New York , NY Green Bay Packers 23 -- 17 8 -- 2 -- 1 1956 Jim Lee Howell New York , NY Chicago Bears 47 -- 7 8 -- 3 -- 1 Total NFL championships won : 4 Super Bowl Championships The Giants have won four Super Bowls , tied with Green Bay for the fifth most behind only Dallas , San Francisco and New England ( all with 5 ) , and Pittsburgh ( 6 ) . Year Coach Super Bowl Location Opponent Score Record 1986 Bill Parcells XXI Pasadena , CA Denver Broncos 39 -- 20 17 -- 2 1990 Bill Parcells XXV Tampa , FL Buffalo Bills 20 -- 19 16 -- 3 2007 Tom Coughlin XLII Glendale , AZ New England Patriots 17 -- 14 14 -- 6 2011 Tom Coughlin XLVI Indianapolis , IN New England Patriots 21 -- 17 13 -- 7 Total Super Bowls won : 4 NFC Championships The Giants have won five NFC Championship Games , including two in overtime in 2007 and 2011 . Year Coach Location Opponent Score Record 1986 Bill Parcells East Rutherford , NJ Washington Redskins 17 -- 0 17 -- 2 1990 Bill Parcells San Francisco , CA San Francisco 49ers 15 -- 13 16 -- 3 2000 Jim Fassel East Rutherford , NJ Minnesota Vikings 41 -- 0 14 -- 5 2007 Tom Coughlin Green Bay , WI Green Bay Packers 23 -- 20 ( OT ) 14 -- 6 2011 Tom Coughlin San Francisco , CA San Francisco 49ers 20 -- 17 ( OT ) 13 -- 7 Total NFC Championships won : 5 Logos and uniforms Main article : Logos and uniforms of the New York Giants With over 80 years of team history , the Giants have used numerous uniforms and logos , while maintaining a consistent identity . The Giants ' logos include several incarnations of a giant quarterback preparing to throw a football , a lowercase `` ny '' , and stylized versions of the team nickname . Giants ' jerseys are traditionally blue or red ( or white with blue or red accents ) , and their pants alternate between white and gray . Currently , the Giants wear home jerseys that are solid blue with white block numbering , white pants with five thin blue / gray / red / gray / blue stripes on the pant legs , and solid blue socks . For this they gained their most renowned nickname , `` Big Blue '' . For road uniforms , they wear a white jersey with red block numbering and red `` Northwestern '' stripes on the sleeves , gray pants with three thin non-contiguous red / blue / red stripes on the pant legs , and solid red socks . The Giants ' current helmet is metallic blue with white block numbers , which are frontally mounted and base mounted on either side of a red stripe running down the center or frontally mounted and base mounted on the red center stripe itself . The Giants , along with the Pittsburgh Steelers , are one of only two teams in the National Football League to have the players ' uniform numbers on both the front and back of the helmets . The helmet is adorned on both sides with the stylized white lower case `` ny '' logo and features a gray facemask . The home uniforms are generally similar to the design used from 1966 to 1974 , but with some slight elements from the 1956 -- 1961 uniforms . The road uniforms are essentially a modernization of the design used from 1956 to 1961 . Additionally , the Giants had a third jersey until the 2009 season , which recalled the Giants ' solid red home jerseys from the early 1950s : a solid red alternate with white block numbers . These jerseys were used a total of four times , but have since been retired . They were used once in 2004 against the Philadelphia Eagles and in three consecutive years -- 2005 , 2006 , and 2007 -- against the Dallas Cowboys . Ownerships , financial history and fan base Main article : Financial history of the New York Giants The Giants have had a long and , at times , turbulent financial history . The team was founded by Tim Mara with an investment of US $ 500 in 1925 and became one of the first teams in the then five - year - old NFL . To differentiate themselves from the baseball team of the same name , they took the name `` New York Football Giants '' , which they still use as their legal corporate name . Although the Giants were successful on the field in their initial seasons , their financial status was a different story . Overshadowed by baseball , boxing , and college football , professional football was not a popular sport in 1925 . The Giants were in dire financial straits until the 11th game of the season when Red Grange and the Chicago Bears came to town , attracting over 73,000 fans . This gave the Giants a much needed influx of revenue , and perhaps altered the history of the franchise . The following year , Grange and his agent formed a rival league and stationed a competing team , led by Grange , in New York . Though the Giants lost $50,000 that season , the rival league folded and was subsumed into the NFL . Following the 1930 season , Mara transferred ownership of the team over to his two sons to insulate the team from creditors , and by 1946 , he had given over complete control of the team to them . Jack , the older son , controlled the business aspects , while Wellington controlled the on - field operations . After their initial struggles the Giants financial status stabilized , and they led the league in attendance several times in the 1930s and 1940s . Giants estimated value from 1998 to 2006 according to Forbes magazine . By the early 1960s , the Giants had firmly established themselves as one of the league 's biggest attractions . However , rather than continuing to receive their higher share of the league television revenue , the Mara sons pushed for equal sharing of revenue for the benefit of the entire league . Revenue sharing is still practiced in the NFL today , and is credited with strengthening the league . After their struggles in the latter half of the 1960s and the entire 1970s , the Giants hired an outsider , George Young , to run the football operations for the first time in franchise history . The Giants ' on - field product and business aspects improved rapidly following the move . In 1991 , Tim Mara , grandson of the founder , was struggling with cancer and sold his half of the team to Bob Tisch for a reported $80 million . This marked the first time in franchise history the team had not been solely owned by the Mara family . In 2005 , Wellington Mara , who had been with the team since its inception in 1925 when he worked as a ball boy , died at the age of 89 . His death was followed two weeks later by the death of Tisch . In 2015 , Wellington 's widow and Giants co-owner Ann died due to complications from a head injury suffered in a fall . She was 85 years old . In 2010 , MetLife Stadium opened , replacing Giants Stadium . The new stadium is a 50 / 50 partnership between the Giants and Jets , and while the stadium is owned by the New Jersey Sports and Exposition Authority on paper , the two teams jointly built the stadium using private funds , and administer it jointly through New Meadowlands Stadium Corporation . The Giants had previously planned a $300 million renovation to the Meadowlands , before deciding in favor of the new stadium which was originally estimated to cost approximately $600 million , before rising to an estimated cost of one billion dollars . One advantage gained by owning the stadium is that the teams saved considerable money in tax payments . The teams leased the land from the state at a cost of $6.3 million per year . The state paid for all utilities , including the $30 million needed to install them . The Giants are owned and operated by John Mara and Steve Tisch . Forbes magazine estimated the value of the team in 2012 to be $1.3 billion . This ranks the New York Giants as the fourth most valuable franchise in the NFL and the ninth most valuable professional sports franchise in the world . The value has steadily increased from $288 million in 1998 , to their current value . The magazine estimated their revenue in 2006 at $182 million , of which $46 million came from gate receipts . Operating income was $26.9 million , and player salary was $102 million . Current major sponsors include Gatorade , Anheuser Busch , Toyota , and Verizon Wireless . Recent former sponsors include Miller Brewing and North Fork Bank . Luxury suites , retail and game day concessions at the new stadium are provisioned and operated by global hospitality giant Delaware North Companies . Giants average ticket price is $72 . The Giants draw their fans from the New York metropolitan area . Since their move to New Jersey in 1976 , fans from each state have claimed the team as their own . In January 1987 , shortly before the team won Super Bowl XXI , then New York City mayor Ed Koch labeled the team `` foreigners '' and said they were not entitled to a ticker - tape parade in New York City . On February 5 , 2008 , the city , under mayor Michael Bloomberg , threw a ticker tape parade in honor of the Giants ' Super Bowl XLII victory at the Canyon of Heroes in lower Manhattan . New York City held another ticker tape parade on February 7 , 2012 , in honor of the Giants ' Super Bowl XLVI victory . According to a team spokesman , in 2001 , 52 percent of the Giants ' season ticket - holders lived in New Jersey . Most of the remaining ticket holders lived in New York State with some coming from other states . Through the lean years of the 1960s and 1970s the Giants , in spite of a 17 - year - long playoff drought , still accumulated a 20 - year - long waiting list for season tickets . It has been estimated that the Giants have a waiting list of 135,000 people , the largest of any North American professional sports franchise . Rivalries Philadelphia Eagles Main article : Eagles -- Giants rivalry The rivalry between the New York Giants and the Philadelphia Eagles is one of the oldest in the NFL , dating back to 1933 . The two teams have frequently fought for playoff contention , NFC East titles , and respect . While the Giants have dominated this rivalry throughout most of its history , the series began to even in the 1980s , with the series lead to the Eagles 22 -- 21 through the 1990s and 2000s . The Giants lead the series 85 -- 81 -- 2 . The two teams have met four times in the postseason , with each team winning two games . Three of those four playoff meetings were held in the 2000s decade . New York City and Philadelphia have a strong geographic rivalry , as seen in other professional sports such as the Mets - Phillies rivalry in Major League Baseball , and the Flyers - Rangers and Devils - Flyers rivalries in the National Hockey League . Washington Redskins Main article : Giants - Redskins rivalry The Washington Redskins gather at the line of scrimmage against the Giants . The Giants have an old and storied rivalry with the Redskins , dating back to 1932 . While this rivalry is typically given less significance than the rivalries with the Eagles and Cowboys , there have been periods of great competition between the two . In the 1980s the Giants and Redskins clashed as both struggled against each other for division titles and even Super Bowl Championships . Most notable among these is the 1986 NFC Championship game in which the Giants defeated the Redskins 17 -- 0 to earn their first ever trip to the Super Bowl . Wellington Mara always felt this was the Giants oldest and truest rival , and after passing away in 2005 , the Giants honored their longtime owner by defeating the Redskins 36 -- 0 at home . The Giants lead this series 98 -- 66 -- 4 . The Giants 98 wins against the Redskins are tied for most wins against another franchise in NFL history , along with the Chicago Bears defeating the Detroit Lions 98 times . Dallas Cowboys Main article : Cowboys -- Giants rivalry The Giants have maintained a fierce divisional rivalry with the Dallas Cowboys since the Cowboys first began play in 1960 . The two teams have a combined nine Super Bowl victories between them , and have played many games in which the NFC East title was at stake . The rivalry is unique among professional sports as it is the only divisional rivalry between sports teams from New York City and Dallas , partially due to the large distance between the two cities . The Cowboys lead the regular season series 62 -- 43 -- 2 , while the Giants hold the lone playoff victory between the two teams , held at the conclusion of the 2007 season . San Francisco 49ers Main article : 49ers - Giants rivalry Despite never being in the same division , the Giants and 49ers have developed a heated rivalry over the years . The two teams have met eight times in the playoffs ( including two NFC Championship Games , both won by New York ) since 1982 , which is the most of any two teams in that span . The Giants lead the overall series 20 -- 19 , but the postseason series is tied , 4 -- 4 . New York Jets Main article : Giants -- Jets rivalry The Giants and Jets for many years had the only intracity rivalry in the NFL , made even more unusual by sharing a stadium . They have met annually in the preseason since 1969 . Since 2011 , this meeting has been known as the `` MetLife Bowl '' , after the naming sponsor of the teams ' stadium . Regular season matchups between the teams occur once every four years , as they follow the NFL scheduling formula for interconference games . Since the two teams play each other so infrequently in the regular season , some , including players on both teams , have questioned whether the Giants and Jets have a real rivalry . A memorable regular season game was in 1988 , when the Giants faced off against the Jets in the last game of the season , needing a victory to make the playoffs . The Jets played spoiler , however , beating the Giants 27 -- 21 and ruining the latter 's playoff hopes . A different scenario unfolded during the penultimate regular season game of 2011 as the `` visiting '' Giants defeated the Jets 29 -- 14 . The victory simultaneously helped eliminate the Jets from playoff contention and propel the Giants to their own playoff run and eventual win in Super Bowl XLVI . The Giants lead the overall regular season series 8 -- 5 and have won five of the past six meetings . Players of note Main article : List of New York Giants players Current roster New York Giants roster view talk Quarterbacks 10 Eli Manning 3 Geno Smith 5 Davis Webb Running backs 26 Orleans Darkwa 22 Wayne Gallman 28 Paul Perkins 43 Shane Smith FB 34 Shane Vereen Wide receivers 86 Marquis Bundy 18 Roger Lewis 83 Kalif Raymond 19 Travis Rudolph 84 Hunter Sharp 87 Sterling Shepard Tight ends 89 Jerell Adams 85 Rhett Ellison 88 Evan Engram 81 Ryan O'Malley Offensive linemen 61 Nick Becton T 66 Adam Bisnowaty T 74 Ereck Flowers T 73 John Greco T 75 Jon Halapio G 77 John Jerry G 69 Brett Jones C 71 Damien Mama G 63 Chad Wheeler T Defensive linemen 96 Jay Bromley DT 98 Damon Harrison DT 91 Avery Moss DE 78 Romeo Okwara DE 90 Jason Pierre - Paul DE 99 Robert Thomas DT 94 Dalvin Tomlinson DT 54 Olivier Vernon DE 72 Kerry Wynn DE Linebackers 55 Ray - Ray Armstrong OLB 48 Akeem Ayers OLB 59 Devon Kennard OLB 39 Derrick Mathews OLB 46 Calvin Munson MLB 47 Kelvin Sheppard MLB Defensive backs 33 Andrew Adams FS 29 Nat Berhe SS 37 Ross Cockrell CB 25 Brandon Dixon CB 23 Darryl Morris CB 36 Ryan Murphy SS 41 Dominique Rodgers - Cromartie CB 27 Darian Thompson FS Special teams 51 Zak DeOssie LS 2 Aldrick Rosas K 9 Brad Wing P Reserve lists 24 Eli Apple CB ( Susp . ) 64 Josh Banks DT ( IR ) 13 Odell Beckham Jr . WR ( IR ) 52 Jonathan Casillas OLB ( IR ) 21 Landon Collins SS ( IR ) 38 Donte Deayon CB ( IR ) 65 Jessamen Dunker G ( IR ) 76 D.J. Fluker G ( IR ) 93 B.J. Goodson MLB ( IR ) 58 Curtis Grant OLB ( IR ) 17 Dwayne Harris WR ( IR ) 68 Bobby Hart OT ( IR ) 44 Mark Herzlich MLB ( IR ) 20 Janoris Jenkins CB ( IR ) 82 Keeon Johnson WR ( IR ) 12 Tavarres King WR ( IR ) 15 Brandon Marshall WR ( IR ) 80 Darius Powe WR ( IR ) 67 Justin Pugh G ( IR ) 70 Weston Richburg C ( IR ) 57 Keenan Robinson OLB ( IR ) 45 Deontae Skinner OLB ( IR ) 97 Ishaq Williams DE ( IR ) Practice squad 62 Ethan Cooper G 6 Amba Etta - Tawo WR 31 Jeremiah McKinnon CB 30 Tim Scott CB 8 Canaan Severin WR 60 Kristjan Sokoli DT 79 Jordan Williams DE Rookies in italics Roster updated December 31 , 2017 Depth chart Transactions 53 Active , 23 Inactive , 7 Practice squad → AFC rosters → NFC rosters AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Retired numbers New York Giants retired numbers No . Player Position Career Ray Flaherty 1928 -- 1935 Tuffy Leemans RB 1936 -- 1943 7 Mel Hein C , LB 1931 -- 1945 11 Phil Simms QB 1979 -- 1993 14 Ward Cuff HB , WB 1937 -- 1945 Y.A. Tittle QB 1961 -- 1964 16 Frank Gifford HB , WR 1952 -- 1964 32 Al Blozis OT 1942 -- 1944 40 Joe Morrison RB , WR 1959 -- 1972 42 Charlie Conerly QB 1948 -- 1961 50 Ken Strong HB 1933 -- 1947 56 Lawrence Taylor LB 1981 -- 1993 Notes : Retired in 1935 , this was the first number to be retired by any team in major league sports . Posthumous honor . The number 14 was retired in honor of Ward Cuff in 1946 . Y.A. Tittle requested 14 after the Giants traded for him in 1961 , and it was retired a second time in 1964 at the conclusion of Tittle 's playing career . The number is now retired in honor of both players . Pro Football Hall of Famers In the Pro Football Hall of Fame , the Giants boast the second-most enshrined members with 29 . Tim Mara , Mel Hein , Pete Henry , Cal Hubbard and Jim Thorpe were a part of the original class of inductees in 1963 , while Defensive End Michael Strahan , the most recent Giant inducted , was a part of the Class of 2014 . Numerous members , including Larry Csonka , Ray Flaherty , Joe Guyon , Pete Henry , Arnie Herber , Cal Hubbard , Tom Landry , Don Maynard , Hugh McElhenny , and Jim Thorpe were at one time associated with the New York Giants , but they were inducted largely based on their careers with other teams . New York Giants Hall of Famers No . Player Position Tenure Inducted No . Player Position Tenure Inducted 17 Red Badgro TE / DE 1930 -- 1935 1981 -- Tim Mara Owner and founder 1925 -- 1959 1963 79 Rosey Brown 1953 -- 1965 -- Wellington Mara Owner / Administrator 1937 -- 2005 1997 53 Harry Carson LB 1976 -- 1988 2006 13 Don Maynard WR 1958 39 Larry Csonka FB 1976 -- 1978 13 Hugh McElhenny RB 1963 1970 Ray Flaherty 1928 -- 1935 1976 55 Steve Owen Coach 1926 -- 1933 1930 -- 1953 1966 6 Benny Friedman QB Coach 1929 -- 1931 1930 2005 -- Bill Parcells Coach 1983 -- 1990 2013 16 Frank Gifford HB 1952 -- 1960 1962 -- 1964 1977 81 Andy Robustelli DE 1956 -- 1964 1971 11 Joe Guyon RB 1927 1978 92 Michael Strahan DE 1993 -- 2007 2014 7 Mel Hein 1931 -- 1945 1966 50 Ken Strong HB / FB / K 1933 -- 1935 1939 1944 -- 1947 1967 55 Pete Henry OT 1927 1963 10 Fran Tarkenton QB 1967 -- 1971 1986 38 Arnie Herber QB 1944 -- 1945 1963 56 Lawrence Taylor LB 1981 -- 1993 1999 41 60 Cal Hubbard 1927 -- 1928 1936 1966 31 Jim Thorpe RB , DB 1925 1963 70 Sam Huff LB 1956 -- 1963 1982 14 Y.A. Tittle QB 1961 -- 1964 1971 49 Tom Landry DB / P 1950 -- 1955 1982 45 Emlen Tunnell DB 1948 -- 1958 1967 Tuffy Leemans FB 1936 -- 1943 1990 73 Arnie Weinmeister DE 1950 -- 1953 1984 Ring of honor The New York Giants unveiled their own Ring of Honor on October 3 , 2010 during halftime of their Sunday Night Football matchup with the Chicago Bears . John Mara had long wished to create a Giants Ring of Honor and Hall of Fame to honor Giants who helped the franchise achieve each of their championships , and the building of MetLife Stadium resulted in the realization of that ambition . The organization had an inaugural induction class of 30 including players , coaches , owners and executives that have had a great impact on the organization . While the entire list of inductees was not revealed until the actual induction , the organization did confirm about a week before the ceremony that Phil Simms , Bill Parcells , Michael Strahan , Tiki Barber , Frank Gifford and Pete Gogolak would all be inducted . New York Giants Ring of Honor Name Position No . Years active Championships Inducted Ernie Accorsi Executive -- 1994 -- 2007 -- 2016 Jessie Armstead LB 98 1993 -- 2001 -- Carl Banks LB 58 1984 -- 1992 1986 , 1990 2011 Tiki Barber RB 21 1997 -- 2006 -- Mark Bavaro TE 89 1985 -- 1990 1986 , 1990 2011 Al Blozis OT 32 1942 -- 1944 -- Rosey Brown OT 79 1953 -- 1965 1956 Harry Carson LB 53 1976 -- 1988 1986 Charlie Conerly QB 42 1948 -- 1961 1956 Tom Coughlin WR Coach / Head Coach -- 1988 - 1990 , 2004 -- 2015 1990 , 2007 , 2011 2016 Frank Gifford RB / WR 16 1952 -- 1964 1956 Pete Gogolak 1966 -- 1974 -- Mel Hein C / LB 7 1931 -- 1945 1934 , 1938 Jim Lee Howell End / Head Coach 21 , 81 1937 -- 1942 , 1946 -- 1947 , 1954 -- 1960 1938 , 1956 Sam Huff LB 70 1956 -- 1963 1956 Dave Jennings 13 1974 -- 1984 -- 2011 John Johnson Athletic Trainer -- 1948 -- 2008 1956 , 1986 , 1990 , 2007 2015 Tuffy Leemans RB 1936 -- 1943 1938 Jack Lummus End 29 1941 -- 2015 Dick Lynch DB 22 25 1958 -- 1966 -- Jack Mara Owner -- 1925 -- 1965 1927 , 1934 , 1938 , 1956 Tim Mara Owner -- 1925 -- 1959 1927 , 1934 , 1938 , 1956 Wellington Mara Ball Boy / Executive / Owner -- 1925 -- 2005 1927 , 1934 , 1938 , 1956 , 1986 , 1990 George Martin DE 75 1975 -- 1988 1986 Joe Morrison WR / RB 40 1959 -- 1972 -- Steve Owen OT / Head coach 6 , 9 , 12 , 36 , 44 , 50 , 55 1926 -- 1953 1927 , 1934 , 1938 Bill Parcells Linebacker Coach / Defensive Coordinator / Head Coach -- 1979 , 1981 -- 1990 1986 , 1990 Andy Robustelli DE 81 , 84 1956 -- 1964 1956 Phil Simms QB 11 1979 -- 1993 1986 , 1990 Chris Snee OG 76 2004 -- 2013 2007 , 2011 2015 Michael Strahan DE 92 1993 -- 2007 2007 Ken Strong HB 50 1933 -- 1935 , 1939 , 1944 -- 1947 1934 Lawrence Taylor LB 56 1981 -- 1993 1986 , 1990 Bob Tisch Owner -- 1991 -- 2005 -- Y.A. Tittle QB 14 1961 -- 1964 -- Amani Toomer WR 81 1996 -- 2008 2007 Justin Tuck DE 91 2005 -- 2013 2007 , 2011 2016 Emlen Tunnell DB / Scout / Assistant Head Coach 45 1948 -- 1958 , 1963 -- 1973 1956 Osi Umenyiora DE 72 2003 -- 2012 2007 , 2011 2015 Brad Van Pelt LB 10 1973 -- 1983 -- 2011 Alex Webster FB / Head Coach 29 1955 -- 1964 , 1969 -- 1973 1956 2011 George Young Executive -- 1979 -- 1997 1986 , 1990 NFL MVP award winners Giants NFL MVP winners Year Player Position Selector 1938 Mel Hein C , LB NFL 1956 Frank Gifford HB , WR NEA , UPI 1959 Charlie Conerly QB NEA 1961 Y.A. Tittle QB NEA 1962 Y.A. Tittle QB UPI 1963 Y.A. Tittle QB AP , NEA 1986 Lawrence Taylor LB AP , PFWA 1986 Phil Simms QB NEA Super Bowl MVP award winners Manning with the Lombardi Trophy during the Giants Super Bowl victory rally at Giants Stadium in 2008 . Super Bowl MVP winners SB Player Position XXI Phil Simms QB XXV Ottis Anderson RB XLII Eli Manning QB XLVI Eli Manning QB First - round draft picks Main article : List of New York Giants first - round draft picks Recent first - round draft picks Year Player College Position 2008 Kenny Phillips Miami ( FL ) DB 2009 Hakeem Nicks North Carolina WR Jason Pierre - Paul South Florida DE 2011 Prince Amukamara Nebraska DB 2012 David Wilson Virginia Tech RB 2013 Justin Pugh Syracuse OT 2014 Odell Beckham Jr . LSU WR 2015 Ereck Flowers Miami ( FL ) OT 2016 Eli Apple Ohio State CB 2017 Evan Engram Mississippi TE Coaches of note Main article : List of New York Giants head coaches Current staff New York Giants staff Front Office President / CEO -- John Mara Chairman / Executive Vice President -- Steve Tisch General Manager -- Dave Gettleman Assistant General Manager -- Kevin Abrams Senior Vice President of Player Personnel -- Chris Mara Director of Pro Personnel -- Ken Sternfeld Director of Player Development -- David Tyree Head Coaches Interim Head Coach / Defensive Coordinator -- Steve Spagnuolo Offensive Coaches Offensive Coordinator -- Mike Sullivan Quarterbacks -- Frank Cignetti Jr . Running Backs -- Craig Johnson Wide Receivers -- Adam Henry Tight Ends -- Kevin M. Gilbride Offensive Line -- Mike Solari Assistant Offensive Line -- Lunda Wells Offensive Assistant -- Ryan Roeder Defensive Coaches Defensive Line -- Patrick Graham Assistant Defensive Line -- Rob Leonard Linebackers -- Bill McGovern Secondary / Cornerbacks -- Tim Walton Secondary / Safeties -- Dave Merritt Defensive Assistant -- Bobby Blick Special Team Coaches Special Teams Coordinator -- Tom Quinn Assistant Special Teams -- Dwayne Stukes Strength and Conditioning Strength and Conditioning -- Aaron Wellman Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- Markus Paul Director of Performance Nutrition / Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- Pratik Patel Performance Manager -- Joe Danos → Coaching Staff → Management → More NFL staffs AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Media , radio and television This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : New York Giants Radio Network As of 2010 , the Giants ' flagship radio station is WFAN , with games simulcast on WFAN - FM as of November 2012 . Beginning in 2012 , the Giants became WFAN 's top priority during the entire football season ; prior to that , games that conflicted with late season New York Mets baseball games in September and early October were moved to other CBS Radio owned stations . This arrangement only lasted for 2012 , and the Mets received priority again in 2013 . WFAN acquired the rights to New York Yankees games for 2014 , and thus the Giants ' schedule will be in conflict with them for the foreseeable future . When there is an overlap , Giants games are carried by WFAN 's sister station , WCBS - AM . Bob Papa on play - by - play and Carl Banks on color commentary are the Giants ' radio broadcast team , with Howard Cross as the sideline reporter . When Papa is unavailable to call games Chris Carrino , WFAN 's lead broadcaster for the Brooklyn Nets , substitutes for him . Games are carried over the New York Giants Radio Network over various stations in New York , Pennsylvania , Connecticut , and ( as of 2010 ) Mississippi . Preseason telecasts not seen nationally air in the area on WNBC , with WWOR - TV serving as an overflow station for when WNBC is airing other programming such as the Summer Olympic Games . Papa and Banks call these games on television , with studio host Paul Dottino as Papa 's substitute . WPIX - TV or WABC - TV will also air any Giants broadcast that is carried by ESPN , as per the local carriage rules ( WABC - TV corporate parent , The Walt Disney Company , holds an 80 % majority ownership stake in ESPN , and has a right of first refusal for these telecasts ) . Thursday Night Football games exclusive to NFL Network are carried locally by the producing network 's O&O , either WCBS - TV or WNBC . The Giants ' public address announcer at MetLife Stadium is Jim Hall , who for years was Bob Sheppard 's substitute at Yankee Stadium due to their very similar voices . Hall took over the Giants PA job after Sheppard elected to leave the position in 2005 to focus solely on his Yankee Stadium duties . Past WFAN has produced the Giants ' radio broadcasts since 1995 , but has not always aired them on the station . For 1995 , then - Giants flagship WOR continued to carry the games as they had for the previous two seasons . In 1996 the games were simulcast on WFAN and WOR , which caused some conflict as at the time , WFAN was the radio flagship of the New York Jets as well . To remedy the situation , beginning the next year WFAN moved the Giants ' radio broadcasts to the FM dial and sister station WNEW - FM , where they remained until the end of the 1999 season . In 2000 WFAN lost the Jets ' radio contract to WABC and the Giants moved back to WFAN where they have been ever since . The Giants ' longtime radio home was WNEW , where games aired from the mid-1950s until 1993 when the station was bought by Bloomberg L.P. and changed its format . Marty Glickman teamed with Al DeRogatis for a long stretch beginning in the early 1960s on WNEW . Chip Cipolla and later Sam Huff joined Glickman after DeRogatis left to join Curt Gowdy on NBC . After the WNEW split , games began airing on WOR . Glickman moved to the crosstown Jets in 1973 and was succeeded by Marv Albert . Jim Gordon succeeded Albert in 1977 , beginning an 18 - year tenure as the Giants ' play - by - play voice . Meanwhile , Dick Lynch took over as color analyst in 1976 and continued in that role through 2007 , with his last game being Super Bowl XLII , and retired following the season due to his advancing leukemia , which took his life in September 2008 . Eventually Gordon and Lynch were joined by Karl Nelson , a former lineman for the Giants . Gordon and Nelson were fired after the 1994 season , after which Papa took over the play - by - play ( after being studio host ) and led a two - man booth with Lynch . Dave Jennings joined the broadcast team in 2002 following his firing by the Jets , with whom he had worked since his 1987 retirement from the NFL . Jennings was moved to the pregame show after the 2006 season and was replaced by Carl Banks , leaving broadcasting altogether in 2008 due to his ongoing battle with Parkinson 's disease that he lost in 2013 . After WFAN began airing games Richard Neer served as pregame and postgame host . He was replaced by Sid Rosenberg , who was in turn fired by the station due to troubles and replaced by Chris Carlin . Carlin left in 2008 to focus full - time on his duties as SNY studio host and Rutgers athletics radio voice and was replaced by WWOR sports reporter and former WFAN host Russ Salzberg , who cohosted with Roman Oben after Jennings left . WEPN Giants beat reporter Paul Dottino was hired by WFAN to host the pregame show for 2009 and continues to be a part of the program . Anita Marks has hosted the pre - and post - game shows since 2010 , co-hosting with Dottino for home games and Oben for away games . The Giants were carried on the DuMont Network , then CBS ( New York 's Channel 2 ) in the early TV days of the NFL , when home games were blacked out within a 75 - mile radius of New York City . Chris Schenkel was their play - by - play announcer in that early era when each team was assigned its own network voice on its regional telecasts . At the time , there were few if any true national telecasts until the NFL championship game , which was carried by NBC . Schenkel was joined by Jim McKay , later Johnny Lujack through the 1950s and the early 1960s . As Giants players retired to the broadcast booth in the early and 1960s , first Pat Summerall , then Frank Gifford took the color analyst slot next to Schenkel . As the 1970 merger of the NFL and AFL approached , CBS moved to a more generic announcer approach and Schenkel was off the broadcasts . Giants regular - season Sunday telecasts moved to Fox when that network took over NFC telecasts in 1994 and are carried locally by WNYW . WCBS - TV and WPIX were previously home to Giants preseason telecasts in the 1990s , with WPIX serving as the Giants ' ( and Jets ' ) long time preseason home . After the NFC rights were lost by CBS , the Giants followed the conference 's broadcast rights to WNYW . WWOR became the Giants ' flagship TV station in the late ' 90s , and stayed so up until WNBC took over rights in 2005 . When the Giants first moved to WNYW , Mike Breen was their preseason play - by - play man . Sam Rosen was the television voice for some time afterward , except for two years when Curt Menefee ( then of WNYW ) was the voice . When the games moved to WWOR , Rosen regained the position and held it until 2004 . Former Giant receiver Phil McConkey became the early season analyst after his retirement and stayed in the booth for many years . See also New York City portal New Jersey portal Professional American football championship List of New York Giants seasons References Jump up ^ `` New York Giants Team Facts '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New York Giants Team Capsule '' ( PDF ) . 2016 Official National Football League Record and Fact Book . National Football League . July 15 , 2016 . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New York Giants 2013 Logo Slick '' ( PDF ) . New York Giants . July 15 , 2013 . Retrieved July 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Eisen , Michael ( January 4 , 2013 ) . `` 2013 Training Camp to be held in NJ '' . New York Giants . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Albany No More : Giants To Hold 2013 Training Camp At The Meadowlands '' . CBS News . Retrieved January 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hoovers.com Company Profile '' . Hoovers.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Jimmy the Geek ( 2008 - 02 - 01 ) . `` Wilmington Blogs : Pulp Culture The News Journal '' . delawareonline . Retrieved November 8 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Brookover , Bob ( September 17 , 2006 ) . `` The Birds ' Biggest Rival -- In a division of fierce foes , the Giants have battled the Eagles as tough as anyone '' . Philadelphia Inquirer . p . D1 . ^ Jump up to : Brookover , Bob ( November 6 , 2008 ) . `` Eagles -- Giants among top rivalries '' . Philadelphia Inquirer . p . D6 . ^ Jump up to : New York First Game & First Home Game Program , hapmoran.org . Retrieved February 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ New York Pro Eleven Takes Opening Game , The New York Times , October 5 , 1925 . Retrieved March 16 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : New York Giants ( 1925 -- ) Archived April 9 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , databasefootball.com . Retrieved January 23 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Championship games 1925 -- 1949 '' . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2006 . Retrieved January 12 , 2007 . , giants.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Neft , Cohen , and Korch . pg. 83 Jump up ^ New York Giants vs. Notre Dame All Stars December 14 , 1930 , hapmoran.org . Retrieved March 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Robert McG. , Jr . `` Two Giants Were Heroes Far From Playing Field '' , The New York Times , January 26 , 1991 . Retrieved September 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2015 . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McDonough , W. et al. `` 75 Seasons : The Complete Story of the National Football League 1920 - 1995 , '' Turner Publishing , Inc. and National Football League Properties , Atlanta , p. 86 ( 1994 ) Jump up ^ The Detroit Free Press , November 8 , 1943 , p. 14 Jump up ^ The New York Times , November 8 , 1943 , p. 22 ^ Jump up to : History of the New York Giants , sportsecyclopedia . Retrieved September 12 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Neft , Cohen , and Korch . pg. 272 Jump up ^ Kart , Larry . `` The Chicago Bears wins the 1963 NFL Championship '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved October 14 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : 1966 NFL Standings , Stats and Awards Archived April 8 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , databasefootball.com . Retrieved March 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Wallace , William M. Jets Beat Giants , 37 -- 14 ; Namath Completes 14 of 16 Passes , 3 for Scores ; Battle Returns Punt For 86 Yards 70,874 Fans See Jet Rookie Score in Yale Bowl -- Mathis Tallies Two Touchdowns , The New York Times , August 18 , 1969 . Retrieved March 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Weinraub , Bernard . Fans Show Mixed Emotions ; Bad Trades Laid To Team 's Pilot , The New York Times , September 13 , 1969 . Retrieved March 18 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Fran Tarkenton , vikingupdate.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Katz , Michael . Giants Go With Youth and Cut Ramsey ; McVay Draws a Line , The New York Times , September 13 , 1977 . Retrieved March 21 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Katz , Michael . 20 Seconds Left As Eagles Win ; Jets Bow ; Todd Reinjured , The New York Times , November 20 , 1978 . Retrieved March 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Vecsey , George ( 1991 - 02 - 21 ) . `` Sports Of The Times ; The Feud That Won Super Bowls '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lawrence Taylor Archived May 1 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine. , databasefootball.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Mifflin , Lawrie : ( 1 ) The New York Times , September 11 , 1982 - Scouting ; Crunch Bunch Jump up ^ `` HolidayCalendar '' . Giants.com. April 28 , 2004 . Archived from the original on January 1 , 2011 . Retrieved October 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Battista , Judy . `` Redskins - The Fifth Down Blog '' . Fifthdown.blogs.nytimes.com . Retrieved October 8 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Championship Games 1950 -- present '' . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2007 . Retrieved December 1 , 2010 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) , giants.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Joe Morris Archived December 27 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , databasefootball.com . Retrieved May 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Neft , Cohen , and Korch . pg. 846 Jump up ^ Neft , Cohen , and Korch . pg. 914 Jump up ^ Fucillo , David . `` 49ers ' Year - by - Year : 1990 '' . Niners Nation . Retrieved November 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ 1994 New York Giants Archived April 8 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , databasefootball.com . Retrieved March 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Berkow , Ira . Sports of The Times ; Brown Hopes To Wear Out Giant Fans , The New York Times , October 25 , 1994 . Retrieved March 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ King , Peter . Renewed and revitalized at 28 , Collins finally comes clean , Sports Illustrated , January 22 , 2001 . Retrieved March 21 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2000 New York Giants '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved August 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rhoden , William C. Sports of The Times ; With Season at Crossroads , Fassel Dares His Team , The New York Times , November 27 , 2000 . Retrieved May 12 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Super Bowl XXXV recap '' . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2007 . Retrieved May 25 , 2007 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) , National Football League . Retrieved May 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Magee , Jerry . Nothing personal , San Diego ; Eli Manning just did n't want to be a Charger Archived October 3 , 2005 , at the Wayback Machine. , U-T San Diego , September 21 , 2005 . Retrieved March 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Tom Coughlin coaching profile , ESPN . Retrieved March 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . Giants confirm Coughlin to remain coach , USA TODAY , January 10 , 2007 . Retrieved March 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . Strahan breaks Gastineau 's 17 - year - old record , ESPN , January 2001 . Retrieved March 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tiki Barber plans to stay busy after retirement '' . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2007 . Retrieved April 23 , 2007 . , National Football League , February 6 , 2007 . Retrieved March 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ PAUL NEWBERRY ( 2010 - 11 - 04 ) . `` Giants win their fourth in a row , routing hapless Falcons 31 -- 10 '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved November 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ O'Halloran , Ryan ( 2008 - 02 - 03 ) . `` Superbowl ( sic ) XLII preview '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved November 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Giants End Pats Perfect Season ; Win Super Bowl '' . Jump up ^ Opinion : Eli makes sure MVP stays in the family , NBC Sports.com , February 4 , 2008 . Retrieved March 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Vacchiano , Ralph . Improbable Super Bowl victory capped incredible Giant season , Daily News location = New York , February 10 , 2008 . Retrieved November 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Lapointe , Joe ( January 12 , 2009 ) . `` Manning and Giants Stopped Short in Bid to Repeat as Champs '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` schedule_2009 '' . Giants.com . March 30 , 2009 . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2010 . Retrieved November 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ NFL Stats : by Team Category . National Football League . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` New York Giants Lose Season Opener Against Washington Redskins 28 - 14 : Rapid Reaction '' . Jump up ^ `` NFL Game Center : New York Giants at New England Patriots -- 2011 Super Bowl '' . National Football League . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Odds and Interest : a Look at the 2013 NFL Pro Bowl '' . Jump up ^ `` NFL Experience Will not Be a Part of Super Bowl XLVIII in New York / New Jersey '' . Jump up ^ `` New York Giants Fail to Live up to Talk and Guarantees , Fall 24 - 21 to Dallas Cowboys '' . Jump up ^ `` Odell Beckham Jr . `` Happy '' to Land with New York Giants ; Recalls Past with Eli Manning `` . Jump up ^ Eisen , Michael ( January 14 , 2016 ) . `` Ben McAdoo named New York Giants head coach '' . Giants.com . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Giants injury updates : Odell Beckham Jr. to have season - ending ankle surgery '' . Sporting News . 2017 - 10 - 09 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Rodgers - Cromartie suspended after blowup with McAdoo '' . New York Post . 2017 - 10 - 11 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Giants suspend Janoris Jenkins indefinitely '' . New York Post . 2017 - 10 - 31 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` NFL CHAMPIONS 1920 - 2015 '' . Jump up ^ `` History of the New York Giants '' . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2010 . Retrieved October 20 , 2010 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) , giants.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Neft , Cohen , and Korch . pg. 52 Jump up ^ NFL History : 1921 -- 1930 , National Football League / history . Retrieved May 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Carroll . pg. 126 Jump up ^ Pro Football Here to Stay , Says Mara ; Giants to Play Next Year Despite Losses -- Game Also to Remain at Ebbets Field. , The New York Times , December 19 , 1926 . Retrieved June 4 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Burke , Monte . Turning $500 Into A $573 Million NFL Team , Forbes , August 29 , 2003 . Retrieved June 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Tim Mara died in 1959 . Attendance Rises in Pro Football ; Grand Total for League Games and Extra Contests in 1939 Placed at 1,575,289 Increase 12.3 Per Cent Giants First For Home Crowds With 233,440 During Season -- Detroit Places Next , The New York Times , December 17 , 1939 . Retrieved June 4 , 2007 . * Pro Football set Attendance Mark ; National League Teams Played to More Than 1,600,000 Fans During 1940 Dodgers Drew 146,229 Washington , Pittsburgh Also Attracted Larger Crowds to Home Games , The New York Times , December 24 , 1940 . Retrieved June 4 , 2007 . * Attendance Gain for Pro Football ; Game Average 36.7 % Higher -- 1,072,469 at 40 Contests -- 55 Last Year Drew More , The New York Times , December 7 , 1943 . Retrieved June 4 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Teams valuation : 1998 - 2005 - New York Giants , Forbes . Retrieved June 4 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : New York Giants ( 2006 ) , Forbes . Retrieved June 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Dave . Sports of the Times ; Ten Giant Steps to Superdom , The New York Times , January 25 , 1987 . Retrieved March 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Eskenazi , Gerald . Football ; Tisch Does n't Plan to Be A Figurehead for Giants , The New York Times , February 22 , 1991 . Retrieved March 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Richard . Wellington Mara , the Patriarch of the N.F.L. , Dies at 89 , The New York Times , October 26 , 2005 . Retrieved June 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Giants co-owner Ann Mara dies at age 85 '' . ^ Jump up to : New York Giants ( 2004 ) , Forbes . Retrieved June 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Kurt Badenhausen. `` # 9 New York Giants -- Kurt Badenhausen '' . Forbes . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kurt Badenhausen ( 2012 - 04 - 18 ) . `` Manchester United Tops The World 's 50 Most Valuable Sports Teams '' . Forbes . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Associated Press . Two states claim NFC champion Giants as their own , Sports Illustrated , January 19 , 2001 . Retrieved June 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Hevesi , Dennis ( January 13 , 1987 ) . `` Pre-Super Bowl Scrimmage : So Whose Giants Are They ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Matuszewski , Erik . New York 's Giants Victory Parade Set for Tomorrow , Bloomberg L.P. , February 4 , 2008 . Retrieved February 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived December 22 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Hanlon , Greg ( November 30 , 2008 ) . `` Top 10 Moments in the Giants - Redskins Rivalry '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` New York Giants Head - to - Head Records - Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Jump up ^ Sphigel , Ben ( December 20 , 2011 ) . `` The Jets ' Players Are Asking Themselves : Is This a Rivalry Game ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Samuel , Ebenezer ( August 14 , 2012 ) . `` Giants ' Weatherford : Beating Jets is ' sweet ' '' . Daily News . New York . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ B , John . `` Jets vs. Giants : How Big of a Rivalry Is It ? '' . SB Nation . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ DelVecchio , Steve . `` Bart Scott : Jets - Giants Not a Rivalry Because You Do n't Have to Fight Over Strippers in New York '' . Larry Brown Sports . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Brandt , Gil . `` Scouts reveal their sleepers '' . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2006 . Retrieved June 4 , 2007 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) , National Football League , August 30 , 2005 . Retrieved June 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` New York Giants Retired Jersey Numbers '' . Big Blue Interactive . Retrieved August 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hall of Famers by Team , profootballhof.com . Retrieved March 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Landry Player stats '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Headlines -- Story -- Giants to Unveil Ring of Honor '' . Giants.com . September 29 , 2010 . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved November 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Giants New Ring Of Honor : Who Deserves A Spot ? '' . Bleacher Report . 2010 - 09 - 30 . Retrieved November 8 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Giants.com - TV & Radio Gameday Guide '' . Bibliography Carroll , John Martin ( 1999 ) . Grange and the Rise of Modern Football . Urbana : University of Illinois Press . ISBN 0 - 252 - 07166 - 2 . Neft , David S. ; Cohen , Richard M. ; Korch , Rick ( 1994 ) . The Complete History of Professional Football from 1892 to the Present . New York : St. Martin 's Press . p. 113 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 11435 - 4 . Steinbreder , John ( 1999 ) . Giants : 75 Years of Championship Football ( second ed . ) . Dallas : Taylor Publishing Co . ISBN 0 - 87833 - 159 - X . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to New York Giants . Official website New York Giants at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) New York Giants Founded in 1925 Based and headquartered in East Rutherford , New Jersey Franchise Franchise Seasons Coaches Players First - round draft picks Quarterbacks History 1925 -- 78 1979 -- 93 1994 -- present Financial history Stadiums Polo Grounds Yankee Stadium Yale Bowl Shea Stadium Giants Stadium MetLife Stadium Culture Cleveland Bulldogs The Duke Crunch Bunch Gatorade shower Big Blue Wrecking Crew I 'm going to Disney World ! 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where do new york giants play home games | [
"\n\nNew York Giants\n\n\n Current season\n\n\nEstablished August 1, 1925; 92 years ago (August 1, 1925)[1]\nFirst season: 1925\nPlay in MetLife Stadium\nEast Rutherford, New Jersey\nHeadquartered in the Quest Diagnostics Training Center\nEast Rutherford, New Jersey\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLogo\nWordmark\n\n\n\n\n\nLeague/conference affiliations\n\n\n\n\nNational Football League (1925–present)\n\nEastern Division (1933–1949)\nAmerican Conference (1950–1952)\nEastern Conference (1953–1969)\n\nCentury Division (1967; 1969)\nCapitol Division (1968)\n\n\nNational Football Conference (1970–present)\n\nNFC East (1970–present)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCurrent uniform\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTeam colors\n\nDark Blue, Red, White[2][3]\n \n\n\nPersonnel\n\n\nOwner(s)\nJohn Mara, Steve Tisch\n\n\nChairman\nSteve Tisch\n\n\nPresident\nJohn Mara\n\n\nGeneral manager\nDave Gettleman\n\n\nHead coach\nSteve Spagnuolo (interim)\n\n\nTeam history\n\n\n\n\n\nNew York Giants (1925–present)\n\n\n\n\n\nTeam nicknames\n\n\n\n\nBig Blue, G-Men, Jints, Big Blue Wrecking Crew, New York Football Giants\n\n\n\n\nChampionships\n\n\n\nLeague championships (8)\n\nNFL championships (pre-1970 AFL–NFL merger) (4)\n1927, 1934, 1938, 1956\n\n\nSuper Bowl championships (4)\n1986 (XXI), 1990 (XXV), 2007 (XLII), 2011 (XLVI)\n\n\n\n\n\nConference championships (11)\n\nNFL Eastern: 1956, 1958, 1959, 1961, 1962, 1963\nNFC: 1986, 1990, 2000, 2007, 2011\n\n\n\n\n\nDivision championships (16)\n\nNFL East: 1933, 1934, 1935, 1938, 1939, 1941, 1944, 1946\nNFC East: 1986, 1989, 1990, 1997, 2000, 2005, 2008, 2011\n\n\n\n\nPlayoff appearances (32)\n\n\n\n\nNFL: 1933, 1934, 1935, 1938, 1939, 1941, 1943, 1944, 1946, 1950, 1956, 1958, 1959, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1981, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1989, 1990, 1993, 1997, 2000, 2002, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2011, 2016\n\n\n\n\nHome fields\n\n\n\n\nPolo Grounds (1925–1955)\nYankee Stadium (1956–1973)\nYale Bowl (1973–1974)\nShea Stadium (1975)\nGiants Stadium (1976–2009)\nMetLife Stadium (2010–present)\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"MetLife Stadium"
] |
2826355308667842056 | One Day at a Time | One Day at a Time - wikipedia One Day at a Time This article is about the 1975 -- 1984 sitcom . For the 2017 remake , see One Day at a Time ( 2017 TV series ) . For other uses , see One Day at a Time ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) One Day at a Time Genre Sitcom Created by Whitney Blake Allan Manings Developed by Norman Lear Directed by Norman Campbell Herbert Kenwith Sandy Kenyon Howard Morris Noam Pitlik Alan Rafkin Don Richardson Tony Singletary Starring Bonnie Franklin Mackenzie Phillips Richard Masur Valerie Bertinelli Pat Harrington Mary Louise Wilson Michael Lembeck Ron Rifkin Glenn Scarpelli Boyd Gaines Shelley Fabares Nanette Fabray Howard Hesseman Theme music composer Jeff Barry Nancy Barry Opening theme `` This is It '' performed by Polly Cutter Ending theme `` This is It '' ( instrumental ) Composer ( s ) Jeff Barry Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 9 No. of episodes 209 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Dick Bensfield Jack Elinson Perry Grant Mort Lachman Norman Lear Alan Rafkin Producer ( s ) Dick Bensfield Patricia Fass Palmer Perry Grant Katherine Green Allan Manings Bud Wiser Camera setup Multi-camera setup , videotape Running time 24 minutes Production company ( s ) T.A.T. Communications Company ( 1975 -- 82 ) Embassy Television ( 1982 -- 84 ) Distributor Embassy Television ( 1982 -- 1984 ) Embassy Telecommunications ( 1984 -- 1986 ) Embassy Communications ( 1986 - 1988 ) Columbia Pictures Television ( 1988 -- 1995 ) Columbia TriStar Television ( 1995 - 2002 ) Sony Pictures Television ( 2002 - present ) Release Original network CBS Audio format Monaural Original release December 16 , 1975 ( 1975 - 12 - 16 ) -- May 28 , 1984 ( 1984 - 05 - 28 ) Bonnie Franklin , Mackenzie Phillips , and Valerie Bertinelli Pat Harrington Jr. ( 1976 ) One Day at a Time is an American sitcom that aired on CBS from December 16 , 1975 , until May 28 , 1984 . It starred Bonnie Franklin as a divorced mother raising two teenaged daughters in Indianapolis . The daughters were played by Mackenzie Phillips and Valerie Bertinelli . Contents 1 Background 2 Plot 3 Production 3.1 Theme song and opening credits 3.2 Casting 3.2. 1 Main cast 4 Episodes 5 Reception 5.1 Ratings 5.2 Awards and honors 6 Syndication 7 Cast reunions 8 Home media 9 Remake 10 References 11 External links Background ( edit ) The series was created by Whitney Blake and Allan Manings , a husband - and - wife writing duo who were both actors in the 1950s and 1960s . The series was based on Whitney Blake 's own life as a single mother , raising her three children ( including future actress Meredith Baxter ) after her divorce from her first husband . Plot ( edit ) Ann Romano , a divorced mother , moves from their home in Logansport , Indiana , to Indianapolis with her daughters , the rebellious Julie and the wisecracking Barbara . Ann frequently struggles with maintaining her role as mother while affording her daughters the freedom she never had as a young woman . Ann begins dating her divorce lawyer , David Kane ( Richard Masur ) . They become engaged and call it off on their wedding day , when David says he wants kids , but Ann does not . Dwayne Schneider , the building 's quirky superintendent ( most often referred to only by his last name ) , provides usually unwanted advice to the tenants . After David takes a job in Los Angeles , the focus squarely rests on Ann 's dilemmas as a single mother and career woman , as well as the girls ' growing pains , with Schneider becoming a more welcomed part of the family . Ann 's strained relationship with her ex-husband Ed slowly mends , as does the girls ' relationship with his new wife , Vickie . Julie and Barbara advance through high school and into the working world , and Julie eventually marries flight attendant Max Horvath . Alex , the orphaned son of Ann 's deceased boyfriend , moves in , changing the dynamics in the female - dominated apartment . Later in the series run , Julie gives birth to a daughter , `` Little Annie '' Horvath , Barbara marries dental student Mark Royer , and Ann 's mother Katherine moves nearby . In the penultimate episode , Ann decides to take a job in London , leaving her daughters in Indianapolis to raise families of their own . In the series finale , Schneider also leaves town , moving to Florida to take care of his niece and nephew . Production ( edit ) For its entire run , the series was taped in Hollywood before a studio audience . Originally , it was taped at CBS Television City . Shortly after its premiere , the series began taping at Metromedia Square , where it remained until 1982 . From 1982 to 1984 , the series was taped at Universal Studios . Like many sitcoms developed by Norman Lear , One Day at a Time often tackled serious issues in life and relationships , particularly those related to second - wave feminism . Stories depicting such events as weddings , births , and other important milestones frequently stretched over two - , three - , and four - part episodes . Theme song and opening credits ( edit ) The theme song for One Day at a Time , `` This is It '' , was composed by Brill Building songwriter Jeff Barry and his wife Nancy Barry , and performed by recording artist Polly Cutter . The opening credits were originally seen over a filmed sequence showing Ann , Julie , and Barbara excitedly moving into their new home . Later , the opening credits sequence mostly consisted of clips of each cast member taken from previous episodes . Casting ( edit ) Actors Bonnie Franklin , Pat Harrington , Jr. , and Valerie Bertinelli were the only cast members to remain with the series throughout its entire run . Lead actress Mackenzie Phillips was fired after the fifth season due to growing problems with substance abuse . She later returned in a frequent recurring role . Original cast member Richard Masur was written out early in the second season , but returned as a guest star in the sixth - season finale . After Masur 's departure , the producers tried going in a different direction . Instead of Ann Romano being romantically involved with a man , it was decided to give Ann a comedic foil . For that role , producer Lear chose actress and comedienne Mary Louise Wilson , who had just completed a successful run on Broadway as Tessie Tura in a revival of Gypsy starring Angela Lansbury . Wilson was signed to play Ginny Wroblicki , a cocktail waitress who moves into Schneider 's apartment building , and immediately becomes Ann 's best friend and confidante . The shows ' ratings began to decline soon after Wilson 's arrival , as the character of Ginny Wroblicki proved to be unpopular with viewers . According to her memoir , My First Hundred Years in Show Business , prior to being cast as Ginny , Wilson had never seen One Day at a Time and immediately sat down and watched an episode one night in her apartment . She did not find the sitcom funny at all and was not given a script until the first read - through of her first episode . Wilson also did not get along with Franklin , `` who took her role as arbiter over moral issues very seriously '' and who considered herself `` our foremost authority on Broadway '' . She also thought that Harrington 's character of Schneider was not funny at all , although she liked Harrington himself , and found him hilarious offscreen . Wilson wrote that `` aside from Lear , nobody thought I was funny ... To make matters worse , each character , according to the show 's formula , had to have a ' serious ' moral dilemma at some point , and I was given some problem about an illegitimate child to work out in these increasingly sentimental scenes that made my bowels shrink . '' At the end of the second season of One Day at a Time , Wilson begged her agent to ask Lear to release her from her contract . Wilson later admitted , `` I felt terribly wrong to be so miserable . I knew this was the kind of break actors longed for . '' Wilson was also unaccustomed to working on a sitcom with four cameras in front of a live audience where `` you said your line when the red light on the camera went on ... and there follows a pause longer than the river Styx before the light on camera four goes on '' at which the character you 're speaking to says the next line . After the meeting with her agent , Wilson impulsively changed her mind and agreed to stay with the series , but it was too late . Her agent had already informed Norman Lear of Wilson 's unhappiness and she was released from the show after appearing in 14 episodes . The character of Ginny Wroblicki was never seen , referred to , or heard from again except in a fifth - season episode ( `` Retrospective '' ) made up mainly of clips from earlier in the series . For the next two seasons , the central cast of Ann , Julie , Barbara , and Schneider was supplemented by recurring characters , including William Kirby Cullen as Julie 's boyfriend Chuck Butterfield , Howard Morton and K Callan as Chuck 's parents , John Putch as Barbara 's awkward friend Bob Morton , Scott Colomby as Barbara 's boyfriend Cliff Randall , and John Hillerman and Charles Siebert as Ann 's bosses , Mr. Connors and Mr. Davenport , respectively . Dick O'Neill and Nedra Volz made three appearances together as Orville and Emily , residents of the retirement home where the main characters put on a semiregular variety show . Joseph Campanella also made several appearances as Ann 's ex-husband and the girls ' father , Ed Cooper . Michael Lembeck joined the series as Julie 's husband , Max , in the fifth season , but he was written out as a consequence of Phillips ' firing ( but later returned in season seven along with Philips ) . A steady stream of regulars was added in the ensuing seasons , including Ron Rifkin as Ann 's boyfriend , Nick ; Glenn Scarpelli as Nick 's son , Alex ; and Boyd Gaines as Barbara 's boyfriend , later husband , Mark . Shelley Fabares , who had previously guest - starred as Ann 's rival co-worker Francine Webster , appeared more frequently , eventually becoming a regular . Nanette Fabray , who played Ann 's mother , also made more frequent appearances before becoming a regular cast member in the final season . Howard Hesseman joined the series for a short time as Mark 's father , Sam , who would become Ann 's second husband . Notable guest stars throughout the series run include Norman Alden , Robby Benson , Carla Borelli , Charlie Brill , Dennis Burkley , Jack Dodson , Elinor Donahue , David Dukes , Greg Evigan , Conchata Ferrell , Corey Feldman , Alice Ghostley , Lee Grant , Mark Hamill , Jim Hutton , Terry Kiser , Richard Kline , Christopher Knight , Jay Leno , Robert Mandan , Robert Morse , Denise Nicholas , J. Pat O'Malley , Jo Ann Pflug , Eve Plumb , Susan Richardson , William Schallert , Gretchen Corbett , Suzanne Somers , Ellen Travolta , Dick Van Patten , and Keenan Wynn . Main cast ( edit ) Actor Character Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 Bonnie Franklin Ann Romano Main Mackenzie Phillips Julie Cooper Horvath Main Recurring Richard Masur David Kane Main Guest Valerie Bertinelli Barbara Cooper Royer Main Pat Harrington Jr . Dwayne Schneider Main Mary Louise Wilson Ginny Wroblicki Main Michael Lembeck Max Horvath Main Recurring Main Ron Rifkin Nick Handris Main Glenn Scarpelli Alex Handris Main Boyd Gaines Mark Royer Recurring Main Shelley Fabares Francine Webster Guest Guest Recurring Main Recurring Nanette Fabray Katherine Romano Guest Recurring Main Howard Hesseman Sam Royer Recurring Main Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of One Day at a Time episodes Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Rating Tied with 15 December 16 , 1975 ( 1975 - 12 - 16 ) March 30 , 1976 ( 1976 - 03 - 30 ) 12 23.1 N / A 24 September 28 , 1976 ( 1976 - 09 - 28 ) March 22 , 1977 ( 1977 - 03 - 22 ) 8 23.4 The ABC Sunday Night Movie Baretta 24 September 27 , 1977 ( 1977 - 09 - 27 ) April 3 , 1978 ( 1978 - 04 - 03 ) 10 23.0 N / A 26 September 18 , 1978 ( 1978 - 09 - 18 ) April 14 , 1979 ( 1979 - 04 - 14 ) 18 21.6 N / A 5 26 September 30 , 1979 ( 1979 - 09 - 30 ) April 13 , 1980 ( 1980 - 04 - 13 ) 10 23.0 N / A 6 21 November 9 , 1980 ( 1980 - 11 - 09 ) May 10 , 1981 ( 1981 - 05 - 10 ) 11 22.0 N / A 7 25 October 11 , 1981 ( 1981 - 10 - 11 ) May 16 , 1982 ( 1982 - 05 - 16 ) 10 22.0 N / A 8 26 September 26 , 1982 ( 1982 - 09 - 26 ) May 23 , 1983 ( 1983 - 05 - 23 ) 16 19.1 N / A 9 22 October 2 , 1983 ( 1983 - 10 - 02 ) May 28 , 1984 ( 1984 - 05 - 28 ) 44 15.9 N / A Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) One Day at a Time was best known in the 1980s as a staple of the CBS Sunday - night lineup , one of the most successful in TV history , along with Archie Bunker 's Place , Alice , and The Jeffersons . The series consistently ranked among the top twenty ( if not the top ten ) programs in the ratings . However , the network moved the show around on the prime time schedule eleven times . By the end of the 1982 -- 83 season , viewership was beginning to slip and the series ended season eight ranking at No. 16 . At this time , Bonnie Franklin and Valerie Bertinelli were anxious to move on , but agreed to do a ninth ( and final ) season . ( Although both were offered contracts for two more seasons : a ninth and a tenth according to Bertinelli in her autobiography Losing It : And Gaining My Life Back One Pound at a Time . ) Awards and honors ( edit ) 1981 , 1982 : Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film to Valerie Bertinelli 1982 : Outstanding Directing in a Comedy Series to Alan Rafkin 1984 : Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor -- Comedy Series to Pat Harrington Syndication ( edit ) CBS aired daytime reruns of the show for three years . From September 17 , 1979 , to February 1 , 1980 , it aired on the daytime schedule at 3 : 30 pm Eastern time ; with the cancellation of Love of Life to accommodate the expansion of The Young and the Restless to one hour , it was moved on February 4 , 1980 , to 4 pm Eastern due to Guiding Light moving to 3 pm . On September 28 , 1981 , it moved to 10 am Eastern time , and on September 20 , 1982 , it was replaced by The $25,000 Pyramid . Soon after , the show entered off - network syndication , airing on local stations around the country , and nationally on WGN , TBS , and the E ! Network . Logo TV started airing episodes in April 2017 . As of July 23 , 2017 , the series airs Sunday nights on the digital broadcast network Antenna TV . It also can be seen on the satellite service FeTV . Cast reunions ( edit ) The One Day at a Time Reunion was a 60 - minute CBS retrospective special which aired on Tuesday February 22 , 2005 , at 9 : 00 pm ET , reuniting Bonnie Franklin , Mackenzie Phillips , Valerie Bertinelli , and Pat Harrington to reminisce about the series and their characters . Regular cast members Richard Masur , Shelley Fabares , Nanette Fabray , Michael Lembeck , and Glenn Scarpelli shared their feelings about their time on the show in separate interviews . The special was included as a bonus on One Day at a Time : The Complete First Season DVD set . On February 26 , 2008 , Franklin , Phillips , Bertinelli , and Harrington reunited once again to talk about life on the set , Phillips ' drug problems , and the show 's theme song on NBC 's Today Show as part of a week - long segment titled `` Together Again : TV 's Greatest Casts Reunited '' . Bertinelli , Harrington , and ( on tape ) Franklin appeared on the September 10 , 2008 , episode of Rachael Ray to celebrate Ray 's 40th birthday . In 2011 , Franklin reunited again with Bertinelli on an episode of Hot in Cleveland which marked one of Franklin 's last acting roles before her death in 2013 . Mackenzie Phillips and Pat Harrington Jr. also made individual cameos on the series . One Day at a Time was awarded the Innovation Award on the 2012 TV Land Award show on April 29 . Accepting the award were Valerie Bertinelli , Bonnie Franklin , Pat Harrington Jr. , Richard Masur , Mackenzie Phillips , and Glenn Scarpelli . Home media ( edit ) On April 24 , 2007 , Sony Pictures Home Entertainment released the first season of One Day at a Time on DVD in Region 1 . On September 7 , 2017 , it was announced that Shout ! Factory had acquired the rights to the series and released One Day at a Time - The Complete Series on DVD in Region 1 on December 5 , 2017 . Season 2 was released on March 27 , 2018 . Season 3 was released on June 12 , 2018 . DVD Name Ep # Release Date The Complete First Season 15 April 24 , 2007 The Complete Second Season 24 March 27 , 2018 The Complete Third Season 24 June 12 , 2018 The Complete Series 209 December 5 , 2017 Remake ( edit ) Main article : One Day at a Time ( 2017 TV series ) Gloria Calderon Kellett and Mike Royce developed a new version of the series , with a Latino cast , for Netflix , beginning in 2017 . The ensemble is led by Justina Machado , with Rita Moreno , Stephen Tobolowsky , Isabella Gomez , Marcel Ruiz , and Todd Grinnell in supporting roles . Pam Fryman directed the pilot episode . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mike Celizic ( February 26 , 2008 ) . `` Cast of ' One Day at a Time ' reunites on TODAY '' . msnbc.msn.com . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Mary Louise . My First Hundred Years , pp. 133 - 139 . Overlook Press . c. 2015 , 2016 Jump up ^ Brooks , Tim ; Marsh , Earle ( 2007 ) . The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows 1946 - Present ( Ninth Edition ) . Ballantine Books . p. 1687 - 1690 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 49773 - 4 . Jump up ^ 1983 - 84 Ratings History http://www.tvratingsguide.com/2017/09/1983-84-ratings-history-networks-are.html Jump up ^ `` Barbara 's Crisis '' . TV.com . Retrieved 15 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Awards for `` One Day at a Time '' `` . IMDb . Retrieved 15 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Schedule - Antenna TV Jump up ^ Lambert , David . One Day at a Time - CONFIRMED ! ' The Complete Series ' DVDs in 2017 from Shout ! 27 - disc package with all nine seasons will be at stores in early December Archived 2017 - 09 - 08 at the Wayback Machine . TV Shows on DVD , December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David . One Day at a Time - Shout ! 's Street Date for a Separate ' Season 2 ' Set. 3 - DVD release will be available near the end of March Archived 2017 - 12 - 09 at the Wayback Machine . TV Shows on DVD , December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David . One Day at a Time - ' Season 3 ' DVDs to be Sold Separately for the First Time this June . Available since December in The Complete Series , Shout ! will now separate this season TV Shows on DVD , March 5 , 2018 Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 1 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix Orders ' One Day At A Time ' Latino Remake Series Co-Starring Rita Moreno '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' One Day At A Time ' : Justina Machado To Play The Lead In Netflix Series Remake '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' One Day At a Time ' : Stephen Tobolowsky Cast In Netflix Latino Family Remake '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' One Day At a Time ' : Todd Grinnell Cast As Schneider In Netflix Series Remake '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 5 , 2016 ) . `` Pam Fryman Sets 3 Pilot Directing Gigs '' . Deadline Hollywood . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to One Day at a Time . One Day at a Time on IMDb One Day at a Time at TV.com One Day at a Time at epguides.com Museum of Broadcast Communications page on One Day at a Time Norman Lear Created The Deputy ( 1959 -- 61 ) All in the Family ( 1971 -- 79 ) Maude ( 1972 -- 78 ) The Nancy Walker Show ( 1976 ) All That Glitters ( 1977 ) Fernwood 2 Night ( 1977 ) America 2 - Night ( 1978 ) In the Beginning ( 1978 ) Apple Pie ( 1978 ) Hanging In ( 1979 ) Palmerstown , U.S.A. ( 1980 -- 81 ) a.k.a. Pablo ( 1984 ) Sunday Dinner ( 1991 ) 704 Hauser ( 1994 ) Guess Who Died ( 2018 ) Developed Good Times ( 1974 -- 79 ) Sanford and Son ( 1972 -- 78 ) Mary Hartman , Mary Hartman ( 1976 -- 78 ) The Jeffersons ( 1975 -- 85 ) One Day at a Time ( 1975 -- 84 ) The Dumplings ( 1976 ) All 's Fair ( 1976 -- 77 ) Sanford Arms ( 1977 ) The Baxters ( 1979 -- 81 ) Film Come Blow Your Horn ( screenwriter ; 1963 ) Divorce American Style ( screenwriter ; 1967 ) The Night They Raided Minsky 's ( screenwriter ; 1968 ) Cold Turkey ( director ; 1971 ) The Princess Bride ( producer ; 1987 ) Pete Seeger : The Power of Song ( producer ; 2007 ) Related articles Tandem Productions ELP Communications Act III Communications People for the American Way Business Enterprise Trust Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=One_Day_at_a_Time&oldid=865344637 '' Categories : 1975 American television series debuts 1984 American television series endings 1970s American sitcoms 1980s American sitcoms CBS network shows English - language television programs Television series by Sony Pictures Television Sony franchises Television shows set in Indiana Television shows set in Indianapolis Television series about families Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from July 2015 All articles needing additional references TV.com template with ID same as Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano Nederlands Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2018 , at 10 : 27 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played david on one day at a time | [
"Ann Romano, a divorced mother, moves from their home in Logansport, Indiana, to Indianapolis with her daughters, the rebellious Julie and the wisecracking Barbara. Ann frequently struggles with maintaining her role as mother while affording her daughters the freedom she never had as a young woman. Ann begins dating her divorce lawyer, David Kane (Richard Masur). They become engaged and call it off on their wedding day, when David says he wants kids, but Ann does not. Dwayne Schneider, the building's quirky superintendent (most often referred to only by his last name), provides usually unwanted advice to the tenants.\n"
] | [
"Richard Masur"
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-8217186815680756695 | Jessica Collins | Jessica Collins - wikipedia Jessica Collins Jump to : navigation , search For the actress who played Lizzie Miller on The Nine , see Jessie Collins . Jessica Collins Collins in 2013 Jessica Lynn Capogna ( 1971 - 04 - 01 ) April 1 , 1971 ( age 46 ) Schenectady , New York , U.S. Years active 1990 -- present Spouse ( s ) Robert Tyler ( 1996 -- 2002 ) Michael Cooney ( m . 2016 ) Children Jessica Collins ( born Jessica Lynn Capogna ; April 1 , 1971 ) is an American actress . She is best known for portraying Dinah Lee Mayberry on the ABC soap opera Loving ( 1991 -- 1994 ) and Avery Bailey Clark on the CBS soap opera The Young and the Restless ( 2011 -- 2015 ) . She also starred as Meredith Davies on Fox 's Tru Calling , and appeared in recurring and guest roles in many other shows . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Collins was born in Schenectady , New York . She attended Amsterdam High School in Amsterdam , New York . In 1988 , she won the title Miss New York Teen USA and was the first runner - up for the Miss Teen USA Pageant in that same year . Collins later attended London 's Royal National Theatre Studio and the Howard Fine Acting Studio in Los Angeles . Career ( edit ) Collins starred in ABC daytime soap opera Loving as Dinah Lee Mayberry from 1991 to 1994 . After leaving daytime , Collins appeared in the films Leprechaun 4 : In Space ( 1996 ) , Best of the Best : Without Warning ( 1998 ) , and Beautiful ( 2000 ) , and guest - starred in primetime shows such as Lois & Clark : The New Adventures of Superman , Star Trek : Voyager , Beverly Hills 90210 , and Dawson 's Creek . Collins played Meredith Davies on the Fox Network 's Tru Calling from 2003 to 2004 . She had a major recurring role in the NBC period drama , American Dreams , and later appeared in the short - lived series Unscripted and Scoundrels . She also starred in the short - lived ABC comedy - drama Big Shots from 2007 to 2008 . In film , Collins played roles in Ritual ( 2002 ) , Catch Me If You Can ( 2002 ) , Dirty Love ( 2005 ) , Live ! ( 2007 ) , and Open House ( 2010 ) . Her other television credits include CSI : Crime Scene Investigation , Two and a Half Men , Nip / Tuck , It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia , and NCIS . In 2011 , Collins returned to soaps with a role as Avery Bailey Clark on CBS 's The Young and the Restless . In 2013 and 2016 , she was nominated for Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series for her role , winning in 2016 . In May 2015 , Soap Opera Digest reported that Collins was leaving the show , with Avery 's last appearance airing on July 21 , 2015 . Personal life ( edit ) She married Robert Tyler on November 11 , 1996 . The couple divorced February 15 , 2002 , citing irreconcilable differences . On May 4 , 2016 , she married writer and producer Michael Cooney . She and Cooney have a daughter , Jemma , born in January 2016 . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Film Role Notes Leprechaun 4 : In Space Dr. Tina Reeves 1998 Best of the Best : Without Warning Karina 2000 Beautiful Miss Lawrenceville 2002 Ritual Jackie 2002 Catch Me If You Can Peggy 2003 King for a Day Mother Short film The Ranch Kim 2005 Dirty Love Mandy 2007 Live ! Starlet Open House Lauren Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1991 -- 1994 Loving Dinah Lee Mayberry Alden Series regular All My Children Dinah Lee Mayberry Alden Guest Appearance 1994 M.A.N.T.I.S. Corrine Episode : `` Through the Dark Circle '' 1994 Coach Bridget McDermott Episode : `` Working Girl '' 1995 Lois & Clark : The New Adventures of Superman Mindy Church Episodes : `` We Have a Lot to Talk About '' , `` Home is Where the Hurt Is '' Diagnosis : Murder Wendy Windsor Episode : `` A Model Murder '' Life with Roger Heather Episode : `` The Way We Was '' 1997 Star Trek : Voyager Linnis Paris Episode : `` Before and After '' 1997 Beverly Hills 90210 Jody Carlisle Episodes : `` Deadline '' , `` Child of the Night '' , `` Friends , Lovers , and Children '' 2000 Dawson 's Creek Sherry Eisler Episode : `` To Green , With Love '' 2002 Off Centre Kristi Lee Episode : `` The Good , The Bad , and The Lazy '' 2002 Andy Richter Controls the Universe Leslie Episode : `` Little Andy in Charge '' 2002 -- 2003 American Dreams Colleen 7 episodes 2003 -- 2004 Tru Calling Meredith Davies Main role ( season 1 ) , 15 episodes The Ranch Kim Television film 2005 Everwood Cameron Episode : `` Giving Up the Girl '' 2005 Unscripted Jessica 4 episodes 2005 CSI : Crime Scene Investigation Missy Episode : `` Dog Eat Dog '' 2006 Two and a Half Men Gloria Episode : `` Walnuts and Demerol '' 2007 -- 2008 Big Shots Marla Main role , 11 episodes 2008 Gary Unmarried Leslie Episode : `` Gary and Allison Brooks '' 2009 Nip / Tuck Tracy Pierce Episode : `` Lola Wlodkowski '' Scoundrels Valerie Bottoms 4 episodes CSI : Miami Marcie Westerfield Episode : `` Happy Birthday '' 2011 Memphis Beat Margo Episode : `` Troubled Water '' 2011 , 2013 It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia Jackie Denardo Episodes : `` The Storm of the Century '' , `` The Gang Saves the Day '' 2011 -- 2015 The Young and the Restless Avery Bailey Clark Series regular 2012 NCIS Judy Ford Episode : `` Recovery '' 2014 Perception Special Agent Anne - Marie Bishop Episode : `` Prologue '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) List of acting awards and nominations Year Award Title Result Ref . 1994 Soap Opera Digest Award Hottest Female Star Loving Nominated 1994 Soap Opera Digest Award Outstanding Younger Lead Actress Loving Nominated 2013 Daytime Emmy Award Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series The Young and the Restless Nominated 2016 Daytime Emmy Award Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series The Young and the Restless Won References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Jessica Collins -- Biography '' . MSN Movies . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Lionsgate Hosts Open House in August '' . DreadCentral.com . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Jessica Collins Joins The Young and the Restless -- Today 's News : Our Take '' . TV Guide . June 24 , 2011 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ Labrecque , Jeff ( May 1 , 2013 ) . `` Daytime Emmy nominations : ' Young and the Restless ' leads CBS Inside TV '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( May 1 , 2016 ) `` 2016 Daytime Emmy Winners List '' . Tvline.com . Retrieved September 5 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Jessica Collins Off Y&R '' . Soap Opera Digest . American Media . March 18 , 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Jessica Collins Married '' . Soapoperadigest.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Young , Candace ( May 5 , 2016 ) . `` Jessica Collins Marries Michael Cooney '' . Soaps.sheknows.com . Retrieved July 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pollier , Bobby ( January 28 , 2016 ) . `` Jessica Collins Gives Birth To Baby Girl '' . Heavy.com . Retrieved January 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The 40th Annual Daytime Entertainment Emmy Award Nominations '' . New York : emmyonline.org and National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences . May 1 , 2013 . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Daytime Emmy Awards : The Complete Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . New York City : Prometheus Global Media . May 1 , 2016 . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2016 . Retrieved May 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The 43rd Annual Daytime Emmy Award Nominations '' ( PDF ) . New York : emmyonline.org and National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences . March 24 , 2016 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on March 24 , 2016 . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Biography portal Film portal Television portal New York portal Jessica Collins on IMDb Jessica Collins on Facebook Jessica Collins at TV.com Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Suzanne Rogers ( 1979 ) Francesca James ( 1980 ) Jane Elliot ( 1981 ) Dorothy Lyman ( 1982 ) Louise Shaffer ( 1983 ) Judi Evans ( 1984 ) Beth Maitland ( 1985 ) Leann Hunley ( 1986 ) Kathleen Noone ( 1987 ) Ellen Wheeler ( 1988 ) Nancy Lee Grahn / Debbi Morgan ( 1989 ) Julia Barr ( 1990 ) Jess Walton ( 1991 ) Maeve Kinkead ( 1992 ) Ellen Parker ( 1993 ) Susan Haskell ( 1994 ) Rena Sofer ( 1995 ) Anna Holbrook ( 1996 ) Michelle Stafford ( 1997 ) Julia Barr ( 1998 ) Sharon Case ( 1999 ) Sarah Joy Brown ( 2000 ) Lesli Kay ( 2001 ) Crystal Chappell ( 2002 ) Vanessa Marcil ( 2003 ) Cady McClain ( 2004 ) Natalia Livingston ( 2005 ) Gina Tognoni ( 2006 ) Genie Francis ( 2007 ) Gina Tognoni ( 2008 ) Tamara Braun ( 2009 ) Julie Pinson ( 2010 ) Heather Tom ( 2011 ) Nancy Lee Grahn ( 2012 ) Julie Berman ( 2013 ) Amelia Heinle ( 2014 ) Amelia Heinle ( 2015 ) Jessica Collins ( 2016 ) Kate Mansi ( 2017 ) New York pageant winners Miss New York Bess Myerson ( 1945 ) Kris Krull ( 1974 ) Tawny Godin ( 1975 ) Mary Hinterberger ( 1975 ) Vanessa Williams ( 1983 ) Maryalice Demler ( 1990 ) Brandi Burkhardt ( 1999 ) Jessica Lynch ( 2003 ) Christina Ellington ( 2004 ) Kandice Pelletier ( 2005 ) Leigh - Taylor Smith ( 2008 ) Claire Buffie ( 2010 ) Kaitlin Monte ( 2011 ) Mallory Hagan ( 2012 ) Nina Davuluri ( 2013 ) Kira Kazantsev ( 2014 ) Jamie Lynn Macchia ( 2015 ) Miss New York USA Jackie Loughery ( 1952 ) Mary Therese Friel ( 1979 ) Jennifer Gareis ( 1994 ) Shanna Moakler ( 1995 ) Kimberly Pressler ( 1999 ) Jaclyn Nesheiwat ( 2004 ) Meaghan Jarensky ( 2005 ) Adriana Diaz ( 2006 ) Gloria Almonte ( 2007 ) Danielle Roundtree ( 2008 ) Tracey Chang ( 2009 ) Joanne Nosuchinsky ( 2013 ) Serena Bucaj ( 2016 ) Miss New York Teen USA Ruth Zakarian ( 1983 ) Jessica Collins ( 1988 ) Kimberly Pressler ( 1994 ) Gloria Almonte ( 2001 ) Adriana Diaz ( 2003 ) Natascha Bessez ( 2005 ) Taylor Gildersleeve ( 2009 ) Corrin Stellakis ( 2014 ) Mrs. New York Meaghan Castaldi ( 2010 ) VIAF : 122026291 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jessica_Collins&oldid=801316823 '' Categories : American television actresses American film actresses Miss Teen USA delegates People from Schenectady , New York 1971 births Living people Actresses from New York ( state ) American soap opera actresses 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano नेपाली Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 23 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays jackie in it's always sunny | [
"Jessica Collins (born Jessica Lynn Capogna; April 1, 1971) is an American actress. She is best known for portraying Dinah Lee Mayberry on the ABC soap opera Loving (1991–1994) and Avery Bailey Clark on the CBS soap opera The Young and the Restless (2011–2015). She also starred as Meredith Davies on Fox's Tru Calling, and appeared in recurring and guest roles in many other shows."
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"Jessica Collins"
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-4949815743833421899 | Dabangg | Dabangg - Wikipedia Dabangg Jump to : navigation , search Dabangg Theatrical release poster Directed by Abhinav Kashyap Produced by Arbaaz Khan Malaika Arora Dhillin Mehta Written by Dilip Shukla Abhinav Kashyap Starring Salman Khan Arbaaz Khan Sonakshi Sinha Sonu Sood Vinod Khanna Dimple Kapadia Anupam Kher Music by Songs Sajid - Wajid Lalit Pandit Background Score : Sandeep Shirodkar Cinematography Mahesh Limaye Edited by Pranav V Dhukar Production company Arbaaz Khan Productions Distributed by Shree Ashtavinayak Cine Vision Ltd Release date 10 September 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 10 ) Running time 126 minutes Country India Language Hindi Budget ₹ 420 million Box office ₹ 2.15 billion Dabangg ( English : Fearless ) is a 2010 Indian action film directed by Abhinav Kashyap , and produced by Arbaaz Khan under Arbaaz Khan Productions . Arbaaz 's elder brother Salman Khan stars in the lead role , with Sonakshi Sinha ( in her acting debut ) , Arbaaz Khan , Om Puri , Dimple Kapadia , Vinod Khanna , Anupam Kher , Mahesh Manjrekar and Mahie Gill featuring in supporting roles , while Sonu Sood plays the main antagonist . The film marks the debut of Arbaaz as a producer and Kashyap as a director . Malaika Arora appears in the item number `` Munni Badnaam Hui '' . Dabangg is set in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh , and tells the story of a corrupt but fearless police officer , Chulbul Pandey , and his troubled relationship with his stepfather and half - brother . Made with a budget of ₹ 300 million and marketed at ₹ 120 million , Dabangg was shot primarily in the town of Wai in Maharashtra , while other major scenes were shot in the United Arab Emirates . Dabangg was released during Eid on 10 September 2010 in nearly 2100 cinemas worldwide . It opened to generally positive reviews , and went on to gross ₹ 2.15 billion worldwide . It is the highest - grossing Bollywood film of 2010 and one among the highest grossing Bollywood film of all time . Dabangg has won several awards -- the National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment and six Filmfare Awards , including Best Film and Best Female Debut ( Sinha ) . It was later remade in Tamil as Osthe , and in Telugu as Gabbar Singh . A sequel , titled Dabangg 2 was released in 2012 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Casting 3.2 Filming 3.3 Pre-release 4 Soundtrack 5 Release 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Legal issues 5.3 Awards and nominations 6 Box office 6.1 Domestic 6.2 Overseas 7 Sequel and remakes 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Chulbul Pandey , a young boy , lives with his younger half - brother , Makhanchan `` Makkhi '' Pandey , stepfather Prajapati Pandey ( Vinod Khanna ) and mother , Naina Devi ( Dimple Kapadia ) in Laalgunj , Uttar Pradesh . He has a troubled relationship with his stepfather and Makkhi . After 21 years , Chulbul ( Salman Khan ) becomes a policeman . Chulbul , who calls himself `` Robin Hood '' Pandey , lives with his family . Makkhi ( Arbaaz Khan ) is in love with Nirmala ( Mahi Gill ) , whose father Masterji ( Tinu Anand ) opposes the relationship . Chulbul falls in love with a girl named Rajjo ( Sonakshi Sinha ) , who he meets during a police encounter . A corrupt political leader named Chedi Singh ( Sonu Sood ) meets Chulbul and both quickly become enemies . Makkhi asks his father to arrange his marriage with Nirmala . His father refuses because he needs money to repay the loans he took to make his factory , and he believes that he can acquire money through his son marrying a rich girl . In desperate need of money , Makkhi steals from Chulbul 's cupboard and gives the stolen cash to Nirmala 's father , hoping that he will permit Makkhi to marry Nirmala . Meanwhile , Chulbul meets Rajjo and proposes marriage , which she rejects , as she has to take care of her father , Haria ( Mahesh Manjrekar ) -- a drunkard . Chulbul comes home to find his mother dead . He goes to his stepfather to make peace , as he is the only family left . His stepfather refuses and despises him as an outcast . Makkhi invites Chulbul to his marriage with Nirmala . Chulbul convinces Rajjo 's father to marry her . Rajjo 's father commits suicide , as he knows that his daughter will not marry anyone while he is alive . Chulbul takes Rajjo to Makkhi 's exuberant wedding . Realising that Makkhi has stolen his money to finance the wedding , Chulbul marries Rajjo in an impromptu ceremony . Nirmala 's father feels disgraced and cancels his daughter 's wedding . Makkhi beats up one of the workers in his factory due to a small mishap . The worker goes to the police station with his mother to file a complaint . Chulbul beats up Makkhi in public to disgrace him . Chedi takes advantage of the situation , and takes Makkhi along with his father to the police station . Makkhi 's father resolves the situation by accepting an apology from Chulbul . Chulbul meets Dayal Babu ( Anupam Kher ) , a local political leader , who also dislikes Chedi . With his help , Chulbul adulterates the breweries of Chedi , and wrongly frames him for it . To take revenge , Chedi burns Makkhi 's factory . Makkhi 's father suffers a heart attack due to shock and is hospitalised . Makkhi goes to Chedi seek help from him , without knowing that it was Chedi , who burnt his factory . Chedi agrees to finance his father 's treatment , if he delivers a crate of mangoes to Dayal Babu 's house . Unknown to Makkhi , there is a bomb inside the crate , which explodes after he leaves , killing Dayal Babu . Chedi gives Makkhi a task to kill Chulbul . Makkhi accepts , and confesses it to Chulbul . He reveals to Chulbul that Chedi made him plant the bomb unknowingly . Chulbul forgives him and reconciles with his stepfather . Makkhi then reveals to Chulbul that it was Chedi , who killed their mother . Enraged , Chulbul suffocates Chedi to death . Later , Chulbul gets Makkhi married to Nirmala in the presence of her father , while Rajjo reveals that she is pregnant . Cast ( edit ) Credits adapted from Bollywood Hungama . Salman Khan as Chulbul Pandey Sonakshi Sinha as Rajjo Arbaaz Khan as Makhanchand `` Makkhi '' Pandey Vinod Khanna as Prajapati Pandey , Chulbul 's step - father Dimple Kapadia as Naini Devi , Chulbul 's mother Sonu Sood as Chedi Singh Mahesh Manjrekar as Haria , Rajjo 's father Om Puri as Kasturilal Vishkarma , Chhedi Singh 's to be father - in - law Anupam Kher as Dayal Babu Mahi Gill as Nirmala Tinu Anand as Masterji , Nirmala 's father Malaika Arora as Munni in the item number `` Munni Badnaam Hui '' Murli Sharma as ACP Malik Ram Sujan Singh as Chaubeji Rajeev Sharma as Toluram Rastogi Amitosh Nagpal as Sumant Kumar Production ( edit ) Casting ( edit ) Salman Khan grew a moustache after consulting with his brother and prepared his hair to suit his role . For the former , he had to try out nearly fifty styles in a span of four months before commencement of the filming . Photo - shoots were held to finalise his look . Abhinav Kashyap , in an interview with Bollywood Hungama , revealed that initially he had considered a few others for the role of Chulbul Pandey , but eventually changed his mind and approached Salman . Kashyap had seen Arbaaz in Jaane Tu Ya Jaane Na , doing a cameo and approached him to be a part of the project . After reading it , he had instantly accepted to produce and star in it . Sonu Sood was selected for playing the lead antagonist . He revealed that his character was that of a `` youth leader with grey shades . '' Mahesh Manjrekar was later approached to play the father of Sinha 's character , although he had plans to quit acting . In April 2009 , Sonakshi Sinha signed for her debut role . Salman had seen her at a function engaging in dancing and offered her the role . Speaking about it , she said that she had lost a weight of 30 kg over two years to prepare for her character of a village girl by `` a combination of proper diet and vigorous exercise '' . She added that she had been `` observing people and trying to pick up nuances '' as a step of further preparation . Malaika Arora , who had performed a few item numbers in her career , most notably in Dil Se ... , was confirmed to do the same in the film . This was the first of its kind in her home production . Filming ( edit ) Dabangg 's shooting took place primarily in Wai and the United Arab Emirates . The shooting commenced in September 2009 . Production designer Wasiq Khan drew over 100 sketches detailing out every set in the film . The cinematography was performed by Mahesh Limaye . The first schedule began in the town of Wai and continued for 45 days , during which Sonu Sood , the main antagonist fractured his nose . A schedule , primarily involving a song shoot , was captured in the Khalid Bin Al Waheed station in Dubai , making Dabangg the first film to be shot there . Some scenes were also filmed at the Emirates Palace hotel in Abu Dhabi . The film , involving around five action sequences , was choreographed by S. Vijayan , who previously served as the stunt director of Wanted , and shot over 60 days . Later , special effects were incorporated into those scenes . The songs were choreographed by Raju Khan and Shabina Khan , while Farah Khan choreographed the item number , `` Munni Badnaam Hui '' . The shooting was completed in early June 2010 , and the film went into post-production . A party was held to commemorate the completion of the shooting and the success of the theatrical promo . It was attended by the main cast and crew . Pre-release ( edit ) Dabangg 's theatrical trailer , running for about two and a half minutes , was released on 23 July 2010 , alongside Priyadarshan 's Khatta Meetha . Dabangg was described as one of the most anticipated films of the year by The Indian Express . It was reported to have broken pre-release records for hype by Cinematix , a filming awareness product originated by Ormax Media . A special screening of the film took place at Film City on 6 September 2010 . The premiere of Dabangg was held in Mumbai on 9 September 2010 . Soundtrack ( edit ) Dabangg Soundtrack album by Sajid - Wajid Released 6 August 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 06 ) Genre Film soundtrack Length 47 : 43 Label T - Series Sajid - Wajid chronology Veer ( 2010 ) Veer 2010 Dabangg ( 2010 ) No Problem ( 2010 ) No Problem 2010 The soundtrack album was composed by the music director duo Sajid - Wajid and Lalit Pandit , while the lyrics were penned by Faiz Anwar , Lalit Pandit and Jalees Sherwani . Lalit Pandit wrote the song `` Munni Badnaam Hui '' . The album was launched on 6 August 2010 in Delhi . The album contains five original songs , four remixes and one theme song . The audio rights of Dabangg were sold for about ₹ 90 million ( US $1.4 million ) to T - Series . The track `` Munni Badnaam Hui '' is said to be inspired by an old Bhojpuri folk song `` Launda Badnaam Hua Naseeban Tere Liye '' . Director Abhinav Kashyap accepted using the folk song saying that he , being from Uttar Pradesh , was familiar with the song since childhood so he suggested the very song to be improvised and rephrased to fit the film 's requirement . It was alleged that it was inspired from the Pakistani song `` Ladka Badnaam Hua '' from the film Mr. Charlie ( 1992 ) . Dabangg 's soundtrack received generally positive reviews from music critics . Joginder Tuteja of Bollywood Hungama gave the album 3 stars and said , `` ( it ) delivers what it promised . One expected a masala soundtrack and this is what one gets with a couple of item song sequences , a couple of theme tracks and two love songs which are actually the highlight of the film . A soundtrack that has something in store for mass as well as class . '' Atta Khan of Planet Bollywood gave it a rating of 6 out of 10 , and called the soundtrack `` simple , catchy , easy on the ears and fun '' . In a 3 - star rating , critic Devesh Sharma of Filmfare praised Sajid - Wajid 's composition , and the track `` Chori Kiya Re Jiya '' , calling it `` ( pleasure ) to the ears '' . The album performed well on the charts after its release . The tracks `` Tere Mast Mast Do Nain '' and `` Munni Badnaam '' were successful , and entered the list of top 20 most frequently played songs on radio in India . In August 2010 , the track `` Tere Mast Mast Do Nain '' reached number - one on the Official Asian Download Chart in the United Kingdom based on legal downloads in that country . Track list No . Title Lyrics Singer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Tere Mast Mast Do Nain '' Faiz Anwar Rahat Fateh Ali Khan 5 : 59 2 . `` Munni Badnaam Hui '' Lalit Pandit Mamta Sharma , Aishwarya Nigam , Master Saleem 5 : 07 3 . `` Chori Kiya Re Jiya '' Jalees Sherwani Sonu Nigam , Shreya Ghoshal 4 : 48 4 . `` Hud Hud Dabangg '' Jalees Sherwani Sukhwinder Singh , Wajid 4 : 13 5 . `` Humka Peeni Hai '' Jalees Sherwani Wajid , Master Saleem , Shabab Sabri 5 : 15 6 . `` Tere Mast Mast Do Nain -- Part 2 '' Faiz Anwar Rahat Fateh Ali Khan , Shreya Ghoshal 5 : 59 7 . `` Munni Badnaam Hui -- Remix '' Lalit Pandit Mamta Sharma , Aishwarya Nigam 4 : 05 8 . `` Tere Mast Mast Do Nain -- Remix '' Faiz Anwar Rahat Fateh Ali Khan 5 : 02 9 . `` Humka Peeni Hai -- Remix '' Jalees Sherwani Wajid , Master Saleem , Shabab Sabri 4 : 27 10 . `` Dabangg -- Theme '' Salman Khan 2 : 48 Total length : 47 : 43 Release ( edit ) Dabangg released worldwide on 10 September 2010 . It opened up across 1,800 screens in India and around 300 screens overseas . The film was released in 2300 theatres worldwide . It was also screened in Norway at an international film festival . The film 's DVDs and VCDs were launched by the Reliance Big Home Video on 12 October 2010 . It was released on YouTube on 28 January 2011 for free viewing to audiences in India . The satellite rights were pre-sold for ₹ 100 million ( US $1.6 million ) to Colors . Critical response ( edit ) `` For anybody who wants to know what is the on - screen definition of Bollywood , Dabangg is truly text book fare . It 's loud , crazy , zany , exaggerated , larger - than - life , almost nonsensical , totally make - believe , comic book like , complete kitsch , generously peppered with the mandatory desi tadka ( garnishing ) of songs and dances that keep popping out of nowhere and is literally oozing with star charisma . '' -- Nikhat Kazmi , while reviewing the film . The film generally received positive reviews from critics , most of whom praised the performance of Salman Khan . In a 4 - star review for Koimoi , Komal Nahta ensured that the film would be a commercial success . Kaveree Bamzai of India Today gave the film four stars while labelling it as `` one Zandu Balm of a movie . '' Film critic Aniruddha Guha of Daily News and Analysis called the film `` slightly mad , and terribly entertaining . '' Mathures Paul of The Statesman gave the film 3.5 stars and commented , `` Dabangg aligns itself with viewers frustrated by the nonexistence of uncomplicated heroism on screen . '' In a 3 - star review for Rediff.com , Abhishek Mande stated `` Dabangg is not a movie for non-Salman fans . But for those who worship him it 's a film you simply can not afford to miss . '' Anupama Chopra of NDTV and Sukanya Venkatgarhavan of Filmfare gave it 3 stars , and both praised Khan 's performance . Gaurav Malani of Indiatimes was critical towards the film 's story , remarking `` the film does n't care a damn for coming up with any innovative storyline . '' Rajeev Masand of CNN - IBN panned the film 's screenplay , but praised Khan 's performance . Shobhaa De of the Bangalore Times was critical , concluding `` Let 's hand it to Salman who has pulled off the stunts and pelvic thrusts . Nothing new there . But it is the naughty self - parodying , which is so camp , so out there , which delivers the biggest punch . What 's left for this guy now -- all he needs is a cape . And he can call himself Superman . '' Legal issues ( edit ) `` Munni Badnaam Hui '' included a brand name ' Zandu Balm ' in its lyrics , much to the displeasure of Emami -- the makers of the brand . A trademark case was settled by the producers and Emami out of court , and Malaika Arora was later chosen to an official advertising campaign promoting Zandu Balm . Activist Rajkumar Tak filed a case in the Bombay High Court , demanding that the deletion of the word `` Hindustan '' from the song , claiming that the censor board had not responded to his queries in regard to the `` defaming '' lyrics . He found them `` highly objectionable '' and `` unpardonable '' and labelled the song a `` mockery '' for the country , as a girl was `` indecently '' dancing in the presence of corrupted officers , which , according to him , threw bad light on the nation and `` hurt the patriotic sentiments of every Indian '' . Before release , critic and writer Shobhaa De called for a boycott of Dabangg , due to Salman 's comments on the 2008 Mumbai attacks . She criticised it as `` arrogance , ignorance and plain stupidity . '' This sparked off a fight with the producers via Twitter , and continued after her negative review of the film . Anurag Kashyap , brother of Abhinav Kashyap , tweeted `` Salman khan thinks he made my brother 's life ... Hope he can do the same for his brother Arbaaz with Dabangg 2 . '' This was taken as `` slamming '' Salman and resulted in Arbaaz retorting back by referring to the comment as `` attitude '' instead of `` gratitude '' . However , Anurag later apologised for his remarks , which Arbaaz accepted . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Main article : List of accolades received by Dabangg Dabangg received accolades in major film award functions in India . Among them , it won the National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment . It was given six awards at the 56th Filmfare Awards , including one for Best Film , seven Screen Awards , nine Zee Cine Awards , and ten IIFA Awards . Box Office ( edit ) Domestic ( edit ) Dabangg opened to ₹ 145 million ( US $2.3 million ) nett collections in its first day , and became the highest opener of all time across India . On the second day , it netted ₹ 165 million ( US $2.6 million ) . At the end of its weekend , the film collected the total of ₹ 495 million ( US $7.7 million ) . The film netted ₹ 106 million ( US $1.7 million ) on Monday , ₹ 86 million ( US $1.3 million ) on Tuesday , ₹ 70 million ( US $1.1 million ) on Wednesday , and ₹ 60 million ( US $940,000 ) on Thursday taking the total nett collections to around ₹ 815 million ( US $13 million ) in its first week of release . It subsequently became the highest opening week nett grosser . Dabangg netted ₹ 62 million ( US $970,000 ) on the second Friday , ₹ 75 million ( US $1.2 million ) on Saturday and ₹ 105 million ( US $1.6 million ) on Sunday , for a ₹ 238 million ( US $3.7 million ) second weekend , a drop of around 50 % from the opening weekend . In its second week , the film earned ₹ 360 million ( US $5.6 million ) , taking the total nett collections to ₹ 1.16 billion ( US $18 million ) in two weeks , thus becoming the second highest - grossing film of all time in two weeks . The distributor share of Dabangg was declared to be ₹ 770 million ( US $12 million ) -- the second highest in Bollywood . Dabangg collected ₹ 160 million ( US $2.5 million ) during the third week and ₹ 60 million ( US $940,000 ) in its fourth week , taking the domestic nett collections to ₹ 1.4 billion ( US $22 million ) . The domestic nett collections in eleven weeks was ₹ 1.4 billion ( US $22 million ) . It eventually progressed to ₹ 1.41 billion ( US $22 million ) . Overseas ( edit ) Dabangg opened to a positive response in the overseas markets as well . The film 's final overseas collections were US $ 6.10 million . It grossed a total of US $4.20 million in the international markets at the end of its second weekend . In the United States , Dabangg collected $628,137 from 62 screens in its opening weekend and $1,068,589 at the end of its second weekend . In the United Arab Emirates , it collected 3.2 million Dirhams in the opening weekend , and $1,550,000 at the end of the second weekend . Dabangg collected a total of $5.50 million , making it the fifth highest - grossing in United Arab Emirates with a $2 million gross . In the United Kingdom , it collected £ 332,673 from 41 screens in its opening weekend and £ 570,566 by the end of its second weekend . In Australia , the film collected $ 126,000 from 14 screens in the opening weekend , and A $272,909 at the end of its second weekend . In Mauritius and South Africa , it collected US $25,000 each in its opening weekend . In Fiji , the film collected US $20,000 the opening weekend . In other territories of Europe and Africa , the film collected $100,000 in its opening weekend . Sequel and remakes ( edit ) After the release of Dabangg , Arbaaz Khan announced that he was planning a sequel to it . After the commercial success of the film , Khan reported `` Dabangg 2 may take time to hit the floors , but it is definitely on the cards . '' He also announced that the main leads , Salman Khan and Sonakshi Sinha were already cast to reprise their parts in the sequel . Among the new cast members are Prakash Raj , who plays the main antagonist , while Kareena Kapoor performs an item number in the film . Director Abhinav Kashyap opted out of directing the sequel , and therefore Arbaaz took over as the film 's director . Dabangg 2 became one of the highest - grossing Bollywood film of all time in India . Dabangg was remade in Tamil as Osthe by Dharani with Silambarasan playing the lead role , and Sonu Sood reprising his original role . It was also remade in Telugu as Gabbar Singh , starring Pawan Kalyan . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Dabangg ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . Archived from the original on 8 January 2014 . Retrieved 12 December 2012 . 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External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Dabangg Bollywood portal Dabangg on IMDb Dabangg at Box Office Mojo Dabangg at Rotten Tomatoes National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment 1974 -- 1980 Kora Kagaz ( 1974 ) Tapasya ( 1975 ) No Award ( 1976 ) Swami ( 1977 ) Ganadevata ( 1978 ) Sankarabharanam ( 1979 ) No Award ( 1980 ) 1981 -- 2000 No Award ( 1981 ) No Award ( 1982 ) No Award ( 1983 ) Kony ( 1984 ) No Award ( 1985 ) Samsaram Adhu Minsaram ( 1986 ) Pushpaka Vimana ( 1987 ) Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak ( 1988 ) Chandni and Geethanjali ( 1989 ) Ghayal ( 1990 ) No Award ( 1991 ) Sargam ( 1992 ) Darr and Manichitrathazhu ( 1993 ) Hum Aapke Hain Koun ... ! ( 1994 ) Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge ( 1995 ) Maachis ( 1996 ) Dil To Pagal Hai ( 1997 ) Kuch Kuch Hota Hai ( 1998 ) Sarfarosh ( 1999 ) Vaanathaippola ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Lagaan ( Once Upon a Time in India ) ( 2001 ) Devdas ( 2002 ) Munna Bhai M.B.B.S. ( 2003 ) Autograph and Veer - Zaara ( 2004 ) Rang De Basanti ( 2005 ) Lage Raho Munna Bhai ( 2006 ) Chak De ! India ( 2007 ) Oye Lucky ! Lucky Oye ! ( 2008 ) 3 Idiots ( 2009 ) Dabangg ( 2010 ) Azhagarsamiyin Kuthirai ( 2011 ) Vicky Donor and Ustad Hotel ( 2012 ) Bhaag Milkha Bhaag ( 2013 ) Mary Kom ( 2014 ) Bajrangi Bhaijaan ( 2015 ) Sathamanam Bhavati ( 2016 ) IIFA Award for Best Film Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam ( 2000 ) Kaho Naa ... Pyaar Hai ( 2001 ) Lagaan ( 2002 ) Devdas ( 2003 ) Kal Ho Naa Ho ( 2004 ) Veer - Zaara ( 2005 ) Black ( 2006 ) Rang De Basanti ( 2007 ) Chak De ! India ( 2008 ) Jodhaa Akbar ( 2009 ) 3 Idiots ( 2010 ) Dabangg ( 2011 ) Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara ( 2012 ) Barfi ! ( 2013 ) Bhaag Milkha Bhaag ( 2014 ) Queen ( 2015 ) Bajrangi Bhaijaan ( 2016 ) Filmfare Award for Best Film 1954 -- 1975 Do Bigha Zamin ( 1954 ) Boot Polish ( 1955 ) Jagriti ( 1956 ) Jhanak Jhanak Payal Baaje ( 1957 ) Mother India ( 1958 ) Madhumati ( 1959 ) Sujata ( 1960 ) Mughal - e-Azam ( 1961 ) Jis Desh Men Ganga Behti Hai ( 1962 ) Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam ( 1963 ) Bandini ( 1964 ) Dosti ( 1965 ) Himalay Ki Godmein ( 1966 ) Guide ( 1967 ) Upkar ( 1968 ) Brahmachari ( 1969 ) Aradhana ( 1970 ) Khilona ( 1971 ) Anand ( 1972 ) Be-Imaan ( 1973 ) Anuraag ( 1974 ) Rajnigandha ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 Deewaar ( 1976 ) Mausam ( 1977 ) Bhumika ( 1978 ) Main Tulsi Tere Aangan Ki ( 1979 ) Junoon ( 1980 ) Khubsoorat ( 1981 ) Kalyug ( 1982 ) Shakti ( 1983 ) Ardh Satya ( 1984 ) Sparsh ( 1985 ) Ram Teri Ganga Maili ( 1986 ) Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak ( 1989 ) Maine Pyar Kiya ( 1990 ) Ghayal ( 1991 ) Lamhe ( 1992 ) Jo Jeeta Wohi Sikandar ( 1993 ) Hum Hain Rahi Pyar Ke ( 1994 ) Hum Aapke Hain Koun ... ! ( 1995 ) Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge ( 1996 ) Raja Hindustani ( 1997 ) Dil To Pagal Hai ( 1998 ) Kuch Kuch Hota Hai ( 1999 ) Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Kaho Naa ... Pyaar Hai ( 2001 ) Lagaan ( 2002 ) Devdas ( 2003 ) Koi ... Mil Gaya ( 2004 ) Veer - Zaara ( 2005 ) Black ( 2006 ) Rang De Basanti ( 2007 ) Taare Zameen Par ( 2008 ) Jodhaa Akbar ( 2009 ) 3 Idiots ( 2010 ) Dabangg ( 2011 ) Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara ( 2012 ) Barfi ! ( 2013 ) Bhaag Milkha Bhaag ( 2014 ) Queen ( 2015 ) Bajirao Mastani ( 2016 ) Dangal ( 2017 ) Dabangg series Films Dabangg ( 2010 ) Dabangg 2 ( 2012 ) Remakes Osthe Gabbar Singh Others List of accolades received by Dabangg `` Tere Mast Mast Do Nain '' `` Munni Badnaam Hui '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dabangg&oldid=806639046 '' Categories : 2010 films 2010s action films Directorial debut films Films featuring an item number Films set in Uttar Pradesh Films shot in India Films shot in the United Arab Emirates Hindi films remade in other languages 2010s Hindi - language films Indian action films Indian films Fictional portrayals of police departments in India Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment National Film Award winners Hidden categories : Good articles Use dmy dates from July 2016 Use Indian English from July 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Track listings with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote বাংলা Español فارسی Français हिन्दी Italiano മലയാളം मराठी Norsk Русский Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2017 , at 08 : 09 . 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-1430395086209347743 | Toy Story | Toy Story - wikipedia Toy Story Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the original Toy Story film . For the film franchise , see Toy Story ( franchise ) . For the video game , see Toy Story ( video game ) . For other uses , see Toy Story ( disambiguation ) . Toy Story Theatrical release poster Directed by John Lasseter Produced by Bonnie Arnold Ralph Guggenheim Screenplay by Joss Whedon Andrew Stanton Joel Cohen Alec Sokolow Story by John Lasseter Pete Docter Andrew Stanton Joe Ranft Starring Tom Hanks Tim Allen Don Rickles Jim Varney Wallace Shawn John Ratzenberger Annie Potts John Morris Erik von Detten Music by Randy Newman Edited by Robert Gordon Lee Unkrich Production companies Walt Disney Pictures Pixar Animation Studios Distributed by Buena Vista Pictures Distribution Release date November 19 , 1995 ( 1995 - 11 - 19 ) ( El Capitan Theatre ) November 22 , 1995 ( 1995 - 11 - 22 ) ( United States ) Running time 81 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $30 million Box office $373.5 million Toy Story is a 1995 American computer - animated buddy comedy adventure film produced by Pixar Animation Studios for Walt Disney Pictures . The directorial debut of John Lasseter , Toy Story was the first feature - length computer - animated film and the first feature film produced by Pixar . Taking place in a world where anthropomorphic toys pretend to be lifeless whenever humans are present , the film 's plot focuses on the relationship between Woody , an old - fashioned pullstring cowboy doll ( voiced by Tom Hanks ) , and Buzz Lightyear , an astronaut action figure ( voiced by Tim Allen ) , as they evolve from rivals competing for the affections of Andy , their owner , to friends who work together to be reunited with Andy as his family prepares to move to a new home . The screenplay was written by Joss Whedon , Andrew Stanton , Joel Cohen and Alec Sokolow , based on a story by Lasseter , Pete Docter , Stanton and Joe Ranft . The film features music by Randy Newman , and was executive - produced by Steve Jobs and Edwin Catmull . Pixar , which produced short animated films to promote their computers , was approached by Disney to produce a computer - animated feature after the success of their short film Tin Toy ( 1988 ) , which is told from a small toy 's perspective . Lasseter , Stanton and Docter wrote early story treatments which were thrown out by Disney , as they wanted the film to be edgier . After disastrous story reels , production was halted and the script was re-written , better reflecting the tone and theme Pixar desired : that `` toys deeply want children to play with them , and that this desire drives their hopes , fears , and actions '' . The studio , then consisting of a relatively small number of employees , produced the film under minor financial constraints . Toy Story was released in theaters on November 22 , 1995 , and was the highest - grossing film on its opening weekend , earning over $373 million at the worldwide box office . The film was positively reviewed by critics and audiences , who praised the animation 's technical innovation , the wit and thematic sophistication of the screenplay , and the vocal performances of Hanks and Allen . It is considered by many critics to be one of the best animated films ever made . The film received three Academy Award nominations , including Best Original Screenplay , Best Original Score , and Best Original Song for `` You 've Got a Friend in Me '' , as well as winning a Special Achievement Academy Award . It was inducted into the National Film Registry as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' in 2005 , its first year of eligibility . In addition to home media releases and theatrical re-releases , Toy Story - inspired material has run the gamut from toys , video games , theme park attractions , spin - offs , merchandise , and two sequels -- Toy Story 2 ( 1999 ) and Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) -- both of which also garnered massive commercial success and critical acclaim , with a third sequel , Toy Story 4 , slated for a 2019 release . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Voice cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Writing 3.3 Casting 3.4 Production shutdown 3.5 Animation 3.6 Music 3.7 Editing and pre-release 4 Soundtrack 4.1 Track listing 4.2 Charts 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 5.2 3 - D re-release 5.3 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Critical response 6.2 Box office performance 6.3 Accolades 7 Impact and legacy 7.1 `` To Infinity and Beyond '' 8 Sequels , shows , and spin - offs 8.1 Software and merchandise 8.2 Theme park attractions 8.3 Other influences 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Plot In a world where toys are living things who pretend to be lifeless when humans are present , a group of toys , owned by six - year - old Andy Davis , are caught off - guard when Andy 's birthday party is moved up a week , as Andy , his mother , and infant sister Molly , are preparing to move the following week . The toys ' leader and Andy 's favorite toy , a pull - string cowboy doll named Sheriff Woody , organizes the other toys , including Bo Peep the shepherdess , Mr. Potato Head , Rex the Dinosaur , Hamm the Piggy Bank , and Slinky Dog , into a scouting mission . Green army men , led by Sarge , spy on the party , and report the results to the others via baby monitors . The toys are relieved when the party appears to end with none of them having been replaced , but then Andy receives a surprise gift -- an electronic toy space ranger action figure named Buzz Lightyear , who thinks he is an actual space ranger . Buzz impresses the other toys with his various features , and Andy begins to favor him , making Woody feel left out . As Andy prepares for a family outing at Pizza Planet , his mother allows him to bring one toy . Fearing Andy will choose Buzz , Woody attempts to trap Buzz behind a desk , but ends up accidentally knocking him out a window , and the other toys rebel against Woody by accusing him of knocking Buzz out of jealousy . Before they can exact revenge , Andy takes Woody instead and leaves for Pizza Planet . When the family stops for gas , Woody finds that Buzz has hitched a ride on the car as well , and fight , only to find the family has left without them . They manage to make their way to the restaurant by stowing away on a pizza delivery truck , where Buzz , still thinking he is a real space ranger , despite Woody 's attempts to convince him otherwise , gets them stuck in a crane game , where they are salvaged by Andy 's mischievous neighbor , Sid Phillips . Woody attempts to escape from Sid 's house , but Buzz , finally realizing he is a toy after watching a Buzz Lightyear TV ad , sinks into despondency . Sid plans to launch Buzz on a firework rocket , but his plans are delayed by a thunderstorm . Woody tells Buzz about the joy he can bring to Andy as a toy , restoring his confidence . The next day , Woody and Sid 's mutant toy creations rescue Buzz just as Sid is about to launch the rocket and scare Sid into no longer abusing toys by coming to life in front of him , and he runs into his house screaming in horror . Woody and Buzz then leave Sid 's house just as Andy and his family drive away toward their new home . The duo tries to make it to the moving truck , but Sid 's dog , Scud , sees them , and gives chase . Buzz gets left behind while saving Woody from Scud , and Woody tries rescuing him with Andy 's RC car , but the other toys , thinking Woody eliminated RC as well , attack and toss him off the truck . Having evaded Scud , Buzz and RC retrieve Woody , and continue after the truck . Upon seeing Woody and Buzz together on RC , the other toys realize their mistake , and try to help them get back aboard , but RC 's batteries become depleted , stranding them . Woody ignites the rocket on Buzz 's back and manages to throw RC into the truck before they soar into the air . Buzz opens his wings to free himself from the rocket before it explodes , gliding with Woody to land safely into a box in the car , right next to Andy . On Christmas Day , at their new house , Woody and Buzz stage another reconnaissance mission to prepare for the new toy arrivals . As Woody jokingly asks what might be worse than Buzz , they discover Andy 's new gift is a puppy , and the two share a worried smile . Voice cast Main article : List of Toy Story characters Tom Hanks as Woody , a pull - string cowboy doll . Tim Allen as Buzz Lightyear , a space ranger action figure and Woody 's rival , who later becomes his best friend . Don Rickles as Mr. Potato Head , a cynical potato - shaped doll with put - together pieces on his body . Jim Varney as Slinky Dog , a dachshund slinky toy . Wallace Shawn as Rex , a nervous green Tyrannosaurus Rex figurine . John Ratzenberger as Hamm , a smart - talking piggy bank . Annie Potts as Bo Peep , a porcelain shepherdess doll and Woody 's love interest . John Morris as Andy , Woody and Buzz 's six - year - old owner . Erik von Detten as Sid , Andy 's next door neighbor and a ten - year - old bully , who tortures toys for his own amusement . Laurie Metcalf as Mrs. Davis , Andy 's mother . R. Lee Ermey as Sergeant , the leader of a large troop of plastic green army men . Sarah Freeman as Hannah , Sid 's younger sister . Penn Jillette as TV Announcer , Buzz Lightyear commercial announcer Production Development The entrance to Pixar 's studio lot in Emeryville , California Director John Lasseter 's first experience with computer animation was during his work as an animator at Walt Disney Feature Animation , when two of his friends showed him the lightcycle scene from Tron . It was an eye - opening experience which awakened Lasseter to the possibilities offered by the new medium of computer - generated animation . Lasseter tried to pitch The Brave Little Toaster as a fully computer - animated film to Disney , but the idea was rejected and Lasseter was fired . He then went on to work at Lucasfilm and later as a founding member of Pixar , which was purchased by entrepreneur and Apple Inc. co-founder Steve Jobs in 1986 . At Pixar , Lasseter created short , computer - animated films to show off the Pixar Image Computer 's capabilities , and Tin Toy ( 1988 ) -- a short story told from the perspective of a toy , referencing Lasseter 's love of classic toys -- would go on to claim the 1988 Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film , the first computer - generated film to do so . Tin Toy gained Disney 's attention , and the new team at The Walt Disney Company -- CEO Michael Eisner and chairman Jeffrey Katzenberg in the film division -- began a quest to get Lasseter to come back . Lasseter , grateful for Jobs ' faith in him , felt compelled to stay with Pixar , telling co-founder Ed Catmull , `` I can go to Disney and be a director , or I can stay here and make history . '' Katzenberg realized he could not lure Lasseter back to Disney and therefore set plans into motion to ink a production deal with Pixar to produce a film . Disney had always made all their movies in - house and refused to change this . But when Tim Burton , who used to work at Disney , wanted to buy back the rights to The Nightmare Before Christmas , Disney struck a deal allowing him to make it as a Disney movie outside the studio . This opened the door for Pixar to make their movies outside Disney . Both sides were willing . Catmull and fellow Pixar co-founder Alvy Ray Smith had long wanted to produce a computer - animated feature . In addition , Disney had licensed Pixar 's Computer Animation Production System ( CAPS ) , and that made it the largest customer for Pixar 's computers . Jobs made it apparent to Katzenberg that although Disney was happy with Pixar , it was not the other way around : `` We want to do a film with you , '' said Jobs . `` That would make us happy . '' At this same time , Peter Schneider , president of Walt Disney Feature Animation , was potentially interested in making a feature film with Pixar . When Catmull , Smith and head of animation Ralph Guggenheim met with Schneider in the summer of 1990 , they found the atmosphere to be puzzling and contentious . They later learned that Katzenberg intended that if Disney were to make a film with Pixar , it would be outside Schneider 's purview , which aggravated Schneider . After that first meeting , the Pixar contingent went home with low expectations and was surprised when Katzenberg called for another conference . Catmull , Smith , and Guggenheim were joined by Bill Reeves ( head of animation research and development ) , Jobs , and Lasseter . They brought with them an idea for a half - hour television special called A Tin Toy Christmas . They reasoned that a television program would be a sensible way to gain experience before tackling a feature film . They met with Katzenberg at a conference table in the Team Disney building at the Walt Disney Studios in Burbank . Catmull and Smith considered it would be difficult to keep Katzenberg interested in working with the company over time . They considered it even more difficult to sell Lasseter and the junior animators on the idea of working with Disney , who had a bad reputation for how they treated their animators , and Katzenberg , who had built a reputation as a micromanaging tyrant . Katzenberg asserted this himself in the meeting : `` Everybody thinks I 'm a tyrant . I am a tyrant . But I 'm usually right . '' He threw out the idea of a half - hour special and eyed Lasseter as the key talent in the room : `` John , since you wo n't come work for me , I 'm going to make it work this way . '' He invited the six visitors to mingle with the animators -- `` ask them anything at all '' -- and the men did so , finding they all backed up Katzenberg 's statements . Lasseter felt he would be able to work with Disney and the two companies began negotiations . Pixar at this time was on the verge of bankruptcy and needed a deal with Disney . Katzenberg insisted that Disney be given the rights to Pixar 's proprietary technology for making 3 - D animation , but Jobs refused . In another case , Jobs demanded Pixar would have part ownership of the film and its characters , sharing control of both video rights and sequels , but Katzenberg refused . Disney and Pixar reached accord on contract terms in an agreement dated May 3 , 1991 , and signed on in early July . Eventually , the deal specified that Disney would own the picture and its characters outright , have creative control , and pay Pixar about 12.5 % of the ticket revenues . It had the option ( but not the obligation ) to do Pixar 's next two films and the right to make ( with or without Pixar ) sequels using the characters in the film . Disney could also kill the film at any time with only a small penalty . These early negotiations would become a point of contention between Jobs and Eisner for many years . An agreement to produce a feature film based on Tin Toy with a working title of Toy Story was finalized and production began soon thereafter . Writing The original treatment for Toy Story , drafted by Lasseter , Andrew Stanton , and Pete Docter , had little in common with the eventually finished film . It paired Tinny , the one - man band from Tin Toy with a ventriloquist 's dummy and sent them on a sprawling odyssey . Under studio head Jeffrey Katzenberg , Woody was the main villain , abusing the other toys until they rallied against him ; however , after Disney executives saw the storyboards they relinquished creative control to Pixar . The core idea of Toy Story was present from the treatment onward , however : that `` toys deeply want children to play with them , and that this desire drives their hopes , fears , and actions . '' Katzenberg felt the original treatment was problematic and told Lasseter to reshape Toy Story as more of an odd - couple buddy picture , and suggested they watch some classic buddy movies , such as The Defiant Ones and 48 Hrs. , in which two characters with different attitudes are thrown together and have to bond . Lasseter , Stanton , and Docter emerged in early September 1991 with the second treatment , and although the lead characters were still Tinny and the dummy , the outline of the final film was beginning to take shape . The script went through many changes before the final version . Lasseter decided Tinny was `` too antiquated '' , and the character was changed to a military action figure , and then given a space theme . Tinny 's name changed to Lunar Larry , then Tempus from Morph , and eventually Buzz Lightyear ( after astronaut Buzz Aldrin ) . Lightyear 's design was modeled on the suits worn by Apollo astronauts as well as G.I. Joe action figures . In addition , the green and purple color scheme on Lightyear 's suit was inspired by Lasseter and his wife , Nancy , whose favorite colors were green and purple respectively . Woody , the second character , was inspired by a Casper the Friendly Ghost doll that Lasseter had when he was a child . Originally , Woody was a ventriloquist 's dummy with a pull - string ( hence the name Woody ) . However , character designer Bud Luckey suggested that Woody could be changed to a cowboy ventriloquist dummy . John Lasseter liked the contrast between the Western and the science fiction genres and the character immediately changed . Eventually , all the ventriloquist dummy aspects of the character were deleted , because the dummy was designed to look `` sneaky and mean . '' However they kept the name Woody to pay homage to the Western actor Woody Strode . The story department drew inspiration from films such as Midnight Run and The Odd Couple , and Lasseter screened Hayao Miyazaki 's Castle in the Sky ( 1986 ) for further influence . Toy Story 's script was strongly influenced by the ideas of screenwriter Robert McKee . The members of Pixar 's story team -- Lasseter , Stanton , Docter and Joe Ranft -- were aware that most of them were beginners at writing for feature films . None of them had any feature story or writing credits to their name besides Ranft , who had taught a story class at CalArts and did some storyboard work prior . Seeking insight , Lasseter and Docter attended a three - day seminar in Los Angeles given by McKee . His principles , grounded in Aristotle 's Poetics , dictated that a character emerges most realistically and compellingly from the choices that the protagonist makes in reaction to his problems . Disney also appointed Joel Cohen , Alec Sokolow and , later , Joss Whedon to help develop the script . Whedon found that the script was n't working but had a great structure , and added the character of Rex and sought a pivotal role for Barbie . The story team continued to touch up the script as production was underway . Among the late additions was the encounter between Buzz and the alien squeaky toys at Pizza Planet , which emerged from a brainstorming session with a dozen directors , story artists , and animators from Disney . Casting Katzenberg gave approval for the script on January 19 , 1993 , at which point voice casting could begin . Lasseter always wanted Tom Hanks to play the character of Woody . Lasseter claimed Hanks `` has the ability to take emotions and make them appealing . Even if the character , like the one in A League of Their Own , is down - and - out and despicable . '' Paul Newman , who subsequently accepted the role of Doc Hudson in another Pixar success , Cars , was considered for the role of Woody . Billy Crystal was approached to play Buzz , but turned down the role , which he later regretted , and subsequently accepted the role of Mike Wazowski in another Pixar success , Monsters , Inc ... In addition to Crystal , Bill Murray , Chevy Chase and Jim Carrey were also considered for Buzz . Lasseter took the role to Tim Allen , who was appearing in Disney 's Home Improvement , and he accepted . To gauge how an actor 's voice would fit with a character , Lasseter borrowed a common Disney technique : animate a vocal monologue from a well - established actor to meld the actor 's voice with the appearance or actions of the animated character . This early test footage , using Hanks ' voice from Turner & Hooch , convinced Hanks to sign on to the film . Toy Story was both Hanks ' and Allen 's first animated film role . Production shutdown Every couple of weeks , Lasseter and his team would put together their latest set of storyboards or footage to show Disney . In early screen tests , Pixar impressed Disney with the technical innovation but convincing Disney of the plot was more difficult . At each presentation by Pixar , Katzenberg would tear much of it up , giving out detailed comments and notes . Katzenberg 's big push was to add more edginess to the two main characters . Disney wanted the film to appeal to both children and adults , and asked for adult references to be added to the film . After many rounds of notes from Katzenberg and other Disney executives , the general consensus was that Woody had been stripped of almost all charm . Tom Hanks , while recording the dialogue for the story reels , exclaimed at one point that the character was a jerk . Lasseter and his Pixar team had the first half of the movie ready to screen , so they brought it down to Burbank to show to Katzenberg and other Disney executives on November 19 , 1993 , an event they later dubbed `` The Black Friday Incident . '' The results were disastrous , and Schneider , who was never particularly enamored of Katzenberg 's idea of having outsiders make animation for Disney , declared it a mess and ordered that production be stopped immediately . Katzenberg asked colleague Thomas Schumacher why the reels were bad . Schumacher replied bluntly : `` Because it 's not their movie anymore , it 's completely not the movie that John set out to make . '' Lasseter was embarrassed with what was on the screen , later recalling , `` It was a story filled with the most unhappy , mean characters that I 've ever seen . '' He asked Disney for the chance to retreat back to Pixar and rework the script in two weeks , and Katzenberg was supportive . Lasseter , Stanton , Docter and Ranft delivered the news of the production shutdown to the production crew , many of whom had left other jobs to work on the project . In the meantime , the crew would shift to television commercials while the head writers worked out a new script . Although Lasseter kept morale high by remaining outwardly buoyant , the production shutdown was `` a very scary time , '' recalled story department manager BZ Petroff . Schneider had initially wanted to shut down production altogether and fire all recently hired animators . Katzenberg put the film under the wing of Walt Disney Feature Animation . The Pixar team was pleased that the move would give them an open door to counseling from Disney 's animation veterans . Schneider , however , continued to take a dim view of the project and would later go over Katzenberg 's head to urge Eisner to cancel it . Stanton retreated into a small , dark , windowless office , emerging periodically with new script pages . He and the other story artists would then draw the shots on storyboards . Whedon came back to Pixar for part of the shutdown to help with revising , and the script was revised in two weeks as promised . When Katzenberg and Schneider halted production on Toy Story , Steve Jobs kept the work going with his own personal funding . Jobs did not insert himself much into the creative process , respecting the artists at Pixar and instead managing the relationship with Disney . The Pixar team came back with a new script three months later , with the character of Woody morphed from being a tyrannical boss of Andy 's other toys to being their wise and caring leader . It also included a more adult - oriented staff meeting amongst the toys rather than a juvenile group discussion that had existed in earlier drafts . Buzz Lightyear 's character was also changed slightly `` to make it more clear to the audience that he really does n't realize he 's a toy . '' Katzenberg and Schneider approved the new approach , and by February 1994 the film was back in production . The voice actors returned in March 1994 to record their new lines . When production was greenlit , the crew quickly grew from its original size of 24 to 110 , including 27 animators , 22 technical directors , and 61 other artists and engineers . In comparison , The Lion King , released in 1994 , required a budget of $45 million and a staff of 800 . In the early budgeting process , Jobs was eager to produce the film as efficiently as possible , impressing Katzenberg with his focus on cost - cutting . Despite this , the $17 million production budget was proving inadequate , especially given the major revision that was necessary after Katzenberg had pushed them to make Woody too edgy . Jobs demanded more funds to complete the film right and insisted that Disney was liable for the cost overruns . Katzenberg was not willing , and Ed Catmull was able to reach a compromise . Animation We could n't have made this movie in traditional animation . This is a story that can only really be told with three - dimensional toy characters ... Some of the shots in this film are so beautiful . -- Tom Schumacher , Vice President of Walt Disney Feature Animation Recruiting animators for Toy Story was brisk ; the magnet for talent was not the pay , generally mediocre , but rather the allure of taking part in the first computer - animated feature . Lasseter said that on the challenges of the computer animation in the film `` We had to make things look more organic . Every leaf and blade of grass had to be created . We had to give the world a sense of history . So the doors are banged up , the floors have scuffs . '' The film began with animated storyboards to guide the animators in developing the characters . 27 animators worked on the film , using 400 computer models to animate the characters . Each character was either created out of clay or was first modeled off of a computer - drawn diagram before reaching the computer animated design . Once the animators had a model , articulation and motion controls were coded ; this would allow each character to move in a variety of ways , such as talking , walking , or jumping . Out of all the characters , Woody was the most complex , as he required 723 motion controls , including 212 for his face and 58 for his mouth . The first piece of animation , a 30 - second test , was delivered to Disney in June 1992 , when the company requested a sample of what the film would look like . Lasseter wanted to impress Disney with a number of things in the test that could not be done in traditional , hand - drawn animation , such as Woody 's yellow plaid shirt with red stripes , the reflections in Buzz 's helmet and the decals on his space suit , or Venetian blind shadows falling across Andy 's room . Every shot in the film passed through the hands of eight different teams . The art department gave each shot its color scheme and general lighting . Under Craig Good , the layout department then placed the models in the shot , framed it by setting the location of the virtual camera , and programmed any camera movement . To make the medium feel as familiar as possible , they sought to stay within the limits of what might be done in a live - action film with real cameras , dollies , tripods , and cranes . Headed by directing animators Rich Quade and Ash Brannon , each shot went to the animation department from the layout . Lasseter opted against Disney 's approach of assigning an animator to work on a character throughout a film , but made certain exceptions in scenes where he thought acting was particularly critical . The animators used the Menv program to set each character in the desired pose . Once a sequence of hand - built poses ( or `` keyframes '' ) was created , the software would build poses for the frames in - between . The animators studied videotapes of the actors for inspiration , and Lasseter rejected automatic lip - syncing . To sync the characters ' mouths and facial expressions to the actors ' recorded voices , animators spent a week per 8 seconds of animation . Afterward , the animators would compile the scenes , and develop a new storyboard with the computer - animated characters . They then added shading , lighting , visual effects , and finally used 300 computer processors to render the film to its final design . Under Tom Porter , the shading team used RenderMan 's shader language to create shader programs for each of a model 's surfaces . A few surfaces in Toy Story came from real objects : a shader for the curtain fabric in Andy 's room used a scan of actual cloth . Under Galyn Susman and Sharon Calahan , the lighting team orchestrated the final lighting of the shot after animation and shading . Each completed shot then went into rendering on a `` render farm '' of 117 Sun Microsystems computers that ran 24 hours a day . Finished animation emerged in a steady drip of around three minutes a week . Depending on its complexity , each frame took from 45 minutes up to 30 hours to render . The film required 800,000 machine hours and 114,240 frames of animation in total . There are over 77 minutes of animation spread across 1,561 shots . A camera team , aided by David DiFrancesco , recorded the frames onto film stock . Toy Story was rendered at a mere 1,536 by 922 pixels , with each of them corresponding to roughly a quarter - inch of screen area on a typical cinema screen . During post-production , the film was sent to Skywalker Sound , where the sound effects were mixed with the music score . Music Disney was concerned with Lasseter 's position on the use of music . Unlike other Disney films of the time , Lasseter did not want the film to be a musical , saying it was a buddy film featuring `` real toys . '' Joss Whedon agreed , saying , `` It would have been a really bad musical , because it 's a buddy movie . It 's about people who wo n't admit what they want , much less sing about it ... Buddy movies are about sublimating , punching an arm , ' I hate you . ' It 's not about open emotion . '' However , Disney favored the musical format , claiming `` Musicals are our orientation . Characters breaking into song is a great shorthand . It takes some of the onus off what they 're asking for . '' Disney and Pixar reached a compromise : the characters in Toy Story would not break into song , but the film would use non-diegetic songs over the action , as in The Graduate , to convey and amplify the emotions that Buzz and Woody were feeling . Disney and Lasseter tapped Randy Newman to compose the film . The edited Toy Story was due to Newman and Gary Rydstrom in late September 1995 for their final work on the score and sound design , respectively . Lasseter said , `` His songs are touching , witty , and satirical , and he would deliver the emotional underpinning for every scene . '' Newman wrote three original songs for the film ; developing the film 's signature song `` You 've Got a Friend in Me '' in one day . Editing and pre-release It was difficult for crew members to perceive the film 's quality during much of the production process when the finished footage was in scattered pieces and lacked elements like music and sound design . Some animators felt the film would be a significant disappointment commercially , but felt animators and animation fans would find it interesting . According to Lee Unkrich , one of the original editors of Toy Story , a scene was cut out of the original final edit . The scene features Sid , after Pizza Planet , torturing Buzz and Woody violently . Unkrich decided to cut right into the scene where Sid is interrogating the toys because the creators of the movie thought the audience would be loving Buzz and Woody at that point . Another scene , where Woody was trying to get Buzz 's attention when he was stuck in the box crate , was shortened because the creators felt it would lose the energy of the movie . Peter Schneider had grown optimistic about the film as it neared completion , and announced a United States release date of November , coinciding with Thanksgiving weekend and the start of the winter holiday season . Sources indicate that executive producer Steve Jobs lacked confidence in the film during its production , and he had been talking to various companies , ranging from Hallmark to Microsoft , about selling Pixar . However , as the film progressed , Jobs became ever more excited about it , feeling that he might be on the verge of transforming the movie industry . As scenes from the movie were finished , he watched them repeatedly and had friends come by his home to share his new passion . Jobs decided that the release of Toy Story that November would be the occasion to take Pixar public . A test audience near Anaheim in late July 1995 indicated the need for last - minute tweaks , which added further pressure to the already frenetic final weeks . Response cards from the audience were encouraging , but were not top of the scale , adding further question as to how audiences would respond . The film ended with a shot of Andy 's house and the sound of a new puppy . Michael Eisner , who attended the screening , told Lasseter afterward that the film needed to end with a shot of Woody and Buzz together , reacting to the news of the puppy . Soundtrack Toy Story ( An Original Walt Disney Records Soundtrack ) Soundtrack album by Randy Newman Released November 22 , 1995 Recorded 1994 -- 1995 Genre Film score Length 53 : 51 Label Walt Disney Records Producer Chris Montan , Don Davis , Jim Flamberg , Frank Wolf , Randy Newman Randy Newman chronology Maverick ( 1994 ) Toy Story ( An Original Walt Disney Records Soundtrack ) ( 1995 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 1996 ) Pixar soundtrack chronology Toy Story ( 1995 ) Toy Story1995 A Bug 's Life ( 1998 ) A Bug 's Life 1998 Singles from Toy Story `` You 've Got a Friend in Me '' Released : April 12 , 1996 Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating AllMusic Filmtracks Movie Wave The soundtrack for Toy Story was produced by Walt Disney Records and was released on November 22 , 1995 , the week of the film 's release . Scored and written by Randy Newman , the soundtrack has received praise for its `` sprightly , stirring score '' . Despite the album 's critical success , the soundtrack only peaked at number 94 on the Billboard 200 album chart . A cassette and CD single release of `` You 've Got a Friend in Me '' was released on April 12 , 1996 , to promote the soundtrack 's release . The soundtrack was remastered in 2006 . After it went out of print , the album was made available for purchase digitally in retailers such as iTunes . The soundtrack , along with Newman 's complete unreleased score for the film was reissued on July 17 , 2015 as part of the Walt Disney Records : The Legacy Collection series . Track listing All tracks written by Randy Newman . No . Title Length 1 . `` You 've Got a Friend in Me '' ( performed by Newman ) 2 : 04 2 . `` Strange Things '' ( performed by Newman ) 3 : 18 3 . `` I Will Go Sailing No More '' ( performed by Newman ) 2 : 57 4 . `` Andy 's Birthday '' 5 : 58 5 . `` Soldier 's Mission '' 1 : 29 6 . `` Presents '' 1 : 09 7 . `` Buzz '' 1 : 40 8 . `` Sid '' 1 : 21 9 . `` Woody and Buzz '' 4 : 29 10 . `` Mutants '' 6 : 05 11 . `` Woody 's Gone '' 2 : 13 12 . `` The Big One '' 2 : 51 13 . `` Hang Together '' 6 : 02 14 . `` On the Move '' 6 : 18 15 . `` Infinity and Beyond '' 3 : 09 16 . `` You 've Got a Friend in Me ( Duet Version ) '' ( performed by Newman , Lyle Lovett ) 2 : 42 Total length : 51 : 44 Charts Chart ( 1995 ) Peak position U.S. Billboard 200 94 Release There were two premieres of Toy Story in November 1995 . Disney organized one at the El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles , and built a fun house , Totally Toy Story , next door featuring the characters . Jobs did not attend and instead rented the Regency , a similar theater in San Francisco , and held his own premiere the next night . Instead of Tom Hanks and Tim Allen , the guests were Silicon Valley celebrities , such as Larry Ellison and Andy Grove . The dueling premieres highlighted a festering issue between the companies : whether Toy Story was a Disney or a Pixar film . `` The audience appeared to be captivated by the film , '' wrote David Price in his 2008 book The Pixar Touch . `` Adult - voiced sobs could be heard during the quiet moments after Buzz Lightyear fell and lay broken on the stairway landing . '' Toy Story opened on 2,281 screens in the United States on November 22 , 1995 ( before later expanding to 2,574 screens ) . It was paired alongside a reissue of a Roger Rabbit short called Rollercoaster Rabbit , while select prints contained The Adventures of André and Wally B ... The film was also shown at the Berlin International Film Festival out of competition from February 15 to 26 , 1996 . Elsewhere , the film opened in March 1996 . Marketing Marketing for the film included $20 million spent by Disney for advertising as well as advertisers such as Burger King , PepsiCo , Coca - Cola , and Payless ShoeSource paying $125 million in tied promotions for the film . Marketing consultant Al Ries reflected on the promotion : `` This will be a killer deal . How can a kid , sitting through a one - and - a-half - hour movie with an army of recognizable toy characters , not want to own one ? '' Despite this , Disney Consumer Products was slow to see the potential of Toy Story early on . When the Thanksgiving release date was announced in January 1995 , many toy companies were accustomed to having eighteen months to two years of runway time and passed on the project . In February 1995 , Disney took the idea to Toy Fair , a toy industry trade show in New York . There , a Toronto - based company with a factory based in China , Thinkway Toys , became interested . Although Thinkway was a small player in the industry , mainly producing toy banks in the form of film characters , it was able to scoop up the worldwide master license for Toy Story toys simply because no one else wanted it . Walt Disney Home Video put a trailer for the film on seven million copies of the VHS re-release of Cinderella ; the Disney Channel ran a television special on the making of Toy Story ; Walt Disney World in Florida held a daily Toy Story parade at Disney - MGM Studios . It was screenwriter Joss Whedon 's idea to incorporate Barbie as a character who would rescue Woody and Buzz in the film 's final act . The idea was dropped after Mattel objected and refused to license the toy . Producer Ralph Guggenheim claimed that Mattel did not allow the use of the toy as `` They ( Mattel ) philosophically felt girls who play with Barbie dolls are projecting their personalities onto the doll . If you give the doll a voice and animate it , you 're creating a persona for it that might not be every little girl 's dream and desire . '' Hasbro likewise refused to license G.I. Joe ( mainly because Sid was going to blow one up ) , but they did license Mr. Potato Head . The only toy in the movie that was not in production was Slinky Dog , which was discontinued since the 1970s . When designs for Slinky were sent to Betty James ( Richard James 's wife ) she said that Pixar had improved the toy and that it was `` cuter '' than the original . 3 - D re-release On October 2 , 2009 , the film was re-released in Disney Digital 3 - D . The film was also released with Toy Story 2 as a double feature for a two - week run which was extended due to its success . In addition , the film 's second sequel , Toy Story 3 , was also released in the 3 - D format . Lasseter commented on the new 3 - D re-release : The Toy Story films and characters will always hold a very special place in our hearts and we 're so excited to be bringing this landmark film back for audiences to enjoy in a whole new way thanks to the latest in 3 - D technology . With Toy Story 3 shaping up to be another great adventure for Buzz , Woody and the gang from Andy 's room , we thought it would be great to let audiences experience the first two films all over again and in a brand new way . Translating the film into 3 - D involved revisiting the original computer data and virtually placing a second camera into each scene , creating left eye and right eye views needed to achieve the perception of depth . Unique to computer animation , Lasseter referred to this process as `` digital archaeology . '' The process took four months , as well as an additional six months for the two films to add the 3 - D . The lead stereographer Bob Whitehill oversaw this process and sought to achieve an effect that affected the emotional storytelling of the film : When I would look at the films as a whole , I would search for story reasons to use 3 - D in different ways . In Toy Story , for instance , when the toys were alone in their world , I wanted it to feel consistent to a safer world . And when they went out to the human world , that 's when I really blew out the 3 - D to make it feel dangerous and deep and overwhelming . Unlike other countries , the United Kingdom received the films in 3 - D as separate releases . Toy Story was released on October 2 , 2009 . Toy Story 2 was instead released January 22 , 2010 . The re-release performed well at the box office , opening with $12,500,000 in its opening weekend , placing at the third position after Zombieland and Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs . The double feature grossed $30,714,027 in its five - week release . Home Media Toy Story was released by Walt Disney Home Video on VHS and LaserDisc on October 29 , 1996 , with no bonus material . In the first week of this release , VHS rentals totaled $5.1 million , debuting Toy Story as the week 's No. 1 video . Over 21.5 million VHS copies were sold the first year . A deluxe edition widescreen LaserDisc 4 - disc box set was released on December 18 , 1996 . On January 11 , 2000 , the film was re-released on VHS , but this time as the first video to be part of the Walt Disney Gold Classic Collection with the bonus short film Tin Toy . This release sold two million copies . The film was released for the first time on DVD on October 17 , 2000 , in a two - pack with its first sequel Toy Story 2 . The same day , a 3 - disc `` Ultimate Toy Box '' set was released , featuring Toy Story , Toy Story 2 , and a third disc of bonus materials with Toy Story in a 35mm Widescreen print and Toy Story 2 only being in FullScreen . The twin - pack release was later released individually on March 20 , 2001 with the film available in both Widescreen and FullScreen . The DVD - pack , U.T.B. set and the original DVD use the 35mm print of the film to create the copies , rather than using the original files to encode the movie directly to video . The DVD two - pack , the Ultimate Toy Box set , the Gold Classic Collection VHS and DVD , and the original DVD were all put in the Disney Vault on May 1 , 2003 . On September 6 , 2005 , a 2 - disc `` 10th Anniversary Edition '' was released featuring much of the bonus material from the `` Ultimate Toy Box '' , including a retrospective special with John Lasseter , a home theater mix , as well as a new digital Widescreen picture with the 35mm Fullscreen version being retained . This DVD went back in the Disney Vault on January 31 , 2009 along with Toy Story 2 . The 10th Anniversary release was the last version of Toy Story to be released before taken out of the Disney Vault lineup along with Toy Story 2 . Also on September 6 , 2005 , a UMD of Toy Story featuring some deleted scenes , a filmmakers ' reflect and a new `` Legacy of Toy Story '' was released for the Sony PlayStation Portable . The film was available for the first time on Blu - ray in a Special Edition Combo Pack that included two discs , the Blu - ray , and the DVD versions of the film . This combo - edition was released by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on March 23 , 2010 , along with its sequel . There was a DVD - only re-release on May 11 , 2010 . Another `` Ultimate Toy Box '' , packaging the Combo Pack with those of both sequels , became available on November 2 , 2010 . On November 1 , 2011 , the first three Toy Story films were re-released all together , each as a DVD / Blu - ray / Blu - ray 3D / Digital Copy combo pack ( four discs each for the first two films , and five for the third film ) . They were also released on Blu - ray 3D in a complete trilogy box set . Reception Yes , we worry about what the critics say . Yes , we worry about what the opening box office is going to be . Yes , we worry about what the final box office is going to be . But really , the whole point why we do what we do is to entertain our audiences . The greatest joy I get as a filmmaker is to slip into an audience for one of our movies anonymously , and watch people watch our film . Because people are 100 percent honest when they 're watching a movie . And to see the joy on people 's faces , to see people really get into our films ... to me is the greatest reward I could possibly get . -- John Lasseter , reflecting on the impact of the film Critical response Toy Story received critical acclaim . On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 100 % based on 78 reviews with an average rating of 9 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Entertaining as it is innovative , Toy Story reinvigorated animation while heralding the arrival of Pixar as a family - friendly force to be reckoned with . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 95 out of 100 , based on 26 reviews , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale . Leonard Klady of Variety commended the animation 's `` ... razzle - dazzle technique and unusual look '' and that `` the camera loops and zooms in a dizzying fashion that fairly takes one 's breath away . '' Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times compared the film 's innovative animation to Disney 's Who Framed Roger Rabbit , saying that `` both movies take apart the universe of cinematic visuals and put it back together again , allowing us to see in a new way . '' Due to the film 's creative animation , Richard Corliss of TIME claimed that it was `` ... the year 's most inventive comedy . '' The voice cast was also praised by various critics . Susan Wloszczyna of USA Today approved of the selection of Hanks and Allen for the lead roles . Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times stated that `` Starting with Tom Hanks , who brings an invaluable heft and believability to Woody , Toy Story is one of the best voiced animated features in memory , with all the actors ... making their presences strongly felt . '' Several critics also recognized the film 's ability to appeal to various age groups , specifically children and adults . Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly wrote `` It has the purity , the ecstatic freedom of imagination , that 's the hallmark of the greatest children 's films . It also has the kind of spring - loaded allusive prankishness that , at times , will tickle adults even more than it does kids . '' In 1995 , Toy Story was ranked eighth in TIME ' s list of the `` Best 10 films of 1995 '' . In 2011 , TIME named it one of the `` 25 All - TIME Best Animated Films '' . It also ranks at number 99 in Empire magazine 's list of the `` 500 Greatest Films of All Time '' and as the `` highest - ranked animated movie '' . In 2003 , the Online Film Critics Society ranked the film as the greatest animated film of all time . In 2007 , the Visual Effects Society named the film 22nd in its list of the `` Top 50 Most Influential Visual Effects Films of All Time '' . The film is ranked 99th on the AFI 's list of the `` 100 greatest American Films of All - Time '' . It was one of the only two animated films on that list , the other being Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) . It was also the sixth best in the animation genre on AFI 's 10 Top 10 . Director Terry Gilliam would praise the film as `` a work of genius . It got people to understand what toys are about . They 're true to their own character . And that 's just brilliant . It 's got a shot that 's always stuck with me , when Buzz Lightyear discovers he 's a toy . He 's sitting on this landing at the top of the staircase and the camera pulls back and he 's this tiny little figure . He was this guy with a massive ego two seconds before ... and it 's stunning . I 'd put that as one of my top ten films , period . '' Box office performance Before the film 's release , executive producer and Apple Inc. co-founder Steve Jobs stated `` If Toy Story is a modest hit -- say $75 million at the box office , we 'll ( Pixar and Disney ) both break even . If it gets $100 million , we 'll both make money . But if it 's a real blockbuster and earns $200 million or so at the box office , we 'll make good money , and Disney will make a lot of money . '' Upon its release on November 22 , 1995 , Toy Story managed to gross more than $350 million worldwide . Disney chairman Michael Eisner stated `` I do n't think either side thought Toy Story would turn out as well as it has . The technology is brilliant , the casting is inspired , and I think the story will touch a nerve . Believe me , when we first agreed to work together , we never thought their first movie would be our 1995 holiday feature , or that they could go public on the strength of it . '' The film 's first five days of domestic release ( on Thanksgiving weekend ) earned it $39,071,176 . The film placed first in the weekend 's box office with $29,140,617 and maintained the No. 1 position at the domestic box office for the next two weekends . Toy Story became the highest - grossing domestic film of 1995 , beating Batman Forever , Apollo 13 ( also starring Tom Hanks ) , Pocahontas , Casper , Waterworld , and GoldenEye . At the time of its release , it was the third highest - grossing animated film of all time , after The Lion King ( 1994 ) and Aladdin ( 1992 ) . When not considering inflation , Toy Story is No. 96 on the list of the highest - grossing domestic films of all time . The film had gross receipts of $191,796,233 in the U.S. and Canada and $181,757,800 in international markets for a total of $373,554,033 worldwide . At the time of its release , the film ranked as 17th highest - grossing film ( unadjusted ) domestically and it was the 21st highest - grossing film worldwide . Accolades Main article : List of Pixar awards and nominations : Toy Story Lasseter with the Special Achievement Oscar The film won and was nominated for various other awards including a Kids ' Choice Award , MTV Movie Award , and a British Academy Film Award , among others . John Lasseter received an Academy Special Achievement Award in 1996 `` for the development and inspired application of techniques that have made possible the first feature - length computer - animated film . '' Additionally , the film was nominated for three Academy Awards , two to Randy Newman for Best Music -- Original Song , for `` You 've Got a Friend in Me '' , and Best Music -- Original Musical or Comedy Score . It was also nominated for Best Original Screenplay for the work by Joel Cohen , Pete Docter , John Lasseter , Joe Ranft , Alec Sokolow , Andrew Stanton and Joss Whedon , making Toy Story the first animated film to be nominated for an Academy Award writing category . Toy Story won eight Annie Awards , including `` Best Animated Feature '' . Animator Pete Docter , director John Lasseter , musician Randy Newman , producers Bonnie Arnold and Ralph Guggenheim , production designer Ralph Eggleston , and writers Joel Cohen , Alec Sokolow , Andrew Stanton , and Joss Whedon all won awards for `` Best Individual Achievement '' in their respective fields for their work on the film . The film also won `` Best Individual Achievement '' in technical achievement . Toy Story was nominated for two Golden Globe Awards , one for Best Motion Picture -- Comedy or Musical , and one for Best Original Song -- Motion Picture for Newman 's `` You 've Got a Friend in Me '' . At both the Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards and the Kansas City Film Critics Circle Awards , the film won `` Best Animated Film '' . Toy Story is also among the top ten in the BFI list of the 50 films you should see by the age of 14 , and the highest - placed ( at No. 99 ) animated film in Empire magazine 's list of `` 500 Greatest Movie of All Time '' . In 2005 , Toy Story , along with Toy Story 2 was voted the 4th greatest cartoon in Channel 4 's 100 Greatest Cartoons poll , behind The Simpsons , Tom and Jerry and South Park . Impact and Legacy Toy Story had a large impact on the film industry with its innovative computer animation . After the film 's debut , various industries were interested in the technology used for the film . Graphics chip makers desired to compute imagery similar to the film 's animation for personal computers ; game developers wanted to learn how to replicate the animation for video games ; and robotics researchers were interested in building artificial intelligence into their machines that compared to the film 's lifelike characters . Various authors have also compared the film to an interpretation of Don Quixote as well as humanism . In addition , Toy Story left an impact with its catchphrase `` To Infinity and Beyond '' , sequels , and software , among others . In 2005 ( 10 years after its theatrical release ) , the film was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry by the United States Library of Congress , one of only six films to be selected in its first year of eligibility . `` To Infinity and Beyond '' Buzz Lightyear 's classic line `` To Infinity and Beyond '' has seen usage not only on themed merchandise , but among philosophers and mathematical theorists as well . In 2008 , during STS - 124 astronauts took an action figure of Buzz Lightyear into space on the Discovery Space Shuttle as part of an educational experience for students while stressing the catchphrase . The action figure was used for experiments in zero - g . It was reported in 2008 that a father and son had continually repeated the phrase to help them keep track of each other while treading water for 15 hours in the Atlantic Ocean . The phrase occurs in the lyrics of Beyoncé 's 2008 song `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) '' , during the bridge . Sequels , shows , and Spin - offs Main article : Toy Story ( franchise ) Toy Story has spawned three sequels : Toy Story 2 ( 1999 ) , Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) , and Toy Story 4 , to be released in 2019 . Initially , the first sequel to Toy Story was going to be a direct - to - video release , with development beginning in 1996 . However , after the cast from Toy Story returned and the story was considered to be better than that of a direct - to - video release , it was announced in 1998 that the sequel would see a theatrical release . Toy Story 's first sequel Toy Story 2 was released in theatres November 24 , 1999 and saw the return of the majority of the voice cast from Toy Story , and the film focuses on Buzz leading Andy 's toys on a mission to rescue Woody after he is stolen by a greedy toy collector voiced by Wayne Knight . The film was equally well received by critics , many of whom thought it was even better than the first installment , earning a rare 100 % approval rating at Rotten Tomatoes , based on 163 reviews . At Metacritic , the film earned a favorable rating of 88 / 100 based on 34 reviews . The film 's widest release was 3,257 theaters and it grossed $485,015,179 worldwide , becoming the second-most successful animated film after The Lion King at the time of its release . The second sequel Toy Story 3 was released in theatres June 18 , 2010 and centers on Andy 's mom accidentally donating the toys to a day - care center when Andy , now a teenager , is preparing to go to college . Once there , they must hurry home before Andy leaves . Again , the majority of the cast from the prior two films returned , with Slinky Dog voiced by Blake Clark due to Jim Varney 's death in 2000 . It was the first film in the franchise to be released in 3 - D for its first run , though the first two films , which were originally released in 2 - D , were re-released in 3 - D in 2009 as a double feature . Like its predecessors , Toy Story 3 received enormous critical acclaim , earning a 99 % approval rating from Rotten Tomatoes . It also grossed more than $1 billion worldwide , making it the highest - grossing animated film until the release of 2013 's Frozen . A third sequel , Toy Story 4 , will be released on June 21 , 2019 . It will be directed by John Lasseter , and will focus on the toys going to find Bo Peep , who was given away before the third film . Most of the cast of the previous will again reprise their character roles . However Mr. Potato Head will likely be recast for the film because of Don Rickles ' death in 2017 . In November 1996 , the Disney on Ice : Toy Story ice show opened which featured the cast 's voices as well as Randy Newman 's music . In April 2008 , the Disney Wonder cruise ship launched Toy Story : The Musical shows on its cruises . Toy Story also led to a spin - off direct - to - video animated film , Buzz Lightyear of Star Command : The Adventure Begins , as well as the animated television series Buzz Lightyear of Star Command . The film and series followed Buzz Lightyear and his friends at Star Command as they uphold justice across the galaxy . Although the film was criticized for not using the same animation as in Toy Story and Toy Story 2 , it sold three million VHS and DVDs in its first week of release . The television series brought further commercial and critical acclaim , winning a Daytime Emmy in 2001 for Outstanding Sound Editing . The series ran for a total of 65 episodes . Following the release of Toy Story 3 , a series of Toy Story short films have been shown in theaters in front of other Disney features : Hawaiian Vacation ( shown before Cars 2 ) , centering on Barbie and Ken on vacation in Bonnie 's room , Small Fry ( shown before The Muppets ) , centering on Buzz being left in a fast - food restaurant , and Partysaurus Rex ( shown before the 3D re-release of Finding Nemo ) , centering on Rex partying with bath toys . In January 2013 , a fan - made live - action version of the film was posted on YouTube that received more than 16 million views before being taken down by Disney for copyright of the audio . In February 2016 , the video returned to YouTube . In October 2013 , ABC aired Toy Story of Terror ! , promoting it as Pixar 's first television special . In the special , Mr. Potato Head disappears and the other toys have to find him . On December 2 , 2014 , ABC aired Toy Story That Time Forgot . In the story , the toys are trapped in room with a group of humanoid dinosaur warrior toys called Battlesaurs who do not know that they are toys and must escape . Software and merchandise Disney 's Animated Storybook : Toy Story and Disney 's Activity Center : Toy Story were released for Windows and Mac OS . Disney 's Animated Storybook : Toy Story was the best selling software title of 1996 , selling over 500,000 copies . Two console video games were released for the film : the Toy Story video game , for the Sega Genesis , Super Nintendo Entertainment System , Game Boy , and PC as well as Toy Story Racer , for the PlayStation ( which contains elements from Toy Story 2 ) . Pixar created original animations for all of the games , including fully animated sequences for the PC titles . Toy Story had a large promotion before its release , leading to numerous tie - ins with the film including images on food packaging . A variety of merchandise was released during the film 's theatrical run and its initial VHS release including toys , clothing , and shoes , among other things . When an action figure for Buzz Lightyear and Sheriff Woody was created it was initially ignored by retailers . However , after over 250,000 figures were sold for each character before the film 's release , demand continued to expand , eventually reaching over 25 million units sold by 2007 . Theme park attractions Toy Story and its sequels have inspired multiple attractions at the theme parks of Walt Disney World and Disneyland : Buzz Lightyear 's Space Ranger Spin at the Magic Kingdom casts theme park guests as cadets in Buzz 's Space Ranger Corps . Guests ride through various scenes featuring Emperor Zurg 's henchmen , firing `` laser cannons '' at their Z symbols , scoring points for each hit . Buzz Lightyear 's Astro Blasters at Disneyland , is similar to Space Ranger Spin , except that the laser cannons are hand - held rather than mounted to the ride vehicle . Buzz Lightyear 's Astroblasters at Walt Disney World 's DisneyQuest , despite the nearly identical name to the Disneyland attraction , is a bumper car style attraction in which guests compete against each other not only by ramming their ride vehicles into each other but also by firing `` asteroids '' ( playground balls ) at each other . Toy Story Mania at both Walt Disney World 's Disney 's Hollywood Studios and Disneyland 's Disney California Adventure features a series of interactive carnival - type games hosted by the Toy Story characters . Guests ride in vehicles while wearing 3 - D glasses , and using a pull - string cannon to launch virtual rings , darts , baseballs , etc . Disney announced an update to the attraction to add characters from Toy Story 3 several months before the film 's release date . World of Color at Disney California Adventure is a large nighttime water and light show . Some of the scenes projected on the water screens feature animation from the Toy Story films . Toy Story Playland at Disneyland Paris and Hong Kong Disneyland , opening in August 2010 and 2011 respectively . The area is designed to create the illusion of `` shrinking the guest '' down to the size of a toy , and to play in Andy 's backyard in several themed rides . Toy Story Character Greetings are located at almost all Disney Parks . Three of the main characters , Buzz Lightyear , Woody and Jessie are the most common . Sometimes Bullseye , the Green Army Men , and Mr. Potato Head are available to meet as well . Other influences Toy Story 's cast of characters forms the basis for the naming of the releases of the Debian computer operating system , from Debian 1.1 Buzz , the first release with a codename , in 1996 to Debian 11 Bullseye , the most - recently announced future release . In 2013 Pixar designed a `` Gromit Lightyear '' sculpture based on the Aardman Animations character Gromit for Gromit Unleashed which sold for £ 65,000 . Notes Jump up ^ `` Toy Story '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved August 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Toy Story ( 1995 ) -- Financial Information '' . The Numbers . Retrieved December 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Toy Story ( 1995 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Toy Story '' . The Numbers . Retrieved March 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Sources that refer to Toy Story being referred to as one of the best animated films of all time include : `` Top 25 Animated Movies of All - Time -- Movies Feature at IGN '' . Movies.ign.com . June 18 , 2011 . Retrieved July 8 , 2011 . `` Best Animated Movies ( 5 -- 1 ) -- The Moviefone Blog '' . Blog.moviefone.com . June 2 , 2008 . Retrieved July 8 , 2011 . `` Best Animated Films -- Toy Story '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2011 . Retrieved July 8 , 2011 . `` 10 Top 10 '' . AFI . Retrieved July 8 , 2011 . `` Time Out 's Top 50 Animated Movies of All Time Curated by Terry Gilliam / Film '' . Slashfilm.com . October 7 , 2009 . Retrieved July 8 , 2011 . `` The Movie Blog 's 10 Best Animated Films of All Time '' . The Movie Blog . Retrieved July 8 , 2011 . Corliss , Richard ( June 23 , 2011 ) . `` Toy Story , 1995 -- The 25 All - TIME Best Animated Films '' . Time . Retrieved July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ King , Susan ( September 30 , 2015 ) . `` How ' Toy Story ' changed the face of animation , taking off ' like an explosion ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Librarian of Congress Adds 25 Films to National Film Registry -- News Releases ( Library of Congress ) '' . Loc.gov . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : McClintock , Pamela ( October 8 , 2015 ) . `` ' Cars 3 ' and ' Incredibles 2 ' Get Release Dates ; ' Toy Story 4 ' Bumped a Year '' . The Hollywood Reporter . 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Discount Store News . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2008 . Retrieved March 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Buzz Lightyear 's Space Ranger Spin '' . Retrieved June 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Buzz Lightyear 's Astro Blasters '' . Retrieved June 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Buzz Lightyear 's Astroblasters '' . Retrieved June 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Toy Story Mania ! ( WDW ) '' . Retrieved June 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Toy Story Mania ! ( DL ) '' . Retrieved June 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` World of Color '' . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2010 . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A short visit to Disneyland Paris '' . The Press . August 21 , 2010 . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Debian GNU / Linux FAQ -- The Debian FTP archives '' . Debian. April 25 , 2015 . Retrieved April 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bits from the release team : Winter is Coming ( but not to South Africa ) '' . Debian . July 6 , 2016 . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` GROMIT UNLEASHED 2013 : Cracking ! Auction of Gromits in Bristol tops the £ 2m mark '' . Bristol Post . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2014 . References Isaacson , Walter ( 2011 ) . Steve Jobs . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4516 - 4853 - 9 . Kanfer , Stefan ( 2000 ) ( 1997 ) . Serious Business : The Art and Commerce of Animation in America from Betty Boop to Toy Story . New York : Da Capo Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 80918 - 7 . Paik , Karen ( 2007 ) . To Infinity and Beyond ! : The Story of Pixar Animation Studios . San Francisco : Chronicle Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8118 - 5012 - 4 . Price , David ( 2008 ) . The Pixar Touch : The Making of a Company . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 26575 - 3 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Toy Story . 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( 2009 ) Day & Night ( 2010 ) La Luna ( 2011 ) Hawaiian Vacation ( 2011 ) Small Fry ( 2011 ) Partysaurus Rex ( 2012 ) The Legend of Mor'du ( 2012 ) The Blue Umbrella ( 2013 ) Party Central ( 2013 ) Lava ( 2014 ) Sanjay 's Super Team ( 2015 ) Riley 's First Date ? ( 2015 ) Piper ( 2016 ) Lou ( 2017 ) Series Cars Toons ( 2008 -- 14 ) Toy Story Toons ( 2011 -- 12 ) Compilations Tiny Toy Stories ( 1996 ) Pixar Short Films Collection , Volume 1 ( 2007 ) Cars Toons : Mater 's Tall Tales ( 2010 ) Pixar Short Films Collection , Volume 2 ( 2012 ) Other work Beach Chair ( 1986 ) Light & Heavy ( 1990 ) Television specials Toy Story of Terror ! ( 2013 ) Toy Story That Time Forgot ( 2014 ) Franchises Toy Story ( 1995 -- present ) Monsters , Inc. ( 2001 -- 13 ) Finding Nemo ( 2003 -- present ) The Incredibles ( 2004 -- present ) Cars ( 2006 -- present ) Associated productions The Adventures of André & Wally B. ( 1984 ) It 's Tough to Be a Bug ! ( 1998 ) Buzz Lightyear of Star Command : The Adventure Begins ( 2000 ) Buzz Lightyear of Star Command ( 2000 -- 01 ) Exploring the Reef ( 2003 ) Turtle Talk with Crush ( 2004 ) John Carter ( 2012 ) Planes ( 2013 ) Planes : Fire & Rescue ( 2014 ) Borrowed Time ( 2016 ) Documentaries The Pixar Story ( 2007 ) Products Pixar Image Computer RenderMan Marionette People John Lasseter Edwin Catmull Steve Jobs Alvy Ray Smith Jim Morris See also List of Pixar characters List of Pixar awards and nominations feature films short films List of Pixar film references Computer Graphics Lab Industrial Light & Magic Lucasfilm Animation Circle 7 Animation Pixar Canada A Computer Animated Hand The Works The Shadow King Pixar universe theory Walt Disney Animation Studios The Walt Disney Studios Book John Lasseter Directed Feature films Toy Story ( 1995 ) A Bug 's Life ( 1998 ) Toy Story 2 ( 1999 ) Cars ( 2006 ) Cars 2 ( 2011 ) Short films Luxo Jr. ( 1986 ) Red 's Dream ( 1987 ) Tin Toy ( 1988 ) Knick Knack ( 1989 ) Mater and the Ghostlight ( 2006 ) Cars Toons ( 2008 ) Produced Short films The Adventures of André and Wally B. 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( 2001 ) BURN - E ( 2008 , short ) Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) Annie Award for Best Animated Feature Beauty and the Beast ( 1992 ) Aladdin ( 1993 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) Toy Story ( 1996 ) Cats Do n't Dance ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) The Iron Giant ( 1999 ) Toy Story 2 ( 2000 ) Shrek ( 2001 ) Spirited Away ( 2002 ) Finding Nemo ( 2003 ) The Incredibles ( 2004 ) Wallace & Gromit : The Curse of the Were - Rabbit ( 2005 ) Cars ( 2006 ) Ratatouille ( 2007 ) Kung Fu Panda ( 2008 ) Up ( 2009 ) How to Train Your Dragon ( 2010 ) Rango ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) How to Train Your Dragon 2 ( 2014 ) Inside Out ( 2015 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Disney portal Cartoon portal Film in the United States portal Animation portal 1990s portal United States portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toy_Story&oldid=821551213 '' Categories : 1995 films English - language films Toy Story 1995 animated films 1990s American animated films 1990s comedy films 1990s computer - animated films 1990s fantasy films 3D re-releases American 3D films American adventure comedy films American buddy films American children 's animated adventure films American children 's animated comedy films American children 's animated fantasy films American computer - animated films American films Animated duos Animated buddy films Animated comedy films Best Animated Feature Annie Award winners Directorial debut films Films scored by Randy Newman Films about toys Films adapted into television programs Films adapted into video games Films directed by John Lasseter Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films produced by Bonnie Arnold Films using computer - generated imagery Pixar animated films Screenplays by Joel Cohen Screenplays by Pete Docter Screenplays by John Lasseter Screenplays by Joe Ranft Screenplays by Alec Sokolow Screenplays by Andrew Stanton Screenplays by Joss Whedon United States National Film Registry films Walt Disney Pictures films Hidden categories : Pages with login required references or sources Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Good articles Use mdy dates from July 2017 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 January 2018 , at 05 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who did the voice of andy in toy story | [
"\nTom Hanks as Woody, a pull-string cowboy doll.\nTim Allen as Buzz Lightyear, a space ranger action figure and Woody's rival, who later becomes his best friend.\nDon Rickles as Mr. Potato Head, a cynical potato-shaped doll with put-together pieces on his body.\nJim Varney as Slinky Dog, a dachshund slinky toy.\nWallace Shawn as Rex, a nervous green Tyrannosaurus Rex figurine.\nJohn Ratzenberger as Hamm, a smart-talking piggy bank.\nAnnie Potts as Bo Peep, a porcelain shepherdess doll and Woody's love interest.\nJohn Morris as Andy, Woody and Buzz's six-year-old owner.\nErik von Detten as Sid, Andy's next door neighbor and a ten-year-old bully, who tortures toys for his own amusement.\nLaurie Metcalf as Mrs. Davis, Andy's mother.\nR. Lee Ermey as Sergeant, the leader of a large troop of plastic green army men.\nSarah Freeman as Hannah, Sid's younger sister.\nPenn Jillette as TV Announcer, Buzz Lightyear commercial announcer\n"
] | [
"John Morris"
] |
-6790456028450319647 | (If Loving You Is Wrong) I Don't Want to Be Right | ( If Loving You is Wrong ) I Do n't Want to Be Right - wikipedia ( If Loving You is Wrong ) I Do n't Want to Be Right For the TV series , see If Loving You Is Wrong . `` ( If Loving You Is Wrong ) I Do n't Want to Be Right '' Single by Luther Ingram from the album If Loving You Is Wrong I Do n't Want to Be Right B - side `` Puttin ' Game Down '' Released April 1972 Format 7 '' Genre Soul Length 3 : 32 Label KoKo Songwriter ( s ) Homer Banks , Carl Hampton , Raymond Jackson Producer ( s ) John Baylor Luther Ingram singles chronology `` You Were Made For Me '' ( 1972 ) `` ( If Loving You Is Wrong ) I Do n't Want to Be Right '' ( 1972 ) `` I 'll Be Your Shelter ( In Time of Storm ) '' ( 1972 ) `` You Were Made For Me '' ( 1972 ) `` ( If Loving You Is Wrong ) I Do n't Want to Be Right '' ( 1972 ) `` I 'll Be Your Shelter ( In Time of Storm ) '' ( 1972 ) `` ( If Loving You Is Wrong ) I Do n't Want to Be Right '' Song by Millie Jackson from the album Caught Up B - side `` The Rap '' Released December 1974 Recorded Genre Soul Length 3 : 27 ( single version ) 3 : 56 ( album version ) Label Spring Composer ( s ) Homer Banks , Carl Hampton , Raymond Jackson Producer ( s ) Brad Shapiro `` ( If Loving You Is Wrong ) I Do n't Want to Be Right '' Single by Barbara Mandrell from the album Moods B - side `` I Feel the Hurt Coming On '' Released February 17 , 1979 Recorded c. 1978 Genre Country Length 3 : 05 Label ABC Songwriter ( s ) Homer Banks , Carl Hampton , Raymond Jackson Producer ( s ) Tom Collins Barbara Mandrell singles chronology `` Sleeping Single in a Double Bed '' ( 1978 ) `` ( If Loving You Is Wrong ) I Do n't Want to Be Right '' ( 1979 ) `` Fooled by a Feeling '' ( 1979 ) `` Sleeping Single in a Double Bed '' ( 1978 ) `` ( If Loving You Is Wrong ) I Do n't Want to Be Right '' ( 1979 ) `` Fooled by a Feeling '' ( 1979 ) `` ( If Loving You Is Wrong ) I Do n't Want to Be Right '' is a song written by Stax Records songwriters Homer Banks , Carl Hampton and Raymond Jackson . Originally written for The Emotions , it has been performed by many singers , most notably by Luther Ingram , whose original recorded version topped the R&B chart for four weeks and rose to number three on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in 1972 . Billboard ranked it as the No. 16 song for 1972 . In 1972 / 73 , The Faces recorded the song as an outtake for Ooh La La , their final studio album . In 1974 , Millie Jackson released her version of the song which received two Grammy Award nominations . In 1978 , Barbara Mandrell 's version topped the U.S. country singles charts , reached number 31 on the Billboard Hot 100 , number 27 on Cashbox Pop Hits , and was nominated for Single of the Year at the 1979 CMA ( Country Music Association ) Awards . Rod Stewart re-recorded the song for Foot Loose & Fancy Free , his eighth album ; released as a single it peaked at # 23 in the UK singles chart in 1980 . Contents ( hide ) 1 The song 2 Notable performers 2.1 Chart recordings 2.1. 1 Luther Ingram 2.1. 2 Jackie Burns 2.1. 3 Millie Jackson 2.1. 4 Barbara Mandrell 2.1. 5 Rhonda Clark 3 References 4 External links The song ( edit ) The song is about an adulterous love affair , told from the point of view of either the mistress or the cheating spouse , depending on the gender of the performer . Regardless , both parties involved express their desire to maintain the affair , while at the same time acknowledging that the relationship is wrong according to conventional moral standards . Millie Jackson , however , took a somewhat different approach . On both studio and live recordings , her version is typically divided into three parts : `` ( If Loving You Is Wrong ) I Do n't Want to Be Right , '' `` The Rap , '' and `` ( If Loving You Is Wrong ) I Do n't Want to Be Right ( Reprise ) , '' which together have a running time of over 11 minutes . The first and third parts include the song more or less as originally written , while the second part was written by Jackson herself . Titled `` The Rap , '' the middle segment is a monologue in which an unrepentant Jackson discusses her status as the `` other woman '' and why she loves it . Notable performers ( edit ) Although it was first recorded by The Emotions and Veda Brown , those recordings were never released . Other notable singers to cover it include country singer Jackie Burns ( whose version made the Hot Country Songs chart in 1972 ) , Isaac Hayes , Millie Jackson , Rod Stewart , Percy Sledge , Bobby `` Blue '' Bland , David Ruffin , LeAnn Rimes , Renée Geyer , Ramsey Lewis , reggae singer Alton Ellis , Tom Jones , Cassandra Wilson , Nathan Cavaleri , Rania Zeriri and Johanne Desforges ( French cover : Si je ne peux t'aimer a quoi bon exister ) . Chart recordings ( edit ) Luther Ingram ( edit ) Chart ( 1972 ) Peak Position US Billboard Hot 100 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) Jackie Burns ( edit ) Chart ( 1972 ) Peak Position US Billboard Hot Country Singles 71 Millie Jackson ( edit ) Chart ( 1975 ) Peak Position US Billboard Hot 100 42 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 42 Barbara Mandrell ( edit ) Chart ( 1979 ) Peak Position US Billboard Hot 100 31 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) US Billboard Adult Contemporary 6 Rhonda Clark ( edit ) Chart ( 1992 ) Peak Position US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 26 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` If Loving You Is Wrong ( I Do n't Want to Be Right ) '' , SecondhandSongs.com . Retrieved 13 March 2017 Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 - 2004 . Record Research . p. 274 . Jump up ^ Billboard Year - End Hot 100 singles of 1972 Jump up ^ `` Millie Jackson '' . MTV Artists . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Patrick Mondout . `` Super 70s.com - Grammy Awards for 1974 '' . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : MILLIE JACKSON : Caught Up / Still Caught Up : Music '' . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Catching Up with Soul Icon Millie Jackson '' . NPR.org. 19 May 2006 . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Joel Whitburn , Top Country Singles 1944 - 1993 , p. 488 Jump up ^ `` Luther Ingram Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Luther Ingram Chart History ( Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Millie Jackson Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Millie Jackson Chart History ( Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Barbara Mandrell Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Barbara Mandrell Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1993 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 -- 1993 . Record Research . p. 148 . Jump up ^ `` Rhonda Clark Chart History ( Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ) '' . Billboard . External links ( edit ) Video : Luther Ingram on YouTube Video : Millie Jackson live performance on YouTube Lyrics : Millie Jackson version from MTV.com Preceded by `` Outa - Space '' by Billy Preston Billboard Best Selling Soul Singles number - one single ( Luther Ingram version ) July 8 -- 29 , 1972 Succeeded by `` Where Is the Love '' by Roberta Flack and Donny Hathaway Preceded by `` I Just Fall in Love Again '' by Anne Murray Billboard Hot Country Singles number - one single ( Barbara Mandrell version ) April 14 , 1979 Succeeded by `` All I Ever Need Is You '' by Dottie West and Kenny Rogers Preceded by `` Sweet Memories '' by Willie Nelson RPM Country Tracks number - one single ( Barbara Mandrell version ) April 28 , 1979 Succeeded by `` Where Do I Put Her Memory '' by Charley Pride Millie Jackson Albums Millie Jackson It Hurts So Good Caught Up Still Caught Up Feelin ' Bitchy Get It Out'cha System A Moment 's Pleasure Live & Uncensored E.S.P. ( Extra Sexual Persuasion ) An Imitation of Love Back to the S * * t ! Not for Church Folk ! Singles `` It Hurts So Good '' `` ( If Loving You Is Wrong ) I Do n't Want to Be Right '' `` Sweet Music Man '' `` Hot ! Wild ! Unrestricted ! Crazy Love '' Rod Stewart singles 1970s `` It 's All Over Now '' ( 1970 ) `` Reason to Believe '' / `` Maggie May '' ( 1971 ) `` Every Picture Tells a Story '' / `` Reason to Believe '' ( 1971 ) Spain only `` ( I Know ) I 'm Losing You '' / `` Mandolin Wind '' ( 1971 ) `` Handbags and Gladrags '' ( 1972 ) `` You Wear It Well '' ( 1972 ) `` Angel '' ( 1972 ) `` What 's Made Milwaukee Famous ( Has Made a Loser Out of Me ) '' ( 1972 ) `` Twistin ' the Night Away '' ( 1973 , 1987 ) `` Oh ! No Not My Baby '' ( 1973 ) `` Farewell '' / `` You Send Me '' ( 1973 ) `` Mine for Me '' ( 1974 ) `` You Can Make Me Dance , Sing or Anything '' ( 1974 ) Stewart / Faces `` Sailing '' ( 1975 ) `` This Old Heart of Mine '' ( 1975 ) `` Tonight 's the Night '' ( 1976 ) `` The Killing of Georgie '' ( 1976 ) `` Get Back '' ( 1976 ) `` The First Cut Is the Deepest '' ( 1977 ) `` I Do n't Want to Talk About It '' ( 1977 , 1990 ) `` You 're in My Heart ( The Final Acclaim ) '' ( 1978 ) `` Hot Legs '' ( 1978 ) `` I Was Only Joking '' ( 1978 ) `` Da Ya Think I 'm Sexy ? '' ( 1978 , 1997 ) `` Ai n't Love a Bitch '' ( 1979 ) `` Blondes ( Have More Fun ) '' ( 1979 ) 1980s `` ( If Loving You Is Wrong ) I Do n't Want to Be Right '' ( 1980 ) `` Passion '' ( 1980 ) `` Tonight , I 'm Yours ( Do n't Hurt Me ) '' ( 1981 ) `` Young Turks '' ( 1982 ) `` How Long ? '' ( 1982 ) `` Baby Jane '' ( 1983 ) `` That 's What Friends Are For '' ( 1983 ) `` Infatuation '' ( 1984 ) `` Some Guys Have All the Luck '' ( 1984 ) `` All Right Now '' ( 1984 ) `` People Get Ready '' ( 1985 , 1991 , 1993 ) Stewart / Beck `` Love Touch '' ( 1986 ) `` In My Life '' ( 1987 ) `` Forever Young '' ( 1988 ) `` My Heart Ca n't Tell You No '' ( 1988 ) `` This Old Heart of Mine ( Is Weak for You ) '' ( 1989 ) Stewart / Isley `` Downtown Train '' ( 1989 ) 1990s `` It Takes Two '' ( 1990 ) Stewart / Turner `` Rhythm of My Heart '' ( 1991 ) `` The Motown Song '' ( 1991 ) `` Your Song '' ( 1992 ) `` Ruby Tuesday '' ( 1993 ) `` Have I Told You Lately '' ( 1993 ) `` Reason to Believe '' ( unplugged , 1993 ) `` All for Love '' ( 1993 ) Stewart / Adams / Sting `` Leave Virginia Alone '' ( 1995 ) `` Lady Luck '' ( 1996 ) `` Ooh La La '' ( 1998 ) `` Rocks '' ( 1998 ) `` Cigarettes and Alcohol '' ( 1998 ) `` Faith of the Heart '' ( 1999 ) 2000s `` These Foolish Things '' ( 2002 ) `` They Ca n't Take That Away from Me '' ( 2003 ) `` Time After Time '' ( 2003 ) `` What a Wonderful World '' ( 2004 ) `` Blue Moon '' ( 2004 ) `` Baby , It 's Cold Outside '' ( 2005 ) `` I 've Got a Crush on You '' ( 2005 ) `` I 've Got My Love to Keep Me Warm '' ( 2006 ) `` Have You Ever Seen the Rain ? '' ( 2006 ) 2010s `` Let It Snow ! Let It Snow ! Let It Snow ! '' ( 2012 ) `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' ( 2012 ) `` Everyday '' ( 2015 ) Renée Geyer Discography Studio albums Renée Geyer ( 1973 ) It 's a Man 's Man 's World ( 1974 ) Ready to Deal ( 1975 ) Moving Along ( 1977 ) Winner ( 1978 ) Blues License ( 1979 ) So Lucky ( 1981 ) Sing to Me ( 1985 ) Difficult Woman ( 1994 ) Sweet Life ( 1999 ) Tenderland ( 2003 ) Tonight ( 2005 ) Dedicated ( 2007 ) Renéessance ( 2009 ) Swing ( 2013 ) Live albums Really Really Love You : Live at the Dallas Brooks Hall ( 1976 ) Renée Live ( 1983 ) Live at the Basement ( 1986 ) Live at the Athenaeum ( 2004 ) Soundtracks Seven Deadly Sins ( 1993 ) Compilation albums Renée Geyer at Her Very Best ( 1977 ) Faves ( 1983 ) The Best of Renee Geyer 1973 - 1998 ( 1998 ) The Ultimate Collection ( 2010 ) Singles `` Oh ! Boy '' `` It 's a Man 's Man 's World '' `` Heading in the Right Direction `` If Loving You is Wrong '' `` Shakey Ground '' `` Stares and Whispers '' `` Money ( That 's What I Want ) '' `` The Thrill is Gone '' `` Say I Love You '' `` Do You Know What I Mean '' `` I Can Feel the Fire '' `` Goin ' Back '' `` All My Love '' `` Crazy '' `` I 'm Gonna Make You Love Me '' `` I Wish It Would Rain '' Other songs `` Rock Around the Clock '' `` You 're Not Alone ( Australian Olympians song ) '' ( as part of Australian Olympians ) `` Yil Lull '' ( as part of Singers For The Red Black & Gold ) Related articles Sun 1972 Oz for Africa Mary and Max Barbara Mandrell Studio albums Treat Him Right The Midnight Oil This Time I Almost Made It This Is Barbara Mandrell Midnight Angel Lovers , Friends and Strangers Love 's Ups and Downs Moods Just for the Record Love Is Fair ... In Black and White He Set My Life to Music Spun Gold Clean Cut Get to the Heart Moments Sure Feels Good I 'll Be Your Jukebox Tonight Morning Sun No Nonsense Key 's in the Mailbox It Works for Me Christmas albums Christmas at Our House Live albums Barbara Mandrell Live Collaboration albums A Perfect Match ( with David Houston ) Meant for Each Other ( with Lee Greenwood ) Compilation albums The Best of Barbara Mandrell Greatest Hits Notable singles `` I 've Been Loving You Too Long ( To Stop Now ) '' `` Woman to Woman '' `` Sleeping Single in a Double Bed '' `` ( If Loving You Is Wrong ) I Do n't Want to Be Right '' `` Fooled by a Feeling '' `` Years '' `` Crackers '' `` The Best of Strangers '' `` Love Is Fair '' `` I Was Country When Country Was n't Cool '' `` Wish You Were Here '' `` ' Till You 're Gone '' `` Operator , Long Distance Please '' `` In Times Like These '' `` One of a Kind Pair of Fools '' `` Happy Birthday Dear Heartache '' `` Only a Lonely Heart Knows '' `` There 's No Love in Tennessee '' `` Angel in Your Arms '' `` Fast Lanes and Country Roads '' `` When You Get to the Heart '' ( with The Oak Ridge Boys ) `` No One Mends a Broken Heart Like You '' `` Child Support '' `` I Wish That I Could Fall in Love Today '' `` My Train of Thought '' Collaboration singles `` To Me '' ( with Lee Greenwood ) `` It Should Have Been Love by Now '' ( with Lee Greenwood ) Related articles Discography Louise Mandrell Irlene Mandrell Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=(If_Loving_You_Is_Wrong)_I_Don%27t_Want_to_Be_Right&oldid=846580787 '' Categories : 1972 singles 1976 singles 1979 singles Millie Jackson songs Rod Stewart songs Renée Geyer songs Barbara Mandrell songs Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles RPM Country Tracks number - one singles Songs written by Homer Banks Songs written by Raymond Jackson ( songwriter ) Song recordings produced by Tom Collins ( record producer ) Soul ballads ABC Records singles 1972 songs Songs about infidelity Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Norsk nynorsk Edit links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018 , at 17 : 04 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who wrote if loving you is wrong i don't want to be right | [
"\"(If Loving You Is Wrong) I Don't Want to Be Right\" is a song written by Stax Records songwriters Homer Banks, Carl Hampton and Raymond Jackson. Originally written for The Emotions, it has been performed by many singers, most notably by Luther Ingram, whose original recorded version[1] topped the R&B chart for four weeks and rose to number three on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in 1972.[2] Billboard ranked it as the No. 16 song for 1972.[3]",
"\"(If Loving You Is Wrong) I Don't Want to Be Right\" is a song written by Stax Records songwriters Homer Banks, Carl Hampton and Raymond Jackson. Originally written for The Emotions, it has been performed by many singers, most notably by Luther Ingram, whose original recorded version[1] topped the R&B chart for four weeks and rose to number three on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in 1972.[2] Billboard ranked it as the No. 16 song for 1972.[3]",
"\"(If Loving You Is Wrong) I Don't Want to Be Right\" is a song written by Stax Records songwriters Homer Banks, Carl Hampton and Raymond Jackson. Originally written for The Emotions, it has been performed by many singers, most notably by Luther Ingram, whose original recorded version[1] topped the R&B chart for four weeks and rose to number three on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in 1972.[2] Billboard ranked it as the No. 16 song for 1972.[3]"
] | [
"Homer Banks",
"Carl Hampton",
"Raymond Jackson"
] |
5943092797160295943 | Relight My Fire | Relight My Fire - wikipedia Relight My Fire Jump to : navigation , search `` Relight My Fire '' Single by Dan Hartman from the album Relight My Fire Released 1979 Format 7 '' vinyl , 12 '' vinyl Recorded 1979 Genre Disco Length 3 : 42 Label Blue Sky Records Songwriter ( s ) Dan Hartman Producer ( s ) Dan Hartman Dan Hartman singles chronology `` Boogie All Summer '' ( 1979 ) `` Relight My Fire '' ( 1979 ) `` It Hurts to Be in Love '' ( 1980 ) `` Boogie All Summer '' ( 1979 ) `` Relight My Fire '' ( 1979 ) `` It Hurts to Be in Love '' ( 1980 ) `` Relight My Fire '' is a popular song which was written and released by Dan Hartman in 1979 , when it topped the US dance music charts for six weeks . It was also performed by Costa Anadiotis ' band Café Society in 1984 and British boy band Take That ( with Lulu in a featured role ) in 1993 . The song is from the 1979 Dan Hartman album Relight My Fire . Contents ( hide ) 1 Dan Hartman original version 1.1 Versions 1.2 In the media 1.3 Chart performance 2 Café Society version 3 Take That version 3.1 Music video 3.2 Personnel 3.2. 1 Track listings 3.3 Chart performance 3.4 Certifications 3.5 Official Take That versions 4 Ricky Martin version 4.1 Chart performance 4.2 Formats and track listings 4.3 Charts 5 José Galisteo version 6 Lulu version 7 References 8 External links Dan Hartman original version ( edit ) Originally released in 1979 as the follow - up to `` Instant Replay '' , `` Relight My Fire '' topped the United States dance charts for six weeks from December 12 , 1979 to February 16 , 1980 ; it was less successful in the UK , however , where it failed to chart . Loleatta Holloway is credited as a featured vocalist on some versions of the record , singing the `` strong enough to walk on through the night '' refrain . The song 's strings and horns were played by MFSB and conducted by longtime MFSB member Don Renaldo . The 12 '' version includes a 41⁄2 - minute intro called `` Vertigo '' , often used in discos as a floor - filler before the song begins ; this 11 : 22 version is available on Hartman 's 1994 hits package titled Keep the Fire Burnin ' . The title track from this album was a new recording between Hartman and Holloway , featuring some samples from `` Relight My Fire '' . Versions ( edit ) 7 '' vinyl single version , 3 : 42 , US release : Blue Sky , CBS ZS9 2784 , 1979 12 '' vinyl The Historical 1979 Re-Mix , 6 : 52 , UK release : Blue Sky , SKY 12 8104 , 1979 Vertigo / Relight My Fire , album version , 9 : 44 , US release : Blue Sky , JZ 36302 , 1979 12 '' vinyl Vertigo / Relight My Fire ( Progressive Instrumental Remix ) , 11 : 22 , US release : Blue Sky , 4Z8 - 2790 , 1979 Vertigo / Relight My Fire ( Full - length version ) , 11 : 55 , mixed By John Luongo , edited by Ben Liebrand ( appears on Cd compilation Grand 12 inches volume 2 , Sony Music Media 5198852000 , 2005 ) . This version features the full `` Vertigo '' intro of the `` progressive instrumental mix '' , the entire 4 - bar break and full vocal part of the album version and ends with the full outro of the `` progressive instrumental mix '' . In the Media ( edit ) This song is featured in Grand Theft Auto : The Ballad of Gay Tony on the in - game radio station K109 The Studio and at the end credits of the game as well . This song was the theme of a classic Mexican sitcom called `` Mis Huéspedes '' ( My Guests in English ) . Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1979 ) Peak position Belgian Singles Chart ( Flanders ) 11 Dutch Singles Chart 7 US Billboard Bubbling Under the Hot 100 5 US Billboard Dance / Club Play Café Society version ( edit ) South African disco group Café Society recorded this song in 1984 . It was the third and last hit from the group . Take That version ( edit ) `` Relight My Fire '' Single by Take That featuring Lulu from the album Everything Changes Released October 4 , 1993 Format 12 '' vinyl , maxi single , CD single , cassette Recorded 1993 Genre House euro disco Length 4 : 11 Label Polydor Songwriter ( s ) Dan Hartman Producer ( s ) Joey Negro , Andrew Livingstone Take That singles chronology `` Pray '' ( 1993 ) `` Relight My Fire '' ( 1993 ) `` Babe '' ( 1993 ) `` Pray '' ( 1993 ) `` Relight My Fire '' ( 1993 ) `` Babe '' ( 1993 ) Music video `` Relight My Fire '' on YouTube `` Relight My Fire '' was covered in 1993 by English boy band Take That and featured guest vocals from Lulu , reprising the Holloway role . The second of the band 's eleven number - one hits , it topped the UK Singles Chart for two weeks in October 1993 . It was the first UK number - one single for Lulu and at the time broke the record between an act 's chart debut and their reaching number one on the UK Singles Chart , happening 29 years 148 days after her debut with `` Shout '' in 1964 . The band performed Dan Hartman 's `` Vertigo / Relight My Fire '' version as the intro and opening number of their Nobody Else Tour ( featuring Juliet Roberts in the female vocal role ) . In 1999 , Love to Infinity remixed Take That 's cover and issued it on a `` 12 '' vinyl '' pressing `` 3.0 Hitmixes '' . In 2005 , the track was remixed for their reunion compilation , known as the ' Element Remix ' . However , only a 3 track CD single featuring the new remix was issued to DJs while the commercial CD single pressing was withdrawn . The song has received a silver disc certification and sold over 360,000 copies in the UK . The band appeared on Mooi ! Weer de Leeuw in the Netherlands on March 14 , 2009 to perform `` The Garden '' . They also ended up performing `` Back For Good '' and `` Relight My Fire '' due to popular demand from the host and audience the next day . Music video ( edit ) The music video depicts the band and singer Lulu dancing and partying in a club atmosphere . Personnel ( edit ) Gary Barlow -- lead vocals Howard Donald -- backing vocals Jason Orange -- backing vocals Mark Owen -- backing vocals Robbie Williams -- backing vocals Lulu -- guest vocals , backing vocals Track listings ( edit ) UK CD single # 1 ( 74321 16772 2 ) `` Relight My Fire '' ( Radio Version ) -- 3 : 59 `` Relight My Fire '' ( Full Length Version ) -- 11 : 17 `` Relight My Fire '' ( Late Night Mix ) -- 6 : 47 `` Relight My Fire '' ( All Night Mix ) -- 6 : 58 `` Relight My Fire '' ( Night Beats ) -- 5 : 20 UK CD single # 2 ( 74321 16861 2 ) `` Relight My Fire '' ( album version ) -- 4 : 11 `` Why Ca n't I Wake Up with You ? '' ( live version ) -- 5 : 13 `` Motown Medley '' ( live version ) -- 10 : 14 `` Take That and Party '' ( live version ) -- 2 : 49 EU CD single # 1 ( 74321 17032 2 ) `` Relight My Fire '' ( radio version ) -- 3 : 59 `` Why Ca n't I Wake Up with You ? '' ( live version ) -- 5 : 13 EU CD single # 2 ( 74321 17033 2 ) `` Relight My Fire '' ( radio version ) -- 3 : 59 `` Why Ca n't I Wake Up with You ? '' ( live version ) -- 5 : 13 `` Relight My Fire '' ( Late Night Mix ) -- 6 : 47 Japanese 3 '' CD single ( BVDP - 94 ) `` Relight My Fire '' ( radio version ) -- 3 : 59 `` Why Ca n't I Wake Up with You ? '' ( live version ) -- 5 : 13 UK cassette ( 74321 16772 4 ) `` Relight My Fire '' ( radio version ) -- 3 : 59 `` Why Ca n't I Wake Up with You ? '' ( live version ) -- 5 : 13 UK 7 '' vinyl ( 74321 17032 7 ) `` Relight My Fire '' ( radio version ) -- 3 : 59 `` Why Ca n't I Wake Up with You ? '' ( live version ) -- 5 : 13 UK 12 '' vinyl ( 74321 16861 1 ) `` Relight My Fire '' ( Full Length Version ) -- 11 : 17 `` Relight My Fire '' ( All Night Mix ) -- 6 : 58 `` Relight My Fire '' ( Late Night Mix ) -- 6 : 47 `` Relight My Fire '' ( Percacapella ) -- 2 : 11 `` Relight My Fire '' ( Night Beats ) -- 5 : 20 UK 2005 withdrawn CD single ( 82876 76060 2 ) `` Relight My Fire '' ( Element Remix ) -- 3 : 46 `` Relight My Fire '' ( original version ) -- 4 : 11 `` Relight My Fire '' ( video ) -- 4 : 12 UK 2005 withdrawn 12 '' vinyl ( 82875 76061 5 ) `` Relight My Fire '' ( Element Remix ) -- 3 : 46 `` Relight My Fire '' ( Joey Negro Club Mix ) -- 6 : 43 `` Relight My Fire '' ( Joey Negro Vocal Mix ) -- 7 : 05 The medley contains versions of `` Just My Imagination '' , `` My Girl '' , `` Reach Out ( I 'll Be There ) '' , `` Get Ready '' , `` Treat Her Like a Lady '' and `` I Got You ( I Feel Good ) '' Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1993 -- 94 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 33 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 75 ) 27 Belgium ( Ultratop Flanders ) 10 Belgium ( Ultratop Wallonia ) 12 Europe ( Eurochart Hot 100 ) 8 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) Germany ( Media Control AG ) 18 Iceland ( Tonlist ) 24 Ireland ( IRMA ) Israel ( Media Forest ) Japan ( Oricon ) 33 Latvia ( EHR ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 10 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 32 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 18 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) Year - end chart ( 1993 ) Position Australian Singles Chart 109 Belgian ( Flanders ) Singles Chart 78 German Singles Chart 101 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 127 UK Singles Chart ( 1993 Year - End ) 28 Certifications ( edit ) Country Certification Sales certified United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 360,000 Official Take That versions ( edit ) Album version ( 4 : 10 ) Radio version ( 3 : 59 ) Full - length version ( 11 : 17 ) Late Night Mix ( 6 : 47 ) All Night Mix ( 6 : 58 ) Night Beats ( 5 : 20 ) Percacapella ( 2 : 11 ) Live at Wembley Stadium ( 8 : 07 ) Love to Infinity Mix ( 8 : 00 ) Greed Mix ( 8 : 13 ) Element Remix ( 3 : 46 ) Ricky Martin version ( edit ) `` Relight My Fire '' Single by Ricky Martin featuring Loleatta Holloway Released March 18 , 2003 ( 2003 - 03 - 18 ) Format Promo single Recorded 2003 Genre EDM Length 4 : 17 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Dan Hartman Producer ( s ) Hex Hector Ricky Martin singles chronology `` Come to Me '' ( 2002 ) Come to Me 2002 `` Relight My Fire '' ( 2003 ) Relight My Fire2003 `` Tal Vez '' ( 2003 ) Tal Vez 2003 Ricky Martin covered `` Relight My Fire '' in 2003 . In late January 2003 , Billboard reported that Grammy Award - winnig remixer Hex Hector recently spent time in the studio with Martin and Anastacia . The trio , with Hector in the producer 's seat , completed a cover of Dan Hartman 's disco classic `` Relight My Fire . '' Billboard added that Anastacia reprised Loleatta Holloway 's performance from the original , and the song should appear on Martin 's forthcoming album . However , the single released in March 2003 included Holloway 's original vocals , and the song did not appeared on any of Martin 's albums . `` Relight My Fire '' is credited to `` Martin featuring Loleatta Holloway . '' Chart performance ( edit ) On the Billboard issue dated April 19 , 2003 , `` Relight My Fire '' appeared on the Hot Dance Breakouts chart , and on May 3 , 2003 , it entered the Dance Club Songs at number thirty - eight . The song peaked at number five on June 21 , 2003 and spent twelve weeks on the Dance Club Songs chart . Formats and track listings ( edit ) US promotional CD single `` Relight My Fire '' ( Hex Hector / Mac Quayle Club Vocal Mix ) ( Edited ) -- 8 : 52 `` Relight My Fire '' ( Hex Hector / Mac Quayle Dub Mix ) -- 8 : 28 `` Relight My Fire '' ( Hex Hector / Mac Quayle Club Mix ) ( Full Version ) -- 9 : 08 `` Relight My Fire '' ( Hex Hector / Mac Quayle Radio Vocal Mix ) -- 4 : 17 `` Relight My Fire '' ( Hex Hector / Mac Quayle Club Instrumental ) -- 9 : 09 `` Relight My Fire '' ( Hex Hector / Mac Quayle Club A Cappella ) -- 4 : 17 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2003 ) Peak position US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 5 José Galisteo version ( edit ) In 2007 , José Galisteo , a contestant on Spain 's Operación Triunfo , recorded it on his debut disc , Remember . Lulu version ( edit ) On Friday June 5 , 2015 as part of BBC Music Day . Lulu did her own solo version of the Take That version from 1993 where she covered all of the vocals for the verses and her backing band stood in for Take That on the choruses . The whole song was performed live from The Quay in Glasgow on the BBC Red Button as part of The One Show Extra . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Relight My Fire '' . Ultrapop.be.nl . Jump up ^ `` Relight My Fire '' . Dutchcharts.nl . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel . Top Pop Singles 1955 - 2002 . Menomonee Falls , WI ; Record Research Books , 2003 , p. 304 Jump up ^ `` Dan Hartman '' . AllMusic . Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 558 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Steffen Hung . `` Take That feat . Lulu - Relight My Fire '' . lescharts.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Pennanen , Timo : Sisältää hitin - levyt ja esittäjät Suomen musiikkilistoilla vuodesta 1972 . Helsinki : Kustannusosakeyhtiö Otava , 2006 . ISBN 9789511210535 . page : 280 Jump up ^ `` Take That feat . Lulu - Relight My Fire '' . ultratop.be . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ http://swisscharts.com/song/Take-That-feat.-Lulu/Relight-My-Fire-2690 ( Retrieved September 17 , 2012 ) Jump up ^ `` Hits of the World - Eurochart Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . August 14 , 1993 . p. 40 . Retrieved July 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Take That singles , German Singles Chart '' ( in German ) . musicline . Retrieved April 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tonlist Top 40 '' . DV . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ Irish Single Chart Irishcharts.ie IRMA Irish Chart Archive . Jump up ^ `` Take That '' . Swisscharts.com . Jump up ^ `` Take That '' . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` M - 1 TOP 40 '' . M-1.fm . Archived from the original on 2015 - 04 - 02 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ UK Singles Chart Chartstats.com ( Retrieved April 10 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ 1993 Australian Singles Chart Australian-charts.com ( Retrieved July 28 , 2016 ) Jump up ^ 1993 Belgian ( Flanders ) Singles Chart Ultratop.be ( Retrieved July 28 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ 1993 German Singles Chart Ki.informatik.uni-wuerzburg.de ( Retrieved July 18 , 2016 ) Jump up ^ `` Jaarlijsten 1993 '' ( in Dutch ) . Stichting Nederlandse Top 40 . Retrieved July 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ UK certifications BPI.co.uk ( Retrieved September 2 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ Official Charts Company - best selling Take That songs 24 March 2017 Jump up ^ `` How Loleatta Holloway Became Disco 's Most Sampled Artist '' . Electronic Beats . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Beat Box '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ricky Martin '' . Hexhector.chez.com . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Dance Breakouts '' ( PDF ) . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dance Club Songs '' ( PDF ) . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dance Songs '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ricky Martin Chart History ( Dance Club Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` The Second Time Around '' by Shalamar Billboard Hot Dance Club Play number - one single ( Dan Hartman version with `` Vertigo '' and `` Free Ride '' ) January 12 , 1980 Succeeded by `` And the Beat Goes On '' / `` Can You Do the Boogie '' / `` Out the Box '' by The Whispers Preceded by `` Cryin ' '' by Aerosmith Israel Singles Chart ( Take That version ) November 2 , 1993 -- November 16 , 1993 ( 2 weeks ) Succeeded by `` The Sign '' by Ace of Base Preceded by `` Boom ! Shake the Room '' by DJ Jazzy Jeff & the Fresh Prince UK Singles Chart number - one single ( Take That version ) October 3 , 1993 -- October 17 , 1993 ( 2 weeks ) Succeeded by `` I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' by Meat Loaf Dan Hartman Studio albums Images ( 1976 ) Instant Replay ( 1978 ) Relight My Fire ( 1979 ) It Hurts to Be in Love ( 1981 ) I Can Dream About You ( 1984 ) White Boy ( 1986 ) New Green Clear Blue ( 1989 ) Keep the Fire Burnin ' ( 1994 ) Singles `` Instant Replay '' `` Relight My Fire '' `` Love Sensation '' `` Heaven in Your Arms '' `` All I Need '' `` I Can Dream About You '' `` We Are the Young '' `` Second Nature '' `` Get Outta Town '' `` Waiting to See You '' `` The Love You Take '' ( with Denise Lopez ) `` Keep the Fire Burnin ' ( starring Loleatta Holloway ) `` The Love in Your Eyes Record labels Blue Sky Records MCA Records Take That Gary Barlow Howard Donald Mark Owen Jason Orange Robbie Williams Studio albums Take That & Party ( 1992 ) Everything Changes ( 1993 ) Nobody Else ( 1995 ) Beautiful World ( 2006 ) The Circus ( 2008 ) Progress ( 2010 ) III ( 2014 ) Wonderland ( 2017 ) Other albums The Greatest Day -- Take That Present : The Circus Live ( 2009 ) Progressed ( 2011 ) Progress Live ( 2011 ) Compilation albums Take That : Greatest Hits ( 1996 ) The Best of Take That ( 2001 ) Forever ... Greatest Hits ( 2002 ) Never Forget -- The Ultimate Collection ( 2005 ) The Platinum Collection ( 2006 ) Singles `` Do What U Like '' `` Promises '' `` Once You 've Tasted Love '' `` It Only Takes a Minute '' `` I Found Heaven '' `` A Million Love Songs '' `` Could It Be Magic '' `` Why Ca n't I Wake Up with You '' `` Pray '' `` Relight My Fire '' `` Babe '' `` Everything Changes '' `` Love Ai n't Here Anymore '' `` Sure '' `` Back for Good '' `` Never Forget '' `` How Deep Is Your Love '' `` Patience '' `` Shine '' `` I 'd Wait for Life '' `` Reach Out '' `` Rule the World '' `` Greatest Day '' `` Up All Night '' `` The Garden '' `` Said It All '' `` Hold Up a Light '' `` The Flood '' `` Kidz '' `` Happy Now '' `` Love Love '' `` When We Were Young '' `` These Days '' `` Let in the Sun '' `` Higher Than Higher '' `` Hey Boy '' `` Cry '' `` Giants '' Tours Party Tour Everything Changes Tour Pops Tour Nobody Else Tour The Ultimate Tour Beautiful World Tour 2007 Take That Present : The Circus Live Progress Live Take That Live Wonderland Live Television Take That : For the Record Take That 's Countdown to Midnight Theatre Never Forget : The Musical The Band Related articles Discography Songs Nigel Martin - Smith John Shanks Stuart Price SingStar Take That Ricky Martin singles 1990s releases Ricky Martin ( 1991 ) `` Fuego Contra Fuego '' `` El Amor de Mi Vida '' `` Vuelo '' `` Dime Que Me Quieres '' `` Susana '' `` Juego de Ajedrez '' `` Ser Feliz '' Me Amarás ( 1993 ) `` Me Amarás '' `` Que Día Es Hoy '' `` Entre el Amor y los Halagos '' `` No Me Pidas Más '' A Medio Vivir ( 1995 ) `` Te Extraño , Te Olvido , Te Amo '' `` María '' `` A Medio Vivir '' `` Fuego de Noche , Nieve de Día '' `` Cómo Decirte Adiós '' `` Bombón de Azúcar '' `` Volverás '' `` Nada es Imposible '' `` Corazón '' `` Dónde Estarás '' Vuelve ( 1998 ) `` No Importa la Distancia '' `` Vuelve '' `` The Cup of Life '' `` La Bomba '' `` Perdido Sin Ti '' `` Por Arriba , Por Abajo '' `` Casi un Bolero '' `` Corazonado '' Ricky Martin ( 1999 ) `` Livin ' la Vida Loca '' `` She 's All I Ever Had '' `` Shake Your Bon - Bon '' `` Private Emotion '' 2000s releases Sound Loaded ( 2000 ) `` She Bangs '' `` Nobody Wants to Be Lonely '' `` Loaded '' `` Cambia la Piel '' The Best of Ricky Martin ( 2001 ) `` Amor '' `` Come to Me '' Almas del Silencio ( 2003 ) `` Tal Vez '' `` Jaleo '' `` Asignatura Pendiente '' `` Juramento '' `` Y Todo Queda en Nada '' Life ( 2005 ) `` I Do n't Care '' `` Drop It on Me '' `` It 's Alright '' MTV Unplugged ( 2006 ) `` Tu Recuerdo '' `` Pégate '' `` Gracias por Pensar en Mi '' `` Con Tu Nombre '' Ricky Martin ... Live Black & White Tour ( 2007 ) `` Somos la Semilla '' 2010s releases Música + Alma + Sexo ( 2011 ) `` The Best Thing About Me Is You / Lo Mejor de Mi Vida Eres Tú '' `` Shine '' `` Más '' `` Frío '' `` Samba '' A Quien Quiera Escuchar ( 2015 ) `` Adiós '' `` Disparo al Corazón '' `` La Mordidita '' `` Perdóname '' Other releases Other songs `` Relight My Fire ( 2003 ) `` Come with Me '' ( 2013 ) `` Vida '' ( 2014 ) `` Mr. Put It Down '' ( 2015 ) `` Vente Pa ' Ca '' Collaborations `` Puedes Llegar '' ( 1996 ) `` Ask for More '' ( 1999 ) `` Non siamo soli '' ( 2007 ) `` Más y Más '' ( 2013 ) `` Adrenalina '' ( 2014 ) `` Que Se Sienta El Deseo '' ( 2015 ) `` Escápate Conmigo '' ( 2017 ) Charity songs `` El Ultimo Adios ( The Last Goodbye ) '' ( 2001 ) `` What More Can I Give '' ( 2003 ) `` Somos El Mundo 25 Por Haiti '' ( 2010 ) Lulu Studio albums Something to Shout About Love Loves to Love Lulu Lulu 's Album New Routes Melody Fair Lulu Heaven and Earth and the Stars Do n't Take Love for Granted Lulu Take Me to Your Heart Again Independence Together Back on Track A Little Soul in Your Heart Making Life Rhyme Compilation albums The Most of Lulu The Greatest Hits Selected singles `` Shout '' `` Ca n't Hear You No More '' `` Here Comes the Night '' `` Call Me '' `` To Sir With Love '' `` Morning Dew '' `` Boom Bang - a-Bang '' `` Oh Me Oh My ( I 'm a Fool for You Baby ) '' `` Everybody Clap '' `` The Man Who Sold the World '' `` The Man with the Golden Gun '' `` I Could Never Miss You ( More Than I Do ) '' `` My Boy Lollipop '' `` Nellie the Elephant '' `` Relight My Fire '' ( with Take That ) `` How ' Bout Us '' `` Where the Poor Boys Dance '' `` We 've Got Tonight '' ( with Ronan Keating ) `` Put a Little Love in Your Heart '' `` Run Rudolph Run '' Related articles Discography Eurovision Song Contest 1969 UK Here Come the Girls Book : Lulu Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Relight_My_Fire&oldid=816895688 '' Categories : 1979 singles 1979 songs 1993 singles Dan Hartman songs Take That songs Lulu ( singer ) songs Loleatta Holloway songs Billboard Dance Club Songs number - one singles Disco songs UK Singles Chart number - one singles Song recordings produced by Dan Hartman Songs written by Dan Hartman Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Use mdy dates from September 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart called without song Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Italiano ქართული Nederlands 日本 語 Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 24 December 2017 , at 13 : 28 . About Wikipedia | who sang relight my fire before take that | [
"\"Relight My Fire\" is a popular song which was written and released by Dan Hartman in 1979, when it topped the US dance music charts for six weeks. It was also performed by Costa Anadiotis' band Café Society in 1984 and British boy band Take That (with Lulu in a featured role) in 1993."
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"Dan Hartman"
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4591824951736767133 | Forage (honey bee) | Forage ( honey bee ) - Wikipedia Forage ( honey bee ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) European honey bee collecting nectar and pollen European honey bee flies back to the hive after collecting pollen . Pollen is temporarily stored in pollen baskets For bees , their forage or food supply consists of nectar and pollen from blooming plants within flight range . The forage sources for honey bees are an important consideration for beekeepers . In order to determine where to locate hives for maximum honey production and brood one must consider the off - season . If there are no honey flows the bees may have to be fed . Bees that are used for pollination are usually fed in the holding yards . Forage is also significant for pollination management with other bee species . Nectar contains sugars that are the primary source of energy for the bees ' wing muscles and for heat for honey bee colonies for winter . Pollen provides the protein and trace minerals that are mostly fed to the brood in order to replace bees lost in the normal course of life cycle and colony activity . As a rule of thumb the foraging area around a beehive extends for two miles ( 3 km ) , although bees have been observed foraging twice and three times this distance from the hive . Experiments have shown that beehives within 4 miles of a food source will gain weight , but beyond that the energy expended is greater than that gained during the foraging flight . Foraging at extreme distances wears out the wings of individual bees , reduces the life expectancy of foraging bees and therefore the efficiency of the colony . The minimum temperature for active honeybee foraging is approximately 55 ° F ( 13 ° C ) . Full foraging activity is not achieved until the temperature rises to 66 ° F ( 19 ° C ) . There are small differences in the races of the Western honey bees at what temperature they will start foraging . The main nectar source and main pollen source differ widely with the latitude , region , season and type of vegetation . Bees are able to communicate direction and distance of a food source by means of the round dance , waggle dance and shaking signals . In addition to nectar and pollen , honey bees may forage for a honeydew source in certain coniferous trees and on oaks . One Queen bee is essential to every hive as the only individual who can lay fertilized eggs necessary to rear workers and new queens and therefore continuation of the species . See also ( edit ) Northern Nectar Sources for Honey Bees Nectar source Pollen source Honeydew source List of honey plants Melliferous flower Regional honeys June Gap References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Eckert , JE , The flight range of the honeybee , J. of Agricultural Research , v. 47 , no . 8 , p 257 - 285 ( 1933 ) This bee - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Forage_(honey_bee)&oldid=717383760 '' Categories : Western honey bee behavior Flowers Plants and pollinators Pollination Sustainable gardening Bee stubs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from May 2013 All articles needing additional references All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 27 April 2016 , at 10 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how far do honey bees travel from their hive | [
"As a rule of thumb the foraging area around a beehive extends for two miles (3 km), although bees have been observed foraging twice and three times this distance from the hive. Experiments have shown that beehives within 4 miles of a food source will gain weight, but beyond that the energy expended is greater than that gained during the foraging flight.[1] Foraging at extreme distances wears out the wings of individual bees, reduces the life expectancy of foraging bees and therefore the efficiency of the colony. The minimum temperature for active honeybee foraging is approximately 55 °F (13 °C). Full foraging activity is not achieved until the temperature rises to 66 °F (19 °C). There are small differences in the races of the Western honey bees at what temperature they will start foraging."
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"4 miles"
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8303679043433771433 | National Basketball Association All-Star Game | National Basketball Association All - Star game - wikipedia National Basketball Association All - Star game Jump to : navigation , search National Basketball Association All - Star Game Frequency Annual Inaugurated 1951 Most recent 2017 ( New Orleans ) Previous event 2016 ( Toronto ) Next event 2018 ( Los Angeles ) Participants Eastern Conference and Western Conference All - Stars Organized by National Basketball Association The National Basketball Association All - Star Game is a basketball exhibition game hosted every February by the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , matching a mix of the league 's star players from the Eastern Conference and the Western Conference . Each team consists of 12 players , making it 24 in total . It is the featured event of NBA All - Star Weekend . NBA All - Star Weekend is a three - day event which goes from Friday to Sunday . The All - Star game was first staged at the Boston Garden on March 2 , 1951 . The starting lineup for each squad is selected by a combination of fan , player , and media voting , while the reserves are chosen by a vote among the head coaches from each squad 's respective conference . Coaches are not allowed to vote for their own players . If a selected player is injured and can not participate , the NBA commissioner selects a replacement . The vote leaders for each conferences are assigned as captains and can choose from a pool of players named as all - stars to form their teams . The newly formed teams will also play for a charity of choice to help the games remain competitive . The head coach of the team with the best record in each conference is chosen to lead their respective conference in the All - Star Game , with a prohibition against repeat appearances . Known as the `` Riley Rule '' , it was created after perennially successful Los Angeles Lakers head coach Pat Riley earned the right to coach the Western Conference team eight times in nine seasons between 1982 and 1990 . The coach of the team with the next best record serves instead . The 2017 All - Star weekend was originally awarded to Charlotte , North Carolina . On March 23 , 2016 , North Carolina passed House Bill 2 as a remedy to Charlotte Ordinance 7056 . This led to the NBA threatening to pull the game from Charlotte if the bill was not repealed or revised so as to not discriminate against the LGBT community . The NBA announced on July 21 , 2016 that the game would be moved from Charlotte to New Orleans . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Features of the All - Star Game 3 All - Star Game records 4 All - Star Game results 5 Other All - Star events 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) The idea of holding an All - Star Game was conceived during a meeting between NBA President Maurice Podoloff , NBA publicity director Haskell Cohen and Boston Celtics owner Walter A. Brown . At that time , the basketball world had just been stunned by the college basketball point - shaving scandal . In order to regain public attention to the league , Cohen suggested the league to host an exhibition game featuring the league 's best players , similar to Major League Baseball 's All - Star Game . Although most people , including Podoloff , were pessimistic about the idea , Brown remained confident that it would be a success , and he even offered to host the game and to cover all the expenses or potential losses incurred from the game . In the first All - Star Game , the Eastern All - Stars team defeated the Western All - Stars team 111 -- 94 . Boston Celtics ' Ed Macauley was named as the first NBA All - Star Game Most Valuable Player , and the All - Star Game became a success , drawing an attendance of 10,094 , much higher than that season 's average attendance of 3,500 . In 2010 , the NBA All Star Game attendance record was set when 108,713 fans jammed Cowboys Stadium in Arlington , Texas . This shattered the existing attendance record previously held at Ford Field on Dec. 13 , 2003 when 78,129 attendees watched Michigan State play Duke . On October 3 , 2017 , the NBA and NBPA announced the changes to the NBA All - Star Game format starting with the 2018 NBA All - Star Game . The vote leaders for each conferences will be assigned as team captains and will be able to select players from the rest of the starters and the reserves , regardless of the conference they play in , to form their own teams . This marks the first time , the conferences will not play against each other since the inaugural All - Star game . Features of the All - Star game ( edit ) The starting five from each conference consists of three frontcourt players and two guards , selected by a combination of fan , player , and media voting . In 2017 , the NBA moved from a pure fan vote to a weighted process wherein fan voting accounts for 50 % of the total and player and media voting account for 25 % each . The league made the change in response to social media campaigns that resulted in mediocre players such as journeyman Zaza Pachulia nearly being voted as All - Star starters over more deserving players. , Prior to 2013 , fans selected two forwards and one center instead of generic frontcourt players . The NBA in 2003 began offering All - Star ballots in three languages -- English , Spanish and Chinese -- for fan voting of the starters . NBA coaches vote for the reserves for their respective conferences , none of which can be players on their own team . Each coach selects two guards , three frontcourt players and two wild cards , with each selected player ranked in order of preference within each category . If a multi-position player is to be selected , coaches are encouraged to vote for the player at the position that is `` most advantageous for the All - Star team '' , regardless of where the player is listed on the All - Star ballot or the position he is listed in box scores . If a player is unavailable for the game due to injury , the NBA commissioner selects a replacement for the roster . If the replacement is for a fan - selected starter , the all - star coach chooses the replacement in the starting lineup , and is not limited to the commissioner 's addition to the roster . It is also possible for more than one All - Star to be selected from one team , but there has never been more than 4 All - Stars represent a team in the game . Most recently was the 2017 Golden State Warriors who had 4 players represent that team ( Stephen Curry , Kevin Durant , Draymond Green , and Klay Thompson . ) This has only occurred 8 times dating back to 1962 Boston Celtics and the 1962 Los Angeles Lakers . The Game is played under normal NBA rules , but there are notable differences from an average game . Since the starting All - Stars are selected by fan vote , players sometimes start the game at atypical positions . For instance , in 2007 Kobe Bryant and Tracy McGrady had the two highest fan vote totals among Western Conference guards . As both players normally play shooting guard , Bryant , who is 6'6 '' ( 198 cm ) , started the game as a point guard , despite him also manning the shooting guard position on his team . The player introductions are usually accompanied by a significant amount of fanfare , including lighting effects , dance music , and pyrotechnics . Special uniforms are designed for the game each year , usually red for the Western Conference and blue for the Eastern Conference , but the 1997 -- 2002 games allowed players the opportunity to wear their respective team uniforms , and until 2009 and from 2015 to the present , the host conference wore light uniforms . Originally players from the same team who share a number have the option to either keep or change numbers ( e.g. Patrick Ewing trading his familiar # 33 for # 3 because of Larry Bird wearing the same number ) , but since 1997 players from the same team can keep their customary uniform numbers even if they share them . A major recording artist typically sings `` O Canada '' and `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' prior to tipoff . One of the more memorable performances was given by Marvin Gaye during the 1983 game ; Gaye was accompanied by Gordon Banks , who played a tape from an all night session that used numerous elements of soul music and funk , and Banks still has that historic tape of the music to which Gaye sang his soulful version . Gameplay usually involves players attempting spectacular slam dunks and alley oops . Defensive effort is usually limited and the final score of the game is generally much higher than an average NBA game . The coaches also try to give most of the reserve players some time on the court instead of using a limited rotation as they would in a normal game , but giving the starters more minutes because that 's who the fans want to see most . The fourth quarter of the game is often played in a more competitive fashion , if the game is close . Halftime is also longer than a typical NBA game due to musical performances by popular artists . Recent guests have included Michael Jackson , Snoop Dogg , Ariana Grande , Elton John , Beyoncé , Mariah Carey , OutKast , Alicia Keys , Shakira , Rihanna , Nicki Minaj , Kendrick Lamar , Christina Aguilera , and John Legend . All - Star Game records ( edit ) Main article : NBA All - Star Game records All - Star game results ( edit ) This is a list of each All - Star Game , the venue at which it was played , and the Game MVP . Parenthesized numbers indicate multiple times that venue , city , or player has occurred as of that instance ( e.g. `` Michael Jordan ( 2 ) '' in 1996 indicates that was his second All - Star MVP award ) . As of the 2017 All - Star Game ( the 2016 -- 17 NBA season ) , the Eastern Conference leads with a record of 37 wins and 29 losses . The Western Conference has won the last 3 games . Eastern Conference ( 37 wins ) Western Conference ( 29 wins ) Note : Stadium names are named based on the name at the day of the All - Star Game . Year Result Host arena Host city Game MVP 1951 East 111 , West 94 Boston Garden Boston , Massachusetts Ed Macauley , Boston Celtics 1952 East 108 , West 91 Boston Garden ( 2 ) Boston , Massachusetts ( 2 ) Paul Arizin , Philadelphia Warriors 1953 West 79 , East 75 Allen County War Memorial Coliseum Fort Wayne , Indiana George Mikan , Minneapolis Lakers 1954 East 98 , West 93 ( OT ) Madison Square Garden ( 1925 ) * * New York City , New York Bob Cousy , Boston Celtics 1955 East 100 , West 91 Madison Square Garden ( 1925 ) * * ( 2 ) New York City , New York ( 2 ) Bill Sharman , Boston Celtics 1956 West 108 , East 94 Rochester War Memorial Coliseum Rochester , New York Bob Pettit , St. Louis Hawks 1957 East 109 , West 97 Boston Garden ( 3 ) Boston , Massachusetts ( 3 ) Bob Cousy ( 2 ) , Boston Celtics 1958 East 130 , West 118 St. Louis Arena St. Louis , Missouri Bob Pettit ( 2 ) , St. Louis Hawks 1959 West 124 , East 108 Olympia Stadium Detroit , Michigan Elgin Baylor , Minneapolis Lakers Bob Pettit ( 3 ) , St. Louis Hawks 1960 East 125 , West 115 Convention Hall Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors 1961 West 153 , East 131 Onondaga County War Memorial Coliseum Syracuse , New York Oscar Robertson , Cincinnati Royals 1962 West 150 , East 130 St. Louis Arena ( 2 ) St. Louis , Missouri ( 2 ) Bob Pettit ( 4 ) , St. Louis Hawks 1963 East 115 , West 108 LA Sports Arena Los Angeles , California Bill Russell , Boston Celtics 1964 East 111 , West 107 Boston Garden ( 4 ) Boston , Massachusetts ( 4 ) Oscar Robertson ( 2 ) , Cincinnati Royals 1965 East 124 , West 123 St. Louis Arena ( 3 ) St. Louis , Missouri ( 3 ) Jerry Lucas , Cincinnati Royals 1966 East 137 , West 94 Cincinnati Gardens Cincinnati , Ohio Adrian Smith , Cincinnati Royals 1967 West 135 , East 120 Cow Palace Daly City , California Rick Barry , San Francisco Warriors 1968 East 144 , West 124 Madison Square Garden ( 1925 ) * * ( 3 ) New York City , New York ( 3 ) Hal Greer , Philadelphia 76ers 1969 East 123 , West 112 Baltimore Civic Center Baltimore , Maryland Oscar Robertson ( 3 ) , Cincinnati Royals 1970 East 142 , West 135 The Spectrum Philadelphia , Pennsylvania ( 2 ) Willis Reed , New York Knicks 1971 West 108 , East 107 San Diego Sports Arena San Diego , California Lenny Wilkens , Seattle SuperSonics 1972 West 112 , East 110 The Forum Inglewood , California Jerry West , Los Angeles Lakers 1973 East 104 , West 84 Chicago Stadium Chicago , Illinois Dave Cowens , Boston Celtics West 134 , East 123 Seattle Center Coliseum Seattle , Washington Bob Lanier , Detroit Pistons East 108 , West 102 Arizona Veterans Memorial Coliseum Phoenix , Arizona Walt Frazier , New York Knicks 1976 East 123 , West 109 The Spectrum ( 2 ) Philadelphia , Pennsylvania ( 3 ) Dave Bing , Washington Bullets 1977 West 125 , East 124 Milwaukee Arena Milwaukee , Wisconsin Julius Erving , Philadelphia 76ers 1978 East 133 , West 125 Omni Coliseum Atlanta , Georgia Randy Smith , Buffalo Braves 1979 West 134 , East 129 Pontiac Silverdome Pontiac , Michigan † David Thompson , Denver Nuggets 1980 East 144 , West 136 ( OT ) Capital Centre Landover , Maryland George Gervin , San Antonio Spurs 1981 East 123 , West 120 Coliseum at Richfield Richfield , Ohio Nate Archibald , Boston Celtics 1982 East 120 , West 118 Brendan Byrne Arena East Rutherford , New Jersey Larry Bird , Boston Celtics East 132 , West 123 The Forum ( 2 ) Inglewood , California ( 2 ) Julius Erving ( 2 ) , Philadelphia 76ers 1984 East 154 , West 145 ( OT ) McNichols Sports Arena Denver , Colorado Isiah Thomas , Detroit Pistons 1985 West 140 , East 129 Hoosier Dome Indianapolis , Indiana † Ralph Sampson , Houston Rockets 1986 East 139 , West 132 Reunion Arena Dallas , Texas Isiah Thomas ( 2 ) , Detroit Pistons West 154 , East 149 ( OT ) Kingdome Seattle , Washington † ( 2 ) Tom Chambers , Seattle SuperSonics 1988 East 138 , West 133 Chicago Stadium ( 2 ) Chicago , Illinois ( 2 ) Michael Jordan , Chicago Bulls 1989 West 143 , East 134 Astrodome Houston , Texas † Karl Malone , Utah Jazz 1990 East 130 , West 113 Miami Arena Miami , Florida Magic Johnson , Los Angeles Lakers 1991 East 116 , West 114 Charlotte Coliseum Charlotte , North Carolina Charles Barkley , Philadelphia 76ers 1992 West 153 , East 113 Orlando Arena Orlando , Florida Magic Johnson ( 2 ) , Los Angeles Lakers 1993 West 135 , East 132 ( OT ) Delta Center Salt Lake City , Utah Karl Malone ( 2 ) , Utah Jazz John Stockton , Utah Jazz 1994 East 127 , West 118 Target Center Minneapolis , Minnesota Scottie Pippen , Chicago Bulls 1995 West 139 , East 112 America West Arena § Phoenix , Arizona ( 2 ) Mitch Richmond , Sacramento Kings East 129 , West 118 Alamodome San Antonio , Texas Michael Jordan ( 2 ) , Chicago Bulls 1997 East 132 , West 120 Gund Arena Cleveland , Ohio Glen Rice , Charlotte Hornets 1998 East 135 , West 114 Madison Square Garden * * * New York City , New York ( 4 ) Michael Jordan ( 3 ) , Chicago Bulls 1999 Canceled due to the league 's lockout . The game was originally set to play at the First Union Center in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . 2000 West 137 , East 126 The Arena in Oakland Oakland , California Tim Duncan , San Antonio Spurs Shaquille O'Neal , Los Angeles Lakers 2001 East 111 , West 110 MCI Center Washington , D.C. Allen Iverson , Philadelphia 76ers 2002 West 135 , East 120 First Union Center Philadelphia , Pennsylvania ( 4 ) Kobe Bryant , Los Angeles Lakers 2003 West 155 , East 145 ( 2 OT ) Philips Arena Atlanta , Georgia ( 2 ) Kevin Garnett , Minnesota Timberwolves West 136 , East 132 Staples Center Los Angeles , California ( 2 ) Shaquille O'Neal ( 2 ) , Los Angeles Lakers 2005 East 125 , West 115 Pepsi Center Denver , Colorado ( 2 ) Allen Iverson ( 2 ) , Philadelphia 76ers 2006 East 122 , West 120 Toyota Center Houston , Texas ( 2 ) LeBron James , Cleveland Cavaliers 2007 West 153 , East 132 Thomas & Mack Center Las Vegas , Nevada * Kobe Bryant ( 2 ) , Los Angeles Lakers 2008 East 134 , West 128 New Orleans Arena § New Orleans , Louisiana LeBron James ( 2 ) , Cleveland Cavaliers 2009 West 146 , East 119 US Airways Center ( 2 ) Phoenix , Arizona ( 3 ) Kobe Bryant ( 3 ) , Los Angeles Lakers Shaquille O'Neal ( 3 ) , Phoenix Suns East 141 , West 139 Cowboys Stadium Arlington , Texas # † Dwyane Wade , Miami Heat 2011 West 148 , East 143 Staples Center ( 2 ) Los Angeles , California ( 3 ) Kobe Bryant ( 4 ) , Los Angeles Lakers 2012 West 152 , East 149 Amway Center Orlando , Florida ( 2 ) Kevin Durant , Oklahoma City Thunder 2013 West 143 , East 138 Toyota Center ( 2 ) Houston , Texas ( 3 ) Chris Paul , Los Angeles Clippers 2014 East 163 , West 155 Smoothie King Center ( 2 ) New Orleans , Louisiana ( 2 ) Kyrie Irving , Cleveland Cavaliers 2015 West 163 , East 158 Madison Square Garden ( 2 ) * * * / Barclays Center New York City , New York ( 5 ) Russell Westbrook , Oklahoma City Thunder 2016 West 196 , East 173 Air Canada Centre Toronto , Ontario Russell Westbrook ( 2 ) , Oklahoma City Thunder 2017 West 192 , East 182 Smoothie King Center ( 3 ) New Orleans , Louisiana ( 3 ) Anthony Davis , New Orleans Pelicans 2018 TBA vs. TBA Staples Center ( 3 ) Los Angeles , California ( 4 ) 2019 TBA vs. TBA Spectrum Center Charlotte , North Carolina ( 2 ) Notes * denotes a city without an NBA team in play during that calendar year . * * denotes game played at the `` third '' Madison Square Garden on 8th Avenue between 49th and 50th Streets , which the first three NBA All - Star Games played in Madison Square Garden ( 1954 , ' 55 and ' 68 ) were . * * * denotes game played at the `` fourth '' ( or current as of 2017 ) Madison Square Garden that runs from 31st to 33rd Streets from 8th to west of 7th Avenues above the western half of Penn Station in Manhattan that opened in February 1968 , approximately one month after the 1968 game was played in the `` old '' MSG . † denotes an NBA All - Star game that is held at an NFL or MLB stadium . § denotes a stadium or arena whose venue name has since changed AND the venue has hosted a subsequent NBA All - Star game under the alternate name . Portland , Sacramento , Memphis , and Oklahoma City are the only current NBA cities that have not yet hosted an NBA All - Star Game . New arenas that have not hosted the All - Star Game in markets that have hosted it previously are BMO Harris Bradley Center in Milwaukee , United Center in Chicago , TD Garden in Boston , American Airlines Arena in Miami , Bankers Life Fieldhouse in Indianapolis , American Airlines Center in Dallas , Spectrum Center in Charlotte , AT&T Center in San Antonio , and Little Caesars Arena ( opening for 2017 -- 18 ) in Detroit . # Arlington , Texas does not have an NBA team within its city limits , but it is a part of the Dallas -- Fort Worth metroplex that has an NBA team ( the Dallas Mavericks ) . Other All - Star events ( edit ) Main article : NBA All - Star Weekend The All - Star Game is the featured event of All - Star Weekend , and it is held on a Sunday night . All - Star Weekend also includes a number of popular exhibition games and competitions featuring NBA players and alumni as well as players from the Women 's National Basketball Association ( WNBA ) and NBA G League ( G League ) . See also ( edit ) National Basketball Association portal List of NBA All - Stars WNBA All - Star Game Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Although Brooklyn has not hosted an All - Star Game , New York City has hosted at the third and current Madison Square Gardens , both home to the New York Knicks . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` How NBA 's new voting format determined All - Star starters , snubs '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` Anthony snubbed when All - Star reserves announced '' . espn.com . Associated Press . February 1 , 2007 . Retrieved February 2 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` No more East vs. West as NBA revamps All - Star Game format '' . NBA.com . October 3 , 2017 . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Richard ( July 3 , 2000 ) . `` Haskell Cohen , 86 , Publicist ; Created N.B.A. All - Star Game '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Forrester , Paul ( February 16 , 2007 ) . `` That 's entertainment ; Counting down the top 15 All - Star Weekend moments '' . Sports Illustrated . Time Warner Company . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Penikis , Andrejs. `` 57 Memorable All - Star Moments -- 1950s '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2009 . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ MacMahon , Tim . `` Jones , Cuban hoping to break 100,000 '' . ESPNDallas.com . Jump up ^ `` How NBA 's new voting format determined All - Star starters , snubs '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` How NBA 's new voting format determined All - Star starters , snubs '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Players and media can now vote on NBA All - Star starters '' . SBNation.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ Beck , Howard ( October 24 , 2012 ) . `` The All - Star Center is Officially Extinct '' . New York Times . Retrieved October 24 , 2012 . The N.B.A. , bowing to new realities in a multi-positional era , has eliminated `` center '' from its All - Star ballots for the 2012 -- 13 season . Instead , fans will vote for three frontcourt players and two guards . Jump up ^ Vecsey , George ( January 12 , 2003 ) . `` Fans in Shanghai Are Voting in the Mainstream '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Stein , Marc ( January 18 , 2013 ) . `` 1 . Reserve Judgment : Stein 's All - Star Benches '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` DeMarcus Cousins to replace Kobe Bryant in 2015 NBA All - Star Game '' ( Press release ) . NBA . January 30 , 2015 . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Trivia : NBA Teams with 4 All - Stars '' . Jump up ^ Steele , David ( December 9 , 1998 ) . `` NBA Drops All - Stars -- What 's Left ? February game in Philly latest casualty of lockout '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved December 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Charlotte to host NBA All - Star 2019 '' . NBA.com . May 24 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) NBA All - Star Game at NBA.com NBA All - Star Game at Basketball-Reference.com NBA All - Star Game at ESPN.com NBA All - Star Games All - Star Weekend Rising Stars Challenge Shooting Stars Competition Skills Challenge Three - Point Contest Slam Dunk Contest H-O-R-S-E Competition Celebrity Game Legends Classic All - Star Game MVP Award Records List of NBA All - Stars Vote leaders Head coaches Broadcasters TV ratings D - League All - Star Game WNBA All - Star Game 1950s 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 NBA All - Star Game Most Valuable Player Award 1951 : Macauley 1952 : Arizin 1953 : Mikan 1954 : Cousy 1955 : Sharman 1956 : Pettit 1957 : Cousy 1958 : Pettit 1959 : Baylor & Pettit 1960 : Chamberlain 1961 : Robertson 1962 : Pettit 1963 : Russell 1964 : Robertson 1965 : Lucas 1966 : A. Smith 1967 : Barry 1968 : Greer 1969 : Robertson 1970 : Reed 1971 : Wilkens 1972 : West 1973 : Cowens 1974 : Lanier 1975 : Frazier 1976 : Bing 1977 : Erving 1978 : R. Smith 1979 : Thompson 1980 : Gervin 1981 : Archibald 1982 : Bird 1983 : Erving 1984 : Thomas 1985 : Sampson 1986 : Thomas 1987 : Chambers 1988 : Jordan 1989 : Malone 1990 : Johnson 1991 : Barkley 1992 : Johnson 1993 : Stockton & Malone 1994 : Pippen 1995 : Richmond 1996 : Jordan 1997 : Rice 1998 : Jordan 1999 : No game played 2000 : O'Neal & Duncan 2001 : Iverson 2002 : Bryant 2003 : Garnett 2004 : O'Neal 2005 : Iverson 2006 : James 2007 : Bryant 2008 : James 2009 : Bryant & O'Neal 2010 : Wade 2011 : Bryant 2012 : Durant 2013 : Paul 2014 : Irving 2015 : Westbrook 2016 : Westbrook 2017 : Davis National Basketball Association Eastern Conference Atlantic Boston Celtics Brooklyn Nets New York Knicks Philadelphia 76ers Toronto Raptors Central Chicago Bulls Cleveland Cavaliers Detroit Pistons Indiana Pacers Milwaukee Bucks Southeast Atlanta Hawks Charlotte Hornets Miami Heat Orlando Magic Washington Wizards Western Conference Northwest Denver Nuggets Minnesota Timberwolves Oklahoma City Thunder Portland Trail Blazers Utah Jazz Pacific Golden State Warriors Los Angeles Clippers Los Angeles Lakers Phoenix Suns Sacramento Kings Southwest Dallas Mavericks Houston Rockets Memphis Grizzlies New Orleans Pelicans San Antonio Spurs Annual events Draft Summer League Christmas Day All - Star Weekend Game MVP Playoffs List Finals Champions MVP Others NBA Silver Anniversary Team NBA 35th Anniversary Team 50 Greatest Players ABA Merger Arenas Awards BAA Cheerleading Collective bargaining agreement Criticisms and controversies 2007 Tim Donaghy betting scandal G League Dress code Draft eligibility Global Games Africa 2015 , Africa 2017 First overall draft picks Hall of Fame Members Head coaches Current Player - coaches Champions Foreign coaches Lockouts Larry O'Brien Trophy Mascots Midwest Division NBA champions NBA Store Media TV NBA TV NBL NBPA Owners Players Current rosters Foreign players Race and ethnicity Retired numbers Banned or suspended Highest paid Records regular season post-season All - Star Game Win - loss records Rivalries Salary cap Seasons Teams Defunct Expansion Relocated Timeline WNBA Basketball in the United States Portal 2017 -- 18 season Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Basketball_Association_All-Star_Game&oldid=804985832 '' Categories : Recurring sporting events established in 1951 National Basketball Association All - Star Game Basketball All - Star Games Annual sporting events in the United States 1951 establishments in the United States Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from February 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Català Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 October 2017 , at 10 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the last time the east all stars won | [
"\n\nYear\nResult\nHost arena\nHost city\nGame MVP\n\n\n1951\nEast 111, West 94\nBoston Garden\nBoston, Massachusetts\nEd Macauley, Boston Celtics\n\n\n1952\nEast 108, West 91\nBoston Garden (2)\nBoston, Massachusetts (2)\nPaul Arizin, Philadelphia Warriors\n\n\n1953\nWest 79, East 75\nAllen County War Memorial Coliseum\nFort Wayne, Indiana\nGeorge Mikan, Minneapolis Lakers\n\n\n1954\nEast 98, West 93 (OT)\nMadison Square Garden (1925)**\nNew York City, New York\nBob Cousy, Boston Celtics\n\n\n1955\nEast 100, West 91\nMadison Square Garden (1925)** (2)\nNew York City, New York (2)\nBill Sharman, Boston Celtics\n\n\n1956\nWest 108, East 94\nRochester War Memorial Coliseum\nRochester, New York\nBob Pettit, St. Louis Hawks\n\n\n1957\nEast 109, West 97\nBoston Garden (3)\nBoston, Massachusetts (3)\nBob Cousy (2), Boston Celtics\n\n\n1958\nEast 130, West 118\nSt. Louis Arena\nSt. Louis, Missouri\nBob Pettit (2), St. Louis Hawks\n\n\n1959\nWest 124, East 108\nOlympia Stadium\nDetroit, Michigan\nElgin Baylor, Minneapolis Lakers\nBob Pettit (3), St. Louis Hawks\n\n\n1960\nEast 125, West 115\nConvention Hall\nPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania\nWilt Chamberlain, Philadelphia Warriors\n\n\n1961\nWest 153, East 131\nOnondaga County War Memorial Coliseum\nSyracuse, New York\nOscar Robertson, Cincinnati Royals\n\n\n1962\nWest 150, East 130\nSt. Louis Arena (2)\nSt. Louis, Missouri (2)\nBob Pettit (4), St. Louis Hawks\n\n\n1963\nEast 115, West 108\nLA Sports Arena\nLos Angeles, California\nBill Russell, Boston Celtics\n\n\n1964\nEast 111, West 107\nBoston Garden (4)\nBoston, Massachusetts (4)\nOscar Robertson (2), Cincinnati Royals\n\n\n1965\nEast 124, West 123\nSt. Louis Arena (3)\nSt. Louis, Missouri (3)\nJerry Lucas, Cincinnati Royals\n\n\n1966\nEast 137, West 94\nCincinnati Gardens\nCincinnati, Ohio\nAdrian Smith, Cincinnati Royals\n\n\n1967\nWest 135, East 120\nCow Palace\nDaly City, California\nRick Barry, San Francisco Warriors\n\n\n1968\nEast 144, West 124\nMadison Square Garden (1925)** (3)\nNew York City, New York (3)\nHal Greer, Philadelphia 76ers\n\n\n1969\nEast 123, West 112\nBaltimore Civic Center\nBaltimore, Maryland\nOscar Robertson (3), Cincinnati Royals\n\n\n1970\nEast 142, West 135\nThe Spectrum\nPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania (2)\nWillis Reed, New York Knicks\n\n\n1971\nWest 108, East 107\nSan Diego Sports Arena\nSan Diego, California\nLenny Wilkens, Seattle SuperSonics\n\n\n1972\nWest 112, East 110\nThe Forum\nInglewood, California\nJerry West, Los Angeles Lakers\n\n\n1973\nEast 104, West 84\nChicago Stadium\nChicago, Illinois\nDave Cowens, Boston Celtics\n\n\n1974\nWest 134, East 123\nSeattle Center Coliseum\nSeattle, Washington\nBob Lanier, Detroit Pistons\n\n\n1975\nEast 108, West 102\nArizona Veterans Memorial Coliseum\nPhoenix, Arizona\nWalt Frazier, New York Knicks\n\n\n1976\nEast 123, West 109\nThe Spectrum (2)\nPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania (3)\nDave Bing, Washington Bullets\n\n\n1977\nWest 125, East 124\nMilwaukee Arena\nMilwaukee, Wisconsin\nJulius Erving, Philadelphia 76ers\n\n\n1978\nEast 133, West 125\nOmni Coliseum\nAtlanta, Georgia\nRandy Smith, Buffalo Braves\n\n\n1979\nWest 134, East 129\nPontiac Silverdome\nPontiac, Michigan†\nDavid Thompson, Denver Nuggets\n\n\n1980\nEast 144, West 136 (OT)\nCapital Centre\nLandover, Maryland\nGeorge Gervin, San Antonio Spurs\n\n\n1981\nEast 123, West 120\nColiseum at Richfield\nRichfield, Ohio\nNate Archibald, Boston Celtics\n\n\n1982\nEast 120, West 118\nBrendan Byrne Arena\nEast Rutherford, New Jersey\nLarry Bird, Boston Celtics\n\n\n1983\nEast 132, West 123\nThe Forum (2)\nInglewood, California (2)\nJulius Erving (2), Philadelphia 76ers\n\n\n1984\nEast 154, West 145 (OT)\nMcNichols Sports Arena\nDenver, Colorado\nIsiah Thomas, Detroit Pistons\n\n\n1985\nWest 140, East 129\nHoosier Dome\nIndianapolis, Indiana†\nRalph Sampson, Houston Rockets\n\n\n1986\nEast 139, West 132\nReunion Arena\nDallas, Texas\nIsiah Thomas (2), Detroit Pistons\n\n\n1987\nWest 154, East 149 (OT)\nKingdome\nSeattle, Washington† (2)\nTom Chambers, Seattle SuperSonics\n\n\n1988\nEast 138, West 133\nChicago Stadium (2)\nChicago, Illinois (2)\nMichael Jordan, Chicago Bulls\n\n\n1989\nWest 143, East 134\nAstrodome\nHouston, Texas†\nKarl Malone, Utah Jazz\n\n\n1990\nEast 130, West 113\nMiami Arena\nMiami, Florida\nMagic Johnson, Los Angeles Lakers\n\n\n1991\nEast 116, West 114\nCharlotte Coliseum\nCharlotte, North Carolina\nCharles Barkley, Philadelphia 76ers\n\n\n1992\nWest 153, East 113\nOrlando Arena\nOrlando, Florida\nMagic Johnson (2), Los Angeles Lakers\n\n\n1993\nWest 135, East 132 (OT)\nDelta Center\nSalt Lake City, Utah\nKarl Malone (2), Utah Jazz\nJohn Stockton, Utah Jazz\n\n\n1994\nEast 127, West 118\nTarget Center\nMinneapolis, Minnesota\nScottie Pippen, Chicago Bulls\n\n\n1995\nWest 139, East 112\nAmerica West Arena§\nPhoenix, Arizona (2)\nMitch Richmond, Sacramento Kings\n\n\n1996\nEast 129, West 118\nAlamodome\nSan Antonio, Texas\nMichael Jordan (2), Chicago Bulls\n\n\n1997\nEast 132, West 120\nGund Arena\nCleveland, Ohio\nGlen Rice, Charlotte Hornets\n\n\n1998\nEast 135, West 114\nMadison Square Garden***\nNew York City, New York (4)\nMichael Jordan (3), Chicago Bulls\n\n\n1999\nCanceled due to the league's lockout.\nThe game was originally set to play at the First Union Center in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.[16]\n\n\n2000\nWest 137, East 126\nThe Arena in Oakland\nOakland, California\nTim Duncan, San Antonio Spurs\nShaquille O'Neal, Los Angeles Lakers\n\n\n2001\nEast 111, West 110\nMCI Center\nWashington, D.C.\nAllen Iverson, Philadelphia 76ers\n\n\n2002\nWest 135, East 120\nFirst Union Center\nPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania (4)\nKobe Bryant, Los Angeles Lakers\n\n\n2003\nWest 155, East 145 (2 OT)\nPhilips Arena\nAtlanta, Georgia (2)\nKevin Garnett, Minnesota Timberwolves\n\n\n2004\nWest 136, East 132\nStaples Center\nLos Angeles, California (2)\nShaquille O'Neal (2), Los Angeles Lakers\n\n\n2005\nEast 125, West 115\nPepsi Center\nDenver, Colorado (2)\nAllen Iverson (2), Philadelphia 76ers\n\n\n2006\nEast 122, West 120\nToyota Center\nHouston, Texas (2)\nLeBron James, Cleveland Cavaliers\n\n\n2007\nWest 153, East 132\nThomas & Mack Center\nLas Vegas, Nevada*\nKobe Bryant (2), Los Angeles Lakers\n\n\n2008\nEast 134, West 128\nNew Orleans Arena§\nNew Orleans, Louisiana\nLeBron James (2), Cleveland Cavaliers\n\n\n2009\nWest 146, East 119\nUS Airways Center (2)\nPhoenix, Arizona (3)\nKobe Bryant (3), Los Angeles Lakers\nShaquille O'Neal (3), Phoenix Suns\n\n\n2010\nEast 141, West 139\nCowboys Stadium\nArlington, Texas#†\nDwyane Wade, Miami Heat\n\n\n2011\nWest 148, East 143\nStaples Center (2)\nLos Angeles, California (3)\nKobe Bryant (4), Los Angeles Lakers\n\n\n2012\nWest 152, East 149\nAmway Center\nOrlando, Florida (2)\nKevin Durant, Oklahoma City Thunder\n\n\n2013\nWest 143, East 138\nToyota Center (2)\nHouston, Texas (3)\nChris Paul, Los Angeles Clippers\n\n\n2014\nEast 163, West 155\nSmoothie King Center (2)\nNew Orleans, Louisiana (2)\nKyrie Irving, Cleveland Cavaliers\n\n\n2015\nWest 163, East 158\nMadison Square Garden (2)*** / Barclays Center\nNew York City, New York (5)\nRussell Westbrook, Oklahoma City Thunder\n\n\n2016\nWest 196, East 173\nAir Canada Centre\nToronto, Ontario\nRussell Westbrook (2), Oklahoma City Thunder\n\n\n2017\nWest 192, East 182\nSmoothie King Center (3)\nNew Orleans, Louisiana (3)\nAnthony Davis, New Orleans Pelicans\n\n\n2018[3]\nTBA vs. TBA\nStaples Center (3)\nLos Angeles, California (4)\n\n\n\n2019[17]\nTBA vs. TBA\nSpectrum Center\nCharlotte, North Carolina (2)\n\n\n"
] | [
"2014"
] |
-3160283135379258497 | San Francisco Giants | San Francisco Giants - wikipedia San Francisco Giants This article is about the baseball team formerly known as the New York Giants . For other uses , see New York Giants ( disambiguation ) . San Francisco Giants 2018 San Francisco Giants season Established in 1883 Based in San Francisco since 1958 Team logo Cap insignia Major league affiliations National League ( 1883 -- present ) West Division ( 1969 -- present ) Current uniform Retired numbers NY NY 11 20 24 25 27 30 36 44 42 Colors Orange , black , gold , cream Name San Francisco Giants ( 1958 -- present ) New York Giants ( 1886 -- 1957 ) New York Gothams ( 1883 -- 1884 ) Other nicknames The Orange and Black , Los Gigantes , The G - Men , The Boys from the Bay Ballpark AT&T Park ( 2000 -- present ) Candlestick Park ( 1960 -- 1999 ) Seals Stadium ( 1958 -- 1959 ) Hilltop Park ( 1911 ) Polo Grounds III ( 1891 -- 1957 ) Polo Grounds II ( 1889 -- 1890 ) St. George Cricket Grounds ( 1889 ) Oakland Park ( 1889 ) Polo Grounds I ( 1883 -- 1888 ) Major league titles World Series titles ( 8 ) 1905 1921 1922 1933 1954 2012 2014 NL Pennants ( 23 ) 1888 1889 1904 1905 1911 1912 1913 1917 1921 1922 1923 1924 1933 1936 1937 1951 1954 1962 1989 2002 2012 2014 West Division titles ( 8 ) 1971 1989 1997 2000 2003 2012 Wild card berths ( 3 ) 2002 2014 2016 Front office Owner ( s ) San Francisco Baseball Associates LLC Manager Bruce Bochy General Manager Bobby Evans President of Baseball Operations Brian Sabean The San Francisco Giants are an American professional baseball team based in San Francisco , California . Founded in 1883 as the New York Gothams , and renamed three years later the New York Giants , the team eventually moved to San Francisco in 1958 . The Giants compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) West division . As one of the longest - established and most successful professional baseball teams , the franchise has won the most games of any team in the history of American baseball . The team was the first major league team based in New York City , most memorably playing at the legendary Polo Grounds . They have won 23 NL pennants and have played in 20 World Series competitions -- both NL records . The Giants ' eight World Series championships rank second in the National League and are tied for fourth overall ( New York Yankees are first with 27 , then the St. Louis Cardinals ( the National League record - holders ) with 11 , the Oakland Athletics with 9 , and the Boston Red Sox also with 8 ) . The Giants have played in the World Series 20 times -- 14 times in New York , six in San Francisco -- but boycotted the event in 1904 . Playing as the New York Giants , they won 14 pennants and five World Series championships behind managers such as John McGraw and Bill Terry and players such as Christy Mathewson , Carl Hubbell , Mel Ott , Bobby Thomson , and Willie Mays . The Giants ' franchise has the most Hall of Fame players in all of professional baseball . The Giants ' rivalry with the Dodgers is one of the longest - standing and biggest rivalries in American sports . The teams began their rivalry as the New York Giants and Brooklyn Dodgers , respectively , before both franchises moved west for the 1958 season . The Giants have won six pennants and three World Series championships since arriving in San Francisco . Those three championships have come in 2010 , 2012 , and most recently in 2014 , having defeated the Kansas City Royals four games to three during the 2014 World Series . The Giants are the only major professional sports team based in the City and County of San Francisco , following the San Francisco 49ers ' relocation to Santa Clara , California in 2014 . They will be joined by the Golden State Warriors once they move to the Chase Center in 2019 . Contents 1 Franchise history in New York City 1.1 Early days and the John McGraw era 1.2 1930 -- 57 : Five pennants in 28 seasons 1.2. 1 1951 : The `` Shot Heard ' Round the World '' 1.2. 2 Mays ' catch and the 1954 Series 1.2. 3 New York Giants of the 1950s 1.2. 4 1957 : Move to California 2 1958 -- 2009 : San Francisco Giants - decades of struggle 2.1 1958 -- 61 : Seals Stadium and Candlestick Park 2.2 1962 World Series 2.3 1963 -- 84 2.4 1985 -- 89 2.5 1989 : Will the `` Thrill '' , World Series and the earthquake 2.6 1992 : Farewell San Francisco ? 2.7 1993 : `` The last pure pennant race '' 2.8 1994 -- 96 seasons 2.9 1997 -- 99 : Rebuilding 2.9. 1 1997 2.9. 2 1998 2.9. 3 1999 : Final season at Candlestick Park 2.9. 4 2000 -- present : AT&T Park 2.9. 4.1 2002 : National League Championship season and World Series 2.9. 4.2 2003 : Wire to wire 2.9. 4.3 2004 -- 06 : Playoff drought 2.9. 4.4 2007 -- 09 : Losing ways and milestones 2.9. 4.4. 1 2007 : End of the Bonds era 2.9. 4.4. 2 2008 : Without Bonds and golden anniversary 2.9. 4.4. 3 2009 : A mix of old & new and a no - hitter 3 2010 -- 2016 : A dynasty emerges 3.1 2010 : First Championship in San Francisco 3.2 2011 : Back to square one 3.3 2012 : Champions again 3.4 2013 : Inconsistent struggles 3.5 2014 : Third World Series Championship in San Francisco 3.6 2015 : Odd year curse 3.7 2016 : End of the even year dynasty 4 Recent seasons : 2017 to present 4.1 2017 : Hitting bottom 4.2 2018 5 Rivalries 5.1 Los Angeles Dodgers 5.2 Oakland Athletics 5.3 Historical rivalry 5.3. 1 New York Yankees 6 Baseball Hall of Famers 6.1 Ford C. Frick Award recipients 6.2 Other 6.3 Giants in the Bay Area Sports Hall of Fame 7 San Francisco Giants Wall of Famers 8 Retired numbers 8.1 Also honored 9 Team captains 10 Season records 11 Current roster 12 Minor league affiliations 13 Radio and television 13.1 Home run call glitch 14 See also 15 References 15.1 General reference 16 External links Franchise history in New York City ( edit ) Early days and the John McGraw ERA ( edit ) Main article : History of the New York Giants ( baseball ) 1888 New York Giants The Giants began as the second baseball club founded by millionaire tobacconist John B. Day and veteran amateur baseball player Jim Mutrie . The Gothams , as the Giants were originally known , entered the National League in 1883 , while their other club , the Metropolitans played in the American Association . Nearly half of the original Gotham players were members of the disbanded Troy Trojans , whose place in the National League the Gothams inherited . While the Metropolitans were initially the more successful club , Day and Mutrie began moving star players to the Gothams , and in 1888 the team won its first National League pennant , as well as a victory over the St. Louis Browns in a pre-modern - era World Series . They repeated as champions the next year with a pennant and Championship victory over the Brooklyn `` Bridegrooms '' . A contemporaneous account claims that after one particularly satisfying victory over the Philadelphia Phillies , Mutrie , who was also the team 's manager , strode into the dressing room and exclaimed , `` My big fellows ! My giants ! '' From then on , the club was known as the Giants . The Giants ' original home stadium , the Polo Grounds , dates from this early era . It was originally located north of Central Park adjacent to 5th and 6th Avenues and 110th and 112th Streets , in Harlem in upper Manhattan . After their eviction from that first incarnation of the Polo Grounds after the 1888 season , they moved further uptown to various fields they also named the Polo Grounds located between 155th and 159th Streets in Harlem and Washington Heights , playing in the Washington Heights Polo Grounds until the end of the 1957 season , when they moved to San Francisco . 1904 - 07 1908 -- 16 , 1919 -- 22 , 1928 -- 29 1923 -- 27 , 1930 -- 31 , 1947 -- 54 1954 -- 57 . This version was later adopted by the New York Mets . The Giants were a powerhouse in the late 1880s , winning their first two National League Pennants and World Championships in 1888 and 1889 . But nearly all of the Giants ' stars jumped to the upstart Players ' League , whose New York franchise was also named the Giants , in 1890 . The new team even built a stadium next door to the Polo Grounds . With a decimated roster , the National League Giants finished a distant sixth . Attendance took a nosedive , and the financial strain affected Day 's tobacco business as well . The Players ' League dissolved after the season , and Day sold a minority interest in his NL Giants to the defunct PL Giants ' principal backer , Edward Talcott . As a condition of the sale , Day had to fire Mutrie as manager . Although the Giants rebounded to third in 1891 , Day was forced to sell a controlling interest to Talcott at the end of the season . Four years later , Talcott sold the Giants to Andrew Freedman , a real estate developer with ties to the Tammany Hall political machine running New York City . Freedman was one of the most detested owners in baseball history , getting into heated disputes with other owners , writers , and his own players , most famously with star pitcher Amos Rusie , author of the first Giants no - hitter . When Freedman offered Rusie only $2,500 to play in 1896 , the disgruntled hurler sat out the entire season . Attendance fell off throughout the league without Rusie , prompting the other owners to chip in $50,000 to get him to return for 1897 . Freedman hired former owner Day as manager for part of 1899 . In 1902 , after a series of disastrous moves that left the Giants 531⁄2 games behind , Freedman signed John McGraw as player - manager , convincing him to jump in mid-season from the Baltimore Orioles of the fledgling American League and bring with him several of his teammates . McGraw went on to manage the Giants for three decades until 1932 , one of the longest and most successful tenures in professional sports . Hiring `` Mr. McGraw '' , as his players referred to him , was one of Freedman 's last significant moves as owner of the Giants , since after the 1902 season he was forced to sell his interest in the club to John T. Brush . McGraw went on to manage the Giants to nine National League pennants ( in 1904 - 05 , 1911 -- 13 , 1917 , and 1921 - 24 ) and three World Series championships ( in 1905 and 1921 -- 22 ) , with a tenth pennant and fourth world championship as owner in 1933 under his handpicked player - manager successor , Bill Terry . The Giants already had their share of stars in the 1880s and 1890s , such as `` Smiling '' Mickey Welch , Roger Connor , Tim Keefe , Jim O'Rourke , and John Montgomery Ward , the player - lawyer who formed the renegade Players ' League in 1890 to protest unfair player contracts . McGraw , in his three decades managing the Giants , cultivated a new crop of baseball heroes with names like Christy Mathewson , `` Iron Man '' Joe McGinnity , Jim Thorpe , Red Ames , Casey Stengel , Art Nehf , Edd Roush , Rogers Hornsby , Bill Terry , and Mel Ott . The Giants under McGraw famously snubbed their first modern World Series chance in 1904 , refusing the invitation to play the reigning world champion Boston Americans , by then known as the `` Red Sox '' , because McGraw considered the new American League as little more than a minor league and disliked its president , Ban Johnson . He also resented his Giants ' new intra-city rival New York Highlanders , who lost the pennant to Boston on the last day of the season , and stuck by his refusal to play whoever won the 1904 AL pennant . Of note , McGraw had managed the franchise in their first two seasons , 1901 and 1902 , when they were the Baltimore Orioles . The ensuing criticism resulted in Brush 's taking the lead to formalize the rules and format of the World Series . The Giants won the 1905 World Series over Connie Mack 's Philadelphia Athletics , with Christy Mathewson nearly winning the series single - handedly with a still - standing record three complete - game shutouts and 27 consecutive scoreless innings in that one World Series , a feat unlikely ever to be duplicated . The Giants then had several frustrating years . In 1908 , they finished in a tie with the Chicago Cubs due to a late - season tie game with the Cubs resulting from the Fred Merkle baserunning `` boner '' . Harry Pulliam , the National League President , had ordered the game replayed if the teams otherwise ended the season in a tie , and after disgruntled Giants fans had set fire to the Polo Grounds stands the morning of the game , the Giants lost to the Cubs , who went on to win their second consecutive World Series ; it would be their last World Series title until 2016 . That post-season game was further darkened by a story that someone on the Giants had attempted to bribe umpire Bill Klem . This could have been a disastrous scandal for baseball , but because Klem was honest and the Giants lost the duel between Christy Mathewson and Mordecai `` Three - Fingered '' Brown 4 - 2 , it faded over time . The Giants experienced a mixture of success and hard luck in the early 1910s , losing three straight World Series in 1911 -- 13 to the A 's , Red Sox and A 's again . Two seasons later , both the Giants and the A 's , decimated by the short - lived Federal League signings of many of their stars , finished in eighth ( last ) place . After losing the 1917 Series to the Chicago White Sox ( the last White Sox World Series win until 2005 ) , the Giants played in four straight World Series in the early 1920s , winning the first two over their Polo Grounds tenants , the Yankees who won the first two of their many pennants and were led by young slugger Babe Ruth , then losing to the Yankees in 1923 after Yankee Stadium had opened that May . They also lost in 1924 , when the Washington Senators won their only World Series in D.C. 1930 -- 57 : five pennants in 28 seasons ( edit ) McGraw handed over the team to Bill Terry after the 1932 season , and Terry played for and managed the Giants for ten years , winning three pennants , defeating the Senators in the 1933 World Series but swept by the Yankees in consecutive fall classics , 1936 and 1937 . Aside from Terry himself , the other stars of the era were slugger Mel Ott and southpaw hurler Carl Hubbell . Known as `` King Carl '' and `` The Meal Ticket '' , Hubbell gained fame in the first two innings of the 1934 All - Star Game , coincidentally played at the Polo Grounds , by striking out five future AL Hall of Famers in a row : Babe Ruth , Lou Gehrig , Jimmie Foxx , Al Simmons , and Joe Cronin . Ott succeeded Terry as manager in 1942 , but the war years proved to be difficult for the Giants . Midway during the 1948 season Leo Durocher left as Dodgers skipper to manage the Giants , not without controversy . Not only was such a midseason managerial switch unprecedented , but Durocher had been accused of gambling in 1947 and subsequently suspended for that whole season by Commissioner Happy Chandler . Durocher 's ensuing eight full seasons managing the Giants proved some of the most memorable for their fans , particularly because of the arrival of five - tool superstar Willie Mays , their two pennants in 1951 and 1954 , their unexpected sweep of the powerful ( 111 - 43 ) Cleveland Indians in the 1954 World Series , and arguably the two most famous plays in Giants history . 1951 : the `` Shot heard ' round the World '' ( edit ) Main article : Shot Heard ' Round the World ( baseball ) The `` Shot Heard ' Round the World '' , or Bobby Thomson 's come - from - behind ninth - inning walk - off home run that won the National League pennant for the Giants over their bitter rivals , the Brooklyn Dodgers , in the deciding game of a three - game playoff series ending one of baseball 's most memorable pennant races . The Giants had been 13 1 / 2 games behind the league - leading Dodgers in August , but under Durocher 's guidance and with a 16 - game winning streak , got hot and caught the Dodgers to tie for the lead on the next - to - last day of the season . Mays ' catch and the 1954 Series ( edit ) Main article : The Catch ( baseball ) In Game 1 of the 1954 World Series at the Polo Grounds against the Cleveland Indians Willie Mays made `` The Catch '' , a dramatic over-the - shoulder catch of a fly ball by Vic Wertz after sprinting with his back to the plate on a dead run to deepest center field . At the time the game was tied 2 -- 2 in the eighth inning with runners on first and second and nobody out . Mays caught the ball 450 ft ( 140 m ) from the plate , spun around and threw the ball to the infield keeping the lead runner , Larry Doby , from scoring . Although Doby took third after the catch , he was stranded there and the Giants won 5 - 2 on Dusty Rhodes ' tenth - inning pinch - hit walk - off home run , bringing in 2 other runners . The underdog Giants went on to sweep the series in four straight games despite the Indians ' American League 111 - 43 regular season . The 1954 World Series title was their last appearance in the World Series as the New York Giants , with the team moving to San Francisco to start the 1958 season . New York Giants of the 1950s ( edit ) In addition to Bobby Thomson and Willie Mays , other memorable New York Giants of the 1950s include Hall of Fame manager Leo Durocher , coach Herman Franks , Hall of Fame outfielder Monte Irvin , outfielder and runner - up for the 1954 NL batting championship ( won by Willie Mays ) Don Mueller , Hall of Fame knuckleball relief pitcher Hoyt Wilhelm , starting pitchers Larry Jansen , Sal Maglie , Jim Hearn , Marv Grissom , Dave Koslo , Don Liddle , Max Lanier , Rubén Gómez , Al Worthington , and Johnny Antonelli , catcher Wes Westrum , catchers Ray Katt and Sal Yvars , shortstop Alvin Dark , third baseman Hank Thompson , first baseman Whitey Lockman , second basemen Davey Williams and Eddie Stanky , outfielder - pitcher Clint Hartung and utility men Johnny Mize , Bill Rigney , Daryl Spencer , Bobby Hofman , Joey Amalfitano , Tookie Gilbert , and 1954 Series hero Dusty Rhodes , among others . In the late 1950s and after the move to San Francisco two Hall of Fame first basemen , Orlando Cepeda and Willie McCovey , joined the team . 1957 : move to California ( edit ) The Giants ' final three years in New York City were unmemorable . They reached third place the year after the World Series win in 1954 after which attendance fell off precipitously . While seeking a new stadium to replace the crumbling Polo Grounds the owners began to contemplate a move from New York , initially considering Metropolitan Stadium in Bloomington , Minnesota , which was home to their top farm team , the Minneapolis Millers . Under the rules of the time the Giants ' ownership of the Millers gave them priority rights to a major league team in the area . The Washington Senators wound up there as the Minnesota Twins in 1961 . At that time , the Giants were approached by San Francisco mayor George Christopher . Despite objections from shareholders such as Joan Whitney Payson , majority owner Horace Stoneham entered into negotiations with San Francisco officials around the same time the Dodgers ' owner Walter O'Malley was courting the city of Los Angeles . O'Malley had been told by the other National League team owners that the Dodgers could not move to Los Angeles unless a second team moved to California , out of concern regarding travel costs . He pushed Stoneham toward relocation , and so in the summer of 1957 both the New York Giants and Brooklyn Dodgers announced their moves to California , ending the three - team golden age of baseball in New York City . New York remained a one - team town with the New York Yankees until 1962 , when Payson founded the New York Mets and brought National League baseball back to the city . Owners Payson and M. Donald Grant , who became the Mets ' chairman , had been the only Giants board members to vote against the Giants ' move to California . The `` NY '' script on the Giants ' caps and the orange trim on their uniforms , along with the blue background used by the Dodgers , was adopted by the Mets , honoring their New York National League forebears with a blend of Giants orange and Dodgers blue . 1958 -- 2009 : San Francisco Giants - decades of struggle ( edit ) This article appears to contradict the article History of the San Francisco Giants . Please see discussion on the linked talk page . ( October 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : History of the San Francisco Giants As with the New York years , the Giants ' fortune in San Francisco has been mixed . Though recently the club has enjoyed sustained success there have also been prolonged stretches of mediocrity along with two instances when the club 's ownership threatened to move the team away from San Francisco . Giants Hat / Helmet Logo 1958 -- 82 Giants Logo 1958 -- 76 Giants Logo 1977 -- 82 Giants Hat / Helmet Logo 1983 -- 93 Giants Logo 1983 -- 93 Giants Hat / Helmet Logo 1994 -- present Giants Logo 1994 -- 99 Giants Logo 2000 -- present 1958 -- 61 : Seals stadium and Candlestick Park ( edit ) When the Giants moved to San Francisco , they played in Seals Stadium for their first two seasons . The stadium , located at 16th & Bryant Streets across from Stempel 's Bakery , had been the home of the Pacific Coast League San Francisco Seals in their last years the AAA minor league affiliate of the Boston Red Sox , 1931 -- 1957 . In 1958 , first - baseman Orlando Cepeda won Rookie of the Year honors . In 1959 , Willie McCovey won the same award . In 1960 , the Giants moved to Candlestick Park , nicknamed `` The ' Stick '' , a stadium built on Candlestick Point in San Francisco 's southeast corner overlooking San Francisco Bay . The new stadium quickly became known for its strong , swirling winds , cold temperatures and thick evening fog that made for a formidable experience for brave fans and players , as well as its built - in radiant heating system which did not work . Candlestick 's reputation was sealed in the ninth inning of the first 1961 All - Star Game ( two All - Star Games per season were played from 1959 to 1962 ) when after a day of calm conditions the winds picked up and a strong gust caused Giants relief pitcher Stu Miller to slip off the pitching rubber during his delivery , resulting in a balk , and a baseball legend that Miller was `` blown off the mound '' . Despite the event , the National League won the game . 1962 World Series ( edit ) Main article : 1962 World Series In 1962 after another memorable pennant chase with the Dodgers which resulted in a second three - game playoff series with the Dodgers , which the Giants again won by coming from behind with four runs in the ninth inning of Game 3 , the Giants brought a World Series to San Francisco only to lose it four games to three to the New York Yankees . The seventh game went to the bottom of the ninth inning , with the Yankees ahead 1 -- 0 . With Matty Alou on first base and two out , Willie Mays sliced a double down the right field line . Right fielder Roger Maris quickly got to the ball and rifled a throw to the infield preventing Alou from scoring the tying run and keeping him at third base . With Mays on second , well known for his speed , any base hit by the next batter Willie McCovey would likely have won the series for the Giants . McCovey hit a line drive right at second baseman Bobby Richardson who caught it after taking one step , bringing the game and series to a sudden end . Earlier in the inning , a failed sacrifice bunt by Felipe Alou with nobody out had ultimately kept his brother Matty -- who could n't advance to second -- from scoring on Mays ' two - out double . Finally , Richardson was not originally well - positioned to catch the drive until he moved three steps to his left in reaction to a McCovey 's foul smash on the preceding pitch . Giants fan ( and resident of nearby Santa Rosa ) Charles Schulz made a reference to the real world in one of his Peanuts comic strips soon afterward . In the first three panels of his 12 / 22 / 62 strip , Charlie Brown and Linus are sitting on a porch step , looking glum . In the last panel , Charlie Brown cried to the heavens , `` Why could n't McCovey have hit the ball just three feet higher ? '' Some weeks later , the same scene reappeared in the strip with Charlie Brown exclaiming , `` Or why could n't McCovey have hit the ball just TWO feet higher ? '' 1963 -- 84 ( edit ) Giants pitcher Ron Herbel in a 1963 issue of Baseball Digest . Although the Giants did not play in another World Series until 1989 , the teams of the 1960s continued to be pennant contenders thanks to several future Hall - of - Famers . These included Gaylord Perry , who pitched a no - hitter with the Giants in 1968 ; Juan Marichal , a pitcher with a memorable high - kicking delivery ; McCovey , who won the National League MVP award in 1969 , and Mays , who hit his 600th career home run in 1969 . A Giants highlight came in 1963 when Jesús Alou joined the team , and along with Felipe and Matty , for one late inning of one game , formed the first all - brother outfield in major league history . In 1967 , pitcher Mike McCormick became the first Giants Cy Young Award winner . In 1970 , the field at Candlestick Park was converted from natural grass to AstroTurf ; at the same time , the stadium became enclosed to accommodate the 49ers , who moved in the following year . The Giants ' next appearance in the postseason came in 1971 . After winning their division , they were defeated in the League Championship Series by the Pittsburgh Pirates and Roberto Clemente , who then went on to beat the Baltimore Orioles in the World Series four games to three . During this decade , the Giants gave up many players who became successful elsewhere , including Garry Maddox , George Foster , Dave Kingman and Gaylord Perry . Two Giants became Rookies of the Year -- outfielder Gary Matthews Sr. in 1973 and no - hit pitcher John Montefusco in 1975 . In 1976 , in an eleventh - hour deal , Bob Lurie bought the team , saving it from being moved to Toronto . Toronto was awarded an expansion team called the Blue Jays which began play the next year , but San Francisco baseball fans ' worries about losing their beloved Giants had not completely gone away just yet . The rest of the 1970s was a generally disappointing time for the Giants , as they finished no higher than third place in any season . This was in 1978 , thanks to young star slugger Jack Clark , veteran slugging first baseman Willie McCovey , star hitter second baseman Bill Madlock who was acquired from the Chicago Cubs , shortstops Johnnie LeMaster and Roger Metzger , and slugging third baseman Darrell Evans . Veteran pitchers Vida Blue , John Montefusco , Ed Halicki and Bob Knepper rounded out the starting rotation with Vida Blue leading the way with eighteen victories . The most memorable moment of that 1978 season occurred on May 28 , 1978 . With the Giants trailing 3 - 1 in the sixth inning , pinch hitter Mike Ivie , acquired from the San Diego Padres during the offseason for Derrel Thomas , hit a towering grand slam off of Dodgers pitching ace Don Sutton before Candlestick Park 's highest paid attendance of 58,545 . They led the National League West for most of the season until slugger Dusty Baker , rookie pitcher Bob Welch and the rest of the Dodgers got hot late , winning the West and then beating the Philadelphia Phillies in the National League Championship Series for their second straight NL pennant . The field at Candlestick was converted back to natural grass for the 1979 season . In 1981 , the Giants became the first National League team to hire a black manager , Frank Robinson , although he lasted less than four years and was generally unsuccessful . The Giants finished a game over . 500 in the strike - shortened 1981 season . The next season , the Giants acquired veterans Joe Morgan and Reggie Smith , got hot late and ended up in a three - team pennant race with the Dodgers and Braves . The day after the Dodgers eliminated them , Morgan hit a homer against the Dodgers on the last day of the season , giving the NL West to Atlanta . In 1984 , the Giants hosted the All - Star Game for the second and last time at Candlestick Park , which the NL won as it did at Candlestick in 1961 when Stu Miller was blown off the mound by a gust of wind . 1985 -- 89 ( edit ) The 1987 Giants , pictured above at Candlestick , led the club to its first postseason appearance since 1971 . In 1985 , owner Bob Lurie threatened to move the team out of the city of San Francisco to another location in the San Francisco Bay Area . Locations under consideration were Redwood City , San Jose , and Milpitas . The 1985 Giants lost 100 games , the most in franchise history , under unsuccessful rookie manager Jim Davenport , and Lurie responded by hiring Al Rosen as general manager and Roger Craig as field manager . Rosen began in 1986 by bringing up promising rookies such as Will Clark and Robby Thompson , which inspired the promotional radio jingle `` Ya got ta watch these Giants ! You got ta like these kids ! ! '' and followed up in 1987 with canny trades for stars like Kevin Mitchell , Dave Dravecky , Candy Maldonado , and Rick Reuschel . Craig , renowned as the `` Humm Baby '' because he often said it , managed the Giants from late 1985 to 1992 . In his first five full seasons with the Giants , the team had winning records . The Giants won 83 games in 1986 and won the National League Western Division title in 1987 , losing the 1987 National League Championship Series to the St. Louis Cardinals in seven games . The one bright spot in that defeat was their slugging outfielder Jeffrey Leonard , who was named the Most Valuable Player for the series in a losing effort . In Leonard 's own faltering words , the prize money ( $50,000 ) meant nothing to him , but only the win that eluded him and his team . He would have given anything to be going up north to play the Minnesota Twins , and his former teammate outfielder Dan Gladden , traded to the Twins at the start of the season , in the 1987 World Series . 1989 : Will the `` thrill '' , World Series and the earthquake ( edit ) Main article : 1989 San Francisco Giants season Although the team used fifteen different starting pitchers in the regular season , the 1989 Giants won the National League pennant . They were led by 1989 National League All - Star Game starting pitcher Rick Reuschel , closer and 1989 National League ERA leader Scott Garrelts , 1989 National League Most Valuable Player Kevin Mitchell , and Will Clark . The Giants beat the Chicago Cubs in the National League Championship Series , four games to one . In Game 1 , first baseman Will Clark hit a grand slam off Greg Maddux in the fourth inning after reading Maddux 's lips telling his catcher which pitch he was going to throw . In Game 5 , Clark , who was the Most Valuable Player in the series for batting . 650 with eight RBIs , came through in the clutch with a bases - loaded , two - out single off hard - throwing lefty closer Mitch Williams to break a 1 -- 1 tie in the bottom of the eighth inning . With two outs in the top of the 9th inning , Giants closer Steve Bedrosian gave up three straight singles and a run before getting the dangerous Ryne Sandberg on a harmless first - pitch groundout straight to Robby Thompson at second , who threw easily to Clark for the final out , stranding the tying run at second , as longtime Giants radio voice Hank Greenwald proclaimed , `` 27 years of waiting have come to an end . The Giants have won the pennant ! '' After dispatching the Cubs four games to one , the Giants faced the Oakland Athletics in the unforgettable `` Bay Bridge Series '' , best remembered by the October 17 , 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake which struck at 5 : 04 p.m. just before the scheduled Game 3 at Candlestick Park . After a ten - day delay , Oakland finished its sweep of the Giants , winning Games 3 & 4 at San Francisco . The Giants never led in any of the games , and never even managed to send the tying run to the plate against A 's closer Dennis Eckersley in their last at - bat of Game 4 . The Giants and A 's had played three World Series before when John McGraw 's Giants were in New York and Connie Mack 's A 's were in Philadelphia , the Giants winning in 1905 on Christy Mathewson 's record three complete - game shutouts and the A 's in 1911 & 1913 behind Home Run Baker and Eddie Collins . 1992 : farewell San Francisco ? ( edit ) Will Clark preparing to bat for the Giants at Candlestick Park in 1992 . That year , the Giants came close to relocation , with an empty stadium ready to be filled in Tampa . A `` Save Our Giants '' banner hanging from San Francisco City Hall In the wake of that disappointing 1989 World Series sweep , a local ballot initiative to fund a new stadium in San Francisco failed , threatening the franchise 's future in the city . After the 1992 season , owner Bob Lurie , who had previously saved the franchise from moving to Toronto in 1976 , put the team up for sale . A group of investors from St. Petersburg led by Vince Naimoli reached an agreement to purchase the team and move them to the Tampa Bay area , but the National League owners voted against the acquisition . San Francisco mayor Frank Jordan made it a top priority to retain the team , and recruited local real estate billionaire Walter Shorenstein to help organize a local team of investors . Wally Haas , the owner of the Oakland Athletics at the time , agreed to grant the Giants exclusive rights to the South Bay so the Giants could explore all potential local sites for a new stadium and at least help to keep the team in the Bay Area . The team was instead sold in another last - minute deal to an ownership group including managing general partner Peter Magowan , former CEO of supermarket chain Safeway , and Harmon and Sue Burns . In addition to the anticipated move to downtown San Francisco , the Giants ' ownership also made a major personnel move to solidify fan support . Before even hiring a new general manager or officially being approved as the new managing general partner , Magowan signed superstar slugger free agent Barry Bonds away from the Pittsburgh Pirates , a move which was initially blocked by Major League Baseball until terms were negotiated to protect Lurie and Bonds in case the sale failed . 1993 : `` the last pure pennant race '' ( edit ) The Barry Bonds era began auspiciously as Bonds put up the numbers for the third MVP of his career : 46 home runs , 129 runs , 123 runs batted in , . 336 batting average , . 458 on - base percentage , . 677 slugging percentage , 1.135 on base plus slugging . All exceeded his numbers from previous years . Matt Williams excelled as well ( 38 home runs , 110 runs batted in , . 294 batting average ) , with veterans Robby Thompson and Will Clark , the latter in his last season with the Giants , providing additional offensive support . John Burkett and Bill Swift won more than twenty games apiece , and closer Rod Beck was dominant with 48 saves and a 2.16 ERA . All this led the Giants to a 103 -- 59 record in Dusty Baker 's first year as manager , which earned him the Manager of the Year award . But despite the Giants ' great record , the Atlanta Braves -- fueled by solid seasons from David Justice , Ron Gant , Deion Sanders and their key midseason acquisition of Fred McGriff from the San Diego Padres -- came back from a ten - game deficit to pass the Giants win the NL West by a single game . The Braves also had two 20 + - game winners , Tom Glavine and Cy Young Award - winning Greg Maddux . Desperately needing a win against the Dodgers in the final game of the year to force a one - game playoff with the Braves in San Francisco , the controversial choice of rookie pitcher Salomón Torres proved disastrous for the Giants as he gave up three runs in the first four innings of a 12 -- 1 rout . The only other rested Giants starter , Scott Sanderson , was not chosen because he was considered a fly - ball pitcher and the Dodgers were a fly - ball - hitting team . After the major leagues ' establishment of the three - division playoff format with a fourth wild card entry after the 1993 season , New York Times sports columnist Dave Anderson captured the feeling of many baseball purists regarding the thrilling -- and for Giants fans , heartbreaking -- winner - take - all outcome of the last two - division National League West when he characterized the 1993 National League regular season as `` the last pure pennant race . '' 1994 -- 96 seasons ( edit ) The 1994 to 1996 seasons were not good for the Giants , punctuated by the strike that canceled the rest of the 1994 baseball season and the World Series . The strike denied Matt Williams a chance to beat Roger Maris 's single season home run record : He had 43 home runs in the Giants ' first 115 games , and was thus on pace for 60 when the strike hit with 47 games left to play . But the rest of the team was n't as good as their two sluggers , with no other player having even 10 home runs or even 40 RBI that late into the season although they were still in contention , not far from the division lead , when the strike ended play in mid-August . When Commissioner Bud Selig refused to budge in negotiations with the owners , a radio sports talk - show host quipped , `` Hitler , Mussolini and Tojo could n't cancel the World Series ( in World War II ) , but Selig did ! '' The Giants finished a dismal last in both 1995 and 1996 , crippled by key injuries and slumps. 1995 had a strange feeling about it , with many fans not coming back after the strike - shortened 1994 season , something that kept attendances notably lower until the McGwire - Sosa record - breaking home run chase of 1998 . Bonds continued as the Giants ' driving force , posting fantastic numbers , with the highest WAR among position players in the National League ( 33 HR , 104 RBI , 109 R and 120 BB in 144 games ) . Matt Williams and Glenallen Hill were the only other Giants with at least 20 home runs , and the rest of the team had mediocre offensive numbers . The pitching staff was poor , with Mark Leiter leading the way with ten wins , going 10 -- 12 with a 3.82 earned run average . Closer Rod Beck had 33 saves but nine blown saves and a 4.45 earned run average . Candlestick Park 1996 was highlighted by Bonds ' joining the 40 -- 40 club as only the second member , after the A 's José Canseco in 1988 , with 42 home runs and 40 stolen bases , along with 129 runs batted in , 151 walks , and a . 308 batting average . Rookie Bill Mueller also provided hope for the future of the club with a . 330 average , with 66 hits in 200 at bats over 55 games . The pitching was scarcely better than in 1995 . Only Mark Gardner had more than 10 wins , going 12 -- 7 with a 4.42 earned run average , and Rod Beck had 35 saves and a 3.34 ERA but nine losses and the rest of the bullpen was woeful . The low point came in late June when the Giants , after surging to three games over . 500 and second place in the National League West , lost 10 straight games en route to a 68 -- 94 record . Their long - time radio voice , Hank Greenwald , retired after the season . 1997 -- 99 : rebuilding ( edit ) 1997 ( edit ) Main article : 1997 San Francisco Giants season After three consecutive losing seasons , the Giants named Brian Sabean as their new general manager for 1997 , replacing Bob Quinn . Sabean may have been acting as GM even before the announcement , and was rumored to have engineered the deal to get southpaw starter Kirk Rueter from the Montreal Expos . His tenure began with controversy . In his first official trade , he shocked Giants fans by trading Matt Williams to Cleveland for what newspapers referred to as a ' bunch of spare parts ' , with a negative reaction great enough for him to explain publicly , `` I did n't get to this point by being an idiot ... I 'm sitting here telling you there is a plan . '' Sabean was proven right : The Giants acquired for Williams -- slugging second baseman Jeff Kent , shortstop José Vizcaíno and bullpen setup man Julián Tavárez , along with Joe Roa and the $1 million in cash that enabled them to sign center fielder and leadoff hitter Darryl Hamilton -- and a subsequent trade with Anaheim for clutch - hitting , slick - fielding first baseman J.T. Snow -- turned out to be major contributors , leading the Giants to their first National League West title of the decade in 1997 . Snow , Kent , and Bonds each had over 100 runs batted in , and pitcher Shawn Estes ' 19 wins against only 5 losses led the team . Rod Beck had his usual fine season with 37 saves . 1997 also saw the introduction of interleague play to major league baseball , with the division - winning Giants going 10 - 6 against the four American League West teams : Seattle Mariners , Texas Rangers , Anaheim Angels and Oakland A 's . On June 12 the Giants beat the Rangers 4 - 3 in the first regular season interleague game in major league history . But the wild - card Florida Marlins ended the Giants ' season with a 3 -- 0 sweep in the first round of the playoffs . 1998 ( edit ) Main article : 1998 San Francisco Giants season In 1998 , the Giants were fueled by good seasons from sluggers Jeff Kent and Barry Bonds , both with 30 + HR and 100 + RBI , and from starters Kirk Rueter ( 16 -- 9 W-L record , 4.36 ERA ) , Mark Gardner ( 13 -- 6 , 4.33 ) and newly acquired Orel Hershiser ( 11 -- 10 , 4.41 ) . New closer Robb Nen had 40 saves . A hot September stretch tied them for the NL wild card , but they lost a one - game playoff at Chicago 's Wrigley Field . 1999 : final season at Candlestick Park ( edit ) Main article : 1999 San Francisco Giants season 1999 saw the Giants finish second in the NL West with an 86 -- 76 record . Barry Bonds 's production dropped as he hit . 262 , his lowest average in a decade . He did , however , hit 34 home runs even though he missed more than a third of the season due to injury , and other team regulars put up very good supporting numbers including Snow , Kent , shortstop Rich Aurilia and outfielder Ellis Burks , all with 20 + HR and 80 + RBI . Marvin Benard also had a career year in center field with 16 home runs , 64 RBIs and a career - and team - high 27 stolen bases . The pitching staff was paced by Russ Ortiz ( 18 -- 9 , 3.81 ) and Kirk Rueter ( 15 -- 10 , 5.41 ) . With the knowledge that their days in Candlestick Park were numbered , the 1999 season ended with a series of promotions and tributes . After the final game of the season , a loss to the Dodgers , home plate was ceremoniously removed and taken by CHP helicopter to the new grounds where the downtown stadium was being built . ( Candlestick Park remained the home of the San Francisco 49ers football team through the 2013 season . ) 2000 -- present : AT&T Park ( edit ) In 2000 , after 40 years , the Giants left Candlestick Park and , as long advocated , moved into a privately financed downtown stadium ( AT&T Park , originally Pacific or `` Pac '' Bell Park and later renamed SBC Park ) on that part of the shoreline of China Basin known as McCovey Cove , at the corner of 3rd and King Streets ( with an official address of 24 Willie Mays Plaza in honor of the longtime Giants superstar ) , ushering in a new era for the Giants and their fans . AT&T Park The Giants routinely sell out the newer 43,000 - seat 21st century stadium , whereas smaller attendances of less than 10,000 were not uncommon in Candlestick despite its nearly 60,000 seating capacity , although by the 1999 season the Giants did manage to draw about 25,000 fans per game . The new location annually vies for highest MLB season attendance , in contrast to often having had the lowest attendance in the NL ( or close to it ) previously . Still quite breezy in summer compared to other MLB parks , AT&T Park has been a consensus success despite its reputation as a `` pitcher 's park '' stingy for power hitters . Its design minimizes wind - chill , and it is served by mass transit and has views of the bay and the city skyline ; traits all lacking at Candlestick especially after it was redesigned in the early 1970s to accommodate the NFL 49ers . AT&T Park is the centerpiece of a `` renaissance '' in San Francisco 's South Beach and Mission Bay neighborhoods , known for what has been called sustainable design . Despite inaugural game festivities at the new ballpark , the Dodgers spoiled the 2000 season opener with an unexpected three - HR outburst by little - known , light - hitting shortstop Kevin Elster . But the Giants rebounded after losing their first six games in their new home with a solid effort all season long , culminating with not only the NL West Division title but the best record in the major leagues . Kent paced the attack with clutch hits ( 33 HR , 125 RBI ) en route to being elected MVP over runner - up Bonds with 49 HR & 106 RBI . The pitching staff was not great but certainly decent , five starters earning at least ten wins : Liván Hernández ( 17 -- 11 , 3.75 ) , Russ Ortíz ( 14 -- 12 , 5.01 ) , Kirk Rueter ( 11 -- 9 , 3.96 ) , Shawn Estes ( 15 -- 6 , 4.26 ) and Mark Gardner ( 11 -- 7 , 4.05 ) . Closer Robb Nen was nearly perfect , with 41 saves and a minute 1.50 ERA . The Giants lost the 2000 division series to the New York Mets three games to one after a solid win in Game 1 on the postseason clutch pitching of Liván Hernández . But the Mets won the next three games despite decent starts by Estes , Ortíz and Mark Gardner . Game 2 in particular ended tumultuously but disappointingly . Down 4 -- 1 in the ninth , Snow smacked a three - run home run to tie the game ; but the Mets won in the tenth with a run off Félix Rodríguez , Bonds making the last out , stranding two runners , on a controversial called third strike . In 2001 , the Giants were eliminated from playoff contention on the next - to - last day of the season . Slugging shortstop Rich Aurilia put up stellar numbers ( 37 HR , 97 RBI , . 324 BA ) in support of Bonds , who once again gave fans something to cheer about with his single - season record 73 home runs , surpassing Mark McGwire 's 70 in 1998 . The pitching staff was good but not great , with Russ Ortíz ( 17 -- 9 , 3.29 ) leading a staff that also had Liván Hernández ( 13 -- 15 , 5.24 ) and Kirk Rueter ( 14 -- 12 , 4.42 ) . Shawn Estes and Mark Gardner had subpar years , but a notable late - season acquisition from the Pirates was superstar starter Jason Schmidt ( 7 -- 1 , 3.39 ) . Robb Nen continued as a dominant closer ( 45 saves , 3.01 ERA ) . 2002 : National League championship season and World Series ( edit ) Main articles : 2002 National League Division Series , 2002 National League Championship Series , and 2002 World Series In 2002 , the Giants finished second in the NL West behind the Arizona Diamondbacks , bolstered by another MVP season for Bonds ( 46 HR , 110 RBI , . 370 BA , a then - record 198 walks and a . 582 OBP ) and Kent ( 37 HR , 108 RBI and . 313 BA ) . Additional roster support was provided by decent seasons from veteran catcher Benito Santiago and Aurilia , aided by new acquisitions third baseman David Bell , slugging outfielder Reggie Sanders and fleet - footed outfielder Tsuyoshi Shinjo , ( generally known by last name only ) , who spent only one season with the Giants before returning to Japan . The pitching staff again proved solid , with five starters winning 12 or more including Jason Schmidt in his first full season in San Francisco . Closer Robb Nen had 43 saves and a 2.20 ERA , and setup men Felix Rodríguez and Tim Worrell were solid out of the bullpen . The Giants made the playoffs as the NL wild card in the last weekend of the season . They began by defeating the Atlanta Braves in the NLDS three games to two , with Ortíz winning Games 1 and 5 in Atlanta . With the tying runs on base in the bottom of the 9th inning , Snow ending the deciding game with a spectacular double play ending in a rundown between first and second . In the NLCS , they defeated the St. Louis Cardinals four games to one with wins by Rueter , Schmidt and two by Worrell in relief . Santiago , particularly for his late clutch game - turning and - winning home run in Game 4 , was elected MVP of the NLCS . The Giants then faced the American League champion Anaheim Angels ( now known as the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim ) in the World Series , marking the first World Series between two wild - card teams . The Giants split the first two ( one - run ) games in Anaheim , were beaten 10 - 4 by the visiting Angels in Game 3 , then won Games 4 & 5 in Pac Bell Park , 4 - 3 and 16 - 4 . The Series shifted back to Anaheim for Game 6 . With the Giants leading the Series three - games - to - two and leading 5 - 0 with one out in the bottom of the 7th inning , manager Dusty Baker removed starter Russ Ortíz after he gave up two straight singles and handed him what Baker hoped would be the `` game ball '' as he walked off the mound . Moments later , after fouling off numerous fastballs , the Angels ' Scott Spiezio hit a three - run home run off reliever Félix Rodríguez . The Giants ' closer Robb Nen , pitching `` on fumes and guts '' with an injured right shoulder , gave up an eighth - inning two - run double to Troy Glaus , who was the Most Valuable Player for the series , and the Angels won the game 6 -- 5 and capture the momentum in the Series . The following night , Anaheim cruised to a 4 -- 1 victory behind an early three - run double by Garret Anderson off Hernández to claim the Series . After 2002 , the Giants went through many personnel changes . Baker 's managerial contract was not renewed after ten seasons . Closer Nen 's damaged shoulder ended his career , forcing him into early retirement ; and Kent , moving on to the Houston Astros in his native Texas , was not re-signed . He had aroused front - office ire earlier in the season with an off - field injury when he fell off the roof of his vehicle while shining it , and by getting into a public scrap with Bonds in the dugout in the middle of a game . Position players David Bell , Reggie Sanders , Tsuyoshi Shinjo and Kenny Lofton , as well as pitchers Liván Hernández , Russ Ortiz and southpaw reliever Aaron Fultz ( winner of 2002 World Series Game 4 ) , all went to other teams in 2003 as well . 2003 : wire to wire ( edit ) In the 2003 season the Giants , under new manager Felipe Alou , won 100 games for the seventh time in franchise history and the third time in San Francisco , winning their division for the third time in seven seasons and spending every day of the season in first place , the ninth team to accomplish that feat in baseball history . Their offense was paced by yet another MVP season from Bonds ( 45 HR , 90 RBI , . 341 BA , 148 BB and an OBP of . 529 ) . Decent offensive support was provided by Rich Aurilia , Marquis Grissom , José Cruz Jr. , Edgardo Alfonzo , Benito Santiago , Pedro Felíz and Andrés Galarrága . The pitching staff was led by Jason Schmidt ( 17 -- 5 , 2.34 ERA ) and Kirk Rueter ( 10 -- 5 , 4.53 ) , but dropped off after that , no other starter earning ten wins . Once again in the playoffs , and just like in 1997 , the Giants faced the eventual - world - champion Florida Marlins in the NLDS . Schmidt won Game 1 in San Francisco with a low - scoring complete game outdueling Josh Beckett ; but the Marlins won the next three games , and the series three games to one , as the Giants bullpen faltered after Game 2 starter Sidney Ponson imploded , blowing a big early Giants lead . As usually reliable outfielder Fred Snodgrass blew the deciding game of the 1912 World Series on the road with the Giants one run ahead going into the last of the tenth with a notorious `` muff '' of a fly ball by the leadoff hitter ending with the home team Boston Red Sox scoring two runs for a come - from - behind walk - off win , exactly the same scenario happened in the last of the tenth in Florida in Game 3 of the 2003 NLDS with a muff of another easy leadoff fly ball by otherwise slick - fielding José Cruz , Jr , ending with Iván Rodríguez 's two - out , two - run , come - from - behind bases - loaded walk - off win for the Marlins off closer Tim Worrell . 2004 -- 06 : playoff drought ( edit ) In 2004 , Bonds broke his own records with 232 walks and a . 609 OBP en route to his 7th and last NL MVP award ( 45 HR , 101 RBI , . 362 BA ) . The team also had a solid but not stellar supporting cast including Marquís Grissom ( 22 , 90 , . 279 ) and Pedro Felíz ( 22 , 84 , . 276 ) , along with decent hitting by Ray Durham , Edgárdo Alfónzo , Michael Tucker and AJ Pierzynski . Jason Schmidt was the star of the staff ( 18 -- 7 , 3.20 ERA , 251 SO ) , but the team was constantly looking for a new closer ( Matt Herges and Dustin Hermanson sharing the role during the season ) . After sitting out most of the first half of the season with an injury , Snow led the league in hitting after the All - Star Break . The Giants ' 2005 season was the least successful of the decade in their new stadium . Bonds missed almost the entire season with a knee injury , erratic closer Armando Benítez was injured for four months , and ace Jason Schmidt struggled after numerous injuries . But management took advantage of the off - year to give playing time to numerous young players , including pitchers Noah Lowry , Brad Hennessey , Kevin Correia , Scott Munter , Matt Cain and Jeremy Accardo , as well as first baseman Lance Niekro and outfielders Jason Ellison and Todd Linden . The acquisition of veteran outfield contact hitter Randy Winn from the Seattle Mariners was invaluable in the stretch run . On May 25 , the Giants held a celebration for Baseball Hall of Famer Juan Marichal . A statue of Marichál was dedicated on the plaza outside the stadium . Leonel Fernández , the President of the Dominican Republic , attended . In the two games following the ceremonies , the Giants wore uniforms with the word GIGANTES ( Spanish for `` Giants '' ) on the front of their jerseys . On July 14 , 2005 , the franchise won its 10,000 th game , defeating their longtime rival Dodgers , 4 -- 3 and thereby becoming the first professional sports franchise to have a five - figure win total . On September 28 , the Giants were officially eliminated from the NL West race after losing to the division champion San Diego Padres , finishing a distant third at 75 -- 87 , their worst , and first losing , season since 1996 . Despite the disappointing finish , the Giants extended manager Felipe Alou 's contract for another year . The Giants were expected to contend in 2006 with a strong starting staff . Despite a losing streak in May , and the worst batting performance by Barry Bonds in about 15 years the Giants did contend in the less - than - stellar Western Division and by July 23 were in first place . A 3 -- 16 stretch ensued , with nine one - run losses , and combined with a season - ending eight losses in nine games , the team finished in third place with a 76 -- 85 record . On October 2 , 2006 , the day after the end of the regular season , the Giants announced that they would not renew manager Felipe Alou 's contract but still offer him the opportunity to stay with them in an advisory role to the general manager and to baseball operations . 2007 -- 09 : losing ways and milestones ( edit ) 2007 : end of the Bonds ERA ( edit ) Main article : 2007 San Francisco Giants season With eleven free agents ( excluding Jason Schmidt ) who signed with the Dodgers for roughly $15 million a year , a new manager on board ( Bruce Bochy , division rival San Diego manager since the mid-1990s who left the Padres to manage the Giants ) , and the loss of veteran catcher Mike Matheny due to complications ( cumulative trauma ) resulting from concussions sustained during his career , the Giants ' prospects for the 2007 season were less than favorable as 2006 came to an end . They then made several deals , re-signing infielders Pedro Feliz , Ray Durham and longtime fan favorite Rich Aurilia , and picking up catcher Bengie Molina , slugger Ryan Klesko and outfielder Dave Roberts . They also signed free - agent pitcher Barry Zito to a lucrative seven - year contract worth $126 million with an $18 million option for an eighth year , the richest pitcher 's contract in baseball history at the time . On January 9 , 2007 , they re-signed pitcher Russ Ortiz to compete for the fifth starting position in spring training , which he won by late March due to his outstanding spring . The 2007 team during spring training They got off to a slow start in the regular season , with spurts of promise but more often stretches of mediocre play at best . Pitching was often inconsistent or the offense nonexistent ( such as in a pair of 1 -- 0 losses for young star starter Matt Cain , for whom lack of run support was a frequent problem ) . The season was memorable in some regards , such as the Giants -- Red Sox series in Fenway Park , their first appearance there since they lost the deciding game of the 1912 World Series with two errors in the last of the tenth after scoring a go - ahead run in the top of the tenth , and their hosting of the 2007 MLB All - Star Game . Much more notable , however , was Bonds ' march toward Hank Aaron 's 755 career home run record that brought heavy media attention to the San Francisco Giants . Leading off in the top of the second before a sellout crowd at Petco Park in San Diego in Game 2 of that series , Bonds hit a high fastball off the facing of the upper deck in left field for an off - field jack , tying the score at 1 - 1 and Aaron at 755 , although they lost 3 - 2 in extra innings . In the bottom of the fifth at home against the Washington Nationals on the night of August 7 , he smashed number 756 into the deep center field bleachers , causing a melee in the crowd scrambling for the ball , which later earned six figures at auction for the young man who came up with it . Aaron , appearing on the big screen , congratulated him personally , but the luckless Giants lost the game , 8 - 6 . On August 9 , 2007 , left - handed pinch - hitter Mark Sweeney was traded to the Los Angeles Dodgers for AA second baseman Travis Denker , marking the first trade between the Giants and the Dodgers since 1985 . The 2007 season continued discouraging for the Giants , with solid pitching but often without run support . Rookie starter Tim Lincecum , for instance , held the Chicago Cubs to two hits through eight innings on August 21 , but the team scored only one run in a 5 - 1 loss . On September 22 , 2007 , the Giants officially announced they would not re-sign Barry Bonds for the 2008 season . After much speculation and debate , owner Peter Magowan announced Bonds ' departure at a press conference , stressing the need for youth and offense throughout the lineup . Bonds played the last game of his career on September 26 , 2007 . He went 0 for 3 , driving a ball that was caught at the warning track in left - center field in his final at - bat and then leaving on his own although he had another at - bat coming had he stayed in the game . 2008 : without Bonds and golden anniversary ( edit ) Main article : 2008 San Francisco Giants season Tim Lincecum 2008 Cy Young Award Winner . 2008 , the 51st season for the Giants in San Francisco , was their first without Barry Bonds since 1992 . Their first big move was to sign gutsy Philadelphia Phillies center fielder Aaron Rowand to a 5 - year , $60 million contract . Barry Zito , in his second year as a Giant , once again got off to a poor start , losing his first eight decisions ; but the team found hope with Tim Lincecum in his first full season . After going 7 -- 5 as a rookie in 2007 , he exploded as a sophomore starter , winning four straight before his first loss on April 29 , 2008 , to the Colorado Rockies . Lincecum was selected to the 2008 MLB All - Star Game at Yankee Stadium , but was hospitalized with flulike symptoms and could n't pitch in the midsummer classic . He soon recovered , however , and even went on to win the 2008 NL Cy Young Award , finishing at 18 -- 5 and becoming the first Giant to win that prestigious trophy since Mike McCormick won it in 1967 . The Giants finished the season in fourth place in the NL West with a record of 72 -- 90 . 2009 : a mix of old & New and a no - hitter ( edit ) During the 2008 - 09 off - season , the Giants strengthened their pitching staff with veteran starting pitcher Randy Johnson and relievers Bob Howry and Jeremy Affeldt . They also signed infielders Édgar Rentería and Juan Uribe . Bill Neukom also became the new managing partner . Despite lingering questions about their struggling offense , they were a surprising 49 -- 39 by the 2009 Major League Baseball All - Star Game , good enough for second place in the NL West . In addition to the Giants ' overall performance as a team , the first half of 2009 was memorable for several individuals : Johnson became the 24th major league pitcher to win 300 games , and phenomally gifted but perpetually struggling young southpaw starter Jonathan Sánchez tossed a nearly perfect no - hitter against the San Diego Padres on July 10 ( the only Padre baserunner reached on Juan Uribe 's late infield error , following the distant footsteps of Giants immortal Christy Mathewson , whose 1905 no - no was blemished by only two errors ) , the first Giants no - hitter since 1976 . Incredibly , Sánchez accomplished his feat spot - starting in place of injured Randy Johnson and returning to the rotation after a brief demotion to the bullpen , striking out a career - high eleven hitters to boot . It was his first major league complete game and shutout , on only 110 pitches for an 8 - 0 Giants romp , and the first no - hitter ever thrown at AT&T Park . In fact , 2009 's starting rotation was one of the strongest in Giants history , two of whom went to the All - Star Game including successfully defending Cy Young champ Tim Lincecum , who started the game . He won his second straight NL Cy Young Award even though he won only 15 games in 2009 , finishing at 15 - 7 , becoming the only pitcher to capture the Cy Young Award in each of his first two full major league seasons . But tragically on July 19 , Sue Burns , the team 's senior general partner who was a virtual fixture in her seat adjacent to the Giants ' dugout , died early that Sunday morning of cancer . She was the widow of Harmon Burns , a Bay area financier who was a key member of the investor group that had saved the team from moving to Tampa at the end of the 1992 season . The Giants honored her with a pregame ceremony with Barry Bonds in attendance . On July 20 , the Giants traded one of their top prospects , AA pitcher Tim Alderson , for Pittsburgh Pirates second baseman Freddy Sánchez . Alderson was the first round pick in the 2007 draft and was ranked prospect number four in the Giants ' organization by Baseball America , but Sánchez provided a much needed jump for their offense , batting . 293 with 41 RBI and 22 walks for the season . On September 11 , the Giants added another key player when they brought up their first - round draft pick , young catcher Buster Posey , from their AAA affiliate the Fresno Grizzlies . Although the 2009 Giants finished only 14 games above . 500 , they won 16 more games than in 2008 . With the emergence of star slugger Pablo Sandoval to provide solid offensive support for their dominant pitching staff , they looked forward to making the playoffs next year for the first time since 2003 . 2010 -- 2016 : a dynasty emerges ( edit ) 2010 : first championship in San Francisco ( edit ) Main articles : 2010 San Francisco Giants season , 2010 National League Division Series , 2010 National League Championship Series , and 2010 World Series Pat Burrell in the Giants ' 2010 World Series victory parade . At the start of the 2010 season , Jim Caple of ESPN.com was the only baseball writer or pundit to pick the Giants to reach the World Series , although he later recanted his pick before the National League Championship Series , saying the Philadelphia Phillies would beat the Giants and advance to the World Series . Most did not expect San Francisco even to make the playoffs . The Giants won the National League Western Division for the first time since 2003 , after trailing the San Diego Padres for most of the season . In the 2010 National League Division Series , the Giants defeated the Atlanta Braves three games to one . In the 2010 National League Championship Series , the Giants defeated the Philadelphia Phillies 4 -- 2 , and advanced to face the Texas Rangers in the 2010 World Series . Behind Tim Lincecum , the Giants wrapped up the World Series with a 3 - 1 Game 5 win for their first world championship in San Francisco and the first for the Giants franchise since 1954 . Édgar Rentería was named World Series Most Valuable Player . The championship firsts were : Giants : First world championship since 1954 , while still in New York . First world championship since the move to San Francisco in 1958 . City of San Francisco : First World Series championship . First major sports championship since the 49ers won Super Bowl XXIX in January 1995 . San Francisco Bay Area : First World Series championship since the Oakland Athletics swept the Giants in 1989 . First major sports world championship since the 49ers won Super Bowl XXIX . With their victory in the 2010 World Series , the Giants also became the second Major League Baseball team ( after the St. Louis Cardinals ) to win a world championship in three different centuries : 1800s , 1900s , and 2000s . On November 15 , 2010 , Giants ' catcher Buster Posey was named NL Rookie of the Year . 2011 : back to square one ( edit ) Main article : 2011 San Francisco Giants season 2011 began on a dark note when Giants fan paramedic Bryan Stow suffered a life - threatening head injury and was permanently disabled in an attack by two Dodgers fans in the Dodgers Stadium parking lot on Opening Day after they had insulted and threatened him in the stands during the game . Further tragedy ensued on May 25 in extra innings when Florida utility man Scott Cousins crashed into the Giants ' Rookie of the Year catcher Buster Posey as he slid home with the eventual Marlin winning run , fracturing Posey 's ankle and ending his season . The Giants fought on without Posey and through a morass of injuries to position players largely on the strength of their pitching both starting and in relief . Four starters , Tim Lincecum ( ERA 2.74 ) , Matt Cain ( ERA 2.88 ) , Ryan Vogelsong ( ERA 2.71 ) and Madison Bumgarner ( ERA 3.21 ) and a lights out bullpen kept the Giants in first place until the second week of August . San Francisco finished the 2011 season with an 86 -- 76 record , winding up in second place in the NL West eight games behind the division - winning Arizona Diamondbacks for lack of hitting and other key injuries ( such as to second baseman Freddy Sánchez in late May shortly before Posey 's injury , and to closer Brian Wilson in August ) . 2012 : Champions again ( edit ) Main article : 2012 San Francisco Giants season The Giants started the season playing barely above . 500 , trailing the Dodgers in second place for most of the first half of the season and falling to 7.5 games back near the end of May . But a June 17 -- 10 record by the Giants ( including a home sweep of the Dodgers ) while the Dodgers slumped to 11 -- 17 put the Giants as division leaders ahead by one game at the end of the month . On June 13 , Matt Cain pitched the first perfect game in the 130 - year history of the franchise , against the Houston Astros , at AT&T Park . The Giants and Dodgers continued to trade places at the top until August 20 , at which point another sweep of the Dodgers gave the Giants the lead for good . Melky Cabrera was named the Most Valuable Player of the All - Star Game , while Matt Cain was the starting and winning pitcher and Sandoval became the first player in All - Star Game history to hit a bases - loaded triple . At the trade deadline , the Giants acquired right fielder Hunter Pence from the Philadelphia Phillies and second baseman Marco Scutaro from the Colorado Rockies . On August 15 , Cabrera was suspended by Major League Baseball for 50 games for testing positive for a performance - enhancing drug . Despite the loss of Cabrera and the Dodgers making several blockbuster trades , the Giants still won the 2012 NL West Division , led by Scútaro 's 20 - game hit streak in the last twenty games of the regular season for a . 306 average and NL MVP - to - be Buster Posey 's league - leading . 336 . In the 2012 NLDS , the Giants became the first NL team to come back from a 2 - 0 deficit to beat the Cincinnati Reds in three straight games , and were also the first major league team to take a best - of - five postseason series by winning the last three on the road . The St. Louis Cardinals won three out of the first four games in the 2012 NLCS . The Giants won the next three games to advance to the 2012 World Series , and Scútaro was chosen MVP of the NLCS with his . 500 average . The Giants finished a 4 - 0 sweep over the Tigers for their seventh all - time World Series title , and their second in the previous three years . Pablo Sandoval , who hit home runs in his first three at - bats in Game 1 , and had a . 500 average in the World Series , was named the World Series MVP . 2013 : inconsistent struggles ( edit ) Early in the 2013 season , the Giants were in first place in the National League West . However , in May , during a road trip to Toronto , the Giants began a slide into last place . They struggled both offensively and defensively due to several players being injured throughout the season , most notably Ángel Pagán , who suffered a hamstring injury mid-season and was out for 12 weeks , and were no - hit against the Cincinnati Reds . Buster Posey , who had won the previous year 's National League batting title , experienced a significant drop - off , hitting just 15 home runs ( and just two in the second half of the season ) and slumping to a . 294 average . Although the Giants won the season series over every team in their own division , including going 11 - 8 over the rival Dodgers , who won the division , they went only 32 - 54 outside of their division , including an MLB second worst 6 - 14 record in inter-league play , with their only season series victory outside of the National League West being over the Atlanta Braves . In several series , the Giants scored 5 runs or fewer , such as against the Red Sox ( outscored 21 - 4 , lost series 2 - 1 ) , against the Yankees ( outscored 12 - 3 , lost series 2 - 1 ) , against the Cardinals in St. Louis ( outscored 17 - 5 , lost series 2 - 1 ) , against the Blue Jays in San Francisco ( outscored 5 - 2 , split series 1 - 1 ) , and against the Cubs in San Francisco ( outscored 6 - 3 , swept ) . This slide lasted until mid-August when the Giants began to play efficiently again ( highlighted by a 19 - 3 romp over the rival Dodgers in Los Angeles ) and ended the season in a tie for 3rd place with the San Diego Padres after a brief resurgence . At the conclusion of the season the Giants also signed right fielder Hunter Pence to a five - year , $90 million contract . The Giants finished the 2013 season with a 76 - 86 record . The Giants ' . 469 record marked their first losing record since 2008 and one of the worst records ever for a team that had won the World Series the previous year , behind only the 1998 Florida Marlins . One notable highlight was Tim Lincecum throwing his first no - hitter against the San Diego Padres at Petco Park in a 9 - 0 victory . A notable oddity happened during a doubleheader with the Cincinnati Reds on July 23 in which the Reds were the designated home team for Game 2 even though the Giants were playing at home . The Reds won Game 1 , 9 - 3 , and the Giants prevailed in Game 2 , 5 - 3 . 2014 : third World Series championship in San Francisco ( edit ) Main article : 2014 San Francisco Giants season The Giants acquired outfielder Michael Morse and starting pitcher Tim Hudson in the offseason . At one point , the Giants had twice as many wins as they had losses , sporting a 42 - 21 record . However , their 9.5 game lead over the Dodgers dissipated . Lincecum pitched his second no - hitter , also against the Padres . With a won - loss record of 12 - 9 , Lincecum achieved more wins than his previous 2 seasons , though second - half struggles put Lincecum out of the starting rotation . The Giants finished the season with an 88 - 74 record , the first time in baseball 's modern era that they had reached the postseason with under 90 wins . The Giants defeated the Pirates in the 2014 National League Wild Card Game , 8 - 0 , with Madison Bumgarner pitching a complete game and Brandon Crawford hitting a grand slam off of Pirates starter Edinson Vólquez , the first in MLB postseason history by a shortstop . The Giants won the 2014 NLDS , defeating the Nationals and passing the Cincinnati Reds ' Big Red Machine for a new National League record in consecutive postseason victories . The Giants played the Cardinals in the 2014 NLCS rematch , winning in five games . Travis Ishikawa hit a game winning walk - off 3 run homer in game 5 . Madison Bumgarner was named MVP of the series . The Giants faced the Kansas City Royals in the 2014 World Series , defeating the AL Champions in 7 games , winning 4 games to 3 . Madison Bumgarner was also named the World Series MVP . The championship was the Giants ' third in a five - year span , spurring debate over whether the Giants could be considered a modern - day baseball dynasty . 2015 : odd year curse ( edit ) During the 2015 offseason , the Giants lost two key contributors , Pablo Sandoval and Michael Morse , who both became free agents and signed with the Boston Red Sox and the Miami Marlins respectively . After Sandoval 's departure , there was talk of moving Buster Posey to third base , Sandoval 's position . Marco Scutaro , the Giants injury - plagued second baseman , was also released , with Joe Panik taking his position . Over the offseason , Giants dealt for Casey McGehee and Nori Aoki to replace Sandoval and Morse respectively , avoided arbitration with Brandon Belt and Brandon Crawford , re-signed Sergio Romo and Jake Peavy , had free - agent Ryan Vogelsong come back , and looked forward to the returns of Matt Cain and Ángel Pagán . Despite the team remaining mostly the same , some concerns existed . The rotation was one of the oldest in the major leagues , and except for Madison Bumgarner , no starting pitcher ended with a winning record in 2014 . Many believed McGehee and Aoki could n't make up for the power lost from the departures Sandoval and Morse . However , the Giants remained in high hopes entering 2015 , looking to break the odd - year `` curse '' established in 2011 and 2013 . Indeed , the season began poorly for the team , and included an eight - game losing streak . However , a home sweep of the archrival Dodgers lifted the Giants ' outlook , and an additional sweep of the Los Angeles Angels in the opening days of May , with Lincecum winning the final game of the series , further improved their prospects . By mid-May the team welcomed Hunter Pence , who had broken his arm in spring training , back to the lineup , with a fine debut performance in a lopsided win in Cincinnati . The victory gave the Giants a winning record and another boost to their morale . On June 9 , 2015 , Chris Heston pitched the 17th no - hitter in Giants history against the New York Mets , making 110 pitches , striking out 11 including three called strikeouts in the 9th inning , with the only baserunners being 3 hit batsmen . Heston also had two hits and drove in two runs in the game . The no - hitter was the third by a Giants rookie and the first by a visiting pitcher at Citi Field . On June 15 , 2015 the Giants set a record for most consecutive home losses at AT&T Park at nine straight games with a 5 - 1 loss to the Seattle Mariners . This losing streak was the Giants ' longest since an 11 - game home loss streak at the Polo Grounds in New York in 1940 . Despite injuries to Aoki , Pagan , Pence , Panik , and Leake , the Giants remained deep in the playoff hunt , due to contributions by rookies Chris Heston and Matt Duffy , as well as Buster Posey 's MVP - like season . However , with Hunter Pence out again with an oblique strain in the middle of a brutal stretch in the schedule , the Giants faced a major uphill battle . They acquired outfielder Marlon Byrd to deal with Pagan and Pence 's absences ; he made an immediate impact , almost hitting for the cycle in a 6 - 4 win against the Wild Card - leading Pirates . However , the Giants still finished 84 - 78 and missed the playoffs . 2016 : end of the even year dynasty ( edit ) In 2016 , the Giants started off strong , ending their first half at the All - Star break with the best record in the majors at 57 - 33 . However , due to a struggling bullpen in the second half , they just barely qualified for the 2016 postseason in the 2nd NL Wild Card spot . In the process they blew an 8 - game lead to the rival Los Angeles Dodgers , who were missing star pitcher Clayton Kershaw for 2 1 / 2 months . The Giants ' run at even - year championships ended with a game 4 loss to the eventual World Series champion Chicago Cubs in the 2016 NLDS . In Game 4 , the Giants led 5 -- 2 before they were eliminated after allowing four runs to the Cubs in the 9th . They previously held an MLB - record 10 - game winning streak when facing elimination in the postseason . Brandon Crawford , Joe Panik and Buster Posey all received Gold Glove awards at the close of the season . Recent seasons : 2017 to present ( edit ) 2017 : hitting bottom ( edit ) On December 6 , 2016 , the Giants signed closer Mark Melancon to a 4 - year , $62 million contract . The deal was briefly the largest in MLB history for a relief pitcher , until the signing of Aroldis Chapman to the New York Yankees for 5 years , $86 million later that offseason . On April 2 , 2017 , Madison Bumgarner became the first pitcher in MLB history to hit two home runs in an Opening Day matchup , in what would be a 6 -- 5 loss on the road to the Arizona Diamondbacks . Despite the Giants ' recent post-season successes and posting the 7th highest payroll in the league in 2017 , they finished 64 - 98 and 5th in the NL west in a season that was rife with injuries to several key players in the bullpen , lineup , and rotation . This , combined with the failure of the front office to address glaring defensive issues in the outfield , as well as the lowest power - hitting performance in the league at a time when home runs are on the rise , resulted in one of the poorest seasons in Giants history . 2018 ( edit ) Before the 2018 season , the Giants acquired Evan Longoria and Andrew McCutchen in trades , that saw Denard Span and the organization 's top prospect Christian Arroyo sent to the Tampa Bay Rays in return , along with an additional prospect ; the Pittsburgh Pirates received Giants prospects Kyle Crick and Bryan Reynolds as compensation for the final year of McCutchen 's contract . The team followed these trades by signing free - agent outfielder Austin Jackson to a two - year contract . Rivalries ( edit ) The Giants ' rivalry with the Los Angeles Dodgers dates back to when the two teams were based in New York , as does their rivalry with the New York Yankees . Their rivalry with the Oakland Athletics dates back to when the Giants were in New York and the A 's were in Philadelphia and played each other in the 1905 , 1911 , & 1913 World Series , and was renewed in 1968 when the Athletics moved from Kansas City and the teams again played each other in the earthquake - interrupted 1989 Bay Bridge World Series . The 2010 NLCS inaugurated a Giants rivalry with the Philadelphia Phillies after confrontations between Jonathan Sánchez and Chase Utley , and between Ramón Ramírez and Shane Victorino . However , with the Philadelphia Phillies dropping off as one of the premier teams of the National League , this rivalry has died down since 2010 and 2011 . Another rivalry that has intensified recently is with the St. Louis Cardinals , whom the team has faced 4 times in the NLCS . The rivalry between the New York Giants and Chicago Cubs in the early twentieth century was once regarded as one of the most heated in baseball , with Merkle 's Boner leading to a 1908 season - ending matchup in New York of particular note . That historical rivalry was revisited when the Giants beat the Cubs in the 1989 NL playoffs , in their one - game playoff in Chicago at the end of the 1998 season , and on June 6 , 2012 in a `` Turn Back The Century '' game in which both teams wore replica 1912 uniforms . Los Angeles Dodgers ( edit ) Main article : Dodgers -- Giants rivalry The Giants - Dodgers rivalry is one of the greatest and longest - standing rivalries in team sports , and has been regarded as the most intense in American baseball . The Giants - Dodgers feud began in the late 19th century when both clubs were based in New York City , with the Dodgers based in Brooklyn and the Giants playing at the Polo Grounds in upper Manhattan . After the 1957 season , Dodgers owner Walter O'Malley decided to move the team to Los Angeles primarily for financial reasons . Along the way , he managed to convince Giants owner Horace Stoneham ( who was considering moving his team to Minnesota ) to preserve the rivalry by taking his team to San Francisco as well . New York baseball fans were stunned and heartbroken by the move . Given that the cities of Los Angeles and San Francisco have long been competitors in economic , cultural and political arenas , their new California venues became fertile ground for transplantation of the ancient rivalry . Both teams ' having endured for over a century while leaping across an entire continent , as well as the rivalry 's growth from cross-city to cross-state , have led to its being considered one of the greatest in sports history . The Giants - Dodgers rivalry has been marked by the Giants ' slightly better success . While the Giants have more total wins , head - to - head wins , National League pennants and World Series titles in their franchise histories , the Dodgers have won the National League West 5 more times than the Giants since the start of division play in 1969 . Both teams have made the postseason as a National League wild card twice . The Giants won their first world championship in California in 2010 , while the Dodgers won their last world title in 1988 . As of the end of the 2014 baseball season , the Los Angeles Dodgers lead the San Francisco Giants in California World Series triumphs , 5 - 3 , whereas in 20th century New York , the Giants led the Dodgers in World Series championships , 5 - 1 . The combined franchise histories give the Giants an 8 - 6 edge in MLB championships , overall . Oakland Athletics ( edit ) Main article : Bay Bridge Series A geographic rivalry with the cross-Bay American League Athletics greatly increased with the 1989 World Series , nicknamed the `` Battle of the Bay '' , which Oakland swept ( and which was interrupted by the Loma Prieta earthquake moments before the scheduled start of Game 3 in San Francisco ) . In addition , the introduction of interleague play in 1997 has pitted the two teams against each other for usually six games every season since 1997 , three in each city ( but only four in 2013 , two in each city ) . Before 1997 , they played each other only in Cactus League spring training . Their interleague play wins and losses ( 53 - 50 in favor of the A 's after a Giants sweep of an interleague series from July 24 -- 26 , 2015 ) have been fairly evenly divided despite differences in league , style of play , stadium , payroll , fan base stereotypes , media coverage and World Series records , all of which have heightened the rivalry in recent years . The intensity of the rivalry and how it is understood varies among Bay Area fans . A 's fans generally view the Giants as a hated rival , while Giants fans generally view the A 's as a friendly rival much lower on the scale . This is most likely due to the A 's lack of a historical rival , while the Giants have their heated rivalry with the Dodgers . Some Bay Area fans are fans of both teams . The `` split hats '' that feature the logos of both teams best embodies the shared fan base . Other Bay Area fans view the competition between the two teams as a `` friendly rivalry '' , with little actual hatred compared to similar ones such as the Subway Series ( New York Mets vs. New York Yankees ) , the Red Line Series ( Chicago Cubs vs. Chicago White Sox ) and the Freeway Series ( Los Angeles Dodgers vs. Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim ) . The Giants and A 's enjoyed a limited rivalry at the start of the 20th century before the Yankees began to dominate after the acquisition of Babe Ruth in 1920 , when the Giants were in New York and the A 's were in Philadelphia . The teams were managed by legendary leaders John McGraw and Connie Mack , who were considered not only friendly rivals but the premier managers during that era , especially in view of their longevity ( Mack for 50 years , McGraw for 30 ) since both were majority owners . Each team played in five of the first 15 World Series ( tying them with the Red Sox and Cubs for most World Series appearances during that time period ) . As the New York Giants and the Philadelphia A 's , they met in three World Series , with the Giants winning in 1905 and the A 's in 1911 & 1913 . After becoming the San Francisco Giants and Oakland A 's , they met in a fourth Series in 1989 resulting in the A 's last world championship ( as of 2017 ) . Historical rivalry ( edit ) New York Yankees ( edit ) Main articles : Giants -- Yankees rivalry and Subway Series Though in different leagues , the Giants have also been historical rivals of the Yankees , starting in New York before the Giants moved to the West Coast . Before the institution of interleague play in 1997 , the two teams had little opportunity to play each other except in seven World Series : 1921 , 1922 , 1923 , 1936 , 1937 , 1951 and 1962 , the Yankees winning last five of the seven Series . The teams have met four times in regular season interleague play as of the end of the 2016 season : in 2002 at old Yankee Stadium , in 2007 at AT&T Park , in 2013 at new Yankee Stadium , and in 2016 also at new Yankee Stadium . In game two of the teams ' September 2013 meeting , Alex Rodriguez hit a Grand Slam , breaking Lou Gehrig 's grand slam record . In his July 4 , 1939 farewell speech ending with the renowned `` Today , I consider myself the luckiest man on the face of the earth '' , Yankee slugger Lou Gehrig , who played in 2,130 consecutive games , declared that the Giants were a team he `` would give his right arm to beat , and vice versa . '' Baseball Hall of Famers ( edit ) As of 2012 , the Major League Baseball Hall of Fame has inducted 66 representatives of the Giants ( 55 players and 11 managers ) into the Hall of Fame , more than any other team in the history of baseball . San Francisco Giants Hall of Famers Affiliation according to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum New York Gothams / Giants Dave Bancroft Jake Beckley Roger Bresnahan Dan Brouthers Jesse Burkett Roger Connor George Davis Leo Durocher Buck Ewing Frankie Frisch Burleigh Grimes Gabby Hartnett Rogers Hornsby Waite Hoyt Carl Hubbell Monte Irvin Travis Jackson Tim Keefe Willie Keeler George Kelly King Kelly Tony Lazzeri Freddie Lindstrom Ernie Lombardi Rube Marquard Christy Mathewson Joe McGinnity John McGraw Joe Medwick Johnny Mize Hank O'Day Jim O'Rourke Mel Ott Edd Roush Amos Rusie Ray Schalk Red Schoendienst Bill Terry John Montgomery Ward Mickey Welch Hoyt Wilhelm Hack Wilson Ross Youngs San Francisco Giants Steve Carlton Gary Carter Orlando Cepeda Rich Gossage Randy Johnson Juan Marichal Willie Mays Willie McCovey Joe Morgan Gaylord Perry Frank Robinson Duke Snider Warren Spahn Players and managers listed in bold are depicted on their Hall of Fame plaques wearing a Giants or Gothams cap insignia . -- depicted on Hall of Fame plaque without a cap or cap insignia due to not wearing a cap or playing when caps had no insignia -- depicted without a cap or cap insignia , but Hall of Fame recognizes New York Gothams / Giants as `` Primary Team '' -- inducted as player , also managed Giants or was player - manager -- inducted as manager , also played for Giants or was player - manager -- inducted as umpire , also played for Giants or was player - manager Ford C. Frick Award recipients ( edit ) San Francisco Giants Ford C. Frick Award recipients Affiliation according to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum Ernie Harwell Russ Hodges Tim McCarver Jon Miller Lindsey Nelson Lon Simmons Names in bold received the award based primarily on their work as broadcasters for the Giants . * Played as Giants Other ( edit ) The following inducted members of the Hall of Fame played or managed for the Giants , but either played for the Giants and were inducted as a manager having never managed the Giants , or managed the Giants and were inducted as a player having never played for the Giants : Cap Anson -- inducted as player , managed Giants in 1898 . Hughie Jennings -- inducted as player , managed Giants from 1924 to 1925 . Bill McKechnie -- inducted as manager , played for Giants in 1916 . Frank Robinson -- inducted as player , managed Giants from 1981 to 1984 . Casey Stengel -- inducted as manager , played for Giants from 1921 to 1923 . Broadcasters Russ Hodges , Lon Simmons , and Jon Miller are permanently honored in the Hall 's `` Scribes & Mikemen '' exhibit as a result of winning the Ford C. Frick Award in 1980 , 2004 , and 2010 respectively . As with all Frick Award winners , none are officially recognized as an inducted member of the Hall of Fame . Giants in the Bay Area Sports Hall of Fame ( edit ) Main article : Bay Area Sports Hall of Fame Giants in the Bay Area Sports Hall of Fame No . Name Position Tenure Notes -- Bob Lurie Owner 1976 -- 1993 Born in San Francisco -- Peter Magowan Owner / President 1993 -- 2008 Attended Stanford University 1 , 18 Bill Rigney IF Manager 1946 -- 1953 1956 -- 1960 , 1976 Born and raised in Alameda Dick Bartell SS 1935 -- 1938 1941 -- 1943 , 1946 Grew up in Alameda Ernie Lombardi 1943 -- 1947 Elected mainly on his performance with Cincinnati Reds , grew up in Oakland 6 Tony Lazzeri 2B 1939 Elected mainly on his performance with New York Yankees , born and raised in San Francisco 8 Joe Morgan 2B 1981 -- 1982 Elected mainly on his performance with Cincinnati Reds , raised in Oakland 9 , 10 , 60 Matt Williams 3B 1987 -- 1996 12 Dusty Baker OF Manager 1984 1993 -- 2002 14 Vida Blue 1978 -- 1981 1985 -- 1986 Elected mainly on his performance with Oakland A 's 16 Lefty O'Doul LF 1928 1933 -- 1934 Born in San Francisco 18 , 43 Matt Cain 2005 -- 2017 19 , 33 Dave Righetti Coach 1991 -- 1993 2000 -- 2017 Born and raised in San Jose 20 Frank Robinson Manager 1981 -- 1984 Elected mainly on his performance with Cincinnati Reds and Baltimore Orioles 21 Jeff Kent 2B 1997 -- 2002 Attended UC Berkeley 22 Will Clark 1B 1986 -- 1993 24 Willie Mays CF 1951 -- 1952 1954 -- 1972 25 Barry Bonds LF 1993 -- 2007 Grew up in San Carlos 27 Juan Marichal 1960 -- 1973 30 Orlando Cepeda 1B 1958 -- 1966 36 Gaylord Perry 1962 -- 1971 44 Willie McCovey 1B 1959 -- 1973 1977 -- 1980 San Francisco Giants Wall of Famers ( edit ) Further information : San Francisco Giants Wall of Fame The Giants Wall of Fame recognizes retired players whose records stand highest among their teammates on the basis of longevity and achievements . Those honored have played a minimum of nine seasons for the San Francisco Giants , or five seasons with at least one All - Star selection as a Giant . Key Year Year inducted Bold Member of the Baseball Hall of Fame Member of the Baseball Hall of Fame as a Giant San Francisco Giants Wall of Fame Year No . Name Position ( s ) Tenure 2008 23 , 49 Felipe Alou OF / 1B Manager 1958 -- 1963 2003 -- 2006 46 Gary Lavelle 1974 -- 1984 33 Jim Barr 1971 -- 1978 1982 -- 1983 10 Johnnie LeMaster SS 1975 -- 1985 14 , 24 Willie Mays CF 1951 -- 1952 , 1954 -- 1972 47 Rod Beck 1991 -- 1997 00 , 20 , 26 Jeffrey Leonard LF 1981 -- 1988 14 Vida Blue 1978 -- 1981 1985 -- 1986 8 , 17 , 19 Kirt Manwaring 1987 -- 1996 44 Willie McCovey 1B 1959 -- 1973 1977 -- 1980 42 Bobby Bolin 1961 -- 1969 27 Juan Marichal 1960 -- 1973 49 Jeff Brantley 1988 -- 1993 15 , 22 Jack Clark RF / 1B 1975 -- 1984 29 , 40 Mike McCormick 1956 -- 1962 1967 -- 1970 15 , 19 Bob Brenly 1981 - 1988 1989 32 , 33 , 40 , 51 John Burkett 1990 -- 1994 23 , 37 Stu Miller 1957 -- 1962 25 Bobby Bonds RF 1968 -- 1974 30 Orlando Cepeda 1B 1958 -- 1966 17 , 39 Randy Moffitt 1972 -- 1981 38 , 41 Greg Minton 1975 -- 1987 7 , 9 Kevin Mitchell LF 1987 -- 1991 22 Will Clark 1B 1986 -- 1993 34 , 39 Mike Krukow 1983 -- 1989 12 Jim Davenport 3B Manager 1958 -- 1970 1985 26 , 50 John Montefusco 1974 -- 1980 30 , 33 Chili Davis OF 1981 -- 1987 9 , 10 , 60 Matt Williams 3B 1987 -- 1996 31 Robb Nen 1998 -- 2002 Dick Dietz 1966 -- 1971 22 , 28 , 35 , 36 Gaylord Perry 1962 -- 1971 41 Darrell Evans 3B / 1B 1976 -- 1983 16 Jim Ray Hart 3B / LF 1963 -- 1973 48 Rick Reuschel 1987 -- 1991 6 J.T. Snow 1B 1997 -- 2005 2008 23 , 26 , 29 Tito Fuentes 2B 1965 -- 1974 42 , 45 , 46 Kirk Rueter 1996 -- 2005 31 , 43 , 50 , 52 , 54 Scott Garrelts 1982 -- 1991 6 Robby Thompson 2B 1986 -- 1996 5 , 51 Tom Haller 1961 -- 1967 2 , 35 Chris Speier SS 1971 -- 1977 1987 -- 1989 7 , 14 , 17 Atlee Hammaker 1982 -- 1985 1987 -- 1990 2009 21 Jeff Kent 2B 1997 -- 2002 33 , 35 , 57 Rich Aurilia SS 1995 -- 2003 2007 -- 2009 36 , 55 Shawn Estes 1995 -- 2001 2011 7 , 56 Marvin Benard OF 1995 -- 2003 29 Jason Schmidt 2001 -- 2006 2017 25 Barry Bonds LF 1993 -- 2007 2018 18 , 43 Matt Cain 2005 -- 2017 33 , 38 Brian Wilson 2006 -- 2012 14 , 32 , 51 Ryan Vogelsong 2000 -- 2001 2011 -- 2015 Retired numbers ( edit ) See also : List of Major League Baseball retired numbers The Giants have retired 11 numbers in the history of the franchise , most recently Barry Bonds ' number 25 in 2018 . Christy Mathewson Honored 1988 McGraw 3B Mgr Honored 1988 Bill Terry 1B Mgr , GM Retired 1984 Mel Ott RF Mgr Retired 1949 Carl Hubbell Retired 1944 Monte Irvin LF Retired June 26 , 2010 Willie Mays CF Retired May 12 , 1972 Barry Bonds LF Retired August 11 , 2018 Juan Marichal Retired Orlando Cepeda 1B Retired July 11 , 1999 Gaylord Perry Retired July 23 , 2005 Willie McCovey 1B Retired September 21 , 1980 Jackie Robinson * -- All MLB Honored April 15 , 1997 * Retired throughout the major leagues ; Robinson actually was traded to the Giants , but retired before playing a game for them . Of the Giants whose numbers have been retired , all but Bonds have been elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame . In 1944 , Carl Hubbell ( # 11 ) became the first National Leaguer to have his number retired by his team . Bill Terry ( # 3 ) , Mel Ott ( # 4 ) , and Hubbell played and / or managed their entire careers for the New York Giants . Willie Mays ( # 24 ) began his career in New York , moving with the Giants to San Francisco in 1958 ; he did not play in most of 1952 and all of 1953 due to his service in the Korean War . Also honored ( edit ) John McGraw ( 3B , 1902 -- 06 ; Manager , 1902 -- 32 ) and Christy Mathewson ( P , 1900 -- 16 ) , who were members of the New York Giants before the introduction of uniform numbers , have the letters `` NY '' displayed in place of a number . Broadcasters Lon Simmons ( 1958 -- 73 , 1976 -- 78 , 1996 -- 2002 & 2006 ) , Russ Hodges ( 1949 -- 70 ) , and Jon Miller ( 1997 -- current ) are each represented by an old - style radio microphone displayed in place of a number . The Giants present the Willie Mac Award annually to the player that best exemplifies the spirit and leadership shown by Willie McCovey throughout his career . Team captains ( edit ) Jack Doyle 1902 Larry Doyle 1908 -- 1916 Gus Mancuso 1937 -- 1938 Mel Ott 1939 -- 1947 Alvin Dark 1950 -- 1956 Willie Mays 1961 -- 1972 Willie McCovey 1977 -- 1980 Darrell Evans 1980 -- 1983 Jack Clark 1984 Season records ( edit ) Further information : List of San Francisco Giants seasons All - time regular season record : 11,015 -- 9,513 (. 537 ) ( through 2017 season ) Current roster ( edit ) San Francisco Giants roster Active roster Inactive roster Coaches / Other Pitchers Starting rotation 40 Madison Bumgarner 45 Derek Holland 57 Dereck Rodríguez 59 Andrew Suarez Bullpen 50 Ty Blach 49 Sam Dyson 41 Mark Melancon 54 Reyes Moronta 34 Chris Stratton 60 Hunter Strickland 56 Tony Watson Closer 13 Will Smith Catchers 16 Aramis Garcia 5 Nick Hundley Infielders 9 Brandon Belt 35 Brandon Crawford 2 Chase d'Arnaud 19 Alen Hanson 10 Evan Longoria 12 Joe Panik Outfielders 6 Steven Duggar 7 Gorkys Hernández 22 Andrew McCutchen 8 Hunter Pence 53 Austin Slater Pitchers 38 Tyler Beede 62 Ray Black 73 Tyler Herb 86 Chase Johnson 58 Pierce Johnson 68 Casey Kelly 64 Derek Law 32 Steven Okert 61 Josh Osich 29 Jeff Samardzija Catchers 28 Buster Posey Infielders 52 Miguel Gómez 14 Ryder Jones 37 Kelby Tomlinson Outfielders 51 Mac Williamson Manager 15 Bruce Bochy Coaches 17 José Alguacil ( first base ) 91 Chad Chop ( special assistant ) 21 Shawon Dunston ( special assistant ) 77 Matt Herges ( bullpen ) 31 Hensley Meulens ( bench ) 33 Alonzo Powell ( hitting ) 39 Rick Schu ( assistant hitting ) 99 Taira Uematsu ( bullpen catcher ) 88 Eli Whiteside ( bullpen catcher ) 23 Ron Wotus ( third base ) 43 Curt Young ( pitching ) 60 - day disabled list 47 Johnny Cueto 70 Julián Fernández 48 Pablo Sandoval 25 active , 15 inactive 7 - or 10 - day disabled list Suspended list Personal leave Roster and coaches updated August 26 , 2018 Transactions Depth chart → All MLB rosters Minor league affiliations ( edit ) Main article : List of San Francisco Giants minor league affiliates Level Team League Location AAA Sacramento River Cats Pacific Coast League West Sacramento , California AA Richmond Flying Squirrels Eastern League Richmond , Virginia Advanced A San Jose Giants California League San Jose , California Augusta GreenJackets South Atlantic League North Augusta , South Carolina Short Season A Salem - Keizer Volcanoes Northwest League Keizer , Oregon Rookie AZL Giants Arizona League Scottsdale , Arizona DSL Giants Dominican Summer League Boca Chica , Dominican Republic Radio and television ( edit ) Giants ' television telecasts are split between NBC - owned KNTV ( broadcast ) and NBC Sports Bay Area ( cable ) . KNTV 's broadcast contract with the Giants began in 2008 , one year after the team and KTVU mutually ended a relationship that dated to 1961 . Jon Miller regularly calls the action on KNTV , while the announcing team for NBCSBA telecasts is Mike Krukow and Duane Kuiper , affectionately known as `` Kruk and Kuip '' ( pronounced `` Kruke '' and `` Kype '' ) . During the 2016 season , the Giants had an average 4.71 rating and 117,000 viewers on primetime TV broadcasts . The Giants ' flagship radio station is KNBR ( 680 AM ) . KNBR 's owner , Cumulus Media , is a limited partner in San Francisco Baseball Associates LP , the owner of the team . Jon Miller and Dave Flemming are the regular play - by - play announcers . In addition to KNBR , the Giants can be heard throughout Northern California and parts of Nevada , Oregon , and Hawaii on the Giants Radio Network . When games are televised on KNTV , Kuiper replaces Miller on the radio , and Miller goes to television . Erwin Higueros and Tito Fuentes handle Spanish - language radio broadcasts on KXZM ( 93.7 FM ) . Home run call glitch ( edit ) On May 28 , 2006 , Flemming called the 715th career home run of Barry Bonds , which moved Bonds into second on the all - time home run list . Unfortunately , the power from Flemming 's microphone to the transmitter cut off while the ball was in flight , so the radio audience heard only crowd noise . Greg Papa took over the broadcast and apologized to listeners . Kuiper 's TV call was submitted to the Baseball Hall of Fame as an artifact , instead of the usual radio call . See also ( edit ) List of San Francisco Giants team records List of San Francisco Giants broadcasters San Francisco Giants general managers and managers History of the New York Giants ( NL ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Giants Uniforms and Logos '' . MLB Advanced Media . Retrieved October 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 San Francisco Giants Style Guide '' . Major League Baseball Properties . January 25 , 2018 . Retrieved July 25 , 2018 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` 2014 San Francisco Giants Media Guide '' ( PDF ) . San Francisco Giants . March 28 , 2014 . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Shea , Bill ( October 28 , 2012 ) . `` Low - key ownership style suits SanFranciso Giants ' Johnson '' . Crains Detroit Business . Retrieved July 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Haft , Chris ( April 3 , 2015 ) . `` Bochy , Sabean extend contracts ; GM moves up '' . MLB.com . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Shea , John ( April 4 , 2015 ) . `` Giants change titles , but it 's the same old front - office team '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved May 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Games Won by Teams Records '' . baseball-almanac.com. 2014 . Retrieved December 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Giants Hall of Famers '' . Mlb.mlb.com . June 19 , 2012 . 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O'Malley needed the Giants because National League owners , concerned about travel costs , would not approve only one team going across the country . Jump up ^ `` Mets Timeline Mets.com : History '' . MLB.com . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Lurie , owner of the San Francisco Giants , Wednesday ... '' United Press International . United Press International . December 21 , 1988 . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . The wealthy developer , who stepped in at the last minute in 1976 to buy the team and prevent it from moving to Toronto , issued the statement the morning after Santa Clara city officials gave a county stadium task force the authority to submit a proposal for a 40,000 - seat baseball stadium on city land . Jump up ^ Sakamoto , Gordon ( February 11 , 1976 ) . `` Giants will stay in San Francisco '' . Bryan Times . United Press International . p. 14 . Jump up ^ `` 1984 All - Star Game '' . Baseball Almanac . Jump up ^ `` The Future of Giant Baseball '' . Hoover Institution Archives . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chass , Murray ( November 11 , 1992 ) . `` BASEBALL ; Look What Wind Blew Back : Baseball 's Giants '' . New York Times . p . B11 . Jump up ^ WARREN , JENIFER ( 1992 - 11 - 11 ) . `` Determination by the Bay : Baseball : In three months , San Francisco mobilized forces to save its team from moving to St. Petersburg , Fla '' . Los Angeles Times . ISSN 0458 - 3035 . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Carig , Marc ( October 18 , 2014 ) . `` Giants flourishing in San Francisco after almost leaving for Florida 22 years ago '' . Newsday . Newsday . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . The Giants were halfway out the door for a new ballpark in St. Petersburg , Florida , before the league blocked the move and a local group led by Peter Magowan stepped in at the last minute to buy the team . Jump up ^ Garratt , Robert F. ( 2017 ) . Home Team : The Turbulent History of the San Francisco Giants . pp. 173 , 174 . ^ Jump up to : `` Barry Bonds Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1993 San Francisco Giants Statistics and Roster '' . Baseball - Reference . Jump up ^ `` 1993 San Francisco Giants Schedule , Box Scores and Splits '' . Baseball - Reference . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2008 . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1994 San Francisco Giants Statistics and Roster '' . Baseball - Reference . Jump up ^ `` 1995 San Francisco Giants Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1996 San Francisco Giants Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1997 San Francisco Giants Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1997 National League Standings & Expanded Standings '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 San Francisco Giants Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1999 San Francisco Giants Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Champion of Sustainable Ballparks : SF Giants Green AT&T Park '' . Fourgreensteps.com . January 25 , 2012 . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2012 . Retrieved July 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2000 San Francisco Giants Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2000 League Division Series -- New York Mets over San Francisco Giants ( 3 - 1 ) '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2001 San Francisco Giants Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 San Francisco Giants Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NLDS 2002 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved October 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 League Championship Series -- San Francisco Giants over St. Louis Cardinals ( 4 - 1 ) '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 San Francisco Giants Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 League Division Series -- Florida Marlins over San Francisco Giants ( 3 - 1 ) '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 San Francisco Giants Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 San Francisco Giants Schedule , Box Scores and Splits '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2009 . Retrieved July 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Giants catcher Mike Matheny announces retirement SFGiants.com : Official Info '' . Sanfrancisco.giants.mlb.com . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2012 . Retrieved July 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dubow , Josh ( August 9 , 2007 ) . `` Giants make deal with rival Dodgers , sending Sweeney to L.A '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Associated Press . Jump up ^ Curry , Jack ( September 22 , 2007 ) . `` Bonds Goes From Out of the Park to Out of a Job '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` NL Cy Young Award goes to Lincecum '' . MLB.com . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2013 . Retrieved October 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lincecum 's the one ; that makes two Cys '' . MLB.com . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2013 . Retrieved October 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bonds , Giants honor Burns '' . ESPN . Associated Press . July 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Santo , Michael ( July 30 , 2009 ) . `` SF Giants Acquire Freddy Sanchez , Trade Tim Alderson '' . Huliq.com . Jump up ^ `` MLB Standings -- 2003 '' . ESPN . Jump up ^ `` ESPN predicts the 2010 baseball season -- ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com. April 2 , 2010 . Retrieved July 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` MLB.com pundits weigh in with predictions MLB.com : News '' . Mlb.mlb.com . June 19 , 2012 . Retrieved July 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 MLB Preseason Experts Picks '' . CNN . March 31 , 2010 . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Scott , Laurence ( November 1 , 2010 ) . `` Giants Bring World Series Championship to West Coast '' . NBCBayArea.com . Retrieved November 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Haft , Chris ( 2010 ) . `` Giants win the Series ! Giants win the Series ! Edgar Rentaria went on to win the 2010 World Series MVP award '' . mlb.com . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2012 . Retrieved November 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Giants win first World Series since 1954 '' . Foxsports.com . November 1 , 2010 . Retrieved November 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Walker , Ben ( November 2 , 2010 ) . `` Giants win World Series behind Lincecum , Renteria '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Associated Press . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2011 . Retrieved November 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Shpigel , Ben ( November 1 , 2010 ) . `` Rookie 's Gem Has Giants On Verge of Championship '' . New York Times . p . D1 . The Giants ... secure the Bay Area 's first title since ... the 49ers won the Super Bowl . Jump up ^ Haft , Chris ( 2010 ) . `` Posey catches NL Rookie of the Year honors '' . mlb.com . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2010 . Retrieved November 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Giants fan beaten after Dodgers Stadium game '' . CBC News . April 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Klopman , Michael ( May 26 , 2011 ) . `` Buster Posey Injury : Giants Catcher Injured In Brutal Collision With Marlins ' Scott Cousins ( PHOTOS ) '' . Huffingtonpost.com . Retrieved October 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 National League Season Summary '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Standings and Games on June 30 , 2012 '' . Baseball Reference.com . Retrieved 27 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroner , Steve ( July 13 , 2012 ) . `` Matt Cain throws perfect game as Giants win 10 - 0 '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ Stark , Jayson ( 11 July 2012 ) . `` Giants trample any All - Star doubts '' . ESPN . Jump up ^ `` Giants claim NL West title with sixth straight win '' . MLB.com . Retrieved October 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Giants slam their way to historic NLCS berth '' . MLB.com . Retrieved October 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ AP ( 23 October 2012 ) . `` Marco Scutaro MVP of NLCS '' . ESPN . Retrieved 27 April 2015 . He batted . 500 with two walks , scored six runs and drove in four . Jump up ^ Haft , Chris ( October 25 , 2012 ) . `` Sandoval 's homer trifecta gives Giants Game 1 win '' . MLB.com . Retrieved October 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Brown , David ( October 29 , 2012 ) `` Most Valuable Panda ! Pablo Sandoval named World Series MVP '' , Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved October 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . `` Giants top Tigers in the 10th for World Series sweep '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved November 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ SBNation.com . `` From World 's Champions to last place in one easy winter '' . SBNation.com . Retrieved May 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Schulman , Henry ( September 28 , 2014 ) . `` Giants win regular finale , head to Pittsburgh for wild - card game '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved October 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Lincecum : Standard Pitching '' . Baseball-Reference.com. 2014 . Retrieved October 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A capsule look at the Giants - Pirates playoff game '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Associated Press . September 30 , 2014 . Retrieved October 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Schulman , Henry ( October 2 , 2014 ) . `` Crawford 's slam sets tone as Giants top Pirates 8 - 0 '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved October 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kilgore , Adam ( October 8 , 2014 ) . `` Giants end Nationals ' season with 3 - 2 victory in Game 4 of the NLDS '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Boswell , Thomas ( October 3 , 2014 ) . `` Washington Nationals discover how tough the San Francisco Giants can be in October '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McCauley , Janie ( October 16 , 2014 ) . `` Giants pitcher Madison Bumgarner wins NLCS MVP '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Associated Press . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2014 . Retrieved October 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Passan , Jeff ( October 29 , 2014 ) . `` Madison Bumgarner pitches Giants to World Series championship in classic Game 7 '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved October 29 , 2014 . 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Jump up ^ Schulman , Henry ( May 3 , 2015 ) . `` Tim Lincecum pitches Giants to another sweep of L.A. '' The San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved August 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Shea , John ( May 17 , 2015 ) . `` Big night for Pence as Giants rout Reds 11 - 2 '' . The San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved August 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Collier , Jamal . `` Giants rookie Heston twirls no - hitter vs. Mets '' . mlb.com . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Giants ' home skid nearly a franchise record . Sports Xchange June 16 , 2015 `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2015 . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 Jump up ^ Berg , Ted ( September 6 , 2016 ) . `` The slumping Giants have MLB 's worst second - half record '' . ftw.usatoday.com . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schulman , Henry ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` 3 Giants -- Posey , Panik , Crawford -- win Gold Glove awards '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 . 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Retrieved October 31 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Murphy , Robert ( 2009 ) . After many a summer : the passing of the Giants and Dodgers and a golden age in New York baseball . New York : Sterling . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4027 - 6068 - 6 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Neil J. ( 1987 ) . The Dodgers move west : the transfer of the Brooklyn baseball franchise to Los Angeles . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 504366 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` The 10 greatest rivalries '' . ESPN . January 3 , 2000 . Jump up ^ Caple , Jim ( September 16 , 2002 ) . `` Giants - Dodgers best rivalry in baseball '' . ESPN . Jump up ^ Beard , Donald ( March 30 , 2005 ) . `` Giants - Dodgers Covers a Lot of Ground '' . The Washington Post . p . H05 . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Head - to - Head record for Oakland Athletics against the listed opponents from 1997 to 2014 '' . Jump up ^ Stout , Glenn ( 2002 ) . Yankees Century : 100 Years of New York Yankees Baseball . Houghton Mifflin . p. 290 . ISBN 0 - 618 - 08527 - 0 . Jump up ^ Neft , David ( 2006 ) . The Sports Encyclopedia : Baseball 2006 . St. Martin 's Press . p. 351 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 35001 - 5 . Jump up ^ Wynne , Brian ( 1984 ) . The Book of Sports Trophies . Cornwall Books . p. 37 . Jump up ^ `` Lou Gehrig 's Farewell Speech '' . LouGehrig.com . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2009 . Retrieved September 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ https://www.mlb.com/giants/ballpark/wall-of-fame Jump up ^ Ott , Tim ( June 18 , 2003 ) . `` Gehrig 's No. 4 was first retired number '' . MLB . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` List of Major League Baseball retired numbers '' . Wikipedia . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` San Francisco Giants Team History & Encyclopedia '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Jump up ^ Kroner , Steve ( November 2 , 2007 ) . `` Giants are moving to KNTV '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved September 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Here Are The 2016 MLB Prime Time Television Ratings For Each Team - Maury Brown , Forbes SportsMoney , 28 September 2016 Jump up ^ Cumulus Media , Inc . ( December 31 , 2012 ) . `` Notes to consolidated financial statements '' . Annual report to the Securities and Exchange Commission on Form 10 - K. p. F - 14 . General Reference ( edit ) Hynd , Noel ( 1988 ) . The Giants of the Polo Grounds : The Glorious Times of Baseball 's New York Giants . New York : Doubleday . ISBN 0 - 385 - 23790 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to San Francisco Giants . San Francisco Giants official website San Francisco Giants Team History & Encyclopedia Baseball Reference Sports E-Cyclopedia San Francisco Giants Page History and Pictures Robert Lurie talks at the Commonwealth Club in 1976 about the process of keeping the Giants in San Francisco ( from the Commonwealth Club records at the Hoover Institution ) hide Achievements Preceded by Pittsburgh Pirates 1901 and 1902 and 1903 National League champions New York Giants 1905 Succeeded by Chicago Cubs 1906 and 1907 and 1908 Preceded by Boston Red Sox 1903 World Series champions New York Giants 1905 Succeeded by Chicago White Sox 1906 Preceded by Chicago Cubs 1910 National League champions New York Giants 1911 and 1912 and 1913 Succeeded by Boston Braves 1914 Preceded by Brooklyn Dodgers 1916 National League champions New York Giants 1917 Succeeded by Chicago Cubs 1918 Preceded by Brooklyn Dodgers 1916 National League champions New York Giants 1917 Succeeded by Chicago Cubs 1918 Preceded by Brooklyn Dodgers 1920 National League champions New York Giants 1921 and 1922 and 1923 and 1924 Succeeded by Pittsburgh Pirates 1925 Preceded by Cleveland Indians 1920 World Series champions New York Giants 1921 & 1922 Succeeded by New York Yankees 1923 Preceded by Chicago Cubs 1932 National League champions New York Giants 1933 Succeeded by St. Louis Cardinals 1934 Preceded by New York Yankees 1932 World Series champions New York Giants 1933 Succeeded by St. Louis Cardinals 1934 Preceded by Chicago Cubs 1935 National League champions New York Giants 1936 and 1937 Succeeded by Chicago Cubs 1938 Preceded by Philadelphia Phillies 1950 National League champions New York Giants 1951 Succeeded by Brooklyn Dodgers 1952 and 1953 Preceded by Brooklyn Dodgers 1952 and 1953 National League champions New York Giants 1954 Succeeded by Brooklyn Dodgers 1955 and 1956 Preceded by New York Yankees 1949 -- 1953 World Series champions New York Giants 1954 Succeeded by Brooklyn Dodgers 1955 Preceded by Cincinnati Reds 1961 National League champions San Francisco Giants 1962 Succeeded by Los Angeles Dodgers 1963 Preceded by Los Angeles Dodgers 1988 National League champions San Francisco Giants 1989 Succeeded by Cincinnati Reds 1990 Preceded by Arizona Diamondbacks 2001 National League champions San Francisco Giants 2002 Succeeded by Florida Marlins 2003 Preceded by Philadelphia Phillies 2009 National League champions San Francisco Giants Succeeded by St. Louis Cardinals 2011 Preceded by New York Yankees 2009 World Series champions San Francisco Giants Succeeded by St. Louis Cardinals 2011 Preceded by St. Louis Cardinals 2011 National League champions San Francisco Giants 2012 Succeeded by St. Louis Cardinals 2013 Preceded by St. Louis Cardinals 2011 World Series champions San Francisco Giants 2012 Succeeded by Boston Red Sox 2013 Preceded by St. Louis Cardinals 2013 National League champions San Francisco Giants 2014 Succeeded by New York Mets 2015 Preceded by Boston Red Sox 2013 World Series champions San Francisco Giants 2014 Succeeded by Kansas City Royals 2015 San Francisco Giants Established in 1883 Formerly the New York Gothams and the New York Giants Based in San Francisco , California ( Bay Area ) Franchise History in New York History in San Francisco Seasons Records No - hitters Players Managers Owners and executives Opening Day starting pitchers First - round draft picks Broadcasters Ballparks Polo Grounds Oakland Park St. George Grounds Hilltop Park Seals Stadium Candlestick Park AT&T Park Spring training : Payne Park Flamingo Field LSU Varsity Baseball Field Al Lang Stadium Phoenix Municipal Stadium Scottsdale Stadium Culture 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake Curse of Coogan 's Bluff `` Do n't Stop Believin ' '' `` Lights '' ( Journey song ) McCovey Cove New York Brickley Giants The Fan The Franchise ( Showtime TV series ) White Flag Trade Willie Mac Award `` You Dropped a Bomb on Me '' Lore 1894 Temple Cup Matt Cain 's perfect game Merkle 's Boner NL tie - breakers 1951 tie - breaker series 1962 tie - breaker series 1998 Wild Card tie - breaker game NL Wild Card Games 2014 2016 `` Shot Heard ' Round the World '' The Catch Rivalries Los Angeles Dodgers Oakland Athletics Subway Series / New York Yankees Retired numbers NY NY 11 20 24 27 30 36 44 42 Pre-World Series Champions ( 2 ) 1888 1889 Temple Cup Champions ( 1 ) 1894 World Series Champions ( 8 ) 1905 1921 1922 1933 1954 2012 2014 National League Championships ( 23 ) 1888 1889 1904 1905 1911 1912 1913 1917 1921 1922 1923 1924 1933 1936 1937 1951 1954 1962 1989 2002 2012 2014 Division titles ( 8 ) 1971 1989 1997 2000 2003 2012 Wild card ( 3 ) 2002 2014 2016 Minor league affiliates AAA Sacramento River Cats AA Richmond Flying Squirrels A Adv . San Jose Giants Augusta GreenJackets Short A Salem - Keizer Volcanoes Rookie AZL Giants Black AZL Giants Orange DSL Giants Seasons ( 136 ) 1880s 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890s 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900s 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910s 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930s 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1993 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Links to related articles Principal owners of the San Francisco Giants franchise New York Gothams / Giants ( 1883 -- 1957 ) John B. Day Cornelius Van Cott Andrew Freedman John T. Brush Harry Hempstead Charles Stoneham Horace Stoneham San Francisco Giants ( 1958 -- present ) Horace Stoneham Bob Lurie Peter Magowan Bill Neukom Larry Baer New York / San Francisco Giants retired numbers NY Christy Mathewson NY John McGraw 3 Bill Terry 4 Mel Ott 11 Carl Hubbell 20 Monte Irvin 24 Willie Mays 25 Barry Bonds 27 Juan Marichal 30 Orlando Cepeda 36 Gaylord Perry 42 Jackie Robinson 44 Willie McCovey San Francisco Giants managers John Clapp ( 1883 ) Jim Price ( 1884 ) John Montgomery Ward ( 1884 ) Jim Mutrie ( 1885 -- 1891 ) Pat Powers ( 1892 ) John Montgomery Ward ( 1893 -- 1894 ) George Davis ( 1895 ) Jack Doyle ( 1895 ) Harvey Watkins ( 1895 ) Arthur Irwin ( 1896 ) Bill Joyce ( 1896 -- 1898 ) Cap Anson ( 1898 ) John B. Day ( 1899 ) Fred Hoey ( 1899 ) Buck Ewing ( 1900 ) George Davis ( 1900 -- 1901 ) Horace Fogel ( 1902 ) Heinie Smith ( 1902 ) John McGraw ( 1902 -- 1932 ) Bill Terry ( 1932 -- 1941 ) Mel Ott ( 1942 -- 1948 ) Leo Durocher ( 1948 -- 1955 ) Bill Rigney ( 1956 -- 1960 ) Tom Sheehan ( 1960 ) Alvin Dark ( 1961 -- 1964 ) Herman Franks ( 1965 -- 1968 ) Clyde King ( 1969 -- 1970 ) Charlie Fox ( 1970 -- 1974 ) Wes Westrum ( 1974 -- 1975 ) Bill Rigney ( 1976 ) Joe Altobelli ( 1977 -- 1979 ) Dave Bristol ( 1979 -- 1980 ) Frank Robinson ( 1981 -- 1984 ) Danny Ozark ( 1984 ) Jim Davenport ( 1985 ) Roger Craig ( 1985 -- 1992 ) Dusty Baker ( 1993 -- 2002 ) Felipe Alou ( 2003 -- 2006 ) Bruce Bochy ( 2007 -- ) Championship navigation boxes New York Giants 1888 National League Champions Roger Connor Ed Crane Buck Ewing Elmer Foster George Gore Gil Hatfield Tim Keefe Pat Murphy Jim O'Rourke Danny Richardson Mike Slattery Mike Tiernan Cannonball Titcomb John Montgomery Ward Mickey Welch Art Whitney Manager : Jim Mutrie New York Giants 1889 National League Champions William Brown Roger Connor Ed Crane Buck Ewing George Gore Gil Hatfield Tim Keefe Hank O'Day Jim O'Rourke Danny Richardson Mike Tiernan John Montgomery Ward Mickey Welch Art Whitney Manager : Jim Mutrie New York Giants 1904 National League Champions Red Ames Frank Bowerman Roger Bresnahan George Browne Bill Dahlen Art Devlin Mike Donlin Jack Dunn Billy Gilbert Christy Mathewson Moose McCormick Dan McGann Joe McGinnity Sam Mertes Dummy Taylor Jack Warner Hooks Wiltse Manager : John McGraw Trainer : Harry Tuthill New York Giants 1905 World Series champions Red Ames Frank Bowerman Roger Bresnahan George Browne Boileryard Clarke Bill Dahlen Art Devlin Mike Donlin Claude Elliott Billy Gilbert Moonlight Graham Bob Hall Christy Mathewson Dan McGann Joe McGinnity Sam Mertes Offa Neal Sammy Strang Dummy Taylor Hooks Wiltse Manager : John McGraw Trainer : Harry Tuthill Regular season Athletics -- Giants rivalry New York Giants 1921 World Series champions Dave Bancroft Jesse Barnes George Burns Phil Douglas Frankie Frisch George Kelly Irish Meusel Art Nehf Johnny Rawlings Earl Smith Frank Snyder Fred Toney Ross Youngs Manager John McGraw Coaches Jesse Burkett Hughie Jennings Christy Mathewson Regular season Giants -- Yankees rivalry Subway Series New York Giants 1922 World Series champions Dave Bancroft Jesse Barnes Bill Cunningham Frankie Frisch Heinie Groh George Kelly Lee King Hugh McQuillan Irish Meusel Art Nehf Rosy Ryan Jack Scott Earl Smith Frank Snyder Casey Stengel Ross Youngs Manager John McGraw Coach Hughie Jennings Regular season Giants -- Yankees rivalry Subway Series New York Giants 1933 World Series champions 1 Jo - Jo Moore 2 Kiddo Davis 3 Bill Terry 4 Mel Ott 5 Travis Jackson 6 Hughie Critz 8 Gus Mancuso 11 Carl Hubbell ( NL MVP ) 12 Freddie Fitzsimmons 15 Hi Bell 16 Lefty O'Doul 17 Hal Schumacher 20 Dolf Luque 23 Blondy Ryan 26 Homer Peel Manager 3 Bill Terry Coaches 21 Al Smith 31 Tommy Clarke 32 Frank Snyder Clarence Mitchell New York Giants 1954 World Series champions 8 Ray Katt 9 Wes Westrum 10 Davey Williams 14 Bobby Hofman 15 Billy Gardner 16 Hank Thompson 18 Foster Castleman 19 Alvin Dark 20 Monte Irvin 21 Jim Hearn 22 Don Mueller 24 Willie Mays ( NL MVP ) 25 Whitey Lockman 26 Dusty Rhodes 27 Bill Taylor 28 Rubén Gómez 35 Sal Maglie 37 Don Liddle 40 Windy McCall 41 Al Corwin 42 Marv Grissom 43 Johnny Antonelli 49 Hoyt Wilhelm Manager 2 Leo Durocher Coaches 1 Frank Shellenback 3 Herman Franks 6 Freddie Fitzsimmons 46 Larry Jansen Regular season San Francisco Giants 2010 World Series champions 5 Juan Uribe 9 Pat Burrell 10 Travis Ishikawa 12 Nate Schierholtz 13 Cody Ross ( NLCS MVP ) 14 Mike Fontenot 16 Édgar Rentería ( World Series MVP ) 17 Aubrey Huff 18 Matt Cain 21 Freddy Sanchez 22 Eli Whiteside 28 Buster Posey 33 Aaron Rowand 38 Brian Wilson 40 Madison Bumgarner 41 Jeremy Affeldt 46 Santiago Casilla 48 Pablo Sandoval 49 Javier López 52 Ramón Ramírez 54 Sergio Romo 55 Tim Lincecum 56 Andrés Torres 57 Jonathan Sánchez 59 Guillermo Mota Manager 15 Bruce Bochy Third Base Coach 1 Tim Flannery Pitching Coach 19 Dave Righetti Bench Coach 23 Ron Wotus Bullpen Coach 26 Mark Gardner Hitting Coach 31 Hensley Meulens First Base Coach 39 Roberto Kelly Regular season National League Division Series National League Championship Series San Francisco Giants 2012 World Series champions 5 Ryan Theriot 7 Gregor Blanco 8 Hunter Pence 9 Brandon Belt 12 Xavier Nady 13 Joaquín Árias 16 Ángel Pagán 17 Aubrey Huff 18 Matt Cain 19 Marco Scutaro ( NLCS MVP ) 28 Buster Posey ( NL MVP ) 29 Héctor Sánchez 32 Ryan Vogelsong 35 Brandon Crawford 40 Madison Bumgarner 41 Jeremy Affeldt 46 Santiago Casilla 48 Pablo Sandoval ( World Series MVP ) 49 Javier López 50 José Mijares 54 Sergio Romo 55 Tim Lincecum 59 Guillermo Mota 70 George Kontos 75 Barry Zito Manager 15 Bruce Bochy Third Base Coach 1 Tim Flannery Bench Coach 23 Ron Wotus Bullpen Coach 26 Mark Gardner Hitting Coach 31 Hensley Meulens Pitching Coach 33 Dave Righetti First Base Coach 39 Roberto Kelly Bullpen Catcher 58 Bill Hayes Regular season National League Division Series National League Championship Series San Francisco Giants 2014 World Series champions 2 Juan Pérez 7 Gregor Blanco 8 Hunter Pence 9 Brandon Belt 12 Joe Panik 13 Joaquín Árias 17 Tim Hudson 22 Jake Peavy 28 Buster Posey 32 Ryan Vogelsong 34 Andrew Susac 35 Brandon Crawford 38 Michael Morse 40 Madison Bumgarner ( NLCS and World Series MVP ) 41 Jeremy Affeldt 45 Travis Ishikawa 46 Santiago Casilla 48 Pablo Sandoval 49 Javier López 50 Matt Duffy 52 Yusmeiro Petit 54 Sergio Romo 55 Tim Lincecum 60 Hunter Strickland 63 Jean Machi Manager 15 Bruce Bochy Third Base Coach 1 Tim Flannery Assistant Hitting Coach 5 Joe Lefebvre Bench Coach 23 Ron Wotus Bullpen Coach 26 Mark Gardner Hitting Coach 31 Hensley Meulens Pitching Coach 33 Dave Righetti First Base Coach 39 Roberto Kelly Bullpen Catcher 58 Bill Hayes Regular season National League Wild Card Game National League Division Series National League Championship Series Major League Baseball ( 2018 ) American League East Baltimore Orioles Boston Red Sox New York Yankees Tampa Bay Rays Toronto Blue Jays Central Chicago White Sox Cleveland Indians Detroit Tigers Kansas City Royals Minnesota Twins West Houston Astros Los Angeles Angels Oakland Athletics Seattle Mariners Texas Rangers National League East Atlanta Braves Miami Marlins New York Mets Philadelphia Phillies Washington Nationals Central Chicago Cubs Cincinnati Reds Milwaukee Brewers Pittsburgh Pirates St. Louis Cardinals West Arizona Diamondbacks Colorado Rockies Los Angeles Dodgers San Diego Padres San Francisco Giants Schedule Spring training Opening Day Jackie Robinson Day Civil Rights Game All - 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-3079509261263960604 | Tyler, Texas | Tyler , Texas - wikipedia Tyler , Texas Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Tyler County , Texas . Tyler City City of Tyler , Texas Clockwise : Tyler skyline with Plaza Tower at right and People 's National Bank office building in center , Cotton Belt Depot , Caldwell Zoo , Chamblee Rose Garden , Smith County Courthouse , Goodman Home . Seal Nickname ( s ) : Rose City , Rose Capital , Rose Capital of America Motto ( s ) : A Natural Beauty Location in Smith County and the state of Texas Coordinates : 32 ° 21 ′ N 95 ° 18 ′ W / 32.350 ° N 95.300 ° W / 32.350 ; - 95.300 Coordinates : 32 ° 21 ′ N 95 ° 18 ′ W / 32.350 ° N 95.300 ° W / 32.350 ; - 95.300 Country United States State Texas County Smith Founded 1846 Government Type Council - Manager City Council Mayor Martin Heines Darryl Bowdre Don Warren Same Mezayek Ed Moore John Nix Mark Whatley City Manager Edward Broussard Area City 54.376 sq mi ( 140.833 km ) Land 54.2 sq mi ( 140.5 km ) Water 0.1 sq mi ( 0.3 km ) Elevation 544 ft ( 165 m ) Population ( 2010 ) City 96,900 Estimate ( 2015 ) 103,700 Rank US : 287th Density 1,800 / sq mi ( 690 / km ) Urban 130,247 ( US : 247th ) Metro 216,080 ( US : 200th ) Demonym Tylerite Time zone Central ( UTC - 6 ) Summer ( DST ) Central ( UTC - 5 ) ZIP codes 757xx Area code ( s ) 430 / 903 FIPS code 48 - 74144 GNIS feature ID 1348998 Website www.cityoftyler.org Tyler is a city located in central Smith County , Texas , United States . In terms of both population and land area , Tyler is by far the largest city in Smith County , of which it is the county seat , and has long been the region 's major economic , educational , financial , medical , and cultural hub . The city is named for John Tyler , the tenth President of the United States . Tyler had a population of 96,900 in 2010 , according to the United States Census Bureau , and Tyler 's 2014 estimated population was 107,405 . It is 100 miles ( 160 km ) east - southeast of Dallas . Tyler is the principal city of the Tyler Metropolitan Statistical Area , which had a population of 209,714 in 2010 , and is the regional center of the Tyler - Jacksonville combined statistical area , which had a population of 260,559 in 2010 . Tyler is known as the `` Rose Capital of America '' ( also the `` Rose City '' and , less commonly , the `` Rose Capital of the World '' ) , a nickname it gained from a long history of rose production , rose cultivation , and the large quantity of roses processed through the area . Tyler is home to the largest rose garden in the United States , a 14 - acre public garden complex that boasts over 38,000 rose bushes of at least 500 different varieties . The Tyler Rose Garden is also home to the annual Texas Rose Festival , attracting tourists by the thousands each year in mid-October . In 1985 , the international Adopt - a-Highway movement originated in Tyler when , after appeals by local TexDOT officials , the local Civitan chapter adopted a two - mile ( 3 - km ) stretch of U.S. Highway 69 . Drivers and other motorists traveling on this segment of US - 69 ( between Tyler and nearby Lindale ) will notice brown roadsigns that read , `` First Adopt - A-Highway in the World . '' Tyler is also home to the Caldwell Zoo and Broadway Square Mall . As a regional educational and technology center , Tyler is the host for more than 20,000 higher education students , a College of Engineering , and a University Health Science Center , two regional , billion - dollar hospital systems , and a variety of technology startups . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geography 1.1 Climate 2 Demographics 3 History 4 Government 4.1 Local government 4.2 State government 4.3 Federal government 5 Education 5.1 Colleges and universities 5.2 Primary and secondary schools 5.3 Private schools 6 Economy 7 Recreation and tourism 7.1 Historical 8 Transportation 8.1 Public transportation 8.2 Via air 8.3 Via train 8.4 Walkability 9 Healthcare 10 Places of worship 11 Media 11.1 Newspaper 11.2 Television 11.3 Radio 11.3. 1 AM stations 11.3. 2 FM stations 12 Sports 12.1 College and university teams 12.2 Baseball teams 12.3 Football 12.4 Road races 12.5 Soccer 13 High school sports teams 14 Notable events 15 Notable people 15.1 Entertainment 15.2 Athletes 15.3 Musicians 15.4 Others 16 Sister cities 17 See also 18 References 19 Further reading 20 External links Geography ( edit ) Tyler skyline Tyler is located at 32 ° 20 ′ 03 '' N 95 ° 18 ′ 00 '' W / 32.334249 ° N 95.299927 ° W / 32.334249 ; - 95.299927 at 544 feet ( 166 m ) above sea level . Tyler is surrounded by many smaller cities , including Whitehouse , Lindale , New Chapel Hill , Bullard , Edom , Brownsboro , Kilgore , Flint and Chandler . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 54.4 square miles ( 140.8 km ) , of which 54.2 mi ( 140.5 km ) is land and 0.1 mi ( 0.3 km 2 ) is water . Climate ( edit ) Tyler Climate chart ( explanation ) J J J O 3.3 57 38 3.7 64 41 72 49 3.7 78 55 4.5 84 63 3.7 90 70 93 73 2.6 94 72 3.3 88 67 5.1 78 56 4.5 67 48 4.8 58 40 Average max. and min . temperatures in ° F Precipitation totals in inches Source : Weather.com / NWS ( show ) Metric conversion J J J O 85 14 95 18 5 101 22 9 94 26 13 113 29 17 93 32 21 55 34 23 66 34 22 83 31 19 131 26 13 113 19 9 121 14 Average max. and min . temperatures in ° C Precipitation totals in mm Tyler experiences weather typical of East Texas , which is unpredictable , especially in the spring . All of East Texas has the humid subtropical climate typical of the American South . The record high for Tyler is 115 ° F ( 46 ° C ) , which occurred in 2011 . The record low for Tyler is − 3 ° F ( − 19 ° C ) , which occurred on January 18 , 1930 . Demographics ( edit ) Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1880 2,423 -- 1890 6,908 185.1 % 1900 8,069 16.8 % 1910 10,400 28.9 % 1920 12,085 16.2 % 1930 17,113 41.6 % 1940 28,279 65.2 % 1950 38,968 37.8 % 1960 51,230 31.5 % 1970 57,770 12.8 % 1980 70,508 22.0 % 75,450 7.0 % 2000 83,650 10.9 % 96,900 15.8 % Est. 2016 104,798 8.2 % U.S. Decennial Census 2015 Estimate Tyler welcome sign on U.S. Highway 69 Tyler City Hall As of the 2010 census , 96,900 people resided in the city of Tyler , Texas . The population density was 1,782.0 people per square mile ( 688.0 / km2 ) . The 41,742 housing units averaged a density of 716.7 per mi ( 276.7 / km2 ) . The racial makeup of the city was : 60.5 % White , 24.8 % Black , 0.5 % Native American , 1.9 % Asian , 0.03 % Pacific Islander , 10.3 % from other races , and 2.0 % from two or more races . About 21.2 % of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race . The median income for the city was $42,752 and the poverty rate was 19.5 % . History ( edit ) See also : Timeline of Tyler , Texas This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( April 2017 ) Government ( edit ) Local government ( edit ) According to the city 's most recent Comprehensive Annual Financial Report , the city 's various funds had $87.7 million in revenues , $101.7 million in expenditures , $49.2 million in total assets , $12.3 million in total liabilities , and $17.6 million in cash in investments . List of mayors of Tyler , Texas ( show ) McDonald Lorance , 1846 William Bartlett , circa 1848 ? Oscar Burton , circa 1937 Zeb J. Spruiell , circa 1955 ? Murph Wilson , 1967 ? Jack H. Halbert , 1970 - 1976 ? Norman Shtofman , 1982 - 1984 ? Kevin Eltife , circa 1996 - 2002 ( 1 ) Joey Seeber , 2002 - 2008 Barbara Bass , 2008 - 2014 Martin Heines , 2014 -- present The structure of the management and coordination of city services is : City Manager Edward Broussard Managing Director of Development and Social Services Heather Nick Managing Director of Culture , Recreation and Tourism Services Stephanie Franklin Managing Director for Administration ( & HR Director ) ReNissa Wade Managing Director of Public Works Vacant CFO / Finance Director Keidric Trimble City Engineer Carter Delleney , P.E. Chief of Police Jimmy Toler Fire Chief David Coble Director of Solid Waste Russ Jackson Chief Information Officer Benny Yazdanpanahi City Attorney Deborah Pullum Communications Manager Julie Goodgame Vehicle Services Manager Leroy Sparrow City Librarian Mary Vernau Internal Auditor Vacant Neighborhood Services Manager Vacant Housing Manager Candace Porter Airport Manager Davis Dickson Human Resources Manager Rose Ray Water Utilities Financial Manager James Yanker Water Utilities Manager Joan Roberson Development Services Engineer Michael Wilson , P.E. Traffic Engineer Peter Eng , P.E. The Northeast Texas Public Health District is a political subdivision under the State of Texas established by the City of Tyler and Smith County . In place for nearly 70 years , the Health District became a separate entity in 1994 , with an administrative Public Health Board . With a stated vision `` To be the Healthiest Community in Texas '' , the district has a full - time staff of over 130 employees . The Health District has a broad range of services and responsibilities dedicated to their mission : `` To Protect , Promote , and Provide for the Health of Our Community . '' In June 2015 , Tyler City Manager Edward Broussard canceled a scheduled appearance of Lou Ann Smoot , a local LGBT activist , at the Tyler Public Library , citing the possibility that children might attend her book talk . State government ( edit ) Tyler is represented in the Texas Senate by Republican Bryan Hughes , District 1 , and in the Texas House of Representatives by Republican Matt Schaefer , District 6 . The Texas Twelfth Court of Appeals is located in Tyler . The Texas Department of Criminal Justice operates the Region I Parole Division Office and the Tyler District Parole Office in Tyler . Federal government ( edit ) The two U.S. Senators from Texas are Republicans John Cornyn and Ted Cruz ; Tyler is part of Texas ' US Congressional 1st District , which is currently represented by Republican Louie Gohmert . The United States Postal Service operates several post offices in Tyler , including Tyler , Azalea , Southeast Crossing , and the South Tyler Annex . Education ( edit ) Colleges and universities ( edit ) The Riter Tower at University of Texas at Tyler Tyler 's higher education institutions include the University of Texas at Tyler and the University of Texas Health Center at Tyler , both part of the University of Texas System , as well as Tyler Junior College and Texas College . Primary and secondary schools ( edit ) John Tyler High School Public primary and secondary education for much of the city is provided by the Tyler Independent School District , which includes two high schools , John Tyler and Robert E. Lee ; Premier High School of Tyler , a public charter school ( Cumberland Academy ) . Several Tyler schools offer international baccalaureate and advanced placement programs . Portions of incorporated Tyler are served by surrounding school districts . These include sections of southeast Tyler by the Whitehouse Independent School District , and some sections in the east which are served by the Chapel Hill Independent School District . Private schools ( edit ) There are a few private schools in Tyler , including Grace Community School ( Texas ) , All Saints Episcopal School , Seventh - day Adventist Church School , King 's Academy Christian School , Kingdom Life Academy ( Located in the same building but , not affiliated with King 's Academy ) Christian Heritage School , East Texas Christian Academy , and Good Shepherd Reformed Episcopal School , and the Brook Hill School in nearby Bullard , TX . The Tyler Catholic School System of the Catholic Diocese of Tyler consists of St. Gregory Cathedral School and Bishop Thomas K. Gorman Regional Catholic Middle and High School . Economy ( edit ) People 's National Bank office building in downtown Tyler Chamber of Commerce office in downtown Tyler In addition to its role in the rose - growing industry , Tyler is the headquarters for Brookshire Grocery Company , which operates Brookshire 's , Fresh , Super 1 Foods , and Spring Market supermarkets in three states ( Texas , Louisiana , and Arkansas ) . The company 's main distribution center is located in south Tyler , while SouthWest Foods , a subsidiary that processes dairy products , is located just northeast of the city . Adams Engineering has also made its headquarters in Tyler . The manufacturing sector includes : Tyler Pipe , a subsidiary of McWane Inc. that produces soil and utility pipe products Trane , a business of Ingersoll - Rand , formerly a unit of American Standard Companies , which manufactures air conditioners and heat pumps ( this plant was originally built in 1955 by General Electric ) Delek Refining , an Israeli - owned oil refinery formerly La Gloria Oil and Gas Co ( a Crown Central Petroleum subsidiary ) PCSFerguson , an operating company of Dover Corporation that specializes in equipment for the measurement and production of natural gas using the plunger lift method DYNAenergetics Tyler Distribution Center , part of DYNAenergetics USA , which manufactures perforating equipment and explosives for the oil and gas industry Vesuvius USA , manufacturer of refractory ceramics used in the steel industry Cavender 's , a large regional western wear retailer and manufacturer According to the City 's 2012 - 2013 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report , the top ten employers in the city are : # Employer # of Employees Trinity Mother Frances Health System 3,775 East Texas Medical Center 3,153 Brookshire Grocery Company 2,599 Tyler Independent School District 2,468 5 Trane 1,500 6 SuddenLink 1,500 7 Walmart 1,311 8 The University of Texas at Tyler 1,121 9 University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler 925 10 Tyler Junior College 862 Recreation and tourism ( edit ) Annually , the Texas Rose Festival draws thousands of tourists to Tyler . The festival , which celebrates the role of the rose - growing industry in the local economy , is held in October and features a parade , the coronation of the Rose Queen , and other civic events . The Rose Museum features the history of the Festival . Tyler is home to Caldwell Zoo , several local museums , Lake Palestine , Lake Tyler , and numerous golf courses and country clubs . A few miles away in Flint , TX is The WaterPark @ The Villages , a year - round , indoor water park . There is also an `` Azalea Trail '' in Tyler , which are two officially designated routes within the city that showcase homes or other landscaped venues adorned with azalea shrubs . The Azalea Trail also is home to the long - standing tradition of the Azalea Belles . The official greeters of the Azalea Trail are known as the Azalea Belles , young women from the Tyler area who dress in antebellum gowns . The belles are chosen each year from area high schools or home school families , and it is an honor to be chosen . Tyler State Park , a few miles North of Town is where visitors can camp , canoe , and paddle boat on the lake . Other activities include picnicking , camping , boating ( motors allowed -- 5 mph speed limit ) , boat rentals , fishing , birding , hiking , mountain biking , hiking trails , lake swimming ( in unsupervised swimming area ) , and nature study . The Smith County Historical Society operates a museum and archives in the old Carnegie Library . The East Texas State Fair is held annually in Tyler . Lake Tyler was the location of the HGTV Dream Home contest in 2005 . The 6,500 square feet ( 600 m2 ) house briefly boosted tourism and interest in the community . It subsequently was sold at public auction in January 2008 , for 1.325 million dollars . Historical ( edit ) The Smith County Historical Society building is located across the street from the Tyler Public Library . Tyler has a Cotton Belt Railroad Depot Museum located near the Chamber of Commerce office . The Smith County Historical Society , a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non-profit organization , was founded in 1959 by individuals and business firms dedicated to discovering , collecting , and preserving data , records , and other items relating to the history of Smith County , Texas . The Society operates a museum and archives , which is located in the former Carnegie Public Library building in downtown Tyler . Permanent museum exhibits include life - size dioramas with Smith County history topics ranging from Caddo Indians to the 20th century . Other items from the society 's collections are showcased in revolving , temporary exhibits . The society 's archival library contains historical artifacts of Smith County , including newspapers , city directories , school records , photographs , maps , historical papers , rare books , and much more . The archives are open to the public for research on a limited schedule with volunteer staff on duty . The society is also the official caretaker of Camp Ford Historic Park . Camp Ford was the largest Confederate Prisoner of War camp west of the Mississippi River during the American Civil War . The original site of the camp stockade is a public historic park managed by the Smith County Historical Society . The park contains a kiosk , paved trail , interpretive signage , a cabin reconstruction , and a picnic area . It is located on Highway 271 , 0.8 miles ( 1.3 km ) north of Loop 323 . Transportation ( edit ) Aerial photo of Tyler Pounds Regional Airport in Tyler , Texas , shot by Butler Planning Services on 9 / 9 / 2005 . The most common form of transportation is the motor vehicle . Tyler is a nexus of several major highways . Interstate 20 runs along the north edge of the city going east and west , U.S. Highway 69 runs north -- south through the center of town and State Highway 64 runs east -- west through the city . Tyler also has access to U.S. Highway 271 , State Highway 31 , State Highway 155 , and State Highway 110 . Loop 323 was established in 1957 and encircles the city , which has continued to grow outside of this loop . Loop 49 is a limited access `` outer loop '' around the city and currently runs from State Highway 110 south of Tyler to Interstate 20 northwest of Tyler . Future segments of this tollway will extend Loop 49 out to Interstate 20 on the eastern side of the city and to other East Texas destinations . Public transportation ( edit ) Tyler Transit provides customers with public transportation service within the City of Tyler . The buses run daily , excluding Sundays and holidays . Tyler Transit offers customers the option to purchase tickets , tokens , or passes at the Tyler Transit office , located at 210 E. Oakwood Street inside the Cotton Belt Railroad Depot at the main transfer point . The City of Tyler paratransit service is a shared - ride , public transportation service . Requests for service must be made the day before the service is needed . Trips can be scheduled up to 14 days in advance . ADA complimentary paratransit service is provided to all origins and destinations within the service area defined as the city limits of Tyler . Greyhound Lines bus service is available through a downtown terminal . Via air ( edit ) Tyler Pounds Regional Airport offers service to Dallas - Fort Worth International Airport via American Eagle . General Aviation services are provided by two fixed - base operators , Johnson Aviation and the Jet Center of Tyler . Via train ( edit ) Tyler was the hub for a series of short - line railroads which later evolved into the St. Louis Southwestern Railway , better known as `` The Cotton Belt Route '' . This line later became part of the Southern Pacific Railroad , which itself merged with the Union Pacific Railroad , which continues to serve the city today . No passenger train service to Tyler has occurred since April 1956 , but Amtrak runs through the city of Mineola , a short distance north of Tyler . Walkability ( edit ) A 2014 study by Walk Score ranked Tyler with a walkability score of 32 ( out of 100 ) with some amenities within walking distance . Healthcare ( edit ) Hospitals located in Tyler include East Texas Medical Center , Trinity Mother Frances Health System , University of Texas Health Center at Tyler , and Texas Spine & Joint Hospital . There are also many clinics including the Direct Care Clinic . First Baptist Church in downtown Tyler Marvin United Methodist Church in Tyler Family Life Center of West Erwin Church of Christ in Tyler Places of worship ( edit ) Tyler is the home of many churches , including five large congregations in downtown , the Marvin United Methodist Church , Dayspring United Methodist Church , West Erwin Church of Christ , First Baptist Church , and the Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception. Tyler is also the seat of Catholic Diocese of Tyler , which is particularly noteworthy for its St. Joseph the Worker Parish , one of the few churches in America dedicated to the exclusive use of the Traditional Latin Mass . The parish is staffed by the Priestly Fraternity of St. Peter . The city also is the home of the Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception and the Sanctuary of Our Lady of Mount Carmel , a 100 plus year sanctuary recently renovated and declared a historic and heritage site by the Catholic Diocese of Tyler . The Saint Peter Claver Parish located in central Tyler , is the second largest Catholic Church in Tyler and was dedicated to St. Peter Claver , a Franciscan Priest that assisted the black slaves in Brasil during the slave trade to South America . There is also a Nazarene church on Old Bullard Rd called Tyler First Church Of The Nazarene . The city also has a Chapel of The Church of Jesus Christ Of Latter Day Saints . Tyler has three United Pentecostal Churches the largest of them is Tyler Tabernacle located just outside of Loop 323 . The Our Lady of Guadalupe Catholic church in East Tyler is also a major center of gathering . The St Peter and Paul Chapel , a Catholic church , is located next to the Bishop Thomas K. Gorman Regional Catholic School was constructed and dedicated in 2011 and holds masses in English and Spanish with a significant number of other services offered to all Tyler and neighboring residents . The city 's largest church , Green Acres Baptist Church , is located on Troup Highway in southeast Tyler . Tyler is also home to two reformed Baptist churches , Sylvania Church and Living Acts Church , both of which are located in the south Tyler area . Additionally , Tyler has two Jewish houses of prayer , Ahavath Achim , which associates itself with Conservative Judaism and Beth El which adheres to Reform Judaism. Tyler is also home to East Texas Islamic Society , established in 1988 , which includes an Islamic house of worship and an Islamic school for children . There is also a Unitarian , Universalist Fellowship on Old Omen Road and Cross Brand Cowboy Church at 11915 FM - 2015 Tyler , Texas . Two Tyler churches were destroyed during the 2010 East Texas church burnings . Media ( edit ) Currently , 18 media outlets and one newspaper are located in Tyler , as well as many more in the surrounding areas . Newspaper ( edit ) Tyler Morning Telegraph Television ( edit ) VHF / UHF Channel Call Letters Network 7 KLTV ABC 19 KYTX CBS 51 KFXK - TV FOX 56 KETK NBC Radio ( edit ) AM stations ( edit ) Frequency Call Letters Format Name 600 KTBB News / Talk 1330 KGLD Gospel The Light 1490 KYZS Sports ESPN Deportes FM stations ( edit ) Frequency Call Letters Format Name 88.7 KLOVE Christian Contemporary KLOVE 89.5 KVNE Christian Contemporary Encouragement FM 91.3 KGLY Religious 92.1 KRWR Sports Fox Sports East Texas 93.1 KTYL Hot Adult Contemporary Mix 93.1 96.1 KKTX Classic Rock Classic Rock 96.1 96.7 KOYE Spanish La Invasora 97.5 KTBB - FM News / Talk KTBB 99.3 KAPW Spanish Pop Mega 99.3 101.5 KNUE Country 102.3 KLJT Top 40 Fun Radio 102.7 KBLZ Urban Contemporary The Blaze 104.1 KKUS Classic Country The Ranch 106.5 KOOI Varitey Hits Jack 106.5 107.3 KISX Urban Adult Contemporary Hot1073Jamz Sports ( edit ) UT Tyler Women 's Basketball Team College and university teams ( edit ) University of Texas at Tyler Patriots ( NCAA Division III ) Tyler Junior College Apaches ( NJCAA ) Texas College Steers Baseball teams ( edit ) Tyler Elbertas ( 1912 ) Tyler Trojans ( 1924 -- 1929 , 1931 , 1935 -- 1940 , 1946 -- 1950 ) Tyler Sports ( 1932 ) Tyler Governors ( 1933 -- 1934 ) Tyler East Texans ( 1950 -- 1953 ) Tyler Tigers ( 1954 -- 1955 ) Tyler Wildcatters ( 1994 -- 1997 ) Tyler Roughnecks ( 2001 ) Football ( edit ) East Texas Twisters ( 2004 ) Road races ( edit ) Fresh 15 Road Race ( Annual ) Soccer ( edit ) Tyler FC ( 2016 -- Present ) High School sports teams ( edit ) All Saints Trojans ( Private ) Bishop T.K. Gorman Crusaders ( Private ) Grace Community Cougars ( Private ) Cumberland Academy Knights ( Charter ) EXEL Lions ( Home School / 6 Man ) John Tyler Lions ( Public ) Kings Academy Knights ( Private ) Robert E. Lee Red Raiders ( Public ) Tyler Heat ( Home School / 6 Man ) Nearby : The Brook Hill School Guard ( Private ) Chapel Hill Bulldogs ( Public ) Lindale Eagles ( Public ) Whitehouse Wildcats ( Public ) Notable events ( edit ) Fragments of the Space Shuttle Columbia landed near Tyler on February 1 , 2003 . ( See Space Shuttle Columbia disaster ) On the evening of February 2 , 2009 , a fire engulfed a number of historic buildings located in downtown Tyler . Eight different fire departments responded to the fire . The Supreme Court case Plyler v. Doe , which prohibited denying schooling to immigrant children , originated in the Tyler Independent School District . Robert E. Mead founded what later became known as Silverleaf Resorts in Tyler in 1977 . On February 24 , 2005 , David Arroyo fatally shot his ex-wife and a man in the Tyler Square on the Smith County Courthouse . In February 2017 , police arrested and charged Gustavo Zavalla - Garcia relating to the murder of his niece . Notable people ( edit ) Main category : People from Tyler , Texas Entertainment ( edit ) Josh Carpenter -- film , television , theater , internet and commercial actor Sandy Duncan -- actress , raised in Tyler ( 1946 - ) Alex Finlayson -- playwright ( 1951 - ) Kiki Shepard -- television host ( 1951 - ) Arthur `` Dooley '' Wilson -- musician and actor ( Casablanca ) ( 1886 - 1953 ) Athletes ( edit ) George Cumby -- NFL linebacker ( 1956 - ) Gary Baxter -- NFL defensive back ( 1978 - ) Ciron Black -- college football right tackle ( 1986 - ) Jeb Blount -- NFL quarterback ( 1954 - ) Earl Campbell -- NFL running back ( 1955 - ) Chris Carter -- NFL defensive back ( 1977 - ) Travis Chick -- MLB Pitcher ( 2006 ) Ricky Collins -- CFL wide receiver for the Saskatchewan Roughriders ( 2016 - ) Tim Crowder -- NFL defensive end ( 1985 - ) Jeremy Lane -- NFL cornerback ( 1990 - ) Matt Flynn -- NFL quarterback ( 1985 - ) Hunter Freeman -- Major League Soccer defender / midfielder ( 1985 - ) Randy Grimes -- NFL center ( 1960 ) Daniel Hernández -- Major League Soccer defender / midfielder ( 1976 - ) Clarence Huber -- MLB third baseman Kendall Hunter -- NFL running back ( 1988 - ) Larry Johnson -- NBA forward ( 1969 - ) Billie Wayne Lemons -- NFL player ( 1955 - 2008 ) Tremain Mack -- NFL kick returner ( 1974 - ) Benny Malone -- NFL running back ( 1952 - ) Johnny Manziel -- NFL quarterback ( 1992 - ) , Born in Tyler , but raised in Kerrville. - Cleveland Browns LaDouphyous McCalla -- CFL defensive back ( 1976 - ) Jerry Mumphrey -- MLB outfielder ( 1952 - ) Terrence Murphy -- NFL wide receiver Brandon Pettigrew -- NFL tight end ( 1985 - ) -- Detroit Lions Archie Reynolds -- MLB pitcher , raised in Tyler ( 1946 - ) Derrell Robertson -- Canadian Football League player ( 1967 - 1994 ) Aaron Ross -- NFL cornerback , schooled in Tyler ( 1982 ) Louis Santop -- Negro League catcher Robert Taylor -- Olympic runner ( 1948 - 2007 ) Josh Tomlin -- MLB pitcher ( 1984 - ) Lee Tunnell -- MLB pitcher ( 1960 - ) Morgan Wade -- BMX professional ( 1983 - ) Branch Warren -- bodybuilder Doug Wyatt -- NFL defensive back ( 1946 - ) Quincy Acy -- NBA power forward -- Sacramento Kings Greg Ward , Jr . -- University of Houston Quarterback Patrick Mahomes -- Texas Tech University & Kansas City Chiefs Quarterback Musicians ( edit ) Paul Baloche -- contemporary worship music singer - songwriter Max Bemis -- lead singer of rock band Say Anything , who is also married to Sherri DuPree of Eisley Richard Dobson -- singer - songwriter Eisley -- indie band comprising Chauntelle , Sherri , Stacy , Weston , and Garron DuPree Teron Beal -- Songwriter Michael Jackson . Bonnie Raitt , Mya Element Eighty -- alternative metal band comprising Zack Bates , Ryan Carroll , David Galloway , and Matt Woods Johnny Gimble -- award - winning fiddle player associated with Western Swing and Bob Wills Brandon Beal -- singer - songwriter and producer Shaun Groves -- Christian - rock singer - songwriter Johnny Horton -- country singer Will Jennings -- songwriter Ralph Kirshbaum -- world - famous classical celllist Adrian Taylor -- bassist , guitarist Mouse and the Traps -- 1960s Garage Rock band comprising Buggs Henderson , Ken Murray , David S. Stanley , and Ronnie `` Mouse '' Weiss Ivoryline -- alternative band Fit for a King -- Christian metalcore band Jim Bob Floyd , pianist , composer and university professor . Listed in the Distinguished Musicians of Texas website . Eddie Wasserman , jazz saxophonist , well known in the New York jazz scene of the 1940s and ' 50s . Others ( edit ) Jere Locke Beasley -- born December 12 , 1935 , in Tyler , he was the 22nd Lieutenant Governor of Alabama when Governor George Corley Wallace was shot and severely injured in an assassination attempt in Laurel , Maryland , on May 15 , 1972 . Since Wallace was out - of - state for more than 20 days , recovering in a Maryland hospital , the Alabama Constitution required the lieutenant governor to take over gubernatorial duties in the interim . Beasley , a Democrat , hence served as the acting governor of Alabama from June 5 to July 7 , 1972 . Leo Berman -- Republican former member of the Texas House of Representatives from District 6 David Brown - geneticist best known for working with microRNA Josh Byerly -- NASA spokesman and one of the `` voices of Mission Control '' Jo - Carroll Dennison -- Miss America 1942 , the first Miss Texas to win the national title James T. Draper , Jr. -- president of the Southern Baptist Convention from 1982 to 1984 , was a pastor in Tyler in the early 1960s . David O. Dykes -- pastor of Green Acres Baptist Church in Tyler Kevin Eltife -- Republican member of the Texas Senate from Tyler Jonna Fitzgerald -- former Miss Texas , runner - up in Miss America pageant , television news anchor , noted musician Brady P. Gentry -- former Chairman Texas State Highway Commission ; former US Congressman ; the gymnasium at Tyler Junior College named after him Louie Gohmert -- Republican U.S. representative and former Smith County judge Winston C. Hackett - A native of Tyler who became the first African - American physician in Arizona . William Wayne Justice -- Democrat U.S. District Court Judge in Tyler for 30 years -- made countless key decisions on environment and civil rights Matt Krause -- Republican member of the Texas House of Representatives from Fort Worth ; born in Tyler in 1980 Sarah McClendon -- Democrat journalist and White House correspondent for over half a century , longest tenure ever in the White House press corps Frank Melton ( 1949 - 2009 ) -- born in Houston , he became general manager in 1977 of KLTV in Tyler , where he climbed the ranks before becoming president of Buford Television , Inc . He served as mayor of Jackson , Mississippi , from July 4 , 2005 , until his death on May 7 , 2009 . Allen R. Morris -- born in Dallas , he is an Emmy Award - winning producer / director / writer . For a period , he worked for Buford Television at KLTV in Tyler , as Operations Manager and Director of Creative Services , during which time he was also a frequent actor at the Tyler Civic Theatre ( 1979 to 1990 ) . Albert Parsons ( 1848 - 1887 ) -- born in Alabama , he at one point resided in Tyler , where he was reared by his eldest brother , William Henry Parsons . William moved the family moved from Tyler in the mid-1850s . Albert is best remembered as one of four Chicago radical leaders convicted of conspiracy and hanged following a bomb attack on police remembered as the Haymarket Affair . Matt Schaefer ( born 1976 ) -- Republican member of the Texas House of Representatives from Tyler since 2013 ; lawyer and United States Navy officer Dan Smoot ( 1913 - 2003 ) -- figure in the anti-communist movement ; spent later years at Holly Lake Ranch in Smith County , where he died at the age of eighty - nine William Steger ( 1920 - 2006 ) -- Republican U.S. District Court judge for the Eastern District of Texas , based in Tyler , from 1970 until his death . The William M. Steger Federal Building and United States Courthouse in Tyler was named in his honor in 2006 . Kelley Thompson - born December 8 , 1987 in Tyler , Playboy Playmate for November 2009 Ned Touchstone ( 1926 -- 1988 ) -- born in Florien , Louisiana , he was a figure in the Radical Right of the 1960s and 1970s . At the time of death , he resided on Lake Palestine near Tyler . Brian Werner -- born in Norwood , Ohio , co-founder of Tiger Creek Wildlife Refuge , located near Tyler . Sister cities ( edit ) Anna , Texas Lo Barnechea , Chile San Miguel de Allende , Mexico Yachiyo , Japan Jelenia Góra , Poland Liberia , Costa Rica See also ( edit ) Texas portal Cotton Belt Depot Train Museum List of museums in East Texas Tyler Museum of Art Whitaker - McClendon House References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` American FactFinder '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved October 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population Estimates '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` US Board on Geographic Names '' . United States Geological Survey . 2007 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Find a County '' . National Association of Counties . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ http://www.cityoftyler.org/Departments/PlanningDepartment/CityDemographics.aspx Jump up ^ Tyler Convention & Visitors Bureau . `` Welcome to Tyler , Texas '' . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Template : Citeq web Jump up ^ `` US Gazetteer files : 2010 , 2000 , and 1990 '' . United States Census Bureau . 2011 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ United States Census Bureau . `` Census of Population and Housing '' . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ City of Tyler CAFR . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` Former Tyler Mayors '' . Cityoftyler.org . City of Tyler . Retrieved April 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Robert W. Glover ; Linda Brown Cross , eds. ( 1976 ) . Tyler & Smith County , Texas : An Historical Survey . American Bicentennial Committee of Tyler - Smith County -- via University of North Texas Libraries . ^ Jump up to : Lawrence Kestenbaum ( ed . ) . `` Mayors of Tyler , Texas '' . Political Graveyard . Retrieved April 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` In Memory of Murph Wilson '' ( PDF ) , Congressional Record , Washington DC , August 7 , 1998 Jump up ^ `` Jack H. Halbert Obituary '' , Tyler Morning Telegraph , May 31 , 2006 Jump up ^ `` Former Tyler Mayor Dies '' , KITV Jump up ^ `` City of Tyler Mayor '' . Tylertexas.com . Archived from the original on February 27 , 1997 -- via Internet Archive , Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Mayor '' . Cityoftyler.org . City of Tyler . Retrieved April 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://cityoftyler.org/DesktopDefault.aspx?tabid=76 Jump up ^ Northeast Texas Public Health District website . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/08/25/opinion/sunday/worst-and-best-places-to-be-gay.html Jump up ^ http://www.dallasvoice.com/speaker-pflag-display-banished-tyler-library-10197445.html Jump up ^ `` Contact Information . '' Twelfth Eleventh Court of Appeals . Retrieved on March 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Parole Division Region I . '' Texas Department of Criminal Justice . Retrieved on May 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Post Office Location -- TYLER . '' United States Postal Service . Retrieved on May 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Post Office Location -- AZALEA . '' United States Postal Service . Retrieved on May 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Post Office Location -- SOUTHEAST CROSSING . '' United States Postal Service . Retrieved on May 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Post Office Location -- SOUTH TYLER ANNEX . '' United States Postal Service . Retrieved on May 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ City of Tyler 2012 - 2013 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report , p. 136 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ Until Now Archived March 21 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Navarro , Edward ( 2006 ) . `` It 's Tee Time in Tyler '' . Images of Tyler . Journal Communications , Inc. 1 : 57 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions '' . Tyler Azalea Trail . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Smith County Historical Society '' . Smith County Historical Society . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` East Texas State Fair '' . Etstatefair.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` HGTV Dream Home Sold , $1.325 Million '' . Kltv.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Tyler Transit '' . Cityoftyler.org . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` City and Neighborhood Rankings '' . Walk Score . 2014 . Retrieved April 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tyler , Texas '' , found in the Encyclopedia of Southern Jewish Communities , Jump up ^ `` East Texas Islamic Society '' . Tylermuslims.com. 1988 - 05 - 29 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ http://www.tylerfootballclub.com/ Jump up ^ Palestine Herald Press . February 3 , 2009 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Ramirez , Marc ( February 17 , 2017 ) . `` Suspect in Tyler girl 's slaying climbs onto jail 's basketball pole , wo n't come down FILED UNDERTEXAS AT FEB 17 '' . dallasnews.com . Dallas , Texas ( US ) : Dallas Morning News . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` An Update From Max '' . blogs.myspace.com/sayanything. 2009 - 05 - 20 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` Interactive City Directory '' . Sister Cities International . Further reading ( edit ) Austin , Gladys Peters , Along the Century Trail : Early History of Tyler , Texas ( Dallas : Avalon Press , 1946 ) Burton , Morris Tyler as an Early Railroad Center , Chronicles of Smith County , Spring 1963 Betts , Vicki , Smith County , Texas , in the Civil War ( Tyler , Texas : Smith County Historical Society , 1978 ) Everett , Dianna , The Texas Cherokees : A People between Two Fires , 1819 -- 1840 ( Norman : University of Oklahoma Press , 1990 ) Glover , ed. , Robert W. , Tyler and Smith County , Texas ( n.p. : Walsworth , 1976 ) Henderson , Adele , Smith County , Texas : Its Background and History in Ante - Bellum Days ( M.A. thesis , University of Texas , 1926 ) McDonald , Archie P. Historic Smith County ( Historical Publishing Network , 2006 ) . Reed , Robert E. Jr . Images of America : Tyler ( Arcadia Publishing , 2008 ) . Reed , Robert E. Jr . Postcard History : Tyler ( Arcadia Publishing , 2009 ) . Smith County Historical Society , Historical Atlas of Smith County ( Tyler , Texas : Tyler Print Shop , 1965 ) Wardlaw , Trevor P. `` Sires and Sons : The Story of Hubbard 's Regiment . '' CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform , 2015 . ISBN 978 - 1511963732 Whisenhunt , Donald W. comp. , Chronological History of Smith County ( Tyler , Texas : Smith County Historical Society , 1983 ) Woldert , Albert , A History of Tyler and Smith County ( San Antonio : Naylor , 1948 ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tyler , Texas . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Tyler . Wikisource has the text of The New Student 's Reference Work article about Tyler , Texas . City Of Tyler Website Official City Website KWJB RADIO the official website of the only broadcasting station in Van Zandt County Municipalities and communities of Smith County , Texas , United States County seat : Tyler Cities Arp Hideaway Lindale New Chapel Hill Noonday Overton ‡ Troup ‡ Tyler Whitehouse Towns Bullard ‡ Winona CDP Emerald Bay Other unincorporated communities Antioch Bascom Blackjack Bostick Browning Carroll Copeland Dogwood City Elberta Flint Garden Valley Gresham Jamestown Lee Spring Midway Mount Sylvan New Harmony New Hope Omen Owentown Pine Springs Pine Trail Estates Red Springs Salem Sand Flat Shady Grove Sinclair City Starrville Swan Teaselville Thedford Walnut Grove Waters Bluff Wood Springs Wright City Ghost towns Belzora Burning Bush Douglas Utica Footnotes ‡ This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties State of Texas Austin ( capital ) Topics Architecture Climate Cuisine Geography Government Healthcare History Languages Law Literature Media Newspapers Radio TV National Historic Landmarks Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks National Register of Historic Places Sites Sports Symbols Texans Tourist attractions Transportation Seal of Texas Society Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Gambling Politics Regions Ark ‐ La ‐ Tex Big Bend Blackland Prairies Brazos Valley Central Texas Coastal Bend Concho Valley Cross Timbers Deep East Texas East Texas Edwards Plateau Golden Triangle Hill Country Llano Estacado Northeast Texas North Texas Osage Plains Panhandle Permian Basin Piney Woods Rio Grande Valley Southeast Texas South Plains South Texas Texoma Trans - Pecos West Texas Metropolitan areas Abilene Amarillo Austin -- Round Rock Beaumont -- Port Arthur Brownsville -- Harlingen College Station -- Bryan Corpus Christi Dallas -- Fort Worth -- Arlington El Paso Houston -- The Woodlands -- Sugar Land Killeen -- Temple Laredo Longview Lubbock McAllen -- Edinburg -- Mission Midland Odessa San Angelo San Antonio -- New Braunfels Sherman -- Denison Texarkana Tyler Victoria Waco Wichita Falls Counties See : List of counties in Texas County seats of Texas Abilene Albany Alice Alpine Amarillo Anahuac Anderson Andrews Angleton Anson Archer City Aspermont Athens Austin Baird Ballinger Bandera Bastrop Bay City Beaumont Beeville Bellville Belton Benjamin Big Lake Big Spring Boerne Bonham Boston Brackettville Brady Breckenridge Brenham Brownfield Brownsville Brownwood Bryan Burnet Caldwell Cameron Canadian Canton Canyon Carrizo Springs Carthage Center Centerville Channing Childress Clarendon Clarksville Claude Cleburne Coldspring Coleman Colorado City Columbus Comanche Conroe Cooper Corpus Christi Corsicana Cotulla Crane Crockett Crosbyton Crowell Crystal City Cuero Daingerfield Dalhart Dallas Decatur Del Rio Denton Dickens Dimmitt Dumas Eagle Pass Eastland Edinburg El Paso Eldorado Emory Fairfield Falfurrias Farwell Floresville Floydada Fort Davis Fort Stockton Fort Worth Franklin Fredericksburg Gail Gainesville Galveston Garden City Gatesville George West Georgetown Giddings Gilmer Glen Rose Goldthwaite Goliad Gonzales Graham Granbury Greenville Groesbeck Groveton Guthrie Hallettsville Hamilton Haskell Hebbronville Hemphill Hempstead Henderson Henrietta Hereford Hillsboro Hondo Houston Huntsville J Jacksboro Jasper Jayton Jefferson Johnson City Jourdanton Junction Karnes City Kaufman Kermit Kerrville Kingsville Kountze La Grange Lamesa Lampasas Laredo Leakey Levelland Liberty Linden Lipscomb Littlefield Livingston Llano Lockhart Longview Lubbock Lufkin Madisonville Marfa Marlin Marshall Mason Matador McKinney Memphis Menard Mentone Meridian Mertzon Miami Midland Monahans Montague Morton Mount Pleasant Mount Vernon Muleshoe Nacogdoches New Braunfels Newton O Odessa Orange Ozona Paducah Paint Rock Palestine Palo Pinto Pampa Panhandle Paris Pearsall Pecos Perryton Pittsburg Plains Plainview Port Lavaca Post Q Quanah Quitman Rankin Raymondville Refugio Richmond Rio Grande City Robert Lee Roby Rockport Rocksprings Rockwall Rusk San Angelo San Antonio San Augustine San Diego San Marcos San Saba Sanderson Sarita Seguin Seminole Seymour Sherman Sierra Blanca Silverton Sinton Snyder Sonora Spearman Stanton Stephenville Sterling City Stinnett Stratford Sulphur Springs Sweetwater Tahoka Throckmorton Tilden Tulia Tyler U Uvalde V Van Horn Vega Vernon Victoria Waco Waxahachie Weatherford Wellington Wharton Wheeler Wichita Falls Woodville Z Zapata VIAF : 144886350 GND : 4315246 - 6 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tyler,_Texas&oldid=814536357 '' Categories : Cities in Texas County seats in Texas Cities in Smith County , Texas Tyler , Texas Cities in the Ark - La - Tex County seats in the Ark - La - Tex Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages with citations lacking titles Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Articles to be expanded from April 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles prone to spam from December 2014 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Languages تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Català Cebuano Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Hrvatski Italiano Kreyòl ayisyen Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Ślůnski Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Volapük Winaray 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 December 2017 , at 11 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is tyler texas located on the map | [
"\n\nTyler\n\n\nCity\n\n\nCity of Tyler, Texas\n\n\n\nClockwise: Tyler skyline with Plaza Tower at right and People's National Bank office building in center, Cotton Belt Depot, Caldwell Zoo, Chamblee Rose Garden, Smith County Courthouse, Goodman Home.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSeal\n\n\n\n\n\nNickname(s): Rose City, Rose Capital, Rose Capital of America\n\n\nMotto(s): A Natural Beauty\n\n\n\nLocation in Smith County and the state of Texas\n\n\nCoordinates: 32°21′N 95°18′W / 32.350°N 95.300°W / 32.350; -95.300Coordinates: 32°21′N 95°18′W / 32.350°N 95.300°W / 32.350; -95.300\n\n\nCountry\nUnited States\n\n\nState\nTexas\n\n\nCounty\nSmith\n\n\nFounded\n1846\n\n\nGovernment\n\n\n • Type\nCouncil-Manager\n\n\n • City Council\nMayor Martin Heines\nDarryl Bowdre\nDon Warren\nSame Mezayek\nEd Moore\nJohn Nix\nMark Whatley\n\n\n • City Manager\nEdward Broussard\n\n\nArea\n\n\n • City\n54.376 sq mi (140.833 km2)\n\n\n • Land\n54.2 sq mi (140.5 km2)\n\n\n • Water\n0.1 sq mi (0.3 km2)\n\n\nElevation\n544 ft (165 m)\n\n\nPopulation (2010)[1]\n\n\n • City\n96,900\n\n\n • Estimate (2015)[2]\n103,700\n\n\n • Rank\nUS: 287th\n\n\n • Density\n1,800/sq mi (690/km2)\n\n\n • Urban\n130,247 (US: 247th)\n\n\n • Metro\n216,080 (US: 200th)\n\n\n • Demonym\nTylerite\n\n\nTime zone\nCentral (UTC-6)\n\n\n • Summer (DST)\nCentral (UTC-5)\n\n\nZIP codes\n757xx\n\n\nArea code(s)\n430/903\n\n\nFIPS code\n48-74144[3]\n\n\nGNIS feature ID\n1348998[4]\n\n\nWebsite\nwww.cityoftyler.org\n\n"
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"32°21′N 95°18′W"
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-852666387932848405 | Tekken 7 | Tekken 7 - Wikipedia Tekken 7 This is the current revision of this page , as edited by 139.193. 142.137 ( talk ) at 04 : 34 , 29 August 2017 ( → Characters ) . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this version . Revision as of 04 : 34 , 29 August 2017 by 139.193. 142.137 ( talk ) ( → Characters ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search Tekken 7 Cover art featuring Heihachi ( left ) and Kazuya Mishima ( right ) Developer ( s ) Bandai Namco Studios Publisher ( s ) Bandai Namco Entertainment Director ( s ) Katsuhiro Harada Yuichi Yonemori Kouhei Ikeda Producer ( s ) Motohiro Okubo Designer ( s ) Yasuki Nakabayashi Programmer ( s ) Kei Kudo Artist ( s ) Tomoko Odashima Composer ( s ) Akitaka Tohyama Taku Inoue Rio Hamamoto Nobuyoshi Sano Keiichi Okabe Series Tekken Engine Unreal Engine 4 Platform ( s ) Arcade Microsoft Windows PlayStation 4 Xbox One Release Arcade JP : March 18 , 2015 JP : July 5 , 2016 ( FR ) Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 , Xbox One WW : June 2 , 2017 Genre ( s ) Fighting Mode ( s ) Single - player , multiplayer Arcade system Namco System ES3 Tekken 7 ( 鉄拳 7 ) is a fighting game developed and published by Bandai Namco Entertainment . The game is the ninth installment in the Tekken series , and the first to make use of the Unreal Engine . Tekken 7 had a limited arcade release in Japan in March 2015 . An updated arcade version , Tekken 7 : Fated Retribution , was released in Japan in July 2016 , and features expanded content including new stages , costumes , items and characters . The same version was released for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 and Xbox One in June 2017 . Set shortly after the events of Tekken 6 , the plot focuses on the fights between martial artist Heihachi Mishima and his son , Kazuya . Across the series it is revealed the reasons why Heihachi tried to kill Kazuya when he was only a child as well as what happened to Kazuya 's mother . Besides the main story , Tekken 7 introduces new elements for the fighting system such as the Rage and the Power Crush to increase the characters ' powers . The game was well received by critics for its fighting system and graphics . However , some expressed issues to the story mode due to a lack of focus of the supporting characters . By August 2017 , the game had sold over one and a half million copies worldwide . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 2 Plot 3 Characters 3.1 New fighters 3.2 Returning fighters 4 Development 4.1 Fated Retribution 4.2 Console version 5 Reception 5.1 Sales 6 References 7 External links Gameplay ( edit ) Play media An example of Nina Williams ' moves Tekken 7 focuses on 1 - on - 1 battles . Two new mechanisms are introduced in the game . The first , Rage Art , allows the player to execute critical attacks that deal roughly 30 % damage depending on the character once their health bar is critical , in exchange for inactivating the normal attack power increase . The second , Power Crush , lets the player continue their attacks even while being hit by the enemy , although they would still receive the damage dealt by the enemy 's attacks . The mechanic also works only for absorbing high or mid attacks . The bound system , which staggers a character to increase opportunity for additional hits , is replaced by Screw Attack , which makes the enemy spin sideways when they are hit airborne , allowing the player to inflict additional hits after they reach the ground . Unlike bound , however , Screw Attack can not be used to do wall combos . With a new display system , the game 's multiplayer allows players to choose which side of the screen to play on . Movement has undergone some changes and now is similar to the movement mechanics found in Tekken Revolution , most notably when characters walk backwards . The arcade version features the traditional stage - based playthrough , in which the player progresses by beating five different opponents one by one , ending with a fixed penultimate and final stage . Matches may be interrupted if another player joins the game . Online mode is available for both local and international play . Character customization is featured , allowing the player to modify characters ' appearances . For the first time in the arcade series , the game features a practice mode , which allows players to train moves against an opponent for a limited amount of time , as well as an option to collect in - game rewards , mainly customization items , through `` Treasure Box '' by winning enough matches . Fated Retribution features several gameplay changes to the game . The new `` Rage Drive '' allows the player to empower certain attacks by sacrificing their Rage Mode . Rage Art is also adjusted so that the amount of damage dealt to the enemy is inversely proportional to the player 's current health bar . The update also introduces meter - type characters , who utilize jump - in attacks and special cancels , and use an EX / Super meter as a limiter for some special attacks in place of Rage Drive . This type is reserved for two characters : Eliza , and the guest characters Akuma from Street Fighter and Geese Howard from three SNK 's fighting game series . Exclusive to the console version is the Tekken Bowl bowling minigame , first introduced to the series in the console version of Tekken Tag Tournament . It is available as part of the DLC Pack # 1 released on August 31 , 2017 . Plot ( edit ) Play media Trailer of the story After the events of Tekken 6 , though Azazel was destroyed by Jin Kazama , the war between the Mishima Zaibatsu and G Corporation continues to ravage the world . The game 's story is told from the perspective of a reporter whose wife and son are killed in the crossfire , leading him to begin writing an exposé on the Mishima Zaibatsu and G Corporation . Nina Williams leads the Zaibatsu in Jin 's absence , attempting to locate him , but Heihachi Mishima takes advantage of the vacuum of power and forces Nina into submission , regaining control of the Zaibatsu . Heihachi makes a deal with Claudio Serafino , head of the powerful Sirius Marksmen organization , to help him expose his son , G Corporation head Kazuya Mishima , believing public opinion will shift in the Zaibatsu 's favor if Kazuya 's Devil Gene is revealed . Claudio senses a powerful force in the Far East that is unconnected to either Jin or Kazuya . The reporter researches the Mishima family history , learning that Heihachi 's coup against his father Jinpachi and the disappearance of his wife Kazumi both occurred in the same year he threw his son Kazuya off a ravine . Meanwhile , the United Nations intelligence group has located Jin , but he evades capture long enough to be rescued by Lars Alexandersson . Lars takes Jin to recuperate at Violet Systems , where Lee Chaolan has repaired Alisa Bosconovitch following her destruction in the previous game . The Zaibatsu attacks the compound , but the trio are able to secure Jin . The reporter , having rendezvoused with Lee and Lars , tries to kill Jin in his sleep , but is discouraged by Lars , who says Jin is the only person capable of stopping the conflict . According to Lee , the reason behind Heihachi fathering Lars was to confirm that he did n't possess the Devil Gene , proving it originated from the Hachijos , Kazumi 's family . The force sensed by Claudio is eventually revealed to be Akuma , who made a promise to Kazumi that he would kill Heihachi and Kazuya if she fails to , as she predicted both of them would engulf the world in war and destruction . He defeats Heihachi after fending off an attack by an army of Jack - 6 's at the Mishima Dojo , and proceeds to G Corporation 's Millennium Tower . Heihachi survives , but declares himself dead to the public to continue his plans in secret . He then captures and spreads images of a transformed Kazuya worldwide before using a satellite to obliterate Millennium Tower . Kazuya survives the attack and destroys the satellite , with the wreckage destroying a town and once again slandering the Zaibatsu . The reporter uses this opportunity to inform the Zaibatsu about his exposé , but to his surprise , Heihachi offers to meet him in person . Heihachi recounts his love of Kazumi and the night he learned that she possessed the Devil Gene and was sent by her family to kill him , regretfully being forced to kill her in self - defense . Suspecting that Kazuya had inherited the Devil Gene , Heihachi threw him off a cliff , believing the boy 's survival would confirm his fears . Heihachi has the reporter escorted out before traveling to a volcano for a final battle with Kazuya . Vengeful over his mother 's death , Kazuya kills Heihachi in battle and throws his body into the volcano . Akuma appears and attacks Kazuya ; the result of their battle is unknown . In the aftermath , Jin awakens and meets with Lee , Lars , and Alisa , promising to put an end to the war once and for all by killing Kazuya . The reporter , reflecting on all he has learned , completes and publishes his exposé . Characters ( edit ) See also : List of Tekken characters The game has 39 playable fighters ( including palette swaps ) , 20 of whom make up the default cast on launch ; other characters are to be added over time . Eight make their debut in this version , along with a new form of Jack , and two guest characters from Capcom 's Street Fighter and SNK 's fighting game franchises . Bandai Namco has also announced that an additional guest character will be added as post-launch downloadable content . New fighters ( edit ) Akuma : The dark master of the Satsui no Hado from Capcom 's Street Fighter , added in Fated Retribution . Within the story , Kazumi asks him to repay a debt to her by killing Heihachi and Kazuya . The player can fight him in place of Kazumi as the final boss if a certain condition is met . Claudio Serafino : A white - clad man from Italy who 's a member of an Anti-Devil organization combating the Devil Gene 's threat . Empowered with a Sirius magic . Geese Howard : The crime boss of South Town from SNK 's fighting game series Fatal Fury , The King of Fighters and Art of Fighting , added to the console version as post-launch downloadable content . Gigas : A hulking , red - skinned humanoid who appears to have cybernetics attached to his otherwise nude body . He practices `` Destructive Impulse '' . Like Josie , he was first discovered in a leaked arcade data before his official reveal in a CAPCOM TV Chokaigi stream in Niconico . Jack - 7 : A new model of the Jack series , he has a slightly modified design with red hair and green glowing arms . As with the previous Jack series , he uses brute force to pummel his opponents . Josie Rizal : A young Filipino woman who wears a yellow top , a blue miniskirt , and a red bow . She practices Eskrima and Kickboxing . She was first discovered in a leaked arcade data before being officially revealed during a Tekken 7 broadcast in Niconico on March 29 , 2015 . Katarina Alves : A sassy woman who practices the art of Savate . She was designed to be a beginner - friendly character . Kazumi Mishima / Devil Kazumi : Heihachi 's wife and Kazuya 's mother , who possesses the Devil Gene . Kazumi 's fighting style is Hachijo Style Karate , which is similar to the Mishima Style Fighting Karate as used by her husband and son , but with additional abilities such as summoning a tiger and levitating . She originally served as the game 's unplayable final boss prior to becoming the seventh time release character added after launch . Kazumi also has a devil form , which remains unplayable outside of the final stage in which she is fought . Lucky Chloe : An otaku who wears a kitten - themed costume and has a `` Freestyle Dance '' fighting style . Master Raven : A female ninja with a fighting style very similar to Raven . She is in charge of the organization that the original Raven works for . Shaheen : A keffiyah - wearing Saudi Arabian man who uses a `` Military Self - defense '' fighting style . He was also designed to be a beginner - friendly character . Returning fighters ( edit ) Alisa Bosconovitch Asuka Kazama Bob Bryan Fury Devil Jin Eddy Gordo Eliza Feng Wei Heihachi Mishima Hwoarang Jin Kazama Kazuya Mishima / Devil Kazuya King Kuma Lars Alexandersson Lee Chaolan / Violet Leo Lili Ling Xiaoyu Marshall Law Miguel Caballero Rojo Nina Williams Panda Paul Phoenix Sergei Dragunov Steve Fox Yoshimitsu ^ a Post-release addition ( original arcade version ) ^ b Unplayable character ^ c Added in Fated Retribution ^ d Guest character ^ e In - battle transformation ^ f Skin / palette swap ^ g Downloadable content Continuing the trend from Tekken Tag Tournament 2 , in addition to Chinese , English , Japanese and Korean , several characters now speak with their native languages , including the new characters mentioned above ; thus Eddy , Leo , Lili , and Miguel now speak Portuguese , German , French , and Spanish respectively , for the first time in a canonical sequel , while newcomers Claudio , and Shaheen speak with their native Italian , and Arabic , respectively . This still does not include certain characters with differing nationalities , such as Xiaoyu , Alisa and Lars , who continue to speak Japanese due to their character backgrounds , along with newcomer Josie , who speaks in English instead of her native Philippine language . Development ( edit ) Executive producer Katsuhiro Harada had expressed interest in developing a new Tekken title for PlayStation 4 since early 2014 In January 2014 , Tekken series director and producer Katsuhiro Harada expressed interest in continuing the series on PlayStation 4 , and later said that PlayStation was the primary platform of development for the new installment . Tekken 7 was officially announced by Harada on July 13 , 2014 during EVO 2014 . The announcement was not initially planned , but was done as a last minute response to a leak of the game 's announcement trailer that morning . The game was developed using the Unreal Engine 4 , which allows for it to be developed for multiple platforms . While Tekken games historically have been PlayStation - based in arcades , Harada stated that Tekken 7 runs on an arcade board based on PC architecture . Location tests of the game were held in Tokyo and Osaka from October 3 to 5 , 2014 . Trailers released in late 2014 showed the game running in 1080p and 60 frames per second . On January 27 , 2015 , a live - televised tournament based off the same game build was held in the Nexon Arena in Seoul , South Korea known as `` Tekken 7 Crash '' . During the Japan Amusement Expo ( JAEPO ) 2015 , a newer build of the game was showcased , offering Lucky Chloe and Shaheen as part of the character roster for the first time as well as the traditional stage - based gameplay progression . A Bandai Namco - sponsored tournament , `` The King of Iron Fist Tournament 2015 , took place in November -- December 2015 as well , with a prize of ¥ 10,000,000 ( ~ $81,000 ) awarded to the finalists . Two top placers from EVO 2015 were also reserved seats , as were select players from South Korea , North America , and other places . In July 2015 , Bandai - Namco announced a crossover with The Idolmaster , another property owned by the company , involving Idolmaster costumes for the female characters of Tekken 7 . The male characters , meanwhile , were all given the option to fight barechested . Negative reactions to the character Lucky Chloe from several message boards has led to Harada tweeting that he may consider removing her from the North American version of the game , making her exclusive to the East Asian and European versions , and instead replace her with a new well - muscled skinhead for the North American market . It was later revealed that Harada did not intend for the tweets to be taken seriously . Although reaction to the revelation of new character Shaheen was largely positive , the reveal eventually led to Harada making a statement on his Twitter in response to those criticizing the inclusion of an Arab character in the game . While the announcement and reveal of the Filipina Josie Rizal character was also met with mostly positive feedback , her revelation was also met with a mix of excitement and derision among Filipino netizens . Among the criticisms around the net were the lack of respect towards the martyred Philippine national hero José Rizal , who practiced wrestling and Eskrima from Calamba , Laguna , Jujutsu from Japan , fencing and marksmanship from Europe and weightlifting as well as misrepresentation of Filipino Martial Arts . According to Tekken chief producer Katsuhiro Harada , Mad Catz community manager Mark Julio , and Josie 's character designer Mari Shimazaki , Josie Rizal practiced kickboxing and Eskrima , but the move set in her reveal video consisted of mostly generic and recycled moves from earlier existing characters in the Tekken series . Someone claiming to be an official of the National Commission for Culture and the Arts was not quite happy with the way the character of Josie was depicted and stated that they would try to look at steps to remedy how she might affect the image of José Rizal and the Philippines by possibly submitting additional materials for the Tekken Team to use . However NCCA legal counsel Trixie Cruz - Angeles clarified that the agency had yet to issue any position on the matter in a post she made on her personal Facebook page : `` The NCCA has not asked for the deletion of Tekken character Josie Rizal . In fact , the NCCA has not taken cognizance of the issue nor issued an opinion . '' Fated Retribution ( edit ) An arcade update title in the same vein as Tekken Tag Tournament 2 Unlimited and Tekken 6 Bloodline Rebellion , titled Tekken 7 : Fated Retribution was announced in a trailer released during the grand final of The King of Iron Fist Tournament 2015 tournament , which was held on December 12 , 2015 , and was released in Japan on July 5 , 2016 . The location test was held on February 12 -- 14 , 2016 in three arcades of Tokyo , Osaka , and Fukuoka . Several gameplay mechanics were introduced in the game , including Rage Drive and an adjusted Rage Art . It features an expanded content , including new customization and stages . Returning characters who have not received newer default costumes are accorded one . Additionally , new characters are featured , including the series ' second guest character : Akuma from the Street Fighter series , who has a dedicated EX meter designed to limit some of his special moves . The console and PC versions were based on this update . After The Idolmaster series , a collaboration with another Bandai Namco property , this time the Taiko no Tatsujin rhythm game series on August 31 , 2016 added player icons , customization , and other aesthetic features . A collaboration with New Japan Pro-Wrestling was announced during the `` an presents Dai Pro-Wres Matsuri 2017 '' event on January 2 , 2017 . An attire inspired by IWGP Heavyweight champion Kazuchika `` Rainmaker '' Okada was added as an outfit for King . A new Rage Art for King inspired by Rainmaker would accompany the outfit . Additionally , New Japan Pro-Wrestling - themed T - shirts were added for other characters . The collaboration event ran from January 23 to February 22 , 2017 . Characters then exclusive for the console version : Eddy Gordo , Eliza , Kuma , Lee Chaolan , Miguel Caballero Rojo , and Panda , were announced on July 12 , 2017 to be added for arcades on July 27 , 2017 . Console version ( edit ) The PlayStation 4 version was confirmed at Paris Games Week 2015 on October 27 , 2015 . Bandai Namco also announced that the PlayStation 4 version would feature exclusive content , as well as PlayStation VR support . In addition to previous graphical upgrades in the arcade version , the console versions also received one . Exclusive content on the PlayStation 4 version were released in the form of classic costumes for Jin , Xiaoyu and King , as well as a Tekken jukebox with classic musical tracks . At E3 2016 , Tekken 7 was announced to be released for the Xbox One and Windows platforms in 2017 , in addition to the PlayStation 4 version . An official trailer , revealed during same event , showcased some of new features that was included in Fated Retribution , such as graphical updates and stages , as well as a story mode , which adds cutscenes and dialogue during battles . The game is supported by downloadable content . Players who pre-ordered the game received a code that downloads the character Eliza . She is otherwise available as paid DLC starting on July 28 , 2017 . Taiko no Tatsujin collaboration items were also made available as free DLC on the same date . The first major batch of DLC , containing the Tekken Bowl minigame , The Idolmaster collaboration outfits , Tekken : Blood Vengeance uniforms for Xiaoyu and Alisa , swimsuits for female characters , fundoshi for male characters , and Vintage 1920 's bathing suits was made available on August 31 , 2017 . Reception ( edit ) Reception Aggregate score Aggregator Score Metacritic ( PC ) 83 / 100 ( PS4 ) 81 / 100 ( XONE ) 81 / 100 Review scores Publication Score Destructoid 8 / 10 EGM 7.5 / 10 Eurogamer 80 % Famitsu 36 / 40 Game Informer 8 / 10 GamePro 84 % Game Revolution GamesMaster 86 % GameSpot 8 / 10 GamesRadar IGN 9.5 / 10 PC Gamer ( US ) 79 / 100 Polygon 80 % Metro 8 / 10 4Players 85 % Tekken 7 received `` generally favorable '' reviews , according to review aggregator Metacritic . Chris Carter said on Destructoid `` Impressive effort with a few noticeable problems holding it back . Wo n't astound everyone , but is worth your time and cash . '' and awarded it a score of 8 / 10 . Electronic Gaming Monthly 's Evan Slead scored the game a 7.5 / 10 with the consensus `` Tekken 7 , the latest entry in the long - running franchise , delivers what fighting genre fans love about multiplayer battles , but there is n't enough new material to make it truly stand out from the increasingly competitive options in the fighting genre . '' The game was rated 36 out of 40 for both the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One versions by Famitsu . Eurogamer said `` Tekken 7 is what the fighting game community was waiting for . Awesome gameplay , new mechanics , great characters and a good amount of contents . '' Metro summarised it as `` Tekken with better graphics - the gameplay and characters are still a huge amount of fun . '' 4Players said that players would be `` rewarded with one of the deepest combo - filled fighters out there that will give Injustice 2 's superheroes a run for their money . '' James Kozanitis from Game Revolution gave the game a score of 4 out of 5 stars saying that `` Tekken will always have a place among today 's fighting games , but it will always be its own place , and Tekken 7 is the best embodiment of that mentality . They 've made very little effort to conform to what other fighting games have taken for granted , even down to Tekken 7 's use of 3D arenas where most fighters conformed to a 2D battlefield years ago . Rather than getting hit by typical fighting game tropes , Tekken 7 was able to sidestep them . But it 's the ways in which Tekken 7 can still feel fresh despite its classic formula that set it apart from the pack . Even in the few concessions Tekken 7 did make to become more traditional , it did so with its own flair . Its smooth release on PC only goes to bolster the fact that the Tekken series will be around for quite some time , doing its own thing and doing it well . Matt Elliott of GamesRadar awarded it 4 out of 5 stars stating that `` Despite some narrative missteps , Tekken 7 is still a compelling , exhilarating experience . Find the right sparring partner and it will entertain you indefinitely . '' Polygon stated that the `` unforgettable characters and fluid fights are worth the work . '' Darry Huskey 's score of 9.5 / 10 on IGN said that `` Tekken 7 is a hallmark fighting game that 's both accessible and highly technical , with great customization options . '' Gamesmaster agreed , saying it was a `` gratifying fighting game '' . `` A smart , blisteringly fun experience at its core , Tekken 7 's limited singleplayer campaign and poor tutorials marr an otherwise resounding win . '' was Dave Houghton 's conclusion on PC Gamer with a score of 79 / 100 Sales ( edit ) In the U.K , Tekken 7 was the best selling software in the week of release ; this is a first for the series in 19 years , since the debut of Tekken 3 on the original PlayStation . It remained at number 1 in the second week . The game also topped the Japanese charts in its first week , selling 58,736 copies . The release of the game also boosted PlayStation 4 sales . It fell to number 2 in the second week , behind Mario Kart 8 Deluxe . It was number 1 in both Australia and New Zealand . Tekken 7 was also the best selling physical software in North America in the month of June 2017 , as well as the 8th best selling download on the US PlayStation Store . It was the 5th most downloaded game on the EU PlayStation Store . As of August 2017 , the game has sold 1.66 million copies worldwide . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Parlock , Joe ( December 12 , 2015 ) . `` Tekken 7 : Fated Retribution announced , the first new character is Street Fighter 's Akuma '' . Destructoid . Retrieved December 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Yin - Poole , Wesley . `` Tekken 7 delayed to June '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved 23 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` First Tekken 7 details revealed at Comic - Con '' . Polygon . July 25 , 2014 . Retrieved July 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tekken 7 Details Emerging from Location Tests ; New Character Claudio , Power Crush Moves , and More '' . Ian Walker . October 3 , 2014 . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New Opposite Camera System - Tekken 7 '' . YouTube . Retrieved October 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Push Square . `` Yes , You Can Extend Paul Phoenix 's Hair in Tekken 7 on PS4 '' . Push Square . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tekken 7 DLC Pack # 1 Launch Trailer - Tekken Bowl & New Costumes Coming Aug 31st '' . Avoiding The Puddle . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Evo 2014 Harada Announcement and Tekken 7 Reveal Trailer '' . YouTube . July 13 , 2014 . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Romano , Sal . `` Tekken 7 DLC to add two guest characters from other games '' . Gematsu . Retrieved 21 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Harada on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved 6 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tekken 7 FR Bryan Gameplay . Last boss Akuma / Gouki '' . Youtube . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tekken 7 - New Character Gigas Officially Revealed , Available in Arcades on April 28th ! '' . avoidingthepuddle.com . Avoiding The Puddle . Retrieved April 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tekken 7 - Jin Kazama , Devil Jin and Josie Rizal Officially Revealed '' . Avoiding The Puddle . Jump up ^ `` New Tekken 7 Characters Leaked '' . tekkenzaibatsu.com . Tekken Zaibatsu . Retrieved March 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tekken 7 News From Tokyo Game Show 2014 '' . Tekken Zaibatsu . September 20 , 2014 . Retrieved September 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tekken 7 cab bug '' . twitter.com . Twitteraccessdate = May 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tekken 7 : Fated Retribution brings back Bob , adds Master Raven '' . Retrieved July 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Katsuhiro Harada on Twitter : `` Katarina and Shaheen is good for beginners . Lucky Chloe is bit difficult . RT @ _Nair_Al_Saif Shaheen is also for beginners like me right ? : ) '' `` . Twitter.com . March 3 , 2015 . Retrieved October 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kuma and Panda unveiled for Tekken 7 : Fated Retribution , online tournament mode to be included in console release '' . www.eventhubs.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Kell ( January 6 , 2014 ) . `` The Producer of Tekken Wants to Continue the Series on PS4 '' . Push Square . Retrieved October 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Harada , Katsuhiro . `` Do n't rush me . Tekken is not development by PC base . It 's Develop by Playstation Native . also we do n't have Tekken community on PC now . '' . Twitter . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` unreal engine , Tekken 7 announced at EVO 2014 '' . Dana Cowley . July 17 , 2014 . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tekken 7 officially announced '' . Gematsu . July 31 , 2014 . Retrieved October 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tekken 7 Announced , Will Use Unreal Engine 4 ( UPDATE ) '' . GameSpot . July 13 , 2014 . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cowley , Dana ( July 14 , 2014 ) . `` UE4 - Powered Tekken 7 Announced at EVO 2014 '' . Unreal Engine Blog . Epic Games . Retrieved October 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Katsuhiro Harada on Twitter : `` Our original arcade board , based on PC architecture . RT @ ZeroXZ03 What hardware is the arcade version of T7 running on ? '' `` . Twitter.com . December 9 , 2014 . Retrieved October 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tekken 7 location test announced - Gematsu '' . September 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Second Tekken 7 Gameplay Trailer Released in Blistering 1080p / 60fps - Hardcore Gamer '' . Jump up ^ `` Tekken Crash Returns : First Tekken 7 3on3 Tournament Livestream Commencing Soon - Hardcore Gamer '' . Jump up ^ `` 『 鉄拳 7 』 `` ラッキー クロエ '' & `` シャヒーン '' の プレイ リポート を お 届け ( JAEPO 2015 ) `` . Famitsu . February 13 , 2015 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tekken 's First Actual `` King of Iron Fist Tournament '' Has A Cash Prize `` . July 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tekken 7 gets Idolmaster costumes , but not for the men '' . Jump up ^ `` ( TEKKEN - NET ) 夏 の キャンペーン 開催 ! ! '' . Tekken Official . July 29 , 2015 . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ LeJaq , Yannick ( December 10 , 2014 ) . `` Why Some People Are Freaking Out Over A New Tekken Character '' . Kotaku . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ matulef , jeffrey . `` Tekken 7 reveals Saudi Arabian character Shaheen '' . Eurogamer.net . Eurogamer . Retrieved September 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tekken 7 : Harada twittert über Lucky Chloe und Shaheen '' . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Harada on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved March 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Katsuhiro Harada on Twitter : `` Yeah . This moment , We receive over 90 % positive feedback from fan community and Philippines gamer community. ... '' `` . Twitter.com. April 1 , 2015 . Retrieved October 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Katsuhiro Harada on Twitter : `` Yep only 4 ~ 6 % . I know . RT@darren_rigor07 im darren from philippines . I like Josie Rizal pls dont delete her . because of 1 % negative comment . '' `` . Twitter.com. April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved October 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Meet Josie Rizal , the new Filipino character in ' Tekken 7 ' '' . Rappler.com . Mar 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Edwin P. Sallan ( March 30 , 2015 ) . `` New Pinay character Josie Rizal in ' Tekken 7 ' videogame stirs controversy '' . InterAksyon.com . Jump up ^ Sixto Y . Orosa ( 1963 ) . José Rizal : Man and Hero . Vibal Publishing . Jump up ^ Alixandra Caole Vila ( March 30 , 2015 ) . `` Netizens : What should be Josie Rizal 's finishing move ? '' . Philippine Star . Jump up ^ Mark Julio ( March 29 , 2015 ) . `` Mark Julio 's public post about Josie Rizal on Facebook '' . Jump up ^ Mark Julio . `` Hoy ! Psssst ! In case you missed it , Josie Rizal is the newest challenger in TEKKEN 7 ! Designed by @ MariShimazaki ! '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ `` NCCA official unhappy with Tekken character ' Josie Rizal ' '' . GMA News Online . March 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Balita Pilipinas , GMA News TV , March 31 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Tekken developer says Josie Rizal wo n't be deleted following ' NCCA ' row '' . MSN . April 3 , 2015 . Retrieved April 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tekken 7 Fated Retribution Location Tests Being Held on Feb 12 - 14 ! '' . Avoiding The Puddle . Retrieved January 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bandai Namco Announces Tekken 7 Fated Retribution , Starring Street Fighter 's Akuma '' . Shoryuken . Retrieved December 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 『 鉄拳 7FR 』 × 『 太鼓 の 達人 レッド Ver. 』 コラボ キャンペーン 開催 中 ! '' . Tekken Official . August 24 , 2016 . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tekken 7 : FR 's New Japan Pro-Wrestling Crossover Shown in Video '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved January 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Arcade Tekken 7 Fated Retribution Console Characters Update Coming July 27th '' . Avoiding The Puddle . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sliva , Marty . `` Tekken 7 coming to PS4 along with exclusive content . '' . ign.com . Ziff Davis . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Seeto , Damian . `` Tekken 7 will have improved graphics for console Versions '' . Attack of the Fanboy . Attack of the Fanboy . Retrieved November 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Romano , Sal . `` Tekken 7 launches June 2 '' . Gematsu . Retrieved 22 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Roney , Austyn . `` Tekken 7 Coming to Xbox One , PlayStation 4 , and PC in Early 2017 '' . Shoryuken . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Tekken 7 -- E3 Trailer XB1 , PS4 , PC '' . YouTube . June 13 , 2015 . Retrieved June 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tekken 7 for PC Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tekken 7 for PlayStation 4 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tekken 7 for Xbox One Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Carter , Chris ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` Review : Tekken 7 '' . Destructoid . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.eurogamer.it/articles/2017-05-31-tekken-7-recensione ^ Jump up to : Slead , Evan ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` Tekken 7 review '' . Electronic Gaming Monthly . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Famitsu Review Scores : Issue 1486 '' . Gematsu . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vazquez , Suriel ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` Ruling With An Iron Fist - Tekken 7 - PlayStation 4 '' . Game Informer . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tekken 7 review , July 2017 , p. 70 Jump up ^ http://www.gamepro.de/artikel/tekken-7-im-test-die-legende-lebt-wieder,3314911.html ^ Jump up to : Kozanitis , James ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` Tekken 7 Review -- Daddy Issues Have Never Been So Fun '' . Game Revolution . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brown , Peter ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` Tekken 7 Review '' . GameSpot . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Elliott , Matt ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` Tekken 7 review : ' A powerful , gratifying , deeply cinematic fighting game ' '' . GamesRadar . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Huskey , Darry ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` Tekken 7 Review '' . IGN . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Houghton , Dave ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` Tekken 7 review '' . PC Gamer . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : https://www.polygon.com/2017/6/20/15834002/tekken-7-review-pc-ps4-xbox-one ^ Jump up to : http://metro.co.uk/2017/05/31/tekken-7-review-an-unreal-fighter-6673716/ ^ Jump up to : http://www.4players.de/4players.php/dispbericht/PlayStation4/Test/35929/82569/0/Tekken_7.html Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie . `` Top 10 UK Sales Chart - Tekken 7 Is No. 1 , Overwatch Surges After Price Drop '' . Gamespot . Retrieved 7 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Arif , Shabana . `` Tekken 7 is the first UK No. 1 for the series in almost 20 years '' . VG247 . Retrieved 7 June 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.chart-track.co.uk/index.jsp?c=p%2Fsoftware%2Fuk%2Farchive%2Findex_test.jsp&ct=110033&arch=t&lyr=2017&year=2017&week=23 Jump up ^ `` Japan 's Video Game Rankings , May 29 - June 4 '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved 8 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Dunning , Jason . `` Japanese Sales Chart : Tekken 7 Debuts in 1st , Sells Nearly 59,000 Copies '' . PlayStation Lifestyle . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2017-06-14/japan-video-game-rankings-june-5-11/.117478 Jump up ^ https://www.gamespot.com/articles/top-10-aunz-sales-chart-tekken-7-lands-on-top/1100-6450674/ Jump up ^ Grubb , Jeff . `` June 2017 NPD : Tekken and Injustice roundhouse kick the sales chart '' . Venturebeat . Retrieved 26 July 2017 . Jump up ^ https://blog.us.playstation.com/2017/07/07/playstation-store-junes-top-downloads-2/ Jump up ^ http://www.thesixthaxis.com/2017/07/09/eu-ps-store-chart-june-crash-bandicoot-n-sane-trilogy-smashes-its-way-to-the-top/ Jump up ^ Gordon , Justin ( 11 August 2017 ) . `` Tekken 7 's console sales have already exceeded 1.66 million '' . eventhubs.com . Retrieved 12 August 2017 . 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"Tekken 7 (鉄拳7) is a fighting game developed and published by Bandai Namco Entertainment. The game is the ninth installment in the Tekken series, and the first to make use of the Unreal Engine. Tekken 7 had a limited arcade release in Japan in March 2015. An updated arcade version, Tekken 7: Fated Retribution, was released in Japan in July 2016, and features expanded content including new stages, costumes, items and characters.[1] The same version was released for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One in June 2017.[2]"
] | [
"June 2017"
] |
-7452739168465385899 | Io (mythology) | Io ( mythology ) - wikipedia Io ( mythology ) Jump to : navigation , search Hermes , Io ( as cow ) and Argus , black - figure amphora , 540 -- 530 BC , Staatliche Antikensammlungen ( Inv. 585 ) Io ( / ˈaɪ. oʊ / ; Ancient Greek : Ἰώ ( iːɔ̌ː ) ) was , in Greek mythology , one of the mortal lovers of Zeus . She was an ancestor of many kings and heroes such as Perseus , Cadmus , Heracles , Minos , Lynceus , Cepheus , and Danaus . The astronomer Simon Marius named a moon of Jupiter after Io in 1614 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Legend 2 In popular culture 3 Gallery 4 Notes 5 External links Legend ( edit ) Pieter Lastman Juno Discovering Jupiter with Io In most versions of the legend , Io was the daughter of Inachus , though various other purported genealogies are also known . According to some sources her mother was the nymph Melia , daughter of Oceanus . The 2nd century AD geographer Pausanias also suggests that she is the daughter of Inachus and retells the story of Zeus falling in love with Io , the legendary wrath of Hera , and the metamorphosis by which Io becomes a beautiful white heifer . At another instant several generations later , Pausanias recounts another Io , descendant of Phoroneus , daughter of Iasus , who himself was the son of Argus and Ismene , the daughter of Asopus , or of Triopas and Sosis ; Io 's mother in the latter case was Leucane . Io 's father was called Peiren in the Catalogue of Women , and by Acusilaus , possibly a son of the elder Argus , also known as Peiras , Peiranthus or Peirasus . Io may therefore be identical to Callithyia , daughter of Peiranthus , as is suggested by Hesychius of Alexandria . Io was a priestess of the Goddess Hera in Argos , whose cult her father Inachus was supposed to have introduced to Argos . Zeus noticed Io , a mortal woman , and lusted after her . In the version of the myth told in Prometheus Bound she initially rejected Zeus ' advances , until her father threw her out of his house on the advice of oracles . According to some stories , Zeus then turned Io into a heifer in order to hide her from his wife ; others maintain that Hera herself transformed Io . In the version of the story in which Zeus transformed Io , the deception failed , and Hera begged Zeus to give her the heifer as a present , which , having no reason to refuse , he did . Hera then sent Argus Panoptes , who had 100 eyes , to watch Io and prevent Zeus from visiting her , and so Zeus sent Hermes to distract and eventually slay Argus . According to Ovid , he did so by first lulling him to sleep by playing the panpipes and telling stories . Zeus freed Io , still in the form of a heifer . In order to exact her revenge , Hera sent a gadfly to sting Io continuously , driving her to wander the world without rest . Io eventually crossed the path between the Propontis and the Black Sea , which thus acquired the name Bosporus ( meaning ox passage ) , where she met Prometheus , who had been chained on Mt . Caucasus by Zeus . Prometheus comforted Io with the information that she would be restored to human form and become the ancestress of the greatest of all heroes , Heracles ( Hercules ) . Io escaped across the Ionian Sea to Egypt , where she was restored to human form by Zeus . There , she gave birth to Zeus 's son Epaphus , and a daughter as well , Keroessa . She later married Egyptian king Telegonus . Their grandson , Danaos , eventually returned to Greece with his fifty daughters ( the Danaids ) , as recalled in Aeschylus ' play The Suppliants . Paris Bordone - Zeus and Io - Kunstmuseum , Göteborg The myth of Io must have been well known to Homer , who often calls Hermes Argeiphontes , meaning `` Argus - slayer . '' Walter Burkert notes that the story of Io was told in the ancient epic tradition at least four times of which we have traces : in the Danais , in the Phoronis -- Phoroneus founded the cult of Hera , according to Hyginus ' Fabulae 274 and 143 -- in a fragment of the Hesiodic Aigimios , as well as in similarly fragmentary Hesiodic Catalogue of Women . A mourning commemoration of Io was observed at the Heraion of Argos into classical times . The ancients connected Io with the Moon , and in Aeschylus ' Prometheus Bound , where Io encounters Prometheus , she refers to herself as `` the horned virgin '' , both bovine and lunar . Argive genealogy in Greek mythology Inachus Melia Zeus Io Phoroneus Epaphus Memphis Libya Poseidon Belus Achiroë Agenor Telephassa Danaus Pieria Aegyptus Cadmus Cilix Europa Phoenix Mantineus Hypermnestra Lynceus Harmonia Zeus Polydorus Sparta Lacedaemon Ocalea Abas Agave Sarpedon Rhadamanthus Autonoë Eurydice Acrisius Ino Minos Zeus Danaë Semele Zeus Perseus Dionysus Colour key : Male Female Deity In popular culture ( edit ) This article appears to contain trivial , minor , or unrelated references to popular culture . Please reorganize this content to explain the subject 's impact on popular culture rather than simply listing appearances ; add references to reliable sources if possible . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2017 ) In the 2010 film Clash of the Titans , Io was portrayed by British actress Gemma Arterton . The character was a major deviation from Greek mythology : instead of being Zeus ' lover , she was portrayed as a guide and later the lover of Perseus . She was cursed with agelessness for refusing a god 's romantic advances . Australian writer Ursula Dubosarsky 's play The Girl Who Was Turned Into A Cow , first published in the NSW School Magazine , is based on the myth of Io . In the video game Persona 3 , Io is the starting persona of Yukari Takeba . Gallery ( edit ) Io Recognised by Her Father by Victor Honoré Janssens ( second half of 17th century ) Io wearing bovine horns watched over by Argos on Hera 's orders ( 1st century AD ) at Naples National Archaeological Museum , Naples , Italy Hera and Io by Nicolaes Pietersz . Berchem the Younger ( circa 1669 ) Jupiter and Io by John Hoppner ( 1785 ) at Denver Art Museum From Neueröffneter Musen - Tempel by Bernard Picart , ( 1733 ) from University of Heidelberg Juno ( Hera ) commits Io to Argus Panoptes by Francesco de Mura ( 1740 -- 1750 ) at Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art of Trento and Rovereto , Italy Jupiter , Juno and Io by Giovanni Ambrogio Figino ( 1599 ) at Pinacoteca Malaspina Parent institution Musei Civici , Pavia Jupiter and Io , espied by Juno by Andrea Sacchi and Pier Francesco Mola ( 1600 - 1699 ) at Kedleston Hall , Derbyshire ( Accredited Museum ) Juno , Jupiter and Io by Gerbrand van den Eeckhout Jupiter , Juno and Io by Arnold Houbraken Jupiter and Io by Jacob Pynas at The Fitzwilliam Museum , UK Io et Jupiter by Antonio da Correggio at Musée Ingres , Montauban Jupiter and Io by Hendrik Goltzius ( 1589 ) at Los Angeles County Museum of Art , Los Angeles Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Aeschylus , Prometheus Bound , 590 ^ Jump up to : Apollodorus , Bibliotheca , 2.1. 3 Jump up ^ Herodotus , Histories , 1.1 Jump up ^ Ovid , Metamorphoses , 1.583 ^ Jump up to : Hammond , edited by N.G.L. ; Scullard , H.H. ( 1970 ) . The Oxford Classical Dictionary ( 2d ed . ) . Oxford ( Eng . ) : Clarendon Press . p. 549 . ISBN 0198691173 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Bibliotheca , 2.1. 1 Jump up ^ Pausanias , Description of Greece , 1.25. 1 Jump up ^ Pausanias , Description of Greece , 2.16. 1 Jump up ^ Scholia on Euripides ' Orestes , 932 Jump up ^ Catalogue of Women . fr. 124 Jump up ^ Acusilaus , fr. 12 Jump up ^ M.L. West , The Hesiodic Catalogue of Women : Its Nature , Structure , and Origins ( Oxford , 1985 ) 77 Jump up ^ Pausanias , Description of Greece , 2.1. 3 Jump up ^ Hyginus , Fabulae , 124 . Jump up ^ Hesychius of Alexandria s.v. Ὶὼ Καλλιθύεσσα Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Bibliotheca , 2.1. 3 ^ Jump up to : Howatson , M.C.L. ; Chivers , I. ( 1993 ) . The Oxford Concise Companion to Classical Literature . Oxford ( Eng . ) : Clarendon Press . pp. 288 -- 9 . ISBN 0192827081 . Jump up ^ Aeschylus , Suppliant Women , 291 Jump up ^ Ovid , Metamorphoses , I. 650 - 730 Jump up ^ Burkert , Homo Necans ( 1974 ) 1983 : 164 note 14 , giving bibliography . Jump up ^ Eustathius of Thessalonica commentary on Dionysius Periegetes , 92 ; the Byzantine encyclopedia Suda s.v. `` Io '' , Hesychius , s.v. `` Io '' . Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.com/Io-Turned-Children-Metamorphoses-ebook/dp/B00AAQHNZY/ref=sr_1_2?s=digital-text&ie=UTF8&qid=1356852185&sr=1-2&keywords=dubosarsky External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Io ( mythology ) . Wikisource has the text of The New Student 's Reference Work article Io . Theoi.com : Io : naiad nymph of Argolis and Egypt Assembles the essential references in Greek and Latin literature , in translation . Io engravings by Goltzius from the De Verda collection Warburg Institute Iconographic Database ( ca 250 images of Io and Argus ) GND : 124359906 VIAF : 35387480 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Io_(mythology)&oldid=841398276 '' Categories : Egypt in Greek mythology Metamorphoses in Greek mythology Greek mythological priestesses Mortal women of Zeus Mythological bovines Children of Inachus Mythological Greek characters Metamorphoses into animals in Greek mythology Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Articles with trivia sections from August 2017 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 40 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 May 2018 , at 16 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | why did zeus turned io into a cow | [
"Io was a priestess of the Goddess Hera in Argos,[5][16] whose cult her father Inachus was supposed to have introduced to Argos.[5] Zeus noticed Io, a mortal woman, and lusted after her. In the version of the myth told in Prometheus Bound she initially rejected Zeus' advances, until her father threw her out of his house on the advice of oracles.[17] According to some stories, Zeus then turned Io into a heifer in order to hide her from his wife;[5] others maintain that Hera herself transformed Io.[17][18]"
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"in order to hide her from his wife"
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7955031000118892729 | Winter Olympic Games | Winter Olympic Games - wikipedia Winter Olympic Games Jump to : navigation , search For a list of winter Olympic Games , see the list below . `` Winter Olympics '' redirects here . For the TV episode of the The Goodies , see Winter Olympics ( The Goodies ) . For the video game , see Winter Olympics ( video game ) . Olympic Games Main topics Bids Boycotts Ceremonies Charter Host cities IFs IOC Medal Medal tables Medalists NOCs Pierre de Coubertin medal Scandals and controversies Sports Symbols Torch relays Venues Games Summer Winter Summer Paralympic Winter Paralympic Deaflympics Youth Special American Asian Pacific African European EYOF Ancient Intercalated Winter Olympic Games The Olympic flame in PyeongChang during the 2018 Winter Olympics Games 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 2022 2026 Sports ( details ) Alpine skiing Biathlon Bobsleigh Cross ‐ country skiing Curling Figure skating Freestyle skiing Ice hockey Luge Nordic combined Short track speed skating Skeleton Ski jumping Snowboarding Speed skating The Winter Olympic Games ( French : Jeux olympiques d'hiver ) is a major international sporting event held once every four years for sports practised on snow and ice . The first Winter Olympics , the 1924 Winter Olympics , were held in Chamonix , France . The modern Olympic games were inspired by the ancient Olympic Games , which were held in Olympia , Greece , from the 8th century BC to the 4th century AD . Baron Pierre de Coubertin founded the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) in 1894 , leading to the first modern Summer Games in Athens , Greece in 1896 . The IOC is the governing body of the Olympic Movement , with the Olympic Charter defining its structure and authority . The original five Winter Olympics sports ( broken into nine disciplines ) were bobsleigh , curling , ice hockey , Nordic skiing ( consisting of the disciplines military patrol , cross-country skiing , Nordic combined , and ski jumping ) , and skating ( consisting of the disciplines figure skating and speed skating ) . The Games were held every four years from 1924 to 1936 , interrupted in 1940 and 1944 by World War II , and resumed in 1948 . Until 1992 the Winter and Summer Olympic Games were held in the same years , but in accordance with a 1986 decision by the IOC to place the Summer and Winter Games on separate four - year cycles in alternating even - numbered years , the next Winter Olympics after 1992 was in 1994 . The Winter Games have evolved since their inception . Sports and disciplines have been added and some of them , such as Alpine skiing , luge , short track speed skating , freestyle skiing , skeleton , and snowboarding , have earned a permanent spot on the Olympic programme . Some others , including curling and bobsleigh , have been discontinued and later reintroduced ; others have been permanently discontinued , such as military patrol , though the modern Winter Olympic sport of biathlon is descended from it . Still others , such as speed skiing , bandy and skijoring , were demonstration sports but never incorporated as Olympic sports . The rise of television as a global medium for communication enhanced the profile of the Games . It generated income via the sale of broadcast rights and advertising , which has become lucrative for the IOC . This allowed outside interests , such as television companies and corporate sponsors , to exert influence . The IOC has had to address numerous criticisms over the decades like internal scandals , the use of performance - enhancing drugs by Winter Olympians , as well as a political boycott of the Winter Olympics . Nations have used the Winter ( as well as Summer ) Games to proclaim the superiority of their political systems . The Winter Olympics has been hosted on three continents by twelve different countries . The Games have been held four times in the United States ( in 1932 , 1960 , 1980 and 2002 ) ; three times in France ( in 1924 , 1968 and 1992 ) ; and twice each in Austria ( 1964 , 1976 ) , Canada ( 1988 , 2010 ) , Japan ( 1972 , 1998 ) , Italy ( 1956 , 2006 ) , Norway ( 1952 , 1994 ) , and Switzerland ( 1928 , 1948 ) . Also , the Games have been held just once each in Germany ( 1936 ) , Yugoslavia ( 1984 ) , Russia ( 2014 ) and South Korea ( 2018 ) . The IOC has selected Beijing , China , to host the 2022 Winter Olympics and the host of the 2026 Winter Olympics will be selected in September 2019 . As of 2018 , no city in the southern hemisphere has applied to host the cold - weather - dependent Winter Olympics , which are held in February at the height of the southern hemisphere summer . To date , twelve countries have participated in every Winter Olympic Games -- Austria , Canada , Finland , France , Great Britain , Hungary , Italy , Norway , Poland , Sweden , Switzerland and the United States . Six of those countries have earned medals at every Winter Olympic Games -- Austria , Canada , Finland , Norway , Sweden and the United States . The only country to have earned a gold medal at every Winter Olympics is the United States . Norway leads the all - time medal table for the Winter Olympics both on number of gold and overall medals , followed by the United States and Germany . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 20th century 1.1. 1 1900 to 1912 1.1. 2 World War I 1.1. 3 1920 to 1936 1.1. 4 World War II 1.1. 5 1948 to 1960 1.1. 6 1964 to 1980 1.1. 7 1984 to 1998 1.2 21st century 1.2. 1 2002 to 2010 1.2. 2 2014 to 2018 1.2. 3 Future 2 Controversy 2.1 Host city legacy 2.2 Doping 3 Politics 3.1 Cold War 3.2 Boycott 4 Sports 4.1 Current sports 4.2 Demonstration events 5 Ten most successful nations 6 List of Winter Olympic Games 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) 20th century ( edit ) 1900 to 1912 ( edit ) Ulrich Salchow at the 1908 Olympics . A predecessor , the Nordic Games , were organised by General Viktor Gustaf Balck in Stockholm , Sweden in 1901 and were held again in 1903 and 1905 and then every fourth year thereafter until 1926 . Balck was a charter member of the IOC and a close friend of Olympic Games founder Pierre de Coubertin . He attempted to have winter sports , specifically figure skating , added to the Olympic programme but was unsuccessful until the 1908 Summer Olympics in London , United Kingdom . Four figure skating events were contested , at which Ulrich Salchow ( 10 - time world champion ) and Madge Syers won the individual titles . Three years later , Italian count Eugenio Brunetta d'Usseaux proposed that the IOC stage a week of winter sports included as part of the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm , Sweden . The organisers opposed this idea because they desired to protect the integrity of the Nordic Games and were concerned about a lack of facilities for winter sports . World War I ( edit ) The idea was resurrected for the 1916 Games , which were to be held in Berlin , Germany . A winter sports week with speed skating , figure skating , ice hockey and Nordic skiing was planned , but the 1916 Olympics was cancelled after the outbreak of World War I . 1920 to 1936 ( edit ) The first Olympics after the war , the 1920 Summer Olympics , were held in Antwerp , Belgium , and featured figure skating and an ice hockey tournament . Germany , Austria , Hungary , Bulgaria and Turkey were banned from competing in the Games . At the IOC Congress held the following year it was decided that the host nation of the 1924 Summer Olympics , France , would host a separate `` International Winter Sports Week '' under the patronage of the IOC . Chamonix was chosen to host this `` week '' ( actually 11 days ) of events . The Games proved to be a success when more than 250 athletes from 16 nations competed in 16 events . Athletes from Finland and Norway won 28 medals , more than the rest of the participating nations combined . Germany remained banned until 1925 , and instead hosted a series of games called Deutsche Kampfspiele , starting with the Winter edition of 1922 ( which predated the first Winter Olympics ) . In 1925 the IOC decided to create a separate winter event and the 1924 Games in Chamonix was retroactively designated as the first Winter Olympics . St. Moritz , Switzerland , was appointed by the IOC to host the second Winter Games in 1928 . Fluctuating weather conditions challenged the hosts . The opening ceremony was held in a blizzard while warm weather conditions plagued sporting events throughout the rest of the Games . Because of the weather the 10,000 metre speed - skating event had to be abandoned and officially cancelled . The weather was not the only noteworthy aspect of the 1928 Games : Sonja Henie of Norway made history when she won the figure skating competition at the age of 15 . She became the youngest Olympic champion in history , a distinction she held for 70 years . The next Winter Olympics held in Lake Placid , New York , was the first to be hosted outside of Europe . Seventeen nations and 252 athletes participated . This was less than in 1928 , as the journey to Lake Placid , United States , was long and expensive for most competitors , who had little money in the midst of the Great Depression . The athletes competed in fourteen events in four sports . Virtually no snow fell for two months before the Games , and there was not enough snow to hold all the events until mid-January . Sonja Henie defended her Olympic title , and Eddie Eagan of the United States , who had been an Olympic champion in boxing in 1920 , won the gold medal in the men 's bobsleigh event to become the first , and so far only , Olympian to have won gold medals in both the Summer and Winter Olympics . The German towns of Garmisch and Partenkirchen joined to organise the 1936 edition of the Winter Games , held on 6 -- 16 February . This was the last time the Summer and Winter Olympics were held in the same country in the same year . Alpine skiing made its Olympic debut , but skiing teachers were barred from entering because they were considered to be professionals . Because of this decision the Swiss and Austrian skiers refused to compete at the Games . World War II ( edit ) World War II interrupted the holding of the Winter Olympics . The 1940 Games had been awarded to Sapporo , Japan , but the decision was rescinded in 1938 because of the Japanese invasion of China . The Games were then to be held at Garmisch - Partenkirchen , Germany , but the 1940 Games were cancelled following the German invasion of Poland in 1939 . Due to the ongoing war , the 1944 Games , originally scheduled for Cortina D'Ampezzo , Italy , were cancelled . 1948 to 1960 ( edit ) The opening ceremonies of the 1956 Winter Olympics in Cortina d'Ampezzo St. Moritz was selected to host the first post-war Games in 1948 . Switzerland 's neutrality had protected the town during World War II , and most of the venues were in place from the 1928 Games , which made St. Moritz a logical choice . It became the first city to host a Winter Olympics twice . Twenty - eight countries competed in Switzerland , but athletes from Germany and Japan were not invited . Controversy erupted when two hockey teams from the United States arrived , both claiming to be the legitimate U.S. Olympic hockey representative . The Olympic flag presented at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp was stolen , as was its replacement . There was unprecedented parity at these Games , during which 10 countries won gold medals -- more than any Games to that point . The Olympic Flame for the 1952 Games in Oslo , was lit in the fireplace by skiing pioneer Sondre Nordheim , and the torch relay was conducted by 94 participants entirely on skis . Bandy , a popular sport in the Nordic countries , was featured as a demonstration sport , though only Norway , Sweden , and Finland fielded teams . Norwegian athletes won 17 medals , which outpaced all the other nations . They were led by Hjalmar Andersen who won three gold medals in four events in the speed skating competition . After not being able to host the Games in 1944 , Cortina d'Ampezzo was selected to organise the 1956 Winter Olympics . At the opening ceremonies the final torch bearer , Guido Caroli , entered the Olympic Stadium on ice skates . As he skated around the stadium his skate caught on a cable and he fell , nearly extinguishing the flame . He was able to recover and light the cauldron . These were the first Winter Games to be televised , and the first Olympics ever broadcast to an international audience , though no television rights were sold until the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome . The Cortina Games were used to test the feasibility of televising large sporting events . The Soviet Union made its Olympic debut and had an immediate impact , winning more medals than any other nation . Soviet immediate success might be explained by the advent of the state - sponsored `` full - time amateur athlete '' . The USSR entered teams of athletes who were all nominally students , soldiers , or working in a profession , but many of whom were in reality paid by the state to train full - time . Chiharu Igaya won the first Winter Olympics medal for Japan and the continent of Asia when he placed second in the slalom . The IOC awarded the 1960 Olympics to Squaw Valley , United States . It was an undeveloped resort in 1955 , so from 1956 to 1960 the infrastructure and all of the venues were built at a cost of US $80,000,000 . The opening and closing ceremonies were produced by Walt Disney . The Squaw Valley Olympics was the first winter Olympics to have a dedicated athletes ' village , the first to use a computer ( courtesy of IBM ) to tabulate results , and the first to feature female speed skating events . The bobsleigh events were absent for the only time due to the cost of building a bobsleigh run . 1964 to 1980 ( edit ) The Herb Brooks Arena in Lake Placid ( c. 2007 ) , site of the `` Miracle on Ice '' in 1980 The Austrian city of Innsbruck was the host in 1964 . Although Innsbruck was a traditional winter sports resort , warm weather caused a lack of snow during the Games and the Austrian army was enlisted to transport snow and ice to the sports venues . Soviet speed - skater Lidia Skoblikova made history by winning all four speed skating events . Her career total of six gold medals set a record for Winter Olympics athletes . Luge was first contested in 1964 , but the sport received bad publicity when a competitor was killed in a pre-Olympic training run . Held in the French town of Grenoble , the 1968 Winter Olympics were the first Olympic Games to be broadcast in colour . There were 1,158 athletes from 37 nations competing in 35 events . French alpine ski racer Jean - Claude Killy became only the second person to win all the men 's alpine skiing events . The organising committee sold television rights for US $2 million , which was more than twice the cost of the broadcast rights for the Innsbruck Games . Venues were spread over long distances requiring three athletes ' villages . The organisers claimed that this was necessary to accommodate technological advances , however critics disputed this , alleging that the layout would incorporate the best possible venues for television broadcasts at the athletes ' expense . The 1972 Winter Games , held in Sapporo , Japan , were the first to be hosted on a continent other than North America or Europe . The issue of professionalism was disputed during these Games when a number of alpine skiers were found to have participated in a ski camp at Mammoth Mountain in the United States ; three days before the opening ceremony , IOC president Avery Brundage threatened to bar the skiers from competing in the Games as he insisted that they were no longer amateurs having benefited financially from their status as athletes . Eventually only Austrian Karl Schranz , who earned more than the other skiers , was excluded from the competition . Canada did not send teams to the 1972 or 1976 ice hockey tournaments in protest at not being able to use players from professional leagues . Francisco Fernández Ochoa became the first ( and , as of 2018 , only ) Spaniard to win a Winter Olympic gold medal when he triumphed in the slalom . The 1976 Winter Olympics had initially been awarded in 1970 to Denver , Colorado in the United States . These Games would have coincided with the year of Colorado 's centennial and the United States Bicentennial . However , in November 1972 the people of Colorado voted against public funding of the Games by a 3 : 2 margin . The IOC responded by offering the Games to Vancouver - Garibaldi , British Columbia , which had previously been an official candidate for the 1976 Games . However , a change in the provincial government resulted in an administration that did not support the Olympic bid , so the IOC 's offer was rejected . Salt Lake City , previously a candidate for the 1972 Winter Olympics , then put itself forward , but the IOC opted instead to invite Innsbruck to host the 1976 Games , as most of the infrastructure from the 1964 Games had been maintained . Despite only having half the usual time to prepare for the Games , Innsbruck accepted the invitation to replace Denver in February 1973 . Two Olympic flames were lit because it was the second time that the Austrian town had hosted the Winter Games . The 1976 Games featured the first combination bobsleigh and luge track , in neighbouring Igls . The Soviet Union won its fourth consecutive ice hockey gold medal . In 1980 the Winter Olympics returned to Lake Placid , which had hosted the 1932 Games . The first boycott of a Winter Olympics took place at these Games , when Taiwan refused to participate after an edict by the IOC mandated that they change their name and national anthem . This was an attempt by the IOC to accommodate China , who wished to compete using the same name and anthem as those used by Taiwan . As a result , China participated for the first time since 1952 . American speed - skater Eric Heiden set either an Olympic or World record in every one of the five events in which he competed , winning a total of five individual gold medals and breaking the record for most individual golds in a single Olympics ( both Summer and Winter ) . Hanni Wenzel won both the slalom and giant slalom and her country , Liechtenstein , became the smallest nation to produce an Olympic gold medallist . In the `` Miracle on Ice '' , the American hockey team composed of college players beat the favoured seasoned professionals from the Soviet Union , and progressed to eventually win the gold medal . 1984 to 1998 ( edit ) Alberto Tomba , winner of five Olympic medals in Calgary , Albertville and Lillehammer Sapporo , Japan , and Gothenburg , Sweden , were front - runners to host the 1984 Winter Olympics . It was therefore a surprise when Sarajevo , Yugoslavia , was selected as host . The Games were well - organised and not affected by the run - up to the war that engulfed the country eight years later . A total of 49 nations and 1,272 athletes participated in 39 events . Host nation Yugoslavia won its first Olympic medal when alpine skier Jure Franko won silver in the giant slalom . Another sporting highlight was the free dance performance of British ice dancers Jayne Torvill and Christopher Dean ; their Boléro routine received unanimous perfect scores for artistic impression , earning them the gold medal . The Olympic Torch from the 1988 Winter Olympic Games in Calgary In 1988 , the Canadian city of Calgary hosted the first Winter Olympics to span three weekends , lasting for a total of 16 days . New events were added in ski - jumping and speed skating , while future Olympic sports curling , short track speed skating and freestyle skiing made their debut appearance as demonstration sports . The speed skating events were held indoors for the first time , on the Olympic Oval . Dutch skater Yvonne van Gennip won three gold medals and set two world records , beating skaters from the favoured East German team in every race . Her medal total was equalled by Finnish ski jumper Matti Nykänen , who won all three events in his sport . Alberto Tomba , an Italian skier , made his Olympic debut by winning both the giant slalom and slalom . East German Christa Rothenburger won the women 's 1,000 metre speed skating event . Seven months later she would earn a silver in track cycling at the Summer Games in Seoul , to become the only athlete to win medals in both a Summer and Winter Olympics in the same year . The 1992 Winter Games were the last to be held in the same year as the Summer Games . They were hosted in the French Savoie region , with 18 events held in the city of Albertville and the remaining events spread out over the Savoie . Political changes of the time were reflected in the composition of the Olympic teams competing in France : this was the first Games to be held after the fall of Communism and the fall of the Berlin Wall , and Germany competed as a single nation for the first time since the 1964 Games ; former Yugoslavian republics Croatia and Slovenia made their debuts as independent nations ; most of the former Soviet republics still competed as a single team known as the Unified Team , but the Baltic States made independent appearances for the first time since before World War II . At 16 years old , Finnish ski jumper Toni Nieminen made history by becoming the youngest male Winter Olympic champion . New Zealand skier Annelise Coberger became the first Winter Olympic medallist from the southern hemisphere when she won a silver medal in the women 's slalom . The 1994 Winter Olympics , held in Lillehammer , Norway , were the first Winter Games to be held separately from the Summer Games . This change resulted from the decision reached in the 91st IOC Session ( 1986 ) to separate the summer and winter Games and place them in alternating even - numbered years . Lillehammer is the northernmost city to ever host the Winter Games and it was the second time the Games were held in Norway , after the 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo . After the dissolution of Czechoslovakia in 1993 , the Czech Republic and Slovakia made their Olympic debuts . The women 's figure skating competition drew media attention when American skater Nancy Kerrigan was injured on 6 January 1994 , in an assault planned by the ex-husband of opponent Tonya Harding . Both skaters competed in the Games , but the gold medal was controversially won by Oksana Baiul who became Ukraine 's first Olympic champion , while Kerrigan won the silver medal . Johann Olav Koss of Norway won three gold medals , coming first in all of the distance speed skating events . 13 - year - old Kim Yoon - Mi became the youngest - ever Olympic gold medallist when South Korea won the women 's 3,000 meter speed skating relay . Russia won the most events , with eleven gold medals , while Norway achieved 26 podium finishes , collecting the most medals overall on home ground . Juan Antonio Samaranch described Lillehammer as `` the best Olympic Winter Games ever '' in his closing ceremony speech . The 1998 Winter Olympics were held in the Japanese city of Nagano and were the first Games to host more than 2,000 athletes . The men 's ice hockey tournament was opened to professionals for the first time . Canada and the United States were favoured to win the tournament as they both fielded numerous NHL players , but surprisingly neither team won any medals and it was the Czech Republic who prevailed . Women 's ice hockey made its debut and the United States won the gold medal . Bjørn Dæhlie of Norway won three gold medals in Nordic skiing , becoming the most decorated Winter Olympic athlete , with eight gold medals and twelve medals overall . Austrian Hermann Maier survived a crash during the downhill competition and returned to win gold in the super-G and the giant slalom . Tara Lipinski of the United States , aged just 15 , became the youngest ever female gold medallist in an individual event when she won the Ladies ' Singles , a record that had stood since Sonja Henie of Norway won the same event , also aged 15 , in St. Moritz in 1928 . New world records were set in speed skating largely due to the introduction of the clap skate . 21st century ( edit ) 2002 to 2010 ( edit ) Olympic flame during the Opening Ceremony of the 2002 Games in Salt Lake City The 2002 Winter Olympics were held in Salt Lake City , United States , hosting 77 nations and 2,399 athletes in 78 events in 7 sports . These Games were the first to take place since the September 11 attacks of 2001 , which meant a higher degree of security to avoid a terrorist attack . The opening ceremony saw signs of the aftermath of the events of that day , including the flag that flew at Ground Zero , NYPD officer Daniel Rodríguez singing `` God Bless America '' , and honour guards of NYPD and FDNY members . German Georg Hackl won a silver in the singles luge , becoming the first athlete in Olympic history to win medals in the same individual event in five consecutive Olympics . Canada achieved an unprecedented double by winning both the men 's and women 's ice hockey gold medals . Canada became embroiled with Russia in a controversy that involved the judging of the pairs figure skating competition . The Russian pair of Yelena Berezhnaya and Anton Sikharulidze competed against the Canadian pair of Jamie Salé and David Pelletier for the gold medal . The Canadians appeared to have skated well enough to win the competition , yet the Russians were awarded the gold . The judging broke along Cold War lines with judges from former Communist countries favouring the Russian pair and judges from Western nations voting for the Canadians . The only exception was the French judge , Marie - Reine Le Gougne , who awarded the gold to the Russians . An investigation revealed that she had been pressured to give the gold to the Russian pair regardless of how they skated ; in return the Russian judge would look favourably on the French entrants in the ice dancing competition . The IOC decided to award both pairs the gold medal in a second medal ceremony held later in the Games . Australian Steven Bradbury became the first gold medallist from the southern hemisphere when he won the 1,000 metre short - track speed skating event . Close - up of the Olympic Flame during the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin The Italian city of Turin hosted the 2006 Winter Olympics . It was the second time that Italy had hosted the Winter Olympic Games . South Korean athletes won 10 medals , including 6 gold in the short - track speed skating events . Sun - Yu Jin won three gold medals while her teammate Hyun - Soo Ahn won three gold medals and a bronze . In the women 's Cross-Country team pursuit Canadian Sara Renner broke one of her poles and , when he saw her dilemma , Norwegian coach Bjørnar Håkensmoen decided to lend her a pole . In so doing she was able to help her team win a silver medal in the event at the expense of the Norwegian team , who finished fourth . On winning the Super-G , Kjetil - Andre Aamodt of Norway became the most decorated ski racer of all time with 4 gold and 8 overall medals . He is also the only ski racer to have won the same event at three different Olympics , winning the Super-G in 1992 , 2002 and 2006 . Claudia Pechstein of Germany became the first speed skater to earn nine career medals . In February 2009 , Pechstein tested positive for `` blood manipulation '' and received a two - year suspension , which she appealed . The Court of Arbitration for Sport upheld her suspension but a Swiss court ruled that she could compete for a spot on the 2010 German Olympic team . This ruling was brought to the Swiss Federal Tribunal , which overturned the lower court 's ruling and precluded her from competing in Vancouver . A memorial to Nodar Kumaritashvili in Whistler , photographed on 20 March 2010 In 2003 the IOC awarded the 2010 Winter Olympics to Vancouver , thus allowing Canada to host its second Winter Olympics . With a population of more than 2.5 million people Vancouver is the largest metropolitan area to ever host a Winter Olympic Games . Over 2,500 athletes from 82 countries participated in 86 events . The death of Georgian luger Nodar Kumaritashvili in a training run on the day of the opening ceremonies resulted in the Whistler Sliding Centre changing the track layout on safety grounds . Norwegian cross-country skier Marit Bjørgen won five medals in the six cross-country events on the women 's programme . She finished the Olympics with three golds , a silver and a bronze . The Vancouver Games were notable for the poor performance of the Russian athletes . From their first Winter Olympics in 1956 to the 2006 Games , a Soviet or Russian delegation had never been outside the top five medal - winning nations , but in 2010 they finished sixth in total medals and eleventh in gold medals . President Dmitry Medvedev called for the resignation of top sports officials immediately after the Games . Russia 's disappointing performance at Vancouver is cited as the reason behind the implementation of a doping scheme alleged to have been in operation at major events such as the 2014 Games at Sochi . The success of Asian countries stood in stark contrast to the under - performing Russian team , with Vancouver marking a high point for medals won by Asian countries . In 1992 the Asian countries had won fifteen medals , three of which were gold . In Vancouver the total number of medals won by athletes from Asia had increased to thirty - one , with eleven of them being gold . The rise of Asian nations in Winter Olympics sports is due in part to the growth of winter sports programmes and the interest in winter sports in nations such as South Korea , Japan and China . 2014 to 2018 ( edit ) Sochi , Russia , was selected as the host city for the 2014 Winter Olympics over Salzburg , Austria , and Pyeongchang , South Korea . This was the first time that Russia had hosted a Winter Olympics . The Games took place from 7 to 23 February 2014 . A record 2,800 athletes from 88 countries competed in 98 events . The Olympic Village and Olympic Stadium were located on the Black Sea coast . All of the mountain venues were 50 kilometres ( 31 miles ) away in the alpine region known as Krasnaya Polyana . The Games were the most expensive so far , with a cost of £ 30 billion ( USD 51 billion ) . On the snow , Norwegian biathlete Ole Einar Bjørndalen took two golds to bring his total tally of Olympic medals to 13 , overtaking his compatriot Bjørn Dæhlie to become the most decorated Winter Olympian of all time . Another Norwegian , cross-country skier Marit Bjørgen took three golds ; her total of ten Olympic medals tied her as the female Winter Olympian with most medals , alongside Raisa Smetanina and Stefania Belmondo . Snowboarder Ayumu Hirano became the youngest medallist on snow at the Winter Games when he took a silver in the halfpipe competition at the age of fifteen . On the ice , the Dutch dominated the speed skating events , taking 23 medals , four clean sweeps of the podium places and at least one medal in each of the twelve medal events . Ireen Wüst was their most successful competitor , taking two golds and three silvers . In figure skating , Yuzuru Hanyu became the first skater to break the 100 - point barrier in the short programme on the way to winning the gold medal . Among the sledding disciplines , luger Armin Zöggeler took a bronze , becoming the first Winter Olympian to secure a medal in six consecutive Games . Following their disappointing performance at the 2010 Games , and an investment of £ 600 million in elite sport , Russia initially topped the medal table , taking 33 medals including thirteen golds . However Grigory Rodchenkov , the former head of the Russian national anti-doping laboratory , subsequently claimed that he had been involved in doping dozens of Russian competitors for the Games , and that he had been assisted by the Russian Federal Security Service in opening and re-sealing bottles containing urine samples so that samples with banned substances could be replaced with `` clean '' urine . A subsequent investigation commissioned by the World Anti-Doping Agency led by Richard McLaren concluded that a state - sponsored doping programme had operated in Russia from `` at least late 2011 to 2015 '' across the `` vast majority '' of Summer and Winter Olympic sports . On 5 December 2017 , the IOC announced that Russia would be banned from the 2018 Winter Olympics with immediate effect and by the end of 2017 the IOC Disciplinary Commission had disqualified 43 Russian athletes , stripping thirteen medals and knocking Russia from the top of the medal table , thus putting Norway in the lead . On 6 July 2011 , Pyeongchang , South Korea , was selected to host the 2018 Winter Olympics over Munich , Germany , and Annecy , France . This was the first time that South Korea had been selected to host a Winter Olympics and it was the second time the Olympics were held in the country overall , after the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul . The Games took place from 9 to 25 February 2018 . More than 2,900 athletes from 92 countries participated in 102 events . The Olympic Stadium and many of the sports venues were situated in the Alpensia Resort in Daegwallyeong - myeon , Pyeongchang , while a number of other sports venues were located in the Gangneung Olympic Park in Pyeongchang 's neighboring city of Gangneung . The lead - up to the 2018 Winter Olympics was affected by the tensions between North and South Korea and the ongoing Russian doping scandal . Despite tense relations , North Korea agreed to participate in the Games , enter with South Korea during the opening ceremony as a unified Korea , and field a unified team in women 's ice hockey . Individual Russian athletes , who qualified and could demonstrate they had complied with the IOC 's doping regulations , were given the option to compete neutrally in Pyeongchang as `` Olympic Athletes from Russia '' ( OAR ) but they were not allowed to compete under the Russian flag . The Games saw the addition of big air snowboarding , mass start speed skating , mixed doubles curling , and mixed team alpine skiing to the programme . On the ice , the Netherlands again dominated the speed skating , winning gold medals in seven of the ten individual events . Dutch speed skater Sven Kramer won gold in the men 's 5000m event , becoming the only male speed skater to win the same Olympic event three times . On the snow , Norway led the medal tally in cross-country skiing , with Marit Bjørgen winning bronze in the women 's team sprint and gold in the 30 kilometre classical event , bringing her total Olympic medal haul to fifteen , the most won by any athlete ( male or female ) in Winter Olympics history . Johannes Høsflot Klæbo became the youngest ever male to win an Olympic gold in cross-country skiing when he won the men 's sprint at age 21 . Noriaki Kasai of Japan became the first athlete in history to participate in eight Winter Olympics when he took part in the ski jumping qualification the day before the opening of the Games . Ester Ledecká of the Czech Republic won gold in the skiing super-G event and another gold in the snowboarding parallel giant slalom , making her the first female athlete to win Olympic gold medals in two different sports at a single Winter Games . Norway led the total medal standings with 39 , the highest number of medals by a nation in any Winter Olympics , followed by Germany 's 31 and Canada 's 29 . Host nation South Korea won seventeen medals , their highest medal haul at a Winter Olympics . Future ( edit ) The host city for the 2022 Winter Olympics , is Beijing in northern China , elected on 31 July 2015 , at the 128th IOC Session in Kuala Lumpur . Beijing will be the first city ever to have hosted both the Summer and Winter Olympics . The 2022 Winter Olympics will take place between 4 and 20 February 2022 . Controversy ( edit ) Main article : Olympic Games scandals and controversies § Winter Olympics Juan Antonio Samaranch , former IOC president , was implicated in a bidding scandal for the 2002 Winter Olympics . The process for awarding host city honours came under intense scrutiny after Salt Lake City had been awarded the right to host the 2002 Games . Soon after the host city had been announced it was discovered that the organisers had engaged in an elaborate bribery scheme to curry favour with IOC officials . Gifts and other financial considerations were given to those who would evaluate and vote on Salt Lake City 's bid . These gifts included medical treatment for relatives , a college scholarship for one member 's son and a land deal in Utah . Even IOC president Juan Antonio Samaranch received two rifles valued at $2,000 . Samaranch defended the gift as inconsequential since , as president , he was a non-voting member . The subsequent investigation uncovered inconsistencies in the bids for every Games ( both summer and winter ) since 1988 . For example , the gifts received by IOC members from the Japanese Organising Committee for Nagano 's bid for the 1998 Winter Olympics were described by the investigation committee as `` astronomical '' . Although nothing strictly illegal had been done , the IOC feared that corporate sponsors would lose faith in the integrity of the process and that the Olympic brand would be tarnished to such an extent that advertisers would begin to pull their support . The investigation resulted in the expulsion of 10 IOC members and the sanctioning of another 10 . New terms and age limits were established for IOC membership , and 15 former Olympic athletes were added to the committee . Stricter rules for future bids were imposed , with ceilings imposed on the value of gifts IOC members could accept from bid cities . Host city legacy ( edit ) According to the IOC , the host city for the Winter Olympics is responsible for `` ... establishing functions and services for all aspects of the Games , such as sports planning , venues , finance , technology , accommodation , catering , media services , etc. , as well as operations during the Games . '' Due to the cost of hosting the Games , most host cities never realise a profit on their investment . For example , the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin , Italy , cost $3.6 billion to host . By comparison , the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano , Japan , cost $12.5 billion . The organisers of the Nagano Games claimed that the cost of extending the bullet train service from Tokyo to Nagano was responsible for the large price tag . The organising committee had hoped that the exposure gained from hosting the Winter Olympics , and the improved access to Nagano from Tokyo , would benefit the local economy for years afterwards . In actual fact , Nagano 's economy did experience a post-Olympic boom for a year or two , but the long - term effects have not materialised as anticipated . The likelihood of heavy debt is a deterrent to prospective host cities , as well as the prospect of unused sports venues and infrastructure saddling the local community with upkeep costs into the future with no appreciable post-Olympic value . The Winter games has the added problem of the alpine events requiring a mountain location ; the men 's downhill needs an 800 meter altitude difference along a suitable course . As this is a focal event that is central to the Games , the IOC will not agree to it taking place a great distance from the main host city . The requirement for a mountain location also means that venues such as hockey arenas often have to be built in sparsely populated areas with little future need for a large arena . Due to cost issues , the only candidate cities for the 2022 Winter Olympics were in dictatorship countries , and a number of European countries declined due to political doubt over costs . Both the 2006 and 2010 Games , which were hosted in countries where large cities are located close to suitable mountain regions , had lower costs since more venues and transport infrastructure already existed . The IOC has enacted several initiatives to mitigate these concerns . Firstly , the commission has agreed to fund part of the host city 's budget for staging the Games . Secondly , the qualifying host countries are limited to those that have the resources and infrastructure to successfully host an Olympic Games without negatively impacting the region or nation ; this consequently rules out a large portion of the developing world . Finally , any prospective host city planning to bid for the Games is required to add a `` legacy plan '' to their proposal , with a view to the long - term economic and environmental impact that hosting the Olympics will have on the region . Doping ( edit ) In 1967 the IOC began enacting drug testing protocols . They started by randomly testing athletes at the 1968 Winter Olympics . The first Winter Games athlete to test positive for a banned substance was Alois Schloder , a West German hockey player , but his team was still allowed to compete . During the 1970s testing outside of competition was escalated because it was found to deter athletes from using performance - enhancing drugs . The problem with testing during this time was a lack of standardisation of the test procedures , which undermined the credibility of the tests . It was not until the late 1980s that international sporting federations began to coordinate efforts to standardise the drug - testing protocols . The IOC took the lead in the fight against steroids when it established the independent World Anti-Doping Agency ( WADA ) in November 1999 . The 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin became notable for a scandal involving the emerging trend of blood doping , the use of blood transfusions or synthetic hormones such as Erythropoietin ( EPO ) to improve oxygen flow and thus reduce fatigue . The Italian police conducted a raid on the Austrian cross-country ski team 's residence during the Games where they seized blood - doping specimens and equipment . This event followed the pre-Olympics suspension of 12 cross-country skiers who tested positive for unusually high levels of haemoglobin , which is evidence of blood doping . The 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi 's Russian Doping Scandal has resulted in the International Olympic Committee to begin disciplinary proceedings against 28 ( later increased to 46 ) Russian athletes who competed at the 2014 Winter Games in Sochi , Russia , acting on evidence that their urine samples were tampered with . Politics ( edit ) Cold War ( edit ) A postage stamp issued by East Germany in 1968 in commemoration of their first Winter Olympics as an independent country The Winter Olympics have been an ideological front in the Cold War since the Soviet Union first participated at the 1956 Winter Games . It did not take long for the Cold War combatants to discover what a powerful propaganda tool the Olympic Games could be . The advent of the state - sponsored `` full - time amateur athlete '' of the Eastern Bloc countries further eroded the ideology of the pure amateur , as it put the self - financed amateurs of the Western countries at a disadvantage . The Soviet Union entered teams of athletes who were all nominally students , soldiers , or working in a profession , but many of whom were in reality paid by the state to train on a full - time basis . Nevertheless , the IOC held to the traditional rules regarding amateurism until the ' 90s . The Cold War created tensions amongst countries allied to the two superpowers . The strained relationship between East and West Germany created a difficult political situation for the IOC . Because of its role in World War II , Germany was not allowed to compete at the 1948 Winter Olympics . In 1950 the IOC recognised the West German Olympic Committee , and invited East and West Germany to compete as a unified team at the 1952 Winter Games . East Germany declined the invitation and instead sought international legitimacy separate from West Germany . In 1955 the Soviet Union recognised East Germany as a sovereign state , thereby giving more credibility to East Germany 's campaign to become an independent participant at the Olympics . The IOC agreed to provisionally accept the East German National Olympic Committee with the condition that East and West Germans compete on one team . The situation became tenuous when the Berlin Wall was constructed in 1962 and western nations began refusing visas to East German athletes . The uneasy compromise of a unified team held until the 1968 Grenoble Games when the IOC officially split the teams and threatened to reject the host - city bids of any country that refused entry visas to East German athletes . Boycott ( edit ) The Winter Games have had only one national team boycott when Taiwan decided not to participate in the 1980 Winter Olympics held in Lake Placid . Prior to the Games the IOC agreed to allow China to compete in the Olympics for the first time since 1952 . China was given permission to compete as the `` People 's Republic of China '' ( PRC ) and to use the PRC flag and anthem . Until 1980 the island of Taiwan had been competing under the name `` Republic of China '' ( ROC ) and had been using the ROC flag and anthem . The IOC attempted to have the countries compete together but when this proved to be unacceptable the IOC demanded that Taiwan cease to call itself the `` Republic of China '' . The IOC renamed the island `` Chinese Taipei '' and demanded that it adopt a different flag and national anthem , stipulations that Taiwan would not agree to . Despite numerous appeals and court hearings the IOC 's decision stood . When the Taiwanese athletes arrived at the Olympic village with their Republic of China identification cards they were not admitted . They subsequently left the Olympics in protest , just before the opening ceremonies . Taiwan returned to Olympic competition at the 1984 Winter Games in Sarajevo as Chinese Taipei . The country agreed to compete under a flag bearing the emblem of their National Olympic Committee and to play the anthem of their National Olympic Committee should one of their athletes win a gold medal . The agreement remains in place to this day . Sports ( edit ) The Olympic Charter limits winter sports to `` those ... which are practised on snow or ice . '' Since 1992 a number of new sports have been added to the Olympic programme ; which include short track speed skating , snowboarding , freestyle and moguls skiing . The addition of these events has broadened the appeal of the Winter Olympics beyond Europe and North America . While European powers such as Norway and Germany still dominate the traditional Winter Olympic sports , countries such as South Korea , Australia and Canada are finding success in the new sports . The results are : more parity in the national medal tables ; more interest in the Winter Olympics ; and higher global television ratings . Current sports ( edit ) Sport Years Events Medal events contested in 2014 Alpine skiing Since 1936 11 Men 's and women 's downhill , super G , giant slalom , slalom , and combined , and parallel slalom . Biathlon Since 1960 11 Sprint ( men : 10 km ; women : 7.5 km ) , the individual ( men : 20 km ; women : 15 km ) , pursuit ( men : 12.5 km ; women : 10 km ) , relay ( men : 4x7. 5 km ; women : 4x6 km ; mixed : 2x7. 5 km + 2x6 km ) , and the mass start ( men : 15 km ; women : 12.5 km ) . Bobsleigh Since 1924 ( except 1960 ) Four - man race , two - man race and two - woman race . Cross-country skiing Since 1924 12 Men 's sprint , team sprint , 30 km pursuit , 15 km , 50 km and 4x10 km relay ; women 's sprint , team sprint , 15 km pursuit , 10 km , 30 km and 4x5 km relay . Curling 1924 , since 1998 Men 's , women 's and mixed doubles . tournaments . Figure skating Since 1924 5 Men 's and women 's singles ; pairs ; ice dancing and team event . Freestyle skiing Since 1992 10 Men 's and women 's moguls , aerials , ski cross , superpipe , and slopestyle . Ice hockey Since 1924 Men 's and women 's tournaments . Luge Since 1964 Men 's and women 's singles , men 's doubles , team relay . Nordic combined Since 1924 Men 's 10 km individual normal hill , 10 km individual large hill and team . Short track speed skating Since 1992 8 Men 's and women 's 500 m , 1000 m , 1500 m ; women 's 3000 m relay ; and men 's 5000 m relay . Skeleton 1928 , 1948 , Since 2002 Men 's and women 's events . Ski jumping Since 1924 Men 's individual large hill , team large hill ; men 's and women 's individual normal hill . Snowboarding Since 1998 8 Men 's and women 's parallel , half - pipe , snowboard cross , and slopestyle . Speed skating Since 1924 14 Men 's and women 's 500 m , 1000 m , 1500 m , 5000 m , Massstart and team pursuit ; women 's 3000 m ; men 's 10,000 m . ^ Note 1 . Figure skating events were held at the 1908 and 1920 Summer Olympics . ^ Note 2 . A men 's ice hockey tournament was held at the 1920 Summer Olympics . ^ Note 3 . The IOC 's website now treats Men 's Military Patrol at the 1924 Games as an event within the sport of Biathlon . Demonstration events ( edit ) Demonstration sports have historically provided a venue for host countries to attract publicity to locally popular sports by having a competition without granting medals . Demonstration sports were discontinued after 1992 . Military patrol , a precursor to the biathlon , was a medal sport in 1924 and was demonstrated in 1928 , 1936 and 1948 , becoming an official sport in 1960 . The special figures figure skating event was only contested at the 1908 Summer Olympics . Bandy ( Russian hockey ) is a sport popular in the Nordic countries and Russia . In the latter it 's considered a national sport . It was demonstrated at the Oslo Games . Ice stock sport , a German variant of curling , was demonstrated in 1936 in Germany and 1964 in Austria . The ski ballet event , later known as ski - acro , was demonstrated in 1988 and 1992 . Skijöring , skiing behind dogs , was a demonstration sport in St. Moritz in 1928 . A sled - dog race was held at Lake Placid in 1932 . Speed skiing was demonstrated in Albertville at the 1992 Winter Olympics . Winter pentathlon , a variant of the modern pentathlon , was included as a demonstration event at the 1948 Games in Switzerland . It included cross-country skiing , shooting , downhill skiing , fencing and horse riding . Ten most successful nations ( edit ) Main article : All - time Olympic Games medal table The table below uses official data provided by the IOC . Defunct nation No . Nation Games Gold Silver Bronze Total Norway ( NOR ) 23 132 125 111 368 United States ( USA ) 23 105 110 90 305 Germany ( GER ) 12 92 86 60 238 Austria ( AUT ) 23 64 81 87 232 5 Canada ( CAN ) 23 73 64 62 199 6 Soviet Union ( URS ) 9 78 57 59 194 7 Finland ( FIN ) 23 43 63 61 167 8 Sweden ( SWE ) 23 57 46 55 158 9 Switzerland ( SUI ) 23 55 46 52 153 10 Netherlands ( NED ) 21 45 44 41 130 List of Winter Olympic Games ( edit ) Games Year Host Dates Nations Competitors Sports Disci - plines Events Top Nation Ref Total Men Women 1924 Chamonix , France 25 January -- 5 February 16 258 247 11 6 9 16 Norway ( NOR ) ( 2 ) II 1928 St. Moritz , Switzerland 11 -- 19 February 25 464 438 26 8 14 Norway ( NOR ) ( 3 ) III 1932 Lake Placid , United States 4 -- 15 February 17 252 231 21 7 14 United States ( USA ) ( 4 ) IV 1936 Garmisch - Partenkirchen , Germany 6 -- 16 February 28 646 566 80 8 17 Norway ( NOR ) ( 5 ) 1940 Awarded to Sapporo , Japan ; cancelled due to World War II 1944 Awarded to Cortina d'Ampezzo , Italy ; cancelled due to World War II V 1948 St. Moritz , Switzerland 30 January -- 8 February 28 669 592 77 9 22 Norway ( NOR ) Sweden ( SWE ) ( 6 ) VI 1952 Oslo , Norway 14 -- 25 February 30 694 585 109 8 22 Norway ( NOR ) ( 7 ) VII 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo , Italy 26 January -- 5 February 32 821 687 134 8 24 Soviet Union ( URS ) ( 8 ) VIII 1960 Squaw Valley , United States 18 -- 28 February 30 665 521 144 8 27 Soviet Union ( URS ) ( 9 ) IX 1964 Innsbruck , Austria 29 January -- 9 February 36 1091 892 199 6 10 34 Soviet Union ( URS ) ( 10 ) X 1968 Grenoble , France 6 -- 18 February 37 1158 947 211 6 10 35 Norway ( NOR ) ( 11 ) XI 1972 Sapporo , Japan 3 -- 13 February 35 1006 801 205 6 10 35 Soviet Union ( URS ) ( 12 ) XII 1976 Innsbruck , Austria 4 -- 15 February 37 1123 892 231 6 10 37 Soviet Union ( URS ) ( 13 ) XIII 1980 Lake Placid , United States 13 -- 24 February 37 1072 840 232 6 10 38 Soviet Union ( URS ) ( 14 ) XIV 1984 Sarajevo , Yugoslavia 8 -- 19 February 49 1272 998 274 6 10 39 East Germany ( GDR ) ( 15 ) XV 1988 Calgary , Canada 13 -- 28 February 57 1423 1122 301 6 10 46 Soviet Union ( URS ) ( 16 ) XVI 1992 Albertville , France 8 -- 23 February 64 1801 1313 488 6 12 57 Germany ( GER ) ( 17 ) XVII 1994 Lillehammer , Norway 12 -- 27 February 67 1737 1215 522 6 12 61 Russia ( RUS ) ( 18 ) XVIII 1998 Nagano , Japan 7 -- 22 February 72 2176 1389 787 7 14 68 Germany ( GER ) ( 19 ) XIX 2002 Salt Lake City , United States 8 -- 24 February 78 2399 1513 886 7 15 78 Norway ( NOR ) ( 20 ) XX 2006 Turin , Italy 10 -- 26 February 80 2508 1548 960 7 15 84 Germany ( GER ) ( 21 ) XXI Vancouver , Canada 12 -- 28 February 82 2566 1522 1044 7 15 86 Canada ( CAN ) ( 22 ) XXII 2014 Sochi , Russia 7 -- 23 February 88 2873 1714 1159 7 15 98 Russia ( RUS ) ( 23 ) XXIII 2018 Pyeongchang , South Korea 9 -- 25 February 92 2922 1680 1242 7 15 102 Norway ( NOR ) ( 24 ) XXIV 2022 Beijing , China 4 -- 20 February Future event ( 25 ) Unlike the Summer Olympics , the cancelled 1940 Winter Olympics and 1944 Winter Olympics are not included in the official Roman numeral counts for the Winter Games . While the official titles of the Summer Games count Olympiads , the titles of the Winter Games only count the Games themselves . Map of Winter Olympics locations . Countries that have hosted one Winter Olympics are shaded green , while countries that have hosted two or more are shaded blue . See also ( edit ) List of multiple Winter Olympic medallists List of participating nations at the Winter Olympic Games Lists of Olympic medallists Olympic Games scandals and controversies Winter Paralympic Games Paralympic Games Summer Olympic Games Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` French and English are the official languages for the Olympic Games . '' , ( 1 ). ( ... ) ^ Jump up to : The official website of the Olympic Movement now treats Men 's Military Patrol at the 1924 Games as an event within the sport of Biathlon . However , the 1924 Official Report treats it as an event and discipline within what was then called Skiing and is now called Nordic Skiing . Jump up ^ At the closing of the 1924 Games a prize was also awarded for ' alpinisme ' ( mountaineering ) , a sport that did not lend itself very well for tournaments : Pierre de Coubertin presented a prize for ' alpinisme ' to Charles Granville Bruce , the leader of the expedition that tried to climb Mount Everest in 1922 . Jump up ^ The US beat the Soviets as part of a medal round that also included Finland and Sweden , so they did not actually win the gold medal until beating Finland a few days later . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Biathlon Results - Chamonix 1924 '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 17 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Olympic Games Medals , Chamonix 1924 '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 17 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Official Report ( 1924 ) , p 646 : Le Programme ... II . -- Epreuves par équipes - 12 . Ski : Course militaire ( 20 à 30 kilomètres , avec tir ) . ( The Programme ... II . -- Team events - 12 . Skiing : Military Race ( 20 to 30 kilometres , with shooting ) ) . Jump up ^ Official Report ( 1924 ) , p 664 : CONCOURS DE SKI - Jurys - COURSE MILITAIRE . ( Skiing Competitions - Juries - Military Race ) ^ Jump up to : Edgeworth , Ron ( May 1994 ) . `` The Nordic Games and the Origins of the Winter Olympic Games '' ( PDF ) . International Society of Olympic Historians Journal . LA84 Foundation . 2 ( 2 ) . Retrieved 9 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1908 Figure Skating Results '' . CNNSI.com . Archived from the original on 11 February 2001 . Retrieved 9 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Figure Skating History '' . CNNSI.com . Archived from the original on 14 August 2004 . Retrieved 9 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Judd ( 2008 ) , p. 21 ^ Jump up to : `` 1924 Chamonix , France '' . CBC Sports . CBC.ca. 18 December 2009 . Archived from the original on 2 March 2010 . Retrieved 5 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Findling and Pelle ( 2004 ) , p. 283 ^ Jump up to : `` Chamonix 1924 '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 5 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1924 Chamonix Winter Games '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 12 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Findling and Pelle ( 2004 ) , pp. 289 -- 290 Jump up ^ Findling and Pelle ( 2004 ) , p. 290 Jump up ^ `` 1928 Sankt Moritz Winter Games '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 12 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` St. Moritz 1928 '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 5 March 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lake Placid 1932 '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 5 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Findling and Pelle ( 2004 ) , p. 298 Jump up ^ Seligmann , Davison , and McDonald ( 2004 ) , p. 119 ^ Jump up to : `` Garmisch - Partenkirchen Olympics '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 11 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Lund , Mortund ( December 2001 ) . `` The First Four Olympics '' . Skiing Heritage Journal . International Skiing History Association : 21 . Retrieved 18 April 2011 . 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Jump up ^ Schantz , Otto . `` The Olympic Ideal and the Winter Games Attitudes Towards the Olympic Winter Games in Olympic Discourses -- from Coubertin to Samaranch '' ( PDF ) . Comité International Pierre De Coubertin . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 5 , 2013 . Retrieved September 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Chiharu Igaya '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 23 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Judd ( 2008 ) , pp. 27 -- 28 Jump up ^ Shipler , Gary ( February 1960 ) . `` Backstage at Winter Olympics '' . Popular Science . Bonnier Corporation : 138 . Retrieved 6 August 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Judd ( 2008 ) , p. 28 Jump up ^ `` Innsbruck 1964 '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 13 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Judd ( 2008 ) , p. 29 Jump up ^ `` Grenoble 1968 '' . International Olympic Committee . 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Jump up ^ `` Vancouver 2010 '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 24 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Longman , Jere ( 13 February 2010 ) . `` Quick to Blame in Luge , and Showing No Shame '' . The New York Times . NYTimes.com . Retrieved 11 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Jones , Tom ( 28 February 2010 ) . `` Best and worst of the Winter Olympics in Vancouver '' . St. Petersberg Times . Tampabay.com . Retrieved 11 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Russia 's president calls for resignations '' . ESPN.com. 1 March 2010 . Retrieved 11 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Pavitt , Michael ( 26 October 2017 ) . `` Biathlete Gregorin confirmed as athlete who failed Vancouver 2010 doping retest '' . Inside the Games . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ Armour , Nancy ( 28 February 2010 ) . `` Surprising success bodes well for South Korea '' . The Seattle Times . Associated Press . Retrieved 24 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Sappenfield , Mark ( 12 February 2010 ) . `` Winter Olympics : Who will win the most medals ? '' . The Christian Science Monitor . CSMonitor.com . Retrieved 24 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sochi 2014 '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 11 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Pinsent , Matthew ( 15 October 2011 ) . `` Sochi 2014 : A look at Russia 's Olympic city '' . BBC News Online . Retrieved 15 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Barretto , Lawrence ( 23 February 2014 ) . `` Sochi 2014 : Russia top medal table as Olympics come to an end '' . bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 8 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Russia state - sponsored doping across majority of Olympic sports , claims report '' . bbc.co.uk. 18 July 2016 . Retrieved 8 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` IOC suspends Russian NOC and creates a path for clean individual athletes to compete in Pyeongchang 2018 under the Olympic Flag '' ( Press release ) . International Olympic Committee . 5 December 2017 . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` List of Russia Olympic medals stripped ; new Sochi medal standings '' . NBC Sports . November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Russia toppled from Sochi 2014 medals first place but final count unknown '' . Reuters . November 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IOC sanctions six Russian athletes and closes one case as part of the Oswald Commission findingsdate = December 12 , 2017 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kim , Rose ; Moore , Niki ( 6 July 2011 ) . `` Pyeongchang Beats Munich , Annecy to Host 2018 Winter Olympics '' . Bloomberg . ^ Jump up to : `` Olympics corruption probe ordered '' . BBC News . 22 December 1998 . Retrieved 24 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Cashmore ( 2005 ) , p. 444 Jump up ^ Cashmore ( 2005 ) , p. 445 Jump up ^ Cashmore ( 2003 ) , p. 307 Jump up ^ Payne ( 2006 ) , p. 232 Jump up ^ Miller , Lawrence and McCay ( 2001 ) , p. 25 Jump up ^ Abrahamson , Alan ( 6 December 2003 ) . `` Judge Drops Olympic Bid Case '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 30 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Samaranch reflects on bid scandal with regret '' . Deseret News . WinterSports2002.com . Archived from the original on 26 February 2002 . Retrieved 22 March 2002 . Jump up ^ `` Roles and Responsibilities during the Olympic Games '' ( PDF ) . International Olympic Committee . January 2010 . pp. 4 -- 5 . Retrieved 24 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Berkes , Howard ( 1 October 2009 ) . `` Olympic Caveat : Host cities risk debt , scandal '' . National Public Radio . Retrieved 23 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Payne , Bob ( 6 August 2008 ) . `` The Olympic Effect '' . MSNBC.com . Archived from the original on 12 November 2011 . Retrieved 23 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Koba , Mark ( 11 February 2010 ) . `` The money pit that is hosting Olympic Games '' . CNBC.com . Archived from the original on 4 December 2010 . Retrieved 24 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` It 's looking downhill for Quebec 's Olympic bid '' . December 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Preuss ( 2004 ) , p. 277 Jump up ^ Preuss ( 2004 ) , p. 284 Jump up ^ Rogge , Jacques ( 12 February 2010 ) . `` Jacques Rogge : Vancouver 's Winter Olympic legacy can last for 60 years '' . The Daily Telegraph . London : Telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved 23 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Yesalis ( 2000 ) , p. 57 Jump up ^ The Official Report of XIth Winter Olympic Games , Sapporo 1972 ( PDF ) . The Organising Committee for the Sapporo Olympic Winter Games . 1973 . p. 386 . Retrieved 22 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Hunt , Thomas M. ( 2007 ) . `` Sports , Drugs , and the Cold War '' ( PDF ) . Olympika , International Journal of Olympic Studie . International Centre for Olympic Studies . 16 ( 1 ) : 22 . Retrieved 23 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Mottram ( 2003 ) , p. 313 Jump up ^ Mottram ( 2003 ) , p. 310 Jump up ^ Yesalis ( 2000 ) , p. 366 Jump up ^ `` A Brief history of anti-doping '' . World Anti-Doping Agency . Retrieved 25 March 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Macur , Juliet ( 19 February 2006 ) . `` Looking for Doping Evidence , Italian Police Raid Austrians '' . New York Times . NYTimes.com . Retrieved 25 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` IOC to hold first hearings on doping during 2006 Winter Olympics '' . USA Today . Gannett Co. 9 February 2007 . Retrieved 25 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` I.O.C. Starts Proceedings Against 28 Russian Athletes Over Sochi Doping '' . NYTime.com . NYTimes.com. 23 December 2016 . Retrieved 27 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Ruiz , Rebecca R. ; Schwirtz , Michael ( 12 May 2016 ) . `` Russian Insider Says State - Run Doping Fueled Olympic Gold '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Ruiz , Rebecca R. ; Schwirtz , Michael ( 13 May 2016 ) . `` Mystery in Sochi Doping Case Lies With Tamper - Proof Bottle '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 14 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Gibson , Owen ( 1 June 2016 ) . `` New doping report will influence decision on Russia 's place at Olympics '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Russian athletics : IAAF upholds ban before Rio Olympics '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 21 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Schantz , Otto . `` The Olympic Ideal and the Winter Games Attitudes Towards the Olympic Winter Games in Olympic Discourses -- from Coubertin to Samaranch '' ( PDF ) . Comité International Pierre De Coubertin . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 5 , 2013 . Retrieved September 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Hill ( 1992 ) , p. 34 Jump up ^ Hill ( 1992 ) , p. 35 Jump up ^ Hill ( 1992 ) , pp. 36 -- 38 Jump up ^ Hill ( 1992 ) , p. 38 Jump up ^ Hill ( 1992 ) , pp. 38 -- 39 Jump up ^ Hill ( 1992 ) , p. 48 Jump up ^ `` History of the Winter Olympics '' . BBC Sport. 5 February 1998 . Retrieved 26 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Brownell ( 2005 ) , p. 187 Jump up ^ `` Olympic Charter '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . International Olympic Committee . 2 August 2015 . Retrieved 20 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Sappenfield , Mark ( 25 February 2010 ) . `` USA , Canada ride new sports to top of Winter Olympics medal count '' . The Christian Science Monitor . CSMonitor.com . Retrieved 23 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Alpine Skiing '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 12 March 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Biathlon '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 12 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bobsleigh '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 12 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cross Country Skiing '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 12 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Curling '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 12 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Figure Skating '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 12 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Freestyle skiing '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 12 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ice Hockey '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 12 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Luge '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 12 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Nordic Combined '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 12 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Short Track Speed Sskating '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 12 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Skeleton '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 12 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ski Jumping '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 12 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Snowboard '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 12 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Speed Skating '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 12 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Olympic Sports '' . Inside The Games . Archived from the original on 10 July 2014 . Retrieved 2 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Biathlon history '' . USBiathlon.org . Archived from the original on 8 October 2011 . Retrieved 26 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Figure Skating at the 1908 London Summer Games '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 26 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Russian bandy players blessed for victory at world championship in Kazan '' . Tatar - Inform. 21 January 2011 . Archived from the original on 24 April 2012 . Retrieved 31 August 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Arnold , Eric ( 28 January 2010 ) . `` Strangest Olympics Sports In History '' . Forbes . Forbes.com . Retrieved 16 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Freestyle Skiing History '' . The National Post . Canadian Broadcasting Company . 4 December 2009 . Archived from the original on 28 January 2010 . Retrieved 16 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Janofsky , Michael ( 18 December 1991 ) . `` Hitting the slopes in the fast lane '' . The New York Times . NYTimes.com . Retrieved 26 March 2009 . Jump up ^ The IOC site for the 2002 Winter Olympic Games gives erroneous figure of 77 participated NOCs ; however , one can count 78 nations looking through official results of 2002 Games Part 1 Archived 3 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine. , Part 2 Archived 18 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine. , Part 3 Archived 18 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine ... Probably this error is consequence that Costa Rica 's delegation of one athlete joined the Games after the Opening Ceremony , so 77 nations participated in Opening Ceremony and 78 nations participated in the Games . Bibliography Barry , Tim ; Crawford , Dee ( 2002 ) . Revise for Advanced PE for Edexcel . Oxford , United Kingdom : Heinemann Educational Publishers . ISBN 0 - 435 - 10045 - 9 . Brownell , Susan ( 2008 ) . Beijing 's games : What the Olympics mean to China . Plymouth , United Kingdom : Rowman & Littlefield publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 5640 - 9 . Cashmore , Ernest ( 2005 ) . Making sense of sports . New York : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 34853 - 6 . Cashmore , Ernest ( 2003 ) . Sports culture . New York : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 18169 - 0 . Cooper - Chen , Anne ( 2005 ) . Global entertainment media . Mahwah , New Jersey : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates . ISBN 0 - 8058 - 5168 - 2 . Findling , John E. ; Pelle , Kimberly D. ( 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of the Modern Olympic Movement . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press . ISBN 0 - 313 - 32278 - 3 . Findling , John ; Pelle , Kimberly ( 1996 ) . Historical dictionary of the Modern Olympic Movement . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 313 - 28477 - 6 . Fry , John ( 2006 ) . The story of modern skiing . Lebanon , New Hampshire : University Press of New England . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58465 - 489 - 6 . Gershon , Richard A. ( 2000 ) . Telecommunications Management : Industry structures and planning strategies . Mahwah , New Jersey : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates . ISBN 0 - 8058 - 3002 - 2 . Guttman , Allen ( 1986 ) . Sports Spectators . New York : Columbia University Press . ISBN 0 - 231 - 06401 - 2 . Guttman , Allen ( 1992 ) . The Olympics , a history of the modern games . Champaign , Illinois : University of Illinois press . ISBN 0 - 252 - 02725 - 6 . Hazan , Barukh ( 1982 ) . Olympic sports and propaganda games . New Brunswick , New Jersey : Transaction Inc . ISBN 0 - 87855 - 436 - X . Hill , Christopher R. ( 1992 ) . Olympic Politics . Manchester , United Kingdom : Manchester University Press . ISBN 0 - 7190 - 3542 - 2 . Judd , Ron C. ( 2008 ) . The Winter Olympics . Seattle , Washington : The Mountaineers Books . ISBN 1 - 59485 - 063 - 1 . Mallon , Bill ; Buchanan , Ian ( 2006 ) . Historical dictionary of the Olympic Movement . Oxford , UK : Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 8108 - 5574 - 7 . Mandell , Richard D. ( 1987 ) . The Nazi Olympics . Champaign , Illinois : University of Illinois Press . ISBN 0 - 252 - 01325 - 5 . Miller , Toby ; Lawrence , Geoffrey ; McKay , Jim ( 2001 ) . Globalization and sport . London : Sage Publications . ISBN 0 - 7619 - 5968 - 8 . Mottram , David ( 2003 ) . Drugs in sport . New York : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 27937 - 2 . Official Report ( 1924 ) of both Summer and Winter games : ( ed . ) M. Avé , Comité Olympique Français . Les Jeux de la VIII Olympiade Paris 1924 -- Rapport Officiel ( PDF ) ( in French ) . Paris : Librairie de France . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 5 May 2011 . Retrieved 7 May 2011 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Payne , Michael ( 2006 ) . Olympic turnaround . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 275 - 99030 - 3 . Preuss , Holger ( 2004 ) . The Economics of Staging the Olympics : A Comparison of the Games 1972 -- 2008 . Cheltenham , United Kingdom : Edward Elgar Publishing Limited . ISBN 1 - 84376 - 893 - 3 . Schaffer , Kay ; Smith , Sidonie ( 2000 ) . Olympics at the Millennium . Piscataway , New Jersey : Rutgers University Press . ISBN 0 - 8135 - 2820 - 8 . Seligmann , Matthew S. ; Davison , John ; McDonald , John ( 2003 ) . Daily Life in Hitler 's Germany . New York : Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 312 - 32811 - 7 . Senn , Alfred Erich ( 1999 ) . Power , Politics and the Olympic Games . Champaign , Illinois : Human Kinetics . ISBN 0 - 88011 - 958 - 6 . Wallechinsky , David ; Loucky , Jaime ( 2010 ) . The complete book of the Winter Olympics ( 8th ed . ) . : Greystone Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55365 - 502 - 2 . Whannel , Garry ( 1992 ) . Fields in vision television sport and cultural transformation . New York : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 05383 - 8 . Yesalis , Charles ( 2000 ) . Anabolic steroids and sports and exercise . Champaign , Illinois : Human Kinetics . ISBN 0 - 88011 - 786 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Winter Olympics . 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St. Moritz 1952 Oslo 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1960 Squaw Valley 1964 Innsbruck 1968 Grenoble 1972 Sapporo 1976 Innsbruck 1980 Lake Placid 1984 Sarajevo 1988 Calgary 1992 Albertville 1994 Lillehammer 1998 Nagano 2002 Salt Lake City 2006 Turin 2010 Vancouver 2014 Sochi 2018 Pyeongchang 2022 Beijing 2026 TBD 2030 TBD Ancient Olympic Games Intercalated Games 1906 Paralympic Games Youth Olympic Games Nations that have competed at the Olympic Games Nations at the Summer Olympics Nations at the Winter Olympics tropical nations Africa Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo DR Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo 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winter Summer sports Archery 1900 1904 1908 1920 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Athletics 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Badminton 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Baseball 1992 2000 2008 2020 Basketball 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Basque pelota 1900 Beach volleyball 2000 2008 2012 Boxing 1904 1908 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Canoeing 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Cricket 1900 Croquet 1900 Cycling 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Diving 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Equestrian 1900 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Fencing 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Field hockey 1908 1920 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Football 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Golf 1900 1904 2016 2020 Gymnastics 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Handball 1936 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Jeu de paume 1908 Judo 1964 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Lacrosse 1904 1908 Modern pentathlon 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Polo 1900 1908 1920 1924 1936 Rackets 1908 Roque 1904 Rowing 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Rugby 1900 1908 1920 1924 2016 2020 Sailing 1896 1900 1908 1912 1920 1924 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Shooting 1896 1900 1908 1912 1920 1924 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Softball 2000 2008 2020 Swimming 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Synchronized swimming 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Table tennis 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Taekwondo 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Tennis 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Triathlon 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Tug of war 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 Volleyball 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Water motorsports 1908 Water polo 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Weightlifting 1896 1904 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Wrestling 1896 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Winter sports Alpine skiing 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Biathlon 1924 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bobsleigh 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Cross-country skiing 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Curling 1924 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Figure skating 1908 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Freestyle skiing 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Ice hockey 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Luge 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Nordic combined 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Short track speed skating 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Skeleton 1928 1948 2002 2006 2014 2018 Ski jumping 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Snowboarding 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Speed skating 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Winter Olympic Games host cities 1924 : Chamonix 1928 : St. Moritz 1932 : Lake Placid 1936 : Garmisch - Partenkirchen 1940 : 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the olympics start every 2 years | [
"The original five Winter Olympics sports (broken into nine disciplines) were bobsleigh, curling, ice hockey, Nordic skiing (consisting of the disciplines military patrol,[nb 2] cross-country skiing, Nordic combined, and ski jumping), and skating (consisting of the disciplines figure skating and speed skating).[nb 3] The Games were held every four years from 1924 to 1936, interrupted in 1940 and 1944 by World War II, and resumed in 1948. Until 1992 the Winter and Summer Olympic Games were held in the same years, but in accordance with a 1986 decision by the IOC to place the Summer and Winter Games on separate four-year cycles in alternating even-numbered years, the next Winter Olympics after 1992 was in 1994."
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-7226296958338856893 | Languages of the United States | Languages of the United States - Wikipedia Languages of the United States Jump to : navigation , search Languages of the United States Main languages English 80 % , Spanish 12.4 % , other Indo - European languages 3.7 % , Asian and Pacific languages 3 % , other languages 0.9 % ( 2009 survey by the Census Bureau ) Indigenous languages Navajo , Cherokee , Dakota , Lakota , Western Apache , Keres , Hopi , Zuni , Ojibwe , O'odham Others Abenaki , Achumawi , Adai , Afro - Seminole Creole , Alabama , Aleut , Apalachee , Aranama , Arapaho , Arikara , Assiniboine , Atakapa , Atsugewi , Awaswas , Barbareño , Bay Miwok , Biloxi , Blackfoot , Buena Vista , Caddo , Cahto , Carolina Algonquian , Catawba , Cayuga , Cayuse , Central Kalapuya , Central Pomo , Central Sierra Miwok , Chalon , Chemakum , Cheyenne , Chickasaw , Chico , Chimariko , Chinook Jargon , Chippewa , Chitimacha , Chiwere , Chochenyo , Choctaw , Chukchansi , Coast Miwok , Coast Tsimshian , Coahuilteco , Cocopah , Coeur d'Alene , Colorado River , Columbia - Moses , Comanche , Cotoname , Cowlitz , Cree , Crow , Cruzeño , Cupeño , Eastern Pomo , Esselen , Etchemin , Eyeri , Fox , Garza , Gashowu , Gros Ventre , Gullah , Halchidhoma , Halkomelem , Hanis , Havasupai , Havasupai -- Hualapai , Hawaiian Pidgin , Hidatsa , Hitchiti , Hupa , Ipai , Ivilyuat , Jicarilla , Karankawa , Karkin , Karuk , Kashaya , Kathlamet , Kawaiisu , Kings River , Kiowa , Kitanemuk , Kitsai , Klallam , Klamath , Klickitat , Koasati , Konkow , Konomihu , Kumeyaay , Kutenai , Lake Miwok , Lipan , Louisiana Creole , Lower Tanana , Luiseño , Lummi , Lushootseed , Mahican , Maidu , Makah , Malecite - Passamaquoddy , Mandan , Maricopa , Massachusett , Mattole , Mednyj Aleut , Menominee , Mescalero - Chiricahua , Miami - Illinois , Mikasuki , Mi'kmaq , Miluk , Mobilian Jargon , Mohawk , Mohawk Dutch , Mohegan - Pequot , Mojave , Molala , Mono , Munsee , Muscogee , Mutsun , Nanticoke , Nawathinehena , Negerhollands , New River Shasta , Nez Perce , Nicoleño , Nisenan , Nlaka'pamux , Nomlaki , Nooksack , Northeastern Pomo , Northern Kalapuya , Northern Paiute , Northern Pomo , Northern Sierra Miwok , Obispeño , Okanagan , Okwanuchu , Omaha -- Ponca , Oneida , Onondaga , Osage , Ottawa , Palewyami , Pawnee , Pennsylvania German , Picuris , Piscataway , Plains Apache , Plains Cree , Plains Miwok Potawatomi , Powhatan , Purisimeño , Qawiaraq , Quechan , Quileute , Quinault , Quiripi , Ramaytush , Rumsen , Saanich , Sahaptin , Salinan , Salish - Spokane - Kalispel , Seneca , Serrano , Shasta , Shawnee , Shoshoni , Siuslaw , Solano , Southeastern Pomo , Southern Pomo , Southern Sierra Miwok , Southern Tiwa , Susquehannock , Takelma , Tamyen , Taos , Tataviam , Tewa , Texas German , Tillamook , Timbisha , Tiipai , Tolowa , Tongva , Tonkawa , Tsetsaut , Tübatulabal , Tuscarora , Tututni , Twana , Umatilla , Unami , Upper Chinook , Ute , Ventureño , Virgin Islands Creole , Wailaki , Wappo , Washo , Whulshootseed , Wichita , Winnebago , Wintu , Wiyot , Woccon , Wukchumni , Wyandot , Yamasee , Yana , Yaqui , Yavapai , Yoncalla , Yuchi , Yuki , Yurok Regional languages Ahtna , Alutiiq , Carolinian , Central Alaskan Yup'ik , Central Siberian Yupik , Chamorro , Deg Xinag , Dena'ina , Eyak , French , Gwich'in , Haida , Hän , Hawaiian , Holikachuk , Inupiaq , Koyukon , Samoan , Tanacross , Tanana , Tlingit , Tsimshian , Upper Kuskokwim , Upper Tanana Main immigrant languages English , Spanish , Chinese , French , Tagalog , Vietnamese , Arabic , Korean , Sign languages American Sign Language ( BASL ) , Hawai'i Sign Language , Keresan Sign Language , Navajo Family Sign , Plains Indian Sign Language , Puerto Rican Sign Language , Samoan Sign Language Common keyboard layouts QWERTYUIOP Many languages are used , or historically have been used , in the United States . Over 500 languages are spoken by the U.S. population . The most commonly used language is English ( specifically , American English ) , which is the de facto national language of the United States . Since the 1965 Immigration Act , Spanish is the second most common language in the country . The state government of Louisiana offers services and documents in French , as does New Mexico in Spanish . There are many languages indigenous to North America or to U.S. states or holdings in the Pacific region . Hawaiian , although having few native speakers , is an official language along with English of the state of Hawaii . Alaska recognizes English and twenty native languages as official . Language Spoken at Home ( U.S. Census Bureau , American Community Survey 2016 ) List ( show ) English only -- 237,810,023 Spanish -- 40,489,813 Chinese -- 3,372,930 Tagalog -- 1,701,960 Vietnamese -- 1,509,994 Arabic -- 1,231,098 French -- 1,216,668 Korean -- 1,088,788 Russian -- 909,374 German -- 905,691 Haitian Creole -- 856,009 Hindi -- 810,877 Portuguese -- 767,210 Italian -- 576,154 Polish -- 539,151 Urdu -- 474,481 Persian -- 438,448 Japanese -- 464,535 Gujarati -- 407,520 Telugu -- 365,566 Bengali -- 324,008 Tai -- Kadai -- 307,442 Greek -- 288,255 Punjabi -- 287,491 Tamil -- 273,332 Armenian -- 237,550 Serbo - Croatian -- 236,761 Hebrew -- 225,147 Hmong -- 224,133 Bantu -- 223,334 Khmer -- 203,115 Navajo -- 163,784 other Indo - European languages -- 578,492 other Afro - Asiatic languages -- 521,932 other Niger -- Congo languages -- 515,629 other West Germanic languages -- 487,675 other Austronesian languages -- 467,718 other Indic languages -- 409,631 other languages of Asia -- 384,154 other Slavic languages -- 338,644 other Dravidian languages -- 241,678 other languages of North America -- 195,550 other and unspecified languages -- 258,257 According to the 2016 American Community Survey , a project of the United States Census Bureau , the languages spoken at home by the most people older than five years of age are : English only -- 237.8 million Spanish -- 40.5 million Chinese ( including Mandarin and Cantonese ) -- 3.4 million Tagalog ( including Filipino ) -- 1.7 million Vietnamese -- 1.5 million Arabic -- 1.2 million French -- 1.2 million Korean -- 1.1 million Russian -- 0.91 million German -- 0.91 million Haitian Creole -- 0.86 million Hindi -- 0.81 million Portuguese -- 0.77 million Italian -- 0.58 million Polish -- 0.54 million Urdu -- 0.47 million Japanese -- 0.46 million Persian ( including Farsi and Dari ) -- 0.44 million Gujarati -- 0.41 million Telugu -- 0.37 million Bengali -- 0.32 million Tai -- Kadai ( including Thai and Lao ) -- 0.31 million Greek -- 0.29 million Punjabi -- 0.29 million Tamil -- 0.27 million Armenian -- 0.24 million Serbo - Croatian ( including Bosnian , Croatian , Montenegrin , and Serbian ) -- 0.24 million Hebrew -- 0.23 million Hmong -- 0.22 million Bantu ( including Swahili ) -- 0.22 million Khmer -- 0.20 million Navajo -- 0.16 million While modern estimates indicate that American Sign Language was signed by as many as 500,000 Americans , as of 1972 -- the last official survey , closer estimates range around 100,000 as of 2011 . ( Although various cultural factors , such as passage of the Americans with Disabilities Act , have resulted in far greater educational opportunities for deaf children , which could double or triple the number of current ASL users . ) Contents ( hide ) 1 Official language status 1.1 Status of other languages 2 Indigenous languages 2.1 Native American languages 2.1. 1 List of Native American Languages 2.1. 2 Native American sign languages 2.2 Austronesian languages 2.2. 1 Hawaiian 2.2. 2 Samoan 2.2. 3 Chamorro 2.2. 4 Carolinian 3 Main languages 3.1 English 3.2 Spanish 3.3 Chinese 3.4 Tagalog 3.5 Vietnamese 3.6 Korean 3.7 French 3.8 German 3.9 Hindustani 3.10 Arabic 3.11 Cherokee 3.12 Italian 3.13 Dutch 3.14 Finnish 3.15 Russian 3.16 Hebrew 3.17 Ilocano 3.18 South Asian languages 3.19 Telugu 3.20 Irish 3.21 Khmer ( Cambodian ) 3.22 Polish 3.23 Portuguese 3.24 Swedish 3.25 Welsh 3.26 Yiddish 3.27 Tamil 3.28 Nepali 4 New American languages , dialects , and creoles 4.1 African - American English 4.2 Chinuk Wawa or Chinook Jargon 4.3 Gullah 4.4 Hawai'i Creole English 4.5 Louisiana Creole French 4.6 Outer Banks languages 4.7 Pennsylvania German 4.8 Texas Silesian 4.9 Chesapeake Bay Islander 4.10 Chicano English 5 Sign languages 5.1 American Sign Language 5.1. 1 Black American Sign Language 5.2 Hawai'i Sign Language 5.3 Plains Sign Talk 5.3. 1 Navajo Sign Language 5.3. 2 Plateau Sign Language 5.4 Martha 's Vineyard Sign Language 5.5 Henniker Sign Language 5.6 Sandy River Valley Sign Language 6 See also 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 Further reading 10 External links Official language status ( edit ) There is no official language at the U.S. federal level . However , 32 states of the United States , in some cases as part of what has been called the English - only movement , have adopted legislation granting official status to English . Out of 50 states , 30 have established English as the only official language , while Hawaii recognizes both English and Hawaiian as official , and Alaska has made some 20 native languages official , along with English . Moreover , English is one of the official languages in all of the U.S. territories . In Puerto Rico both English and Spanish are official , although Spanish has been declared the principal official language . The school system and the government operate almost entirely in Spanish . Guam recognizes English and Chamorro . In the U.S. Virgin Islands , English is the only official language . In American Samoa , both English and Samoan are officially recognized . In the Northern Mariana Islands , English , Chamorro , and Carolinian are official . The state of Alaska provides voting information in Iñupiaq , Central Yup'ik , Gwich'in , Siberian Yupik , Koyukon , and Tagalog , as well as English . English is the primary language used for legislation , regulations , executive orders , treaties , federal court rulings , and all other official pronouncements . Nonetheless , laws require documents such as ballots to be printed in multiple languages when there are large numbers of non-English speakers in an area . American schools , public as well as private , require English classes at every grade level , even in bilingual or dual - language learning situations . Semesters of English composition are compulsory in virtually all U.S. colleges and universities to satisfy requirements for associate 's and bachelor 's degrees . Spanish is spoken by approximately 35 million people . The United States has the world 's fifth largest Spanish - speaking population , outnumbered only by Mexico , Colombia , Spain , and Argentina ; other estimates put the United States at over 50 million , second only to Mexico . Throughout the Southwestern United States , long - established Spanish - speaking communities coexist with large numbers of more recent Hispanophone immigrants . Although many new Latin American immigrants are less than fluent in English , nearly all second - generation Hispanic Americans speak English fluently , while only about half still speak Spanish . Status of other languages ( edit ) Percentage of people 5 years and over who speak Spanish at home : 2008 . Second most prevalent language in each US state . Spanish French German Tagalog Languages brought to the country by colonists or immigrants from Europe , Asia , or other parts of the world make up a large portion of the languages currently used ; several languages , including creoles and sign languages , have also developed in the United States . Approximately 430 languages are spoken or signed by the population , of which 176 are indigenous to the area . Fifty - two languages formerly spoken in the country 's territory are now extinct . According to the 2000 U.S. Census , people of German ancestry make up the largest single ethnic group in the United States , and the German language ranks fifth . Italian , Polish , and French are still widely spoken among populations descending from immigrants from those countries in the early 20th century , but the use of these languages is dwindling as the older generations die . Russian is also spoken by immigrant populations . Tagalog and Vietnamese have over one million speakers each in the United States , almost entirely within recent immigrant populations . Both languages , along with the varieties of Chinese ( mostly Cantonese , Taishanese , and Standard Mandarin ) , Japanese , and Korean , are now used in elections in Alaska , California , Hawaii , Illinois , New York , Texas , and Washington . Native American languages are spoken in smaller pockets of the country , but these populations are decreasing , and the languages are almost never widely used outside of reservations . Besides English , Spanish , French , German , Navajo and other Native American languages , all other languages are usually learned from immigrant ancestors that came after the time of independence or learned through some form of education . American Sign Language is the most common sign language in the United States although there are unrelated sign languages which have been developed in the States and its territories -- mostly in the Pacific . No concrete numbers exist for signers but something upwards of 250,000 is common . California has agreed to allow the publication of state documents in other languages to represent minority groups and immigrant communities . Languages such as Spanish , Chinese , Korean , Tagalog , Persian , Russian , Vietnamese , and Thai appear in official state documents , and the Department of Motor Vehicles publishes in nine languages . In New Mexico , although the state constitution does not specify an official language , laws are published in English and Spanish , and government materials and services are legally required ( by Act ) to be made accessible to speakers of both languages as well as Navajo and various Pueblo languages . New Mexico also has its own dialect of Spanish , which differs from Spanish spoken in the rest of Latin America . Native American languages are official or co-official on many of the U.S. Indian reservations and pueblos . In Oklahoma before statehood in 1907 , territory officials debated whether or not to have Cherokee , Choctaw , and Muscogee languages as co-official , but the idea never gained ground . Cherokee is officially recognized by the Cherokee Nation within the Cherokee tribal jurisdiction area in eastern Oklahoma . After New Amsterdam ( formerly a Dutch colony ) was transferred to English administration ( becoming the Province of New York ) in the late 17th century , English supplanted Dutch as the official language . However , `` Dutch remained the primary language for many civil and ecclesiastical functions and most private affairs for the next century . '' The Jersey Dutch dialect is now extinct . The issue of multilingualism also applies in the states of Arizona and Texas . While the constitution of Texas has no official language policy , Arizona passed a proposition in 2006 declaring English as the official language . Nonetheless , Arizona law requires the distribution of voting ballots in Spanish , as well as indigenous languages such as Navajo , O'odham , Hopi , etc. , in counties where they are spoken . In 2000 , the Census Bureau printed the standard census questionnaires in six languages : English , Spanish , Korean , Chinese ( in traditional characters ) , Vietnamese , and Tagalog . A popular urban legend called the Muhlenberg legend claims that German was almost made an official language of the United States but lost by one vote . In reality , it was a request by a group of German immigrants to have an official translation of laws into German . House speaker Frederick Muhlenberg has since become associated with the legend . Indigenous languages ( edit ) Native American languages ( edit ) Native American languages predate European settlement of the New World . In a few parts of the U.S. ( mostly on Indian reservations ) , they continue to be spoken fluently . Most of these languages are endangered , although there are efforts to revive them . Normally the fewer the speakers of a language the greater the degree of endangerment , but there are many small Native American language communities in the Southwest ( Arizona and New Mexico ) which continue to thrive despite their small size . In 1929 , speaking of indigenous Native American languages , linguist Edward Sapir observed : Few people realize that within the confines of the United States there is spoken today a far greater variety of languages ... than in the whole of Europe . We may go further . We may say , quite literally and safely , that in the state of California alone there are greater and more numerous linguistic extremes than can be illustrated in all the length and breadth of Europe . According to the 2000 Census and other language surveys , the largest Native American language - speaking community by far is the Navajo . Navajo is an Athabaskan language of the Na - Dené family , with 178,000 speakers , primarily in the states of Arizona , New Mexico , and Utah . Altogether , Navajo speakers make up more than 50 % of all Native American language speakers in the United States . Western Apache , with 12,500 speakers , also mostly in Arizona , is closely related to Navajo but not mutually intelligible with it . Navajo and other Athabaskan languages in the Southwest are relative outliers ; most other Athabascan languages are spoken in the Pacific Northwest and Alaska . Dakota is a Siouan language with 18,000 speakers in the US alone ( 22,000 including speakers in Canada ) , not counting 6,000 speakers of the closely related Lakota . Most speakers live in the states of North Dakota and South Dakota . Other Siouan languages include the closely related Winnebago , and the more distant Crow , among others . Central Alaskan Yup'ik is an Eskimo - Aleut language with 16,000 speakers , most of whom live in Alaska . The term `` Yupik '' is applied to its relatives , which are not necessarily mutually intelligible with Central Alaskan , including Naukan and Central Siberian , among others . Cherokee belongs to the Iroquoian family and has about 22,000 speakers as of 2005 . The Cherokee have the largest tribal affiliation in the U.S. , but most are of mixed ancestry and do not speak the language . Recent efforts to preserve and increase the Cherokee language in the Cherokee Nation and the United Keetoowah Band in Oklahoma , and among the Eastern Band in North Carolina , have been productive . More than 1,000 people each also speak the related languages of Mohawk and Seneca . The O'odham language , spoken by the Pima and the Tohono O'odham , is a Uto - Aztecan language with more than 12,000 speakers , most of whom live in central and southern Arizona and northern Sonora . Other Uto - Aztecan languages include Hopi , Shoshone , and the Pai - Ute languages . Choctaw has 11,000 speakers . Choctaw is part of the Muskogean family , like Seminole and Alabama . The Algonquian language family includes languages like Chippewa / Ojibwe , Cheyenne , and Cree . Keres has 11,000 speakers in New Mexico . A language isolate , the Keres are the largest of the Pueblo nations . The Keres pueblo of Acoma is the oldest continually inhabited community in the United States . Zuni , another isolate , has around 10,000 speakers , most of whom reside within the Zuni pueblo . Although the languages of the Americas have a history stretching back about 17,000 to 12,000 years , current knowledge of them is limited . There are doubtless a number of undocumented languages that were once spoken in the United States that are missing from historical record . List of Native American languages ( edit ) Below is an estimate of Native American languages `` spoken at home '' in the United States ( American Community Survey 2006 -- 2008 ) . This is not an exhaustive list of Native American languages in the US . Because the distinction between dialect and language is n't always clear , multiple dialects of varying mutual intelligibility may be classified as a single language , while a group of effectively identical dialects may be classified separately for historical or cultural reasons . Languages included here may be classified as `` extinct '' ( having no living native speakers ) , but many extinct or moribund Native American languages are the subjects of ongoing language revitalization efforts ; other extinct languages undergoing revitalization might not be listed here . Language Endonym Family Speakers ( % of total ) Speaks English < `` Very Well '' Total -- -- 373 949 19.22 % Total ( excl . Navajo ) -- -- 203 127 ( 54.32 ) 15.82 % Navajo Diné bizaad Na - Dené 170 822 ( 45.68 ) 23.25 % Dakota Dakȟótiyapi Siouan 18 804 ( 5.03 ) 9.86 % Yupik -- Eskimo - Aleut 18 626 ( 4.98 ) 37.02 % Apache Ndee biyati ' Na - Dené 14 012 ( 3.75 ) 3.53 % Keres -- Isolate 13 073 ( 3.50 ) 6.20 % Cherokee Tsalagi ( ᏣᎳᎩ ) Iroquoian 12 320 ( 3.29 ) 16.33 % Choctaw Chahta ' Muskogean 10 368 ( 2.77 ) 23.44 % Zuni Shiwi'ma Isolate 9 432 ( 2.52 ) 14.22 % American Indian ( Other ) -- -- 8 888 ( 2.38 ) 16.73 % O'odham ( Pima ) Oʼodham ñiʼokĭ Uto - Aztecan 8 190 ( 2.19 ) 14.70 % Ojibwe ( Chippewa ) Anishinaabemowin Algic 6 986 ( 1.87 ) 11.28 % Hopi Hopilàvayi Uto - Aztecan 6 776 ( 1.81 ) 18.80 % Inupiat ( Inupik ) Iñupiatun Eskimo - Aleut 5 580 ( 1.49 ) 26.04 % Tewa -- Tanoan 5 123 ( 1.37 ) 13.80 % Muskogee ( Creek ) Mvskoke Muskogean 5 072 ( 1.36 ) 19.62 % Crow Apsáalooke Siouan 3 962 ( 1.06 ) 6.59 % Shoshoni Sosoni ' da̲i̲gwape Uto - Aztecan 2 512 ( 0.67 ) 7.25 % Cheyenne Tsėhésenėstsestȯtse Algic 2 399 ( 0.64 ) 3.21 % Tiwa -- Tanoan 2 269 ( 0.61 ) 3.22 % Towa ( Jemez ) -- Tanoan 2 192 ( 0.59 ) 27.65 % Inuit ( Eskimo ) -- Eskimo - Aleut 2 168 ( 0.58 ) 25.46 % Blackfoot Siksiká ( ᓱᖽᐧᖿ ) Algic 1 970 ( 0.53 ) 11.02 % Sahaptin Ichishkíin sɨ́nwit Plateau Penutian 1 654 ( 0.44 ) 6.17 % Paiute -- Uto - Aztecan 1 638 ( 0.44 ) 11.78 % Athapascan -- Na - Dené 1 627 ( 0.44 ) 19.55 % Ute Núu - ' apaghapi Uto - Aztecan 1 625 ( 0.43 ) 5.23 % Mohawk Kanien'kéha ' Iroquoian 1 423 ( 0.38 ) 11.67 % Seneca Onödowága Iroquoian 1 353 ( 0.36 ) 11.23 % Winnebago Hocąk Siouan 1 340 ( 0.36 ) 6.27 % Kiowa Cáuijògà Tanoan 1 274 ( 0.34 ) 9.58 % Aleut Unangam tunuu Eskimo - Aleut 1 236 ( 0.33 ) 19.01 % Salish -- Salishan 1 233 ( 0.33 ) 22.87 % Gwich'in ( Kuchin ) Gwich'in Na - Dené 1 217 ( 0.33 ) 25.82 % Kickapoo Kiwikapawa Algic 1 141 ( 0.31 ) 41.72 % Arapaho Hinónoʼeitíít Algic 1 087 ( 0.29 ) 1.20 % Tlingit Lingít Na - Dené 1 026 ( 0.27 ) 8.19 % Siberian Yupik ( SLI Yupik ) Sivuqaghmiistun Eskimo - Aleut 993 ( 0.27 ) 39.48 % Passamaquoddy Peskotomuhkat Algic 982 ( 0.26 ) 6.11 % Comanche Nʉmʉ tekwapʉ Uto - Aztecan 963 ( 0.26 ) 10.59 % Cree Nēhiyawēwin Algic 951 ( 0.25 ) 8.73 % Menominee Omāēqnomenew Algic 946 ( 0.25 ) 39.64 % Nez Perce Niimiipuutímt Plateau Penutian 942 ( 0.25 ) 12.10 % Potawatomi Bodéwadmi Algic 824 ( 0.22 ) 9.95 % Hidatsa Hidatsa Siouan 806 ( 0.22 ) 4.47 % Mesquakie ( Fox ) Meshkwahkihaki Algic 727 ( 0.19 ) 22.15 % Karok Káruk Isolate 700 ( 0.19 ) 5.43 % Pomo -- Pomoan 648 ( 0.17 ) 14.81 % Chinook Jargon Chinuk wawa Creole 644 ( 0.17 ) 17.70 % Oneida Oneyota'aaka Iroquoian 527 ( 0.14 ) 58.63 % Yurok Puliklah Algic 491 ( 0.13 ) 1.63 % Cocopah Kwikapa Yuman 483 ( 0.13 ) 22.77 % Hualapai Hwalbáy Yuman 458 ( 0.12 ) 4.80 % Omaha Umonhon Siouan 457 ( 0.12 ) 1.97 % Chiricahua Ndee bizaa Na - Dené 457 ( 0.12 ) -- Jicarilla Abáachi mizaa Na - Dené 455 ( 0.12 ) 14.51 % Yaqui Yoem noki Uto - Aztecan 425 ( 0.11 ) 10.12 % Yokuts -- Yokutsan 407 ( 0.11 ) 27.27 % Mono Mono Uto - Aztecan 349 ( 0.09 ) -- Mohave Hamakhav Yuman 330 ( 0.09 ) 6.36 % Luiseño Cham'teela Uto - Aztecan 327 ( 0.09 ) 4.28 % Shawnee Sawanwa Algic 321 ( 0.09 ) 6.23 % Maidu ( NE Maidu ) Májdy Maiduan 319 ( 0.09 ) 6.90 % Ottawa Nishnaabemwin Algic 312 ( 0.08 ) 10.90 % Algonquin Anicinâbemowin Algic 288 ( 0.08 ) 19.79 % Okanogan Nsəlxcin Salishan 284 ( 0.08 ) 10.92 % Osage Wazhazhe ie Siouan 260 ( 0.07 ) 20.38 % Wichita Kirikirʔi :s Caddoan 242 ( 0.06 ) 16.12 % Onondaga Onǫda'gegá Iroquoian 239 ( 0.06 ) 2.93 % Mi'kmaq ( Micmac ) Míkmawísimk Algic 230 ( 0.06 ) 10.87 % Digueño ( Ipai - Kumiai - Tipai ) -- Yuman 228 ( 0.06 ) 60.96 % Washo Wá : šiw ʔítlu Isolate 227 ( 0.06 ) 9.69 % Miwok Miwok Utian 216 ( 0.06 ) -- Lushootseed ( Puget Salish ) Xwəlšucid Salishan 207 ( 0.06 ) 47.83 % Kutenai Ktunaxa Isolate 200 ( 0.05 ) 32.50 % Miccosukee Mikisúkî Muskogean 188 ( 0.05 ) 22.87 % Tuscarora Ska : rù : rę ' Iroquoian 179 ( 0.05 ) 10.06 % Makah Qwi qwi diččaq Wakashan 176 ( 0.05 ) 30.11 % Coeur d'Alene Snchitsuʼumshtsn Salishan 174 ( 0.05 ) -- Hupa Na : tinixwe Na - Dené 174 ( 0.05 ) -- Quechan ( Yuma ) Kwtsaan Yuman 172 ( 0.05 ) 31.98 % Miami Myaamia Algic 168 ( 0.04 ) 50.60 % Alabama Albaamo innaaɬiilka Muskogean 165 ( 0.04 ) 20.00 % Delaware Lënape / Lunaapeew Algic 146 ( 0.04 ) 25.34 % Clallam Nəxwsƛ̕ay̕əmúcən Salishan 146 ( 0.04 ) 1.37 % Penobscot ( E Abenaki ) Panawahpskek Algic 144 ( 0.04 ) 5.56 % Yavapai -- Yuman 139 ( 0.04 ) -- Cahuilla Ivia Uto - Aztecan 139 ( 0.04 ) -- Ponca Panka Siouan 131 ( 0.04 ) 6.87 % Quinault Kwínaył Salishan 128 ( 0.03 ) -- Deg Xinag ( Ingalit ) Degexit'an Na - Dené 127 ( 0.03 ) -- Pawnee Paári Caddoan 122 ( 0.03 ) 16.39 % Haida X̱aat Kíl Isolate 118 ( 0.03 ) 19.49 % Cowlitz Stl'pulimuhkl Salishan 110 ( 0.03 ) 82.73 % Mandan Nų́ʔetaːre Siouan 104 ( 0.03 ) 38.46 % Arikara Sáhniš Caddoan 103 ( 0.03 ) -- Klamath Maqlaqs Plateau Penutian 95 ( 0.03 ) 27.37 % Havasupai Havasu'baaja Yuman 90 ( 0.02 ) 52.22 % Chitimacha Sitimaxa Isolate 89 ( 0.02 ) 21.35 % Abenaki ( W Abenaki ) Wôbanakiôdwawôgan Algic 86 ( 0.02 ) -- Kwak'wala ( Kwakiutl ) Kwak'wala Wakashan 85 ( 0.02 ) 24.71 % Tututni ( Rogue River ) Dotodəni Na - Dené 84 ( 0.02 ) -- Iroquois -- Iroquoian 76 ( 0.02 ) -- Michif ( French Cree ) Michif Creole 75 ( 0.02 ) 70.67 % Tsimshian Sm'algyax Tsimshianic 68 ( 0.02 ) -- Achumawi -- Palaihnihan 68 ( 0.02 ) -- Chiwere Jíwere Siouan 60 ( 0.02 ) -- Koasati Kowassá : ti Muskogean 59 ( 0.02 ) 6.78 % Koyukon Denaakkʼe Na - Dené 58 ( 0.02 ) 12.07 % Upper Chinook Kiksht Chinookan 58 ( 0.02 ) 10.34 % Caddo Hasí : nay Caddoan 51 ( 0.01 ) 23.53 % Kalapuya ( Santiam ) -- Kalapuyan 50 ( 0.01 ) -- Gros Ventre ( Atsina ) Ahahnelin Algic 45 ( 0.01 ) -- Tachi -- Yokutsan 45 ( 0.01 ) 57.78 % Maricopa Piipaash chuukwer Yuman 44 ( 0.01 ) 22.73 % Chumash S. hamala Chumashan 39 ( 0.01 ) 100.00 % Nomlaki Nomlāqa Wintuan 38 ( 0.01 ) -- Konkow ( NW Maidu ) Koyoom k'awi Maiduan 32 100.00 % Tonkawa Tickanwa tic Isolate 29 -- Wintu Winthu : h Wintuan 24 -- Spokane Npoqínišcn Salishan 20 40.00 % Ahtna Atnakenaege ' Na - Dené 18 -- Columbia ( Sinkiuse ) Nxaảmxcín Salishan 17 -- Atsugewi Atsugé Palaihnihan 15 -- Chemehuevi Nüwüvi Uto - Aztecan 15 -- Northern Paiute Numu Uto - Aztecan 12 -- Dena'ina ( Tanaina ) Dena'ina qenaga Na - Dené 11 -- Cupeño Kupangaxwicham Uto - Aztecan 11 -- Nuu - chah - nulth ( Nootka ) Nuučaan̓uł Wakashan 10 -- Alutiiq ( Gulf Yupik ) Sugpiaq Eskimo - Aleut 8 -- Kansa Kánza Siouan 7 -- Siuslaw Šáayušła Isolate 6 -- Cayuga Gayogo̱hó : nǫ ' Iroquoian 6 -- Serrano Taaqtam Uto - Aztecan 5 -- Yuchi Tsoyaha Isolate -- Native American Sign languages ( edit ) A sign - language trade pidgin , known as Plains Indian Sign Language , Plains Standard or Plains Sign Talk , arose among the Native Americans of the plains . Each signing nation had a separate signed version of their oral language , that was used by the hearing , and these were not mutually intelligible . Plains Standard was used to communicate between these nations . It seems to have started in Texas and then spread north , through the Great Plains , as far as British Columbia . There are still a few users today , especially among the Crow , Cheyenne , and Arapaho . Unlike other sign languages developed by hearing people , it shares the spatial grammar of deaf sign languages . Through intergenerational transmission , Plains Sign Talk became a working language still in use today in some Deaf First Nations or Native American communities . As Plains Sign Talk was so widespread and was a spectrum of dialects and accents , it probably hosted several languages under its umbrella . One is potentially Navajo Sign Language which is in use by a sole Navajo clan . Additionally , Plateau Sign Language existed alongside Plains Sign Talk as either a trade pidgin or another language around the Columbia Plateau and surrounding regions . Austronesian languages ( edit ) Hawaiian ( edit ) Hawaiian is an official state language of Hawaii as prescribed in the Constitution of Hawaii . Hawaiian has 1,000 native speakers . Formerly considered critically endangered , Hawaiian is showing signs of language renaissance . The recent trend is based on new Hawaiian language immersion programs of the Hawaii State Department of Education and the University of Hawaii , as well as efforts by the Hawaii State Legislature and county governments to preserve Hawaiian place names . In 1993 , about 8,000 could speak and understand it ; today estimates range up to 27,000 . Hawaiian is related to the Māori language spoken by around 150,000 New Zealanders and Cook Islanders as well as the Tahitian language which is spoken by another 120,000 people of Tahiti . Samoan ( edit ) Samoan is an official territorial language of American Samoa . Samoans make up 90 % of the population , and most people are bilingual . Chamorro ( edit ) Chamorro is co-official in the Mariana Islands , both in the territory of Guam and in the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands . In Guam , the indigenous Chamorro people make up about 60 % of the population . Carolinian ( edit ) Carolinian is also co-official in the Northern Marianas , where only 14 % of people speak English at home . Main languages ( edit ) This section may lend undue weight to certain ideas , incidents , or controversies . Please help to create a more balanced presentation . Discuss and resolve this issue before removing this message . ( July 2016 ) Main Languages in the United States Language percent English 79.2 % Spanish 12.9 % Other Indo - European 3.8 % Asian and Pacific island 3.3 % Other 0.9 % Cherokee language road signs . A trash can in Seattle labeled in four languages : English , Chinese , Vietnamese , and Spanish . Tagalog also uses the Spanish word . Some of the first European languages to be spoken in the U.S. are English , Dutch , French , Spanish , and Swedish . From the mid-19th century on , the nation had large numbers of immigrants who spoke little or no English , and throughout the country state laws , constitutions , and legislative proceedings appeared in the languages of politically important immigrant groups . There have been bilingual schools and local newspapers in such languages as German , Ukrainian , Hungarian , Irish , Italian , Norwegian , Greek , Polish , Swedish , Romanian , Cherokee , Czech , Japanese , Yiddish , Hebrew , Lithuanian , Welsh , Cantonese , Bulgarian , Dutch , Portuguese and others , despite opposing English - only laws that , for example , illegalized church services , telephone conversations , and even conversations in the street or on railway platforms in any language other than English , until the first of these laws was ruled unconstitutional in 1923 ( Meyer v. Nebraska ) . Currently , Asian languages account for the majority of languages spoken in immigrant communities : Korean , the varieties of Chinese , and various Indian or South Asian languages like Hindi , Urdu , Punjabi , Kannada , Gujarati , Marathi , Bengali , Telugu , Tamil and Malayalam , as well as Arabic , Vietnamese , Tagalog , Persian , and others . Typically , immigrant languages tend to be lost through assimilation within two or three generations , though there are some groups such as the Cajuns ( French ) , Pennsylvania Dutch ( German ) in a state where large numbers of people were heard to speak it before the 1950s , and the original settlers of the Southwest ( Spanish ) who have maintained their languages for centuries . English ( edit ) Main article : American English English language distribution in the United States . English was inherited from British colonization , and it is spoken by the majority of the population . It serves as the de facto national language , the language in which government business is carried out . According to the U.S. Census Bureau , 80 % spoke only English at home and all but approximately 13,600,000 U.S. residents age 5 and over speak English `` well '' or `` very well '' . American English is different from British English in terms of spelling ( one example being the dropped `` u '' in words such as color / colour ) , grammar , vocabulary , pronunciation , and slang usage . The differences are not usually a barrier to effective communication between an American English and a British English speaker , but there are certainly enough differences to cause occasional misunderstandings , usually surrounding slang or region dialect differences . Some states , like California , have amended their constitutions to make English the only official language , but in practice , this only means that official government documents must at least be in English , and does not mean that they should be exclusively available only in English . For example , the standard California Class C driver 's license examination is available in 32 different languages . Spanish ( edit ) Main article : Spanish language in the United States Spanish language distribution in the United States Spanish was also inherited from colonization and is sanctioned as official in the commonwealth of Puerto Rico . Spanish is also taught in various regions as a second language , especially in areas with large Hispanic populations such as the Southwestern United States along the border with Mexico , as well as Florida , parts of California , the District of Columbia , Illinois , New Jersey , and New York . In Hispanic communities across the country , bilingual signs in both Spanish and English may be quite common . Furthermore , numerous neighborhoods exist ( such as Washington Heights in New York City or Little Havana in Miami ) in which entire city blocks will have only Spanish language signs and Spanish - speaking people . Spanish speakers in the United States Year Number of Spanish speakers Percent of US population 1980 11 million 5 % 17.3 million 7 % 2000 28.1 million 10 % 37 million 13 % 2012 38.3 million 13 % 2015 41 million 14 % Sources : In addition to Spanish - speaking Hispanic populations , younger generations of non-Hispanics in the United States seem to be learning Spanish in larger numbers due to the growing Hispanic population and increasing popularity of Latin American movies and music performed in the Spanish language . A 2009 American Community Survey conducted by the United States Census Bureau , showed that Spanish is the primary language spoken at home by over 35 million people aged 5 or older , making the United States the world 's fifth - largest Spanish - speaking community , outnumbered only by Mexico , Colombia , Spain , and Argentina . In northern New Mexico and southern Colorado , Spanish speakers have been isolated for centuries in the southern Rockies , and developed a distinct dialect of Spanish spoken nowhere else : New Mexican Spanish . The dialect features a mix of Castilian , Galician and , more recently , Mexican Spanish , as well as Pueblo loan words . New Mexican Spanish also contains a large proportion of English loan words , particularly for technological words ( e.g. bos , troca , and telefón ) . Speakers of New Mexican Spanish are mainly descendants of Spanish colonists who arrived in New Mexico in the sixteenth through the eighteenth centuries . During this time , contact with the rest of Spanish America was limited , and New Mexican Spanish developed on its own course . In the meantime , Spanish colonists coexisted with and intermarried with Puebloan peoples and Navajos . After the Mexican -- American War , New Mexico and all its inhabitants came under the governance of the English - speaking United States , and for the next hundred years , English - speakers increased in number . Spanglish is a code - switching variant of Spanish and English and is spoken in areas with large bilingual populations of Spanish and English speakers , such as along the Mexico -- United States border ( California , Arizona , New Mexico , and Texas ) , Florida , and New York City . Chinese ( edit ) Main article : Chinese language and varieties in the United States The population of Chinese speakers was increasing rapidly in the 20th century because the number of Chinese immigrants increased at a rate more than 50 % since 1940 . 2.8 million Americans speak some variety of Chinese , which combined are counted by the federal census as the third most - spoken language in the country . Until the late 20th century , Yue dialects including Taishanese and Cantonese were the most common among immigrants or the descendants of immigrants , especially in California . Since the opening of the People 's Republic of China , Mandarin , the official language in PRC and Republic of China ( Taiwan ) has become increasingly prevalent . Many Americans of all ethnic backgrounds are also learning Mandarin and to a far lesser extent Cantonese . In New York City in 2002 , Mandarin was spoken as a native language among only 10 % of Chinese speakers but was predicted to replace Cantonese as the lingua franca among Chinese speakers . Tagalog ( edit ) Tagalog language distribution in the United States . Tagalog speakers were already present in the United States as early as the late sixteenth century as sailors contracted by the Spanish colonial government . In the eighteenth century , they established settlements in Louisiana , such as Saint Malo . After the American annexation of the Philippines , the number of Tagalog speakers steadily increased , as Filipinos began to migrate to the U.S. as students or contract laborers . Their numbers , however , decreased upon Philippine independence , as many Filipinos were repatriated . Today , Tagalog , together with its standardized form Filipino , is spoken by over a million and a half Filipino Americans and is promoted by Filipino American civic organizations and Philippine consulates . As Filipinos are the second largest Asian ethnic group in the United States , Tagalog is the second most spoken Asian language in the country . Taglish , a form of code - switching between Tagalog and English , is also spoken by a number of Filipino Americans . Tagalog is also taught at some universities where a significant number of Filipinos exist . As it is the national and most spoken language of the Philippines , most Filipinos in the United States are proficient in Tagalog in addition to their local regional language . Vietnamese ( edit ) Spread of the Vietnamese language in the United States According to the 2010 Census , there are over 1.5 million Americans who identify themselves as Vietnamese in origin , ranking fourth among the Asian American groups and forming the largest Overseas Vietnamese population . Orange County , California , is home to the largest concentration of ethnic Vietnamese outside Vietnam , especially in its Little Saigon area . Other significant Vietnamese communities are found in the metropolitan areas of San Jose , Houston , Seattle , Northern Virginia , and New Orleans . Similarly to other overseas Vietnamese communities in Western countries ( except France ) , the Vietnamese population in the United States was established following the Fall of Saigon in 1975 and communist takeover of South Vietnam following the Vietnam War . Korean ( edit ) Speakers of Korean are found in the Koreatowns . French ( edit ) Main article : French language in the United States French language distribution in the United States . Counties and parishes marked in yellow are those where 6 % to 12 % of the population speak French at home ; brown , 12 % to 18 % ; red , over 18 % . Cajun French and French - based creole languages are not included even though the Creole dialects are spoken throughout the U.S. and taught in many U.S. schools . French , the fourth-most - common language ( when all varieties of Chinese are combined and separate yet related languages such as Haitian Creole are counted as French ) , is spoken mainly by the Louisiana Creole , native French , Cajun , Haitian , and French - Canadian populations . It is widely spoken in Maine , New Hampshire , Vermont , and in Louisiana , with notable Francophone enclaves in St. Clair County , Michigan , many rural areas of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan and the northern San Francisco Bay area . Three varieties of French developed within what is now the United States in colonial times : Louisiana French , Missouri French , and New England French ( essentially a variant of Canadian French ) . French is the second language in the states of Louisiana ( where the French dialect of Cajun predominates ) and Maine . The largest French - speaking communities in the United States reside in Northeast Maine ; Hollywood and Miami , Florida ; New York City ; certain areas of rural Louisiana ; and small minorities in Vermont and New Hampshire . Many of the New England communities are connected to the dialect found across the border in Quebec or New Brunswick . More than 13 million Americans possess primary French heritage , but only 2 million speak French or a French Creole language at home . German ( edit ) Main article : German language in the United States See also : Pennsylvania German language , Hutterite German , Plautdietsch , Texas German , and Pennsylvania Dutch English German language distribution in the United States . German was a widely spoken language in some of the colonies , especially Pennsylvania , where a number of German - speaking Protestants and other religious minorities settled to escape persecution in Europe . Another wave of settlement occurred when Germans fleeing the failure of 19th Century German revolutions emigrated to the United States . A large number of these German immigrants settled in the urban areas , with neighborhoods in many cities being German - speaking and numerous local German language newspapers and periodicals established . German farmers also took up farming around the country , including the Texas Hill Country , at this time . The language was widely spoken until the United States entered World War I . In the early twentieth century , German was the most widely studied foreign language in the United States , and prior to World War I , more than 6 % of American schoolchildren received their primary education exclusively in German , though some of these Germans came from areas outside of Germany proper . Currently , more than 49 million Americans claim German ancestry , the largest self - described ethnic group in the U.S. , but less than 4 % of them speak a language other than English at home , according to the 2005 American Community Survey . The Amish speak a dialect of German known as Pennsylvania German . One reason for this decline of German language was the perception during both World Wars that speaking the language of the enemy was unpatriotic ; foreign language instruction was banned in places during the First World War . Unlike earlier waves , they were more concentrated in cities and integrated quickly . Another reason for the decline in German was the lack of first - generation immigrants , as immigration to the United States from Western Europe slowed following the World Wars . There is a myth ( known as the Muhlenberg Vote ) that German was to be the official language of the U.S. , but this is inaccurate and based on a failed early attempt to have government documents translated into German . The myth also extends to German being the second official language of Pennsylvania ; however , Pennsylvania has no official language . Although more than 49 million Americans claim they have German ancestors , only 1.24 million Americans speak German at home . Many of these people are either Amish and Mennonites or Germans having newly immigrated ( e.g. for professional reasons ) . Hindustani ( edit ) Main article : Hindustani language Hindi is an Indo - Aryan language , deriving its base primarily from the Khariboli dialect of Delhi . The language incorporates a large amount of vocabulary from Sanskrit , Persian and Arabic . It is a pluricentric language , with two official forms , Modern Standard Hindi and Modern Standard Urdu , which are its standardised registers . The colloquial registers are mostly indistinguishable , and even though the official standards are nearly identical in grammar , they differ in literary conventions and in academic and technical vocabulary , with Urdu adopting stronger Persian and Arabic influences , and Hindi relying more heavily on Sanskrit . Before the Partition of the British Indian Empire , the terms Hindustani , Urdu , and Hindi were synonymous ; all covered what would be mostly called Urdu and Hindi today . The term Hindustani is still used for the colloquial language and the lingua franca of North India and Pakistan , for example for the language of Bollywood films , as well as for several quite different varieties of Hindi spoken outside the Indian Subcontinent , such as Fiji Hindi of Fiji and the Caribbean Hindustani of Trinidad and Tobago , Guyana , Suriname , and the rest of the Caribbean . Hindustani is also spoken by a small number of people in Mauritius and South Africa . Hindustani is the third most - spoken language in the world , after Mandarin and English . Arabic ( edit ) Main article : Arabic in the United States Varieties of Arabic are spoken by immigrants from the Middle East as well as many Muslim Americans . The highest concentrations of native Arabic speakers reside in heavily urban areas like Chicago , New York City , and Los Angeles . Detroit and the surrounding areas of Michigan boast a significant Arabic - speaking population including many Arab Christians of Lebanese , Syrian , and Palestinian descent . Arabic is used for religious purposes by Muslim Americans and by some Arab Christians ( notably Catholics of the Melkite and Maronite Churches as well as Rum Orthodox , i.e. Antiochian Orthodox Christians and Coptic churches . ) . A significant number of educated Arab professionals who immigrate often already know English quite well , as it is widely used in the Middle East . Lebanese immigrants also have a broader understanding of French as do many Arabic - speaking immigrants from North Africa . / r / Cherokee ( edit ) Main article : Cherokee language Distribution of the Cherokee language Cherokee is the Iroquoian language spoken by the Cherokee people , and the official language of the Cherokee Nation . Significant numbers of Cherokee speakers of all ages still populate the Qualla Boundary in Cherokee , North Carolina and several counties within the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma , significantly Cherokee , Sequoyah , Mayes , Adair , and Delaware . Increasing numbers of Cherokee youth are renewing interest in the traditions , history , and language of their ancestors . Cherokee - speaking communities stand at the forefront of language preservation , and at local schools , all lessons are taught in Cherokee and thus it serves as the medium of instruction from pre-school on up . Also , church services and traditional ceremonial `` stomp '' dances are held in the language in Oklahoma and on the Qualla Boundary in North Carolina . Cherokee is one of the few , or perhaps the only , Native American language with an increasing population of speakers , and along with Navajo it is the only indigenous language with more than 50,000 speakers , a figure most likely achieved through the tribe 's 10 - year long language preservation plan involving growing new speakers through immersion schools for children , developing new words for modern phrases , teaching the language to non-Cherokee in schools and universities , fostering the language among young adults so their children can use that language at home , developing iPhone and iPad apps for language education , the development of language radio stations including Cherokee Voices , Cherokee Sounds , and promoting the writing system through public signage , products like Apple Inc. , internet use through Google including Gmail , and others so the language remains relevant in the 21st century . Italian ( edit ) Main article : Italian language in the United States Current distribution of the Italian language in the United States . The Italian language and its various dialects have been widely spoken in the United States for more than one hundred years , primarily due to large - scale immigration from the late 19th century to the mid 20th century . In addition to Standard Italian learned by most people today , there has been a strong representation of the dialects and languages of Southern Italy amongst the immigrant population ( Sicilian and Neapolitan in particular ) . As of 2009 , though 15,638,348 American citizens report themselves as Italian - Americans , only 753,992 of these report speaking the Italian language at home ( 0.3264 % of the US population ) . Dutch ( edit ) Dutch language distribution in the United States . There has been a Dutch presence in America since 1602 when the government of the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands chartered the Dutch East India Company ( Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie , or VOC ) with the mission of exploring for a passage to the Indies and claiming any uncharted territories for the Dutch republic . In 1664 , English troops under the command of the Duke of York ( later James II of England ) attacked the New Netherland colony . Being greatly outnumbered , director general Peter Stuyvesant surrendered New Amsterdam , with Fort Orange following soon . New Amsterdam was renamed New York , Fort Orange was renamed Fort Albany . Dutch city names can still be found in New York 's neighbourhoods . Harlem is Haarlem , Staten Island is Staten Eiland and Brooklyn refers to Breukelen . Dutch was still spoken in many parts of New York at the time of the Revolution . For example , Alexander Hamilton 's wife Eliza Hamilton attended a Dutch - language church during their marriage . African - American abolitionist and women 's rights activist Sojourner Truth ( born ' Isabella Baumfree ' ) was a native speaker of Dutch . Martin Van Buren , the first President born in the United States following its independence , spoke Dutch as his native language , making him the only President whose first language was not English . In a 1990 demographic consensus , 3 % of surveyed citizens claimed descent from Dutch settlers . Modern estimates place the Dutch American population at 5 million , lagging just a bit behind Scottish Americans and Swedish Americans . Notable Dutch Americans include the Roosevelts ( Theodore Roosevelt , Franklin Delano Roosevelt , and Eleanor Roosevelt ) , Marlon Brando , Thomas Alva Edison , Martin Van Buren and the Vanderbilts . The Roosevelts are direct descendants of Dutch settlers of the New Netherland colony in the 17th century . Around 136,000 people in the United States still speak the Dutch language at home today . They are concentrated mainly in California ( 23,500 ) , Florida ( 10,900 ) , Pennsylvania ( 9,900 ) , Ohio ( 9,600 ) , New York ( 8,700 ) and Michigan ( 6,600 ; i.e. almost entirely in the city of Holland ) . A vernacular dialect of Dutch , known as Jersey Dutch was spoken by a significant number of people in the New Jersey area between the start of the 17th century to the mid-20th century . With the beginning of the 20th century , usage of the language became restricted to internal family circles , with an ever - growing number of people abandoning the language in favor of English . It suffered gradual decline throughout the 20th century , and it ultimately dissipated from casual usage . Finnish ( edit ) Finnish language distribution in the United States . The first Finnish settlers in America were amongst the settlers who came from Sweden and Finland to the New Sweden colony . Most colonists were Finnish . However , the Finnish language was not preserved as well among subsequent generations as Swedish . Between the 1890s and the outbreak of the first World War , an estimated quarter million Finnish citizens immigrated to the United States , mainly in rural areas of the Midwest and more specifically in the mining regions of Northeastern Minnesota , Northern Wisconsin and Michigan 's Upper Peninsula . Hancock , Michigan , as of 2005 , still incorporates bi-lingual street signs written in both English and Finnish . Americans of Finnish origin yield at 800,000 individuals , though only 26,000 speak the language at home . There is a distinctive dialect of English to be found in the Upper Peninsula , known as Yooper . Yooper often has a Finnish cadence and uses Finnish sentence structure with modified English , German , Swedish , Norwegian , and Finnish vocabulary . Notable Finnish Americans include U.S. Communist Party leader Gus Hall , film director Renny Harlin , and the Canadian - born actress Pamela Anderson . Northern Clark County , Washington ( encompassing Yacolt , Amboy , Battle Ground and Chelatchie ) contains a large exclave of Old Apostolic Lutherans who originally immigrated from Finland . Many families in this portion of the county speak fluent Finnish at home before learning English . Another noteworthy Finnish community in the United States is found in Lake Worth , Florida , north of Miami . Russian ( edit ) Main article : Russian language in the United States Russian language distribution in the United States . The Russian language is frequently spoken in areas of Alaska , Los Angeles , Seattle , Spokane , Miami , San Francisco , New York City , Philadelphia , Vancouver , Washington , Portland , Oregon , Woodburn , Oregon , and Chicago . The Russian - American Company used to own Alaska Territory until selling it after the Crimean War . Russian had always been limited , especially after the assassination of the Romanov dynasty of tsars . Starting in the 1970s and continuing until the mid-1990s , many people from the Soviet Union and later its constituent republics such as Russia , Ukraine , Belarus , and Uzbekistan have immigrated to the United States , increasing the language 's usage in America . The largest Russian - speaking neighborhoods in the United States are found in Queens , Brooklyn , and Staten Island in New York City ( specifically the Brighton Beach area of Brooklyn ) ; parts of Los Angeles , particularly West Los Angeles and West Hollywood ; parts of Philadelphia , particularly the Far Northeast ; and parts of Miami like Sunny Isles Beach . In Nikolaevsk , Alaska , 66.57 % of the population speaks Russian at home . Slavic Voice of America media group serves Russian - speaking Americans out of Dallas . Hebrew ( edit ) Modern Hebrew is used by some immigrants from Israel and Eastern Europe . Liturgical Hebrew is used as a religious or liturgical language by many of the United States ' approximately 7 million Jews . Ilocano ( edit ) Like the Tagalogs , the Ilocanos are an Austronesian stock which came from the Philippines . They were the first Filipinos to migrate en masse to the United States . They first entered the State of Hawaii and worked there in the vast plantations . As they did in the Philippine provinces of Northern Luzon and Mindanao , they quickly gained importance in the areas where they settled . Thus , the state of Hawaii became no less different from the Philippines in terms of percentage of Ilocano speakers . Like Tagalog , Ilocano is also being taught in universities where most of the Filipinos reside . South Asian languages ( edit ) There are many South Asians in the United States . These include Indians , Pakistanis , and Bangladeshis , who speak various South Asian languages . Major South Asian languages spoken in the US include Telugu ( see paragraph on Telugu below ) , Malayalam , Kannada , Tamil , Gujarati , Hindi , Urdu , Bengali , Punjabi , Sinhala , Nepali , and Marathi . Telugu ( edit ) In the second half of the 20th century , Telugu people from India migrated as professionals to the United States , Canada , Europe , and Southeast Asia . The Telugu American population enumerates over 886,988 individuals , and the Federation of Telugu Sangams of North America functions as an NATA & TANA organizations for the growing community . Central New Jersey is home to the largest population concentration of Telugu people . Telugu people have also settled in New York City and the Washington , D.C. Metropolitan Area , as well as on the West Coast in Silicon Valley , where there are Telugu associations such as TANA , ATA & NATA . The New York City and Los Angeles metropolitan areas are home to the largest concentrations of Telugu - speakers . Irish ( edit ) About 40 million Americans have Irish ancestry , many of whose ancestors would have spoken Irish . According to the 2007 American Community Survey , 22,279 people speak Irish at home . As of 2008 it was the 76th most spoken language in the USA . Khmer ( cambodian ) ( edit ) Main article : Cambodian Americans Between 1981 and 1985 about 150,000 Cambodians resettled in the United States . Before 1975 very few Cambodians came to the United States . Those who did were children of upper - class families sent abroad to attend school . After the fall of Phnom Penh to the communist Khmer Rouge in 1975 , some Cambodians managed to escape . In 2007 the American Community Survey reported that there were approximately 200,000 Cambodians living in the United States , making up about 2 % percent of the Asian population . This population is , however , heavily concentrated in two areas : the Los Angeles metropolitan area in California , especially the city of Long Beach ; and Greater Boston in New England , especially Lowell , Massachusetts . These two areas hold a majority of the Cambodians living in the US . Polish ( edit ) The Polish language is very common in the Chicago metropolitan area . Chicago 's third largest white ethnic groups are those of Polish descent after German , and Irish . The Polish people and the Polish language in Chicago have been very prevalent in the early years of the city , as well as the progression and economical and social development of Chicago . Poles in Chicago make up one of the largest ethnically Polish population ( 650,000 people ) in the world comparable to the city of Wrocław , the fourth largest city in Poland . That makes it one of the most important centres of Polonia and the Polish language in the United States , a fact that the city celebrates every Labor Day weekend at the Taste of Polonia Festival in Jefferson Park . Portuguese ( edit ) Further information : Portuguese Americans , Brazilian Americans , and Cape Verdean Americans The first Portuguese speakers in America were Portuguese Jews who had fled the Portuguese Inquisition . They spoke Judeo - Portuguese and founded the earliest Jewish communities in the Thirteen Colonies , two of which still exist : Congregation Shearith Israel in New York and Congregation Mikveh Israel in Philadelphia . However , by the end of the 18th century , their use of Portuguese had been replaced by English . In the late 19th century , many Portuguese , mainly Azoreans , Madeirans and Cape Verdeans ( who prior to independence in 1975 were Portuguese citizens ) , immigrated to the United States , settling in cities like Providence , Rhode Island , New Bedford , Massachusetts , and Santa Cruz , California . There was also a substantial Portuguese immigration to Hawaii , which at the time was not yet part of the United States . In the mid-late 20th century there was another wave of Portuguese immigration to the US , mainly the Northeast ( New Jersey , New York , Connecticut , Massachusetts ) , and for a time Portuguese became a major language in Newark , New Jersey . Many Portuguese Americans may include descendants of Portuguese settlers born in Portuguese Africa ( known as Portuguese Africans , or , in Portugal , as retornados ) and Asia ( mostly Macau ) . There were around 1 million Portuguese Americans in the United States by the year 2000 . Portuguese ( European Portuguese ) has been spoken in the United States by small communities of immigrants , mainly in the metropolitan New York City area , like Newark , New Jersey . The Portuguese language is also spoken widely by Brazilian Americans , concentrated in Miami , New York City , and Boston . Swedish ( edit ) Swedish language distribution in the United States . There has been a Swedish presence in America since the New Sweden colony came into existence in March 1638 . Widespread diaspora of Swedish immigration did not occur until the latter half of the 19th century , bringing in a total of a million Swedes . No other country had a higher percentage of its people leave for the United States except Ireland and Norway . At the beginning of the 20th century , Minnesota had the highest ethnic Swedish population in the world after the city of Stockholm . 3.7 % of US residents claim descent from Scandinavian ancestors , amounting to roughly 11 -- 12 million people . According to SIL 's Ethnologue , over half a million ethnic Swedes still speak the language , though according to the 2007 American Community Survey only 56,715 speak it at home . Cultural assimilation has contributed to the gradual and steady decline of the language in the US . After the independence of the US from the Kingdom of Great Britain , the government encouraged colonists to adopt the English language as a common medium of communication , and in some cases , imposed it upon them . Subsequent generations of Swedish Americans received education in English and spoke it as their first language . Lutheran churches scattered across the Midwest started abandoning Swedish in favor of English as their language of worship . Swedish newspapers and publications alike slowly faded away . There are sizable Swedish communities in Minnesota , Ohio , Maryland , Philadelphia , and Delaware , along with small isolated pockets in Pennsylvania , San Francisco , Fort Lauderdale , and New York . Chicago once contained a large Swedish enclave called Andersonville on the city 's north side . John Morton , the person who cast the decisive vote leading to Pennsylvania 's support for the United States Declaration of Independence , was of Finnish descent . Finland was part of the Kingdom of Sweden in the 18th century . Welsh ( edit ) Welsh language distribution in the United States . Up to two million Americans are thought to have Welsh ancestry . However , there is very little Welsh being used commonly in the USA . According to the 2007 American Community Survey , 2,285 people speak Welsh at home ; primarily spoken in California ( 415 ) , Florida ( 225 ) , New York ( 204 ) , Ohio ( 135 ) , and New Jersey ( 130 ) . Some place names , such as Bryn Mawr in Chicago and Bryn Mawr , Pennsylvania ( English : Big Hill ) are Welsh . Several towns in Pennsylvania , mostly in the Welsh Tract , have Welsh namesakes , including Uwchlan , Bala Cynwyd , Gwynedd , and Tredyffrin . Yiddish ( edit ) Yiddish has a much longer history in the United States than Hebrew . It has been present since at least the late 19th century and continues to have roughly 148,000 speakers as of the 2009 American Community Survey . Though they came from varying geographic backgrounds and nuanced approaches to worship , immigrant Jews of Eastern Europe and Russia were often united under a common understanding of the Yiddish language once they settled in America , and at one point dozens of publications were available in most East Coast cities . Though it has declined by quite a bit since the end of WWII , it has by no means disappeared . Many Israeli immigrants and expatriates have at least some understanding of the language in addition to Hebrew , and many of the descendants of the great migration of Ashkenazi Jews of the past century pepper their mostly English vocabulary with some loan words . Furthermore , it is definitely a lingua franca alive and well among Orthodox Jewry ( particularly Hasidic Jewery ) , particularly in Los Angeles , Miami , and New York . Tamil ( edit ) The Tamil American population enumerates over 190,000 individuals , and the Federation of Tamil Sangams of North America functions as an umbrella organization for the growing community as such . Central New Jersey is home to the largest population concentration of Tamils . New Jersey houses its own Tamil Sangam . Sizeable populations of Indian American Tamils have also settled in New York City and the Washington , D.C. Metropolitan Area , as well as on the West Coast in Silicon Valley , where there are Tamil associations such as the Bay Area Tamil Mandram . The New York City and Los Angeles metropolitan areas are home to the largest concentrations of Tamil - speaking Sri Lankan Americans , with New York City 's Staten Island alone estimated to be home to more than 5,000 Sri Lankan Americans , one of the largest Sri Lankan populations outside Sri Lanka itself , and a significant proportion of whom speak Tamil . Nepali ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The first Nepalese to enter the United States were classified as `` other Asian '' . Immigration records show that between 1881 and 1890 , 1,910 `` other Asians '' were admitted to the United States . However , Nepal did not open its borders until 1950 , and most Nepalis who left the country during that time went primarily to India to study . Nepalese Americans were first classified as a separate ethnic group in 1974 when 56 Nepalese immigrated to the United States . New York City , Boston , Chicago , Denver , Gainesville , Florida ; Portland , Oregon ; and Saint Paul , Minnesota have largest number of Nepalese . There are some Nepalese community or cultural and event in every state in the United States . The celebration of Nepali culture includes : Dashain , Tihar , Losar , Holi , Teej Special , and Nepali New Year . There are other Nepalese cultural practices . The Nepalese practice many religions but most practice Hinduism . New American languages , dialects , and creoles ( edit ) Several languages have developed on American soil , including creoles and sign languages . African - American English ( edit ) Main article : African - American English Often simply called AAE and known in North America as Black English , is a variety of American English along a continuum , spoken primarily by urban working - class and ( largely bidialectal and codeswitching ) middle - class African Americans. . Not all African Americans speak AAE and many European Americans do . It is generally accepted among linguists and many African Americans that Southern American English is closely related to AAE and that AAE is part of a historical continuum between creoles such as Gullah and the language brought by English colonists . Some educators view AAE as exerting a negative influence on the learning of Standard English , as AAE differs grammatically from Standard English . Other educators , however , propose that Standard English should be taught as a `` second dialect '' in educational contexts where AAE is a strong part of students ' culture . Chinuk wawa or chinook jargon ( edit ) Main article : Chinook Jargon A Creole language of 700 -- 800 words of French , English , Cree and other Native origins . It is the old trade language of the Pacific Northwest . It was used extensively among both European and Native peoples of the old Oregon Territory , even used in place of English at home for many families . It is estimated that around 250,000 people spoke it at its peak and it was last used extensively in Seattle . Gullah ( edit ) Main article : Gullah language An English - African creole language spoken on the Sea Islands of South Carolina and Georgia , retains strong influences of West African languages . The language is sometimes referred to as `` Geechee '' . Hawai'i Creole English ( edit ) Main article : Hawaiian Pidgin Not to be confused with Hawaiian English . Commonly used by locals and is considered an unofficial language of the state . Louisiana Creole French ( edit ) Main article : Louisiana Creole French A French Creole language spoken by the Louisiana Creole people of the state of Louisiana , close to Haitian Creole , Colonial French , and Cajun French ( language of Acadians deported from New France after 1755 and the Grand Dérangement ) . French Creole languages are spoken by millions of people worldwide , mainly in the United States , Caribbean , and Indian Ocean areas . Outer Banks languages ( edit ) In the islands of the Outer Banks off North Carolina , several unique English dialects have developed . This is evident on Harkers Island and Ocracoke Island . These dialects are sometimes referred to as `` high tider '' . Pennsylvania German ( edit ) Main article : Pennsylvania German language A language that traditionally was spoken mainly in Pennsylvania , but that since the 19th century has spread to the Midwest ( Ohio , Indiana , Iowa and other states ) , where the majority of speakers live today . It evolved from the German dialect of the Palatinate brought over to America by the Pennsylvania Dutch people before 1800 . Originally spoken by adherents of different Christian denominations ( Lutherans , Mennonites , Amish , German Baptist Brethren , Catholics ) today it is mainly spoken by Amish and Old Order Mennonites . Texas Silesian ( edit ) Main article : Texas Silesian A dialect of Silesian used by Texas Silesians in American settlements from 1852 to the present . Chesapeake Bay islander ( edit ) Another dialectal isolate is that spoken on Tangier Island , Virginia and Smith Island , Maryland , both located toward the southern end of the Chesapeake Bay . The dialect is partially derived from English as spoken by English pre-Revolutionary settlers , and partially from the present - day Middle - Atlantic American dialect of English . It also contains some words from the Cornish language , the Celtic language spoken in Cornwall in southwest England . Chicano English ( edit ) Main article : Chicano English See also : English in New Mexico A mixture of the Spanish and American English languages spoken by many Hispanics in urban areas and predominantly Latino communities . Sign languages ( edit ) Attested historical ranges of sign languages of the US and Canada excluding ASL and LSQ . Plains Sign Talk Inuiuuk ( ᐃᓄᐃᐆᒃ ) Hawai'i Sign Language Maritime Sign Language Plateau Sign Language Martha 's Vineyard Sign Language Henniker Sign Language Sandy River Valley Sign Language See also : Native American sign languages Alongside the numerous and varied oral languages , the United States also boasts several sign languages . Historically , the US was home to some six or more sign languages ( that number rising with the probability that Plains Sign Talk is actually a language family with several languages under its umbrella ) which has fallen with the death of several of these . As with all sign languages around the world that developed organically , these are full languages distinct from any oral language . American Sign Language ( unlike Signed English ) is not a derivation of English . Some languages present here were trade pidgins which were used first as a system of communication across national and linguistic boundaries of the Native Americans , however , they have since developed into mature languages as children learned them as a first language . American Sign language ( edit ) American Sign Language ( ASL ) is the native language of a number of deaf and hearing people in America ( roughly 100,000 to 500,000 ) . While some sources have stated that ASL is the third most frequently used language in the United States , after English and Spanish , recent scholarship has pointed out that most of these estimates are based on numbers conflating deafness with ASL use , and that the last actual study of this ( in 1972 ) seems to indicate an upper bound of 500,000 ASL speakers at the time . Black American Sign language ( edit ) Black American Sign Language ( BASL ) developed in the southeastern US , where separate residential schools were maintained for white and black deaf children . BASL shares much of the same vocabulary and grammatical structure as ASL and is generally considered one of its dialects . Hawai'i Sign language ( edit ) Hawaii Sign Language is moribund with only a handful of speakers on O'ahu , Lana'i , Kaua'i and possibly Ni'ihau . Some of these speakers may actually be speaking a creolized version of HSL and ASL , however , research is slow - going . The language was once called Hawai'i Pidgin Sign Language as many people thought it was a derivation of ASL which was discovered to be false and to be a separate language altogether . Plains Sign Talk ( edit ) Once a trade pidgin and the most far - reaching sign language in North America , Plains Sign Talk or Plains Sign Language is now critically endangered with an unknown number of speakers . Navajo Sign language ( edit ) Navajo Sign Language has been found to be in use in one clan of Navajo ; however , whether it is a dialect of Plains Sign Talk or a separate language remains unknown . Plateau Sign language ( edit ) Another trade pidgin that may have become a separate language , Plateau Sign Language replaced Plains Sign Talk in the Columbia Plateau and surrounding regions of British Columbia , Washington , Oregon , and Idaho . It is now extinct . Martha 's Vineyard Sign language ( edit ) Martha 's Vineyard Sign Language is now extinct . Along with French Sign Language , it was one of several main contributors to American Sign Language . Henniker Sign language ( edit ) Henniker Sign Language is now extinct but was once found around the Henniker region of New Hampshire and formed a basis for American Sign Language . Sandy River Valley Sign language ( edit ) Sandy River Valley Sign Language is now extinct but once could be found around the Sandy River Valley in Maine . It was one of several main contributors to American Sign Language . See also ( edit ) American English Language education in the United States Language Spoken at Home ( U.S. Census ) List of multilingual presidents of the United States Muhlenberg legend List of communities in the United States where English is n't the majority language spoken at home Modern Language Association General : Bilingual education Culture of the United States References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Siebens , J & T Julian . 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Archived from the original on March 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Paul Preston ( 1995 ) , Mother father deaf : living between sound and silence , Harvard University Press , p. 243 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 58748 - 9 , archived from the original on January 2 , 2016 Jump up ^ Clayton Valli ; Ceil Lucas ( 2000 ) , `` Sociolinguistic Aspects of the Black deaf Community '' , Linguistics of American Sign Language : an introduction , Gallaudet University Press , pp. 416 -- 428 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 56368 - 097 - 7 , archived from the original on January 2 , 2016 Jump up ^ Lambrecht , Linda ; Earth , Barbara ; Woodward , James ( March 3 , 2013 ) , History and Documentation of Hawaiʻi Sign Language : First Report , University of Hawaiʻi : 3rd International Conference on Language Documentation and Conservation , archived from the original on March 22 , 2013 Jump up ^ Samuel J. Supalla ( 1992 ) The Book of Name Signs , p. 22 Bibliography ( edit ) Campbell , Lyle. ( 1997 ) . American Indian languages : The historical linguistics of Native America . New York : Oxford University Press . Campbell , Lyle ; & Mithun , Marianne ( Eds . ) . ( 1979 ) . The languages of native America : Historical and comparative assessment . Austin : University of Texas Press . Grimes , Barbara F. ( Ed . ) . ( 2000 ) . Ethnologue : Languages of the world , ( 14th ed . ) . Dallas , TX : SIL International . ISBN 1 - 55671 - 106 - 9 . Online edition : http://www.ethnologue.com/ , accessed on December 7 , 2004 . Mithun , Marianne. ( 1999 ) . The languages of native North America . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . Zededa , Ofelia ; Hill , Jane H. ( 1991 ) . The condition of Native American Languages in the United States . In R.H. Robins & E.M. Uhlenbeck ( Eds . ) , Endangered languages ( pp. 135 -- 155 ) . Oxford : Berg . Further reading ( edit ) Blatt , Ben . `` Tagalog in California , Cherokee in Arkansas . '' Slate . May 13 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Bilingualism in the United States Detailed List of Languages Spoken at Home for the Population 5 Years and Over by State : U.S. Census 2000 Foreign Languages in the U.S. About foreign languages and language learning in the United States How many indigenous American languages are spoken in the United States ? By how many speakers ? Native Languages of the Americas Ethnologue report for USA Linguistic map of the United States of America Modern Language Association Language Map Articles Related to Languages of the United States Languages of the United States Languages in italics are extinct . 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Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_the_United_States&oldid=836934062 '' Categories : Languages of the United States Languages of North America Demographics of the United States American culture Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from February 2008 CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2018 Use American English from May 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from May 2015 All articles with links needing disambiguation Articles with links needing disambiguation from April 2018 Articles needing POV - check from July 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2008 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing explicitly cited English - language text Articles needing additional references from August 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Bân - lâm - gú Български Brezhoneg Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Basa Jawa Latina Nederlands Русский Simple English Suomi தமிழ் Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 April 2018 , at 18 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what are the top 5 languages spoken in the us | [
"\nEnglish only – 237.8 million\nSpanish – 40.5 million\nChinese (including Mandarin and Cantonese) – 3.4 million\nTagalog (including Filipino) – 1.7 million\nVietnamese – 1.5 million\nArabic – 1.2 million\nFrench – 1.2 million\nKorean – 1.1 million\nRussian – 0.91 million\nGerman – 0.91 million\nHaitian Creole – 0.86 million\nHindi – 0.81 million\nPortuguese – 0.77 million\nItalian – 0.58 million\nPolish – 0.54 million\nUrdu – 0.47 million\nJapanese – 0.46 million\nPersian (including Farsi and Dari) – 0.44 million\nGujarati – 0.41 million\nTelugu – 0.37 million\nBengali – 0.32 million\nTai–Kadai (including Thai and Lao) – 0.31 million\nGreek – 0.29 million\nPunjabi – 0.29 million\nTamil – 0.27 million\nArmenian – 0.24 million\nSerbo-Croatian (including Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin, and Serbian) – 0.24 million\nHebrew – 0.23 million\nHmong – 0.22 million\nBantu (including Swahili) – 0.22 million\nKhmer – 0.20 million\nNavajo – 0.16 million\n",
"\nEnglish only – 237.8 million\nSpanish – 40.5 million\nChinese (including Mandarin and Cantonese) – 3.4 million\nTagalog (including Filipino) – 1.7 million\nVietnamese – 1.5 million\nArabic – 1.2 million\nFrench – 1.2 million\nKorean – 1.1 million\nRussian – 0.91 million\nGerman – 0.91 million\nHaitian Creole – 0.86 million\nHindi – 0.81 million\nPortuguese – 0.77 million\nItalian – 0.58 million\nPolish – 0.54 million\nUrdu – 0.47 million\nJapanese – 0.46 million\nPersian (including Farsi and Dari) – 0.44 million\nGujarati – 0.41 million\nTelugu – 0.37 million\nBengali – 0.32 million\nTai–Kadai (including Thai and Lao) – 0.31 million\nGreek – 0.29 million\nPunjabi – 0.29 million\nTamil – 0.27 million\nArmenian – 0.24 million\nSerbo-Croatian (including Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin, and Serbian) – 0.24 million\nHebrew – 0.23 million\nHmong – 0.22 million\nBantu (including Swahili) – 0.22 million\nKhmer – 0.20 million\nNavajo – 0.16 million\n",
"\nEnglish only – 237.8 million\nSpanish – 40.5 million\nChinese (including Mandarin and Cantonese) – 3.4 million\nTagalog (including Filipino) – 1.7 million\nVietnamese – 1.5 million\nArabic – 1.2 million\nFrench – 1.2 million\nKorean – 1.1 million\nRussian – 0.91 million\nGerman – 0.91 million\nHaitian Creole – 0.86 million\nHindi – 0.81 million\nPortuguese – 0.77 million\nItalian – 0.58 million\nPolish – 0.54 million\nUrdu – 0.47 million\nJapanese – 0.46 million\nPersian (including Farsi and Dari) – 0.44 million\nGujarati – 0.41 million\nTelugu – 0.37 million\nBengali – 0.32 million\nTai–Kadai (including Thai and Lao) – 0.31 million\nGreek – 0.29 million\nPunjabi – 0.29 million\nTamil – 0.27 million\nArmenian – 0.24 million\nSerbo-Croatian (including Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin, and Serbian) – 0.24 million\nHebrew – 0.23 million\nHmong – 0.22 million\nBantu (including Swahili) – 0.22 million\nKhmer – 0.20 million\nNavajo – 0.16 million\n",
"\nEnglish only – 237.8 million\nSpanish – 40.5 million\nChinese (including Mandarin and Cantonese) – 3.4 million\nTagalog (including Filipino) – 1.7 million\nVietnamese – 1.5 million\nArabic – 1.2 million\nFrench – 1.2 million\nKorean – 1.1 million\nRussian – 0.91 million\nGerman – 0.91 million\nHaitian Creole – 0.86 million\nHindi – 0.81 million\nPortuguese – 0.77 million\nItalian – 0.58 million\nPolish – 0.54 million\nUrdu – 0.47 million\nJapanese – 0.46 million\nPersian (including Farsi and Dari) – 0.44 million\nGujarati – 0.41 million\nTelugu – 0.37 million\nBengali – 0.32 million\nTai–Kadai (including Thai and Lao) – 0.31 million\nGreek – 0.29 million\nPunjabi – 0.29 million\nTamil – 0.27 million\nArmenian – 0.24 million\nSerbo-Croatian (including Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin, and Serbian) – 0.24 million\nHebrew – 0.23 million\nHmong – 0.22 million\nBantu (including Swahili) – 0.22 million\nKhmer – 0.20 million\nNavajo – 0.16 million\n",
"\nEnglish only – 237.8 million\nSpanish – 40.5 million\nChinese (including Mandarin and Cantonese) – 3.4 million\nTagalog (including Filipino) – 1.7 million\nVietnamese – 1.5 million\nArabic – 1.2 million\nFrench – 1.2 million\nKorean – 1.1 million\nRussian – 0.91 million\nGerman – 0.91 million\nHaitian Creole – 0.86 million\nHindi – 0.81 million\nPortuguese – 0.77 million\nItalian – 0.58 million\nPolish – 0.54 million\nUrdu – 0.47 million\nJapanese – 0.46 million\nPersian (including Farsi and Dari) – 0.44 million\nGujarati – 0.41 million\nTelugu – 0.37 million\nBengali – 0.32 million\nTai–Kadai (including Thai and Lao) – 0.31 million\nGreek – 0.29 million\nPunjabi – 0.29 million\nTamil – 0.27 million\nArmenian – 0.24 million\nSerbo-Croatian (including Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin, and Serbian) – 0.24 million\nHebrew – 0.23 million\nHmong – 0.22 million\nBantu (including Swahili) – 0.22 million\nKhmer – 0.20 million\nNavajo – 0.16 million\n"
] | [
"English",
"Spanish",
"Chinese",
"Tagalog",
"Vietnamese"
] |
8639701427393876538 | Bank of England £5 note | Bank of England £ 5 note - wikipedia Bank of England £ 5 note Jump to : navigation , search An automated process has detected links on this page on the local or global blacklist . If the links are appropriate you may request whitelisting by following these instructions ; otherwise consider removing or replacing them with more appropriate links . ( To hide this tag , set the `` invisible '' field to `` true '' ) List of blacklisted links : ( show ) https://michaelkitson.files.wordpress.com/2013/02/kitson-gold-standard-june-2012.pdf Triggered by \ bfiles \. wordpress \. com \ b on the global blacklist `` £ 5 '' and `` £ 5 note '' redirect here . For other uses , see List of £ 5 . Five pounds ( United Kingdom ) Value £ 5 Width 125 mm Height 65 mm Security features See - through window , finely detailed metallic image , coloured border which changes from purple to green when the note is tilted , silver foil patch , microlettering , textured print Paper type Polymer Years of printing 1793 - present Obverse Design Queen Elizabeth II Design date 13 September 2016 Reverse Design Winston Churchill Design date 13 September 2016 The Bank of England £ 5 note , also known as a fiver , is a banknote of the pound sterling . It is the smallest denomination of banknote issued by the Bank of England . In September 2016 , a new polymer note was introduced , featuring the image of Queen Elizabeth II on the obverse and a portrait of Winston Churchill on the reverse . The old paper note , first issued in 2002 and bearing the image of prison reformer Elizabeth Fry on the reverse , was phased out and ceased to be legal tender after 5 May 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Restriction period 1.3 Move away from gold standard 1.4 2002 Varnish Issue 1.5 Moving to polymer 1.5. 1 Controversy 2 Design 2.1 List of historical designs 2.2 Current designs 3 Circulation 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Introduction ( edit ) Five pound notes ( £ 5 ) were introduced by the Bank of England in 1793 , following the ten pound note which had been introduced in 1759 as a consequence of gold shortages caused by the Seven Years ' War . The 5 pound note was introduced again , due to gold shortages caused by the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars and was the lowest denomination of note issued until 1797 . The earliest notes were handwritten and were issued to individuals as needed . These notes were written on one side only and bore the name of the payee , the date and the signature of the issuing cashier . Restriction period ( edit ) In 1797 , due to the extra money need to fund the war and the uncertainty caused as Britain declared war on France , a series of bank runs drained the Bank of England of its gold supply . The Bank was forced to stop exchanging gold for notes and to issue notes of £ 1 and £ 2 denominations . This was known as the ' restriction period ' , as the exchange of notes for their value in gold was restricted . The Restriction Period ended in 1821 as the Government had to anchor the value of the currency to gold in order to control sharply rising inflation and national debt . After a brief period to offset any sudden deflation , the UK returned to the gold standard on 1 May 1821 . These notes could again be exchanged in full , or in part , for an equivalent amount of gold when presented at the bank . If redeemed in part , the banknote would be marked to indicate the amount that had been redeemed . From 1853 printed notes replaced handwritten notes , with the declaration `` I promise to pay the bearer on demand the sum of five pounds '' replacing the name of the payee . This declaration remains on Bank of England banknotes to this day . A printed signature of one of three cashiers appeared on the printed notes , though this was replaced by the signature of the Chief Cashier from 1870 onward . Move away from gold standard ( edit ) A white £ 5 note , issued in 1935 The right to redeem banknotes for gold ceased in 1931 , when Britain stopped using the gold standard . Metal thread was introduced on the £ 5 note in 1945 as a security feature . The printed black and white notes were replaced from 1957 onward by new , two - sided notes . The first two - sided £ 5 notes ( series B) were blue and featured a bust of Britannia on the front and a lion on the back . Series C notes , first introduced in 1963 , were the first notes to feature an image of the monarch on the front , with Britannia being relegated to the back . From 1971 onward , with the introduction of series D , a British historical figure was portrayed on the reverse : the soldier and statesman the Duke of Wellington in this case . Series E notes , first issued in 1990 , are multicoloured , although they are predominantly turquoise - blue . These notes feature a portrait of railway pioneer George Stephenson , as well as for the first time ' windowed ' metal thread ; this thread appears as a dashed line , yet forms a single line when held up to the light . 2002 varnish issue ( edit ) In 2002 , a problem was identified in which the serial numbers could be rubbed off of some notes . The problem was highlighted after six members of the public complained to The Bank of England ; the notes were stopped being distributed by the banks as of request by the Bank of England as well the Post Offices to stop issuing the new £ 5 notes . The Bank said the move was a `` precautionary measure while we carry out further tests and investigative work into what might have caused the fault and how widespread the problem is '' . The bank consequently did rigorous testing and found the problem to be that the serial numbers were printed over the varnish rather than under it allowing the ink to be removed if enough force was applied . The Bank started to varnish the notes in an attempt to make them last longer than previous notes which only had an estimated lifespan of nine months . A spokesman for the Bank of England said : `` The notes are still legal tender and the public should n't have a problem spending them in the shops . As long as shopkeepers check the anti-counterfeit measures , then the lack of serial numbers is not a problem . `` If members of the public are concerned , then they should take the notes back to the bank where they will be exchanged . '' Moving to polymer ( edit ) In April 2013 Sir Mervyn King announced on behalf of the bank that Elizabeth Fry would be replaced by Winston Churchill on the next £ 5 note which would enter circulation in 2016 . It was also announced that the images featured on the reverse would include a 1941 portrait of Churchill by Yusuf Karsh , a view of the Houses of Parliament , a quote by Churchill ( `` I have nothing to offer but blood , toil , tears and sweat '' ) and a background image of Churchill 's Nobel Prize in Literature , while the obverse would feature an image of Queen Elizabeth II . In December 2013 the Bank of England announced that the next £ 5 note would be printed on a polymer , rather than cotton paper . The bank cited that they would be `` cleaner , more secure and more durable '' . It was also said that the new polymer notes would be more environmentally friendly , lasting 2.5 times as long as cotton paper notes , according to the Bank 's own environmental testing . The note was introduced on 13 September 2016 , with an initial print run of 440 million notes ( worth £ 2.2 billion ) , over the period of co-circulation . It was announced that there would be a co-circulatory period with the old series E notes , and then on 5 May 2017 , the series E would cease to be legal tender . However , as with all Bank of England notes , they can be exchanged at face value at any time in the future . Controversy ( edit ) In November 2016 there was controversy when the Bank of England confirmed that the new notes contain traces of tallow in the new notes . According to an online petition on this issue , this is unacceptable to vegans , vegetarians , Hindus , Sikhs , Jains and other groups in the UK , and one Cambridge cafe boycotted the new note . The note 's manufacturer , Innovia Security , is looking into changing the recipe for the polymer used , so as to contain no animal products , which are added to polymer pellets at an early stage of production . However , on 10 August 2017 the Bank of England announced that all future notes , including future £ 5 note prints would continue the use of traces of tallow . Design ( edit ) List of historical designs ( edit ) Note First issued Last issued Ceased to be legal tender Colour Size Design Additional information White ( 1793 ) 1793 1944 1 March 1946 Monochrome ( printed on one side only ) 200mm x 113mm ( may vary ) White ( 1945 ) 1945 1957 13 March 1961 Monochrome ( printed on one side only ) 211mm x 133mm Incorporated metal thread for first time : permanent feature until the series G polymer note Series B 21 February 1957 1963 27 June 1967 Blue 158mm x 90mm Front : Helmeted Britannia Back : Lion Saint George and the Dragon , with Britannia on the front Series C 21 February 1963 1971 31 August 1973 Blue 140mm x 85mm Front : Queen Elizabeth II Back : Seated Britannia First £ 5 note to carry portrait of monarch Series D 11 November 1971 29 November 1991 Predominantly blue 145mm x 78mm Front : Queen Elizabeth II Back : Duke of Wellington Series E 7 June 1990 July 2002 21 November 2003 Multicoloured ( predominantly turquoise - blue ) 135mm x 70mm Front : Queen Elizabeth II Back : George Stephenson Notes issued from March 1993 featured the denomination symbol `` £ 5 '' in bolder colours Series E ( variant ) 21 May 2002 2016 5 May 2017 Multicoloured ( predominantly green ) 135mm x 70mm Front : Queen Elizabeth II Back : Elizabeth Fry Series G ( polymer ) 13 September 2016 Multicoloured ( greeny - blue ) 125mm x 65mm Front : Queen Elizabeth II Back : Winston Churchill First Bank of England note in polymer Sources from the Bank of England : Current designs ( edit ) The series G ( polymer ) note is the only £ 5 note that is currently legal tender . The old paper series E was withdrawn , following a co-circulation period with both notes being legal tender which ended on 5 May 2017 . Circulation ( edit ) The Bank of England is responsible for printing and issuing notes to ensure a smooth monetary supply across the United Kingdom . It reports the number of notes in circulation at any given time . As of the end of February 2016 , there were £ 1,645,000,000 worth of £ 5 notes in circulation , which is equivalent to 329,000,000 individual notes . Year Value of notes ( £ ) Number in circulation 1,025,000,000 205,000,000 2005 1,054,000,000 211,000,000 2006 1,051,000,000 210,000,000 2007 1,100,000,000 220,000,000 2008 1,242,000,000 248,000,000 2009 1,342,000,000 260,000,000 1,245,000,000 249,000,000 2011 1,355,000,000 271,000,000 2012 1,477,000,000 295,000,000 2013 1,526,000,000 305,000,000 2014 1,540,000,000 308,000,000 2015 1,601,000,000 320,000,000 2016 1,645,000,000 329,000,000 Table sources from the Bank of England Statistics See also ( edit ) Bank of England note issues Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Data is for the newer polymer series G banknote . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ £ 5 note : Deadline looms for digging out old paper fivers BBC ( www.bbc.com ) 4 May 2017 . Retrieved on 5 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Chan , Szu Ping ( 10 September 2016 ) . `` History of British Banknotes '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 6 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Allen , Katie ( 10 September 2013 ) . `` Banknotes : A Short History '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 6 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BBC - A History of the World - Object : 1793 £ 5 Note '' . www.bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 6 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Dunn , Daisy . `` From Paper to the 5 pound polymer '' . The Spectator . Retrieved 6 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Crosby , Mark . `` The Bank Restriction Act ( 1797 ) and Banknote Forgery '' . Branch Collective . Jump up ^ Morgan , Edward Victor ( 1943 ) . The Theory and Practice of Central Banking , 1797 - 1913 . CUP . Jump up ^ Newby , Elisa ( 2007 ) . `` The Suspension of cash payments as a monetary reigime '' ( PDF ) . Centre for Dynamic Macroeconomic Analysis . The University of St. Andrews . ^ Jump up to : `` A brief history of banknotes '' . Bank of England . Retrieved 27 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Kitson , Michael ( 2012 ) . `` End of an Epoch : Britain 's Withdrawal from the Gold Standard '' ( PDF ) . University of Cambridge . Retrieved 11 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Withdrawn banknotes reference guide '' ( PDF ) . Bank of England . Retrieved 27 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bank suspends new £ 5 notes '' . news.bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ Moore , By Malcolm . `` New fiver 's numbers can rub off '' . Telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ King , Mervyn ( 26 April 2016 ) . `` Speech from Mervyn King on New 5 Pound Note Character '' ( PDF ) . Bank of England . Retrieved 6 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Winston Churchill to feature on new banknote '' . BBC News . Retrieved 27 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` News Release - Sir Winston Churchill : the historical figure on the next banknote '' . Bank of England . 26 April 2013 . Retrieved 6 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New banknotes to be printed on polymer '' . Bank of England . Retrieved 27 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Why Polymer '' . Bank of England . Retrieved 6 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Life Cycle Assessment of Paper and Polymer Notes '' ( PDF ) . Bank of England . 6 September 2013 . Retrieved 6 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The New Fiver is issued today - Bank of England '' . Bank of England . Jump up ^ Butterly , Ameilia ( 13 September 2016 ) . `` New polymer £ 5 note is out today - here 's where you 're likely to see it first '' . BBC Newsbeat . Retrieved 24 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Polymer FAQ '' . Bank of England . Retrieved 6 December 2016 . How long can I continue to use paper £ 5 notes ? You can continue to use the paper £ 5 note until its legal tender status is withdrawn on 5 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bank of England urged to make new £ 5 note vegan - friendly '' . The Guardian . 29 November 2016 . Retrieved 29 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Petroff , Alanna ( 29 November 2016 ) . `` The U.K. 's new £ 5 notes contain animal fat '' . CNNMoney . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Cambridge Rainbow vegetarian cafe refuses new £ 5 note - BBC News '' . BBC Online . 3 December 2016 . Retrieved 3 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bank Of England 's Note Supplier Working On ' Potential Solutions ' To Animal Fat Fivers '' . The Huffington Post . 1 December 2016 . Retrieved 22 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Butler , Katie ( 1 December 2016 ) . `` Bank of England will look at making new fivers vegan - friendly '' . Manchester Evening News . Retrieved 22 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Peachey , Kevin ( 2017 - 08 - 10 ) . `` Animal fat to stay in future banknotes , Bank of England concludes '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The New Fiver '' . Bank of England . Retrieved 2 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` What we do - Banknotes '' . Bank of England . Retrieved 22 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Banknote Statistics '' . Bank of England . Retrieved 22 December 2016 . External links ( edit ) Bank of England website ( hide ) Banknotes of the pound sterling England and Wales Bank of England Current £ 5 £ 10 £ 20 £ 50 Obsolete 10 / - £ 1 Scotland Bank of Scotland £ 5 £ 10 £ 20 £ 50 £ 100 The Royal Bank of Scotland £ 1 £ 5 £ 10 £ 20 £ 50 £ 100 Clydesdale Bank £ 5 £ 10 £ 20 £ 50 £ 100 Northern Ireland Bank of Ireland £ 5 £ 10 £ 20 £ 50 £ 100 Danske Bank / Northern Bank Current £ 5 £ 10 £ 20 Obsolete £ 50 £ 100 First Trust Bank £ 10 £ 20 £ 50 £ 100 Ulster Bank £ 5 £ 10 £ 20 £ 50 £ 100 British Crown Dependencies Guernsey pound Jersey pound Manx pound British Overseas Territories ( at parity with Sterling ) Gibraltar pound Falkland Islands pound Saint Helena pound See also Pound sterling Coins of the pound sterling Economy of the United Kingdom Sterling area Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bank_of_England_ £ 5_note&oldid = 818943867 '' Categories : Banknotes of England Five - base - unit banknotes 1793 introductions Hidden categories : Tagged pages containing blacklisted links Use dmy dates from May 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 January 2018 , at 14 : 22 . About Wikipedia | who is on the back of a £5 note | [
"The Bank of England £5 note, also known as a fiver, is a banknote of the pound sterling. It is the smallest denomination of banknote issued by the Bank of England. In September 2016, a new polymer note was introduced, featuring the image of Queen Elizabeth II on the obverse and a portrait of Winston Churchill on the reverse. The old paper note, first issued in 2002 and bearing the image of prison reformer Elizabeth Fry on the reverse, was phased out and ceased to be legal tender after 5 May 2017.[1]"
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"Winston Churchill"
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-7872371234829639950 | First Brazilian Republic | First Brazilian Republic - Wikipedia First Brazilian Republic This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in Portuguese . ( September 2011 ) Click ( show ) for important translation instructions . View a machine - translated version of the Portuguese article . Google 's machine translation is a useful starting point for translations , but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate , rather than simply copy - pasting machine - translated text into the English Wikipedia . Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low - quality . If possible , verify the text with references provided in the foreign - language article . You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation . A model attribution edit summary ( using German ) : Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at ( ( : de : Exact name of German article ) ) ; see its history for attribution . You should also add the template ( ( Translated pt República Velha ) ) to the talk page . For more guidance , see Wikipedia : Translation . Republic of the United States of Brazil República dos Estados Unidos do Brasil 1889 -- 1930 Flag Coat of arms Motto Ordem e Progresso `` Order and Progress '' Anthem Hino Nacional Brasileiro `` Brazilian National Anthem '' Brazil at its largest territorial extent , including Acre Capital Rio de Janeiro Languages Portuguese Government Military dictatorship ( 1889 - 1894 ) Oligarchic federal presidential republic ( 1894 - 1930 ) President 1889 -- 1891 Marshal Deodoro da Fonseca ( first ) 1926 -- 1930 Washington Luís ( last ) Legislature National Congress Upper house Senate Lower house Chamber of Deputies Historical era 19th -- 20th century Proclamation of the Republic 15 November 1889 Adoption of the Republic 's Constitution 24 February 1891 Revolta da Armada 1893 - 1894 Federalist Riograndense Revolution 1893 - 1895 End of Sword 's Dictatorship 15 November 1894 Revolution of 1930 3 November 1930 Area 1903 8,515,767 km ( 3,287,956 sq mi ) Population 1890 est . 14,333,915 1900 est . 17,438,434 1920 est . 30,635,605 Currency Real Preceded by Succeeded by Empire of Brazil Vargas Era Part of a series on the History of Brazil Pre-Cabraline ( show ) Luzia Indigenous peoples Marajoara culture Colonial Brazil ( show ) Discovery Letter of Pêro Vaz de Caminha Treaty of Tordesillas Captaincies Bandeirantes Slave Trade France Antarctique France Equinoxiale Quilombo dos Palmares Dutch Brazil Battle of Rio de Janeiro Jesuit reductions War of the Emboabas Mascate War Guaraní War Gold Rush Inconfidência Mineira United Kingdom with Portugal ( show ) Transfer of the Portuguese Court to Brazil Pernambucan Revolt Conquest of French Guiana Conquest of the Banda Oriental Independence ( show ) Declaration of Independence War of Independence Empire of Brazil ( show ) Dom Pedro I Constitution of 1824 and the 1834 Additional Act Night of Agony Confederation of the Equator Cisplatine War Irish and German Mercenary Soldiers ' Revolt Regency April Revolt Malê Revolt Cabanagem Ragamuffin War Balaiada Dom Pedro II Liberal rebellions of 1842 Praieira revolt Eusébio de Queirós Law Platine War Uruguayan War Paraguayan War Grande Seca Religious Question Revolt of the Muckers Abolition of Slavery Old Republic ( show ) Proclamation of the Republic Café com leite politics Coronelismo Amazon rubber boom Federalist Riograndense Revolution Revolta da Armada War of Canudos Vaccine Revolt Annexation of Acre Contestado War World War I Revolt of the Lash Tenente revolts 18 of the Copacabana Fort revolt Coluna Prestes Vargas Era ( show ) Revolution of 1930 Constitutionalist Revolution Integralism Estado Novo World War II Second Republic ( show ) Construction of Brasília Plano Trienal Military rule ( show ) 1964 Brazilian coup d'état AI - 5 Araguaia Guerrilla War March of the One Hundred Thousand Brazilian Miracle Diretas Já New Republic ( show ) Lost Decade Brazilian Constituent Assembly Plano Collor Impeachment of Fernando Collor 1993 Constitutional referendum Plano Real 2005 firearms and ammunition referendum Mensalão and Petrolão scandals Car Wash investigation Impeachment of Dilma Rousseff Years in Brazil ( show ) Years in Brazil Timeline ( show ) Timeline of Brazilian history Brazil portal The First Brazilian Republic or República Velha ( Portuguese pronunciation : ( ʁeˈpublikɐ ˈvɛʎɐ ) , `` Old Republic '' ) is the period of Brazilian history from 1889 to 1930 . The República Velha ended with the Brazilian Revolution of 1930 that installed Getúlio Vargas as a dictator . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Rule of the landed oligarchies 3 Latifúndio economies 4 Brazil in World War I 4.1 Preceding 4.2 War 5 Demographic changes 6 Developments under the Old Republic 7 Struggle for reform 8 Notes 9 Bibliography 10 External links Overview ( edit ) The Proclamation of the Republic , by Benedito Calixto . On November 15 , 1889 Marshal Deodoro da Fonseca deposed Emperor Dom Pedro II , declared Brazil a republic , and reorganized the government . First Brazilian flag after empire 's fall , created by Ruy Barbosa , used between November 15th and 19th of 1889 . From 1889 to 1930 , the government was a constitutional democracy , but democracy was nominal . In reality , the elections were rigged , voters in rural areas were pressured or induced to vote for the chosen candidates of their bosses ( see coronelismo ) and , if all those methods did not work , the election results could still be changed by one sided decisions of Congress ' verification of powers commission ( election authorities in the República Velha were not independent from the executive and the Legislature , dominated by the ruling oligarchs ) . This system resulted in the presidency of Brazil alternating between the oligarchies of the dominant states of São Paulo and Minas Gerais . This regime is often referred to as `` café com leite '' , ' coffee with milk ' , after the respective agricultural products of the two states . This period ended with a military coup that placed Getúlio Vargas , a civilian , in the presidency ; Vargas remained as dictator until 1945 . The Brazilian republic was not an ideological offspring of the republics born of the French or American Revolutions , although the Brazilian regime would attempt to associate itself with both . The republic did not have enough popular support to risk open elections . It was a regime born of a coup d'état that maintained itself by force . The republicans made Deodoro president ( 1889 -- 91 ) and , after a financial crisis , appointed Field Marshal Floriano Vieira Peixoto Minister of War to ensure the allegiance of the military . Rule of the landed oligarchies ( edit ) The officers who joined Field Marshal Deodoro da Fonseca in ending the Empire had made an oath to uphold it . The officer corps would eventually resolve the contradiction by linking its duty to Brazil itself , rather than to transitory governments . The Republic was born rather accidentally : Deodoro had intended only to replace the cabinet , but the republicans manipulated him into founding a republic . The history of the Old Republic was dominated by a quest for a viable form of government to replace the monarchy . This quest lurched back and forth between state autonomy and centralization . The constitution of 1891 , establishing the United States of Brazil ( Estados Unidos do Brasil ) , granted extensive autonomy to the provinces , now called States . The Federal system was adopted , and all powers not granted in the Constitution to the Federal Government belonged to the States . It recognized that the central government did not rule at the local level . The Empire of Brazil had not absorbed fully the regional pátrias , and now they reasserted themselves . Into the 1920s , the federal government in Rio de Janeiro was dominated and managed by a combination of the more powerful states of São Paulo , Minas Gerais , Rio Grande do Sul and to a lesser extent Pernambuco , and Bahia . As a result , the history of the outset of republic in Brazil is also the story of the development of the Army as a national regulatory and interventionist institution . The sudden elimination of the monarchy reduced the number of masterful national institutions to one , the Army . Although the Roman Catholic Church continued its presence throughout the country , it was not national but rather international in its personnel , doctrine , liturgy , and purposes . The Army assumed this new position not haphazardly , occupying in the conservative national economical elites ' heart , part of the vacuum left by the monarchy with slavery abolition , and gradually acquiring support to its de facto role , eclipsing even other military institutions , like the Navy and the National Guard . The Navy attempts to prevent such hegemony were defeated militarily during the early 1890s . Although it had more units and men in Rio de Janeiro and Rio Grande do Sul than elsewhere , the Army 's presence was felt throughout the country . Its personnel , its interests , its ideology , and its commitments were national in scope . In the last decades of the 19th century , the United States , much of Europe , and neighboring Argentina expanded the right to vote . Brazil , however , moved to restrict access to the polls . In 1874 , in a population of about 10 million , the franchise was held by about one million , but in 1881 this had been cut to 145,296 . This reduction was one reason the Empire 's legitimacy foundered , but the Republic did not move to correct the situation . By 1910 there were only 627,000 voters in a population of 22 million . Throughout the 1920s , only between 2.3 % and 3.4 % of the total population could vote . The instability and violence of the 1890s were related to the absence of consensus among the elites regarding a governmental model ; and the armed forces were divided over their status , relationship to the political regime , and institutional goals . The lack of military unity and the disagreement among civilian elites about the military 's role in society explain partially why a long - term military dictatorship was not established , as some officers advocating positivism wanted . However , military men were very active in politics ; early in the decade , ten of the twenty state governors were officers . Constitution of the United States of Brazil , 1891 . National Archives of Brazil . The Constituent Assembly that drew up the constitution of 1891 was a battleground between those seeking to limit executive power , which was dictatorial in scope under President Deodoro da Fonseca , and the Jacobins , radical authoritarians who opposed the paulista coffee oligarchy and who wanted to preserve and intensify presidential authority . The new charter established a federation governed supposedly by a president , a bicameral National Congress ( Congresso Nacional ; hereafter , Congress ) , and a judiciary . However , real power was in the regional pátrias and in the hands of local potentates , called `` colonels . '' There was the constitutional system , and there was the real system of unwritten agreements ( coronelismo ) among local bosses , the colonels . Coronelismo , which supported state autonomy , was called the `` politics of the governors '' . Under it , the local oligarchies chose the state governors , who in turn selected the president . This informal but real distribution of power emerged , the so - called politics of the governors , to take shape as the result of armed struggles and bargaining . The populous and prosperous states of Minas Gerais and São Paulo dominated the system and swapped the presidency between them for many years . The system consolidated the state oligarchies around families that had been members of the old monarchical elite . And to check the nationalizing tendencies of the army , this oligarchic republic and its state components strengthened the navy and the state police . In the larger states , the state police were soon turned into small armies . The Head of the Brazilian army ordered that it would doubled so they could defend them . Latifúndio economies ( edit ) Around the start of the 20th century , the vast majority of the population lived in communities , though accumulating capitalist surpluses for overseas export , that were essentially semi-feudal in structure . Because of the legacy of Ibero - American slavery , abolished as late as 1888 in Brazil , there was an extreme concentration of such landownership reminiscent of feudal aristocracies : 464 great landowners held more than 270,000 km2 of land ( latifúndios ) , while 464,000 small and medium - sized farms occupied only 157,000 km2 . After the Second Industrial Revolution in the advanced countries , Latin America responded to mounting European and North American demand for primary products and foodstuffs . A few key export products -- coffee , sugar , and cotton -- thus dominated agriculture . Because of specialization , Brazilian producers neglected domestic consumption , forcing the country to import four - fifths of its grain needs . Like most of Latin America , the economy around the start of the 20th century , as a result , rested on certain cash crops produced by the fazendeiros , large estate owners exporting primary products overseas who headed their own patriarchal communities . Each typical fazenda ( estate ) included the owner 's chaplain and overseers , his indigent peasants , his sharecroppers , and his indentured servants . Brazil 's dependence on factory - made goods and loans from the technologically , economically , and politically superior North Atlantic retarded its domestic industrial base . Farm equipment was primitive and largely non-mechanized ; peasants tilled the land with hoes and cleared the soil through the inefficient slash - and - burn method . Meanwhile , living standards were generally squalid . Malnutrition , parasitic diseases , and lack of medical facilities limited the average life span in 1920 to twenty - eight years . Without an open market , Brazilian industry could not compete , within a comparative advantage system , against the technologically superior Anglo - American economies . In this context the Encilhamento ( a Boom & Bust process that first intensified , and then crashed , in the years between 1889 and 1891 ) occurred , the consequences of which were felt in all areas of the Brazilian economy throughout the subsequent decades . The middle class was not yet active in political life . The patron - client political machines of the countryside enabled the coffee oligarchs to dominate state structures to their advantage , particularly the weak central state structures that effectively devolved power to local agrarian oligarchies . Known as coronelismo , this was a classic boss system under which the control of patronage was centralized in the hands of a locally dominant oligarch known as a coronel , who would dispense favors in return for loyalty . Thus , high illiteracy rates went hand in hand with the absence of universal suffrage by secret ballot and the demand for a free press , independent from the then dominant economic influence . In regions where there was not even the telegraph , far from major centers , the news could take 4 to 6 weeks longer to arrive . In those circumstances , for lack of alternatives , along the last decade of the 19th century and the first of the 20th , a free press created by European immigrant anarchists started to develop , and , due to non-segregated conformation ( ethnically speaking ) of Brazilian society , spread widely , particularly in large cities . Main article : coronelismo During this period , Brazil did not have a significantly integrated national economy . Rather , Brazil had a grouping of regional economies that exported their own specialty products to European and North American markets . The absence of a big internal market with overland transportation , except for the mule trains , impeded internal economic integration , political cohesion and military efficiency . The regions , `` the Brazils '' as the British called them , moved to their own rhythms . The Northeast exported its surplus cheap labor and saw its political influence decline as its sugar lost foreign markets to Caribbean producers . The wild rubber boom in Amazônia lost its world primacy to efficient Southeast Asian colonial plantations after 1912 . The national - oriented market economies of the South were not dramatic , but their growth was steady and by the 1920s allowed Rio Grande do Sul to exercise considerable political leverage . Real power resided in the coffee - growing states of the Southeast -- São Paulo , Minas Gerais , and Rio de Janeiro -- which produced the most export revenue . Those three and Rio Grande do Sul harvested 60 % of Brazil 's crops , turned out 75 % of its industrial and meat products , and held 80 % of its banking resources . Brazil in world War I ( edit ) Preceding ( edit ) See also : South American dreadnought race Following the Declaration of the Republic in 1889 , there were many political and social rebellions that had to be subdued by the regime , such as the Two Naval Revolts ( 1891 & 1893 -- 94 ) , the Federalist Rebellion ( 1893 -- 95 ) , War of Canudos ( 1896 -- 97 ) , Vaccine Revolt ( 1904 ) , Revolt of the Whip ( 1910 ) and the Revolt of Juazeiro ( `` Sedição de Juazeiro '' , 1914 ) . Therefore , with the onset of World War I , Brazilian elites were interested in studying the events of the Mexican Revolution with more attention than those related to the War in Europe . By 1915 it was also clear that the Brazilian elites were dedicated to making sure Brazil followed a conservative political path , meaning they were unwilling to embark upon courses of action , whether domestically ( i.e. adopting the secret ballot and universal suffrage ) or in foreign affairs ( making alliances or long - term commitments ) , that could have unpredictable consequences and potentially risk the social , economic and political positions held by the Brazilian elite . This course of conduct would extend throughout the 20th century , an isolationist foreign policy interspersed with sporadic automatic alignments against `` disturbing elements of peace and international trade '' In August 1916 , after almost four years , another rebellion , the Contestado War ended . Since the end of the 19th century , many immigrants from Europe had arrived , and with them came communist and anarchist ideas , which created problems for the very conservative regime of large estate owners ( aka `` Café com Leite '' republic ) . With the growth , masses of industrial workers became unhappy with the system and began engaging in massive protests , mostly in São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro . After a General Strike in 1917 the government attempted to brutally repress the labor movement in order to prevent new movements from beginning . This repression , supported by legislation , was very effective in preventing the formation of real free labor unions . Ruy Barbosa was the main opposition leader , campaigning for internal political changes . He also stated that due to the natural conflict between Brazilian commercial interests and the Central Powers 's strategic ones ( demonstrated for example in the German submarine campaign as well as in the Ottoman control over the Middle East ) , Brazilian involvement in the war would be inevitable . So he advised that the most logical way to proceed would be to follow the United States , which was working for a peace agreement but as the same time since the sinking of the RMS Lusitania was also preparing for war . War ( edit ) Main article : Brazil during World War I President Venceslau Brás declares war against the Central Powers in October 1917 . There were two main lines of thought regarding Brazil 's joining of the war : One , led by Ruy Barbosa called for joining the Entente ; another side worried about the notices of bloody and unfruitful fighting in trenches , nurturing critical and pacifist feelings in the urban worker classes . Therefore , Brazil remained neutral in World War I until 1917 . But internal problems , aggravated by denunciations of corruption created the need for then president Venceslau Brás to deviate attention , something that could be accomplished by focusing on an external enemy to eventually take advantage of a sense of patriotism . During 1917 , the sinking of Brazilian civilian ships by the German Navy off the French coast created such opportunity . On October 26 the government declared war on the Central Powers ; Germany , Austria - Hungary , and Ottoman Empire . Soon after , the capture of ships from those countries that were on Brazilian coast was ordered and three small military groups were dispatched to the western front . The first one consisted of medical staff from the Army , the second consisted of sergeants and officers , also from the Army , and the third group consisted of military aviators , both of Army and Navy . These groups were attached respectively : the Army 's members to French Army and the Navy 's aviators to British Royal Air Force . By 1918 all three groups were already in action in France . By that time Brazil had also sent a Naval fleet , the DNOG ( acronym in Portuguese for Naval Division in War Operations ) , commanded by Pedro Max Frontin to join the Allies ' Naval Forces in the Mediterranean . However , during 1918 , the turbulent social situation that generated in protests against the military recruitment plus the repercussion of then events in Russia only strengthened the provision of the Brazilian elites to remain obstinate with its doctrine of minimal involvement in international conflicts . In addition , the devastating advent of Spanish flu , amongst other reasons , meant that Venceslau Brás ' administration in the end of its Term of office , refrained from getting involved more deeply in the war . Finally , the end of the war in November 1918 , prevented even the government that succeeded the Venceslas Bras , could carry out its plan for war . Despite its modest participation , Brazil gained the right to partake in the Versailles conference . Demographic changes ( edit ) From 1875 until 1960 , about five million Europeans emigrated to Brazil , settling mainly in the four southern states of São Paulo , Paraná , Santa Catarina , and Rio Grande do Sul . Immigrants came mainly from Portugal , Italy , Germany , Spain , Japan , Poland , and the Middle East . The world 's largest Japanese community outside Japan is in São Paulo . Indigenous full - blooded Indians , located mainly in the northern and western border regions and in the upper Amazon Basin , constitute less than 1 % of the population . Their numbers are declining as contact with the outside world and commercial expansion into the interior increase . Brazilian Government programs to establish reservations and to provide other forms of assistance have existed for years but are controversial and often ineffective . The plurality of Brazilians are of mixed African , European , and Indian lineage . Immigration increased industrialization and urbanization in Brazil . Developments under the Old Republic ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Demographic changes and structural shifts in the economy , however , threatened the primacy of the agrarian oligarchies . Under the Old Republic ( 1889 -- 1930 ) , the growth of the urban middle sectors , though retarded by dependency and entrenched oligarchy , was eventually strong enough to propel itself to the forefront of Brazilian political life . In time , growing trade , commerce , and industry in São Paulo undermined the domination of the republic 's politics by the landed gentries of that state ( dominated by the coffee industry ) and Minas Gerais , dominated by dairy interests , known then by observers as the politics of café com leite ; ' coffee with milk ' . President Artur Bernardes ( 1922 - 1926 ) and ministers of state , 1922 . National Archives of Brazil . Long before the first revolts of the urban middle classes to seize power from the coffee oligarchs in the 1920s , however , Brazil 's intelligentsia , influenced by the tenets of European positivism , and farsighted agro-capitalists , dreamed of forging a modern , industrialized society -- the `` world power of the future '' . This sentiment was later nurtured throughout the Vargas years and under successive populist governments before the 1964 military junta repudiated Brazilian populism . Although such lofty visionaries were somewhat ineffectual under the Old Republic ( 1889 -- 1930 ) , the structural changes in the Brazilian economy opened up by the Great War strengthened these demands . The outbreak of World War I in August 1914 was the turning point for the dynamic urban sectors . Temporarily abating Britain 's overseas economic connections with Brazil , the war was an impetus for domestic manufacturing because of the unavailability of British imports . These structural shifts in the Brazilian economy helped to increase the ranks of the new urban middle classes . Meanwhile , Brazil 's manufacturers and those employed by them enjoyed these gains at the expense of the agrarian oligarchies . Coffee being a nonessential though habit - forming product which affords it a measure of stability and resilience , world demand declined sharply . The central government , dominated by rural gentries , responded to falling world coffee demand by bailing out the oligarchs , reinstating the soon - to - be disastrous valorization program . Sixteen years later , world coffee demand plunged even more precipitously with the Great Depression . Valorization , government intervention to maintain coffee prices by withholding stocks from the market or restricting plantings , then proved to be unsustainable , incapable of curbing insurmountable decline in coffee prices in world markets . By World War I , the reinstatement of government price supports foreshadowed the vulnerability of Brazil 's coffee oligarchy to the Great Depression . Paradoxically , economic crisis spurred industrialization and a resultant boost to the urban middle and working classes . The depressed coffee sector freed up the capital and labor needed for manufacturing finished goods . A chronically adverse balance of trade and declining rate of exchange against foreign currencies was also helpful ; Brazilian goods were simply cheaper in the Brazilian market . The state of São Paulo , with its relatively large capital - base , large immigrant population from Southern and Eastern Europe , and wealth of natural resources , led the trend , eclipsing Rio de Janeiro as center of Brazilian industry . Industrial production , though concentrated in light industry ( food processing , small shops , and textiles ) doubled during the war , and the number of enterprises ( which stood at about 3,000 in 1908 ) grew by 5,940 between 1915 and 1918 . The war was also a stimulus for the diversification of agriculture . Growing wartime demand of the Allies for staple products , sugar , beans , and raw materials sparked a new boom for products other than sugar or coffee . Foreign interests , however , continued to control the more capital - intensive industries , distinguishing Brazil 's industrial revolution from that of the rest of the West . Struggle for reform ( edit ) With manufacturing on the rise and the coffee oligarchs imperiled , the old order of café com leite and coronelismo eventually gave way to the political aspirations of the new urban groups : professionals , government and white - collar workers , merchants , bankers , and industrialists . Increasing support for industrial protectionism marked 1920s Brazilian politics with little support from a central government dominated by the coffee interests . Under considerable middle class pressure , a more activist , centralized state adapted to represent the interests that the new bourgeoisie had been demanded for years -- one that could utilize a state interventionist policy consisting of tax breaks , lowered duties , and import quotas to expand the domestic capital base . Manufacturers , white - collar workers , and the urban proletariat alike had earlier enjoyed the respite of world trade associated with World War I . However , the coffee oligarchs , relying on a devolved power structure relegating power to their own patrimonial ruling oligarchies , were certainly not interested in regularizing Brazil 's personalistic politics or centralizing power . Getúlio Vargas , leader from 1930 to 1945 and later for a brief period in the 1950s , would later respond to these demands . During this time period , the state of São Paulo was at the forefront of Brazil 's economic , political , and cultural life . Known colloquially as `` locomotive pulling the 20 empty boxcars '' ( a reference to the 20 other states ) and still today Brazil 's industrial and commercial center , São Paulo led this trend toward industrialization due to the foreign revenues flowing into the coffee industry . Prosperity contributed to a rapid rise in the population of recent working class Southern and Eastern European immigrants , a population that contributed to the growth of trade unionism , anarchism , and socialism . In the post-World War I period , Brazil was hit by its first wave of general strikes and the establishment of the Communist Party in 1922 . Meanwhile , the divergence of interests between the coffee oligarchs -- devastated by the Depression -- and the burgeoning , dynamic urban sectors was intensifying . According to prominent Latin American historian Benjamin Keen , the task of transforming society `` fell to the rapidly growing urban bourgeois groups , and especially to the middle class , which began to voice even more strongly its discontent with the rule of the corrupt rural oligarchies '' . In contrast , the labor movement remained small and weak ( despite a wave of general strikes in the postwar years ) , lacking ties to the peasantry , who constituted the overwhelming majority of the Brazilian population . As a result , disparate social reform movements would crop up in the 1920s , ultimately culminating in the Revolution of 1930 . The 1920s revolt against the seating of Artur da Silva Bernardes as president signaled the beginning of a struggle by the urban bourgeoisie to seize power from the coffee - producing oligarchy . This era sparked the failed but famed tenente ( lieutenant ) rebellion as well . Junior military officers , who had long been active against the ruling coffee oligarchy , staged their own failed revolt in 1922 amid demands for various forms of social modernization , calling for agrarian reform , the formation of cooperatives , and the nationalization of mines . In this historical setting , Getúlio Vargas emerged as president about a decade later . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Hudson , Rex A. Brazil : A Country Study . Washington : GPO for the Library of Congress , 1997 , pg. 22 Jump up ^ Smallman , Shawn C. `` Fear & Memory : in the Brazilian Army & Society , 1889 -- 1954 '' The University of North Carolina Press 2002 ISBN 0 - 8078 - 5359 - 3 pages 17 -- 22 Jump up ^ Ibidem - Smallman 2002 Jump up ^ Ignacy Sachs , Jorge Wilheim & Paulo S. Pinheiro ; `` Brazil : a century of change '' University of North Carolina Press 2009 pages 58 & 63 Jump up ^ Smith , Joseph `` Brazil and the United States ; convergence and divergence '' University of Georgia Press 2010 , page 39 Jump up ^ Brassey , Thomas Allnutt `` The Naval Annual ; 1894 '' Elibron Classics / Adamant Media Corporation 2006 , Chapter XI `` The Naval Revolt in Brazil '' ^ Jump up to : pt : Página principal Jump up ^ Woodward ; James P. `` A Place in Politics : São Paulo , Brazil , from Seigneurial Republicanism to Regionalist Revolt '' Duke University Press Books 2009 ISBN 0 - 8223 - 4329 - 0 Page94 2nParagraph Jump up ^ Grandes Guerras -- Os grandes conflitos do século XX Jump up ^ : Exército Brasileiro -- Braço Forte , Mão Amiga : Jump up ^ Maia , Prado `` D.N.O.G. ( Divisão Naval em Operações de Guerra ) , 1917 -- 18 : uma página esquecida da história da Marinha Brasileira '' ( in Portuguese ) ( `` D.N.O.G. - Naval Division in War Operations , 1917 -- 1918 : A forgotten page in the history of the Brazilian Navy '' ) ( S.l. ) : Serviço de Documentação Geral da Marinha , 1961 ( General Documentation Service of Brazilian Navy ) OCLC 22210405 Bibliography ( edit ) Cardim ; Carlos Henrique `` A Raiz das Coisas . Rui Barbosa : o Brasil no Mundo '' ( The Root of Things . Ruy Barbosa : Brazil in the World ) ( in Portuguese ) Civilização Brasileira 2007 ISBN 978 - 85 - 200 - 0835 - 5 McCann , Frank D. `` Soldiers of the Patria , A History of the Brazilian Army , 1889 -- 1937 '' Stanford University Press 2004 ISBN 0 - 8047 - 3222 - 1 Maia , Prado ( 1961 ) . D.N.O.G. ( Divisão Naval em Operações de Guerra ) , 1914 -- 1918 : uma página esquecida da história da Marinha Brasileira . Serviço de Documentação Geral da Marinha . OCLC 22210405 . ( Portuguese ) Rex A. Hudson , ed . Brazil : A Country Study . Washington : GPO for the Library of Congress , 1997 . Scheina , Robert L. `` Latin America 's Wars Vol. II : The Age of the Professional Soldier , 1900 -- 2001 '' Potomac Books , 2003 ISBN 1 - 57488 - 452 - 2 Chapter 5 `` World War I and Brazil , 1917 -- 18 '' Vinhosa , Luiz Francisco Teixeira `` A diplomacia brasileira ea revolução mexicana , 1913 -- 1915 '' ( Brazilian diplomacy and the Mexican Revolution , 1913 -- 1915 ) ( in Portuguese ) FLT 1975 on Google Books External links ( edit ) http://www.grandesguerras.com.br ( Portuguese ) site of GrandesGuerras ( WorldWars ) Magazine https://web.archive.org/web/20071024193453/http://www.exercito.gov.br/ ( Portuguese ) Official Site of Brazilian Army Brazil History Timeline of Brazilian history Indigenous peoples Portuguese Colony ( 1500 -- 1815 ) United Kingdom ( 1815 -- 1822 ) Empire ( 1822 -- 1889 ) Old Republic ( 1889 -- 1930 ) Vargas Era ( 1930 -- 1946 ) Second Republic ( 1946 -- 1964 ) Military rule ( 1964 -- 1985 ) New Republic ( post 1985 ) Geography Amazon basin Climate Coastline Conservation Environment Environmental issues Extreme points Islands Largest cities Mountains Pantanal Protected areas Regions Rivers Water resources Wildlife Politics Administrative divisions Constitution Elections Foreign relations Government Human rights Legal system Law Law enforcement Military National Congress Political parties President Economy Agriculture Car industry Central Bank Economic history Energy Exports Industry Mining Real ( currency ) Science and technology Stock index Telecommunications Tourism Transport Society Corruption Crime Demographics Education Health Immigration Income inequality Languages People Religion Social issues States by HDI Unemployment Water supply and sanitation Welfare Youth Culture Arts Animation Carnaval Cinema Comics Cuisine Literature Malandragem Music Newspapers Painting Public holidays Sculpture Science fiction Sports Television Outline Index Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_Brazilian_Republic&oldid=837229131 '' Categories : Former countries in South America States and territories established in 1889 States and territories disestablished in 1930 Modern history of Brazil 19th century in Brazil 20th century in Brazil 1889 establishments in Brazil 1930 disestablishments in Brazil Hidden categories : Articles with Portuguese - language external links Articles to be expanded from September 2011 All articles to be expanded Articles needing translation from Portuguese Wikipedia Former country articles requiring maintenance Pages using infobox former country with unknown parameters Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the flag caption or type parameters Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from January 2015 Articles needing additional references from October 2014 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Български Dansk Español Français עברית ქართული Latviešu Norsk Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 14 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what year saw the formation of the brazilian republic | [
"On November 15, 1889 Marshal Deodoro da Fonseca deposed Emperor Dom Pedro II, declared Brazil a republic, and reorganized the government."
] | [
"1889"
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3670630515927162191 | List of Major League Baseball career batting average leaders | List of major League baseball career batting average Leaders - wikipedia List of major League baseball career batting average Leaders Jump to : navigation , search Ty Cobb , the all - time leader in career batting average . In baseball , the batting average ( BA ) is defined by the number of hits divided by at bats . It is usually reported to three decimal places and pronounced as if it were multiplied by 1,000 : a player with a batting average of . 300 is `` batting three - hundred . '' A point ( or percentage point ) is understood to be . 001 . If necessary to break ties , batting averages could be taken to more than three decimal places . Outfielder Ty Cobb , whose career ended in 1928 , has the highest batting average in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) history . He batted . 366 over 24 seasons , mostly with the Detroit Tigers . In addition , he won a record 11 batting titles for leading the American League in BA over the course of an entire season . He batted over . 360 in 11 consecutive seasons from 1909 to 1919 . Rogers Hornsby has the second highest BA of all - time , at . 358 . He won seven batting titles in the National League ( NL ) and has the highest NL average in a single season since 1900 , when he batted . 424 in 1924 . He batted over . 370 in six consecutive seasons . Shoeless Joe Jackson is the only other player to finish his career with a . 350 batting average . He batted . 356 over 13 seasons before he was permanently suspended from organized baseball in 1921 for his role in the Black Sox Scandal . Lefty O'Doul first came to the major leagues as a pitcher , but after developing a sore arm , he converted to an outfielder and won two batting titles . The fifth player on the list , and the last with at least a . 345 BA , is Ed Delahanty . Delahanty 's career was cut short when he fell into the Niagara Falls and died during the 1903 season . The last player to bat . 400 in a season , Ted Williams , ranks tied for seventh on the all - time career BA list . Babe Ruth hit for a career . 342 average and is tied for ninth on the list . Miguel Cabrera holds the highest career batting average among active players . Contents ( hide ) 1 Key 2 List 3 See also 4 Notes 5 Sources Key ( edit ) Rank Rank amongst leaders in career batting average . A blank field indicates a tie . Player Name of the player . BA Total career batting average . * Denotes elected to National Baseball Hall of Fame . Bold Denotes active player . List ( edit ) Stats updated as of September 17 , 2017 . Rank Player BA Ty Cobb * . 3664 Rogers Hornsby * . 3585 Shoeless Joe Jackson . 3558 Lefty O'Doul . 3493 5 Ed Delahanty * . 3458 6 Tris Speaker * . 3447 7 Billy Hamilton * . 3444 Ted Williams * . 3444 9 Dan Brouthers * . 3421 Babe Ruth * . 3421 11 Dave Orr . 3420 12 Harry Heilmann * . 3416 13 Pete Browning . 3415 14 Willie Keeler * . 3413 15 Bill Terry * . 3412 16 Lou Gehrig * . 3401 George Sisler * . 3401 18 Jesse Burkett * . 3382 Tony Gwynn * . 3382 Nap Lajoie * . 3382 21 Jake Stenzel . 3378 22 Riggs Stephenson . 3361 23 Al Simmons * . 3342 24 Cap Anson * . 3341 25 John McGraw * . 3336 26 Eddie Collins * . 3332 Paul Waner * . 3332 28 Mike Donlin . 3326 29 Sam Thompson * . 3314 30 Stan Musial * . 3308 31 Bill Lange . 3298 Heinie Manush * . 3298 33 Wade Boggs * . 3279 34 Rod Carew * . 3278 35 Honus Wagner * . 3276 36 Tip O'Neill . 3260 37 Hugh Duffy * . 3255 Bob Fothergill . 3255 39 Jimmie Foxx * . 3253 40 Earle Combs * . 3247 41 Joe DiMaggio * . 3246 42 Babe Herman . 3245 43 Joe Medwick * . 3236 44 Edd Roush * . 3227 45 Sam Rice * . 3223 46 Ross Youngs * . 3222 47 Kiki Cuyler * . 3210 48 Charlie Gehringer * . 3204 49 Chuck Klein * . 3201 50 Mickey Cochrane * . 3196 Rank Player BA Pie Traynor * . 3196 52 Ken Williams . 3192 53 Kirby Puckett * . 3181 54 Earl Averill * . 3178 55 Vladimir Guerrero . 3176 Arky Vaughan * . 3176 57 Bill Everitt . 3174 58 Roberto Clemente * . 3173 Joe Harris . 3173 60 Chick Hafey * . 3170 61 Joe Kelley * . 3169 62 Miguel Cabrera . 3168 63 Zack Wheat * . 3167 64 José Altuve . 3165 65 Roger Connor * . 3164 Todd Helton . 3164 Lloyd Waner * . 3164 68 George Van Haltren . 3163 69 Frankie Frisch * . 3161 70 Goose Goslin * . 3160 71 Lew Fonseca . 3158 72 Bibb Falk . 3145 73 Cecil Travis . 3142 74 Hank Greenberg * . 3135 75 Jack Fournier . 3132 76 Joey Votto . 3131 77 Elmer Flick * . 3130 78 Ed Morgan . 3128 79 Nomar Garciaparra . 3127 Larry Walker . 3127 81 Bill Dickey * . 3125 82 Dale Mitchell . 3122 Manny Ramírez . 3122 84 Johnny Mize * . 3121 Joe Sewell * . 3121 86 Fred Clarke * . 3120 Deacon White * . 3120 88 Bug Holliday . 3119 89 Barney McCosky . 3118 Ichiro Suzuki . 3118 91 Hughie Jennings * . 3117 92 Edgar Martínez . 3115 93 Johnny Hodapp . 3114 Freddie Lindstrom * . 3114 95 Bing Miller . 3113 Jackie Robinson * . 3113 97 Baby Doll Jacobson . 3112 Taffy Wright . 3112 99 Rip Radcliff . 3110 100 Ginger Beaumont . 3108 See also ( edit ) Baseball portal List of Major League Baseball players with a . 400 batting average in a season List of Major League Baseball career on - base percentage leaders List of Major League Baseball career slugging percentage leaders List of Major League Baseball career OPS leaders Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ A player is considered inactive if he has announced his retirement or not played for a full season . Sources ( edit ) Baseball-Reference.com ( hide ) Major League Baseball records Baseball statistics ( types of records ) General Record holders Single - game records Single - season records Record breakers by season Records considered unbreakable Batting leaders Career Batting average On - base percentage Times on base Slugging percentage OPS Hits 3,000 club Progressive Singles Doubles Triples Home runs 500 club Progressive Extra base hits RBIs Total bases Walks Intentional HBP Strikeouts Games played At - bats Plate appearances Annual Batting average Doubles Triples Home runs RBI Season Batting average Triples Home run Progressive Game Home runs Hitting for the cycle Grand slams RBI Game Inning Hits Misc Consecutive game hitting streak On - base plus slugging Hits Home runs Doubles Triples RBIs Baserunning leaders Career Runs Stolen bases Annual Runs Stolen bases Game Runs Misc Stolen bases Runs Pitching leaders Career Wins 300 club Losses Games started Games finished Innings pitched Strikeouts 3,000 club Saves Complete games Shutouts ERA WHIP Walks Hit batsmen Wild pitches Batters faced Annual Wins Saves Shutouts Strikeouts ERA Game No - hitter Perfect game List of perfect games Strikeouts Game Inning Immaculate innings Misc Wins Fielding leaders Career Putouts 1B 2B SS 3B OF LF CF RF Errors 1B Assists Passed balls Annual Putouts Errors Managing records Wins and winning percentage Multiple stat records Triple Crown 20 -- 20 -- 20 club 30 -- 30 club 40 -- 40 club Other Consecutive games played Longest winning streaks Longest losing streaks ^ Jump up to : `` Career Leaders & Records for Batting Average '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ty Cobb Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved November 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Rogers Hornsby Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved November 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` SportsCenter Flashback : The Chicago Black Sox banned from baseball '' . ESPN Classic . ESPN Internet Ventures . Retrieved January 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McKenna , Brian . `` Lefty O'Doul '' . SABR.org . Retrieved January 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Ballplayers -- Ed Delahanty '' . BaseballLibrary.com . The Idea Logical Company , Inc . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2011 . Retrieved November 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Richard ( July 6 , 2002 ) . `` Ted Williams , Red Sox Slugger And Last to Hit . 400 , Dies at 83 '' . The New York Times Company . Retrieved November 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Active Leaders & Records for Batting average '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Major_League_Baseball_career_batting_average_leaders&oldid=801283281 '' Categories : Major League Baseball lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 19 : 42 . About Wikipedia | who has the highest batting average in baseball today | [
"The last player to bat .400 in a season, Ted Williams,[7] ranks tied for seventh on the all-time career BA list. Babe Ruth hit for a career .342 average and is tied for ninth on the list. Miguel Cabrera holds the highest career batting average among active players.[8]"
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"Miguel Cabrera"
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-8683511431135856592 | Meg Griffin | Meg Griffin - wikipedia Meg Griffin Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the cartoon character . For the DJ , see Meg Griffin ( DJ ) . This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Meg Griffin Family Guy character First appearance `` Death Has a Shadow '' Created by Seth MacFarlane Voiced by Lacey Chabert ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Mila Kunis ( 1999 -- present ) Tara Strong ( singing voice ) Information Occupation High school student Family Peter Griffin ( father ) Lois Griffin ( mother ) Chris Griffin ( brother ) Stewie Griffin ( brother ) Nationality American Megan `` Meg '' Griffin is a character from the American animated television series Family Guy . The eldest child of the Griffin family , Meg is the family 's scapegoat who receives the least of their attention and bears the brunt of their abuse . Meg made her first appearance on television when Family Guy debuted on Fox on January 31 , 1999 , with the episode `` Death Has a Shadow '' . Originally voiced by Lacey Chabert during the first season , she has been voiced by Mila Kunis since season 2 , although Chabert returned to voice Meg in Yug Ylimaf and Back to the Pilot . Contents ( hide ) 1 Personality 2 Voice actors 3 Appearance 4 Social life 5 Family life 6 References 7 External links Personality ( edit ) Meg is an self - conscious and emotionally fragile teenage girl . She is treated unfairly by her parents and her many insecurities cause her to try desperately to be part of the `` cool crowd '' , which only results in her getting rebuffed by Connie D'Amico , the popular and beautiful yet mean - spirited and superficial head cheerleader of the local high school , James Woods Regional High School . However , another student named Neil Goldman is attracted to her . She is also usually at the bottom of the family 's pecking order and the butt of Peter 's jokes due to her so - called homeliness , meek personality , and unpopularity . Everyone in her family ( except Chris ) makes fun of her : Peter resorts to outrageous stunts and names ; Stewie and Brian employ subtle but effective jokes , but typically choose not to verbalize them in front of Meg ; Lois constantly puts Meg down while boosting her own egotistical image . However , in the episode `` Seahorse Seashell Party '' , she strongly insults and defames her family for their actions against her , causing them to distance themselves in shame and sending Peter and Lois into a depression , though she later apologizes . On one occasion , the whole family even goes as far as to read her diary and mock her deepest secrets . However , on some occasions the family 's true love for her has been proven , mostly by Chris . She has been so self - conscious and insecure about herself that she has engaged in dangerous sexual behavior just for attention . She is also prone to violent releases of her repressed rage , as shown in `` Road to Rupert '' , when she assaults a man who insulted her after a fender - bender . Many of the show 's `` Meg '' storylines involve her trying to improve her typical life , trying to find a boyfriend , and reaching breaking points with her family and other bullies . In the episode `` Chris Cross '' , it 's strongly hinted that Meg is working with Dutch neo-Nazis when she orders Chris to retrieve mail she receives from the Netherlands at a private post office box , saying she 's `` sort of part of a group that trashes the Anne Frank house every spring . '' Voice actors ( edit ) On the season 1 DVD commentary for the Drawn Together episode `` Hot Tub '' , Cree Summer claims she was offered the role to play Meg but was dismissed by the producers . Meg was voiced by an uncredited Lacey Chabert for the first season , and by Mila Kunis in subsequent seasons after Chabert became busy with school and appearing on Party of Five at the time , although some of her work became second season episodes due to production order . Mila Kunis won the role after auditions and a slight rewrite of the character , in part due to her performance on That ' 70s Show . MacFarlane called Kunis back after her first audition , instructing her to speak more slowly , and then told her to come back another time and enunciate more . Once she claimed that she had it under control , MacFarlane hired her . MacFarlane stated that Kunis `` had a very natural quality to Meg '' and she 's `` in a lot of ways ( ... ) almost more right for the character '' . Kunis 's voice is first heard as Meg in Episode 3 of season two `` Da Boom '' , and the voices switch back and forth in the broadcast order until settling on Kunis . Tara Strong provides Meg 's singing voice in `` Do n't Make Me Over '' . Lacey Chabert ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Mila Kunis ( 1999 -- present ) Tara Strong ( singing voice ) Appearance ( edit ) Meg , like Peter , has brown hair and wears glasses . She also wears a pink beanie even underneath other headgear . Her clothing consists of a pink and white T - shirt , blue jeans , and tan ( later white ) shoes . She occasionally is seen wearing dresses or formal wear usually without her trademark cap . She is slightly shorter than her younger brother Chris . Meg is also self - conscious about her appearance ( `` I 'm so fat and gross . '' ) . Social life ( edit ) Meg is very unpopular in high school due to both her plain appearance and personality . Meg desperately tries to be part of the cool crowd , but is usually coldly rebuffed . She is also usually the butt of Peter 's jokes due to her perceived homeliness and tendency towards social awkwardness . Because of her eagerness for acceptance , she has been recruited unknowingly into a suicidal religious cult , and later recruited again unwittingly into her school 's Lesbian Alliance ( `` Brian Sings and Swings '' ) . However , Meg does have a moderate number of friends , the best of which being with a group of girls who are often seen with her during occasions such as her slumber parties and gossiping about boys . In later episodes , these girls , known by the names Beth , Patty , Collette , Esther , and Ruth , are characterized as being highly unpopular and dateless , much like Meg , even saying that she was the only one of them who ever had a boyfriend ( actually a decaying corpse she was `` dating '' ) . Meg is so unpopular at school that one student fires a nail gun into his own stomach twice ( in shop class ) in order to avoid a date with her , and then in a later episode shoots his own brother as an excuse not to go to a dance with her the following night . On another occasion , Meg and Lois are looking for new clothes for Meg , but with no luck ( a saleswoman ended up pouring gasoline on herself , lighting a match , catching fire , and then jumping out of a window after looking at Meg in a pair of jeans ) . However , she is sought by nerd Neil Goldman . In `` 8 Simple Rules for Buying My Teenage Daughter '' , Neil starts dating a girl named Cecilia , Meg becomes instantly jealous and pretends to date Jake Tucker to make him jealous . This leads to her signing a contract to become Neil 's girlfriend and ( not knowing at first ) his slave , but she gets him to tear up the contract after Lois seduces him . Perverted neighbor Glenn Quagmire has shown a repeated interest in her , mostly due to his very low standards , asking if she has reached the age of consent . Quagmire comes close to succeeding when Lois tells Peter to back off after he was ruining Meg and Quagmire 's ' dates ' . Then , they rescue Meg after Glenn takes her to his cabin , Peter and Lois arriving in time before anything happens . In several episodes she is shown dating , including stories with characters Mayor Adam West and nudist Jeff Campbell . She also loses her virginity unknowingly on live television to Saturday Night Live host Jimmy Fallon after having a drastic makeover ; but , before all that happens , she goes out with a rebel at her school named Craig Hoffman . In `` Jerome is the New Black '' , Jerome , an old flame of Lois 's and Peter 's new friend , admits to having sex with Meg , to which Peter replies indifferently . In the episode `` Brian Sings and Swings '' , a lesbian student named Sarah invites Meg to join in her Lesbian Alliance Club , with Meg not knowing at first what kind of club it was . Desperate to fit in , she pretends to be a lesbian and also pretends to be attracted to Sarah and even goes so far as to kiss her to prove it . At the end of the episode , Meg goes over to Sarah 's house to admit she lied about being a lesbian ( Sarah thought that Meg came over to have sex and even undresses when Meg is telling her that she lied ) , much to Glenn 's ( who was hiding in Sarah 's closet ) disappointment . She also used to have a crush on anchorman Tom Tucker , but it ended after she discovered his vanity and selfishness . In other episodes , she is portrayed as chronically incapable of finding a boyfriend . For her Junior Prom she accepts a pity date from Brian , the family dog and only after threatening suicide . Earlier in season 2 , she dated Joe Swanson 's son Kevin Swanson , but in `` Stew - Roids '' it is mentioned that Kevin died in Iraq . In the episode , `` Prick Up Your Ears '' , she dates a boy named Doug , but he breaks up with her when he sees her naked right before almost having sex . In the episode `` Peter 's Daughter '' , Meg falls in love with a medical student named Michael Milano after coming out of a short coma ( caused by Peter when he asked her to `` rescue '' beer and make him a sandwich out of an already flooded kitchen ) and they start to date . After he breaks up with Meg ( because of Peter being overprotective of her after promising that if she came out of the coma , he would `` treat her like a princess '' ) , she announces that she is pregnant by Michael and the two get engaged . After finding out that she is not actually pregnant , Meg tells Michael the truth hoping that he will stay , however , Michael quickly leaves Meg at the altar . In the episode `` Dial Meg for Murder '' , she is dating a convict , while in the episode `` Go , Stewie , Go ! '' she dates an attractive young man named Anthony , who is absolutely normal ( much to the surprise of many of the other characters ) . They were so shocked that they had to do tests just to see if he was completely normal which annoyed Meg . It is presumed that she broke up with him after he and Lois had an affair . Meg also shows extremely possessive behavior when she encounters someone she believes she has a romantic connection with such as kidnapping Brian and detaining Bonnie Swanson at the airport by planting a gun in her purse . Overall , Meg has shown romantic interest in and dated several men throughout the series . However , there have been several instances in which she has shown hints of being bisexual or a lesbian : examples of this include `` Brian Sings and Swings '' , `` Stew - Roids '' , and `` Dial Meg for Murder '' . In November 2016 , when asked by Splitsider if the writers will further develop the characters of Chris and Meg in future episodes , showrunner Alec Sulkin confirmed that the series crew members are working on doing so and added that there are plans for an episode where Meg comes out as a lesbian , taking inspiration from previous instances in which she exhibited signs of lesbian characteristics , like when she joins a lesbian alliance group at school in `` Brian Sings and Swings '' and is identified as a transgender man named `` Ron '' in Stewie Griffin : The Untold Story , the latter which takes place in the future . However , Sulkin also noted that the plotline has not yet been finalized and thus is n't officially set to be used in an episode . Family life ( edit ) In the first three seasons of the show , Meg 's family often inadvertently humiliated her due to their bumbling or stupidity , though they cared for her and meant well . In the post-cancellation seasons , this began to change as the show started to flesh out the characters to the point where it seems that most of the population of Quahog despise her for no reason other than her simply being `` Meg '' . In an interview , Mila Kunis stated : `` Meg gets picked on a lot . But it 's funny . It 's like the middle child . She is constantly in the state of being an awkward 16 - year - old , when you 're kind of going through puberty and what - not . She 's just in perpetual mode of humiliation , and it 's fun . '' Meg is also the most misunderstood , at least by Peter , Chris , and others who are shown avoiding her company , disparaging her in person , gathering in her bedroom to read her diary for laughs , etc . Peter reminds Lois , `` We agreed that if we could only save two , we 'd leave Meg ! '' even randomly shooting her when she simply said `` Hi Dad '' ( `` Peter 's Daughter '' ) but despite this he also was going to say `` I love you '' in `` Hell Comes to Quahog '' , and in `` Road to Rupert '' he stated they were ' secret best friends ' before throwing lemonade in her face , saying he would have to continue to treat her badly in public in order to maintain his reputation due to `` peer pressure '' , thus giving hope that they may be on good terms . Occasionally , when Meg asks a question to Peter or just speaks when he is in the room , Peter responds by saying `` Shut up , Meg , '' which is immediately followed by a line from another character . When the family tries an anger management technique of writing letters and not sending them , Meg finds Peter 's letter to her , which says , `` Dear Meg , for the first four years of your life , I thought you were a house cat . '' And in Peter 's short story of her birth , they had to go back to get her once they realized they grabbed the afterbirth . In the episode `` Stewie Kills Lois '' , Peter tells guests on a cruise ship about how he and Lois had gone to get an abortion but decided against it when they arrived at the clinic and found out the abortionist had one hand . He then says `` two and a half months later , our daughter Meg was born '' -- indicating that they had tried to abort her when Lois was already over six months pregnant . Another hint to this is when Meg is in the car with Lois and at an attempt to make civilized conversation , says , `` Hey Meg , did you know that if you 're on birth control and you take an antibiotic it makes it not work ? ' Cause no one told me ! I just thought you should know '' and laughs awkwardly . On Meg 's 17th birthday , her mother and father both try to hide from Meg that they do not remember her age . Peter states that Meg sucks in the episode `` PTV '' , and Chris says that people think the same thing about her in `` Long John Peter '' . In `` Not All Dogs Go to Heaven '' , Brian says to Meg 's face that she lives in a home `` where nobody respects or cares about ( her ) , not even enough to get ( her ) a damn mumps shot ! '' Chris , however , seems to have more of a typical brother - sister relationship with Meg , with Chris telling those who abuse her that it is never her fault . Chris , at one point , threatened to quit his job at the local mini-mart if his boss did n't re-hire Meg ( at the insistence of Lois ) . Like Chris , Meg has an anthropomorphic monkey in her closet , and although she has proved it , her family coldly state that they were talking about Chris ' , not hers . Cleveland comments to Peter `` Meg is my least favorite of your children . '' Apparently , a double standard also exists against Meg , further underscoring the mistreatment she suffers from the people around her . In `` Big Man on Hippocampus '' , an episode wherein Peter loses his memory , as he reacquaints himself with the pleasures of sex , Lois tells him that it is inappropriate to have sex with his own children ; in response , Meg attempts an incest joke . She then lambastes her for this and kicks her out of the room . However , in the season finale `` Partial Terms of Endearment '' , Lois tells a joke that implies that it was Meg that gave birth to Stewie , and apart from a shocked reaction from the latter , Lois receives no such violent reaction . Additionally , in `` Model Misbehavior '' , when Lois starts a modeling career , Peter states that he will pleasure himself to Lois ' pictures , followed by Chris and Meg both exclaiming `` Me too ! '' to which Peter shouts `` Oh God , Meg , that 's sick ! That 's your mother ! '' , ignoring the fact that Chris said the same thing . Meg responded by saying `` I was only trying to fit in ! '' Peter immediately kicked her out of the house . Later , during an unrelated conversation , when she spoke , he said `` Meg , who let you back in the house ? '' Brian 's attention softens the lack of respect from Peter and the neighbors ; he admits that he cares for Meg when she goes out with Mayor Adam West . Lois has also often shown sympathy for Meg , for example , taking her to Spring Break at the beach . Lois very often comforts Meg when she is down ; however , she gives up one attempt after 45 minutes and gives her a Sylvia Plath novel and a bottle of Ambien , and with a `` Whatever happens , happens , '' leaves Meg to her misery . One of the most cruel examples comes in the episode `` You Ca n't Do That On Television , Peter '' . When Peter is mauled by a puma , Meg uses medical training to save his life . However , no one thanks her afterward and when she tries to point it out , Peter just tells her to get him water . The family 's treatment of Meg finally reaches her limit in `` Dial Meg for Murder '' when Meg emerges from a short stint in a Young Offenders Institution as a hardened criminal , abusing her family and beating up anyone who makes fun of her . It is only after a conversation with Brian that she changes her ways . However , it comes to a head once again in `` Seahorse Seashell Party '' , when Meg finally grows tired of her mistreatment and lashes out against Lois and Peter , informing them of their own flaws . Lois condescendingly tells Meg that she is simply taking her own problems out on everyone else invoking Meg to bring up her mother 's delinquent past . Meg tells her that she is far from the perfect parent , harshly berates her for constantly and ruthlessly pointing out Meg 's shortcomings . Lois tries to justify that she 's a better person because of her past and she is open that she is n't the perfect parent , but Meg tells her that she 's the farthest thing from and states how she has neglected to protect her from harm and guide her through life . Meg also informs Lois that when she turns 18 , she may never want to see her again . This breaks Lois ' heart and she finally admits that she 's been a terrible mother to Meg . Finally , Meg turns on Peter who , unable to comprehend her insults , thinks that his daughter 's argument is amusing , even when she points out Peter 's destructive tendencies and that he would go to jail if someone could witness his negative treatment towards her . It dawns on Peter that he is being insulted when Meg calls him a `` waste of a man . '' A disillusioned Peter asks Lois to tell Meg to `` knock it off , '' but Lois refuses because he did n't stick up for her . Within moments , Peter turns his abusive criticisms and insults on Chris and Lois . Peter finally runs to his room crying , with Lois running after him , leaving Meg and Chris behind , who is now fully recovered from his trip ( he had smoked marijuana prior to the argument ) , to discuss what just happened . Chris likes that Meg stood up for herself , but she sadly tells him that even though she meant every word , seeing Peter turn on everyone like wolves has made her think that it is ultimately her non-ideal role to serve as the Griffins ' `` lightning rod that absorbs all the dysfunction '' . He commends her on her maturity , and even goes on to say that Meg is the `` strongest person '' in the family . She soon apologizes to the others and says that she is actually the one at fault ; Peter asks Chris if she is a `` bitch '' , to which he proudly responds `` Yes , yes she is , '' and the family reconciles . Since this episode , the abuse that Meg receives begins to fade away as a storyline . She also notices that Peter 's pro wrestler sister Karen treats Peter exactly the way Peter treats her , and they bond over this with a plan to embarrass Karen at a wrestling show -- which goes awry when Meg hits her with a metal folding chair instead of a breakaway one and injures Karen to the point where she ends up in a coma and ( as it is implied ) possibly will die from her injuries without a blood transfusion . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ IMDB -- Family Guy -- Stew - Roids ( 2009 ) Movie Connections Jump up ^ Aurthur , Kate ( 2005 - 07 - 12 ) . `` Sharing the Ratings Spoils '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ Lacey Chabert interview by GameSpy ( October 6 , 2006 ) - Sonic Retro ^ Jump up to : `` Family Guy -- Casting Mila Kunis '' . The Paley Center for Media . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Seth MacFarlane '' . IGN . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ Eggerton , John ( 2005 - 06 - 06 ) . `` Fox Swears By Family Guy '' . Broadcasting & Cable . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2012 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ Planet Family Guy - Character guide - Meg Griffin Jump up ^ Mila Kunis talks about working on Family Guy `` : EveryJoe - Sports and Entertainment News Archived October 19 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Movie Reviews , Articles , Trailers , and more at Metacritic ^ Jump up to : `` Barely Legal '' . Family Guy . Season 5 . Episode 8 . 2006 - 12 - 17 . Fox . I 'm so fat and gross ! Jump up ^ `` Chitty Chitty Death Bang '' . Family Guy . Season 1 . Episode 3 . 1999 - 04 - 18 . Fox . Jump up ^ `` Brian Sings and Swings '' . Family Guy . Season 4 . Episode 19 . 2006 - 01 - 08 . Fox . Jump up ^ `` Fifteen Minutes of Shame '' . Family Guy . Season 2 . Episode 12 . 2000 - 04 - 25 . Fox . Jump up ^ `` The Thin White Line '' . Family Guy . Season 3 . Episode 1 . 2001 - 11 - 07 . Fox . Are you 18 yet ? Jump up ^ `` The Story on Page One '' . Family Guy . Season 2 . Episode 19 . 2000 - 07 - 18 . Fox . Jump up ^ `` From Method to Madness '' . Family Guy . Season 3 . Episode 18 . 2002 - 01 - 24 . Fox . Jump up ^ `` Do n't Make Me Over '' . Family Guy . Season 4 . Episode 4 . 2005 - 06 - 05 . Fox . Jump up ^ Newman , Vicki ( November 27 , 2016 ) . `` Family Guy 's Meg Griffin ' to come out as lesbian ' ... but will she still go on to become transgender man Ron ? '' . Mirror . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ennis , Dawn ( November 28 , 2016 ) . `` Is Meg Griffin of ' Family Guy ' About to Come Out as a Lesbian ? '' . LGBTQ Nation . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IGN 's Top 25 Family Guy Characters '' . IGN . May 27 , 2009 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ De Leon , Kris ( September 25 , 2007 ) . `` Mila Kunis Talks About Working on Family Guy and Her Upcoming Movie '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved September 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Stuck Together , Torn Apart '' . Family Guy . Season 3 . Episode 19 . 2002 - 01 - 31 . Fox Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ `` Petergeist '' . Family Guy . Season 4 . Episode 26 . 2006 - 05 - 07 . Fox . Oh yeah right like I 'm going back for Meg Jump up ^ `` Lethal Weapons '' . Family Guy . Season 3 . Episode 7 . 2001 - 08 - 22 . Fox . Jump up ^ `` Peter 's Two Dads '' . Family Guy . Season 5 . Episode 10 . 2007 - 02 - 11 . Fox . Jump up ^ `` Breaking Out Is Hard to Do '' . Family Guy . Season 4 . Episode 9 . 2005 - 07 - 17 . Fox Broadcasting Company . ^ Jump up to : `` Hell Comes to Quahog '' . Family Guy . Season 5 . Episode 3 . 2006 - 09 - 24 . Fox . Jump up ^ `` Big Man on Hippocampus '' . Family Guy . Season 8 . Episode 10 . 2010 - 01 - 03 . Fox . `` I wish you 'd told him that before he lost his memory ! '' - Meg , after Lois tells Peter he can not have sex with the children Jump up ^ `` Partial Terms of Endearment '' . Family Guy . Season 8 . Episode 21 . 2010 - 06 - 20 . Fox . External links ( edit ) Meg Griffin at Fox.com Meg Griffin on IMDb Mila Kunis on Meg Griffin ( hide ) Family Guy Characters Griffin family Peter Lois Meg Chris Stewie Brian Other characters Quagmire Cleveland Adam West Herbert Cleveland Jr . Production Cast members Guest stars Writers Awards Media releases The Life of Larry shorts Stewie Griffin : The Untold Story Live in Vegas Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Hallmarks Road to ... episodes Star Wars episodes Merchandise Home video Video games Family Guy Video Game ! ( 2006 ) Family Guy Online ( 2012 ) Back to the Multiverse ( 2012 ) Family Guy : The Quest for Stuff ( 2014 ) Family Guy : Another Freakin ' Mobile Game ( 2017 ) See also Criticism Night of the Hurricane The Cleveland Show American Dad ! Animation Domination `` Cartoon Wars Part I '' `` Cartoon Wars Part II '' Book Portal Family Guy portal Animation portal Television portal Comedy portal Fictional characters portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meg_Griffin&oldid=812310814 '' Categories : Family Guy characters Child characters in television Teenage characters in television Fictional American people of Irish descent Fictional characters from Rhode Island Fictional characters introduced in 1999 Animated human characters Female characters in animation Fictional characters who have attempted suicide Fictional victims of child abuse Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from February 2017 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Ελληνικά Español فارسی Gaeilge Galego Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Magyar Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 November 2017 , at 05 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who did meg griffin voice in season 1 | [
"\n\nMeg Griffin\n\n\nFamily Guy character\n\n\n\n\n\nFirst appearance\n\"Death Has a Shadow\"\n\n\nCreated by\nSeth MacFarlane\n\n\nVoiced by\n\n\n\nLacey Chabert (1999–2000)\nMila Kunis (1999–present)\nTara Strong (singing voice)\n\n\n\n\n\nInformation\n\n\nOccupation\nHigh school student\n\n\nFamily\n\n\n\nPeter Griffin (father)\nLois Griffin (mother)\nChris Griffin (brother)\nStewie Griffin (brother)\n\n\n\n\n\nNationality\nAmerican\n\n",
"\n\nMeg Griffin\n\n\nFamily Guy character\n\n\n\n\n\nFirst appearance\n\"Death Has a Shadow\"\n\n\nCreated by\nSeth MacFarlane\n\n\nVoiced by\n\n\n\nLacey Chabert (1999–2000)\nMila Kunis (1999–present)\nTara Strong (singing voice)\n\n\n\n\n\nInformation\n\n\nOccupation\nHigh school student\n\n\nFamily\n\n\n\nPeter Griffin (father)\nLois Griffin (mother)\nChris Griffin (brother)\nStewie Griffin (brother)\n\n\n\n\n\nNationality\nAmerican\n\n"
] | [
"Mila Kunis",
"Tara Strong"
] |
261454570441915251 | Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2012 TV series) | Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2012 TV series ) - Wikipedia Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2012 TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Series logotype Also known as Tales of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( season five title ) Genre Action Comedy Drama Based on Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles by Kevin Eastman Peter Laird Developed by Ciro Nieli Joshua Sternin J.R. Ventimilia Voices of Jason Biggs ( Seasons 1 -- 2 ) Seth Green ( Seasons 3 -- 5 ) Rob Paulsen Sean Astin Greg Cipes Hoon Lee Mae Whitman Kevin Michael Richardson Josh Peck Kelly Hu Nolan North Clancy Brown Christian Lanz Phil LaMarr Eric Bauza Fred Tatasciore J.B. Smoove Opening theme `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles '' Ending theme `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles '' ( instrumental ) Composer ( s ) Sebastian Evans II Stanley Martinez Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 124 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Joshua Sternin J.R. Ventimilia Ciro Nieli Peter Hastings Brandon Auman Rick Magallanes ( for Nickelodeon ; season 1 ) Megan Casey ( for Nickelodeon ; seasons 2 -- 5 ) Producer ( s ) MacGregor Middleton Christopher Waters ( supervising ) Ant Ward ( supervising ) Patrick Krebs ( supervising ) Vladimir Radev ( asscociate ) Running time 22 minutes Production company ( s ) Lowbar Productions Mirage Studios Nickelodeon Animation Studio Release Original network Nickelodeon Picture format 480i NTSC 1080i HDTV Original release September 29 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 29 ) -- November 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 12 ) Chronology Preceded by Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2003 TV series ) Followed by Rise of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles External links Website Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( also known as Tales of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles for its fifth season ) is an American 3D rendered computer animated television series . It aired on Nickelodeon in the United States from September 29 , 2012 to November 12 , 2017 . It was the third animated Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles television series . It was produced by Nickelodeon Animation Studio . Composer Sebastian Evans provided the show 's score . The series will be succeeded by Rise of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles in September 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 1.1 Season 1 1.2 Season 2 1.3 Season 3 1.4 Season 4 1.5 Season 5 2 Characters 3 Background and production 4 Episodes 5 Related animation 5.1 Half - Shell Heroes : Blast to the Past 5.2 Short films 6 Broadcast 7 Reception 7.1 Accolades 8 Merchandise 8.1 Toys 8.2 Comics 8.3 Home media releases 8.4 Video games 9 References 10 External links Plot Season 1 Main article : Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2012 TV series ) ( season 1 ) Ninjutsu master Hamato Yoshi ( Splinter ) is carrying his four pet turtles through the streets of Manhattan when he encounters members of an alien race called the Kraang . During an altercation with these aliens , Yoshi and the turtles are exposed to the Kraang 's chemical , called mutagen , which causes organic beings to undergo major physical transformations . Yoshi takes on characteristics of a brown rat and the turtles take on human characteristics . Yoshi retreats to the New York City sewers where he raises the four turtles as his sons and imparts to them his knowledge of ninjutsu . Now teenagers , the turtles ( Leonardo , Raphael , Donatello and Michelangelo ) venture to the surface for the first time and learn that the Kraang are using the mutagen as part of their plan to take over New York City . They befriend the teenage April O'Neil after she and her psychologist father Kirby are abducted by the Kraang . Donatello , who has developed a crush on April , is able to rescue her . While Kirby remains a prisoner of the Kraang , April becomes an ally of the turtles , who try to help her locate her father . April is also trained by Splinter to be a kunoichi , a female ninja . After learning of Splinter 's and the turtles 's presence in New York , Splinter 's adoptive brother and long - time enemy Oroku Saki ( Shredder ) travels there from Japan and orders his birth clan , the Foot to track down Splinter and his sons , and put an end to their clan . This family feud eventually earns the coincidence of two of Shredder 's disciples , martial arts star Chris Bradford and Brazilian street thug Xever Montes , getting mutated into Dogpound ( later Rahzar ) and Fishface . Learning about the Kraang 's presence through his adopted daughter Karai , Shredder enters an alliance with the aliens to destroy their mutual enemies in the Hamato Clan . The turtles later discover that the Kraang came to Earth from Dimension X and built their headquarters with a company called TCRI and are plotting to use the mutagen and a set of Kraang - like powers that April was born with to convert Earth into a planet suitable for their race . After the turtles rescue Kirby , the Kraang invade New York , but the turtles and April emerge triumphant when they send the Technodrome , the Kraang leader Kraang Prime 's ship , crashing into the sea . Meanwhile , Splinter battles Shredder and learns that Karai is his own daughter , Hamato Miwa , who was kidnapped by Shredder and who believes that Splinter killed her mother . The season ends with the turtles celebrating their victory over the Kraang as Splinter hides the secret of Miwa from them . Season 2 Main article : Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2012 TV series ) ( season 2 ) The turtles struggle to contain an outbreak of mutations that occurs thanks to the leftover mutagen from the thwarted Kraang invasion . Kirby is among the victims of the outbreak , and a misunderstanding leads April to become very upset and ashamed of the turtles and break off their friendship . However , the turtles are able to earn her forgiveness when they save her from Karai , who has taken temporary command of the Foot while the Shredder is away in Japan . Along with April came her new friend Casey Jones , who helps repel an assault on the turtles ' lair . Kirby is eventually restored to his human form when Donatello manages to concoct another Kraang chemical called retro - mutagen , which causes organic beings to reverse their major physical transformations , and help keep it away from former T.C.R.I inventor Baxter Stockman , who gets mutated into Stockman - Fly while under Shredder 's employ . Meanwhile , Shredder returns from Japan with the mutated Japanese bounty hunter Tiger Claw as his new second - in - command . Tiger Claw is later sent through a portal to the 1987 -- 1996 animated series reality , but later returns to the 2012 reality . During a battle with the turtles , Karai is informed of her true nature by Leonardo ( who has developed a crush on her since season 1 ) , but she is too reluctant to accept it . When she is taken to the lair , she finally realizes the truth and disowns Shredder , who responds by imprisoning her . Repeated attempts to free Karai ultimately succeed , but Shredder captures her again and uses her as bait to kill the Hamato Clan . However , Karai ends up transforming into an albino horned viper , to everyone 's horror . In response to this , Shredder has the Foot Clan help the Kraang , who have just perfected the previously unstable mutagen , launch a second invasion of New York , starting by destroying the turtles ' lair and forcing them to abandon it . The Kraang begin mutating New York 's populace , including Kirby , despite the efforts of Earth 's military and the turtles . Leonardo is gravely wounded when he is ambushed by the entire Foot , and Splinter is seemingly killed during a battle with Shredder . The turtles , April , and Casey are forced to flee to the O'Neil family 's summer home in Upstate New York as the Kraang successfully conquers Manhattan . Season 3 Main article : Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2012 TV series ) ( season 3 ) The group takes refuge at the O'Neil family 's summer home in North Hampton in order to recuperate from their loss at the hands of the Kraang and the Foot Clan . Leonardo takes an extended amount of time to recover , but guided by an apparition of Splinter , is able to overcome his physical and mental wounds . They eventually return to New York City with the goal of finding Splinter , Karai , Kirby , and their other missing allies and liberate the city from the Kraang . They are successful in finding Splinter and set up a temporary base in the abandoned Antonio 's Pizza , and Donatello begins work on new samples of retro - mutagen as the search for Kirby and Karai continues . Meanwhile , Shredder mutates Russian arms dealer Ivan Steranko and his only known disciple , high - tech master thief Anton Zeck , into Bebop and Rocksteady for stealing his helmet , the Kuro Kabuto , and hunting Karai in exchange for a safe departure from the Kraang - invaded city before sending them to find her again . The duo succeed behind the Turtles 's backs and Shredder promises to cure Karai of her misery . The turtles , on the other hand , run into a recently founded mutant team called the Mighty Mutanimals ( consisting of mutant allies that they made during the last two seasons , such as Slash , Leatherhead , Pigeon Pete and former British neurochemist Dr. Tyler Rockwell ) who are backed by their human ally Jack J. Kurtzman . Together , they manage to banish the Kraang back to Dimension X and free New York , but the effect of the invasion eventually earns Shredder cemented control of the city 's criminal underworld for his efforts to create a mind - control serum meant for the turtles , Mutanimals and Karai . The turtles are later offered by future time sorceress Renet to time travel to the past , where they meet up with a younger Hamato Yoshi and Oroku Saki , as well as Yoshi 's late wife and Karai 's mother , Teng Shen . During the battle between Yoshi and Saki inside the burning Hamato Clan dojo , Shen is accidentally killed by Saki , who meant to kill Yoshi instead . Saki leaves the dojo after his hair burns off from the fire and kidnaps Yoshi and Shen 's baby daughter Miwa , vowing to raise her as Karai and leaving Yoshi to die . After his escape , the turtles save Yoshi , as they were `` always destined to '' before traveling back to the present with Renet . When the Kraang return to Earth , the Turtles discover that the Kraang have another enemy from Dimension X in the form of the Triceraton Empire . Despite their best efforts and Shredder violating the Foot Clan 's temporary truce with the Turtles by stabbing Splinter during the fight , the ruthless Triceratons activate the Heart of Darkness , a black hole - creating machine which annihilates both the Kraang , the Earth , and everyone on it . But just as it comes to the worst for the Turtles , April , and Casey , they are rescued by a friendly robot by the name of Professor Honeycutt ( also known as the Fugitoid ) who uses a spacecraft to take the Turtles , April and Casey to a journey into space . Season 4 Main article : Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2012 TV series ) ( season 4 ) After the Turtles , April , and Casey are saved from the destruction of Earth , the Fugitoid uses his spacecraft the Ulixes to travel six months back in time in order for him and the Turtles to prevent the Triceraton Empire led by Emperor Zanmoran from again assembling the three components of the Heart of Darkness that are scattered throughout the universe before everything on Earth is lost . Besides fighting the Triceratons , the Turtles also face new enemies in outer space like Lord Vringath Dregg of the planet Sectoid and the bounty hunter Armaggon , and even have an adventure with their interdimensional 1987 counterparts and their enemy Krang who is an exiled relative of Kraang Subprime . Despite the efforts of the Turtles , the Triceratons are still able to collect all three pieces of the Black Hole Generator , only for the Turtles to return to Earth and join forces with their past selves to warn Splinter before he is killed by the Shredder , stop the detonator of the Heart of Darkness , and defeat the Triceratons . The Fugitoid destroys the Black Hole Generator near the Triceraton spacefleet , causing to explode , presumably killing the Triceratons . In the aftermath of the fight against the Triceratons , the past versions of the Turtles , April , and Casey leave Earth with the past Fugitoid in the Ulixes while the present Fugitoid 's head reactivates in Earth 's orbit . Weeks later following the Triceraton Invasion being thwarted and the Foot Clan 's disappearance , April is promoted to kunoichi at the time when the witch Shinigami arrives and is revealed that she is Karai 's friend as they plot to rebuild the Hamato Clan and dispose of Shredder who is still recuperating from his last fight with Splinter . While Karai and Shinigami got some ninjas on their side , the Foot Clan strengthens the Footbot army by creating the Elite Footbots . Furthermore , some other crime organizations have been plotting to take over the Foot Clan 's territory and a crystal shard of unimaginable power which April received from the alien Aeons during their space adventure is beginning to exert a baleful influence on her . Using a special mutagen formula made by Stockman - Fly , Oroku Saki recuperates and becomes Super-Shredder in order to take back control of the Foot Clan . Once a stable formula is made , Super-Shredder attacks the Turtles , the Mighty Mutanimals , Karai , and Shinigami which ends with Splinter falling in battle against Super-Shredder and is buried at the O'Neil family 's summer home in North Hampton . This leads up to the final battle at Super-Shredder's hidden mansion where Leonardo manages to slay Super-Shredder and throw his mutated Kuro Kabuto to the other Turtles in victory . Season 5 Main article : Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2012 TV series ) ( season 5 ) Following the death of the Super-Shredder , Tiger Claw has led the unspecified Foot Cultists into obtaining the Scroll of the Demodragon and a special control amulet called the `` Seal of the Ancients '' that would enable him to summon the demodragon Kavaxas . When Kavaxas is summoned from the Netherworld , Tiger Claw plans to use Kavaxas ' wish - granting abilities to revive the Shredder . Upon demonstrating the revival ability on Rahzar who fell in an underwater battle against Leatherhead , Kavaxas states that he will need the Kuro Kabuto that contains Shredder 's mental energies . Upon Rahzar and Tiger Claw reclaiming the Kuro Kabuto after Kavaxas drained the soul out of Shredder 's former right - hand man Hattori Tatsu , Kavaxas states that they will need the Shredder 's heart for the revival to occur . The Foot Clan obtains the Shredder 's heart that was in the possession of Don Vizioso . Upon Shredder 's heart being placed on his corpse , Kavaxas begins to work on reviving Shredder as the Zombie Shredder . This goes against what Tiger Claw eventually planned when Undead Shredder destroys the Seal of the Ancients which enables Kavaxas to raise the spirits of the Netherworld in order to rule both worlds . While Splinter 's ghost helps those fighting on the surface , Michelangelo managed to use gum to stick the Seal of the Ancients back together enabling him to have Kavaxas undo his damages and open the portal to the Netherworld as the Zombie Shredder drags Kavaxas back to the Netherworld . Afterwards , the Turtles face different challenges like the return of Lord Dregg when he collaborates with Newtralizer , being transported to Miyamoto Usagi 's reality where they help to protect the pug Kintaro from the evil gray wolf Jei , an adventure featuring a possible future ruled by mutant animals , and another adventure involving the return of Savanti Romero where he collaborates with Count Dracula to make Earth more habitable for monsters . The Turtles , April , Casey , Karai , Shinigami , and the Mighty Mutanimals soon teamed up with the 1987 counterparts of the Ninja Turtles where they face the return of Bebop and Rocksteady where they are recruited by the 1987 counterparts of the Shredder and Krang to conquer Earth of both the 1987 and 2012 realities with a fully powered Technodrome after their Bebop and Rocksteady were accidentally left behind . While the Turtles and their allies fight off a horde of Foot Soldiers from the 1987 -- 1996 series reality and the 2012 Rock Soldiers led by Traag and Granitor , Bebop and Rocksteady discovers Shredder and Krang 's treacherous scheme to destroy the Earth and choose to become heroes in order to save the planet . Characters Main article : List of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2012 TV series ) characters Leonardo ( voiced by Jason Biggs up until `` The Wrath of Tiger Claw '' , Dominic Catrambone for the last seven episodes of Season 2 , Seth Green in Seasons 3 - 5 ) -- Leonardo , called `` Leo '' for short , is an enthusiastic ninjutsu student , who wears a blue mask , and fights with two swords called Niten Ryu . He leads the various missions of the Turtles . Donatello ( voiced by Rob Paulsen ) -- Donatello , called `` Donnie '' for short , is in charge of the design and manufacture of all of the tools and weapons in the Turtles ' arsenal . He is also a gifted hacker . He wears a purple mask and fights with a bō which also can be converted to a naginata via a blade inside one end of the staff . Raphael ( voiced by Sean Astin ) -- Raphael , also called `` Raph '' , wears a red mask and fights with two sai . Known for his rage , he commonly takes it out on Mikey , and on occasions Leo , due to their feud . He acts as the muscles of the Turtles ' attacks . Michelangelo ( voiced by Greg Cipes ) -- Michelangelo , known as `` Mikey '' , is the least mature of the turtles and is a lover of video games , skateboarding , pranks and pizza . He wears an orange mask and fights with two nunchaku which also can be converted into kusarigama via a blade inside of one of the sticks of each nunchaku and extra lengths of chain stored in the other . He brings a brighter mood than his brother towards the team . Background and production On October 21 , 2009 , a press release was made indicating that Viacom had bought the complete rights of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles franchise from Peter Laird for $60 million , and would be developing a CGI - animated TV series for its Nickelodeon family of channels for broadcast in 2012 . A feature film , released by Paramount Pictures ( also a division of Viacom ) , debuted in August 2014 . and was followed up by a sequel film , Out of the Shadows , in June 2016 . Jason Biggs originally voiced Leonardo and Rob Paulsen voices Donatello . In June 2011 , it was confirmed that Sean Astin is playing Raphael and Greg Cipes is Michelangelo . In August 2011 , it was revealed that Mae Whitman would be the voice for April O'Neil . In April 2012 , it was announced that Phil LaMarr would be playing the role of Baxter Stockman and Nolan North would be playing a race of aliens known as the Kraang , while Roseanne Barr is confirmed to voice their leader , Kraang Prime . Actress Kelly Hu confirmed her role as Karai in May 2012 . Corey Feldman was confirmed to play the role of Slash . Recurring TMNT character Casey Jones began appearing in the second season , and is voiced by former Nickelodeon star Josh Peck . Production art was leaked on the Nickelodeon website before it was taken down . The images showed the designs of all four turtles , Shredder , Splinter , a teenage April O'Neil and the Kraang , an alien race that combines elements of both Krang and the Utroms . A trailer for the series was released on June 21 , 2012 , on Nickelodeon USA . In June 2014 , it was announced that Seth Green would replace Jason Biggs and Dominic Catrambone as the voice of Leonardo in season 3 . Episodes Main article : List of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2012 TV series ) episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 26 February 28 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 28 ) August 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 08 ) 26 April 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 18 ) September 26 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 26 ) 26 April 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 19 ) September 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 27 ) 26 September 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 04 ) February 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 26 ) 5 20 July 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 09 ) November 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 12 ) Related Animation Half - Shell Heroes : Blast to the past On November 22 , 2015 , Nickelodeon aired a 2D animated special , Half - Shell Heroes : Blast to the Past . In the special , the Ninja Turtles are accidentally transported back to the Cretaceous period by an ancient meteorite and must work together with Rocksteady and Bebop ( along with some newly befriended dinosaur allies ) to get back to their own time , while simultaneously fending off would - be predators and a faction of the Triceraton Army led by General Zera ( voiced by Kate Mulgrew ) , coming to prehistoric Earth . Random House also released a book based on the special while Playmates released new dinosaur toys in the fall to coincide with the program . The special was seen by 1.41 million viewers . It was released to DVD , through Nickelodeon and Paramount Home Media Distribution , on March 15 , 2016 . Short films This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2017 ) A series of short films were released during the course of the series , including : Turtles in Time , Teenage Mecha Ninja Turtles , TMNT Team Up : The Short Series . Teenage Mecha Ninja Turtles focuses on the eponymous group , four human teen mecha pilots trained by an aged Michelangelo ( with Greg Cipes reprising his role from the series ) set in a futuristic New York City ( circa 2090 ) inhabited both by humans and anthropormorphic animals , including a Scruff McGruff - like police chief . The four children each pilot colored turtle like mechs , and consist of the following : team leader Frida ( voiced by America Young ) pilots the red , Raphael - like mech ; the blue mech with cloaking abilities that resembles Leonardo is piloted by Frida 's antagonistic teammate Jackson ( Eric Artel ) ; the battle happy Kusama ( Tania Gunadi ) pilots the Michelangelo - like orange mech ; and the purple mech , which is heavily armored and wields a bo staff that can transform into a hammer , is piloted by the nerdy and somewhat anxious Basque ( Khary Payton ) . The short features the Mecha Turtles subduing a group of anthropomorphic thieves resembling Hyenas and other canines , consisting of wolf - like leader Grimm , spotted hyena - like members Jester Joe ( both voiced by Eric Bauza ) and Jester Jim ( voiced by David Kaye , who also voices the armored police officer Sgt . Swat ) , and several other silent members . Broadcast The series premiered on Canadian channel YTV on September 29 , 2012 . It also premiered on Nickelodeon UK and Ireland in the UK and the Republic of Ireland on October 1 , 2012 . It premiered on Nickelodeon Australia and New Zealand in Australia and New Zealand on October 8 , 2012 . It premiered on Nickelodeon Canada on September 2 , 2013 . In India , it airs on Nick HD+ . It also airs on Channel 5 in the UK . Reception IGN has given the show positive reviews , with many episodes reviewed being given the `` Editor 's Choice '' title . The season 2 finale `` The Invasion '' has received the highest rating of 10 / 10 . The series premiered in the U.S. to 3.9 million viewers . Variety has praised the show , saying `` ... handsomely produced effort , with a strong vocal cast , considerable humor and scads of high - spirited action . If the goal was to introduce the Turtles to a new generation -- amphibious mission accomplished . '' Accolades Awards Year Award Category Recipients and nominees Result 2013 40th Daytime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Animated Program Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Nominated Outstanding Casting for an Animated Series or Special Meredith Layne , Sarah Noonan , and Gene Vassilaros Nominated Outstanding Sound Editing - Animation Jeff Shiffman , Otis Van Osten , Anna Adams , Gerry Gonzalez , Matt Hall , Roger Pallan , John Sanacore , and Alex Ullrich Nominated 2014 41st Annie Awards Outstanding Achievement , Editorial in an Animated TV / Broadcast Production Myra Lopez , Ana Adams , and Justin Baker Nominated 2014 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Cartoon Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Nominated 2014 Nickelodeon Indonesia Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Cartoon Show Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Nominated 41st Daytime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Casting for an Animated Series or Special Sarah Noonan , Gene Vassilaros , and Meredith Layne Won Outstanding Sound Mixing -- Animation Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Nominated 66th Primetime Emmy Awards Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Program ( for Programming Less Than One Hour ) `` The Manhattan Project '' Nominated 2014 British Academy Children 's Awards International Alan Wan , Brandon Auman , Ciro Nieli Nominated 2015 Producers Guild of America Awards 2014 Outstanding Children 's Program Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Nominated 2015 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Cartoon Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Nominated 42nd Daytime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Casting for an Animated Series or Special Meredith Layne , Sarah Noonan , and Gene Vassilaros Won ( tie ) Outstanding Sound Mixing -- Animation Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Nominated 2016 Producers Guild of America Awards 2015 Outstanding Children 's Program Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Nominated 43rd Daytime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Casting for an Animated Series or Special Meredith Layne , Sarah Noonan , and Gene Vassilaros Nominated Outstanding Sound Mixing -- Animation Justin Brinsfield , Matt Corey , Manny Grijalva , D.J. Lynch , Jeff Shiffman Won Outstanding Sound Editing -- Animation Jeff Shiffman , Jessey Drake , Anna Adams , Elliot Herman and Roger Pallan Nominated 2017 44th Annie Awards Best Animated Television / Broadcast Production For Children `` Trans - Dimensional Turtles '' Nominated Merchandise Toys Playmates Toys created a new line of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles consumer products to go along with the show . In mid-2012 , Playmates Toys released their first wave of basic Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles action figures which consisted of `` hero figures '' Leonardo , Donatello , Raphael , Michelangelo , Splinter and April O'Neil as well as `` villain characters '' Shredder , Kraang , and a Foot Soldier . In early 2013 , Playmates released series 2 which consisted of the new `` hero '' character Metalhead as well as new villains Dogpound and Fishface . In April 2013 , the third wave appeared which included the `` hero '' character Leatherhead as well as villains Snakeweed and Baxter Stockman . Wave four was released in early August and it featured the villains Rat King and Spyroach as well as new `` Stealth Tech '' versions of the four turtles . Wave 5 was released in October with a 7 pack of Mousers as well as four baby versions of the Turtles ( Turtles in training ) October saw the final release of 2013 with wave six which included two new villains : Spider Bytez and a newly sculpted Shredder figure featuring a removable helmet and cape . Wave seven first appeared in February 2014 with figures for Kirby Bat , Squirrelanoid , Casey Jones , and Mutagen Man . The Lego Group released a Lego theme of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles between 2012 and 2014 . In July 2014 , Build - A-Bear Workshop released a series of plush versions of the Turtles , as well as other TMNT themed apparel including an outfit of Shredder , along with items such as the Turtles ' signature weapons . In April 2014 , Diamond Select Toys unveiled the first series of Minimates mini-figures based on the Nickelodeon series . Two unpainted promotional figures were given away at Comic - Con International 2014 , and Series 1 was released in fall 2014 as blind bags at Kmart and comic shops , and in 2 - packs at Toys `` R '' Us . Each location had one or two exclusive characters in addition to their shared characters . Series 2 was released in comic shops in early - 2015 and at Toys `` R '' Us in mid-2015 , again with both shared and exclusive figures . Series 3 is scheduled for both locations for the fall of 2015 . A Series 4 has been confirmed . Comics Similar to the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures series from Archie Comics , which spanoff from the original TV series , IDW Publishing released a spin - off comic title named New Animated Adventures featuring original adventures , starting July 2013 . The series was cancelled after 24 issues , and was succeeded by a revised story program entitled Amazing Adventures , which was launched in August 2015 . One of the main reasons for this revision was the inclusion of the Shredder as a vital character into the comic stories , which had been neglected in New Animated Adventures . Amazing Adventures was published until September 2017 , with a total of fourteen regular issues , one special story guest - starring Carmelo Anthony , a three - issue story arch titled Robotanimals , and the crossover miniseries Batman / Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures . Home Media releases The series has also been released to home video , mainly DVD . Nickelodeon 's typical Region 1 DVD release schedule is to release each season across three volumes , consisting of four DVDs totally , with each disc containing about 6 - 7 sequential episodes . Season Episodes DVD release dates Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 26 Volume 1 : Rise of the Turtles : February 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 26 ) Volume 2 : Enter Shredder : July 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 16 ) Volume 3 : Ultimate Showdown : October 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 01 ) The Complete 1st Season : October 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 07 ) Pulverizer Power : June 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 09 ) The Complete 1st and 2nd Seasons : October 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 06 ) Complete Season : November 18 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 18 ) Volume 1 : March 6 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 06 ) Volume 2 : June 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 26 ) Volume 3 : September 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 04 ) Volume 4 : October 23 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 23 ) 26 Volume 4 : Mutagen Mayhem : March 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 18 ) Volume 5 : The Good , The Bad and Casey Jones : July 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 01 ) Volume 6 : Showdown in Dimension X : December 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 02 ) The Complete 1st and 2nd Seasons : October 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 06 ) Complete Season : March 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 30 ) Volume 1 : June 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 25 ) 26 Volume 7 : Retreat : March 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 10 ) Volume 8 : Return to NYC : July 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 14 ) Volume 9 : Revenge : December 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 01 ) Complete Season : September 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 05 ) TBA 26 Volume 10 : Beyond the Known Universe : May 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 24 ) Volume 11 : Earth 's Last Stand : December 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 13 ) Volume 12 : Super Shredder ( episodes 20 - 26 ) : March 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 21 ) TBA TBA 5 20 Volume 12 : Super Shredder ( episodes 1 - 4 ) : March 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 21 ) Volume 13 : Wanted : Bebop & Rocksteady : September 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 12 ) Volume 14 : The Final Chapters : December 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 12 ) TBA TBA Video games In 2013 , Nickelodeon released Rooftop Run for iOS devices such as the iPhone , iPad , and iPod Touch . On August 28 , 2013 , Activision released Out of the Shadows , a downloadable 3D beat ' em up game , for Xbox 360 and Microsoft Windows . On April 15 , 2014 , a version was released for the PlayStation 3 . The game features an online multiplayer co-op for up to four players . Activision also released a Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles video game based on the series for Wii , Xbox 360 , and Nintendo 3DS on October 22 , 2013 . On September 4 , 2014 . Activision announced there being a second game based on the show called Danger of the Ooze . The game was released on October 28 , 2014 for the Nintendo 3DS and Xbox 360 , and the PlayStation 3 . The game was developed by Wayforward . References Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2012 ) : Enter Shredder '' . DVD Talk . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Stransky , Tanner ( July 6 , 2012 ) . `` Nickelodeon sets premiere date for ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ' -- EXCLUSIVE '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Giorgio Chang ( 7 March 2017 ) . `` Turtle Power : Interview With Sebastian Evans , Composer of TMNT on Nickelodeon ! '' . Hollywood Patch . Retrieved 26 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Matt Edwards ( 5 April 2017 ) . `` Sebastian Evans interview : scoring Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved 26 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ' CG Animated Series Gets 2D Reboot at Nickelodeon '' . Variety . March 2 , 2017 . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . The CG series will air one last season starting Sunday , March 19 . Jump up ^ Justin Wren ( 1 January 2018 ) . `` Rob Paulsen Reveals Release Date for Rise of the TMNT '' . Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles . Retrieved 2 January 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.teenagemutantninjaturtles.com/blog/tmnt-annihilation-earth-review/ Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles.com : TMNT -- `` Annihilation : Earth ! '' Review . September 22 , 2015 . Retrieved September 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Michelangelo - Ninja Turtles - TMNT Characters '' . Nick.com. 2012 - 05 - 23 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Tuning in to TV : Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles have new series , toys '' . The Washington Times . July 29 , 2012 . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Richard Rosenbaum ( 8 June 2016 ) . `` Out of the Shadows is the TMNT sequel we all wanted ( in 1991 ) '' . Overthinking It . Retrieved 26 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Lowry , Brian ( September 26 , 2012 ) . `` Variety Reviews - Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - TV Reviews - - Review by Brian Lowry '' . Variety.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Franich , Darren ( July 14 , 2011 ) . `` Sean Astin voicing Raphael in new ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ' '' . New York City : Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rob Paulsen . `` Voice of April ONeil revealed '' . Behind The Voice Actors . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Episode 36 Guest : Phil Lamarr '' . Rob Paulsen Live . April 13 , 2012 . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Episode 38 Guest : Nolan North '' . Rob Paulsen Live . April 27 , 2012 . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Guest Cast Includes Roseanne Barr - Today 's News : Our Take '' . TVGuide.com . January 18 , 2013 . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter / KellyHu : `` @ JasonRainwater : @ Kelly '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Corey Feldman is Slash for Nick 's TMNT '' . Theouthousers.com . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Balances Comedy and Action '' . IGN . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Comic - Con : Nickelodeon Sets ' Legend of Korra , ' ' Ninja Turtles ' Panels ( Exclusive ) Hollywood Reporter , Retrieved July 13 , 2013 Jump up ^ Goellner , Caleb ( March 9 , 2012 ) . `` Parting Shot : Nickelodeon Shells Out New ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ' Images '' . Comics Alliance . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2012 . Retrieved March 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Stransky , Tanner ( June 21 , 2012 ) . `` Nickelodeon 's ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ' reboot : See the show 's trailer here ! -- EXCLUSIVE '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon Renews ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ' for Season 4 ( Exclusive ) '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon Talks Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Season 2 and Previews The Legend of Korra : Book 2 '' . IGN. 2013 - 05 - 07 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Season 1 Episode 25 - Showdown - Zap2it TV Listings '' . tvlistings.zap2it.com . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ' Renewed by Nickelodeon for Second Season ; Premiere is Number 1 Kids Program on Basic Cable - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 12 - 15 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon Sets Premiere Date for Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Season 2 - Today 's News : Our Take '' . TVGuide.com . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ' Renewed by Nickelodeon for Third Season '' . nickelodeon.tumblr.com . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nickelodeon Renews ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ' and Announces New Series ' Breadwinners ' , ' The Haunted Hathaways ' & More '' . Tvbythenumbers.com . February 26 , 2013 . Retrieved February 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon Renews ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ' for Season 4 ( Exclusive ) '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Peter DiCicco confirms that Season 4 has been extended to 26 episodes '' . Tumblr . October 8 , 2015 . Retrieved November 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` David Tennant , Peter Stormare , & Michael Dorn , To Guest Star On Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles '' . Comicbook . July 10 , 2015 . Retrieved July 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , Max ( November 24 , 2015 ) . `` NEW 2D - ANIMATED TEENAGE MUTANT NINJA TURTLES TV SPECIAL ANNOUNCED '' . IGN . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 24 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Walking Dead ' rises with Glenn 's fate revealed , ' Into the Badlands ' down in week 2 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( December 14 , 2015 ) . `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - ' Half - Shell Heroes : Blast to the Past ' Special is Coming to DVD ! '' . TV Shows on DVD . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles '' . Channel 5 . Retrieved 23 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2012 ) : Season 1 - TV '' . IGN . October 18 , 2012 . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , Max . `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : `` The Invasion '' Review `` . IGN . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Starlight Runner Entertainment Tapped to Prep Nickelodeon 's Hit Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Franchise for Multi-Platform - Yahoo ! News '' . Jump up ^ `` 66th Annual Primetime Emmy Award Nominations '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved July 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Children 's in 2014 '' . British Academy of Film and Television Arts . November 23 , 2014 . Retrieved November 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon : Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Make a Triumphant Return to Television in New Nickelodeon Series '' . India Retail News . October 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Basic Action Figures Playmates Toys , Inc '' . Playmatestoys.com . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2013 . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Toy Fair 2013 : Playmates ' Upcoming ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ' Figures And Vehicles '' . Comicsalliance.com . February 12 , 2013 . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2018 . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New Nickelodeon TMNT Mutagen Man , Kirby Bat , and Squirrelanoid Figure Images '' . toynewsi.com. 2013 - 09 - 19 . Retrieved October 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles TM - LEGO Shop '' . shop.lego.com . Jump up ^ `` DST Reveals ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ' Minimates and More at C2E2 '' . ComicsAlliance.com. April 28 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ TMNT-NinjaTurtles.com : `` TMNT New Animated Adventures Canceled '' ( 22 April 2015 ) Jump up ^ Comics Alliance : `` IDW Announces TMNT Amazing Adventures , With Backup Story By James Kochalka '' Archived June 23 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . ( 15 May 2015 ) Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - Vol. 1 : Rise of the Turtles '' . TV Shows on DVD . February 26 , 2013 . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - Vol. 2 : Enter Shredder '' . TV Shows on DVD . July 16 , 2013 . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - Vol. 3 : Ultimate Showdown '' . TV Shows on DVD . October 1 , 2013 . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - The Complete 1st Season '' . TV Shows on DVD . October 7 , 2014 . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - Pulverizer Power '' . TV Shows on DVD . June 9 , 2015 . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - The Complete 1st and 2nd Seasons DVD Information '' . TV Shows on DVD . October 6 , 2015 . Retrieved November 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - Complete Season 1 ( R2 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Rise of the Turtles ( R4 ) '' . EzyDVD Pty Ltd . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Enter Shredder ( R4 ) '' . EzyDVD Pty Ltd . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Kraang Invasion '' . EzyDVD Pty Ltd . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Ultimate Showdown ( R4 ) '' . EzyDVD Pty Ltd . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - Vol. 4 : Mutagen Mayhem '' . TV Shows on DVD . March 18 , 2014 . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - Vol. 5 : The Good , The Bad and Casey Jones '' . TV Shows on DVD . July 1 , 2014 . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - Vol. 6 : Showdown in Dimension X '' . TV Shows on DVD . December 2 , 2014 . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Season Two ( R2 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved July 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Mutagen Mayhem ( R4 ) '' . EzyDVD Pty Ltd . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - Volume 7 '' . TV Shows on DVD . March 10 , 2014 . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Volume 8 : Return to NYC ! '' . TV Shows on DVD . July 14 , 2015 . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - Volume 9 : Revenge '' . TV Shows on DVD . 1 December 2015 . Retrieved 1 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - Season 3 Complete Collection '' . Amazon . Retrieved 16 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles DVD news : Announcement for Vol. 10 : Beyond the Known Universe '' . TV Shows on DVD . March 7 , 2016 . Retrieved March 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David . `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - Formal Press Release for Vol. 11 : Earth 's Last Stand ' '' . TV Shows on DVD . Retrieved 16 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lambert , David . `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - ' Tales of the Turtles V1 : Super Shredder ' DVD Announced ' '' . TV Shows on DVD . Retrieved 2 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David . `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - Press Release , Box for ' Wanted : Bebop & Rocksteady ' DVDs '' . TV Shows on DVD . Retrieved 24 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David . `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - ' Tales of the Turtles V3 : The Final Chapters ' DVD Announced '' . TV Shows on DVD . Retrieved 25 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Ishaan ( July 8 , 2013 ) . `` TMNT : Out of the Shadows And More In This Year 's Summer of Arcade Line - up '' . Siliconera . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles TM : Out of the Shadows '' . http://us.playstation.com/ . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2014 . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . External link in website = ( help ) Jump up ^ Sliwinski , Alexander ( March 4 , 2013 ) . `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows this summer '' . Joystiq . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon and Activision Reveal New Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles TM Video Game Based ... - NEW YORK , July 19 , 2013 / PRNewswire / '' . Prnewswire.com . Retrieved September 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Danger of the OOZE - PlayStation 3 '' -- via Amazon . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2012 TV series ) Official website Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles on IMDb Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles at the Big Cartoon DataBase Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Created by Kevin Eastman Peter Laird Characters and ( appearances ) Turtles Leonardo Donatello Michelangelo Raphael Supporting Splinter Hamato Yoshi April O'Neil Casey Jones Leatherhead Metalhead Miyamoto Usagi Mighty Mutanimals Venus Antagonists Shredder Foot Clan Karai Baxter Stockman Bebop and Rocksteady Krang Purple Dragons Rat King Slash Tokka and Rahzar Comics Mirage comic series Tales of the TMNT TMNT Adventures Mighty Mutanimals Daily comic strip Dreamwave comics series IDW comic series Television 1987 series Episodes Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Season 7 Season 8 Season 9 Season 10 Mutant Turtles : Superman Legend Next Mutation Episodes Villains 2003 series Episodes Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Season 7 Turtles Forever Home video 2012 series Characters Episodes Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Rise of the TMNT - Films Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 1990 ) soundtrack II : The Secret of the Ooze ( 1991 ) soundtrack III ( 1993 ) soundtrack TMNT ( 2007 ) soundtrack Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2014 ) soundtrack Out of the Shadows ( 2016 ) Games Role - playing games Video games Other Action figures Lego Alien races Casey Jones ( fan film ) Food tie - ins Cartoon All - Stars to the Rescue `` Turtle Power ! 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Nickelodeon Rewind Nick : The Smart Place to Play Nickelodeon Saturday programming block Nick Studio 10 Nickelodeon portal Cartoon portal Television in the United States portal Superhero fiction portal 2010s portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles_(2012_TV_series)&oldid=838801121 '' Categories : 2012 American television series debuts 2017 American television series endings 2010s American animated television series 2010s American science fiction television series 2010s Nickelodeon shows Alien invasions in television American children 's animated action television series American children 's animated adventure television series American children 's animated science fantasy television series English - language television programs Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2012 TV series ) Television shows set in Massachusetts Television shows set in New York City American animated television programs featuring anthropomorphic characters 2010s American children 's television series American children 's animated superhero television series Animated television series reboots Powered exoskeletons in television American computer - animated television series Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 errors : external links Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use mdy dates from July 2015 Articles to be expanded from July 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Dansk Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 April 2018 , at 11 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many seasons of teenage mutant ninja turtles nickelodeon | [
"\n\nTeenage Mutant Ninja Turtles\n\n\n\nSeries logotype\n\n\n\nAlso known as\nTales of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (season five title)\n\n\nGenre\nAction\nComedy\nDrama[1]\n\n\nBased on\nTeenage Mutant Ninja Turtles\nby Kevin Eastman\nPeter Laird\n\n\nDeveloped by\nCiro Nieli\nJoshua Sternin\nJ. R. Ventimilia\n\n\nVoices of\n\n\n\nJason Biggs (Seasons 1–2)\nSeth Green (Seasons 3–5)\nRob Paulsen\nSean Astin\nGreg Cipes\nHoon Lee\nMae Whitman\nKevin Michael Richardson\nJosh Peck\nKelly Hu\nNolan North\nClancy Brown\nChristian Lanz\nPhil LaMarr\nEric Bauza\nFred Tatasciore\nJ.B. Smoove\n\n\n\n\n\nOpening theme\n\"Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles\"\n\n\nEnding theme\n\"Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles\" (instrumental)\n\n\nComposer(s)\nSebastian Evans II\nStanley Martinez\n\n\nCountry of origin\nUnited States\n\n\nOriginal language(s)\nEnglish\n\n\nNo. of seasons\n5\n\n\nNo. of episodes\n124 (list of episodes)\n\n\nProduction\n\n\nExecutive producer(s)\n\n\n\nJoshua Sternin\nJ. R. Ventimilia\nCiro Nieli\nPeter Hastings\nBrandon Auman\nRick Magallanes (for Nickelodeon; season 1)\nMegan Casey (for Nickelodeon; seasons 2–5)\n\n\n\n\n\nProducer(s)\n\n\n\nMacGregor Middleton\nChristopher Waters (supervising)\nAnt Ward (supervising)\nPatrick Krebs (supervising)\nVladimir Radev (asscociate)\n\n\n\n\n\nRunning time\n22 minutes\n\n\nProduction company(s)\nLowbar Productions\nMirage Studios\nNickelodeon Animation Studio\n\n\nRelease\n\n\nOriginal network\nNickelodeon\n\n\nPicture format\n480i NTSC\n1080i HDTV\n\n\nOriginal release\nSeptember 29, 2012 (2012-09-29) – November 12, 2017 (2017-11-12)\n\n\nChronology\n\n\nPreceded by\nTeenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2003 TV series)\n\n\nFollowed by\nRise of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles\n\n\nExternal links\n\n\nWebsite\n\n"
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2654837450514323853 | I Don't Wanna Live Forever | I Do n't Wanna Live Forever - wikipedia I Do n't Wanna Live Forever For other uses , see I Do n't Wanna Live Forever ( disambiguation ) . `` I Do n't Wanna Live Forever '' Single by Zayn and Taylor Swift from the album Fifty Shades Darker : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Released December 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 09 ) Format Digital download Recorded 2016 Studio Rough Costumer Studio ( Brooklyn , New York ) Record Plant ( Los Angeles , California ) Genre Electro - R&B Length 4 : 05 Label Universal Songwriter ( s ) Taylor Swift Sam Dew Jack Antonoff Producer ( s ) Jack Antonoff Zayn singles chronology `` Freedun '' ( 2016 ) `` I Do n't Wanna Live Forever '' ( 2016 ) `` Still Got Time '' ( 2017 ) Taylor Swift singles chronology `` New Romantics '' ( 2016 ) `` I Do n't Wanna Live Forever '' ( 2016 ) `` Look What You Made Me Do '' ( 2017 ) Fifty Shades soundtrack singles chronology `` Crazy in Love ( Remix ) '' ( 2015 ) `` I Do n't Wanna Live Forever '' ( 2016 ) `` Not Afraid Anymore '' ( 2017 ) Music video `` I Do n't Wanna Live Forever '' on YouTube `` I Do n't Wanna Live Forever '' , alternatively titled `` I Do n't Wanna Live Forever ( Fifty Shades Darker ) '' , is a song recorded by English singer - songwriter Zayn and American singer - songwriter Taylor Swift for the soundtrack to the 2017 film Fifty Shades Darker . It was written by Swift , Sam Dew , and Jack Antonoff and produced by Antonoff . The single was released on December 9 , 2016 , by Universal Music Group . The song 's music video was released on January 27 , 2017 . Contents 1 Composition 2 Critical reception 3 Commercial performance 4 Music video 4.1 Synopsis 5 Awards and nominations 6 Credits and personnel 7 Charts 7.1 Weekly charts 7.2 Year - end charts 8 Certifications 9 Release history 10 See also 11 References Composition ( edit ) `` I Do n't Wanna Live Forever '' is an electro - R&B ballad . On the track , the pair trade `` romantic overtures '' , while Zayn uses a falsetto on parts of the song , and Swift ponders what the relationship means . `` I Do n't Wanna Live Forever '' is written in the key of A minor and moves at a tempo of 118 beats per minute in common time . The song follows a chord progression of F -- C -- G -- Am -- F -- C -- G -- G ♯ dim -- Am , and the vocals span two octaves , from E to E . Critical reception ( edit ) Nolan Feenery of Entertainment Weekly gave it a B+ rating : `` Welcome to Taylor Swift 's Sexy Side . '' He also praised the vocals of both artists . Lucas Villa of AXS thought the song was not as sexy as Ellie Goulding 's `` Love Me like You Do '' or The Weeknd 's `` Earned It '' , writing , `` Despite the neutered lyricism , Zayn saves the day and manages to maneuver his most magnificent performance to date . '' Commercial performance ( edit ) The song upon release was available only on iTunes and Tidal . It was not serviced on Spotify upon launch but was later added the following week . In the United States , it sold 188,000 in its first week , in addition to a 25 million radio audience and 3 million streams . It debuted at number 6 on the Billboard Hot 100 . It is Zayn 's second top 10 solo single and Taylor Swift 's 20th top 10 , making her the 16th artist and sixth woman to do so . It debuted at number - one on the Digital Songs chart , as Zayn 's fourth song ( second solo song ) and Swift 's 11th song to top the chart , tying Swift with Katy Perry for the second-most in the chart 's history , behind Rihanna . It is also Zayn 's second number - one on the Digital Songs chart in 2016 , making him one of only two artists to top the chart with two songs that year , along with Drake . The song later reached a new peak of number 2 on the Hot 100 , behind Ed Sheeran 's `` Shape of You '' with 109 million radio audience and 25.7 million streams , becoming Zayn 's second top 5 single ( as solo artist ) , Swift 's 11th top 5 single , and the highest - charting Fifty Shades single . It reached over a million in sales by July 2017 , and as of November 2017 , it has sold 1.4 million copies in the United States . The song was the tenth best - selling song of 2017 in the United States , selling 1,108,000 copies in that year . Across European charts , the song debuted at number - one in Spain and Sweden , becoming Swift 's first number - one single in both countries , while becoming Zayn 's first number - one in Spain and his second number - one in Sweden . It was certified platinum there . It reached the top 10 in Austria , Belgium , Czech Republic , Denmark , Finland , France , Germany , Hungary , Ireland , Italy , Netherlands , Norway , Portugal , Scotland , Switzerland , and the United Kingdom . Music video ( edit ) The official music video of the song was released in January 27 , 2017 through both Zayn and Swift 's official YouTube account at the same time , and was later uploaded through the official Fifty Shades Vevo account as well . It was directed by Grant Singer and was produced by Saul Germaine . The music video uploaded on Swift 's Vevo channel has more than 500 million views on YouTube as of October 2018. The music video was named the fourth best music video of 2017 by Vevo . Synopsis ( edit ) The video starts with Zayn emerging from his car on a rainy night as the paparazzi take photos . As Zayn enters a hotel he starts singing his part and as the chorus begins he reaches the elevator with red lights and then pans over to another elevator with Swift singing her part and proceeds to her hotel room . Zayn in his room sings the chorus and Swift pours some champagne in a glass . The rest of the video is Zayn and Swift throwing objects like glasses , lamps , pillows across their rooms in anger with flashing blue and red lights . Zayn and Swift are seen standing together facing backs and singing the chorus together and looking at each other . The video ends with Swift on her bed singing the last part of the song . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Organization Award Result Ref . 2017 Radio Disney Music Awards Best Collaboration Nominated MTV Millennial Awards Best Collaboration of the Year Won Teen Choice Awards Choice Music Collaboration Nominated MTV Video Music Awards Best Collaboration Won 2018 Grammy Awards Best Song Written for Visual Media Nominated Satellite Awards Best Original Song Nominated Brit Awards British Video of the Year Nominated BMI Awards Award - Winning Songs Won Credits and personnel ( edit ) Credits adapted from the liner notes of Fifty Shades Darker : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack . Recording Recorded at Rough Coustumer Studio ( Brooklyn , New York ) Taylor Swift 's vocals recorded at Rough Costumer Studios ( Brooklyn , New York ) Zayn Malik 's vocals recorded at Record Plant ( Los Angeles , California ) Additional vocals engineered at NightBird Recording Studios ( West Hollywood , California ) Mixed at MixStar Studios ( Virginia Beach , Virginia ) Mastered at Sterling Sound Studios ( New York City , New York ) Management Published by Sony / ATV Tree Publishing / Taylor Swift Music ( BMI ) , Sony / ATV Songs LLC / Ducky Donathan Music ( BMI ) , Sony / ATV Sonata / By the Chi Publishing ( SESAC ) , UPG Music Publishing ( BMI ) and 1320 Music Publishing ( SESAC ) Zayn Malik appears courtesy of RCA Records Taylor Swift appears courtesy of Big Machine Records Personnel Taylor Swift -- songwriter , lead vocals Zayn -- lead vocals Jack Antonoff -- songwriter , producer , instruments , vocals recording ( Taylor Swift ) Sam Dew -- songwriter , background vocals Daniel Zaidenstadt -- vocals recording ( Zayn Malik ) Saltwives -- additional vocals engineer Serban Ghena -- mixing Tom Coyne -- mastering Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2016 -- 17 ) Peak position Argentina ( Monitor Latino ) 19 Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 7 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Canada AC ( Billboard ) 24 Canada CHR / Top 40 ( Billboard ) Canada Hot AC ( Billboard ) Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) 15 Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Europe ( Euro Digital Songs ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 7 France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) 21 Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) Iceland ( RÚV ) 17 Ireland ( IRMA ) Israel ( Media Forest ) 6 Italy ( FIMI ) 5 Lebanon ( Lebanese Top 20 ) Luxembourg Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Malaysia ( RIM ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 7 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 6 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Philippines ( Philippine Hot 100 ) 80 Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 14 Portugal ( AFP ) Romania ( Media Forest ) 6 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 15 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 5 US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 16 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 33 US Dance / Mix Show Airplay ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 20 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 17 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 24 Belgium ( Ultratop Flanders ) 47 Belgium ( Ultratop Wallonia ) 22 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 24 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 16 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 32 Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 53 Hungary ( Stream Top 40 ) 25 Israel ( Media Forest ) 50 Italy ( FIMI ) 30 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 45 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 18 Poland ( ZPAV ) 93 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 21 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 16 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 52 US Billboard Hot 100 26 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 2 × Platinum 140,000 Belgium ( BEA ) Platinum 20,000 Brazil ( Pro-Música Brasil ) 2 × Platinum 80,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 2 × Platinum 160,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Platinum 60,000 France ( SNEP ) Diamond 233,333 Germany ( BVMI ) Platinum 400,000 Italy ( FIMI ) 3 × Platinum 150,000 Mexico ( AMPROFON ) Platinum + Gold 90,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 30,000 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Platinum 40,000 Sweden ( GLF ) Platinum 40,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000 United States ( RIAA ) 4 × Platinum 1,400,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format Label Ref . United States December 9 , 2016 Digital download streaming Universal United Kingdom United States December 12 , 2016 Hot adult contemporary radio Big Machine Republic Universal December 13 , 2016 Contemporary hit radio United Kingdom January 6 , 2017 Universal RCA Italy January 13 , 2017 Universal Sony See also ( edit ) List of number - one digital songs of 2017 ( U.S. ) List of Billboard Hot 100 top 10 singles in 2017 Billboard Year - End Hot 100 singles of 2017 List of number - one singles of the 2010s ( Sweden ) List of Canadian Hot 100 top 10 singles in 2017 List of UK top 10 singles in 2017 List of top 25 singles for 2017 in Australia List of top 10 singles in 2017 ( Australia ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` I Do n't Wanna Live Forever ( Fifty Shades Darker ) - Single by ZAYN & Taylor Swift on Apple Music '' . iTunes Store . Universal Studios . Retrieved December 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift and Zayn surprise - drop I Do n't Wanna Live Forever '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved December 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Zayn Malik And Taylor Swift Spotted Filming Fifty Shades Music Video '' . MTV . Retrieved January 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Zayn & Taylor Swift 's ' I Do n't Wanna Live Forever ' : EW Review '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Taylor Swift , Zayn Team Up for Sultry ' Fifty Shades Darker ' Song '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BPM for ' i do n't wan na ' by zayn songbpm.com '' . songbpm.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Swift , . `` ZAYN & Taylor Swift `` I Do n't Wanna Live Forever '' Sheet Music in A Minor ( transposable ) - Download & Print `` . Musicnotes.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ Villa , Lucas ( December 11 , 2016 ) . `` Review : Zayn saves tame Taylor Swift collaboration ' I Do n't Wanna Live Forever ' '' . AXS . Jump up ^ `` Rae Sremmurd Tops Hot 100 , Zayn & Taylor Swift , J. Cole Debut in Top 10 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Trust , Gary ( December 19 , 2016 ) . `` Rae Sremmurd Tops Hot 100 , Zayn & Taylor Swift , J. Cole Debut in Top 10 '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Watch : J. Cole ' Eyez ' the Top Spot '' . ^ Jump up to : Trust , Gary ( February 21 , 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran Tops Hot 100 , Katy Perry Debuts at No. 4 & Bruno Mars , Rihanna & The Weeknd All Hit Top 10 '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Returns to Top of Hot 100 , Zayn & Taylor Swift Surge to No. 3 '' . Jump up ^ `` Migos Hold Atop Hot 100 , Alessia Cara Hits Top 10 '' . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( 4 July 2017 ) . `` Kendrick Lamar 's ' DAMN . ' & Ed Sheeran 's ' Shape of You ' Lead Nielsen Music 's Mid-Year 2017 Charts '' . Billboard . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Trust , Gary ( November 26 , 2017 ) . `` Ask Billboard : Taylor Swift 's Career Album & Song Sales '' . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Keith Caulfield ( 3 January 2018 ) . `` Ed Sheeran 's ' Divide ' Is Nielsen Music 's Top Album of 2017 in U.S. '' Billboard . Retrieved 4 January 2018 . Jump up ^ ZAYN , Taylor Swift - I Do n't Wanna Live Forever ( TaylorSwiftVEVO ) on YouTube Jump up ^ `` ZAYN , Taylor Swift - I Do n't Wanna Live Forever ( Fifty Shades Darker ) '' . YouTube . January 26 , 2017 . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Radio Disney Music Awards : complete list of nominees '' . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2017 . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lista de ganadores de los MTV Millennial Awards 2017 '' ( in Spanish ) . MTV . June 6 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2017 . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Knapp , Rebecca Rubin , JD ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 : ' Riverdale , ' Fifth Harmony Shut Out Competition '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2017 . Retrieved August 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ France , Lisa Respers ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` MTV Video Music Awards 2017 : Winners list '' . CNN . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2017 . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 60th Annual Grammy Awards '' . Grammy Awards . November 28 , 2017 . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2017 . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pond , Steve ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dunkirk , ' ' The Shape of Water ' Lead Satellite Award Nominations '' . TheWrap . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Telegraph Reporters . `` Brit Awards 2018 nominees : Dua Lipa , Ed Sheeran , Taylor Swift on shortlist '' . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Ronson Receives the BMI Champion Award at the 66th BMI Pop Awards '' . bmi.com . BMI. 8 May 2018 . Retrieved 22 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Fifty Shades Darker : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ( CD ) . various artists . Republic Records . 2017 . p. 1 . 00602557372571 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Argentina -- Del 13 al 18 de Marzo , 2017 '' ( in Spanish ) . Monitor Latino . 13 March 2017 . Retrieved 1 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Zayn & Taylor Swift -- I Do n't Wanna Live Forever ( Fifty Shades Darker ) '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved December 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Zayn & Taylor Swift -- I Do n't Wanna Live Forever ( Fifty Shades Darker ) '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Zayn & Taylor Swift -- I Do n't Wanna Live Forever ( Fifty Shades Darker ) '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved February 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Zayn & Taylor Swift -- I Do n't Wanna Live Forever ( Fifty Shades Darker ) '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved March 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Canadian Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Zayn Chart History ( Canada AC ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Zayn Chart History ( Canada CHR / Top 40 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Zayn Chart History ( Canada Hot AC ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201713 into search . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201702 into search . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Track Top - 40 Uge 7 , 2017 '' . Hitlisten.NU . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Zayn -- Chart history '' . Billboard Euro Digital Songs for Zayn . Retrieved December 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift & Zayn Malik : I Do n't Wanna Live Forever ( Fifty Shades Darker ) '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Le Top de la semaine : Top Singles Téléchargés - SNEP ( Week 7 , 2017 ) '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Zayn & Taylor Swift -- I Do n't Wanna Live Forever ( Fifty Shades Darker ) '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` I Do n't Wanna Live Forever '' . RÚV . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- I Do n't Wanna Live Forever '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ZAYN & Taylor Swift -- I Do n't Wanna Live Forever Media Forest '' . Israeli Airplay Chart . Media Forest . Retrieved February 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Classifica settimanale WK 8 '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved February 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Lebanese Top 20 - Taylor Swift '' . The Official Lebanese Top 20 . January 15 , 2017 . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Luxembourg Digital Songs '' . Billboard . February 25 , 2017 . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Most Streamed International & Domestic Singles in Malaysia '' ( PDF ) . Recording Industry Association of Malaysia . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 18 , 2017 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved December 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Zayn & Taylor Swift -- I Do n't Wanna Live Forever ( Fifty Shades Darker ) '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- Zayn & Taylor Swift -- I Do n't Wanna Live Forever ( Fifty Shades Darker ) '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` VG - lista - Zayn & Taylor Swift / I Do n't Wanna Live Forever ( Fifty Shades Darker ) '' . VG - lista . Retrieved February 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BillboardPH Hot 100 '' . Billboard Philippines . 26 June 2017 . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- Zayn & Taylor Swift -- I Do n't Wanna Live Forever ( Fifty Shades Darker ) '' . AFP Top 100 Singles . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Romanian International Top 10 Singles Chart '' . Media Forest . May 28 , 2017 . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201707 into search . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 -- Slovenian official singles chart '' . slotop50.si . Retrieved 29 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Zayn & Taylor Swift -- I Do n't Wanna Live Forever ( Fifty Shades Darker ) '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved December 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Zayn & Taylor Swift -- I Do n't Wanna Live Forever ( Fifty Shades Darker ) '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Zayn & Taylor Swift -- I Do n't Wanna Live Forever '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Zayn Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Zayn Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Dance Club Songs -- March 11 , 2017 '' . Billboard . March 11 , 2017 . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dance / Mix Show Airplay '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Zayn Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rhythmic Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA End of Year Singles 2017 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ö3 Austria Top 40 -- Single - Charts 2017 '' . oe3.orf.at . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 2017 '' . Ultratop . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rapports Annuels 2017 '' . Ultratop . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Track Top - 100 2017 '' . Hitlisten . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Single - Jahrescharts '' . GfK Entertainment ( in German ) . offiziellecharts.de . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Single Top 100 - eladási darabszám alapján - 2017 '' . Mahasz . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Stream Top 100 - 2017 '' . Mahasz . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 Israel airplay 2017 '' . mediaforest.biz . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Classifiche annuali dei dischi più venduti e dei singoli più scaricati nel 2017 '' ( Click on `` Scarica allegato '' and open the `` Classifica annuale 2017 Singoli digital '' file ) ( in Italian ) . FIMI . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten -- Single 2017 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved December 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 2017 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved December 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Airplay 2017 -- w pierwszej trójce Sheeran , Tiësto i Hyży '' ( in Polish ) . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Årslista Singlar -- År 2017 '' ( in Swedish ) . Sverigetopplistan . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Schweizer Jahreshitparade 2017 -- hitparade.ch '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Singles Chart Top 100 -- 2017 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Songs -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2017 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 7 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- singles 2017 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 10 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brazilian single certifications '' ( in Portuguese ) . Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos . Retrieved 15 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Zayn / Taylor Swift -- I Do n't Wanna Live Forever '' . Music Canada . Retrieved 1 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Danish single certifications -- Zayn -- I Do n't Wanna Live Forever '' . IFPI Denmark . Click on næste to go to page if certification is from the official website . Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- Zayn -- I Do n't Wanna Live Forever '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved 8 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( ZAYN feat . Taylor Swift ; ' I Do n't Want To Live Forever ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved 28 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Zayn & Taylor Swift -- I Do n't Wanna Live Forever '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 18 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mexican recording certifications -- April 2017 -- I Do n't Wanna Live Forever '' . Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . facebook.com. April 20 , 2017 . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Zayn and Taylor Swift -- I Do n't Wanna Live Forever '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 3 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spanish single certifications -- Zayn -- I Do n't Wanna Live Forever '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Productores de Música de España . Retrieved 23 March 2017 . Select single under `` Chart '' , enter 2017 in the field `` Year '' . Select the certification month in the field `` Semana '' . Click on `` Search Charts '' . Jump up ^ `` Sverige Topplistan : Search for song '' . Sverigetopplistan . Retrieved 20 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Zayn -- I Do n't Wanna Live Forever '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 18 August 2017 . Select singles in the Format field . Select Platinum in the Certification field . Type I Do n't Wanna Live Forever in the `` Search BPI Awards '' field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Zayn & Taylor Swift -- I Do n't Wanna Live Forever '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 16 June 2018 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH . Jump up ^ White , Jack ( December 9 , 2016 ) . `` Zayn and Taylor Swift release surprise new single I Do n't Wanna Live Forever '' . Official Charts . Official Charts Company . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hot / Modern / AC Future Releases '' . All Access Media Group . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2016 . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 / M Future Releases '' . All Access Media Group . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2016 . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BBC - Radio 1 - Playlist '' . BBC Radio 1 . British Broadcasting Corporation . January 6 , 2017 . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` I Do n't Wanna Live Forever ( Fifty Shades Darker ) - ZAYN & TAYLOR SWIFT RadioDate '' . January 13 , 2017 . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Fifty Shades by E.L. James Novels Original trilogy Fifty Shades of Grey Fifty Shades Darker Fifty Shades Freed Retold Grey : Fifty Shades of Grey as Told by Christian Darker : Fifty Shades Darker as Told by Christian Film series Films Fifty Shades of Grey Fifty Shades Darker Fifty Shades Freed Music Fifty Shades of Grey `` Earned It '' `` Love Me like You Do '' `` I Know You '' Fifty Shades Darker `` I Do n't Wanna Live Forever '' `` Not Afraid Anymore '' `` Helium '' Fifty Shades Freed `` For You '' `` Capital Letters '' `` Heaven '' Parodies Fifty Shades of Oy Vey : A Parody Spank ! The Fifty Shades Parody Fifty Shades of Black Zayn Malik Discography Awards and nominations Albums Mind of Mine Singles `` Pillowtalk '' `` Like I Would '' `` Wrong '' `` I Do n't Wanna Live Forever '' `` Still Got Time '' `` Dusk Till Dawn '' `` Let Me '' `` Entertainer '' `` Sour Diesel '' `` Too Much '' Featured singles `` Back to Sleep ( Remix ) '' `` Cruel '' `` Freedun '' Promotional singles `` It 's You '' `` Befour '' Other songs `` She '' Related articles One Direction Taylor Swift songs Discography Taylor Swift `` Tim McGraw '' `` Picture to Burn '' `` Teardrops on My Guitar '' `` Should 've Said No '' `` Our Song '' Fearless `` Fearless '' `` Fifteen '' `` Love Story '' `` White Horse '' `` You Belong with Me '' `` Breathe '' `` You 're Not Sorry '' `` Forever & Always '' `` Change '' Speak Now `` Mine '' `` Sparks Fly '' `` Back to December '' `` Speak Now '' `` Dear John '' `` Mean '' `` The Story of Us '' `` Innocent '' `` Long Live '' `` Ours '' Red `` State of Grace '' `` Red '' `` I Knew You Were Trouble '' `` All Too Well '' `` 22 '' `` We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together '' `` The Last Time '' `` Everything Has Changed '' `` Begin Again '' `` Welcome to New York '' `` Blank Space '' `` Style '' `` Out of the Woods '' `` Shake It Off '' `` Bad Blood '' `` Wildest Dreams '' `` Wonderland '' `` New Romantics '' Reputation `` ... 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'' `` End Game '' `` I Did Something Bad '' `` Delicate '' `` Look What You Made Me Do '' `` Gorgeous '' `` Getaway Car '' `` Call It What You Want '' `` New Year 's Day '' Soundtrack songs `` Crazier '' `` Today Was a Fairytale '' `` Safe & Sound '' `` Eyes Open '' `` Sweeter Than Fiction '' `` I Do n't Wanna Live Forever '' As a featured artist `` Two Is Better Than One '' `` Half of My Heart '' `` Both of Us '' `` Babe '' Other songs `` Ronan '' `` Highway Do n't Care '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Don%27t_Wanna_Live_Forever&oldid=865302938 '' Categories : 2010s ballads 2016 songs 2016 singles Zayn Malik songs Songs written by Jack Antonoff Taylor Swift songs Songs written by Taylor Swift Universal Music Group singles Vocal duets Number - one singles in Sweden Fifty Shades film music Song recordings produced by Jack Antonoff Songs written by Sam Dew Contemporary R&B ballads Songs about suicide Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadaac Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadachrtop40 Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadahotac Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungary Singlechart usages for Hungarytop10 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Israelairplay Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart usages for Portugal Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Brazil Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for Mexico Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Spain Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Հայերեն Hrvatski Italiano Nederlands Português Русский Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2018 , at 01 : 46 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who wrote i don't wanna live forever | [
"\"I Don't Wanna Live Forever\", alternatively titled \"I Don't Wanna Live Forever (Fifty Shades Darker)\",[1] is a song recorded by English singer-songwriter Zayn and American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift for the soundtrack to the 2017 film Fifty Shades Darker. It was written by Swift, Sam Dew, and Jack Antonoff and produced by Antonoff. The single was released on December 9, 2016, by Universal Music Group.[2] The song's music video was released on January 27, 2017.[3] \n",
"\"I Don't Wanna Live Forever\", alternatively titled \"I Don't Wanna Live Forever (Fifty Shades Darker)\",[1] is a song recorded by English singer-songwriter Zayn and American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift for the soundtrack to the 2017 film Fifty Shades Darker. It was written by Swift, Sam Dew, and Jack Antonoff and produced by Antonoff. The single was released on December 9, 2016, by Universal Music Group.[2] The song's music video was released on January 27, 2017.[3] \n",
"\"I Don't Wanna Live Forever\", alternatively titled \"I Don't Wanna Live Forever (Fifty Shades Darker)\",[1] is a song recorded by English singer-songwriter Zayn and American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift for the soundtrack to the 2017 film Fifty Shades Darker. It was written by Swift, Sam Dew, and Jack Antonoff and produced by Antonoff. The single was released on December 9, 2016, by Universal Music Group.[2] The song's music video was released on January 27, 2017.[3] \n"
] | [
"Taylor Swift",
"Sam Dew",
"Jack Antonoff"
] |
-1066437867245325768 | List of Person of Interest characters | List of person of interest characters - Wikipedia List of person of interest characters Jump to : navigation , search Parts of this article ( those related to article ) need to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( August 2014 ) This is a list of characters in the American science fiction crime drama television series Person of Interest . Contents ( hide ) 1 Main characters 1.1 John Reese 1.2 Harold Finch 1.3 Joss Carter 1.4 Lionel Fusco 1.5 Sameen Shaw 1.6 Root 2 Recurring characters 2.1 Friends & Family of Team Machine 2.1. 1 Jessica Arndt 2.1. 2 Grace Hendricks 2.1. 3 Nathan Ingram 2.1. 4 Will Ingram 2.1. 5 Taylor Carter 2.1. 6 Lee Fusco 2.2 Persons of Interest 2.2. 1 Zoe Morgan 2.2. 2 Leon Tao 2.2. 3 Harper Rose 2.2. 4 Caleb Phipps 2.2. 5 Logan Pierce 2.3 Organised Crime figures 2.3. 1 Carl Elias 2.3. 2 Anthony Marconi 2.3. 3 Bruce Moran 2.3. 4 Gianni Moretti 2.3. 5 Peter Yogorov 2.4 The Brotherhood 2.4. 1 Dominic Besson 2.4. 2 Link Cordell 2.4. 3 Floyd 2.5 New York City Police Department 2.5. 1 Cal Beecher 2.5. 2 Bill Szymanski 2.5. 3 Kane 2.5. 4 Dani Silva 2.6 HR 2.6. 1 Alonzo Quinn 2.6. 2 Patrick Simmons 2.6. 3 Artie Lynch 2.6. 4 Womack 2.6. 5 Raymond Terney 2.6. 6 Mike Laskey 2.7 Federal Bureau of Investigation 2.7. 1 Nicholas Donnelly 2.7. 2 Brian Moss 2.8 The Government 2.8. 1 Alicia Corwin 2.8. 2 Denton Weeks 2.8. 3 Special Counsel 2.8. 4 Hersh 2.8. 5 Control 2.8. 6 Devon Grice 2.8. 7 Brooks 2.9 The CIA 2.9. 1 Mark Snow 2.9. 2 Tyrell Evans 2.9. 3 Kara Stanton 2.10 Decima Technologies 2.10. 1 John Greer 2.10. 2 Jeremy Lambert 2.10. 3 Martine Rousseau 2.10. 4 Gabriel Hayward 2.10. 5 Claire Mahoney 2.10. 6 Zachary 2.10. 7 Jeff Blackwell 2.11 Vigilance 2.11. 1 Peter Collier 3 References 4 Sources Main characters ( edit ) Actor Character Seasons Jim Caviezel John Reese Main Michael Emerson Harold Finch Main Taraji P. Henson Jocelyn `` Joss '' Carter Main Guest N / A Kevin Chapman Lionel Fusco Main Sarah Shahi Sameen Shaw N / A Recurring Main Amy Acker `` Root '' / Samantha `` Sam '' Groves Guest Recurring Main John Reese ( edit ) Main article : John Reese ( Person of Interest ) John Reese ( played by Jim Caviezel ) is the name adopted by the former U.S. Army Special Forces soldier and Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) officer who serves as Finch 's armed enforcer used to stop future crimes . Presumed dead following a failed CIA operation in China , Reese 's real name is unknown . He was nicknamed `` The Man in the Suit '' by law enforcement , who know him only in terms of the description given by witnesses . Harold Finch ( edit ) Main article : Harold Finch ( Person of Interest ) Harold Finch ( played by Michael Emerson ) is a reclusive billionaire software engineer who built a machine that predicts future crimes and outputs either the victim 's or perpetrator 's Social Security number . He is known by a series of bird - themed aliases such as Harold Wren , Harold Crow , and Harold Swift . Finch is very secretive and highly conscious of digital security , and has successfully erased his own digital footprint . A frequent companion of Finch is a dog named Bear ( played by Graubaer 's Boker ) . Bear is a Belgian Malinois with military training who Reese rescues from Aryan Nationalists , who were using him as an attack dog . Joss Carter ( edit ) Jocelyn `` Joss '' Carter ( played by Taraji P. Henson ) is a detective in the New York City Police Department ( NYPD ) 8th Precinct Homicide Task Force . She is a single mother of one son , Taylor , whom she is close to . Formerly a Warrant Officer and an interrogator in the U.S. Army , she did two tours of duty , one in Iraq and one in Afghanistan . She passed the bar examination in 2004 , but gave up practicing law to become a police officer . In 2005 , she had graduated from the police academy and started working in the NYPD as a patrol officer . In 2008 she was promoted to a detective and since 2010 she has worked in the Homicide Task Force at the 8th Precint . Carter crossed paths with homeless John Reese ( `` Pilot '' ) following his encounter with a group of young men on a New York City subway , but she later reconnects with him as the mysterious man in a suit . Carter is initially determined to apprehend Reese as a person of interest ( a person not formally accused of a crime ) even after Reese saves her and her son on separate occasions . However , when the CIA tries to assassinate Reese without due process , she gradually revises her views and starts helping Reese and Finch instead . For nine episodes in season 3 , Carter is demoted to a beat officer after the crime organization HR frames her for shooting an unarmed suspect at the end of season 2 . This incident , and the death of two her fellow detectives -- Bill Szymanski and Cal Beecher -- motivate her to go against HR and arrest its mastermind , Alonzo Quinn , without resorting to the vigilante justice of Reese and Finch . By doing so , she restores her status as a detective . Tragically , soon afterwards , she is killed by Patrick Simmons , the last surviving member of HR , who was trying to ambush Reese . Her death sends Reese and Shaw on a bloody vengeance spree . During most of her screen time , she is unaware of the Machine 's existence and does not know where the tips come from . Only after Carter 's status as a detective is restored does she conclude that Finch must be receiving his info from a computer . Lionel Fusco ( edit ) Lionel P. Fusco ( played by Kevin Chapman ) is a homicide detective who was previously working in the NYPD 51st Precinct Vice Squad . He has an ex-wife and a young son , Lee Fusco . Fusco was a member of the criminal organization HR , although he did it for personal loyalty rather than greed . John Reese gave him a chance for redemption . At first , John had to blackmail him with the death of a murdered fellow officer , but later he arranged for him to be transferred to the 8th Precinct Homicide Task Force where he worked with Carter . Gradually during the first season , Fusco became a loyal friend . Until the finale of the first season , he and Carter are unaware that they have both been helping Finch and Reese . Fusco remained unaware of the Machine 's existence until `` Sotto Voce '' . He calls everyone by nickname : `` Wonder Boy '' , `` Glasses '' and `` Cocoa Puffs '' are nicknames he uses for Reese , Finch and Root , respectively . Sameen Shaw ( edit ) This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( May 2016 ) Sameen Shaw ( played by Sarah Shahi ) is a former U.S. Marine and an ISA operative , first seen as an assassin working for `` The Program '' , the section of the Government dealing with the `` relevant '' numbers found by The Machine ( S2 Ep16 , `` Relevance '' ) . She begins to have doubts after one of her targets proves to be an engineer working for the government ; the assassination is part of the cover - up that conceals the existence of The Machine . As a result , her partner is killed and she becomes a number . Reese and Finch save her life and she subsequently works for them on a regular basis . She likes dogs and buys Bear an expensive collar and other presents . Shaw witnessed her father 's death in an automobile accident at a young age but did not exhibit typical emotional reactions to it . In her first appearance , she claims that she has alexithymia , making her unable to feel and / or express common human emotions like fear or sadness . Shaw once trained as a surgeon ; although very technically capable , she was criticized by her superiors for her indifference and lack of sensitivity to her patients and it is implied that she was removed from the program before she could complete her surgical training because of these emotional characteristics . She is capable of deducing emotionally correct actions , such as rescuing Fusco 's son rather than Fusco ( S3 Ep9 , `` The Crossing '' ) and taking on Genrika as her unofficial ward ( S3 Ep5 , `` Razgovor '' ) . She unexpectedly reveals human emotion by passionately kissing Root before sacrificing herself to save the team ( S4 Ep11 , `` If - Then - Else '' ) . She is later revealed to be alive and is used by Samaritan to bait a trap for the team . ( `` Asylum '' ) Greer then has Shaw subjected to over 7,000 simulations in an attempt to turn her on the team , but Shaw is able to escape , killing Jeremy Lambert in the process . ( `` Reassortment '' ) Shaw returns to New York a week later , but because of the amount of simulations she went through , has a hard time distinguishing reality from simulation . Root is able to get her to rejoin the team , however , which now includes a fully knowledgeable Fusco . ( `` Sotto Voce '' ) Following Finch 's cover being blown , Shaw works with Root to protect him but is separated by a gunfight . She is later devastated to learn of Root 's death . ( `` The Day the World Went Away '' ) Following Root 's death , the Machine reassigns Root 's rotating identities to Shaw and she works with Reese and Fusco to stop a Presidential assassination by domestic terrorists . ( `` Synecdoche '' ) She then infiltrates Fort Meade with Reese to back up Finch in deploying the ICE - 9 virus into Samaritan . ( ``. exe '' ) As the world falls apart from the ICE - 9 virus , Shaw visits Root 's grave in an attempt to say goodbye , but is unable to . She is then contacted by the Machine directly with Root 's voice and it aids her in escaping a Samaritan ambush . During the final battle with Samaritan , Shaw works with Fusco to defend the Machine , capturing Samaritan agent Jeffrey Blackwell in the process . Shaw realizes Blackwell is Root 's killer , but he escapes after seriously wounding Fusco . Before Shaw and Fusco abandon the Machine , the Machine passes on a final message from Root to Shaw who is able to finally say goodbye to Root . A week later , Shaw hunts down and kills Blackwell in revenge for Root . She then meets a recovering Fusco in a café , neither of them knowing if Reese or Finch survived . Shaw then takes Bear and walks down the street before being contacted by the Machine 's copy with a new mission . ( `` return 0 '' ) Root ( edit ) This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( May 2016 ) Root ( played by Amy Acker ) , born Samantha `` Sam '' Groves , is a highly intelligent computer hacker and contract killer , obsessed with Finch and the Machine . Aside from her extraordinary intelligence , she has also displayed an uncanny ability in the use of firearms , a very high threshold for pain ( S2 Ep2 , `` Bad Code '' , where she gets physically assaulted by Denton Weeks ; S3 Ep12 , `` Aletheia '' , where she is severely tortured but not broken by Control ) and a proficiency for social engineering ( she has successfully posed as a high - end psychiatrist ( S1 Ep23 , `` Firewall '' ) , an assistant to the United States Special Counsel ( S2 Ep15 , `` Booked Solid '' ) and as a legitimate FBI agent ( showing up in Lionel Fusco 's New York City Police Department 8th Precinct with a legitimate warrant and an FBI badge , S3 Ep17 , `` Root Path '' ) . She was raised in Bishop , Texas , where she lived until her mother 's death . According to Sam , in discussions with Finch , her mother told her to `` follow her talents '' -- and she was good at inflicting harm on others without guilt or remorse . Also , as a child , computers made more sense to Sam than people , who she sees as `` bad code '' ; admitting she has been waiting for someone who shared her understanding of technology her whole life . In 1991 , Sam and her friend , Hanna Frey , were playing computer games in the local library until it closed for the day . After her friend left , Sam stayed a little longer successfully finishing The Oregon Trail . When she was ready to leave the library , she saw Hanna getting into a car that belonged to Trent Russell , a local man who was a member of the book club . She recognized his car and told the librarian , Barbara , ( played by Margo Martindale ) , who later married Trent Russell , what she had seen . However , as Barbara was in love with Trent , she kept the information to herself to protect him . Two years after Hanna disappeared , Sam hacked into the bank account of a drug lord , and stole $100,000 , using the money to frame Trent for the robbery , setting him up to be killed , as revenge for killing Hanna . Sam later moved to New York and became a professional assassin and ruthless hacker - for - hire under the alias `` Root '' . She has no qualms about killing , murdering or torturing people to get whatever she wants . She was hired by Pete Matheson to assassinate Congressman Michael Delancey . Through the use of a patsy , Scott Powell , Root was successful . However , her plan to kill Powell afterwards was foiled by John Reese . Ultimately , the operation fell apart as Reese took out one of her men and stole his phone while Finch provided a phone recording to the FBI proving Matheson 's involvement . Realizing this , Root killed her client and staged it as a suicide out of guilt for his actions , exonerating Powell . Root cleared out of her location , the dorm room of an uninvolved college student away on winter break , before the FBI , acting on an `` anonymous '' tip ( from Finch ) could apprehend her . She had a brief instant message conversation with Finch , acknowledging him as a worthy opponent and said she was looking forward to the next time . She ended the conversation with `` Harold '' , letting him know that she knew who he was . As part of Root 's plan to come face to face with Finch , Root anonymously contacted HR and put a hit on herself , using the pseudonym `` Dr. Caroline Turing '' . Turing 's Social Security number appeared through the Machine , making her a person of interest . Reese , discovering Turing was a psychologist , became one of her patients . Later that night , Turing was attacked by four assassins hired by Simmons . Reese managed to get her to safety in a hotel for the night , and the two were unknowingly caught on the FBI 's radar . Under Donnelley 's supervision , the FBI staged a full - scale assault on the hotel , while HR was trying to get to Turing . With the help of Joss Carter and Finch , Turing was led to an underground tunnel system under the hotel . Reese instructed her to find Finch at the end of the tunnel , while he was holding off the HR hit men . As Finch was confronted by Alicia Corwin regarding his involvement with the Machine , Root shot Corwin dead . Introducing herself as Root , she tells Harold they have a lot to talk about . Finch drove away at gunpoint , with Corwin 's body left behind . Planning to escape with Finch to Texas , Root stopped in Maryland where she gained access to Denton Weeks ' house . She lured him there to overpower and question him about the whereabouts of the Machine . When he did not tell her what she wanted to hear , she shot him dead . She did not know that Reese had already tracked her down through her friend Hanna 's case . At the train station , Reese managed to save Finch and Root escaped . She called him on his mobile phone later that day to thank him for solving Hanna 's case and told him that she would be in touch . While holding him captive , Root explained to Finch that she does not want to control the Machine but to `` set it free '' to usher in a posthuman future . Several months later , Root , to gain information , began working , as `` Miss May '' , an assistant to the Special Counsel at the Office of Special Counsel . Recurring characters ( edit ) Friends & family of team Machine ( edit ) The following is a list of friends and relatives of team machine Paloma Guzman A girl whose `` John '' is his bodyguard ( S02 E03 ) Jessica Arndt ( edit ) Jessica Arndt ( played by Susan Misner ) was John Reese 's ex-girlfriend and Peter Arndt 's wife . Jessica dated John Reese for approximately six months prior to September 2001 ( `` Pilot '' ) . At this time , she was living in Tacoma , Washington ( `` Many Happy Returns '' ) . While on a vacation in Mexico on September 11 , 2001 , Jessica received a call from her mother . She claimed she was on vacation with a friend , keeping Reese a secret . In bed , Jessica jokingly asked Reese to quit the United States Army , unaware that he already had . Moments later , she witnessed the news coverage about the attacks on the World Trade Center ( `` Pilot '' ) . Years later , Jessica ran into Reese at an airport , and he told her that he had found a new job . She told him that she was engaged to a man named Peter and was moving back East , though she would wait for him if he told her to . Without a response , Reese turned and left . Moments later , he whispered the words to himself ( `` Mission Creep '' ) . At some point after their interaction at the airport , on Reese 's first day as a CIA agent , his handler , Kara Stanton , showed him a surveillance picture of the two of them . Stanton instructed him to forget about Jessica ( `` Foe '' ) . Jessica 's number came up in the Machine during the meeting where Finch and Ingram debated the morality of overlooking the numbers coming up on the irrelevant list ( `` Ghosts '' ) . While operating illegally in New York , Reese met with Peter , who was now married to Jessica , at a bar . As Jessica arrived , Kara convinced Reese to leave just before Peter could `` introduce '' her to him ( `` Blue Code '' ) . Reese and Stanton are in Morocco interrogating a suspect . While Stanton is busy with the suspect , Reese receives a voicemail from Jessica , who sounds distraught . Reese calls Jessica back . She is sitting inside a car at night . Reese can tell something is wrong , something she is not telling him . He informs her that he will be in New York to see her the next day . He tells her to wait for him , and she promises that she will . However , Reese is denied leave , as he and Stanton are commissioned on a special assignment to China by Agent Snow . Jessica called and left a voicemail for Reese . She was in the kitchen in her and Peter 's house . Peter enters the kitchen just as she hangs up the phone and asks her who she was talking to . Peter is angry , enters the kitchen and begins to drink a beer . Jessica is visibly frightened to be near him . Later that month , Peter assaulted and accidentally killed Jessica by bashing her head against their kitchen counter . He originally intended to call an ambulance , but later decided to cover up the murder by staging a car accident . Reese later attempted to contact Jessica after escaping from a trap set by his CIA handlers in China . He went to the hospital she had worked at in New Rochelle to inquire about her , but discovered she had died two months prior . Without knowing it , he encountered a wheelchair - bound Finch in the hospital after learning the news . The Machine had been giving Finch Jessica 's number over the years , but he had originally been unable to ascertain why it kept appearing . He eventually discovered that it was because she was living with someone who was an imminent threat to her . However , the discovery came too late , and Finch was unable to help her before she died . Her death had a significant impact on Reese , leading him to alcoholism and contemplating suicide before his meeting with Finch ( `` Pilot '' ) . Carter began investigating Jessica 's death after the FBI invited her to help investigate Jessica 's husband , who they believed was murdered by Reese for owing money to a loan shark . Although the official autopsy report dated 12 / 07 / 10 suggested Jessica 's death was caused by a car accident , Carter 's investigation leads her to discover Jessica was abused by her husband and was killed prior to the `` accident '' . The cause of death was blunt force trauma to the head and a broken neck . She also discover 's Jessica 's past relationship with Reese and destroys the evidence to keep the FBI from finding out . Grace Hendricks ( edit ) Grace R. Hendricks ( played by Carrie Preston ) was Finch 's former fiancée who believes him to be dead . Grace was born on April 12 , 1969 , in Columbia , South Carolina . In 1987 , she enrolled in Rhode Island School of Design and graduated four years later with a Bachelor of Fine Arts , followed by a Master of Fine Arts from Yale University in 1994 ( `` The High Road '' ) . She spent her college junior year in Venice , Italy ( `` Til Death '' ) . While demonstrating the progress of the Machine to Nathan Ingram , Harold Finch was directed by the computer to Grace , who was painting in a park . Finch assumed the Machine 's direction of him to her was a glitch ( `` The High Road '' ) . After seemingly correcting the glitch , and returning to the park on another day while she was painting , the Machine directed Finch to Grace again . Harold discovered that , because he had asked the Machine to direct him to people who had characteristics one would not expect , it had directed him to Grace because she was the only person in the park who had no `` dark secrets '' , plus with her interest for Charles Dickens ( `` The High Road '' ) . In January , Grace was painting in the park again when Harold approached her eating an ice cream cone . He asked her if she wanted one , too ( `` The High Road '' ) . They started dating soon after . On her birthday in April , Finch sent her on a scavenger hunt taking her to the Guggenheim Museum where he surprised her with her favorite painting ( `` Til Death '' ) . Grace and Finch are in a relationship , and later become engaged . They were living together in Grace 's house near Washington Square Park . In 2010 , she supposedly lost Harold in an accident . He survived , and pretended to be dead to keep Grace safe ( `` No Good Deed '' ) . Grace is working as a cover illustrator for The Boroughs magazine . She keeps a photograph of herself and Harold in her living room unaware that he is watching her from afar in order to protect her from the people protecting the machine . It is implied that , even though her work as a non-digital illustrator is falling out of practice in modern culture , Harold has been assuring her that she will always have work through his many business connections ( `` No Good Deed '' ) . In 2010 , Finch proposed to Grace . He later tells Ingram about it , as well ( `` Zero Day '' ) . After the bombing that killed Ingram and injured Finch , Grace comes to the hospital looking for him . Finch realizes that if the government finds out that Finch is alive , they will kill him and Grace , as well . Concerned for Grace 's safety , Finch hides and leaves the hospital , while Grace finds a book that Finch gave her during his proposal , and cries ( `` God Mode '' ) . In 2013 , Grace is chased by Decima Technologies in order to get at Finch . She is eventually captured and traded for Finch . During the trade , Grace stumbles and is caught by Finch , but because she 's blindfolded , remains unaware of just who helped her . She later leaves for a new life in Italy arranged by Finch . ( `` Beta '' ) In 2016 , the Machine simulated that in a world where it never existed , Finch would 've never met Grace . ( ``. exe '' ) In 2016 , after Samaritan is destroyed , Finch tracks Grace down in Italy where she is painting in a public location . Grace is shocked to see Finch but visibly pleased . ( `` return 0 '' ) Nathan Ingram ( edit ) Nathan C. Ingram ( played by Brett Cullen ) is Harold Finch 's deceased collaborator and business partner who co-created the Machine , and died under circumstances not known until `` God Mode '' . Ingram is the founder of IFT and acted as the interface between the government and their company while the Machine was under development . Ingram was born on June 16 , 1962 , in Freeport , Texas . He enrolled at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) in 1980 and left with an incomplete Bachelor of Science degree in computer science in 1983 ( `` The High Road '' ) . He founded his company in 1983 ( `` The High Road '' ) along with his best friend and MIT classmate Harold Finch ( known to him as Harold Wren ) , who disguised himself as an ordinary employee ( `` Ghosts '' ) . At some point , Ingram gave Finch a photo of their younger selves , and wrote `` In the beginning ... -- N.I. '' on its back . Finch kept the photo in a copy of Arthur Koestler 's The Ghost in the Machine ( `` Number Crunch '' ) . On September 11 , Ingram visits Finch while he is working on a new program , in order to break the tragic news of the terrorist attack on the World Trade Center earlier that day . As they both watch the news in shock , Ingram tells Finch that while they have changed as they aged , the world has not until this moment . Ingram proposes that they try to change the world for the better ( `` One Percent '' ) . Ingram at some point made contact with the U.S. Government to build the Machine . Ingram acted as the public face of IFT and was the man with whom the government dealt , keeping up the facade that he alone was building the Machine , while in fact , Finch covertly began building it . While the government suspected someone other than Ingram was working on it , Finch was able to keep in hiding and they did not find proof ( `` Ghosts '' ) . On June 10 , 2002 , following another ceremony , and after dismissing half of his company 's staff , Ingram arrived at an abandoned office floor in the building , and discovered Finch 's progress with the Machine . Supplied with the feeds from the NSA , the Machine could track and listen to all the citizens of New York . Finch told Ingram the next step would be teaching the Machine to pick out the terrorists from the general population ( `` Ghosts '' ) . Ingram and his wife Olivia were in the process of getting separated and Nathan was upset about his wife extending the trial separation . He kept on working as that was the only thing that took his mind off of his marital situation . When Finch demonstrates the latest progress with the Machine , Nathan remains a skeptic , until he learns that the Machine had been well aware of his romantic encounter with a student named Molly Cole on May 7 , 2004 ( `` The High Road '' ) . Ingram met with Alicia Corwin , a government worker who supplied the Machine 's various feeds . Corwin requested information regarding the progress of the Machine , and Ingram handed her the Social Security number of a DIA agent . The agent was later found to have been in collusion with the Iranian government to sell weapons - grade uranium . After meeting with Denton Weeks to discuss the fact that the Machine could not track specific people , Weeks threatened to reduce the payment for the Machine . He was dismayed to find that Ingram was providing it for a minuscule one US dollar . Ingram later celebrated with Finch about the Machine 's success in discovering a traitor and got a closer look at how the Machine operated . It was at this time that the Machine considered Ingram as the subject of a potential threat ( `` Super '' ) . Ingram and Olivia separated after she could not take his lies anymore . He admitted to Finch while meeting in a restaurant that he does not even remember all of the lies he has told her . He warns Finch that the truth always catches up to people ( `` Til Death '' ) . Ingram learns of the Machine 's programming to ignore any `` irrelevant '' crimes ; any attacks of a smaller scale than those that present a threat to the nation . Every night at midnight , the Machine would erase the list of potential crimes . Clearly disturbed by this piece of information , Ingram stood by as Finch stated that the Machine was not built to save `` someone '' , but rather `` everyone '' ( `` Ghosts '' ) . Ingram came to realize that the people who were to receive the Machine were not entirely trustworthy . During a meeting with Alicia Corwin , he accidentally let slip that eight people knew about the Machine rather than seven . Later , he tried to convince Finch to make a back door into the machine , only for Finch to refuse . Just prior to shipping the Machine , Ingram used his administrative access to install a new function named `` contingency '' . After creating the back door , the Machine was relocated to its new home ( `` No Good Deed '' ) . After the Machine is shipped out on a freight train , Ingram meets with Finch in their now empty laboratory . Finch tells him that he has been thinking about Ingram 's desire to help people , and proposes they use their wealth to invest in new projects , such as clean water initiatives and sustainable farming . Ingram retorts that they built the `` single most powerful technology known to man , a machine that knows when someone needs help , and you just gave it away . '' He tells him that they had their chance to help people and they missed it . Finch replies that `` we built it , and it saves lives '' . Ingram argues that it does not save enough lives , and Finch responds that the machine is gone . Ingram implies he built a back door into it , which angers Finch as they had agreed not to . He tells Ingram that they agreed not to play God , but Ingram reveals that he is not proud of that agreement . Finch argues that they did what they set out to do , and that `` either we move onto the next thing together , or we do n't '' ( `` One Percent '' ) . Ingram leaves the meeting and the Machine sends him the number of a woman named Anna Sanders . Ingram researches and follows her , discovering that she has a restraining order out against her ex-boyfriend because of domestic violence . While watching her from his car one night , he sees a suspicious looking man with a hood and hat concealing his face . Ingram pulls out a pistol and gets ready to follow them ( `` One Percent '' ) . In 2010 , Finch confronts Ingram about the Contingency , and once again tells him that they can not be playing God . He shuts down the back door and lets the irrelevant list be deleted . Later , they agree to meet up on a ferry . Unknown to them , government assassin Hersh has brought in a terrorist named Asif , who is a suicide bomber . He has explosives in his van , and as Ingram greets Finch , the bombs detonate , killing Ingram and severely injuring Finch , which is the reason behind his present - day injuries that force him to limp and make him unable to turn his head . Finch goes to access the irrelevant list and is horrified to find that Nathan was part of it . He begins to consider that his friend 's idea was not so crazy after all , and reopens the back door that allows him access to the irrelevant list ( `` God Mode '' ) . Will Ingram ( edit ) William `` Will '' Ingram ( played by Michael Stahl - David ) is Nathan Ingram 's son . After his father 's death , Will began to delve into what kind of work his father was working on . In 2012 , Will was bailed out of jail by Finch due to Will 's underground gambling activities . He returned to the loft that he shared with his father and prepared to send some of his father 's things to storage . During this time , Reese began to take an interest in him and assigned Detective Fusco to gather information on both Finch and Will . Later , Will began to go through some documents , including some involving an audit his lawyers had done after he inherited his share of IFT . He discovered that there was an account for services that amounted to only one U.S. dollar , as well as the fact that the employees were given severance . Finch lied and claimed to have no knowledge of the situation ( `` Legacy '' ) . Will began to investigate further , and managed to unearth the name of Alicia Corwin , an employee of the White House who dealt with his father . He also found a note attached to a champagne bottle mentioning the Machine . When he told this to Finch , Finch continued to feign ignorance and secretly cloned his phone . Will met with Corwin outdoors and asked her about the Machine as well as the one dollar transaction . She claimed that IFT was on the verge of bankruptcy and that Corwin struck a deal for Ingram 's patents . Upon her telling him to let it go , he claimed she sounded just like his `` Uncle Harold '' . Spooked , she ended the meeting and fled . Unsatisfied with what he found , Will got an offer to work in Sudan to continue his health services . Accepting , he bade farewell to Finch and left ( `` Wolf and Cub '' ) . Taylor Carter ( edit ) Taylor Carter ( played by Kwoade Cross ) is Detective Joss Carter 's teenaged son , he was kidnapped by Carl Elias after his mom started an investigation into him but was later freed by John Reese . He was sent away to live with his father when his mom decided to go after the HR organization . Lee Fusco ( edit ) Lee Fusco ( played by Sean McCarthy ) is Detective Lionel Fusco 's son , he was held hostage by HR when Fusco refused to say where Carter and Reese ( who had kidnapped the head of HR ) were . Sameen Shaw managed to save him in time but had to sacrifice saving Fusco , but he had luckily managed to get free by himself . Persons of interest ( edit ) The following list of people who were in danger and helped out by team machine . Zoe Morgan ( edit ) Zoe Morgan ( played by Paige Turco ) is a fixer who specializes in crisis management and a possible love interest of John Reese , whom Reese and Finch helped save as The Machine gave them her number . She returns the favor by helping them out with persons of interest that require her skills . Morgan grew up in a nice house in Yonkers , New York . Her father was a city official who got ensnared in a corruption case . The press camped out on her lawn for weeks , only dispersing when a man the party had sent to `` fix '' things showed up . This was what prompted her to become a fixer . She spent the rest of her childhood in a small apartment in Queens with her mother . When Zoe 's number came up , Reese took a job as her driver to investigate . Zoe was hired by Mark Lawson , the CFO of Virtanen Pharmaceuticals , to retrieve an incriminating recording , purportedly revealing an affair . When she returned it to his men , they attempted to kill her , but she was saved by Reese 's intervention . Using her own sources , independent of Reese and Finch , Zoe figured out that the woman in the recording was Dana Miller , a former employee of Virtanen , who was going to blow the whistle about one of their drugs and was killed for her trouble . She chose to take down Virtanen with her information because she knew a girl once whose situation `` kind of reminds ( her ) of Dana '' ( and only partially because they tried to kill her ) . When she and Reese were captured , Zoe appeared to betray him with a kiss , but used the opportunity to slip him a paper clip so that he could escape his handcuffs . She led Mark Lawson to a navy yard , but he figured out that she had never really sent the recording to anyone else . Before he could do anything with this information , Reese showed up to rescue Zoe . She gave Virtanen 's competitor Beecher Pharmaceuticals a tip about the drug , then donated a large sum of the money she earned to Dana Miller 's family for their lawsuit against Virtanen . Zoe helps Reese and Finch again when Finch calls upon her to help him solve a case . She helps Finch and Reese clear the name of a man framed for murder . At the end of the episode , she sees Mr. Reese briefly and flirtatiously suggests he might consider buying her a drink as payment for her services . She later comes to the rescue again while investigating a hit on a professional therapist through HR , but too late . She is the one who discovers that the therapist , Caroline Turing , is really `` Root , '' and therefore the perpetrator , framing herself as the victim . She tells Finch to be careful because she would hate if anything happened to their `` mutual friend '' , Mr. Reese . After Finch is rescued from Root , Zoe once again assists Reese with his latest person of interest , Maxine Angelis , by posing to be one of John 's ex-girlfriends . Maxine recognizes her and commented that every reporter in town would love to interview her . Maxine later had John call her in regards to finding out who the head of HR is and gave them information on two former Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) agents who are working for him . Zoe is called upon again , but this time to pose as John 's wife while living in the suburbs . While `` married '' to John they played poker and kept an eye on Graham Wyler . After Zoe helps John and Harold spot an assassin targeting a maid in a hotel and the danger has ended , John invites Zoe to stay with him in the penthouse suite as Harold has bought the hotel and they can spend some time together . Leon Tao ( edit ) Leon Tao ( Ken Leung ) is a former forensic accountant and financial criminal , as well as a two - time person of interest , who has assisted Reese and Finch in some cases . Leon was targeted to die by the Aryan Brotherhood and the Russian Mafia and is saved both times by the timely intervention of Reese and Finch . Tao returns the favor by helping them out with persons of interest that require his skills . After receiving a Master of Business Administration from New York University , Tao began working as an accountant at the firm of Bear Stearns , until he was downsized when the firm was sold to JPMorgan Chase when the recession hit . He then took a job at what he believed was a small start - up business , which was in fact the corporate arm of the Aryan Brotherhood , and he was laundering money from their methamphetamine sales . The Machine produced his number after he stole eight million dollars from his employers and lost a large portion of it in the stock market . It is hard to say how much he actually lost , as he repeatedly lied about the actual amount . Tao took one million in bearer bonds and attempted to run away . He was captured by operatives of the Aryan Brotherhood , but Reese helped him escape ( `` The Contingency '' ) . Tao 's number came up again after he got involved in gold farming and subsequently found himself in trouble with the Russian Mafia . Reese took care of the assailants after they threw Tao through a window . Tao was then blindfolded and brought to the Library , because Reese did not know how else to protect him while he and Finch were out saving another number . Tao eventually made himself useful by helping Finch track down the people threatening Madeleine . He also made friends with Bear by sharing a bowl of instant noodles with him . After he successfully assisted Finch and Reese , he told them that he was not the kind of guy to let them down ( `` Critical '' ) . Tao posed as an emergency medical technician to help Finch and Reese `` abduct '' Sameen Shaw after she was supposedly murdered by Hersh ( `` Relevance '' ) . Harper Rose ( edit ) Harper Rose ( played by Annie Ilonzeh ) a drifter and opportunistic con artist who first appears as a person of interest when she tries to independently double - cross both a drug cartel and The Brotherhood . At the end of the episode `` Skip '' , it is revealed that The Machine is starting to anonymously use her as an asset . In `` Synecdoche '' , it 's revealed that Harper has become part of a second team working for the Machine in Washington , D.C. with former persons of interest Joey Durban and Logan Pierce . Caleb Phipps ( edit ) Caleb Phipps ( played by Luke Kleintank ) is a computer genius , and an irrelevant number in Season 2 , who helps team machine in Season 4 . Logan Pierce ( edit ) Logan Pierce ( played by Jimmi Simpson ) is an eccentric genius and billionaire who created a social networking site called Friendscar . In season 2 he is an irrelevant number , whom Reese is trying to protect from a potential threat . After the threat is neutralized he remains as person of interest and eventually goes on to work for The Machine in season 5 with a new team of former persons of interests , Joey Durban and Harper Rose . Organised crime figures ( edit ) Carl Elias ( edit ) Carl G. Elias ( played by Enrico Colantoni ) , also known as Charlie Burton , is a nascent crime boss and the illegitimate son of Mafia don Gianni Moretti . Elias is determined to revive the crime families of New York City and to eliminate the Russian mob , with the assistance of HR . In 1981 , a young Carl Elias was implied to have been living with a foster family . He was being treated for wounds sustained during a fight which broke out after he was called a bastard due to his lack of a father . He asked his foster mother if she was willing to help him research his father , but she asked him to let it go ( `` Flesh and Blood '' ) . In 1991 , Elias formally met his father , Don Gianni Moretti , at a restaurant . Moretti recognized his son and promised Elias a place in his organization as long as he remained loyal , tenacious , and capable . Later , Elias found out that Moretti double - crossed him and had ordered his execution . Before he could be executed , Elias fought back . He managed to kill his executioners and escape , though he sustained a wound which later scarred his hands after grabbing razor wire meant for his throat . Elias first showed up on Reese and Finch 's radar when he had Sam Latimer have his men , including an undercover John Reese , retrieve a file titled `` Elias , M . '' Latimer delivered the file to him , but to cover his trail , Elias had him killed and fled . After Elias acquired the file , he found the name of the man who killed his mother and sought revenge on Vincent DeLuca . Elias went to Vincent 's house and stabbed him to death with the same knife he used to kill Elias ' mother , Marlene Elias . Later when Elias realized that the detective investigating the case was on his trail , he went to retired detective Bernie Sullivan 's house and killed him . Unfortunately for Elias , Detective Carter was on her way , and a shootout occurred where Elias ' blood was left at the scene . Reese came into direct contact with Elias for the first time while Elias was pretending to be Charlie Burton , a school teacher trying to avoid getting killed by a rival Russian crime family . Although Elias was to be murdered , Reese was unaware that Elias was a murderer himself . He and Reese became friends while trying to escape from the men that were after Elias . When Reese and Elias succeeded , Elias turned on Reese . Elias captured one of the sons of the rival family that was after him and shot him in the leg . He then forced Reese to tie himself up and left the scene . He was later seen escaping with his men as he expressed his goal to reunite the five crime families of New York City. ( ) Elias was a main suspect when Detective Carter 's number came in from the Machine . It was revealed he was indirectly involved by hiring her confidential informant to complete the hit . Elias left a vase of flowers on Carter 's desk with a message mourning her loss and stole a file marked Elias from her desk . Carl Elias resurfaced after Reese called him using a phone left in a trash can by Anthony `` Scarface '' Marconi who was impersonating a police officer . Upon his father 's release from prison , Elias ordered some of his men to kidnap his father . His plan failed when Carter and Reese intervened and took Moretti into protective custody . Reese later called Elias , requesting his help to find a child kidnapped by an Eastern European gang . Elias agreed to help but threatened the child himself once Reese had found her . Reese was forced to give up Moretti 's location in exchange for the child 's life , and Elias let them both go . Although Reese tried to save Moretti , Elias succeeded in capturing his father . Elias 's plan to unite the five families required him to kill the five Dons . He recruited HR , a cabal of corrupt cops , and used them to help him take down the Dons . After killing one Don with a car bomb planted by Scarface and gunning one Don down in front of Carter , Detectives Carter and Fusco took the remaining three into protective custody , barely escaping Elias 's men . Elias then personally went to where they were hiding out with some HR cops and ordered the kidnapping of Taylor Carter . He was unaware however , that Harold Finch had shown Officer Simmons , an HR cop , photos of Elias 's men watching the families of HR cops . The HR cops severed their ties with Elias and several clean police officers came to the hideout . Carl Elias was forced to surrender . After being processed and put in jail , Elias made one final phone call to Gianni Moretti , telling his father he wished he could be there to see . Moretti 's car was then blown up by Scarface , killing Moretti and his legitimate son Gianni Moretti , Jr . Elias hung up the phone with a slight grin . Several weeks later , Elias received a visit from Finch who asked for his help in one of their cases involving several mafia groups and hit men . Being thankful that Finch and Reese had saved his life , Elias took advantage of his power even from behind bars and helped them . In return , he asked Finch to play chess with him . After several more weeks of living at Rikers Island , Elias noticed that Reese had been arrested on suspicion of being `` The Man in the Suit '' . He told Reese that he knew all about FBI 's investigation and that he would help Reese in any way that he could . When Reese is dumped into the general population in an attempt to get him to reveal his true identity , he is attacked by an inmate and because Reese could not fight back , Elias broke up the fight . When HR attempts to have the Russians kill Elias , Carter rescues him from the trap and helps him to a secure location . She keeps his presence quiet as she goes to him for information . Elias helps Carter take down HR by setting the Russians against the dirty cops , but she rejects his offer to just kill everyone for her . After Carter is murdered by Simmons , Elias pays the debt by having Simmons executed in his hospital bed as he watches . Throughout season 4 , Elias is at war with Dominic Cordell and the Brotherhood . Due to their own war with Samaritan , the Team is unable to help him much and his best friend Anthony dies . Elias is later captured by the Brotherhood along with Reese , Fusco and Harper Rose . Fusco is able to escape , but Dominic prepares to execute Elias and Harper . Elias is saved when the Machine puts Reese into God Mode , enabling him to escape and take down the Brotherhood . The Brotherhood and Elias are arrested by officers led by Fusco , but one of Elias ' men intercepts his transport van and attempts to help him escape . A standoff ensues with Dominic that ends with him surrendering to Fusco moments before both Dominic and Elias are shot by a Samaritan sniper as part of the Correction , killing Dominic and leaving Elias ' fate unknown . In `` B.S.O.D. '' its stated that Elias is dead . In `` ShotSeeker '' , Elias ' old friend Bruce Moran attempts to avenge him only to learn that Elias is still alive . Elias is revealed to be recovering at Finch 's safe house where Fusco took him after saving his life . The bedridden Elias , now aware of at least Samaritan , attempts to convince Moran to go back into hiding but Moran refuses . Over the following episodes , Elias continues to recover from his wounds , appearing to all the world like he is dead . In `` Reassortment '' , after learning of Bruce Moran 's death , Elias supplies Fusco with a lead on a case he is working . He is later confronted by Finch for his actions and tells Finch he needs to let Fusco in on the truth . In `` Sotto Voce '' , Finch enlists Elias ' help to track down the elusive criminal mastermind known as `` the Voice . '' Elias agrees to help in exchange for going along as protection as the Team are the only friends he has left . With Elias ' help , Finch tracks down `` the Voice 's '' hideout only to learn that he 's their person of interest , Terry Easton . As Easton holds a gun on Finch , Elias intervenes and threatens Easton into backing down . The two men allow Easton to drive away before Elias detonates a bomb on Easton 's getaway car , killing him . Elias then implies that Finch brought him along to kill Easton as he had to know what Elias would do . In `` The Day the World Went Away '' , Finch 's cover is blown and Elias offers to protect him while the Team goes on the offensive against Samaritan . Elias takes Finch to the apartment buildings Reese protected him in when they first met and the two reminisce . However , Samaritan figures out where they are and sends agents . With the help of Elias ' men stationed through the building , the two escape outside where they find Elias ' driver has been murdered . Moments later , Elias is shot in the head and killed by a Samaritan agent as he attempts to protect Finch . After being called to the scene of Elias ' death , Reese removes Elias ' glasses and closes his eyes as a sign of respect towards Elias . He is then approached by a gang member with information on the car that took Finch as the gang member respected Elias and Elias respected Finch . The information Reese is given enables Root and Shaw to rescue Finch . Anthony Marconi ( edit ) Anthony S. `` Scarface '' Marconi ( played by David Valcin ) is a member of Elias 's mob group , and is his second - in - command and principal enforcer . He is also informally known as Scarface due to an easily identifiable scar on his right cheek coupled with the fact that his name is never mentioned by any of the characters in any episode he appears in . Marconi is mistaken by many to be a HR officer . He actually only works for Elias , and his police jacket is a disguise . When his boss , Carl Elias , was on the run from a rival mob ( the Yogorovs led by Ivan Yogorov ) Marconi disguised himself as a police officer . While he gathered information on his boss ' whereabouts , Harold Finch became suspicious of him and started following him , thinking that he might actually be Elias . When Elias had finally escaped the Russian mob with the help of John Reese , Marconi rendezvoused with his boss by knocking out Fusco who was waiting to intercept Reese and Elias . Later , Marconi killed Ivan Yogorov and was with Elias as he expressed his desire to reunite the five families . Marconi resurfaced by again impersonating a police officer and dropping a burner phone in a trash can for Reese and Carter to find . Marconi also killed a corrupt Security and Exchange Commission investigator who he 'd taken into `` custody '' . Marconi was present when Reese met with Elias in order to get information on a kidnapper who had taken a baby . Elias agreed to help and had Marconi escort Reese to the location where the baby would be offloaded to be shipped to Eastern Europe . After Reese rescued the child , Marconi ambushed him and brought him back to Elias . Marconi personally took the child to Elias for use as leverage to get the location of Gianni Moretti from Reese . Marconi then severely injured Moretti 's police guard Bill Szymanski and took Moretti captive . Marconi was responsible for a car bomb that killed one of the five dons of the New York crime families in plain view of Reese . He later informed Elias that the remaining Dons had been taken into protective custody by Detectives Carter and Fusco . Marconi then kidnapped Carter 's son Taylor from school on Elias 's orders ; shooting it out with Reese before escaping with Taylor captive . Marconi again fought with Reese during Reese 's rescue attempt of Taylor and successfully escaped once more , though both Taylor and Moretti were rescued . Despite his employer now being imprisoned , Marconi continued his duties and planted a bomb in a car that killed both Gianni Moretti and his legitimate son Gianni Moretti , Jr . Simmons and Fusco later met with Marconi to have him get Elias to bring back HR ; however , Marconi told them in order for that to happen they had to bring Elias the last of the original dons . Despite attempts to capture the last don , the remaining members of HR failed to do this since the don was now working with Elias . Later in the series , he is captured , along with Elias , by Dominic ( `` Mini '' ) Besson , the leader of a rival gang trying to gain control , who has killed or turned several of Elias 's men and now demands the combination for a vault in Bruce Moran 's office . After cautioning Dominic 's second - in - command about the ability to remain in stable power and trust Dominic , he watches on as Dominic relays the numbers ( which were told to him by Elias ) and as Link 's man opens the vault , which then triggers an explosion that blows up the entire floor they are on , killing Marconi in the process . Dominic and his second - in - command escape , but lose some of their men in the process . Later , when Elias is again captured by Dominic , to avenge Scarface 's death , he plays a mind - game with Dominic to get him to believe his # 2 , Link , has betrayed him . Dominic kills Link before he realizes it was a trick . Bruce Moran ( edit ) Bruce Moran ( played by James LeGros ) Elias ' accountant and close friend of both him and Anthony Marconi from boyhood . He is eventually killed by Samaritan agents and discovered by Fusco in a dumping ground for Samaritan victims . Gianni Moretti ( edit ) Don Gianni F. Moretti , Sr. ( played by Mark Margolis ) was a mob boss who was a father to both Gianni Moretti Jr. and Carl Elias . As Elias was born out of wedlock and during an affair Moretti Sr. denied he existed and even tried to have him killed when he was sought out by his illegitimate son . He was killed along with Moretti Jr. in a car bomb set of by Elias 's main enforcer Anthony Marconi ( a.k.a. Scarface ) . Peter Yogorov ( edit ) Peter I. Yogorov ( Played by Morgan Spector ) is the leader of Russian Mafia , who in the first 3 seasons was Elias 's main enemy . The Russian Mafia was originally run by Ivan Yogorov , Peter 's father , until he was killed by , Elias 's enforcer , Anthony Marconi so that Elias could take over Brighton Beach . Peter was freed from Prison by HR but also has a brother , Laszlo Yogorov , who is currently still incarcerated at Rikers Island . The Brotherhood ( edit ) The following characters are involved in the Brotherhood drug gang storyline : Dominic Besson ( edit ) Dominic Besson ( played by Winston Duke ) also known as `` Mini '' ( as he is quite big ) is leader of the Brotherhood . When he was first introduced he was hiding as his own lackey to prove that people underestimate him . He soon becomes Carl Elias 's main enemy . After Reese defeats the Brotherhood using God Mode , Dominic is arrested by Fusco and the NYPD . He is later killed by a Samaritan sniper as part of the Correction . Link Cordell ( edit ) Lincoln `` Link '' Cordell ( played by Jamie Hector ) a violent gang member who acts as Dominic 's right - hand - man . He was at one point arrested by Detective John Riley ( Reese 's new cover identity ) but Dominic paid for someone to take the fall for Link and he is released Floyd ( edit ) Floyd ( played by Jessica Pimentel ) , another of Dominic 's higher - ups , often appearing in place of Link . It is assumed that she is arrested with the remaining Brotherhood members by Detective Lionel Fusco and the rest of NYPD . New York City police Department ( edit ) Cal Beecher ( edit ) New York City Police Department Narcotics Detective Calvin T. Beecher ( played by Sterling K. Brown ) is a narcotics detective who works at Carter 's precinct , whom Carter has begun a relationship with . He helps Carter with the Drakes case ( `` Til Death '' ) . He later asks Carter out on a date when she says that she owes him a favor for helping her with the case . She agrees to go out with him . Beecher is Alonzo Quinn 's godson and gives his godfather information ( `` Shadow Box '' ) . It is unknown if Beecher is aware of Quinn 's activities . Later , when Carter receives a job offer with the FBI pending a polygraph , she is turned down because of her relationship with Beecher . The FBI tells her that Beecher is currently under investigation ( `` Booked Solid '' ) . In `` Trojan Horse '' , it is revealed that Beecher is the godson of HR leader Alonzo Quinn . Realizing Beecher knows too much about his involvement in HR , Quinn orders his godson killed . He chases after some drug dealers , only to be led into a trap , and then a shootout involving him and some HR men . The Machine produces Beecher 's number too late , and he is killed within the shooting . Carter arrives at the scene and is severely devastated to find her friend dead , especially as Fusco cleared him of any involvement in Bill Szymanski 's death . Following Beecher 's murder , part of Carter 's motivation for taking down HR is revenge . In `` Endgame '' , with the help of Finch , Carter is able to record Alonzo Quinn confessing to ordering Beecher 's murder and he is arrested for it along with all of his other crimes . Bill Szymanski ( edit ) New York City Police Department Detective Bill Szymanski ( played by Michael McGlone ) is a police detective in the organized crime division at NYPD 8th Precinct who assisted Carter with a mob murder committed by Carl Elias ( `` Witness '' , `` Baby Blue '' ) . He is an honest cop , that Carter entrusted with the job of guarding Gianni Moretti , Elias ' father . Ultimately , Reese had to reveal Moretti 's location to Elias in order to save a person of interest , and Szymanski was severely injured in the line of duty and taken to the hospital . Fortunately , he survived ( `` Baby Blue '' , `` Identity Crisis '' ) . Szymanski fully recovered and went back to active duty where he worked on the investigation of the murder of George Massey 's son , who was killed by Riley Cavanaugh ( `` Triggerman '' ) . Later , Szymanski and the assistant district attorney are meeting with Alonzo Quinn about testifying against the Yogorov mob family . Since HR is in ties with the Yogorovs , Quinn kills Szymanski and the ADA in order to avoid them from testifying ( `` All In '' ) . In a simulated world where the Machine never existed , Szymanski is still alive and a part of the NYPD 's Homicide Task Force . Kane ( edit ) New York City Police Department Homicide Detective Kane ( played by Anthony Mangano ) is a police detective who sometimes shares his cases with Carter . Dani Silva ( edit ) New York City Police Department Detective Dani Silva was an Internal Affairs Division detective who was undercover trying to find a mole in the NYPD Cadet program when her number as a Person of Interest came up , she found the mole but was framed for her handlers murder at the hands of criminal gang called The brotherhood . After clearing her name with the help of Reese . She later transferred into the Gang Division not long after being exonerated , where she crossed paths with Detective Fusco who was monitoring a Person of Interest . HR ( edit ) The following characters are involved in the HR storyline , in which a group of corrupt police officers work in collaboration with an up - and - coming mob boss to control organized crime in New York . Alonzo Quinn ( edit ) Alonzo D. Quinn ( played by Clarke Peters ) is a political adviser for New York City councilman and mayoral candidate Ed Griffin ( Richard V. Licata ) and the leader of HR . Quinn 's leadership is subtle enough that even Harold Finch only suspects that HR still has someone in charge . With many of his subordinates arrested by the FBI , Quinn tricks a local reporter , Maxine Angelis , into thinking that Christopher Zambrano is the head of HR . This results in Zambrano 's death and Angelis ' career destroyed . Quinn however leads his candidate Ed Griffin to an even greater victory by framing Landon Walker as the leader of HR and restoring Angelis ' career in the process ( `` Bury the Lede '' ) . After the political victory , Quinn becomes Ed Griffin 's chief of staff in the Mayor 's Office . Quinn later asks his number two man , Patrick Simmons , to try and reforge HR 's alliance with Elias by giving them mafia don Luciano Grifoni . This , however does not go as planned when it turns out Grifoni is working with Elias now and has one of his new subordinates killed declaring that Elias is done with HR ( `` C.O.D. '' ) . Quinn starts talking to his godson Detective Cal Beecher for some information with Patrick Simmons guarding him . Quinn meets with Simmons to inform him of his plans to make an alliance with Russian mobster Peter Yogorov . Since Elias refuses to work with them , Quinn decides to strike a deal with the Russian Mafia in order to secure funds for the rebuilding of HR ( `` Shadow Box '' ) . Patrick Simmons ( edit ) New York City Police Department Officer Patrick M. Simmons ( Robert John Burke ) is a uniformed officer who is the right - hand man to Quinn ; he handles HR activities on the street level ( `` C.O.D. '' ) . Simmons was an old friend of Detective Fusco , and in collusion with Elias until learning from Finch that HR families were under Elias ' surveillance . He also periodically meets with Fusco ( `` Flesh and Blood '' ) and blackmails Fusco into working with HR ( `` Firewall '' ) . Simmons has also given an anonymous tip to Detective Carter that another cop murdered Internal Affairs officer Ian Davidson , also an HR cop , as to increase the pressure on Fusco . He is later strangled to death by Scarface , as Elias watches on . ( `` The Devil 's Share '' ) Artie Lynch ( edit ) New York City Police Department Captain Arthur ' Artie ' Lynch ( played by Michael Mulheren ) was a major figure in HR with whom Fusco must appear to be working . Reese forced Lynch to deliver a message to Elias to `` back away from Carter or else Reese would kill him '' ( `` Get Carter '' ) . A man named Andre Wilcox who was receiving protection for HR , not Elias , met with Lynch to arrange for the release of one of his men named Brick from jail . Despite being reluctant , Lynch agreed to do what Andre wanted . Lynch met with Captain Womack , the head of the precinct where Brick was being held , and told him to release Brick , which the captain did because he was a co-conspirator of Lynch ( `` Wolf and Cub '' ) . Lynch is killed by Fusco when Lynch is about to kill Reese ( `` Matsya Nyaya '' ) . Womack ( edit ) New York City Police Department Captain P. Womack ( played by John Fiore ) is the captain in charge of Homicide and Carter and Fusco 's supervisor . Womack protects members of HR when Carter gets too close . Reese blackmails him into transferring Fusco to Carter 's precinct . Despite first appearing in the background ( `` Cura Te Ipsum '' ) , he did something of a more credited role in which he invited CIA agent Mark Snow , Tyrell Evans and Carter into his office to talk about Reese ( `` Number Crunch '' ) . He appears to be a friend and known contact of Artie Lynch , when Lynch went to talk to him about doing something for him , meaning the captain is most likely corrupt . This is later confirmed when Womack is revealed to currently be incarcerated with other HR cops ( `` C.O.D. '' ) . Raymond Terney ( edit ) New York City Police Department Detective Raymond Terney ( played by Al Sapienza ) is a NYPD police detective who has been shown to work with Detective Carter on more than one occasion . He always seems to be very calm and polite . He was investigating the murder of Vincent DeLuca , a former henchman of Don Gianni Moretti , Carl Elias ' father ( `` The Fix '' ) . Later , HR boss Alonzo Quinn is meeting with Detective Bill Szymanski . When he hears Szymanski say they 're testifying against the Russian Yogorov mob family , Quinn kills him and the assistant district attorney to avoid it . Terney , now revealed to be part of HR , comes in , and Quinn tells him to shoot him in the right shoulder so he can survive , and make it look like someone shot all of them ( `` All In '' ) . Later , Carter and Terney are investigating a place supposedly told to have been an HR hideout . Carter shoots an armed suspect , but someone takes the gun away in order to frame Carter . In the police station , Terney reveals his true colors and threatens to kill Carter if she meddles in their business ( `` Zero Day '' ) . Terney and Peter Yogorov are preparing to kill Carl Elias in a dark forest . A masked Carter comes out and wounds Yogorov . Terney begs profusely for his life , and Carter knocks him out and rescues Elias ( `` God Mode '' ) . Terney eventually finds out that Carter wants to take down HR when he discovers she turned Laskey . A shooutout occurs , with Laskey dying instantly , and a dying Terney revealing to Carter that Alonzo Quinn is the head of HR ( `` The Perfect Mark '' ) . Mike Laskey ( edit ) Michael `` Mike '' Laskey , born Mikhail S. Lesnichy ( played by Brian Wiles ) is a rookie cop affiliated with HR who is installed as Carter 's new partner after she is demoted to officer for getting too close to HR . She turns him by threatening to frame him for the death of another dirty cop . While initially only helping because he 's forced to , Laskey comes to see the truth about HR and aids Carter and the Team in stopping a money laundering scheme . In `` The Perfect Mark '' , Laskey follows Simmons around to try to identify the head of HR . He is killed in a shootout with Raymond Terney , but his pictures are used by Terney to identify the head of HR to Carter . Federal Bureau of investigation ( edit ) The following characters are involved in the pursuit for `` The man in the suit '' story - line . Nicholas Donnelly ( edit ) Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) Special Agent Nicholas Donnelly ( played by Brennan Brown ) was a federal agent who becomes interested in Reese when one of his cases crosses one of Reese 's . Donnelly 's intent was to expose the CIA for their illegal actions and crimes and track down `` The Man in the Suit '' . He periodically offers Carter the opportunity to work with him as he pursues Reese . A native of Roanoke , Virginia , Donnelly studied Law at Northwestern University . In August 1998 , he joined the FBI after graduating from the FBI Academy with honors . He began with the Miami , Florida field office in counter-terrorism until he distinguished himself as an investigator and became a highly sought - after agent . In subsequent years , he moved from Miami to Portland , Oregon in 2000 , then to San Diego in 2003 . He was promoted to supervisory special agent for the Boston Field Office in 2007 and worked there until 2011 . He was then transferred to New York City ( `` Prisoner 's Dilemma '' ) . He first appears investigating Scott Powell for the murder of Congressman Michael Delancey . He first encounters The Man in the Suit when he breaks out Scott Powell from the FBI 's custody . Although Powell was later proven innocent , Donnelly started suspecting Reese of being a mercenary ( `` Root Cause '' ) . Donnelly believed that Reese was selling his services to the highest bidder and working for Elias ( `` Identity Crisis '' ) . Donnelly informs Carter that the FBI has information about DNA that ties Reese to a case involving smugglers ( Blue Code ) and a cold case from 2011 in New Rochelle , New York . Donnelly invites Carter to assist on the investigation , and she accepts . In New Rochelle , he discovers the fact that the victim , Peter Arndt , was in debt to loan sharks , and he hypothesizes that the loan sharks had hired Reese to kill him ( `` Many Happy Returns '' ) . Donnelly offers Carter a temporary role with the FBI when he finally manages to track Reese 's phone to a bank . He tells her about his new theory that Reese is working for CIA Agent Snow and is receiving aid of some sort from China to help him further . He then makes his way to the bank with several armed FBI officers and Carter , and arrests four men wearing suits , one of them being Reese . When he asks Carter if she recognizes any of them as `` the man in the suit '' , she tells him that she does not ( `` Shadow Box '' ) . After getting Carter to interrogate the suspects , Donnelly finds out Carter was conspiring against him . He arrests Reese and Carter , planning on taking them to a safe house and incarcerating them shortly after . The Machine , however , identified him as a Person of Interest and informed Finch . Finch tried to warn Donnelly but was too late . Kara Stanton intercepted them , killing Donnelly and kidnapping Reese ( `` Prisoner 's Dilemma '' ) . After the events of `` Dead Reckoning '' , Donnelly 's former partner reveals to Carter that they have identified the `` Man in the Suit '' as Mark Snow , following his death at the hands of Kara Stanton ( `` Dead Reckoning '' ) . Brian Moss ( edit ) Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) Special Agent Brian Moss ( platyed by Brian Hutchison ) is an FBI Special Agent in charge ( SAIC ) of investigating the death of Nicholas Donnelly . He incorrectly came to the conclusion that Mark Snow was `` the man in the suit '' . He then tried to recruit Carter to the FBI but had to reject her due to her relationship to Calvin Beecher , who was under investigation at the time for his involvement with HR . He later appears in `` Proteus '' to bring Carter a series of missing persons files she requested which , unknown to him , were the victims of an identity - stealing serial killer . The government ( edit ) The following characters are tied to a government conspiracy related to the development and use of the Machine . Alicia Corwin ( edit ) Alicia M. Corwin ( played by Elizabeth Marvel ) is a liaison between Ingram and the government while the Machine was being developed . She was the deputy Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs ( APNSA ) and as a former member , she is one of the few to know of the Machine 's existence . Corwin met with Nathan Ingram to determine the progress of the Machine . Ingram gave her a social security number associated with a DIA agent . Later , she introduced Ingram to Denton Weeks who told Ingram that the DIA agent was found to be a traitor . Weeks was curious as to how the Machine actually worked , and was unhappy when he was told that the Machine could not be used to track specific people . He threatened to reduce the payment for the Machine , but Corwin explained to him that Ingram was building it merely for one US dollar ( `` Super '' ) . Alicia met with Nathan in a bar to discuss the transfer of the Machine to its new location . They discussed dissemination and she assured him that nobody would be able to track the data back to the Machine or to Ingram . Yet she was visibly shaken and told Nathan that she was happy to return to her day job once everything related to the Machine was settled ( `` No Good Deed '' ) . Corwin was in Morocco , where she met with CIA agents Mark Snow , John Reese and Kara Stanton . She gave Reese and Stanton orders to retrieve a stolen laptop with secret software from Ordos , China . In reality , whether she knew it or not , the whole operation was nothing more than a ruse to check and make sure that an advance team had eliminated all the software engineers related to The Machine as well as successfully moving the Machine to another location ( `` Matsya Nyaya '' ) . After Ingram died , Corwin quit her job at the government and moved to Green Bank , a small town in West Virginia that does not have cell phones or wireless internet ( `` Wolf and Cub '' ) . Will Ingram , eager to know what his father was working on before he died , tracked Alicia down and questioned her . During their conversation , Will referred to his `` uncle Harold '' . Alicia seemed unnerved at the mention of his name and abruptly ended the conversation . She told Will nothing about her knowledge of the Machine ( `` Wolf and Cub '' ) . Sometime after meeting with Will , Alicia was being contacted by a member of National Security Agency ( NSA ) , Henry Peck who was being attacked by government assassins trying to silence him about The Machine . Peck called Alicia numerous times trying to get information about `` the machine '' . Though they never met in person , Alicia spoke to Peck over the phone . Not answering any of his questions she only mentioned `` Sibilance '' and told him to `` run '' . Apparently through following Peck , Alicia managed to listen in a conversation between Peck and Finch . She was visibly surprised when Finch told Peck that the machine existed and that he had built it ( `` No Good Deed '' ) . Alicia succeeded in tracking down Harold and observed him leaving the Library . She broke into the building and discovered Finch 's headquarters . Not realizing what exactly she was looking at , she seemed overwhelmed seeing the Irrelevant List ( `` Firewall '' ) . Alicia finally found Finch in his car waiting to pick up John Reese and Caroline Turing . Climbing into his car and confronting him at gun point , she stated that Nathan was afraid and stressed about what they had built , and that he was killed by the machine . As guilt was starting to weigh down on her , she claimed she could feel it watching and listening to them at that moment . Alicia told Finch that she was tired of running . Finch told her that she was not running from the machine , but she was running from people they had both trusted . Alicia said he was right , but that it was a good thing she found Finch first . Moments later , she was killed with a gunshot to the head by Root . She was later found dead at the meeting point by Reese ( `` Firewall '' ) . Corwin 's murder attracted much attention from different angles . Reese asked Carter and Fusco to look into the case and find out why Corwin was in New York ( `` The Contingency '' ) . Mark Snow also began an independent investigation under the coercion of Kara Stanton . They all hit a dead end because at the same time Special Counsel and Denton Weeks conspired to corrupt the investigation when they feared that the investigation into Corwin 's death might uncover their secret activities ( `` Bad Code '' ) . Their fixer , Hersh , managed to clean up the majority of the evidence , except for a few objects Fusco removed from her apartment prior to his arrival . Hersh also removed a radio - frequency identification ( RFID ) chip from the right shoulder of Corwin 's body that had been planted in her and could be the reason why she had been running and hiding ( `` Masquerade '' ) . Special Counsel later receives a report stating that the chip was linked to Decima Technologies , the group that was trying to take control of the Machine . ( `` God Mode '' ) Denton Weeks ( edit ) Denton L. Weeks ( played by Cotter Smith ) was the official who commissioned the development of the machine . He worked for the President for National Security Affairs ( APNSA ) and is Alicia Corwin 's supervisor . He was one of the few people to know of the Machine 's existence . He is in league with the Special Counsel . At an unspecified point in time , Weeks was appointed head of a task force on Privacy and Information , reporting directly to the Chief of Staff . Prior to that promotion , he had already been working in corporate law for a decade as a member of the White House legal team and a specialist in security policy ( `` Bad Code '' ) . Weeks and Corwin arrived unannounced at Nathan Ingram 's office to question him about the Social Security number Ingram gave to Corwin in a previous meeting . Demanding an explanation how a computer program could spot a traitor when federal agents could not Weeks tried to gain more knowledge about how the machine worked . He appeared slightly agitated when Ingram did not answer his questions but had to put up with it when he was informed about the price negotiated for the project . He did not know that the Machine had already evaluated him as a possible threat . Finch later revealed to Ingram that Weeks had been unsuccessfully trying to hack into the Machine via NSA feeds for the past six months ( `` Super '' ) . Following the murder of Alicia Corwin by Root , Weeks met with Special Counsel to discuss further steps . They just started to remove all evidence when Weeks received a message from his mistress about an emergency . Not knowing that Root had set it up to lure him to his getaway lodge , he drove there and got knocked out by Root with a sedative ( `` The Contingency '' ) . Root then tortured him using Palestinian hanging , an enhanced interrogation technique that was once authorized in a top - secret Department of Defense memo by Weeks , trying to get him talking about the whereabouts of the Machine . In a suitable moment when Root was away to gas up the car , Weeks recognized Finch and convinced him to help him escape . Weeks managed to free himself and attacked Root when she returned . He beat her up and then turned her gun on Finch threatening to shoot him unless he told him what he knew about how to access the Machine . Just as planned by Root , however , the gun did not fire and Root first tased Weeks and eventually killed him by shooting him in the chest ( `` Bad Code '' ) . Special Counsel ( edit ) Special Counsel ( played by Jay O. Sanders ) is a shadowy figure from the United States Office of Special Counsel and one of the original eight people who know about the Machine . He is in a position which is filled by Presidential appointment , followed by Congressional confirmation . He appears to be the one engineering the activity regarding the Machine , and sees Reese as a threat . He sent out a team of hit men to assassinate Henry Peck after he came too close to finding out about the Machine ( `` No Good Deed '' ) . After Alicia Corwin was murdered , he conspired with Denton Weeks and Hersh to cover - up the case and to make sure that there are no connections to them ( `` The Contingency '' ) . When Weeks went missing , he sent Hersh to look for him , but Hersh only found him dead ( `` Bad Code '' ) . He later sent Hersh to kill the `` Man in the Suit '' but redirected him to the FBI when it appears the FBI captured him . When asked about all four suspects , he tells Hersh to kill them all ( `` Prisoner 's Dilemma '' ) . After Hersh 's failed attempt to kill The Man in the Suit at Rikers Penitentiary , he once again instructs Hersh to find Reese and kill him . This time , Hersh loses in a fist fight with Reese and after recovering in the hospital , Special Counsel calls him in for more important matters . He then begins drafting a letter with his new secretary , who is revealed to be Root ( `` Booked Solid '' ) . In `` God Mode '' , he arrives with Hersh and two other men to confront Finch about the Machine . Reese , Finch , Root , and Shaw leave , and someone calls Counsel . It comes from an unnamed woman who is at a higher rank than Special Counsel . Hersh takes the phone , and the woman orders him to seal the room . Hersh kills Special Counsel and leaves . Hersh ( edit ) Hersh ( played by Boris McGiver ) was Special Counsel 's enforcer and fixer in the clean - up of Alicia Corwin 's murder . He also worked for Control , the head of the ISA . After Alicia Corwin was found dead and the investigation was handed over to the NYPD 8th Precinct , Hersh was sent there to make sure that `` the investigation is a dead end '' . He stole Corwin 's case file and corrupted digital records as well as the ballistics report ( `` The Contingency '' ) . To clean up loose ends , he went to her hotel room and collected personal effects and later gained access to the cold storage room at the morgue where Corwin 's body had been examined to remove an RFID chip from under her skin ( `` Masquerade '' ) . Parallel to corrupting the Corwin investigation , Special Counsel also sent Hersh to track down Denton Weeks , who had disappeared on private business and was later found dead after Root shot him ( `` Bad Code '' ) . When Special Counsel learned of Reese 's recent arrest , Special Counsel instructed him to kill him and the other three people arrested . Following the instruction , he pulled out a gun in front of a group of policemen and shot into the air several times . He was arrested and taken to Rikers Penitentiary where he managed to kill Brian Kelly , one of the four men who were arrested on suspicion of being `` The Man in the Suit '' . He attempted to kill Reese too , but Elias stopped him before he had a chance to do so ( `` Prisoner 's Dilemma '' ) . Hersh is freed from Rikers and tracks Reese to a hotel when he saves the latest person of interest . Hersh and Reese engage in a brief fight with Reese defeating Hersh . Hersh is then seen receiving a call from the Special Counsel telling him there is a situation in Washington , D.C. The Special Counsel then calls in his newly hired assistant Ms. May , who unknown to Special Counsel , is the hacker Root ( `` Booked Solid '' ) . His next appearance is in New York , poisoning Sameen Shaw . However , with the help of Leon Tao , the team is able to fake her death ( `` Relevance '' ) . Hersh leads the effort to prevent Decima Technologies from taking control of the Machine . He later confronts Finch , Reese , Shaw and Root at gunpoint in the Hanford Nuclear Reservation where the Machine had once been stored . After they leave , Hersh is ordered by Control to kill everyone in the room , including Special Counsel . He is also revealed to have orchestrated the ferry bombing that killed Nathan Ingram and left Finch with his permanent injuries . ( `` God Mode '' ) Hersh is later sent by Control to kill Root is a psychiatric hospital . With the help of the Machine , Root escapes and wounds Hersh but spares his life on orders from the Machine . ( `` Lady Killer '' ) After being exposed , Control calls in Hersh in her attempts to get either the Machine or Arthur Claypool 's machine Samaritan . With the help of Root , the team escapes , but Hersh captures Root who is taken for torture by Control . Hersh then leads a SWAT team to the bank where Vigilance is trying to retrieve the Samaritan drives . When Peter Collier refuses to cooperate , Hersh and his team storm the bank , killing several Vigilance members before one blows himself up with a grenade , leaving Hersh 's fate unknown . ( `` Alethia '' ) Hersh survives and is later tracked down by Shaw hunting another relevant number . Shaw drugs Hersh for information about why the government is after Owen Matthews and leaves him alive . Before she departs , Hersh asks if Shaw 's new employers are treating her well , showing concern for Shaw who simply tells him that they have n't tried to kill her and leaves . ( `` 4C '' ) After Vigilance abducts Control and several other important people , Hersh arrives at the hotel where he enters a standoff with Reese and Shaw . After Root tells them Hersh knows where to find Finch , Reese and Shaw convince him to work with them to save their respective bosses . Hersh then leads them to Decima 's hideout only to find it empty and that Peter Collier is running a kangaroo court where everyone is on trial for their connection to the Machine . ( `` A House Divided '' ) After a brief gunfight with Decima operatives , Hersh , Reese and Shaw set out together to find the courthouse . When Shaw needs to get to Root fast , Hersh helps her steal a bike and continues on to a destination specified by Root . There , they meet up with Detective Fusco who brings them Bear and news of a Vigilance operative looting nearby stores . Hersh and Reese are able to trick the operative into giving them the courthouse location before turning him over to Fusco . Near the courthouse , they find a Vigilance guard post slaughtered and Finch testifying on TV about the history of the Machine . Finally reaching the courthouse , Hersh and Reese separate , acknowledging they will likely be enemies the next time they meet . In the basement , Hersh finds a bomb set to go off when the power is restored and sets to work disarming it , refusing help from Reese and telling him to focus on rescuing Finch . Hersh is severely wounded in a gunfight with Decima operatives , but continues his efforts to disarm the bomb . Before he can cut a last wire , the power comes back on and the bomb detonates , killing Hersh , the people kidnapped for the trial and the emergency responders . The next day , Control receives Hersh 's final autopsy report . During her voiceover , Root states that a lot of people who could 've helped them against Samaritan will die as the report is shown , indicating Hersh to be one of those people . ( `` Deux Ex Machina '' ) Control ( edit ) Control ( played by Camryn Manheim ) is the head of the ISA 's operation ( code - named Northern Lights ) regarding the Machine . She is a forty - year - old single mother with a ten - year - old daughter , Julia . Control is shrewd but ruthless and combat - minded . According to herself , until episode 12 of the fourth season , she has executed 854 individuals whom she suspected of being criminal threatening the national security . In case of the 854th individual , there was no evidence to prove free of reasonable doubt that he was engaged in bomb - making . She killed him anyway , simply because she had never absolved anyone before . Control personally tortured Root and rendered her deaf in one ear . Devon Grice ( edit ) Devon Grice ( played by Nick Tarabay ) is a Crimson 6 agent who was trained by Sameen Shaw herself when she was still working as an ISA operative . When they meet in New York whilst both on different ends of the same mission , Grice lets her live . But Samaritan has him killed for his betrayal . Brooks ( edit ) Brooks is another Crimson 6 agent and Grice 's partner . The CIA ( edit ) The following characters are part of Reese 's back story relating to his time with the CIA . Mark Snow ( edit ) Mark Snow ( played by Michael Kelly ) is the alias of a CIA operative , partnered with Tyrell Evans and once worked with John Reese , and is now trying to find and kill him . He once claimed to be Reese 's best friend ( `` Number Crunch '' ) . In 2008 , Snow was with CIA agents John Reese and Kara Stanton , operating in New York City . They had a government employee in their custody who had committed treason by attempting to sell some software to the Chinese . Positive they were not going to get a call regarding their prisoner , he allowed Reese to head out to the city for some rest ( `` Blue Code '' ) . In 2010 , Snow was in Morocco while Reese and Stanton were interrogating a suspect . Alongside Alicia Corwin , they gave orders to Reese and Stanton to go to Ordos to retrieve a laptop containing information pertaining to a computer virus that could disable nuclear programs . Snow had been ordered to tell both agents secretly that the other was compromised and retire each other . The plan , however , failed when Reese realized they 'd been set up after Stanton shoots him , and tells him it was because he was compromised . Reese then tells her that he was ordered to do the same thing to her . They realize they were set up and escape just minutes before a gunship shelled their supposed extraction point ( `` Matsya Nyaya '' ) . When Reese 's fingerprints were run through the system after he is arrested , the CIA was alerted to the fact that Reese had survived the shelling in Ordos. Snow visited the precinct where Detective Carter worked and asked her a few questions about Reese . Both Snow and his partner began to follow her , but she eventually caught them . Snow had a talk with Carter at a diner afterwards in which he showed Carter that Reese was a cold blooded killer . He convinced her to set a trap to capture Reese , though his true intention was , in fact , to have him killed . However , the trap failed as his partner Evans went for non-lethal shots , allowing Reese to escape with the help of Carter to Finch 's car ( `` Number Crunch '' ) . In 2012 , Snow , along with his CIA partner , initiated surveillance on Carter , believing she helped Reese escape . He constantly had operatives tailing her , though they were unable to track her effectively , and she managed to lose them . Later , he received information that Reese had escaped to northern Connecticut where his fingerprints were found on a prescription bottle at a veterinary clinic ( planted by Lionel Fusco at Finch 's request ) , and immediately left New York ( `` Super '' ) . Snow eventually returned to New York and confronted Carter , who he was still suspicious of after realizing Reese was never in Connecticut . Later , Snow had to bail out a CIA operative known as L.O.S. who was selling drugs for the CIA in a scheme to fund the War on Terror . Bluntly telling L.O.S. that he warned him about getting caught `` behind enemy lines '' , he had his head bagged and presumably killed in the back seat of an SUV ( `` Blue Code '' ) . When the FBI established a task force to catch Reese , Special Agent Donnelly informed Carter that he did not just want to apprehend Reese , but also expose Snow and the CIA 's illegal operations . He claimed that Snow was the man who swept the CIA 's domestic operations under the rug ( `` Identity Crisis '' ) . Unhappy with the FBI 's investigation into Reese , Snow paid another visit to Carter with Evans and warned her not to cooperate with Agent Donnelly . The next day , he received some information supposedly regarding Reese from a North Korean contact who had aided a CIA agent who escaped from China . Both he and Evans entered a hotel room , but were ambushed by Stanton , who had also survived the Ordos shelling . Evans was killed , while Snow was wounded as Stanton approached him , wanting to `` catch - up '' ( `` Matsya Nyaya '' ) . Following the ambush , Snow has been held captive by Stanton , who locked him up in a storage room and forced him to wear a bomb vest to prevent him from escaping . From time to time , he would be released to `` run errands '' for Stanton , presumably to help her find out who had set her up in the Ordos mission . While at the morgue looking into the Alicia Corwin case , Snow accidentally ran into Carter . He told her that he had been reassigned and was no longer trying to catch Reese . When Carter tried to call Snow 's CIA phone , she was redirected to another man who appeared to be looking for Snow , too ( `` Masquerade '' ) . Snow killed a janitor named Dusan Babic on Stanton 's orders , so that he could use his ID to get into Fujima Techtronics . As he had no other way of communicating with her , Snow left Carter 's card in the dead man 's pocket with Fujima Techtronics address on it . Carter followed Snow 's clues to Fujima Techtronics and saw him leaving the building . Carter followed and confronted him . Snow revealed that he is rigged with an explosive vest and tells Carter to tell John that , `` she is planning something big '' ( `` Critical '' ) . Snow is present when Reese wakes up in the back of a moving bus after being kidnapped and drugged at the end of `` Prisoner 's Dilemma '' by Stanton . He informs Reese that they are wearing similar bomb vests and that Stanton holds the trigger to both . Kara then sends them to perform a few tasks for her . After retrieving the drive that Mark earlier stole from Fujima Techtronics Stanton sends them to steal the car of two Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives ( ATF ) agents . Snow nearly kills one of the agents but is stopped by Reese . Snow and Reese then take the place of the two agents and enter an office building housing a secret DOD facility on the 21st floor . While going up the elevator Stanton informs them that they would be facing two Delta Force operatives with M4s . The doors open and Reese and Snow take out the two men and tie them up . One of them hits Snow and he prepares to kill the man , but Reese stops him again . Kara warns that there may be signal interference so she arms the bombs on a 15 - minute timer . Reese and Snow then enter an electronics lab and with the help of Kevin , a technician , prepare to download a computer virus . Reese tells Snow that Stanton can not hear them in the lab and suggests that they do something . However Snow says that they do not have enough time . Reese upon Kevin 's advice starts removing the drives to trigger a security breach , Snow discovers what Reese is doing and attacks him . The two engage in a vicious fist fight but Reese holds Snow off . Just then Stanton arrives and tells them that she only needed them to clear the way and uploads a malware on the DOD servers . She then triggers a five - minute timer on the bomb vests , locks them in the lab and leaves . With the help of Kevin , Reese and Snow manage to open the lab door and escape . Reese says that they have to get up to the roof so no one else is killed but Snow clubs him down . He says that the CIA has a safe house two blocks away . Reese warns him that the CIA will consider him compromised and all that is waiting for him is a black hood . Reese tries to get through to him but Snow simply wishes him luck and leaves . As Finch arrives and disarms Reese 's bomb vest just in the nick of time , Kara returns to her car ; however , to her surprise , she finds Snow in the back seat . Snow tells Stanton that she was right about him that he would be very good at dying . Kara lunges at him in desperation but the car explodes killing them both . Up on the roof Reese realizes what Snow has done . After Snow 's death , the FBI informs Carter that they believe Snow to be `` The Man in the Suit '' that Donnelly was chasing and consider the case now closed ( `` Dead Reckoning '' ) . The Machine puts a white square on Snow indicating that he does not know about its existence ( `` Super '' ) . Snow does not know about the Machine . Strangely , Snow is not listed by the machine as a threat to an asset ( Reese ) , even though he tries many times to kill him . Tyrell Evans ( edit ) Tyrell Evans ( played by Darien Sills - Evans ) is the alias of a CIA Operative , partnered with Mark Snow and assisted him in trying to retire Reese along with other assignments . He was shown to be an expert sniper and good with computers . He appeared many times with his partner , Snow ( `` Number Crunch '' ) . He shoots Reese in the torso while his partner Mark Snow distracts Reese , almost killing him , but fails to find him afterwards as the lights are shot out by John right after ( `` Super '' ) . When he and Snow receive a tip about a possible location on Reese at a hotel in the city . The two enter the room guns drawn . However , they are for some reason unable to correctly cover the room , and are shot by an assailant standing behind the door before they can return fire . The assailant turns out not to be Reese but Stanton ( `` Matsya Nyaya '' ) . Kara Stanton ( edit ) Kara Stanton ( played by Annie Parisse ) is the alias of a former CIA operative and John Reese 's former handler and partner . Before joining the CIA , Kara graduated from U.S. Naval Academy and served as an officer in the U.S. Marine Corps . Unlike John , Kara loved her work as an assassin and seemed to have some sadistic tendencies . She was very ruthless and her boss Mark Snow stated that Kara was a disturbing person `` in a class all by herself `` . In 2006 , Stanton met with Reese for the first time in Hungary to interrogate two men about the whereabouts of Alim Nazir . Prior to this meeting , Stanton was apparently informed by a reliable , anonymous source that the men were involved in getting Nazir out of the country . On this information , Stanton executed them in front of a shocked Reese , who expected them to be questioned before any action was taken . She also had a photo of Jessica Arndt talking to Reese at the airport . Upon showing this to Reese , she told him that he could not go back to her , and that he no longer had any old friends . Telling him to dispose of the body and gun , Stanton assigned him the cover name `` Reese '' ( `` Foe '' ) . In 2007 , in Prague , Reese and Stanton posed as a couple and shot three men down ( one man selling plans on a drone to two Chinese nationals ) . Reese wanted to finish the mission as fast as possible but Stanton told him that he should learn to love his work as a killer ( `` Prisoner 's Dilemma '' ) . In 2008 , Stanton , Reese , and Mark Snow were operating illegally in New York City , holding a government employee captive after he tried to sell some software to the Chinese . When Reese was given permission for time off , Stanton followed him to a bar and found him meeting with Jessica 's husband Peter . She gave him a lecture , telling him that they 're no longer like other people , and Reese reluctantly left with her before Jessica spotted them ( `` Blue Code '' ) . In 2009 , Stanton and Reese were assigned to kill a couple in Paris . They followed the couple to a bar . Stanton did not care why they have been ordered to kill them and advises Reese to act more credible since they were posing as a married couple . When the bar 's other patron left , Stanton shot out the camera while Reese approached the couple . Back in their apartment , after having killed the couple , they tried to remove all the traces that would ever prove they have been there . Stanton told him that they could take a break , but Reese said that he was fine . So Stanton drew out a gun on him and wanted him to choose between being a boy scout or a killer because she was tired of working with both . She also reminded him that he chose this life . Reese slammed her into the wall and told her that he loved his work and they kissed ( `` Prisoner 's Dilemma '' ) . In 2010 , Reese and Stanton were in Morocco interrogating a suspect . A few hours later Mark Snow and Alicia Corwin arrived and informed them that they were being sent to China to retrieve a high - profile Stuxnet - like computer program from the Chinese . As Stanton left the room , Snow secretly ordered Reese to retire her , claiming she had been in contact with a terrorist . The pair arrived in Ordos and discovered the site where the program was found . On arrival , they discovered the corpses of many software engineers , and much of the building 's servers had been emptied . Reese found a survivor whom Stanton conversed with in Chinese . He said that men had turned up and took away the Machine . Upon hearing that , she promptly executed him and withheld what he had said from Reese . With much of what they came for already taken , Reese and Stanton had no choice but to wait for their extraction at nightfall . When nightfall came , Stanton marked the landing zone with infrared glow sticks . Reese had readied his gun to shoot her in the back , but lowered it at the last moment , only for Stanton to turn and shoot him . She apologized , saying she had orders from Snow , and was told Reese had ties to terrorists . Reese laughed , telling her he had the same orders and that they were being set up , with the beacon actually signaling for a shelling , not extraction . Reese then made his escape , leaving Stanton standing in shock . Overhead , a drone observed as an incoming cruise missile targeted the beacons . The wounded Reese managed to escape the blast radius , and turned back to see the explosion apparently killing his partner . Stanton however , had managed to clear the explosion and escape China with the help of a dissident group ( `` Matsya Nyaya '' ) . While recuperating , she was turned by a mysterious intelligence operator who was tracking her CIA activities ( `` Dead Reckoning '' ) . Snow revealed to Detective Carter that over the course of their partnership , Reese and Stanton worked on numerous missions and often saved each other 's lives . However , he lies and tells Carter Stanton was killed by Reese before he went off the grid ( `` Number Crunch '' ) . Snow and his partner Evans were led to a hotel room after receiving some intelligence from one of their North Korean contacts . Upon their entry and subsequent search of the room , Stanton emerged from the shadows and ambushed them both , killing Evans and injuring Snow ( `` Matsya Nyaya '' ) . Meaning to `` catch up '' with Snow , she kept him locked in a storage room with a bomb vest strapped onto him so that he would not escape . After he presented her proof that Alicia Corwin , the person who set her up in the mission to Ordos , was dead , she told him that she needed him to run a few more errands for her ( `` Masquerade '' ) . Snow was seen by Carter , leaving Fujima Techtronics . Carter followed and confronted him . Snow revealed that he is rigged with an explosive vest and tells Carter to tell John that , `` she is planning something big '' . Snow flees when a shooter fires upon them ( presumably Stanton ) interrupting their meeting ( `` Critical '' ) . Nicholas Donnelly 's number came up and Finch called him to warn him . At this point Stanton rams the vehicle that Donnelly is using to transport Reese and Carter to a safe - house . As the trio are recovering from the collision 's impact , Stanton shoots Donnelly twice , before approaching Reese and asking if he missed her . She then plunges a syringe into his neck , presumably laden with some form of sedative as Reese goes limp after being injected ( `` Prisoner 's Dilemma '' ) . After rigging him with an explosive vest as well , she sends Reese and Snow out to run more errands for her . While fetching a hard drive , Stanton remotely instructs them to kill the sellers when they demand a higher price , but Reese refuses . Before the seller can press the matter further , Stanton who had been observing them , shoots the sellers with a sniper rifle from a rooftop . She then orders Reese and Snow to steal the gear of two ATF agents who were about to be called in a bomb threat Stanton orchestrated in a nearby office building . The building houses a computer security installation and cyberwarfare development lab and by activating a fifteen - minute detonation timer , Stanton drives the team to clear the entry for her to access a Sensitive Compartmented Information Facility containing the weapons cache where she uploads the contents of the drive Reese and Snow retrieved earlier . Before she leaves , she triggers the bomb vests and locks the team in the room . On the way back to her car , she calls Greer to inform him that the mission has been completed . He tells her the name of the man who sold the laptop ( alleged to be Harold Finch ) , which was the cause for what happened in Ordos . Before she can act on the information , she is cornered by Snow , who escaped the building and hides in the backseat of her car , and then gets his revenge by killing her in his bomb 's explosion ( `` Dead Reckoning '' ) . Decima Technologies ( edit ) The following characters are involved in the Decima Technologies storyline , a shadowy organization that is in possession of the Samaritan AI : John Greer ( edit ) John Greer ( played by John Nolan ) . Greer is a former MI6 agent who is trying to destroy the Machine with a rival A.I. In 2010 , he sent one of three interested parties to Ordos , China to retrieve a laptop with stolen `` Machine '' code . The other teams were `` The CIA '' ( John Reese and Kara Stanton ) and the Chinese ( `` Ram '' ( 2014 ) , `` Aletheia '' ( 2014 ) , `` Zero Day '' ( 2013 ) , `` Trojan Horse '' ( 2013 ) , and `` Dead Reckoning '' ( 2013 ) ) . He is very much present from second half of season 3 to the end of season 5 as the main villain , getting Samaritan , a totalitarian artificial intelligence , online , to track down and kill any opponent , especially Finch , Reese , their friends , and the Machine . In the penultimate episode ``. exe '' , Greer confronts Finch as he tries to destroy Samaritan with the Ice 9 computer virus . Greer sacrifices himself in an attempt to kill Finch by locking them in a sealed room and having Samaritan remove the oxygen . Greer dies from lack of oxygen , but Finch is rescued by the Machine with the help of Reese and Shaw who had been given Greer 's number by the Machine . Jeremy Lambert ( edit ) Jeremy Lambert ( played by Julian Ovenden ) is an operative for Decima Technologies , and Greer 's right - hand man . He is shot dead by Shaw in `` Reassortment . '' Martine Rousseau ( edit ) Martine Rousseau ( played by Cara Buono ) a very sadistic woman and former investigator for the United Nations who is a Samaritan operative for Decima Technologies . She is killed by Root at the end of season 4 . Gabriel Hayward ( edit ) Gabriel Hayward ( played by Oakes Fegley ) a young boy who acts as Samaritan 's `` analog interface '' . Claire Mahoney ( edit ) Claire Mahoney ( played by Quinn Shephard ) is a former college student and Samaritan asset after completing a complex puzzle it designed . In the episode `` Nautilus '' the team attempt to stop her when it is revealed that the puzzle is a recruiting device for Samaritan . She returns later in the series to attempt to convince Finch that Samaritan is trying to help people . Zachary ( edit ) Zachary ( played by Robert Manning , Jr ) an operative for Decima Technologies who later becomes a Samaritan agent . He is killed by John Reese in ``. exe '' . Jeff Blackwell ( edit ) Jeff Blackwell ( played by Joshua Close ) an ex-con who is recruited by Samaritan . He is killed by Shaw in `` return 0 '' in revenge for murdering Root . Vigilance ( edit ) The following character is involved in the Vigilance storyline , in which a violent organization professes to protect people 's privacy . Peter Collier ( edit ) Peter Collier ( played by Leslie Odom , Jr . ) is a field agent whose job is to protect the organization . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Graubaer 's Boker Home page '' . Graubaers-boker.com . Retrieved September 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Walker , Jodi ( 2013 - 11 - 20 ) . `` ' Person of Interest ' shocker : Taraji P. Henson on Carter 's ( SPOILER ) Inside TV EW.com '' . Insidetv.ew.com . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Matt ( October 22 , 2013 ) . `` Person of Interest : `` Разговор '' Review `` . IGN . Retrieved October 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bad Code '' , Season 2 , Episode 2 Jump up ^ `` The Contingency '' , Season 2 , Episode 2 Jump up ^ `` Root Cause '' , Season 1 , Episode 13 Jump up ^ `` Firewall '' , Season 1 , Episode 23 Jump up ^ `` Bad Code '' , Season 2 , Episode 2 Jump up ^ `` The Contingency '' , Season 2 , Episode 1 Jump up ^ `` Booked Solid '' Season 2 , Episode 15 Jump up ^ `` The Fix '' , Season 1 , Episode 6 Jump up ^ `` Root Cause '' , Season 1 , Episode 13 Jump up ^ `` Firewall '' Season 1 , Episode 23 Jump up ^ `` Bury the Lede '' , Season 2 , Episode 5 Jump up ^ `` The High Road '' , Season 2 , Episode 6 Jump up ^ `` Booked Solid '' , Season 2 , Episode 15 Jump up ^ `` The Fix '' , Season 1 , Episode 6 Jump up ^ `` Root Cause '' , Season 1 , Episode 13 Jump up ^ `` Firewall '' , Season 1 , Episode 23 Jump up ^ `` The High Road '' Season 1 , Episode 6 Jump up ^ `` Booked Solid '' , Season 2 , Episode 15 Jump up ^ `` Flesh and Blood '' , Season 1 , Episode 19 Jump up ^ `` Mission Creep '' , Season 1 , Episode 3 Jump up ^ `` The Fix '' , Season 1 , Episode 6 Jump up ^ `` Witness '' , Season 1 , Episode 7 Jump up ^ `` Get Carter '' , Season 1 , Episode 9 Jump up ^ `` Risk '' , Season 1 , Episode 16 Jump up ^ `` Baby Blue '' , Season 1 , Episode 17 Jump up ^ `` Flesh and Blood '' , Season 1 , Episode 19 Jump up ^ `` Triggerman '' , Season 2 , Episode 4 Jump up ^ `` Prisoner 's Dilemma '' , Season 2 , Episode 12 Jump up ^ `` Witness '' , Season 1 , Episode 7 Jump up ^ `` Risk '' , Season 1 , Episode 16 Jump up ^ `` Baby Blue '' , Season 1 , Episode 17 Jump up ^ `` Flesh and Blood '' , Season 1 , Episode 19 Jump up ^ `` C.O.D. '' , Season 2 , Episode 9 Sources ( edit ) As of this edit , this article uses content from `` Pedia of Interest ( Wikia ) '' , which is licensed in a way that permits reuse under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License , but not under the GFDL . All relevant terms must be followed . ( hide ) Person of Interest Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` Ghosts '' `` Mission Creep '' `` Cura Te Ipsum '' `` Judgment '' `` The Fix '' `` Witness '' `` Foe '' `` Get Carter '' `` Number Crunch '' `` Super '' `` Legacy '' `` Root Cause '' `` Wolf and Cub '' `` Blue Code '' `` Risk '' `` Baby Blue '' `` Identity Crisis '' `` Flesh and Blood '' `` Matsya Nyaya '' `` Many Happy Returns '' `` No Good Deed '' `` Firewall '' Season 2 `` The Contingency '' `` Bad Code '' `` Masquerade '' `` Triggerman '' `` Bury the Lede '' `` The High Road '' `` Critical '' `` Prisoner 's Dilemma '' `` Relevance '' `` God Mode '' Season 3 `` The Devil 's Share '' Season 4 `` If - Then - Else '' Characters John Reese Harold Finch Soundtrack Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 & 4 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Person_of_Interest_characters&oldid=843333926 '' Categories : Lists of drama television characters Lists of American television series characters Person of Interest ( TV series ) Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles in need of updating from August 2014 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Wikipedia articles in need of updating from May 2016 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2014 Articles with imported Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike 3.0 text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 13 : 07 . About Wikipedia | who plays the female detective in person of interest | [
"Jocelyn \"Joss\" Carter (played by Taraji P. Henson) is a detective in the New York City Police Department (NYPD) 8th Precinct Homicide Task Force. She is a single mother of one son, Taylor, whom she is close to. Formerly a Warrant Officer and an interrogator in the U.S. Army, she did two tours of duty, one in Iraq and one in Afghanistan. She passed the bar examination in 2004, but gave up practicing law to become a police officer. In 2005, she had graduated from the police academy and started working in the NYPD as a patrol officer. In 2008 she was promoted to a detective and since 2010 she has worked in the Homicide Task Force at the 8th Precint. Carter crossed paths with homeless John Reese (\"Pilot\") following his encounter with a group of young men on a New York City subway, but she later reconnects with him as the mysterious man in a suit. Carter is initially determined to apprehend Reese as a person of interest (a person not formally accused of a crime) even after Reese saves her and her son on separate occasions. However, when the CIA tries to assassinate Reese without due process, she gradually revises her views and starts helping Reese and Finch instead."
] | [
"Taraji P. Henson"
] |
-8420802072876002959 | Cinco de Mayo | Cinco de Mayo - wikipedia Cinco de Mayo Jump to : navigation , search `` 5th of May '' redirects here . For the date , see May 5 . Not to be confused with Mexican Independence Day , which occurs on September 16 . Cinco de Mayo Battle of Puebla Observed by Americans , Mexicans , mixed nationality Type Multinational Significance Celebration of the Mexican victory over French forces at the Battle of Puebla , on May 5 , 1862 Celebrations Parades , food , music , folkloric dancing , battle reenactments Date May 5 Next time 5 May 2019 ( 2019 - 05 - 05 ) Frequency annual Related to El Día de la Batalla de Puebla Cinco de Mayo ( pronounced ( ˈsiŋko ðe ˈmaʝo ) in Latin America , Spanish for `` Fifth of May '' ) is an annual celebration held on May 5 . The date is observed to commemorate the Mexican Army 's unlikely victory over the French Empire at the Battle of Puebla , on May 5 , 1862 , under the leadership of General Ignacio Zaragoza . In the United States , Cinco de Mayo has taken on a significance beyond that in Mexico . More popularly celebrated in the United States than Mexico , the date has become associated with the celebration of Mexican - American culture . In Mexico , the commemoration of the battle continues to be mostly ceremonial , such as through military parades or battle reenactments . Cinco de Mayo is sometimes mistaken for Mexico 's Independence Day -- the most important national holiday in Mexico -- which is celebrated on September 16 , commemorating the Cry of Dolores that initiated the war of Mexican independence from Spain . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Events leading to the Battle of Puebla 1.2 French invasion and Mexican victory 1.3 Events after the battle 1.4 Significance 2 History of the holiday 2.1 United States 2.2 Mexico 2.3 Elsewhere 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Background ( edit ) `` May 5 , 1862 and the siege of Puebla '' , a 1901 image from the Biblioteca del Niño Mexicano , a series of booklets for children detailing the history of Mexico Events leading to the Battle of Puebla ( edit ) Cinco de Mayo has its roots in the Second French intervention in Mexico , which took place in the aftermath of the 1846 -- 48 Mexican -- American War and the 1858 -- 61 Reform War . The Reform War was a civil war that pitted Liberals ( who believed in separation of church and state , and freedom of religion ) against Conservatives ( who favored a tight bond between the Catholic Church and the Mexican state ) . These wars nearly bankrupted the Mexican Treasury . On July 17 , 1861 , Mexican President Benito Juárez issued a moratorium in which all foreign debt payments would be suspended for two years . In response , Britain , France , and Spain sent naval forces to Veracruz to demand reimbursement . Britain and Spain negotiated with Mexico and withdrew , but France , at the time ruled by Napoleon III , decided to use the opportunity to establish an empire in Mexico that would favor French interests , the Second Mexican Empire . The empire was part of an envisioned `` Latin America '' ( term used to imply cultural kinship of the region with France ) that would rebuild French influence in the American continent and exclude Anglophone American territories . French invasion and Mexican victory ( edit ) Main article : Battle of Puebla Late in 1861 , a well - armed French fleet stormed Veracruz , landing a large French force and driving President Juárez and his government into retreat . Moving on from Veracruz towards Mexico City , the French army encountered heavy resistance from the Mexicans close to Puebla , at the Mexican forts of Loreto and Guadalupe . The French army of 8,000 attacked the poorly equipped Mexican army of 4,000 . On May 5 , 1862 , the Mexicans decisively defeated the French army . The victory represented a significant morale boost to the Mexican army and the Mexican people at large and helped establish a sense of national unity and patriotism . Events after the Battle ( edit ) The Mexican victory , however , was short - lived . A year later , with 30,000 troops , the French were able to defeat the Mexican army , capture Mexico City , and install Emperor Maximilian I as ruler of Mexico . The French victory was itself short - lived , lasting only three years , from 1864 to 1867 . By 1865 , `` with the American Civil War now over , the U.S. began to provide more political and military assistance to Mexico to expel the French '' . Upon the conclusion of the American Civil War , Napoleon III , facing a persistent Mexican guerilla resistance , the threat of war with Prussia , and `` the prospect of a serious scrap with the United States '' , retreated from Mexico starting in 1866 . The Mexicans recaptured Mexico City , and Maximilian I was apprehended and executed , along with his Mexican generals Miguel Miramón and Tomás Mejía Camacho in Cerro de las Campanas , Querétaro . `` On June 5 , 1867 , Benito Juárez finally entered Mexico City where he installed a new government and reorganized his administration . '' Significance ( edit ) The Battle of Puebla was significant , both nationally and internationally , for several reasons . First , although considerably outnumbered , the Mexicans defeated a much - better - equipped French army . `` This battle was significant in that the 4,000 Mexican soldiers were greatly outnumbered by the well - equipped French army of 8,000 that had not been defeated for almost 50 years . '' Second , since the Battle of Puebla , some have argued that no country in the Americas has subsequently been invaded by any other European military force . Historian Justo Sierra has written in his Political Evolution of the Mexican People that , had Mexico not defeated the French in Puebla on May 5 , 1862 , France would have gone to the aid of the Confederacy in the U.S. Civil War and the United States ' destiny would have been different . History of the holiday ( edit ) United States ( edit ) Cinco de Mayo performers at the White House According to a paper published by the UCLA Center for the Study of Latino Health and Culture about the origin of the observance of Cinco de Mayo in the United States , the modern American focus on that day first started in California in 1863 in response to the resistance to French rule in Mexico . `` Far up in the gold country town of Columbia ( now Columbia State Park ) Mexican miners were so overjoyed at the news that they spontaneously fired off rifle shots and fireworks , sang patriotic songs and made impromptu speeches . '' A 2007 UCLA Newsroom article notes that , `` the holiday , which has been celebrated in California continuously since 1863 , is virtually ignored in Mexico . '' TIME magazine reports that `` Cinco de Mayo started to come into vogue in 1940s America during the rise of the Chicano Movement . '' The holiday crossed over from California into the rest of the United States in the 1950s and 1960s but did not gain popularity until the 1980s when marketers , especially beer companies , capitalized on the celebratory nature of the day and began to promote it . It grew in popularity and evolved into a celebration of Mexican culture and heritage , first in areas with large Mexican - American populations , like Los Angeles , Chicago , Houston and San Jose . In a 1998 study in the Journal of American Culture it was reported that there were more than 120 official US celebrations of Cinco de Mayo in 21 different states . An update in 2006 found that the number of official Cinco de Mayo events was 150 or more , according to José Alamillo , a professor of ethnic studies at Washington State University in Pullman , who has studied the cultural impact of Cinco de Mayo north of the border . Los Angeles ' Fiesta Broadway has been billed as the largest Cinco de Mayo celebration in the world , which it most certainly was at its peak in the 1990s when it attracted crowds of 500,000 or more . In recent years attendance has seen a dramatic decrease . Cinco de Mayo celebration in Saint Paul , Minnesota On June 7 , 2005 , the United States Congress issued a concurrent resolution calling on the President of the United States to issue a proclamation calling upon the people of the United States to observe Cinco de Mayo with appropriate ceremonies and activities . To celebrate , many display Cinco de Mayo banners while school districts hold special events to educate students about its historical significance . Special events and celebrations highlight Mexican culture , especially in its music and regional dancing . Examples include baile folklórico and mariachi demonstrations held annually at the Plaza del Pueblo de Los Ángeles , near Olvera Street . Commercial interests in the United States have capitalized on the celebration , advertising Mexican products and services , with an emphasis on alcoholic beverages , foods , and music . According to Nielsen , in 2013 more than $600 million worth of beer was purchased in the United States for Cinco de Mayo , more than for the Super Bowl or St. Patrick 's Day . Mexico ( edit ) The former Forts of Guadalupe and Loreto now house a museum . On May 9 , 1862 , President Juárez declared that the anniversary of the Battle of Puebla would be a national holiday regarded as `` Battle of Puebla Day '' or `` Battle of Cinco de Mayo '' . Today , the commemoration of the battle is not observed as a national holiday in Mexico ( i.e. not a statutory holiday ) . However , all public schools are closed nationwide in Mexico on May 5 . The day is an official holiday in the State of Puebla , where the Battle took place , and also a full holiday ( no work ) in the neighboring State of Veracruz . In Puebla , historical reenactments , parades , and meals take place to commemorate the battle . Parade participants dress as French and Mexican soldiers to reenact the battle . Every year the city also hosts the Festival Internacional de Puebla , which gathers national and international artists , traditional musicians and dancers . As well as the Festival Internacional del Mole , with an emphasis on the city 's iconic mole poblano . In Mexico City , military commemoration is occasionally held at the Campo Marte . A street , Avenida Cinco de Mayo , in the Historic Center of Mexico City was named after the battle in 1862 by Benito Juárez . Elsewhere ( edit ) Events tied to Cinco de Mayo also occur outside Mexico and the United States . As in the United States , celebrations elsewhere also emphasize Mexican cuisine , culture and music . For example , Windsor , Ontario , Canada , holds a `` Cinco de Mayo Street Festival '' , some Canadian pubs play Mexican music and serve Mexican food and drink , and a sky - diving club near Vancouver holds a Cinco de Mayo skydiving event . In the Cayman Islands , in the Caribbean , there is an annual Cinco de Mayo air guitar competition , and at Montego Bay , Jamaica , there is a Cinco de Mayo celebration . The city of Brisbane , Queensland , Australia , holds an annual Mexican Festival to honor the day , and celebrations are held in London and New Zealand . Other celebrations of the day can also be found in Cape Town , South Africa , Lagos , Nigeria , and in Paris . Cinco de Mayo is celebrated in Japan in Osaka and in Tokyo 's Yoyogi Park Event Space as a celebration of Latin American culture . See also ( edit ) Siege of Puebla ( 1863 ) , fall of Puebla to the Imperialists Third Battle of Puebla ( 1867 ) , recapture of Puebla and decisive victory for the restoration of the Republic References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Other sources give the size of the French force as 6,500. ( 1 ) Jump up ^ According to Mexico 's National Institute of Historical Studies on the Mexican Revolution the Mexican force consisted of 4,802 soldiers. ( 2 ) And Peter Hicks of the French Fondation Napoléon and other French sources state the size of the Mexican force was 12,000 men . ( 3 ) ( 4 ) . Hayes - Batista clarifies on page 60 of his El Cinco de Mayo : An American Tradition that after the smaller Mexican force had defeated the French on May 5 , they received reinforcements on May 6 and 7 of approximately 12,000 additional Mexican soldiers . Jump up ^ It has been pointed out that , contrary to reports on PBS and in Philadelphia 's The Bulletin , the French were in fact considered to have been defeated by the Russians at the Siege of Petropavlovsk in 1854 . Jump up ^ The statement in The Bulletin is , `` This was the last time any army from another continent invaded the Americas . '' Note it says `` invaded '' , and not `` attacked . '' Thus , since Cinco de Mayo no army from another continent has invaded the Americas . The War of the Falklands War , for example , was fought in the Americas but the Islands were invaded by a military from the Americas ( the Argentine military ) . They were subsequently attacked ( not invaded ) by the UK . Another example , Pearl Harbor , experienced an attack , not an invasion by the Japanese . The only possible exception to the Cinco de Mayo claim above might be the brief occupation / invasion of two of the Alaskan Aleutian Islands by the Japanese military during WWII . This event , however , was so insignificant as to be virtually negligible : the islands invaded had a total population of 12 Americans and some 45 natives , the invasion was short - lived , and the battle fought there had no notoriety other than the psychological effect on the Americans that the Japanese had invaded American territory again ( Alaska was not yet a full - fledged state ) . In short , the military importance of these small pieces of land was nowhere comparable to the superior military significance of the Battle of Puebla . Citations ^ Jump up to : Lovgren , Stefan ( May 5 , 2006 ) . `` Cinco de Mayo , From Mexican Fiesta to Popular U.S. Holiday '' . National Geographic News . Jump up ^ `` RECOGNIZING THE SIGNIFICANCE OF CINCO DE MAYO '' . Congress.gov . House of Representatives . May 4 , 2009 . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cinco de Mayo '' . University of California at Los Angeles . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2006 . Retrieved May 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cinco de Mayo celebrations run all weekend '' . Deseret News . Retrieved May 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Cinco de Mayo has become a day for celebrating Mexican culture in the United States , and celebrations there easily outshine those in Mexico '' . About.com . Retrieved May 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Krogstad , Jens ( May 5 , 2003 ) . `` University community celebrates Cinco de Mayo '' . The Minnesota Daily . University of Minnesota . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2007 . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Today , the holiday is celebrated more in the United States than in Mexico Jump up ^ `` Why is Cinco de Mayo More Popular in America Than in Mexico ? '' . US News & World Report . Retrieved 5 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Lauren Effron ( May 5 , 2010 ) . `` Cinco de Mayo : NOT Mexico 's Independence Day '' . Discovery Channel . Retrieved May 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Minster , Christopher ( December 16 , 2013 ) . `` Cinco De Mayo / The Battle of Puebla '' . About.com . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Herz , May . `` Cinco de Mayo '' . Inside Mexico . Retrieved May 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cinco de Mayo '' . History.com . Retrieved May 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cinco de Mayo '' . Mexico Online . April 25 , 2007 . Retrieved May 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cinco de Mayo : What 's all the fuss about ? '' Julia Goralka . The Washington Times . May 2 , 2012 . Retrieved November 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Happy Cinco de Mayo -- Sorta . Ray Suarez . PBS News Hour . May 4 , 2012 . Retrieved October 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cinco de Mayo . Mexico Online : The Oldest and most trusted online guide to Mexico . Retrieved November 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cinco de Mayo . 2011 . The History Channel website . Retrieved May 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ The Significance of `` Cinco de Mayo '' . Ignacio González. 1996 . Retrieved November 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cinco de Mayo - The Backstory . Archived May 13 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Tony Azios . ' Llero . Jaws Communications . 2010 . Retrieved November 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cheryl VanBuskirk ( May 7 , 2009 ) . `` Cinco De Mayo : Join In The Celebration On The Fifth Of May '' . The Bulletin : Philadelphia 's Family Newspaper . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2009 . Retrieved May 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ History Channel.com . Retrieved May 14 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Happy Cinco de Mayo : Top 10 Drunkest Holidays ... Time . By Frances Romero . Wednesday , May . 05 , 2010 ... Retrieved May 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cinco de Mayo '' . Mexico Online . April 25 , 2007 . Retrieved May 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cinco de Mayo '' . Mexico Online : The Oldest and most trusted online guide to Mexico . Jump up ^ Michael C. Meyer ; William H. Beezley ( 2000 ) . The Oxford History of Mexico . Oxford University Press . pp. 387 -- 8 . ^ Jump up to : Cinco De Mayo : Join In The Celebration On The Fifth Of May . Archived May 11 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Cheryl VanBuskirk . The Bulletin : Philadelphia 's Family Newspaper . Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , US . May 7 , 2009 . Retrieved June 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ The Battle of Puebla and Cinco de Mayo . PBS . Retrieved February 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Cinco De Mayo : Join In The Celebration On The Fifth Of May . Archived May 11 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Cheryl VanBuskirk . The Bulletin : Philadelphia 's Family Newspaper , May 7 , 2009 . Retrieved June 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Mexico 's Lasting European Influence . By Jose Antonio Burciaga . Free Lance - Star Publishing . May , 2007 . ( First released in The Hispanic News Link. 1981 . ) '' . Banderasnews.com . Retrieved May 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Robert L. Bidwell ( Apr 1971 ) . `` The Political Evolution of the Mexican People . By Justo Sierra . Translated by Charles Ramsdell . Austin , TX : The University of Texas Press . 1969 '' . Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs . Center for Latin American Studies at the University of Miami . 13 ( 2 ) : 306 -- 308 . JSTOR 174689 . ^ Jump up to : Southern California Quarterly `` Cinco de Mayo 's First Seventy - Five Years in Alta California : From Spontaneous Behavior to Sedimented Memory , 1862 to 1937 '' Spring 2007 ( see American observation of Cinco de Mayo started in California ) Retrieved October 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Hayes - Bautista , David E. ( April 2009 ) . `` Cinco de Mayo : The Real Story '' . EGP News . Eastern Group Publications . Retrieved June 2 , 2016 . Far up in the gold country town of Columbia ( now Columbia State Park ) Mexican miners were so overjoyed at the news that they spontaneously fired off rifles shots and fireworks , sang patriotic songs and made impromptu speeches . Jump up ^ Cinco de Mayo minor holiday in Mexico . UPI . World News . May 5 , 2010 . Retrieved May 15 , 2010 . Verified March 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cesares , Oscar ( May 5 , 2010 ) . `` Holiday of Cinco de Mayo is minor event in Mexico '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved May 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cinco de Mayo '' . History.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lovgren , Stefan . `` Cinco de Mayo History : From Bloodshed to Beer Fest '' . National Geographic . Los Angeles . Retrieved May 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Canalis , John ( April 26 , 1992 ) . L.A. hosts nation 's biggest Cinco de Mayo party . UPI Archives . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jamison , Peter ( April 24 , 2016 ) . With thinner crowds in a smaller space , Fiesta Broadway feels deeply diminished . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Library of Congress ( U.S.A. ) Declaration . Retrieved February 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kane , Courtney ( May 2 , 2003 ) . `` Marketers extend their holiday efforts to a Mexican celebration and even to Lent '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . ( Cinco de Mayo ) gives us an opportunity ... to really get a jump - start on the summer beer - selling season Jump up ^ `` Constellation Brands and Crown Imports Ring in Cinco de Mayo at New York Stock Exchange '' . ACNNewswire.com . Victor , New York : Asian Corporate News Network . May 3 , 2012 . Retrieved May 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Salem , Nancy ( May 4 , 2007 ) . `` Cinco de Mayo 's history neglected ; it 's an excuse to party '' . The Albuquerque Tribune . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2007 . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . From my perspective as a marketing professional , Cinco de Mayo has morphed into a national holiday designed by Fifth Avenue to sell alcohol and excite consumership around a party - type theme Jump up ^ Alamillo , José M. `` Contesting Cinco de Mayo : Cultural Politics and Commercialization of Ethnic Festivals , 1930 -- 1950 '' . Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved May 8 , 2007 . Cinco de Mayo is not just a fiesta anymore , the gringos have taken it on as a good sales pitch Jump up ^ `` What Is Cinco de Mayo ? '' . The New York Times . 5 May 2018 . Retrieved 6 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Did You Know ? Cinco de Mayo is more widely celebrated in USA than Mexico . Tony Burton . Mexconnect . Retrieved May 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cultural adaptation : the Cinco de Mayo holiday is far more widely celebrated in the USA than in Mexico . Geo - Mexico . May 2 , 2011 . Retrieved May 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 25 Latino Craft Projects : Celebrating Culture in Your Library . Ana Elba Pabon . Diana Borrego. 2003 . American Library Association . Page 14 . Retrieved May 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 7 Things You May Not Know About Cinco de Mayo . Jesse Greenspan . May 3 , 2012 . Retrieved May 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Congressional Record -- House . Page 7488 . 9 May 2001 . Retrieved May 8 , 2013 . Note that contrary to most other sources , this source states the date Juarez declared Cinco de Mayo to be a national holiday was September 8 , 1862 . Jump up ^ Holidays 2013 . Archived May 13 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . U.S. Consulate in Mexico . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Los días de 2013 que , por ley , debes descansar . January 9 , 2013 . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Calendario Escolar 2012 -- 2013 . Archived April 13 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Secretaria de Educacion Publica . Government of Mexico . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Calendario Puebla 2012 ... Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Circular 0077 - 13 Calendario Oficial de Días Festivos 2013 . Adelante . Gobierno del Estado de Veracruz . January 16 , 2013 . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` How people actually celebrate Cinco de Mayo in Mexico '' . Business Insider . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Peña Nieto no estará en Puebla para desfile del 5 de Mayo ; conmemora Batalla en Campo Marte '' . SDPnoticias.com ( in Spanish ) . May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cinco de Mayo at Kensington Court -- Eyes on Windsor '' . eyesonwindsor.com . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Windsor Cinco de Mayo Celebration 2017 Windsor , CA -- Official Website '' . www.townofwindsor.com . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Canadian celebration Archived August 27 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. ; St. Albert , Canada 2012 celebration ; Montreal celebration . Retrieved May 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cinco de Mayo Skydiving Boogie 2008 '' . Abbotsford , British Columbia , Canada . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2008 . Retrieved May 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Cayman Cinco de Mayo air guitar Archived January 16 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved May 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Jamaica celebration Archived July 18 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved May 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Brisbane Cinco de Mayo Mexican Festival '' ; Brisbane celebration Archived July 9 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Where to Celebrate Cinco de Mayo in London '' . Retrieved May 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mexican Ambassador to New Zealand honors Cinco de Mayo . Retrieved May 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cinco de Mayo in South Africa Retrieved May 5 , 2016 Jump up ^ Cinco de Mayo in Lagos , Nigeria Retrieved May 5 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` El cinco de mayo -- Paris -- jeudi 05 mai '' After Work . Retrieved May 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cinco de Mayo festivals in Osaka and Tokyo Retrieved May 5 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Cinco De Mayo Festival in Tokyo '' Archived February 22 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . JapanBases.com . Retrieved August 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cinco de Mayo 2013 : Celebrating the Americas '' Cinco de Mayo Festival . Retrieved August 16 , 2013 . Sources Hayes - Bautista , David E. El Cinco de Mayo : An American Tradition ( University of California Press ; 2012 ) 293 pages External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cinco de Mayo . Cinco De Mayo Videos on The History Channel Cinco De Mayo Quick Facts `` Cinco de Mayo is NOT Mexican Independence Day ? '' on The Law Library of Congress 's blog `` Origin of the Cinco De Mayo celebration '' -- Mexican American News / Xcano Media Public holidays in Mexico Statutory holidays Año Nuevo Día de la Constitución Natalicio de Benito Juárez Día del Trabajo Día de Independencia Día de la Revolución Transmisión del Poder Ejecutivo Federal Navidad Civic holidays Día del Ejército Día de la Bandera Aniversario de la Expropiación petrolera Heroica Defensa de Veracruz Cinco de Mayo Natalicio de Miguel Hidalgo Día de la Marina Grito de Dolores Día de los Niños Héroes Consumación de la Independencia Natalicio de José Ma . 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See also : Lists of holidays , Hallmark holidays , public holidays in the United States , New Jersey , New York , Puerto Rico and the United States Virgin Islands . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cinco_de_Mayo&oldid=842489882 '' Categories : Public holidays in Mexico Public holidays in the United States May observances Mexican - American culture Second French intervention in Mexico Remembrance days Spring ( season ) events in Mexico Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2018 Use mdy dates from May 2018 Infobox holiday fixed day Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Malti मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Türkçe 中文 25 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 May 2018 , at 20 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | which city is famous for its large cinco de mayo celebration | [
"In a 1998 study in the Journal of American Culture it was reported that there were more than 120 official US celebrations of Cinco de Mayo in 21 different states. An update in 2006 found that the number of official Cinco de Mayo events was 150 or more, according to José Alamillo, a professor of ethnic studies at Washington State University in Pullman, who has studied the cultural impact of Cinco de Mayo north of the border.[35] Los Angeles' Fiesta Broadway has been billed as the largest Cinco de Mayo celebration in the world, which it most certainly was at its peak in the 1990s when it attracted crowds of 500,000 or more. In recent years attendance has seen a dramatic decrease.[36][37]"
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"Los Angeles"
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-5459603554627088748 | List of Governors of Cross River State | List of governors of Cross River State - wikipedia List of governors of Cross River State Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of administrators and governors of Cross River State , Nigeria , including leaders of South - Eastern State . South - Eastern State was formed on 1967 - 05 - 27 when Eastern Region was split into East - Central , Rivers and South - Eastern states . The state was renamed Cross River State in 1976 . South - Eastern State Title Took Office Left Office Party Notes Uduokaha Esuene Governor 28 May 1967 July 1975 ( Military ) Paul Omu Governor 3 February 1976 July 1978 ( Military ) Cross River State Title Took Office Left Office Party Notes Paul Omu Governor 3 February 1976 July 1978 ( Military ) Babatunde Elegbede Governor July 1978 October 1979 ( Military ) Clement Isong Governor October 1979 October 1983 NPN Donald Etiebet Governor October 1983 December 1983 NPN NAVY CAPTAIN EDET AKPAN ARCHIBONG ; MILITARY GOVERNOR FROM JANUARY 1984 - MAY 1984 Dan Archibong Governor MAY 1984 1986 ( Military ) Eben Ibim Princewill Governor 1986 December 1989 ( Military ) Ernest Attah Governor December 1989 January 1992 ( Military ) Clement Ebri Governor January 1992 November 1993 NRC Ibrahim Kefas Administrator 9 December 1993 14 September 1994 ( Military ) Gregory Agboneni Administrator 14 September 1994 22 August 1996 ( Military ) Umar Farouk Ahmed Administrator 22 August 1996 August 1998 ( Military ) Christopher Osondu Administrator August 1998 May 1999 ( Military ) Donald Duke Governor 29 May 1999 29 May 2007 PDP Liyel Imoke Governor 29 May 2007 29 May 2015 PDP Benedict Ayade Governor 29 May 2015 Till Date PDP See also ( edit ) States of Nigeria List of state governors of Nigeria References ( edit ) `` Nigerian Federal States '' . WorldStatesmen . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 30 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Governors_of_Cross_River_State&oldid=746366463 '' Categories : Lists of state governors of Nigeria Cross River State Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 27 October 2016 , at 00 : 09 . About Wikipedia | who is the present governor of cross river state | [
"\n\nSouth-Eastern State\nTitle\nTook Office\nLeft Office\nParty\nNotes\n\n\nUduokaha Esuene\nGovernor\n28 May 1967\nJuly 1975\n(Military)\n\n\n\nPaul Omu\nGovernor\n3 February 1976\nJuly 1978\n(Military)\n\n\n\nCross River State\nTitle\nTook Office\nLeft Office\nParty\nNotes\n\n\nPaul Omu\nGovernor\n3 February 1976\nJuly 1978\n(Military)\n\n\n\nBabatunde Elegbede\nGovernor\nJuly 1978\nOctober 1979\n(Military)\n\n\n\nClement Isong\nGovernor\nOctober 1979\nOctober 1983\nNPN\n\n\n\nDonald Etiebet\nGovernor\nOctober 1983\nDecember 1983\nNPN\nNAVY CAPTAIN EDET AKPAN ARCHIBONG; MILITARY GOVERNOR FROM JANUARY 1984 -MAY 1984\n\n\nDan Archibong\nGovernor\nMAY 1984\n1986\n{Military}\n\n\n\nEben Ibim Princewill\nGovernor\n1986\nDecember 1989\n{Military}\n\n\n\nErnest Attah\nGovernor\nDecember 1989\nJanuary 1992\n{Military}\n\n\n\nClement Ebri\nGovernor\nJanuary 1992\nNovember 1993\nNRC\n\n\n\nIbrahim Kefas\nAdministrator\n9 December 1993\n14 September 1994\n{Military}\n\n\n\nGregory Agboneni\nAdministrator\n14 September 1994\n22 August 1996\n{Military}\n\n\n\nUmar Farouk Ahmed\nAdministrator\n22 August 1996\nAugust 1998\n{Military}\n\n\n\nChristopher Osondu\nAdministrator\nAugust 1998\nMay 1999\n{Military}\n\n\n\nDonald Duke\nGovernor\n29 May 1999\n29 May 2007\nPDP\n\n\n\nLiyel Imoke\nGovernor\n29 May 2007\n29 May 2015\nPDP\n\n\n\nBenedict Ayade\nGovernor\n29 May 2015\nTill Date\nPDP\n\n\n"
] | [
"Benedict Ayade"
] |
5087085863882706682 | Knock Knock (2015 film) | Knock Knock ( 2015 film ) - wikipedia Knock Knock ( 2015 film ) Jump to : navigation , search Knock Knock Theatrical release poster Directed by Eli Roth Produced by Eli Roth Muguel Asensio Colleen Camp John T. Degraye Cassian Elwes Nicolás López Screenplay by Eli Roth Guillermo Amoedo Nicolás López Story by Anthony Overman Michael Ronald Ross Starring Keanu Reeves Ana de Armas Lorenza Izzo Aaron Burns Ignacia Allamand Colleen Camp Music by Manuel Riveiro Cinematography Antonio Quercia Edited by Diego Macho Production companies Camp Grey Dragonfly Entertainment Sobras International Pictures Distributed by Lionsgate Premiere Release date January 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 23 ) ( Sundance ) October 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 09 ) ( United States ) Running time 99 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $2 million Box office $6.3 million Knock Knock is a 2015 American erotic horror - thriller film directed by Eli Roth , who also co-wrote the script with Guillermo Amoedo and Nicolás López . The film stars Keanu Reeves , Lorenza Izzo , and Ana de Armas . The film was released on October 9 , 2015 , by Lionsgate Premiere . Knock Knock is a remake of the 1977 film Death Game , which was directed by Peter S. Traynor and starred Sondra Locke and Colleen Camp . All three individuals had a hand in the production of Knock Knock , while Camp also had a cameo in the newer film . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Release 4.1 Critical reception 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Architect and happily married man Evan Webber ( Keanu Reeves ) has the house to himself and his dog Monkey on Father 's Day weekend due to work and a physical therapy appointment for a shoulder injury while his wife and children go on a family - planned beach trip . His wife Karen ( Ignacia Allamand ) , a successful artist , leaves their assistant Louis ( Aaron Burns ) in charge of her sculpture that needs to be moved to an art gallery . Two women , Genesis ( Lorenza Izzo ) and Bel ( Ana de Armas ) knock on Evan 's door . He opens the door and they say that they are looking for the address of a party . As they have no means of communication , Evan allows them in to use the Internet and get hold of the party 's host . The girls make themselves at home and Evan plays a few of his old vinyl records he has from when he was a DJ . They then disappear to the bathroom when their driver arrives . Evan tries to convince them to leave , but as they start forcing themselves upon him , he gives in and has a threesome with them . Evan finds out that his wife 's sculpture has been vandalized by the girls . When Evan threatens to call the police , the girls reveal they are underage . Vivian ( Colleen Camp ) , a friend of Karen 's , stops by to see if Evan needs help . Seeing Genesis , Vivian angrily leaves . When Evan threatens to report a break - in , they give in and agree to be taken home . He then returns home , cleans the mess , and tries to go back to his work . Just as he is getting closer to completing his project , he hears a shattering noise . He finds a broken picture frame of his family and Genesis knocks him out with one of his wife 's sculptures . Bel climbs onto him trying to arouse him while role - playing as a school girl in his daughter 's school uniform . Evan initially refuses , but the girls threaten to FaceTime his wife with him unless he agrees with their methods . Bel rapes him , and Genesis records everything . However , Evan releases himself , knocking Bel off . He charges at Genesis , but is then disarmed by her and Bel who tie him up to a chair with an electrical cord . Louis arrives to collect the sculpture and finds Evan tied up to a chair , but before he can help him he hears the girls smashing the vandalized sculpture . He runs to stop them , but then has an asthma attack and realizes they took his inhaler . As he tries to get it back , he slips on a piece of the sculpture , hits his head while falling , and becomes unconscious . They turn Louis ' body into a red sculpture and dig a makeshift grave in the backyard for Evan . They tie him up with a hose , then bury him in the hole , leaving only his head above ground . Genesis shows Evan the video she recorded earlier with his phone of him and Bel having sex . As Evan watches on , she uploads it to his Facebook profile . They depart and take Monkey with them , leaving Evan to his fate . Karen and the kids arrive home to the entire house ruined while speechless . In an alternate ending , Evan is seen getting out of a car parked outside a house . Inside the house Bel and Genesis are torturing their next victim . Evan knocks on the door and the girls stop when they hear it , he knocks again and they ask ' Who 's there ? ' . Cast ( edit ) Keanu Reeves as Evan Webber Lorenza Izzo as Genesis Ana de Armas as Bel Ignacia Allamand as Karen Alvarado Aaron Burns as Louis Colleen Camp as Vivian Production ( edit ) On April 4 , 2014 , Keanu Reeves was added to the cast to play Evan Webber , a happily married family man and architect . The shooting was filmed in Santiago de Chile . Eli Roth stated that filming in Chile is easier than in the US . Chilean actress Ignacia Allamand also joined the film . Release ( edit ) On January 26 , 2015 Lionsgate acquired the distribution rights to the film . Knock Knock premiered at the 2015 Sundance Film Festival on January 23 , 2015 . The film was released on October 9 , 2015 in the United States . Critical reception ( edit ) Knock Knock received negative reviews from critics . Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports a rating of 33 % , based on 60 reviews , with an average rating of 5.2 / 10 . The site 's consensus states : `` Knock Knock brings a lot of talent to bear on its satirical approach to torture horror , but not effectively enough to overcome its repetitive story or misguidedly campy tone . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 55 out of 100 , based on 20 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Dread Central awarded it a score of four out of five , saying `` what we do have is a home invasion film for the social media generation ( yes , it does feature social media in its plot ) that should make you think twice before offering warmth and shelter to a stranger on a dark and stormy night . '' See also ( edit ) List of films featuring home invasions References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` KNOCK KNOCK ( 18 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . June 11 , 2015 . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( 02 - 21 - 2014 ) . `` Eli Roth to Direct , Co-Write Horror Movie ' Knock Knock ' ( Exclusive ) '' , www.thewrap.com . Retrieved 28 - 06 - 2015 . Jump up ^ Jagernauth , Kevin ( 04 - 04 - 2014 ) . `` Keanu Reeves Joins Eli Roth 's ' Knock Knock , ' Benicio Del Toro Joins Denis Villeneuve 's ' Sicario ' & More '' , blogs.indiewire.com . Retrieved 28 - 06 - 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Knock Knock ( 2015 ) '' . the - numbers . Retrieved October 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brian Formo ( 2015 - 10 - 09 ) . `` Review : The Keanu Reeves - Starring Erotic Thriller ' Knock Knock ' Is a Steaming Pile of Sexy Garbage '' . Complex . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ Gingold , Michael ( October 7 , 2015 ) . `` Q&A : `` KNOCK KNOCK '' ! Who 's There ? Director Eli Roth , on Keanu , `` Free Pizza '' and More `` . Fangoria . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ King , Susan ( October 3 , 2015 ) . `` In ' Knock Knock , ' actress Colleen Camp has a cameo -- and a producer credit '' . The Los Angeles Times . Los Angeles , California : Tronc . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( April 4 , 2014 ) . `` Keanu Reeves , Eli Roth To Team On Thriller ' Knock Knock ' '' . deadline.com . Retrieved August 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Chaka ( April 14 , 2014 ) . `` Eli Roth New Movie : ' Knock Knock ' To Star Keanu Reeves ; Film To Debut In September ? '' . latinpost.com . Retrieved August 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Keanu Reeves finished filming his movie `` Knock Knock '' in Chile `` . twitter.com . May 11 , 2014 . Retrieved August 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( January 26 , 2015 ) . `` Lionsgate Closes Eli Roth - Keanu Reeves Thriller ' Knock Knock ' At $2.5 Million '' . deadline.com . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jason Segel 's ' The End of the Tour ' wows at Sundance '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved 25 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lionsgate Publicity '' . Lionsgate Publicity . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Knock Knock ( 2015 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Knock Knock Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved October 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gelmini , David ( 2015 - 07 - 02 ) . `` Knock Knock ( 2015 ) '' . Dread Central . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 29 . External links ( edit ) Knock Knock on IMDb Knock Knock at Box Office Mojo Knock Knock at Rotten Tomatoes Knock Knock at Metacritic ( hide ) Films by Eli Roth Director Cabin Fever ( 2002 ) Hostel ( 2005 ) Hostel : Part II ( 2007 ) Grindhouse ( segment `` Thanksgiving '' , 2007 ) The Green Inferno ( 2013 ) Knock Knock ( 2015 ) Death Wish ( 2017 ) The House with a Clock in Its Walls ( 2018 ) Producer only 2001 Maniacs ( 2005 ) The Last Exorcism ( 2010 ) The Man with the Iron Fists ( 2012 ) Aftershock ( 2012 ) The Last Exorcism Part II ( 2013 ) Clown ( 2014 ) Cabin Fever ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Knock_Knock_(2015_film)&oldid=810194004 '' Categories : 2015 films English - language films American films American film remakes Chilean films 2015 horror films American erotic films American horror films American thriller films American horror thriller films 2010s erotic films 2010s horror thriller films Films directed by Eli Roth Films produced by Eli Roth Films shot in Chile Home invasions in film Screenplays by Eli Roth Horror film remakes Adultery in films Erotic thriller films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Basa Jawa 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenščina Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 November 2017 , at 21 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the movie knock knock come out | [
"Knock Knock is a 2015 American erotic horror-thriller film directed by Eli Roth,[5] who also co-wrote the script with Guillermo Amoedo and Nicolás López. The film stars Keanu Reeves, Lorenza Izzo, and Ana de Armas. The film was released on October 9, 2015, by Lionsgate Premiere. Knock Knock is a remake of the 1977 film Death Game, which was directed by Peter S. Traynor and starred Sondra Locke and Colleen Camp. All three individuals had a hand in the production of Knock Knock, while Camp also had a cameo in the newer film.[6][7]"
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"2015"
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482136915360207664 | Pro Football Hall of Fame | Pro Football Hall of Fame - wikipedia Pro Football Hall of Fame Professional sports hall of fame in Canton , Ohio Pro Football Hall of Fame Location of Pro Football Hall of Fame Established 1963 Location 2121 George Halas Dr NW , Canton , Ohio Coordinates 40 ° 49 ′ 16 '' N 81 ° 23 ′ 52 '' W / 40.82111 ° N 81.39778 ° W / 40.82111 ; - 81.39778 Coordinates : 40 ° 49 ′ 16 '' N 81 ° 23 ′ 52 '' W / 40.82111 ° N 81.39778 ° W / 40.82111 ; - 81.39778 Type Professional sports hall of fame Visitors 191,943 ( 2010 ) President C. David Baker Website profootballhof.com The Pro Football Hall of Fame is the hall of fame for professional American football , located in Canton , Ohio . Opened in 1963 , the Hall of Fame enshrines exceptional figures in the sport of professional football , including players , coaches , franchise owners , and front - office personnel , almost all of whom made their primary contributions to the game in the National Football League ( NFL ) ; the Hall inducts between four and eight new enshrinees each year . The Hall of Fame 's Mission is to `` Honor the Heroes of the Game , Preserve its History , Promote its Values & Celebrate Excellence EVERYWHERE . '' With the election of the Class of 2018 -- Bobby Beathard , Robert Brazile , Brian Dawkins , Jerry Kramer , Ray Lewis , Randy Moss , Terrell Owens , and Brian Urlacher -- there are a total of 318 members of the Hall of Fame . Part of the American football series on History of American football Origins of American football Early history of American football First game Walter Camp First pro player First pro league Modern history of American football Close relations : Medieval football Old division football Rugby football Association football Canadian football Black players in professional American football Homosexuality in American football Concussions in American football Rugby union comparison Rugby league comparison Canadian football comparison Pro Football Hall of Fame College Football Hall of Fame Years in American football NFL season - by - season College football season - by - season Glossary of American football American football Portal Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Executive Directors / Presidents of Hall of Fame 2 Inductees 2.1 Selection process 2.1. 1 Selection Committee 2.1. 2 Voting procedure 2.2 Enshrinement ceremony 3 Hall of Fame Game 4 Criticism 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Old entrance to The Pro Football Hall of Fame in Canton , Ohio The community of Canton , Ohio successfully lobbied the NFL to have the Hall of Fame built in their city for two reasons : first , the NFL was founded in Canton in 1920 ( at that time it was known as the American Professional Football Association ) ; second , the now - defunct Canton Bulldogs were a successful NFL team based in Canton during the first few years of the league . Groundbreaking for the building was held on August 11 , 1962 . The original building contained just two rooms , and 19,000 square feet ( 1,800 m ) of interior space . In April 1970 , ground was broken for the first of many expansions . This first expansion cost $ 620,000 , and was completed in May 1971 . The size was increased to 34,000 square feet ( 3,200 m ) by adding another room . The pro shop opened with this expansion . This was also an important milestone for the Pro Football Hall of Fame , as yearly attendance passed the 200,000 mark for the first time . This was at least in some part due to the increase in popularity of professional football caused by the advent of the American Football League and its success in the final two AFL - NFL World Championship games . Inside the original structure in 2008 . In November 1977 , work began on another expansion project , costing US $1,200,000 . It was completed in November 1978 , enlarging the gift shop and research library , while doubling the size of the theater . The total size of the hall was now 50,500 square feet ( 4,690 m ) , more than 2.5 times the original size . The building remained largely unchanged until July 1993 . The Hall then announced yet another expansion , costing US $9,200,000 , and adding a fifth room . This expansion was completed in October 1995 . The building 's size was increased to 82,307 square feet ( 7,647 m ) . The most notable addition was the GameDay Stadium , which shows an NFL Films production on a 20 - foot ( 6.1 m ) by 42 - foot ( 13 m ) Cinemascope screen . In 2013 , the Hall of Fame completed its largest expansion and renovation today . Currently , the Hall of Fame consists of 118,000 square feet . An $800 million expansion project , Johnson Controls Hall of Fame Village , is underway and will be completed to coincide with the NFL 's Centennial in 2020 . Executive Directors / Presidents of Hall of Fame ( edit ) Dick McCann ( April 4 , 1962 -- November 1967 ) Dick Gallagher ( April 1968 -- December 31 , 1975 ) Pete Elliott ( February 1979 -- October 31 , 1996 ) John Bankert ( November 1 , 1996 -- December 31 , 2005 ) Steve Perry ( April 24 , 2006 -- January 2014 ) David Baker ( January 6 , 2014 -- present ) Inductees ( edit ) The Hall is made up of several sections , at heart is the display of inductees . Main article : List of Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees Through 2017 , all inductees except one , played some part of their professional career in the NFL ( the lone exception is Buffalo Bills guard Billy Shaw , who played his entire career in the American Football League ( AFL ) prior to the 1970 AFL -- NFL merger ) . Though several Hall of Famers have had AFL , Canadian Football League , World Football League , United States Football League , Arena Football League and / or Indoor Football League experience , and there is a division of the Hall devoted to alternative leagues such as this , to this point no players have made the Hall without having made significant contributions to either the NFL , AFL or All - America Football Conference . For CFL stars , there is a parallel Canadian Football Hall of Fame ; only one player ( Warren Moon ) and one coach ( Bud Grant ) are in both halls . The Chicago Bears have the most Hall of Famers among the league 's franchises with either 34 or 28 enshrinees depending on whether you count players that only played a small portion of their careers with the team . Selection Process ( edit ) Selection Committee ( edit ) www.profootballhof.com/heroes-of-the-game/becoming-a-hall-of-famer/ Enshrinees are selected by a 48 - person committee , largely made up of media members , officially known as the Selection Committee . Each city that has a current NFL team sends one representative from the local media to the committee . A city with more than one franchise sends a representative for each franchise . There are also 15 at - large delegates including one representative from the Pro Football Writers Association . Except for the PFWA representative , who is appointed to a two - year term , all other appointments are open - ended and terminated only by death , incapacitation , retirement , or resignation . Voting procedure ( edit ) Tom Benson Hall of Fame Stadium with the Hall of Fame in lower right To be eligible for the nominating process , a player or coach must have been retired for at least five years . Any other contributor such as a team owner or executive can be voted in at any time . Fans may nominate any player , coach or contributor by simply writing to the Pro Football Hall of Fame via letter or email . The Selection Committee is then polled three times by mail to eventually narrow the list to 25 semifinalists : once in March , once in September , and once in October . In November , the committee then selects 15 finalists by mail balloting . A Seniors and Contributors Committee , subcommittees of the overall Selection Committee , nominate Seniors ( those players who completed their careers more than 25 years ago ) and Contributors ( individuals who made contributions to the game in areas other than playing or coaching ) . The Seniors Committee and Contributors Committee add two or one finalist ( s ) on alternating years which makes a final ballot of 18 finalists under consideration by the full committee each year . Committee members are instructed to only consider a candidate 's professional football contributions and to disregard all other factors . The Selection Committee then meets on `` Selection Saturday , '' the day before each Super Bowl game to elect a new class . To be elected , a finalist must receive at least 80 percent support from the Board , with at least four , but no more than eight , candidates being elected annually . Once a contributor is inducted into the Hall , they can not be banished and remain an inductee forever . Enshrinement ceremony ( edit ) A football signed by the 1974 Pro Football Hall of Fame enshrinement class The enshrinement ceremony is usually held during the first full weekend in August . An enshrinement celebration is held throughout the week in Canton surrounding the enshrinement ceremony . Enshrinees do not go into the Pro Football Hall of Fame as a member of a certain team . Rather , all of an enshrinee 's affiliations are listed equally . While the Baseball Hall of Fame plaques generally depict each of their inductees wearing a particular club 's cap ( with a few exceptions , such as Catfish Hunter and Greg Maddux ) , the bust sculptures of each Pro Football Hall of Fame inductee make no reference to any specific team . In addition to the bust that goes on permanent display at the Hall of Fame , inductees receive a distinctive Gold Jacket and previous inductees nearly always wear theirs when participating at new inductee ceremonies . Previous induction ceremonies were held during the next day ( Sunday from 1999 -- 2005 , Saturday in 2006 ) , situated on the steps of the Hall of Fame building . Starting in 2002 , the ceremony was moved to Fawcett Stadium , where it was held from 1963 to 1965 . Since 2007 , the enshrinement ceremony has been held on the Saturday night . Hall of Fame game ( edit ) Main article : Pro Football Hall of Fame Game The Hall of Fame Game , the annual NFL preseason opener , is played in Tom Benson Hall of Fame Stadium in Canton , Ohio . In 2017 , the Hall of Fame Game was held for the first time on Thursday night . The preseason classic kicks off Enshrinement Week Powered by Johnson Controls and officially kicks off the NFL preseason . Criticism ( edit ) The `` Other Leagues '' display includes the USFL ; inductee Jim Kelly 's jersey is in the foreground . The Pro Football Hall of Fame uses only media representatives to select inductees . This , along with its policy of inducting only a maximum of seven players a year ( six in certain years past ) , with a current maximum of two `` senior '' candidates and five `` non-seniors , '' has been criticized by sports columnists , former players , and football fans . Such critics would like to see solutions such as expanding the number of selectors , rotating panel members on and off the selection committee , and allowing former players to participate in the voting . The small number of candidates elected each year has helped foster what some perceive as an inequality of representation at certain positions or in certain categories of player , with defensive players in general and defensive backs and outside linebackers in particular , special teams players , wide receivers , deserving players who primarily played on bad teams , and those from the `` seniors '' category , being slighted . This has included a 2009 New York Times article which criticized the Hall for not including punter Ray Guy on its ballot , also noting that the Hall did not have an inductee at the time representing the position . ( At least two inductees , Sammy Baugh and Yale Lary , punted in addition to playing other positions . ) Guy was eventually inducted as part of the 2014 class for the Hall of Fame . There has also been criticism that certain players get overlooked because their team underproduced during their careers . The Pro Football Hall of Fame is unique among North American major league sports halls of fame in that officials have generally been excluded from the Hall ; only one , 1966 inductee Hugh `` Shorty '' Ray , has been enshrined . The National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum , Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame and Hockey Hall of Fame have each inducted game officials as members . In part to rectify the lack of officials and other off - field contributors , the Hall of Fame added a `` Contributors '' committee beginning with the class of 2015 , which will nominate officials , general managers , owners and other positions that have historically been overlooked by the committee at large . Another prominent absence from the Hall is sports - journalist Howard Cosell , who has yet to be awarded the Pete Rozelle Radio - Television Award despite his well - known association with Monday Night Football . An August 2010 Sports Illustrated article hints that Cosell may have even been `` blacklisted '' by the NFL . As the late 2010s approached , a number of controversial and polarizing figures began to reach eligibility for the Hall . Terrell Owens 's exclusion from the Hall in his first two years of eligibility despite his strong individual statistics was a subject of public debate . Owens was elected to the Hall of Fame in 2018 . Pro Football Hall of Fame ( old entrance ) . See also ( edit ) Touchdown Club Charities Hall of Fame Canadian Football Hall of Fame Arena Football Hall of Fame Dick McCann Memorial Award -- sometimes referred to as the `` writer 's wing '' of the Pro Football Hall of Fame Pete Rozelle Radio - Television Award References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` History of the Pro Football Hall of Fame '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2012 . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Class of 2018 Pro Football Hall of Fame Official Site '' . www.profootballhof.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` List of Hall of Fame members '' . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2012 . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Pro Football Hall of Fame : Then and Now '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . January 1 , 2005 . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2012 . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Tendler , Alexandra . `` $800 million ' Disneyland ' for football will open in 2020 , NFL Hall of Fame pres. says '' . FoxBusiness.com . Retrieved 27 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Pro Football Hall of Fame '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Bears : Team History '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2012 . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Selection Process '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2012 . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Selection Process FAQ '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2012 . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Canton welcome mat still out for O.J. Simpson '' . ESPN.com . July 21 , 2017 . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2012 Pro Football Hall of Fame Enshrinement Festival Schedule '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2012 . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Class of 2007 Presenters '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . July 2 , 2007 . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2012 . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Joyner , KC ( January 25 , 2009 ) . `` A Case for Ray Guy Belonging in Pro Football Hall of Fame '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Barall , Andy ( February 16 , 2012 ) . `` How to Fix Football 's Hall of Fame Voting System '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ King , Peter ( October 21 , 2014 ) . Behind the HOF 's New Contributor Committee . SI.com . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Billson , Marky ( August 4 , 2010 ) . `` As strange as it sounds , Howard Cosell has never won Rozelle award '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2010 . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Researcher , NFL ( February 4 , 2013 ) . `` Cronyism on the part of the NFL and the Pro Football Hall of Fame ? '' . NFL Sports Blog . Jump up ^ `` One Hall of Fame voter sheds light on why Terrell Owens did n't make it in '' . External links ( edit ) Official website Media related to Pro Football Hall of Fame at Wikimedia Commons National Football League ( 2018 ) AFC East North South West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC East North South West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S. Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Proposed stadiums 1995 -- 2016 American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Playoffs Merger NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated Tied games Canceled games Controversies Business Owners Properties Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement National Football League Players Association Lockouts Media TV NFL Network NFL RedZone Radio NFL Films Other Officials Stadiums Chronology Awards All - Pro Hall of Fame Foreign players NFL Europe Player conduct Suspensions Player misconduct Combine Draft Training camp Rivalries NFL Foundation Culture Cheerleading Color Rush Mascots Lore Nicknames Numbers Retired hide Members of the Pro Football Hall of Fame Quarterbacks Pre-modern era Baugh Clark Conzelman Driscoll Friedman Herber Luckman A. Parker Modern era Aikman Blanda Bradshaw L. Dawson Elway Favre Fouts Graham Griese Jurgensen J. Kelly Layne Marino Montana Moon Namath Stabler Starr Staubach Tarkenton Tittle Unitas Van Brocklin Warner Waterfield Young Running backs Pre-modern era Battles Canadeo Dudley Grange Guyon Hinkle Lambeau Leemans McAfee McNally Nagurski Nevers Pollard Strong Thorpe Van Buren Modern era M. Allen Bettis J. Brown Campbell Csonka T. Davis Dickerson Dorsett Faulk Gifford Harris Hornung J.H. Johnson L. Kelly F. Little Martin Matson McElhenny Moore Motley Payton Perry Riggins B. Sanders Sayers Simpson E. Smith Jim Taylor T. Thomas Tomlinson Trippi Walker Wide receivers / ends Pre-modern era Badgro Chamberlin Flaherty Halas Hewitt Hutson Millner Modern era Alworth Berry Biletnikoff T. Brown Carter Fears Harrison Hayes Hirsch Irvin Joiner Largent Lavelli Lofton Maynard McDonald Mitchell Monk Moss Owens Pihos Reed Rice Stallworth Swann C. Taylor Warfield Tight ends Casper Ditka Mackey Newsome C. Sanders Sharpe J. Smith Winslow Offensive linemen L. Allen B. Brown R. Brown Creekmur D. Dawson DeLamielleure Dierdorf Gatski Gregg Grimm Hannah Hickerson S. Jones W. Jones Kramer Langer L. Little Mack Matthews McCormack McDaniel Mix Munchak Muñoz Ogden Otto Pace J. Parker Ringo Roaf Shaw Shell Shields Slater St. Clair Stanfel Stephenson Tingelhoff Upshaw Webster Wright Yary Zimmerman Pre-modern era two - way players Edwards Fortmann Healey Hein Henry Hubbard Kiesling Kinard Lyman Michalske Musso Owen Stydahar Trafton Turner Wojciechowicz Defensive linemen Atkins Bethea Buchanan Culp W. Davis Dean Dent Doleman Donovan Eller Ford J. Greene Haley Hampton Humphrey D. Jones Jordan Kennedy Lilly Long Marchetti Nomellini Olsen Page Randle Robustelli Sapp Selmon B. Smith Stautner Strahan Ja . Taylor Weinmeister Ra . White Re . White Willis Youngblood Linebackers Bednarik Bo . Bell Brazile Brooks Buoniconti Butkus Carson Connor George K. Greene Ham Hanburger Hendricks Huff Jackson Lambert Lanier Lewis Nitschke Richter Robinson Schmidt Seau Singletary L. Taylor D. Thomas Tippett Urlacher Wilcox Defensive backs Adderley Barney Blount W. Brown Butler Christiansen Dawkins Easley Green Haynes Houston J. Johnson Krause Lane Lary LeBeau Lott Renfro D. Sanders E. Thomas Tunnell Wehrli Williams L. Wilson Wood Woodson Placekickers and punters Andersen Groza Guy Stenerud Coaches G. Allen P. Brown Chamberlin Conzelman Dungy Ewbank Flaherty Gibbs Gillman Grant Halas Lambeau Landry Levy Lombardi Madden Neale Noll Owen Parcells Shula Stram Walsh Contributors Beathard Be . Bell Bidwill Carr A. Davis DeBartolo Finks Halas Hunt J. Jones Lambeau T. Mara W. Mara Marshall Polian Ray Reeves A. Rooney D. Rooney Rozelle Sabol Schramm R. Wilson Wolf Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pro_Football_Hall_of_Fame&oldid=844892393 '' Categories : Pro Football Hall of Fame American football museums and halls of fame Buildings and structures in Canton , Ohio Halls of fame in Ohio History of American football American national museums in Ohio Museums in Stark County , Ohio Sports museums in Ohio Tourist attractions in Canton , Ohio Awards established in 1963 1963 establishments in Ohio Halls of fame in the United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara Français 한국어 Italiano עברית 日本 語 Norsk Polski Simple English Suomi Svenska 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 June 2018 , at 21 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is the pro football hall of fame located | [
"\nPro Football Hall of Fame\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLocation of Pro Football Hall of Fame\n\n\n\n\n\n\nEstablished\n1963\n\n\nLocation\n2121 George Halas Dr NW, Canton, Ohio\n\n\nCoordinates\n40°49′16″N 81°23′52″W / 40.82111°N 81.39778°W / 40.82111; -81.39778Coordinates: 40°49′16″N 81°23′52″W / 40.82111°N 81.39778°W / 40.82111; -81.39778\n\n\nType\nProfessional sports hall of fame\n\n\nVisitors\n191,943 (2010)[1]\n\n\nPresident\nC. David Baker\n\n\nWebsite\nprofootballhof.com\n\n"
] | [
"2121 George Halas Dr NW, Canton, Ohio"
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-4396516761267341973 | Rosamund Pike | Rosamund Pike - wikipedia Rosamund Pike Jump to : navigation , search Rosamund Pike Pike attends the `` A United Kingdom '' Opening Night Gala screening during the 60th BFI London Film Festival at Odeon Leicester Square on October 5 , 2016 in London , England . Rosamund Mary Ellen Pike ( 1979 - 01 - 27 ) 27 January 1979 ( age 38 ) London , England Nationality British Alma mater Wadham College , Oxford Occupation Actress Years active 1998 -- present Partner ( s ) Robie Uniacke ( 2009 -- present ) Children Rosamund Mary Ellen Pike ( born 27 January 1979 ) is an English actress who began her acting career by appearing in stage productions such as Romeo and Juliet and Skylight . After her screen debut in the television film A Rather English Marriage ( 1998 ) and television roles in Wives and Daughters ( 1999 ) and Love in a Cold Climate ( 2001 ) , she received international recognition for her film debut as Bond girl Miranda Frost in Die Another Day ( 2002 ) , for which she received the Empire Award for Best Newcomer . Following her breakthrough , she won the BIFA Award for Best Supporting Actress for The Libertine ( 2004 ) and portrayed Jane Bennet in Pride & Prejudice ( 2005 ) . Pike had film appearances in the sci - fi film Doom ( 2005 ) , the crime - mystery thriller film Fracture ( 2007 ) , the drama film Fugitive Pieces ( 2007 ) , the coming - of - age drama An Education ( 2009 ) , for which she was nominated for the London Film Critics Circle Award for British Supporting Actress of the Year , and sci - fi comedy The World 's End ( 2013 ) . She also received British Independent Film Award nominations for An Education , Made in Dagenham ( 2010 ) , and was nominated for a Genie Award for Barney 's Version ( 2010 ) . In 2014 , her performance in the psychological thriller film Gone Girl was met with widespread critical acclaim and she was awarded the Saturn Award for Best Actress and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress , the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role , and the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress -- Motion Picture Drama . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Activism 5 Filmography 5.1 Film 5.2 Television 6 Stage 7 Awards and nominations 8 References 9 External links Early life ( edit ) Pike , born on 27 January 1979 in London , England , is the only daughter of opera singers Caroline and Julian Pike . Pike 's father is currently a professor of music and head of operatic studies at the Birmingham Conservatoire . The family travelled across Europe until she was seven , following wherever her parents ' performing careers took them . Pike won a scholarship to Badminton School in Bristol , and while appearing as Juliet in a production of Romeo and Juliet at the National Youth Theatre , was noticed by an agent , who helped her embark upon a professional career . After being turned down by each stage school to which she applied , she gained a place to read English literature at Wadham College , Oxford , from which she graduated . She took a year off to pursue her acting career , garnering stage experience in David Hare 's Skylight , Arthur Miller 's All My Sons , and several plays by Shakespeare ; she achieved an Upper Second class degree in 2001 . Career ( edit ) While she was still at Oxford , Pike acted in and directed various plays , including one by Simon Chesterman , who was then a graduate student . She also made appearances on British television shows , including A Rather English Marriage ( 1998 ) , Wives and Daughters ( 1999 ) , and Love in a Cold Climate ( 2001 ) , a miniseries based on Nancy Mitford 's novels The Pursuit of Love and Love in a Cold Climate . She also appeared as a CIA agent in the pilot of the science fiction series , Seven Days ( 1998 ) , and as Sarah Beaumont in an episode of the series Foyle 's War . Pike at the premiere of Barney 's Version during the 2010 Toronto International Film Festival After graduating , she considered working at Waterstone 's bookshop due to a lack of acting opportunities , but was offered a role as a Bond girl and MI6 agent assigned to aid James Bond in Die Another Day . She also appeared in the special show Bond Girls Are Forever and , shortly afterwards , the BAFTA tribute to the James Bond series . She was the first Bond girl to have attended Oxford . Pike then played Elizabeth Malet in The Libertine ( 2004 ) , co-starring Johnny Depp , which won her the Best Supporting Actress award at the British Independent Film Awards . In the same year , she portrayed Rose in The Promised Land , a film about Israel , and starred as scientist Samantha Grimm in the cinematic adaptation of the computer game series Doom . In 2005 , she appeared as Jane , the elder sister of Elizabeth ( played by Keira Knightley ) , in Pride & Prejudice . Pike then starred in the film adaptation of Anne Michaels 's novel Fugitive Pieces . She also starred as a successful attorney in the film Fracture , opposite Anthony Hopkins and Ryan Gosling . Pike was a judge at the 2008 Costa Book Awards . Her stage credits include Hitchcock Blonde by Terry Johnson ( in a role requiring her to appear completely nude on stage with only a pair of high heels ) and Tennessee Williams ' Summer and Smoke , both in London 's West End , and Gaslight at London 's Old Vic Theatre . Pike has said that she would be happy to do at least one play every year . In 2009 , she played the title character in Madame De Sade during the Donmar 's West End season . She appeared in the British film Made in Dagenham and in the Canadian film Barney 's Version where she plays Miriam . In 2010 , she starred in a production of Hedda Gabler on UK tour . Pike has recorded voicework for a lead role in the film Jackboots on Whitehall and lent her voice to a new series of James Bond audio - books , narrating The Spy Who Loved Me . In 2010 Pike played the part of Pussy Galore in the BBC Radio 4 adaptation of Fleming 's Goldfinger . In 2011 , Pike played the part of Kate Sumner in the 2011 Bond spoof film Johnny English Reborn , playing a psychologist and English 's love interest . The film is a sequel to the 2003 film Johnny English and was a box office success , taking over $160 million . In 2012 , she played the role of Queen Andromeda in the fantasy epic Wrath of the Titans . She replaced Alexa Davalos , who had played the role in Clash of the Titans and had dropped out due to a scheduling conflict . Taking the role in Wrath of the Titans meant she had to drop out of consideration for a role in the forthcoming Superman film . Although the film was not well received by critics , it grossed over $300 million and critics considered her performance to be one of the film 's highlights . She also starred as Helen Rodin , the female lead alongside Tom Cruise in the thriller Jack Reacher , an adaptation of the novel One Shot by author Lee Child . The film opened to positive critical reception and had grossed over $218 million . After a supporting role in the critically acclaimed The World 's End ( 2013 ) , Pike was seen in the David Fincher - directed thriller Gone Girl ( 2014 ) , a film adaptation of Gillian Flynn 's novel of the same name . Featuring opposite Ben Affleck , Pike was cast as Amy Dunne , a woman who goes missing on her fifth wedding anniversary . According to Fincher , Pike was his first choice for the role because he wanted someone who was not widely known , Pike having not appeared in any major leading role prior to the film 's commencement , and because he found her enigmatic and could n't easily read her . The film emerged as a box office hit , earning over $356 million in global ticket sales . The movie and Pike 's performance both earned widespread acclaim from critics . Richard Lawson of Vanity Fair wrote that the film is `` Smartly shot , detailed ... and performed '' and called Pike 's portrayal `` a star - makingly good performance , spellbinding in its operatic mix of tones and temperatures . '' Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter reviewed that she `` is powerful and commanding ... Physically and emotionally , Pike looks to have immersed herself in this profoundly calculating character , and the results are impressive . '' She received numerous awards and nominations , including for the Academy Award for Best Actress , the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role , the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress -- Motion Picture Drama and the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role . Since 2015 , she has voiced Lady Penelope Creighton - Ward in the remake of Gerry Anderson 's Thunderbirds Are Go produced by ITV in conjunction with Weta Workshop . In February 2016 , she starred in the music video for Voodoo in My Blood by Massive Attack directly inspired by the subway scene with Isabelle Adjani in the movie Possession ( 1981 ) directed by Andrzej Żuławski . Personal life ( edit ) Since December 2009 , Pike has been in a relationship with Robie Uniacke , a mathematical researcher . They have two sons . In 2015 , when they visited China to promote Gone Girl , Pike mentioned that Uniacke had given her a Chinese name 裴淳华 ( pinyin : Péi Chúnhuá ) , and being a fan of Chinese culture , they request the media to use this as her Chinese name rather than the transliteration of her English name . Activism ( edit ) In 2015 , she signed an open letter for which the ONE Campaign had been collecting signatures ; the letter was addressed to Angela Merkel and Nkosazana Dlamini - Zuma , urging them to focus on women as they serve as the head of the G7 in Germany and the AU in South Africa , respectively , which will start to set the priorities in development funding before a main UN summit in September 2015 that will establish new development goals for the generation . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2002 Die Another Day Miranda Frost 20th James Bond film Promised Land Rose The Libertine Elizabeth Malet 2005 Pride & Prejudice Jane Bennet 2005 Doom Dr. Samantha Grimm 2007 Fracture Nikki Gardner 2007 Fugitive Pieces Alex 2009 Education , An An Education Helen 2009 Surrogates Maggie Greer 2009 Yesterday We Were in America Narrator Documentary Burning Palms Dedra Davenport Jackboots on Whitehall Daisy Voice role Barney 's Version Miriam Grant - Panofsky Made in Dagenham Lisa Hopkins 2011 The Organ Grinder 's Monkey Rochelle Short film 2011 Johnny English Reborn Kate Sumner 2011 The Big Year Jessica 2012 Wrath of the Titans Queen Andromeda Replaces Alexa Davalos due to schedule conflicts 2012 Jack Reacher Helen Rodin 2013 The Devil You Know Zoe Hughes 2013 The World 's End Sam Chamberlain 2014 A Long Way Down Penny 2014 Hector and the Search for Happiness Clara 2014 What We Did on Our Holiday Abi 2014 Gone Girl Amy Elliott Dunne 2015 Return to Sender Miranda Wells 2016 A United Kingdom Ruth Williams Khama 2017 The Man with the Iron Heart Lina Heydrich 2017 Hostiles Rosalie Quaid 2017 High Wire Act In post-production 2018 Entebbe In post-production Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1998 Seven Days CIA Agent Pilot 1998 Rather English Marriage , AA Rather English Marriage Celia Movie 1999 Wives and Daughters Lady Harriet Cumnor Miniseries ( 3 episodes ) 2000 Trial & Retribution Lucy Episode : `` Trial & Retribution IV Part 1 '' Love in a Cold Climate Fanny 2 episodes 2002 Bond Girls Are Forever Herself Documentary 2002 Foyle 's War Sarah Beaumont Episode : `` The German Woman '' 2008 The Tower Olivia Wynn Pilot 2009 Freefall Anna Movie 2011 Women in Love Gudrun Brangwen 2 episodes 2015 -- present Thunderbirds Are Go Lady Penelope Creighton - Ward / Captain Ridley O'Bannon Voice role 2019 Moominvalley Moominmamma Voice role Stage ( edit ) Year Title Role 2002 Hitchcock Blonde The Blonde 2006 Summer and Smoke Alma Winemiller 2007 Gaslight Bella Manningham 2009 Madame de Sade Madame de Sade Hedda Gabler Hedda Gabler Awards and nominations ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Rosamund Pike References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Brady , Tara ( 17 November 2016 ) . `` Rosamund Pike : from Bond girl to Gone Girl to leading woman '' . The Irish Times . Retrieved 22 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rosamund Pike Biography '' . Biography . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Cavendish , Lucy ( 18 March 2009 ) . `` Rosamund Pike interview '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 22 May 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Judith Woods ( 24 September 2010 ) . `` Rosamund Pike : From reluctant English rose to Britain 's new screen queen '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 25 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The name 's Pike , Rosamund Pike '' . The Guardian . 13 October 2002 . Retrieved 25 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Review of `` Everything Before the ' But ' Is a Lie '' in the `` Daily Info , Oxford '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Rosamund Pike - Biography '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Archived from the original on 27 March 2012 . Retrieved 24 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Husband , Stuart ( 12 October 2002 ) . `` The name 's Pike , Rosamund Pike '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Weitzman , Elizabeth ( 9 March 2006 ) . `` Actress Pike knows how to take her roles to extremes '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Google News Archive . Retrieved 17 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 Winners announced 8th British Independent Film Awards '' . British Independent Film Awards . 30 November 2005 . Archived from the original on 2 September 2012 . Retrieved 17 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Murray , Rebecca . `` Interview with Rosamund Pike at the Hollywood Premiere of `` Doom '' `` . About.com . Retrieved 24 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Pandora : Tendulkar ton is news to Shilpa '' . The Independent . 19 December 2008 . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Mail on Sunday , 18 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Trueman , Matt ( 4 September 2012 ) . `` London 's Old Vic challenges celebrities to stage a musical in 24 hours '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 24 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Bamigboye , Baz ( 13 September 2007 ) . `` Rosamund Pike : A theatre girl at heart '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 26 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Jury , Louise ( 19 August 2008 ) . `` The man with the Midas touch '' . London Evening Standard . Archived from the original on 22 August 2008 . Retrieved 26 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Bamigboye , Baz ( 11 September 2009 ) . `` With a little luck Keira Knightly will have sharpened up enough for My Fair Lady '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 18 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Rosamund Pike narrates ' The Spy Who Loved Me ' for new Ian Fleming audiobooks '' . mi6.co.uk. 12 January 2011 . Retrieved 12 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rosamund Pike Joins ' Wrath of the Titans ' as Andromeda '' . screenrant.com. 2011 . Retrieved 13 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rosamund Pike signs up for Wrath of the Titans , drops out of Superman race '' . denofgeek.com. 9 February 2011 . Retrieved 6 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Review : ' Wrath Of The Titans ' represents a big step forward from the first film '' . hitfix.com. 28 March 2012 . Retrieved 6 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Even a Cyclops could see this is bad : Wrath of the Titans is titanically awful '' . Daily Mail . 29 March 2012 . Retrieved 6 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jack Reacher ( 2012 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 28 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Gone Girl ' starts filming in Cape Girardeau '' . kfvs12.com. 12 September 2013 . Retrieved 5 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Mottram , James ( 30 September 2014 ) . `` Gone Girl film director David Fincher on his potential Oscar contender '' . The Independent . Retrieved 19 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` David Fincher : A Life in Pictures '' . BAFTA Guru . 19 September 2014 . Retrieved 17 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gone Girl ( 2014 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 19 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` GONE GIRL ( 2014 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 19 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Lawson , Richard ( 1 October 2014 ) . `` Gone Girl , Fall 's Most Anticipated Thriller , Does n't Disappoint '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved 19 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Massive Attack Recruit Rosamund Pike for Haunting New Video '' . Rolling Stone . 23 February 2016 . Retrieved 24 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Sawer , Patrick ( 20 September 2014 ) . `` Rosamund Pike : How my ex-addict lover ( age 53 ) gave me new lease of life '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 13 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Roach , Vicky ( 4 February 2015 ) . `` Gone Girl star Rosamund Pike talks Oscars , babies and her new film What We Did on Our Holiday '' . news.com.au . Retrieved 22 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 消失 的 爱人 '' 女 主角 裴淳华 访 华 '' ( in Chinese ) . Mtimes.com. 20 June 2015 . Retrieved 16 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 裴淳华 是 什么 鬼 ? 《 消失 爱人 》 女 主 给 自己 取 了 个 中文 名 '' . ifeng ( in Chinese ) . 31 March 2015 . Retrieved 16 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Tracy McVeigh . `` Poverty is sexist : leading women sign up for global equality Life and style '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 8 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Parker actor back for Thunderbirds remake '' . BBC News . Retrieved 1 October 2013 . Jump up ^ https://www.thunderbirds.com/en/news/article/19 Jump up ^ Clarke , Stewart ( 2017 - 09 - 12 ) . `` Kate Winslet , Rosamund Pike , Taron Egerton Sign Up for Moomins Animated Series '' . Variety . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 14 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rosamund Pike . Rosamund Pike on IMDb Awards for Rosamund Pike Empire Award for Best Actress Nicole Kidman ( 1996 ) Frances McDormand ( 1997 ) Joan Allen ( 1998 ) Cate Blanchett ( 1999 ) Gwyneth Paltrow ( 2000 ) Connie Nielsen ( 2001 ) Nicole Kidman ( 2002 ) Kirsten Dunst ( 2003 ) Uma Thurman ( 2004 ) Julie Delpy ( 2005 ) Thandie Newton ( 2006 ) Penélope Cruz ( 2007 ) Keira Knightley ( 2008 ) Helena Bonham Carter ( 2009 ) Zoe Saldana ( 2010 ) Noomi Rapace ( 2011 ) Olivia Colman ( 2012 ) Jennifer Lawrence ( 2013 ) Emma Thompson ( 2014 ) Rosamund Pike ( 2015 ) Alicia Vikander ( 2016 ) Felicity Jones ( 2017 ) Empire Award for Best Newcomer Bryan Singer ( 1996 ) Ewen Bremner ( 1997 ) Gary Oldman ( 1998 ) Vinnie Jones ( 1999 ) Carrie - Anne Moss / Damien O'Donnell ( 2000 ) Jamie Bell ( 2001 ) Orlando Bloom ( 2002 ) Rosamund Pike ( 2003 ) Martine McCutcheon ( 2004 ) Freddie Highmore ( 2005 ) Kelly Reilly ( 2006 ) Brandon Routh / Eva Green ( 2007 ) Sam Riley ( 2008 ) Gemma Arterton ( 2009 ) Aaron Johnson ( 2010 ) Chloë Grace Moretz ( 2011 ) London Film Critics ' Circle Award for British Actress of the Year Miranda Richardson ( 1993 ) Crissy Rock ( 1994 ) Kate Winslet ( 1995 ) Brenda Blethyn ( 1996 ) Judi Dench ( 1997 ) Helena Bonham Carter ( 1998 ) Emily Watson ( 1999 ) Julie Walters ( 2000 ) Judi Dench ( 2001 ) Lesley Manville ( 2002 ) Anne Reid ( 2003 ) Eva Birthistle / Kate Winslet ( 2004 ) Rachel Weisz ( 2005 ) Helen Mirren ( 2006 ) Julie Christie ( 2007 ) Kristin Scott Thomas ( 2008 ) Carey Mulligan ( 2009 ) Lesley Manville ( 2010 ) Olivia Colman ( 2011 ) Andrea Riseborough ( 2012 ) Judi Dench ( 2013 ) Rosamund Pike ( 2014 ) Saoirse Ronan ( 2015 ) Kate Beckinsale ( 2016 ) Saturn Award for Best Actress Katharine Ross ( 1974 / 75 ) Blythe Danner ( 1976 ) Jodie Foster ( 1977 ) Margot Kidder ( 1978 ) Mary Steenburgen ( 1979 ) Angie Dickinson ( 1980 ) Karen Allen ( 1981 ) Sandahl Bergman ( 1982 ) Louise Fletcher ( 1983 ) Daryl Hannah ( 1984 ) Coral Browne ( 1985 ) Sigourney Weaver ( 1986 ) Jessica Tandy ( 1987 ) Catherine Hicks ( 1988 ) Demi Moore ( 1989 / 90 ) Linda Hamilton ( 1991 ) Virginia Madsen ( 1992 ) Andie MacDowell ( 1993 ) Sandra Bullock / Jamie Lee Curtis ( 1994 ) Angela Bassett ( 1995 ) Neve Campbell ( 1996 ) Jodie Foster ( 1997 ) Drew Barrymore ( 1998 ) Christina Ricci ( 1999 ) Téa Leoni ( 2000 ) Nicole Kidman ( 2001 ) Naomi Watts ( 2002 ) Uma Thurman ( 2003 ) Blanchard Ryan ( 2004 ) Naomi Watts ( 2005 ) Natalie Portman ( 2006 ) Amy Adams ( 2007 ) Angelina Jolie ( 2008 ) Zoe Saldana ( 2009 ) Natalie Portman ( 2010 ) Kirsten Dunst ( 2011 ) Jennifer Lawrence ( 2012 ) Sandra Bullock ( 2013 ) Rosamund Pike ( 2014 ) Charlize Theron ( 2015 ) Mary Elizabeth Winstead ( 2016 ) VIAF : 56899857 LCCN : no2005028691 GND : 142417815 SUDOC : 121100618 BNF : cb15065235h ( data ) NKC : xx0042784 BNE : XX5122369 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rosamund_Pike&oldid=804379993 '' Categories : 1979 births 20th - century English actresses 21st - century English actresses Actresses from London Alumni of Wadham College , Oxford Best Newcomer Empire Award winners English Shakespearean actresses English film actresses English stage actresses English television actresses English voice actresses Living people National Youth Theatre members People educated at Badminton School Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2017 CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) EngvarB from July 2017 Use dmy dates from July 2017 Articles with hCards Articles containing Chinese - language text Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar मैथिली Македонски მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 डोटेली Edit links This page was last edited on 8 October 2017 , at 16 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played miranda frost in die another day | [
"Rosamund Mary Ellen Pike[1] (born 27 January 1979) is an English actress who began her acting career by appearing in stage productions such as Romeo and Juliet and Skylight. After her screen debut in the television film A Rather English Marriage (1998) and television roles in Wives and Daughters (1999) and Love in a Cold Climate (2001), she received international recognition for her film debut as Bond girl Miranda Frost in Die Another Day (2002), for which she received the Empire Award for Best Newcomer. Following her breakthrough, she won the BIFA Award for Best Supporting Actress for The Libertine (2004) and portrayed Jane Bennet in Pride & Prejudice (2005)."
] | [
"Rosamund Mary Ellen Pike"
] |
-9056755026721827822 | Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series | Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series - wikipedia Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series Jump to : navigation , search `` Sprint Cup Series '' redirects here . For the horse race , see Haydock Sprint Cup . Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series Category Stock cars Country United States Inaugural season 1949 Manufacturers Chevrolet Ford Toyota Tire suppliers Goodyear Drivers ' champion Martin Truex Jr. ( 1 ) Teams ' champion Furniture Row Racing ( 1 ) Makes ' champion Toyota ( 2 ) Official website Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series Current season The Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series ( often shortened to the Cup Series ) is the top racing series of the National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing ( NASCAR ) . It is named for the current sponsor , Monster Energy , but has been known by other names in the past . The series began in 1949 as the Strictly Stock Series , and from 1950 to 1970 it was known as the Grand National Series . In 1971 , when the series began leasing its naming rights to the R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company , it was referred to as the Winston Cup Series . A similar deal was made with Nextel in 2003 , and it became the Nextel Cup Series ( 2004 -- 2007 ) . Sprint acquired Nextel in 2005 , and in 2008 the series was renamed the Sprint Cup Series , which lasted until 2016 . In December 2016 , it was announced that Monster Energy would become the new title sponsor starting in 2017 . The championship is determined by a points system , with points being awarded according to finish placement and number of laps led . The season is divided into two segments . After the first 26 races , 16 drivers , selected primarily on the basis of wins during the first 26 races , are seeded based on their total number of wins . They compete in the last ten races , where the difference in points is greatly minimized . This is called the NASCAR playoffs . The series holds strong roots in the Southeastern United States , with half of the races in the 36 - race season being held in that region . The current schedule includes tracks from around the United States . Regular season races were previously held in Canada , and exhibition races were held in Japan and Australia . The Daytona 500 , the most prestigious race , had a television audience of about 11.9 million U.S. viewers in 2017 . Cup Series cars are unique in automobile racing . The engines are powerful enough to reach speeds of over 200 mph ( 320 km / h ) , but their weight coupled with a relatively simple aerodynamic package make for poor handling . The bodies and chassis of the cars are strictly regulated to ensure parity , and electronics are traditionally spartan in nature . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Strictly Stock and Grand National 1.2 Winston Cup 1.3 Nextel and Sprint 1.3. 1 Chase for the Cup 1.4 Monster Energy 2 Drivers ' Championship 3 Owners ' Championship 4 Manufacturers ' Championship 4.1 Representation 5 Cup cars 5.1 Evolution of Cup cars 5.1. 1 1949 -- 1980 5.1. 2 1981 -- 2007 5.1. 3 Car of Tomorrow ( 2007 -- 2012 ) 5.1. 4 Generation 6 car ( 2013 -- present ) 5.2 Setup 5.3 Specifications 6 Cup tracks 7 Cup Series records 8 See also 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) Strictly stock and Grand National ( edit ) In 1949 , NASCAR introduced the Strictly Stock division , after sanctioning Modified and Roadster division races in 1948 . Eight races were run on seven dirt ovals and on the Daytona Beach beach / street course . The first NASCAR `` Strictly Stock '' race was held at Charlotte Speedway on June 19 , 1949 . Jim Roper was declared the winner of that race after Glenn Dunaway was disqualified for having altered the rear springs on his car ; the first series champion was Red Byron . The division was renamed `` Grand National '' for the 1950 season , reflecting NASCAR 's intent to make the sport more professional and prestigious . It retained this name until 1971 . The 1949 Strictly Stock season is regarded in NASCAR 's record books as the first season of GN / Cup history . Martinsville Speedway is the only track on the 1949 schedule that remains on the current schedule . Seven - time Winston Cup champion Richard Petty . Rather than having a fixed schedule of one race per weekend with most entrants appearing at every event , the Grand National schedule has included over sixty events in some years . Often there are two or three races on the same weekend and occasionally two races on the same day in different states . In the early years , most Grand National races were held on dirt - surfaced short oval tracks that ranged in lap length from under a quarter - mile to over a half - mile , or on dirt fairgrounds ovals usually ranging from a half - mile to a mile in lap length . One hundred ninety - eight of the first 221 Grand National races were run on dirt tracks . Darlington Raceway , opened in 1950 , was the first completely paved track on the circuit over one mile ( 1.6 km ) long . In 1959 , when Daytona International Speedway was opened , the schedule still had more races on dirt racetracks than on paved ones . In the 1960s as superspeedways were built and old dirt tracks were paved , the number of races run on dirt tracks was reduced . The last NASCAR race on a dirt track was held on September 30 , 1970 at the half - mile State Fairgrounds Speedway in Raleigh , North Carolina . Richard Petty won that race in a Plymouth that had been sold by Petty Enterprises to Don Robertson and rented back by Petty Enterprises for the race . Winston Cup ( edit ) The Winston Cup Series logo from 2000 to 2003 . Between 1971 and 2003 , NASCAR 's premier series was called the Winston Cup Series . It was sponsored by R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company cigarette brand Winston . In 1971 , the Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act banned television advertising of cigarettes . As a result , tobacco companies began to sponsor sporting events as a way to spend their excess advertising dollars and to circumvent the Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act 's ban on television advertising . RJR 's sponsorship became more controversial in the wake of the 1998 Tobacco Industry Settlement that sharply restricted avenues for tobacco advertising , including sports sponsorships . The changes that resulted from RJR 's involvement in the series as well as from the reduction in schedule from 48 to 31 races per year established 1972 as the beginning of NASCAR 's `` modern era . '' The season was made shorter , and the points system was modified several times during the next four years . Races on dirt tracks and on oval tracks shorter than 250 miles ( 402 kilometers ) were removed from the schedule , and transferred to the short - lived NASCAR Grand National East Series . NASCAR 's founder , Bill France Sr. , turned over control of NASCAR to his oldest son , Bill France Jr . In August 1974 , France Jr. asked series publicist Bob Latford to design a points system with equal points being awarded for all races regardless of length or prize money . This system ensured that the top drivers would have to compete in all the races in order to become the series champion . This system remained unchanged from 1975 until the Chase for the Championship was instituted in 2004 . Seven - time Winston Cup champion Dale Earnhardt Since 1982 , the Daytona 500 has been the first non-exhibition race of the year . ABC Sports aired partial or full live telecasts of Grand National races from Talladega , North Wilkesboro , Darlington , Charlotte , and Nashville in 1970 . Because these events were perceived as less exciting than many Grand National races , ABC abandoned its live coverage . Races were instead broadcast , delayed and edited , on the ABC sports variety show Wide World of Sports . In 1979 , the Daytona 500 became the first stock car race that was nationally televised from flag to flag on CBS . The leaders going into the last lap , Cale Yarborough and Donnie Allison , wrecked on the backstretch while dicing for the lead , allowing Richard Petty to pass them both for the win . Immediately , Yarborough , Allison , and Allison 's brother Bobby were engaged in a fistfight on national television . This underlined the drama and emotion of the sport and increased its broadcast marketability . Fortunately for NASCAR , the race coincided with a major snowstorm along the United States ' eastern seaboard , successfully introducing the sport to a captive audience . In 1981 , an awards banquet began to be held in New York City on the first Friday evening in December . The first banquets were held in the Waldorf - Astoria 's Starlight Room and in 1985 were moved to the much larger Grand Ballroom . But in 2001 , the banquet portion was dropped in favor of a simpler awards ceremony . And in 2002 , the awards ceremony was moved to the Hammerstein Ballroom at the Manhattan Center . However , in 2003 , the festivities returned to the Waldorf 's Grand Ballroom , and the banquet format was reinstated . In 1985 , Winston introduced a new awards program called the Winston Million . From 1985 to 1997 , any driver who won three of the four most prestigious races in the series was given one million dollars . The prize was only won twice ; Bill Elliott won in 1985 , Darrell Waltrip nearly won in 1989 , Dale Jarrett nearly won in 1996 , and Jeff Gordon won in 1997 . The Winston Million was replaced with a similar program , the Winston No Bull Five , in 1998 . This program awarded one million dollars to any driver who won a prestigious race after finishing in the top five of the most previous prestigious race . The series underwent a large boom in popularity in the 1990s . In 1994 , NASCAR held the first Brickyard 400 at Indianapolis Motor Speedway . Between 1997 and 1998 , the winner 's prize money for the Daytona 500 tripled . This coincided with a decline of popularity in American Championship Car Racing . In 1999 , NASCAR made a new agreement with Fox Broadcasting , Turner Broadcasting , and NBC . The contract , signed for eight years for Fox and six years for NBC and Turner , was valued at $2.4 billion . In 2001 , Pixar visited NASCAR tracks as research for the 2006 animated film Cars , which included the voices of NASCAR drivers Richard Petty and Dale Earnhardt Jr . To avoid advertising tobacco in a Disney film , `` Piston Cup '' served as Pixar 's allusion to the Winston Cup . Nextel and Sprint ( edit ) The Nextel Cup Series logo from 2004 to 2007 . At the end of 2003 , R.J. Reynolds Tobacco 's sponsorship contract expired , and NASCAR negotiated a contract with Nextel , a telecommunications company . In 2004 , the series became known as the Nextel Cup Series . The 2006 merger between Sprint and Nextel resulted in the Cup Series being renamed the Sprint Cup , beginning with the 2008 season . The Sprint Cup trophy was designed by Tiffany & Co. and is silver , with a pair of checkered flags in flight . See also : Criticism of NASCAR By 2009 , the popularity boom of the 1990s had ended , and television ratings over the previous ten years had become more or less stagnant . Some long - time fans have criticized the series for losing its traditional appeal because of abandoning venues in the southeastern United States in favor of newer markets . They have also voiced discontent over Toyota 's presence in the series . Japanese telecommunications corporation SoftBank acquired Sprint in July 2013 . While NASCAR was suspicious of diversity promotion and aware of the negative implications of the redneck image , it also recognized the opportunities to expand the sport . NASCAR CEO Brian France has become a prime target for criticism among fans . In 2016 , NASCAR announced the creation of a charter system , which would guarantee 36 teams entry to all 36 races . Eligibility for a charter would depend on a team 's attempts to qualify for every race within the previous three seasons . In conjunction with this rule , NASCAR also reduced the size of the Cup field to 40 cars . The Sprint Cup Series logo from 2008 to 2016 . Chase for the Cup ( edit ) Main article : NASCAR playoffs Seven - time NASCAR Cup Series champion , Jimmie Johnson . Along with the change in title sponsorship for the series , the 2004 season also introduced a new system for determining the series champion , influenced by the system used in the USAR Hooters Pro Cup Series . Originally known as the Chase for the Nextel Cup ( or simply `` The Chase '' , and later changed to Sprint branding ) , the ten highest - scoring drivers and teams ( plus ties ) in the first 26 races of the season became eligible to win the championship by competing in a playoff held within the final ten races . This number was increased to 12 teams in 2007 . The Chase participants had their points increased to a level mathematically unattainable by anyone outside this field ( roughly 1,800 points ahead of the first driver outside the Chase ) . From the inaugural Chase in 2004 to the 2006 Chase , the drivers were seeded based on points position at the end of the regular season , with first place starting with 5,050 points and tenth place starting with 5,005 . From 2007 to 2010 , the points totals of each driver who made the Chase were reset to 5,000 points , plus ten additional points for each race victory during the first 26 races . Points would still be awarded as usual during the affected races . The driver leading in points after the 36th race would be declared the champion . As part of a major change in the points system that took effect in 2011 , the qualifying criteria and the points reset were changed as well . From 2011 to 2013 , the ten drivers with the most points automatically qualified for the Chase . They were joined by two `` wild card '' qualifiers , specifically the two drivers with the most race wins who were ranked between 11th and 20th in drivers ' points . Their base point totals were then reset to 2,000 points , a level more than 1,000 points higher than that of the first driver outside the Chase . ( Under the new point system , a race winner can earn a maximum of 48 points , as opposed to 195 in the pre-2011 system . ) The ten automatic qualifiers received a bonus of three points for each win during the regular season , while the two wild card qualifiers received no such bonus . As in the past , the race layouts for the remaining ten races were the same , with no changes to the scoring system . On November 20 , 2011 , Tony Stewart and Carl Edwards ended the season in a first - ever points tie . Stewart 's five season wins over Edwards ' one win gave Stewart the tie - breaker . Hence he was named the winner of the 2011 NASCAR Cup Series Championship . For 2014 , NASCAR announced wide - ranging changes to the Chase format : The group of drivers in the Chase officially became the NASCAR Sprint Cup Chase Grid . The number of drivers qualifying for the Chase Grid ranges from 12 to 16 . Fifteen of the 16 spots in the Chase Grid are reserved for the drivers with the most race wins over the first 26 races . The remaining spot is reserved for the points leader after 26 races , but only if that driver does not have a victory . If fewer than 16 drivers have wins in the first 26 races , the remaining Chase Grid spots are filled by winless drivers in order of points earned due that season . All drivers on the Chase Grid continue to have their driver points reset to 2,000 before the Chase , with a three - point bonus for each win in the first 26 races . The Chase is now divided into four rounds . After each of the first three rounds , the four Chase Grid drivers with the fewest number of points for the season are eliminated from the Grid and from Championship contention . Any driver on the Grid who wins a race in the first three rounds automatically advances to the next round . All drivers eliminated from the Chase have their points readjusted back to the points they started with at the beginning of the Round of 16 , ( race 27 ) plus any points earned after , using the regular season points scheme only ( no Round of 12 , or Round of Eight reset points ) . In 2016 , the Chase for the Championship , formerly known as the Challenger , Contender , and Eliminator round , were changed to a Round of 16 , Round of 12 , and Round of 8 . Round of 16 ( Races 27 -- 29 ) Begins with 16 drivers , each with 2,000 points , plus a 3 - point bonus for each win in the first 26 races Round of 12 ( Races 30 -- 32 ) Begins with 12 drivers , each with 3,000 points Round of Eight ( Races 33 -- 35 ) Begins with eight drivers , each with 4,000 points Championship Four ( final race ) The last four drivers in contention for the season title start the race with 5,000 points , with the highest finisher in the race winning the Cup Series title . No bonus points are awarded for laps led or most laps led for these four drivers . If one of the Championship Four drivers wins the race , the maximum points they can get is 40 . To encourage continued competition among all drivers , a number of awards are given to drivers finishing outside the Chase . The highest finishing non-Chase driver ( 13th place at the end of the season from 2007 to 2013 and potentially anywhere from fifth to 17th place starting in 2014 ) is awarded a bonus of approximately one million dollars , and was originally given a position on stage at the post-season awards banquet . The awards banquet now focuses solely on the Chase , with all of the series ' sponsored and contingency awards moved to a luncheon at Cipriani the day before the banquet . This playoff system was implemented primarily to make the points race more competitive late in the season , and indirectly , to increase television ratings during the NFL season , which starts around the same time as the Chase begins . The Chase also forces teams to perform at their best during all three stages of the season , the first half of the regular season , the second half of the regular season , and the Chase . Previously , the champion could have been determined before the last race , or even several races before the end of the season , because it was mathematically impossible for any other driver to gain enough points to overtake the leader . Monster Energy ( edit ) The title sponsorship with Sprint ended after the 2016 season . On December 1 , NASCAR announced it had reached an agreement with Monster Energy to become the new sponsor of NASCAR 's premier series . On December 19 , NASCAR announced the new name for the series , Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series as well as the new series logo and new NASCAR logo . In 2017 , stage racing was introduced . Races were broken up into three stages , four in the case of the Monster Energy Cup Series ' longest race , the Coca - Cola 600 . ( 1 ) A stage consists of normal green flag racing followed by a stoppage on a designated lap signified by the waving of a green and white checkered flag , then a yellow flag . ( 2 ) The top - 10 finishers in each of the first two stages are awarded bonus championship points , 10 points to the winner , 9 points for the 2nd place car , down to 1 point for the 10th place car . The points earned are added to a driver / owner 's regular season points total , while the winner of the stage receives an additional point that is added to their point total , after the reset , if they get into the NASCAR playoffs. ( 3 ) The stage lengths vary by track , but the first two stages usually combine to equal about half of the race . The final stage ( which still pays out championship points to all drivers ) usually equals the other half . Also , a regular season points championship is awarded to the driver who scored the most points in the first 26 races ( regular season ) . This championship does not award any bonus points to the winning driver . Otherwise , the points system and playoff format remained the same . Drivers ' Championship ( edit ) Main article : List of Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series champions The Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series Drivers ' Championship is awarded by the Chairman of NASCAR to the most successful Cup Series driver over a season , as determined by a points system based on race results and victories . First awarded in 1949 to Red Byron , 31 different drivers have won the Championship . The first driver to win multiple Championships was Herb Thomas in 1951 and 1953 , while the record for the most Championships , seven , is shared by Richard Petty , Dale Earnhardt and Jimmie Johnson . Johnson has the record for most consecutive Championships ; he won five Championships from 2006 to 2010 . So far every Champion has originated from the United States . Owners ' Championship ( edit ) The Cup Series Owner 's Championship operates in the same manner as the Driver 's Championship , except that points are awarded to each individual car . If an owner enters more than one car , each car is viewed and scored as a separate entity . The points in the Owners Championship is identical to the Drivers ' list , with one minor exception : Drivers who are not eligible to earn points toward the Drivers ' title can still earn points toward the Owners ' Championship . An example of this occurred in the first race under the current points system , the 2011 Daytona 500 . Under another rule newly implemented for the 2011 season , drivers are only allowed to earn drivers ' points in one of NASCAR 's three national series . Trevor Bayne , who won the race , did not earn any drivers ' points because he chose to run for the Nationwide Series championship . However , he earned 47 owner 's points for Wood Brothers Racing ( 43 base points , three bonus points for the win , and one bonus point for leading a lap ) . Before a major change to the points system was implemented in 2011 , there was a slightly different addition to the system of allocating owner 's points . If more than 43 cars attempted to qualify for a race , owner 's points were awarded to each car in the following manner : the fastest non-qualifier ( in essence , 44th position ) received 31 points , three points fewer than the car in th 43rd position . If more than one car did not qualify , owners ' points continued to be assigned in the manner described , decreasing by three for each position . Under the post-2010 point system , only cars that actually start in a given race earn owner 's points . There is a separate `` Chase for the Championship '' for the owners ' points . A 2005 rule change in NASCAR 's three national series , which will be revoked with the 2013 season , affects how the owner 's points are used . Through the 2012 season , the top 35 ( NASCAR Cup Series ) or top 30 ( other series ) full - time teams in owner points are awarded exemptions for the next race , guaranteeing them a position in that race . These points determine who is in and who is out of the next race and have become crucial since the exemption rule was changed to its current format . At the end of each season , the top 35 contenders in owner 's points are also locked into the first five races of the next season . Beginning in 2013 , the rules will revert to a system more similar to the pre-2005 rules . In the NASCAR Cup Series , the first 36 places in the field will be determined strictly by qualifying speed . The next six places will be awarded on owner points , with the final place reserved for a past Series Champion . If the final exemption is not used because all past Champions are already in the field , it will pass to another car based on the number of owner points . In some circumstances , a team 's owners ' points will differ from the corresponding driver 's points . In 2005 , after owner Jack Roush fired Kurt Busch during the next - to - last race weekend of the season , the No. 97 team finished in eighth place in owner 's points , while Busch ended up tenth in driver 's points . In 2002 , when Sterling Marlin was injured , the No. 40 team finished eighth in owner 's points , while Marlin was 18th in driver 's points , because of substitute drivers Jamie McMurray and Mike Bliss , who continued to earn owner points for the No. 40 . Another example was in the aforementioned 2011 Daytona 500 . Manufacturers ' Championship ( edit ) Main article : List of NASCAR Manufacturers ' champions A Manufacturer 's Championship is awarded each year , although the Driver 's Championship is considered more prestigious . In the past , manufacturer 's championships were prestigious because of the number of manufacturers involved , and the manufacturer 's championship was a major marketing tool . In the Xfinity Series , the championship is known as the Bill France Performance Cup . Up to the 2013 season , points were scored in a 1960 -- 1990 Formula One system , with the winner 's manufacturer scoring nine points , six for the next manufacturer , four for the manufacturer third among makes , three for the fourth , two for the fifth , and one point for the sixth positioned manufacturer . This meant that if Chevrolets placed first through tenth in a given race and a Ford was 11th and a Dodge 12th , Chevrolet earned 9 points , Ford 6 and Dodge 4 . Starting in 2014 , NASCAR changed the system to mimic the Owner 's Championship . Under this system , each manufacturer 's best finishing representative effectively earned them the same amount of points as that team earned , including any bonus points from leading a lap or winning the event . Representation ( edit ) In NASCAR 's earliest years , there was a diverse array of machinery , with little support from the car companies themselves , but by the mid 1960s , participation was exclusively American manufacturers with factory support . Chrysler , Ford and General Motors were the primary , if not only , competitors for much of NASCAR 's history . Plymouth , while somewhat successful in the 1960s with the Hemi , never won a Manufacturers Championship until Ford pulled out of racing in the early 1970s . GM was still using four different brands in NASCAR in 1991 , but within three years , Buick and Oldsmobile were gone . Pontiac survived until 2004 , leaving only Chevrolet . 2007 saw the first new brand since 1971 , when Japanese manufacturer Toyota joined . Chrysler 's Dodge brand returned after a 15 - year hiatus in 2001 , but departed after 2012 , leaving just Chevrolet , Ford and Toyota . Chevrolet has been the most successful manufacturer as of August 2015 , with 749 race wins and 38 manufacturers championships . Ford ranks second with 636 victories and 15 manufacturers championships . Dodge is third in wins with 217 , Plymouth fourth with 190 , and Pontiac fifth with 155 . Toyota currently ranks 9th all time , with 74 victories . Cup cars ( edit ) Cup Series cars ( often called `` Cup cars '' ) adhere to a front engine rear - wheel - drive design . A roll cage serves as a space frame chassis and is covered by a 24 - gauge sheet metal body . They have a closed cockpit , fenders , a rear spoiler , and an aerodynamic splitter . Fielding a car for one season usually costs $ 10 -- 20 million . Each team may build its own cars and engines ( per NASCAR 's specifications ) or purchase cars and engines from other teams . The cars are powered by EFI V8 engines with compacted graphite iron blocks and pushrod valvetrain s actuating two - valves per cylinder , and are limited to 358 cubic inches ' ( about 5.8 liters ) displacement . However , modern technology has allowed power outputs near 900 horsepower ( 670 kW ) in unrestricted form while retaining the conventional basic engine design . In fact , before NASCAR instituted the gear rule , Cup engines were capable of operating more than 10,000 rpm . A NASCAR Cup Series engine with the maximum bore of 4.185 inches ( 106.3 millimeters ) and stroke of 3.25 inches ( 82.55 millimeters ) at 9,000 rpm has a mean piston speed of 80.44 fps ( 24.75 m / s ) . Contemporary Cup engines run 9,800 rpm , 87.59 fps ( 26.95 m / s ) , at the road course events on Pocono Pennsylvania 's long front stretch and at the . 526 - mile short - track Martinsville Speedway . At the backbone 1.5 - to 2.0 - mile tri-oval tracks of NASCAR , the engines produce over 850 hp running 92 -- 9400 rpm for 500 miles , 600 mi for the Coca - Cola 600 Charlotte race . The front suspension is a double wishbone design , while the rear suspension is a two - link live axle design utilizing trailing arms . Brake rotors must be made of magnetic cast iron or steel and may not exceed 12.72 inches ( 32.3 centimeters ) in diameter . The only aerodynamic components on the vehicles are the front splitter , spoiler , NACA ducts in the windows only , and side skirts . The use of rear diffusers , vortex generators , canards , wheel well vents , hood vents , and undertrays is strictly prohibited . While the cars may reach speeds of about 200 mph ( 321.8 km / h ) on certain tracks , Russ Wicks drove a stock car built to NASCAR 's specifications 244.9 mph ( 394.1 km / h ) during a speed record attempt at the Bonneville Salt Flats in October 2007 . NASCAR Cup Series engines carry a Freescale - provided electronic control unit , but traction control and anti-lock brakes are prohibited . Live telemetry is used only for television broadcasts , but the data can be recorded from the ECU to the computer if the car is in the garage and not on the track . Cup cars are required to have at least 1 working windshield wiper installed on the car for the 2 road courses ( Sonoma and Watkins Glen ) , as part of the road racing rules package . Evolution of Cup cars ( edit ) 1949 -- 1980 ( edit ) A Studebaker driven by Dick Linder in the 1951 Daytona Beach Road Course race . When the series was formed under the name , strictly stock , the cars were just that , production vehicles with no modifications allowed . The term stock car implied that the vehicles racing were unmodified street cars . Drivers would race with factory installed bench seats and AM radios still in the cars . To prevent broken glass from getting on the race track , windows would be rolled down , external lights would be removed or taped over , and wing mirrors would be removed . The 1957 fuel injected 150 model Chevrolet ( known as `` the black widow '' ) was the first car to be outlawed by NASCAR . The 1957 Chevrolet won the most races , with 59 wins , more than any car to ever race in the cup series . Before the mid-1960s , cars were typically based on full sized cars such as the Chevrolet Bel Air and Ford Galaxie . Beginning in 1966 , mid-size cars including the Ford Fairlane and Plymouth Belvedere were adopted and soon became the norm . Richard Petty 's Plymouth Superbird NASCAR once enforced a homologation rule that at various times stated that at least 500 cars had to be produced , or as many as one car for every make 's dealership in the nation had to be sold to the general public to allow it to be raced . Eventually , cars were made expressly for NASCAR competition , including the Ford Torino Talladega , which had a rounded nose , and the Dodge Charger Daytona and Plymouth Superbird which had a rear wing raised above roof level and a shark shaped nose - cap which enabled race speeds of exactly 200 mph . The Ford - based Mercury Spoiler powered by a Ford Boss 429 engine was timed at 199.6 mph . Beginning in 1971 , NASCAR rewrote the rules to effectively force the Ford and Chrysler specialty cars out of competition by limiting them to 305ci ( 5.0 L ) . The cars affected by this rule include the Ford Talladega , Mercury Spoiler II , Dodge Charger 500 , Dodge Charger Daytona and the Plymouth Superbird . This rule was so effective in limiting performance that only one car that season ever attempted to run in this configuration . In 1971 , NASCAR handicapped the larger engines with a restrictor plate . By 1972 , NASCAR phased in a rule to lower the maximum engine displacement from 429 cubic inches ( 7.0 liters ) to its present 358 cubic inches ( 5.8 liters ) . The transition was not complete until 1974 and coincided with American manufacturers ending factory support of racing and the 1973 oil crisis . 1981 -- 2007 ( edit ) The pit road at Richmond International Raceway in 1985 . The downsizing of American cars in the late 1970s presented a challenge for NASCAR . Rules mandated a minimum wheelbase of 115 inches ( 2,900 mm ) , but after 1979 , none of the models approved for competition met the standard , as mid-sized cars now typically had wheelbases between 105 and 112 inches . After retaining the older models ( 1977 for the GM makes , and 1979 for Ford and Dodge ) through 1980 , for the 1981 season the wheelbase requirement was reduced to 110 inches ( 2,800 mm ) , which the newer model cars could be stretched to meet without affecting their appearance . The Buick Regal with its swept - back `` shovel '' nose initially dominated competition , followed by the rounded , aerodynamic 1983 Ford Thunderbird . The Chevrolet Monte Carlo and Pontiac Grand Prix adopted bubble back windows to stay competitive . Amid its financial woes , and after dropping its poor performing ( both on the race track and for consumer sales ) Dodge Mirada and Chrysler Cordoba in 1983 , Chrysler Corporation left NASCAR entirely at the end of the 1985 season . 1987 marked an incredible , but then unfortunate milestone for NASCAR Cup Series cars . The incredible happened during Winston 500 qualifying when Bill Elliott established a world stock - car record when he posted a speed of 212.809 mph ( 342 km / h ) . Then the unfortunate happened ; during the 22nd lap of the race , driver Bobby Allison suffered a flat tire in the middle of Talladega Superspeedway 's tri-oval . Allison 's car hit the catch fence and tore a hole in the fence approximately 100 feet ( 30 m ) long . Several spectators were injured in the accident , including one woman who lost an eye . In the aftermath of the crash , NASCAR mandated the use of a restrictor plate at Talladega Superspeedway and Daytona International Speedway to reduce speeds . By 1989 , GM had switched its mid-sized models to V6 engines and front - wheel - drive , but the NASCAR racers only kept the body shape , with the old V8 rear - wheel - drive running gear , rendering obsolete the `` stock '' nature of the cars . When the Ford Thunderbird was retired after 1997 , without Ford having any two - door intermediate bodies , the four - door Ford Taurus body was used ( although NASCAR racers actually have no opening doors ) . The green flag at Infineon Raceway ( now Sonoma Raceway ) in 2005 While the manufacturers and models of automobiles used in racing were named for production cars ( Dodge Charger R / T , Chevrolet Impala SS , Toyota Camry , and the Ford Fusion ) , the similarities between NASCAR Cup Series cars and actual production cars were limited to a small amount of shaping and painting of the nose , headlight and tail light decals , and grill areas . Until 2003 , the hood , roof , and decklid were still required to be identical to their stock counterparts . Matt Kenseth 's 2007 Ford Fusion at Texas Motor Speedway . It was in this time that NASCAR engaged in the practice of mandating rule changes during the season if one particular car model became overly dominant . This often led to claims that some teams would attempt sandbagging to receive more favorable handicaps . Because of the notorious manner of the Ford Taurus race car and how the manufacturer turned the car into an `` offset '' car ( the car was notoriously asymmetrical in race trim because of its oval shape ) , NASCAR ended this practice to put more emphasis on parity and based new body rules in 2003 , similar to short track racing , where offset cars had become a burden for race officials , resulting in the `` Approved Body Configuration '' design . Car of Tomorrow ( 2007 -- 2012 ) ( edit ) Main article : Car of Tomorrow Jimmie Johnson 's 2009 COT in the Garage at Las Vegas Motor Speedway . In 2007 , NASCAR introduced a radically new vehicle specification known as the `` Car of Tomorrow '' ( CoT ) . The CoT made its debut at Bristol Motor Speedway in March 2007 . Initially , it was only used at 16 selected events . While NASCAR had originally planned to wait until the start of the 2009 season to use the CoT in every race , the date was changed to the start of the 2008 season . Many drivers still had complaints about the CoT , but this new timeline was intended to help teams save money by giving them only one car specification to work on . The design of the CoT has focused on cost control , parity , and driver safety . The car 's width was increased by 4 inches ( 10 centimeters ) , the bumpers were re-designed to render bump and run tactics less effective , and the height of the car has increased by 2 inches ( 5 centimeters ) to accommodate taller drivers and increase aerodynamic drag . The driver 's seat was moved closer to the center of the car . The change most notable to fans was the addition of a rear wing replacing the familiar spoiler . The wings could be adjusted between 0 and 16 degrees and used with multiple configurations of end plates . The new rules eliminate the asymmetrical bodies on cars , which had run rampant since the 1998 Taurus release . However , almost all advantages of using one car over another have been nullified . NASCAR requires all CoTs to conform to common body templates , regardless of make and model . The rear wing remained a controversial feature for several years . Its appearance was often criticized , and it was accused of forcing cars to become airborne in high - speed spins such as the one experienced by Carl Edwards during the 2009 Aaron 's 499 at Talladega Superspeedway . In 2010 NASCAR decided to replace the wing with the original spoiler . The switch began with the 2010 Goody 's Fast Pain Relief 500 at Martinsville Speedway . Jimmie Johnson leads a pack of cars three - wide multiple rows back in the 2015 Daytona 500 . In 2011 , NASCAR altered the nose of the car once more , with the splitter being reduced in size and the braces being replaced by a solid front valence . A major engine change occurred in 2012 with NASCAR 's introduction of fuel injection technology . Initially NASCAR indicated that it would transition to fuel injection midway through the 2011 season but decided before that season to put off the change until 2012 . Generation 6 car ( 2013 -- present ) ( edit ) Main article : Generation 6 ( NASCAR ) In 2013 , manufacturers were given increased leeway for branding their NASCAR Cup Series cars , creating the Generation Six race car . These changes were made so the cars would resemble their street counterparts more closely , as was done in the Xfinity Series in 2011 . All NASCAR Cup Series cars began utilizing a digital dash sold by McLaren in 2016 . This dash includes sixteen customizable preset screens , allowing the driver to monitor all the previous info with several additional elements such as lap time and engine diagnostics , for a total of twenty - four data elements . Information can be displayed as a gauge , numeral , bar graph or LED . A Generation 6 Chevrolet SS Cup Series vehicle . Setup ( edit ) The automobiles ' suspension , brakes , and aerodynamic components are also selected to tailor the cars to different racetracks . A car that understeers is said to be `` tight , '' or `` pushing , '' causing the car to keep going up the track with the wheel turned all the way left , while one that oversteers is said to be `` loose '' or `` free , '' causing the back end of the car to slide around , which can result in the car spinning out if the driver is not careful . The adjustment of front and rear aerodynamic downforce , spring rates , track bar geometry , brake proportioning , the wedge ( also known as cross-weight ) , changing the camber angle , and changing the air pressure in the tires can all change the distribution of forces among the tires during cornering to correct for handling problems . Recently , coil bind setups have become popular among teams . These characteristics are also affected by tire stagger ( tires of different circumference at different positions on the car , the right rear having the most influence in left turns ) and rubber compounds used in tire construction . These settings are determined by NASCAR and Goodyear engineers and may not be adjusted by individual teams . Changing weather conditions may also affect a car 's handling . In a long race , it is sometimes advantageous to prepare a car to handle well at the end of an event while surrendering the advantage of speed at the start . Without electronic controls , the carburetor must be tuned manually according to the expected air temperature and barometric pressure . Rain forces a race to be halted immediately because there is no current provision for rain tires . While rain tires were developed for the series in the late 1990s , NASCAR abandoned them because there were not enough road courses on the schedule to justify the cost of making more tires to replace them as they aged . Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series cars have used these tires in practice sessions , but only the Xfinity Series has used them under actual race conditions . There was , however , one case of a NASCAR Cup Series race being held in the rain . In 1956 a race at Road America was held in rain ; Tim Flock won the race . Specifications ( edit ) A typical NASCAR Cup Series engine . Chassis : Steel tube frame with integral safety roll cage -- must meet NASCAR standards Engine displacement : 5.86 L ( 358 cu in ) Pushrod V8 Transmission : 4 - speed manual Weight : 3,325 lb ( 1,508 kg ) minimum without driver and fuel ; 3,450 lb ( 1,565 kg ) minimum with driver and fuel Power output : 725 hp ( 541 kW ) unrestricted ; 445 hp ( 332 kW ) with restrictor plate ( 2015 ) Torque : 720 N ⋅ m ( 530 ft ⋅ lb ) Fuel : Sunoco 260 GTX 90 MON , 98 RON , 94 AKI unleaded 85 % + Sunoco Green Ethanol E15 Fuel capacity : 17.75 US gal ( 67 L ) most tracks Fuel delivery : Port fuel injection Fuel injection type : McLaren ECU provider : MES Freescale TAG - 400N Compression ratio : 12 : 1 Aspiration : Naturally aspirated Wheelbase : 110 in ( 2,794 mm ) Steering : Power , recirculating ball Tires : Slick tire provided by Goodyear Safety equipment : HANS device , seat belt 6 - point supplied by Willans , Sabelt ( Optional : seven - point seat belt ) Cup tracks ( edit ) See also : List of NASCAR race tracks Homestead Loudon Watkins Glen Pocono Indianapolis Bristol Kansas Sonoma Fontana Texas Dover Richmond Chicago Michigan Kentucky Atlanta Talladega Martinsville Charlotte Darlington Daytona Phoenix Las Vegas Presently , the Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series is held mainly in eastern states , with only six tracks located west of the Mississippi River . NASCAR Cup Series races are not conducted on standardized tracks ; the 2017 season included 21 oval tracks and 2 road courses . The lap length of the oval tracks vary from . 526 miles ( 0.847 km ) at Martinsville Speedway to 2.66 miles ( 4.28 km ) at Talladega Superspeedway . The majority of the oval tracks are paved with asphalt , while 3 tracks are wholly or partially paved with concrete . Although the series historically raced on dirt tracks , it has not done so since 1970 . A satellite view of Charlotte Motor Speedway , a typical NASCAR track with a D - oval configuration . Beginning in 2018 , the infield roval will also host a Cup Series event . While some tracks are true ovals , such as Bristol Motor Speedway , over half the tracks currently in Cup competition are a form of tri-oval . Other configurations include Darlington Raceway 's characteristic uneven `` egg '' shape , the triangular Pocono Raceway , and the rectangle of Indianapolis Motor Speedway . While NASCAR is known for primarily running counter-clockwise on oval tracks , Sonoma Raceway and Watkins Glen International are complex road courses which are raced clockwise . The series ' first road course event was held in 1954 , at Linden Airport in New Jersey . Since 1963 , the series has raced on at least one road course every year . Courses have a wide range of banking in the corners . New Hampshire Motor Speedway , with 7 degrees of banking , has the flattest corners , while the steepest banking is Talladega Superspeedway 's 33 degrees . Tracks also vary in amount of banking on the straightaways , from entirely flat on many courses to 9 degrees at Dover International Speedway . Bill Elliott 's Melling Racing car that set the record for the fastest lap in a stock car -- 212.809 mph ( 342.483 km / h ) , 44.998 seconds at Talladega Superspeedway . Race speeds vary widely depending on the track . The fastest track is Talladega Superspeedway , where the record average speed is 188.354 mph ( 303.126 km / h ) and the record qualifying lap is 212.809 mph ( 342.483 km / h ) , set by Bill Elliott in 1987 . The record stands unlikely to be broken , as restrictor plates were made mandatory at superspeedways in 1988 to reduce speeds . The slowest tracks are Sonoma Raceway , a road course with a record average speed of only 83.6 mph ( 134.5 km / h ) and a record qualifying lap of 99.3 mph ( 159.8 km / h ) , and Martinsville Speedway , a short , nearly flat `` paper clip '' oval , with a record average speed of 82.2 mph ( 132.3 km / h ) and a record qualifying lap of 99.9 mph ( 160.8 km / h ) . The average speed of a race is determined by dividing the winner 's race time ( from the waving of the green flag to the waving of the checkered flag , including laps spent under caution ) by the distance of the race . Time elapsed during red flag periods is not included in the calculation of the average speed . Cup Series records ( edit ) Most championships : 7 ( tied ) -- Richard Petty , Dale Earnhardt , Jimmie Johnson Active driver with most championships : 7 -- Jimmie Johnson Most consecutive championships : 5 -- Jimmie Johnson ( 2006 -- 2010 ) Fewest victories in a championship season : 1 ( tied ) -- Benny Parsons , Bill Rexford , Ned Jarrett , Matt Kenseth Most championships by a car owner : 12 -- Rick Hendrick Manufacturer with most total championships : Chevrolet -- 39 ( Ford is second with 15 ) Most wins for one year model car : 59 ( 1957 -- 1960 ) -- 1957 Chevrolet 150 Most career wins : 200 -- Richard Petty Most career poles : 123 -- Richard Petty Most career poles in the modern era ( 1972 -- present ) : 81 -- Jeff Gordon Most active career poles : 51 -- Ryan Newman ( 2002 -- present ) Most total career last place finishes : 33 -- Joe Nemechek Most career starts without a win : 653 ( 1963 -- 1991 ) -- J.D. McDuffie Most wins in a season : 27 -- Richard Petty ( 1967 ) Most wins in a modern era season : 13 ( tied ) -- Richard Petty ( 1975 ) , Jeff Gordon ( 1998 ) Most career starts : 1,184 -- Richard Petty Most consecutive starts : 797 -- Jeff Gordon Most career top 10 's : 712 -- Richard Petty Most top 10 's in a season : 45 ( tied ) -- Joe Weatherly ( 1962 ) , Ned Jarrett ( 1964 , 1965 ) Most Top 10 's in a modern era season : 30 -- Jeff Gordon ( 2007 ) Most career laps led : 51,406 -- Richard Petty Most Daytona 500 victories : 7 -- Richard Petty Most career laps led in the modern era : 27,243 -- Cale Yarborough Smallest margin of victory : 0.002 seconds ( tied ) -- Ricky Craven ( 2003 Carolina Dodge Dealers 400 ) , Jimmie Johnson ( 2011 Aaron 's 499 ) Largest margin of victory by laps : 22 laps -- Ned Jarrett ( Spartanburg 1965 ) Largest margin of victory by distance : 19.25 miles ( 30.98 km ) -- Ned Jarrett ( 1965 Southern 500 ) Most consecutive seasons with at least one win : 18 -- Richard Petty ( 1960 -- 1977 ) Most consecutive wins : 10 -- Richard Petty ( 1967 ) Most consecutive 1.5 - mile course wins : 4 -- Martin Truex Jr. ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Fastest qualifying speed : 212.809 mph ( 1987 Winston 500 ) -- Bill Elliott Oldest race winner : Harry Gant , 7004192120000000000 ♠ 52 years , 219 days ( 1992 Champion Spark Plug 400 ) Most lead changes in a race : 2010 Aaron 's 499 -- 88 lead changes among 29 drivers Youngest Daytona 500 winner : Trevor Bayne , 7003730600000000000 ♠ 20 years , 1 day ( 2011 Daytona 500 ) Most career Top 10 's by a female driver : 7 -- Danica Patrick Most laps led by a female driver : 64 -- Danica Patrick Most career starts by a female driver : 190 -- Danica Patrick Most stage wins in a single season ( 2017 -- present ) : 20 -- Martin Truex Jr . Most 3 - stage sweeps wins in a season ( 2017 -- present ) : 2 -- Martin Truex Jr. ( 2017 Kobalt 400 , 2017 Quaker State 400 ) Highest single - season stages win - rate ( 2017 -- present ) : 18.5 % ( 20 of 108 ) -- Martin Truex Jr . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series . Book : NASCAR 2017 Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series List of Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series champions List of all - time NASCAR Cup Series winners List of NASCAR teams List of NASCAR drivers List of NASCAR race tracks Stock car racing Can - Am Duel Daytona 500 Xfinity Series Camping World Truck Series Sprint Cup ( trophy ) NASCAR rules and regulations References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` NASCAR : NASCAR Drivers , Race Standings & News -- NASCAR.com '' . nascar.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASCAR Announces Chase for the Sprint Cup Format Change '' ( Press release ) . NASCAR . January 30 , 2014 . Retrieved January 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) 2017 NASCAR Sprint Cup TV Ratings ' Retrieved June 11 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Strictly Stock Standings and Statistics for 1949 '' page of Racing - Reference website ( 2 ) , retrieved May 9 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Fielden , Greg , `` NASCAR Cleans Up '' , Speedway Illustrated , September 2004 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Jason , `` How Do They Do That ? : Winston Cup Point System '' , Stock Car Racing ( ISSN 0734 - 7340 ) , Volume 36 , Number 10 , October 2001 . Jump up ^ Fielden , Greg . NASCAR Chronicle . Publications International , Ltd. , Lincolnwood , Illinois , USA , 2006 . p. 36 . Jump up ^ DarlingtonRaceway.com `` Darlington Legends : Million Dollar Bill '' Retrieved 7 / 5 / 09 Jump up ^ TheAutoChannel.com `` Winston to Substitute `` No Bull 5 '' for `` Winston Million '' '' Retrieved 7 / 5 / 09 Jump up ^ Autoracing1.com `` NASCAR 's Greatest Moments -- Part 3 '' Retrieved March 12 , 2009 Jump up ^ Forbes.com `` NASCAR Pulls into Prime Time '' Retrieved August 22 , 2009 Jump up ^ Daly , Steve ( 2006 - 06 - 19 ) . `` Meet the Mater '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Conheça os atores de Carros '' ( in Portuguese ) . Fast Driver . 2006 - 06 - 29 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ Racingone.com , `` Nextel Cup Unveiled '' Retrieved 8 -- 4 -- 08 Jump up ^ Desertnews.com `` Is NASCAR losing traditional fan base ? '' Retrieved March 12 , 2009 Jump up ^ Insider Racing News.com `` NASCAR 's Brian France : Finally Answering the Clue Phone ? '' Retrieved March 2 , 2009 Jump up ^ Bruce , Kenny ( February 9 , 2016 ) . `` NASCAR ANNOUNCES LANDMARK NEW OWNERSHIP STRUCTURE '' . NASCAR . Retrieved February 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Circletrack.com `` The USAR Championship Trail '' Retrieved 8 -- 4 -- 08 Jump up ^ `` 10 - race Chase for the Cup crowns series champ '' . NASCAR 101 . NASCAR . January 28 , 2011 . Retrieved March 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ USATODAY.com `` Nextel Cup finale gets big ratings '' Retrieved 8 -- 4 -- 08 Jump up ^ Gluck , Jeff ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` Monster Energy replaces Sprint as title sponsor for NASCAR 's top series '' . USA Today . Las Vegas : Gannett Company . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NASCAR unveils new brand identity and Premier Series mark , name '' . NASCAR.com . NASCAR Wire Service . December 19 , 2016 . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NHOF : New Class Unveiled Tonight '' . Speed . Fox Sports . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2012 . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Richard Petty Information '' . NASCAR . Turner Sports . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2011 . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Earnhardt Information '' . Sports Illustrated . CNN Sports . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Biebrich , Richard ( November 21 , 2010 ) . `` Jimmie Johnson wins fifth straight NASCAR Sprint Cup championship '' . Homestead , Florida : New York Daily News . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NASCAR announces 2013 competition changes '' ( Press release ) . NASCAR . October 16 , 2012 . Retrieved October 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` CHEVROLET CLINCHES BILL FRANCE PERFORMANCE CUP IN NASCAR NATIONWIDE SERIES '' . Speedway Media . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` NASCAR simplifies manufacturer points system '' . nascar.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ NASCAR.com `` Waltrip race team finds important asset in partner '' 2 / 15 / 08 Jump up ^ USAToday `` Debut of new rules could offer glimpse at road ahead '' Retrieved 8 / 25 / 08 Jump up ^ NASCAR.com Article explaining brake systems Jump up ^ Russwicks.com article on the speed record Jump up ^ Racing-Reference.info `` 1951 - 01 '' Retrieved 6 / 30 / 09 Jump up ^ ESPN.com `` Wallace wins Daytona 's first truck race '' Retrieved March 19 , 2009 ^ Jump up to : NASCAR.com `` Harvick pleased after testing Car of Tomorrow '' Retrieved August 29 , 2005 Jump up ^ espn.com `` Drivers take spoiler for spin at Charlotte '' Retrieved 3 / 26 / 10 Jump up ^ Joe Gibbs Racing `` 5 Things You Should Know About NASCAR 's New Nose . '' Retrieved November 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rodman , Dave ( January 22 , 2011 ) . `` NASCAR defers fuel injection to 2012 season '' . NASCAR.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Tom ( 2013 - 02 - 14 ) . `` CUP : Automakers Help NASCAR Find G Spot '' . Speed . Fox Sports . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Digital dashboards aim to improve racing for NASCAR drivers ... and fans '' . USA TODAY. 18 February 2016 . Retrieved 30 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Lemasters Jr. , Ron ( January 5 , 2015 ) . `` NASCAR feels carbon fiber impact '' . NASCAR.com . NASCAR Media Group , LLC . Retrieved 30 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Reid Spencer ( 18 February 2016 ) . `` Digital dash amplifies communication between teams , drivers '' . Retrieved 30 April 2016 . Jump up ^ MainStreetNewsSports.com `` Flock Won Rainy Race Back in 1956 '' Retrieved 6 / 26 / 09 Jump up ^ Race Engine Technology Issue 027 Jump up ^ `` Richard Petty recalls last NASCAR dirt race '' . nascar.com . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` gnextinc.com '' . gnextinc.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CUP : Most Last - Place Finishes ( 1949 -- present ) '' . brock.lastcar.info . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ NASCAR ( 2015 - 11 - 02 ) , Shifting Gears : Jeff Gordon and road courses , retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 Jump up ^ `` NASCAR '' . www.facebook.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 20 . External links ( edit ) Official website Racing Reference Links to related articles NASCAR Chairmen and presidents Bill France Sr . Bill France Jr . Mike Helton Brian France Major national racing series Monster Energy Cup Series Daytona 500 Xfinity Series Camping World Truck Series Regional / local racing series K&N Pro Series East West Whelen Modified NASCAR Whelen Modified Tour Weekly Short Track Racing NASCAR Whelen All - American Series International series NASCAR Canada Pinty 's Series NASCAR Europe Whelen Euro Series NASCAR Mexico PEAK Mexico Series Online racing series NASCAR iRacing Series NASCAR iRacing.com Series NASCAR Peak Antifreeze Series Former series NASCAR Australia NASCAR in Australia AUSCAR AutoZone Elite Division Midwest Series Northwest Series Southeast Series Southwest Series Other series Baby Grand National / Dash Series Busch All - Star Tour Convertible Division Grand American Grand National East Mini Stocks Speedway Division NASCAR Whelen Southern Modified Tour Special events Toyota All - Star Showdown UNOH Battle at the Beach Television and radio CBS ESPN / ABC Fox / Fox Sports 1 Hot Pass IndyCar Radio Network Motor Racing Network NBC / NBCSN Performance Racing Network Speed TNT Lists Drivers Female drivers Fatalities Champions Cup Series Xfinity Series Truck Series Closest races Cup Series Xfinity Series Truck Series Cup Series Manufacturers ' champions All - time Cup Series winners Triple Threat winners Seasons Series Teams Former teams Tracks Video games Topics Buschwhacker Car of Tomorrow Generation 6 ( NASCAR ) Criticism Dash 4 Cash Drive for Diversity Fuel injection Hall of Fame Lore Playoffs Race Team Alliance Road course ringer Rookie of the Year Rules and regulations Safety in NASCAR Start and park Streamline Hotel Book Category Commons Portal Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series seasons 1940s 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Races in the Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series Current Daytona Atlanta Las Vegas Phoenix California Martinsville Texas Bristol Richmond Talladega Dover Kansas Charlotte Pocono Michigan Sonoma Chicagoland Daytona Kentucky New Hampshire Pocono Watkins Glen Michigan Bristol Darlington Indianapolis Playoffs : Las Vegas Richmond Charlotte Dover Talladega Kansas Martinsville Texas Phoenix Homestead Exhibition Advance Auto Parts Clash Can - Am Duels Monster Energy NASCAR All - Star Race Previous North Wilkesboro North Carolina Riverside Nashville Texas World North Wilkesboro North Carolina Riverside Nashville Texas World Texas World Ontario Darlington Trenton Atlanta California New Hampshire Previous exhibition Suzuka Motegi Calder Park Note : The Cup Series has multiple events at the same racing venue . Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series race venues Current ISC Auto Club Chicagoland Darlington Daytona Homestead Kansas Martinsville Michigan Phoenix Richmond Talladega Watkins Glen ✝ SMI Atlanta Bristol Charlotte Kentucky Las Vegas New Hampshire Sonoma ✝ Texas Other Dover Indianapolis Pocono Phoenix Former Arizona State Ascot Park Asheville - Weaverville Augusta ( oval ) Beltsville Bloomsburg Bridgehampton Bowman Gray California State Canfield Central City Champion Charlotte Speedway Cleveland County Columbia Concord Davenport Dayton Daytona Beach Road Course § Dixie Dog Track Dominion Fairgrounds Five Flags Fort Miami Funk 's / Winchester Gamecock Golden Gate Greenville - Pickens Hamburg Harris Harnett Hayloft Heidelberg Hickory Islip Lakeview Lakewood Langhorne Lincoln Lincoln City Marchbanks Memphis - Arkansas Michigan State Fairgrounds Montgomery Air Base § Monroe County Morristown Myrthe Beach New Asheville Newberry North Wilkesboro Oakland Stadium Occoneechee Old Bridge Palm Beach Piedmont Interstate Powell Princess Anne Raleigh Rambi Rapid Valley Reading Riverside ✝ Savannah Smoky Mountain Southern States Southside Speedway Park Tar Heel Thompson Trenton Tri-City Valdosta 75 Vernon Willow Springs ( oval ) Wilson Note : All tracks are ovals unless otherwise noted : ✝ = Road course , § = Street circuit . Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series Drivers ' Champions 1949 R. Byron 1950 B. Rexford 1951 H. Thomas 1952 T. Flock 1953 H. Thomas 1954 L. Petty 1955 T. Flock 1956 B. Baker 1957 B. Baker 1958 L. Petty 1959 L. Petty 1960 R. White 1961 N. Jarrett 1962 J. Weatherly 1963 J. Weatherly 1964 R. Petty 1965 N. Jarrett 1966 D. Pearson 1967 R. Petty 1968 D. Pearson 1969 D. Pearson 1970 B. Isaac 1971 R. Petty 1972 R. Petty 1973 B. Parsons 1974 R. Petty 1975 R. Petty 1976 C. Yarborough 1977 C. Yarborough 1978 C. Yarborough 1979 R. Petty 1980 D. Earnhardt 1981 D. Waltrip 1982 D. Waltrip 1983 B. Allison 1984 T. Labonte 1985 D. Waltrip 1986 D. Earnhardt 1987 D. Earnhardt 1988 B. Elliott 1989 R. Wallace 1990 D. Earnhardt 1991 D. Earnhardt 1992 A. Kulwicki 1993 D. Earnhardt 1994 D. Earnhardt 1995 J. Gordon 1996 T. Labonte 1997 J. Gordon 1998 J. Gordon 1999 D. Jarrett 2000 B. Labonte 2001 J. Gordon 2002 T. Stewart 2003 M. Kenseth 2004 Ku . Busch 2005 T. Stewart 2006 J. Johnson 2007 J. Johnson 2008 J. Johnson 2009 J. Johnson 2010 J. Johnson 2011 T. Stewart 2012 B. Keselowski 2013 J. Johnson 2014 K. Harvick 2015 Ky . Busch 2016 J. Johnson 2017 M. Truex Jr . Classes of auto racing Formula racing F1 F2 F3 F4 F500 Formula 1000 Formula Atlantic Formula Car Challenge Formula Continental Formula E Formula Ford FF1600 Formula Libre Formula Vee IndyCar Super Formula Supermodified BOSS GP Monoposto Racing Club Defunct Formula racing F3000 F5000 Formula A ( SCCA ) Formula B ( SCCA ) Formula C ( SCCA ) FCJ Formula Dream Formula Holden Formula Junior Formula Mondial Formula Pacific Formula Super Vee Australian National Formula Grand Prix Masters Tasman Formula One - make formulae CFGP Formula Abarth Formula Car Challenge Formula LGB Swift Hyundai Formula Maruti Formula Masters China Formula Mazda Formula Renault Formula Toyota GP3 Indy Lights SRF USF2000 FIA Formula 2 Championship Defunct one - make formulae A1GP ADAC Formel Masters Auto GP Barber Pro FA1 Formula Alfa Formula Asia Formula BMW FC Euro Series Formula König Formula Lightning Formula Nissan Formula Opel / Vauxhall Formula Palmer Audi Formula RUS Formula Rolon Formula SCCA Grand Prix Masters GP2 International Formula Master Superleague Formula World Series Formula V8 3.5 Karting KF1 KF2 KF3 KZ1 KZ2 Superkart Touring car racing DTM WTCC BTCC Group F Group G Group H Super 2000 Diesel 2000 NGTC ( TCN - 1 ) TCR ( TCN - 2 ) Supercars TC2000 Defunct touring car racing Appendix J BTC - T Group 1 Group 2 Group 5 Group A Group C ( Australia ) Group E Group N Group N ( Australia ) Group S Class 1 Super Touring ( Class 2 ) Superstars V8Star Stock car racing ARCA Allison Legacy Series AUSCAR IMCA Sport Compact Late model Legends Modifieds NASCAR Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Xfinity Truck Pinty 's Whelen Euro Series PEAK Mexico Super Stock Street Stock Brasil Turismo Carretera Oval racing BriSCA F1 BriSCA F2 Hot Rods Superstocks Sprint car racing Midget car racing Quarter Midget racing V8 Hotstox Rallying Group R Group R - GT Super 2000 Super 1600 WRC Defunct rallying Group 1 Group 2 Group 4 Group A Group B Group N Group S Sports prototypes Clubmans DP Group 3 Group 4 Group 5 Group 6 Group 7 Group A Sports Cars Group C GC GC - 21 Group CN IMSA GTP LMP LMPC S2000 Grand touring LM GTE ( GT2 ) GT3 GT4 GT500 GT300 Trans - Am Appendix K Group D GT Cars Defunct grand touring Group 3 Group 4 Group 5 Group B Group D Production Sports Cars GT1 ( 1993 -- 99 ) GT2 ( 1993 -- 99 ) FIA GT1 ( 2000 - 12 ) IMSA AAGT IMSA GTO / GTS IMSA GTU IMSA GTX Drag racing Top Fuel Dragster ( TF / D ) Top Alcohol Dragster ( TA / D ) Top Fuel Funny Car ( TF / FC ) Pro Stock ( PS ) Pro Modified ( Pro Mod ) Pro FWD Super Comp / Quick Rod Top Doorslammer Defunct drag racing Top Gas Modified Altered Competition Super Stock Off - road racing Baja Bug Dune buggy Rallycross Trophy Truck Group T4 Truggy Side by Side ( UTV ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monster_Energy_NASCAR_Cup_Series&oldid=817908052 '' Categories : Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series Recurring sporting events established in 1949 Hidden categories : CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from March 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2010 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Български Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Basa Jawa Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 31 December 2017 , at 07 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what kind of engines are in nascar cars | [
"The cars are powered by EFI V8 engines with compacted graphite iron blocks and pushrod valvetrains actuating two-valves per cylinder, and are limited to 358 cubic inches' (about 5.8 liters) displacement. However, modern technology has allowed power outputs near 900 horsepower (670 kW) in unrestricted form while retaining the conventional basic engine design. In fact, before NASCAR instituted the gear rule, Cup engines were capable of operating more than 10,000 rpm.[31] A NASCAR Cup Series engine with the maximum bore of 4.185 inches (106.3 millimeters) and stroke of 3.25 inches (82.55 millimeters) at 9,000 rpm has a mean piston speed of 80.44 fps (24.75 m/s). Contemporary Cup engines run 9,800 rpm, 87.59 fps (26.95 m/s), at the road course events on Pocono Pennsylvania's long front stretch and at the .526-mile short-track Martinsville Speedway. At the backbone 1.5- to 2.0-mile tri-oval tracks of NASCAR, the engines produce over 850 hp running 92–9400 rpm for 500 miles, 600 mi for the Coca-Cola 600 Charlotte race."
] | [
"EFI V8"
] |
-5898858615723263674 | Richard Nixon | Richard Nixon - wikipedia Richard Nixon Jump to : navigation , search `` Nixon '' redirects here . For other uses , see Nixon ( disambiguation ) and Richard Nixon ( disambiguation ) . Richard Nixon 37th President of the United States In office January 20 , 1969 -- August 9 , 1974 Vice President Spiro Agnew ( 1969 -- 1973 ) None ( Oct -- Dec. 1973 ) Gerald Ford ( 1973 -- 1974 ) Preceded by Lyndon B. Johnson Succeeded by Gerald Ford 36th Vice President of the United States In office January 20 , 1953 -- January 20 , 1961 President Dwight D. Eisenhower Preceded by Alben W. Barkley Succeeded by Lyndon B. Johnson United States Senator from California In office December 1 , 1950 -- January 1 , 1953 Preceded by Sheridan Downey Succeeded by Thomas Kuchel Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from California 's 12th district In office January 3 , 1947 -- December 1 , 1950 Preceded by Jerry Voorhis Succeeded by Patrick J. Hillings Personal details Richard Milhous Nixon ( 1913 - 01 - 09 ) January 9 , 1913 Yorba Linda , California , U.S. April 22 , 1994 ( 1994 - 04 - 22 ) ( aged 81 ) Manhattan , New York , U.S. Cause of death Stroke and cerebral edema Resting place Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum Yorba Linda , California , U.S. Political party Republican Spouse ( s ) Pat Ryan ( m . 1940 ; d . 1993 ) Children Patricia `` Tricia '' and Julie Parents Frank Nixon Hannah Milhous Nixon Alma mater Whittier College Duke University Profession Lawyer Nickname Dick Signature Military service Allegiance United States Service / branch United States Navy Reserve Years of service 1942 -- 1946 , active duty 1946 -- 1966 , inactive duty Rank Commander Battles / wars World War II South Pacific theater Awards Navy and Marine Corps Commendation Medal ( 2 ) This article is part of a series about Richard Nixon Birthplace Early Life 1946 U.S. House election 1950 U.S. Senate election `` Checkers speech '' Vice President of the United States Motorcade attack Kitchen Debate Operation 40 1960 presidential election Post-Vice - Presidency 1962 gubernatorial bid `` Last press conference '' President of the United States Presidency First term 1968 presidential election Campaign 1st Inauguration Nixon Doctrine War policy Visit to China Nixonomics Nixon shock Silent majority EPA Environmental policy Clean Water NOAA War on Cancer War on Drugs Second term 1972 presidential election Convention 2nd Inauguration Détente Paris Peace Accords Endangered Species Act Watergate Scandal Scandal Timeline Tapes U.S. v. Nixon Watergate Committee Impeachment process Resignation Speech Post-Presidency Pardon The Nixon Interviews Nixon v. General Services Administration Funeral Electoral history Library Foundation Center Six Crises Bibliography Richard Milhous Nixon ( January 9 , 1913 -- April 22 , 1994 ) was the 37th President of the United States from 1969 until 1974 , when he resigned from office , the only U.S. president to do so . He had previously served as the 36th Vice President of the United States from 1953 to 1961 , and prior to that as a U.S. Representative and also Senator from California . Nixon was born in Yorba Linda , California . After completing his undergraduate studies at Whittier College , he graduated from Duke University School of Law in 1937 and returned to California to practice law . He and his wife Pat moved to Washington in 1942 to work for the federal government . He subsequently served on active duty in the U.S. Navy Reserve during World War II . Nixon was elected to the House of Representatives in 1946 and to the Senate in 1950 . His pursuit of the Hiss Case established his reputation as a leading anti-communist and elevated him to national prominence . He was the running mate of Dwight D. Eisenhower , the Republican Party presidential nominee in the 1952 election . Nixon served for eight years as vice president -- at 40 , the second - youngest vice president in history . He waged an unsuccessful presidential campaign in 1960 , narrowly losing to John F. Kennedy , and lost a race for Governor of California to Pat Brown in 1962 . In 1968 , he ran for the presidency again and was elected , defeating incumbent Vice President Hubert Humphrey . Nixon ended American involvement in the war in Vietnam in 1973 and brought the American POWs home , and ended the military draft . Nixon 's visit to China in 1972 eventually led to diplomatic relations between the two nations , and he initiated détente and the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty with the Soviet Union the same year . His administration generally transferred power from Washington D.C. to the states . He imposed wage and price controls for ninety days , enforced desegregation of Southern schools and established the Environmental Protection Agency . Nixon also presided over the Apollo 11 moon landing , which signaled the end of the moon race . He was reelected in one of the largest electoral landslides in U.S. history in 1972 when he defeated George McGovern . In his second term , Nixon ordered an airlift to resupply Israeli losses in the Yom Kippur War , resulting in the restart of the Middle East peace process and an oil crisis at home . The Nixon administration supported a coup in Chile that ousted the government of Salvador Allende and propelled Augusto Pinochet to power . By late 1973 , the Watergate scandal escalated , costing Nixon much of his political support . On August 9 , 1974 , he resigned in the face of almost certain impeachment and removal from office . After his resignation , he was issued a pardon by his successor , Gerald Ford . In 20 years of retirement , Nixon wrote nine books and undertook many foreign trips , helping to rehabilitate his image into that of elder statesman . He suffered a debilitating stroke on April 18 , 1994 and died four days later at the age of 81 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 1.1 Primary and secondary education 1.2 Collegiate and law school education 2 Early career and marriage 3 World War II 4 Rising politician 4.1 Congressional career ( 1947 -- 1953 ) 4.1. 1 House of Representatives 4.1. 2 Senate 4.2 Vice Presidency ( 1953 -- 1961 ) 4.3 1960 and 1962 elections ; wilderness years 5 1968 presidential election 6 Presidency ( 1969 -- 1974 ) 6.1 Foreign policy 6.1. 1 China 6.1. 2 Vietnam War 6.1. 3 Latin American policy 6.1. 4 Soviet Union 6.1. 5 Middle Eastern policy 6.2 Domestic policy 6.2. 1 Economy 6.2. 2 Governmental initiatives and organization 6.2. 3 Civil rights 6.3 Space policy 6.4 Reelection , Watergate scandal , and resignation 6.4. 1 1972 presidential campaign 6.4. 2 Watergate 6.4. 3 Resignation 7 Later years and death 7.1 Pardon and illness 7.2 Return to public life 7.3 Author and elder statesman 7.4 Death and funeral 8 Legacy 9 Personality and public image 10 See also 11 Notes 11.1 Explanatory notes 11.2 Citations 12 References 12.1 Bibliography 12.2 Nixon Library 12.3 Other sources 13 Further reading 14 External links Early Life Richard Milhous Nixon was born on January 9 , 1913 in Yorba Linda , California , in a house that was built by his father . His parents were Hannah ( Milhous ) Nixon and Francis A. Nixon . His mother was a Quaker , and his father converted from Methodism to the Quaker faith . Nixon was a descendant of the early American settler , Thomas Cornell , who was also an ancestor of Ezra Cornell , the founder of Cornell University , as well as of Jimmy Carter and Bill Gates . Nixon 's upbringing was marked by evangelical Quaker observances of the time , such as refraining from alcohol , dancing , and swearing . Nixon had four brothers : Harold ( 1909 -- 33 ) , Donald ( 1914 -- 87 ) , Arthur ( 1918 -- 25 ) , and Edward ( born 1930 ) . Four of the five Nixon boys were named after kings who had ruled in historical or legendary Britain ; Richard , for example , was named after Richard the Lionheart . Nixon ( second from right ) makes his newspaper debut in 1916 , contributing five cents to a fund for war orphans . Donald is to the left of his brother . Nixon 's early life was marked by hardship , and he later quoted a saying of Eisenhower to describe his boyhood : `` We were poor , but the glory of it was we did n't know it '' . The Nixon family ranch failed in 1922 , and the family moved to Whittier , California . In an area with many Quakers , Frank Nixon opened a grocery store and gas station . Richard 's younger brother Arthur died in 1925 at the age of seven after a short illness . At the age of twelve , a spot was found on Richard 's lung , and , with a family history of tuberculosis , he was forbidden to play sports . Eventually , the spot was found to be scar tissue from an early bout of pneumonia . Primary and secondary Education Young Richard attended East Whittier Elementary School , where he was president of his eighth - grade class . His parents believed that attending Whittier High School had caused Richard 's older brother Harold to live a dissolute lifestyle before he fell ill of tuberculosis ( he died of the disease in 1933 ) , and so they sent Richard to the larger Fullerton Union High School . He had to ride a school bus for an hour each way during his freshman year , and he received excellent grades . Later , he lived with an aunt in Fullerton during the week . He played junior varsity football , and seldom missed a practice , even though he was rarely used in games . He had greater success as a debater , winning a number of championships and taking his only formal tutelage in public speaking from Fullerton 's Head of English , H. Lynn Sheller . Nixon later remembered Sheller 's words , `` Remember , speaking is conversation ... do n't shout at people . Talk to them . Converse with them . '' Nixon stated that he tried to use the conversational tone as much as possible . Nixon at Whittier High School , 1930 At the start of his junior year beginning in September 1928 , Richard 's parents permitted him to transfer to Whittier High School . At Whittier High , Nixon suffered his first electoral defeat , for student body president . He often rose at 4 a.m. , to drive the family truck into Los Angeles and purchase vegetables at the market . He then drove to the store to wash and display them , before going to school . Harold had been diagnosed with tuberculosis the previous year ; when their mother took him to Arizona in the hopes of improving his health , the demands on Richard increased , causing him to give up football . Nevertheless , Richard graduated from Whittier High third in his class of 207 students . Collegiate and law School Education Nixon was offered a tuition grant to attend Harvard University , but Harold 's continued illness and the need for their mother to care for him meant Richard was needed at the store . He remained in his hometown and attended Whittier College , his expenses there covered by a bequest from his maternal grandfather . Nixon played for the basketball team ; he also tried out for football but lacked the size to play . He remained on the team as a substitute and was noted for his enthusiasm . Instead of fraternities and sororities , Whittier had literary societies . Nixon was snubbed by the only one for men , the Franklins ; many members of the Franklins were from prominent families , but Nixon was not . He responded by helping to found a new society , the Orthogonian Society . In addition to the society , schoolwork , and work at the store , Nixon found time for a large number of extracurricular activities , becoming a champion debater and gaining a reputation as a hard worker . In 1933 , he became engaged to Ola Florence Welch , daughter of the Whittier police chief . The two broke up in 1935 . After his graduation from Whittier in 1934 , Nixon received a full scholarship to attend Duke University School of Law . The school was new and sought to attract top students by offering scholarships . It paid high salaries to its professors , many of whom had national or international reputations . The number of scholarships was greatly reduced for second - and third - year students , forcing recipients into intense competition . Nixon not only kept his scholarship but was elected president of the Duke Bar Association , inducted into the Order of the Coif , and graduated third in his class in June 1937 . Early career and marriage After graduating from Duke , Nixon initially hoped to join the Federal Bureau of Investigation . He received no response to his letter of application and learned years later that he had been hired , but his appointment had been canceled at the last minute due to budget cuts . Instead , he returned to California and was admitted to the bar in 1937 . He began practicing with the law firm Wingert and Bewley in Whittier , working on commercial litigation for local petroleum companies and other corporate matters , as well as on wills . In later years , Nixon proudly stated that he was the only modern president to have previously worked as a practicing attorney . Nixon was reluctant to work on divorce cases , disliking frank sexual talk from women . In 1938 , he opened up his own branch of Wingert and Bewley in La Habra , California , and became a full partner in the firm the following year . In January 1938 , Nixon was cast in the Whittier Community Players production of The Dark Tower . There he played opposite a high school teacher named Thelma `` Pat '' Ryan . Nixon described it in his memoirs as `` a case of love at first sight '' -- for Nixon only , as Pat Ryan turned down the young lawyer several times before agreeing to date him . Once they began their courtship , Ryan was reluctant to marry Nixon ; they dated for two years before she assented to his proposal . They wed in a small ceremony on June 21 , 1940 . After a honeymoon in Mexico , the Nixons began their married life in Whittier . They had two daughters , Tricia ( born 1946 ) and Julie ( born 1948 ) . World War II In January 1942 , the couple moved to Washington , D.C. , where Nixon took a job at the Office of Price Administration . In his political campaigns , Nixon would suggest that this was his response to Pearl Harbor , but he had sought the position throughout the latter part of 1941 . Both Nixon and his wife believed he was limiting his prospects by remaining in Whittier . He was assigned to the tire rationing division , where he was tasked with replying to correspondence . He did not enjoy the role , and four months later , applied to join the United States Navy . As a birthright Quaker , he could have claimed exemption from the draft ; he might also have been deferred because he worked in government service . But instead of exploiting his circumstance , Nixon sought a commission in the navy . His application was successful , and he was appointed a lieutenant junior grade in the U.S Naval Reserve ( U.S. Navy Reserve ) on June 15 , 1942 . In October 1942 , he was assigned as aide to the commander of the Naval Air Station Ottumwa in Iowa until May 1943 . On October 1 , 1943 , Nixon was promoted to lieutenant . Seeking more excitement , he requested sea duty and was reassigned as the naval passenger control officer for the South Pacific Combat Air Transport Command , supporting the logistics of operations in the South West Pacific theater ; he was the Officer in Charge of the Combat Air Transport Command at Guadalcanal in the Solomons and in March 1944 at Green Island ( Nissan Island ) just north of Bougainville . His unit prepared manifests and flight plans for C - 47 operations and supervised the loading and unloading of the cargo aircraft . For this service , he received a Navy Letter of Commendation ( awarded a Navy Commendation Ribbon which was later updated to the Navy and Marine Corps Commendation Medal ) from his commanding officer for `` meritorious and efficient performance of duty as Officer in Charge of the South Pacific Combat Air Transport Command '' . Upon his return to the U.S. , Nixon was appointed the administrative officer of the Alameda Naval Air Station in California . In January 1945 , he was transferred to the Bureau of Aeronautics office in Philadelphia to help negotiate the termination of war contracts , and received his second letter of commendation , from the Secretary of the Navy for `` meritorious service , tireless effort , and devotion to duty '' . Later , Nixon was transferred to other offices to work on contracts and finally to Baltimore . On October 3 , 1945 , he was promoted to lieutenant commander . On March 10 , 1946 , he was relieved of active duty . He resigned his commission on New Year 's Day 1946 . On June 1 , 1953 , he was promoted to commander . He retired in the U.S. Naval Reserve on June 6 , 1966 . Navy and Marine Corps Commendation Medal American Campaign Medal Asiatic - Pacific Campaign Medal with two stars World War II Victory Medal Armed Forces Reserve Medal with silver hourglass device Rising Politician Richard and Pat Nixon introduce General Dwight D. Eisenhower -- Richard Nixon 's running mate -- to their daughters Tricia ( standing ) and Julie ( carried by her father ) , Washington National Airport , September 10 , 1952 . Congressional career ( 1947 -- 1953 ) For more information on Nixon 's congressional election campaigns , see California 's 12th congressional district election , 1946 and United States Senate election in California , 1950 . House of Representatives Nixon 's congressional campaign flyer In 1945 , Republicans in California 's 12th congressional district , frustrated by their inability to defeat Democratic Congressman Jerry Voorhis , sought a consensus candidate who would run a strong campaign against him . They formed a `` Committee of 100 '' to decide on a candidate , hoping to avoid internal dissensions which had led to Voorhis victories . After the committee failed to attract higher - profile candidates , Herman Perry , Whittier 's Bank of America branch manager , suggested Nixon , a family friend with whom he had served on the Whittier College Board of Trustees before the war . Perry wrote to Nixon in Baltimore . After a night of excited talk between the Nixons , the naval officer responded to Perry with enthusiasm . Nixon flew to California and was selected by the committee . When he left the Navy at the start of 1946 , Nixon and his wife returned to Whittier , where Nixon began a year of intensive campaigning . He contended that Voorhis had been ineffective as a congressman and suggested that Voorhis 's endorsement by a group linked to communists meant that Voorhis must have radical views . Nixon won the election , receiving 65,586 votes to Voorhis ' 49,994 . Nixon campaigning for the Senate , 1950 In Congress , Nixon supported the Taft -- Hartley Act of 1947 , a federal law that monitors the activities and power of labor unions , and he served on the Education and Labor Committee . He was part of the Herter Committee , which went to Europe to report on the need for U.S. foreign aid . Nixon was the youngest member of the committee and the only Westerner . Advocacy by Herter Committee members , including Nixon , led to congressional passage of the Marshall Plan . In his memoirs , Nixon recounts that he joined the House Un-American Activities Committee ( HUAC ) `` at the end of 1947 . '' However , he was already a HUAC member in early February 1947 , when he heard `` Enemy Number One '' Gerhard Eisler and his sister Ruth Fischer testify . On February 18 , 1947 , Nixon referred to Eisler 's belligerence toward HUAC in his maiden speech to the House . Also by early February 1947 , fellow U.S. Representative Charles J. Kersten had introduced him to Father John Francis Cronin in Baltimore , who shared with Nixon his 1945 privately circulated paper `` The Problem of American Communism in 1945 , '' with much information from the FBI 's William C. Sullivan ( who by 1961 would head domestic intelligence under Hoover ) . By May 1948 , Nixon had co-sponsored a `` Mundt - Nixon Bill '' to implement `` a new approach to the complicated problem of internal communist subversion ... It provided for registration of all Communist Party members and required a statement of the source of all printed and broadcast material issued by organizations that were found to be Communist fronts . '' He served as floor manager for the Republican Party ; Vito Marcantonio served as floor manager for the Democratic Party . On May 19 , 1948 , the bill passed the House by 319 to 58 but failed to pass the Senate . ( The Nixon Library cites this bill 's passage as Nixon 's first significant victory in Congress . ) Nixon first gained national attention in August 1948 when as a HUAC member , his persistence helped break the Alger Hiss spy case . While many doubted Whittaker Chambers ' allegations that Hiss , a former State Department official , had been a Soviet spy , Nixon believed them to be true and pressed for the committee to continue its investigation . Under suit for defamation filed by Hiss , Chambers produced documents corroborating his allegations . These included paper and microfilm copies that Chambers turned over to House investigators after having hidden them overnight in a field ; they became known as the `` Pumpkin Papers '' . Hiss was convicted of perjury in 1950 for denying under oath he had passed documents to Chambers . In 1948 , Nixon successfully cross-filed as a candidate in his district , winning both major party primaries , and was comfortably reelected . Senate Nixon on his `` station wagon tour '' in Sausalito , California , 1950 In 1949 , Nixon began to consider running for the United States Senate against the Democratic incumbent , Sheridan Downey , and entered the race in November . Downey , faced with a bitter primary battle with Representative Helen Gahagan Douglas , announced his retirement in March 1950 . Nixon and Douglas won the primary elections and engaged in a contentious campaign in which the ongoing Korean War was a major issue . Nixon tried to focus attention on Douglas ' liberal voting record . As part of that effort , a `` Pink Sheet '' was distributed by the Nixon campaign suggesting that , as Douglas ' voting record was similar to that of New York Congressman Vito Marcantonio ( believed by some to be a communist ) , their political views must be nearly identical . Nixon won the election by almost twenty percentage points . During this campaign , Nixon was first called `` Tricky Dick '' by his opponents for his campaign tactics . In the Senate , Nixon took a prominent position in opposing global communism , traveling frequently and speaking out against it . He maintained friendly relations with his fellow anti-communist , the controversial Wisconsin senator , Joseph McCarthy , but was careful to keep some distance between himself and McCarthy 's allegations . Nixon also criticized President Harry S. Truman 's handling of the Korean War . He supported statehood for Alaska and Hawaii , voted in favor of civil rights for minorities , and supported federal disaster relief for India and Yugoslavia . He voted against price controls and other monetary restrictions , benefits for illegal immigrants , and public power . Vice presidency ( 1953 -- 1961 ) General Dwight D. Eisenhower was nominated for president by the Republicans in 1952 . He had no strong preference for a vice presidential candidate , and Republican officeholders and party officials met in a `` smoke - filled room '' and recommended Nixon to the general , who agreed to the senator 's selection . Nixon 's youth ( he was then 39 ) , stance against communism , and political base in California -- one of the largest states -- were all seen as vote - winners by the leaders . Among the candidates considered along with Nixon were Ohio Senator Robert A. Taft , New Jersey Governor Alfred Driscoll and Illinois Senator Everett Dirksen . On the campaign trail , Eisenhower spoke to his plans for the country , leaving the negative campaigning to his running mate . Front cover of literature for the Eisenhower -- Nixon campaign , 1952 In mid-September , the Republican ticket faced a major crisis . The media reported that Nixon had a political fund , maintained by his backers , which reimbursed him for political expenses . Such a fund was not illegal , but it exposed Nixon to allegations of possible conflict of interest . With pressure building for Eisenhower to demand Nixon 's resignation from the ticket , the senator went on television to deliver an address to the nation on September 23 , 1952 . The address , later termed the Checkers speech , was heard by about 60 million Americans -- including the largest television audience up to that point . Nixon emotionally defended himself , stating that the fund was not secret , nor had donors received special favors . He painted himself as a man of modest means ( his wife had no mink coat ; instead she wore a `` respectable Republican cloth coat '' ) and a patriot . The speech would be remembered for the gift which Nixon had received , but which he would not give back : `` a little cocker spaniel dog ... sent all the way from Texas . And our little girl -- Tricia , the 6 - year - old -- named it Checkers . '' The speech prompted a huge public outpouring of support for Nixon . Eisenhower decided to retain him on the ticket , which proved victorious in the November election . Eisenhower gave Nixon responsibilities during his term as vice president -- more than any previous vice president . Nixon attended Cabinet and National Security Council meetings and chaired them when Eisenhower was absent . A 1953 tour of the Far East succeeded in increasing local goodwill toward the United States and prompted Nixon to appreciate the potential of the region as an industrial center . He visited Saigon and Hanoi in French Indochina . On his return to the United States at the end of 1953 , Nixon increased the amount of time he devoted to foreign relations . Biographer Irwin Gellman , who chronicled Nixon 's congressional years , said of his vice presidency : Eisenhower radically altered the role of his running mate by presenting him with critical assignments in both foreign and domestic affairs once he assumed his office . The vice president welcomed the president 's initiatives and worked energetically to accomplish White House objectives . Because of the collaboration between these two leaders , Nixon deserves the title , `` the first modern vice president '' . Despite intense campaigning by Nixon , who reprised his strong attacks on the Democrats , the Republicans lost control of both houses of Congress in the 1954 elections . These losses caused Nixon to contemplate leaving politics once he had served out his term . On September 24 , 1955 , President Eisenhower suffered a heart attack ; his condition was initially believed to be life - threatening . Eisenhower was unable to perform his duties for six weeks . The 25th Amendment to the United States Constitution had not yet been proposed , and the Vice President had no formal power to act . Nonetheless , Nixon acted in Eisenhower 's stead during this period , presiding over Cabinet meetings and ensuring that aides and Cabinet officers did not seek power . According to Nixon biographer Stephen Ambrose , Nixon had `` earned the high praise he received for his conduct during the crisis ... he made no attempt to seize power '' . His spirits buoyed , Nixon sought a second term , but some of Eisenhower 's aides aimed to displace him . In a December 1955 meeting , Eisenhower proposed that Nixon not run for reelection in order to give him administrative experience before a 1960 presidential run and instead become a Cabinet officer in a second Eisenhower administration . Nixon believed such an action would destroy his political career . When Eisenhower announced his reelection bid in February 1956 , he hedged on the choice of his running mate , stating that it was improper to address that question until he had been renominated . Although no Republican was opposing Eisenhower , Nixon received a substantial number of write - in votes against the President in the 1956 New Hampshire primary election . In late April , the President announced that Nixon would again be his running mate . Eisenhower and Nixon were reelected by a comfortable margin in the November 1956 election . Vice President Nixon and Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev speak as the press looks on in part of what came to be known as the Kitchen Debate , July 24 , 1959 . In early 1957 , Nixon undertook another major foreign trip , this time to Africa . On his return , he helped shepherd the Civil Rights Act of 1957 through Congress . The bill was weakened in the Senate , and civil rights leaders were divided over whether Eisenhower should sign it . Nixon advised the President to sign the bill , which he did . Eisenhower suffered a mild stroke in November 1957 , and Nixon gave a press conference , assuring the nation that the Cabinet was functioning well as a team during Eisenhower 's brief illness . On April 27 , 1958 , Richard and Pat Nixon embarked on a goodwill tour of South America . In Montevideo , Uruguay , Nixon made an impromptu visit to a college campus , where he fielded questions from students on U.S. foreign policy . The trip was uneventful until the Nixon party reached Lima , Peru , where he was met with student demonstrations . Nixon went to the campus , got out of his car to confront the students , and stayed until forced back into the car by a volley of thrown objects . At his hotel , Nixon faced another mob , and one demonstrator spat on him . In Caracas , Venezuela , Nixon and his wife were spat on by anti-American demonstrators and their limousine was attacked by a pipe - wielding mob . According to Ambrose , Nixon 's courageous conduct `` caused even some of his bitterest enemies to give him some grudging respect '' . In July 1959 , President Eisenhower sent Nixon to the Soviet Union for the opening of the American National Exhibition in Moscow . On July 24 , while touring the exhibits with Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev , the two stopped at a model of an American kitchen and engaged in an impromptu exchange about the merits of capitalism versus communism that became known as the `` Kitchen Debate '' . 1960 and 1962 elections ; wilderness years Main article : United States presidential election , 1960 1960 electoral vote results In 1960 , Nixon launched his first campaign for President of the United States . He faced little opposition in the Republican primaries and chose former Massachusetts Senator Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. as his running mate . His Democratic opponent was John F. Kennedy , and the race remained close for the duration . Nixon campaigned on his experience , but Kennedy called for new blood and claimed the Eisenhower -- Nixon administration had allowed the Soviet Union to overtake the U.S. in ballistic missiles ( the `` missile gap '' ) . A new political medium was introduced in the campaign : televised presidential debates . In the first of four such debates , Nixon appeared pale , with a five o'clock shadow , in contrast to the photogenic Kennedy . Nixon 's performance in the debate was perceived to be mediocre in the visual medium of television , though many people listening on the radio thought that Nixon had won . Nixon lost the election narrowly , with Kennedy ahead by only 112,827 votes ( 0.2 percent ) in the popular vote . Outgoing Vice President Nixon and incoming Vice President Lyndon Johnson leave the White House on the morning of January 20 , 1961 , for the Kennedy -- Johnson inauguration ceremonies There were charges of vote fraud in Texas and Illinois , both states won by Kennedy ; Nixon refused to consider contesting the election , feeling a lengthy controversy would diminish the United States in the eyes of the world , and the uncertainty would hurt U.S. interests . At the end of his term of office as vice president in January 1961 , Nixon and his family returned to California , where he practiced law and wrote a bestselling book , Six Crises , which included coverage of the Hiss case , Eisenhower 's heart attack , and the Fund Crisis , which had been resolved by the Checkers speech . Local and national Republican leaders encouraged Nixon to challenge incumbent Pat Brown for Governor of California in the 1962 election . Despite initial reluctance , Nixon entered the race . The campaign was clouded by public suspicion that Nixon viewed the office as a stepping - stone for another presidential run , some opposition from the far - right of the party , and his own lack of interest in being California 's governor . Nixon hoped that a successful run would confirm him in his status as the nation 's leading active Republican politician , and ensure he remained a major player in national politics . Instead , he lost to Brown by more than five percentage points , and the defeat was widely believed to be the end of his political career . In an impromptu concession speech the morning after the election , Nixon blamed the media for favoring his opponent , saying , `` You wo n't have Nixon to kick around anymore because , gentlemen , this is my last press conference '' . The California defeat was highlighted in the November 11 , 1962 , episode of ABC 's Howard K. Smith : News and Comment entitled `` The Political Obituary of Richard M. Nixon '' . Alger Hiss appeared on the program , and many members of the public complained that it was unseemly to allow a convicted felon air time to attack a former vice president . The furor drove Smith and his program from the air , and public sympathy for Nixon grew . Nixon shows his papers to an East German officer to cross between the sectors of the divided city of Berlin , 1963 The Nixon family traveled to Europe in 1963 , where Nixon gave press conferences and met with leaders of the countries he visited . The family moved to New York City , where Nixon became a senior partner in the leading law firm Nixon , Mudge , Rose , Guthrie & Alexander . Nixon had pledged , when announcing his California campaign , not to run for president in 1964 ; even if he had not , he believed it would be difficult to defeat Kennedy , or after his assassination , Kennedy 's successor , Lyndon Johnson . In 1964 , he supported Arizona Senator Barry Goldwater for the Republican nomination for president ; when Goldwater was successful in gaining the nomination , Nixon was selected to introduce the candidate to the convention . Although he thought Goldwater unlikely to win , Nixon campaigned for him loyally . The election was a disaster for the Republicans ; Goldwater 's landslide loss to Johnson was matched by heavy losses for the party in Congress and among state governors . Nixon was one of the few leading Republicans not blamed for the disastrous results , and he sought to build on that in the 1966 congressional elections . He campaigned for many Republicans seeking to regain seats lost in the Johnson landslide and received credit for helping the Republicans make major gains in the midterm election . 1968 presidential election Main articles : Richard Nixon presidential campaign , 1968 and United States presidential election , 1968 Nixon and Johnson meet at the White House before Nixon 's nomination , July 1968 Facsimile of a Nixon campaign poster At the end of 1967 , Nixon told his family he planned to run for president a second time . Although Pat Nixon did not always enjoy public life ( for example , she had been embarrassed by the need to reveal how little the family owned in the Checkers speech ) , she was supportive of her husband 's ambitions . Nixon believed that with the Democrats torn over the issue of the Vietnam War , a Republican had a good chance of winning , although he expected the election to be as close as in 1960 . Text on automobile trash bag given away by the Nixon campaign in California , 1968 1968 electoral vote results One of the most tumultuous primary election seasons ever began as the Tet Offensive was launched , followed by the withdrawal of President Johnson as a candidate after doing unexpectedly poorly in the New Hampshire primary ; it concluded with the assassination of one of the Democratic candidates , Senator Robert F. Kennedy , just moments after his victory in the California primary . On the Republican side , Nixon 's main opposition was Michigan Governor George Romney , though New York Governor Nelson Rockefeller and California Governor Ronald Reagan each hoped to be nominated in a brokered convention . Nixon secured the nomination on the first ballot . He selected Maryland Governor Spiro Agnew as his running mate , a choice which Nixon believed would unite the party , appealing to both Northern moderates and Southerners disaffected with the Democrats . Nixon 's Democratic opponent in the general election was Vice President Hubert Humphrey , who was nominated at a convention marked by violent protests . Throughout the campaign , Nixon portrayed himself as a figure of stability during a period of national unrest and upheaval . He appealed to what he later called the `` silent majority '' of socially conservative Americans who disliked the hippie counterculture and the anti-war demonstrators . Agnew became an increasingly vocal critic of these groups , solidifying Nixon 's position with the right . Nixon waged a prominent television advertising campaign , meeting with supporters in front of cameras . He stressed that the crime rate was too high , and attacked what he perceived as a surrender by the Democrats of the United States ' nuclear superiority . Nixon promised `` peace with honor '' in the Vietnam War and proclaimed that `` new leadership will end the war and win the peace in the Pacific '' . He did not release specifics of how he hoped to end the war , resulting in media intimations that he must have a `` secret plan '' . His slogan of `` Nixon 's the One '' proved to be effective . Johnson 's negotiators hoped to reach a truce in Vietnam prior to the election . Nixon received astute analysis on the talks from Henry Kissinger , then a consultant to U.S. negotiator Averell Harriman , and his campaign was in regular contact with Anna Chennault ( at a July 1968 meeting in Nixon 's New York apartment with South Vietnamese ambassador Bùi Diễm , he had been informed that Chennault would represent Nixon during the campaign ) . She advised South Vietnamese president Thieu not to go to Paris to join the talks , hinting that Nixon would give him a better deal if elected . Johnson was aware of what was going on , as he had both Chennault and the South Vietnamese ambassador to Washington bugged , and was enraged by what he considered an attempt by Nixon to undermine U.S. foreign policy . On October 31 , with no agreement , Johnson announced a unilateral halt to the bombing , and that peace negotiations would start in Paris on November 6 , the day after Election Day . On November 2 , after speaking with Chennault again , Thieu stated he would not go to Paris . Johnson telephoned Nixon , who denied any involvement ; the President did not believe him . Johnson felt he could not publicly mention Chennault 's involvement , which had been obtained by wiretapping , but told Humphrey , who chose not to use the information . In late 2016 , historian John Farrell publicized notes in which Haldeman wrote down Nixon 's instructions during the campaign ( these notes had been provided to the Nixon library by the Nixon estate in 2007 ) . In an October 22 , 1968 phone call with Nixon , Haldeman wrote , `` Any other way to monkey wrench it ? Anything RN can do , '' and `` Keep Anna Chennault working on SVN '' ( South Vietnam ) . It is not clear whether the government of South Vietnam needed much encouragement to opt out of a peace process they considered disadvantageous . In a three - way race between Nixon , Humphrey , and American Independent Party candidate former Alabama Governor George Wallace , Nixon defeated Humphrey by nearly 500,000 votes ( seven - tenths of a percentage point ) , with 301 electoral votes to 191 for Humphrey and 46 for Wallace . In his victory speech , Nixon pledged that his administration would try to bring the divided nation together . Nixon said : `` I have received a very gracious message from the Vice President , congratulating me for winning the election . I congratulated him for his gallant and courageous fight against great odds . I also told him that I know exactly how he felt . I know how it feels to lose a close one . '' Presidency ( 1969 -- 1974 ) Main article : Presidency of Richard Nixon Nixon is sworn in as the 37th President by Chief Justice Earl Warren on January 20 , 1969 , with the new First Lady , Pat , holding the family Bibles . Nixon was inaugurated as president on January 20 , 1969 , sworn in by his onetime political rival , Chief Justice Earl Warren . Pat Nixon held the family Bibles open at Isaiah 2 : 4 , which reads , `` They shall beat their swords into plowshares , and their spears into pruning hooks . '' In his inaugural address , which received almost uniformly positive reviews , Nixon remarked that `` the greatest honor history can bestow is the title of peacemaker '' -- a phrase that would later be placed on his gravestone . He spoke about turning partisan politics into a new age of unity : In these difficult years , America has suffered from a fever of words ; from inflated rhetoric that promises more than it can deliver ; from angry rhetoric that fans discontents into hatreds ; from bombastic rhetoric that postures instead of persuading . We can not learn from one another until we stop shouting at one another , until we speak quietly enough so that our words can be heard as well as our voices . Foreign policy Nixon and Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai toast during Nixon 's 1972 visit to China China Main article : 1972 Nixon visit to China President Nixon shakes hands with Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai upon arriving in Beijing , 1972 Nixon laid the groundwork for his overture to China before he became president , writing in Foreign Affairs a year before his election : `` There is no place on this small planet for a billion of its potentially most able people to live in angry isolation . '' Assisting him in this venture was his National Security Advisor and future Secretary of State , Henry Kissinger , with whom the President worked closely , bypassing Cabinet officials . With relations between the Soviet Union and China at a nadir -- border clashes between the two took place during Nixon 's first year in office -- Nixon sent private word to the Chinese that he desired closer relations . A breakthrough came in early 1971 , when Chairman Mao invited a team of American table tennis players to visit China and play against top Chinese players . Nixon followed up by sending Kissinger to China for clandestine meetings with Chinese officials . On July 15 , 1971 , it was simultaneously announced by Beijing and by Nixon ( on television and radio ) that the President would visit China the following February . The announcements astounded the world . The secrecy allowed both sets of leaders time to prepare the political climate in their countries for the contact . In February 1972 , Nixon and his wife traveled to China . Kissinger briefed Nixon for over 40 hours in preparation . Upon touching down , the President and First Lady emerged from Air Force One and greeted Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai . Nixon made a point of shaking Zhou 's hand , something which then - Secretary of State John Foster Dulles had refused to do in 1954 when the two met in Geneva . Over 100 television journalists accompanied the president . On Nixon 's orders , television was strongly favored over printed publications , as Nixon felt that the medium would capture the visit much better than print . It also gave him the opportunity to snub the print journalists he despised . Nixon and Kissinger met for an hour with Mao and Zhou at Mao 's official private residence , where they discussed a range of issues . Mao later told his doctor that he had been impressed by Nixon , whom he considered forthright , unlike the leftists and the Soviets . He said he was suspicious of Kissinger , though the National Security Advisor referred to their meeting as his `` encounter with history '' . A formal banquet welcoming the presidential party was given that evening in the Great Hall of the People . The following day , Nixon met with Zhou ; the joint communique following this meeting recognized Taiwan as a part of China , and looked forward to a peaceful solution to the problem of reunification . When not in meetings , Nixon toured architectural wonders including the Forbidden City , Ming Tombs , and the Great Wall . Americans received their first glimpse into Chinese life through the cameras which accompanied Pat Nixon , who toured the city of Beijing and visited communes , schools , factories , and hospitals . The visit ushered in a new era of Sino - American relations . Fearing the possibility of a Sino - American alliance , the Soviet Union yielded to pressure for détente with the United States . Vietnam War Main articles : Vietnam War , Vietnamization , and Role of the United States in the Vietnam War Nixon delivers an address to the nation about the Cambodian incursion When Nixon took office , about 300 American soldiers were dying each week in Vietnam , and the war was broadly unpopular in the United States , with violent protests against the war ongoing . The Johnson administration had agreed to suspend bombing in exchange for negotiations without preconditions , but this agreement never fully took force . According to Walter Isaacson , soon after taking office , Nixon had concluded that the Vietnam War could not be won and he was determined to end the war quickly . He sought some arrangement which would permit American forces to withdraw , while leaving South Vietnam secure against attack . Nixon approved a secret B - 52 carpet bombing campaign of North Vietnamese ( and , later , allied Khmer Rouge ) positions in Cambodia in March 1969 ( code - named Operation Menu ) , without the consent of Cambodian leader Norodom Sihanouk . In mid-1969 , Nixon began efforts to negotiate peace with the North Vietnamese , sending a personal letter to North Vietnamese leaders , and peace talks began in Paris . Initial talks , however , did not result in an agreement . In May 1969 he publicly proposed to withdraw all American troops from South Vietnam provided North Vietnam also did so and for South Vietnam to hold internationally supervised elections with Viet Cong participation . In July 1969 , Nixon visited South Vietnam , where he met with his U.S. military commanders and President Nguyễn Văn Thiệu . Amid protests at home demanding an immediate pullout , he implemented a strategy of replacing American troops with Vietnamese troops , known as `` Vietnamization '' . He soon instituted phased U.S. troop withdrawals but authorized incursions into Laos , in part to interrupt the Ho Chi Minh trail , used to supply North Vietnamese forces , that passed through Laos and Cambodia . Nixon announced the ground invasion of Cambodia to the American public on April 30 , 1970 . His responses to protesters included an impromptu , early morning meeting with them at the Lincoln Memorial on May 9 , 1970 . Documents uncovered from the Soviet archives after 1991 reveal that the North Vietnamese attempt to overrun Cambodia in 1970 was launched at the explicit request of the Khmer Rouge and negotiated by Pol Pot 's then - second - in - command , Nuon Chea . Nixon 's campaign promise to curb the war , contrasted with the escalated bombing , led to claims that Nixon had a `` credibility gap '' on the issue . It is estimated that between 50,000 and 150,000 people were killed during the bombing of Cambodia between 1970 and 1973 . In 1971 , excerpts from the `` Pentagon Papers '' , which had been leaked by Daniel Ellsberg , were published by The New York Times and The Washington Post . When news of the leak first appeared , Nixon was inclined to do nothing ; the Papers , a history of United States ' involvement in Vietnam , mostly concerned the lies of prior administrations and contained few real revelations . He was persuaded by Kissinger that the papers were more harmful than they appeared , and the President tried to prevent publication . The Supreme Court eventually ruled for the newspapers . As U.S. troop withdrawals continued , conscription was reduced and in 1973 ended ; the armed forces became all - volunteer . After years of fighting , the Paris Peace Accords were signed at the beginning of 1973 . The agreement implemented a cease fire and allowed for the withdrawal of remaining American troops without requiring the 160,000 North Vietnam Army regulars located in the South to withdraw . Once American combat support ended , there was a brief truce , before fighting broke out again . North Vietnam conquered South Vietnam in 1975 . Latin American policy See also : U.S. intervention in Chile § 1973 coup Nixon and Mexican president Gustavo Díaz Ordaz riding a presidential motorcade in San Diego , California , September 1970 Nixon had been a firm supporter of Kennedy in the 1961 Bay of Pigs Invasion and 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis ; on taking office he stepped up covert operations against Cuba and its president , Fidel Castro . He maintained close relations with the Cuban - American exile community through his friend , Bebe Rebozo , who often suggested ways of irritating Castro . These activities concerned the Soviets and Cubans , who feared Nixon might attack Cuba and break the understanding between Kennedy and Khrushchev which had ended the missile crisis . In August 1970 , the Soviets asked Nixon to reaffirm the understanding ; despite his hard line against Castro , Nixon agreed . The process had not yet been completed when the Soviets began expanding their base at the Cuban port of Cienfuegos in October 1970 . A minor confrontation ensued , which was concluded with an understanding that the Soviets would not use Cienfuegos for submarines bearing ballistic missiles . The final round of diplomatic notes , reaffirming the 1962 accord , were exchanged in November . The election of Marxist candidate Salvador Allende as President of Chile in September 1970 spurred Nixon and Kissinger to pursue a vigorous campaign of covert resistance to Allende , first designed to convince the Chilean congress to confirm Jorge Alessandri as the winner of the election and then messages to military officers in support of a coup . Other support included strikes organized against Allende and funding for Allende opponents . It was even alleged that `` Nixon personally authorized '' $700,000 in covert funds to print anti-Allende messages in a prominent Chilean newspaper . Following an extended period of social , political , and economic unrest , General Augusto Pinochet assumed power in a violent coup d'état on September 11 , 1973 ; among the dead was Allende . Soviet Union Nixon used the improving international environment to address the topic of nuclear peace . Following the announcement of his visit to China , the Nixon administration concluded negotiations for him to visit the Soviet Union . The President and First Lady arrived in Moscow on May 22 , 1972 and met with Leonid Brezhnev , the General Secretary of the Communist Party ; Alexei Kosygin , the Chairman of the Council of Ministers ; and Nikolai Podgorny , the head of state , among other leading Soviet officials . Nixon meets with Brezhnev during the Soviet leader 's trip to the U.S. , 1973 . Nixon engaged in intense negotiations with Brezhnev . Out of the summit came agreements for increased trade and two landmark arms control treaties : SALT I , the first comprehensive limitation pact signed by the two superpowers , and the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty , which banned the development of systems designed to intercept incoming missiles . Nixon and Brezhnev proclaimed a new era of `` peaceful coexistence '' . A banquet was held that evening at the Kremlin . Seeking to foster better relations with the United States , both China and the Soviet Union cut back on their diplomatic support for North Vietnam and advised Hanoi to come to terms militarily . Nixon later described his strategy : I had long believed that an indispensable element of any successful peace initiative in Vietnam was to enlist , if possible , the help of the Soviets and the Chinese . Though rapprochement with China and détente with the Soviet Union were ends in themselves , I also considered them possible means to hasten the end of the war . At worst , Hanoi was bound to feel less confident if Washington was dealing with Moscow and Beijing . At best , if the two major Communist powers decided that they had bigger fish to fry , Hanoi would be pressured into negotiating a settlement we could accept . Having made considerable progress over the previous two years in U.S. - Soviet relations , Nixon embarked on a second trip to the Soviet Union in 1974 . He arrived in Moscow on June 27 to a welcome ceremony , cheering crowds , and a state dinner at the Grand Kremlin Palace that evening . Nixon and Brezhnev met in Yalta , where they discussed a proposed mutual defense pact , détente , and MIRVs . While he considered proposing a comprehensive test - ban treaty , Nixon felt he would not have time as president to complete it . There were no significant breakthroughs in these negotiations . Middle Eastern policy Nixon meets with President Anwar Sadat of Egypt , June 1974 As part of the Nixon Doctrine that the U.S. would avoid direct combat assistance to allies where possible , instead giving them assistance to defend themselves , the U.S. greatly increased arms sales to the Middle East -- particularly Israel , Iran and Saudi Arabia -- during the Nixon administration . The Nixon administration strongly supported Israel , an American ally in the Middle East , but the support was not unconditional . Nixon believed that Israel should make peace with its Arab neighbors and that the United States should encourage it . The president believed that -- except during the Suez Crisis -- the U.S. had failed to intervene with Israel , and should use the leverage of the large U.S. military aid to Israel to urge the parties to the negotiating table . The Arab - Israeli conflict was not a major focus of Nixon 's attention during his first term -- for one thing , he felt that no matter what he did , American Jews would oppose his reelection . On October 6 , 1973 , an Arab coalition led by Egypt and Syria , supported with arms and materiel by the Soviet Union , attacked Israel in the Yom Kippur War . Israel suffered heavy losses and Nixon ordered an airlift to resupply Israeli losses , cutting through inter-departmental squabbles and bureaucracy and taking personal responsibility for any response by Arab nations . More than a week later , by the time the U.S. and Soviet Union began negotiating a truce , Israel had penetrated deep into enemy territory . The truce negotiations rapidly escalated into a superpower crisis ; when Israel gained the upper hand , Egyptian President Sadat requested a joint U.S. - USSR peacekeeping mission , which the U.S. refused . When Soviet Premier Brezhnev threatened to unilaterally enforce any peacekeeping mission militarily , Nixon ordered the U.S. military to DEFCON 3 , placing all U.S. military personnel and bases on alert for nuclear war . This was the closest that the world had come to nuclear war since the Cuban Missile Crisis . Brezhnev backed down as a result of Nixon 's actions . Because Israel 's victory was largely due to U.S. support , the Arab OPEC nations retaliated by refusing to sell crude oil to the U.S. , resulting in the 1973 oil crisis . The embargo caused gasoline shortages and rationing in the United States in late 1973 , and was eventually ended by the oil - producing nations as peace in the Middle East took hold . After the war , and under Nixon 's presidency , the U.S. reestablished relations with Egypt for the first time since 1967 . Nixon used the Middle East crisis to restart the stalled Middle East Peace Negotiations ; he wrote in a confidential memo to Kissinger on October 20 : I believe that , beyond a doubt , we are now facing the best opportunity we have had in 15 years to build a lasting peace in the Middle East . I am convinced history will hold us responsible if we let this opportunity slip by ... I now consider a permanent Middle East settlement to be the most important final goal to which we must devote ourselves . Nixon made one of his final international visits as president to the Middle East in June 1974 , and became the first President to visit Israel . Domestic policy At the Washington Senators ' 1969 Opening Day at RFK Stadium . To the right of Nixon is team owner Bob Short and then Baseball Commissioner Bowie Kuhn . Marine Corps Aide to the President Jack Brennan sits in uniform behind Nixon . Economy Further information : Nixon shock and 1970s energy crisis At the time Nixon took office in 1969 , inflation was at 4.7 percent -- its highest rate since the Korean War . The Great Society had been enacted under Johnson , which , together with the Vietnam War costs , was causing large budget deficits . Unemployment was low , but interest rates were at their highest in a century . Nixon 's major economic goal was to reduce inflation ; the most obvious means of doing so was to end the war . This could not be accomplished overnight , and the U.S. economy continued to struggle through 1970 , contributing to a lackluster Republican performance in the midterm congressional elections ( Democrats controlled both Houses of Congress throughout Nixon 's presidency ) . According to political economist Nigel Bowles in his 2011 study of Nixon 's economic record , the new president did little to alter Johnson 's policies through the first year of his presidency . Nixon was far more interested in foreign affairs than domestic policies , but believed that voters tend to focus on their own financial condition , and that economic conditions were a threat to his reelection . As part of his `` New Federalism '' views , he proposed grants to the states , but these proposals were for the most part lost in the congressional budget process . However , Nixon gained political credit for advocating them . In 1970 , Congress had granted the President the power to impose wage and price freezes , though the Democratic majorities , knowing Nixon had opposed such controls through his career , did not expect Nixon to actually use the authority . With inflation unresolved by August 1971 , and an election year looming , Nixon convened a summit of his economic advisers at Camp David . He then announced temporary wage and price controls , allowed the dollar to float against other currencies , and ended the convertibility of the dollar into gold . Bowles points out , by identifying himself with a policy whose purpose was inflation 's defeat , Nixon made it difficult for Democratic opponents ... to criticize him . His opponents could offer no alternative policy that was either plausible or believable since the one they favored was one they had designed but which the president had appropriated for himself . Nixon 's policies dampened inflation through 1972 , although their aftereffects contributed to inflation during his second term and into the Ford administration . After Nixon won re-election , inflation was returning . He reimposed price controls in June 1973 . The price controls became unpopular with the public and businesspeople , who saw powerful labor unions as preferable to the price board bureaucracy . The controls produced food shortages , as meat disappeared from grocery stores and farmers drowned chickens rather than sell them at a loss . Despite the failure to control inflation , controls were slowly ended , and on April 30 , 1974 , their statutory authorization lapsed . Governmental initiatives and organization Nixon advocated a `` New Federalism '' , which would devolve power to state and local elected officials , though Congress was hostile to these ideas and enacted few of them . He eliminated the Cabinet - level United States Post Office Department , which in 1971 became the government - run United States Postal Service . Nixon was a late convert to the conservation movement . Environmental policy had not been a significant issue in the 1968 election ; the candidates were rarely asked for their views on the subject . He saw that the first Earth Day in April 1970 presaged a wave of voter interest on the subject , and sought to use that to his benefit ; in June he announced the formation of the Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) . Nixon broke new ground by discussing environment policy in his State of the Union speech ; other initiatives supported by Nixon included the Clean Air Act of 1970 and Occupational Safety and Health Administration ( OSHA ) ; the National Environmental Policy Act required environmental impact statements for many Federal projects . Nixon vetoed the Clean Water Act of 1972 -- objecting not to the policy goals of the legislation but to the amount of money to be spent on them , which he deemed excessive . After Congress overrode his veto , Nixon impounded the funds he deemed unjustifiable . In 1971 , Nixon proposed health insurance reform -- a private health insurance employer mandate , federalization of Medicaid for poor families with dependent minor children , and support for health maintenance organizations ( HMOs ) . A limited HMO bill was enacted in 1973 . In 1974 , Nixon proposed more comprehensive health insurance reform -- a private health insurance employer mandate and replacement of Medicaid by state - run health insurance plans available to all , with income - based premiums and cost sharing . Concerned about the prevalence of drug use both domestically and among American soldiers in Vietnam , Nixon called for a War on Drugs , pledging to cut off sources of supply abroad , and to increase funds for education and for rehabilitation facilities . As one policy initiative , Nixon called for more money for sickle - cell research , treatment , and education in February 1971 and signed the National Sickle Cell Anemia Control Act on May 16 , 1972 . While Nixon called for increased spending on such high - profile items as sickle - cell disease and for a War on Cancer , at the same time he sought to reduce overall spending at the National Institutes of Health . Civil Rights The Nixon presidency witnessed the first large - scale integration of public schools in the South . Nixon sought a middle way between the segregationist Wallace and liberal Democrats , whose support of integration was alienating some Southern whites . Hopeful of doing well in the South in 1972 , he sought to dispose of desegregation as a political issue before then . Soon after his inauguration , he appointed Vice President Agnew to lead a task force , which worked with local leaders -- both white and black -- to determine how to integrate local schools . Agnew had little interest in the work , and most of it was done by Labor Secretary George Shultz . Federal aid was available , and a meeting with President Nixon was a possible reward for compliant committees . By September 1970 , less than ten percent of black children were attending segregated schools . By 1971 , however , tensions over desegregation surfaced in Northern cities , with angry protests over the busing of children to schools outside their neighborhood to achieve racial balance . Nixon opposed busing personally but enforced court orders requiring its use . In addition to desegregating public schools , Nixon implemented the Philadelphia Plan in 1970 -- the first significant federal affirmative action program . He also endorsed the Equal Rights Amendment after it passed both houses of Congress in 1972 and went to the states for ratification . Nixon had campaigned as an ERA supporter in 1968 , though feminists criticized him for doing little to help the ERA or their cause after his election . Nevertheless , he appointed more women to administration positions than Lyndon Johnson had . Space policy Nixon visits the Apollo 11 astronauts in quarantine aboard USS Hornet . Further information : Space policy of the United States After a nearly decade - long national effort , the United States won the race to land astronauts on the Moon on July 20 , 1969 , with the flight of Apollo 11 . Nixon spoke with Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin during their moonwalk . He called the conversation `` the most historic phone call ever made from the White House '' . Nixon was unwilling to keep funding for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) at the high level seen during the 1960s as NASA prepared to send men to the Moon . NASA Administrator Thomas O. Paine drew up ambitious plans for the establishment of a permanent base on the Moon by the end of the 1970s and the launch of a manned expedition to Mars as early as 1981 . Nixon rejected both proposals due to the expense . Nixon also canceled the Air Force Manned Orbital Laboratory program in 1969 , because unmanned spy satellites were a more cost - effective way to achieve the same reconnaissance objective . On March 7 , 1970 , Nixon announced the end of the Kennedy - Johnson era 's massive efforts in the space race , stating `` We must think of ( space activities ) as part of a continuing process ( ... ) and not as a series of separate leaps , each requiring a massive concentration of energy . ( ... ) We must also realize that space expenditures must take their proper place within a rigorous system of national priorities . What we do in space from here on in must become a normal and regular part of our national life and must therefore be planned in conjunction with all of the other undertakings which are also important to us . '' He then cancelled the last three planned Apollo lunar missions to place Skylab in orbit more efficiently and free money up for the design and construction of the Space Shuttle . On May 24 , 1972 , Nixon approved a five - year cooperative program between NASA and the Soviet space program , culminating in the 1975 joint mission of an American Apollo and Soviet Soyuz spacecraft linking in space . Reelection , Watergate scandal , and resignation Nixon announces the release of edited transcripts of the Watergate tapes , April 29 , 1974 . 1972 presidential campaign Main article : United States presidential election , 1972 1972 electoral vote results Nixon believed his rise to power had peaked at a moment of political realignment . The Democratic `` Solid South '' had long been a source of frustration to Republican ambitions . Goldwater had won several Southern states by opposing the Civil Rights Act of 1964 but had alienated more moderate Southerners . Nixon 's efforts to gain Southern support in 1968 were diluted by Wallace 's candidacy . Through his first term , he pursued a Southern Strategy with policies , such as his desegregation plans , that would be broadly acceptable among Southern whites , encouraging them to realign with the Republicans in the aftermath of the Civil Rights Movement . He nominated two Southern conservatives , Clement Haynsworth and G. Harrold Carswell to the Supreme Court , but neither was confirmed by the Senate . Nixon meets the public during the 1972 presidential campaign . Nixon entered his name on the New Hampshire primary ballot on January 5 , 1972 , effectively announcing his candidacy for reelection . Virtually assured the Republican nomination , the President had initially expected his Democratic opponent to be Massachusetts Senator Ted Kennedy ( brother of the late president ) , but he was largely removed from contention after the 1969 Chappaquiddick incident . Instead , Maine Senator Edmund Muskie became the front runner , with South Dakota Senator George McGovern in a close second place . On June 10 , McGovern won the California primary and secured the Democratic nomination . The following month , Nixon was renominated at the 1972 Republican National Convention . He dismissed the Democratic platform as cowardly and divisive . McGovern intended to sharply reduce defense spending and supported amnesty for draft evaders as well as abortion rights . With some of his supporters believed to be in favor of drug legalization , McGovern was perceived as standing for `` amnesty , abortion and acid '' . McGovern was also damaged by his vacillating support for his original running mate , Missouri Senator Thomas Eagleton , dumped from the ticket following revelations that he had received treatment for depression . Nixon was ahead in most polls for the entire election cycle , and was reelected on November 7 , 1972 in one of the largest landslide election victories in American history . He defeated McGovern with over 60 percent of the popular vote , losing only in Massachusetts and the District of Columbia . Watergate Main articles : Watergate scandal and Impeachment process of Richard Nixon Nixon fields questions at a press conference , October 26 , 1973 . The term Watergate has come to encompass an array of clandestine and often illegal activities undertaken by members of the Nixon administration . Those activities included `` dirty tricks , '' or bugging the offices of political opponents and the harassment of activist groups and political figures . The activities were brought to light after five men were caught breaking into Democratic party headquarters at the Watergate complex in Washington , D.C. on June 17 , 1972 . The Washington Post picked up on the story ; reporters Carl Bernstein and Bob Woodward relied on an informant known as `` Deep Throat '' -- later revealed to be Mark Felt , associate director at the FBI -- to link the men to the Nixon administration . Nixon downplayed the scandal as mere politics , calling news articles biased and misleading . A series of revelations made it clear that the Committee to Re-elect President Nixon , and later the White House , was involved in attempts to sabotage the Democrats . Senior aides such as White House Counsel John Dean faced prosecution ; in total 48 officials were convicted of wrongdoing . In July 1973 , White House aide Alexander Butterfield testified under oath to Congress that Nixon had a secret taping system that recorded his conversations and phone calls in the Oval Office . These tapes were subpoenaed by Watergate Special Counsel Archibald Cox ; Nixon provided transcripts of the conversations but not the actual tapes , citing executive privilege . With the White House and Cox at loggerheads , Nixon had Cox fired in October in the `` Saturday Night Massacre '' ; he was replaced by Leon Jaworski . In November , Nixon 's lawyers revealed that an audio tape of conversations held in the White House on June 20 , 1972 featured an 181⁄2 minute gap . Rose Mary Woods , the President 's personal secretary , claimed responsibility for the gap , alleging that she had accidentally wiped the section while transcribing the tape , though her tale was widely mocked . The gap , while not conclusive proof of wrongdoing by the President , cast doubt on Nixon 's statement that he had been unaware of the cover - up . A demonstrator demands Nixon 's impeachment , October 1973 . Though Nixon lost much popular support , even from his own party , he rejected accusations of wrongdoing and vowed to stay in office . He insisted that he had made mistakes , but had no prior knowledge of the burglary , did not break any laws , and did not learn of the cover - up until early 1973 . On October 10 , 1973 , Vice President Agnew resigned -- unrelated to Watergate -- and was convicted on charges of bribery , tax evasion and money laundering during his tenure as Governor of Maryland . Nixon chose Gerald Ford , Minority Leader of the House of Representatives , to replace Agnew . One researcher suggested Nixon effectively disengaged from his own administration after the swearing in of Gerald Ford as Vice President on December 6 , 1973 . On November 17 , 1973 , during a televised question and answer session with the press , Nixon said , `` People have got to know whether or not their President is a crook . Well , I 'm not a crook . I 've earned everything I 've got . '' The legal battle over the tapes continued through early 1974 , and in April 1974 Nixon announced the release of 1,200 pages of transcripts of White House conversations between him and his aides . The House Judiciary Committee opened impeachment hearings against the President on May 9 , 1974 , which were televised on the major TV networks . These hearings culminated in votes for impeachment . On July 24 , the Supreme Court ruled unanimously that the full tapes , not just selected transcripts , must be released . The scandal grew to involve a slew of additional allegations against the President , ranging from the improper use of government agencies to accepting gifts in office and his personal finances and taxes ; Nixon repeatedly stated his willingness to pay any outstanding taxes due , and paid $465,000 in back taxes in 1974 . Nixon Oval Office meeting with H.R. Haldeman `` Smoking Gun '' Conversation June 23 , 1972 Full Transcript Even with support diminished by the continuing series of revelations , Nixon hoped to fight the charges . However , one of the new tapes , recorded soon after the break - in , demonstrated that Nixon had been told of the White House connection to the Watergate burglaries soon after they took place , and had approved plans to thwart the investigation . In a statement accompanying the release of what became known as the `` Smoking Gun Tape '' on August 5 , 1974 , Nixon accepted blame for misleading the country about when he had been told of White House involvement , stating that he had a lapse of memory . Senate Minority Leader Hugh Scott , Senator Barry Goldwater , and House Minority Leader John Jacob Rhodes met with Nixon soon after . Rhodes told Nixon that he faced certain impeachment in the House . Scott and Goldwater told the president that he had , at most , only 15 votes in his favor in the Senate -- far fewer than the 34 he needed to avoid removal from office . Resignation Richard Nixon resigns Resignation speech of President Richard Nixon , delivered August 8 , 1974 . Problems playing this file ? See media help . In light of his loss of political support and the near - certainty that he would be impeached and removed , Nixon resigned the presidency on August 9 , 1974 , after addressing the nation on television the previous evening . Nixon chose to resign after realizing public opinion was not in his favor to remain in office . The resignation speech was delivered from the Oval Office and was carried live on radio and television . Nixon stated that he was resigning for the good of the country and asked the nation to support the new president , Gerald Ford . Nixon went on to review the accomplishments of his presidency , especially in foreign policy . He defended his record as president , quoting from Theodore Roosevelt 's 1910 speech Citizenship in a Republic : Sometimes I have succeeded and sometimes I have failed , but always I have taken heart from what Theodore Roosevelt once said about the man in the arena , `` whose face is marred by dust and sweat and blood , who strives valiantly , who errs and comes up short again and again because there is not effort without error and shortcoming , but who does actually strive to do the deed , who knows the great enthusiasms , the great devotions , who spends himself in a worthy cause , who at the best knows in the end the triumphs of high achievements and who at the worst , if he fails , at least fails while daring greatly '' . Nixon 's speech received generally favorable initial responses from network commentators , with only Roger Mudd of CBS stating that Nixon had not admitted wrongdoing . It was termed `` a masterpiece '' by Conrad Black , one of his biographers . Black opined that `` What was intended to be an unprecedented humiliation for any American president , Nixon converted into a virtual parliamentary acknowledgement of almost blameless insufficiency of legislative support to continue . He left while devoting half his address to a recitation of his accomplishments in office . '' Later years and death President Ronald Reagan meets with his three predecessors , Ford , Carter and Nixon at the White House , October 1981 ; the three former presidents represented the United States at the funeral of Egyptian President Anwar Sadat . Pardon and illness Further information : Pardon of Richard Nixon President Ford announces his decision to pardon Nixon , September 8 , 1974 , in the Oval Office . Following his resignation , the Nixons flew to their home La Casa Pacifica in San Clemente , California . According to his biographer , Aitken , after his resignation , `` Nixon was a soul in torment '' . Congress had funded Nixon 's transition costs , including some salary expenses , though reducing the appropriation from $850,000 to $200,000 . With some of his staff still with him , Nixon was at his desk by 7 a.m. -- with little to do . His former press secretary , Ron Ziegler , sat with him alone for hours each day . Nixon 's resignation had not put an end to the desire among many to see him punished . The Ford White House considered a pardon of Nixon , though it would be unpopular in the country . Nixon , contacted by Ford emissaries , was initially reluctant to accept the pardon , but then agreed to do so . Ford insisted on a statement of contrition , but Nixon felt he had not committed any crimes and should not have to issue such a document . Ford eventually agreed , and on September 8 , 1974 , he granted Nixon a `` full , free , and absolute pardon '' , which ended any possibility of an indictment . Nixon then released a statement : I was wrong in not acting more decisively and more forthrightly in dealing with Watergate , particularly when it reached the stage of judicial proceedings and grew from a political scandal into a national tragedy . No words can describe the depth of my regret and pain at the anguish my mistakes over Watergate have caused the nation and the presidency , a nation I so deeply love , and an institution I so greatly respect . In October 1974 , Nixon fell ill with phlebitis , the inflammation of the walls of a vein . Told by his doctors that he could either be operated on or die , a reluctant Nixon chose surgery , and President Ford visited him in the hospital . Nixon was under subpoena for the trial of three of his former aides -- Dean , Haldeman , and John Ehrlichman -- and The Washington Post , disbelieving his illness , printed a cartoon showing Nixon with a cast on the `` wrong foot '' . Judge John Sirica excused Nixon 's presence despite the defendants ' objections . Congress instructed Ford to retain Nixon 's presidential papers -- beginning a three - decade legal battle over the documents that was eventually won by the former president and his estate . Nixon was in the hospital when the 1974 midterm elections were held , and Watergate and the pardon were contributing factors to the Republican loss of 43 seats in the House and three in the Senate . Return to public Life In December 1974 , Nixon began planning his comeback despite the considerable ill - will against him in the country . He wrote in his diary , referring to himself and Pat , So be it . We will see it through . We 've had tough times before and we can take the tougher ones that we will have to go through now . That is perhaps what we were made for -- to be able to take punishment beyond what anyone in this office has had before particularly after leaving office . This is a test of character and we must not fail the test . Nixon ( right ) joins Gerald Ford ( center ) and President Jimmy Carter ( left ) at the White House for the funeral of former Vice President Hubert Humphrey , 1978 . By early 1975 , Nixon 's health was improving . He maintained an office in a Coast Guard station 300 yards from his home , at first taking a golf cart and later walking the route each day ; he mainly worked on his memoirs . He had hoped to wait before writing his memoirs ; the fact that his assets were being eaten away by expenses and lawyer fees compelled him to begin work quickly . He was handicapped in this work by the end of his transition allowance in February , which compelled him to part with many of his staff , including Ziegler . In August of that year , he met with British talk - show host and producer David Frost , who paid him $600,000 ( equivalent to $2,670,000 in 2016 ) for a series of sit - down interviews , filmed and aired in 1977 . They began on the topic of foreign policy , recounting the leaders he had known , but the most remembered section of the interviews was that on Watergate . Nixon admitted that he had `` let down the country '' and that `` I brought myself down . I gave them a sword and they stuck it in . And they twisted it with relish . And , I guess , if I 'd been in their position , I 'd have done the same thing . '' The interviews garnered 45 -- 50 million viewers -- becoming the most - watched program of their kind in television history . The interviews helped improve Nixon 's financial position -- at one point in early 1975 he had only $500 in the bank -- as did the sale of his Key Biscayne property to a trust set up by wealthy Nixon friends such as Bebe Rebozo . In February 1976 , Nixon visited China at the personal invitation of Mao . Nixon had wanted to return to China , but chose to wait until after Ford 's own visit in 1975 . Nixon remained neutral in the close 1976 primary battle between Ford and Reagan . Ford won , but was defeated by Georgia Governor Jimmy Carter in the general election . The Carter administration had little use for Nixon and blocked his planned trip to Australia , causing the government of Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser to withhold its official invitation . In 1976 , Nixon was disbarred by the New York State Bar Association for obstruction of justice in the Watergate affair . Nixon chose not to present any defense . In early 1978 , Nixon went to the United Kingdom . He was shunned by American diplomats and by most ministers of the James Callaghan government . He was welcomed , however , by the Leader of the Opposition , Margaret Thatcher , as well as by former prime ministers Lord Home and Sir Harold Wilson . Two other former prime ministers , Harold Macmillan and Edward Heath declined to meet him . Nixon addressed the Oxford Union regarding Watergate : Some people say I did n't handle it properly and they 're right . I screwed it up . Mea culpa . But let 's get on to my achievements . You 'll be here in the year 2000 and we 'll see how I 'm regarded then . Author and elder statesman Nixon speaks with Chinese Vice Premier Deng Xiaoping and U.S. President Jimmy Carter at the White House , 1979 . In 1978 , Nixon published his memoirs , RN : The Memoirs of Richard Nixon , the first of ten books he was to author in his retirement . The book was a bestseller and attracted a generally positive critical response . Nixon visited the White House in 1979 , invited by Carter for the state dinner for Chinese Vice Premier Deng Xiaoping . Carter had not wanted to invite Nixon , but Deng had stated he would visit Nixon in California if the former president was not invited . Nixon had a private meeting with Deng and visited Beijing again in mid-1979 . On August 10 , 1979 , the Nixons purchased a New York City townhouse at 817 Fifth Avenue after being rejected by two Manhattan co-ops . When the former Shah of Iran died in Egypt in July 1980 , Nixon defied the State Department , which intended to send no U.S. representative , by attending the funeral . Though Nixon had no official credentials , as a former president he was seen as the American presence at its former ally 's funeral . Nixon supported Ronald Reagan for president in 1980 , making television appearances portraying himself as , in biographer Stephen Ambrose 's words , `` the senior statesman above the fray '' . He wrote guest articles for many publications both during the campaign and after Reagan 's victory . After eighteen months in the New York City townhouse , Nixon and his wife moved in 1981 to Saddle River , New Jersey . Nixon in 1992 Throughout the 1980s , Nixon maintained an ambitious schedule of speaking engagements and writing , traveled , and met with many foreign leaders , especially those of Third World countries . He joined former Presidents Ford and Carter as representatives of the United States at the funeral of Egyptian President Anwar Sadat . On a trip to the Middle East , Nixon made his views known regarding Saudi Arabia and Libya , which attracted significant U.S. media attention ; The Washington Post ran stories on Nixon 's `` rehabilitation '' . Nixon visited the Soviet Union in 1986 and on his return sent President Reagan a lengthy memorandum containing foreign policy suggestions and his personal impressions of Mikhail Gorbachev . Following this trip , Nixon was ranked in a Gallup poll as one of the ten most admired men in the world . Nixon visits President Bill Clinton in the White House family quarters , March 1993 . In 1986 , Nixon addressed a convention of newspaper publishers , impressing his audience with his tour d'horizon of the world . At the time , political pundit Elizabeth Drew wrote , `` Even when he was wrong , Nixon still showed that he knew a great deal and had a capacious memory , as well as the capacity to speak with apparent authority , enough to impress people who had little regard for him in earlier times . '' Newsweek ran a story on `` Nixon 's comeback '' with the headline `` He 's back '' . On July 19 , 1990 , the Richard Nixon Library and Birthplace in Yorba Linda , California opened as a private institution with the Nixons in attendance . They were joined by a large crowd of people , including Presidents Ford , Reagan , and George H.W. Bush , as well as their wives , Betty , Nancy , and Barbara . In January 1991 , the former president founded the Nixon Center ( today the Center for the National Interest ) , a Washington policy think tank and conference center . Pat Nixon died on June 22 , 1993 , of emphysema and lung cancer . Her funeral services were held on the grounds of the Richard Nixon Library and Birthplace . Former President Nixon was distraught throughout the interment and delivered a tribute to her inside the library building . Death and funeral Main article : Death and funeral of Richard Nixon Nixon suffered a severe stroke on April 18 , 1994 , while preparing to eat dinner in his Park Ridge , New Jersey home . A blood clot resulting from the atrial fibrillation he had suffered for many years had formed in his upper heart , broken off , and traveled to his brain . He was taken to New York Hospital -- Cornell Medical Center in Manhattan , initially alert but unable to speak or to move his right arm or leg . Damage to the brain caused swelling ( cerebral edema ) , and Nixon slipped into a deep coma . He died at 9 : 08 p.m. on April 22 , 1994 , with his daughters at his bedside . He was 81 years old . Five U.S. presidents ( including then - incumbent president Bill Clinton ) and their wives attend the funeral of Richard Nixon , April 27 , 1994 . Nixon 's funeral took place on April 27 , 1994 , in Yorba Linda , California . Eulogists at the Nixon Library ceremony included President Bill Clinton , former Secretary of State Henry Kissinger , Senate Minority Leader Bob Dole , California Governor Pete Wilson , and the Reverend Billy Graham . Also in attendance were former Presidents Ford , Carter , Reagan , George H.W. Bush , and their wives . Richard Nixon was buried beside his wife Pat on the grounds of the Nixon Library . He was survived by his two daughters , Tricia and Julie , and four grandchildren . In keeping with his wishes , his funeral was not a full state funeral , though his body did lie in repose in the Nixon Library lobby from April 26 to the morning of the funeral service . Mourners waited in line for up to eight hours in chilly , wet weather to pay their respects . At its peak , the line to pass by Nixon 's casket was three miles long with an estimated 42,000 people waiting . John F. Stacks of Time magazine said of Nixon shortly after his death , An outsize energy and determination drove him on to recover and rebuild after every self - created disaster that he faced . To reclaim a respected place in American public life after his resignation , he kept traveling and thinking and talking to the world 's leaders ... and by the time Bill Clinton came to the White House ( in 1993 ) , Nixon had virtually cemented his role as an elder statesman . Clinton , whose wife served on the staff of the committee that voted to impeach Nixon , met openly with him and regularly sought his advice . Tom Wicker of The New York Times noted that Nixon had been equalled only by Franklin Roosevelt in being five times nominated on a major party ticket and , quoting Nixon 's 1962 farewell speech , wrote , Richard Nixon 's jowly , beard - shadowed face , the ski - jump nose and the widow 's peak , the arms upstretched in the V - sign , had been so often pictured and caricatured , his presence had become such a familiar one in the land , he had been so often in the heat of controversy , that it was hard to realize the nation really would not ' have Nixon to kick around anymore ' . Ambrose said of the reaction to Nixon 's death , `` To everyone 's amazement , except his , he 's our beloved elder statesman . '' Upon Nixon 's death , almost all of the news coverage mentioned Watergate , but for the most part , the coverage was favorable to the former president . The Dallas Morning News stated , `` History ultimately should show that despite his flaws , he was one of our most farsighted chief executives . '' This offended some ; columnist Russell Baker complained of `` a group conspiracy to grant him absolution '' . Cartoonist Jeff Koterba of the Omaha World - Herald depicted History before a blank canvas , his subject Nixon , as America looks on eagerly . The artist urges his audience to sit down ; the work will take some time to complete , as `` this portrait is a little more complicated than most '' . Hunter S. Thompson wrote a scathing piece denouncing Nixon for Rolling Stone , entitled `` He Was a Crook '' ( which also appeared a month later in The Atlantic ) . In his article , Thompson described Nixon as `` a political monster straight out of Grendel and a very dangerous enemy . '' Legacy Historian and political scientist James MacGregor Burns observed of Nixon , `` How can one evaluate such an idiosyncratic president , so brilliant and so morally lacking ? '' Nixon 's biographers disagree on how he will be perceived by history . According to Ambrose , `` Nixon wanted to be judged by what he accomplished . What he will be remembered for is the nightmare he put the country through in his second term and for his resignation . '' Irwin Gellman , who chronicled Nixon 's congressional career , suggests that `` he was remarkable among his congressional peers , a success story in a troubled era , one who steered a sensible anti-Communist course against the excess of McCarthy '' . Aitken feels that `` Nixon , both as a man and as a statesman , has been excessively maligned for his faults and inadequately recognised for his virtues . Yet even in a spirit of historical revisionism , no simple verdict is possible . '' The graves of President Richard Nixon ( right ) and First Lady Pat Nixon Nixon 's Southern Strategy is credited by some historians as causing the South to become a Republican stronghold , though others deem economic factors more important to the change . Throughout his career , he was instrumental in moving his party away from the control of isolationists , and as a congressman was a persuasive advocate of containing Soviet communism . According to his biographer , Herbert Parmet , `` Nixon 's role was to steer the Republican party along a middle course , somewhere between the competitive impulses of the Rockefellers , the Goldwaters , and the Reagans . '' Nixon is given credit for his stance on domestic affairs , which resulted in the passage and enforcement of environmental and regulatory legislation . Historian Paul Charles Milazzo in his 2011 paper on Nixon and the environment , points to Nixon 's creation of the EPA and his enforcement of legislation such as the 1973 Endangered Species Act , stating that `` though unsought and unacknowledged , Richard Nixon 's environmental legacy is secure '' . Nixon saw his policies regarding Vietnam , China , and the Soviets as key to his place in history . George McGovern , Nixon 's onetime opponent , commented in 1983 , `` President Nixon probably had a more practical approach to the two superpowers , China and the Soviet Union , than any other president since World War II ... With the exception of his inexcusable continuation of the war in Vietnam , Nixon really will get high marks in history . '' Political scientist Jussi Hanhimäki disagrees , saying Nixon 's diplomacy was merely a continuation of the Cold War policy of containment , using diplomatic rather than military means . Historian Christopher Andrew concludes that `` Nixon was a great statesman on the world stage as well as a shabby practitioner of electoral politics in the domestic arena . While the criminal farce of Watergate was in the making , Nixon 's inspirational statesmanship was establishing new working relationships with both Communist China and the Soviet Union . '' Historian Keith W. Olson has written that Nixon left a negative legacy : fundamental mistrust of government with its roots in Vietnam and Watergate . During the impeachment of Bill Clinton in 1998 , both sides tried to use Nixon and Watergate to their advantage : Republicans suggested that Clinton 's misconduct had been comparable to Nixon 's , while Democrats contended that Nixon 's actions had been far more serious than those of the incumbent . Another legacy , for a time , was a decrease in the power of the presidency as Congress passed restrictive legislation in the wake of Watergate . Olson suggests that grants of power to George W. Bush in the aftermath of the 9 / 11 attacks restored the president 's power . Personality and public image Nixon and Elvis Presley in December 1970 : `` The President & The King '' Nixon 's career was frequently dogged by his persona and the public 's perception of it . Editorial cartoonists and comedians often exaggerated his appearance and mannerisms , to the point where the line between the human and the caricature became increasingly blurred . He was often portrayed with unshaven jowls , slumped shoulders , and a furrowed , sweaty brow . Nixon had a complex personality , both very secretive and awkward , yet strikingly reflective about himself . He was inclined to distance himself from people and was formal in all aspects , wearing a coat and tie even when home alone . Nixon biographer Conrad Black described him as being `` driven '' though also `` uneasy with himself in some ways '' . According to Black , Nixon thought that he was doomed to be traduced , double - crossed , unjustly harassed , misunderstood , underappreciated , and subjected to the trials of Job , but that by the application of his mighty will , tenacity , and diligence , he would ultimately prevail . Biographer Elizabeth Drew summarized Nixon as a `` smart , talented man , but most peculiar and haunted of presidents '' . In his account of the Nixon presidency , author Richard Reeves described Nixon as `` a strange man of uncomfortable shyness , who functioned best alone with his thoughts '' . Nixon 's presidency was doomed by his personality , Reeves argues : He assumed the worst in people and he brought out the worst in them ... He clung to the idea of being ' tough ' . He thought that was what had brought him to the edge of greatness . But that was what betrayed him . He could not open himself to other men and he could not open himself to greatness . Nixon with Bebe Rebozo ( left ) and FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover . The three men relax before dinner , Key Biscayne , Florida , December 1971 . Nixon believed that putting distance between himself and other people was necessary for him as he advanced in his political career and became president . Even Bebe Rebozo , by some accounts his closest friend , did not call him by his first name . Nixon stated of this , Even with close friends , I do n't believe in letting your hair down , confiding this and that and the other thing -- saying , ' Gee , I could n't sleep ' ... I believe you should keep your troubles to yourself . That 's just the way I am . Some people are different . Some people think it 's good therapy to sit with a close friend and , you know , just spill your guts ... ( and ) reveal their inner psyche -- whether they were breast - fed or bottle - fed . Not me . No way . When told that most Americans , even at the end of his career , did not feel they knew him , Nixon replied , `` Yeah , it 's true . And it 's not necessary for them to know . '' See also Murray Chotiner , Nixon 's campaign manager and aide Notes Explanatory notes Jump up ^ Black , pp. 583 -- 585 . In 1972 , Nixon did more than double his percentage of the Jewish vote , from 17 percent to 35 percent . Merkley , p. 68 . ^ Jump up to : voluntary for employees Jump up ^ see especially page 2 ( after introductory material ) in which a bar graph displays NHLBI funding for sickle cell research from FY 1972 through FY 2001 , totaling $923 million for these thirty years , starting at $10 million for 1972 , then about $15 million a year through 1976 , about $20 million for 1977 , etc Citations Jump up ^ Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum http://nixon.archives.gov/thelife/nixonbio.pdf Jump up ^ NPS , Nixon Birthplace . Jump up ^ Ferris , p. 209 . Jump up ^ Reitwiesner , William Addams The Ancestors of Senator John Forbes Kerry ( b . 1943 ) http://www.wargs.com/political/kerry.html Accessed August 31 , 2016 Jump up ^ Nixon Library , Childhood . Jump up ^ Aitken , p. 11 . Jump up ^ `` Nixon Genealogy -- President Richard Nixon Family History '' . archives.com . Jump up ^ Aitken , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Aitken , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Ambrose 1987 , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Aitken , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Ambrose 1987 , pp. 56 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Black , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Morris , p. 89 . Jump up ^ Black , pp. 17 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Morris , p. 91 . Jump up ^ Morris , p. 92 . ^ Jump up to : Aitken , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Black , pp. 20 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Black , pp. 23 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Gellman , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Black , pp. 24 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Ambrose 1987 , p. 61 . Jump up ^ Aitken , pp. 58 -- 63 . ^ Jump up to : Nixon Library , Student & Sailor . ^ Jump up to : Ambrose 1987 , pp. 33 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Aitken , p. 67 . Jump up ^ Parmet , p. 81 . Jump up ^ Nixon Library , Family Collection Guide . Jump up ^ Aitken , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Aitken , pp. 79 -- 82 . Jump up ^ Morris , p. 193 . Jump up ^ Black , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Black , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Nixon 1978 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Ambrose 1987 , pp. 93 , 99 . Jump up ^ Ambrose 1987 , pp. 100 -- 101 . Jump up ^ Nixon Library , Nixon Family . Jump up ^ Morris , pp. 124 -- 126 . Jump up ^ Kornitzer , pp. 143 -- 144 . ^ Jump up to : `` Naval Profiles : Richard Milhous Nixon '' . Naval History and Heritage Command . U.S. Navy . 2015 - 02 - 18 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 06 . From August through December of 1944 , Nixon was assigned to Fleet Air Wing EIGHT . From December through March 1945 , he served at the Bureau of Aeronautics , Navy Department , Washington , D.C. In March , his next assignment was as the Bureau of Aeronautics Contracting Officer for Terminations in the Office of the Bureau of Aeronautics General Representative , Eastern District , headquartered in New York City . In that capacity he had temporary additional duty at various places , including Washington D.C. , Philadelphia , Buffalo , New York City , and East Hartford , Connecticut . When he was released from active duty on 10 March 1946 . He was promoted to Commander in the Naval Reserve on 1 June 1953 . While on active duty besides the Letter of Commendation , Nixon earned the American Campaign Medal , the Asiatic - Pacific Campaign Medal , and the World War II Victory Medal . He is entitled to two engagement stars on the Asiatic - Pacific Campaign Medal for supporting air action in the Treasury - Bougainville operations from 27 October to 15 December 1943 and for consolidation of the northern Solomons from 15 December 1943 to 22 July 1944 . Nixon transferred to the Retired Reserve of the Naval Reserve on 1 June 1966 . Jump up ^ Aitken , pp. 96 -- 97 . Jump up ^ Naval Historical Center , Commander Nixon . Jump up ^ Black , pp. 58 -- 60 . ^ Jump up to : Black , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Aitken , p. 112 . Jump up ^ Black , pp. 62 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Parmet , pp. 91 -- 96 . Jump up ^ Gellman , pp. 27 -- 28 . Jump up ^ Parmet , pp. 111 -- 113 . Jump up ^ Gellman , p. 82 . Jump up ^ Gellman , pp. 105 -- 107 , 125 -- 126 . Jump up ^ Morris , p. 365 . Jump up ^ Cronin , John Francis ( 29 October 1945 ) . `` The Problem of American Communism in 1945 : Facts and Recommendations '' ( PDF ) . `` A Confidential Study for Private Circulation '' . Retrieved 26 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Ambrose , Stephen E. ( 18 March 2014 ) . Nixon Volume I : The Education of a Politician 1913 - 1962 . Simon and Schuster . pp. 144 -- 147 . Retrieved 26 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Nixon , Richard ( 1978 ) . RN : The Memoirs of Richard Nixon . New York : Grosset & Dunlap . ISBN 978 - 0 - 448 - 14374 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Timeline '' . Nixon Library . Retrieved 2 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Black , pp. 129 -- 135 . Jump up ^ Gellman , pp. 239 -- 241 . Jump up ^ Morris , p. 381 . Jump up ^ Nixon Library , Congressman . Jump up ^ Gellman , p. 282 . Jump up ^ Morris , p. 535 . Jump up ^ Gellman , pp. 296 -- 297 . Jump up ^ Gellman , p. 304 . Jump up ^ Gellman , p. 310 . Jump up ^ Morris , p. 581 . Jump up ^ Gellman , p. 335 . Jump up ^ Gellman , p. 303 . ^ Jump up to : Nixon Library , Senator . Jump up ^ Ambrose 1987 , pp. 211 , 311 -- 312 . ^ Jump up to : Black , p. 178 . Jump up ^ Gellman , pp. 440 -- 441 . Jump up ^ Aitken , pp. 205 -- 206 . ^ Jump up to : Aitken , pp. 222 -- 223 . Jump up ^ John W. Malsberger , `` Dwight Eisenhower , Richard Nixon , and the Fund Crisis of 1952 , '' Historian , 73 ( Fall 2011 ) , pp 526 -- 47 . Jump up ^ Kornitzer , pp. 191 . ^ Jump up to : Aitken , pp. 210 -- 217 . Jump up ^ Thompson , p. 291 . Jump up ^ Aitken , p. 218 . Jump up ^ Morris , p. 846 . Jump up ^ John W. Malsberger , The General and the Politician : Dwight Eisenhower , Richard Nixon , and American Politics ( 2014 ) Jump up ^ Aitken , pp. 225 -- 227 . Jump up ^ Ambrose 1987 , p. 342 . Jump up ^ Gellman , Irwin . `` The Richard Nixon vice presidency : Research without the Nixon manuscripts '' in Small , pp. 102 -- 120 . Jump up ^ Ambrose 1987 , pp. 357 -- 358 . Jump up ^ Aitken , pp. 256 -- 258 . Jump up ^ Ambrose 1987 , pp. 375 -- 376 . Jump up ^ Aitken , pp. 237 -- 241 . Jump up ^ Parmet , p. 294 . Jump up ^ Black , pp. 349 -- 352 . Jump up ^ Black , p. 355 . Jump up ^ Ambrose 1987 , pp. 465 -- 469 . Jump up ^ Ambrose 1987 , pp. 469 -- 479 . Jump up ^ Ambrose 1987 , p. 463 . Jump up ^ Ambrose 1987 , pp. 521 -- 525 . Jump up ^ UPI 1960 in Review . ^ Jump up to : Nixon Library , Vice President . Jump up ^ Museum of Broadcast Communications , `` Kennedy - Nixon Debates '' . Jump up ^ Steel & 2003 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ Foner , p. 843 . Jump up ^ Carlson & 2000 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ Black , p. 431 . Jump up ^ Black , pp. 432 -- 433 . Jump up ^ Aitken , pp. 304 -- 305 . ^ Jump up to : Ambrose 1987 , p. 673 . Jump up ^ Museum of Broadcast Communications , `` Smith , Howard K . '' . Jump up ^ Black , p. 446 . Jump up ^ Aitken , pp. 297 , 321 . Jump up ^ Aitken , pp. 321 -- 322 . Jump up ^ Aitken , pp. 323 -- 326 . ^ Jump up to : Parmet , p. 502 . Jump up ^ Morris , pp. 410 -- 411 . Jump up ^ Parmet , pp. 503 -- 508 . Jump up ^ Parmet , p. 509 . ^ Jump up to : Nixon Library , President . Jump up ^ Morrow & 1996 - 09 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Black , pp. 513 -- 514 . Jump up ^ Black , p. 550 . ^ Jump up to : Schulzinger , p. 413 . Jump up ^ The Lyndon Johnson tapes : Richard Nixon 's ' treason ' , BBC News , Magazine , David Taylor , March 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Langguth , pp. 524 -- 527 . Jump up ^ Richard Nixon : Campaigns and Elections Archived February 2 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine. , Miller Center , `` a nonpartisan institute that seeks to expand understanding of the presidency , policy , and political history , '' University of Virginia , Consulting Editor Ken Hughes . Jump up ^ Nixon Tried to Spoil Johnson 's Vietnam Peace Talks in ' 68 , Notes Show , New York Times , Politics Section , Peter Baker , Jan. 2 , 2017 . See also H.R. Haldeman 's Notes from Oct. 22 , 1968 , NY Times , Dec. 31 , 2016 , which reprints four pages of Haldeman 's notes . Jump up ^ Black , p. 558 . Jump up ^ Evans & Novak , pp. 33 -- 34 . Jump up ^ UPI 1968 in Review . Jump up ^ Black , pp. 567 -- 68 . Jump up ^ Frick , p. 189 . Jump up ^ UPI 1969 in Review . ^ Jump up to : Miller Center . Jump up ^ Ambrose 1989 , p. 453 . Jump up ^ Goh , Evelyn . `` The China card '' in Small , pp. 425 -- 443 . Jump up ^ Black , p. 778 . ^ Jump up to : PBS , The Nixon Visit . ^ Jump up to : Black , pp. 780 -- 782 . Jump up ^ Ambrose 1989 , p. 516 . Jump up ^ Dallek , p. 300 . Jump up ^ `` Vietnam War Deaths and Casualties By Month '' . The American War Library . Retrieved June 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Drew , p. 65 . Jump up ^ Black , p. 569 . Jump up ^ Black , p. 591 . ^ Jump up to : Owen , Taylor ; Kiernan , Ben ( October 2006 ) . `` Bombs Over Cambodia '' ( PDF ) . The Walrus : 32 -- 36 . Kiernan and Owen later revised their estimate of 2.7 million tons of U.S. bombs dropped on Cambodia down to the previously accepted figure of roughly 500,000 tons : See Kiernan , Ben ; Owen , Taylor ( 2015 - 04 - 26 ) . `` Making More Enemies than We Kill ? Calculating U.S. Bomb Tonnages Dropped on Laos and Cambodia , and Weighing Their Implications '' . The Asia - Pacific Journal . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ Clymer , Kenton ( 2013 ) . The United States and Cambodia , 1969 - 2000 : A Troubled Relationship . Routledge . pp. 14 -- 16 . ISBN 9781134341566 . Jump up ^ Ambrose 1989 , pp. 281 -- 283 . Jump up ^ Address to the Nation on Vietnam May 14 , 1969 ^ Jump up to : Time & 1971 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ AP / St. Peterburg Independent . Jump up ^ Safire , pp. 205 -- 209 Jump up ^ UPI / Beaver County Times & 1970 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ Black , pp. 675 -- 676 . Jump up ^ Mosyakov , Dmitry ( 2004 ) . `` The Khmer Rouge and the Vietnamese Communists : A History of Their Relations as Told in the Soviet Archives '' . In Cook , Susan E. Genocide in Cambodia and Rwanda . Yale Genocide Studies Program Monograph Series . p. 54ff . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2013 . In April -- May 1970 , many North Vietnamese forces entered Cambodia in response to the call for help addressed to Vietnam not by Pol Pot , but by his deputy Nuon Chea . Nguyen Co Thach recalls : ' Nuon Chea has asked for help and we have liberated five provinces of Cambodia in ten days . ' Jump up ^ Ambrose 1989 , pp. 446 -- 448 . Jump up ^ Evans . Jump up ^ Ambrose 1991 , pp. 53 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Ambrose 1991 , p. 473 . Jump up ^ Ambrose 1989 , pp. 379 -- 383 . ^ Jump up to : Kornbluh , Peter ( 2003 ) . The Pinochet File : A Declassified Dossier on Atrocity and Accountability . New York : The New Press . ISBN 1 - 56584 - 936 - 1 . Jump up ^ Black , p. 921 . ^ Jump up to : BBC & 1972 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ Gaddis , pp. 294 , 299 . Jump up ^ Guan , pp. 61 , 69 , 77 -- 79 . Jump up ^ Zhai , p. 136 . Jump up ^ Nixon 1985 , pp. 105 -- 106 . ^ Jump up to : Black , p. 963 . ^ Jump up to : Hanhimäki , Jussi M. `` Foreign Policy Overview '' in Small , pp. 345 -- 361 . Jump up ^ `` DEFCON DEFense CONdition '' . fas.org . Jump up ^ Nixon 1978 , p. 938 - 940 . Jump up ^ Black , pp. 923 -- 928 . Jump up ^ Ambrose 1991 , p. 311 . Jump up ^ Tyler , Patrick ( 2010 ) , p. 161 Jump up ^ Black , pp. 951 -- 52 , 959 . ^ Jump up to : Ambrose 1989 , pp. 225 -- 226 . ^ Jump up to : Ambrose 1989 , pp. 431 -- 432 . ^ Jump up to : Bowles , Nigel . `` Economic Policy '' in Small , pp. 235 -- 251 . ^ Jump up to : Aitken , pp. 399 -- 400 . ^ Jump up to : Hetzel , p. 92 . Jump up ^ Aitken , p. 395 . Jump up ^ USPS , Periodicals postage . Jump up ^ Aitken , pp. 397 -- 398 . Jump up ^ Aitken , p. 396 . Jump up ^ NHI : CQ Almanac 1971 . ^ Jump up to : HMO : CQ Almanac 1973 . Jump up ^ NHI : CQ Almanac 1974 . Jump up ^ Ambrose 1989 , p. 418 . Jump up ^ Office of the Federal Register , pp. 179 -- 182 . Jump up ^ The American Presidency Project . Jump up ^ National Heart , Lung , and Blood Institute , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Wailoo , pp. 165 , 170 . Jump up ^ Boger , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Sabia . Jump up ^ Parmet , pp. 595 -- 597 , 603 . Jump up ^ Delaney & 1970 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ Frum , p. 246 . Jump up ^ PBS , Nixon , Domestic Politics . Jump up ^ Parmet , p. 563 . Jump up ^ Handlin . Jump up ^ Hepplewhite , pp. 204 -- 205 , ch. 5 . Jump up ^ `` appen - j. htm '' . history.nasa.gov . Jump up ^ `` MIT lecture notes in `` Aircraft Systems Engineering , '' fall 2005 , on early Space Shuttle policy '' ( PDF ) . Massachusetts Institute of Technology . Fall 2005 . p. 7 . Retrieved August 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ezell , p. 192 , ch. 6 -- 11 . ^ Jump up to : Mason , Robert `` Political realignment '' in Small , pp. 252 -- 269 . ^ Jump up to : Black , p. 766 . Jump up ^ Black , p. 795 . Jump up ^ Black , p. 617 . Jump up ^ Black , p. 816 . Jump up ^ Black , p. 834 . Jump up ^ White , p. 123 . Jump up ^ Time & 1972 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ Time & 1970 - 11 - 20 . Jump up ^ Parmet , p. 629 . Jump up ^ The Washington Post , The Post Investigates . ^ Jump up to : The Washington Post , The Government Acts . Jump up ^ Aitken , pp. 511 -- 512 . ^ Jump up to : The Washington Post , Nixon Resigns . Jump up ^ Ambrose 1989 , pp. 231 -- 232 , 239 . Jump up ^ Beckmann , Matthew N. ( 2017 - 04 - 01 ) . `` Did Nixon quit before he resigned ? '' . Research & Politics . 4 ( 2 ) : 2053168017704800 . doi : 10.1177 / 2053168017704800 . ISSN 2053 - 1680 . Jump up ^ Frum , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Kilpatrick & 1973 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ Ambrose 1991 , pp. 394 -- 395 . Jump up ^ Samson . Jump up ^ Ambrose 1991 , pp. 414 -- 416 . Jump up ^ Black , p. 978 . Jump up ^ Schmidt , Steffen W. ( 2013 ) , American Government and Politics Today , 2013 - 2014 Edition , Wadsworth Publishing , p. 181 , ISBN 978 - 1133602132 , In 1974 , President Richard Nixon resigned in the wake of a scandal when it was obvious that public opinion no longer supported him . Jump up ^ Ambrose 1991 , pp. 435 -- 436 . Jump up ^ PBS , Resignation Speech . Jump up ^ Ambrose 1991 , p. 437 . Jump up ^ Black , p. 983 . ^ Jump up to : Nixon Library , Post Presidency . ^ Jump up to : Aitken , p. 529 . Jump up ^ Aitken , pp. 529 -- 530 . Jump up ^ Aitken , p. 532 . Jump up ^ Black , p. 990 . Jump up ^ Aitken , pp. 533 -- 534 . Jump up ^ Black , pp. 994 , 999 . Jump up ^ Black , p. 998 . Jump up ^ Aitken , p. 535 . Jump up ^ Ambrose 1991 , p. 481 . Jump up ^ Aitken , pp. 537 , 539 . Jump up ^ Black , p. 1000 . Jump up ^ Black , p. 1004 . Jump up ^ Drew , p. 138 . Jump up ^ Ambrose 1991 , p. 512 . Jump up ^ Aitken , pp. 539 -- 540 . Jump up ^ Black , p. 1005 . Jump up ^ Aitken , p. 543 . Jump up ^ `` Nixon disbarred in New York in 1st ruling of Watergate guilt '' , Toledo Blade , July 9 , 1976 p. 1 Jump up ^ Aitken , pp. 546 -- 547 . Jump up ^ Ambrose 1991 , p. 525 . Jump up ^ Ambrose 1991 , pp. 524 -- 525 . Jump up ^ `` Nixons Buy Fifth Avenue Condo in N.Y '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . August 11 , 1979 . Jump up ^ Ambrose 1991 , p. 528 . Jump up ^ Ambrose 1991 , p. 533 . Jump up ^ Ambrose 1991 , p. 534 . Jump up ^ Ambrose 1991 , p. 540 . Jump up ^ Ambrose 1991 , p. 545 . Jump up ^ Drew , p. 142 . ^ Jump up to : Drew , p. 144 . Jump up ^ Aitken , pp. 561 -- 562 . Jump up ^ Aitken , pp. 565 -- 568 . Jump up ^ Black , pp. 1045 -- 1046 . Jump up ^ Black , pp. 1049 -- 1050 . ^ Jump up to : Weil & Randolph & 1994 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ Lawrence K. Altman ( April 24 , 1994 ) . `` THE 37TH PRESIDENT : THE LAST DAYS ; Disabled , Yet Retaining Control Over His Care '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Black , pp. 1051 -- 1053 . Jump up ^ BBC & 2004 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ The Deseret News & 1994 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ Frick , p. 206 . Jump up ^ Stacks & 1994 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ Wicker & 1994 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ Sawhill & 2011 - 02 . Jump up ^ Frick , pp. 205 -- 206 . Jump up ^ Frick , pp. 204 -- 205 . Jump up ^ Frick , p. 210 . ^ Jump up to : Thompson , Hunter S. ( July 1994 ) . `` He Was a Crook '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Skidmore , p. 495 . Jump up ^ Ambrose 1991 , p. 592 . Jump up ^ Gellman , p. 460 . Jump up ^ Aitken , p. 577 . Jump up ^ Black , p. 1053 . Jump up ^ Parmet , p. viii . Jump up ^ Milazzo , Paul Charles . `` Nixon and the Environment '' in Small , pp. 270 -- 291 . Jump up ^ Greider & 1983 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ Andrew 1995 , p. 384 . ^ Jump up to : Olson , Keith W. `` Watergate '' in Small , pp. 481 -- 496 . Jump up ^ Frick , pp. 211 -- 214 . Jump up ^ Reeves , pp. 281 -- 283 . Jump up ^ Drew , p. 150 . Jump up ^ Black , p. 574 . Jump up ^ Black , p. 700 . Jump up ^ Drew , p. 151 . Jump up ^ Reeves , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Reeves , p. 13 . ^ Jump up to : Greene . References Bibliography Aitken , Jonathan ( 1996 ) . Nixon : A Life . Washington , D.C. : Regnery Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89526 - 720 - 7 . Ambrose , Stephen E. ( 1987 ) . Nixon : The Education of a Politician 1913 -- 1962 . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 671 - 52836 - 2 . Ambrose , Stephen E. ( 1989 ) . Nixon : The Triumph of a Politician 1962 -- 1972 . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 671 - 72506 - 8 . Ambrose , Stephen E. ( 1991 ) . Nixon : Ruin and Recovery 1973 -- 1990 . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 671 - 69188 - 2 . Andrew , Christopher ( 1995 ) . For the President 's Eyes Only : Secret Intelligence and the American Presidency from Washington to Bush . New York : HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 06 - 092178 - 1 . Black , Conrad ( 2007 ) . Richard M. Nixon : A Life in Full . New York : PublicAffairs Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58648 - 519 - 1 . Blythe , Will ( 2006 ) . To Hate Like This is to be Happy Forever . New York : Harper Collins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 074023 - 8 . Boger , John Charles ( 2005 ) . School Resegregation : Must the South Turn Back ? . Chapel Hill , N.C. : University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 5613 - 0 . Dallek , Robert ( 2007 ) . Nixon and Kissinger : Partners in Power . New York : HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 072230 - 2 . Drew , Elizabeth ( 2007 ) . Richard M. Nixon . The American Presidents Series . New York : Times Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 6963 - 1 . Evans , Rowland ; Novak , Robert ( 1971 ) . Nixon in the White House : The Frustration of Power . New York : Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 46273 - 8 . Ezell , Edward Clinton ; Ezell , Linda Neuman ( 1978 ) . The Partnership : A History of the Apollo - Soyuz Test Project . 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Florence , Ky. : RoutledgeCurzon . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 40619 - 2 . Hepplewhite , T.A. ( 1999 ) . The Space Shuttle Decision : NASA 's Search for a Reusable Space Vehicle . Washington D.C. : NASA History Office . Hetzel , Robert L. ( 2008 ) . The Monetary Policy of the Federal Reserve . New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 88132 - 6 . Ingle , H. Larry ( 2015 ) . Nixon 's First Cover - up : The Religious Life of a Quaker President . Columbia , Missouri : University of Missouri Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8262 - 2042 - 4 . Kornitzer , Bela ( 1960 ) . The Real Nixon : An Intimate Biography . New York : Rand McNally & Company . Langguth , A.J. ( 2000 ) . Our Vietnam : The War 1954 -- 1975 . New York : Simon and Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 1244 - 1 . Malsberger , John W . The General and the Politician : Dwight Eisenhower , Richard Nixon , and American Politics ( 2014 ) Merkley , Paul Charles ( 2004 ) . American Presidents , Religion , and Israel : the Heirs of Cyrus . Westport , Conn. : Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 98340 - 6 . Morris , Roger ( 1990 ) . Richard Milhous Nixon : The Rise of an American Politician . New York : Henry Holt & Co . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 1834 - 9 . Nixon , Richard ( 1978 ) . RN : The Memoirs of Richard Nixon . New York : Grosset & Dunlap . ISBN 978 - 0 - 448 - 14374 - 3 . Nixon , Richard ( 1985 ) . No More Vietnams . Westminster , Md. : Arbor House Publishing Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87795 - 668 - 6 . Parmet , Herbert S. ( 1990 ) . Richard Nixon and His America . Boston : Little , Brown & Co . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 69232 - 8 . Perlstein , Richard ( 2008 ) . Nixonland : The Rise of a President and the Fracturing of America . New York : Scribner . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 4302 - 5 . Reeves , Richard ( 2001 ) . President Nixon : Alone in the White House . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 80231 - 2 . Safire , William ( 2005 ) ( 1975 ) . Before The Fall : An Insider View of the Pre-Watergate White House , with a 2005 Preface by the Author . Transaction Publishers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4128 - 0466 - 0 . Originally published : Garden City , N.Y. : Doubleday , 1975 ( new material 2005 ) Small , Melvin , ed. ( 2011 ) . A Companion to Richard M. Nixon . Oxford : Wiley - Blackwell . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4443 - 3017 - 5 . ; Emphasis on historiography Schulzinger , Robert D. ( 2003 ) . A Companion to American Foreign Relations . Oxford : Blackwell Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 4986 - 0 . Thompson , John B. ( 2000 ) . Political Scandal : Power and Visibility in the Media Age . Cambridge : Polity Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7456 - 2550 - 8 . Tyler , Patrick ( 2010 ) . A World of Trouble : The White House and the Middle East -- from the Cold War to the War on Terror . New York : Macmillan . White , Theodore H. ( 1973 ) . The Making of the President 1972 . New York : Antheneum . ISBN 978 - 0 - 689 - 10553 - 1 . Zhai , Qiang ( 2000 ) . China and the Vietnam Wars , 1950 -- 1975 . Chapel Hill , N.C. : University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 4842 - 5 . Nixon Library `` Childhood '' . The Life . Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum . Retrieved July 16 , 2011 . `` A Student & Sailor '' . The Life . Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum . Retrieved July 16 , 2011 . `` The Nixon Family '' . The Life . Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum . Retrieved July 16 , 2011 . `` The Congressman '' . The Life . Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum . Retrieved July 17 , 2011 . `` The Senator '' . The Life . Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum . Retrieved July 17 , 2011 . `` The Vice President '' . The Life . Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum . Retrieved July 17 , 2011 . `` The President '' . The Life . Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum . Retrieved July 17 , 2011 . `` Post Presidency '' . The Life . Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum . Retrieved March 5 , 2012 . Lee , Meghan . `` Guide to the Nixon Family Collection ( 1909 -- 1967 ) '' . Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum . Other sources `` 1972 : President Nixon arrives in Moscow '' . BBC . June 11 , 2004 . Retrieved July 17 , 2011 . `` Reagan funeral : Schedule of events '' . BBC . June 11 , 2004 . Retrieved May 11 , 2012 . Delaney , Paul ( July 20 , 1970 ) . `` Nixon Plan for Negro Construction Jobs Is Lagging '' . The New York Times . p. 1 . `` Mourners pay last respects to Nixon '' . The Deseret News . April 27 , 1994 . p. 1 . Retrieved July 16 , 2011 . Steel , Ronald ( May 25 , 2003 ) . `` The World : New Chapter , Old Debate ; Would Kennedy Have Quit Vietnam ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 17 , 2011 . Wicker , Tom ( April 24 , 1994 ) . `` From afar : An indomitable man , an incurable loneliness '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 7 , 2011 . Kilpatrick , Carroll ( November 18 , 1973 ) . `` Nixon tells editors , ' I 'm not a crook ' '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 17 , 2011 . `` The Post Investigates '' . The Washington Post . The Watergate Story . Retrieved July 17 , 2011 . `` The Government Acts '' . The Washington Post . The Watergate Story . Retrieved July 16 , 2011 . `` Nixon Resigns '' . The Washington Post . The Watergate Story . Retrieved July 16 , 2011 . Weil , Martin ; Randolph , Eleanor ( April 23 , 1994 ) . `` Richard M. Nixon , 37th President , dies '' . The Washington Post . p . A01 . Retrieved July 16 , 2011 . Lardner , George Jr. ; Dobbs , Michael ( October 6 , 1999 ) . `` New tapes reveal depth of Nixon 's anti-Semitism '' . The Washington Post . p . A31 . Retrieved April 4 , 2011 . Carlson , Peter ( November 17 , 2000 ) . `` Another Race to the Finish '' . The Washington Post . p . A01 . `` 8,000 Move Into Cambodia '' . St. Peterburg Independent ( now The Evening Independent ) . AP ( Saigon ) . May 1 , 1970 . p. 20 -- A . `` Nixon Up Early , See Protesters '' . Beaver County Times . Pennsylvania . UPI . May 9 , 1970 . p. one ( presumably late edition ) . Greene , Bob ( April 8 , 2002 ) . `` What Nixon 's best friend could n't buy '' . Jewish World Review . Retrieved July 16 , 2011 . Greider , William ( November 10 , 1983 ) . `` The McGovern factor '' . Rolling Stone : 13 . Kiernan , Ben ; Owen , Taylor ( October 2006 ) . `` Bombs over Cambodia '' ( PDF ) . The Walrus . Retrieved January 29 , 2012 . Noah , Timothy ( October 7 , 1999 ) . `` Nixon : I Am Not an Anti-Semite '' . Slate . Retrieved May 11 , 2012 . Sawhill , Ray ( February 2011 ) . `` The Fall and Rise of an American President '' . Opera News . Retrieved July 16 , 2011 . `` Again , the Credibility Gap ? '' . Time . April 5 , 1971 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . `` Behavior : Evaluating Eagleton '' . Time . August 14 , 1972 . Retrieved July 23 , 2011 . `` Democrats : The long journey to disaster '' . Time . November 20 , 1972 . Retrieved July 23 , 2011 . Skidmore , Max J. ( 2001 ) . `` Ranking and Evaluating Presidents : The Case of Theodore Roosevelt '' . White House Studies . 1 ( 4 ) . Stacks , John F. ( May 2 , 1994 ) . `` Richard Nixon : Victory in Defeat '' . Time . Retrieved July 16 , 2011 . Morrow , Lance ( September 30 , 1996 ) . `` Naysayer to the nattering nabobs '' . Time . Retrieved July 16 , 2011 . Allen , Erika Tyler . `` The Kennedy - Nixon Presidential Debates , 1960 '' . The Museum of Broadcast Communications . Retrieved May 11 , 2012 . Auster , Albert . `` Smith , Howard K '' . The Museum of Broadcast Communications . Retrieved May 11 , 2012 . Evans , Thomas W. ( 1993 ) . `` The All - Volunteer Army After Twenty Years : Recruiting in the Modern Era '' . Sam Houston State University . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2013 . Retrieved July 17 , 2011 . Handlin , Daniel ( November 28 , 2005 ) . `` Just another Apollo ? Part two '' . The Space Review . Retrieved July 16 , 2011 . `` American President : Richard Milhous Nixon ( 1913 -- 1994 ) , Foreign Affairs '' . Miller Center for Public Affairs , University of Virginia . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2011 . Retrieved July 17 , 2011 . `` Richard M. Nixon Birthplace '' . National Park Service . Retrieved May 11 , 2012 . `` Commander Richard M. Nixon , USNR '' . Naval Historical Center . United States Navy . August 7 , 2006 . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2011 . Retrieved July 16 , 2011 . Nixon , Richard ( August 8 , 1974 ) . `` President Nixon 's Resignation Speech '' . Character Above All . Public Broadcasting Service . Retrieved July 15 , 2011 . `` The Nixon Visit -- ( February 21 -- 28 , 1972 ) '' . American Experience . Public Broadcasting Service . Retrieved July 17 , 2011 . `` Richard M. Nixon , Domestic Politics '' . American Experience . Public Broadcasting Service . Retrieved May 11 , 2012 . Sabia , Joseph J. ( May 31 , 2004 ) . `` Why Richard Nixon Deserves to Be Remembered Along with Brown '' . History News Network . Retrieved May 11 , 2012 . `` Kennedy Wins 1960 Presidential Election '' . 1960 Year In Review . United Press International . Retrieved July 17 , 2011 . `` 1968 Presidential Election '' . 1968 Year in Review . United Press International . Retrieved July 16 , 2011 . `` Nixon Becomes President '' . 1969 Year in Review . United Press International . Retrieved July 16 , 2011 . `` Postage rates for periodicals : A narrative history '' ( PDF ) . United States Postal Service . Retrieved August 6 , 2011 . Office of the Federal Register ( 1999 ) . `` New Actions To Prevent Illnesses And Accidents '' . Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States , Richard Nixon , 1971 . National Archives and Records Service . General Services Administration . ISBN 978 - 0 - 16 - 058863 - 1 . `` Statement on Signing the National Sickle Cell Anemia Control Act '' . The American Presidency Project . University of California , Santa Barbara . May 16 , 1972 . National Heart , Lung , and Blood Institute ( September 2002 ) . `` Sickle Cell Research for Treatment and Cure '' ( PDF ) . National Institutes of Health . 02 - 5214 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 31 , 2012 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Wailoo , Keith ( 2001 ) . Dying in the City of the Blues : Sickle Cell Anemia and the Politics of Race and Health . University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 4896 - 8 . `` Health insurance : hearings on new proposals '' . Congressional Quarterly Almanac . 92nd Congress 1st Session ... 1971 . 27 . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Quarterly . 1972 . pp. 541 -- 544 . ISSN 0095 - 6007 . OCLC 1564784 . `` Limited experimental health bill enacted '' . Congressional Quarterly Almanac . 93rd Congress 1st Session ... 1973 . 29 . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Quarterly . 1974 . pp. 499 -- 508 . ISSN 0095 - 6007 . OCLC 1564784 . `` National health insurance : no action in 1974 '' . Congressional Quarterly Almanac . 93rd Congress 2nd Session ... 1974 . 30 . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Quarterly . 1975 . pp. 386 -- 394 . ISSN 0095 - 6007 . OCLC 1564784 . Samson , William ( 2005 ) . `` President Nixon 's Troublesome Tax Returns '' . TaxAnalysts . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Grier , Peter ( 2011 ) . `` Tax Day 2011 : Why do presidents release tax returns ? '' . Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Further reading Farrell , John A ( 2017 ) Richard Nixon : The Life New York : Doubleday Thomas , Evan ( 2015 ) . Being Nixon : A Man Divided . New York : Random House . ISBN 9780812995367 . OCLC 904756092 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Richard Nixon . Find more aboutRichard Nixonat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Official websites White House biography Nixon Presidential Library and Museum Richard Nixon Foundation Media coverage `` Richard Nixon collected news and commentary '' . The New York Times . Appearances on C - SPAN `` Life Portrait of Richard M. Nixon '' , from C - SPAN 's American Presidents : Life Portraits , November 19 , 1999 Other United States Congress . `` Richard Nixon ( id : N000116 ) '' . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . Essays on Richard Nixon , each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the Miller Center of Public Affairs Richard Nixon : A Resource Guide from the Library of Congress `` The Presidents : Nixon '' , an American Experience documentary Works by or about Richard Nixon at Internet Archive Works by Richard Nixon at LibriVox ( public domain audiobooks ) Richard Nixon Personal Manuscripts Richard Nixon on IMDb Richard Nixon 37th President of the United States ( 1969 -- 1974 ) 36th Vice President of the United States ( 1953 -- 1961 ) U.S. Senator from California ( 1950 -- 1953 ) U.S. Representative for CA - 12 ( 1947 -- 1950 ) Presidency First inauguration Second inauguration Nixon Doctrine `` Bring Us Together '' Economic policies Nixon shock Tar Baby Option Environmental Protection Agency creation National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Space exploration 1971 National Cancer Act Vietnam War Cambodian bombing Paris Peace Accords `` Peace with Honor '' Silent majority Cold War period Linkage policy 1972 Visit to China Shanghai Communiqué Détente 1972 Moscow Summit Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty SALT I Treaty Prevention of Nuclear War Agreement Threshold Test Ban Treaty Endangered Species Act Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse War on Drugs Drug Enforcement Administration Enemies List list of opponents Operation CHAOS Watergate timeline White House tapes United States v. Nixon Senate Watergate Committee impeachment process Resignation speech Pardon State of the Union Address ( 1970 1973 1974 ) Wilson desk Judicial appointments Supreme Court controversies Life and politics Presidential Library and Museum Richard Nixon Foundation Birthplace and boyhood home Checkers speech Kitchen Debate Operation 40 `` Last press conference '' Florida White House `` La Casa Pacifica '' Nixon Center Nixon v. General Services Administration Death and funeral Books Six Crises ( 1962 ) Bibliography Elections United States House of Representatives elections , 1946 1948 U.S. Senate election , 1950 California gubernatorial election , 1962 Republican Party presidential primaries , 1960 1964 1968 1972 Republican National Conventions , 1952 1956 1960 1968 1972 Nixon Presidential campaign , 1968 United States presidential elections , 1952 1956 1960 debates 1968 1972 Popular culture Nixon goes to China ( phrase ) Millhouse ( 1971 film ) Four More Years ( 1972 film ) All the President 's Men ( 1976 film ) White House Madness ( 1975 film ) Nixon in China ( 1987 opera ) Nixon ( 1995 film ) Elvis Meets Nixon ( 1997 film ) Dick ( 1999 film ) The Frost - Nixon Interviews ( 2006 play , 2008 film ) Our Nixon ( 2013 film ) U.S. Postage stamp Related Presidential Recordings and Materials Preservation Act Presidential Townhouse Staff Colonel Jack Brennan ( aide de camp ) Manolo Sanchez ( valet ) Rose Mary Woods ( secretary ) Family Thelma `` Pat '' Ryan Nixon ( wife ) Tricia Nixon Cox ( daughter ) Julie Nixon Eisenhower ( daughter ) Frank Nixon ( father ) Hannah Nixon ( mother ) Donald Nixon ( brother ) Edward Nixon ( brother ) Donald A. Nixon ( nephew ) Christopher Nixon Cox ( grandson ) Jennie Eisenhower ( granddaughter ) ← Lyndon B. Johnson Gerald Ford → Category Offices and distinctions U.S. House of Representatives Preceded by Jerry Voorhis Member of the House of Representatives from California 's 12th congressional district 1947 -- 1950 Succeeded by Patrick J. Hillings U.S. Senate Preceded by Sheridan Downey United States Senator ( Class 3 ) from California 1950 -- 1953 Served alongside : William Knowland Succeeded by Thomas Kuchel Party political offices Preceded by Frederick F. Houser Republican nominee for U.S. Senator from California ( Class 3 ) 1950 Succeeded by Thomas Kuchel Preceded by Earl Warren Republican nominee for Vice President of the United States 1952 , 1956 Succeeded by Henry Cabot Lodge Jr . Preceded by Dwight D. Eisenhower Republican nominee for President of the United States 1960 Succeeded by Barry Goldwater Preceded by William F. Knowland Republican nominee for Governor of California 1962 Succeeded by Ronald Reagan Preceded by Barry Goldwater Republican nominee for President of the United States 1968 , 1972 Succeeded by Gerald Ford Political offices Preceded by Alben W. Barkley Vice President of the United States 1953 -- 1961 Succeeded by Lyndon B. Johnson Preceded by Lyndon B. Johnson President of the United States 1969 -- 1974 Succeeded by Gerald Ford Honorary titles Preceded by Lyndon B. Johnson Oldest living President of the United States 1973 -- 1981 Succeeded by Ronald Reagan Articles related to Richard Nixon ( hide ) Presidents of the United States ( list ) George Washington ( 1789 -- 1797 ) John Adams ( 1797 -- 1801 ) Thomas Jefferson ( 1801 -- 1809 ) James Madison ( 1809 -- 1817 ) James Monroe ( 1817 -- 1825 ) John Q. Adams ( 1825 -- 1829 ) Andrew Jackson ( 1829 -- 1837 ) Martin Van Buren ( 1837 -- 1841 ) William H. Harrison ( 1841 ) John Tyler ( 1841 -- 1845 ) James K. 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Eisenhower VP nominee Richard Nixon Candidates Riley A. Bender George Theodore Mickelson Harold Stassen Robert Taft Earl Warren Democratic Party Convention Primaries Nominee Adlai Stevenson VP nominee John Sparkman Candidates Alben W. Barkley Paul A. Dever W. Averell Harriman Hubert Humphrey Estes Kefauver Robert S. Kerr Richard Russell Jr . Third party and independent candidates Prohibition Party Nominee Stuart Hamblen VP nominee Enoch A. Holtwick Progressive Party Nominee Vincent Hallinan VP nominee Charlotta Bass Socialist Labor Party Nominee Eric Hass Socialist Party Nominee Darlington Hoopes VP nominee Samuel H. Friedman Socialist Workers Party Nominee Farrell Dobbs VP nominee Myra Tanner Weiss Independents and other candidates Edward Longstreet Bodin Henry B. Krajewski Other 1952 elections : House Senate ( 1952 ← ) United States presidential election , 1956 ( → 1960 ) Republican Party Convention Primaries Nominee Dwight D. Eisenhower VP nominee Richard Nixon Democratic Party Convention Primaries Nominee Adlai Stevenson VP nominee Estes Kefauver Candidates John S. Battle Happy Chandler James C. Davis W. Averell Harriman Lyndon B. Johnson Frank Lausche George Bell Timmerman Jr . Third party and independent candidates American Vegetarian Party Nominee Herbert M. Shelton VP nominee Symon Gould Prohibition Party Nominee Enoch A. Holtwick VP nominee Herbert C. Holdridge Socialist Labor Party Nominee Eric Hass VP nominee Georgia Cozzini Socialist Party Nominee Darlington Hoopes VP nominee Samuel H. Friedman Socialist Workers Party Nominee Farrell Dobbs VP nominee Myra Tanner Weiss Independents and other candidates T. Coleman Andrews Gerald L.K. Smith Other 1956 elections : House Senate ( 1956 ← ) United States presidential election , 1960 ( → 1964 ) Democratic Party Convention Primaries Nominee John F. Kennedy ( campaign ) VP nominee Lyndon B. Johnson Candidates Ross Barnett Pat Brown Michael DiSalle Paul C. Fisher Hubert Humphrey Lyndon B. Johnson George H. McLain Robert B. Meyner Wayne Morse Albert S. Porter Adlai Stevenson George Smathers Stuart Symington Republican Party Convention Primaries Nominee Richard Nixon VP nominee Henry Cabot Lodge Jr . Candidates Barry Goldwater Henry Cabot Lodge Jr . James M. Lloyd Nelson Rockefeller Third party and independent candidates American Vegetarian Party Nominee Symon Gould National States ' Rights Party Nominee Orval Faubus VP nominee J.B. Stoner Prohibition Party Nominee Rutherford Decker VP nominee E. Harold Munn Socialist Labor Party Nominee Eric Hass VP nominee Georgia Cozzini Socialist Workers Party Nominee Farrell Dobbs VP nominee Myra Tanner Weiss Independents and other candidates Harry F. Byrd Merritt B. Curtis Lar Daly George Lincoln Rockwell Charles L. Sullivan Other 1960 elections : House Senate ( 1964 ← ) United States presidential election , 1968 ( → 1972 ) United States elections , 1968 Republican Party Convention Primaries Nominee Richard Nixon campaign VP nominee Spiro Agnew Candidates Frank Carlson Clifford P. Case Hiram Fong John Lindsay Ronald Reagan Jim Rhodes Nelson Rockefeller Winthrop Rockefeller George W. Romney campaign Harold Stassen John Volpe Democratic Party Convention Primaries Protests Nominee Hubert Humphrey campaign VP nominee Edmund Muskie Candidates Roger D. Branigin John G. Crommelin Paul C. Fisher Lyndon B. Johnson Robert F. Kennedy ( campaign ) Thomas C. Lynch Eugene McCarthy ( campaign ) George McGovern Dan K. Moore Channing E. Phillips George Smathers Stephen M. Young American Independent Party Nominee George Wallace campaign VP nominee Curtis LeMay Other third party and independent candidates Communist Party Nominee Charlene Mitchell VP nominee Michael Zagarell Peace and Freedom Party Nominee Eldridge Cleaver VP nominee Douglas Fitzgerald Dowd Prohibition Party Nominee E. Harold Munn Socialist Labor Party Nominee Henning A. Blomen Socialist Workers Party Nominee Fred Halstead VP nominee Paul Boutelle Independents and other candidates Dick Gregory Pat Paulsen Pigasus Other 1968 elections : House Senate Gubernatorial ( 1968 ← ) United States presidential election , 1972 ( → 1976 ) Republican Party Convention Primaries Nominee Richard Nixon VP nominee Spiro Agnew Candidates John M. Ashbrook Pete McCloskey Democratic Party Convention Primaries Nominee George McGovern VP nominee Sargent Shriver Candidates Shirley Chisholm Walter E. Fauntroy Fred R. Harris Vance Hartke Wayne Hays Hubert Humphrey Henry M. Jackson John Lindsay Eugene McCarthy Wilbur Mills Patsy Mink Edmund Muskie Terry Sanford George Wallace Sam Yorty Third party and independent candidates American Independent Party Nominee John G. Schmitz VP nominee Thomas J. Anderson Communist Party Nominee Gus Hall VP nominee Jarvis Tyner Libertarian Party Nominee John Hospers VP nominee Tonie Nathan People 's Party Nominee Benjamin Spock VP nominee Julius Hobson Prohibition Party Nominee E. Harold Munn Socialist Labor Party Nominee Louis Fisher Socialist Workers Party Nominee Linda Jenness Alternate nominee : Evelyn Reed VP nominee Andrew Pulley Independent Gabriel Green Other 1972 elections : House Senate Gubernatorial Time Persons of the Year 1927 -- 1950 Charles Lindbergh ( 1927 ) Walter Chrysler ( 1928 ) Owen D. Young ( 1929 ) Mohandas Gandhi ( 1930 ) Pierre Laval ( 1931 ) Franklin D. Roosevelt ( 1932 ) Hugh S. Johnson ( 1933 ) Franklin D. 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Eisenhower 1959 : Douglas MacArthur 1960 : Herbert Hoover & Amos Alonzo Stagg 1961 : John F. Kennedy 1962 : Byron `` Whizzer '' White 1963 : Roger Q. Blough 1964 : Donold B. Lourie 1965 : Juan T. Trippe 1966 : Earl H. `` Red '' Blaik 1967 : Frederick L. Hovde 1968 : Chester J. LaRoche 1969 : Richard Nixon 1970 : Thomas J. Hamilton 1971 : Ronald Reagan 1972 : Gerald Ford 1973 : John Wayne 1974 : Gerald B. Zornow 1975 : David Packard 1976 : Edgar B. Speer 1977 : Louis H. Wilson 1978 : Vincent dePaul Draddy 1979 : William P. Lawrence 1980 : Walter J. Zable 1981 : Justin W. Dart 1982 : Silver Anniversary Awards ( NCAA ) - All Honored Jim Brown , Willie Davis , Jack Kemp , Ron Kramer , Jim Swink 1983 : Jack Kemp 1984 : John F. McGillicuddy 1985 : William I. Spencer 1986 : William H. Morton 1987 : Charles R. Meyer 1988 : Clinton E. Frank 1989 : Paul Brown 1990 : Thomas H. Moorer 1991 : George H.W. Bush 1992 : Donald R. Keough 1993 : Norman Schwarzkopf 1994 : Thomas S. Murphy 1995 : Harold Alfond 1996 : Gene Corrigan 1997 : Jackie Robinson 1998 : John H. McConnell 1999 : Keith Jackson 2000 : Fred M. Kirby II 2001 : Billy Joe `` Red '' McCombs 2002 : George Steinbrenner 2003 : Tommy Franks 2004 : William V. Campbell 2005 : Jon F. Hanson 2006 : Joe Paterno & Bobby Bowden 2007 : Pete Dawkins & Roger Staubach 2008 : John Glenn 2009 : Phil Knight & Bill Bowerman 2010 : Bill Cosby 2011 : Robert Gates 2012 : Roscoe Brown 2013 : National Football League & Roger Goodell 2014 : Tom Catena & George Weiss 2015 : Condoleezza Rice 2016 : Archie Manning Cabinet of President Richard Nixon ( 1969 -- 74 ) Vice President Spiro T. Agnew ( 1969 -- 73 ) None ( 1973 ) Gerald R. Ford ( 1973 -- 74 ) Secretary of State William P. Rogers ( 1969 -- 73 ) Henry A. Kissinger ( 1973 -- 74 ) Secretary of the Treasury David M. Kennedy ( 1969 -- 71 ) John B. Connally ( 1971 -- 72 ) George P. Shultz ( 1972 -- 74 ) William E. Simon ( 1974 ) Secretary of Defense Melvin R. Laird ( 1969 -- 73 ) Elliot L. Richardson ( 1973 ) James R. Schlesinger ( 1973 -- 74 ) Attorney General John N. Mitchell ( 1969 -- 72 ) Richard G. Kleindienst ( 1972 -- 73 ) Elliot L. Richardson ( 1973 ) William B. Saxbe ( 1974 ) Postmaster General Winton M. Blount ( 1969 -- 71 ) Secretary of the Interior Walter J. Hickel ( 1969 -- 70 ) Rogers C.B. Morton ( 1970 -- 74 ) Secretary of Agriculture Clifford M. Hardin ( 1969 -- 71 ) Earl L. Butz ( 1971 -- 74 ) Secretary of Commerce Maurice H. Stans ( 1969 -- 72 ) Peter G. Peterson ( 1972 -- 73 ) Frederick B. Dent ( 1973 -- 74 ) Secretary of Labor George P. Shultz ( 1969 -- 70 ) James D. Hodgson ( 1970 -- 73 ) Peter J. Brennan ( 1973 -- 74 ) Secretary of Health , Education , and Welfare Robert H. Finch ( 1969 -- 70 ) Elliot L. Richardson ( 1970 -- 73 ) Caspar W. Weinberger ( 1973 -- 74 ) Secretary of Housing and Urban Development George W. Romney ( 1969 -- 73 ) James T. Lynn ( 1973 -- 74 ) Secretary of Transportation John Volpe ( 1969 -- 73 ) Claude S. Brinegar ( 1973 -- 74 ) VIAF : 44303100 LCCN : n79018757 ISNI : 0000 0001 2279 0777 GND : 11858832X SELIBR : 235970 SUDOC : 027048632 BNF : cb119177538 ( data ) BIBSYS : 90075985 MusicBrainz : 056203cf - 376f - 412a - 86f7 - 3ffa80157ef4 NLA : 35388842 NDL : 00451392 NARA : 1297744 US Congress : N000116 BNE : XX831641 IATH : w6w66hsr Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Nixon&oldid=808501002 '' Categories : Richard Nixon 1913 births 1994 deaths 20th - century American politicians 20th - century American writers 20th - century Quakers American anti-communists American lawyers American memoirists American military personnel of World War II American military personnel who served in the Pacific theatre of World War II American people of the Vietnam War American Quakers Burials in Orange County , California California lawyers Military personnel from California California Republicans Duke University School of Law alumni Eisenhower administration cabinet members History of the United States ( 1964 -- 80 ) Members of the United States House of Representatives from California People from Saddle River , New Jersey People from San Clemente , California People from Whittier , California People from Yorba Linda , California People of the Laotian Civil War Presidents of the United States Recipients of American presidential pardons Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives Republican Party Presidents of the United States Republican Party ( United States ) presidential nominees Republican Party United States Senators Republican Party ( United States ) vice presidential nominees Republican Party Vice Presidents of the United States United States Navy officers United States presidential candidates , 1960 United States presidential candidates , 1968 United States presidential candidates , 1972 United States Senators from California United States vice-presidential candidates , 1952 United States vice-presidential candidates , 1956 Vice Presidents of the United States Whittier Poets football players Lawyers disbarred in the Watergate scandal Nixon administration personnel involved in the Watergate scandal American people of German descent American people of English descent American people of Irish descent American people of Scottish descent American people of Dutch descent Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from October 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles with Internet Archive links Articles with LibriVox links AC with 15 elements Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Featured articles Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés Arpetan Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Bikol Central Bislama Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua IsiZulu Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Kinyarwanda Kiswahili Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Ripoarisch Română Rumantsch Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 November 2017 , at 06 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | name a us president that ends with son | [
"\n\nRichard Nixon\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n37th President of the United States\n\n\nIn office\nJanuary 20, 1969 – August 9, 1974\n\n\nVice President\n\n\n\nSpiro Agnew (1969–1973)\nNone (Oct–Dec. 1973)\nGerald Ford (1973–1974)\n\n\n\n\n\nPreceded by\nLyndon B. Johnson\n\n\nSucceeded by\nGerald Ford\n\n\n36th Vice President of the United States\n\n\nIn office\nJanuary 20, 1953 – January 20, 1961\n\n\nPresident\nDwight D. Eisenhower\n\n\nPreceded by\nAlben W. Barkley\n\n\nSucceeded by\nLyndon B. Johnson\n\n\nUnited States Senator\nfrom California\n\n\nIn office\nDecember 1, 1950 – January 1, 1953\n\n\nPreceded by\nSheridan Downey\n\n\nSucceeded by\nThomas Kuchel\n\n\nMember of the U.S. House of Representatives\nfrom California's 12th district\n\n\nIn office\nJanuary 3, 1947 – December 1, 1950\n\n\nPreceded by\nJerry Voorhis\n\n\nSucceeded by\nPatrick J. Hillings\n\n\n\n\n\nPersonal details\n\n\nBorn\nRichard Milhous Nixon\n(1913-01-09)January 9, 1913\nYorba Linda, California, U.S.\n\n\nDied\nApril 22, 1994(1994-04-22) (aged 81)\nManhattan, New York, U.S.\n\n\nCause of death\nStroke and cerebral edema\n\n\nResting place\nRichard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum\nYorba Linda, California, U.S.\n\n\nPolitical party\nRepublican\n\n\nSpouse(s)\nPat Ryan (m. 1940; d. 1993)\n\n\nChildren\nPatricia \"Tricia\" and Julie\n\n\nParents\nFrank Nixon\nHannah Milhous Nixon\n\n\nAlma mater\nWhittier College\nDuke University\n\n\nProfession\nLawyer\n\n\nNickname\nDick\n\n\nSignature\n\n\n\nMilitary service\n\n\nAllegiance\n United States\n\n\nService/branch\n United States Navy Reserve\n\n\nYears of service\n1942–1946, active duty\n1946–1966, inactive duty\n\n\nRank\n Commander\n\n\nBattles/wars\n\nWorld War II\n\nSouth Pacific theater[1]\n\n\n\n\nAwards\n Navy and Marine Corps Commendation Medal (2)\n\n"
] | [
"Lyndon B. Johnson"
] |
-7433759206484610645 | Kobe Bryant | Kobe Bryant - Wikipedia Kobe Bryant Jump to : navigation , search Kobe Bryant Bryant in 2015 ( 1978 - 08 - 23 ) August 23 , 1978 ( age 39 ) Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Nationality American Listed height 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) Listed weight 212 lb ( 96 kg ) Career information High school Lower Merion ( Ardmore , Pennsylvania ) NBA draft 1996 / Round : 1 / Pick : 13th overall Selected by the Charlotte Hornets Playing career 1996 -- 2016 Position Shooting guard Number 8 , 24 Career history 1996 -- 2016 Los Angeles Lakers Career highlights and awards 5 × NBA champion ( 2000 -- 2002 , 2009 , 2010 ) 2 × NBA Finals MVP ( 2009 , 2010 ) NBA Most Valuable Player ( 2008 ) 18 × NBA All - Star ( 1998 , 2000 -- 2016 ) 4 × NBA All - Star Game MVP ( 2002 , 2007 , 2009 , 2011 ) 11 × All - NBA First Team ( 2002 -- 2004 , 2006 -- 2013 ) 2 × All - NBA Second Team ( 2000 , 2001 ) 2 × All - NBA Third Team ( 1999 , 2005 ) 9 × NBA All - Defensive First Team ( 2000 , 2003 , 2004 , 2006 -- 2011 ) 3 × NBA All - Defensive Second Team ( 2001 , 2002 , 2012 ) 2 × NBA scoring champion ( 2006 , 2007 ) NBA Slam Dunk Contest champion ( 1997 ) NBA All - Rookie Second Team ( 1997 ) Naismith Prep Player of the Year ( 1996 ) Career statistics Points 33,643 ( 25.0 ppg ) Rebounds 7,047 ( 5.2 rpg ) Assists 6,306 ( 4.7 apg ) Stats at Basketball-Reference.com Medals ( hide ) Men 's basketball Representing United States Olympic Games 2008 Beijing Team 2012 London Team FIBA Americas Championship 2007 Las Vegas Team Kobe Bean Bryant ( born August 23 , 1978 ) is an American retired professional basketball player and businessman . He played his entire 20 - year career with the Los Angeles Lakers of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . He entered the NBA directly from high school and won five NBA championships with the Lakers . Bryant is an 18 - time All - Star , 15 - time member of the All - NBA Team , and 12 - time member of the All - Defensive team . He led the NBA in scoring during two seasons , and ranks third on the league 's all - time regular season scoring and fourth on the all - time postseason scoring list . He holds the NBA record for the most seasons playing with one franchise for an entire career . The son of former NBA player Joe Bryant , Kobe Bryant enjoyed a successful high school basketball career at Lower Merion High School in Pennsylvania , where he was recognized as the top high school basketball player in the country . He declared for the NBA draft upon graduation , and was selected with the 13th overall pick in the 1996 NBA draft by the Charlotte Hornets , who traded him to the Lakers . As a rookie , Bryant earned himself a reputation as a high - flyer and a fan favorite by winning the 1997 Slam Dunk Contest , and he was named an All - Star by his second season . Despite a feud between them , Bryant and Shaquille O'Neal led the Lakers to three consecutive championships from 2000 to 2002 . In 2003 , Bryant was accused of sexual assault in Colorado , but the charges were eventually dropped , and a civil suit was settled out of court . After the Lakers lost the 2004 NBA Finals , O'Neal was traded to the Miami Heat . Bryant became the cornerstone of the Lakers , and he led the NBA in scoring during the 2005 -- 06 and 2006 -- 07 seasons . In 2006 , he scored a career - high 81 points against the Toronto Raptors , the second most points scored in a single game in league history behind Wilt Chamberlain 's 100 - point game in 1962 . Bryant was awarded the regular season 's Most Valuable Player Award ( MVP ) in 2008 . After losing in the 2008 NBA Finals , he led the Lakers to two consecutive championships in 2009 and 2010 , earning the Finals MVP Award on both occasions . He continued to be among the top players in the league through 2013 , when the 34 - year - old Bryant suffered a torn Achilles tendon . Although he recovered , his play was limited the following two years by season - ending injuries to his knee and shoulder , respectively . Citing his physical decline , he announced that he would be retiring after the 2015 -- 16 season . At 34 years and 104 days of age , Bryant became the youngest player in league history to reach 30,000 career points . He became the all - time leading scorer in Lakers franchise history on February 1 , 2010 , when he surpassed Jerry West . Following his second year in the league , Bryant was chosen to start every All - Star Game until his retirement for a record 18 consecutive appearances , and his four All - Star MVP Awards are tied for the most in NBA history . At the 2008 and 2012 Summer Olympics , he won gold medals as a member of the U.S. national team . Sporting News and TNT named Bryant the top NBA player of the 2000s . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and education 1.1 High school 2 Professional career 2.1 1996 NBA draft 2.2 Adjusting to the NBA ( 1996 -- 1999 ) 2.3 Three - peat ( 1999 -- 2002 ) 2.4 Coming up short ( 2002 -- 2004 ) 2.5 Scoring records and playoff upsets ( 2004 -- 2007 ) 2.6 Back on top ( 2007 -- 2010 ) 2.7 Chasing a sixth championship ( 2010 -- 2013 ) 2.8 Injury - plagued years ( 2013 -- 2015 ) 2.9 Final season ( 2015 -- 2016 ) 3 National team career 4 Player profile 5 NBA career statistics 5.1 Regular season 5.2 Playoffs 6 Legacy 7 Off the court 7.1 Personal life 7.2 Sexual assault allegation 7.3 Endorsements 7.4 Music 7.5 Philanthropy 7.6 Kobe Inc . 7.7 Bryant - Stibel 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Early Life and education Bryant was born in Philadelphia , as the youngest of three children and the only son of former NBA player Joe Bryant and Pamela Cox Bryant . He is also the maternal nephew of basketball player John `` Chubby '' Cox . His parents named him after the famous beef of Kobe , Japan , which they saw on a restaurant menu . His middle name , Bean , is derived from his father 's nickname `` Jellybean '' . Bryant was raised Roman Catholic . When Bryant was six , his father left the NBA and moved his family to Rieti in Italy to continue playing professional basketball . Bryant became accustomed to his new lifestyle and learned to speak fluent Italian . During summers , he would come back to the United States to play in a basketball summer league . Bryant started playing basketball when he was 3 years old , and his favorite team growing up was the Lakers . Bryant 's grandfather would mail him videos of NBA games , which Bryant would study . At an early age , he also learned to play soccer and his favorite team was A.C. Milan . Upon Joe Bryant 's retirement from playing basketball in 1991 , the Bryant family moved back to the United States . High school Bryant 's retired No. 33 jersey and banner at the Lower Merion High School gym . Bryant earned national recognition during a spectacular high school career at Lower Merion High School located in Ardmore , in the Philadelphia suburb of Lower Merion . As a freshman , he played for the varsity basketball team . He became the first freshman in decades to start for Lower Merion 's varsity team , but the team finished with a 4 -- 20 record . The following three years , the Aces compiled a 77 -- 13 record , with Bryant playing all five positions . During his junior year , he averaged 31.1 points , 10.4 rebounds and 5.2 assists and was named Pennsylvania Player of the Year , attracting attention from college recruiters in the process . Duke , Michigan , North Carolina and Villanova were at the top of his list ; however , when Kevin Garnett went in the first round of the 1995 NBA draft , he began considering going directly to the pros . At Adidas ABCD camp , Bryant earned the 1995 senior MVP award , while playing alongside future NBA teammate Lamar Odom . While in high school , then 76ers coach John Lucas invited Bryant to work out and scrimmage with the team , where he played one - on - one with Jerry Stackhouse . In his senior year of high school , Bryant led the Aces to their first state championship in 53 years . During the run , he averaged 30.8 points , 12 rebounds , 6.5 assists , 4.0 steals , and 3.8 blocked shots in leading the Aces to a 31 -- 3 record . Bryant ended his high school career as Southeastern Pennsylvania 's all - time leading scorer at 2,883 points , surpassing both Wilt Chamberlain and Lionel Simmons . Bryant received several awards for his performance his senior year including being named Naismith High School Player of the Year , Gatorade Men 's National Basketball Player of the Year , a McDonald 's All - American , and a USA Today All - USA First Team player . Bryant 's varsity coach , Greg Downer , commented that he was `` a complete player who dominates '' and praised his work ethic , even as the team 's top player . In 1996 , Bryant took R&B singer Brandy to his senior prom , though the two were , and remain , just friends . Ultimately , however , the 17 - year - old Bryant made the decision to go directly into the NBA , only the sixth player in NBA history to do so . Bryant 's news was met with a lot of publicity at a time when prep - to - pro NBA players were not very common ( Garnett being the only exception in 20 years ) . His basketball skills and SAT score of 1080 would have ensured admission to any college he chose , but he did not officially visit any campuses . In 2012 , Bryant was honored as one of the 35 Greatest McDonald 's All - Americans . Professional career 1996 NBA draft The first guard to ever be taken out of high school , Bryant was chosen as the 13th overall draft pick by the Charlotte Hornets in 1996 . According to Arn Tellem , Bryant 's agent at the time , Bryant playing for the Charlotte Hornets was `` an impossibility '' . However , Bill Branch , the Hornets ' head scout at the time , said that the Hornets agreed to trade their draft selection to the Los Angeles Lakers before picking Bryant . The teams agreed to the trade the day before the draft and the Lakers told the Hornets whom to select five minutes before the pick was made . Branch said that prior to the trade agreement , the Hornets never even considered drafting Bryant . Prior to the draft , Bryant had worked out in Los Angeles , where he scrimmaged against former Lakers players Larry Drew and Michael Cooper and , according to then - Laker manager Jerry West , `` marched over these people '' . On July 1 , 1996 , West traded his starting center , Vlade Divac , to the Hornets in exchange for Bryant 's draft rights . Since he was still 17 at the time of the draft , his parents had to cosign his contract with the Lakers until he was able to sign his own when he turned 18 before the season began . Adjusting to the NBA ( 1996 -- 1999 ) Bryant debuted in the Summer Pro League in Long Beach , California , scoring 25 points in front of a standing - room - only crowd . Defenders struggled to get in front of him , and his performance excited West and Lakers coach Del Harris . He scored 36 points in the finale , and finished with averages of 24.5 points and 5.3 rebounds in four game . As a rookie in 1996 -- 97 , Bryant mostly came off the bench behind guards Eddie Jones and Nick Van Exel . At the time he became the youngest player ever to play in an NBA game ( 18 years , 72 days ; a record since broken by Jermaine O'Neal and former teammate Andrew Bynum ) , and also became the youngest NBA starter ever ( 18 years , 158 days ) . Initially , Bryant played limited minutes , but as the season continued , he began to see some more playing time . By the end of the season , he averaged 15.5 minutes a game . During the All - Star weekend , Bryant participated in the Rookie Challenge and won the 1997 Slam Dunk Contest , becoming the youngest dunk champion ever at the age of 18 . Bryant 's performance throughout the year earned him a spot on the NBA All - Rookie Second Team with fellow bench teammate Travis Knight . The Lakers advanced to the Western Conference semifinals in the playoffs against the Utah Jazz , when Bryant was pressed into a lead role at the end of Game 5 . Byron Scott missed the game with a sprained wrist , Robert Horry was ejected for fighting with the Utah 's Jeff Hornacek , and Shaquille O'Neal fouled out with 1 : 46 remaining in the fourth quarter . Bryant shot four air balls at the end of the game ; the Jazz won 98 -- 93 in overtime to eliminate the Lakers 4 -- 1 . He first whiffed a game - winning 2 - point jump shot in the fourth quarter , and then misfired three three - point field goals in overtime , including two tying shots in the final minute . O'Neal commented that `` ( Bryant ) was the only guy who had the guts at the time to take shots like that . '' In Bryant 's second season , he received more playing time and began to show more of his abilities as a talented young guard . As a result , Bryant 's point averages more than doubled from 7.6 to 15.4 points per game . Bryant would see an increase in minutes when the Lakers `` played small '' , which would feature Bryant playing small forward alongside the guards he would usually back up . Bryant was the runner - up for the NBA 's Sixth Man of the Year Award , and through fan voting , he also became the youngest NBA All - Star starter in NBA history . He was joined by teammates O'Neal , Van Exel , and Jones , making it the first time since 1983 that four players on the same team were selected to play in the same All - Star Game . Bryant 's 15.4 points per game was the highest of any non-starter in the season . The 1998 -- 99 season marked Bryant 's emergence as a premier guard in the league . With starting guards Van Exel and Jones traded , Bryant started every game for the lockout - shortened 50 - game season . During the season , Bryant signed a 6 - year contract extension worth $70 million . This kept him with the Lakers until the end of the 2003 -- 04 season . Even at an early stage of his career , sportswriters were comparing his skills to those of Michael Jordan and Magic Johnson . The playoff results , however , were no better , as the Lakers were swept by the San Antonio Spurs in the Western Conference Semifinals . Three - peat ( 1999 -- 2002 ) Bryant was a member of the Lakers teams that won three consecutive NBA Championships from 2000 to 2002 . Bryant 's fortunes would soon change when Phil Jackson became coach for the Lakers in 1999 . After years of steady improvement , Bryant became one of the premier shooting guards in the league , earning appearances in the league 's All - NBA , All - Star , and All - Defensive teams . The Lakers became championship contenders under Bryant and O'Neal , who formed a legendary center - guard combination . Jackson utilized the triangle offense he used to win six championships with the Chicago Bulls , which would help both Bryant and O'Neal rise to the elite class of the NBA . The three resulting championships won consecutively in 2000 , 2001 , and 2002 further proved such a fact . Bryant started the 1999 -- 2000 season sidelined for six weeks due to an injury to his hand suffered during a preseason game against the Washington Wizards . With Bryant back and playing over 38 minutes a game , he saw an increase in all statistical categories in the 1999 -- 2000 season . This included leading the team in assists per game and steals per game . The duo of O'Neal and Bryant backed with a strong bench led to the Lakers winning 67 games , tied for fifth-most in NBA history . This followed with O'Neal winning the MVP and Bryant being named to the All - NBA Team Second Team and All - NBA Defensive Team for the first time in his career ( the youngest player ever to receive defensive honors ) . While playing second fiddle to O'Neal in the playoffs , Bryant had some clutch performances including a 25 - point , 11 rebound , 7 assist , 4 block game in game 7 of the Western Conference finals against the Portland Trail Blazers . He also threw an alley - oop pass to O'Neal to clinch the game and the series . In the 2000 Finals against the Indiana Pacers , Bryant injured his ankle in the second quarter of Game 2 after landing on the Pacers ' Jalen Rose 's foot . Rose later admitted he placed his foot under Bryant intentionally . Bryant did not return to the game , and he also missed Game 3 due to the injury . In Game 4 , Bryant scored 22 points in the second half , and led the team to an OT victory as O'Neal fouled out of the game . Bryant scored the winning shot to put the Lakers ahead 120 -- 118 . With a 116 -- 111 Game 6 victory , the Lakers won their first championship since 1988 . Statistically , the 2000 -- 01 season saw Bryant perform similarly to the previous year , but he averaged 6 more points a game ( 28.5 ) . It was also the year when disagreements between Bryant and O'Neal began to surface . Once again he led the team in assists with 5 per game . The Lakers however , only won 56 games , an 11 - game drop off from last year . The Lakers would respond by going 15 -- 1 in the playoffs . They easily swept the Portland Trail Blazers , Sacramento Kings , and San Antonio Spurs to advance to the Finals , before losing their first game against the Philadelphia 76ers in OT . They would go on to win the next 4 games and bring their second championship to Los Angeles in as many seasons . During the playoffs , Bryant played heavy minutes which brought his stats up to 29.4 points , 7.3 rebounds , and 6.1 assists per game . In the playoffs , teammate O'Neal declared Bryant the best player in the league . Bryant ended up making the All NBA Second team and All NBA Defensive Team for the second year in a row . In addition , he was also voted to start in the NBA All - Star Game for the 3rd year in a row ( no game in 1999 ) . In the 2001 -- 02 season , Bryant played 80 games for the first time in his career . He continued his all - round play by averaging 25.2 points , 5.5 rebounds , and 5.5 assists per game . He also had a career high 46.9 % shooting and once again led his team in assists . He claimed his first All - Star MVP trophy after a 31 - point performance in Philadelphia , when he was loudly booed by fans as they had throughout the game , stemming from his earlier comment to a 76ers heckler during the Finals that the Lakers were `` going to cut your hearts out '' . While making the All - NBA Defensive team again , he was also promoted to the All - NBA First Team for the first time in his career . The Lakers won 58 games that year and finished second place in the Pacific Division behind in - state rival Sacramento Kings . Bryant was suspended one game after he punched Reggie Miller of the Indiana Pacers after the Lakers ' March 1 , 2002 victory over the Pacers . The road to the Finals would prove a lot tougher than the record run the Lakers had the previous year . While the Lakers swept the Blazers and defeated the Spurs 4 -- 1 in the first two rounds of the playoffs , the Lakers did not have home court advantage against the Sacramento Kings . The series would stretch to 7 games , the first time this happened to the Lakers since the 2000 Western Conference Finals . However , the Lakers were able to beat their division rivals and make their third consecutive NBA Finals appearance . In the 2002 Finals against the New Jersey Nets , Bryant averaged 26.8 points , 51.4 % shooting , 5.8 rebounds , 5.3 assists per game , which included scoring a quarter of the teams points . At age 23 , Bryant became the youngest player to win three championships . Bryant 's play was notable and praised for his performance in the 4th quarter of games , specifically the last 2 rounds of the playoffs . This cemented Bryant 's reputation as a `` clutch player '' . Coming up short ( 2002 -- 2004 ) Bryant prepares to shoot a free throw in 2005 . In the 2002 -- 03 season , Bryant set an NBA record for three - pointers on January 7 , 2003 , making 12 against the Seattle SuperSonics . He averaged 30 points per game and embarked on a historic run , posting 40 or more points in nine consecutive games while averaging 40.6 in the entire month of February . In addition , he averaged 6.9 rebounds , 5.9 assists , and 2.2 steals per game , all career highs to that point . Bryant was once again voted to both the All - NBA and All - Defensive 1st teams , and came in third place in voting for the MVP award . After finishing 50 -- 32 in the regular season , the Lakers floundered in the playoffs and lost in the Western Conference semi-finals to the eventual NBA champions San Antonio Spurs in six games . In the following 2003 -- 04 season , the Lakers were able to acquire NBA All - Stars Karl Malone , and Gary Payton to make another push at the NBA Championship . Before the season began , Bryant was arrested for sexual assault . This caused Bryant to miss some games due to court appearances or attend court earlier in the day and travel to play games later in same day . In the final game of the regular season , the Lakers played the Portland Trail Blazers . Bryant made two buzzer beaters to win the game and the Pacific Division title . At the end of the fourth quarter , Bryant made a 3 - pointer with 1.1 seconds left to send it into overtime . The game eventually went to a second overtime , in which Bryant made another 3 - pointer as time expired to lift the Lakers past the Blazers , 105 -- 104 . With a starting lineup of O'Neal , Malone , Payton , and Bryant , the Lakers were able to reach the NBA Finals . However , they were upset in five games by the Detroit Pistons , who won their first championship since 1990 . In that series , Bryant averaged 22.6 points per game and 4.4 assists . He shot 35.1 % from the field . Jackson 's contract as coach was not renewed , and Rudy Tomjanovich took over . O'Neal was traded to the Miami Heat for Lamar Odom , Caron Butler , and Brian Grant . The following day , Bryant declined an offer to sign with the Los Angeles Clippers and re-signed with the Lakers on a seven - year contract . Scoring records and playoff upsets ( 2004 -- 2007 ) Bryant was closely scrutinized and criticized during the 2004 -- 05 season with his reputation badly damaged from all that had happened over the previous year . A particularly damaging salvo came when Jackson wrote The Last Season : A Team in Search of Its Soul . The book detailed the events of the Lakers ' tumultuous 2003 -- 04 season and has a number of criticisms of Bryant . In the book , Jackson called Bryant `` un-coachable '' . Midway through the season , Tomjanovich suddenly resigned as Lakers coach , citing the recurrence of health problems and exhaustion . Without Tomjanovich , stewardship of the remainder of the Lakers ' season fell to career assistant coach Frank Hamblen . Bryant was the league 's second - leading scorer at 27.6 points per game , but he was surrounded by a subpar supporting cast , and the Lakers went 34 -- 48 and missed the playoffs for the first time in over a decade . The year signified a drop in Bryant 's overall status in the NBA , as he did not make the NBA All - Defensive Team and was also demoted to the All - NBA Third Team . During the season , Bryant also engaged in public feuds with Malone and Ray Allen . The 2005 -- 06 NBA season would mark a crossroads in Bryant 's basketball career . Despite past differences with Bryant , Jackson returned to coach the Lakers . Bryant endorsed the move , and by all appearances , the two men worked together well the second time around , leading the Lakers back into the playoffs . Bryant 's individual scoring accomplishments posted resulted in the finest statistical season of his career . On December 20 , 2005 , Bryant scored 62 points in three quarters against the Dallas Mavericks . Entering the fourth quarter , Bryant outscored the entire Mavericks team 62 -- 61 , the only time a player has done this through three quarters since the introduction of the shot clock . When the Lakers faced the Miami Heat on January 16 , 2006 , Bryant and Shaquille O'Neal made headlines by engaging in handshakes and hugs before the game , signifying a change in the feud that had festered between them . A month later , at the 2006 NBA All - Star Game , the two were seen laughing together . Bryant scored a career high of 81 - points against the Toronto Raptors in Staples Center , second - highest single scoring performance in NBA history , surpassed only by Wilt Chamberlain 's 100 - point game in 1962 . On January 22 , 2006 , Bryant scored a career - high 81 points in a 122 -- 104 victory against the Toronto Raptors . In addition to breaking the previous franchise record of 71 set by Elgin Baylor , Bryant 's 81 - point game was the second - highest point total in NBA history , surpassed only by Chamberlain 's 100 - point game in 1962 . Whereas Chamberlain was fed repeatedly by teammates for inside shots in a blowout win , Bryant created his own shot -- mostly from the outside -- in a game which the Lakers trailed at halftime by 14 and did not pull away until the fourth quarter . Chamberlain , playing in an era when the games were paced faster and scoring opportunities were more plentiful , accounted for 59 percent of his team 's points in Philadelphia 's 169 -- 147 win , compared to Bryant scoring 66 percent of the Lakers ' 122 points . In that same month , Bryant also became the first player since 1964 to score 45 points or more in four consecutive games , joining Chamberlain and Baylor as the only players ever to do so . For the month of January , Bryant averaged 43.4 points per game , the eighth highest single month scoring average in NBA history and highest for any player other than Chamberlain . By the end of the 2005 -- 06 season , Bryant set Lakers single - season franchise records for most 40 - point games ( 27 ) and most points scored ( 2,832 ) . He won the league 's scoring title for the first time by averaging 35.4 points per game , becoming just the fifth player in league history to average at least 35 in a season . Bryant finished in fourth place in the voting for the 2006 NBA Most Valuable Player Award , but received 22 first place votes -- second only to winner Steve Nash . Later in the season , it was reported that Bryant would change his jersey number from 8 to 24 at the start of the 2006 -- 07 NBA season . Bryant 's first high school number was 24 before he switched to 33 . After the Lakers ' season ended , Bryant said on TNT that he wanted 24 as a rookie , but it was unavailable , as was 33 , retired with Kareem Abdul - Jabbar . Bryant wore 143 at the Adidas ABCD camp , and chose 8 by adding those numbers . In the first round of the playoffs , the Lakers played well enough to reach a 3 -- 1 series lead over the Phoenix Suns , culminating with Bryant 's overtime - forcing and game - winning shots in Game 4 . They came within six seconds of eliminating the second - seeded Suns in Game 6 , however , they lost that game 126 -- 118 in overtime . Despite Bryant 's 27.9 points per game in the series , the Lakers broke down , and ultimately fell to the Suns in seven games . After scoring 50 points on 20 of 35 shooting in the Game 6 loss , Bryant was criticized for only taking three shots in the second half of the 121 -- 90 Game 7 loss to Phoenix . Bryant scored fifty points or more in four consecutive games and ten total in the 2006 -- 07 season . During the 2006 -- 07 season , Bryant was selected to his 9th All - Star Game appearance , and on February 18 , he logged 31 points , 6 assists , and 6 steals , earning his second career All - Star Game MVP trophy . Over the course of the season , Bryant became involved in a number of on court incidents . On January 28 while attempting to draw contact on a potential game winning jumpshot , he flailed his arm , striking San Antonio Spurs guard Manu Ginóbili in the face with his elbow . Following a league review , Bryant was suspended for the subsequent game at Madison Square Garden against the New York Knicks . The basis given for the suspension was that Bryant had performed an `` unnatural motion '' in swinging his arm backwards . Later , on March 6 , he seemed to repeat the motion , this time striking Minnesota Timberwolves guard Marko Jarić . On March 7 , the NBA handed Bryant his second one - game suspension . In his first game back on March 9 , he elbowed Kyle Korver in the face which was retroactively re-classified as a Type 1 flagrant foul . On March 16 , Bryant scored a season - high 65 points in a home game against the Portland Trail Blazers , which helped end the Lakers 7 - game losing streak . This was the second - best scoring performance of his 11 - year career . The following game , Bryant recorded 50 points against the Minnesota Timberwolves , after which he scored 60 points in a road win against the Memphis Grizzlies -- becoming the second Laker to score three straight 50 - plus point games , a feat not seen since Jordan last did it in 1987 . The only other Laker to do so was Baylor , who also scored 50 + in three consecutive contests in December 1962 . In the following day , in a game against the New Orleans Hornets , Bryant scored 50 points , making him the second player in NBA history to have four straight 50 - point games behind Chamberlain , who achieved it twice with streaks of five and seven . Bryant finished the year with a total of ten 50 - plus point games , matched only by Chamberlain . Bryant also won his second straight scoring title that season . Throughout the 2006 -- 07 season , his jersey became the top selling NBA jersey in the United States and China . A number of journalists have attributed the improved sales to Bryant 's new number , as well as his continuing All - Star performance on the court . In the 2007 NBA playoffs , the Lakers were once again eliminated in the first round by the Phoenix Suns , 4 -- 1 . Back on top ( 2007 -- 2010 ) On May 27 , 2007 , ESPN reported that Bryant stated that he wanted to be traded if Jerry West did not return to the team with full authority . Bryant later confirmed his desire for West 's return to the franchise , but denied stating that he would want to be traded if that does not occur . However , three days later , on Stephen A. Smith 's radio program , Bryant expressed anger over a Lakers `` insider '' who claimed that Bryant was responsible for Shaquille O'Neal 's departure from the team , and publicly stated , `` I want to be traded . '' Three hours after making that statement , Bryant stated in another interview that after having a conversation with head coach Jackson , he has reconsidered his decision and backed off his trade request . Bryant was later shown in an infamous amateur video saying that center Andrew Bynum should have been traded for All - Star Jason Kidd . Bryant 's Lakers lost to the Boston Celtics in 6 games during the 2008 NBA Finals . On December 23 , 2007 , Bryant became the youngest player ( 29 years , 122 days ) to reach 20,000 points , in a game against the New York Knicks , in Madison Square Garden . This record has since been broken by LeBron James . Despite an injury to his shooting hand 's small finger , described as `` a complete tear of the radial collateral ligament , an avulsion fracture , and a volar plate injury at the MCP joint '' that occurred in a game on February 5 , 2008 , Bryant played all 82 games of the regular season instead of opting for surgery . Regarding his injury , he stated , `` I would prefer to delay any surgical procedure until after our Lakers season , and this summer 's Olympic Games . But , this is an injury that myself ( sic ) and the Lakers ' medical staff will just have to continue to monitor on a day - to - day basis . '' In early September 2008 , Bryant decided not to have surgery to repair the injury . Aided by the signing of Spanish All - Star Pau Gasol , Bryant lead his team to a West best 57 -- 25 record . The Lakers swept the Nuggets in the first round and on May 6 , 2008 , and Bryant was officially announced as the league MVP . He said , `` It 's been a long ride . I 'm very proud to represent this organization , to represent this city . '' West , who was responsible for bringing Bryant to the Lakers , was on hand at the press conference to observe Bryant receive his MVP trophy from NBA commissioner David Stern . He stated , `` Kobe deserved it . He 's had just another great season . Does n't surprise me one bit . '' In addition to winning his MVP award , Bryant was the only unanimous selection to the All - NBA team on May 8 , 2008 for the third straight season and sixth time in his career . He would then headline the NBA All - Defensive First Team with Kevin Garnett , receiving 52 points overall including 24 first - place nods , earning his eighth selection . The Lakers concluded the 2007 -- 08 regular season with a 57 -- 25 record , finishing first in the Western Conference and setting up themselves for a first - round contest against the Nuggets . In Game 1 , Bryant , who said he made himself a decoy through most of the game , scored 18 of his 32 points in the final 8 minutes to keep Los Angeles safely ahead . That made Denver the first 50 - win team to be swept out of the first round of the playoffs since the Memphis Grizzlies fell in four games to the San Antonio Spurs in 2004 . In the first game of the next round against the Jazz , Bryant scored 38 points as the Lakers beat the Jazz in Game 1 . The Lakers won the next game as well , but dropped Games 3 and 4 , even with Bryant putting up 33.5 points per game . The Lakers then won the next two games to win the semifinals in 6 . This set up a Western Conference Finals berth against the San Antonio Spurs . The Lakers defeated the Spurs in 5 games , sending themselves to the NBA Finals against the Boston Celtics . This marked the fifth time in Bryant 's career and the first time without O'Neal to go to the NBA Finals . The Lakers then lost to the Boston Celtics in 6 games . Derek Fisher ( left ) and Bryant ( center ) with President Barack Obama during the White House visit honoring their Lakers ' 2009 championship In the 2008 -- 09 season , the Lakers opened the campaign by winning their first seven games . Bryant led the team to tie the franchise record for most wins to start the season going 17 -- 2 , and by the middle of December they compiled a 21 -- 3 record . He was selected to his eleventh consecutive All - Star Game as a starter , and was named the Western Conference Player of the Month for December and January in addition to being named Western Conference Player of the week three times . In a game against the Knicks on February 2 , 2009 , Bryant scored 61 points , setting a record for the most points scored at Madison Square Garden . During the 2009 NBA All - Star Game , Bryant who tallied 27 points , 4 assists , 4 rebounds , and 4 steals was awarded All - Star Game co-MVP with former teammate O'Neal . The Lakers finished the regular season with the best record in the west ( 65 -- 17 ) . Bryant was runner - up in the MVP voting behind LeBron James , and was selected to the All - NBA First Team and All - Defensive First Team for the seventh time in his career . In the playoffs , the Lakers defeated the Utah Jazz in five games and the Houston Rockets in seven games in the opening two rounds . After finishing off the Denver Nuggets in the Conference Finals in six games , the Lakers earned their second straight trip to the NBA Finals where they defeated the Orlando Magic in five games . Bryant was awarded his first NBA Finals MVP trophy upon winning his fourth championship , achieving series averages of 32.4 points , 7.4 assists , 5.6 rebounds , 1.4 steals and 1.4 blocks . He became the first player since West in the 1969 NBA Finals to average at least 32.4 points and 7.4 assists for a finals series and the first since Jordan to average 30 points , 5 rebounds , and 5 assists for a title - winning team in the finals . Bryant shoots a left - handed floater over future teammate Dwight Howard of the Orlando Magic on January 18 , 2010 . During the 2009 -- 10 season , Bryant made six game - winning shots including a buzzer - beating , one - legged 3 - pointer against the Miami Heat on December 4 , 2009 . Bryant considered the shot one of the luckiest he has made . A week later , Bryant suffered an avulsion fracture in his right index finger in a game against the Minnesota Timberwolves . Despite the injury , Bryant elected to continue playing with it , rather than take any time off to rest the injury . Five days after his finger injury , he made another game winning shot , after missing on an opportunity in regulation , this time against the Milwaukee Bucks in an overtime game . Bryant also became the youngest player ( 31 years , 151 days ) to reach 25,000 points during the season , surpassing Chamberlain . He continued his dominant clutch plays making yet another game - winning three - pointer against the Sacramento Kings , and what would be the game - winning field goal against the Boston Celtics . The following day , he surpassed West to become the all - time leading scorer in Lakers franchise history . After being sidelined for five games from an ankle injury , Bryant made his return and made another clutch three - pointer to give the Lakers a one - point lead with four seconds remaining against the Memphis Grizzlies . Two weeks later , he made his sixth game - winning shot of the season against the Toronto Raptors . On April 2 , 2010 , Bryant signed a three - year contract extension worth $87 million . Bryant finished the regular season missing four of the final five games , due to injuries to his knee and finger . Bryant suffered multiple injuries throughout the season and as a result , missed nine games . The Lakers began the playoffs as the number one seed in the Western Conference against the Oklahoma City Thunder , eventually defeating them in six games . The Lakers swept the Utah Jazz in the second round and advanced to the Western Conference Finals , where they faced the Phoenix Suns . In Game 2 , Bryant finished the game with 13 assists , setting a new playoff career high ; it was the most assists by a Laker in the playoffs since Magic Johnson had 13 in 1996 . The Lakers went on to win the series in six games capturing the Western Conference Championship and advancing to the NBA Finals for a third straight season . In a rematch against the 2008 Champion Boston Celtics , Bryant , despite shooting 6 for 24 from the field , led the Lakers back from a thirteen - point third quarter deficit in Game 7 to win the championship ; he scored 10 of his game - high 23 points in the fourth quarter , and finished the game with 15 rebounds . Bryant won his fifth championship and earned his second consecutive NBA Finals MVP award . This marked the first time the Lakers won a Game 7 against the Boston Celtics in the NBA Finals . Bryant said that this was the most satisfying of all of his five championships . Chasing a sixth championship ( 2010 -- 2013 ) Bryant and Lakers meet with President Barack Obama in honor of 2010 championship . Bryant wanted a sixth championship to match Jordan 's total . The Lakers started the 2010 -- 11 season by winning their first eight games . In his ninth game of the season , playing against the Denver Nuggets , Bryant became the youngest player in NBA history to reach 26,000 career points . Bryant also recorded his first triple double since January 21 , 2009 . On January 30 against the Celtics , he became the youngest player to score 27,000 points . On February 1 , 2011 , Bryant became one of seven players with at least 25,000 points , 5,000 rebounds and 5,000 assists . In Boston on February 10 , Bryant scored 20 of his 23 points in the second half as the Lakers rallied from an early 15 - point deficit for a 92 -- 86 win over the Celtics . It was the Lakers ' first victory of the season against one of the league 's top four teams , as they entered the game 0 -- 5 in previous matchups and had been outscored by an average of 11 points . Bryant , selected to his 13th straight All - Star game after becoming the leading vote - getter , had 37 points , 14 rebounds , and three steals in the 2011 All - Star Game and won his fourth All - Star MVP , tying Hall of Famer Bob Pettit for the most All - Star MVP awards . During the season , Bryant moved from 12th to 6th place on the NBA all - time career scoring list , passing John Havlicek , Dominique Wilkins , Oscar Robertson , Hakeem Olajuwon , Elvin Hayes , and Moses Malone . Bryant finished the season averaging less than 20 shots a game , his fewest since the 2003 -- 04 season . On April 13 , 2011 , the NBA fined Bryant $100,000 for directing a gay slur at referee Bennie Adams in frustration in the previous day 's game . The Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation praised the NBA 's decision to fine Bryant , and the Human Rights Campaign said that Bryant 's language was a `` disgrace '' and `` distasteful '' . Bryant stated that he was open to discussing the matter with gay rights groups and wanted to appeal his fine . He later apologized for the use of the word . Bryant and other Lakers appeared in a Lakers public service announcement denouncing his behavior . The team 's quest for another three - peat was ended when they were swept by the Dallas Mavericks in the second round of the playoffs . The Mavericks would go on to win the 2011 NBA Finals . Bryant wearing mask in 2012 after suffering broken nose . Bryant received experimental platelet - rich plasma therapy called Orthokine in Germany to treat the pain on his left knee and ankle , and Mike Brown replaced the retired Jackson as coach of the Lakers in the offseason . Bryant began the season playing with an injured wrist . On January 10 , 2012 , Bryant scored 48 points against the Suns , the most ever by a player in his 16th season . `` Not bad for the seventh - best player in the league '' , said Bryant , referring to a preseason ESPN ranking of the NBA 's top players . He went on to score 40 , 42 , and 42 in his next three games . It was the sixth time in his career he scored 40 or more points in four straight games , a feat exceeded only by Chamberlain ( 19 times ) . At the 2012 NBA All - Star Game , Bryant scored 27 points to pass Jordan as the career scoring leader in the All - Star Game . He also suffered a broken nose and a concussion in the third quarter of the All - Star Game after a hard foul from Dwyane Wade . In April , Bryant missed seven games with a bruised left shin . He returned three games before the end of the regular season . In the last game of the regular season , against Sacramento , he chose not to go for a possible third NBA scoring title , having needed 38 points to surpass Kevin Durant . The Lakers were knocked out of the playoffs by Durant 's Oklahoma City Thunder in the second round of the playoffs , losing in five games . The Lakers in 2012 -- 13 acquired center Dwight Howard and point guard Steve Nash . On November 2 , 2012 , Bryant scored 40 points with two steals , and he passed Magic Johnson ( 1,724 ) as the Lakers career leader in steals . However , the Lakers lost the game to the Clippers and started the season 0 -- 3 for the first time in 34 years and just the fourth time in franchise history . After starting the season 1 -- 4 , coach Brown was fired . He was replaced by Mike D'Antoni , who Bryant knew as a child when Bryant 's father was playing in Italy and D'Antoni was also a star player there . Bryant had grown close with D'Antoni during their time with Team USA . On December 5 against New Orleans , Bryant became the youngest player ( 34 years and 104 days ) in league history to score 30,000 points , joining Hall of Famers Chamberlain , Jordan , Kareem Abdul - Jabbar , and Karl Malone as one of five players to reach that milestone . On December 18 , in a 101 -- 100 win over the Charlotte Bobcats , Bryant scored 30 + points in his seventh consecutive game , the longest streak ever by an NBA player after turning 34 years old ; it was the fourth - longest such streak in his career . His streak would be snapped at 10 on December 28 in a 104 -- 87 win over the Portland Trail Blazers , when he scored 27 points , sitting out the whole fourth quarter . In a move to improve the team 's defense , D'Antoni began having Bryant guard the opponent 's best perimeter player ; Bryant was the primary defender on the Cavaliers ' Kyrie Irving , who was held to 15 points . Bryant acknowledged he was a more focused defender when he had a challenging defensive assignment as opposed to when he played off the ball against weaker players . His defense disrupted opponents and freed Nash from unfavorable matchups . Bryant dunking against the Milwaukee Bucks in 2013 . Bryant was leading the league in scoring through much of the first 42 games . With a disappointing 17 -- 25 start to the season , D'Antoni had Bryant became the primary facilitator on offense and Nash was moved off the ball and became more of a spot - up shooter . In the next three games , Bryant had at least 10 assists in three wins with a three - game total of 39 assists , the most in his career . He missed a triple double in each game with nine rebounds twice and eight in the other . In two crucial wins in March , he scored at least 40 points and had at least 10 assists in back - to - back games , becoming the first Laker to accomplish the feat since West in 1970 . With the Lakers fighting to secure the eighth and final playoff berth in the Western Conference , coupled with injuries on the team , Bryant began playing almost all 48 minutes each game . On April 10 , 2013 , Bryant became the first player in NBA history to get 47 points , eight rebounds , five assists , four blocks , and three steals in an NBA game . On April 12 , Bryant suffered a torn Achilles tendon against the Golden State Warriors , ending his season . His injury came while he was playing seven consecutive quarters and at least 40 minutes for seven consecutive games . The 34 - year - old Bryant was averaging his most minutes ( 38.6 ) in six years , and only Portland rookie Damian Lillard was averaging more minutes . Lakers general manager Mitch Kupchak had spoken to Bryant about his extensive playing time 10 days earlier , but Bryant insisted the minutes needed to continue given the Lakers ' playoff push . Bryant had surgery on April 13 to repair the tear , and it was estimated he would miss six to nine months . He ended the season with his customary numbers scoring average of 27.3 points , 46.3 percent shooting , 5.6 rebounds , and 6 assists . However , The New York Times called his leading of the Lakers back into playoff contention `` perhaps some of the finest work of his career . '' Eight times he reached 40 points during the season , and eleven times he had 10 or more assists in his role as distributor , dubbed `` Magic Mamba '' after the passing skills of Magic Johnson . Bryant 's assists were the second - highest of his career and his field goal percentage was its highest since 2008 -- 09 . The Lakers finished the season at 45 - 37 , good for seventh in the West . Playing without Bryant , the Lakers were swept in four games by the San Antonio Spurs . Injury - plagued years ( 2013 -- 2015 ) Bryant shooting against Marcin Gortat in 2014 Bryant resumed practicing starting in November , after the start of the 2013 -- 14 season . On November 25 , he signed a two - year contract extension with the Lakers at an estimated value of $48.5 million that would make him the first NBA player to play 20 years with the same franchise . He remained the league 's highest - paid player , despite accepting the discounted deal ; he had been eligible to receive an extension starting at $32 million per year . His contract became a polarizing topic , with detractors arguing that stars should take less money to allow their teams more financial freedom , while supporters countered that the NBA 's biggest stars were being paid less than their true value . Bryant resumed playing on December 8 after missing the season 's first 19 games . On December 17 , Bryant matched his season high of 21 points in a 96 -- 92 win over Memphis , but he suffered a lateral tibial plateau fracture in his left knee that was expected to sideline him for six weeks . He had played six games since returning from his Achilles injury , which included time at point guard after injuries to Nash , Steve Blake , and Jordan Farmar . Bryant was averaging 13.8 points , 6.3 assists , and 4.3 rebounds . Despite being sidelined , he was voted by fans to start in his 16th All - Star game . Bryant did not feel he was deserving of the selection , and some likened it to a career achievement award for his past performance . However , he missed playing in the game , still hampered by his knee . On March 12 , 2014 , the Lakers ruled Bryant out for the remainder of the season , citing his need for more rehab and the limited time remaining in the season . At the time , the team was 22 -- 42 and tied for the worst record in the Western Conference . The Lakers finished 27 -- 55 and missed the playoffs for the first time since 2005 . Bryant returned for the 2014 -- 15 season , his 19th season with the Lakers , who had replaced D'Antoni with Bryant 's former Lakers teammate , Byron Scott . On November 30 , 2014 , in a 129 -- 122 overtime victory against the Toronto Raptors , Bryant recorded his 20th career triple - double with 31 points , 12 assists and 11 rebounds . At age 36 , he became the oldest NBA player to ever achieve 30 points , 10 rebounds , and 10 assists in a game . On December 14 , Bryant became the NBA 's third all - time leading scorer , passing Jordan ( 32,292 ) in a 100 -- 94 win against Minnesota . He played in the first 27 games of the season , averaging team - highs with 26.4 points and 35.4 minutes per game while leading the league with 22.4 shots per game . However , Scott held him out for three straight games to rest after one of his worst performances of the season , when Bryant committed nine turnovers and scored 25 points on just 8 - for - 30 shooting in a 108 -- 101 loss to Sacramento . He was suffering from soreness in his knees , feet , back , and Achilles tendons , and Scott planned to reduce his workload going forward . Three times Bryant had exceeded 40 minutes in a game , and the coach blamed himself for overloading him after he started the season in such great shape . For the season , Bryant had been shooting just 37 percent from the field , and the team 's record was only 8 -- 19 . In his second game back after resting , he had 23 points , 11 assists , and 11 rebounds in a 111 -- 103 win over Denver , and became just the third player in league history to record multiple triple - doubles in a season at age 36 or older . On January 21 , 2015 , Bryant suffered a rotator cuff tear in his right shoulder while driving baseline for a two - handed dunk against the New Orleans Pelicans . Though he is right - handed , he returned to play in the game and ran the offense while shooting , dribbling , and passing almost exclusively with his left hand . Prior to the injury , Bryant had been rested in 8 of 16 games . He underwent season - ending surgery for the injury , finishing the season averaging 22.3 points but shooting a career - low 37.3 percent , well below his 45.4 percent career mark to start the season . He was expected to be sidelined for nine months with a return targeted toward the start of the 2015 -- 16 season . Final season ( 2015 -- 2016 ) After recovering to play in the 2015 -- 16 preseason , Bryant suffered a calf injury and missed the final two weeks of exhibition games . However , he played in the season opener to begin his 20th season with the Lakers , surpassing John Stockton 's league record of 19 for the most seasons with the same team . On November 24 , 2015 , the Lakers fell to 2 -- 12 after losing 111 -- 77 to the Warriors . Bryant scored just four points in 25 minutes on 1 - for - 14 shooting , matching the worst - shooting game of his career in which he attempted at least five shots . On December 1 , 2015 , Bryant played his last game against his hometown team , the Philadelphia 76ers , where the Lakers lost 91 - 103 . Bryant against Washington after his retirement announcement On November 29 , 2015 , Bryant announced via The Players ' Tribune that he would be retiring at the end of the season . In his poem titled `` Dear Basketball '' , Bryant wrote that he fell in love with the game at age six ; `` A love so deep I gave you my all / From my mind & body / To my spirit & soul . '' The 2015 -- 16 season `` is all I have left to give. / My heart can take the pounding / My mind can handle the grind / But my body knows it 's time to say goodbye. / And that 's OK. / I 'm ready to let you go . '' In a letter distributed to Lakers ' fans before that evening 's game against the Indiana Pacers , Bryant wrote , `` What you 've done for me is far greater than anything I 've done for you ... My love for this city , this team and for each of you will never fade . Thank you for this incredible journey . '' At the time of his announcement , he was second on the team in minutes ( 30.8 ) behind Jordan Clarkson and leading the team with 16.7 field goal attempts per game , while averaging just 15.7 points and shooting a career - low 31.5 percent . His free throw attempts had dropped from his career average , and his game had become over-reliant on pump fakes and long - range shots , making a league - worst 19.5 percent from three - point range while attempting seven a game , almost double his career average . In his press conference after the announcement , he acknowledged his declining skills . `` Even though I play like shit , I 've worked really , really hard not to play like crap and I do everything I possibly can . And I feel good about that '' , he said . Bryant defending LeBron James in his final Cleveland game Bryant requested that opposing teams on the road not hold any on - court ceremonies in his honor or present him any gifts in public . Prior to announcing his retirement , he had been steadfast about not wanting the fuss of a staged farewell tour , preferring to hear boos instead of cheers . Still , he was honored around the league with video tributes , and fans greeted him with ovations , even at arenas that historically jeered him like TD Garden in Boston and Sleep Train Arena in Sacramento . Previously , Bryant was respected but not beloved , and he was astonished at the cheers he was now receiving . On February 3 , Bryant made seven three - pointers and scored a season - high 38 points , including 14 of the team 's 18 points in the last 5 : 02 of the game , for a 119 -- 115 win over Minnesota . The win ended a 10 - game losing streak , and the Lakers averted establishing the longest losing streak in franchise history . Bryant became just the fourth NBA player over 37 years old to log at least 35 points , five rebounds , and five assists in a game . Bryant was the leading overall vote - getter for the 2016 All - Star Game with 1.9 million votes , ahead of Stephen Curry 's 1.6 million . Having moved to small forward that season , Bryant was selected as a frontcourt starter for the first time . Playing in his first All - Star game since 2013 , Bryant had 10 points , six rebounds , and seven assists . West teammates offered to feed him the ball in an attempt to get him another All - Star MVP , but he declined . On April 13 , 2016 , Bryant played his final NBA game against the Utah Jazz , scoring a season - high 60 points ( the most points scored by a player that season ) , including outscoring the entire Jazz team 23 -- 21 in the fourth quarter , in the Lakers ' 101 -- 96 victory . Bryant became the oldest player to score 60 or more in a game at 37 years and 234 days old . National team career Bryant in a game against China at the 2008 Summer Olympics Bryant declined to play in the 2000 Olympics as he was getting married in the off - season . He also decided not to play in the 2002 FIBA World Championship . Bryant was originally selected for the FIBA Americas Championship in 2003 , but withdrew after undergoing arthroscopic shoulder and knee surgeries . In the following summer , he had to withdraw from the Olympic team because of his sexual assault case . Along with LeBron James , he was one of the first two players to publicly named to the 2006 -- 2008 U.S. preliminary roster in 2006 by Jerry Colangelo . However , he was once again sidelined after knee surgery and did n't participate in the 2006 FIBA World Championship . Bryant 's United States national team career finally began in 2007 . He was a member of the 2007 USA Men 's Senior National Team and USA FIBA Americas Championship Team that finished 10 -- 0 , won gold and qualified the United States men for the 2008 Olympics . He started in all 10 of the USA 's FIBA Americas Championship games . Bryant averaged 15.3 points , 2.9 assists , 2.0 rebounds , and 1.6 steals per game in the tournament . On June 23 , 2008 , he was named to the USA Men 's Senior National Team for the 2008 Summer Olympics . This was his first time going to the Olympics . Bryant scored 20 points , including 13 in the fourth quarter , along with six assists , as Team USA defeated Spain 118 -- 107 in the gold medal game of the 2008 Summer Olympics on August 24 , 2008 , for its first gold medal in a worldwide competition since the 2000 Olympics . He averaged 15.0 points , 2.8 rebounds , and 2.1 assists while shooting . 462 from the field in eight Olympic contests . Bryant rejoined the national team for the 2012 Summer Olympics . He retired from the team after winning another gold medal . Player Profile Bryant shoots a fadeaway over Shane Battier in 2009 . Standing at 6 feet 6 inches tall ( 1.98 m ) and weighing 205 pounds ( 93 kg ) , Bryant primarily played as a shooting guard . Able to create a decent shot at any time , he is often cited as one of the most dangerous scorers in the NBA . Bryant has drawn frequent comparisons to Jordan , after whom he modeled his playing style . Like Jordan , he became most known shooting a fall - away jump shot . Chris Ballard of Sports Illustrated describes another of Bryant 's most famous moves as the `` jab step - and - pause '' : Bryant jabs his non-pivot foot forward to let the defender relax and instead of bringing the jab foot back , pushing off it and driving around his opponent to get to the basket . Bryant established a reputation for taking shots in the closing moments of tight games , even amid double or triple teams , and has been noted as being one of the premier closers in the NBA . In an annual survey of NBA general managers , he was selected in 2012 for the 10th consecutive season as the player they most wanted taking the shot with the game on the line . Bryant enjoys being the villain , and revels in being booed and silencing the crowd with his play . His ability to make difficult shots has also drawn criticism of his shot selection . Throughout his career , he has been disparaged for being a selfish high - volume shooter ; he has missed more field goal attempts in his career than any other player in NBA history . Phil Jackson states that Bryant `` tends to force the action , especially when the game is n't going his way . When his shot is off , Kobe will pound away relentlessly until his luck turns . '' According to Bryant , `` I would go 0 for 30 before I would go 0 for 9 ; 0 for 9 means you beat yourself , you psyched yourself out of the game . '' Aside from his abilities on offense , he has established himself as a standout defender . Bryant rarely draws charges playing defense , which he believes has spared his body and contributed to his longevity . Some critics have suggested that the defensive accolades in his later years were earned more on his reputation than his actual play . His role with the Lakers became more focused on offense and conserving his energy for the playoffs , and Metta World Peace assumed the responsibility of guarding the opponent 's top player on the wing . Bryant is also lauded for his work ethic . Through his first 16 seasons , his body was resilient , and he exhibited a high pain threshold while often playing through injuries . A fierce competitor , opponents and teammates alike have been the object of his scorn . Many players have considered him difficult to play with because of his high level of commitment and performance . According to sportswriter Mark Heisler of Forbes , `` circa 2004 -- 2007 , Kobe was the most alienated superstar the NBA had ever seen . '' He did , however , lead the Lakers to two championships post-O'Neal while becoming more of a mentor to his teammates . Bryant 's longtime head coach Phil Jackson noted that the biggest difference during his second tenure in coaching the Lakers was that `` ( Bryant ) embraced the team and his teammates , calling them up when we were on the road and inviting them out to dinner . It was as if the other players were now his partners , not his personal spear - carriers . '' NBA career statistics Legend GP Games played GS Games started MPG Minutes per game FG % Field goal percentage 3P % 3 - point field goal percentage FT % Free throw percentage RPG Rebounds per game APG Assists per game SPG Steals per game BPG Blocks per game PPG Points per game Bold Career high † Denotes seasons in which Bryant won an NBA championship * Led the league Regular season Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 1996 -- 97 L.A. Lakers 71 6 15.5 . 417 . 375 . 819 1.9 1.3 . 7 . 3 7.6 1997 -- 98 L.A. Lakers 79 26.0 . 428 . 341 . 794 3.1 2.5 . 9 . 5 15.4 1998 -- 99 L.A. Lakers 50 50 37.9 . 465 . 267 . 839 5.3 3.8 1.4 1.0 19.9 1999 -- 00 † L.A. Lakers 66 62 38.2 . 468 . 319 . 821 6.3 4.9 1.6 . 9 22.5 2000 -- 01 † L.A. Lakers 68 68 40.9 . 464 . 305 . 853 5.9 5.0 1.7 . 6 28.5 2001 -- 02 † L.A. Lakers 80 80 38.3 . 469 . 250 . 829 5.5 5.5 1.5 . 4 25.2 2002 -- 03 L.A. Lakers 82 82 41.5 . 451 . 383 . 843 6.9 5.9 2.2 . 8 30.0 2003 -- 04 L.A. Lakers 65 64 37.6 . 438 . 327 . 852 5.5 5.1 1.7 . 4 24.0 2004 -- 05 L.A. Lakers 66 66 40.7 . 433 . 339 . 816 5.9 6.0 1.3 . 8 27.6 2005 -- 06 L.A. Lakers 80 80 41.0 . 450 . 347 . 850 5.3 4.5 1.8 . 4 35.4 * 2006 -- 07 L.A. Lakers 77 77 40.8 . 463 . 344 . 868 5.7 5.4 1.4 . 5 31.6 * 2007 -- 08 L.A. Lakers 82 82 38.9 . 459 . 361 . 840 6.3 5.4 1.8 . 5 28.3 2008 -- 09 † L.A. Lakers 82 82 36.1 . 467 . 351 . 856 5.2 4.9 1.5 . 5 26.8 2009 -- 10 † L.A. Lakers 73 73 38.8 . 456 . 329 . 811 5.4 5.0 1.5 . 3 27.0 2010 -- 11 L.A. Lakers 82 82 33.9 . 451 . 323 . 828 5.1 4.7 1.2 . 1 25.3 2011 -- 12 L.A. Lakers 58 58 38.5 . 430 . 303 . 845 5.4 4.6 1.2 . 3 27.9 2012 -- 13 L.A. Lakers 78 78 38.6 . 463 . 324 . 839 5.6 6.0 1.4 . 3 27.3 2013 -- 14 L.A. Lakers 6 6 29.5 . 425 . 188 . 857 4.3 6.3 1.2 . 2 13.8 2014 -- 15 L.A. Lakers 35 35 34.5 . 373 . 293 . 813 5.7 5.6 1.3 . 2 22.3 2015 -- 16 L.A. Lakers 66 66 28.2 . 358 . 285 . 826 3.7 2.8 . 9 . 2 17.6 Career 1,346 1,198 36.1 . 447 . 329 . 837 5.2 4.7 1.4 . 5 25.0 All - Star 15 15 27.6 . 500 . 324 . 789 5.0 4.7 2.5 . 4 19.3 Playoffs Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 1997 L.A. Lakers 9 0 14.8 . 382 . 261 . 867 1.2 1.2 . 3 . 2 8.2 1998 L.A. Lakers 11 0 20.0 . 408 . 214 . 689 1.9 1.5 . 3 . 7 8.7 1999 L.A. Lakers 8 8 39.4 . 430 . 348 . 800 6.9 4.6 1.9 1.3 19.8 2000 † L.A. Lakers 22 22 39.0 . 442 . 344 . 754 4.5 4.4 1.5 1.5 21.1 2001 † L.A. Lakers 16 16 43.4 . 469 . 324 . 821 7.3 6.1 1.6 . 8 29.4 2002 † L.A. Lakers 19 19 43.8 . 434 . 379 . 759 5.8 4.6 1.4 . 9 26.6 2003 L.A. Lakers 12 12 44.3 . 432 . 403 . 827 5.1 5.2 1.2 . 1 32.1 L.A. Lakers 22 22 44.2 . 413 . 247 . 813 4.7 5.5 1.9 . 3 24.5 2006 L.A. Lakers 7 7 44.9 . 497 . 400 . 771 6.3 5.1 1.1 . 4 27.9 2007 L.A. Lakers 5 5 43.0 . 462 . 357 . 919 5.2 4.4 1.0 . 4 32.8 2008 L.A. Lakers 21 21 41.1 . 479 . 302 . 809 5.7 5.6 1.7 . 4 30.1 2009 † L.A. Lakers 23 23 40.8 . 457 . 349 . 883 5.3 5.5 1.7 . 9 30.2 2010 † L.A. Lakers 23 23 40.1 . 458 . 374 . 842 6.0 5.5 1.3 . 7 29.2 2011 L.A. Lakers 10 10 35.4 . 446 . 293 . 820 3.4 3.3 1.6 . 3 22.8 2012 L.A. Lakers 12 12 39.7 . 439 . 283 . 832 4.8 4.3 1.3 . 2 30.0 Career 220 200 39.3 . 448 . 331 . 816 5.1 4.7 1.4 . 6 25.6 Legacy See also : List of career achievements by Kobe Bryant Bryant handling the ball in 2014 , when he became the first NBA player with over 30,000 points and 6,000 assists Bryant was called `` one of the greatest players in the history of our game '' by NBA commissioner Adam Silver , and The New York Times wrote that he has had `` one of the most decorated careers in the history of the sport . '' Reuters called him `` arguably the best player of his generation '' , while both Sporting News and TNT named him their NBA player of the decade for the 2000s . In 2008 and again in 2016 , ESPN ranked him the second greatest shooting guard of all - time after Jordan . Players including Kevin Durant , Dirk Nowitzki , Dwyane Wade , and Derrick Rose have called Bryant their generation 's version of Jordan . The Press - Enterprise described Bryant as `` maybe the greatest Laker in the organization 's history '' . He is the Lakers ' all - time leading scorer , and his five titles are tied for the most in franchise history . Both numbers he wore during his career , 8 and 24 , are slated to be retired by the Lakers on December 18 , 2017 . With career averages of 25.0 points , 5.2 rebounds , 4.7 assists , and 1.4 steals per game , he is considered one of the most complete players in NBA history . He was the first player in NBA history to have at least 30,000 career points and 6,000 career assists , and is one of only four players with 25,000 points , 6,000 rebounds and 6,000 assists . Bryant led the NBA in scoring during the 2005 -- 06 and 2006 -- 07 seasons . His 81 - point performance against Toronto in 2006 was the second - highest in NBA history , behind only Chamberlain 's 100 . He has scored at least 50 points 24 times in his career , which is third in league history behind Jordan ( 31 ) and Chamberlain ( 118 ) ; six times Bryant scored at least 60 . He was just the third player in NBA history to average 40 points in a calendar month , which he has accomplished four times . Bryant was voted the league MVP in 2008 and led his team to the 2008 NBA Finals as the first seed in the Western Conference . In the 2008 Summer Olympics , he won a gold medal as a member of the U.S. men 's basketball team , occasionally referred to as `` The Redeem Team '' . He won another gold medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics . He led the Lakers to two more championships in 2009 and 2010 , winning the Finals MVP award on both occasions . Bryant is an 18 - time All - Star , which ranks second behind only Kareem Abdul - Jabbar 's 19 . He has been chosen a record 18 straight times , each time as a starter . On four occasions ( 2003 , 2011 , 2013 , 2016 ) he was the leading vote - getter . Four times Bryant was named the All - Star MVP , a record he shares with Bob Pettit . He has been selected to the All - NBA Team on 15 occasions , tied for the most with Abdul - Jabbar and Tim Duncan , and his 11 first - team honors are tied for the most ever with Karl Malone . Bryant is also a 12 - time All - Defensive Team selection , trailing only Duncan 's 15 , and nine times he was named to the All - Defensive First Team , tied with Jordan , Garnett , and Gary Payton for the most all - time . He was the first guard to play 20 seasons in the NBA . He also won the NBA Slam Dunk Contest in 1997 and is its youngest winner . In his career , Bryant has scored 40 - plus points in 121 games , and 21 times he has recorded a triple - double . Off the court Personal Life Bryant at premiere of Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End in 2007 In November 1999 , 21 - year - old Bryant met 17 - year - old Vanessa Laine while she was working as a background dancer on the Tha Eastsidaz music video `` G 'd Up '' . Bryant was in the building working on his debut musical album . The two began dating and became engaged just six months later in May 2000 , while Laine was still a senior at Marina High School in Huntington Beach , California . To avoid media scrutiny , she finished high school through independent study . According to Vanessa 's cousin Laila Laine , there was no prenuptial agreement . Vanessa said Bryant `` loved her too much for one '' . They married on April 18 , 2001 , at St. Edward the Confessor Catholic Church in Dana Point , California . The wedding was not attended by Bryant 's parents , his two sisters , his longtime advisor and agent Arn Tellem , or his Laker teammates . Bryant 's parents were opposed to the marriage for a number of reasons . Reportedly Bryant 's parents had problems with him marrying so young , especially to a woman who was not African - American . This disagreement resulted in an estrangement period of over two years , which ended when the couple 's first daughter was born . In 2013 , Bryant had a legal disagreement with an auction house over memorabilia from his early years that his mother intended to auction . Pamela Bryant received $450,000 from the auction house for the items , and claimed Bryant had given her the rights to the items he had remaining in her home . However , his lawyers asked the auction house to return the items to Bryant . Before the scheduled trial , a settlement was reached allowing the sale of less than 10 % of the original items . Bryant 's parents apologized to him in a written statement , which also acknowledged the financial support Bryant had provided them in the past . In January 2002 , Bryant bought a Mediterranean - style house for $4 million , located on a cul - de-sac in Newport Coast , Newport Beach , which sold in May 2015 . The Bryants ' first child , a daughter named Natalia Diamante Bryant , was born in 2003 . The birth of Natalia influenced Bryant to reconcile his differences with his parents . Vanessa Bryant suffered a miscarriage due to an ectopic pregnancy in the spring of 2005 . Their second daughter , Gianna Maria - Onore Bryant , was born in 2006 . On December 16 , 2011 , Vanessa Bryant filed for divorce citing irreconcilable differences , and the couple requested joint custody of their daughters . On January 11 , 2013 , Bryant and his wife both announced via social media that they had called off their divorce . In an early 2007 interview , it was revealed that Bryant still speaks Italian fluently . He has also conducted press interviews in Spanish . Bryant assigned himself the nickname of `` Black Mamba '' , citing a desire for his basketball skills to mimic the eponymous snake 's ability to `` strike with 99 % accuracy at maximum speed , in rapid succession . '' During the 2012 -- 13 season , he began referring to himself as `` vino '' to describe how his play had been aging like a fine wine . In 2016 , it was announced that Kobe and Vanessa Bryant were going to have their third child , and in early December 2016 , Vanessa gave birth to their third daughter named Bianka . Sexual assault allegation Main article : Kobe Bryant sexual assault case In the summer of 2003 , the sheriff 's office of Eagle , Colorado , arrested Bryant in connection with an investigation of a sexual assault complaint filed by a 19 - year - old hotel employee . Bryant had checked into The Lodge and Spa at Cordillera in Eagle County in advance of undergoing knee surgery nearby . The accuser stated that Bryant raped her in his hotel room the night before Bryant was to have the procedure . Bryant admitted to an adulterous sexual encounter with his accuser , but denied her sexual assault allegation . The accusation tarnished Bryant 's reputation , as the public 's perception of Bryant plummeted , and his endorsement contracts with McDonald 's and Nutella were terminated . Sales for Bryant 's replica jersey fell significantly from their previous highs . However , in September 2004 , the assault case was dropped by prosecutors after the accuser refused to testify in the trial . Afterward , Bryant agreed to apologize to her for the incident , including his public mea culpa : `` Although I truly believe this encounter between us was consensual , I recognize now that she did not and does not view this incident the same way I did . After months of reviewing discovery , listening to her attorney , and even her testimony in person , I now understand how she feels that she did not consent to this encounter . '' The accuser filed a separate civil lawsuit against Bryant , which the two sides ultimately settled with the specific terms of the settlement being undisclosed to the public . Endorsements Bryant at Nike store launch ceremony in Taipei in 2007 Before starting the 1996 -- 97 NBA season , Bryant signed a six - year contract with Adidas worth approximately $48 million . His first signature shoe was the Equipment KB 8 . Bryant 's other earlier endorsements included deals with The Coca - Cola Company to endorse their Sprite soft drink , appearing in advertisements for McDonald 's , promoting Spalding 's new NBA Infusion Ball , Upper Deck , Italian chocolate company Ferrero SpA 's brand Nutella , Russell Corporation , and appearing on his own series of video games by Nintendo . Many companies like McDonald 's and Ferrero SpA terminated his contracts when rape allegations against him became public . A notable exception was Nike , Inc. , who had signed him to a five - year , $40 -- 45 million contract just before the incident . However , they refused to use his image or market a new shoe of his for the year , but eventually did start promoting Bryant once his image recovered 2 years later . He has since resumed endorsement deals with The Coca - Cola Company , through their subsidiary Energy Brands to promote their Vitamin Water brand of drinks . Bryant was also the cover athlete for NBA ' 07 : Featuring the Life Vol. 2 and appeared in commercials for the video games Guitar Hero World Tour ( with Tony Hawk , Michael Phelps , and Alex Rodriguez ) in 2008 and Call of Duty : Black Ops ( alongside Jimmy Kimmel ) in 2010 . In a 2008 video promoting Nike 's Hyperdunk shoes , Bryant appears to jump over a speeding Aston Martin . The stunt was considered to be fake , and the Los Angeles Times said a real stunt would probably be a violation of Bryant 's Lakers contract . After promoting Nike 's Hyperdunk shoes , Bryant came out with the fourth edition of his signature line by Nike , the Zoom Kobe IV . In 2010 Nike launched another shoe , Nike Zoom Kobe V. In 2009 , Bryant signed a deal with Nubeo to market the `` Black Mamba collection '' , a line of sports / luxury watches that range from $25,000 to $285,000 . On February 9 , 2009 , Bryant was featured on the cover of ESPN The Magazine . However , it was not for anything basketball related , rather it was about Bryant being a big fan of FC Barcelona . CNN estimated Bryant 's endorsement deals in 2007 to be worth $16 million a year . In 2010 , Bryant was ranked third behind Tiger Woods and Jordan in Forbes ' list of the world 's highest - paid athletes with $48 million . On December 13 , 2010 , Bryant signed a two - year endorsement deal with Turkey 's national airline , Turkish Airlines . The deal involved Bryant being in a promotional film to be aired in over 80 countries in addition to his being used in digital , print and billboard advertising . Bryant has appeared as the cover athlete for the following video games : Kobe Bryant in NBA Courtside NBA Courtside 2 : Featuring Kobe Bryant NBA Courtside 2002 NBA 3 On 3 Featuring Kobe Bryant NBA ' 07 : Featuring the Life Vol. 2 NBA ' 09 : The Inside NBA 2K10 NBA 2K17 ( Legend Edition ; Legend Edition Gold ) In September 2012 , Bryant shot a commercial for Turkish Airlines with FC Barcelona star Lionel Messi . In the airline 's latest commercial , the duo competes to win the attention of a young boy . In 2013 , Forbes listed Bryant the fifth highest paid sports star in the world behind Floyd Mayweather , Cristiano Ronaldo , LeBron James and Lionel Messi . Music In high school , Bryant was a member of a rap group called CHEIZAW , named after the Chi Sah gang in the martial arts film Kid with the Golden Arm . The group was signed by Sony Entertainment , but the company 's ultimate goal was to eliminate the group and have Bryant record on his own . The label wanted to capitalize on Bryant 's youth and NBA fame . He performed at a 1997 concert by Sway & King Tech and recorded a verse for a remix of Brian McKnight 's `` Hold Me '' . Bryant even appeared on Lakers teammate O'Neal's Respect , starting the track `` 3 X 's Dope '' , though Bryant 's name was not listed on the credits . Sony pushed Bryant from his roots of underground hip hop into a more radio - friendly sound . His debut album , Visions , was scheduled to release in the spring of 2000 . The first single , `` K.O.B.E ' '' , featured supermodel Tyra Banks singing the hook . The single debuted in January 2000 , and was performed at NBA All - Star Weekend that month ; the song was not well received . Sony abandoned plans for the album , which was never released , and dropped Bryant later that year . The Sony president who originally signed Bryant had already left , and Bryant 's other backers had mostly abandoned him . Afterwards , Bryant co-founded an independent record label , Heads High Entertainment , but it folded within a year . Bryant at Sprite commercial event in Shanghai in 2011 . In 2011 , Bryant was featured in Taiwanese singer Jay Chou 's single , `` The Heaven and Earth Challenge '' ( 天地 一 鬥 , pronounced `` Tian Di Yi Dou '' ) . The proceeds for downloads of both the single and ringtones were donated to impoverished schools for basketball facilities and equipment . The music video of the single also features Bryant . The song was also used by Sprite in its 2011 marketing campaign in China . In 2009 , rapper Lil Wayne titled a song `` Kobe Bryant '' . Similarly , in 2010 , the rapper Sho Baraka released a song called `` Kobe Bryant On'em '' , which was featured in his album Lions and Liars . Philanthropy Bryant is the official ambassador for After - School All - Stars ( ASAS ) , an American non-profit organization that provides comprehensive after - school programs to children in 13 US cities . Bryant also started the Kobe Bryant China Fund which partnered with the Soong Ching Ling Foundation , a charity backed by the Chinese government . The Kobe Bryant China Fund raises money within China earmarked for education and health programs . On November 4 , 2010 , Bryant appeared alongside Zach Braff at the Call of Duty : Black Ops launch event at the Santa Monica Airport , where they presented a $1 million check to the Call of Duty Endowment , an Activision - founded nonprofit organization that helps veterans transition to civilian careers after their military service has ended . Kobe Inc. . Bryant established Kobe Inc. to own and grow brands in the sports industry . The initial investment was in the BodyArmor sports drink company in 2014 . The headquarters are in Newport Beach , California . Bryant - Stibel On August 22 , 2016 , Kobe along with his business partner Jeff Stibel launched Bryant - Stibel , a venture capital firm focused on different businesses including media , data , gaming , and technology , with $100 million in funding . The pair have already invested in 15 businesses together since 2013 . See also National Basketball Association portal Shaq -- Kobe feud Kobe Doin ' Work Notes Jump up ^ In 2006 , Bryant said that he was 6 feet 4 inches ( 1.93 m ) . In 2008 , he stated he was `` probably '' 6 feet 5 inches ( 1.96 m ) in shoes . Jump up ^ He joined Chamberlain ( 5 times ) , Baylor , Rick Barry and Jordan ( 2 ) in averaging over 35 points . Jump up ^ Chamberlain had 50 points 45 times in 1961 -- 62 and 30 in 1962 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Larry Bird held the previous record ; he was 35 when he had 49 points , 14 rebounds , and 12 assists on March 15 , 1992 , against Portland . Jump up ^ The others were Chamberlain ( 2 in 1972 -- 73 ) and Kidd ( 2 each in 2009 -- 10 and 2010 -- 11 ) . Jump up ^ He joined Jordan ( 3 times ) , Karl Malone ( 3 ) and Abdul - Jabbar Jump up ^ In 2014 , Bryant passed Havlicek 's previous mark of 13,417 missed shots , and he retired with 14,481 . Jump up ^ Chamberlain did it 15 times , and Baylor once . Jump up ^ Vanessa Bryant 's father is of Mexican and Italian descent and her mother is of Mexican and Filipino descent . References Jump up ^ Mallozzi , Vincent ( December 24 , 2006 ) . `` ' Where 's Kobe ? I Want Kobe . ' '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ding , Kevin ( January 8 , 2008 ) . `` Kobe Bryant 's work with kids brings joy , though sometimes it 's fleeting '' . Orange County Register . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant opens $100 million venture capital tech fund with Jeff Stibel '' . ^ Jump up to : NBA Staff ( n.d. ) . `` Kobe Bryant Bio '' . NBA.com . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2010 . Retrieved August 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Kaplowitz , Aaron ( March 24 , 2006 ) . `` Kobe Bryant : I would n't mind being Jewish '' . The Jerusalem Post . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . If Bryant , a Catholic , ... ^ Jump up to : Golianopoulos , Thomas ( April 12 , 2013 ) . `` The Secret History of Kobe Bryant 's Rap Career '' . grantland.com . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Intervista Kobe Bryant in italiano su Sportitalia 1 ^ PARTE . YouTube . Sportitalia. April 8 , 2007 . Retrieved June 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Winters , Serena ( April 9 , 2015 ) . `` VIDEO : Kobe Bryant Speaks Fluent Italian At Charity Event -- Lakers Nation '' . Jump up ^ Levin , Jason ( March 2001 ) . `` I Wish People Would Let Me Just Be Kobe '' . Basketball Digest . 28 ( 5 ) : 20 . Jump up ^ Owens , Jill . `` Kobe Bryant ( Amazing Athletes ) by Sylvia B. Bashevkin -- Powell 's Books '' . Powells.com . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2010 NBA playoffs : Kobe Bryant perfected his game by watching film -- ESPN '' . ESPN . June 4 , 2010 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Arroyave , Luis ( 2006 ) . `` NBA 's Kobe Bryant almost became a soccer player '' . Chicago Tribune . ^ Jump up to : `` Before they were stars : Los Angeles Lakers ' Kobe Bryant -- ESPN '' . ESPN . June 1 , 2010 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Doherty , Bill ( December 20 , 1993 ) . `` Dixon Happy He Stayed With Aces ( 4 -- 0 ) '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved January 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : JockBio : Kobe Bryant Biography . jockbio.com . Retrieved September 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ABCD Camp '' . Reebokabcdcamp.com . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2010 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Video '' . CNN . March 23 , 2009 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2009 . Retrieved May 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant -- ESPN SportsCentury ( 2 of 5 ) '' . YouTube . September 25 , 2006 . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2013 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bryant continues to hold court '' . USA Today . May 7 , 2002 . Retrieved May 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` History '' . Aces Hoops . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` # 24 Kobe Bryant '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved August 5 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Lee , Michael ( November 30 , 2015 ) . `` As Kobe returns home , his old coach urges Philadelphia to give him proper sendoff '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pak , SuChin . `` Brandy On Growing Up : A Candid Chat '' . MTV . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2012 . Retrieved January 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Thomsen , Ian ( February 1 , 2010 ) . `` Kobe may already be the greatest Laker ever -- and he 's not done yet '' . SI.com . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wilkins Honored as One of 35 Greatest McDonald 's All Americans '' . NBA . January 31 , 2012 . Retrieved February 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant Bio -- NBA Finals -- ESPNDB '' . Espndb.go.com . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2010 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Robert , Selena ( June 29 , 2007 ) . `` Destination Portland : A Big Man , a Small Place '' . New York Times . Retrieved December 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Lakers ' trade for Bryant has been misconstrued '' . JournalNow.com . Retrieved October 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Deals Are What Made The Lakers '' . Long Beach Press - Telegram . February 25 , 2000 . Jump up ^ SI Staff ( 2001 ) . `` Say It Ai n't So ( Transactions that broke our hearts ) '' . CNN / Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2010 . Retrieved May 7 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kobe Bryant '' . Complex.com . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2010 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Whicker , Mark ( November 29 , 2015 ) . `` Kobe Bryant 's farewell season has been painful to watch '' . Los Angeles Daily News . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rafferty , Scott ( July 7 , 2015 ) . `` How Kobe , LeBron and other NBA stars fared in Summer League debuts '' . Sporting News . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Edited by Ashyia Henderson . ( 2008 ) . `` Kobe Bryant . '' . Contemporary Black Biography . Gale Group , 2001 ; Reproduced in Biography Resource Center . Farmington Hills , Mich. : Gale , 2008 . 31 . Retrieved December 6 , 2008 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) http://0-galenet.galegroup.com.sapl.sat.lib.tx.us:80/servlet/BioRC Jump up ^ The Youngest NBA Basketball Player Records Archived January 24 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant 1996 -- 97 Game Log '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Baxter ( February 11 , 2016 ) . `` Kobe Bryant : Perfect time for All - Star break as ' everything ' aches '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` All - Rookie Teams '' . NBA.com . Retrieved January 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Medina , Mark ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` Kobe Bryant 's ' airball game ' in 1997 was as defining moment in his career '' . Los Angeles Daily News . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant 's top ten moments '' . ESPN . May 11 , 2009 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant Career Stats Page '' . NBA.com . August 23 , 1978 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ NBA Playoffs ; A Dilemma for Kobe ; NBA playoffs : The Lakers can still go small with Bryant in the frontcourt , but it could come at a price against the bigger Schrempf Los Angeles Times , May 4 , 1998 . Retrieved December 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Basketball - References Staff ( n.d. ) . `` 1997 -- 98 NBA Awards Voting '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved December 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ NBA Staff ( n.d. ) . `` All - Star Player Profile : Kobe Bryant '' . NBA . Retrieved December 7 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` BASKETBALL : N.B.A. ROUNDUP -- LOS ANGELES ; Lakers ' Bryant Signs for $71 million '' . The New York Times . January 30 , 1999 . Retrieved May 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Smith , Sam ( January 27 , 2009 ) . `` KOBE BRYANT : THE AIR APPARENT ? '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Thomsen , Ian ( January 27 , 2009 ) . `` Showtime ! '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2008 . Retrieved January 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 -- 99 Los Angeles Lakers Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1999 -- 00 Los Angeles Lakers Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ NBA Staff ( May 1 , 2002 ) . `` Bryant , McGrady Highlight All - NBA Selections '' . NBA . Retrieved December 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Garnett , Bryant top NBA All - Defensive selections '' . The Raw Story . Agence France - Presse . May 12 , 2008 . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` LAKERS : Los Angeles Lakers History '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ N.B.A. : NOTEBOOK -- LOS ANGELES LAKERS ; Bryant Out Six Weeks With a Broken Hand October 15 , 1999 , The New York Times Jump up ^ `` LAKERS : Los Angeles Lakers History '' . Nba.com . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Portland Trail Blazers at Los Angeles Lakers Box Score , June 4 , 2000 '' . Basketball-Reference.com . June 4 , 2000 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bresnahan , Mike ( March 14 , 2013 ) . `` Kobe Bryant sprains left ankle in Lakers loss , out indefinitely '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Chris ( March 14 , 2013 ) . `` Jalen Rose on That Time He Intentionally Tried to Injure Kobe Bryant '' . grantland.com . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Finals : Pacers vs. Lakers '' ... indystar.com . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2010 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Plaschke , Bill . That Was No Dream , That Was Kobe , Los Angeles Times , June 15 , 2000 . Retrieved June 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Article : No doubt : It 's Bryant 's team. ( Chicago Tribune ) AccessMyLibrary -- Promoting library advocacy '' . AccessMyLibrary . May 22 , 2002 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant greatest games ( 2001 playoffs ) : 36pts 9rbds 8asts in game 3 vs Spurs '' . YouTube . September 3 , 2008 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Lou Williams - led 76ers spoil Kobe Bryant 's milestone night '' . ESPN.com . February 6 , 2012 . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Smallwood , John ( February 6 , 2012 ) . `` Love him or not , Kobe Bryant a Philly player '' . Philly.com . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Springer , Steve ( March 3 , 2002 ) . `` Bryant Fight Remains a No Decision '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Beck , Howard ( March 2 , 2002 ) . `` Punch - uation Mark '' . Los Angeles Daily News . Retrieved April 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bryant 's heroics , deference pay off for Lakers '' . USA Today . June 14 , 2002 . Retrieved May 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` PLAYOFFS 2002 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Playoffs 2003 -- Los Angeles Lakers vs. San Antonio Spurs '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Lakers Sign Free Agents Gary Payton and Karl Malone , nba.com , July 16 , 2003 . Retrieved June 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . Kobe Bryant Arrested For Alleged Sexual Assault Archived April 30 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , KMGH - TV , July 6 , 2003 . Retrieved June 19 , 2010 . Archived April 30 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Saraceno , Jon . Bryant 's , Lakers ' survival go hand in hand , USA Today , April 21 , 2004 . Retrieved June 19 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Associated Press . Kobe sends game to OT , wins it in 2OT , sports.espn.go.com , April 14 , 2004 . Retrieved June 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Timberwolves ( 1 ) vs. Los Angeles Lakers ( 2 ) '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Bucher , Ric . Lakers ' wrongs making things right , sports.espn.go.com , June 15 , 2004 . Retrieved June 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Finals 2004 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Rudy Tomjanovich Coach Info '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ DuPree , David ( July 14 , 2004 ) . `` It 's Official : Shaq traded to Heat for three players , draft pick '' . USAToday . Retrieved June 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . Kobe remains with Lakers , sports.espn.go.com , July 16 , 2004 . Retrieved July 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Beck , Howard ( May 6 , 2006 ) . `` Coach and Star Savor Success in Collaboration '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . Decision was made Monday , sports.espn.go.com , February 3 , 2005 . Retrieved June 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Lakers Announce Coaching Change '' . nba.com/lakers . February 2 , 2005 . Retrieved August 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Benjamin ( January 12 , 2013 ) . `` Off the Dribble : Bryant Now Deals with Mediocrity '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved August 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Frank . Allen primed for Kobe showdown , sports.espn.go.com , December 14 , 2004 . Retrieved June 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . Kobe ' upset ' about Malone 's comments to wife , sports.espn.go.com , December 15 , 2004 . Retrieved June 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Phil Jackson '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Basketball : Kobe Bryant Profile and Information '' . authenticbasketball.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` O'Neal Squashes Feud With Bryant '' . The Washington Post . January 18 , 2006 . Retrieved January 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Wurst , Matthew D. ( February 19 , 2006 ) . `` 55 Things About the 55th All - Star Game '' . Nba.com . Retrieved July 28 , 2010 . What happened after Shaq and Kobe got entangled in the lane during the first quarter ? Nothing but laughter all around . Jump up ^ basketball-reference.com , 2005 -- 06 NBA Season Summary , accessed , December 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Eighty - One ! Bryant Erupts as Lakers Roll '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Hoffman , Benjamin ( November 30 , 2015 ) . `` In Most Areas , Good or Bad , Kobe Bryant Has Simply Done More '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Helin , Kurt ( March 2 , 2012 ) . `` What was more impressive : Chamberlain 's 100 point game or Kobe 's 81 ? '' . Pro Basketball Talk . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Young , Royce ( March 2 , 2012 ) . `` Better scoring night : Kobe 's 81 or Wilt 's 100 ? '' . CBSSports.com . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tramel , Barry ( January 26 , 2006 ) . `` Kobe vs. Wilt '' . The Oklahoman . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Chase , Chris ( December 1 , 2015 ) . `` 40 stats you wo n't believe about Kobe Bryant 's historic NBA career '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ NBA.com ( February 1 , 2006 ) . Billups , Bryant Named Players of the Month . Retrieved May 25 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` Kobe 's big month sets high expectations '' . MSNBC . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2008 . Retrieved June 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Basketball : Kobe Bryant Profile and Information '' . Authenticbasketball.com . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` LAKERS : # 24 Kobe Bryant '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Povtak , Tim ( April 9 , 2006 ) . `` Billups brushes off MVP chatter '' . Orlando Sentinel . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bryant passes Jordan , has shot to be No. 1 '' . ESPN . December 14 , 2014 . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Suns ' Steve Nash Wins Second Consecutive MVP Award '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` From 8 to 24 '' . Los Angeles Lakers . November 16 , 2006 . Retrieved January 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Rovell , Darren ( April 26 , 2006 ) . `` Bryant will hang up his No. 8 jersey , sources say '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 25 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Phoenix Suns ( 2 ) vs. Los Angeles lakers ( 7 ) '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ McMenamin , Dave . `` Unfounded stigma still following Bryant '' . ESPN . Retrieved July 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kang , Jay Capian ( January 23 , 2012 ) . `` Person of Interest : Kobe Bryant '' . Grantland . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NBA All - Star Game '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bryant assessed flagrant foul for elbow in Philly '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Sheridan , Chris ( January 31 , 2007 ) . `` Kobe serves suspension against Knicks '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Sheridan , Chris ( March 8 , 2007 ) . `` Kobe serves one - game suspension against Bucks '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bryant Scores NBA Season - Best 65 in Lakers Win '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Scores 50 to Lead Lakers Past Wolves '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bryant Scores 60 as Lakers Defeat Grizzlies '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Thomsen , Ian ( March 24 , 2007 ) . `` Kobe 's 50 - point run more important because of wins '' . SportsIllustrated.com . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2012 . Retrieved July 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Statistics '' . NBA.com . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2008 . Retrieved June 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ NBA.com . Kobe Bryant has Top - Selling Jersey in China , nba.com , March 20 , 2007 , Retrieved May 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Oller , Rob ( February 12 , 2007 ) . `` A star is reborn : Bryant 's stats , dunks have made him marketable again '' . The Columbus Dispatch -- via HighBeam . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Denver Post ( March 15 , 2007 ) . For Kobe , turnaround is flair play . The Bonham Group . Retrieved May 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Suns Top Lakers , Move On to Second Round '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe wants West to return to Lakers with full authority '' . May 28 , 2007 . Retrieved October 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe says he 's just suggesting West 's return , not demanding it '' . May 30 , 2007 . Retrieved October 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Bryant asks for trade , then backtracks slightly '' . ESPN . July 31 , 2007 . Retrieved July 18 , 2010 ... as a Lakers insider notes , it was Bryant 's insistence on getting away from Shaquille O'Neal that got them in this mess . Jump up ^ `` NBA : Kobe retracts his trade request '' . May 31 , 2007 . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2007 . Retrieved October 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Markazi , Arash ( July 19 , 2007 ) . `` Playing the video game : Underground Kobe film ai n't all it 's cracked up to be '' . SI.com . CNN . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2007 . Retrieved July 18 , 2010 . Are you kidding me ? Andrew Bynum ? F -- ing ship his ass out . Jump up ^ Witz , Billy ( May 17 , 2010 ) . `` Suns Can Still Bring Out Snarl in Bryant and Lakers '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 1 , 2010 . There was the infamous video by the self - described Kobe Video Guys , when Bryant profanely vented to a couple of men at a Newport Beach shopping mall , who happened to be recording it , about the Lakers holding on to Andrew Bynum when they could have dealt him for Jason Kidd . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant youngest to hit 20,000 points '' . CBC Sports . December 23 , 2007 . Retrieved February 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` KOBE BRYANT INJURY UPDATE '' . February 14 , 2008 . Retrieved May 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bryant : No surgery on pinkie finger '' . Associated Press . September 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ NBA Staff . Kobe Bryant Wins Most Valuable Player Award , nba.com , May 7 , 2008 . Retrieved June 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Jerry West attends Bryant 's MVP press conference , Los Angeles Times , accessed May 7 , 2008 Jump up ^ Kobe 's MVP award not a surprise to West , accessed May 9 , 2008 Archived July 30 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Bryant unanimous pick for All - NBA team , ESPN , Retrieved May 10 , 2008 Jump up ^ Kobe , Garnett Headline All - Defensive Team , NBA . Retrieved January 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` NBA.com : Gasol Powers Lakers Past Nuggets '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Nuggets Put Up a Fight , but Lakers Get Sweep '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` NBA.com : Bryant Scores 38 as Lakers Beat Jazz in Game 1 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` NBA.com : Bryant Lifts Lakers Into Conference Finals '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` NBA.com : Finals 2008 Spurs at Lakers Game Info '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics Capture 17th NBA Title With Record Win Over Lakers '' . NBA.com Kobe Bryant now holds four NBA titles . Retrieved June 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Lakers -- Schedule -- NBA -- Yahoo ! Sports '' . Sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Lakers equal best 19 - game start in franchise history '' . CBSSports.com . December 8 , 2008 . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2011 . Retrieved January 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kobe 's steady pace lands him top spot in rankings Archived March 2 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . By Rob Peterson , NBA.com -- March 2 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Lakers ' Bryant , Magic 's Howard named Players of the Week '' . NBA.com . January 12 , 2009 . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2011 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mahoney , Brian . Garden party : Kobe 's 61 sets MSG record Archived December 14 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine. , sports.yahoo.com , February 2 , 2009 . Retrieved September 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Shaq , Kobe lead freestyling West All - Stars past East '' . NBA.com . February 16 , 2009 . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2010 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Official Release . James outdistances Bryant in winning Kia MVP award Archived May 7 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine. , nba.com , May 4 , 2009 . Retrieved July 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Adande , J.A. Daily Dime : Kobe named MVP as Lakers win NBA title -- NBA -- ESPN , sports.espn.go.com , June 15 , 2009 . Retrieved July 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant 2008 -- 09 Game Log '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved May 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Zillgitt , Jeff ( June 14 , 2009 ) . `` Man on a mission : Bryant revels in victory , Finals MVP '' . USA Today . Retrieved June 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant Bio -- NBA Finals -- ESPNDB '' . Espndb.go.com . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2011 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kobe Bryant , making the best of bad situations '' . ESPN.go.com . Retrieved December 9 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Beacham , Greg . Lakers win 11th straight , Bryant injures finger Archived August 12 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine. , sports.yahoo.com , December 12 , 2009 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Fly , Colin . Kobe 's jumper at OT buzzer lifts Lakers over Bucks , sports.yahoo.com , December 17 , 2009 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . Bryant joins 14 others with 25,000 points , sports.espn.go.com , January 22 , 2010 . Retrieved July 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ January 2 , 2 : 28 am EST . `` Kobe 's 3 - pointer at buzzer gives Lakers win -- NBA -- Yahoo ! Sports '' . Sports.yahoo.com . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2015 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Golen , Jimmy . Beat LA ? Not this time for Celtics , sports.yahoo.com , December 17 , 2009 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Associated Press , Kobe passes West as Lakers ' scoring leader in loss to Grizzlies , sports.espn.go.com , February 1 , 2010 . Retrieved July 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Medina , Mark . Kobe Bryant 's game winner in 99 -- 98 victory over Memphis Grizzlies shows clutchness ca n't be duplicated , sports.yahoo.com , February 23 , 2010 . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Beacham , Greg . Lakers snap 3 - game skid on Bryant 's late jumper , sports.yahoo.com , March 10 , 2010 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Markazi , Arash . Lakers sign Bryant to an extension , espn.go.com , April 3 , 2010 . Retrieved June 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Helin , Kurt . Lakers to Face Thunder in the First Round , NBC Los Angeles , April 13 , 2010 . Retrieved June 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bresnahan , Mike . Follow Classic -- Los Angeles Times , Los Angeles Times , May 1 , 2010 . Retrieved June 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Frank . Fast Breaks : Lakers - Jazz , Game 4 , sportsillustrated.cnn.com , May 11 , 2010 . Retrieved June 19 , 2010 . Archived May 15 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ McMenamin , Dave . Gasol plays closer with monster finish , sports.espn.go.com , May 20 , 2010 . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . Lakers beat Suns to set up rematch with Boston , Sporting News , May 11 , 2010 . Retrieved June 19 , 2010 . Archived June 2 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Smith , Sekou . No Doubt About The MVP , nba.com , June 18 , 2010 . Retrieved June 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Adande , J.A. 1 . Lakers Capture Franchise Title No. 16 , espn.go.com , June 18 , 2010 . Retrieved June 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lakers receive championship rings , By Dave McMenamin ESPN . October 27 , 2010 Jump up ^ Wojnarowski , Adrian ( November 30 , 2015 ) . `` Why Kobe Bryant decided it was time to retire '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Beacham , Greg . Lakers hold off Timberwolves , improve to 8 -- 0 , nbcsports.msnbc.com , November 10 , 2010 , Retrieved November 12 , 2010 . Archived November 10 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Markazi , Arash . Youngest To 26K , espn.go.com , November 12 , 2010 , Retrieved November 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe 's triple - double leads Lakers over Kings '' . Nbcsports.msnbc.com . November 4 , 2010 . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2012 . Retrieved May 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics win Finals rematch despite Kobe Bryant 's 41 points '' . ESPN . Associated Press . January 30 , 2011 . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2011 . Retrieved January 30 , 2011 . Bryant became the youngest player to reach 27,000 points on a 3 - pointer late in the third quarter , but he frequently was a one - man show on offense . Jump up ^ ESPN Stats & Info . Kobe in the giving mood on Tuesday , espn.go.com , February 2 , 2011 , accessed February 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant has big second half to help Lakers rally by Celtics '' . ESPN . February 10 , 2011 . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Plaschke , Bill ( February 11 , 2011 ) . `` Lakers win is something to yell about '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NBA.com : Kobe is top vote - getter in 2011 All - Star balloting '' . NBA.com . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2011 . Retrieved February 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bresnahan , Mike ( February 20 , 2011 ) . `` Bryant feeds off energy as West beats East in All - Star game , 148 -- 143 '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rumorsandrants.com : Kobe Bryant Passes Moses Malone For Sixth On All - Time Scoring List '' . Rumorsandrants.com . Retrieved March 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` How long can Los Angeles Lakers Kobe Bryant stay on top ? '' . ESPN . April 14 , 2011 . Retrieved May 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Beacham , Greg ( April 14 , 2011 ) . `` Kobe Bryant fined $100,000 for gay slur '' . yahoo.com . Associated Press . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wojnarowski , Adrian ( April 14 , 2011 ) . `` Kobe 's fury : blessing and curse '' . yahoo.com . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Plaschke , Bill ( April 13 , 2011 ) . `` Kobe Bryant needs to say more after slur '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bresnahan , Mike ( April 13 , 2011 ) . `` Lakers ' Kobe Bryant is fined $100,000 by NBA for anti-gay slur to referee '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Litke , Jim ( April 18 , 2011 ) . `` Kobe 's $100 K fine did n't buy Lakers ' best effort '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Associated Press . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Amaechi , John ( April 15 , 2011 ) . `` A Gay Former N.B.A. Player Responds to Kobe Bryant '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant sorry ; Lakers make plan '' . ESPNLosAngeles.com. April 15 , 2011 . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Falgoust , J. Michael ( April 14 , 2011 ) . `` Bryant to appeal $100 K fine for slur , but takes responsibility '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant , Lakers teammates appear in PSA touting diversity '' . SportingNews.com. April 21 , 2011 . Retrieved April 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Report : Kobe Bryant saw German doc '' . ESPN . December 25 , 2011 . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hale , Mark ( December 29 , 2011 ) . `` Yankees say A-Rod had shoulder treatment , too '' . New York Post . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gordon , Jeremy ( January 12 , 2011 ) . `` Kobe to the World : ' I 'm Still Kobe ' '' . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Arthur , Bruce ( January 12 , 2012 ) . `` Lakers ' Kobe Bryant wo n't give in to age '' . National Post . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Paul - led Clips win L.A. clash despite Kobe Bryant 's 42 '' . ESPN . Associated Press . January 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Haberstroh , Tom ( January 16 , 2012 ) . `` Can Kobe catch Kareem ? '' . ESPN . Retrieved January 25 , 2012 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Zach McCann ( February 27 , 2012 ) . `` Kobe Bryant sets ASG points mark '' . ESPN . Retrieved February 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dave McMenamin ( February 29 , 2012 ) . `` Kobe Bryant also has concussion '' . ESPN . Retrieved February 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ CBSSports.com wire reports . `` NBA Recap -- Los Angeles Lakers at San Antonio Spurs -- Apr 20 , 2012 '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved January 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bolch , Ben ( April 27 , 2012 ) . `` Kobe Bryant chooses not to go for NBA scoring title '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ `` Chris Paul , Clippers deal Lakers third straight loss to open season '' . ESPN . Associated Press . November 2 , 2012 . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bresnahan , Mike ( November 9 , 2012 ) . `` Lakers fire Mike Brown as coach '' . latimes.com . Retrieved January 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Beck , Howard ( November 12 , 2012 ) . `` The Lakers Change Direction and Hire D'Antoni as Coach '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bresnahan , Mike ( November 12 , 2012 ) . `` Mike D'Antoni to be next coach of the Lakers '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Trudell , Mike ( December 5 , 2012 ) . `` Kobe Bryant 30,000 Points '' . NBA.com . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant ( 30 pts . ) , Lakers need comeback to top woeful Bobcats '' . ESPN . Associated Press . December 18 , 2012 . Retrieved December 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dwight Howard powers surging Lakers past Blazers '' . ESPN . Associated Press . December 28 , 2012 . Retrieved January 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McMenamin , Dave ( January 15 , 2013 ) . `` Bigger defensive role for Kobe Bryant '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Pincus , Eric ( January 16 , 2013 ) . `` Kobe Bryant recognizes he 's better defending on the ball '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mahoney , Rob ( January 14 , 2013 ) . `` Mike D'Antoni minces words when describing Kobe Bryant 's defense '' . SI.com . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McMenamin , Dave ( January 26 , 2013 ) . `` Lakers found formula , can they repeat it ? '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McMenamin , Dave ( February 2 , 2013 ) . `` Bryant chasing triple - doubles ? '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Schuhmann , John ( January 24 , 2013 ) . `` L.A. Recovery Would n't Be Unprecedented '' . NBA.com . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Verrier , Justin ( January 30 , 2013 ) . `` 1 . Lakers Just Trying To Keep It Simple '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McMenamin , Dave ( January 27 , 2013 ) . `` Lakers rise as D'Antoni's offense ditched '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Shelburne , Ramona ( January 28 , 2013 ) . `` Have the Lakers found their groove ? '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lakers hold on despite late surge from Hornets '' . ESPN . Associated Press . January 29 , 2013 . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant , Steve Nash help Lakers hold on for 2nd straight win '' . ESPN . Associated Press . January 27 , 2013 . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant 's heroics help Lakers rally , edge Raptors in OT '' . ESPN . Associated Press . March 8 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : McMenamin , Dave ( May 6 , 2013 ) . `` 2012 -- 13 Lakers Report Card : Starting five '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McMenamin , Dave ( April 9 , 2013 ) . `` Metta World Peace details his recovery '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Daily Dime -- ESPN '' . Espn.go.com. April 11 , 2013 . Retrieved August 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Plaschke , Bill ( April 13 , 2013 ) . `` Lakers were n't strong enough to protect Kobe Bryant from himself '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant tears Achilles , sidelined for months '' . CNN.com. April 13 , 2013 . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cacciola , Scott ( April 14 , 2013 ) . `` Bryant Goes Away , but Not Quietly '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Helin , Kurt ( November 25 , 2013 ) . `` Lakers sign Kobe Bryant to two - year , $48.5 million contract extension '' . NBC Sports . Retrieved November 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pincus , Eric ( November 25 , 2013 ) . `` Lakers sign Kobe Bryant to a two - year contract extension '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Berger , Ken ( October 14 , 2014 ) . `` Kobe Bryant does not want to hear that he is overpaid '' . CBS Sports . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dwyer , Kelly ( November 13 , 2014 ) . `` Kobe Bryant on the difference between Tim Duncan 's contract and his : ' It 's a different market , man ' '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Amick , Sam ( November 13 , 2014 ) . `` As Kobe faces Duncan for 78th time , comparison unavoidable '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Shelburne , Ramona ( December 20 , 2013 ) . `` Lakers lose Kobe Bryant again '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Joseph , Adi ( December 20 , 2013 ) . `` Lakers ' Kobe Bryant breaks bone in knee , out 6 weeks '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lakers : Kobe injury not healed '' . ESPN . March 12 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McMenamin , Dave ( January 23 , 2014 ) . `` Kobe : Wo n't play All - Star Game '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Helin , Kurt ( February 7 , 2014 ) . `` Anthony Davis selected to fill Kobe Bryant 's All - Star slot in West '' . NBCSports.com . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rockets rout Lakers 108 -- 90 in Kobe 's return '' . USA Today . Associated Press . October 29 , 2014 . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bresnahan , Mike ( December 26 , 2014 ) . `` Byron Scott assured Kobe Bryant he had his best interests at heart '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Resnick , Joe ( November 30 , 2014 ) . `` Bryant leads Lakers over Toronto 129 -- 122 in OT '' . NBA.com . Retrieved December 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ELIAS : TOP 5 QUESTIONS FROM SUNDAY , NOV. 30 '' . NBA.com . November 30 , 2014 . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pincus , Eric ( December 14 , 2014 ) . `` Kobe Bryant becomes NBA 's No. 3 all - time scorer in Lakers ' win '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Freeman , Eric ( December 23 , 2014 ) . `` Kobe Bryant misses Lakers vs. Warriors for rest '' . Yahoo.com . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Holmes , Baxter ( December 23 , 2014 ) . `` Kobe Bryant to rest vs. Warriors '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Dwyer , Kelly ( December 22 , 2014 ) . `` Kobe Bryant has to stop '' . Yahoo.com . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Suns win 6th straight by spoiling Kobe Bryant 's return to Lakers lineup '' . ESPN . Associated Press . December 28 , 2014 . Archived from the original on December 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Oram , Bill ( December 26 , 2014 ) . `` Bryant 's ailments likely reflect new reality for Lakers '' . Orange County Register . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Medina , Mark ( December 23 , 2014 ) . `` Lakers ' Byron Scott to handle Kobe Bryant 's playing time on game - by - game basis '' . Los Angeles Daily News . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Medina , Mark ( October 27 , 2015 ) . `` How will Kobe Bryant fare in his 20th NBA season ? '' . Los Angeles Daily News . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bresnahan , Mike ( January 11 , 2015 ) . `` Kobe Bryant rests again , Lakers fall to Trail Blazers , 106 -- 94 '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant notches triple - double as Lakers hold off Nuggets '' . ESPN . December 30 , 2014 . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lakers guard Kobe Bryant has torn rotator cuff in right shoulder '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved January 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bresnahan , Mike ( January 22 , 2015 ) . `` Lakers ' Kobe Bryant has torn rotator cuff ; severity to be determined '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bresnahan , Mike ( January 26 , 2015 ) . `` Kobe Bryant to undergo season - ending surgery for torn rotator cuff '' . Deseret News . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kobe Bryant to have shoulder surgery '' . ESPN . Associated Press . January 26 , 2015 . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Medina , Mark ( January 28 , 2015 ) . `` Lakers star Kobe Bryant out for season after shoulder surgery '' . Los Angeles Daily News . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Baxter ( October 14 , 2015 ) . `` Byron Scott says Kobe Bryant likely OK for next game '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Helin , Kurt ( November 2 , 2015 ) . `` Kobe Bryant on his play so far : `` I freaking suck '' `` . NBCSports.com . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Beacham , Greg ( October 29 , 2015 ) . `` Two decades in : Kobe Bryant clears another milestone with start of 20th Lakers season '' . Star Tribune . Associated Press . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Baxter ( November 25 , 2015 ) . `` Kobe Bryant 's possible farewell tour hits new low '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Holmes , Baxter ( November 25 , 2015 ) . `` Kobe 's shooting struggles not putting ' pretty defined ' role in jeopardy '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on November 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Game Recap : 76ers 103 , Lakers 91 '' . Philadelphia 76ers . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe announces he will retire after this season '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Baxter ; Stein , Marc ; Shelburne , Ramona ( November 29 , 2015 ) . `` Kobe Bryant to retire after this season '' . ESPN . Retrieved November 30 , 2015 -- via Associated Press . ^ Jump up to : `` LOS ANGELES LAKERS ( 2 - 13 ) VS . INDIANA PACERS ( 10 - 5 ) '' ( PDF ) . Los Angeles Times . November 29 , 2015 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on November 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bresnahan , Mike ; Turner , Broderick ( November 26 , 2015 ) . `` Kobe Bryant 's struggles cause some in NBA circles to say it 's time he retires '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on November 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ding , Kevin ( November 30 , 2015 ) . `` With Flair for the Dramatic , Kobe Spins Frustrating End into Emotional Final Act '' . Bleacher Report . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Helin , Kurt ( November 30 , 2015 ) . `` Kobe Bryant : ' Do I want to play again or do n't I ... the reality is no , I do n't . ' '' . Pro Basketball Talk . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Cacciola , Scott ( December 16 , 2015 ) . `` Kobe Bryant 's Long Goodbye '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Berger , Ken ( January 8 , 2016 ) . `` Kobe Bryant 's last night in Sacramento hit him right in the heart '' . CBSSports.com . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Baxter ( December 4 , 2015 ) . `` Kobe requests no more gifts , on - court ceremonies during farewell tour '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jones , Jason ( January 7 , 2016 ) . `` Sacramento sends Kobe Bryant off with rousing ovation '' . The Sacramento Bee . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Jackson , Scoop ( February 2 , 2016 ) . `` Dwyane Wade : ' I never thought I 'd be Top 100 all time ' '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Brewer , Jerry ( December 2 , 2015 ) . `` During strange farewell tour , Kobe Bryant rediscovers greatness for one night in D.C. '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe wills Lakers with 38 points to end 10 - game losing streak '' . ESPN.com . February 2 , 2016 . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Baxter ( February 3 , 2016 ) . `` Kobe shrugs off 38 - point effort : ' You 've seen it for 20 years ' '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bresnahan , Mike ( January 21 , 2016 ) . `` Kobe Bryant is selected as an All - Star for the 18th time '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Defense in record - setting short supply in West 's rout of East '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . February 15 , 2016 . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cacciola , Scott ( February 14 , 2016 ) . `` Kobe Bryant , in His Final Lap , Is Happy to Surrender the Midseason Stage '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Acosta - Delacruz , Angelo ( April 13 , 2016 ) . `` Kobe finishes his two - decade - long career in a fashionable way as Lakers eliminate Jazz , 101 - 96 '' . powcast.net . Powcast Sports Hub . Jump up ^ `` Mamba out : Kobe Bryant 's shocking farewell '' . Jump up ^ Beacham , Greg ( April 28 , 2016 ) . `` Kobe scores 60 points in unbelievable farewell victory '' . NBA.com . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mike Wise Bryant Sets His Priorities , The New York Times , June 19 , 2000 . Jump up ^ AP U.S. ends losing streak at World Championship , The Seattle Times , September 7 , 2002 . Jump up ^ Vince Carter Added to Olympic Qualifying Team , InsideHoops NBA , July 29 , 2003 . Jump up ^ Olympic Basketball , InsideHoops NBA , 2008 . Jump up ^ Kobe will play for U.S. at worlds , ' 08 Olympics , ESPN.com , January 21 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Kobe wo n't play for USA after knee surgery , ESPN.com , July 16 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` USA Basketball '' . USABasketball.com . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2008 . Retrieved June 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` James , Bryant to lead US team '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Mahoney , Brian ( August 24 , 2008 ) . `` US hoops back on top , beats Spain for gold medal '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ `` Kobe commits to Team USA '' . Fox News . Associated Press . November 2 , 2010 . Retrieved November 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` USA Basketball Wins Gold Over Spain , Rio Next in 2016 '' . Fox News . August 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kobe Bryant NBA '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved October 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Goldsberry , Kirk ( March 12 , 2013 ) . `` CourtVision : The New Kobe '' . Grantland . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ DuPree , David ( January 24 , 2006 ) . `` Anyone up for 100 ? '' . USA Today . Retrieved May 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Pelton , Kevin . `` Los Angeles Lakers : 2013 -- 14 roster ( Subscription Required ) '' . ESPN Insider . Retrieved October 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jordan eases off talk '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stein , Marc ( October 29 , 2001 ) . `` Kobe , Hill deal with being the next Michael '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Hoffman , Benjamin ( December 13 , 2014 ) . `` Kobe Bryant Is Nearly an Equal of Michael Jordan , Except in Fan Adoration '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Baxter ( December 14 , 2014 ) . `` Kobe Bryant rises up before falling away '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ballard , Chris . Kobe 's Killer Instinct ( cont . ) , sportsillustrated.cnn.com , May 28 , 2008 , Retrieved November 20 , 2010 . Archived February 17 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Holmes , Baxter ( December 20 , 2014 ) . `` Kobe Bryant delivers the final miss again '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Harper , Zach ( December 20 , 2014 ) . `` Lakers ' Jeremy Lin on game winners : ' I would love to shoot some ' '' . CBSSports.com . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Bruce ( December 20 , 2014 ) . `` Jenkins on NBA : Bryant becomes more gunner than top gun '' . SFGate.com . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Pingue , Frank ( November 30 , 2015 ) . `` Kobe Bryant to retire at end of season '' . Reuters . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McMenamin , Dave . Shots heard ' round the world , sports.espn.go.com , March 11 , 2010 , Retrieved November 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 -- 12 NBA.com GM Survey Results '' . NBA.com . January 17 , 2012 . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Abbott , Henry ( January 28 , 2011 ) . `` The truth about Kobe Bryant in crunch time '' . ESPN Internet Ventures . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Beck , Howard ( November 9 , 2015 ) . `` Amid the Points and Applause , One Single Shot Ignited Love Story of Kobe , NYC '' . Bleacher Report . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` All - Time # NBArank : Michael Jordan tops list of best shooting guards '' . ESPN.com . January 19 , 2016 . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Abbot , Henry . `` The truth about Kobe Bryant in crunch time '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2011 . Retrieved October 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Lowe , Zach . `` Top 100 NBA Players -- Nos. 1 -- 10 '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2013 . Retrieved October 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Moore , Tom ( November 30 , 2015 ) . `` Kobe Bryant set to play final game in Philadelphia '' . The Morning Call . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Baxter ( November 11 , 2014 ) . `` Misses add up to big part of Kobe 's legacy '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bresnahan , Mike . `` Phil Jackson throws the book at Kobe Bryant '' . The LA Times . Retrieved October 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pelton , Kevin ( November 7 , 2005 ) . `` Every Play Counts : Kobe Bryant '' . 82games.com . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McMenamin , Dave ( May 17 , 2012 ) . `` Kobe Bryant : Charges carry big risk '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Medina , Mark ( May 9 , 2011 ) . `` Kobe Bryant named to NBA 's all - defensive first team for ninth time '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lowe , Zach ( May 26 , 2013 ) . `` An Open Letter to Kobe Bryant About His Defense '' . Grantland . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Paine , Neal ( December 12 , 2014 ) . `` Once And For All : Michael Jordan Was Way Better Than Kobe Bryant '' . FiveThirtyEight . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Shelburne , Ramona ( April 13 , 2013 ) . `` Kobe and L.A. tradition will be tested '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Adande , J.A. ( January 26 , 2015 ) . `` Kobe Bryant pays price for greatness '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ballard , Chris ( August 26 , 2014 ) . `` Examining Kobe Bryant 's legendary pain tolerance and road to recovery '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Brian ( January 8 , 2015 ) . `` Wolf on the Rock : The Ludicrous , Glorious Doom of Kobe Bryant '' . Grantland . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Chris ; Concepcion , Jason ( February 17 , 2015 ) . `` Six Seconds to Perfection : The Best NBA Vines of the Season '' . Grantland . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ding , Kevin ( October 22 , 2014 ) . `` Julius Randle 's Development Poses Final Leadership Test for Kobe Bryant '' . BleacherReport.com . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Markazi , Arash ( October 12 , 2014 ) . `` Long a tough , chilly teammate , Kobe Bryant has mellowed and now is a mentor '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Abbott , Henry ( October 20 , 2014 ) . `` Kobe '' . ESPN The Magazine . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Heisler , Mark ( October 22 , 2014 ) . `` Who Killed Lakers ? ESPN Says It Was Someone on Inside With the Initials Kobe Bryant '' . Forbes.com . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bresnahan , Mike ( May 16 , 2013 ) . `` Phil Jackson 's new book focuses a lot on ( who else ? ) Kobe Bryant '' . Los Angeles Times . ^ Jump up to : Holmes , Baxter ( November 30 , 2014 ) . `` Kobe gets milestone on 6,000 th assist '' . ESPN . Retrieved December 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Keh , Andrew ( November 29 , 2015 ) . `` Kobe Bryant Announces Retirement '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant Elected As The NBA Player Of The Decade '' . Thaindian.com . February 15 , 2010 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sporting News ' NBA Athlete of the Decade : Kobe Bryant , SG , Lakers -- Sporting News -- NBA '' . Sporting News . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2010 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Special Dime : Greatest shooting guards of all time -- NBA -- ESPN '' . ESPN . March 11 , 2008 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Young , Royce ( December 1 , 2015 ) . `` Kevin Durant frustrated by media 's handling of Kobe Bryant '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Baxter ( January 27 , 2016 ) . `` Kobe will miss talking trash with Dirk Nowitzki '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Friedell , Nick ( January 28 , 2016 ) . `` Rose : Kobe is the Jordan of our generation '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Benjamin ( November 15 , 2014 ) . `` To the End , Kobe Bryant Is a Shooting Guard , Hot or Cold '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Woike , Dan ( November 29 , 2015 ) . `` Kobe Bryant announces plans to retire following this season '' . The Press - Enterprise . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top stats to know : Kobe Bryant 's statistical legacy '' . ESPN.com . November 29 , 2015 . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ganguli , Tania ( September 12 , 2017 ) . `` Lakers plan to retire both numbers , 8 and 24 , that Kobe Bryant wore during his career '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ HoopsHype.com . NBA Players -- Kobe Bryant . Accessed May 8 , 2007 Jump up ^ Holmes , Baxter ( November 30 , 2015 ) . `` Kobe Bryant says he knew from onset that 2015 - 16 would be final season '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe 's 81 - point game second only to Wilt '' . ESPN Internet Ventures . January 12 , 2006 . Retrieved September 20 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , Brian ( November 29 , 2015 ) . `` KOBE BY THE NUMBERS '' . NBA.com . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant Wins Most Valuable Player Award '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . May 6 , 2008 . Retrieved May 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Sheridan , Chris ( August 25 , 2008 ) . `` Redeem Team proves worthy of Dream Team comparison '' . ESPN . Retrieved December 6 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kobe Bryant top vote - getter for 18th and final All - Star Game '' . ESPN . January 21 , 2016 . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` All - Time # NBArank : Players 11 - 15 '' . ESPN.com . February 10 , 2016 . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trudell , Mike ( May 23 , 2013 ) . `` Kobe Named All - NBA First Team ... Again '' . Lakers.com . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved September 19 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Everything You Need to Know About Kobe Bryant '' . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2006 . Retrieved October 16 , 2007 . -- Wayback Machine cache from February 19 , 2006 Jump up ^ Shawn Hubler . `` Kobe 's costar Vanessa Laine was just another sheltered teenager in Orange County . Then she fell in love with a phenomenon . '' . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2007 . Retrieved October 16 , 2007 . -- Wayback Machine cache from April 6 , 2007 Jump up ^ Keown , Tim ( September 1 , 2003 ) . `` Isolation Play '' . ESPN . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hubler , Shawn ( February 15 , 2005 ) . `` Kobe 's costar '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cupcake Magazine interview with Vanessa Bryant July 17 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant , mom in court battle '' . ESPN . May 3 , 2013 . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stamm , Dan ; Associated Press . `` Kobe Wins Battle to Prevent Mom From Auctioning His Stuff '' . NBC 10 Philadelphia . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rovell , Darren ( June 10 , 2013 ) . `` Deal reached in Kobe Bryant case '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant Buys Home For More Than $4 million '' . News.google.com . Retrieved June 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant sets price record with Newport Coast home sale '' . Los Angeles Times . May 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Shaq is a Dad Six Minutes After Kobe '' . Contactmusic.com . Retrieved May 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Kim , Victoria ( December 16 , 2011 ) . `` Kobe Bryant divorce : Vanessa cites ' irreconcilable differences ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` L.A. Now '' . Los Angeles Times . December 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant , wife Vanessa call off their divorce '' . CBS News . Retrieved January 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gonzalo Aguirregomezcorta . `` Kobe : `` No imaginé este nivel '' `` . ESPN Mexico . Retrieved November 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gonzalo Aguirregomezcorta . `` Kobe Bryant tras anunciar su retiro : `` Ahora me siento relajado '' `` . ESPN Mexico . Retrieved November 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Crowe , Jerry ( May 23 , 2008 ) . `` Text messages from press row ... `` . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant and , Robert Rodriguez talk about Black Mamba Nike ads , six - minute film '' . Los Angeles Times . January 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McMenamin , Dave ( April 11 , 2013 ) . `` Rapid Reaction : Lakers 113 , Trail Blazers 106 '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bresnahan , Mike ( March 3 , 2013 ) . `` Kobe Bryant and Lakers soar to new heights ( or at least . 500 ) '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rooney , Kyle ( 13 July 2016 ) . `` Kobe and Vanessa Bryant Announce their third child '' . Retrieved 13 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Drysdale , Jennifer ( December 8 , 2016 ) . `` Kobe Bryant and Wife Vanessa Welcome Third Child '' . Yahoo ! . Jump up ^ Harris , Sarah Jane ( December 8 , 2016 ) . `` Kobe Bryant welcomes his third child '' . sportingnews.com . Jump up ^ SI Staff ( December 23 , 2003 ) . `` Bryant distracted , scared amid sex assault case '' . Sports Illustrated . Associated Press . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2004 . Retrieved February 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Moore , David Leon ( February 12 , 2004 ) . `` Shaq , Kobe still main keys to Lakers ' fortunes '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Fans Shunning Kobe Bryant 's Jersey -- Celebrity Gossip Entertainment News Arts And Entertainment '' . Fox News . January 7 , 2005 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Reid , T.R. ( September 2 , 2004 ) . `` Bryant rape case ends in dismissal '' . The San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved October 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Kirk Johnson ( September 2 , 2004 ) . `` Prosecutors Drop Kobe Bryant Rape Case '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Mike ( June 16 , 2000 ) . `` Article : Basketball Star Leaps into Global Ventures . AccessMyLibrary -- Promoting library advocacy '' . AccessMyLibrary . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Information and results for ' Adidas , Basketball Star Kobe Bryant Part Ways . ' AccessMyLibrary -- Promoting library advocacy '' . AccessMyLibrary . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Adidas Airs Out New Kobe Bryant Shoe , Ad Campaign '' . Sportsbusinessdaily.com . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Badenhausen , Kurt ( March 9 , 2004 ) . `` Kobe Bryant 's Sponsorship Will Rebound '' . Forbes . Retrieved December 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Greg ( June 22 , 2008 ) . `` Bryant will lose out again to Big Three '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant 's Endorsement Deals '' . Advertising.about.com. April 15 , 2010 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kobe Bryant resumes endorsement career '' . Usatoday.com . July 10 , 2005 . Retrieved July 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Salazar - Moreno , Quibian ( May 12 , 2008 ) . `` Endorsements Coming Back to Kobe Bryant '' . Blackvoices . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Devine , Dan ( November 5 , 2010 ) . `` Kobe Bryant shoots ' em up in new ' Call of Duty ' ad '' . Sports.Yahoo.com . Retrieved July 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` No , Kobe Bryant Did Not Jump Over a Car '' . U.S. News & World Report . rankingsandreviews.com. April 15 , 2008 . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nike launches Nike Zoom Kobe V with Kobe Bryant '' . TradingMarkets.com . December 9 , 2009 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant Wearing Nubeo Black Mamba MVP Watch `` UpscaleHype '' . Upscalehype.com . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant ESPN The Magazine Fan Issue '' . ESPN The Magazine . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2009 . Retrieved May 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 endorsement superstars '' . CNN . December 31 , 2008 . Retrieved May 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kritchever , Patrick . The Forbes Celebrity 100 , Forbes , June 28 , 2010 , Retrieved July 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rovell , Darren . `` Kobe Bryant To Endorse Turkish Airlines '' . CNBC.com . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2012 . Retrieved February 23 , 2011 . It 's a two - year deal that will involve Bryant starring in a promotional film that will be aired on international television channels and in movie theatres in more than 80 countries next year . Jump up ^ Li , Shan ( December 16 , 2010 ) . `` Kobe Bryant 's Turkish Airlines deal outrages Armenian Americans '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The first Kobe Bryant Turkish Airlines commercial has landed '' . NBC Sports . February 28 , 2011 . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2011 . Retrieved February 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant in NBA Courtside for Nintendo 64 '' . MobyGames . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Courtside 2 Featuring Kobe Bryant '' . CNN . Retrieved May 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Courtside 2002 ( cube ) reviews at '' . Metacritic.com . January 14 , 2002 . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2009 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NBA 3 on 3 Featuring Kobe Bryant for GBC '' . Gamespot.Com . December 7 , 1999 . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2005 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Surette , Tim ( August 21 , 2006 ) . `` Kobe covers Sony 's NBA 07 '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2013 . Retrieved February 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sony Debuts SIX Cover Athletes for NBA 09 : The Inside '' . DailyGame . August 18 , 2008 . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe vs Messi : Legends on Board -- Turkish Airlines '' . Turkish Airlines . December 6 , 2012 . Retrieved December 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James : Cleveland Cavaliers return for NBA star '' . BBC . Retrieved July 11 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` CRI.com : Kobe Bryant Works with Jay Chou in New Song '' . : . February 23 , 2011 . Retrieved June 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Pop Asia . `` Jay Chou releases MV with Kobe Bryant '' . PopAsia . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2012 . Retrieved June 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Official music video of '' . YouTube.com. April 6 , 2011 . Retrieved June 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ 4 comments by Daniel Gilroy on Wednesday , February 23 , 2011 ( February 23 , 2011 ) . `` ChinaSmack : Sprite China -- Kobe Bryant and Jay Chou music video '' 天地 一 鬥 `` ( '' Tian Di Yi Dou `` ) with Jay Chou feat . Kobe Bryant '' . Advertising.chinasmack.com . Retrieved June 16 , 2011 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ P , Anthony . `` Lil Wayne Releases New Song Titled `` Kobe Bryant '' `` . Retrieved June 23 , 2012 . Just in time for the championship matchup between the Los Angeles Lakers and the Orlando Magic , Lil ' Wayne has released a song titled `` Kobe Bryant . '' Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant On'em - Sho Baraka '' . Lecrae . July 16 , 2010 . Retrieved June 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant 's Charity Work , Events and Causes '' . looktothestars.org . Retrieved April 1 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Paul , Alan ( July 16 , 2009 ) . `` Kobe Bryant Conquers China '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved October 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Nicolai , Megan ( January 9 , 2015 ) . `` We 're excited to be your neighbors '' . The Orange County Register . sec . Local , pp. 1 , 6 . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Berman , Dennis K. ( August 22 , 2016 ) . `` Kobe Bryant and Jeff Stibel Unveil $100 Million Venture Capital Fund '' -- via Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ `` What Is Bryant Stibel , Venture Capitalist Fund ? Kobe Unveils Investment Fund With Business Partner Jeff '' . August 22 , 2016 . 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Reid 1987 : LaBradford Smith 1988 : Alonzo Mourning 1989 : Kenny Anderson 1990 : Damon Bailey 1991 : Chris Webber 1992 : Corliss Williamson 1993 : Randy Livingston 1994 : Felipe Lopez 1995 : Stephon Marbury 1996 : Kobe Bryant 1997 : Baron Davis 1998 : Al Harrington 1999 : LaVell Blanchard 2000 : Jared Jeffries 2001 : Kelvin Torbert 2002 : LeBron James 2003 : LeBron James 2004 : Dwight Howard 2005 : Greg Oden 2006 : Greg Oden 2007 : Kevin Love 2008 : Jrue Holiday 2009 : Brandon Knight 2010 : Brandon Knight 2011 : Bradley Beal 2012 : Jabari Parker 2013 : Andrew Wiggins 2014 : Karl - Anthony Towns 2015 : Ben Simmons 2016 : Jayson Tatum 2017 : Michael Porter Girls 1986 : Susan Anderson 1987 : Kris Durham 1988 : Vicki Hall 1989 : Lisa Harrison 1990 : Lisa Leslie 1991 : Michelle Marciniak 1992 : Katie Smith 1993 : La'Keshia Frett 1994 : Monick Foote 1995 : Stephanie White 1996 : Jamie Walz 1997 : Nikki Teasley 1998 : Tamika Williams 1999 : Nicole Kaczmarski 2000 : Shereka Wright 2001 : Shyra Ely 2002 : Ann Strother 2003 : Candace Parker 2004 : Candace Parker 2005 : Abby Waner 2006 : Tina Charles 2007 : Maya Moore 2008 : Nneka Ogwumike 2009 : Skylar Diggins 2010 : Chiney Ogwumike 2011 : Kaleena Mosqueda - Lewis 2012 : Breanna Stewart 2013 : Mercedes Russell 2014 : Brianna Turner 2015 : Katie Lou Samuelson 2016 : Erin Boley 2017 : Megan Walker United States squad -- 2007 FIBA Americas Championship -- Gold medal 4 Billups 5 Kidd 6 James 7 Williams 8 Redd 9 Prince 10 Bryant 11 Howard 12 Stoudemire 13 Miller 14 Chandler 15 Anthony Coach : Krzyzewski United States men 's basketball squad -- 2008 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal 4 Boozer 5 Kidd 6 James 7 Williams 8 Redd 9 Wade 10 Bryant 11 Howard 12 Bosh 13 Paul 14 Prince 15 Anthony Coach : Krzyzewski United States men 's basketball squad -- 2012 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal 4 Chandler 5 Durant 6 James 7 Westbrook 8 Williams 9 Iguodala 10 Bryant 11 Love 12 Harden 13 Paul 14 Davis 15 Anthony Coach : Krzyzewski VIAF : 19000693 LCCN : n98082481 ISNI : 0000 0000 4567 7868 BNF : cb14159921j ( data ) MusicBrainz : c50e111f - 3e84 - 4bb4 - 871f - 95e3e89f3c88 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kobe_Bryant&oldid=801422029 '' Categories : Kobe Bryant 1978 births Living people African - American basketball players African - American Catholics American expatriates in Italy American Roman Catholics Basketball players at the 2008 Summer Olympics Basketball players at the 2012 Summer Olympics Basketball players from Pennsylvania Charlotte Hornets draft picks Gatorade National Basketball Player of the Year Los Angeles Lakers players McDonald 's High School All - Americans Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics National Basketball Association All - Stars National Basketball Association high school draftees Olympic gold medalists for the United States in basketball Parade High School All - Americans ( boys ' basketball ) Shooting guards Sportspeople from Newport Beach , California Sportspeople from Philadelphia United States men 's national basketball team players Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Webarchive template wayback links Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles with dead external links from September 2011 Use mdy dates from April 2016 Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected biographies of living people Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Kreyòl ayisyen Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Malagasy मराठी მარგალური Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Vèneto Tiếng Việt Volapük Winaray 吴语 Yorùbá 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 September 2017 , at 15 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did kobe bryant win his first ring | [
"\nKobe Bryant\n\n\nBryant in 2015\n\n\n\nPersonal information\n\n\nBorn\n(1978-08-23) August 23, 1978 (age 39)\nPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania\n\n\nNationality\nAmerican\n\n\nListed height\n6 ft 6 in (1.98 m)[a]\n\n\nListed weight\n212 lb (96 kg)\n\n\nCareer information\n\n\nHigh school\nLower Merion\n(Ardmore, Pennsylvania)\n\n\nNBA draft\n1996 / Round: 1 / Pick: 13th overall\n\n\nSelected by the Charlotte Hornets\n\n\nPlaying career\n1996–2016\n\n\nPosition\nShooting guard\n\n\nNumber\n8, 24\n\n\nCareer history\n\n\n1996–2016\nLos Angeles Lakers\n\n\n\n\n\nCareer highlights and awards\n\n\n\n\n5× NBA champion (2000–2002, 2009, 2010)\n2× NBA Finals MVP (2009, 2010)\nNBA Most Valuable Player (2008)\n18× NBA All-Star (1998, 2000–2016)\n4× NBA All-Star Game MVP (2002, 2007, 2009, 2011)\n11× All-NBA First Team (2002–2004, 2006–2013)\n2× All-NBA Second Team (2000, 2001)\n2× All-NBA Third Team (1999, 2005)\n9× NBA All-Defensive First Team (2000, 2003, 2004, 2006–2011)\n3× NBA All-Defensive Second Team (2001, 2002, 2012)\n2× NBA scoring champion (2006, 2007)\nNBA Slam Dunk Contest champion (1997)\nNBA All-Rookie Second Team (1997)\nNaismith Prep Player of the Year (1996)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCareer statistics\n\n\nPoints\n33,643 (25.0 ppg)\n\n\nRebounds\n7,047 (5.2 rpg)\n\n\nAssists\n6,306 (4.7 apg)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nStats at Basketball-Reference.com\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMedals[hide]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMen's basketball\n\n\nRepresenting United States\n\n\nOlympic Games\n\n\n\n2008 Beijing\nTeam\n\n\n\n2012 London\nTeam\n\n\nFIBA Americas Championship\n\n\n\n2007 Las Vegas\nTeam\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
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-1706236955030124155 | I Can Only Imagine (MercyMe song) | I Can Only Imagine ( MercyMe song ) - wikipedia I Can Only Imagine ( MercyMe song ) `` I Can Only Imagine '' Single cover Single by MercyMe from the album The Worship Project and Almost There A-side `` Word of God Speak '' Released 2001 Format CD digital download Recorded 1999 and 2001 in the United States Ivy Park The Indigo Room Paradise Sound IBC Studios Genre Christian alternative rock pop rock contemporary Christian Length 4 : 08 Label INO Curb Songwriter ( s ) Bart Millard Producer ( s ) Pete Kipley MercyMe singles chronology `` Bless Me Indeed ( Jabez 's Song ) '' ( 2001 ) `` I Can Only Imagine '' ( 2001 ) `` Spoken For '' ( 2002 ) `` I Can Only Imagine '' ( sometimes shortened to `` Imagine '' ) is a single recorded by Christian rock band MercyMe . Written and composed by lead vocalist Bart Millard , the song , based around a main piano track , was inspired by the death of Millard 's father and considers what it would be like in Heaven and to be standing before God . The song was first issued as a track on MercyMe 's 1999 album The Worship Project , which was released on an independent record label . The song was re-recorded and included on their 2001 major - label debut album Almost There as the fifth song on the album . `` I Can Only Imagine '' was released in 2001 as the album 's lead single . It gained significant airplay on Christian radio formats before crossing over to mainstream radio formats such as adult contemporary and Top 40 in late 2003 and into 2004 ; to aid in promotion to these markets , a double A-side physical single ( combined with `` Word of God Speak '' ) was released in 2003 . It charted on several formats , including the Billboard Adult Contemporary ( where it peaked at No. 5 ) and the Hot 100 ( where it peaked at No. 71 ) . In 2002 , `` I Can Only Imagine '' earned the Dove Awards for ' Pop / Contemporary Recorded Song of the Year ' and ' Song of the Year ' ; Millard earned the Dove Award ' Songwriter of the Year ' at the same ceremony . With 2.5 million copies sold , it is the best - selling Christian single of all time , having been certified 3x platinum by the RIAA . As of 2018 , it is the only Christian song to reach that milestone . Contents 1 Background 2 Composition 3 Release and promotion 4 Impact 5 Music video 6 Reception 6.1 Critical response 6.2 Chart performance 6.3 Awards and accolades 7 Other versions 8 Track listing 9 Release history 10 Charts and certifications 11 Film adaptation 12 References 13 External links Background ( edit ) `` I Can Only Imagine '' was the debut single for United States contemporary Christian and Christian rock band MercyMe . Bart Millard , the band 's vocalist , lost his father , Arthur Wesley Millard Jr. , in 1991 . Millard was 18 at the time . Millard began writing the words `` I can only imagine '' on items when he was thinking about his father . During the recording of the band 's 1999 independent album The Worship Project , MercyMe needed one more song to fill out the album . Millard , alone on a bus in the middle of the night , finally wrote the lyrics to the song by drawing on his thoughts and personal faith about what one would experience standing before God in Heaven . Millard attests that `` ( ' I Can Only Imagine ' ) is one of the only songs I have ever written where there was n't any mistakes , it was just written the way it is and left at that '' , and estimated that it took him only ten minutes to write the lyrics . In writing the music for the song , however , the band faced more difficulty ; Millard noted that `` at first it was a fast song ... it was all these random ideas '' . Keyboardist Jim Bryson noted that , `` we were literally tearing down the stuff ... ( Millard ) and I were talking about arranging it differently and doing a slower version , so we just tried out a piano intro ... it was literally the first thing I played . It was n't anything to do with me , I think it was just a God thing . ( Millard ) said ' here it is , this is what 's going to happen ' , and we laid the song down in about five minutes . '' At that time , the other MercyMe members were Robby Shaffer on drums and percussion , Nathan Cochran on bass guitar and Michael Scheuchzer on guitar . This line - up recorded the first version of the song for The Worship Project . In 2006 , it was included in the ' Platinum Edition ' of Almost There . Composition ( edit ) I Can Only Imagine A sample of `` I Can Only Imagine '' . MercyMe 's debut single , `` I Can Only Imagine '' is `` a passionate piano - driven ballad . The song considers what it would be like to be in the presence of God . Delivered with conviction , the song is emotionally compelling '' . Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` I Can Only Imagine '' is a ballad with a length of four minutes and eight seconds . The song is set in the key of E major and has a moderately slow tempo of 80 beats per minute with a vocal range from B -- G ♯ . The song opens up with only a piano , and builds up to include guitar and drums . Millard is credited with both the lyrics and music to the song . The song was produced by Pete Kipley , who had worked with MercyMe previously as well as with artists including Rebecca St. James , Phil Wickham and Lincoln Brewster . The lyrics to the song are based around the narrator wondering what it will be like in Heaven and to be standing before God . Regarding this theme , Millard explained to Fox News that `` I was always told that if he could choose , he would rather be in Heaven than here with me . As a Christian I believed that , but as an 18 - year - old it was a little hard to swallow . So the questions in the song came from me asking God what was so great about Him that my dad would rather be there . '' Release and promotion ( edit ) MercyMe 's lead singer - songwriter , Bart Millard ( left ) and drummer , Robby Shaffer , performing in February 2008 . `` I Can Only Imagine '' was re-recorded for their major - label debut record Almost There and released as its lead single in 2001 . The album was recorded in various locations : Ivy Park , The Indigo Room , Paradise Sound and IBC Studios . The single gained radio airplay on some contemporary Christian formats ; by November , it peaked at number - one on the Radio & Records Christian AC format and in the top twenty of the Radio & Records Christian CHR chart . In 2003 , a Dallas mainstream radio station , 100.3 Wild - FM , first played the song on its morning show , The Fitz Radio Program . They had responded to a caller 's repeated requests and the urgings of the program 's producer , Todd Sheppard . The song soon became the most requested and most played song on the station . After hearing the song played on the station , Millard called - in and spoke with the crew ; MercyMe then came in and played the song live . As other stations around the country caught on , MercyMe 's label , INO Records , partnered with Curb Records . They marketed the single to wider audiences , such as Top 40 radio . In September , INO and Curb also released a double A-side physical single , `` I Can Only Imagine / Word of God Speak '' . The latter track was co-written by Millard with the band 's producer , Kipley . Eventually , the song cracked into secular charts , including the Billboard Hot 100 and the Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks charts . Impact ( edit ) MercyMe did not expect `` I Can Only Imagine '' to gain mainstream success , in part due to its explicit references to Jesus and Heaven . Millard noted that the band joked around about `` the top five songs never to cross over , and they had included `` I Can Only Imagine '' on that list . Millard also believed some radio stations were playing the song to prove it could not succeed on mainstream radio . The song had a significant effect on the band 's musical image ; in an interview , Millard commented that `` We were a rock band when we started 11 years ago . But we kind of became the ' adult contemporary poster child ' when ' I Can Only Imagine ' took off '' . Music video ( edit ) Millard holding his father 's photograph in the music video . A music video was released for `` I Can Only Imagine '' . Millard recalled the video 's inspiration : `` I just kept seeing all these people holding picture frames ( at MercyMe concerts ) that are empty because we all carry these people with us in some way . I 've had so many people after a show pull out a picture of someone they 've lost . These people embrace these photos and I just thought how can we tap into that '' . The video features everyday people as well as several music artists including Michael Tait , Tammy Trent , Bob Herdman , and Jesse Katina , each holding an empty picture frame to signify their loss of a loved one ; as the video progresses , they are holding pictures of their loved ones including Millard with his father 's photograph . The video opens with a shot of an empty room and a chair , shifting to show a young boy climbing up a flight of stairs . The camera then shifts to the band before returning to the boy , now in an attic which is filled with many empty picture frames . The video alternates between shots of the boy and the band before shifting to individual shots of other people , each holding an empty picture frame . As the other instruments join in , the camera comes back to the band , focusing on them before returning to shots of the people , whose picture frames now contain pictures of deceased relatives . At the end of the video , the camera returns to the boy , now running down a street with an empty frame , climaxing with him lying down in a field with the empty frame . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Critical reception for `` I Can Only Imagine '' was positive . Steve Losey of AllMusic commented that `` ( the song ) is a passionate piano - driven ballad . The song considers what it would be like to be in the presence of God . Delivered with conviction , the song is emotionally compelling '' . Jesus Freak Hideout 's reviewer Kevin Chamberlin felt `` The lyrics for the song are amazing . If you have n't listened to the lyrics , because you 're afraid of hearing pop music , get over it and listen to it . '' Kevin McNeese of NewReleaseTuesday commented that `` The definite highlight on ( Almost There ) is the worship / ballad ' I Can Only Imagine ' ... The song starts out with just piano that instantly invokes chills and builds dynamically into a powerful display of drums and guitar . But what makes the song are the lyrics , penned by Bart Millard himself . The song speaks about that day that we all dream about when we finally meet Jesus ... It 's a song that ca n't be listened to with eyes open '' . Chart performance ( edit ) `` I Can Only Imagine '' debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 for the chart week of 11 October 2003 at No. 76 . The song peaked at No. 71 for two weeks and spent 16 non-consecutive weeks on the Hot 100 . On the Adult Contemporary chart , `` I Can Only Imagine '' debuted at No. 29 for the chart week of 23 May 2003 , with an eventual peak of No. 5 for the chart week of 8 September 2003 ; in all , `` I Can Only Imagine '' spent 30 weeks on the chart . On the Adult Top 40 chart , `` I Can Only Imagine '' debuted at No. 39 for the chart week of 9 August 2003 and reached a peak position of No. 27 , holding that spot for three consecutive weeks ; in all , the song spent 26 weeks on the chart . On the Mainstream Top 40 chart , the song debuted at No. 37 for the chart week of 12 July 2003 , reaching an eventual peak of No. 33 . On the Country Songs chart , the song debuted at No. 58 for the chart week of 27 December 2003 , reaching an eventual peak of No. 52 , which it held for two weeks . According to Mike Curb on the Curb Records website , `` I Can Only Imagine '' also peaked at No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 Singles Sales chart for 10 weeks , No. 1 on the Radio & Records Christian AC chart for two weeks , and No. 15 on the Christian CHR chart . In April 2010 , `` I Can Only Imagine '' was certified platinum by the RIAA , signifying sales of over 1,000,000 digital downloads . It is the first single by any artist in the Christian music genre to go platinum . The song was certified 2x platinum in 2014 . It was certified 3x platinum in 2018 . As of June 2018 , it has sold 3 million copies , making it the best - selling Christian single of all time . Awards and accolades ( edit ) `` I Can Only Imagine '' earned two GMA Dove Awards in 2002 ; ' Pop / Contemporary Recorded Song of the Year ' and ' Song of the Year ' . Millard also won ' Songwriter of the Year ' at the same ceremony . In November 2009 , the song was played on board Space Shuttle Atlantis as a wake - up call for Barry E. Wilmore during STS - 129 . Other versions ( edit ) The original version of `` I Can Only Imagine '' was a track on MercyMe 's 1999 independent release The Worship Project . In August 2006 , both an acoustic and live form ( as well as the original 1999 version ) were included in the ' Platinum edition ' of Almost There . MercyMe recorded a version of the song for their iTunes Originals album . In 2009 , two further variants were included on their compilation album 10 ; a ' symphony version ' featuring the London Symphony Orchestra , and a live version . `` I Can Only Imagine '' has also been covered by several artists . In 2002 Amy Grant released a reworked version of the song ( titled `` Imagine '' and paired with `` Sing the Wondrous Love of Jesus '' ) on her album , Legacy ... Hymns and Faith . In 2003 , Jeff Carson and Kathryn Scott each issued variants of the song ; Carson 's version peaked at No. 50 on the Country Songs chart . In 2005 Wynonna Judd issued her form of the song ; while in 2007 Emerson Drive provided theirs . The song was covered again in 2010 by Marie Osmond and in 2013 by gospel artist Tamela Mann . The song was performed live by Garwin Dobbins , a man struggling with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva , a crippling disease referred to as Stone Man 's syndrome , in which the body 's repair mechanism replaces muscle with bone , causing many joints to become permanently frozen in place . Dobbins , who died in 2004 , sang the song on a broadcast of Austin Awakening , accompanied by pastor Randy Phillips of Phillips , Craig and Dean . Footage of the performance was featured in the finale of the Trevor Glass documentary `` Suffer the Children . '' There is also a German version `` Ich kann nur davon träumen '' . Track listing ( edit ) CD release `` I Can Only Imagine '' -- 4 : 08 ( Bart Millard ) `` Word of God Speak '' -- 3 : 07 ( Peter Kipley , Millard ) Release history ( edit ) Date Territory Label Format 2001 United States INO Airplay 23 September 2003 INO Curb CD 4 January 2005 INO Epic Digital Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts Chart ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Peak Position Radio and Records Christian AC Radio and Records Christian CHR 15 Chart ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Peak Position US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 5 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 27 US Billboard Hot 100 71 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 33 Chart ( 2012 ) Peak Position France ( SNEP ) 65 Chart ( 2017 ) Peak Position US Christian Digital Song Sales ( Billboard ) Chart ( 2018 ) Peak Position US Christian Songs ( Billboard ) US Digital Songs ( Billboard ) 10 Year - end charts Chart ( 2003 ) Position Billboard Adult Contemporary 20 Billboard Hot 100 Singles Sales 24 Chart ( 2010 ) Position Billboard Christian / Gospel Digital Songs 9 Chart ( 2011 ) Position Billboard Christian / Gospel Digital Songs 7 Certifications Country Certifications ( sales thresholds ) United States 3x Platinum Film adaptation ( edit ) Main article : I Can Only Imagine ( film ) The story behind the song was made into a feature film starring J. Michael Finley and Dennis Quaid . The film was released on March 16 , 2018 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Brad Schmitt , `` MercyMe 's Bart Millard thought his father was going to kill him '' , Tennessean , February 13 , 2018 . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Adams , Ramsay ( 6 July 2003 ) . `` Christian Rock Crosses Over '' . Fox News ( News Corporation ) . Archived from the original on 31 October 2011 . Retrieved 11 April 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Jenison , David . `` A Severe Mercy '' . Today'sChristianMusic . CCM Magazine . Salem Publishing ( Salem Communications ) . Archived from the original on 31 October 2011 . Retrieved 18 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Correa , Karen ( Fall 2003 ) . `` The Quality of MercyMe '' . American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers ( ASCAP ) . Archived from the original on 31 October 2011 . Retrieved 11 April 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Bart Millard , Jim Bryson ( interviewees ) ( 2007 ) . Faith & Fame -- MercyMe . NME . UK : IPC Media ( Time Inc . ) . Event occurs at a-d. 12 : 13 -- 13 : 07 . Retrieved 11 August 2011 . Note : video may not be available in your region , e.g. Australia . Supplied by INO Records / Columbia Records . ^ Jump up to : `` The Worship Project -- MercyMe '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 16 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` iTunes -- Music -- Almost There ( Platinum Edition ) by MercyMe '' . iTunes . Apple Inc. 2006 . Archived from the original on 31 October 2011 . Retrieved 11 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Losey , Steve . `` '' Almost There '' -- MercyMe ( Review ) `` . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Archived from the original on 31 October 2011 . Retrieved 9 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` MercyMe -- `` I Can Only Imagine '' Sheet Music `` . Musicnotes , Inc . ( Kathleen Marsh ) . Archived from the original on 31 October 2011 . Retrieved 10 August 2011 . Note : To access archive , user must click ' bypass ' and then , on the next screen , click ' please click here ' . ^ Jump up to : McNeese , Kevin ( 30 January 2008 ) . `` Almost There by MercyMe ( Review ) '' . NewReleaseTuesday.com ( NRT Media ( Kevin McNeese ) ) . Archived from the original on 31 October 2011 . Retrieved 29 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Almost There ( CD liner ) . MercyMe . INO Records . 2001 . 39972 . Jump up ^ `` Pete Kipley ( Credits ) '' . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Archived from the original on 31 October 2011 . Retrieved 27 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' I Can Only Imagine / Word of God Speak `` , MercyMe , Music CD Single -- Barnes & Noble '' . Barnes & Noble . Archived from the original on 31 October 2011 . Retrieved 21 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Curb , Mike . `` Billboard Charted Singles '' ( PDF ) . Mikecurb.com . Curb Records . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 31 October 2011 . Retrieved 21 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Curb , Mike . `` Number One Records '' ( PDF ) . Mikecurb.com . Curb Records . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 31 October 2011 . Retrieved 21 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Farris , Christa ( September 2003 ) . `` '' I Can Only Imagine '' Is Still The Little Song That Could '' ( PDF ) . CCM Magazine . Salem Publishing ( Salem Communications ) . 26 ( 3 ) : 9 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 17 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Gillespie , Natalie Nichols ( 2 June 2003 ) . `` '' I Can Only Imagine '' Impacts Mainstream Radio `` . Crosswalk.com . Salem Web Network ( Salem Communications ) . p. 1 . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 18 September 2011 . Jump up ^ MercyMe ( interviewees ) ( 2004 ) . The Story Behind `` I Can Only Imagine '' . INO Records . Event occurs at 5 : 55 -- 6 : 20 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Cusic , Don ( 2010 ) . `` Curb , Mike '' . In Cusic , Don . Encyclopedia of contemporary Christian music : pop , rock , and worship . ABC - CLIO . pp. 97 -- 98 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 34425 - 1 . Retrieved 11 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Price , Deborah Evans ( 25 October 2003 ) . `` A Yearning for More Meaning '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media : 3 , 76 . Retrieved 11 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Bronson , Fred . `` Chart Beat Chat '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 17 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` ACE Title Search `` Word of God Speak '' `` . American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers ( ASCAP ) . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` MercyMe Album & Song Chart History -- Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 12 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` MercyMe Album & Song Chart History -- Adult Contemporary Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 12 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Thompson , John J. ( 9 December 2005 ) . `` Well Mercy Me , Children ! '' . Today'sChristianMusic . CCM Magazine . Salem Publishing ( Salem Communications ) . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 28 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' I Can Only Imagine '' -- MercyMe ( VEVO ) `` . Vevo ( Universal Music Group , Sony Music Entertainment , Abu Dhabi Media Company , E1 Entertainment ) . Retrieved 15 September 2011 . Note : video may not be available in your region , e.g. Australia . ^ Jump up to : Nentwig , Wendy Lee ( 23 September 2003 ) . `` Song Story : `` I Can Only Imagine '' `` . Crosswalk.com ( Salem Web Communications ( Salem Communications ) ) . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 18 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Chamberlin , Kevin ( 9 September 2002 ) . `` MercyMe , Almost There review '' . Jesus Freak Hideout . John DiBiase . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 9 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` MercyMe Album & Song Chart History -- Adult Pop Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 12 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` MercyMe Album & Song Chart History -- Pop Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 12 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` MercyMe Album & Song Chart History -- Country Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 12 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` RIAA Gold and Platinum '' . RIAA. 14 April 2010 . Retrieved 21 October 2011 . Note : Requires user to input artist , e.g. MercyMe . Jump up ^ `` Mercyme makes history as `` I Can Only Imagine '' surpasses 1 million downloads `` . Christian Today . Andrew Clark . 21 April 2010 . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 24 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Gold & Platinum - RIAA '' . RIAA . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` How did ' I Can Only Imagine ' become the biggest Christian hit ever ( and inspire a movie ) ? '' . Jump up ^ `` Gold & Platinum - RIAA '' . RIAA . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dove Awards History Year ( searchable database ) '' . GMA Dove Award . Gospel Music Association ( GMA ) . Archived from the original on 20 August 2011 . Retrieved 12 September 2011 . Note : Search for either MercyMe or Bart Millard . ^ Jump up to : Losey , Steven Douglas ( 26 December 2002 ) . `` Real People , Real Worship '' . CCM Magazine . Salem Publishing ( Salem Communications ) . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 18 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` STS - 129 Wakeup Calls '' . NASA . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 12 August 2011 . Curator : Kim Dismukes ; responsible official : Amiko Kauderer . Jump up ^ Johnson , Matt ( 8 June 2008 ) . `` MercyMe , iTunes Originals Review '' . Jesus Freak Hideout . John DiBiase . Retrieved 13 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes Originals by MercyMe '' . iTunes . Apple Inc . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 13 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Matt ( 7 April 2009 ) . `` MercyMe , `` 10 '' Review `` . Jesus Freak Hideout . John DiBiase . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 13 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` ACE Title Search `` I Can Only Imagine '' `` . American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers ( ASCAP ) . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Kim . `` Who Sings `` I Can Only Imagine '' ? `` . About.com . About.com ( The New York Times Company ) . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 11 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Breimeier , Russ . `` Satisfy , Christian Music Reviews '' . The Fish . Christianity Today International ( Salem Communications ) . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 14 September Demi Lovato has also covered the song . 2011 . Check date values in : accessdate = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Jeff Carson Album & Song History '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 16 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Emerson Drive '' . Emerson Drive . 22 August 2008 . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Charisma . `` ' Hairpiece Revival ' Spreads Worship Awakening Across the Country -- Charisma Magazine '' . www.charismamag.com . Jump up ^ Spiritwatch Ministries On YouTube ( 30 December 2014 ) . `` Suffer The Children - a film by Trevor Glass '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com `` I Can Only Imagine '' / `` Word of God Speak '' `` . Amazon.com . Retrieved 9 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes -- Music -- Almost There by MercyMe '' . iTunes . Apple Inc . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 24 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes -- Music -- Spoken For by MercyMe '' . iTunes . Apple Inc . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 24 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Word of God Speak '' Sheet Music `` . Musicnotes , Inc . ( Kathleen Marsh ) . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 23 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` MercyMe Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` MercyMe Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` MercyMe Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` MercyMe Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- MercyMe -- I Can Only Imagine '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved February 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Christian Digital Songs : Top Worship Music Chart '' . Jump up ^ `` MercyMe Chart History ( Hot Christian Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` MercyMe Chart History ( Digital Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Magazine Archives ( 12 / 27 / 03 ) '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 27 December 2011 . pp. YE -- 80 . Retrieved 7 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard.biz Year - end chart Archives ( AC ) '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 12 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard.biz Year - end chart archives ( Singles sales ) '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 12 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Magazine Archives ( 12 / 27 / 03 ) '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 27 December 2011 . pp. YE -- 34 . Retrieved 7 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard.biz Year - end chart archives 2010 ( Digital songs ) '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 12 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard.biz Year - end chart archives 2011 ( Digital songs ) '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 12 September 2011 . External links ( edit ) 2010s portal film in the United States portal MercyMe singles Discography Almost There `` Bless Me Indeed ( Jabez 's Song ) '' `` I Can Only Imagine '' Spoken For `` Spoken For '' `` Word of God Speak '' `` The Change Inside Of Me '' Undone `` Here with Me '' `` Homesick '' `` In the Blink of an Eye '' Coming Up to Breathe `` So Long Self '' `` Hold Fast '' `` Bring the Rain '' All That Is Within Me `` God with Us '' `` You Reign '' `` Finally Home '' The Generous Mr. Lovewell `` All of Creation '' `` Beautiful '' `` Move '' The Hurt & The Healer `` The Hurt & The Healer '' Welcome to the New `` Shake '' Lifer `` Even If '' Other charted songs `` O Holy Night '' `` Silent Night '' `` Rockin ' Around the Christmas Tree '' `` God Rest Ye Merry Gentlemen '' `` The Little Drummer Boy '' `` It Came Upon a Midnight Clear '' `` Go Tell it on the Mountain '' `` Sleigh Ride '' Jeff Carson Studio albums Jeff Carson Butterfly Kisses Real Life Singles `` Not on Your Love '' `` The Car '' `` Holdin ' Onto Somethin ' '' `` Butterfly Kisses '' `` Real Life ( I Never Was the Same Again ) '' `` I Can Only Imagine '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Can_Only_Imagine_(MercyMe_song)&oldid=856716816 '' Categories : 1990s ballads 1999 songs 2001 singles MercyMe songs Pop ballads Songs written by Bart Millard Curb Records singles Billboard Christian Songs number - one singles Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 errors : dates Use dmy dates from November 2012 Good articles Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Billboardchristiansongs Singlechart usages for Billboarddigitalsongs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 27 August 2018 , at 03 : 43 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who wrote the song if i can only imagine | [
"\"I Can Only Imagine\" (sometimes shortened to \"Imagine\") is a single recorded by Christian rock band MercyMe. Written and composed by lead vocalist Bart Millard, the song, based around a main piano track, was inspired by the death of Millard's father and considers what it would be like in Heaven and to be standing before God. The song was first issued as a track on MercyMe's 1999 album The Worship Project, which was released on an independent record label. The song was re-recorded and included on their 2001 major-label debut album Almost There as the fifth song on the album.\n"
] | [
"Bart Millard"
] |
3841903667794871564 | Nico Liersch | Nico Liersch - Wikipedia Nico Liersch Jump to : navigation , search Nico Liersch Nico Louis Liersch ( 2000 - 07 - 17 ) 17 July 2000 ( age 17 ) Munich , Germany Nationality German Occupation Actor Years active 2010 -- present Nico Louis Liersch ( born 17 July 2000 ) is a German TV and film teen actor . He is mostly known for his role as Rudy Steiner in the 2013 film The Book Thief . He is also known for his work in the German television series Das ist Gut where he played Phillip Greenyard , a caveman without parents . Contents ( hide ) 1 Filmography 2 Personal life 3 References 4 External links Filmography ( edit ) In 2012 , Nico Liersch appeared in episodes of the German TV series Inga Lindström and Das Traumhotel . In February 2013 , he was cast in the film adaptation of the best - seller novel The Book Thief . He played Rudy Steiner , the best friend of the titular book thief , Liesel Meminger . Markus Zusak , who wrote the novel that inspired the movie , was pleased with Liersch 's portrayal of his character and wrote : _̈ He 's magnificent , indeed . He is Rudy. _̈ Personal life ( edit ) Nico is one of two children . His older sister Luca is a singer , and has performed at several theatres in Germany . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mallory , Carole ( 8 November 2013 ) . `` Movie Review ... the Book Thief ... a Good Film '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 23 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` First look at The Book Thief '' . ScreenTerrier. 5 August 2013 . Retrieved 23 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Tess ( 5 February 2013 ) . `` Geoffrey Rush & Emily Watson To Star In WWII Tale ' The Book Thief ' '' . Indiewire . Retrieved 23 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Markus Zusak 's official tumblr '' . 12 November 2013 . Retrieved 23 January 2014 . External links ( edit ) Nico Liersch on IMDb GND : 1061828654 VIAF : 311660556 This article about a German actor or actress is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nico_Liersch&oldid=821919259 '' Categories : 2000 births German male child actors Living people German actor stubs Hidden categories : Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch فارسی Italiano Português Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 23 January 2018 , at 11 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | actor who played rudy in the book thief | [
"Nico Louis Liersch (born 17 July 2000) is a German TV and film teen actor. He is mostly known for his role as Rudy Steiner in the 2013 film The Book Thief.[1][2] He is also known for his work in the German television series Das ist Gut where he played Phillip Greenyard, a caveman without parents."
] | [
"Nico Louis Liersch"
] |
-1562606920471895787 | Christian Coulson | Christian Coulson - wikipedia Christian Coulson Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Christian Colson . Christian Coulson ( 1978 - 10 - 03 ) 3 October 1978 ( age 39 ) Manchester , England Nationality British Education Westminster School Alma mater University of Cambridge Occupation Actor Director Photographer Author Years active 2001 -- present Christian Peter Coulson ( born 3 October 1978 ) is an English actor best known for playing the 16 - year old Tom Marvolo Riddle in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Filmography 3.1 Films and short films 3.2 Television 3.3 Audio drama 4 Theatre 5 References 6 External links Early life ( edit ) Coulson was born in Manchester , and attended Westminster School in London on an academic scholarship . He was a member of the UK 's National Youth Music Theatre from 1990 -- 1997 , and went on to the University of Cambridge , where he received a degree in English from Clare College in 2000 . While at university , he played the M.C. ( Master of Ceremonies ) in Cabaret , Arturo Ui in The Resistible Rise of Arturo Ui and Claire in The Maids , as well as appearing in film and television . Career ( edit ) Coulson gained worldwide attention and popularity for his role in 2002 's Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets , in which he portrayed a 16 - year - old Tom Riddle , even though Coulson was 24 years old at the time . However , in 2007 , director David Yates indicated on MTV that Coulson would not reprise his role in Half - Blood Prince , since , at 29 , he was now too old . He also wrote the lyrics and book for a rock musical called The Fallen which was performed at Bedford Modern School in 1998 . As of 2010 , Coulson currently resides and works in New York City as an actor and director . Filmography ( edit ) Films and short films ( edit ) Year Film Role Notes 2002 The Four Feathers Drummer Boy Uncredited Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets 16 - year - old Tom Riddle / Lord Voldemort Nominated - Phoenix Film Critics Society Award for Best Cast The Hours Ralph Partridge Helper at Hogarth Press , run by Leonard Woolf 2005 Take Me Back Charlie 2007 Last Night Nick 2012 I Am Nasrine Tommy Gayby Aaron Leaving Circadia Colin 2013 Amateurs Evan 2014 Love is Strange Ian Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Love in a Cold Climate Matt Radlett Miniseries Weirdsister College Ben Stemson Main role ; 13 episodes 2002 The Forsyte Saga Jolly Forsyte Episodes : `` Episode # 1.5 '' , `` Episode # 1.6 '' 2003 Hornblower : Loyalty Midshipman John ' Jack ' Hammond Television film Charles II : The Power and The Passion James , Duke of Monmouth 4 episodes Little Britain Joe Episode : `` Hard - Boiled Egg Eating '' 2005 Agatha Christie 's Marple Edmund Swettenham Beethoven Archduke Rudolph Miniseries ; 2 episodes Brief Encounters Adam Episode : `` Lost & Found '' 2009 The Battery 's Down : Losing My Mind Raoul Episode : `` Losing My Mind '' Jeffery & Cole Casserole Episode : `` The Becky '' Gossip Girl Ivan Episode : `` Touch of Eva '' 2011 Wiener & Wiener Garry 3 episodes The Good Wife Andre Bergson Episode : `` Death Row Tip '' 2017 Nashville Damien George 5 episodes Audio drama ( edit ) Year Title Role 2007 Doctor Who : The Bride of Peladon Pelleas 2008 Doctor Who : The Haunting of Thomas Brewster Robert McIntosh Theatre ( edit ) Travesties - McCarter Theatre , New Jersey ( 2012 ) Tristan Tzara Ghosts - Gate Theatre , London ( 2007 ) Osvald Festen - UK Tour ( 2006 ) Christian Journey 's End - Comedy Theatre , London ( 2004 ) Raleigh Romeo and Juliet - Liverpool Playhouse , Liverpool ( 2002 ) Romeo References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Vineyard , Jennifer ( 25 June 2007 ) . `` ' Harry Potter ' Casting Call Could Help Ron Weasley Find Perfect Shade Of Lavender / Director David Yates also hopes to fill role of Tom Riddle at another open casting call '' . MTV . Archived from the original on 27 June 2007 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Coulson Photography '' . Archived from the original on 25 December 2010 . External links ( edit ) Christian Coulson on IMDb `` Interview for Chamber of Secrets '' . BBC . `` Potty about his Playhouse role '' . Liverpool Daily Post . 27 September 2002 . `` BBC Hotseat Interview '' . BBC . 29 November 2002 . Retrieved 2 January 2010 . LCCN : no2013022805 VIAF : 296252586 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christian_Coulson&oldid=839942555 '' Categories : 1978 births Living people English male film actors English male television actors English male stage actors English male voice actors English expatriates in the United States People educated at Westminster School , London Alumni of Clare College , Cambridge English male Shakespearean actors Male actors from Manchester 21st - century English male actors Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from June 2013 Use British English from March 2013 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013 Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Nederlands Norsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 May 2018 , at 18 : 41 . About Wikipedia | who plays tom riddle in harry potter chamber of secrets | [
"Christian Peter Coulson (born 3 October 1978) is an English actor best known for playing the 16-year old Tom Marvolo Riddle in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets."
] | [
"Christian Peter Coulson"
] |
4850550971808396769 | The Hate U Give (film) | The Hate U Give ( film ) - wikipedia The Hate U Give ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search The Hate U Give Directed by George Tillman Jr . Produced by Marty Bowen Wyck Godfrey Robert Teitel Screenplay by Audrey Wells Based on The Hate U Give by Angie Thomas Starring Amandla Stenberg Regina Hall KJ Apa Sabrina Carpenter Common Anthony Mackie Music by Dustin O'Halloran Cinematography Mihai Mălaimare Jr . Edited by Alex Blatt Craig Hayes Production company Fox 2000 Pictures State Street Pictures Temple Hill Entertainment Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date October 19 , 2018 Country United States Language English The Hate U Give is an upcoming American drama film directed by George Tillman Jr. and written by Audrey Wells . It is based on Angie Thomas ' novel of same name . The film stars Amandla Stenberg , Regina Hall , Anthony Mackie , KJ Apa , Russell Hornsby , Algee Smith , Sabrina Carpenter , Issa Rae , Lamar Johnson , and Common . The film is set for release on October 19 , 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) Starr Carter is constantly switching between two worlds : the poor , mostly black , neighborhood where she lives and the rich , mostly white , prep school she attends . The uneasy balance between these worlds is shattered when Starr witnesses the fatal shooting of her childhood best friend Khalil at the hands of a police officer . Now , facing pressures from all sides of the community , Starr must find her voice and stand up for what 's right . Cast ( edit ) Amandla Stenberg as Starr Carter Regina Hall as Lisa Carter , Starr 's mother Russell Hornsby as Maverick Carter , Starr 's father Common as Uncle Carlos , Lisa 's brother , a police officer Lamar Johnson as Seven Carter , Starr 's older half - brother TJ Wright as Sekani Carter , Starr 's younger brother Issa Rae as April Ofrah , an activist that helps Starr find her voice and speak up . KJ Apa as Chris , Starr 's boyfriend Sabrina Carpenter as Hailey , one of Starr 's friends from her prep school . Anthony Mackie as King , a local drug dealer , Kenya 's father Karan Kendrick as Iesha , Seven and Kenya 's Mom Algee Smith as Khalil , Starr 's childhood best friend Dominique Fishback as Kenya , Seven 's half - sister Megan Lawless as Maya , one of Starr 's friends from her prep school . Tony Vaughn as Mr. Lewis , a shop owner in Starr 's neighborhood . His shop is next to Maverick 's . Production ( edit ) On March 23 , 2017 , it was announced that Amandla Stenberg would star as Starr Carter in the film based on the novel The Hate U Give by Angie Thomas , which George Tillman Jr. would direct from a screenplay by Audrey Wells , while producers would be Marty Bowen and Wyck Godfrey through State Street Pictures and Temple Hill Entertainment . On August 1 , 2017 , Russell Hornsby and Lamar Johnson were cast in the film to play Maverick Carter , Starr 's dad , and Seven Carter , Starr 's brother , respectively . On August 3 , Regina Hall was cast in the film to play Lisa Carter , Starr 's mom , and on August 15 , Algee Smith joined the film to play Khalil , Starr 's childhood best friend . On August 22 , it was reported that Common had joined the cast to play Starr 's uncle as a police officer . On August 23 , 2017 , Issa Rae was cast in the film to play April , the social activist who helps Starr find her voice and speak up , and on the next day Sabrina Carpenter also joined the film to play Hailey , one of Starr 's friends from her school . On September 12 , Anthony Mackie and Kian Lawley joined the film to play the local drug dealer King , and Starr 's boyfriend , Chris , respectively . Principal photography on the film began on September 12 , 2017 in Atlanta , Georgia . On February 5 , 2018 , it was announced that Kian Lawley had been fired from the film due to a resurfaced video showing Lawley using racially offensive slurs , resulting in his role to be recast and scenes reshot . On April 3 , 2018 , it was announced that KJ Apa had been cast to replace Lawley . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://deadline.com/2018/05/fox-2000-the-hate-u-give-release-date-angie-thomas-amandla-stenberg-1202397117/ ^ Jump up to : McNary , Dave ( March 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Hunger Games ' Actress Amandla Stenberg to Star in ' The Hate U Give ' '' . Variety . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ford , Rebecca ; Kit , Borys ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` Regina Hall Joins YA Adaptation ' The Hate U Give ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` Common Joins Amandla Stenberg in YA Adaptation ' The Hate U Give ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ford , Rebecca ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Hate U Give ' Adds Russell Hornsby , Lamar Johnson ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : McNary , Dave ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Insecure ' Star Issa Rae Joins Drama ' The Hate U Give ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming Jr , Mike ( April 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' Riverdale 's K.J. Apa Set For ' The Hate U Give ' As Fox 2000 Reshoots Kian Lawley Scenes '' . Deadline . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Ford , Rebecca ( August 24 , 2017 ) . `` Sabrina Carpenter Joins YA Adaptation ' The Hate U Give ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Evry , Max ( September 12 , 2017 ) . `` Anthony Mackie & Kian Lawley Join The Hate U Give '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ford , Rebecca ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` YA Adaptation ' The Hate U Give ' Adds ' Detroit ' Star Algee Smith ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nick , Romano ( September 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Hate U Give ' : First Look At Black Lives Matter - Inspired YA Film Debuts '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Fox Axes YouTube Star Kian Lawley From ' The Hate U Give ' Over Racially Offensive Video '' . Deadline . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) The Hate U Give on IMDb ( hide ) Films directed by George Tillman Jr . Soul Food ( 1997 ) Men of Honor ( 2000 ) Notorious ( 2009 ) Faster ( 2010 ) The Inevitable Defeat of Mister & Pete ( 2013 ) The Longest Ride ( 2015 ) The Hate U Give ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Hate_U_Give_(film)&oldid=842719058 '' Categories : English - language films Upcoming films American films American drama films 2010s drama films Films shot in Atlanta Films directed by George Tillman Jr . Films based on American novels Films about race and ethnicity Temple Hill Entertainment films 20th Century Fox films Screenplays by Audrey Wells African - American films Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 24 May 2018 , at 06 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is sabrina carpenter playing in the hate u give | [
"Sabrina Carpenter as Hailey, one of Starr’s friends from her prep school.[8]"
] | [
"Hailey"
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3519264796712497435 | Golden Gate Bridge | Golden Gate Bridge - wikipedia Golden Gate Bridge Jump to : navigation , search Golden Gate Bridge A view of the Golden Gate Bridge from the Marin Headlands Coordinates 37 ° 49 ′ 11 '' N 122 ° 28 ′ 43 '' W / 37.81972 ° N 122.47861 ° W / 37.81972 ; - 122.47861 Coordinates : 37 ° 49 ′ 11 '' N 122 ° 28 ′ 43 '' W / 37.81972 ° N 122.47861 ° W / 37.81972 ; - 122.47861 Carries 6 lanes of US 101 / SR 1 ( see below ) , pedestrians and bicycles . Crosses Golden Gate Locale San Francisco , California and Marin County , California , U.S. Official name Golden Gate Bridge Maintained by Golden Gate Bridge , Highway and Transportation District Characteristics Design Art Deco , Suspension , truss arch & truss causeways Material Steel Total length 8,981 ft ( 2,737.4 m ) , about 1.7 mi ( 2.7 km ) Width 90 ft ( 27.4 m ) Height 746 ft ( 227.4 m ) Longest span 4,200 ft ( 1,280.2 m ) Clearance above 14 ft ( 4.3 m ) at toll gates , Trucks can not pass Clearance below 220 ft ( 67.1 m ) at high tide History Architect Irving Morrow Engineering design by Joseph Strauss , and Charles Ellis Construction start January 5 , 1933 ( 1933 - 01 - 05 ) Construction end April 19 , 1937 ( 1937 - 04 - 20 ) Opened May 27 , 1937 ; 80 years ago ( 1937 - 05 - 27 ) Statistics Daily traffic 110,000 Toll Cars ( southbound only ) $7.50 ( Pay by plate ) , $6.50 ( FasTrak ) , $4.50 ( carpools during peak hours , FasTrak only ) California Historical Landmark Designated June 18 , 1987 Reference no . 974 San Francisco Designated Landmark Designated May 21 , 1999 Reference no . 222 Golden Gate Bridge Bridges in the San Francisco Bay The Golden Gate Bridge is a suspension bridge spanning the Golden Gate , the one - mile - wide ( 1.6 km ) strait connecting San Francisco Bay and the Pacific Ocean . The structure links the American city of San Francisco , California -- the northern tip of the San Francisco Peninsula -- to Marin County , carrying both U.S. Route 101 and California State Route 1 across the strait . The bridge is one of the most internationally recognized symbols of San Francisco , California , and the United States . It has been declared one of the Wonders of the Modern World by the American Society of Civil Engineers . The Frommer 's travel guide describes the Golden Gate Bridge as `` possibly the most beautiful , certainly the most photographed , bridge in the world . '' At the time of its opening in 1937 , it was both the longest and the tallest suspension bridge in the world , with a main span of 4,200 feet ( 1,280 m ) and a total height of 746 feet ( 227 m ) . Today , the Golden Gate Bridge is neither the longest nor the tallest in the world , but remains the tallest bridge in the United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Ferry service 1.2 Conception 1.3 Design 1.4 Finance 1.5 Construction 1.6 Opening festivities , 50th , and 75th anniversaries 2 Structural specifications 3 Aesthetics 4 Traffic 4.1 Usage and tourism 4.2 Tolls 4.3 Congestion pricing 5 Issues 5.1 Suicides 5.2 Wind 5.3 Seismic vulnerability and improvements 6 In popular culture 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History Ferry service Golden Gate with Fort Point in foreground , c. 1891 Before the bridge was built , the only practical short route between San Francisco and what is now Marin County was by boat across a section of San Francisco Bay . A ferry service began as early as 1820 , with a regularly scheduled service beginning in the 1840s for the purpose of transporting water to San Francisco . The Sausalito Land and Ferry Company service , launched in 1867 , eventually became the Golden Gate Ferry Company , a Southern Pacific Railroad subsidiary , the largest ferry operation in the world by the late 1920s . Once for railroad passengers and customers only , Southern Pacific 's automobile ferries became very profitable and important to the regional economy . The ferry crossing between the Hyde Street Pier in San Francisco and Sausalito in Marin County took approximately 20 minutes and cost US $1.00 per vehicle , a price later reduced to compete with the new bridge . The trip from the San Francisco Ferry Building took 27 minutes . Many wanted to build a bridge to connect San Francisco to Marin County . San Francisco was the largest American city still served primarily by ferry boats . Because it did not have a permanent link with communities around the bay , the city 's growth rate was below the national average . Many experts said that a bridge could not be built across the 6,700 ft ( 2,042 m ) strait , which had strong , swirling tides and currents , with water 372 ft ( 113 m ) deep at the center of the channel , and frequent strong winds . Experts said that ferocious winds and blinding fogs would prevent construction and operation . Conception Although the idea of a bridge spanning the Golden Gate was not new , the proposal that eventually took hold was made in a 1916 San Francisco Bulletin article by former engineering student James Wilkins . San Francisco 's City Engineer estimated the cost at $100 million , which would have been $2.12 billion in 2009 , and impractical for the time . He asked bridge engineers whether it could be built for less . One who responded , Joseph Strauss , was an ambitious engineer and poet who had , for his graduate thesis , designed a 55 - mile - long ( 89 km ) railroad bridge across the Bering Strait . At the time , Strauss had completed some 400 drawbridges -- most of which were inland -- and nothing on the scale of the new project . Strauss 's initial drawings were for a massive cantilever on each side of the strait , connected by a central suspension segment , which Strauss promised could be built for $17 million . Local authorities agreed to proceed only on the assurance that Strauss would alter the design and accept input from several consulting project experts . A suspension - bridge design was considered the most practical , because of recent advances in metallurgy . Strauss spent more than a decade drumming up support in Northern California . The bridge faced opposition , including litigation , from many sources . The Department of War was concerned that the bridge would interfere with ship traffic . The navy feared that a ship collision or sabotage to the bridge could block the entrance to one of its main harbors . Unions demanded guarantees that local workers would be favored for construction jobs . Southern Pacific Railroad , one of the most powerful business interests in California , opposed the bridge as competition to its ferry fleet and filed a lawsuit against the project , leading to a mass boycott of the ferry service . In May 1924 , Colonel Herbert Deakyne held the second hearing on the Bridge on behalf of the Secretary of War in a request to use federal land for construction . Deakyne , on behalf of the Secretary of War , approved the transfer of land needed for the bridge structure and leading roads to the `` Bridging the Golden Gate Association '' and both San Francisco County and Marin County , pending further bridge plans by Strauss . Another ally was the fledgling automobile industry , which supported the development of roads and bridges to increase demand for automobiles . The bridge 's name was first used when the project was initially discussed in 1917 by M.M. O'Shaughnessy , city engineer of San Francisco , and Strauss . The name became official with the passage of the Golden Gate Bridge and Highway District Act by the state legislature in 1923 , creating a special district to design , build and finance the bridge . San Francisco and most of the counties along the North Coast of California joined the Golden Gate Bridge District , with the exception being Humboldt County , whose residents opposed the bridge 's construction and the traffic it would generate . Design South tower seen from walkway , with Art Deco elements Strauss was chief engineer in charge of overall design and construction of the bridge project . However , because he had little understanding or experience with cable - suspension designs , responsibility for much of the engineering and architecture fell on other experts . Strauss 's initial design proposal ( two double cantilever spans linked by a central suspension segment ) was unacceptable from a visual standpoint . The final graceful suspension design was conceived and championed by Leon Moisseiff , the engineer of the Manhattan Bridge in New York City . Irving Morrow , a relatively unknown residential architect , designed the overall shape of the bridge towers , the lighting scheme , and Art Deco elements , such as the tower decorations , streetlights , railing , and walkways . The famous International Orange color was originally used as a sealant for the bridge . The US Navy had wanted it to be painted with black and yellow stripes to ensure visibility by passing ships . Senior engineer Charles Alton Ellis , collaborating remotely with Moisseiff , was the principal engineer of the project . Moisseiff produced the basic structural design , introducing his `` deflection theory '' by which a thin , flexible roadway would flex in the wind , greatly reducing stress by transmitting forces via suspension cables to the bridge towers . Although the Golden Gate Bridge design has proved sound , a later Moisseiff design , the original Tacoma Narrows Bridge , collapsed in a strong windstorm soon after it was completed , because of an unexpected aeroelastic flutter . Ellis was also tasked with designing a `` bridge within a bridge '' in the southern abutment , to avoid the need to demolish Fort Point , a pre -- Civil War masonry fortification viewed , even then , as worthy of historic preservation . He penned a graceful steel arch spanning the fort and carrying the roadway to the bridge 's southern anchorage . Below Golden Gate Bridge Ellis was a Greek scholar and mathematician who at one time was a University of Illinois professor of engineering despite having no engineering degree . He eventually earned a degree in civil engineering from the University of Illinois prior to designing the Golden Gate Bridge and spent the last twelve years of his career as a professor at Purdue University . He became an expert in structural design , writing the standard textbook of the time . Ellis did much of the technical and theoretical work that built the bridge , but he received none of the credit in his lifetime . In November 1931 , Strauss fired Ellis and replaced him with a former subordinate , Clifford Paine , ostensibly for wasting too much money sending telegrams back and forth to Moisseiff . Ellis , obsessed with the project and unable to find work elsewhere during the Depression , continued working 70 hours per week on an unpaid basis , eventually turning in ten volumes of hand calculations . With an eye toward self - promotion and posterity , Strauss downplayed the contributions of his collaborators who , despite receiving little recognition or compensation , are largely responsible for the final form of the bridge . He succeeded in having himself credited as the person most responsible for the design and vision of the bridge . Only much later were the contributions of the others on the design team properly appreciated . In May 2007 , the Golden Gate Bridge District issued a formal report on 70 years of stewardship of the famous bridge and decided to give Ellis major credit for the design of the bridge . The height , depth , and length of the span from end to end , looking west The Golden Gate Bridge at sunset , as seen from just north of Alcatraz Island Finance The Golden Gate Bridge and Highway District , authorized by an act of the California Legislature , was incorporated in 1928 as the official entity to design , construct , and finance the Golden Gate Bridge . However , after the Wall Street Crash of 1929 , the District was unable to raise the construction funds , so it lobbied for a $30 million bond measure . The bonds were approved in November 1930 , by votes in the counties affected by the bridge . The construction budget at the time of approval was $27 million . However , the District was unable to sell the bonds until 1932 , when Amadeo Giannini , the founder of San Francisco -- based Bank of America , agreed on behalf of his bank to buy the entire issue in order to help the local economy . Construction Construction began on January 5 , 1933 . The project cost more than $35 million , ( $493 million in 2016 dollars ) completing ahead of schedule and $1.3 million under budget . The Golden Gate Bridge construction project was carried out by the McClintic - Marshall Construction Co. , a subsidiary of Bethlehem Steel Corporation founded by Howard H. McClintic and Charles D. Marshall , both of Lehigh University . 1.2 million steel rivets hold the bridge together . This is a segment of one of those replaced during the seismic retrofit of the bridge after the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake . Strauss remained head of the project , overseeing day - to - day construction and making some groundbreaking contributions . A graduate of the University of Cincinnati , he placed a brick from his alma mater 's demolished McMicken Hall in the south anchorage before the concrete was poured . He innovated the use of movable safety netting beneath the construction site , which saved the lives of many otherwise - unprotected ironworkers . Of eleven men killed from falls during construction , ten were killed on February 17 , 1937 , when the bridge was near completion when the net failed under the stress of a scaffold that had fallen . According to Travel Channel 's Monumental Mysteries , the workers ' platform that was attached to a rolling hanger on a track collapsed when the bolts that were connected to the track were too small and the amount of weight was too great to bear . The platform fell into the safety net , but was too heavy and the net gave way . Two out of the twelve workers survived the 200 - foot ( 61 m ) fall into the icy waters , including the 37 - year - old foreman , Slim Lambert . Nineteen others who were saved by the net over the course of construction became members of their Half Way to Hell Club . The project was finished and opened May 27 , 1937 . The Bridge Round House diner was then included in the southeastern end of the Golden Gate Bridge , adjacent to the tourist plaza which was renovated in 2012 . The Bridge Round House , an Art Deco design by Alfred Finnila completed in 1938 , has been popular throughout the years as a starting point for various commercial tours of the bridge and an unofficial gift shop . The diner was renovated in 2012 and the gift shop was then removed as a new , official gift shop has been included in the adjacent plaza . During the bridge work , the Assistant Civil Engineer of California Alfred Finnila had overseen the entire iron work of the bridge as well as half of the bridge 's road work . With the death of Jack Balestreri in April 2012 , all workers involved in the original construction are now deceased . Opening festivities , 50th , and 75th anniversaries View of the Golden Gate Bridge and Fort Point from Marine Drive . The bridge - opening celebration began on May 27 , 1937 and lasted for one week . The day before vehicle traffic was allowed , 200,000 people crossed either on foot or on roller skates . On opening day , Mayor Angelo Rossi and other officials rode the ferry to Marin , then crossed the bridge in a motorcade past three ceremonial `` barriers '' , the last a blockade of beauty queens who required Joseph Strauss to present the bridge to the Highway District before allowing him to pass . An official song , `` There 's a Silver Moon on the Golden Gate '' , was chosen to commemorate the event . Strauss wrote a poem that is now on the Golden Gate Bridge entitled `` The Mighty Task is Done . '' The next day , President Roosevelt pushed a button in Washington , D.C. signaling the official start of vehicle traffic over the Bridge at noon . As the celebration got out of hand there was a small riot in the uptown Polk Gulch area . Weeks of civil and cultural activities called `` the Fiesta '' followed . A statue of Strauss was moved in 1955 to a site near the bridge . In May 1987 , as part of the 50th anniversary celebration , the Golden Gate Bridge district again closed the bridge to automobile traffic and allowed pedestrians to cross the bridge . However , this celebration attracted 750,000 to 1,000,000 people , and ineffective crowd control meant the bridge became congested with roughly 300,000 people , causing the center span of the bridge to flatten out under the weight . Although the bridge is designed to flex in that way under heavy loads , and was estimated not to have exceeded 40 % of the yielding stress of the suspension cables , bridge officials stated that uncontrolled pedestrian access was not being considered as part of the 75th anniversary on Sunday , May 27 , 2012 , because of the additional law enforcement costs required `` since 9 / 11 '' . A pedestrian poses at the old railing on opening day , 1937 Play media Opening of the Golden Gate Bridge Official invitation to the opening of the bridge . This copy was sent to the City of Seattle Structural specifications On the south side of the bridge a 36.5 - inch - wide ( 93 cm ) cross-section of the cable , containing 27,572 wires , is on display . Until 1964 , the Golden Gate Bridge had the longest suspension bridge main span in the world , at 4,200 feet ( 1,300 m ) . Since 1964 its main span length has been surpassed by ten bridges ; it now has the second - longest main span in the United States , after the Verrazano - Narrows Bridge in New York City . The total length of the Golden Gate Bridge from abutment to abutment is 8,981 feet ( 2,737 m ) . The Golden Gate Bridge 's clearance above high water averages 220 feet ( 67 m ) while its towers , at 746 feet ( 227 m ) above the water , were the world 's tallest on a suspension bridge until 1993 when it was surpassed by the Mezcala Bridge , in Mexico . The Golden Gate Bridge remains the tallest bridge in the United States . The weight of the roadway is hung from 250 pairs of vertical suspender ropes , which are attached to two main cables . The main cables pass over the two main towers and are fixed in concrete at each end . Each cable is made of 27,572 strands of wire . The total length of galvanized steel wire used to fabricate both main cables is estimated to be 80,000 miles ( 130,000 km ) . The bridge has approximately 1,200,000 total rivets . Aesthetics The color of the bridge is officially an orange vermilion called international orange . The color was selected by consulting architect Irving Morrow because it complements the natural surroundings and enhances the bridge 's visibility in fog . Aesthetics was the foremost reason why the first design of Joseph Strauss was rejected . Upon re-submission of his bridge construction plan , he added details , such as lighting , to outline the bridge 's cables and towers . In 1999 , it was ranked fifth on the List of America 's Favorite Architecture by the American Institute of Architects . The bridge was originally painted with red lead primer and a lead - based topcoat , which was touched up as required . In the mid-1960s , a program was started to improve corrosion protection by stripping the original paint and repainting the bridge with zinc silicate primer and vinyl topcoats . Since 1990 , acrylic topcoats have been used instead for air - quality reasons . The program was completed in 1995 and it is now maintained by 38 painters who touch up the paintwork where it becomes seriously corroded . A view of the Golden Gate Bridge from the Marin Headlands on a foggy morning at sunrise View of the northern tower of the bridge Traffic Installation of the movable median barrier system in January 2015 Play media Testing the newly installed movable barrier . Most maps and signage mark the bridge as part of the concurrency between U.S. Route 101 and California State Route 1 . Although part of the National Highway System , the bridge is not officially part of California 's Highway System . For example , under the California Streets and Highways Code § 401 , Route 101 ends at `` the approach to the Golden Gate Bridge '' and then resumes at `` a point in Marin County opposite San Francisco '' . The Golden Gate Bridge , Highway and Transportation District has jurisdiction over the segment of highway that crosses the bridge instead of the California Department of Transportation ( Caltrans ) . The movable median barrier between the lanes is moved several times daily to conform to traffic patterns . On weekday mornings , traffic flows mostly southbound into the city , so four of the six lanes run southbound . Conversely , on weekday afternoons , four lanes run northbound . During off - peak periods and weekends , traffic is split with three lanes in each direction . From 1968 to 2015 , opposing traffic was separated by small , plastic pylons , and during that time , there were 16 fatalities resulting from 128 head - on collisions . To improve safety , the speed limit on the Golden Gate Bridge was reduced from 50 to 45 mph ( 80 to 72 km / h ) on October 1 , 1983 . Although there had been discussion concerning the installation of a movable barrier since the 1980s , only in March 2005 did the Bridge Board of Directors commit to finding funding to complete the $2 million study required prior to the installation of a movable median barrier . Installation of the resulting barrier was completed on January 11 , 2015 , following a closure of 45.5 hours to private vehicle traffic , the longest in the bridge 's history . The new barrier system , including the zipper trucks , cost approximately $30.3 million to purchase and install . Usage and tourism Play media Looking north with traffic and current flow into the bay with sailboats See also : Golden Gate National Recreation Area The bridge is popular with pedestrians and bicyclists , and was built with walkways on either side of the six vehicle traffic lanes . Initially , they were separated from the traffic lanes by only a metal curb , but railings between the walkways and the traffic lanes were added in 2003 , primarily as a measure to prevent bicyclists from falling into the roadway . The main walkway is on the eastern side , and is open for use by both pedestrians and bicycles in the morning to mid-afternoon during weekdays ( 5 am to 3 : 30 pm ) , and to pedestrians only for the remaining daylight hours ( until 6 pm , or 9 pm during DST ) . The eastern walkway is reserved for pedestrians on weekends ( 5 am to 6 pm , or 9 pm during DST ) , and is open exclusively to bicyclists in the evening and overnight , when it is closed to pedestrians . The western walkway is open only for bicyclists and only during the hours when they are not allowed on the eastern walkway . Bus service across the bridge is provided by two public transportation agencies : San Francisco Muni and Golden Gate Transit . Muni offers Saturday and Sunday service on the Marin Headlands Express bus line , and Golden Gate Transit runs numerous bus lines throughout the week . The southern end of the bridge , near the toll plaza and parking lot , is also accessible daily from 5 : 30 a.m. to midnight by Muni line 28 . The Marin Airporter , a private company , also offers service across the bridge between Marin County and San Francisco International Airport . A visitor center and gift shop , dubbed the `` Bridge Pavilion '' , is located on the San Francisco side of the bridge , adjacent to the southeast parking lot . It opened in 2012 , in time for the bridge 's 75th anniversary celebration . A cafe , outdoor exhibits , and restroom facilities are located nearby . On the Marin side of the bridge , only accessible from the northbound lanes , is the H. Dana Bower Rest Area and Vista Point , named after the first landscape architect for the California Division of Highways . Lands and waters under and around the bridge are homes to varieties of wildlife such as bobcats and sea lions . Three species of cetaceans that had been absent in the area for many years show recent recoveries / ( re ) colonizations vicinity to the bridge , and researchers study them to strengthen protections , concerning actions by public and recommending to watch whales either from the bridge and nearby , or to use a local whale watching operator . Tolls The last of the construction bonds were retired in 1971 , with $35 million in principal and nearly $39 million in interest raised entirely from bridge tolls . In November 2006 , the Golden Gate Bridge , Highway and Transportation District recommended a corporate sponsorship program for the bridge to address its operating deficit , projected at $80 million over five years . The District promised that the proposal , which it called a `` partnership program , '' would not include changing the name of the bridge or placing advertising on the bridge itself . In October 2007 , the Board unanimously voted to discontinue the proposal and seek additional revenue through other means , most likely a toll increase . In an effort to save $19.2 million over the following 10 years , the Golden Gate District voted in January 2011 to eliminate all toll takers by 2012 and use only open road tolling . Subsequently , this was delayed and toll taker elimination occurred in March 2013 . The cost savings have been revised to $19 million over an eight - year period . In addition to the FasTrak electronic toll collection system , the Golden Gate District implemented the use of license plate tolling ( branded as `` Pay - by - Plate '' ) , and also a one time payment system for drivers to pay before or after their trip on the bridge . Twenty - eight positions were eliminated as part of this plan . On April 7 , 2014 , the toll for users of FasTrak was increased from $5 to $6 , while the toll for drivers using either the license plate tolling or the one time payment system was raised from $6 to $7 . Bicycle , pedestrian , and northbound motor vehicle traffic remain toll free . For vehicles with more than two axles , the toll rate is $7 per axle for those using license plate tolling or the one time payment system , and $6 per axle for FasTrak users . During peak traffic hours , carpool vehicles carrying two or more people and motorcycles pay a discounted toll of $4 ; drivers must have Fastrak to take advantage of this carpool rate . The Golden Gate Transportation District then planned to increase the tolls by 25 cents in July 2015 , and then by another 25 cents each of the next three years . Golden Gate Bridge toll increases ( 2014 -- 18 ) Effective date FasTrak Toll - by - plate Carpool Multi-axle vehicle April 7 , 2014 $6.00 $7.00 $4.00 $7.00 per axle July 1 , 2015 $6.25 $7.25 $4.25 $7.25 per axle July 1 , 2016 $6.50 $7.50 $4.50 $7.50 per axle July 1 , 2017 $6.75 $7.75 $4.75 $7.75 per axle July 1 , 2018 $7.00 $8.00 $5.00 $8.00 per axle Congestion pricing Further information : San Francisco congestion pricing Looking south In March 2008 , the Golden Gate Bridge District board approved a resolution to start congestion pricing at the Golden Gate Bridge , charging higher tolls during the peak hours , but rising and falling depending on traffic levels . This decision allowed the Bay Area to meet the federal requirement to receive $158 million in federal transportation funds from USDOT Urban Partnership grant . As a condition of the grant , the congestion toll was to be in place by September 2009 . The first results of the study , called the Mobility , Access and Pricing Study ( MAPS ) , showed that a congestion pricing program is feasible . The different pricing scenarios considered were presented in public meetings in December 2008 . In August 2008 , transportation officials ended the congestion pricing program in favor of varying rates for metered parking along the route to the bridge including on Lombard Street and Van Ness Avenue . Issues Suicides Main article : Suicides at the Golden Gate Bridge As a suicide prevention initiative , this sign promotes a special telephone available on the bridge that connects to a crisis hotline . The Golden Gate Bridge is the second-most used suicide site / suicide bridge in the world , after the Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge . The deck is about 245 feet ( 75 m ) above the water . After a fall of four seconds , jumpers hit the water at around 75 mph or about 120 km / h . Most of the jumpers die from impact trauma . About 5 % of the jumpers survive the initial impact but generally drown or die of hypothermia in the cold water . After years of debate and over an estimated 1,500 deaths , suicide barriers began to be installed in April 2017 . Construction will take approximately four years at a cost of over $200 million . Wind Since its completion , the Golden Gate Bridge has been closed because of weather conditions only three times : on December 1 , 1951 , because of gusts of 69 mph ( 111 km / h ) ; on December 23 , 1982 , because of winds of 70 mph ( 113 km / h ) ; and on December 3 , 1983 , because of wind gusts of 75 mph ( 121 km / h ) . An anemometer , placed midway between the two towers on the west side of the bridge , has been used to measure wind speeds . Another anemometer was placed on one of the towers . Seismic vulnerability and Improvements South approach sub-structure with seismic isolators ( short black cylinders ) added as part of the Seismic Retrofit Construction Project . Doyle Drive Replacement Project progress in October 2013 Modern knowledge of the effect of earthquakes on structures led to a program to retrofit the Golden Gate to better resist seismic events . The proximity of the bridge to the San Andreas Fault places it at risk for a significant earthquake . Once thought to have been able to withstand any magnitude of foreseeable earthquake , the bridge was actually vulnerable to complete structural failure ( i.e. , collapse ) triggered by the failure of supports on the 320 - foot ( 98 m ) arch over Fort Point . A $392 million program was initiated to improve the structure 's ability to withstand such an event with only minimal ( repairable ) damage . One challenging undertaking is completing this program without disrupting traffic . A complex electro - hydraulic synchronous lift system was custom built for construction of temporary support towers and a series of intricate lifts , transferring the loads from the existing bridge onto the temporary supports . This was completed with engineers from Balfour Beatty and Enerpac , accomplishing this task without disrupting day - to - day San Francisco commuter traffic . The retrofit was planned to be completed in 2012 . The former elevated approach to the Golden Gate Bridge through the San Francisco Presidio , known as Doyle Drive , dated to 1933 and was named after Frank P. Doyle , President and son of the founder of the Exchange Bank in Santa Rosa , and the man who , more than any other person , made it possible to build the Golden Gate Bridge . The highway carried about 91,000 vehicles each weekday between downtown San Francisco and the North Bay and points north . The road was deemed `` vulnerable to earthquake damage '' , had a problematic 4 - lane design , and lacked shoulders , and a San Francisco County Transportation Authority study recommended that it be replaced . Construction on the $1 billion replacement , temporarily known as the Presidio Parkway , began in December 2009 . The elevated Doyle Drive was demolished on the weekend of April 27 -- 30 , 2012 , and traffic used a part of the partially completed Presidio Parkway , until it was switched onto the finished Presidio Parkway on the weekend of July 9 -- 12 , 2015 . As of May 2012 , an official at Caltrans said there is no plan to permanently rename the portion known as Doyle Drive . In popular culture Main article : Golden Gate Bridge in popular culture Golden Gate Bridge at sunset As a prominent American landmark , the Golden Gate Bridge has been used in numerous media which includes books , films and video games . Comparison of the side elevations of the Golden Gate Bridge and some notable bridges at the same scale . ( click for interactive version ) San Francisco with two bridges ( Western section of Bay Bridge in the left background ) , Coit Tower ( in background to the left of north tower ) , and Fort Mason ( on the San Francisco waterfront in the background behind the north tower ) from Marin Golden Gate Bridge at night , with San Francisco in the background See also Bridges portal San Francisco Bay Area portal 25 de Abril Bridge , a bridge with a similar design in Portugal The Bridge , a 2006 documentary on suicides from the Bridge Golden Gate Bridge in popular culture List of Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks List of longest suspension bridge spans List of San Francisco Designated Landmarks List of tallest bridges San Francisco -- Oakland Bay Bridge Suicide bridge Suspension bridge References Jump up ^ `` About Us '' . goldengate.org . 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Retrieved January 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` People and Events : Joseph Strauss ( 1870 -- 1938 ) '' . Public Broadcasting Service . Retrieved December 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Gate Bridge Design '' . goldengatebridge.org . Golden Gate Bridge , Highway and Transportation District . Retrieved 27 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The American Experience : People & Events : Irving Morrow ( 1884 -- 1952 ) '' . Public Broadcasting Service . Retrieved November 7 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` American Experience : Leon Moisseiff ( 1872 -- 1943 ) '' . Public Broadcasting Service . Retrieved November 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Billah , K. ; Scanlan , R. ( 1991 ) . `` Resonance , Tacoma Narrows Bridge Failure '' ( PDF ) . American Journal of Physics . Undergraduate Physics Textbooks. 59 ( 2 ) : 118 -- 124 . doi : 10.1119 / 1.16590 . Jump up ^ Fort Point , Golden Gate Bridge , Highway and Transportation District . ^ Jump up to : `` The American Experience : Charles Alton Ellis ( 1876 -- 1949 ) '' . Public Broadcasting Service . Retrieved November 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Donald C. ( 1995 ) `` Great American Bridges and Dams '' John Wiley and Sons , ISBN 0 - 471 - 14385 - 5 Jump up ^ `` Bridging the Bay : Bridges That Never Were '' . UC Berkeley Library . Retrieved February 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Ryland ; Williamson , Samuel H. ( 2018 ) . `` What Was the U.S. GDP Then ? '' . MeasuringWorth . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . United States Gross Domestic Product deflator figures follow the Measuring Worth series . Jump up ^ `` 72 years ago today , iconic Golden Gate Bridge finished construction ahead of schedule & $1.3 million under budget '' . May 27 , 2009 . Retrieved April 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Life On The American Newsfront : Ten Men Fall To Death From Golden Gate Bridge '' . Life : 20 -- 21 . March 1 , 1937 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions about the Golden Gate Bridge '' . Golden Gate Bridge , Highway and Transportation District . Retrieved November 7 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : King , John ( May 25 , 2012 ) . `` Golden Gate Bridge 's Plaza Flawed but Workable '' . San Francisco Chronicle . ^ Jump up to : Kligman , David ( May 25 , 2012 ) . `` From Sea to Shining Sea : PG&E 's Earley Joins Tribute to Golden Gate Bridge '' . Currents . PG&E . Jump up ^ San Francisco Examiner . May 27 , 1982 . No. 147 , p. 2 . Golden Gate Bridge -- 45th anniversary of completion . Jump up ^ Tung , Stephen ( May 23 , 2012 ) . `` The Day the Golden Gate Bridge Flattened '' . San Jose Mercury News . Retrieved January 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pollalis , Spiro N. ; Otto , Caroline ( 1990 ) . `` THE GOLDEN GATE BRIDGE '' ( PDF ) . Harvard Design School . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 11 , 2011 . Retrieved April 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Terrence ( May 26 , 1987 ) . `` Golden Gate Crowd Made Bridge Bend '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Prado , Mark ( July 23 , 2010 ) . `` Golden Gate Bridge officials nix walk for 75th anniversary '' . Marin Independent Journal . Retrieved April 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Gate Festival : : Golden Gate Bridge 75th Anniversary '' . Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy . Retrieved March 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Geoffrey A. ( May 24 , 2012 ) . `` A Historian 's Long View of Golden Gate Bridge '' . The Wall Street Journal . pp. A13C . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bridge Design and Construction Statistics '' . goldengatebridge.org . Golden Gate Bridge , Highway and Transportation District . Retrieved 27 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Golden Gate Bridge : Construction Data '' . Golden Gate Bridge , Highway and Transportation District . Retrieved August 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Stamberg , Susan . `` The Golden Gate Bridge 's Accidental Color '' . NPR . Retrieved April 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Rodriguez , Joseph A. ; Urban Rivalry in the San Francisco Bay Area in the 1930s ( 2000 ) . `` Planning '' . Journal of Planning Education and Research . 20 : 66 -- 76 . doi : 10.1177 / 073945600128992609 . ^ Jump up to : `` Frequently Asked Questions about the Golden Gate Bridge '' . Golden Gate Bridge , Highway and Transportation District . Retrieved March 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Gate Bridge : Construction Data : How Many Ironworkers and Painters Maintain the Golden Gate Bridge ? '' . Golden Gate Bridge , Highway and Transportation District . 2006 . Retrieved April 13 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Toll Rates & Traffic Operations '' . Golden Gate Bridge , Highway and Transportation District . Retrieved December 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Roadway Configuration / Reversible Lanes '' . Golden Gate Bridge , Highway and Transportation District . Retrieved December 23 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Additional Information -- Movable Median Barrier Project '' . Golden Gate Bridge , Highway and Transportation District . Retrieved September 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Key Dates '' . Research Library . Retrieved December 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Asimov , Nanette ( January 11 , 2015 ) . `` Golden Gate Bridge work finished early as barrier is installed '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Hearst Newspapers . Retrieved January 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lucas , Scott ( July 18 , 2013 ) . `` Kevin Hines Is Still Alive '' . Modern Luxury . Retrieved July 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The Golden Gate Bridge , Sidewalk Access for Pedestrians and Bicyclists . Goldengatebridge.org . Retrieved June 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Muni Route 76X Marin Headlands '' . San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency . Retrieved July 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Gate Transit bus service '' ( PDF ) . Golden Gate Transit . Retrieved August 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Muni Route 28 19th Avenue '' . San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency . Retrieved August 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.marinairporter.com/ Jump up ^ `` Site Improvements '' . Golden Gate Bridge 75th Anniversary . Golden Gate Bridge Highway and Transportation District . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` H. Dana Bowers Rest Area '' . California Department of Transportation . Retrieved June 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 2015 Named Freeways , Highways , Structures and Other Appurtenances in California ( PDF ) . California Department of Transportation . pp. 183 , 205 . Retrieved June 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Animals -- Golden Gate National Recreation Area ( U.S. National Park Service ) . Retrieved on July 30 , 2017 Jump up ^ The SFGate. 2015 . Whale , sea lions put on a show near Golden Gate Bridge . Retrieved on July 30 , 2017 Jump up ^ GOLDEN GATE CETACEAN RESEARCH . Retrieved on July 30 , 2017 Jump up ^ Keener B ... 2017 . Ask The Naturalist : Why Are There Humpback Whales In the San Francisco Bay Right Now ? . Retrieved on July 30 , 2017 Jump up ^ Woodrow M ... 2017 . Experts concerned about whale safety in San Francisco Bay . The ABC7 . Retrieved on July 30 , 2017 Jump up ^ Curiel , Jonathan ( October 27 , 2007 ) . `` Golden Gate Bridge directors reject sponsorship proposals '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved October 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Partnership Program Status '' . Golden Gate Bridge , Highway and Transportation District . Retrieved October 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Cabanatuan , Michael ( January 29 , 2011 ) . `` Golden Gate Bridge to eliminate toll takers '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved January 30 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Toll 2014 '' . Goldengate.org. April 7 , 2014 . Retrieved April 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Cabanatuan , Michael ( April 7 , 2014 ) . `` Tolls for crossing Golden Gate Bridge rise $1 '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved April 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Summary of Recommendations , February 27 , 2014 '' ( PDF ) . Board of Directors . Golden Gate Bridge , Highway and Transportation District . pp. 5 -- 6 . Retrieved May 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bolling , David ( May 29 , 2008 ) . `` GG Bridge tolls could top $7 , June 11 meeting will set new rates '' . Sonoma Index - Tribune . Jump up ^ The San Francisco Chronicle ( March 19 , 2008 ) . `` Congestion Pricing Approved for Golden Gate Bridge '' . planetizen.com . Retrieved April 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Cabanatuan , Michael ( March 15 , 2008 ) . `` Bridge raises tolls , denies Doyle Dr. funds '' . The San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved April 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Mobility , Access and Pricing Study '' . San Francisco County Transportation Authority . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Wollan , Malia ( January 4 , 2009 ) . `` San Francisco Studies Fees to Ease Traffic '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Cabanatuan , Michael ( August 12 , 2008 ) . `` Golden Gate Bridge congestion toll plan dies '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ Bone , James ( October 13 , 2008 ) . `` Golden Gate bridge in San Fransico ( sic ) gets safety net to deter suicides '' . The Times . New York . Retrieved October 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Suspension Bridges '' ( PDF ) . snu.ac.kr . p. 5 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 12 , 2003 . Jump up ^ Koopman , John , Staff Writer ( November 2 , 2005 ) . `` LETHAL BEAUTY / No easy death : Suicide by bridge is gruesome , and death is almost certain . The fourth in a seven - part series on the Golden Gate Bridge barrier debate '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved June 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bateson , John ( September 29 , 2013 ) . `` The suicide magnet that is the Golden Gate Bridge '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Suicide Barriers Going Up At Golden Gate Bridge After Over 1.5 K Deaths '' . CBS San Francisco . CBS Broadcasting Inc. 13 April 2017 . Retrieved 27 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Nolte , Carl ( May 28 , 2007 ) . `` 70 YEARS : Spanning the Golden Gate : New will blend in with the old as part of bridge earthquake retrofit project '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ Showing fancy foot work . Roads&Bridges ( December 28 , 2000 ) . ^ Jump up to : Golden Gate Bridge Authority ( May 2008 ) . `` Overview of Golden Gate Bridge Seismic Retrofit '' . Retrieved June 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Gonchar , Joann ( January 3 , 2005 ) . `` Famed Golden Gate Span Undergoes Complex Seismic Revamp '' . McGraw - Hill Construction . Retrieved June 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Presidio Parkway re-envisioning Doyle Drive '' . Presidio Parkway Project . Retrieved May 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Doyle Drive Replacement Project '' . Doyle Drive Replacement Project . San Francisco County Transportation Authority . Retrieved May 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cabanatuan , Michael ( January 5 , 2010 ) . `` Doyle Drive makeover will affect drivers soon '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved May 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Current Construction Activity '' . Presidio Parkway re-envisioning Doyle Drive . Presidio Parkway . Retrieved May 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` SMITH : It 's wrecked , but it 's still ' Doyle Drive ' '' . Press Democrat . Retrieved May 1 , 2012 . Further reading Cassady , Stephen ( 1979 ) . Spanning the Gate ( Commemorative edition , 1987 ed . ) . Squarebooks . Dyble , Louise Nelson ; the Golden Gate Bridge ( 2009 ) . Paying the Toll : Local Power , Regional Politics . University of Pennsylvania Press . Friend , Tad ( October 13 , 2003 ) . `` Jumpers : The fatal grandeur of the Golden Gate Bridge '' . The New Yorker . 79 ( 30 ) . p. 48 . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2006 . Guthman , Edward ; an easy route to death have long made the Golden Gate Bridge a magnet for suicides ( October 30 , 2005 ) . `` Lethal Beauty / The Allure : Beauty '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Schwartz , Harvey ( 2015 ) . Building the Golden Gate Bridge : A Workers ' Oral History . University of Washington Press . ISBN 978 - 0295995069 . Starr , Kevin ( 2010 ) . Golden Gate : The Life and Times of America 's Greatest Bridge . Bloomsbury Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59691 - 534 - 3 . Steel , Eric ( 2006 ) . The Bridge . ( Documentary film regarding suicides occurring at the Golden Gate Bridge . ) `` Golden Gate Bridge Natural Frequencies '' . Vibrationdata.com. April 5 , 2006 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to : Golden Gate Bridge ( category ) Official website Links for Golden Gate Bridge at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) `` Images of the Golden Gate Bridge '' . San Francisco Public Library 's Historical Photograph database . Marshal ' J ' ( Narrator ) ( 1962 ) . `` The Bridge Builders '' . KPIX - TV . ( A documentary film about the construction of the Golden Gate Bridge . ) `` Live Toll Prices for Golden Gate Bridge '' . Batolls.info . `` San Francisco To Have World 's Greatest Bridge '' . Popular Science . March 1931 . `` Golden Gate Bridge facts '' . sftodo.com . ( Educational poster . ) `` End of Land Sadness -- The history of Suicide and the Golden Gate Bridge '' . Golden Gate Bridge Movie . 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8 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Golden_Gate_Bridge&oldid=823097957 '' Categories : Golden Gate Bridge 1937 establishments in California Art Deco architecture in California Bridges by Joseph Strauss Bridges completed in 1937 Bridges in San Francisco Bridges in Marin County , California Bridges on the United States Numbered Highways California Historical Landmarks California State Route 1 Golden Gate Bridge , Highway and Transportation District Historic American Engineering Record in California Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks Landmarks in San Francisco Landmarks in the San Francisco Bay Area Pedestrian bridges in California Road bridges in California Roads with a reversible lane San Francisco Designated Landmarks Suspension bridges in California Symbols of California Toll bridges in California U.S. Route 101 Tourist attractions in Marin County , California Works Progress Administration in California Open - spandrel deck arch bridges in the United States Steel bridges in the United States Truss arch bridges in the United States Hidden categories : Structurae ID different from Wikidata CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2016 Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use mdy dates from July 2016 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Articles using Template : Infobox bridge with clearance Pages using Infobox bridge with extra All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2007 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Articles with Curlie links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Views View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikimedia Commons Afrikaans Ænglisc Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Bikol Central Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Papiamentu Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 粵語 Zazaki 中文 Kabɩyɛ Edit links This page was last edited on 30 January 2018 , at 06 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | golden gate bridge facts when was it built | [
"The Frommer's travel guide describes the Golden Gate Bridge as \"possibly the most beautiful, certainly the most photographed, bridge in the world.\"[8][9] At the time of its opening in 1937, it was both the longest and the tallest suspension bridge in the world, with a main span of 4,200 feet (1,280 m) and a total height of 746 feet (227 m). Today, the Golden Gate Bridge is neither the longest nor the tallest in the world, but remains the tallest bridge in the United States."
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"1937"
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3367082071124930557 | Anheuser-Busch brands | Anheuser - Busch brands - wikipedia Anheuser - Busch brands Anheuser - Busch , a wholly owned subsidiary of Anheuser - Busch InBev SA / NV , is the largest brewing company in the United States , with a market share of 45 percent in 2016 . The company operates 12 breweries in the United States and nearly 20 in other countries , which increased recently since Anheuser - Busch InBev SA / NV acquired SABMiller . Brands include Budweiser , Busch , Michelob , Bud Light , and Natural Light . Contents 1 Budweiser 1.1 Bud Light 1.2 Bud Light Platinum 1.3 Bud Light Apple 1.4 Bud Light Lime 1.5 Bud Light Lime - A-Ritas 1.6 Budweiser Select 1.6. 1 Budweiser Select 55 1.7 Budweiser 66 1.8 Budweiser 1933 Repeal Reserve 1.9 Bud Ice 1.10 Bud Extra 1.11 Budweiser / Bud Light Chelada 1.12 Budweiser Prohibition Brew 1.13 Budweiser NA 1.14 Discontinued 1.14. 1 Budweiser American Ale 1.14. 2 Budweiser Brew Masters ' Private Reserve 1.14. 3 Bud Dry 1.14. 4 Bud Ice Light 1.14. 5 Bud Light Golden Wheat 1.14. 6 Bud Silver 2 Michelob 2.1 Brand variation 2.2 Marketing 3 Rolling Rock 4 Busch 5 Shock Top 6 Natural 7 Johnny Appleseed 8 LandShark Lager 9 Craft Ownership 9.1 Goose Island Brewery 9.2 Blue Point 9.3 10 Barrel 9.4 Elysian Brewing Company 9.5 Golden Road Brewing 9.6 Four Peaks Brewery 9.7 Breckenridge Brewery 9.8 Devils Backbone Brewing Company 9.9 Karbach Brewing Company 9.10 Wicked Weed Brewing 10 Malt liquors 10.1 King Cobra 10.2 Hurricane 10.3 Spykes 11 Others 12 Minority ownership brands 13 Craft beer distribution alliances 14 References 15 External links Budweiser ( edit ) Main article : Budweiser Budweiser is a 5.0 % ABV Adjunct pale lager that was introduced in 1876 by Adolphus Busch and has become one of the best selling beers in the United States . It is made with up to 30 % rice in addition to hops and barley malt . Budweiser is produced in various breweries located around the United States and the rest of the world . It is a filtered beer available in draught and packaged forms . Lower strength versions are distributed in regions with restrictive alcohol laws . Bud Light ( edit ) Introduced in 1982 as Budweiser Light , Budweiser 's flagship light beer with 4.2 % ABV and 110 calories per 12 US fl oz ( 355 mL ) serving ( 1,300 kJ / L ) . From 1993 to 1998 , Bud Light aired 30 - second commercials featuring Rob and Laura from the CBS series The Dick Van Dyke Show . Bud Light Platinum ( edit ) A slightly sweeter , higher alcohol version of Bud Light launched in early 2012 , with 6 % ABV . This product is noted for being packaged in a new translucent blue glass bottle . Bud Light Platinum has 137 calories per 12 ounce serving , 8 fewer than a regular Budweiser . Bud Light Apple ( edit ) Bud Light with apple flavor added . It has 151 calories per 355 ml serving . Released in 2015 with 4.2 % ABV . Bud Light Lime ( edit ) Bud Light with lime flavor added . It has 116 calories per 12 US fl oz serving ( 1,370 kJ / L ) . Released in May 2008 with 4.2 % alcohol content , the same alcohol content as Bud Light . Favorite beverage of the former professional baseball pitcher Calvin Schiraldi . Bud Light Lime - a-Ritas ( edit ) Since April 2012 , AB has released a line of 8 % alcohol by volume ( 6 % ABV in Canada ) flavored malt beverages titled `` Bud Light Lime Ritas , '' with its flagship flavor being the `` Lime - a-Rita , '' a lime flavored beverage . The drinks are available in a twenty - five ounce can , as well as a twelve - pack of eight ounce cans . Since then , AB has released the strawberry - flavored `` Straw - Ber - Rita , '' the mango flavored `` Mang - o - Rita , '' and the raspberry flavored `` Raz - Ber - Rita . '' For the winter 2013 season , AB released the cranberry - flavored `` Cran - Brrr - Rita '' as well , and wound up extending it through January and February 2014 due to strong sales . After the release of the `` Mang - o - Rita '' and `` Raz - Ber - Rita , '' A-B released an eighteen - pack case containing six `` Lime - a-Ritas , '' four `` Straw - Ber - Ritas , '' four `` Mang - o - Ritas , '' and four `` Raz - Ber - Ritas . '' In August 2014 , A-B released a new fall seasonal extension for their `` Rita '' line , `` Apple - Ahh - Rita , '' an apple - flavored margarita sold until October 2014 . In February 2015 , A-B released a new summer seasonal extension for their `` Rita '' line , `` Lemon - Ade - Rita , '' a lemonade flavored margarita . In summer 2016 , A-B released the newest `` rita '' flavor of their line named `` Water - melon - rita '' , a watermelon flavored margarita . A-B also released the `` Grape - Ahh - Rita , '' a grape flavored margarita . In fall 2016 , A-B released the new `` Cherry - Ahh - Rita , '' a cherry - flavored margarita . In summer 2017 , A-B released the new `` Peach - A-Rita , '' a peach - flavored margarita . A-B also released the new `` Orange - A-Rita , '' an orange - flavored margarita but only available in MI , OH , TX , FL , and GA . The `` Grape - Ahh - Rita '' was also renamed `` Grape - A-Rita '' In summer 2017 , A-B introduced `` Splash by Lime - A-Rita , '' a line of lighter their Lime - A-Ritas with less alcohol , calories , and carbs available in three flavors ; the existing `` Straw - Ber - Rita '' and the two new flavors `` Pine - Apple - Rita '' and `` Coco - Nut - Rita . '' Budweiser Select ( edit ) Budweiser Select , or Bud Select , is a light pale lager that contains 4.3 % ABV and 99 calories per 12 US fl oz serving ( 1,170 kJ / L ) . Anheuser - Busch has aggressively promoted Budweiser Select . Its slogan was `` The Real Deal '' . The company hired Jay - Z as a spokesman for the brand . Budweiser Select 55 ( edit ) A version of Budweiser Select that contains 55 calories per 12 US fl oz serving ( 650 kJ / L ) is `` a direct counterstrike to Miller 's MGD 64 '' according to Anheuser - Busch officials . Budweiser currently claims that it is the lightest beer in the world . The food energy in both Miller 's MGD 64 and Budweiser 's Select 55 have been reduced simply by lowering the fermentables content . MGD 64 has only 2.8 % alcohol content and some Select 55 states `` alcohol content not more than 3.2 % by weight / 4 % by volume '' , possibly to allow its sale in areas where that is the limit . The actual alcohol content of `` 55 '' is reported to be 2.4 % ABV ; by comparison , most American lagers have around 5 % . Budweiser 66 ( edit ) Budweiser Brew No. 66 is a 4 % alcohol by volume lager that is brewed and distributed in the United Kingdom by InBev UK Limited . Launched in July 2010 , Budweiser 66 has 84 Calories in a 300 ml serving ( just over 10 oz ) . Budweiser 1933 repeal Reserve ( edit ) A 6 % ABV amber lager style introduced in November 2017 , inspired by a pre-prohibition recipe . Bud Ice ( edit ) Introduced in October 1993 as `` Ice by Budweiser '' , it has more alcohol ( 5.5 % ABV ) than Budweiser . It is best known for an advertising campaign that involved a malevolent penguin that stalked Bud Ice drinkers and stole their beer , announcing its presence by singing the `` doo - be-doo - be-doo '' phrase from `` Strangers in the Night '' . Bud extra ( edit ) A beer with caffeine , ginseng , guarana and alcohol . It contains 6.6 % ABV . It was marketed as a caffeinated malt beverage , similar to Sparks . On June 26 , 2008 , Anheuser - Busch announced that it would remove caffeine and guarana from the beverage in response to concerns that the product was being marketed to consumers under the age of 21 . Budweiser / Bud Light chelada ( edit ) A blend of Budweiser or Bud Light and Clamato . This beverage became available nationally in late 2007 . Budweiser prohibition brew ( edit ) A non-alcoholic beer introduced into the Canadian market in 2016 . It is anticipated to be available in the United States soon . In 2015 , AB InBev committed to ensuring that low - alcohol and nonalcoholic beers would represent at least 20 % of its global beer volume by 2025 . Budweiser NA ( edit ) Non-alcoholic version of Budweiser developed for the Middle Eastern market . Also available in Green Apple and Tropical Fruits versions . Discontinued ( edit ) Budweiser American Ale ( edit ) Budweiser American Ale debuted in September 2008 . The beer claims to offer complex taste without much bitterness . American Ale has a distinctive hoppier flavor than other Anheuser - Busch beers , in an attempt to capture some of the American craft beer market , although most American craft beers are hoppier . American Ale is the first beer under the Budweiser name that is brewed with a top fermenting yeast . The beer 's darker color is a departure from the other Budweiser brands . Production was discontinued prior to 2015 . Budweiser brew Masters ' Private Reserve ( edit ) Budweiser Brew Masters ' Private Reserve is an all - malt lager with a honey color and robust taste . It is based on a `` Budweiser brewmaster holiday tradition of collecting the richest part of the batch which is tapped to the brew kettles to toast the holiday season . '' Bud Dry ( edit ) Bud Dry was introduced nationally in the U.S. in April 1990 with the slogan of `` Why ask why ? Try Bud Dry . '' It was originally successful in test markets and was expected to be a popular beer with the rise in light lager popularity . Dry beer is a form of pale lager where the sugars are more fully fermented to give a less sweet beer . It is also known as the Diät - Pils style . However , after the introduction of Bud Ice in 1994 , Bud Dry was not heavily marketed . Production was discontinued in December 2010 . Bud Ice Light ( edit ) Bud Ice Light contains 5.0 % ABV and 115 calories per 12 US fl oz serving ( 1,360 kJ / L ) . It undergoes fractional freezing , which Bud Light does not undergo . It was discontinued in 2010 . Bud Light Golden Wheat ( edit ) On October 5 , 2009 , Budweiser officially released Bud Light Golden Wheat , a response to the increase in the amount of wheat beers produced from craft brewers around the country . This beer had 118 calories per 12 US fl oz serving ( 1,390 kJ / L ) , 8.3 grams of carbohydrates and 4.1 % alcohol by volume . It was an American Hefeweizen which is based on the classic German Hefeweizen style . Production was discontinued in 2012 . Bud Silver ( edit ) An attempt to appeal to the tastes of beer drinkers in the United Kingdom , this specially brewed beer contained 4.2 % alcohol by volume . It was discontinued in 2006 after it failed to meet sales expectations . Michelob ( edit ) Michelob Ultra on a supermarket shelf Michelob is a 4.7 % ABV pale lager developed by Adolphus Busch in 1896 as a `` draught beer for connoisseurs '' . In 1961 , Anheuser - Busch produced a pasteurized version of Michelob which allowed legal shipment of the beer across state lines . Bottled beer began to be shipped soon after , and the brand was introduced in cans in 1966 . Bottled Michelob was originally sold in a uniquely shaped bottle named the teardrop bottle because it resembled a water droplet . The teardrop bottle was awarded a medal from the Institute of Design in 1962 . Five years later the bottle was redesigned for efficiency in the production line . This bottle was used until 2002 when it was dropped in favor of a traditional bottle . The teardrop bottle was used again from January 2007 to October 2008 . Brand variation ( edit ) The company introduced Michelob Light in 1978 . Michelob Classic Dark was made available in 1981 in kegs , with a bottled version following three years later . In 1991 , Michelob Golden Draft was introduced to compete against Miller Genuine Draft in the Midwest . 1997 saw the introduction of several specialty beers under the Michelob marquee . These include : Michelob Honey Lager Michelob Pale Ale Michelob Marzen Michelob Pumpkin Spice Ale Michelob Winter 's Bourbon Cask Ale AmberBock is a 5.1 % ABV amber lager which uses roasted black barley malt in the ingredients , and which received a World Beer Cup Bronze Medal in 1998 . From the beginning , the specialty beers have had a very limited distribution . The chief outlet has been through a `` holiday sampler pack '' produced during the Christmas holiday season . Other specialty beers that are no longer in production include Michelob Hefeweizen and Michelob Black & Tan . Some ( notably Michelob AmberBock ) have subsequently gone into larger production , while others have not . The brewery continues to experiment with specialty beers -- in 2005 an oak - aged vanilla beer was sold under the Michelob logo , available in single pints . In 2006 Michelob added a chocolate beer to the oak - aged vanilla Celebrate holiday season beer released a year earlier . Michelob also brewed Michelob Bavarian Style Wheat and Michelob Porter for its `` holiday sampler pack '' . In 2007 , Michelob launched its Seasonal Specialty Line . These include : Michelob Bavarian Wheat ( summer ) Michelob Marzen ( fall ) Michelob Porter ( winter ) Michelob Pale Ale ( spring ) The early 21st century saw in the U.S. a demand for diet beer similar to that of the early 1970s , and in 2002 the Michelob line responded with the introduction of Michelob Ultra , advertised as being low in carbohydrates . Later Michelob Ultra Amber , a darker , more flavorful beer , was added to this sub-line . According to a report by Beer Marketer 's Insights and published by USA Today on December 9 , 2013 , sales of Michelob Light declined by nearly 70 % between 2007 and 2012 . The article listed Michelob Light as one of `` nine beers many Americans no longer drink . '' Michelob 5 % alcohol ; Michelob Golden Draft 4.7 % alcohol ; Michelob Golden Draft Light 4.3 % alcohol ; Michelob Ultra 4.2 % alcohol ; Michelob Ultra Amber 4.0 % alcohol ; Michelob : ULTRA Lime Cactus A fruit - infused light pilsner with natural lime flavor and a floral essence derived from the cactus ; Michelob : ULTRA Pomegranate Raspberry A pilsner with a berry aroma , raspberry flavor , and a hint of pomegranate ; Michelob : ULTRA Tuscan Orange Grapefruit A pilsner with fresh juicy orange notes and a slight pink - grapefruit finish . All fruit flavors have the following nutrition content : 107 calories , 6.0 g carbs , 0.5 g protein and 0.0 g fat , per 12 oz bottle . Marketing ( edit ) Advertisements for Michelob Ultra feature people engaged in sporting activities . The Michelob ULTRA Open at Kingsmill and Michelob Ultra Futures Players Championship , were sponsored by Michelob Ultra . Michelob Ultra serves as a presenting sponsor of the Tour of Missouri bicycle race and sponsors the King of the Mountains jersey . Michelob also sponsors the Rugby Super League , and many of its teams have shirt sponsorships with its AmberBock brand . PGA Tour player Sergio García is sponsored by Michelob . Lance Armstrong signed on October 6 , 2009 a three - year agreement to become Michelob Ultra 's new spokesperson and ambassador , but was dropped by the company in 2012 after being accused of using performance - enhancing drugs . Michelob sponsored several episodes of the Diggnation podcast . The hosts , Kevin Rose and Alex Albrecht , sampled the beer during the show and several episodes included interviews with the company 's head brew - master to discuss the different products that can be found in the sampler packs . Also , an episode of the show was filmed inside the Michelob brewery . Michelob is most notably famous for its late - 1980s TV commercials that used the slogan , `` The night belongs to Michelob '' , which centered on its `` night '' theme and used songs that had the word `` night '' or a form of the word `` night '' in its title , including `` Move Better in the Night '' by Roger Daltrey , `` Tonight , Tonight , Tonight '' by Genesis , `` Do n't You Know What the Night Can Do ? '' by Steve Winwood and a new recording of `` After Midnight '' by Eric Clapton . In the 1980s and 1990s , Michelob used the slogan `` Some days are better than others '' . Rolling Rock ( edit ) Main article : Rolling Rock Rolling Rock is a 4.5 % ABV pale lager launched in 1939 by the Latrobe Brewing Company . In May , 2006 , Anheuser - Busch purchased the Rolling Rock brand from InBev for $82 million and began brewing Rolling Rock at its Newark facility in mid July , 2006 . Other pale lagers marketed under the Rolling Rock brand name are Rock Green Light , 3.7 % ABV , and Rock Light , 3.5 % ; the company also produces a 5 % ABV amber lager , Rolling Rock Red . Ingredients are pale barley malt , rice , corn and hops . Busch ( edit ) Busch Beer , a 4.3 % ABV economy brand pale lager was introduced in 1955 as Busch Bavarian Beer ; the brand name was changed in 1979 to Busch Beer . Other beers marketed under the Busch brand name are Busch Light , a 4.1 % pale lager introduced in 1989 , Busch Ice , a 5.9 % ice beer introduced in 1995 , and Busch NA , a non-alcoholic brew . Ingredients are a mix of American - grown and imported hops and a combination of malt and corn . At a slightly lower price point than flagship brand Budweiser , it serves as Anheuser - Busch 's second most popular brand . Shock Top ( edit ) Shock Top Shock Top is a 5.2 % ABV Belgian - style wheat ale introduced under the name Spring Heat Spiced Wheat brewed in Fort Collins , Colorado as a seasonal beer in 2006 , then all year from 2007 . The beer is brewed with wheat malt , two - row barley , orange , lemon , lime peel , coriander and Cascade and Willamette hops . Entering as the Spring Heat Spiced Wheat , Shock Top Belgian White won gold and bronze medals in the Belgian Wit ( White ) category at the 2006 and 2007 North American Beer Awards , earning the reputation as America 's Beer respectively . The brand now includes some seasonals and specialties that have replaced the Michelob Seasonals . Such varieties include Shock Top Pumpkin Wheat , Shock Top Raspberry Wheat , Shock Top Wheat IPA , Shock Top Lemon Shandy , Shock Top Honeycrisp Apple Wheat , Shock Top Chocolate Wheat , Ginger Wheat , Pretzel Wheat and Shock Top End of the World Midnight Wheat . It competes directly with the MillerCoors brand Blue Moon . Natural ( edit ) Natural Light is an economy brand 4.2 % ABV reduced - calorie pale lager introduced in 1977 . The brand was originally called Anheuser - Busch Natural Light . In 2008 The Wall Street Journal listed it as the fifth largest selling beer in the U.S. Natural Ice is an economy brand 5.9 % ABV ice beer , introduced in 1995 . Nearly two decades after the introduction of Natural Ice , a malt liquor , Natty Daddy ( 8 % and 5.9 % ABV ) , was added to the market in 2012 . Johnny Appleseed ( edit ) Johnny Appleseed is a 5.5 % ABV cider produced by Anheuser - Busch subsidiary Brokenstraw Beverage LLC and introduced in April 2014 . Brokenstraw Beverage was created by Anheuser - Busch in 2014 as a corporate identity to manufacture and distribute Johnny Appleseed out of their Baldwinsville , N.Y. brewery . Landshark lager ( edit ) Land Shark Lager can be consumed with lime . LandShark Lager , brewed in Jacksonville , Florida , is a 4.6 % ABV island - style lager launched in 2006 as the house lager for `` Jimmy Buffett 's Margaritaville '' restaurant chain , to compete with Grupo Modelo 's Corona . Under a sponsorship deal , Dolphin Stadium , home of the Miami Dolphins , Florida Marlins and the Miami Hurricanes , was renamed `` Land Shark Stadium '' for the 2009 football season . The contract ended in early 2010 , and the stadium has been renamed `` Sun Life Stadium '' as of January 18 , 2010 , in time for both the 2010 NFL Pro Bowl and Super Bowl XLIV . The stadium was renamed Hard Rock Stadium in 2016 . LandShark also has Bar & Grill locations in Pensacola , Florida , Myrtle Beach , South Carolina , Atlantic City , New Jersey , and Biloxi , Mississippi . The name is derived from the Jimmy Buffett song `` Fins '' , where men in a beach town trying to woo a vacationing woman are referred to as `` sharks that can swim on the land '' . Craft ownership ( edit ) Goose Island brewery ( edit ) Main article : Goose Island Brewery Goose Island started in 1988 as a brewpub in Chicago , and opened a separate bottling plant there in 1995 . The brewery and its beers were purchased by Anheuser - Busch InBev in 2011 . The Chicago brewery continues to produce and sell small batch beers while their national offerings are made in bulk at various Anheuser - Busch facilities . Blue Point ( edit ) Main article : Blue Point Brewing Company On February 5 , 2014 , it was announced that Blue Point Brewing Company was being sold to Anheuser - Busch InBev for nearly $24 million . As of the time of sale , the brewery will continue to operate in its Patchogue , New York , location . 10 Barrel ( edit ) in November 2014 , it was reported that 10 Barrel Brewing , with brewpubs in Bend , Oregon , and Boise , Idaho , would be acquired by Anheuser - Busch . This was the second small brewing company acquired by the company in that calendar year . Elysian Brewing company ( edit ) Main article : Elysian Brewing Company Elysian was founded in Seattle , Washington , in 1995 by Dave Buhler , Joe Bisacca , and Dick Cantwell . On January 23 , 2015 , it was announced that Elysian would be sold to Anheuser - Busch in a deal expected to close within three months . Golden Road Brewing ( edit ) The purchase of Golden Road Brewery in Los Angeles was announced on September 23 , 2015 . Four Peaks brewery ( edit ) Main article : Four Peaks Brewery Four Peaks announced on December 18 , 2015 , that it had been acquired by ABInbev as part of its High End unit . Breckenridge brewery ( edit ) Main article : Breckenridge Brewery Several days after acquiring the Four Peaks brand and assets , InBev announced the purchase of Breckenridge Brewery , with brewpubs based in Colorado . Devils Backbone Brewing company ( edit ) Main article : Devils Backbone Brewing Company Devils Backbone announced on April 12 , 2016 , that it had been acquired by ABInbev as part of its High End unit . Karbach Brewing company ( edit ) Main article : Karbach Brewing Company Karbach Brewing Company announced on November 3 , 2016 , that it had been acquired by ABInbev as part of its High End unit . Wicked Weed Brewing ( edit ) Main article : Wicked Weed Brewing Wicked Weed Brewing announced on May 3 , 2017 , that it had been acquired by ABInbev as part of its High End unit . Malt liquors ( edit ) King Cobra ( edit ) King Cobra logo King Cobra is a 6 % alcohol by volume malt liquor introduced in 1984 . It is brewed with a warmer fermentation than used for the company 's pale lagers , and the ingredients include barley malt and corn . Shortly after its launch , King Cobra was supported by an advertising campaign featuring actor , martial artist , and former American football player Fred Williamson and the tag - line `` Do n't let the smooth taste fool you ! '' Hurricane ( edit ) Hurricane Hurricane High Gravity Lager is an 8.1 % alcohol malt liquor beverage available primarily in the United States . It is available in 40 ounce bottles , as well as 12 , 16 , 24 , and 25 ounce cans . Recently , Hurricane High Gravity 8.1 % has gone from a Black Label to a Silver Label in all of its serving sizes . Hurricane also comes in a lower alcohol content just called Hurricane malt liquor usually sold in a 40 - ounce bottle Emina with an ABV of 5.9 % . Spykes ( edit ) The company introduced a flavored 12 % ABV malt liquor under the name Spykes in 2007 . It was sold in colorful , 2 - ounce bottles . Available flavors included mango , lime , melon and chocolate . It was withdrawn in the same year after criticism from alcohol industry watchdog groups that it was being marketed to underage customers , and the Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau found that the labeling of Spykes was illegal . Others ( edit ) Tequiza was a 4.5 % ABV fruit flavored pale lager introduced in 1998 in limited markets in the USA , then withdrawn in January 2009 . Tequiza Extra , with more Tequila flavor and less lime , was test - marketed in 2000 Green Valley Brewing Company , has a craft beer appearance ; `` Anheuser - Busch '' does not appear on labels of its products . O'Doul's , introduced in 1990 , it is a low - alcohol beer of less than 0.5 % ABV . O'Doul's Amber , introduced in 1997 . Redbridge , a gluten - free beer made from sorghum . Tilt , a line of fruit flavored malt beverages . Wild Blue Lager , a strong lager with blueberries . Ziegenbock , sold in Texas and nearby states . Minority ownership brands ( edit ) As of January 2013 , Anheuser - Busch InBev had 32.2 % ownership in the Craft Brew Alliance , a beer brewing company that is composed of several beer and cider brands . Redhook Ale Brewery founded by Gordon Bowker and Paul Shipman in 1981 in Seattle , Washington ; Widmer Brothers Brewery founded by brothers Kurt and Rob Widmer in 1984 in Portland , Oregon ; Kona Brewing Company founded by father and son team Cameron Healy and Spoon Khalsa in 1994 in Kona , Hawaii ; Omission Beer developed internally in 2012 in Portland , Oregon ; and Square Mile Cider , launched in 2013 Craft beer distribution alliances ( edit ) Beers made by smaller `` craft '' breweries which are co-distributed with A-B brands by select distributors : Fordham Brewing Company Old Dominion Brewing Company References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Trefis Team . `` The Year That Was : Anheuser - Busch InBev '' . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . However , the brewer 's market share continues to drop in the country due to a declining demand for domestic beer -- a category AB InBev dominates with products such as Bud Light and Budweiser . The brewer 's share dropped to 45 % from 47.6 % in less than a year in the U.S. beer market . Jump up ^ Brown , Lisa ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` A-B InBev finalizes $100 B billion acquisition of SABMiller , creating world 's largest beer company '' . Chicago Tribune . Chicago . Retrieved January 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Anheuser - Busch reports rise in Q1 sales , slight drop in profit '' . St. Louis Business Journal . Retrieved 13 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Protz , R. , The Complete Guide to World Beer ( 2004 ) , ISBN 1 - 84442 - 865 - 6 Jump up ^ `` The Most Comprehensive Guide to Beer Calories and ABV '' . www.efficientdrinker.com . Retrieved 27 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Beer Store Rita Listing '' . The Beer Store . Jump up ^ `` A-B 's Cran - Brrr - Rita extended through January '' . STL Today . Jump up ^ `` Budweiser Select '' . Retrieved 27 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` AB InBev unveils new Bud 66 , the iPhone of lagers '' . thegrocer.co.uk . Retrieved 8 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Apply for a Trademark . Search a Trademark '' . trademarkia.com . Retrieved 27 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lowdown : Budweiser Brews Non-Alcoholic Version '' . Retrieved 27 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Budweiser is launching a new beer that 's missing the one thing that consumers love '' . Retrieved 27 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Anheuser - Busch Rings in the Holiday Season with Limited - Edition Beers '' . October 30 , 2006 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Bud Dry is rolled out nationally '' . Retrieved 13 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Schultz , E.J. ( 4 May 2012 ) . `` Why Bud Light Killed Golden Wheat and Created Platinum and Lime - A-Rita '' . Crain Communications . Advertising Age . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Davenport , Rosie ( 17 May 2007 ) . `` www.morningadvertiser.co.uk/General-News/Bud-Silver-bites-the-bullet '' . William Reed Business Media Ltd . Morning Adviser . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Michelob - Crafting a better beer '' . Retrieved 13 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Frohlich , Thomas , C. ( 2013 - 12 - 09 ) . `` Nine beers many Americans no longer drink '' . USA Today . Retrieved 9 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Anheuser - Busch follows Nike in dropping Armstrong sponsorship '' . Reuters. 2012 - 10 - 17 . Retrieved 17 October 2012 . Jump up ^ David Kesmodel ( 13 April 2009 ) . `` Anheuser Explores Sale of Struggling Rolling Rock '' . WSJ . Retrieved 13 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Anheuser - Busch Companies '' . www.anheuser-busch.com . Archived from the original on 2 January 2010 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Anheuser - Busch - History '' . www.anheuser-busch.com . Archived from the original on 2 January 2010 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Busch Beer at beer collections '' . www.beercollections.com . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 07 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Anheuser - Busch Companies '' . www.anheuser-busch.com . Archived from the original on 2009 - 12 - 16 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Anheuser - Busch Companies '' . www.anheuser-busch.com . Archived from the original on 2 January 2010 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Anheuser - Busch Companies '' . www.anheuser-busch.com . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Shock Top Belgian White from Anheuser - Busch InBev - Ratebeer '' . www.ratebeer.com . Archived from the original on 1 April 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Anheuser-Busch.com - Homepage '' . Retrieved 13 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Anheuser - Busch Companies '' . www.anheuser-busch.com . Archived from the original on 2 January 2010 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ Kesmodel , David ; Vranica , Suzanne ( 11 August 2009 ) . `` Anheuser Refreshes Bud Light Campaign '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ `` Anheuser - Busch 's new hard apple cider to be made exclusively at Baldwinsville brewery '' . syracuse.com . Retrieved 13 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` -- Land Shark Lager - Age Gate -- '' . Retrieved 13 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Land Shark Lager -- News '' . landsharklager.com . Archived from the original on 7 January 2010 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Miami park reverts to Dolphin Stadium '' . Retrieved 27 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Bryant , Dawn ( 2010 - 12 - 09 ) . `` Jimmy Buffett eatery to land in Myrtle Beach '' . The Sun News . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ Berman , Marc ( 2012 - 07 - 24 ) . `` It 's Official : Jimmy Buffett 's Margaritaville is headed to Resorts Atlantic City '' . NJ.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ Noel , Josh ( August 24 , 2012 ) . `` Goose Island Beer to Be Available in All 50 States '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved April 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Furnari , Chris . `` Anheuser - Busch InBev to Acquire Blue Point Brewing '' . Brewbound . Jump up ^ Smith , Aaron ( 6 November 2014 ) . `` Anheuser - Busch swallows up another craft brewer '' . Time Warner . CNN . Retrieved 2 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Garnick , Coral , Seattle 's Elysian Brewing Sold to Anheuser - Busch , Seattle Times , January 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Verive , John ( 23 September 2015 ) . `` Anheuser - Busch buys L.A. craft beer favorite Golden Road Brewing '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 24 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Anheuser - Busch Welcomes Four Peaks Brewing Company to The High End Business Unit '' . Anheuser - Busch InBev . Jump up ^ Wallace , Alicia ( 22 December 2015 ) . `` Breckenridge Brewery sold to giant Anheuser - Busch 's `` High End '' `` . Digital First Media . The Denver Post . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Anheuser - Busch to acquire Devils Backbone Brewing Co '' . All About Beer Magazine . Retrieved 12 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Karbach Brewing Co. to Partner with Anheuser - Busch and The High End '' . Jump up ^ `` Wicked Weed Brewing acquired by Anheuser - Busch '' . Jump up ^ `` Anheuser - Busch Companies '' . www.anheuser-busch.com . Archived from the original on 2 January 2010 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Hot melon in your Budweiser ? - Business - US business - Food Inc . - NBC News '' . msnbc.com . Retrieved 13 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A booze buzz for teenyboppers ? '' , March 30 , 2007 , MSNBC.com Jump up ^ `` Anheuser - Busch 's `` Spykes '' Labels Illegal , Group Says `` . Retrieved 13 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Anheuser - Busch Pulls `` Spykes '' - CBS News `` . www.cbsnews.com . May 18 , 2007 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Tequiza '' . Retrieved 27 April 2018 . Jump up ^ CRAFT BREW ALLIANCE , INC . ANNUAL REPORT For the Fiscal Year Ended : December 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.anheuserbusch.com Anheuser Busch Alcohol Percentages. 2010 18 Oct . External links ( edit ) Anheuser - Busch website Anheuser - Busch InBev Corporate directors Carlos Brito , CEO August Busch IV Arnoud de Pret Roose de Calesberg Philippe de Spoelberch Jorge Paulo Lemann Subsidiaries Anheuser - Busch , Inc ( Manufacturers Railway ) AmBev InBev Grupo Modelo SABMiller St. Louis Refrigerated Car Co . Equity investments Craft Brew Alliance ( 32.2 % ) Redhook Widmer Bros . Kona Brewing Global and multi-country brands Beck 's Budweiser Castle Lager Cerveza Corona Hoegaarden Leffe Stella Artois Local brands 10 Barrel Brewing Antarctica Bass Belle - Vue Blue Point Boddingtons Brewery Brahma beer Breckenridge Brewery Busch Beer Camden Town Diebels Diekirch Dommelsch Dutch Gold Elysian Franziskaner Four Peaks Goose Island Brewery Guaraná Antarctica Harbin Brewery Hasseröder Hertog Jan Jupiler Karbach King Cobra Kokanee Labatt Lakeport Löwenbräu Lucky Michelob Mousel Natural Oranjeboom Quilmes Rolling Rock Skol Spaten St. Pauli Girl Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anheuser-Busch_brands&oldid=866002935 '' Categories : Anheuser - Busch beer brands Anheuser - Busch InBev brands Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2009 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 27 October 2018 , at 16 : 41 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | shock top belgian wheat is what style of beer | [
"Shock Top is a 5.2% ABV Belgian-style wheat ale introduced under the name Spring Heat Spiced Wheat brewed in Fort Collins, Colorado as a seasonal beer in 2006, then all year from 2007.[26][27] The beer is brewed with wheat malt, two-row barley, orange, lemon, lime peel, coriander and Cascade and Willamette hops. Entering as the Spring Heat Spiced Wheat, Shock Top Belgian White won gold and bronze medals in the Belgian Wit (White) category at the 2006 and 2007 North American Beer Awards, earning the reputation as America's Beer respectively.\nThe brand now includes some seasonals and specialties that have replaced the Michelob Seasonals. Such varieties include Shock Top Pumpkin Wheat, Shock Top Raspberry Wheat, Shock Top Wheat IPA, Shock Top Lemon Shandy, Shock Top Honeycrisp Apple Wheat, Shock Top Chocolate Wheat, Ginger Wheat, Pretzel Wheat and Shock Top End of the World Midnight Wheat.[28] It competes directly with the MillerCoors brand Blue Moon.\n"
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741646046602485546 | List of European Cup and UEFA Champions League winning players | List of European Cup and UEFA Champions League winning players - wikipedia List of European Cup and UEFA Champions League winning players Jump to : navigation , search This list needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This is a list of association footballers who have received a winner 's medal for playing on a winning team in the UEFA Champions League ( including under its former name the European Cup ) . Some players have received medals without playing in the final match : either for being unused substitutes , or , more recently , for being in the squad in earlier rounds of the tournament. . Below is a list with the European Cup ( which is still the name of the trophy ) winners . Contents ( hide ) 1 List 2 See also 3 References 4 Citations List ( edit ) This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . The list includes all who played in the final , and all substitutes since 1990 . Data is incomplete for squad players , and for unused substitutes before 1990. a Player Nationality Clubs Titles won Years Notes Dani Ceballos Spain Real Madrid 2018 Was not in the 18 for the final . Achraf Hakimi Morocco Real Madrid 2018 Was not in the 18 for the final . Theo Hernández France Real Madrid 2018 Mariano Dominican Republic Real Madrid 2017 Was not in the 18 for the final . Marco Asensio Spain Real Madrid 2017 , 2018 Keylor Navas Costa Rica Real Madrid 2016 , 2017 , 2018 James Rodríguez Colombia Real Madrid 2016 , 2017 Was not in the 18 for the 2017 final . Kiko Casilla Spain Real Madrid 2016 , 2017 , 2018 Mateo Kovačić Croatia Real Madrid 2016 , 2017 , 2018 Lucas Vázquez Spain Real Madrid 2016 , 2017 , 2018 Was not in the 18 for the 2017 final . Rubén Yáñez Spain Real Madrid 2016 , 2017 Was not in the 18 for the 2017 final . Danilo Brazil Real Madrid 2016 , 2017 Munir Spain Barcelona 2015 Was not in the 18 for the final . Sandro Ramírez Spain Barcelona 2015 Was not in the 18 for the final . Sergi Samper Spain Barcelona 2015 Was not in the 18 for the final . Douglas Brazil Barcelona 2015 Was not in the 18 for the final . Jordi Masip Spain Barcelona 2015 Was not in the 18 for the final . Martín Montoya Spain Barcelona 2015 Was not in the 18 for the final . Sergi Roberto Spain Barcelona 2015 Was not in the 18 for the final . Rafinha Brazil Barcelona 2015 Jérémy Mathieu France Barcelona 2015 Jordi Alba Spain Barcelona 2015 Ivan Rakitić Croatia Barcelona 2015 Marc - André ter Stegen Germany Barcelona 2015 Claudio Bravo Chile Barcelona 2015 Thomas Vermaelen Belgium Barcelona 2015 Was not in the 18 for the final . Luis Suárez Uruguay Barcelona 2015 Neymar Brazil Barcelona 2015 Álvaro Morata Spain Real Madrid 2014 , 2017 Jesús Spain Real Madrid 2014 Nacho Spain Real Madrid 2014 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 Casemiro Brazil Real Madrid 2014 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 Asier Illarramendi Spain Real Madrid 2014 Jesé Spain Real Madrid 2014 , 2016 Diego López Spain Real Madrid 2014 Raphaël Varane France Real Madrid 2014 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 Dani Carvajal Spain Real Madrid 2014 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 Isco Spain Real Madrid 2014 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 Ángel Di María Argentina Real Madrid 2014 Luka Modrić Croatia Real Madrid 2014 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 Álvaro Arbeloa Spain Real Madrid 2014 , 2016 Sami Khedira Germany Real Madrid 2014 Pepe Portugal Real Madrid 2014 , 2016 , 2017 Was not in the 18 for the 2017 final . Fábio Coentrão Portugal Real Madrid 2014 , 2017 Was not in the 18 for the 2017 final . Karim Benzema France Real Madrid 2014 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 Marcelo Brazil Real Madrid 2014 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 Gareth Bale Wales Real Madrid 2014 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 Sergio Ramos Spain Real Madrid 2014 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 Captain in 2016 , 2017 and 2018 . Manuel Neuer Germany Bayern Munich 2013 Philipp Lahm Germany Bayern Munich 2013 Captain in 2013 . Jérôme Boateng Germany Bayern Munich 2013 Dante Brazil Bayern Munich 2013 David Alaba Austria Bayern Munich 2013 Daniel Van Buyten Belgium Bayern Munich 2013 Javi Martínez Spain Bayern Munich 2013 Franck Ribéry France Bayern Munich 2013 Arjen Robben Netherlands Bayern Munich 2013 Thomas Müller Germany Bayern Munich 2013 Bastian Schweinsteiger Germany Bayern Munich 2013 Tom Starke Germany Bayern Munich 2013 Mario Gómez Germany Bayern Munich 2013 Holger Badstuber Germany Bayern Munich 2013 Was not in the 18 for the final . Toni Kroos Germany Bayern Munich , Real Madrid 2013 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 Was not in the 18 for the 2013 final . Diego Contento Germany Bayern Munich 2013 Was not in the 18 for the final . Mario Mandžukić Croatia Bayern Munich 2013 Xherdan Shaqiri Switzerland Bayern Munich 2013 Luiz Gustavo Brazil Bayern Munich 2013 Rafinha Brazil Bayern Munich 2013 Was not in the 18 for the final . Anatoliy Tymoshchuk Ukraine Bayern Munich 2013 Claudio Pizarro Peru Bayern Munich 2013 José Bosingwa Portugal Porto , Chelsea 2004 , 2012 Paulo Ferreira Portugal Porto , Chelsea 2004 , 2012 Didier Drogba Ivory Coast Chelsea 2012 Salomon Kalou Ivory Coast Chelsea 2012 Michael Essien Ghana Chelsea 2012 John Obi Mikel Nigeria Chelsea 2012 Petr Čech Czech Republic Chelsea 2012 Juan Mata Spain Chelsea 2012 Oriol Romeu Spain Chelsea 2012 Fernando Torres Spain Chelsea 2012 Ryan Bertrand England Chelsea 2012 Made his European debut in the final . Ross Turnbull England Chelsea 2012 Gary Cahill England Chelsea 2012 Ashley Cole England Chelsea 2012 Jamal Blackman England Chelsea 2012 Was not in the 18 for the final . Frank Lampard England Chelsea 2012 Vice-captain , captain for the final . Daniel Sturridge England Chelsea 2012 John Terry England Chelsea 2012 Captain . Suspended and did not play in the final . Florent Malouda France Chelsea 2012 Branislav Ivanović Serbia Chelsea 2012 Suspended and did not play in the final . Raul Meireles Portugal Chelsea 2012 Suspended and did not play in the final . David Luiz Brazil Chelsea 2012 Ramires Brazil Chelsea 2012 Suspended and did not start the final . Maxwell Brazil Barcelona 2011 Was not in the 18 for the final . Jonathan dos Santos Mexico Barcelona 2011 Was not in the 18 for the final . Marc Bartra Spain Barcelona 2011 , 2015 Was not in the 18 for the 2011 final . Andreu Fontàs Spain Barcelona 2011 Was not in the 18 for the final . Jeffrén Spain Barcelona 2011 Was not in the 18 for the final . Oier Spain Barcelona 2011 David Villa Spain Barcelona 2011 Thiago Spain Barcelona 2011 Adriano Brazil Barcelona 2011 , 2015 Ibrahim Afellay Netherlands Barcelona 2011 Javier Mascherano Argentina Barcelona 2011 , 2015 Dejan Stanković Serbia Internazionale Rene Krhin Slovenia Internazionale Was not in the 18 for the final . Cristian Chivu Romania Internazionale Ricardo Quaresma Portugal Internazionale Was not in the 18 for the final . Goran Pandev Macedonia Internazionale Wesley Sneijder Netherlands Internazionale McDonald Mariga Kenya Internazionale Paolo Orlandoni Italy Internazionale Was not in the 18 for the final . Davide Santon Italy Internazionale Was not in the 18 for the final . Mario Balotelli Italy Internazionale Marco Materazzi Italy Internazionale Francesco Toldo Italy Internazionale Sulley Muntari Ghana Internazionale Iván Córdoba Colombia Internazionale Lúcio Brazil Internazionale Maicon Brazil Internazionale Júlio César Brazil Internazionale Esteban Cambiasso Argentina Internazionale Javier Zanetti Argentina Internazionale Captain in 2010 . Walter Samuel Argentina Internazionale Diego Milito Argentina Internazionale Marko Arnautović Austria Internazionale Was not in the 18 for the final . Sergio Busquets Spain Barcelona 2009 , 2011 , 2015 José Manuel Pinto Spain Barcelona 2009 , 2011 Was suspended for the 2011 final . Pedro Spain Barcelona 2009 , 2011 , 2015 Bojan Spain Barcelona 2009 , 2011 Gabriel Milito Argentina Barcelona 2009 , 2011 Was not in the 18 in 2009 or 2011 . Dani Alves Brazil Barcelona 2009 , 2011 , 2015 Was suspended for the 2009 final . Alexander Hleb Belarus Barcelona 2009 Yaya Touré Ivory Coast Barcelona 2009 Thierry Henry France Barcelona 2009 Éric Abidal France Barcelona 2009 , 2011 Was suspended for the 2009 final . Captain in 2011 . Eiður Guðjohnsen Iceland Barcelona 2009 Martín Cáceres Uruguay Barcelona 2009 Seydou Keita Mali Barcelona 2009 , 2011 Park Ji - sung South Korea Manchester United 2008 Was not in the 18 for the final . Became the first Asian - born player to win a Champions League title . Gerard Piqué Spain Manchester United , Barcelona 2008 , 2009 , 2011 , 2015 Was not in the 18 for the 2008 final . Won two years in a row with two different teams . Louis Saha France Manchester United 2008 Was not in the 18 for the final . Carlos Tevez Argentina Manchester United 2008 Wayne Rooney England Manchester United 2008 Cristiano Ronaldo Portugal Manchester United , Real Madrid 5 2008 , 2014 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 First ever player to score in two finals for two different winning teams . Michael Carrick England Manchester United 2008 Patrice Evra France Manchester United 2008 Mikaël Silvestre France Manchester United 2008 Nemanja Vidić Serbia Manchester United 2008 Rio Ferdinand England Manchester United 2008 Captain in 2008 . Tomasz Kuszczak Poland Manchester United 2008 John O'Shea Ireland Manchester United 2008 Anderson Brazil Manchester United 2008 Nani Portugal Manchester United 2008 Darren Fletcher Scotland Manchester United 2008 Marek Jankulovski Czech Republic Milan 2007 Kaká Brazil Milan 2007 Zeljko Kalac Australia Milan 2007 Cafu Brazil Milan 2007 Giuseppe Favalli Italy Milan 2007 Alberto Gilardino Italy Milan 2007 Massimo Oddo Italy Milan 2007 Daniele Bonera Italy Milan 2007 Was not in the 18 in 2007 . Yoann Gourcuff France Milan 2007 Was not in the 18 in 2007 . Ricardo Oliveira Brazil Milan 2007 Was not in the 18 in 2007 . Marco Storari Italy Milan 2007 Was not in the 18 in 2007 . Valerio Fiori Italy Milan 2003 , 2007 Was not in the 18 in 2003 or 2007 . Dario Šimić Croatia Milan 2003 , 2007 Was not in the 18 in 2003 or 2007 . Víctor Valdés Spain Barcelona 2006 , 2009 , 2011 Giovanni van Bronckhorst Netherlands Barcelona 2006 Rafael Márquez Mexico Barcelona 2006 , 2009 Was not in the 18 in 2009 due to injury . Carles Puyol Spain Barcelona 2006 , 2009 , 2011 Captain in 2006 and 2009 Oleguer Spain Barcelona 2006 Juliano Belletti Brazil Barcelona 2006 Edmílson Brazil Barcelona 2006 Andrés Iniesta Spain Barcelona 2006 , 2009 , 2011 , 2015 Deco Portugal Porto , Barcelona 2004 , 2006 Mark van Bommel Netherlands Barcelona 2006 Henrik Larsson Sweden Barcelona 2006 Ludovic Giuly France Barcelona 2006 Ronaldinho Brazil Barcelona 2006 Thiago Motta Italy Barcelona , Internazionale 2006 , 2010 Was suspended for the 2010 final . Xavi Spain Barcelona 2006 , 2009 , 2011 , 2015 Captain in 2015 . Did not feature in any game during knockout stages in 2006 . Sylvinho Brazil Barcelona 2006 , 2009 Lionel Messi Argentina Barcelona 2006 , 2009 , 2011 , 2015 Was not in the quarterfinals , semi-finals and final in 2006 . Santiago Ezquerro Spain Barcelona 2006 Was not in the 18 for the final . Maxi López Argentina Barcelona 2006 Was not in the 18 for the final . Samuel Eto'o Cameroon Barcelona , Internazionale 2006 , 2009 , 2010 Won 2 years in a row with 2 different teams . Gabri Spain Barcelona 2006 Was not in the 18 for the final . Jerzy Dudek Poland Liverpool 2005 Slawomir Wojciechowski Poland Bayern Munich 2001 Steve Finnan Ireland Liverpool 2005 Dietmar Hamann Germany Liverpool 2005 Sami Hyypiä Finland Liverpool 2005 Jamie Carragher England Liverpool 2005 Djimi Traoré Mali Liverpool 2005 Harry Kewell Australia Liverpool 2005 Vladimír Šmicer Czech Republic Liverpool 2005 Xabi Alonso Spain Liverpool , Real Madrid 2005 , 2014 Steven Gerrard England Liverpool 2005 Captain in 2005 . John Arne Riise Norway Liverpool 2005 Luis García Spain Liverpool 2005 Milan Baroš Czech Republic Liverpool 2005 Djibril Cissé France Liverpool 2005 Scott Carson England Liverpool 2005 Josemi Spain Liverpool 2005 Igor Bišćan Croatia Liverpool 2005 Antonio Núñez Spain Liverpool 2005 Vítor Baía Portugal Porto One of the only nine footballers to have won all Three Major European Competitions ( EC - UCL , UCWC , UC - EL ) . Nuno Valente Portugal Porto Jorge Costa Portugal Porto Captain in 2004 . Ricardo Carvalho Portugal Porto Costinha Portugal Porto Pedro Emanuel Portugal Porto Maniche Portugal Porto Pedro Mendes Portugal Porto Derlei Brazil Porto Benni McCarthy South Africa Porto Dmitri Alenichev Russia Porto Carlos Alberto Brazil Porto Ricardo Costa Portugal Porto Edgaras Jankauskas Porto Nuno Portugal Porto Dida Brazil Milan 2003 , 2007 Alessandro Costacurta Italy Milan 5 1989 , 1990 , 1994 , 2003 , 2007 Costacurta was not in the 18 in the 2007 final and suspended for the 1994 final . Roque Júnior Brazil Milan 2003 Alessandro Nesta Italy Milan 2003 , 2007 Paolo Maldini Italy Milan 5 1989 , 1990 , 1994 , 2003 , 2007 Captain in 2003 and 2007 . Longest period between first and last win ( 18 years ) , started both finals . Kakha Kaladze Georgia Milan 2003 , 2007 Gennaro Gattuso Italy Milan 2003 , 2007 Andrea Pirlo Italy Milan 2003 , 2007 Serginho Brazil Milan 2003 , 2007 Rui Costa Portugal Milan 2003 Massimo Ambrosini Italy Milan 2003 , 2007 Andriy Shevchenko Ukraine Milan 2003 Filippo Inzaghi Italy Milan 2003 , 2007 Christian Abbiati Italy Milan 2003 Rivaldo Brazil Milan 2003 Martin Laursen Denmark Milan 2003 Cristian Brocchi Italy Milan 2003 , 2007 Samuele Dalla Bona Italy Milan 2003 Was not in the 18 for the final . Thomas Helveg Denmark Milan 2003 Was not in the 18 for the final . Jon Dahl Tomasson Denmark Milan 2003 Was not in the 18 for the final . César Sánchez Spain Real Madrid 2002 Luís Figo Portugal Real Madrid 2002 Claude Makélélé France Real Madrid 2002 Flávio Conceição Brazil Real Madrid 2002 Zinedine Zidane France Real Madrid 2002 First and Only Coach that has won 3 Champions League 's in a row with Real Madrid ( 2016 - 2017 - 2018 ) . Won Champions League with same club as coach and player ( 2002 & 2016 - 2017 - 2018 ) Santiago Solari Argentina Real Madrid 2002 Pedro Munitis Spain Real Madrid 2002 Francisco Pavón Spain Real Madrid 2002 Javier Portillo Spain Real Madrid 2002 Carlos Sánchez Spain Real Madrid 2002 Was not in the 18 for the final . Albert Celades Spain Real Madrid 2002 Was not in the 18 for the final . Óscar Miñambres Spain Real Madrid 2002 Was not in the 18 for the final . Rubén Spain Real Madrid 2002 Was not in the 18 for the final . Enrique Corrales Spain Real Madrid 2002 Was not in the 18 for the final . Raúl Bravo Spain Real Madrid 2002 Was not in the 18 for the final . Valdo Spain Real Madrid 2002 Was not in the 18 for the final . Oliver Kahn Germany Bayern Munich 2001 Samuel Kuffour Ghana Bayern Munich 2001 Patrik Andersson Sweden Bayern Munich 2001 Thomas Linke Germany Bayern Munich 2001 Willy Sagnol France Bayern Munich 2001 Carsten Jancker Germany Bayern Munich 2001 Owen Hargreaves England Bayern Munich , Manchester United 2001 , 2008 First British player to win two Champions League titles with 2 different teams . Stefan Effenberg Germany Bayern Munich 2001 Captain in 2001 . Bixente Lizarazu France Bayern Munich 2001 Mehmet Scholl Germany Bayern Munich 2001 Paulo Sérgio Brazil Bayern Munich 2001 Giovane Élber Brazil Bayern Munich 2001 Alexander Zickler Germany Bayern Munich 2001 Bernd Dreher Germany Bayern Munich 2001 Ciriaco Sforza Switzerland Bayern Munich 2001 Michael Tarnat Germany Bayern Munich 2001 Roque Santa Cruz Paraguay Bayern Munich 2001 Stefan Wessels Germany Bayern Munich 2001 Was not in the 18 for the final . Thorsten Fink Germany Bayern Munich 2001 Was not in the 18 for the final . Jens Jeremies Germany Bayern Munich 2001 Was not in the 18 for the final . Michael Wiesinger Germany Bayern Munich 2001 Was not in the 18 for the final . Hasan Salihamidžić Bosnia and Herzegovina Bayern Munich 2001 Nicolas Anelka France Real Madrid 2000 Perica Ognjenović Yugoslavia Real Madrid 2000 Was not in the 18 for the final . Albano Bizarri Argentina Real Madrid 2000 Was not in the 18 for the final . Javier Dorado Spain Real Madrid 2000 Was not in the 18 for the final . David Aganzo Spain Real Madrid 2000 Was not in the 18 for the final . Manuel Meca Spain Real Madrid 2000 Was not in the 18 for the final . Júlio César Brazil Real Madrid 2000 Was not in the 18 for the final . Geremi Cameroon Real Madrid 2000 , 2002 Was not in the 18 in 2002 . Elvir Baljić Bosnia and Herzegovina Real Madrid 2000 , 2002 Was not in the 18 in 2002 . Iván Campo Spain Real Madrid 2000 , 2002 Míchel Salgado Spain Real Madrid 2000 , 2002 Iván Helguera Spain Real Madrid 2000 , 2002 Steve McManaman England Real Madrid 2000 , 2002 First British player to win two Champions League titles ; First Englishman to win Champions League with a non-UK club . Carlos Aranda Spain Real Madrid 2000 , 2002 Was not in the 18 for the final . Peter Schmeichel Denmark Manchester United 1999 Captain in 1999 final due to Keane 's suspension . Gary Neville England Manchester United 1999 , 2008 Not in final 18 in 2008 . Ronny Johnsen Norway Manchester United 1999 Jaap Stam Netherlands Manchester United 1999 Denis Irwin Ireland Manchester United 1999 David Beckham England Manchester United 1999 Nicky Butt England Manchester United 1999 Ryan Giggs Wales Manchester United 1999 , 2008 Jesper Blomqvist Sweden Manchester United 1999 Teddy Sheringham England Manchester United 1999 Dwight Yorke Trinidad and Tobago Manchester United 1999 Andy Cole England Manchester United 1999 Ole Gunnar Solskjær Norway Manchester United 1999 Raimond van der Gouw Netherlands Manchester United 1999 David May England Manchester United 1999 Phil Neville England Manchester United 1999 Wes Brown England Manchester United 1999 , 2008 Jonathan Greening England Manchester United 1999 Paul Scholes England Manchester United 1999 , 2008 Scholes was suspended for the final in 1999 . Roy Keane Ireland Manchester United 1999 Keane was suspended for the final . Club captain in 1999 . Henning Berg Norway Manchester United 1999 Berg was not in the 18 in 1999 . José Amavisca Spain Real Madrid 1998 Predrag Mijatović Yugoslavia Real Madrid 1998 Davor Šuker Croatia Real Madrid 1998 Zé Roberto Brazil Real Madrid 1998 Dani García Spain Real Madrid 1998 Jaime Sánchez Spain Real Madrid 1998 Santiago Cañizares Spain Real Madrid 1998 Fernando Sanz Spain Real Madrid 1998 Víctor Sánchez Spain Real Madrid 1998 Pedro Contreras Spain Real Madrid 1998 Was not in the 18 for the final Chendo Spain Real Madrid 1998 Was not in the 18 for the final Raúl Pareja Spain Real Madrid 1998 Was not in the 18 for the final Álvaro Benito Spain Real Madrid 1998 Was not in the 18 for the final Roberto Rojas Spain Real Madrid 1998 Was not in the 18 for the final Bodo Illgner Germany Real Madrid 1998 , 2000 Christian Karembeu France Real Madrid 1998 , 2000 Manolo Sanchís Spain Real Madrid 1998 , 2000 Captain in 1998 . Sávio Brazil Real Madrid 1998 , 2000 , 2002 Fernando Hierro Spain Real Madrid 1998 , 2000 , 2002 Captain in 2002 . Roberto Carlos Brazil Real Madrid 1998 , 2000 , 2002 Raúl Spain Real Madrid 1998 , 2000 , 2002 First player ever to score in two Champions League final matches for the winning team . Fernando Morientes Spain Real Madrid 1998 , 2000 , 2002 Was cup - tied and did not partake in Liverpool 's 2004 - 05 campaign . Guti Spain Real Madrid 1998 , 2000 , 2002 Iker Casillas Spain Real Madrid 2000 , 2002 , 2014 Captain in 2014 . Aitor Karanka Spain Real Madrid 1998 , 2000 , 2002 Fernando Redondo Argentina Real Madrid , Milan 1998 , 2000 , 2003 Redondo was not in the 18 for the final in 2003 . Captain in 2000 . Stefan Klos Germany Borussia Dortmund 1997 Vladimir But Russia Borussia Dortmund 1997 Not in the 18 for the final . Steinar Pedersen Norway Borussia Dortmund 1997 Not in the 18 for the final . Jürgen Kohler Germany Borussia Dortmund 1997 Matthias Sammer Germany Borussia Dortmund 1997 Captain in 1997 . Martin Kree Germany Borussia Dortmund 1997 Stefan Reuter Germany Borussia Dortmund 1997 Paul Lambert Scotland Borussia Dortmund 1997 First British to win Champions League with a non-UK club . Jovan Kirovski United States Borussia Dortmund 1997 Was not in the 18 for the final . Paulo Sousa Portugal Juventus , Borussia Dortmund 1996 , 1997 Won 2 years in a row with 2 different teams . Jörg Heinrich Germany Borussia Dortmund 1997 Andreas Möller Germany Borussia Dortmund 1997 Michael Zorc Germany Borussia Dortmund 1997 Karlheinz Riedle Germany Borussia Dortmund 1997 Heiko Herrlich Germany Borussia Dortmund 1997 Stéphane Chapuisat Switzerland Borussia Dortmund 1997 Lars Ricken Germany Borussia Dortmund 1997 Wolfgang de Beer Germany Borussia Dortmund 1997 René Tretschok Germany Borussia Dortmund 1997 Angelo Peruzzi Italy Juventus Ciro Ferrara Italy Juventus Moreno Torricelli Italy Juventus Pietro Vierchowod Italy Juventus Gianluca Pessotto Italy Juventus Antonio Conte Italy Juventus Vladimir Jugović Yugoslavia FR Yugoslavia Red Star Belgrade , Juventus 1991 , 1996 Angelo Di Livio Italy Juventus Didier Deschamps France Marseille , Juventus 1993 , 1996 Captain in 1993 . Alessandro Del Piero Italy Juventus Gianluca Vialli Italy Juventus Captain in 1996 . One of the only nine footballers to have won all Three Major European Competitions ( EC - UCL , UCWC , UC - EL ) . Fabrizio Ravanelli Italy Juventus Michele Padovano Italy Juventus Sergio Porrini Italy Juventus Michaelangelo Rampulla Italy Juventus Clarence Seedorf Netherlands Ajax , Real Madrid , Milan 1995 , 1998 , 2003 , 2007 Seedorf is the only player to have won the trophy with three different clubs . Edwin van der Sar Netherlands Ajax , Manchester United 1995 , 2008 Longest gap between medal wins for which a part was played in each match ( 13 years ) . Michael Reiziger Netherlands Ajax 1995 Danny Blind Netherlands Ajax 1995 Captain in 1995 . One of the only five footballers to have won all European club competitions . Frank Rijkaard Netherlands Milan , Ajax 1989 , 1990 , 1995 Has also won as manager in 2006 for Barcelona . Frank de Boer Netherlands Ajax 1995 Edgar Davids Netherlands Ajax 1995 Finidi George Nigeria Ajax 1995 Ronald de Boer Netherlands Ajax 1995 John van den Brom Netherlands Ajax 1995 Was not in the 18 for the final . Jari Litmanen Finland Ajax 1995 Marc Overmars Netherlands Ajax 1995 Nwankwo Kanu Nigeria Ajax 1995 Patrick Kluivert Netherlands Ajax 1995 Peter van Vossen Netherlands Ajax 1995 Fred Grim Netherlands Ajax 1995 Winston Bogarde Netherlands Ajax 1995 Sebastiano Rossi Italy Milan 1994 Jean - Pierre Papin France Milan 1994 Christian Panucci Italy Milan , Real Madrid 1994 , 1998 Mauro Tassotti Italy Milan 1989 , 1990 , 1994 Captain in 1994 . Demetrio Albertini Italy Milan 1994 Filippo Galli Italy Milan 1989 , 1990 , 1994 Stefano Nava Italy Milan 1994 Roberto Donadoni Italy Milan 1989 , 1990 , 1994 Marcel Desailly France Marseille , Milan 1993 , 1994 The first player won 2 years in a row with 2 different teams . Zvonimir Boban Croatia Milan 1994 Dejan Savićević Yugoslavia FR Yugoslavia Red Star Belgrade , Milan 1991 , 1994 Daniele Massaro Italy Milan 1990 , 1994 Marco Simone Italy Milan 1990 , 1994 Mario Ielpo Italy Milan 1994 Gianluigi Lentini Italy Milan 1994 Angelo Carbone Italy Milan 1994 Florin Răducioiu Romania Milan 1994 Was not in the final . Brian Laudrup Denmark Milan 1994 Was not in the final . Fabien Barthez France Marseille 1993 Jocelyn Angloma France Marseille 1993 Jean - Philippe Durand France Marseille 1993 Éric Di Meco France Marseille 1993 Basile Boli France Marseille 1993 Franck Sauzée France Marseille 1993 Jean - Jacques Eydelie France Marseille 1993 Alen Bokšić Croatia Marseille 1993 Rudi Völler Germany Marseille 1993 Jean - Christophe Thomas France Marseille 1993 Abédi Pelé Ghana Marseille 1993 Pascal Olmeta France Marseille 1993 Bernard Casoni France Marseille 1993 Jean - Marc Ferreri France Marseille 1993 Igor Dobrovolski Russia Marseille 1993 Was not in the final . Andoni Zubizarreta Spain Barcelona 1992 Captain in 1992 . Eusebio Sacristán Spain Barcelona 1992 Albert Ferrer Spain Barcelona 1992 Ronald Koeman Netherlands PSV Eindhoven , Barcelona 1988 , 1992 Nando Spain Barcelona 1992 Juan Carlos Spain Barcelona 1992 José Mari Bakero Spain Barcelona 1992 Pep Guardiola Spain Barcelona 1992 Has also won as manager for Barcelona in 2009 and 2011 . José Ramón Alexanko Spain Barcelona 1992 Michael Laudrup Denmark Barcelona 1992 Julio Salinas Spain Barcelona 1992 Andoni Goikoetxea Spain Barcelona 1992 Hristo Stoichkov Bulgaria Barcelona 1992 Ricardo Serna Spain Barcelona 1992 Cristóbal Parralo Spain Barcelona 1992 Richard Witschge Netherlands Barcelona 1992 Guillermo Amor Spain Barcelona 1992 Aitor Beguiristain Spain Barcelona 1992 Carles Busquets Spain Barcelona 1992 Miguel Ángel Nadal Spain Barcelona 1992 Stevan Stojanović Yugoslavia Red Star Belgrade 1991 Captain in 1991 . Miodrag Belodedici Romania Steaua București , Red Star Belgrade 1986 , 1991 First player to win the trophy with two different clubs . Ilija Najdoski Yugoslavia Red Star Belgrade 1991 Refik Šabanadžović Yugoslavia Red Star Belgrade 1991 Slobodan Marović Yugoslavia Red Star Belgrade 1991 Siniša Mihajlović Yugoslavia Red Star Belgrade 1991 Dragiša Binić Yugoslavia Red Star Belgrade 1991 Robert Prosinečki Yugoslavia Red Star Belgrade 1991 Darko Pančev Yugoslavia Red Star Belgrade 1991 Vlada Stošić Yugoslavia Red Star Belgrade 1991 Milić Jovanović Yugoslavia Red Star Belgrade 1991 Ivica Momčilović Yugoslavia Red Star Belgrade 1991 Rade Tošić Yugoslavia Red Star Belgrade 1991 Vladan Lukić Yugoslavia Red Star Belgrade 1991 Andrea Pazzagli Italy Milan 1990 Stefano Borgonovo Italy Milan 1990 Giovanni Galli Italy Milan 1989 , 1990 Franco Baresi Italy Milan 1989 , 1990 , 1994 Captain in 1989 and 1990 . Baresi was suspended for the 1994 final . Angelo Colombo Italy Milan 1989 , 1990 Carlo Ancelotti Italy Milan 1989 , 1990 Has also won as manager in 2003 and 2007 for A.C. Milan and in 2014 for Real Madrid . Alberigo Evani Italy Milan 1989 , 1990 Ruud Gullit Netherlands Milan 1989 , 1990 Marco van Basten Netherlands Milan 1989 , 1990 Pietro Paolo Virdis Italy Milan 1989 Davide Pinato Italy Milan 1989 Roberto Mussi Italy Milan 1989 Hans van Breukelen Netherlands PSV Eindhoven 1988 Eric Gerets Belgium PSV Eindhoven 1988 Captain in 1988 . Ivan Nielsen Denmark PSV Eindhoven 1988 Berry van Aerle Netherlands PSV Eindhoven 1988 Jan Heintze Denmark PSV Eindhoven 1988 Edward Linskens Netherlands PSV Eindhoven 1988 Gerald Vanenburg Netherlands PSV Eindhoven 1988 Søren Lerby Denmark PSV Eindhoven 1988 Wim Kieft Netherlands PSV Eindhoven 1988 Hans Gillhaus Netherlands PSV Eindhoven 1988 Anton Janssen Netherlands PSV Eindhoven 1988 Adick Koot Netherlands PSV Eindhoven 1988 Eric Viscaal Netherlands PSV Eindhoven 1988 Willy van de Kerkhof Netherlands PSV Eindhoven 1988 Patrick Lodewijks Netherlands PSV Eindhoven 1988 Józef Mlynarczyk Poland Porto João Pinto Portugal Porto Captain in 1987 . Celso Portugal Porto Eduardo Luís Portugal Porto Augusto Inácio Portugal Porto Antonio Frasco Portugal Porto Jaime Magalhães Portugal Porto António André Portugal Porto António Sousa Portugal Porto Quim Portugal Porto Juary Brazil Porto Rabah Madjer Algeria Porto Paulo Futre Portugal Porto João Festas Portugal Porto Zé Beto Portugal Porto Walter Casagrande Brazil Porto Helmuth Duckadam Romania Steaua București 1986 Ștefan Iovan Romania Steaua București 1986 Captain in 1986 . Adrian Bumbescu Romania Steaua București 1986 Ilie Bărbulescu Romania Steaua București 1986 Gavril Balint Romania Steaua București 1986 Lucian Bălan Romania Steaua București 1986 Anghel Iordănescu Romania Steaua București 1986 Ladislau Bölöni Romania Steaua București 1986 Mihail Majearu Romania Steaua București 1986 Marius Lăcătuș Romania Steaua București 1986 Victor Pițurcă Romania Steaua București 1986 Marin Radu Romania Steaua București 1986 Dumitru Stângaciu Romania Steaua București 1986 Tudorel Stoica Romania Steaua București 1986 Stefano Tacconi Italy Juventus 1985 One of the only five footballers to have won all European club competitions . Luciano Favero Italy Juventus 1985 Antonio Cabrini Italy Juventus 1985 One of the only five footballers to have won all European club competitions . Sergio Brio Italy Juventus 1985 One of the only five footballers to have won all European club competitions . Gaetano Scirea Italy Juventus 1985 Captain in 1985 . One of the only five footballers to have won all European club competitions . Massimo Bonini San Marino Juventus 1985 Michel Platini France Juventus 1985 Marco Tardelli Italy Juventus 1985 One of the only nine footballers to have won all Three Major European Competitions ( EC - UCL , UCWC , UC - EL ) . Massimo Briaschi Italy Juventus 1985 Claudio Prandelli Italy Juventus 1985 Paolo Rossi Italy Juventus 1985 Beniamo Vignola Italy Juventus 1985 Zbigniew Boniek Poland Juventus 1985 Luciano Bodini Italy Juventus 1985 Nicola Caricola Italy Juventus 1985 Bruno Limido Italy Juventus 1985 Bruce Grobbelaar Zimbabwe Liverpool 1984 Phil Neal England Liverpool 1977 , 1978 , 1981 , 1984 Mark Lawrenson Ireland Liverpool 1984 Alan Hansen Scotland Liverpool 1978 , 1981 , 1984 Alan Kennedy England Liverpool 1981 , 1984 Craig Johnston Australia Liverpool 1984 Steve Nicol Scotland Liverpool 1984 Sammy Lee England Liverpool 1981 , 1984 Graeme Souness Scotland Liverpool 1978 , 1981 , 1984 Captain in 1984 . Ronnie Whelan Ireland Liverpool 1984 Kenny Dalglish Scotland Liverpool 1978 , 1981 , 1984 Michael Robinson Ireland Liverpool 1984 Ian Rush Wales Liverpool 1984 Bob Bolder England Liverpool 1984 David Hodgson England Liverpool 1984 Gary Gillespie Scotland Liverpool 1984 Uli Stein West Germany Hamburg Manfred Kaltz West Germany Hamburg Ditmar Jakobs West Germany Hamburg Holger Hieronymus West Germany Hamburg Bernd Wehmeyer West Germany Hamburg Jürgen Groh West Germany Hamburg Wolfgang Rolff West Germany Hamburg Felix Magath West Germany Hamburg Jürgen Milewski West Germany Hamburg Horst Hrubesch West Germany Hamburg Captain in 1983 Lars Bastrup Denmark Hamburg Thomas von Heesen West Germany Hamburg Uwe Hain West Germany Hamburg Jimmy Rimmer England Manchester United , Aston Villa 1968 , 1982 Longest gap between medal wins ( 14 years ) albeit with a non-playing role in the 1968 final . Nigel Spink England Aston Villa 1982 Kenny Swain England Aston Villa 1982 Allan Evans Scotland Aston Villa 1982 Ken McNaught Scotland Aston Villa 1982 Gary Williams England Aston Villa 1982 Des Bremner Scotland Aston Villa 1982 Gordon Cowans England Aston Villa 1982 Dennis Mortimer England Aston Villa 1982 Captain in 1982 . Gary Shaw England Aston Villa 1982 Peter Withe England Aston Villa 1982 Tony Morley England Aston Villa 1982 Pat Heard England Aston Villa 1982 Ray Clemence England Liverpool 1977 , 1978 , 1981 Phil Thompson England Liverpool 1978 , 1981 Captain in 1981 . Terry McDermott England Liverpool 1977 , 1978 , 1981 Ray Kennedy England Liverpool 1977 , 1978 , 1981 Jimmy Case England Liverpool 1977 , 1978 , 1981 David Johnson England Liverpool 1977 , 1981 Steve Ogrizovic England Liverpool 1978 , 1981 Colin Irwin England Liverpool 1978 , 1981 Howard Gayle England Liverpool 1981 Avi Cohen Israel Liverpool 1981 Richard Money England Liverpool 1981 Peter Shilton England Nottingham Forest 1979 , 1980 Viv Anderson England Nottingham Forest 1979 , 1980 Frank Gray Scotland Nottingham Forest 1980 Bryn Gunn England Nottingham Forest 1980 Larry Lloyd England Nottingham Forest 1979 , 1980 Kenny Burns Scotland Nottingham Forest 1979 , 1980 Frank Clark England Nottingham Forest 1979 , 1980 Martin O'Neill Northern Ireland Nottingham Forest 1979 , 1980 John McGovern Scotland Nottingham Forest 1979 , 1980 Captain in 1979 and 1980 . Ian Bowyer England Nottingham Forest 1979 , 1980 Gary Mills England Nottingham Forest 1980 John O'Hare Scotland Nottingham Forest 1980 John Robertson Scotland Nottingham Forest 1979 , 1980 Garry Birtles England Nottingham Forest 1979 , 1980 Jimmy Montgomery England Nottingham Forest 1979 Trevor Francis England Nottingham Forest 1979 Tony Woodcock England Nottingham Forest 1979 Chris Woods England Nottingham Forest 1979 Emlyn Hughes England Liverpool 1977 , 1978 Captain in 1977 and 1978 . David Fairclough England Liverpool 1977 , 1978 Steve Heighway Ireland Liverpool 1977 , 1978 , 1981 Joey Jones Wales Liverpool 1977 , 1978 Ian Callaghan England Liverpool 1977 , 1978 Tommy Smith England Liverpool 1977 Kevin Keegan England Liverpool 1977 Peter McDonnell England Liverpool 1977 Alan Waddle England Liverpool 1977 Alec Lindsay England Liverpool 1977 Sepp Maier West Germany Bayern Munich 1974 , 1975 , 1976 Johnny Hansen Denmark Bayern Munich 1974 , 1975 , 1976 Hans - Georg Schwarzenbeck West Germany Bayern Munich 1974 , 1975 , 1976 Franz Beckenbauer West Germany Bayern Munich 1974 , 1975 , 1976 Captain in 1974 , 1975 and 1976 . Udo Horsmann West Germany Bayern Munich 1976 Hugo Robl West Germany Bayern Munich 1975 , 1976 Bernd Dürnberger West Germany Bayern Munich 1974 , 1975 , 1976 Franz Roth West Germany Bayern Munich 1974 , 1975 , 1976 Hans - Josef Kapellmann West Germany Bayern Munich 1974 , 1975 , 1976 Karl - Heinz Rummenigge West Germany Bayern Munich 1975 , 1976 Gerd Müller West Germany Bayern Munich 1974 , 1975 , 1976 Ulrich Hoeness West Germany Bayern Munich 1974 , 1975 , 1976 Björn Andersson Sweden Bayern Munich Sepp Weiss West Germany Bayern Munich Rainer Zobel West Germany Bayern Munich 1974 , 1975 , 1976 Klaus Wunder West Germany Bayern Munich Conny Torstensson Sweden Bayern Munich 1974 , 1975 , 1976 Paul Breitner West Germany Bayern Munich Heinz Stuy Netherlands Ajax 1971 , 1972 , 1973 Wim Suurbier Netherlands Ajax 1971 , 1972 , 1973 Barry Hulshoff Netherlands Ajax 1971 , 1972 , 1973 Horst Blankenburg West Germany Ajax 1971 , 1972 , 1973 Ruud Krol Netherlands Ajax 1972 , 1973 Johan Neeskens Netherlands Ajax 1971 , 1972 , 1973 Arnold Mühren Netherlands Ajax 1971 , 1972 , 1973 Not in the 1973 final . One of the only nine footballers to have won all three major European competitions ( EC - UCL , UCWC , UC - EL ) . Gerrie Mühren Netherlands Ajax 1971 , 1972 , 1973 Arie Haan Netherlands Ajax 1971 , 1972 , 1973 Johnny Rep Netherlands Ajax 1973 Johan Cruijff Netherlands Ajax 1971 , 1972 , 1973 Has also won as manager in 1992 for Barcelona . Captain in 1973 . Piet Keizer Netherlands Ajax 1971 , 1972 , 1973 Captain in 1972 . Sjaak Swart Netherlands Ajax 1971 , 1972 , 1973 Velibor Vasović Yugoslavia Ajax 1971 Captain in 1971 . Nico Rijnders Netherlands Ajax 1971 Dick van Dijk Netherlands Ajax 1971 Eddy Pieters Graafland Netherlands Feyenoord 1970 Piet Romeijn Netherlands Feyenoord 1970 Guus Haak Netherlands Feyenoord 1970 Theo Laseroms Netherlands Feyenoord 1970 Rinus Israël Netherlands Feyenoord 1970 Captain in 1970 . Theo van Duivenbode Netherlands Feyenoord 1970 Franz Hasil Austria Feyenoord 1970 Wim Jansen Netherlands Feyenoord 1970 Willem van Hanegem Netherlands Feyenoord 1970 Henk Wery Netherlands Feyenoord 1970 Ove Kindvall Sweden Feyenoord 1970 Coen Moulijn Netherlands Feyenoord 1970 Fabio Cudicini Italy Milan 1969 Angelo Anquilletti Italy Milan 1969 Karl - Heinz Schnellinger West Germany Milan 1969 Roberto Rosato Italy Milan 1969 Saul Malatrasi Italy Internazionale , Milan 1965 , 1969 Giovanni Trapattoni Italy Milan 1963 , 1969 Has also won as manager Kurt Hamrin Sweden Milan 1969 Giovanni Lodetti Italy Milan 1963 , 1969 Angelo Sormani Italy Milan 1969 Gianni Rivera Italy Milan 1963 , 1969 Captain in 1969 . Pierino Prati Italy Milan 1969 Alex Stepney England Manchester United 1968 Shay Brennan Ireland Manchester United 1968 Nobby Stiles England Manchester United 1968 Bill Foulkes England Manchester United 1968 Tony Dunne Ireland Manchester United 1968 Denis Law Scotland Manchester United 1968 Was not in the final due to injury . Pat Crerand Scotland Manchester United 1968 Francis Burns Scotland Manchester United 1968 Was not in the final . John Fitzpatrick Scotland Manchester United 1968 Was not in the final . Jimmy Ryan Scotland Manchester United 1968 Was not in the final . Bobby Charlton England Manchester United 1968 Captain in 1968 David Sadler England Manchester United 1968 George Best Northern Ireland Manchester United 1968 Brian Kidd England Manchester United 1968 John Aston England Manchester United 1968 John Hughes Scotland Celtic 1967 Was not in the final . Joe McBride Scotland Celtic 1967 Was not in the final . Charlie Gallagher Scotland Celtic 1967 Was not in the final . Willie O'Neill Scotland Celtic 1967 Was not in the final . Ronnie Simpson Scotland Celtic 1967 Jim Craig Scotland Celtic 1967 Tommy Gemmell Scotland Celtic 1967 Bobby Murdoch Scotland Celtic 1967 Billy McNeill Scotland Celtic 1967 Captain in 1967 . John Clark Scotland Celtic 1967 Jimmy Johnstone Scotland Celtic 1967 William Wallace Scotland Celtic 1967 Stevie Chalmers Scotland Celtic 1967 Bertie Auld Scotland Celtic 1967 Bobby Lennox Scotland Celtic 1967 John Fallon Scotland Celtic 1967 José Araquistáin Spain Real Madrid 1966 Antonio Betancort Spain Real Madrid 1966 Ramón Tejada Spain Real Madrid 1966 Vicente Miera Spain Real Madrid 1966 Pedro De Felipe Spain Real Madrid 1966 Antonio Calpe Spain Real Madrid 1966 Ignacio Zoco Spain Real Madrid 1966 Manuel Sanchís Martínez Spain Real Madrid 1966 Pirri Spain Real Madrid 1966 Manuel Velázquez Spain Real Madrid 1966 Fernando Serena Spain Real Madrid 1966 Félix Ruiz Spain Real Madrid 1966 José Luis Veloso Spain Real Madrid 1966 Juan Agüero Paraguay Real Madrid 1966 Amancio Amaro Spain Real Madrid 1966 Ramón Grosso Spain Real Madrid 1966 Giuliano Sarti Italy Internazionale 1964 , 1965 Tarcisio Burgnich Italy Internazionale 1964 , 1965 Aristide Guarneri Italy Internazionale 1964 , 1965 Giacinto Facchetti Italy Internazionale 1964 , 1965 Gianfranco Bedin Italy Internazionale 1965 Armando Picchi Italy Internazionale 1964 , 1965 Captain in 1964 and 1965 . Jair da Costa Brazil Internazionale 1964 , 1965 Sandro Mazzola Italy Internazionale 1964 , 1965 Joaquín Peiró Spain Internazionale 1965 Luis Suárez Spain Internazionale 1964 , 1965 Mario Corso Italy Internazionale 1964 , 1965 Carlo Tagnin Italy Internazionale 1964 Aurelio Milani Italy Internazionale 1964 Giorgio Ghezzi Italy Milan 1963 Mario David Italy Milan 1963 Mario Trebbi Italy Milan 1963 Morales Benitez Victor Peru Milan 1963 Cesare Maldini Italy Milan 1963 Captain in 1963 . Gino Pivatelli Italy Milan 1963 Dino Sani Brazil Milan 1963 José Altafini Brazil Milan 1963 Bruno Mora Italy Milan 1963 Costa Pereira Portugal Benfica 1961 , 1962 Mario João Portugal Benfica 1961 , 1962 Germano Portugal Benfica 1961 , 1962 Angelo Martins Portugal Benfica 1961 , 1962 Domiciano Cávem Portugal Benfica 1961 , 1962 Fernando Cruz Portugal Benfica 1961 , 1962 José Augusto Portugal Benfica 1961 , 1962 Eusébio Portugal Benfica 1962 José Aguas Portugal Benfica 1961 , 1962 Captain in 1961 and 1962 . Mário Coluna Portugal Benfica 1961 , 1962 António Simões Portugal Benfica 1962 José Neto Portugal Benfica 1961 Joaquim Santana Portugal Benfica 1961 Didi Brazil Real Madrid 1960 Canário Brazil Real Madrid 1960 José María Vidal Spain Real Madrid 1960 Canário Spain Real Madrid 1960 Luis del Sol Spain Real Madrid 1960 Pantaleón Spain Real Madrid 1960 Pepillo Spain Real Madrid 1960 Manuel Bueno Spain Real Madrid 1960 , 1966 Pachín Spain Real Madrid 1960 , 1966 Antonio Ruiz Cervilla Spain Real Madrid 1959 , 1960 Jesús Herrera Spain Real Madrid 1959 , 1960 Miché Spain Real Madrid 1959 , 1960 Ferenc Puskás Hungary Real Madrid 1959 , 1960 , 1966 Pereda Spain Real Madrid 1958 Rogelio Domínguez Argentina Real Madrid 1958 , 1959 , 1960 José Santamaría Uruguay Real Madrid 1958 , 1959 , 1960 , 1966 Manuel Torres Spain Real Madrid 1957 Berasaluce Marquiegui Spain Real Madrid 1957 Raymond Kopa France Real Madrid 1957 , 1958 , 1959 Enrique Mateos Spain Real Madrid 1957 , 1958 , 1959 , 1960 Castaño Spain Real Madrid 1956 Luis Molowny Spain Real Madrid 1956 Pérez - Payá Soler Spain Real Madrid 1956 Roque Olsen Argentina Real Madrid 1956 Joaquín Navarro Spain Real Madrid 1956 , 1957 Joaquín Oliva Spain Real Madrid 1956 , 1957 Angel Atienza Spain Real Madrid 1956 , 1957 , 1958 Miguel Muñoz Spain Real Madrid 1956 , 1957 , 1958 Has also won as manager in 1960 and 1966 . Captain in 1956 and 1957 . Becerril Minguela Spain Real Madrid 1956 , 1957 , 1958 Ramón Marsal Ribó Spain Real Madrid 1956 , 1957 , 1958 Joseíto Spain Real Madrid 1956 , 1957 1958 , 1959 Héctor Rial Spain Real Madrid 5 1956 , 1957 , 1958 , 1959 , 1960 Juan Alonso Spain Real Madrid 5 1956 , 1957 , 1958 , 1959 , 1960 Captain in 1958 . Juan Santisteban Spain Real Madrid 5 1956 , 1957 , 1958 , 1959 , 1960 Marquitos Spain Real Madrid 5 1956 , 1957 , 1958 , 1959 , 1960 Rafael Lesmes Spain Real Madrid 5 1956 , 1957 , 1958 , 1959 , 1960 José María Zárraga Spain Real Madrid 5 1956 , 1957 , 1958 , 1959 , 1960 Captain in 1959 and 1960 . Alfredo Di Stéfano Spain Real Madrid 5 1956 , 1957 , 1958 , 1959 , 1960 Scored in all five finals . Francisco Gento Spain Real Madrid 6 1956 , 1957 , 1958 , 1959 , 1960 , 1966 Most European Cup wins . Captain in 1966 . See also ( edit ) European Cup and UEFA Champions League records and statistics References ( edit ) `` European Champions Cup Finals '' . RSSSF . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 09 . `` UEFA Champions League Winning Squads '' . RSSSF . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 31 . `` Champions League Finals 1997 -- '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 09 . `` European Cup Finals 1977 , 78 , 81 , 84 '' . LFCHistory.net . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 09 . Citations ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Champions League Winning Managers European Cup Winners History The Sack Race '' . www.thesackrace.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ Enrique Mateos Realmadrid.com Jump up ^ Player who scored legendary goal against Athletic Bilbao Jump up ^ Juan Adelarpe Alonso Realmadrid.com European Cup and UEFA Champions League winners European Cup 1950s 1955 -- 56 : Real Madrid 1956 -- 57 : Real Madrid 1957 -- 58 : Real Madrid 1958 -- 59 : Real Madrid 1959 -- 60 : Real Madrid 1960s 1960 -- 61 : Benfica 1961 -- 62 : Benfica 1962 -- 63 : Milan 1963 -- 64 : Internazionale 1964 -- 65 : Internazionale 1965 -- 66 : Real Madrid 1966 -- 67 : Celtic 1967 -- 68 : Manchester United 1968 -- 69 : Milan 1969 -- 70 : Feyenoord 1970s 1970 -- 71 : Ajax 1971 -- 72 : Ajax 1972 -- 73 : Ajax 1973 -- 74 : Bayern Munich 1974 -- 75 : Bayern Munich 1975 -- 76 : Bayern Munich 1976 -- 77 : Liverpool 1977 -- 78 : Liverpool 1978 -- 79 : Nottingham Forest 1979 -- 80 : Nottingham Forest 1980s 1980 -- 81 : Liverpool 1981 -- 82 : Aston Villa 1982 -- 83 : Hamburg 1983 -- 84 : Liverpool 1984 -- 85 : Juventus 1985 -- 86 : Steaua București 1986 -- 87 : Porto 1987 -- 88 : PSV 1988 -- 89 : Milan 1989 -- 90 : Milan 1990s 1990 -- 91 : Red Star Belgrade 1991 -- 92 : Barcelona UEFA Champions League 1990s 1992 -- 93 : Marseille 1993 -- 94 : Milan 1994 -- 95 : Ajax 1995 -- 96 : Juventus 1996 -- 97 : Borussia Dortmund 1997 -- 98 : Real Madrid 1998 -- 99 : Manchester United 1999 -- 2000 : Real Madrid 2000s 2000 -- 01 : Bayern Munich 2001 -- 02 : Real Madrid 2002 -- 03 : Milan 2003 -- 04 : Porto 2004 -- 05 : Liverpool 2005 -- 06 : Barcelona 2006 -- 07 : Milan 2007 -- 08 : Manchester United 2008 -- 09 : Barcelona 2009 -- 10 : Internazionale 2010s 2010 -- 11 : Barcelona 2011 -- 12 : Chelsea 2012 -- 13 : Bayern Munich 2013 -- 14 : Real Madrid 2014 -- 15 : Barcelona 2015 -- 16 : Real Madrid 2016 -- 17 : Real Madrid 2017 -- 18 : Real Madrid Finals Winning managers Winning players European Cup and UEFA Champions League European Cup era , 1955 -- 1992 Seasons 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 Finals 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 UEFA Champions League era , 1992 -- present Seasons 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 2000 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 2019 -- 20 Finals 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 History Finals Winning managers Winning players Records and statistics Top scorers Hat - tricks Appearances Performance comparison Anthem Broadcasters Trophy Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_Cup_and_UEFA_Champions_League_winning_players&oldid=843347966 '' Categories : UEFA Champions League Lists of association football players UEFA Champions League winning players Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles needing additional references from December 2010 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Incomplete lists from August 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2008 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Français Italiano Română Suomi Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 15 : 16 . 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"\n\nPlayer \nNationality \nClubs \nTitles won \nYears \nNotes \n\n\nDani Ceballos\n Spain\nReal Madrid\n1\n2018\nWas not in the 18 for the final.\n\n\nAchraf Hakimi\n Morocco\nReal Madrid\n1\n2018\nWas not in the 18 for the final.\n\n\nTheo Hernández\n France\nReal Madrid\n1\n2018\n\n\n\nMariano\n Dominican Republic\nReal Madrid\n1\n2017\nWas not in the 18 for the final.\n\n\nMarco Asensio\n Spain\nReal Madrid\n2\n2017, 2018\n\n\n\nKeylor Navas\n Costa Rica\nReal Madrid\n3\n2016, 2017, 2018\n\n\n\nJames Rodríguez\n Colombia\nReal Madrid\n2\n2016, 2017\nWas not in the 18 for the 2017 final.\n\n\nKiko Casilla\n Spain\nReal Madrid\n3\n2016, 2017, 2018\n\n\n\nMateo Kovačić\n Croatia\nReal Madrid\n3\n2016, 2017, 2018\n\n\n\nLucas Vázquez\n Spain\nReal Madrid\n3\n2016, 2017, 2018\nWas not in the 18 for the 2017 final.\n\n\nRubén Yáñez\n Spain\nReal Madrid\n2\n2016, 2017\nWas not in the 18 for the 2017 final.\n\n\nDanilo\n Brazil\nReal Madrid\n2\n2016, 2017\n\n\n\nMunir\n Spain\nBarcelona\n1\n2015\nWas not in the 18 for the final.\n\n\nSandro Ramírez\n Spain\nBarcelona\n1\n2015\nWas not in the 18 for the final.\n\n\nSergi Samper\n Spain\nBarcelona\n1\n2015\nWas not in the 18 for the final.\n\n\nDouglas\n Brazil\nBarcelona\n1\n2015\nWas not in the 18 for the final.\n\n\nJordi Masip\n Spain\nBarcelona\n1\n2015\nWas not in the 18 for the final.\n\n\nMartín Montoya\n Spain\nBarcelona\n1\n2015\nWas not in the 18 for the final.\n\n\nSergi Roberto\n Spain\nBarcelona\n1\n2015\nWas not in the 18 for the final.\n\n\nRafinha\n Brazil\nBarcelona\n1\n2015\n\n\n\nJérémy Mathieu\n France\nBarcelona\n1\n2015\n\n\n\nJordi Alba\n Spain\nBarcelona\n1\n2015\n\n\n\nIvan Rakitić\n Croatia\nBarcelona\n1\n2015\n\n\n\nMarc-André ter Stegen\n Germany\nBarcelona\n1\n2015\n\n\n\nClaudio Bravo\n Chile\nBarcelona\n1\n2015\n\n\n\nThomas Vermaelen\n Belgium\nBarcelona\n1\n2015\nWas not in the 18 for the final.\n\n\nLuis Suárez\n Uruguay\nBarcelona\n1\n2015\n\n\n\nNeymar\n Brazil\nBarcelona\n1\n2015\n\n\n\nÁlvaro Morata\n Spain\nReal Madrid\n2\n2014, 2017\n\n\n\nJesús\n Spain\nReal Madrid\n1\n2014\n\n\n\nNacho\n Spain\nReal Madrid\n4\n2014, 2016, 2017, 2018\n\n\n\nCasemiro\n Brazil\nReal Madrid\n4\n2014, 2016, 2017, 2018\n\n\n\nAsier Illarramendi\n Spain\nReal Madrid\n1\n2014\n\n\n\nJesé\n Spain\nReal Madrid\n2\n2014, 2016\n\n\n\nDiego López\n Spain\nReal Madrid\n1\n2014\n\n\n\nRaphaël Varane\n France\nReal Madrid\n4\n2014, 2016, 2017, 2018\n\n\n\nDani Carvajal\n Spain\nReal Madrid\n4\n2014, 2016, 2017, 2018\n\n\n\nIsco\n Spain\nReal Madrid\n4\n2014, 2016, 2017, 2018\n\n\n\nÁngel Di María\n Argentina\nReal Madrid\n1\n2014\n\n\n\nLuka Modrić\n Croatia\nReal Madrid\n4\n2014, 2016, 2017, 2018\n\n\n\nÁlvaro Arbeloa\n Spain\nReal Madrid\n2\n2014, 2016\n\n\n\nSami Khedira\n Germany\nReal Madrid\n1\n2014\n\n\n\nPepe\n Portugal\nReal Madrid\n3\n2014, 2016, 2017\nWas not in the 18 for the 2017 final.\n\n\nFábio Coentrão\n Portugal\nReal Madrid\n2\n2014, 2017\nWas not in the 18 for the 2017 final.\n\n\nKarim Benzema\n France\nReal Madrid\n4\n2014, 2016, 2017, 2018\n\n\n\nMarcelo\n Brazil\nReal Madrid\n4\n2014, 2016, 2017, 2018\n\n\n\nGareth Bale\n Wales\nReal Madrid\n4\n2014, 2016, 2017, 2018\n\n\n\nSergio Ramos\n Spain\nReal Madrid\n4\n2014, 2016, 2017, 2018\nCaptain in 2016, 2017 and 2018.\n\n\nManuel Neuer\n Germany\nBayern Munich\n1\n2013\n\n\n\nPhilipp Lahm\n Germany\nBayern Munich\n1\n2013\nCaptain in 2013.\n\n\nJérôme Boateng\n Germany\nBayern Munich\n1\n2013\n\n\n\nDante\n Brazil\nBayern Munich\n1\n2013\n\n\n\nDavid Alaba\n Austria\nBayern Munich\n1\n2013\n\n\n\nDaniel Van Buyten\n Belgium\nBayern Munich\n1\n2013\n\n\n\nJavi Martínez\n Spain\nBayern Munich\n1\n2013\n\n\n\nFranck Ribéry\n France\nBayern Munich\n1\n2013\n\n\n\nArjen Robben\n Netherlands\nBayern Munich\n1\n2013\n\n\n\nThomas Müller\n Germany\nBayern Munich\n1\n2013\n\n\n\nBastian Schweinsteiger\n Germany\nBayern Munich\n1\n2013\n\n\n\nTom Starke\n Germany\nBayern Munich\n1\n2013\n\n\n\nMario Gómez\n Germany\nBayern Munich\n1\n2013\n\n\n\nHolger Badstuber\n Germany\nBayern Munich\n1\n2013\nWas not in the 18 for the final.\n\n\nToni Kroos\n Germany\nBayern Munich, Real Madrid\n4\n2013, 2016, 2017, 2018\nWas not in the 18 for the 2013 final.\n\n\nDiego Contento\n Germany\nBayern Munich\n1\n2013\nWas not in the 18 for the final.\n\n\nMario Mandžukić\n Croatia\nBayern Munich\n1\n2013\n\n\n\nXherdan Shaqiri\n Switzerland\nBayern Munich\n1\n2013\n\n\n\nLuiz Gustavo\n Brazil\nBayern Munich\n1\n2013\n\n\n\nRafinha\n Brazil\nBayern Munich\n1\n2013\nWas not in the 18 for the final.\n\n\nAnatoliy Tymoshchuk\n Ukraine\nBayern Munich\n1\n2013\n\n\n\nClaudio Pizarro\n Peru\nBayern Munich\n1\n2013\n\n\n\nJosé Bosingwa\n Portugal\nPorto, Chelsea\n2\n2004, 2012\n\n\n\nPaulo Ferreira\n Portugal\nPorto, Chelsea\n2\n2004, 2012\n\n\n\nDidier Drogba\n Ivory Coast\nChelsea\n1\n2012\n\n\n\nSalomon Kalou\n Ivory Coast\nChelsea\n1\n2012\n\n\n\nMichael Essien\n Ghana\nChelsea\n1\n2012\n\n\n\nJohn Obi Mikel\n Nigeria\nChelsea\n1\n2012\n\n\n\nPetr Čech\n Czech Republic\nChelsea\n1\n2012\n\n\n\nJuan Mata\n Spain\nChelsea\n1\n2012\n\n\n\nOriol Romeu\n Spain\nChelsea\n1\n2012\n\n\n\nFernando Torres\n Spain\nChelsea\n1\n2012\n\n\n\nRyan Bertrand\n England\nChelsea\n1\n2012\nMade his European debut in the final.\n\n\nRoss Turnbull\n England\nChelsea\n1\n2012\n\n\n\nGary Cahill\n England\nChelsea\n1\n2012\n\n\n\nAshley Cole\n England\nChelsea\n1\n2012\n\n\n\nJamal Blackman\n England\nChelsea\n1\n2012\nWas not in the 18 for the final.\n\n\nFrank Lampard\n England\nChelsea\n1\n2012\nVice-captain, captain for the final.\n\n\nDaniel Sturridge\n England\nChelsea\n1\n2012\n\n\n\nJohn Terry\n England\nChelsea\n1\n2012\nCaptain. Suspended and did not play in the final.\n\n\nFlorent Malouda\n France\nChelsea\n1\n2012\n\n\n\nBranislav Ivanović\n Serbia\nChelsea\n1\n2012\nSuspended and did not play in the final.\n\n\nRaul Meireles\n Portugal\nChelsea\n1\n2012\nSuspended and did not play in the final.\n\n\nDavid Luiz\n Brazil\nChelsea\n1\n2012\n\n\n\nRamires\n Brazil\nChelsea\n1\n2012\nSuspended and did not start the final.\n\n\nMaxwell\n Brazil\nBarcelona\n1\n2011\nWas not in the 18 for the final.\n\n\nJonathan dos Santos\n Mexico\nBarcelona\n1\n2011\nWas not in the 18 for the final.\n\n\nMarc Bartra\n Spain\nBarcelona\n2\n2011, 2015\nWas not in the 18 for the 2011 final.\n\n\nAndreu Fontàs\n Spain\nBarcelona\n1\n2011\nWas not in the 18 for the final.\n\n\nJeffrén\n Spain\nBarcelona\n1\n2011\nWas not in the 18 for the final.\n\n\nOier\n Spain\nBarcelona\n1\n2011\n\n\n\nDavid Villa\n Spain\nBarcelona\n1\n2011\n\n\n\nThiago\n Spain\nBarcelona\n1\n2011\n\n\n\nAdriano\n Brazil\nBarcelona\n2\n2011, 2015\n\n\n\nIbrahim Afellay\n Netherlands\nBarcelona\n1\n2011\n\n\n\nJavier Mascherano\n Argentina\nBarcelona\n2\n2011, 2015\n\n\n\nDejan Stanković\n Serbia\nInternazionale\n1\n2010\n\n\n\nRene Krhin\n Slovenia\nInternazionale\n1\n2010\nWas not in the 18 for the final.\n\n\nCristian Chivu\n Romania\nInternazionale\n1\n2010\n\n\n\nRicardo Quaresma\n Portugal\nInternazionale\n1\n2010\nWas not in the 18 for the final.\n\n\nGoran Pandev\n Macedonia\nInternazionale\n1\n2010\n\n\n\nWesley Sneijder\n Netherlands\nInternazionale\n1\n2010\n\n\n\nMcDonald Mariga\n Kenya\nInternazionale\n1\n2010\n\n\n\nPaolo Orlandoni\n Italy\nInternazionale\n1\n2010\nWas not in the 18 for the final.\n\n\nDavide Santon\n Italy\nInternazionale\n1\n2010\nWas not in the 18 for the final.\n\n\nMario Balotelli\n Italy\nInternazionale\n1\n2010\n\n\n\nMarco Materazzi\n Italy\nInternazionale\n1\n2010\n\n\n\nFrancesco Toldo\n Italy\nInternazionale\n1\n2010\n\n\n\nSulley Muntari\n Ghana\nInternazionale\n1\n2010\n\n\n\nIván Córdoba\n Colombia\nInternazionale\n1\n2010\n\n\n\nLúcio\n Brazil\nInternazionale\n1\n2010\n\n\n\nMaicon\n Brazil\nInternazionale\n1\n2010\n\n\n\nJúlio César\n Brazil\nInternazionale\n1\n2010\n\n\n\nEsteban Cambiasso\n Argentina\nInternazionale\n1\n2010\n\n\n\nJavier Zanetti\n Argentina\nInternazionale\n1\n2010\nCaptain in 2010.\n\n\nWalter Samuel\n Argentina\nInternazionale\n1\n2010\n\n\n\nDiego Milito\n Argentina\nInternazionale\n1\n2010\n\n\n\nMarko Arnautović\n Austria\nInternazionale\n1\n2010\nWas not in the 18 for the final.\n\n\nSergio Busquets\n Spain\nBarcelona\n3\n2009, 2011, 2015\n\n\n\nJosé Manuel Pinto\n Spain\nBarcelona\n2\n2009, 2011\nWas suspended for the 2011 final.\n\n\nPedro\n Spain\nBarcelona\n3\n2009, 2011, 2015\n\n\n\nBojan\n Spain\nBarcelona\n2\n2009, 2011\n\n\n\nGabriel Milito\n Argentina\nBarcelona\n2\n2009, 2011\nWas not in the 18 in 2009 or 2011.\n\n\nDani Alves\n Brazil\nBarcelona\n3\n2009, 2011, 2015\nWas suspended for the 2009 final.\n\n\nAlexander Hleb\n Belarus\nBarcelona\n1\n2009\n\n\n\nYaya Touré\n Ivory Coast\nBarcelona\n1\n2009\n\n\n\nThierry Henry\n France\nBarcelona\n1\n2009\n\n\n\nÉric Abidal\n France\nBarcelona\n2\n2009, 2011\nWas suspended for the 2009 final. Captain in 2011.\n\n\nEiður Guðjohnsen\n Iceland\nBarcelona\n1\n2009\n\n\n\nMartín Cáceres\n Uruguay\nBarcelona\n1\n2009\n\n\n\nSeydou Keita\n Mali\nBarcelona\n2\n2009, 2011\n\n\n\nPark Ji-sung\n South Korea\nManchester United\n1\n2008\nWas not in the 18 for the final. Became the first Asian-born player to win a Champions League title.\n\n\nGerard Piqué\n Spain\nManchester United, Barcelona\n4\n2008, 2009, 2011, 2015\nWas not in the 18 for the 2008 final. Won two years in a row with two different teams.\n\n\nLouis Saha\n France\nManchester United\n1\n2008\nWas not in the 18 for the final.\n\n\nCarlos Tevez\n Argentina\nManchester United\n1\n2008\n\n\n\nWayne Rooney\n England\nManchester United\n1\n2008\n\n\n\nCristiano Ronaldo\n Portugal\nManchester United, Real Madrid\n5\n2008, 2014, 2016, 2017, 2018\nFirst ever player to score in two finals for two different winning teams.\n\n\nMichael Carrick\n England\nManchester United\n1\n2008\n\n\n\nPatrice Evra\n France\nManchester United\n1\n2008\n\n\n\nMikaël Silvestre\n France\nManchester United\n1\n2008\n\n\n\nNemanja Vidić\n Serbia\nManchester United\n1\n2008\n\n\n\nRio Ferdinand\n England\nManchester United\n1\n2008\nCaptain in 2008.\n\n\nTomasz Kuszczak\n Poland\nManchester United\n1\n2008\n\n\n\nJohn O'Shea\n Ireland\nManchester United\n1\n2008\n\n\n\nAnderson\n Brazil\nManchester United\n1\n2008\n\n\n\nNani\n Portugal\nManchester United\n1\n2008\n\n\n\nDarren Fletcher\n Scotland\nManchester United\n1\n2008\n\n\n\nMarek Jankulovski\n Czech Republic\nMilan\n1\n2007\n\n\n\nKaká\n Brazil\nMilan\n1\n2007\n\n\n\nZeljko Kalac\n Australia\nMilan\n1\n2007\n\n\n\nCafu\n Brazil\nMilan\n1\n2007\n\n\n\nGiuseppe Favalli\n Italy\nMilan\n1\n2007\n\n\n\nAlberto Gilardino\n Italy\nMilan\n1\n2007\n\n\n\nMassimo Oddo\n Italy\nMilan\n1\n2007\n\n\n\nDaniele Bonera\n Italy\nMilan\n1\n2007\nWas not in the 18 in 2007.\n\n\nYoann Gourcuff\n France\nMilan\n1\n2007\nWas not in the 18 in 2007.\n\n\nRicardo Oliveira\n Brazil\nMilan\n1\n2007\nWas not in the 18 in 2007.\n\n\nMarco Storari\n Italy\nMilan\n1\n2007\nWas not in the 18 in 2007.\n\n\nValerio Fiori\n Italy\nMilan\n2\n2003, 2007\nWas not in the 18 in 2003 or 2007.\n\n\nDario Šimić\n Croatia\nMilan\n2\n2003, 2007\nWas not in the 18 in 2003 or 2007.\n\n\nVíctor Valdés\n Spain\nBarcelona\n3\n2006, 2009, 2011\n\n\n\nGiovanni van Bronckhorst\n Netherlands\nBarcelona\n1\n2006\n\n\n\nRafael Márquez\n Mexico\nBarcelona\n2\n2006, 2009\nWas not in the 18 in 2009 due to injury.\n\n\nCarles Puyol\n Spain\nBarcelona\n3\n2006, 2009, 2011\nCaptain in 2006 and 2009\n\n\nOleguer\n Spain\nBarcelona\n1\n2006\n\n\n\nJuliano Belletti\n Brazil\nBarcelona\n1\n2006\n\n\n\nEdmílson\n Brazil\nBarcelona\n1\n2006\n\n\n\nAndrés Iniesta\n Spain\nBarcelona\n4\n2006, 2009, 2011, 2015\n\n\n\nDeco\n Portugal\nPorto, Barcelona\n2\n2004, 2006\n\n\n\nMark van Bommel\n Netherlands\nBarcelona\n1\n2006\n\n\n\nHenrik Larsson\n Sweden\nBarcelona\n1\n2006\n\n\n\nLudovic Giuly\n France\nBarcelona\n1\n2006\n\n\n\nRonaldinho\n Brazil\nBarcelona\n1\n2006\n\n\n\nThiago Motta\n Italy\nBarcelona, Internazionale\n2\n2006, 2010\nWas suspended for the 2010 final.\n\n\nXavi\n Spain\nBarcelona\n4\n2006, 2009, 2011, 2015\nCaptain in 2015. Did not feature in any game during knockout stages in 2006.\n\n\nSylvinho\n Brazil\nBarcelona\n2\n2006, 2009\n\n\n\nLionel Messi\n Argentina\nBarcelona\n4\n2006, 2009, 2011, 2015\nWas not in the quarterfinals, semi-finals and final in 2006.\n\n\nSantiago Ezquerro\n Spain\nBarcelona\n1\n2006\nWas not in the 18 for the final.\n\n\nMaxi López\n Argentina\nBarcelona\n1\n2006\nWas not in the 18 for the final.\n\n\nSamuel Eto'o\n Cameroon\nBarcelona, Internazionale\n3\n2006, 2009, 2010\nWon 2 years in a row with 2 different teams.\n\n\nGabri\n Spain\nBarcelona\n1\n2006\nWas not in the 18 for the final.\n\n\nJerzy Dudek\n Poland\nLiverpool\n1\n2005\n\n\n\nSlawomir Wojciechowski\n Poland\nBayern Munich\n1\n2001\n\n\n\nSteve Finnan\n Ireland\nLiverpool\n1\n2005\n\n\n\nDietmar Hamann\n Germany\nLiverpool\n1\n2005\n\n\n\nSami Hyypiä\n Finland\nLiverpool\n1\n2005\n\n\n\nJamie Carragher\n England\nLiverpool\n1\n2005\n\n\n\nDjimi Traoré\n Mali\nLiverpool\n1\n2005\n\n\n\nHarry Kewell\n Australia\nLiverpool\n1\n2005\n\n\n\nVladimír Šmicer\n Czech Republic\nLiverpool\n1\n2005\n\n\n\nXabi Alonso\n Spain\nLiverpool, Real Madrid\n2\n2005, 2014\n\n\n\nSteven Gerrard\n England\nLiverpool\n1\n2005\nCaptain in 2005.\n\n\nJohn Arne Riise\n Norway\nLiverpool\n1\n2005\n\n\n\nLuis García\n Spain\nLiverpool\n1\n2005\n\n\n\nMilan Baroš\n Czech Republic\nLiverpool\n1\n2005\n\n\n\nDjibril Cissé\n France\nLiverpool\n1\n2005\n\n\n\nScott Carson\n England\nLiverpool\n1\n2005\n\n\n\nJosemi\n Spain\nLiverpool\n1\n2005\n\n\n\nIgor Bišćan\n Croatia\nLiverpool\n1\n2005\n\n\n\nAntonio Núñez\n Spain\nLiverpool\n1\n2005\n\n\n\nVítor Baía\n Portugal\nPorto\n1\n2004\nOne of the only nine footballers to have won all Three Major European Competitions (EC-UCL, UCWC, UC-EL).\n\n\nNuno Valente\n Portugal\nPorto\n1\n2004\n\n\n\nJorge Costa\n Portugal\nPorto\n1\n2004\nCaptain in 2004.\n\n\nRicardo Carvalho\n Portugal\nPorto\n1\n2004\n\n\n\nCostinha\n Portugal\nPorto\n1\n2004\n\n\n\nPedro Emanuel\n Portugal\nPorto\n1\n2004\n\n\n\nManiche\n Portugal\nPorto\n1\n2004\n\n\n\nPedro Mendes\n Portugal\nPorto\n1\n2004\n\n\n\nDerlei\n Brazil\nPorto\n1\n2004\n\n\n\nBenni McCarthy\n South Africa\nPorto\n1\n2004\n\n\n\nDmitri Alenichev\n Russia\nPorto\n1\n2004\n\n\n\nCarlos Alberto\n Brazil\nPorto\n1\n2004\n\n\n\nRicardo Costa\n Portugal\nPorto\n1\n2004\n\n\n\nEdgaras Jankauskas\n\nPorto\n1\n2004\n\n\n\nNuno\n Portugal\nPorto\n1\n2004\n\n\n\nDida\n Brazil\nMilan\n2\n2003, 2007\n\n\n\nAlessandro Costacurta\n Italy\nMilan\n5\n1989, 1990, 1994, 2003, 2007\nCostacurta was not in the 18 in the 2007 final and suspended for the 1994 final.\n\n\nRoque Júnior\n Brazil\nMilan\n1\n2003\n\n\n\nAlessandro Nesta\n Italy\nMilan\n2\n2003, 2007\n\n\n\nPaolo Maldini\n Italy\nMilan\n5\n1989, 1990, 1994, 2003, 2007\nCaptain in 2003 and 2007. Longest period between first and last win (18 years), started both finals.\n\n\nKakha Kaladze\n Georgia\nMilan\n2\n2003, 2007\n\n\n\nGennaro Gattuso\n Italy\nMilan\n2\n2003, 2007\n\n\n\nAndrea Pirlo\n Italy\nMilan\n2\n2003, 2007\n\n\n\nSerginho\n Brazil\nMilan\n2\n2003, 2007\n\n\n\nRui Costa\n Portugal\nMilan\n1\n2003\n\n\n\nMassimo Ambrosini\n Italy\nMilan\n2\n2003, 2007\n\n\n\nAndriy Shevchenko\n Ukraine\nMilan\n1\n2003\n\n\n\nFilippo Inzaghi\n Italy\nMilan\n2\n2003, 2007\n\n\n\nChristian Abbiati\n Italy\nMilan\n1\n2003\n\n\n\nRivaldo\n Brazil\nMilan\n1\n2003\n\n\n\nMartin Laursen\n Denmark\nMilan\n1\n2003\n\n\n\nCristian Brocchi\n Italy\nMilan\n2\n2003, 2007\n\n\n\nSamuele Dalla Bona\n Italy\nMilan\n1\n2003\nWas not in the 18 for the final.\n\n\nThomas Helveg\n Denmark\nMilan\n1\n2003\nWas not in the 18 for the final.\n\n\nJon Dahl Tomasson\n Denmark\nMilan\n1\n2003\nWas not in the 18 for the final.\n\n\nCésar Sánchez\n Spain\nReal Madrid\n1\n2002\n\n\n\nLuís Figo\n Portugal\nReal Madrid\n1\n2002\n\n\n\nClaude Makélélé\n France\nReal Madrid\n1\n2002\n\n\n\nFlávio Conceição\n Brazil\nReal Madrid\n1\n2002\n\n\n\nZinedine Zidane\n France\nReal Madrid\n1\n2002\nFirst and Only Coach that has won 3 Champions League's in a row with Real Madrid (2016-2017-2018). Won Champions League with same club as coach and player (2002 & 2016-2017-2018)\n\n\nSantiago Solari\n Argentina\nReal Madrid\n1\n2002\n\n\n\nPedro Munitis\n Spain\nReal Madrid\n1\n2002\n\n\n\nFrancisco Pavón\n Spain\nReal Madrid\n1\n2002\n\n\n\nJavier Portillo\n Spain\nReal Madrid\n1\n2002\n\n\n\nCarlos Sánchez\n Spain\nReal Madrid\n1\n2002\nWas not in the 18 for the final.\n\n\nAlbert Celades\n Spain\nReal Madrid\n1\n2002\nWas not in the 18 for the final.\n\n\nÓscar Miñambres\n Spain\nReal Madrid\n1\n2002\nWas not in the 18 for the final.\n\n\nRubén\n Spain\nReal Madrid\n1\n2002\nWas not in the 18 for the final.\n\n\nEnrique Corrales\n Spain\nReal Madrid\n1\n2002\nWas not in the 18 for the final.\n\n\nRaúl Bravo\n Spain\nReal Madrid\n1\n2002\nWas not in the 18 for the final.\n\n\nValdo\n Spain\nReal Madrid\n1\n2002\nWas not in the 18 for the final.\n\n\nOliver Kahn\n Germany\nBayern Munich\n1\n2001\n\n\n\nSamuel Kuffour\n Ghana\nBayern Munich\n1\n2001\n\n\n\nPatrik Andersson\n Sweden\nBayern Munich\n1\n2001\n\n\n\nThomas Linke\n Germany\nBayern Munich\n1\n2001\n\n\n\nWilly Sagnol\n France\nBayern Munich\n1\n2001\n\n\n\nCarsten Jancker\n Germany\nBayern Munich\n1\n2001\n\n\n\nOwen Hargreaves\n England\nBayern Munich, Manchester United\n2\n2001, 2008\nFirst British player to win two Champions League titles with 2 different teams.\n\n\nStefan Effenberg\n Germany\nBayern Munich\n1\n2001\nCaptain in 2001.\n\n\nBixente Lizarazu\n France\nBayern Munich\n1\n2001\n\n\n\nMehmet Scholl\n Germany\nBayern Munich\n1\n2001\n\n\n\nPaulo Sérgio\n Brazil\nBayern Munich\n1\n2001\n\n\n\nGiovane Élber\n Brazil\nBayern Munich\n1\n2001\n\n\n\nAlexander Zickler\n Germany\nBayern Munich\n1\n2001\n\n\n\nBernd Dreher\n Germany\nBayern Munich\n1\n2001\n\n\n\nCiriaco Sforza\n Switzerland\nBayern Munich\n1\n2001\n\n\n\nMichael Tarnat\n Germany\nBayern Munich\n1\n2001\n\n\n\nRoque Santa Cruz\n Paraguay\nBayern Munich\n1\n2001\n\n\n\nStefan Wessels\n Germany\nBayern Munich\n1\n2001\nWas not in the 18 for the final.\n\n\nThorsten Fink\n Germany\nBayern Munich\n1\n2001\nWas not in the 18 for the final.\n\n\nJens Jeremies\n Germany\nBayern Munich\n1\n2001\nWas not in the 18 for the final.\n\n\nMichael Wiesinger\n Germany\nBayern Munich\n1\n2001\nWas not in the 18 for the final.\n\n\nHasan Salihamidžić\n Bosnia and Herzegovina\nBayern Munich\n1\n2001\n\n\n\nNicolas Anelka\n France\nReal Madrid\n1\n2000\n\n\n\nPerica Ognjenović\n Yugoslavia\nReal Madrid\n1\n2000\nWas not in the 18 for the final.\n\n\nAlbano Bizarri\n Argentina\nReal Madrid\n1\n2000\nWas not in the 18 for the final.\n\n\nJavier Dorado\n Spain\nReal Madrid\n1\n2000\nWas not in the 18 for the final.\n\n\nDavid Aganzo\n Spain\nReal Madrid\n1\n2000\nWas not in the 18 for the final.\n\n\nManuel Meca\n Spain\nReal Madrid\n1\n2000\nWas not in the 18 for the final.\n\n\nJúlio César\n Brazil\nReal Madrid\n1\n2000\nWas not in the 18 for the final.\n\n\nGeremi\n Cameroon\nReal Madrid\n2\n2000, 2002\nWas not in the 18 in 2002.\n\n\nElvir Baljić\n Bosnia and Herzegovina\nReal Madrid\n2\n2000, 2002\nWas not in the 18 in 2002.\n\n\nIván Campo\n Spain\nReal Madrid\n2\n2000, 2002\n\n\n\nMíchel Salgado\n Spain\nReal Madrid\n2\n2000, 2002\n\n\n\nIván Helguera\n Spain\nReal Madrid\n2\n2000, 2002\n\n\n\nSteve McManaman\n England\nReal Madrid\n2\n2000, 2002\nFirst British player to win two Champions League titles; First Englishman to win Champions League with a non-UK club.\n\n\nCarlos Aranda\n Spain\nReal Madrid\n2\n2000, 2002\nWas not in the 18 for the final.\n\n\nPeter Schmeichel\n Denmark\nManchester United\n1\n1999\nCaptain in 1999 final due to Keane's suspension.\n\n\nGary Neville\n England\nManchester United\n2\n1999, 2008\nNot in final 18 in 2008.\n\n\nRonny Johnsen\n Norway\nManchester United\n1\n1999\n\n\n\nJaap Stam\n Netherlands\nManchester United\n1\n1999\n\n\n\nDenis Irwin\n Ireland\nManchester United\n1\n1999\n\n\n\nDavid Beckham\n England\nManchester United\n1\n1999\n\n\n\nNicky Butt\n England\nManchester United\n1\n1999\n\n\n\nRyan Giggs\n Wales\nManchester United\n2\n1999, 2008\n\n\n\nJesper Blomqvist\n Sweden\nManchester United\n1\n1999\n\n\n\nTeddy Sheringham\n England\nManchester United\n1\n1999\n\n\n\nDwight Yorke\n Trinidad and Tobago\nManchester United\n1\n1999\n\n\n\nAndy Cole\n England\nManchester United\n1\n1999\n\n\n\nOle Gunnar Solskjær\n Norway\nManchester United\n1\n1999\n\n\n\nRaimond van der Gouw\n Netherlands\nManchester United\n1\n1999\n\n\n\nDavid May\n England\nManchester United\n1\n1999\n\n\n\nPhil Neville\n England\nManchester United\n1\n1999\n\n\n\nWes Brown\n England\nManchester United\n2\n1999, 2008\n\n\n\nJonathan Greening\n England\nManchester United\n1\n1999\n\n\n\nPaul Scholes\n England\nManchester United\n2\n1999, 2008\nScholes was suspended for the final in 1999.\n\n\nRoy Keane\n Ireland\nManchester United\n1\n1999\nKeane was suspended for the final. Club captain in 1999.\n\n\nHenning Berg\n Norway\nManchester United\n1\n1999\nBerg was not in the 18 in 1999.\n\n\nJosé Amavisca\n Spain\nReal Madrid\n1\n1998\n\n\n\nPredrag Mijatović\n Yugoslavia\nReal Madrid\n1\n1998\n\n\n\nDavor Šuker\n Croatia\nReal Madrid\n1\n1998\n\n\n\nZé Roberto\n Brazil\nReal Madrid\n1\n1998\n\n\n\nDani García\n Spain\nReal Madrid\n1\n1998\n\n\n\nJaime Sánchez\n Spain\nReal Madrid\n1\n1998\n\n\n\nSantiago Cañizares\n Spain\nReal Madrid\n1\n1998\n\n\n\nFernando Sanz\n Spain\nReal Madrid\n1\n1998\n\n\n\nVíctor Sánchez\n Spain\nReal Madrid\n1\n1998\n\n\n\nPedro Contreras\n Spain\nReal Madrid\n1\n1998\nWas not in the 18 for the final\n\n\nChendo\n Spain\nReal Madrid\n1\n1998\nWas not in the 18 for the final\n\n\nRaúl Pareja\n Spain\nReal Madrid\n1\n1998\nWas not in the 18 for the final\n\n\nÁlvaro Benito\n Spain\nReal Madrid\n1\n1998\nWas not in the 18 for the final\n\n\nRoberto Rojas\n Spain\nReal Madrid\n1\n1998\nWas not in the 18 for the final\n\n\nBodo Illgner\n Germany\nReal Madrid\n2\n1998, 2000\n\n\n\nChristian Karembeu\n France\nReal Madrid\n2\n1998, 2000\n\n\n\nManolo Sanchís\n Spain\nReal Madrid\n2\n1998, 2000\nCaptain in 1998.\n\n\nSávio\n Brazil\nReal Madrid\n3\n1998, 2000, 2002\n\n\n\nFernando Hierro\n Spain\nReal Madrid\n3\n1998, 2000, 2002\nCaptain in 2002.\n\n\nRoberto Carlos\n Brazil\nReal Madrid\n3\n1998, 2000, 2002\n\n\n\nRaúl\n Spain\nReal Madrid\n3\n1998, 2000, 2002\nFirst player ever to score in two Champions League final matches for the winning team.\n\n\nFernando Morientes\n Spain\nReal Madrid\n3\n1998, 2000, 2002\nWas cup-tied and did not partake in Liverpool's 2004-05 campaign.\n\n\nGuti\n Spain\nReal Madrid\n3\n1998, 2000, 2002\n\n\n\nIker Casillas\n Spain\nReal Madrid\n3\n2000, 2002, 2014\nCaptain in 2014.\n\n\nAitor Karanka\n Spain\nReal Madrid\n3\n1998, 2000, 2002\n\n\n\nFernando Redondo\n Argentina\nReal Madrid, Milan\n3\n1998, 2000, 2003\nRedondo was not in the 18 for the final in 2003. Captain in 2000.\n\n\nStefan Klos\n Germany\nBorussia Dortmund\n1\n1997\n\n\n\nVladimir But\n Russia\nBorussia Dortmund\n1\n1997\nNot in the 18 for the final.\n\n\nSteinar Pedersen\n Norway\nBorussia Dortmund\n1\n1997\nNot in the 18 for the final.\n\n\nJürgen Kohler\n Germany\nBorussia Dortmund\n1\n1997\n\n\n\nMatthias Sammer\n Germany\nBorussia Dortmund\n1\n1997\nCaptain in 1997.\n\n\nMartin Kree\n Germany\nBorussia Dortmund\n1\n1997\n\n\n\nStefan Reuter\n Germany\nBorussia Dortmund\n1\n1997\n\n\n\nPaul Lambert\n Scotland\nBorussia Dortmund\n1\n1997\nFirst British to win Champions League with a non-UK club.\n\n\nJovan Kirovski\n United States\nBorussia Dortmund\n1\n1997\nWas not in the 18 for the final.\n\n\nPaulo Sousa\n Portugal\nJuventus, Borussia Dortmund\n2\n1996, 1997\nWon 2 years in a row with 2 different teams.\n\n\nJörg Heinrich\n Germany\nBorussia Dortmund\n1\n1997\n\n\n\nAndreas Möller\n Germany\nBorussia Dortmund\n1\n1997\n\n\n\nMichael Zorc\n Germany\nBorussia Dortmund\n1\n1997\n\n\n\nKarlheinz Riedle\n Germany\nBorussia Dortmund\n1\n1997\n\n\n\nHeiko Herrlich\n Germany\nBorussia Dortmund\n1\n1997\n\n\n\nStéphane Chapuisat\n Switzerland\nBorussia Dortmund\n1\n1997\n\n\n\nLars Ricken\n Germany\nBorussia Dortmund\n1\n1997\n\n\n\nWolfgang de Beer\n Germany\nBorussia Dortmund\n1\n1997\n\n\n\nRené Tretschok\n Germany\nBorussia Dortmund\n1\n1997\n\n\n\nAngelo Peruzzi\n Italy\nJuventus\n1\n1996\n\n\n\nCiro Ferrara\n Italy\nJuventus\n1\n1996\n\n\n\nMoreno Torricelli\n Italy\nJuventus\n1\n1996\n\n\n\nPietro Vierchowod\n Italy\nJuventus\n1\n1996\n\n\n\nGianluca Pessotto\n Italy\nJuventus\n1\n1996\n\n\n\nAntonio Conte\n Italy\nJuventus\n1\n1996\n\n\n\nVladimir Jugović\n Yugoslavia\n FR Yugoslavia\nRed Star Belgrade, Juventus\n2\n1991, 1996\n\n\n\nAngelo Di Livio\n Italy\nJuventus\n1\n1996\n\n\n\nDidier Deschamps\n France\nMarseille, Juventus\n2\n1993, 1996\nCaptain in 1993.\n\n\nAlessandro Del Piero\n Italy\nJuventus\n1\n1996\n\n\n\nGianluca Vialli\n Italy\nJuventus\n1\n1996\nCaptain in 1996. One of the only nine footballers to have won all Three Major European Competitions (EC-UCL, UCWC, UC-EL).\n\n\nFabrizio Ravanelli\n Italy\nJuventus\n1\n1996\n\n\n\nMichele Padovano\n Italy\nJuventus\n1\n1996\n\n\n\nSergio Porrini\n Italy\nJuventus\n1\n1996\n\n\n\nMichaelangelo Rampulla\n Italy\nJuventus\n1\n1996\n\n\n\nClarence Seedorf\n Netherlands\nAjax, Real Madrid, Milan\n4\n1995, 1998, 2003, 2007\nSeedorf is the only player to have won the trophy with three different clubs.\n\n\nEdwin van der Sar\n Netherlands\nAjax, Manchester United\n2\n1995, 2008\nLongest gap between medal wins for which a part was played in each match (13 years).\n\n\nMichael Reiziger\n Netherlands\nAjax\n1\n1995\n\n\n\nDanny Blind\n Netherlands\nAjax\n1\n1995\nCaptain in 1995. One of the only five footballers to have won all European club competitions.\n\n\nFrank Rijkaard\n Netherlands\nMilan, Ajax\n3\n1989, 1990, 1995\nHas also won as manager in 2006 for Barcelona. [1]\n\n\nFrank de Boer\n Netherlands\nAjax\n1\n1995\n\n\n\nEdgar Davids\n Netherlands\nAjax\n1\n1995\n\n\n\nFinidi George\n Nigeria\nAjax\n1\n1995\n\n\n\nRonald de Boer\n Netherlands\nAjax\n1\n1995\n\n\n\nJohn van den Brom\n Netherlands\nAjax\n1\n1995\nWas not in the 18 for the final.\n\n\nJari Litmanen\n Finland\nAjax\n1\n1995\n\n\n\nMarc Overmars\n Netherlands\nAjax\n1\n1995\n\n\n\nNwankwo Kanu\n Nigeria\nAjax\n1\n1995\n\n\n\nPatrick Kluivert\n Netherlands\nAjax\n1\n1995\n\n\n\nPeter van Vossen\n Netherlands\nAjax\n1\n1995\n\n\n\nFred Grim\n Netherlands\nAjax\n1\n1995\n\n\n\nWinston Bogarde\n Netherlands\nAjax\n1\n1995\n\n\n\nSebastiano Rossi\n Italy\nMilan\n1\n1994\n\n\n\nJean-Pierre Papin\n France\nMilan\n1\n1994\n\n\n\nChristian Panucci\n Italy\nMilan, Real Madrid\n2\n1994, 1998\n\n\n\nMauro Tassotti\n Italy\nMilan\n3\n1989, 1990, 1994\nCaptain in 1994.\n\n\nDemetrio Albertini\n Italy\nMilan\n1\n1994\n\n\n\nFilippo Galli\n Italy\nMilan\n3\n1989, 1990, 1994\n\n\n\nStefano Nava\n Italy\nMilan\n1\n1994\n\n\n\nRoberto Donadoni\n Italy\nMilan\n3\n1989, 1990, 1994\n\n\n\nMarcel Desailly\n France\nMarseille, Milan\n2\n1993, 1994\nThe first player won 2 years in a row with 2 different teams.\n\n\nZvonimir Boban\n Croatia\nMilan\n1\n1994\n\n\n\nDejan Savićević\n Yugoslavia\n FR Yugoslavia\nRed Star Belgrade, Milan\n2\n1991, 1994\n\n\n\nDaniele Massaro\n Italy\nMilan\n2\n1990, 1994\n\n\n\nMarco Simone\n Italy\nMilan\n2\n1990, 1994\n\n\n\nMario Ielpo\n Italy\nMilan\n1\n1994\n\n\n\nGianluigi Lentini\n Italy\nMilan\n1\n1994\n\n\n\nAngelo Carbone\n Italy\nMilan\n1\n1994\n\n\n\nFlorin Răducioiu\n Romania\nMilan\n1\n1994\nWas not in the final.\n\n\nBrian Laudrup\n Denmark\nMilan\n1\n1994\nWas not in the final.\n\n\nFabien Barthez\n France\nMarseille\n1\n1993\n\n\n\nJocelyn Angloma\n France\nMarseille\n1\n1993\n\n\n\nJean-Philippe Durand\n France\nMarseille\n1\n1993\n\n\n\nÉric Di Meco\n France\nMarseille\n1\n1993\n\n\n\nBasile Boli\n France\nMarseille\n1\n1993\n\n\n\nFranck Sauzée\n France\nMarseille\n1\n1993\n\n\n\nJean-Jacques Eydelie\n France\nMarseille\n1\n1993\n\n\n\nAlen Bokšić\n Croatia\nMarseille\n1\n1993\n\n\n\nRudi Völler\n Germany\nMarseille\n1\n1993\n\n\n\nJean-Christophe Thomas\n France\nMarseille\n1\n1993\n\n\n\nAbédi Pelé\n Ghana\nMarseille\n1\n1993\n\n\n\nPascal Olmeta\n France\nMarseille\n1\n1993\n\n\n\nBernard Casoni\n France\nMarseille\n1\n1993\n\n\n\nJean-Marc Ferreri\n France\nMarseille\n1\n1993\n\n\n\nIgor Dobrovolski\n Russia\nMarseille\n1\n1993\nWas not in the final.\n\n\nAndoni Zubizarreta\n Spain\nBarcelona\n1\n1992\nCaptain in 1992.\n\n\nEusebio Sacristán\n Spain\nBarcelona\n1\n1992\n\n\n\nAlbert Ferrer\n Spain\nBarcelona\n1\n1992\n\n\n\nRonald Koeman\n Netherlands\nPSV Eindhoven, Barcelona\n2\n1988, 1992\n\n\n\nNando\n Spain\nBarcelona\n1\n1992\n\n\n\nJuan Carlos\n Spain\nBarcelona\n1\n1992\n\n\n\nJosé Mari Bakero\n Spain\nBarcelona\n1\n1992\n\n\n\nPep Guardiola\n Spain\nBarcelona\n1\n1992\nHas also won as manager for Barcelona in 2009 and 2011.[1]\n\n\nJosé Ramón Alexanko\n Spain\nBarcelona\n1\n1992\n\n\n\nMichael Laudrup\n Denmark\nBarcelona\n1\n1992\n\n\n\nJulio Salinas\n Spain\nBarcelona\n1\n1992\n\n\n\nAndoni Goikoetxea\n Spain\nBarcelona\n1\n1992\n\n\n\nHristo Stoichkov\n Bulgaria\nBarcelona\n1\n1992\n\n\n\nRicardo Serna\n Spain\nBarcelona\n1\n1992\n\n\n\nCristóbal Parralo\n Spain\nBarcelona\n1\n1992\n\n\n\nRichard Witschge\n Netherlands\nBarcelona\n1\n1992\n\n\n\nGuillermo Amor\n Spain\nBarcelona\n1\n1992\n\n\n\nAitor Beguiristain\n Spain\nBarcelona\n1\n1992\n\n\n\nCarles Busquets\n Spain\nBarcelona\n1\n1992\n\n\n\nMiguel Ángel Nadal\n Spain\nBarcelona\n1\n1992\n\n\n\nStevan Stojanović\n Yugoslavia\nRed Star Belgrade\n1\n1991\nCaptain in 1991.\n\n\nMiodrag Belodedici\n Romania\nSteaua București, Red Star Belgrade\n2\n1986, 1991\nFirst player to win the trophy with two different clubs.\n\n\nIlija Najdoski\n Yugoslavia\nRed Star Belgrade\n1\n1991\n\n\n\nRefik Šabanadžović\n Yugoslavia\nRed Star Belgrade\n1\n1991\n\n\n\nSlobodan Marović\n Yugoslavia\nRed Star Belgrade\n1\n1991\n\n\n\nSiniša Mihajlović\n Yugoslavia\nRed Star Belgrade\n1\n1991\n\n\n\nDragiša Binić\n Yugoslavia\nRed Star Belgrade\n1\n1991\n\n\n\nRobert Prosinečki\n Yugoslavia\nRed Star Belgrade\n1\n1991\n\n\n\nDarko Pančev\n Yugoslavia\nRed Star Belgrade\n1\n1991\n\n\n\nVlada Stošić\n Yugoslavia\nRed Star Belgrade\n1\n1991\n\n\n\nMilić Jovanović\n Yugoslavia\nRed Star Belgrade\n1\n1991\n\n\n\nIvica Momčilović\n Yugoslavia\nRed Star Belgrade\n1\n1991\n\n\n\nRade Tošić\n Yugoslavia\nRed Star Belgrade\n1\n1991\n\n\n\nVladan Lukić\n Yugoslavia\nRed Star Belgrade\n1\n1991\n\n\n\nAndrea Pazzagli\n Italy\nMilan\n1\n1990\n\n\n\nStefano Borgonovo\n Italy\nMilan\n1\n1990\n\n\n\nGiovanni Galli\n Italy\nMilan\n2\n1989, 1990\n\n\n\nFranco Baresi\n Italy\nMilan\n3\n1989, 1990, 1994\nCaptain in 1989 and 1990. Baresi was suspended for the 1994 final.\n\n\nAngelo Colombo\n Italy\nMilan\n2\n1989, 1990\n\n\n\nCarlo Ancelotti\n Italy\nMilan\n2\n1989, 1990\nHas also won as manager in 2003 and 2007 for A.C. Milan and in 2014 for Real Madrid.[1]\n\n\nAlberigo Evani\n Italy\nMilan\n2\n1989, 1990\n\n\n\nRuud Gullit\n Netherlands\nMilan\n2\n1989, 1990\n\n\n\nMarco van Basten\n Netherlands\nMilan\n2\n1989, 1990\n\n\n\nPietro Paolo Virdis\n Italy\nMilan\n1\n1989\n\n\n\nDavide Pinato\n Italy\nMilan\n1\n1989\n\n\n\nRoberto Mussi\n Italy\nMilan\n1\n1989\n\n\n\nHans van Breukelen\n Netherlands\nPSV Eindhoven\n1\n1988\n\n\n\nEric Gerets\n Belgium\nPSV Eindhoven\n1\n1988\nCaptain in 1988.\n\n\nIvan Nielsen\n Denmark\nPSV Eindhoven\n1\n1988\n\n\n\nBerry van Aerle\n Netherlands\nPSV Eindhoven\n1\n1988\n\n\n\nJan Heintze\n Denmark\nPSV Eindhoven\n1\n1988\n\n\n\nEdward Linskens\n Netherlands\nPSV Eindhoven\n1\n1988\n\n\n\nGerald Vanenburg\n Netherlands\nPSV Eindhoven\n1\n1988\n\n\n\nSøren Lerby\n Denmark\nPSV Eindhoven\n1\n1988\n\n\n\nWim Kieft\n Netherlands\nPSV Eindhoven\n1\n1988\n\n\n\nHans Gillhaus\n Netherlands\nPSV Eindhoven\n1\n1988\n\n\n\nAnton Janssen\n Netherlands\nPSV Eindhoven\n1\n1988\n\n\n\nAdick Koot\n Netherlands\nPSV Eindhoven\n1\n1988\n\n\n\nEric Viscaal\n Netherlands\nPSV Eindhoven\n1\n1988\n\n\n\nWilly van de Kerkhof\n Netherlands\nPSV Eindhoven\n1\n1988\n\n\n\nPatrick Lodewijks\n Netherlands\nPSV Eindhoven\n1\n1988\n\n\n\nJózef Mlynarczyk\n Poland\nPorto\n1\n1987\n\n\n\nJoão Pinto\n Portugal\nPorto\n1\n1987\nCaptain in 1987.\n\n\nCelso\n Portugal\nPorto\n1\n1987\n\n\n\nEduardo Luís\n Portugal\nPorto\n1\n1987\n\n\n\nAugusto Inácio\n Portugal\nPorto\n1\n1987\n\n\n\nAntonio Frasco\n Portugal\nPorto\n1\n1987\n\n\n\nJaime Magalhães\n Portugal\nPorto\n1\n1987\n\n\n\nAntónio André\n Portugal\nPorto\n1\n1987\n\n\n\nAntónio Sousa\n Portugal\nPorto\n1\n1987\n\n\n\nQuim\n Portugal\nPorto\n1\n1987\n\n\n\nJuary\n Brazil\nPorto\n1\n1987\n\n\n\nRabah Madjer\n Algeria\nPorto\n1\n1987\n\n\n\nPaulo Futre\n Portugal\nPorto\n1\n1987\n\n\n\nJoão Festas\n Portugal\nPorto\n1\n1987\n\n\n\nZé Beto\n Portugal\nPorto\n1\n1987\n\n\n\nWalter Casagrande\n Brazil\nPorto\n1\n1987\n\n\n\nHelmuth Duckadam\n Romania\nSteaua București\n1\n1986\n\n\n\nȘtefan Iovan\n Romania\nSteaua București\n1\n1986\nCaptain in 1986.\n\n\nAdrian Bumbescu\n Romania\nSteaua București\n1\n1986\n\n\n\nIlie Bărbulescu\n Romania\nSteaua București\n1\n1986\n\n\n\nGavril Balint\n Romania\nSteaua București\n1\n1986\n\n\n\nLucian Bălan\n Romania\nSteaua București\n1\n1986\n\n\n\nAnghel Iordănescu\n Romania\nSteaua București\n1\n1986\n\n\n\nLadislau Bölöni\n Romania\nSteaua București\n1\n1986\n\n\n\nMihail Majearu\n Romania\nSteaua București\n1\n1986\n\n\n\nMarius Lăcătuș\n Romania\nSteaua București\n1\n1986\n\n\n\nVictor Pițurcă\n Romania\nSteaua București\n1\n1986\n\n\n\nMarin Radu\n Romania\nSteaua București\n1\n1986\n\n\n\nDumitru Stângaciu\n Romania\nSteaua București\n1\n1986\n\n\n\nTudorel Stoica\n Romania\nSteaua București\n1\n1986\n\n\n\nStefano Tacconi\n Italy\nJuventus\n1\n1985\nOne of the only five footballers to have won all European club competitions.\n\n\nLuciano Favero\n Italy\nJuventus\n1\n1985\n\n\n\nAntonio Cabrini\n Italy\nJuventus\n1\n1985\nOne of the only five footballers to have won all European club competitions.\n\n\nSergio Brio\n Italy\nJuventus\n1\n1985\nOne of the only five footballers to have won all European club competitions.\n\n\nGaetano Scirea\n Italy\nJuventus\n1\n1985\nCaptain in 1985. One of the only five footballers to have won all European club competitions.\n\n\nMassimo Bonini\n San Marino\nJuventus\n1\n1985\n\n\n\nMichel Platini\n France\nJuventus\n1\n1985\n\n\n\nMarco Tardelli\n Italy\nJuventus\n1\n1985\nOne of the only nine footballers to have won all Three Major European Competitions (EC-UCL, UCWC, UC-EL).\n\n\nMassimo Briaschi\n Italy\nJuventus\n1\n1985\n\n\n\nClaudio Prandelli\n Italy\nJuventus\n1\n1985\n\n\n\nPaolo Rossi\n Italy\nJuventus\n1\n1985\n\n\n\nBeniamo Vignola\n Italy\nJuventus\n1\n1985\n\n\n\nZbigniew Boniek\n Poland\nJuventus\n1\n1985\n\n\n\nLuciano Bodini\n Italy\nJuventus\n1\n1985\n\n\n\nNicola Caricola\n Italy\nJuventus\n1\n1985\n\n\n\nBruno Limido\n Italy\nJuventus\n1\n1985\n\n\n\nBruce Grobbelaar\n Zimbabwe\nLiverpool\n1\n1984\n\n\n\nPhil Neal\n England\nLiverpool\n4\n1977, 1978, 1981, 1984\n\n\n\nMark Lawrenson\n Ireland\nLiverpool\n1\n1984\n\n\n\nAlan Hansen\n Scotland\nLiverpool\n3\n1978, 1981, 1984\n\n\n\nAlan Kennedy\n England\nLiverpool\n2\n1981, 1984\n\n\n\nCraig Johnston\n Australia\nLiverpool\n1\n1984\n\n\n\nSteve Nicol\n Scotland\nLiverpool\n1\n1984\n\n\n\nSammy Lee\n England\nLiverpool\n2\n1981, 1984\n\n\n\nGraeme Souness\n Scotland\nLiverpool\n3\n1978, 1981, 1984\nCaptain in 1984.\n\n\nRonnie Whelan\n Ireland\nLiverpool\n1\n1984\n\n\n\nKenny Dalglish\n Scotland\nLiverpool\n3\n1978, 1981, 1984\n\n\n\nMichael Robinson\n Ireland\nLiverpool\n1\n1984\n\n\n\nIan Rush\n Wales\nLiverpool\n1\n1984\n\n\n\nBob Bolder\n England\nLiverpool\n1\n1984\n\n\n\nDavid Hodgson\n England\nLiverpool\n1\n1984\n\n\n\nGary Gillespie\n Scotland\nLiverpool\n1\n1984\n\n\n\nUli Stein\n West Germany\nHamburg\n1\n1983\n\n\n\nManfred Kaltz\n West Germany\nHamburg\n1\n1983\n\n\n\nDitmar Jakobs\n West Germany\nHamburg\n1\n1983\n\n\n\nHolger Hieronymus\n West Germany\nHamburg\n1\n1983\n\n\n\nBernd Wehmeyer\n West Germany\nHamburg\n1\n1983\n\n\n\nJürgen Groh\n West Germany\nHamburg\n1\n1983\n\n\n\nWolfgang Rolff\n West Germany\nHamburg\n1\n1983\n\n\n\nFelix Magath\n West Germany\nHamburg\n1\n1983\n\n\n\nJürgen Milewski\n West Germany\nHamburg\n1\n1983\n\n\n\nHorst Hrubesch\n West Germany\nHamburg\n1\n1983\nCaptain in 1983\n\n\nLars Bastrup\n Denmark\nHamburg\n1\n1983\n\n\n\nThomas von Heesen\n West Germany\nHamburg\n1\n1983\n\n\n\nUwe Hain\n West Germany\nHamburg\n1\n1983\n\n\n\nJimmy Rimmer\n England\nManchester United, Aston Villa\n2\n1968, 1982\nLongest gap between medal wins (14 years) albeit with a non-playing role in the 1968 final.\n\n\nNigel Spink\n England\nAston Villa\n1\n1982\n\n\n\nKenny Swain\n England\nAston Villa\n1\n1982\n\n\n\nAllan Evans\n Scotland\nAston Villa\n1\n1982\n\n\n\nKen McNaught\n Scotland\nAston Villa\n1\n1982\n\n\n\nGary Williams\n England\nAston Villa\n1\n1982\n\n\n\nDes Bremner\n Scotland\nAston Villa\n1\n1982\n\n\n\nGordon Cowans\n England\nAston Villa\n1\n1982\n\n\n\nDennis Mortimer\n England\nAston Villa\n1\n1982\nCaptain in 1982.\n\n\nGary Shaw\n England\nAston Villa\n1\n1982\n\n\n\nPeter Withe\n England\nAston Villa\n1\n1982\n\n\n\nTony Morley\n England\nAston Villa\n1\n1982\n\n\n\nPat Heard\n England\nAston Villa\n1\n1982\n\n\n\nRay Clemence\n England\nLiverpool\n3\n1977, 1978, 1981\n\n\n\nPhil Thompson\n England\nLiverpool\n2\n1978, 1981\nCaptain in 1981.\n\n\nTerry McDermott\n England\nLiverpool\n3\n1977, 1978, 1981\n\n\n\nRay Kennedy\n England\nLiverpool\n3\n1977, 1978, 1981\n\n\n\nJimmy Case\n England\nLiverpool\n3\n1977, 1978, 1981\n\n\n\nDavid Johnson\n England\nLiverpool\n2\n1977, 1981\n\n\n\nSteve Ogrizovic\n England\nLiverpool\n2\n1978, 1981\n\n\n\nColin Irwin\n England\nLiverpool\n2\n1978, 1981\n\n\n\nHoward Gayle\n England\nLiverpool\n1\n1981\n\n\n\nAvi Cohen\n Israel\nLiverpool\n1\n1981\n\n\n\nRichard Money\n England\nLiverpool\n1\n1981\n\n\n\nPeter Shilton\n England\nNottingham Forest\n2\n1979, 1980\n\n\n\nViv Anderson\n England\nNottingham Forest\n2\n1979, 1980\n\n\n\nFrank Gray\n Scotland\nNottingham Forest\n1\n1980\n\n\n\nBryn Gunn\n England\nNottingham Forest\n1\n1980\n\n\n\nLarry Lloyd\n England\nNottingham Forest\n2\n1979, 1980\n\n\n\nKenny Burns\n Scotland\nNottingham Forest\n2\n1979, 1980\n\n\n\nFrank Clark\n England\nNottingham Forest\n2\n1979, 1980\n\n\n\nMartin O'Neill\n Northern Ireland\nNottingham Forest\n2\n1979, 1980\n\n\n\nJohn McGovern\n Scotland\nNottingham Forest\n2\n1979, 1980\nCaptain in 1979 and 1980.\n\n\nIan Bowyer\n England\nNottingham Forest\n2\n1979, 1980\n\n\n\nGary Mills\n England\nNottingham Forest\n1\n1980\n\n\n\nJohn O'Hare\n Scotland\nNottingham Forest\n1\n1980\n\n\n\nJohn Robertson\n Scotland\nNottingham Forest\n2\n1979, 1980\n\n\n\nGarry Birtles\n England\nNottingham Forest\n2\n1979, 1980\n\n\n\nJimmy Montgomery\n England\nNottingham Forest\n1\n1979\n\n\n\nTrevor Francis\n England\nNottingham Forest\n1\n1979\n\n\n\nTony Woodcock\n England\nNottingham Forest\n1\n1979\n\n\n\nChris Woods\n England\nNottingham Forest\n1\n1979\n\n\n\nEmlyn Hughes\n England\nLiverpool\n2\n1977, 1978\nCaptain in 1977 and 1978.\n\n\nDavid Fairclough\n England\nLiverpool\n2\n1977, 1978\n\n\n\nSteve Heighway\n Ireland\nLiverpool\n3\n1977, 1978, 1981\n\n\n\nJoey Jones\n Wales\nLiverpool\n2\n1977, 1978\n\n\n\nIan Callaghan\n England\nLiverpool\n2\n1977, 1978\n\n\n\nTommy Smith\n England\nLiverpool\n1\n1977\n\n\n\nKevin Keegan\n England\nLiverpool\n1\n1977\n\n\n\nPeter McDonnell\n England\nLiverpool\n1\n1977\n\n\n\nAlan Waddle\n England\nLiverpool\n1\n1977\n\n\n\nAlec Lindsay\n England\nLiverpool\n1\n1977\n\n\n\nSepp Maier\n West Germany\nBayern Munich\n3\n1974, 1975, 1976\n\n\n\nJohnny Hansen\n Denmark\nBayern Munich\n3\n1974, 1975, 1976\n\n\n\nHans-Georg Schwarzenbeck\n West Germany\nBayern Munich\n3\n1974, 1975, 1976\n\n\n\nFranz Beckenbauer\n West Germany\nBayern Munich\n3\n1974, 1975, 1976\nCaptain in 1974, 1975 and 1976.\n\n\nUdo Horsmann\n West Germany\nBayern Munich\n1\n1976\n\n\n\nHugo Robl\n West Germany\nBayern Munich\n2\n1975, 1976\n\n\n\nBernd Dürnberger\n West Germany\nBayern Munich\n3\n1974, 1975, 1976\n\n\n\nFranz Roth\n West Germany\nBayern Munich\n3\n1974, 1975, 1976\n\n\n\nHans-Josef Kapellmann\n West Germany\nBayern Munich\n3\n1974, 1975, 1976\n\n\n\nKarl-Heinz Rummenigge\n West Germany\nBayern Munich\n2\n1975, 1976\n\n\n\nGerd Müller\n West Germany\nBayern Munich\n3\n1974, 1975, 1976\n\n\n\nUlrich Hoeness\n West Germany\nBayern Munich\n3\n1974, 1975, 1976\n\n\n\nBjörn Andersson\n Sweden\nBayern Munich\n1\n1975\n\n\n\nSepp Weiss\n West Germany\nBayern Munich\n1\n1975\n\n\n\nRainer Zobel\n West Germany\nBayern Munich\n3\n1974, 1975, 1976\n\n\n\nKlaus Wunder\n West Germany\nBayern Munich\n1\n1975\n\n\n\nConny Torstensson\n Sweden\nBayern Munich\n3\n1974, 1975, 1976\n\n\n\nPaul Breitner\n West Germany\nBayern Munich\n1\n1974\n\n\n\nHeinz Stuy\n Netherlands\nAjax\n3\n1971, 1972, 1973\n\n\n\nWim Suurbier\n Netherlands\nAjax\n3\n1971, 1972, 1973\n\n\n\nBarry Hulshoff\n Netherlands\nAjax\n3\n1971, 1972, 1973\n\n\n\nHorst Blankenburg\n West Germany\nAjax\n3\n1971, 1972, 1973\n\n\n\nRuud Krol\n Netherlands\nAjax\n2\n1972, 1973\n\n\n\nJohan Neeskens\n Netherlands\nAjax\n3\n1971, 1972, 1973\n\n\n\nArnold Mühren\n Netherlands\nAjax\n3\n1971, 1972, 1973\nNot in the 1973 final. One of the only nine footballers to have won all three major European competitions (EC-UCL, UCWC, UC-EL).\n\n\nGerrie Mühren\n Netherlands\nAjax\n3\n1971, 1972, 1973\n\n\n\nArie Haan\n Netherlands\nAjax\n3\n1971, 1972, 1973\n\n\n\nJohnny Rep\n Netherlands\nAjax\n1\n1973\n\n\n\nJohan Cruijff\n Netherlands\nAjax\n3\n1971, 1972, 1973\nHas also won as manager in 1992 for Barcelona. Captain in 1973.\n\n\nPiet Keizer\n Netherlands\nAjax\n3\n1971, 1972, 1973\nCaptain in 1972.\n\n\nSjaak Swart\n Netherlands\nAjax\n3\n1971, 1972, 1973\n\n\n\nVelibor Vasović\n Yugoslavia\nAjax\n1\n1971\nCaptain in 1971.\n\n\nNico Rijnders\n Netherlands\nAjax\n1\n1971\n\n\n\nDick van Dijk\n Netherlands\nAjax\n1\n1971\n\n\n\nEddy Pieters Graafland\n Netherlands\nFeyenoord\n1\n1970\n\n\n\nPiet Romeijn\n Netherlands\nFeyenoord\n1\n1970\n\n\n\nGuus Haak\n Netherlands\nFeyenoord\n1\n1970\n\n\n\nTheo Laseroms\n Netherlands\nFeyenoord\n1\n1970\n\n\n\nRinus Israël\n Netherlands\nFeyenoord\n1\n1970\nCaptain in 1970.\n\n\nTheo van Duivenbode\n Netherlands\nFeyenoord\n1\n1970\n\n\n\nFranz Hasil\n Austria\nFeyenoord\n1\n1970\n\n\n\nWim Jansen\n Netherlands\nFeyenoord\n1\n1970\n\n\n\nWillem van Hanegem\n Netherlands\nFeyenoord\n1\n1970\n\n\n\nHenk Wery\n Netherlands\nFeyenoord\n1\n1970\n\n\n\nOve Kindvall\n Sweden\nFeyenoord\n1\n1970\n\n\n\nCoen Moulijn\n Netherlands\nFeyenoord\n1\n1970\n\n\n\nFabio Cudicini\n Italy\nMilan\n1\n1969\n\n\n\nAngelo Anquilletti\n Italy\nMilan\n1\n1969\n\n\n\nKarl-Heinz Schnellinger\n West Germany\nMilan\n1\n1969\n\n\n\nRoberto Rosato\n Italy\nMilan\n1\n1969\n\n\n\nSaul Malatrasi\n Italy\nInternazionale, Milan\n2\n1965[citation needed], 1969\n\n\n\nGiovanni Trapattoni\n Italy\nMilan\n2\n1963, 1969\nHas also won as manager\n\n\nKurt Hamrin\n Sweden\nMilan\n1\n1969\n\n\n\nGiovanni Lodetti\n Italy\nMilan\n2\n1963, 1969\n\n\n\nAngelo Sormani\n Italy\nMilan\n1\n1969\n\n\n\nGianni Rivera\n Italy\nMilan\n2\n1963, 1969\nCaptain in 1969.\n\n\nPierino Prati\n Italy\nMilan\n1\n1969\n\n\n\nAlex Stepney\n England\nManchester United\n1\n1968\n\n\n\nShay Brennan\n Ireland\nManchester United\n1\n1968\n\n\n\nNobby Stiles\n England\nManchester United\n1\n1968\n\n\n\nBill Foulkes\n England\nManchester United\n1\n1968\n\n\n\nTony Dunne\n Ireland\nManchester United\n1\n1968\n\n\n\nDenis Law\n Scotland\nManchester United\n1\n1968\nWas not in the final due to injury.\n\n\nPat Crerand\n Scotland\nManchester United\n1\n1968\n\n\n\nFrancis Burns\n Scotland\nManchester United\n1\n1968\nWas not in the final.\n\n\nJohn Fitzpatrick\n Scotland\nManchester United\n1\n1968\nWas not in the final.\n\n\nJimmy Ryan\n Scotland\nManchester United\n1\n1968\nWas not in the final.\n\n\nBobby Charlton\n England\nManchester United\n1\n1968\nCaptain in 1968\n\n\nDavid Sadler\n England\nManchester United\n1\n1968\n\n\n\nGeorge Best\n Northern Ireland\nManchester United\n1\n1968\n\n\n\nBrian Kidd\n England\nManchester United\n1\n1968\n\n\n\nJohn Aston\n England\nManchester United\n1\n1968\n\n\n\nJohn Hughes\n Scotland\nCeltic\n1\n1967\nWas not in the final.\n\n\nJoe McBride\n Scotland\nCeltic\n1\n1967\nWas not in the final.\n\n\nCharlie Gallagher\n Scotland\nCeltic\n1\n1967\nWas not in the final.\n\n\nWillie O'Neill\n Scotland\nCeltic\n1\n1967\nWas not in the final.\n\n\nRonnie Simpson\n Scotland\nCeltic\n1\n1967\n\n\n\nJim Craig\n Scotland\nCeltic\n1\n1967\n\n\n\nTommy Gemmell\n Scotland\nCeltic\n1\n1967\n\n\n\nBobby Murdoch\n Scotland\nCeltic\n1\n1967\n\n\n\nBilly McNeill\n Scotland\nCeltic\n1\n1967\nCaptain in 1967.\n\n\nJohn Clark\n Scotland\nCeltic\n1\n1967\n\n\n\nJimmy Johnstone\n Scotland\nCeltic\n1\n1967\n\n\n\nWilliam Wallace\n Scotland\nCeltic\n1\n1967\n\n\n\nStevie Chalmers\n Scotland\nCeltic\n1\n1967\n\n\n\nBertie Auld\n Scotland\nCeltic\n1\n1967\n\n\n\nBobby Lennox\n Scotland\nCeltic\n1\n1967\n\n\n\nJohn Fallon\n Scotland\nCeltic\n1\n1967\n\n\n\nJosé Araquistáin\n Spain\nReal Madrid\n1\n1966\n\n\n\nAntonio Betancort\n Spain\nReal Madrid\n1\n1966\n\n\n\nRamón Tejada\n Spain\nReal Madrid\n1\n1966\n\n\n\nVicente Miera\n Spain\nReal Madrid\n1\n1966\n\n\n\nPedro De Felipe\n Spain\nReal Madrid\n1\n1966\n\n\n\nAntonio Calpe\n Spain\nReal Madrid\n1\n1966\n\n\n\nIgnacio Zoco\n Spain\nReal Madrid\n1\n1966\n\n\n\nManuel Sanchís Martínez\n Spain\nReal Madrid\n1\n1966\n\n\n\nPirri\n Spain\nReal Madrid\n1\n1966\n\n\n\nManuel Velázquez\n Spain\nReal Madrid\n1\n1966\n\n\n\nFernando Serena\n Spain\nReal Madrid\n1\n1966\n\n\n\nFélix Ruiz\n Spain\nReal Madrid\n1\n1966\n\n\n\nJosé Luis Veloso\n Spain\nReal Madrid\n1\n1966\n\n\n\nJuan Agüero\n Paraguay\nReal Madrid\n1\n1966\n\n\n\nAmancio Amaro\n Spain\nReal Madrid\n1\n1966\n\n\n\nRamón Grosso\n Spain\nReal Madrid\n1\n1966\n\n\n\nGiuliano Sarti\n Italy\nInternazionale\n2\n1964, 1965\n\n\n\nTarcisio Burgnich\n Italy\nInternazionale\n2\n1964, 1965\n\n\n\nAristide Guarneri\n Italy\nInternazionale\n2\n1964, 1965\n\n\n\nGiacinto Facchetti\n Italy\nInternazionale\n2\n1964, 1965\n\n\n\nGianfranco Bedin\n Italy\nInternazionale\n1\n1965\n\n\n\nArmando Picchi\n Italy\nInternazionale\n2\n1964, 1965\nCaptain in 1964 and 1965.\n\n\nJair da Costa\n Brazil\nInternazionale\n2\n1964, 1965\n\n\n\nSandro Mazzola\n Italy\nInternazionale\n2\n1964, 1965\n\n\n\nJoaquín Peiró\n Spain\nInternazionale\n1\n1965\n\n\n\nLuis Suárez\n Spain\nInternazionale\n2\n1964, 1965\n\n\n\nMario Corso\n Italy\nInternazionale\n2\n1964, 1965\n\n\n\nCarlo Tagnin\n Italy\nInternazionale\n1\n1964\n\n\n\nAurelio Milani\n Italy\nInternazionale\n1\n1964\n\n\n\nGiorgio Ghezzi\n Italy\nMilan\n1\n1963\n\n\n\nMario David\n Italy\nMilan\n1\n1963\n\n\n\nMario Trebbi\n Italy\nMilan\n1\n1963\n\n\n\nMorales Benitez Victor\n Peru\nMilan\n1\n1963\n\n\n\nCesare Maldini\n Italy\nMilan\n1\n1963\nCaptain in 1963.\n\n\nGino Pivatelli\n Italy\nMilan\n1\n1963\n\n\n\nDino Sani\n Brazil\nMilan\n1\n1963\n\n\n\nJosé Altafini\n Brazil\nMilan\n1\n1963\n\n\n\nBruno Mora\n Italy\nMilan\n1\n1963\n\n\n\nCosta Pereira\n Portugal\nBenfica\n2\n1961, 1962\n\n\n\nMario João\n Portugal\nBenfica\n2\n1961, 1962\n\n\n\nGermano\n Portugal\nBenfica\n2\n1961, 1962\n\n\n\nAngelo Martins\n Portugal\nBenfica\n2\n1961, 1962\n\n\n\nDomiciano Cávem\n Portugal\nBenfica\n2\n1961, 1962\n\n\n\nFernando Cruz\n Portugal\nBenfica\n2\n1961, 1962\n\n\n\nJosé Augusto\n Portugal\nBenfica\n2\n1961, 1962\n\n\n\nEusébio\n Portugal\nBenfica\n1\n1962\n\n\n\nJosé Aguas\n Portugal\nBenfica\n2\n1961, 1962\nCaptain in 1961 and 1962.\n\n\nMário Coluna\n Portugal\nBenfica\n2\n1961, 1962\n\n\n\nAntónio Simões\n Portugal\nBenfica\n1\n1962\n\n\n\nJosé Neto\n Portugal\nBenfica\n1\n1961\n\n\n\nJoaquim Santana\n Portugal\nBenfica\n1\n1961\n\n\n\nDidi\n Brazil\nReal Madrid\n1\n1960\n\n\n\nCanário\n Brazil\nReal Madrid\n1\n1960\n\n\n\nJosé María Vidal\n Spain\nReal Madrid\n1\n1960\n\n\n\nCanário\n Spain\nReal Madrid\n1\n1960\n\n\n\nLuis del Sol\n Spain\nReal Madrid\n1\n1960\n\n\n\nPantaleón\n Spain\nReal Madrid\n1\n1960\n\n\n\nPepillo\n Spain\nReal Madrid\n1\n1960\n\n\n\nManuel Bueno\n Spain\nReal Madrid\n2\n1960, 1966\n\n\n\nPachín\n Spain\nReal Madrid\n2\n1960, 1966\n\n\n\nAntonio Ruiz Cervilla\n Spain\nReal Madrid\n2\n1959, 1960\n\n\n\nJesús Herrera\n Spain\nReal Madrid\n2\n1959, 1960\n\n\n\nMiché\n Spain\nReal Madrid\n1\n1959, 1960\n\n\n\nFerenc Puskás\n Hungary\nReal Madrid\n3\n1959, 1960, 1966\n\n\n\nPereda\n Spain\nReal Madrid\n1\n1958\n\n\n\nRogelio Domínguez\n Argentina\nReal Madrid\n3\n1958, 1959, 1960\n\n\n\nJosé Santamaría\n Uruguay\nReal Madrid\n4\n1958, 1959, 1960, 1966\n\n\n\nManuel Torres\n Spain\nReal Madrid\n1\n1957\n\n\n\nBerasaluce Marquiegui\n Spain\nReal Madrid\n1\n1957\n\n\n\nRaymond Kopa\n France\nReal Madrid\n3\n1957, 1958, 1959\n\n\n\nEnrique Mateos[2]\n Spain\nReal Madrid\n4\n1957, 1958, 1959, 1960\n\n\n\nCastaño\n Spain\nReal Madrid\n1\n1956\n\n\n\nLuis Molowny\n Spain\nReal Madrid\n1\n1956\n\n\n\nPérez-Payá Soler\n Spain\nReal Madrid\n1\n1956\n\n\n\nRoque Olsen\n Argentina\nReal Madrid\n1\n1956\n\n\n\nJoaquín Navarro\n Spain\nReal Madrid\n2\n1956, 1957\n\n\n\nJoaquín Oliva\n Spain\nReal Madrid\n2\n1956, 1957\n\n\n\nAngel Atienza\n Spain\nReal Madrid\n3\n1956, 1957, 1958\n\n\n\nMiguel Muñoz\n Spain\nReal Madrid\n3\n1956, 1957, 1958\nHas also won as manager in 1960 and 1966. Captain in 1956 and 1957.\n\n\nBecerril Minguela\n Spain\nReal Madrid\n3\n1956, 1957, 1958\n\n\n\nRamón Marsal Ribó[3]\n Spain\nReal Madrid\n3\n1956, 1957, 1958\n\n\n\nJoseíto\n Spain\nReal Madrid\n4\n1956, 1957 1958, 1959\n\n\n\nHéctor Rial\n Spain\nReal Madrid\n5\n1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960\n\n\n\nJuan Alonso[4]\n Spain\nReal Madrid\n5\n1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960\nCaptain in 1958.\n\n\nJuan Santisteban\n Spain\nReal Madrid\n5\n1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960\n\n\n\nMarquitos\n Spain\nReal Madrid\n5\n1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960\n\n\n\nRafael Lesmes\n Spain\nReal Madrid\n5\n1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960\n\n\n\nJosé María Zárraga\n Spain\nReal Madrid\n5\n1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960\nCaptain in 1959 and 1960.\n\n\nAlfredo Di Stéfano\n Spain\nReal Madrid\n5\n1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960\nScored in all five finals.\n\n\nFrancisco Gento\n Spain\nReal Madrid\n6\n1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1966\nMost European Cup wins. Captain in 1966.\n\n"
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"Francisco Gento"
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