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https://news.sanantonioonline.us/press-releases/qualtex-laboratories-implements-new-zika-testing-guidance-from-u-s-food-and-drug-administration-196195 | 2019-09-17T08:44:21 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573065.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20190917081137-20190917103137-00192.warc.gz | 0.929725 | 757 | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-39__0__191210867 | en | Loading, Please Wait...
San Antonio, Aug. 22, 2018 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- QualTex Laboratories is up and running with new guidance for testing blood donations for the Zika virus, just weeks after the Food and Drug Administration issued revised recommendations for blood centers.
In July, the FDA distributed a Guidance for Industry permitting the use of “minipool” testing for Zika, in which samples from a small group of donors are combined and tested for the presence of Zika virus antibodies. Since Zika testing began in 2016, all donations had been required to be tested individually.
The new minipool Zika method began at QualTex Laboratories facilities in San Antonio and Norcross, Georgia, on Aug. 16. QualTex performs blood testing for the South Texas Blood & Tissue Center (STBTC), as well as blood and plasma centers throughout the United States.
“Our partnership with Roche gave us a more-rapid implementation of the minipool Zika testing,” said Ward Carter, chief operating officer of QualTex Laboratories, which along with STBTC is a subsidiary of BioBridge Global. “We had prepared for this change and wanted to be an early adopter of the minipool methodology.”
QualTex was one of the first testing centers in the United States to make the Zika test available, working with the pharmaceutical giant Roche on development of the assay in 2016. The FDA recommended testing all blood and blood products for the presence of the Zika virus in July 2016.
The change will result in lower costs for blood centers, Carter noted, since running in a minipool format has a lower overall cost than the individual method.
The FDA’s revised recommendations noted that if there is a positive test for the Zika virus, or if the Centers for Disease Control or other health agencies determine there is a high risk for Zika virus transmission in a certain area, then all donations will need to be tested individually.
Positive tests have been rare since the FDA released its initial guidelines in2016. QualTex has not had a confirmed positive test, and a study published in the New England Journal of Medicine showed the nation’s largest blood collection organization had just eight positive tests out of more than 4 million donations in the first 15 months of Zika testing.
About QualTex Laboratories: QualTex Laboratories is a nonprofit affiliate of BioBridge Global that provides state-of-the-art biologic testing services on whole blood, plasma and human cells, tissue, and cellular- and tissue-based products (HCT/P) for its global biotechnology and biopharmaceutical customers. It is one of the nation’s largest nonprofit testing laboratories and has locations in Texas and Georgia. Visit us at qualtexlabs.org.
About BioBridge Global: BioBridge Global (BBG) is a San Antonio, Texas-based 501(c)(3) nonprofit corporation supporting regenerative medicine with diverse products and services, through its operating subsidiaries – the South Texas Blood & Tissue Center, QualTex Laboratories and GenCure – and supported by the community through The Blood & Tissue Center Foundation. BBG provides products and services in blood resource management, cellular therapy, donated umbilical cord blood and human tissue, as well as testing of blood, plasma and tissue products for clients both domestically and abroad. BBG is committed to saving and enhancing lives through the healing power of human cells. It fulfills part of this mission by supporting groundbreaking research, addressing unmet clinical needs and enabling the development and commercialization of novel biotechnology products.
Mary Uhlig BioBridge Global 210-731-5519 [email protected] | biology |
https://greatfence.com/2021/05/10/how-to-make-your-garden-bee-friendly/ | 2023-09-26T18:32:37 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510219.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20230926175325-20230926205325-00457.warc.gz | 0.947581 | 644 | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__169874744 | en | How to Make Your Garden Bee-Friendly
Bees are one of the most important parts of our ecosystem. They pollinate all sorts of different plants, from the food we eat to the flowers we cultivate to make our homes beautiful. Here are some tips for choosing the right plants and fencing for your garden to help you to make the most bee-friendly garden possible and do your part to help the planet.
Choose the Right Plants
We all know that bees are attracted to brightly colored flowers, but did you know there are some plants that are true bee-attracting superstars? Bees are particularly fond of plants with purple flowers, such as lavender, aster and lilac. Lavender is a particular favorite that comes with the benefit of smelling amazing and looking lovely.
If you choose the plants in your garden based on their practical use, don’t worry. There are a number of herbs that are also great for attracting bees to your garden. One herb that’s a favorite of cooks, gardeners and bees is basil. If you’re at all fond of cooking Italian food, fresh basil offers an easy way to make your dishes taste amazing. Chives, rosemary and sage are other kitchen staples that will both attract bees to your garden and give you a fresh supply of organic herbs.
Home Your Plants in Creative Places
Unlike flowers and bushes that need to be planted in the ground, climbing plants can live in a wide range of places. If you have an aluminum fence in your garden, you’ll be happy to know that aluminum fences can make a fantastic home for a wide range of climbing plants. In addition to looking good and keeping your home secure, you can use aluminum fences to display a wide range of vines and climbing plants like Carmel creeper and wisteria. That way, you’ll be making your home beautiful in a way that suits your tastes while doing your part to help the local wildlife.
Take up Beekeeping
Perhaps you already have a garden full of bee-friendly plants and a garden fence that’s home to lots of bee-friendly vines and climbers, but you want to do even more to help keep your local ecosystem healthy. In that case, you might consider taking up beekeeping as a hobby. Beekeeping is a fantastic hobby that allows you to collect high-quality, organic honey each season while doing your part to help your local ecosystem.
If you have children or dogs, you might want to consider fencing off the area around your beehive with small wooden or aluminum fences. The bees will still be able to fly into or out of the hive to collect the pollen they need, and any curious children or pets won’t get too close and end up being stung.
As you can see, it’s easy to turn your garden into a paradise for bees. You can plant shrubs in the ground or give climbers a home on your fence. You can grow herbs for your kitchen or flowers to brighten your yard. All these things are great for helping your local ecosystem while giving you a garden in which you can really enjoy spending time. | biology |
https://truoinews.com/crispr-technology-market-share-growth-trends-2023-2031/ | 2023-09-30T15:33:43 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510697.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20230930145921-20230930175921-00254.warc.gz | 0.886491 | 1,783 | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__227500294 | en | The ‘Global CRISPR Technology Market Share, Size, Report and Forecast 2023-2031’ by Expert Market Research gives an extensive outlook of the global CRISPR technology market, assessing the market on the basis of its segments like type, cas type, application, end-user, and major regions.
The report studies the latest updates in the market, along with their impact across the market. It also analyses the market demand, together with its price and demand indicators. The report also tracks the market on the bases of SWOT and Porter’s Five Forces Models.
The key highlights of the report include:
Market Overview (2016-2031)
- Historical Market Size (2022): USD 1.8 Billion
- Forecast CAGR (2023-2031): 23.1%
- Forecast Market Size (2031): USD 11.9 Billion
CRISPR technology, also known as CRISPR-Cas9, is a tool used for editing the genetic code of living organisms. It has been widely adopted in various regions around the world and is being used for a wide range of applications, including basic research, agriculture, and medicine.
Get a Free Sample Report with Table of Contents@ https://www.expertmarketresearch.com/reports/crispr-technology-market/requestsample
North America is the leading region for CRISPR technology. In the United States, CRISPR technology is being used for a wide range of applications, including basic research, agriculture, and medicine. The United States is home to many leading CRISPR companies and research institutions, such as Editas Medicine, CRISPR Therapeutics, and the Broad Institute. Additionally, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved the use of CRISPR in clinical trials for treating genetic disorders.
The European Union, on the other hand, has invested heavily in CRISPR research, with the European Commission funding a number of projects aimed at developing new CRISPR applications. Additionally, the European Medicines Agency (EMA) has approved the use of CRISPR in clinical trials for treating genetic disorders.
In the Asia Pacific region, China has invested heavily in CRISPR research, with many leading Chinese scientists and institutions working on new CRISPR applications. China has also approved the use of CRISPR in clinical trials for treating genetic disorders.
CRISPR Technology Industry Definition and Major Segments
CRISPR technology is a powerful genetic engineering tool which enables scientists to make precise alterations to the DNA of living organisms. The process includes the use an enzyme called Cas9, which acts like a pair of molecular scissors, to cut specific sequences of DNA. Once the DNA is cut, scientists can then add, delete, or replace specific genes or sequences to change the characteristics of the organism. CRISPR technology has a wide range of applications, including gene therapy, disease treatment, and crop improvement.
Read Full Report with Table of Contents@ https://www.expertmarketresearch.com/reports/crispr-technology-market
Market Breakup by Type
- Cas9 and gRNA
- Design Tools
- Plasmid and Vectors
- Other Delivery System Products
Market Breakup by Cas Type
- Cas3 in Type I Systems
- Cas9 in Type II Systems
- Cas10 in Type III Systems
Market Breakup by Application
- Genome Engineering
- Disease Models
- Functional Genomics
Market Breakup by End User
- Academic Research Organisations
- Biopharmaceutical Companies
- Agriculture Biotechnology Companies
- Contract Research Organisations (CROs)
Market Breakup by Region
- North America
- Asia Pacific
- Latin America
- Middle East and Africa
CRISPR Technology Market Trends
The CRISPR technology market is driven by a number of factors, including the increasing demand for precision medicine, the growing awareness of the potential applications of CRISPR technology, and the increasing availability of funding for research and development. The advancements in the technology itself, such as the development of new delivery methods, have also contributed to the growth of the market.
Another driver of the CRISPR technology market is the growing awareness of the potential applications of CRISPR technology. Researchers and scientists have begun to explore the use of CRISPR technology for a wide range of applications, including agriculture, biotechnology, and environmental conservation. This has led to a growing interest in the technology, which has contributed to the growth of the market.
The increasing availability of funding for research and development has also driven the growth of the CRISPR technology market. Governments, private organizations, and venture capitalists are investing heavily in the development of new CRISPR technologies and applications, which has led to a surge in research and development activities. This has in turn led to the development of new products and services, which has contributed to the growth of the market.
Key Market Players
The key players in the market are:
- Horizon Discovery Group plc
- Sangamo Therapeutics
- GenScript Biotech
- Integrated DNA Technologies, Inc.
- Precision Biosciences
- Beam Therapeutics Inc.
- Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.
- Intellia Therapeutics
- CRISPR Therapeutics AG
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated
- New England Biolabs
- Agilent Technologies, Inc.
- Merck KGaA
The report covers the market shares, capacities, plant turnarounds, expansions, investments and mergers and acquisitions, among other latest developments of these market players.
Read More Reports:
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Expert Market Research (EMR) is leading market research company with clients across the globe. Through comprehensive data collection and skillful analysis and interpretation of data, the company offers its clients extensive, latest, and actionable market intelligence which enables them to make informed and intelligent decisions and strengthen their position in the market. The clientele ranges from Fortune 1000 companies to small and medium scale enterprises.
EMR customises syndicated reports according to clients’ requirements and expectations. The company is active across over 15 prominent industry domains, including food and beverages, chemicals and materials, technology and media, consumer goods, packaging, agriculture, healthcare and pharmaceuticals, among others.
Over 3000 EMR consultants and more than 100 analysts work very hard to ensure that clients get only the most updated, relevant, accurate and actionable industry intelligence so that they may formulate informed, effective and intelligent business strategies and ensure their leadership in the market.
Company Name: Claight Corporation
Contact Person: Steven Luke, Corporate Sales Specialist – U.S.A.
Toll Free Number: +1-415-325-5166 | +44-702-402-5790
Address: 30 North Gould Street, Sheridan, WY 82801, USA | biology |
http://spectrum.integration-5ojmyuq-gyna2hesb7ooa.us-3.magentosite.cloud/high-purity-water | 2021-03-04T19:46:53 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178369512.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20210304174506-20210304204506-00295.warc.gz | 0.882343 | 261 | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-10__0__189891020 | en | Water, Molecular Biology Grade, USP, Sterile, Purified, DNase-, RNase- and Protease–Free
Item # 46-000
Water, Molecular Biology Grade, USP, Sterile, Purified, DNase-, RNase- and Protease–free grade water is ideal for a wide variety of routine tasks requiring a high degree of sterility. It is great for the preparation of reagents, rinsing glassware and plasticware, and other molecular biology applications where Rnase-, Dnase-, and Protease-free water is required. No toxic agents, including diethylpyrocarbonate (DEPC), are used in the preparation of Corning's molecular biology grade water, eliminating possible interferences with enzymatic reactions.
It is perfect for critical molecular biology processes where low endotoxin and the absence of nuclease and protease activity is a must, including: buffer preparation, DNA/RNA purification, DNA sequencing and libraries, recombinant DNA, cloning, gene mapping, Northern blots, Southern blots, and Western Blots, etc.
A complete Certificate of Analysis is available for each production lot, along with full formulation information. Sizes are available from 100 mL to 1 L. | biology |
http://en.hnzlyy.com/dep/mo/tmd2/a_100062.html | 2018-11-12T17:54:00 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039741016.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20181112172845-20181112194845-00341.warc.gz | 0.943698 | 628 | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-47__0__122965475 | en | - Clinical Center
- Medical Oncology
- Gynecologic Oncology
- Traditional Chinese Medicine/Integrative Oncology
- Radiation Oncology
- Medical Laboratory
Add: 283 Tongzipo Road, Yuelu District, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, P.R. China
Patients’ Joint Efforts in Clinical Studies, Better and Newer Treatments
Great achievements have been made in recent 10 years concerning the treatments of a variety of tumors including lung cancer. Thanks to the clinical research, some terminal lung cancer patients extend their lives from previous 1 year or so to nearly 3 years. In the course of clinical research, some new or good medicine, new drugs or new therapeutic schedules will be recommended to the clinical and benefit patients. What is the clinical research?
Generally speaking, the clinical research is mainly divided into two categories, including the clinical research of new drugs and the research initiated by clinical researchers, the clinical research of new drugs is mainly referred to the processes of drugs from laboratory to clinical application, which can be generally divided into three phases: phrase I , II and III. After three consecutive phrases of clinical trials, the safety and effectiveness of a drug are tested. While the research that the researchers initiated are mostly studies of clinical practice, including new indications and the assessment of new treatments and so on. Whatever type the research belongs to, a common principle must be sticked to: test management specification (GCP), it can effectively guarantee the scientificity of a test as well as the interests and safety of the participants.
Doctors and patients with lung cancer shared the same goal of finding a safe and effective treatment. In recent years, selective treatment on the bases of pathological types and genetic types, hasobviously improved the effectiveness of lung cancer, the development of the international and domestic multicenter clinical trials contribute to this encouraging changes. Patients participate in clinical research, they not only receive synchronous treatment the same as those patients abroad, but also get more rigorous medical observation. Potential patients who meet the reqirements of clinical trials can receive treatments partial or complete free of charge. On the one hand, it helps some patients out of difficulty in medical services and expensive cost of treatment, on the other hand, it also provide them with anticancer drugs which has not yet listed, and new treatment schemes. Thus lives of a large number of patients will be saved as well as a reduction of financial burden. Since the patients who took part in the clinical study experienced the scientificity and normative of clinical trials, they are always ready to accept continuing on other clinical trials.
In recent years, our department has actively participated in a number of multicenter clinical researches home and abroad, such as CTONG0806, CTONG1104 and so on. Some patients who took part in theprogramme benefited from it. Clinical research is the important means to promote the development of human health career. We welcome and encourage our patients can actively take part in the clinical research, for your recovery, for our work.
Thoracic Medicine Department 2 Tan Lei | biology |
https://inveltys.myalcon.com/ecp/ampplify/ | 2024-04-18T08:01:27 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817200.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20240418061950-20240418091950-00613.warc.gz | 0.891751 | 381 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__13254611 | en | Use of corticosteroids may result in posterior subcapsular cataract formation.
Use of steroids after cataract surgery may delay healing and increase the incidence of bleb formation. In those diseases causing thinning of the cornea or sclera, perforations have been known to occur with the use of topical steroids. The initial prescription and renewal of the medication order should be made by a physician only after examination of the patient with the aid of magnification such as slit lamp biomicroscopy and, where appropriate, fluorescein staining.
Prolonged use of corticosteroids may suppress the host response and thus increase the hazard of secondary ocular infections. In acute purulent conditions, steroids may mask infection or enhance existing infection.
Use of a corticosteroid medication in the treatment of patients with a history of herpes simplex requires great caution. Use of ocular steroids may prolong the course and may exacerbate the severity of many viral infections of the eye (including herpes simplex).
Fungal infections of the cornea are particularly prone to develop coincidentally with long-term local steroid application. Fungus invasion must be considered in any persistent corneal ulceration where a steroid has been used or is in use.
In clinical trials, the most common adverse drug reactions were eye pain (1%) and posterior capsular opacification (1%). These reactions may have been the consequence of the surgical procedure.
INVELTYS® is contraindicated in most viral diseases of the cornea and conjunctiva including epithelial herpes simplex keratitis (dendritic keratitis), vaccinia, and varicella, and also in mycobacterial infection of the eye and fungal diseases of ocular structures.
Please see full Prescribing Information for INVELTYS®. | biology |
https://mondayeveningclub.blogspot.com/2021/01/darwins-theory-hard-to-swallow-then-and.html | 2023-12-05T05:40:44 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100545.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20231205041842-20231205071842-00583.warc.gz | 0.978441 | 4,332 | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__26317735 | en | Presented to the Club by Roger Linscott, about 1981
A century and a half ago, in the year 1831, a young divinity student of 22 set sail from England on a voyage to South America. Twenty-eight years later, after prolonged study and soul-searching, he wrote a book based upon his observations there. The world – certainly the world of science – has never been the same since.
The young man, of course, was Charles Darwin, and the book was The Origin of the Species. When he embarked on his historic voyage, he had already abandoned a proposed career in medicine, after fleeing in horror from a surgical theater in which an operation was being performed on an unanesthetized child, and was a rather reluctant candidate for the clergy, a career deemed suitable for the younger son of an English gentleman. An indifferent student, Darwin was an ardent hunter and horseman, a collector of beetles, mollusks and shells, and an amateur botanist and geologist. When the captain of the surveying ship H.M.S. Beagle, himself only three years older than Darwin, offered passage to any young man who would volunteer to go without pay as a naturalist, Darwin eagerly seized the opportunity to escape from Cambridge. Five years later, he returned to an inherited fortune, an estate in the English countryside, and a lifetime of independent study that radically changed mankind’s view of life and of our place in the living world.
To understand the extraordinary genius of Darwin’s theory of evolution, it is useful to look briefly at the intellectual climate in which it was formulated. Aristotle, the world’s first great biologist, believed that all living things could be arranged in a hierarchy – a ladder of nature in which the simplest creatures had a humble position on the bottommost rung, mankind occupied the top, and all other organisms had their proper places in between. Until the end of the century, most biologists believed in such a natural hierarchy; but whereas Aristotle thought that living organisms had always existed, the later biologists believed, in harmony with the teachings of the Old Testament, that all living things were the product of a divine creation. They believed, moreover, that most were created for the service or pleasure of mankind. Indeed, it was pointed out, even the lengths of day and night were planned to coincide with the human need for sleep.
That each type of living thing came into existence in its present form — specially and specifically created – was a compelling idea. How else could one explain the astonishing extent to which every organism was adapted to its environment and to its role in nature? It was not only the authority of the church but also, so it seemed, the evidence before one’s own eyes, that gave such strength to the concept of special creation.
Actually, it was geologists, more than biologists, who paved the way for overturning this concept. During the latter part of the 18th century, there was a revival of interest in fossils, which previously had been collected only as curiosities, regarded as stones that somehow looked like shells. The English surveyor William Smith, born 50 years before Darwin, was among the first to study the distribution of fossils scientifically. Whenever his work took him down into a mine or along canals, he carefully noted the order of the different layers of rock and collected the fossils from each layer. He eventually established that each stratum, no matter where he came across it in England, contained characteristic kinds of fossils.
Smith did not interpret his findings, but the implication that the present surface of the earth had been formed layer by layer over a very long period of time was unavoidable. This was a brand-new idea. Christian theologians, by counting the successive generations since Adam (as recorded in the Bible) had calculated the maximum age of the earth at about 6,000 years, and no one had ever thought in terms of a longer period. Yet the world described by William Smith was clearly a very ancient one. A revolution in geology was beginning; earth science was becoming the study of time and change, rather than a mere cataloging of types of rocks. As a consequence, the history of the earth became inseparable from the history of living organisms, as revealed in the fossil record.
Although the way to evolutionary theory was being prepared by the revolution in geology, the time was not yet ripe for a parallel revolution in biology. The dominating force in European science in the early 19th century was Baron George Cuvier, a French aristocrat who was the founder of vertebrate paleontology, or the scientific study of the fossil record. An expert in anatomy and zoology, he applied his special knowledge of the way in which animals are constructed to the study of fossil animals, and was able to make brilliant deductions about the form of an entire animal from a few fragments of bone. We think of paleontology and evolution as so closely connected that it is surprising to learn that Cuvier was a staunch and powerful opponent of evolutionary theories. He recognized the fact that many species that once existed no longer did – but he explained their extinction by postulating a series of catastrophes. After each catastrophe, the most recent of which he declared to be Noah’s Flood, new species filled the vacancies. Louis Agassiz, the great Harvard scholar and America’s leading 19th century biologist, was a similarly devout opponent of evolution. He contended that the fossil record revealed 50 to 80 total extinctions of life and an equal number of separate creations.
But the person who most directly influenced Darwin was Charles Lyell, a geologist who was twelve years his senior and whose books Darwin took with him on the Beagle. On the basis of his own observations, Lyell opposed the theory of catastrophes as an explanation for the creation of new species. He believed that the slow, steady and cumulative effect of natural forces had produced continuous change in the course of the earth’s history; and since this process is demonstrably slow, its results being barely visible in a single lifetime, it must have been going on for a very long time. Lyell was not an evolutionist. But what Darwin’s theory needed was the concept of vast amount of time – and it was time that Lyell gave him. The discovery that the earth was very ancient was the snowball that started the whole avalanche.
This, then, was the intellectual climate in which Charles Darwin set sail from England in 1831. As the Beagle moved down the Atlantic coast of South America, through the Straits of Magellan and up the Pacific coast, Darwin traveled the interior. He explored the rich fossil beds of South America, with the theories of Lyell fresh in his mind, and collected specimens of the many new kinds of plant and animal life he encountered. He was impressed most strongly by the constantly changing varieties of organisms he saw. The birds and animals on the west coast were very different from those on the east coast, and even as he moved slowly up the west coast, one species would give way to another.
Most interesting of all to Darwin were the animals and plants that inhabited the small, barren group of islands known as the Galapagos, off the coast of Ecuador. The islands had been named by the Spanish after their most striking inhabitants, the giant tortoises, some of which weight 220 pounds or more. Each of the islands has its own type of tortoise, and sailors who took these tortoises on board and kept them as a convenient source of fresh meat on their sea voyages could readily tell which island any particular tortoise had come from. Then there were groups of finchlike birds, thirteen species in all, that differed from one another in the sizes and shapes of their bodies and beaks, and particularly in the type of food they ate. In fact, though clearly finches, they had many features seen in completely different types of birds on the mainland.
From his knowledge of geology, Darwin knew that these islands, clearly of volcanic origin, were much younger than the mainland. Yet the plants and animals of the islands were different from those of the mainland, and in fact, the plants and animals of different islands of the archipelago differed from one another. Were the living things on each island the product of a separate special creation, Darwin wondered – or was it possible that from an original paucity of birds in the archipelago, one species had been taken and modified for different ends? This problem “continued to haunt him.”
Darwin was a voracious reader. Not long after his return to England, he came across a short but much talked-about sociological treatise by the Reverend Thomas Malthus, which first appeared in 1798. In this book, Malthus warned, as economists have warned frequently since, that the human population was increasing so rapidly that it would soon be impossible to feed all the earth’s inhabitants. Darwin saw that Malthus’s conclusion – that food supply and other factors hold populations in check – is true for all species, not just the human species. For example, Darwin calculated that a single breeding pair of elephants – which are among the slowest breeders of all animals – would, if all their progeny lived and reproduced the normal number of offspring over a normal life pan, produce a standing population of 19 million elephants in 750 years. Yet the average number of elephants remained the same over the years. So, although this single breeding pair could have, in time, produced 19 million elephants, it did, in fact, produce only two. But why these particular two? The process by which the two survivors are, so to speak, “chosen,” Darwin called natural selection.
Natural selection, according to Darwin, was a process analogous to the type of selection exercised by breeders of horses, cattle or dogs. In the case of artificial selection, we humans chose individual specimens of plants of animals for breeding on the basis of characteristics that seem to us desirable. In the case of natural selection, the environment takes the place of human choice. As individuals with certain hereditary characteristics survive and reproduce, and individuals with other hereditary characteristics are eliminated, the population will slowly change. If some horses were faster than others, for example, those would be more likely to survive, and their progeny, in turn, might be faster, and so on.
According to Darwin’s theory, these variations among individuals of a species, which occur in every natural population, are wholly a matter of chance. They are not produced by the environment, not by a creative force, not by the unconscious striving of the organism. In themselves, they have no goal or direction, It is the operation of natural selection over a series of generations that gives direction to evolution. A variation that gives an animal a slight advantage makes that animal more likely to leave surviving offspring. Thus, a giraffe, say, with a slightly longer neck has an advantage in feeding, and so is likely to leave more offspring than a giraffe with a shorter neck. If the longer neck is an inherited trait, some of these offspring will also have long necks, and if the long-necked animals in this generation have an advantage, the next generation will include more long-necked animals – and so on, until, finally the population of short-necked giraffes will have become a population of longer-necked ones, thought there will still be variations.
The extraordinary thing about Darwin’s formulation was not so much his espousal of evolution — which was an idea that had at least crossed other scientific minds before his – but rather, the crucial role he gave to chance variation as the great triggering mechanism of the evolutionary process – the thread that links together all the diverse phenomena of the living world. Species arise, he said, when differences between individuals within a group are gradually converted into differences between groups as the groups become separated in space and time.
It was a truly revolutionary concert that, in one fell swoop, brought biology out of the Middle Ages – out of the realm of theology and into the realm of science.
It also profoundly influenced our way of thinking about ourselves. With the possible exception of the storm that raged about Copernicus and Galileo, no revolution of scientific thought has had as much effect on human thought as this one. The major reason is, of course, that evolution is in flat contradiction to the lateral, fundamentalist interpretation of the Bible. The new astronomy had made it clear that the earth is not the center of the universe or even our own solar system. With Darwin, the new biology required acceptance of the proposition that, like all other organisms, we too are not created for any special purpose or as part of any universal design but instead rose in the course of the earth’s long history from earlier and more primitive forms.
The heretical dimensions of this proposition may explain why almost three decades elapsed between Darwin’s voyage on the Beagle and his publication of the Origin of the Species.
Two years after his return to England, he read the essay by Malthus, and in 1842 he wrote a preliminary sketch of his theory, which he revised in a 230-page manuscript in 1844. There is little doubt that he realized the magnitude of his accomplishment. On completing the revision, he wrote a formal letter to his wife requesting her, in the event of his death, to publish it – but then, with the manuscript and letter in safe-keeping, he turned to other work, including a four-volume treatise on the natural history of barnacles. For more than twenty years after his return from his voyage, Darwin mentioned his ideas on evolution only in his private notebooks and in letters to a few scientific colleagues.
In 1850, urged on by his friends Charles Lyell and botanist Joseph Hooker, Darwin set to work slowly preparing a manuscript for publication. In 1858, some ten chapters later, he received a bombshell in the form of a letter from another English naturalist, Alfred Russell Wallace, who was working in the Malay Peninsula and had corresponded with Darwin on several previous occasions. Wallace presented a theory of evolution that almost exactly paralleled Darwin’s own. Tossing in bed one night with a fever, Wallace had had a sudden flash of insight. “I saw at once,” he recollected, “that the ever-present variability of all living things would furnish the material from which, by the mere weeding out of those less adapted to the actual conditions, the fittest alone would continue the race.” Within two days, Wallace’s 20-page manuscript was completed and in the mail.
When Darwin received Wallace’s letter, he turned to his friends for advice, and Lyell and Hooker, taking matters into their own hands, presented the theory of Darwin and Wallace at a scientific meeting just one month later. Their presentation received little attention at the time, but for Darwin the floodgates were opened. He finished his long treatise in another few months, and the book was finally published. The first printing of 1,250 copies sold out the same day.
Why Darwin’s long delay? His own writings, voluminous thought they were, shed little light on this question. But perhaps his background does. When Darwin embarked on the Beagle, he was a devout Christian who did not doubt the literal truth of the Bible and did not believe in evolution any more than did the other English scientists he had met and whose books he had read. When he achieved his Malthusian insight a few years later, he was still in his 20s. He held no professional position, but he had acquired the admiration of his colleagues for his work aboard the Beagle. He was not about to compromise a promising career by promulgating a heresy that he might be unable to prove to their satisfaction. Perhaps more important, his wife, to whom he was deeply devoted, was extremely religious. In short, it seems reasonable to suppose that Darwin, as has been the case with others, found the implications of his theory difficult to confront.
Nor it is any wonder that he shrank from those implications for so long. Once the earth and its living inhabitants are seen as products of historical change, the theological philosophy embodied in the great chain of being ceases to make sense; the fullness of the world becomes not an eternal manifestation of God’s bountiful creativity but an illusion. For most of the world’s history, the vast majority of species on earth today did not exist and considerably less than one per cent of those that did exist do so today. If evolution has occurred, and if it has proceeded from the entirely natural causes Darwin envisioned, then the adaptations of organisms to their environment, the intricate construction of the bird’s wing and the orchid’s flower are evidence not of divine design but of the struggle for existence.
Moreover, and this may be the deepest implication of all, Darwin brought to biology, as his predecessors had brought to astronomy and geology, what has been termed the sufficiency of efficient causes. No longer was there any reason to look for final causes and goals. To the questions “What purpose does this species serve? Why did God make tapeworms?” the answer is, “To no purpose.” Tapeworms were not put here to serve a purpose, nor were plants, not plants, nor people. They came into existence not by design but by the action of utterly impersonal natural laws.
This was an exceedingly hard pill for most people to swallow – and it still is. The fact that the earth is not the center of the universe, though once considered heresy, is now accepted by the vast majority of mankind. The fact that man is descended of apes is not. Almost uniquely among the great scientific formulations of history, Darwinian theory remains a subject of bitter controversy more than a century after his death – not among biologists, who accept it with virtual unanimity, but among ordinary people who cannot bring themselves to face the possibility of a world that operates without a grand, divinely guided design.
Indeed, the hullabaloo over Darwinism is currently more intense – at least in the United States – than it has been since the 1920s when Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan battled the issue in Dayton, Tennessee, at the celebrated Scopes trial. Leading the attack today are the so-called Creationists, who are mostly spokesmen for fundamentalist religious groups – but their popular support is wide and deep. In a recent Gallup Poll of cross-section Americans, nearly half of the respondents agreed with the statement: “God created men pretty much in his present form at one time within the past 10,000 years.” Thirty-eight per cent of the respondents agreed with an alternative statement: “Man has developed over millions of years from less advanced forms of life, but God guided this process, including man’s creation.” A mere nine per cent accepted a third choice – that man had developed from less advanced forms of life without diving intervention. Another public poll, published in Christian Century several years ago, similarly reported that approximately half the adults in America continue to believe that “God created Adam and Eve to start the human race.”
Armed with this kind of public support, the Creationists in recent years have been zeroing in on the public school system, particularly in the South and Southwest – not with the demand that the teaching of evolution be banned (which was the issue in the Scopes trial) but with the seemingly less dogmatic demand that Creationist doctrines should be given equal time with Darwinian theory in all science classrooms. They have been remarkably successful in this endeavor. In Dallas, Atlanta, and Chicago, not to mention countless smaller cities, school committees have yielded to the equal-time pressure. And perhaps more disturbing, national textbook publishers – whose profits depend on producing books that will be marketable in every part of the nation – have been soft-pedaling Darwinism in their biology texts or specifically including Creationism as an alternative and co-equal doctrine.
“Where will we be,” asks Stephen Jay Gould, the eminent Harvard biologist, “if any pressure group can win, by legislative fiat, the ordered inclusion of its favorite doctrine into school curricula?” It’s a good question. One is reminded of Lyndon Johnson’s story about the earnest young pedagogue who, in the depths of depression, applied for an opening as a science teacher in a backwater town in Texas. Confronting the local school board at his interview, he was asked by the grim-visaged chairman: “Do you teach that the earth is flat or that the earth is round?” The young man looked from face to face without seeing a hint of enlightenment. “Well,” he said, “I can teach it either way.”
The notion that one can teach the great unifying theory of modern biology “either way” is no less absurd. | biology |
https://thegoodfitness.shop/blogs/news/better-skin-without-wearing-any-makeup | 2023-12-08T16:47:46 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100762.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20231208144732-20231208174732-00745.warc.gz | 0.911221 | 649 | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__49225250 | en | BETTER SKIN WITHOUT WEARING ANY MAKEUP
Better Skin Naturally!
Here Are 3 Easy Ways To Improve Your Skin Health:
- Eat more anti-inflammatory foods: Acne, psoriasis, and rosacea are all triggered by inflammation. One of the best ways to battle these skin conditions is to reduce hypo allergenic foods (like wheat and dairy) and add in anti inflammatory, healing foods (like bone broth, omega 3s, celery ,blueberries, and my fav, salmon!)
- Hydrate! Our skin is the largest organ in our body and is comprised of protein, fat and water. Make sure to drink at least 2.5 litres of water per day and use a natural moisturizers void of perfumes and harsh chemicals.
- Exercise: Our skin helps regulate temperature and helps us remove toxins from our body through sweating. Hit the gym and sweat it out! Exercise will also help better your sleep, which is another cause of bad skin.
Good skin starts within! Nourishment and a good diet are critical to skin health.Include more of these micronutrients!
- Lutein: Known as the “eye vitamin”, this antioxidant helps protect our skin and eyes. It is found in bright, colourful foods like carrots, sweet potatoes and kale. It also acts as an anti inflammatory.
- Beta Carotene: Also found in colourful foods like sweet potatoes, carrots, and tomatoes! Beta carotene gets converted into Vitamin A. This antioxidant helps out skin better protect itself from sunlight and our environment.
- Vitamin C: A powerful antioxidant that helps produce collagen!
- Monounsaturated fats: are natural moisturizers that also act as anti inflammatories. (as found in olive oil and avocados)
- Phytochemicals: are powerful micronutrients found in plants
- Antioxidants: as found in berries, black currants, dark chocolate and more
- Selenium: as found in Brazilian nuts and tomatoes. Helps fight against cancer and cell damage.
- Vitamin E: as found in nuts and seeds. Vitamin E supports cell growth and repair
- Zinc: Another big one for skin! Zinc helps repair skin damage and is a critical micronutrient for the sebaceous glands in our skin. Zinc is found in fish, poultry, nuts and seeds.
- Omega 3s: Acts as an anti inflammatory and can fight acne and psoriasis. Omega 3 rich foods include free run eggs, avocados, rapeseed oil and olive oil. You could also opt to supplement with an Omega 3 supplement.
Better Skin Naturally: 20 Must Have Foods
Eat more whole foods! I recommend reducing the amount of processed and refined foods and replace them with healthy, whole foods. Here is a list of 20 foods to include in your diet. Many of these foods are antioxidant rich and act as inflammatories.
- Green tea
- Dark chocolate (my fave!)
- Chia Seeds
- Free Run Eggs
- Coffee Extract
- Collard Greens
- Orange peel
- Sweet Potatoes | biology |
http://www.kennelvet.com/methigel-urinary-acidifier-4-25-oz.html | 2014-11-28T10:49:35 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931010149.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155650-00217-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 0.820131 | 211 | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2014-49__0__127552190 | en | Kennelvet is a family owned and operated resource for dog and cat owners, breeders, groomers and other pet professionals for over 40 years.
Methigel Urinary Acidifier 4.25 oz
Methigel is a supplemental source of methionine to aid in lowering urine pH. Combined with the proper diet, methigel helps maintain a healthy, natural urinary tract. Used to treat bladder infection. Also aids in the control of urine odors.
The usual dose in cats at least 1 year in age is 1/2 -1 teaspoonful twice a day. The usual dose in dogs is 1 teaspoonful twice a day. To stimulate taste interest, place a small amount of Methigel on the animalís nose or directly into the mouth.
- Size: 4.25 oz paste
-Used to treat bladder infection
-Aid in lowering urine pH
-Maintain a healthy, natural urinary tract
-For use on dogs, cats
For questions about our products, email [email protected] | biology |
https://poudrelibraries.evanced.info/signup/eventdetails?eventid=42772&lib=0 | 2021-02-25T23:17:00 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178355937.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20210225211435-20210226001435-00237.warc.gz | 0.909014 | 124 | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-10__0__68051172 | en | Dr. Melisa Diaz will be talking about how geochemistry intersects with the presence of life forms in the Antarctic. Ice-free areas within the Transantarctic Mountains in Antarctica are believed to contain some of the oldest exposed soil environments on Earth. This presentation will discuss how glacier movement has impacted organisms, nutrients, and life itself. This event is a zoom presentation; registered participants will receive a zoom invite by email.
Researchers, historians, and adventurers present this series of talks about the exciting world of Antarctic science and extreme expeditions. Each month features a new topic about life and science at the South Pole. | biology |
https://www.bellevousmedispa.com/pigmentation | 2018-06-23T09:43:48 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864957.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20180623093631-20180623113631-00368.warc.gz | 0.885726 | 151 | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-26__0__279389 | en | Belle Vous offers several treatments to manage pigmentation issues, including laser and prescription topical medications.
Pigmentation means coloring. Skin pigmentation disorders affect the color of your skin. Your skin gets its color from a pigment called melanin. Special cells in the skin make melanin. When these cells become damaged or unhealthy, it affects melanin production. Some pigmentation disorders affect just patches of skin. Others affect your entire body.
Whether from birth or acquired, Belle Vous offers several procedures to treat pigmentation concerns. Conditions include birth marks, freckles, melasma, sun damage, age spots, and scarring. Treatment options may include:
Schedule a consult to find out which treatment option is best for you. | biology |
http://au100225974.fm.alibaba.com/product/216250231-0/Aeration_Cooling_Towers.html | 2018-05-24T00:03:14 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794865863.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20180523235059-20180524015059-00265.warc.gz | 0.921437 | 234 | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-22__0__123352969 | en | The ELL-GRO aeration cooling tower was designed by Des Boxsell to effectively cool the nutrient solution
The ELL-GRO aeration cooling tower was designed by Des Boxsell to effectively cool the nutrient solution that feeds the hydroponic channel. Nutrient solutions with an ambient temperature of 30 degrees C and higher essentially "cook" the roots and drastically reduce the oxygenation process needed for aerobic and probiotic organisms to do their work in controlling root disease. The cooling tower can reduce the nutrient temperature by as much as 6 to 7 degrees C against the ambient air temperature. This can make a huge difference in conditions not otherwise practicable. The cooling tower system is totally sealed, eliminating any evaporation and splash over nutrient loss.Benefits include -Greater oxygen absorption in the nutrient solutionReduction in the use and cost of needed probioticExtraction of heavier than air gases in nutrient solutionsEnhanced action of aerobic and probiotic organisms through effective nutrient solution aerationGrowers can expect to not only save production costs but also generate additional revenue as a result of installing an aeration cooling tower...a worthwhile investment in the ongoing protection of your crop. | biology |
https://www.thecommongroundnetwork.com/blog/diabetic-care/innovative-wearable-devices-transforming-diabetes-management/ | 2024-03-01T17:18:39 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475422.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20240301161412-20240301191412-00750.warc.gz | 0.939101 | 742 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__136289089 | en | Diabetes is a chronic illness that affects millions of people worldwide. One of the key challenges faced by those living with diabetes is managing their blood sugar levels. Traditionally, individuals had to rely on frequent finger pricks to measure their glucose levels. However, thanks to advancements in technology, innovative wearable devices are now revolutionizing diabetes management.
Wearable devices, such as continuous glucose monitors (CGMs) and insulin pumps, have become indispensable tools for many diabetes patients. These devices offer real-time data and personalized insights that enable individuals to better understand and manage their condition. They have the potential to transform the lives of those affected by diabetes by simplifying daily tasks and improving health outcomes.
Continuous glucose monitors have gained popularity in recent years. These small, wearable devices continuously track glucose levels throughout the day, eliminating the need for constant finger pricks. A small sensor placed under the skin measures glucose levels and transmits data to a smartphone or receiver. This allows individuals to monitor their glucose levels in real-time and make informed decisions about their diet, exercise, and insulin management. CGMs also offer alerts for high or low blood sugar levels to help prevent dangerous complications.
Insulin pumps are another game-changing technology transforming diabetes management. These devices deliver insulin continuously through a small tube inserted under the skin. Insulin pumps provide a convenient and accurate way to administer insulin while also allowing for greater flexibility in meal planning and physical activities. Some pumps even have built-in CGMs, further enhancing the user’s ability to control their blood sugar levels.
In addition to these two main wearable devices, there are also other innovative wearables emerging in the market. Smart insulin pens, for example, digitally record insulin doses and transmit the data to a smartphone app. This eliminates the need for manual record-keeping and helps individuals track their insulin usage more accurately. Some companies are also developing wearable patches that can measure glucose levels through sweat or interstitial fluid, providing a more non-invasive alternative to traditional blood glucose monitoring.
The data collected by these wearable devices can be easily shared with healthcare professionals, providing valuable insights for treatment optimization. These technologies not only empower individuals to take control of their diabetes management but also facilitate more collaborative partnerships between patients and healthcare providers.
Moreover, wearable devices have the potential to improve early detection and prevention of diabetes-related complications. By monitoring glucose levels in real-time and providing timely notifications, these devices can help individuals identify patterns and make proactive adjustments to their treatment plans. This can ultimately reduce the risk of long-term complications, such as blindness, kidney disease, or nerve damage.
The rapid pace of technological advancements in the field of diabetes management is truly impressive. Wearable devices are transforming the lives of individuals living with diabetes, making their day-to-day routine easier and more manageable. These devices not only offer convenience and accuracy but also provide a greater sense of security and peace of mind for both patients and their loved ones.
As wearable technology continues to evolve, we can expect even more innovative solutions for diabetes management in the future. The integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms into wearable devices holds great promise for personalized and predictive diabetes care. Additionally, the advancements in data analytics and cloud connectivity will further enhance the ability to monitor and manage diabetes remotely.
In conclusion, innovative wearable devices are revolutionizing the way diabetes is managed. These devices provide real-time data, personalized insights, and greater convenience for individuals living with diabetes. From continuous glucose monitors to insulin pumps, these wearables offer a range of features that simplify daily tasks while improving overall health outcomes. As technology continues to advance, the possibilities for transforming diabetes management are limitless. | biology |
http://seedoflifeacupuncture.com/blog/2016/10/26/how-to-keep-your-lymphatic-system-healthy | 2019-09-21T03:02:13 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514574182.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20190921022342-20190921044342-00500.warc.gz | 0.949491 | 1,141 | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-39__0__116693539 | en | The lymphatic system plays a vital role in the well-being and health of your body. It transports a clear fluid called lymph that helps to drain all those yucky unwanted toxins from the body. Lymph is similar to blood, but instead of red blood cells, it carries white blood cells that play a huge part in the immune system and keeping your body healthy. While the circulatory system relies on the heart to pump blood throughout the body, the lymphatic system relies on gravity and regular movement to keep it flowing smoothly and efficiently. When your lymphatic system is happy, you will be happy. Here are five ways to keep your lymphatic system flowing happily and freely:
1. Jump on a rebounder or mini trampoline
Since the lymphatic system does not have a pump system of its own, it needs regular exercise to promote energy flow and proper circulation in the body. Jumping on a rebounder or mini trampoline is great for getting the lymphatic system moving and flowing properly. This type of rigorous exercise is reported to increase lymph flow by 15 to 30 times. The up and down vertical movement is much more beneficial for your lymphatic system than horizontal movement as done in running. It is also much easier on your bones and joints.
2. Dry skin brushing
The skin is the largest organ on your body. It plays a very important role in the detoxification of wastes and toxins. Dry brushing your skin daily stimulates the lymphatic system and helps in the process of cleansing and purifying your body. Use a natural soft-bristled brush and use long strokes always working towards the heart. You can also use circular motions. Spend as much time as you would like, anywhere from 2 to 20 minutes. It is best to shower afterwards to wash off the dead skin cells.
3. Clean up your diet
Eat a diet high in green leafy vegetables and herbs. These foods are high in chlorophyl which can cleanse and purify the blood which in turn will cleanse your lymph system. You can also buy liquid chlorophyll that is extracted from alfalfa plants; you can add this to some sparkling water or kombucha and drink daily. Eat healthy fats from nuts, seeds, coconut oil, olive oil, avocados, and ghee. They will nourish your lymph system. Garlic, ginger, and turmeric are great to supplement into your diet as they promote circulation and reduce inflammation in the body.
One great way to cleanse and alkalize your body is to squeeze the juice of 1 lemon into warm water in the morning and drink 30 minutes before breakfast. This will stimulate your digestion and alkalize your body. The lymphatic system works best in an alkaline environment. If your body is too acidic, then you are more prone to excess weight, chronic pain, and many other health issues. Did you know that cancer cannot survive in an alkaline environment?
In keeping your lymphatic system healthy, there are certain foods that you want to avoid. Stay away from anything with preservatives or additives, especially MSG. These can cause water build-up and excess swelling in the body. Also, staying away from dairy can be very beneficial as it causes the body to produce a lot of phlegm. Avoid unnaturally white foods such as refined sugar and white flour. Instead choose healthy options such as whole grains or seeds (wheat berries, millet, quinoa, & brown/black rice), and natural sweeteners (raw local honey, coconut sugar, & grade B maple syrup).
4. Emotional Release
When we feel emotions that are difficult or make us feel uneasy our bodies tend to find some place in the body to store that emotion so we don't have to feel it. In the moment we can find ease because we do not have to feel the pain, but the problem with this is that the emotional energy is still there and can cause the circulation in our bodies to slow down. It is very good to feel emotions fully when they arise, without any judgment so that they can be released when the body is done with them. Emotions are natural and they will come and go like the ebb and flow of the ocean's tide. The next time you feel a strong emotion, try to quiet your mind, and look within to where you feel it in your physical body. Place your hands over that part of your body and take deep breaths until you feel the tension start to release. Or if movement feels better than stillness, put on your favorite song and dance it out.
In Chinese Medicine the Spleen is closely related to the lymphatic system. In the Western world we do not tend to think much of the Spleen, but in Eastern culture it is of great importance. When we overwork or make bad dietary choices we end up damaging the Spleen and therefore stagnating the proper flow of the lymphatic system. One good way to reverse this or prevent it is to get regular Acupuncture treatments. This strengthens the immune system, and promotes proper circulation of energy in the body. If your lymphatic system is causing symptoms such as fatigue, swollen lymph glands, fibrocystic breasts, catching colds easily, or digestive issues, then getting on a good regular treatment plan with an individualized herbal formula can be very beneficial at restoring balance in the body. If you are feeling healthy and well, a good preventative medicine is to get an Acupuncture treatment at the change of the seasons, as this is when the energy of the atmosphere is changing and we are more prone to getting sick. | biology |
https://www.krauseelkfarm.com/tours.php | 2023-12-02T18:59:02 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100448.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20231202172159-20231202202159-00071.warc.gz | 0.960403 | 388 | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__288379730 | en | Planning a family trip or group outing? This year, don’t forget to look at the Krause Elk Farm as an option. We have hosted various groups which include class field trips, nursing home outings, church groups and boy/girl scouts to name a few.
Here at the farm, we often do tours and informative talks regarding the Elk and their habitat. For instance, did you know that bulls weigh in between 700 to 900 pounds? Or did you know that Elk are actually classified within the deer family? It’s true, along with the Moose, Caribou, Mule deer, and White-tailed deer.
To further demonstrate their size, bull elk can grow to be up to five feet tall at the shoulder and over eight feet long from nose to tail. Now, the cows (female elk), will only grow to weigh in at around 500 pounds. And will measure up at roughly four and-a-half feet tall at the shoulder and six and-a-half feet long from nose to tail. Pictures alone, just simply do not do these magnificent animals justice.
Surely you have noticed the size of an elk’s antlers before. But did you know that they grow a new set every year? In fact, when they are growing, they are covered in a fuzzy skin called Velvet. By late summer, these new antlers harden and the velvet peels away. For a mature bull, these antlers can weight up to forty pounds!
Truly an experience to see! With the high prices of gas and travel, we are conveniently located within an hours drive from many locations within the region. Some including; Downtown St. Louis Missouri, Ste Genevieve MO, Belleville IL, and Pickneyville IL.
Krause Elk Farm
8311 St. Leo's Rd.
Evansville, IL 62242 | biology |
https://www.thecbdcenter.co.uk/lvwell-cbd--raw--soft-gel-capsules-1000mg-full-spectrum-containing-260mg-cbd-361-p.asp | 2021-10-18T22:35:51 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585215.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20211018221501-20211019011501-00589.warc.gz | 0.68678 | 266 | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-43__0__124986053 | en | Each capsule contains 10mg of active full spectrum extract, 100 capsules per box.
Using supercritical Co2 extraction process preserving a high amount of the natural plant’s properties.
The cannabinoids in our full spectrum extracts activate the cannabinoid receptors in the endocannabinoid system inside the human body.
High CBD (Cannabidiol) content,each capsule contains approx 4.7%
High in CBDA (Cannabidiolic Acid) each capsule contains approx 6.3%.
CBC (Cannabichromene) each capsule contains approx 0.5%
CBDV (Cannabidivarin) each capsule contains approx 0.2%
- Full spectrum CBD
- Terpene rich
- Co2 extract
- Lab tested
- 100% Cannabis Sativa L
- 100% Natural Ingredients
- Free from heavy metals, Pesticides & micro-organisms
- Contains less than 0.01% THC
Cannabinoids, flavonoids, terpenes, waxes, triglycerides, vitamins, minerals, antioxidants & essential fatty acids.
Analgesic, anticonvulsant, muscle relaxant, anxiolytic, neuroprotective, anti-oxidant, and anti-psychotic activity. | biology |
https://artemix-biotech.com/ | 2024-04-20T23:53:43 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817688.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20240420214757-20240421004757-00201.warc.gz | 0.880035 | 412 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__130420682 | en | The solution to tackle the hemodialysis site blockage
Chronic kidney disease is a serious and growing health problem affecting millions of patients worldwide.
Today 4.5M patients worldwide suffering of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) require hemodialysis to replace their kidney function.
Hemodialysis is a long and very restrictive life-saving procedure performed 3 times a week.
To connect the patient to the machine, the best and safest approach is to create a vascular access
Vascular access is the connection between an artery and a vein realized by a surgeon as a arteriovenous fistula (AVF). This is the patient’s lifeline
In the first 6 months after surgery, more than 50% of these AVFs will suffer failure resulting in the blockage of the AVF.
At ArtemiX Biotech, we address this treatment gap.
ArtemiX provides a new generation, patented, long-acting gel administered directly on the AVF after the surgery, helping the AVF to mature (heal) and preventing the blockage of blood flow through the vein.
- Unique Mode of Action
Once in place, the gel releases on the long term the active drug, inhibiting all stages of disease.
- Compliance with human biology
- Very Simple to apply
Right after the arterio-venous surgery, the gel is very easily applied around the vessel by the surgeon without any added surgical procedure.
Artemix Biotech is an early clinical stage spin-off company of the University Hospital of Lausanne and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of the University of Geneva.
Our products are still under development and not available on the market. | biology |
http://www.platod.fr/en/la-transfusion-de-plaquettes/ | 2021-05-12T14:37:49 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243990929.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20210512131604-20210512161604-00013.warc.gz | 0.925701 | 159 | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-21__0__78663079 | en | Hematopoietic stem cells are formed in the bone marrow. All blood cells originate from them. Platelets are produced by megakaryocytes entering blood vessels.
Therefore, blood flow is essential for the formation of FUNCTIONAL platelets.
Platelets are key players in hemostasis and thrombosis; bleeding accompanies low numbers of circulating platelets. The first response to an injury of a blood vessel is platelet adhesion to it, followed by platelet activation in response to agents produced at vascular lesions. Then platelets release numerous activators that amplify activation of other platelets and contribute to platelet aggregation and thrombus stability.
Once platelets are isolated from other blood components, they are unstable and lose rapidly their functional properties. | biology |
https://farmschoolllc.com/tag/health-benefit/ | 2023-05-29T09:04:25 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224644817.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20230529074001-20230529104001-00033.warc.gz | 0.958829 | 382 | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-23__0__150702604 | en | Author: Kayla Phaneuf
While most Americans have cow milk in their fridge, goat milk is actually the most consumed type of milk in the world! (WebMD) Goats are more accessible and easier to manage for people in other countries compared to cows. How do they compare in terms of health benefits? Is cow milk better for you or is goat milk actually healthier?
Goat milk contains more protein, fat, calories, and less cholesterol than cow’s milk. While goat milk could be a better benefit to those with high cholesterol, cow’s milk might be a better option for those looking to reduce their calorie intake. Both types of milk are also heavier in different vitamins; for instance, goat milk has more calcium, while cow’s milk has more B12 (PureWow).
Lactose and Digestibility
Milk alternatives are on the rise and many who have lactose issues are turning to almond, coconut, soy, and oat milk. While they can fill the hole in a diet as a tasty substitute, they do not provide the same nutrients or health benefits as an animal’s milk might. Goat milk could be the solution to those who have some trouble digesting lactose. It contains 12% less lactose per cup than cow’s milk (Healthline).
Which is Better?
In conclusion, neither milk is particularly more healthy than the other, but each provides its own form of nutrition in its own way. Depending on the type of nutrients one is specifically looking for their milk consumption to provide, researching the properties of each milk type could be a great benefit to one’s diet and overall health. Sometimes varying the types of milk used in your meals can be beneficial, and it never hurts to try something new!
Header photo provided by Kaleb Tapp, Unsplash | biology |
https://suple.us/en/products/zma-rx-90-caps-161.html | 2024-04-14T07:49:49 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296816875.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20240414064633-20240414094633-00340.warc.gz | 0.933719 | 1,043 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__14047245 | en | Zma + Rx 90 caps
- Revange Nutrition Zma + Rx 90 caps
ZMA is a synergistically active system of 3 active ingredients: zinc, magnesium and vitamin B6. This is a seemingly very interesting combination that is only apparently a supplement that simply supplements magnesium and zinc in our diet. However, thanks to the use of a patented formula, supplementation with these minerals takes on a whole new dimension. The phenomenon of ZMA is based on the use of the most technologically advanced forms of zinc and magnesium in strictly defined proportions. The original ZMA formula, exactly like REVANGE, is based on the so-called amino acid chelates of zinc and magnesium. Chelated minerals are characterized by extremely high bioavailability and biological activity. The absolute bioavailability was obtained thanks to the protection of amino acid minerals. Thanks to this treatment, zinc and magnesium are based on the adverse effects of the gastrointestinal tract environment, they do not adversely interact with other compounds. They can therefore be absorbed into the bloodstream and then distributed throughout the body in an unchanged form - exerting biological activity in the target tissues.
The role of zinc and magnesium:
ZMA is a formula that, using a wide range of action of magnesium, zinc and vitamin B6, was designed to liberate and intensify all natural processes aimed at improving the regeneration of the body.
Minerals, in particular zinc and magnesium, are extremely important and often ignored as part of the diet of athletes. Hardly anyone realizes that their proper intake in a straight line determines the proper course of metabolic processes. They take part in all processes of tissue growth and regeneration. Without an adequate amount of minerals, the body's balance is strongly disturbed, which is manifested by fatigue, lack of sufficiently high activity and, consequently, the lack of appropriate training effects. Minerals are an indispensable element conditioning proper secretion of many important enzymes and hormones of our body. If there are no minerals in our body, it will probably be reflected in the hormonal and enzymatic imbalance. Homeostasis of the system; physiologically correct state of harmony, faces a strong threat.
Magnesium and zinc are particularly susceptible to leaching in the face of a large load on the body with stress, physical and mental strain. Their deficiency is a very frequent phenomenon, not only in physically active people and athletes. In the face of their deficiencies or imbalances in relation to other compounds, the processes of regeneration, dysregulation of the nervous system, tiredness, weakness of immunity, deterioration of training effects, decrease of physical and mental capacity, disturbance of circadian rhythms, sleep disorders, muscle cramps, inhibition of growth occur. strength and muscle mass, dysregulation of hormonal balance (improper action and secretion of growth factors, enzymes and hormones contributing to the processing of nutrients, which results in a decrease in muscle mass and / or an increase in the amount of adipose tissue).
For the most part, we do not have the ability to "store" the excess mineral. Everything you supply is used for current needs, and excess must be removed from the body. There is not much opportunity to run reserves at the time of deficit. That's why you should know that if you care about health, the proper functioning of the body, then you should take care of the proper consumption of minerals. If you do not want anything to stand in the way of your sporting success, use ZMA regularly from REVANGE Nutrition!
What are the additional benefits of using ZMA +?
The effect on the synthesis and functioning of the endocrine system is this aspect of the action of ZMA, which should be particularly interesting for athletes using doping agents - steroids and pro hormones. The use of ZMA during the cycle allows to some extent to minimize some of the unfavorable aspects of these measures. Due to some antiestrogenic properties, ZMA allows you to maintain proper skin condition, reduces oily skin and tendency to breakouts. A minimal limitation of the subcutaneous water retention may also be noticeable. Strengthening is also the body's resistance, which is particularly weak during the use of steroids. ZMA has permanently entered the repertoire of funds used to help restore the natural hormonal balance after the end of doping. It is one of the measures supporting the standard procedure of "unblocking" - although it can not be replaced in any case - contributes to improving its operation, increasing libido and maintaining the effects of the cycle.
Another very interesting aspect of the operation is control over the proper functioning of the nervous system. ZMA supervises the preservation of the proper circadian rhythm. Use in the evening helps in relaxing, restoring proper muscle tone. The organism is thus much easier to enter into a state of deep and relaxing sleep, during which regeneration and relaxation proceed faster and more efficiently. People using ZMA often report the effect of relaxation and easier waking up even with a relatively short sleep time. The effect of restoring proper muscle tone is also extremely important during training. It allows not only for long and effective work, but also prevents pathological and painful contractions.
2 capsules 30 minutes before bedtime. | biology |
https://www.readyman.com/blogs/news/77270659-super-charged-composting | 2018-10-16T13:06:53 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583510749.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20181016113811-20181016135311-00398.warc.gz | 0.924153 | 785 | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-43__0__113452814 | en | Posted on November 16 2015
Composting Episode 3 (Last one. We promise)
by Chad Wade
If you haven’t gathered, we love compost. It’s one of the best, cheapest preps you can have. It costs nothing and it would provide one helluva advantage in a grid-down world.
Yet, compost isn’t equal to perfect fertilizer. When you compost, you unlock the nitrogen in your “brown” (woody compost) and that’s good. But, nitrogen isn’t the only thing your plants crave.
For starters, you should accelerate the process through natural means. “Macro” organisms should be encouraged. We like adding worms to our compost piles to ramp up the breakdown of matter. Red Wigglers work the top layer and Nightcrawlers dig deeper. If your compost is on or in the ground, you probably already have some worms, beetles and flies.
Always add either compost boosters or local topsoil or both. This gets the organic process well-started by introducing enough of the right bacteria.
Next, you should start considering the mineral content of your soil and your compost. Primarily, your plants need nitrogen. But, they need other minerals and elements to unlock their ability to up-take nitrogen. Common deficiencies include nitrogen, potassium and phosphorous.
One of the most common deficiencies is calcium. For a plant to fully access nitrogen, it needs calcium. If your leaves are browning around the edges, or if your tomatoes are getting “blossom end rot,” then you probably need more calcium in your soil. Big, heavy-producing plants like pumpkins, zukes, squash or tomatoes hammer the soil, especially if you’re square-foot gardening. They will wipe out the calcium in an area, a lot of times, half-way through the season. Eggshells have tons of calcium, but it takes many years for the eggshell to break down enough to do your plants any good. Rather, add calcium (ground limestone) to your compost in mineral form or apply it directly to your garden in a liquid medium such as Turboganic’s Turbo-cal.
Another common deficiency is iron. If your plants are looking pale except for the veins, or if they have stippled leaves, you could have an iron deficiency that is leading to a nitrogen deficiency. Add iron to your compost as chelated iron powder and just let it become part of your fertilizer, especially if your area is short on iron.
Another soil issue is pH or acidity/alkalinity. If you live on the eastern side of the country or the Northwest, you could well have acidic soil. Desert areas can have alkali soils. Plants are usually OK with a little excessive pH, but if you’re having trouble growing, send some soil into a lab to find out what your soil lacks. Then add that both to your garden and your compost.
By having your soil tested, or by testing it yourself through several years of gardening, you should learn what kind of fertilizer your soil needs and build that into your compost NOW while minerals and additives are available. They’re not expensive, but they would be after the SHTF.
The best way to test is to send a sample of your soil into a soil lab such as the one a University of Connecticut. Another way is to use a home-tester kit. This will give you a pH, though not necessarily an accurate pH. The soil lab test should give you pH plus all other deficiencies.
If you’re going to babysit a compost pile, make it a good one!
Soil Test Lab: http://www.soiltest.uconn.edu/sampling.php | biology |
https://newmexico.agclassroom.org/teacher/matrix/lessonplan.cfm?lpid=490 | 2020-07-08T00:55:13 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655896169.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20200708000016-20200708030016-00091.warc.gz | 0.904023 | 3,076 | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-29__0__11938935 | en | Agricultural Literacy Curriculum Matrix
Search Lesson Plans & Companion Resources
Apple Genetics: A Tasty Phenomena
6 - 8
Using the context of apples, students will apply their knowledge of heredity and genetics to distinguish between sexual and asexual reproduction as they explain how new varieties of apples are developed and then propagated to meet consumer demand for a tasty, uniform, consistent product.
- Apple Genetics PowerPoint
- Apple Genetics worksheet, 1 per student
- Per group of students:
- 1 Paper Plate
- 1 Whole Braeburn Apple
- 1 Whole Royal Gala Apple
- 1 Whole Jazz Apple
- 1 Knife (or apple slicer to cut apple)
Essential Files (maps, charts, pictures, or documents)
heredity: the passing of traits from parents to offspring
probability: a number that describes how likely it is that an event will occur
Punnet Square: a diagram used to predict an outcome of a particular cross or breeding experiment
trait: a characteristic that an organism can pass on to its offspring through its genes
phenotype: an organism's physical appearance or visible trait
genotype: an organism's genetic makeup or allele combinations
recessive allele: an allele that is masked when a dominant allele is present (written as lower case letter)
dominant allele: an allele whose trait always shows up in the organism when the allele is present (written as uppercase letter)
allele: a variant of a gene
gene: a section of DNA that codes for a certain trait
heterozygous: having 2 different alleles for a trait.
homozygous: having two identical alleles for a trait.
Did you know? (Ag Facts)
- Apples are a member of the rose family.1
- More than 2,500 varieties of apples are grown in the United States, but only the crabapple is native to North America.1
- The average person eats 65 apples per year.1
- Apples are 25% air, which is why they float in water.1
Background Agricultural Connections
Interest Approach – Engagement
This lesson has been adapted for online instruction and can be found on the 6-8th grade eLearning site.
- Ask students to think about their favorite apple. Ask them why that variety is their favorite. Ask them why they think a green Granny Smith apple is so tart/sour? This should lead to a discussion about various apple traits such as sweetness, tartness, flavors, crunchiness, color, etc.
- Tell students that there are thousands of varieties of apples grown in the United States. Most of the varieties will not be familiar to them because they are only found in orchards grown for research, the development of new apple varieties, or hobby orchards. Challenge students to try to list the top 10 apple varieties in the United States. These varieties are more likely to be familiar to your students in addition to other local varieties.
- Ask students if they know how these different apple varieties became available.
- Ask your students to use their understanding of heredity and genetics to explain how apple varieties could be developed. Use student responses to transition to Activity 1.
This lesson investigates the phenomenon of apple taste along with other observed apple characteristics. Natural phenomena are observable events that occur in the universe that we can use our science knowledge to explain or predict.
Phenomenon-Based Episode: What makes apple varieties different?
Disciplinary Core Ideas: Growth and Development of Organisms
National Agricultural Literacy Outcome Theme: Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math
|Question||Science and Engineering Practices||Student Engagement in Practices||Explanation|
||Students carry out investigations to compare the Braeburn, Royal Gala, and Jazz apples. Students ask and refine questions that lead to descriptions and explanations about the different traits found in apples such as color, taste, texture, and size.||The traits found in apple varieties are determined by their genetic makeup, or genotype. Heritable traits are passed from parent to offspring.|
||Students use science to ask and refine questions that lead to explanations about the process of selectively breeding apples to produce new apple varieties with desirable traits.||Apple breeders cross pollinate the flowers of specific apple varieties (sexual propagation) and then plant the seeds to obtain a tree and apples genetically different than the parent trees. It takes hundreds or even thousands of crosses, to find the desirable result.|
||Students can use science to explain that forms of asexual propagation produce genetically identical offspring.||In contrast to apple breeders, apple farmers use grafting to produce new apple trees. This form of asexual plant propagation allows the genetics of each variety of apple to be exact clones, therefore producing a consistent crop of apples for consumers.|
Activity 1: Apple Genetics - Making them Different (Episode Questions 1 and 2)
- Give each student one copy of the Apple Genetics worksheet. Divide the class into small groups of students (2-4).
- Give each group of students the following supplies:
- 1 paper plate (this will be the cutting board as well as an area to keep the apples)
- 1 Braeburn Apple
- 1 Royal Gala Apple (Note: DO NOT hand out the Jazz apple yet).
- 1 knife (or pre-slice apples)
- Have students draw a line down the center of their paper plate and label each side with "Gala" or "Braeburn." The apples will look similar, so it will be important to avoid confusing the two apples.
- Have students complete "Part 1" and "Part 2" of the worksheet and then stop.
- Project the Apple Genetics PowerPoint for students to see. Using slide 2, hold a brief class discussion about the traits they have observed in the apples so far. Draw on the student's prior knowledge of heredity and genetics to conclude that each trait is an expression of its genotype.
- Use slide 3 of the PowerPoint to review vocabulary if needed. Make sure students are familiar with the terms.
- Have students complete "Part 3" of the worksheet to review the possible genotypes of the Gala and Braeburn apples. These genotypes can be found on the worksheet and slide 4-5 of the PowerPoint.
- Once students have finished their Punnet squares, give each group of students a Jazz apple. Students will follow the same procedure and complete "Part 4" and "Part 5" of the worksheet.
- Facilitate a class discussion about the 3 varieties of apple (slide 6). Reveal to the students that the Jazz apple is a cross between the Gala and Braeburn apple. Using slide 7, share a few more facts about the Jazz Apple.
- Talk about the concept of crossbreeding and how it is used to produce better quality organisms (slide 8).
- Explain that the Honeycrisp apple (slide 9) was also developed by crossbreeding, and is a competitor of the Jazz apple.
- Summarize with students by connecting what they know about genetics with what they have learned about apples:
- Genes determine genetic traits found in apples such as color, taste, and texture.
- To develop a new, improved variety of apple, apple breeders cross pollinate apple varieties. This form of sexual reproduction results in an offspring (seed) that is genetically different from the parent trees.
- Scientists use a knowledge of genetics and heredity to cross breed apples and produce new varieties of apples. The Jazz and Honeycrisp apples are examples.
Three Dimensional Learning Proficiency: Crosscutting Concepts
Students engage in scientific investigation as they investigate and build models and theories about the natural world.
Stability and Change: For both designed and natural systems, conditions that affect stability and factors that control rates of change are critical elements to consider and understand.
Activity 2: Apple Genetics - Keeping Them the Same (Episode Question 3)
- Ask students if they have ever eaten Jelly Belly jelly beans. Have they ever eaten or heard of the Jelly Belly jelly beans that have "bad" flavors like toothpaste, stinkbug, or stinky socks? (Perhaps in the game Beanboozled.) While this may be a fun game or practical joke, have a discussion with your students about what they (as consumers) want in their food. Conclude that every time they purchase milk, meat, bread, vegetables... or an apple, they want it to taste consistently the same without surprises.
- Students have just learned how new varieties of apples are created. Ask, "How do apple farmers all across the nation grow specific varieties of apple that all taste and look the same? For example, how does a Granny Smith always taste like a Granny Smith and a Gala always taste like a Gala?" Does a [Granny Smith] grown in one region of the country taste the same as a [Granny Smith] grown in another region of the country?
- To discover the answer, show Apple - How Does it Grow?
- From the video, students should recognize grafting as the answer to the question. Apple farmers do not grow trees from seed, they use a technique called grafting (slide 10).
- Ask students, "What is the genetic similarity of two trees grafted from the same source?" (They are genetically identical clones. Therefore, every apple tree grafted from the same source will produce apples with the same genetic makeup.)
- Summarize with students by connecting what they know about genetics with what they have just learned about apples:
- Grafting, a form of asexual propagation is used by apple farmers to produce the apples we eat. It produces apples consistent to consumer expectations for each variety of apple by eliminating the genetic variability of sexual propagation methods.
Concept Elaboration and Evaluation:
After completing these activities, have students create a Venn Diagram to list both the similarities and differences found in sexual and asexual propagation methods. Discuss the benefits and drawbacks of each.
Phenomena Episode Extensions:
Effective phenomena-based instruction continues to evolve as students learn. New questions should arise throughout the learning process. The following questions may arise providing opportunity for other episodes in this storyline:
- Why can other fruits and vegetables be propagated with sexual reproduction (seeds) and produce a consistent crop, but apples cannot?
- What makes an apple (such as the Honeycrisp) crunchy?
- How was the Opal apple selectively bred to not brown after it is cut?
- How was the Arctic® apple genetically engineered to be non-browning?
We welcome your feedback! Please take a minute to tell us how to make this lesson better or to give us a few gold stars!
Show the 4-minute video clip, Have We Engineered The Perfect Apple? to see the science behind the taste of the Honeycrisp apple.
Listen to the NPR podcast "The Miracle Apple."
If cut apples are in the room at the end of the lesson, ask students if they see any browning occurring. Discuss what causes this. Teach students about Arctic apples, a genetically modified apple which does not brown. Compare and contrast to the Opal apple, an apple variety selectively bred to be non-browning.
Suggested Companion Resources
- America's Heartland: Maine-ly Apples (Multimedia)
- Have We Engineered the Perfect Apple? video (Multimedia)
- How CRISPR Lets You Edit DNA (Multimedia)
- How Mendel's Pea Plants Helped Us Understand Genetics (Multimedia)
- Genetic Science Learning Center (Website)
- Phenomenon (Website)
Agricultural Literacy Outcomes
Science, Technology, Engineering & Math
- Describe how biological processes influence and are leveraged in agricultural production and processing (e.g., photosynthesis, fermentation, cell division, heredity/genetics, nitrogen fixation) (T4.6-8.b)
- Provide examples of science and technology used in agricultural systems (e.g., GPS, artificial insemination, biotechnology, soil testing, ethanol production, etc.); explain how they meet our basic needs, and detail their social, economic, and environmental impacts (T4.6-8.i)
Education Content Standards
Biotechnology Systems Career Pathway
BS.03.04Apply biotechnology principles, techniques and processes to enhance plant and animal care and production (e.g., selective breeding, pharmaceuticals, biodiversity, etc.).
MS-LS4 Biological Evolution: Unity and Diversity
MS-LS4-4Construct an explanation based on evidence that describes how genetic variations of traits in a population increase some individuals’ probability of surviving and reproducing in a specific environment.
MS-LS4-5Gather and synthesize information about technologies that have changed the way humans influence the inheritance of desired traits in organisms.
MS-PS1: Matter and Its Interactions
MS-PS1-2Analyze and interpret data on the properties of substances before and after the substances interact to determine if a chemical reaction has occurred.
Common Core Connections
Reading: Anchor Standards
CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.CCRA.R.7Integrate and evaluate content presented in diverse media and formats, including visually and quantitatively, as well as in words.
Mathematics: Practice Standards
CCSS.MATH.PRACTICE.MP2Reason abstractly and quantitatively. Students make sense of quantities and their relationships in problem situations. They bring two complementary abilities to bear on problems involving quantitative relationships: the ability to decontextualize—to abstract a given situation and represent it symbolically and manipulate the representing symbols as if they have a life of their own, without necessarily attending to their referents—and the ability to contextualize, to pause as needed during the manipulation process in order to probe into the referents for the symbols involved. Quantitative reasoning entails habits of creating a coherent representation of the problem at hand; considering the units involved; attending to the meaning of quantities, not just how to compute them; and knowing and flexibly using different properties of operations and objects.
CCSS.MATH.PRACTICE.MP4Model with mathematics. Students can apply the mathematics they know to solve problems arising in everyday life, society, and the workplace. Students who can apply what they know are comfortable making assumptions and approximations to simplify a complicated situation, realizing that these may need revision later. They are able to identify important quantities in a practical situation and map their relationships using such tools as diagrams, two-way tables, graphs, flowcharts and formulas. They can analyze those relationships mathematically to draw conclusions. | biology |
https://crosscreekclinic.com/puppy-plans/contacts-1/ | 2023-10-01T17:37:06 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510924.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20231001173415-20231001203415-00622.warc.gz | 0.982371 | 170 | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__90830635 | en | Puppies are born with some immunity from their mothers to common viruses (Distemper, Parvo, Hepatitis, Parainfluenza, and Rabies) that can be deadly. Unfortunately, this borrowed immunity which helps the puppy fight off the viruses, only lasts a few months of their lives. To protect the pups, it is important to administer vaccines so they create their own immunity, preferably before the immunity they acquire from their mothers, through nursing, wears off. Some vaccines require repeated dosing. For puppies, the vaccines are often repeated every three weeks, starting as early as six weeks old and concluding at 16 (or older) weeks of age. The rabies vaccine is the exception and is given only once, often at 16 weeks of age. All vaccines are periodically boosted throughout their lifetime to keep their immunity strong. | biology |
https://www.wefishcanada.ca/fresh-water-fish-species/ | 2023-02-01T16:40:40 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499946.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20230201144459-20230201174459-00437.warc.gz | 0.933984 | 8,193 | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-06__0__223884794 | en | 2 / TROUT AND CHAR 2
Trout and char are fish that have elongated bodies and that swim in clear, cool and well-oxygenated waters of Ontario and Quebec. They can cross-breed at times. This hybridization is common in lakes where many species are present. Trout and char have an adipose fin like other salmonidae (fin between the dorsal fin and tail).
The cross between lake trout and brook trout for example produces a hybrid called “splake” or “wendigo”. The lower fins on the brook trout have a white border which can also be found on the splake. The colors of this trout/char can range from pale to vivid during the breeding season. The tail is almost square (squaretails in English). This species is fertile unlike most hybrids. These fish prefer warmer waters than where lake trout are found.
Both trout and char are present in Quebec and Ontario and both have a significant value in terms of sports fishing, commercial and recreational fishing. They can be found in the Ontario great lakes. Their flesh is excellent and their colour varies from white/pink to orange/red depending on their diet and depending on the different species. The flesh of lake trout is generally paler than that of the other species.
Female trout and char are generally larger than their male counterparts (sexual dimorphism) but the colors of the male fish are generally more pronounced than those of female fish.
2.1 / RAINBOW TROUT
Scientific Name: Oncorhynchus mykiss, Salmonidea Family
Common Names: Stealhead (anadromous rainbow trout), rainbow trout
Canadian Record: 40.68 lbs.
Ontario Record: 40.68 lbs.
Quebec Record: 13 lbs.
Preferred Temperature: (min and max): 11 to 26 degrees C/52 to 79 degrees F
Optimal Temperature: 16 degrees C/61 degree F
Habitat: Rainbow trout frequent many diverse habitats. Indeed, this species has been introduced in many different habitats around the world. In rivers, they will be found in areas that have moderate current and a rocky, gravelly bottom. They can also be found in rivers that have falls, rapids and deep pools of water. In lakes, rainbow trout can be found at different depths (Great Lakes). Adults that live in lakes however must have access to streams or rivers in order to spawn and survive.
Reproduction: Breeding takes place during spring time from mid-April to late June, when the water temperature is around 10-15 degrees C (50-60 degree F). Sexual maturity is reached at adulthood, between ages 3 to 5 years. They can breed during the day as well as at night. Adults living in lakes will return to the rivers to spawn. The preferred or ideal spawning beds for rainbow trout are in rapids upstream from a deep pool of water and these would have a gravel bed. The female builds its nest by laying on its side and sweeping the bottom of the river with its tail. She will lay her eggs in it.
After spawning and fertilization, the female will cover the eggs to protect them from predators. Hatching will occur a few weeks later (4 to 7 weeks) and the fry will begin to feed on zooplankton at around 2 weeks old. Adult rainbow trout return to their lake or river of origin at the end of the breeding season. Anadromous trout (Steelhead) may at times travel to the rivers a few months prior to breeding season and can remain there for a few months post-breeding season. The life expectancy of a rainbow trout will vary depending on its habitat, food availability and geographic location and can range between a few years to a decade.
Diet: The rainbow trout usually feeds on insects, mollusks, crustaceans, invertebrates, worms, leeches, fish eggs or small fish, etc…
Fishing Techniques: Casting, trolling, jig, fly.
2.2 / BROWN TROUT
Scientific Name: Salmo Trutta, Salmonidae Family
Common Names: Brown, sea trout (anadromous), Fario or Brown trout (river)
Canadian Record: 34.38 lbs.
Ontario Record: 34.38 lbs.
Quebec Record: 16.5 lbs.
Preferred temperatures (min and max): 13 to 24 degrees C/55 to 75 degrees F
Optimal temperature: 18 degrees C/64 degrees F
Habitat: The brown trout is native to Europe and was introduced in Canada in 1890 in the province of Quebec. It is presently found mainly in Ontario and the Great Lakes. This species prefers clear waters, cold and well oxygenated lakes and rivers. Anadromous brown trout is called sea trout. This species tolerates higher temperatures than other types of trout and char.
Reproduction: The breeding season extends from late fall to early winter, from mid-October to late December, depending on its geographical location and on the water temperature ( 7 to 9 degrees C/44 to 48 degrees F). Spawning areas are generally located in shallow lakes and rivers where the bed is covered with pebbles and gravel. The female will move the gravel or pebbles to a shallow nest in which she will deposit her eggs.
The male will fertilize the eggs with its milt and the female will cover the nest with pebbles. The protected eggs will hatch and emerge from the gravel in the spring after exhausting their vitelline reserve. Crossing the brown trout with brook trout provides a hybrid called “tiger trout”. The longevity of the brown trout is relatively short, generally about 8 years.
Diet: Brown trout feed primarily on insects, crustaceans, mollusks, invertebrates, small fish, salamanders, frogs, worms, fish eggs, etc…
Fishing Techniques: Trolling, casting, jig, fly.
2.3 / BROOK TROUT
Scientific Name: Salvelinus fontinalis, Salmonidae Family
Common Names: Brook trout, speckled trout, red trout, sea trout (anadromous)
Canadian Record: 17.75 lbs.
Ontario Record: 14.5 lbs.
Quebec Record: 11.6 lbs.
Preferred temperatures (min and max): 5 to 20 degrees C/42 to 68 degrees F
Optimal temperature: 14 degrees C/57 degrees F
Habitat: The brook trout frequent cool, clear waters such as well oxygenated streams, lakes and rivers. They usually live in bodies of water where the temperature is below 20 degrees C (68 degrees F). The brook trout is a native species that can be found in many lakes in Ontario and Quebec. The habitat of brook trout during the spawning period is similar to that of brown trout and it is not uncommon to see the two species in the same bodies of water, although they compete directly against each other.
Reproduction: The brook trout will normally spawn during the day sometime between September and November in the most southern areas. However, it may spawn as early as August in northern Canada. This particular brook trout prefers a cooler temperature of about 10 degrees C (50 degrees F) in order to spawn.
Spawning grounds are generally in shallow streams and rivers where adults swim upstream during the breeding period. The bottom is generally a gravel bed.
The female digs a nest in which she will lay her eggs during the day. She covers the eggs with gravel to protect them from predators until they hatch. Eggs that are not buried are subject to being snatched by predators as adults do not protect the nest or fry.
The eggs hatch in late winter, from 50 to 100 days after spawning. The fry remain in the gravel until they are able to swim and feed themselves. Until then, they will feed on their vitelline reserve and will emerge from the gravel nest the following spring.
Diet: The brook trout feed primarily on small fish, larvae, insects, worms, leeches, crustaceans, molluscs, salamanders, small vertebrates, etc…Their diet is relatively varied depending on food availability. The growth of brook trout tends to be generally slower than other trout or char.
Fishing Techniques: Trolling, casting, jig, fly.
2.4 / LAKE TROUT
Scientific Name: Salvelinus namaycush, Family Salmonidae
Common Names: Canadian Char, lake trout, grey trout, touladi
Canadian Record: 72.25 lbs.
Ontario Record: 63.12 lbs.
Quebec Record: 57.5 lbs.
Preferred temperatures (min and max): 3 to 11 degrees C/37 to 52 degrees F
Optimum temperature: 7 degrees C/45 degrees F
Habitat: Lake trout, like all trout and char, prefer lakes and rivers that have cold and clear waters and that are well oxygenated. They can live in shallow waters that have tundra bottoms or in deep pools in lakes and rivers, all depending on their geographical location. Lake trout are native to this area as are brook trout. You will find them in Quebec and in Ontario.
Lake trout are particularly fond of rocky or sandy habitats. Depending on the water temperature and the season, they can be comfortable in any layer of the same body of water. As ice melts, it can be fished near the surface of the water or within three meters of the surface (less than 10 feet). The warmer water temperatures can force them to descend as far as 30 meters (100 feet) during the summer.
Reproduction: Trout breed at night and during the fall season, from September to November depending on its latitude location. Spawning areas are usually shallow, ranging from 30 centimeters to 10 meters deep (1 foot to 30 feet). They prefer rocky, stony and gravelly surfaces to reproduce.
Sexual maturity is reached at around six or seven years in the south but up to twelve or thirteen years in the north. Lake trout lay their eggs between stones and pebbles lining the bottom of the water without making a nest. Eggs will remain here until they hatch and the fry will emerge the following spring. Adults do not protect the eggs or the fry.
Young trout migrate to deeper waters in order to protect themselves from predators. They will spend the first years of their lives feeding on plankton. The Canadian Char or lake trout can live up to 30 or 40 years depending on its geographical location.
Diet: Their diet varies depending on size, the water in which they live in and the food that is available. The fry feed mainly on zooplankton, larvae, adult insects, small crustaceans, leeches and small fish (Cisco Lake, smelt, whitefish, and suckers, etc…). The lake trout is a formidable predator who does not hesitate to climb a few meters in order to capture its prey, while at other times they will sulk at every offering.
Fishing techniques: Trolling, casting, jigging, drop shot, fly.
3 / PERCIDAE 3
General Description: The percidae species is highly coveted in both Ontario and Québec. The walleye is a fish of great commercial, recreational and sports value. The flaky white flesh of this type of fish is extremely tasty and very popular in Canada.
Fish from this family feed throughout the year and can be caught during the summer months or while ice fishing in winter. The walleye (or also called yellow pickerel) is a species that has a herd mentality and these fish are lucifugous. Their eyes are sensitive to light and it is for this reason that they prefer turbid waters (tea-coloured) or deep pools of clear water. Eating habits also vary with the light. This species is generally most active at dawn and at dusk, as well as when it is overcast, cloudy and windy.
The two species (walleye and sauger) often frequent the same habitat at the same time. The hybridization of the two species is also common. The longevity of the sauger is shorter than the walleye. The sauger will rarely live beyond 13 years while the walleye can live up to 26 years.
Finally, walleye grow faster than a sauger. Females of both species are generally larger than the males.
3.1 / WALLEYE
Scientific Name: Sander vitreus, Percidae Family
Common Names: Yellow Pickerel, Walleye
Canadian Record: 22.25 lbs.
Ontario Record: 22.25 lbs.
Quebec Record: 20 lbs.
Preferred temperatures (min and max): 5 to 27 degrees C/41 to 81 degrees F
Optimal temperature: 18 degrees C/65 degrees F
Habitat: Walleye can be found in temperate waters of Quebec and Ontario. They particularly enjoy rocky, stony, sandy and grassy bottoms of lakes and rivers. Their eyes are sensitive to bright sunlight and they will therefore seek shelter to protect themselves. For example, they will not hesitate to swim down into deep pools in lakes and rivers where the light is not as bright. It is not uncommon to find this species at depths of 20 to 30 meters in very clear waters of the St. Lawrence River (60 to 90 feet).
In turbid waters, this walleye will often swim in shallow waters and will be more active during the day. The walleye is generally more active at dawn, dusk or before and during a storm.
Reproduction: Walleye spawn in the spring or early summer depending on the temperature of the water and its geographic location. The walleye usually spawns before the sauger. Males reach sexual maturity before the females.
Adults migrate in large numbers to bodies of water that have rocky, stony, gravelly or sandy bottoms to reproduce. Falls, dams, gravel shoals with current are favorite spots for the reproduction of these species. Spawning areas are normally shallow.
Females lay the eggs at night and the males deposit their milt nearby in order to fertilize them. The eggs will fall into the rock or pebble cracks and are thereby protected from predators. Hatching occurs after 12 to 18 days and the fry quickly disperse 10 to 15 days later. They will remain in the upper layer of open water near the banks so as to avoid predators.
Diet: The walleye feed primarily on invertebrates at a young age and small fish, insects, worms, leeches, etc…until they reach adulthood. They usually hunt in schools although larger specimens may travel alone. Walleye hunt preferably in the morning and evening, but can feed all day in turbid waters.
Fishing Techniques: Trolling, casting, jig, drop shot, fly.
3.2 / SAUGER
Scientific Name: Stizostedion canadense, Percidae Family
Canadian Record: 7.75 lbs.
Ontario Record: 4.40 lbs.
Quebec Record: (Not available)
Preferred temperatures (min and max): 5 to 27 degree C/41 to 81 degree F
Optimal temperature: 16 degrees C/61 degrees F
Habitat: Sauger fish frequent the same kind of habitat as the walleye. Their eyes, however, are even more sensitive to light. We therefore find them at greater water depths.
Reproduction: The sauger spawn during spring usually in May and June when the water reaches temperatures ranging from 8 to 11 degrees C (46-52 F). Males reach sexual maturity before females.
Spawning areas are usually near a shallow bank. The female lays her eggs at night on a bed of gravel to protect the eggs from predators. Parents do not protect the eggs or the fry.
Diet: The Sauger feeds mainly on small fish, aquatic insect larvae, leeches and crayfish. They usually hunt in schools and often find themselves in the company of the walleye.
Fishing Techniques: Trolling, casting, jigging, drop shot.
3.3 / PERCH
Scientific Name: Perca Flavescens, Percidae Family
Common Names: Perch, Yellow Perch
Canadian Record: 2.97 lbs.
Ontario Record: 2.42 lbs.
Quebec Record: 2.5 lbs. (unregistered)
Preferred temperatures (min and max): 14 to 24 degrees C/58 to 75 degrees F
Optimal temperature: 20 degrees C/68 degrees F
Habitat: The yellow perch is a fish that lives in temperate waters of lakes and rivers that have medium to dense vegetation. They particularly like the clear waters with muddy, sandy and gravelly bottoms. Perch is present in Ontario and Quebec. It is very popular on the St. Lawrence River and the Great Lakes and is now subject to regulation in order to protect the species. This species, like the walleye, is gregarious and lives within a school of fish. The same habitat can therefore accommodate several dozens or hundreds of fish.
Reproduction: Perch usually spawn in the spring from mid-April to late May, depending on its geographical location. Perch ready to spawn move towards shallow areas of lakes and rivers to lay the eggs during the night or early morning. The bottom is generally made up of gravel sand and interspersed with vegetation roots, brush and submerged trees.
A female can lay eggs in the shape of long strings. These can reach up to 2 meters in length. The eggs will stick to the vegetation until the fry hatches 8 to 10 days later. The fry remain inactive for a period of 5 days and feed from their vitelline reserve. Fry often remains together until adulthood.
Diet: Perch feed primarily on zooplankton early in life and change their diet to include larger prey during growth. Small fish, crayfish and other invertebrates, larvae, insects, worms, eggs … will form an integral part of its diet. Perch feed actively throughout the year and can be caught during the summer or when ice fishing in the winter.
Fishing Techniques: Casting, bobber, jigging, drop shot
4 / ESOCIDAE 4
General Description: The pike and muskellunge both belong to the family of esocidae. The hybridization of these two species is possible. The female esocidae is usually larger (sexual dimorphism) and lives longer than the male. Muskellunge grow generally faster than pike. They can also live more than 30 years whereas the pike’s longevity rarely exceeds 25 years.
The Esocidae fish are a solitary and sedentary species that attack their prey by surprise. Their bodies are slender and unsuited for lengthy pursuits. The attacks are usually abrupt, short and direct.
The Esocidae fish are very combative and are overwhelmingly popular amongst anglers and sportsmen. Muskellunge are also subject to strict regulations in Ontario and in Quebec. The flaky white fish of the esocidae is very popular but the recent trend favors returning these back to the water after a catch. Each fish filet has a row of bones in the shape of a Y which can be easily removed when cleaning the fish.
4.1 / MUSKELLUNGE
Scientific Name: Esox masquinongy, Family Esocidae
Common Names: freshwater shark, muskellunge
Canadian Record: 65 lbs.
Ontario Record: 65 lbs.
Quebec Record: 54 lbs.
Preferred temperatures (min and max): 10 to 26 degrees C/50 to 80 degrees F
Optimal temperature: 19 degrees C/66 degrees F
Habitat: You will find muskellunge in shallow waters that are rich in vegetation in the rivers and lakes of Ontario and Quebec (pond weed, water lilies, rushes, etc.). They often inhabit the same areas as the pike do. However, large muskies generally prefer warmer waters than large pike.
Reproduction: The muskellunge spawn during the day, usually after the pike, in late spring and early summer when the water temperature varies between 9.5 and 15 degrees C (50 to 60 degrees F). In the shallow grassy banks of the spawning beds, you can find a female with one or two males.
The female is usually larger than the male. Eggs are deposited randomly on the vegetation and adults do not provide any protection for the fry. Hatching occurs 1 to 2 weeks after spawning.
Diet: Like the pike, muskellunge prefer larger sized prey. They feed mainly on fish but may, on occasion, feed on small vertebrates, amphibians, crayfish, rodents, young waterfowl…
Fishing techniques: Trolling, casting, jigging, fly
4.2 / NORTHERN PIKE
Scientific name: Esox Lucius, Esocidae Family
Common Names: Northern pike, pike, freshwater shark
Canadian Record: 45.9 lbs.
Ontario Record: 42.12 lbs.
Quebec Record: 45.9 lbs.
Preferred temperatures (min and max): 5 to 30 degrees C/41 to 86 degrees F
Optimal temperature: 21 degrees C/70 degrees F
Habitat: Pike prefer shallow lakes, rivers and streams that have dense vegetation and that have temperate water. Their geographic location covers both the province of Quebec and Ontario.
The adult pike stays close to the spawning beds and it is common to find several specimens in the same habitat. The larger pike prefer temperatures between 10 and 12.5 degrees C (50 to 55 degrees F) and it is not uncommon to catch one at a depth of more than 10 meters deep during the summer.
Reproduction: Spawning begins in the spring or when the ice melts in Quebec and Ontario. Water temperature is then between 5 and 7.5 degrees C (40 to 45 F). They will choose banks that are densely populated with vegetation or bays in various lakes and rivers.
The female lays her eggs in the vegetation. Eggs will stick to the vegetation until the birth of the fry, from 12 to 14 days later. The fry will remain idle for 6 – 10 days living on their reserves. Fry stay in the shallow waters of the spawning ground for several weeks and will not be protected by their parents. The fry will feed on zooplankton, insects and eventually small fish when they reach 5 cm in size. Pike can live up to 25 years in northern waters.
Diet: The pike is an opportunistic species that easily captures any kind of prey. Small fish, crayfish, small vertebrates, amphibians, rodents, etc…are part of their diet. Cannibalism is not uncommon in the pike species. Like the Muskellunge, adult pike prefer larger prey.
This fish will stay on the lookout near the edge of weeds, tree trunks or stumps, lilies and will attack its prey by surprise. They prefer to hunt alone and are rather territorial. It is not uncommon to catch several pike in the same spot if the habitat is ideal. Pike grow generally very quickly as they can reach a length of 30 cm in the first year and 50 cm in the second.
Fishing Techniques: Trolling, casting, jigging, fly, drop shot.
5 / CENTRARCHIDAE 5
General Description: Centrarchidae have six species of fish, namely bass, crappie, sunfish and bluegill. The largemouth and smallmouth bass are two species of bass that can be found in freshwaters of Ontario and Quebec. The geographic locations for both species of bass are generally the same in Canada. However, the smallmouth bass is found more abundantly further north than its counterpart largemouth bass that live in warmer waters of Quebec and Ontario. Both species often frequent the same waters, but different habitats.
The body of a bass is stocky and strong. The body of the smallmouth is generally striped while that of the largemouth bass has a dark lateral band. The largemouth bass has a more greenish appearance whereas the smallmouth appears mostly brown. The mouth of the largemouth bass extends backward beyond the eye of the fish. Another distinction between the two is that the two dorsal fins are connected on the smallmouth bass while these are almost completely separated on the largemouth bass. Both species can reach similar sizes at adulthood in Ontario and Quebec.
Bass is a combative fish that will not hesitate to jump out of the water and shake its mouth wide open in order to free itself. The bass is an important species for both commercial, recreational and sports fishing. The flesh of the bass is of high quality, it has a white and flaky appearance and texture. The flesh of the smallmouth bass is generally less oily and preferred by many.
Crappies, sunfish and bluegill are the smallest carnivorous fish of the centrarchidae family. They are especially popular with young anglers in Ontario and Quebec. These species usually measure 15 to 25 inches at adulthood. Crappies, sunfish and bluegills are active throughout the year and can also be caught during the winter (ice fishing). The flesh of the fish is mild and delicious and is particularly appreciated by fishermen in the spring when fishing season has not yet opened for other game fish species.
5.1 / SMALLMOUTH BASS
Scientific Name: Micropterus Dolomieu, Centrarchidae Family
Common Names: Smallmouth, black bass
Canadian Record: 9.84 lbs.
Ontario Record: 9.84 lbs.
Quebec Record: 8.8 lbs.
Preferred temperature (min and max): 10 to 26 degrees C/50 to 79 degrees F
Optimal temperature: 20 degrees C/68 degrees F
Habitat: The smallmouth bass prefers a habitat that is more rocky and sandy than its counterpart the largemouth bass, which prefers waters with dense vegetation. This bass likes pebbled bottoms that are able to hide its favorite food, crayfish. On the St. Lawrence River, the smallmouth bass is particularly fond of shallow waters covered with zebra mussels and that are heavily populated by gobies.
The smallmouth bass is more sensitive to heat than the largemouth and will not hesitate to reach depths of 10 meters or more (30 feet of more) to reach its comfort zone.
Reproduction: The smallmouth bass spawn late in the spring and early summer as do largemouth bass. The spawning beds can be busy from late May to early July depending on the water temperature. Females mature after the males.
The male prepares a nest at a depth ranging from a few dozen centimeters to 6 meters (2 to 20 feet) on a sandy and gravelly bottom. The female lays her eggs in a nest that is vigorously guarded by the male. The male will remain on or near the nest until the fry hatch a few days later (4 to 10 days). The female may also breed with several males by making several nests.
After hatching, the fry measure 5.6 to 5.9 mm in length and feed on plankton at the beginning of their lives. The fry leave the nest a few days later (app. 1 week) but they still remain guarded by the male for several days.
Diet: Smallmouth bass generally feed on smaller prey than do largemouth bass. Its diet consists mainly of crayfish, small fish, small frogs, small rodents, worms, leeches, insects, etc…
This bass will not hesitate to jump out of the water to capture prey on the surface, especially at dawn and dusk. It will also use all depths of the water to hunt for food, looking for forage fish that are suspended and crayfish under rocks. During winter, smallmouth bass stay close to the bottom and are not active.
Fishing techniques: Casting, trolling, jigging, drop shot, Texas rig fishing or “Carolina rig fishing”, fly.
5.2 / LARGEMOUTH BASS
Scientific Name: Micropterus salmoides, Centrarchidae Family
Common Names: Black Bass, Green Bass, largemouth bass
Canadian record: 10.48 lbs.
Ontario record: 10.43 lbs.
Quebec Record: 6.9 lbs.
Preferred temperatures (min and max): 13 to 29 degrees C/55 to 84 degrees F
Optimal temperature: 22 degrees C/72 degrees F
Habitat: Largemouth bass usually swim within the upper warmer waters of lakes and rivers and shallow bays. They can usually be found at depths of less than six or seven meters (20 feet) even during the summer. This bass will normally stay in areas that have dense vegetation (water lilies, submerged trees, stumps, submerged roots, cattails and other dense vegetation). The largemouth will not hesitate, however, to venture out and follow the schools of bait fish in open water.
Reproduction: The largemouth bass spawn in late spring and early summer when the water temperature varies between 17 and 20 degrees C (63 to 68 F). Males reach sexual maturity before females.
Spawning areas are generally located in shallow bays that range in depth from a few dozen centimeters to more than one meter (1 to 4 ft.). The month of June is generally the most active time for spawning in Ontario and Quebec.
The female lays her eggs in a nest that the male has carefully prepared on a sandy, muddy and gravelly bottom or within vegetation. The size of the nest is variable and generally resembles a large plate at the bottom of the water ranging in size from 60 centimeters to one meter in diameter (2-3 feet). The female lays her eggs in the nest that will be fertilized by the male. Females may mate with more than one male and may make more than one nest. The male will protect the nest with fervor by circulating the water over the eggs until they hatch a few days later (3 to 5 days).
The male will be quick to attack any intruder who approaches the nest, including fishermen’s’ lures. Bass season is in fact closed during the breeding season for this very reason. The fry measuring 3 millimeters will remain near the male during the first week, benefitting from its protection. They also do not hesitate to take refuge in the mouth of the male in case of danger. The fry leave the nest about ten days later, but will remain for a month near the male.
Diet: The diet of bass varies with its size and its growth. The fry feed on plankton and later on small insects and larvae during the growth period. During adulthood, bass feed primarily on crayfish, minnows, small frogs, small rodents, salamanders, worms, leeches, insects, etc…
The bass are able to feed with good eyesight and will not hesitate to pick up prey on the surface or on the bottom. It normally hunts near the edge of the body of water or near vegetation, but may also follow schools of bait fish that are farther offshore. The larger specimens may, however, be more solitary. It is possible to catch a few large specimens in an ideal habitat. The largemouth bass are less active during the winter months and will make fat reserves during the fall.
Fishing Techniques: Casting, trolling, jigging, drop shot, Texas rig fishing, Carolina Rig fishing, fly.
5.3 / BLACK CRAPPIE
Scientific Name: Pomoxis nigromaculatus, Centrarchidae Family
Common Names: Calico, black crappie
Canadian Record: (Not Available)
Ontario Record: 3.78 lbs.
Quebec Record: (Not Available)
Preferred temperatures (min and max): 13 to 27 degrees C/55 to 80 degrees F
Optimal temperature: 21 to 24 degrees C/70 to 75 degrees F
Habitat: The black crappie is found in lakes and rivers with medium to dense vegetation, in Ontario and Quebec. It prefers clear waters but it can also be found elsewhere if the water is not too turbid. This species is gregarious and it is not uncommon to find schools of dozens or hundreds of fish.
Reproduction: The crappie species spawn in late spring and early summer (May to July depending on its geographic location) when the water varies between 17 and 18.5 degrees C (62 to 65 F). Spawning areas are usually shallow and located on sandy, gravelly or muddy bottoms.
The male builds a nest in a colony in which the female will lay her eggs. The hatching will occur 3 to 5 days thereafter. The female may mate with more than one male and make more than one nest. The male will guard the nest and the fry after hatching occurs. Black crappie can live up to ten years.
Diet: They feed mainly on plankton and larvae until they reach 15 cm in length. They consume small fish, larvae, insects, worms and eggs when they have reached adulthood.
Fishing techniques: casting, bobber, drop shot, small jigs, small tubes.
5.4 / ROCK BASS
Scientific Name: Ambloplites rupestris, Centrarchidae
Common Names: Red eye bluegill, rock bass
Canadian Record: 3 lbs.
Ontario Record: 3 lbs.
Quebec Record: (not available)
Preferred temperatures (min and max): 13 to 27 degrees C/55 to 80 degrees F
Optimal temperature: 20 to 23 degrees C/69 to 74 degrees F
Habitat: Rock bass are found mostly in clear water lakes and rivers that have a rocky, gravelly or pebbled bottom and which have medium to dense vegetation, in Ontario and Quebec. Rock bass is also a gregarious species and can often be found in the company of other bass or sunfish.
Reproduction: Rock bass spawn in the spring or in early summer (June and July) when the water temperature is around 20 degrees C (68F). The male builds a nest shaped like a saucer in shallow waters on a sandy or pebbled bottom. The female will lay her eggs and many different fish can lay eggs in the same nest.
The male will guard the nest after the eggs are fertilized. The hatching will occur 3 to 4 days later. The male will also protect the fry after hatching. Rock bass can live up to 10 years.
Diet: The rock bass feed primarily on small fish, crayfish, grubs, insects, worms, eggs, etc…
Fishing techniques: casting, bobber, small jigs, drop shot, small tubes.
5.5 / PUMPKINSEED
Scientific Name: Lepomis gibbosus. Centrarchidae Family
Common Names: Sunfish, pumpkinseed
Canadian Record: 1 lb.
Ontario Record: 1 lb.
Quebec Record: (not available)
Preferred temperatures (min and max): 10 to 27 degrees C/55 to 80 degrees F
Habitat: This sunfish also prefers clear waters that have dense vegetation. You can find them in both Ontario and Quebec. This species is gregarious and is often found in small schools of fish. They prefer, however, cooler water than other sunfish species.
Reproduction: This sunfish breeds in the spring and early summer (June-August). Spawning beds are generally found in shallow water on a sandy, gravelly or muddy bottom near aquatic vegetation.
The male builds a nest in which the female will lay her eggs. Hatching will occur three days later. Males will protect the eggs and then the fry after hatching. Many individual fish may spawn in the same nest repeatedly.
Diet: The sunfish feed primarily on small fish, small crustaceans, larvae, insects, eggs, etc.
Fishing techniques: casting, bobber, small jigs, drop shot, small tubes.
5.6 / BLUEGILL
Scientific Name: Lepomis macrochirus, Centrarchiae Family
Common Names: Bluegill
Canadian Record: (not available)
Ontario Record: 1.83 lbs.
Quebec Record: (not available)
Preferred temperatures: (min and max) 13 to 27 degrees C/55 to 80 degrees F
Habitat: Common bluegill generally prefers clear waters and dense vegetation, but at times can be found in slightly brackish waters. Bluegill is the most abundant of all panfish in Canada and is present in Ontario and Quebec lakes and rivers.
This species is also gregarious and is often found in small schools of individuals. It will gather in colonies in shallow waters during the winter.
Reproduction: The bluegill breed in the springtime and early summer (June-August). Spawning grounds are generally located in shallow water with a gravelly, sandy or muddy bottom.
The male will build a nest in which the female will lay eggs. The same nest may be used for the coupling of several males and females. The hatching occurs within 3 to 5 days. Males will protect the eggs and fry.
Diet: The bluegill feed primarily on small fish, small crustaceans, larvae, insects, eggs…when they reach adult age.
Fishing Techniques: Casting, small Jigs, bobber, drop shot, small tubes.
1 Salmonidae: For further information about this species and the specific regulations that affect them in Ontario and Quebec, consult the following sites: Ministry of Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Ministry of Natural Resources of Ontario, Le Ministère des forêts, de la Faune et des Parcs.
2 Trout and Char: For further information about this species and the specific regulations that affect them in Ontario and Quebec, consult the following sites: Ministry of Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Ministry of Natural Resources of Ontario, Le Ministère des forêts, de la Faune et des Parcs.
3 Percidae: For further information about this species and the specific regulations that affect them in Ontario and Quebec, consult the following sites: Ministry of Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Ministry of Natural Resources of Ontario, Le Ministère des forêts, de la Faune et des Parcs.
4 Esocidae: For further information about this species and the specific regulations that affect them in Ontario and Quebec, consult the following sites: Ministry of Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Ministry of Natural Resources of Ontario, Le Ministère des forêts, de la Faune et des Parcs.
5 Centrarchidae: For further information about this species and the specific regulations that affect them in Ontario and Quebec, consult the following sites: Ministry of Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Ministry of Natural Resources of Ontario, Le Ministère des forêts, de la Faune et des Parcs. | biology |
https://www.vasttherapeutics.com/nitric-oxide.html | 2021-05-15T07:27:33 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243991378.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20210515070344-20210515100344-00142.warc.gz | 0.947906 | 208 | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-21__0__126140247 | en | Nitric oxide is an endogenously produced free radical released by cells as part of the innate immune response to pathogens. Nitric oxide is a unique alternative to antibiotics because it has unparalleled broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity compared to existing drugs. Furthermore, nitric oxide kills bacteria via multiple mechanisms, including nitrosative and oxidative stresses that damage DNA, lipid membranes, proteins, and iron-sulfur clusters.
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The company has broad, worldwide patent rights including an exclusive license to four issued patents and pending patent applications as well as its own pending patent applications. The issued patents cover multiple nitric oxide-releasing compounds and their pharmaceutical formulations. In addition, the pending patent applications cover additional nitric oxide related materials and uses. | biology |
https://www.drbronner.de/cms-en/about/our-earth/regenerative-organic-agriculture/ | 2021-06-24T00:29:54 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623488544264.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20210623225535-20210624015535-00319.warc.gz | 0.901592 | 463 | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-25__0__149170084 | en | Regenerative Organic Agriculture:
Our path to climate positivity
We at Dr. Bronner’s produce natural cosmetics from regeneratively grown and Fair Trade as well as organic certified raw materials. In this way, we make a positive contribution within our value chain for our earth & the climate as well as for smallholder farmers & their communities.
Intensive conventional agriculture causes almost one quarter of global greenhouse gas emissions, making it one of the main drivers of climate change. We know that it can be done differently, and that the agricultural system can be transformed from a problem into a solution. That’s why we have set out to grow our raw materials according to principles of regenerative organic agriculture, thereby improving the health of soils and plants.
Healthy soils enable higher yields for smallholder farmers without requiring the use of agrochemicals, in addition to permanently absorbing excess carbon (CO2) from the atmosphere.
Our journey to a humane and sustainable value chain began in 2005 with the shift to certified organic and Fair Trade raw materials. We want to know exactly by whom and under what conditions they are grown. That’s why we produce our most important agricultural raw materials in close cooperation with smallholder farmers around the world, either in our own production or with partner projects.
In 2010, we began to grow our most important raw materials additionally according to the principles of regenerative organic farming:
1. SOIL HEALTH
- Use of compost & mulching helps build humus and eliminates the need for synthetic fertilizers & pesticides
- Cover crops sequester CO2 in the soil, turn nitrogen into soil fertilizer, and reduce erosion & weeds
- Mixed forests with field & tree plants increase biodiversity
- Minimal tillage protects soil life (e. g. roots, fungi) and prevents evaporation of water & release of carbon
2. SOCIAL FAIRNESS
- Fair prices & living wages strengthen economic stability of smallholder farmers and their communities
- Safe working conditions and long-term business relationships facilitate collaboration based on trust
3. ANIMAL WELFARE
- Holistic grazing: animals return nutrient-rich manure to soil & systematically rotate to allow pastures to recover
- No factory farming to allow natural behaviors to occur | biology |
https://iics.fudan.edu.cn/5c/0b/c33344a482315/page.htm | 2024-04-17T08:03:25 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817146.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240417075330-20240417105330-00041.warc.gz | 0.766983 | 741 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__154367501 | en | 题目：The fundamental benefits of multiplexity in ecological networks
摘要：A tipping point presents perhaps the single most significant threat to an ecological system as it can lead to abrupt species extinction on a massive scale. Climate changes leading to the species decay parameter drifts can drive various ecological systems towards a tipping point. We investigate the tipping-point dynamics in multi-layer ecological networks supported by mutualism. We unveil a natural mechanism by which the occurrence of tipping points can be delayed by multiplexity that broadly describes the diversity of the species abundances, the complexity of the interspecific relationships, and the topology of linkages in ecological networks. For a double-layer system of pollinators and plants, coupling between the network layers occurs when there is dispersal of pollinator species. Multiplexity emerges as the dispersing species establish their presence in the destination layer and have a simultaneous presence in both. We demonstrate that the new mutualistic links induced by the dispersing species with the residence species have fundamental benefits to the wellbeing of the ecosystem in delaying the tipping point and facilitating species recovery. Articulating and implementing control mechanisms to induce multiplexity can thus help sustain certain types of ecosystems that are in danger of extinction as the result of environmental changes. | biology |
https://friendsofvalledeoro.org/event/field-murals-and-poetry-at-valle-de-oro-national-wildlife-refuge/ | 2020-07-16T04:52:01 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657181335.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20200716021527-20200716051527-00460.warc.gz | 0.894168 | 364 | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-29__0__152882520 | en | - This event has passed.
Field Murals and Poetry at Valle de Oro National Wildlife Refuge – Saturday, October 19th
October 19, 2019 @ 2:00 pm - 4:00 pm
Field Murals and Poetry at the Refuge
Saturday October 19th
2:00 – 4:00 pm
Valle de Oro National Wildlife Refuge
7851 2nd St. SW, Albuquerque, NM 87105
Visit the Facebook Event for More Information.
Join artists Francesca Searer, Nani Chacon, Erin De Rosa, Jessica Chao, and Helen Greenfeather English for a tour of Valle de Oro Wildlife Refuge Field Murals, followed by a poetry walk through the Bosque with Albuquerque Poet Laureate Michelle Otero and Amaris Ketchum, who has done a poetic inventory analogous to a “scientific inventory” of the Rio Grande’s biodiversity.
The field murals are a collaborative art project sponsored by the Bernalillo County Public Art Program. Each of the murals represent different ecosystems/habitats being developed throughout the Refuge, showcasing the future of the land through artistic interpretations of the flora and fauna that will consider these sites home. The tour departs the Refuge parking lot at 2pm to caravan through the fields and then participants can park by the Bosque for the poetry walk to the river.
516 ARTS and partners present Species in Peril Along the Rio Grande, an exhibition and series of regional public programs responding to the global biological crisis described in the new UN Report that officially state that nature’s dangerous decline is “unprecedented,” and species extinction rates are accelerating at
an alarming pace.
For more information about the exhibition and events happening throughout the region, Click HERE | biology |
https://www.buycustomassignment.com/9-does-the-environment-have-an-influence-on-the-phenotype/ | 2017-09-26T21:44:29 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818696696.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20170926212817-20170926232817-00023.warc.gz | 0.94941 | 239 | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-39__0__125210675 | en | A phenotype may be altered (compared to the original situation conditioned by its genotype) by nongenetic means. Examples: some hormones may cease to be secreted due to diseases, whereas the genes that determine their secretion remain intact; a person can go to a hairdresser and change the color of his/her hair; plastic surgery can be performed to alter the facial features of an individual; colored contact lenses may be worn; and a plant can grow beyond its genetically conditioned size through the application of phytohormones.
The effect of environmental influences on phenotypes can be observed in monozygotic twins who have grown up in different places. Generally, these twins present very distinct phenotypical features due to the environmental and cultural differences of the places where they lived and due to their different individual experiences in life.
(Biologically programmed phenotypical changes, such as nonpathological changes in skin color caused by sunlight exposure, tanning, or the variation of the color of some flowers depending on the pH of the soil cannot be considered independent from the genotype. In reality, these changes are planned by the genotype as natural adaptations to environmental changes.) | biology |
https://personalbestgb.com/from-rainforests-to-your-table-unveiling-the-journey-of-malaysias-finest-honey/ | 2023-12-04T08:49:43 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00134.warc.gz | 0.905236 | 787 | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__97923514 | en | Welcome to the enchanting world of Malaysia’s finest honey, where nature’s golden nectar takes you on a journey from the lush rainforests right to your table. Brace yourself for an extraordinary adventure as we unveil the secrets behind this delectable treat and delve into the remarkable process that goes into its creation.
Imagine standing amidst towering trees, with sunlight filtering through a canopy of leaves and the sweet melody of buzzing bees filling the air. It is in these untouched rainforests that some of the world’s most exquisite honey is born. These magical habitats provide an ideal environment for bees to thrive and produce honey like no other.
Join us as we explore how these majestic rainforests play a vital role in crafting high-quality honey, and discover why Malaysia Honey has become renowned for its exceptional beekeeping practices. Buckle up, because this journey promises to be nothing short of fascinating!
The Importance of Rainforests in Producing High-Quality Honey
Nestled within Malaysia’s rich and biodiverse rainforests lies the secret to producing high-quality honey. These pristine ecosystems offer a treasure trove of floral diversity, providing bees with an abundant source of nectar from a wide variety of flowers.
The intricate web of life in these rainforests ensures that bees have access to a constant supply of nectar throughout the year. From vibrant orchids to exotic durian blossoms, each flower imparts its unique flavor profile into the honey, resulting in a symphony of tastes that tantalize our taste buds.
Moreover, the untouched nature of these rainforests means that no pesticides or chemicals interfere with the natural process. Bees can gather nectar freely without exposure to harmful substances, allowing for pure and unadulterated honey production.
Beyond their role as providers for bees, rainforests also contribute significantly to maintaining global biodiversity. By supporting healthy bee populations, these ecosystems facilitate pollination and seed dispersal for countless plant species. In essence, they are key players in sustaining not only honey production but also overall ecosystem resilience.
As we indulge in Malaysia’s finest honey, let us take a moment to appreciate the crucial role played by rainforests – guardians of nature’s delicate balance – ensuring that every spoonful is imbued with unparalleled taste and quality.
The Process of Harvesting and Extracting Honey in Malaysia
The process of harvesting and extracting honey in Malaysia is a meticulous one, carried out with great care to ensure the highest quality product reaches your table. It all begins with the skilled beekeepers venturing into the rainforests, where they set up hives in strategic locations amidst an abundance of nectar-rich flowers.
Once the bees have diligently collected their precious cargo, it’s time for the extraction process to begin. The beekeepers carefully remove frames filled with honeycombs from the hives without disturbing or harming the bees. These frames are then transported back to processing facilities.
At the processing facilities, each frame is uncapped using a special knife or scraper. This allows access to the sweet golden liquid within. Once uncapped, frames are placed in centrifugal extractors that use centrifugal force to spin out every last drop of honey from comb cells.
After extraction, raw honey is typically filtered through mesh screens or sieves to remove any impurities such as wax particles and bee debris while retaining its natural nutrients and enzymes. It’s poured into jars or bottles ready for packaging and distribution.
By following this careful process from hive to bottle, Malaysian honey producers ensure that you receive nothing but pure, unadulterated goodness on your table – straight from our lush rainforests! So next time you savor a spoonful of Malaysian honey, remember its incredible journey and appreciate nature’s gift unfolding right before your eyes! | biology |
http://uncoveringcosmetics.weebly.com/what-to-avoid.html | 2020-02-28T22:33:22 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875147647.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20200228200903-20200228230903-00226.warc.gz | 0.954467 | 667 | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-10__0__60383106 | en | What to Avoid?
What you put on your body is just as important as what you put in it. Your skin is the largest organ in your body, and it absorbs everything including toxins. If you are concerned about not eating unhealthy foods like trans fat, then you'll definitely want to know which synthetic ingredients you should watch out for in the products you use.
- Methyl, Propyl, Butyl and Ethyl Parabens: Used as a preservative to inhibit microbial growth and extend shelf life. Unfortunately, it can cause allergic reactions and skin rashes. Preliminary research found parabens in human breast cancer tumors.
- Diethanolamine (DEA), Triethanolamine (TEA): These are used as foaming agents, but can cause allergic reactions, eye irritation, and dryness of the hair and skin. DEA and TEA are toxic if absorbed into the body over a long period of time, and are associated with cancer in lab animals.
- Diazolidinyl Urea, Imidazolidinyl Urea: Often used as preservatives, the American Academy of Dermatology has found these chemicals to be a primary cause of contact dermatitis (irritation caused by foreign substance). Both these chemicals release formaldehyde, which can be toxic.
- Sodium Lauryl/Laureth Sulfate: This is a cheap, harsh detergent used in many shampoos for its ability to cleanse and foam. Often derived from petroleum, it causes eye irritation, dry scalp, skin rashes and other allergic reactions. Be on the lookout for pseudo-natural products that list this ingredient with the phrase "comes from coconuts" - it's still bad for you.
- Petrolatum: Also known as petroleum jelly, this is a mineral oil derivative that can clog your pores. This in turn disrupts your body's natural ability to moisturize its own skin, leading to dryness and chapping. Manufacturers use it because it's really inexpensive.
- Propylene Glycol: Ideally this is a vegetable glycerin mixed with grain alcohol, both of which are natural, but it's usually made from synthetic chemicals. It has been known to cause hives and eczema. Beware of related chemicals labeled PEG and PPG.
- PVP/VA Copolymer: A petroleum-derived chemical that's used in hair styling products and some cosmetics. Considered toxic since if inhaled, it can damage the lungs.
- Stearalkonium Chloride: This toxic chemical was designed by the fabric industry for use as a fabric softener. Companies use it in hair conditioners and lotions because it's much cheaper than natural conditioning ingredients such as proteins.
- Synthetic Colors: Labeled as FD&C or D&C and followed by a number, these make products look pretty but can be carcinogenic.
- Synthetic Fragrances: Labeled simply as "fragrance," there's no way to tell what chemicals are actually in the product. People can get headaches, dizziness, rashes, and respiratory problems from them. People may also experience hyper-pigmentation, which means this chemical may cause brown spots to form on your skin. | biology |
https://premiertours.com/when-travel-great-migration/ | 2024-04-22T12:18:36 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296818293.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20240422113340-20240422143340-00898.warc.gz | 0.948899 | 709 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__176049375 | en | Beholding the wildlife Great Migration is renowned as one of most visually stunning adventures you could ever add to your travel bucket list. Specifically, the Great Migration of hundreds of thousands of wildebeest, antelope, gazelle, and zebra begins in Tanzania’s Serengeti and steadily follows a path to the southwestern border of Kenya.
Determining when to travel to East Africa to view the Great Migration hinges on a number of factors since different times of the year are marked by pronounced variations in scenery and game. Ultimately, it all depends on what you’re hoping to gain from this once in a lifetime experience.
Here is a chronological overview of the path of the migration to help you pinpoint when to travel:
- January – February- New year, new wildlife! Wildebeest are inclined to congregate in the southern portion of the Serengeti in February where they give birth to thousands of baby calves. The Ngorongoro Crater region is ideal for the 2-3 week span of calving season since the soil and grass here is rich in potassium, calcium, and phosphorus from volcanic eruptions two million years ago.
- March – The end of February and the entire month of March is known to have extensive levels of predatory activity in the Ngorongoro region. The newly born calves are easy targets for carnivorous animals like lions, thereby signaling an internal alarm clock within the wildebeest species that it’s time for a change of scenery.
- April – May- While there are myriad sights to behold during these months, it would likely behoove you to wait until June and July to fully immerse yourself in this natural wonderland. April is when the Serengeti begins to noticeably dry up and when most of the grass disappears. Hence, the herds head west along the path of the Grumeti River.
- June – July- This is arguably the BEST time of the year to really see the good stuff! June and July is when the herds pick up the pace towards the Masai Mara since this reserve gets rain from the nearby Lake Victoria. This is also the time of year when the herds face the challenging obstacle of crossing over the Grumeti River. Wildebeest and zebra drink several gallons every day from this water source. Travelers will be able to view all the excitement playing out around the Grumeti and beyond, so consider planning a game drive along the river to view the action at close proximity.
- August – September – August is likely the best month to catch a river crossing. By August, the wildlife has trekked to the Masai Mara region where it’s time to cross over the Mara River. If you’re keen on witnessing the crossings, take note that patience is required for this waiting game. Consider taking a hot air balloon over the Masai Mara for a bird’s eye view of the crossing.
- October – The first portion of October is a picturesque time of year in the pool-table flat Masai Mara grasslands. In the beginning of the month, the wildlife is still grazing. Late October is when the herds begin trekking back down to the northern Serengeti where short grass is abundant.
- November – December – At long last, the wildlife reaches the Seronera area where they will stay until going back to the Ngorongoro region for calving season once again. | biology |
https://ezips.rivm.nl/en/node/521 | 2023-12-02T03:05:21 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100309.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20231202010506-20231202040506-00521.warc.gz | 0.803978 | 208 | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__23965652 | en | Of an initial list appended with more recently recognised zoonotic pathogens, 86 pathogens remained on our list, which were identified as most relevant for the Dutch situation (Van der Giessen et al., 2004, Van der Giessen et al, 2010). Basic information (taxonomy, animal reservoir, transmission routes, global distribution e.d.) of each of the 86 emerging zoonotic pathogens is assembled in the information system of EZIPs. When new zoonotic pathogens are identified in future, these can easily be added to this dynamic database.
Literature and data sources
Giessen JWB Van der, Isken LD, Tiemersma EW. Zoonoses in Europe: a risk to public health. RIVM report 330200002/2004. 2004.
Giessen JWB Van der, Van de Giessen AW, Braks, MAH. Emerging zoonoses: Early warning and surveillance in the Netherlands. RIVM report 330214002/2010 RIVM, 2010. | biology |
https://trase.earth/insights/biodiversity | 2024-02-27T07:58:58 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474671.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227053544-20240227083544-00519.warc.gz | 0.945772 | 550 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__14149929 | en | Some of the most exciting breakthroughs in sustainability science come through combining existing data sets to produce rich new information resources.
In one recent example, meat consumption patterns around the world were linked back to the impacts on specific wild species and habitats due to agricultural expansion in the Cerrado, a biodiverse savannah in Brazil.
The data were combined in two stages. First, landscape-level Trase data on Brazilian soy supply chains were linked with a model of biodiversity losses between 2000 and 2010, to estimate the impacts of soy expansion on different animal and plant species.
The combination of Trase data and high-resolution species data made it possible to capture the highly diverse impacts on species from countries’ and traders’ specific sourcing patterns. This is critical for understanding impacts on (and ways to help) Cerrado-dependent species such as Kaempfer’s woodpecker (Celeus obrieni), which occurs in just a small area and is in a precarious situation.
The results showed, for example, that around 45% of the impacts on endemic species’ ranges were associated with production of soy going to the domestic market (a sizeable share of which is used to produce chicken and pork. Another 22% of the impacts were associated with exports to China, and 15% to exports to the European Union. Two thirds of the impacts occurred in Goiás state and Distrito Federal.
This new data set was then linked to a global economic model to follow the soy’s journey from Brazilian ports to the country and sector of final consumption (regular Trase data only map commodity flows to the first country of import). As globally traded soy is nearly all used as livestock feed, this included consumption in the form of meat and dairy products.
When it comes to which soy-fed meat products have the greatest impact, beef consumption accounts for about 13% of soy’s impacts, and other meats (e.g. port and chicken) for about 14%. However, in some major European markets like Germany, the UK, Italy and the Netherlands, consumption of non-beef meat products fed on Cerrado soy accounted for around 30% of the impacts, compared to only 10–12% for soy-fed beef products.
The fact that commodity production – and the related consumption – are linked to biodiversity loss has long been known. But until now it has not been possible to quantify the impacts, to see them in such detail, or to connect them to specific actors, supply chains and consumer products. This new approach not only deepens our understanding of the links, but also for the first time reveals real opportunities for action – another creative and invaluable application of Trase data. | biology |
https://es.videotime.com/videos/double-crested_cormorant_-_phalacrocorax_auritus | 2023-09-29T06:22:26 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510498.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20230929054611-20230929084611-00077.warc.gz | 0.9699 | 294 | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__248684791 | en | The double-crested cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus) is a member of the cormorant family of seabirds. It occurs along inland waterways as well as in coastal areas, and is widely distributed across North America, from the Aleutian Islands in Alaska down to Florida and Mexico. Measuring 70–90 cm (28–35 in) in length, it is an all-black bird which gains a small double crest of black and white feathers in breeding season. It has a bare patch of orange-yellow facial skin. Five subspecies are recognized.
The double-crested cormorant is found near rivers and lakes and along the coastline. It mainly eats fish and hunts by swimming and diving. Its feathers, like those of all cormorants, are not waterproof and it must spend time drying them out after spending time in the water. Once threatened by the use of DDT, the numbers of this bird have increased markedly in recent years.
The double-crested cormorant was described by Rene Primevere Lesson in 1831. Its scientific name is derived from the Greek words :phalakros, "bald" and korax, "crow" or "raven", and the Latin auritus, "eared", referring to its nuptial crests. Its common name refers to the same nuptial crests. | biology |
https://www.pawsinwork.com/blog/why-is-my-bitch-not-interested-in-her-pups | 2024-04-25T11:24:52 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712297292879.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20240425094819-20240425124819-00259.warc.gz | 0.976554 | 1,715 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__66863556 | en | Why is my bitch not interested in her pups?
A mother dog’s instincts will typically kick-in whilst she is giving birth to her litter of puppies; she will want to clean them and allow them to feed so they can absorb the rich nutrients from her colostrum, which is crucial for the first few days of their development. There may, however, be an occasion where a bitch may not act accordingly after giving birth, and she may seem disinterested in her pups which can cause great concern for their welfare. If this does happen, you may be left thinking why your bitch isn’t interested in her pups and what you can do to aid her. Here are the reasons why this may be the case, and what you can do to assist your dog and her puppies, if intervention is necessary.
By Emily Roach, Paws in Work guest blogger.
Mother dogs are usually protective of their new-born pups and will make sure that they start feeding them straight after birth, as well as keeping them clean and helping them to defecate by licking them for stimulation. Sometimes this intuition may not be so apparent, as this can arise when the mother dog is too young and may not have developed the necessary hormone, oxytocin. This hormone induces milk production and nurturing behaviour after the pups are born, and without it the mother may not know how to react. The process of labour can be overwhelming for some dogs; the feeling of stress may prevent them from wanting to help the puppies feed.
Some stray dogs who have fallen pregnant may feel extremely overwhelmed and confused from being taken into new surroundings, such as a shelter as well as having to give birth; this in-turn can lead to the rejection of puppies. There may just be no specific physical or mental reason as to why a mother dog may not naturally take care of her puppies; sometimes things just don’t work out. It’s important to remember motherhood may not be such a breeze for some dogs, so try not to put pressure on yourselves or your dog as she may pick up on this.
medical causes & other factors.
As well as behavioural reasons of mother dogs not interacting with their puppies, medical factors can also have an influence on certain actions. There is a link between dogs who have c-sections rather than natural births, which may be a reason that they are struggling to bond with their pups. The mother will be recovering from her procedure which may affect her ability of lactation and her tolerance of the litter trying to nurse on her.
This can subsequently lead to aggression towards the puppies and even rejection. This is when intervention such as bottle-feeding would be needed as puppies are reliant on their mother’s milk until around 7 weeks of age. Some female dogs, however, need to have a c-section for their own safety, this is commonly an issue with brachycephalic breeds such as Boston Terriers, English and French Bulldogs and Boxers. Always seek guidance from your vet on what is best for your bitch having a safe delivery, depending on her physical needs.
There are additionally a range of causes which involve the mother dog trying to feed her puppies, but she physically can’t. One example is that the mother simply cannot produce enough or any milk at all, this is a rare occurrence and is thought to be caused by genetics. This may happen if the mother dog has given birth to a large litter and hasn’t supplied enough milk to feed all the pups substantially. This issue can usually be helped by improving your dog’s diet to supply her with enough nutrition to feed a large litter. Always make sure you consult your vet first for a clear diagnosis and how best to move forwards when looking after your dog and her puppies.
The most common cause for a dog not feeding her pups is canine mastitis, which is a bacterial infection which can cause feeding to become very painful for the mother as swelling develops. This can also cause the infection to spread to her milk which can make the milk toxic and unsafe for the puppies to drink. The milk may look different, and the pups may reject drinking it themselves. Please ask for veterinary advice if you notice any of these symptoms.
Some mother dogs might be susceptible to more serious conditions such as metritis and milk fever, both of which can be life-threatening to her and the puppies if they are unable to obtain adequate nutrients in the crucial first few weeks. Both of which can cause symptoms such as fever, restlessness, and pain; the mother will not want to feed her pups. Emergency veterinary attention is required for both diseases and the pups will have to be fed via bottle and formula whilst mum takes some time to recover.
what to do when a mother rejects one puppy.
In some cases, a mother dog may reject one puppy rather than the whole litter, there can be a variety of reasons that triggers this. For example, the mother may detect a form of weakness in a particular puppy, such as a birth defect, which enables her to sense that their chances of survival aren’t as strong as their littermates. She may refuse to nurse them or give them any attention and even try to separate this puppy from the litter, because she will want to provide the other pups with her undivided attention. If you have noticed that this puppy is continually being isolated, you should take it to the vet for diagnosis and how to aid the puppy’s recovery. You will also need to help by feeding the puppy from a bottle and keeping it warm, as its mother would’ve.
what to do if your mother dog is biting her puppies.
Your dog may try to bite her puppies, especially during the weaning process. This is most common at the point of the puppies being old enough to transfer fully to solid food, typically around 2-3 months of age. This is a behavioural issue rather than the mother dog having difficulty establishing a bond between herself and her pups, or one of the pups becoming ill. This is simply due to the puppies developing sharp teeth which then becomes highly agitating and uncomfortable for mum as her pups constantly try to feed.
As the pups become older, their mother will gradually decrease the time she spends looking after them. She may become more irritable with them as time goes on and they pester her for her milk! This is natural behaviour and establishes boundaries between a mother dog and her puppies; they will learn how to gain their independence through this. On rare occasions, the correction a mother will give her pups may be aggressive, so it’s important to observe her with the puppies when they get to this age. The mother dog may also mimic biting, or she will gently correct her puppies if they show signs of aggression towards their siblings or if they’re generally pushing limits! This is all part of the healthy progression of socialisation and teaching the puppies when it’s appropriate for them to use their mouths for communication purposes and how to carefully interact with one-another. This will also benefit the puppies and their future owners, as they begin to teethe and learn what is and isn’t acceptable to chew on.
It can be a challenging and conflicting time when your dog gives birth, especially if its her first litter. In most cases, its best to let nature take its course and allow your dog to nurture her puppies. There are, however, certain scenarios, just like those previously mentioned where your dog is unwell, or the pups are in danger. This is when intervention may be necessary and lifesaving for both mum and her pups. There may be instances when the puppies are crying out for attention and you’re not sure how to act; this is not only during the first few weeks of their lives but also applies when they’re in their new homes.
With the right amount of care, observation, and potential involvement, you can help ensure that your mother dog is content and has the very best outlook on raising healthy, confident and happy puppies!
Need some help with socialising your litter of puppies? Paws in Work are here to help. Get in touch with our breeder team today to find out more about our socialisation programme and how it can help your litter of puppies and their development. | biology |
http://www.phiphi.phuket.com/diving.htm? | 2017-05-24T11:42:14 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463607813.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20170524112717-20170524132717-00485.warc.gz | 0.944812 | 979 | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-22__0__127219081 | en | Diving Phi Phi
Dive Sites around Phi Phi Islands
On offer is a wide selection of Phi Phi diving trips and PADI courses. Some trips start from Phuket, including overnight and day dive trips to Phi Phi or Hin Daeng.
When staying on the island local diving is sensational with a head-spinning variety of marine life living in the waters surrounding the island. Phi Phi has long been a well-known place to ‘do your PADI’ and local sites include Maya Bay, Wang Long, Palong Bay, Bida Noi and the ever-popular King Cruiser Wreck.
You can also take a liveaboard to more distant destinations including the Similan Islands and Richelieu Rock. There are many dive shops to choose from in Tonsai Village.Read More
A small submerged reef just east of Phi Phi Ley and a excellent backup to Shark point so if you are unlucky there, Garang Heng has a healthy reef with anemones, soft corals and of course, sharks.
Four pinnacles starting just below sea level and dropping down to around 30 metres characterise Hin Dot (Chimney Rocks) on Phi Phi Don's southern headlands. Often quite dark due to the volume of fish life above you, but some interesting marine life under the rocks near the bottom where several nurse sharks have been discovered. These enormous towers are famous for their large schools of fish. Other fish populations include groupers, pufferfish, lionfish, squid and bearded scorpionfish.
- Location: 15-20 minutes by boat from Tonsai Bay
- Remarks: Visibility 8-20 metres - Dive depth: 10-34 metres
Hin Pae is a relatively shallow dive site - 10 to 15 metres deep. Its shallow depth offers excellent snorkeling. Hin Pae is sometimes called Baby Shark Point, because even snorkellers have the opportunity to see different types of sharks. The main topography includes boulder and brain corals, with many holes and tunnels for moray eels to pass through. Soft and hard coral provide shelter for a rich variety of coral fish. Crabs, lobsters, angelfish, groupers, snappers and surgeonfish are also residents of this area.
- Location: 10 minutes by boat from Tonsai
- Remarks: Visibility 7-15 metres - Dive depth: 8-16 metres
Built in Japan 30 years ago, King Cruiser was a comfortable catamaran-hull passenger-cruiser with 4 decks until she sank on the 4th May 1997 in near perfect weather conditions. An easy dive, King Cruiser has large openings that allow easy access to the spacious interior.
The propellers (deepest point) rest 30 metres deep with the most interesting areas around the passenger decks between 10 and 20 metres. Read More...
One dive site not to be missed, Ko Bida Nok, has outstanding hard and soft coral with lots of marine life. Sightings include leopard sharks, turtles, moray eels & ghost pipe fish, plus there is always a chance of the unexpected whale sharks and manta rays. As one side of the island is very shallow and the other drops off to 30 metres, this site is suitable for all levels of diver.
Although the sister island to Bida Nok just a few hundred metres away, this island is very different under water. Large fallen rocks have created several swim-through and submerged islands, building an ideal habitat for marine life, and Read More...
- Location: 50 minutes from Tonsai Bay
- Remarks: Visibility averages 20 metres - Dive depth: 19 to 30 metres
With a maximum depth of 18 metres and plenty of fish life and rocks to look under, Maya provides a great dive site for the inexperienced diver. Heading out of the bay, the underwater landscape changes with large caves 30+ depths.
Maya South starts as a shear wall down to 30 metres with a small over hang and caves along the bottom.
Further along, fallen rocks have left channels with the rocks towering above you on both sides, creating a very dramatic dive. A suitable dive for the more advanced diver due to depth. Read More...
Yes Shark Point (Hin Bida) does live up to it's name, well 95% of the time. This rock which justs breaks the surface, attracts a lot of Leopard sharks and often Nurse & Reef sharks as well. A small, submerged outcrop some 8 kilometres southeast of Phi Phi Ley, it's a favoured spot for whale sharks around February / March.
- Location: 50 to 60 minutes from Tonsai Bay
- Remarks: Good visibility, averaging 20 metres - Dive depth: 12 to 18 metres | biology |
http://screening.asppalermo.org/ | 2016-10-21T12:56:30 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988718278.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183838-00112-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 0.951475 | 404 | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2016-44__0__97072108 | en | Screening is a public health intervention which invites groups of healthy population selected by age to undergo specific diagnostic tests, in order to reduce the mortality rate of certain diseases, detecting them in an early-stage asymptomatic phase.
Scientific evidence shows how these programs applied to the oncology field are effective in changing the natural history of some tumors: in many cases, they are able to detect the disease in its early stage when treatment has a very high chance of success, allowing to improve the quality of life.
Oncologic Screenings are such an important component of the public health system in Italy, that they are included in the LEA (Essential Assistance Levels), all the health services that are offered to the citizen nationwide.
Breast cancer, uterine cervix cancer and colorectal cancer are three of the main tumors which affect the Italian population. For the prevention of such diseases, the Ministry of Health, with the National Prevention Plan and the Department of Health, with the Regional Prevention Plan, have foreseen the organization of screening campaigns aimed at particular population groups, selected by age, considered at risk.
Each citizen, in the age group required by every single type of screening, receives an invitation to do a test and follow the prevention path. Responding to the invitation is active and conscious participation in the Prevention Plan. In case of doubtful or positive tests results, a totally free of charge in-depth diagnostic-therapeutic path is planned in compliance with the strict quality indicators provided by the national and international guidelines.
Breast cancer prevention
Women aged between 50 and 69 are invited to do a mammography every two years.
Cervix tumor prevention
Women aged between 25 and 64 are invited to do a PAP-test every three years
Colorectal cancer prevention
Men and women aged between 50 and 69 are invited to do a SOF test (the test of the fecal occult blood) every two years .
For information and reservations | biology |
https://oregonhealthyliving.com/food/tasty-edible-flowers/ | 2022-12-02T16:56:26 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710909.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20221202150823-20221202180823-00634.warc.gz | 0.908107 | 1,540 | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-49__0__138622723 | en | “Luscious the scent comes of the blossomed bean,
As o’er the path in rich disorder lean
Its stalks; when bees, in busy rows and toils,
Load home luxuriantly their yellow spoils.”
— John Clare, “Beans in Blossom,” 1835
I love the imagery English poet John Clare provides in this verse. I can picture the bees weighed down with pollen on their hind legs, and the perfumed bean blossoms are almost real. I wonder if Clare, who worked on a farm as a child, knew that bean flowers are also lusciously tasty?
According to Lorene Edwards Forkner, author of “Vegetable Gardening in the Pacific Northwest” (2012), raw pole and runner bean blossoms, fresh from the garden, add a delicately sweet flavor to salads and coleslaw.
In fact, Forkner reminds us that “secondary crops — whether it be a stem, seed pod, blossom, or bud — are seasonal treats only available to the backyard grower.”
It’s the home gardener’s privilege to pilfer a few blossoms now and then to add color, flavor and texture to all sorts of seasonal dishes. Research on edible flowers shows they contain high levels of antioxidants and minerals.
Forkner offers a list of edible flowers from plants that may be growing in your vegetable garden:
Alliums – Chives, leeks and garlic blossoms can be added to green salads, pasta and potato salads, and dips. Be sure to remove the central stem from the flower cluster to release the florets. Whole chive blossoms can also be pickled.
Brassicas – If your Brassica crops bolt early, don’t fret. Arugula, broccoli, cabbage, kale, mustard, and radish flowers all produce delicate, spicy-sweet flowers that are delicious eaten raw. The immature seed pods that follow the flowers are crunchy with a peppery taste; they can be eaten raw or lightly sautéed.
Peas – Snip off 3-4 inches of the tendrils and growing tips before the plants set seed pods. Use blossoms and tips right away as their sweet, fresh pea flavor fades quickly. Only eat the blossoms of vegetable peas, as sweet pea flowers are toxic.
Squashes – All types of squash produce male and female flowers, but only the females produce fruit (look for a slight swelling at the base of the blossom). Harvest the male flowers, remove the stamen, and eat them raw in salads or as a garnish, sautéed with other vegetables, or stuffed and fried for a delicious, crispy treat.
Forkner also provides a list of edible flowers from herb plants, as well as plants that are usually considered only ornamental:
Anise hyssop – A perennial herb that has lavender-blue blossoms with a sweet licorice flavor and a hint of mint. Separate the clustered florets and serve them with fruit, as a garnish for desserts, or brewed for tea.
Bee balm – A perennial herb with shaggy, brightly colored flowers that attract bees and hummingbirds. The blossoms have a citrusy-mint flavor for tea.
Begonia – An annual plant used for ornamental flower beds, begonia’s juicy stems and colorful blossoms have a lemony flavor. Add to fruit or green salads, fish dishes or cocktails.
Borage – An annual herb, all parts of the plant, including the pretty blue flowers, have a refreshing cucumber flavor. Add to fruit salads, green salads, or freeze in ice cubes for cold drinks.
Calendula – An annual herb, calendula is sometimes called the “poor man’s saffron” because the golden flowers have a mild, peppery taste. Separate the petals from the center of the flower and sprinkle them over green salads or soups.
Chrysanthemum – Flowers and foliage add a pungent, slightly bitter taste to traditional Asian cuisine. The most popular edible variety is a short-lived perennial called “shungiko,” translated as “spring chrysanthemum.”
Daylily – Crunchy daylily blossoms have a sweet, peppery flavor. Cut them up and toss in green salads or pasta dishes, or dip them in batter and quick-fry.
Dianthus – Delicate carnation petals have a spicy-sweet, clove-like flavor that matches their fragrance. Remove the petals from the bitter-tasting base of the flower, then toss in salads or soups, or steep in wine or tea.
Lavender – The deep purple flowers of English lavender are the best for culinary uses. Grind up the buds or steep them and use the strained liquid for flavoring. Lavender buds are often used with rosemary, thyme and oregano for a pungent mixture called Herbes de Provence.
Marigold – The single-flowered signet varieties have a lemony fragrance and flavor, whereas larger marigolds taste bitter. Pull the petals from the stem and cut off the pale-colored portion of the petal, which has a bitter taste.
Nasturtium – An annual flower that tastes peppery, brightly colored nasturtiums can be added to salads, soups, pasta and stir-fries.
Pansy – The annual flowers have a mild taste and add vivid color to a variety of sweet and savory dishes. Pansies can also be frozen in ice cubes and served with cold drinks.
Roses – Old-fashioned roses and rugosa roses provide the stronger, traditional rose flavor that resembles green apples and strawberries. Pick fresh roses in the morning, remove the petals from the stem, and cut off the pale, bitter-tasting bottom portion of the petal. Use rose petals along with other spices for meat rubs, muddle petals and add to fruity beverages, steep for teas, or make candied rose petals by brushing with beaten egg whites and dipping in sugar.
Violets – The fragrant, deep purple blossoms are traditionally candied with sugar, or can be used as a colorful garnish for salads, soups and savory dishes.
Eating flowers can be a fun and flavorful way to get the most out of your garden, but be careful. Plants that have been sprayed with pesticides should not be eaten, and before popping a freshly picked flower into your mouth, be sure it’s safe to eat, as some flowers are poisonous.
Let’s heed the words of E.E. Cummings, an American poet who lived after John Clare and his bean blossoms. Cummings wrote in the early 20th century, “the thing perhaps is to eat flowers and not be afraid.”
Rhonda Nowak is a Rogue Valley gardener, teacher and writer. Email her at [email protected]. For more about gardening, visit her blog at http://blogs.esouthernoregon.com/theliterarygardener/ and check out her podcasts and videos at https://mailtribune.com/podcasts/the-literary-gardener. | biology |
https://fyla.com/iceblink-supercontinuum-laser-for-time-domain-diffuse-optical-methods/ | 2024-02-25T19:41:30 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474641.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20240225171204-20240225201204-00642.warc.gz | 0.904359 | 1,415 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__58808456 | en | Towards a better understanding of the interaction between the photons of light and blood tissues, non-invasive and continuous techniques have been the point of focus of researchers in the last decades. The need for optical tools that achieve higher penetration depths without altering the samples suggests the use of diffuse optics.
Two well-known phenomena resulting from such interaction are absorption and scattering. Absorption consists of the dissipation of the photon energy; whereas scattering refers to the light being dispersed inside the tissue in random directions by the cells. The photons emitted by the light source are attenuated inside the tissue and the photon path length is a direct indicator of the depth sensitivity. In this scope, Diffuse Optics arise as a quantitative approach to explain photon migration inside of the tissue .
Several common techniques to study blood tissues include the traditional Diffuse Optical Spectroscopy technique (DOS) and the relatively new, Diffuse Correlation Spectroscopy (DCS). In Diffuse Optical Spectroscopy, also known as NIR spectroscopy, the attenuation of the photons at a specific wavelength is used as an indicator of blood volume and oxygenation. Whereas in Diffuse Correlation Spectroscopy (DCS), coherent and continuous wave NIR sources are used to study the scattering produced by the blood cells that are flowing inside of the tissues, producing a speckle pattern that changes proportionally to the movement of the blood cells, thus giving information about the index of blood flow .
Although these techniques are still widely used, they cannot reach the gold standard represented by more invasive techniques such as MRI, the reason for which Time-Domain methods are becoming more popular, thanks to the access to more sophisticated illumination and detection systems.
Time-Domain Diffuse Correlation Spectroscopy
Changing to the Time-Domain means talking about time-of-flight: how long it takes for the photon to travel back from the tissue, in other words, it gives an estimation of the path length inside of the sample.
Time-domain diffuse Correlation Spectroscopy arises as a significant tool in clinical practice, resulting in a combination of Diffuse Correlation Spectroscopy (DCS) and Time-resolved Reflectance Spectroscopy (TRS).
In this technique, pulsed NIR lasers are emitted, and the light that is reflected or scattered back by the tissue is detected by a single-photon sensitive detector . Measuring the photon time between the source and the detector gives an estimation of the time of flight, which is then used to calculate the Time Point Spread Function (TPSF).
Simaei et Al showed a prototype of a TD-DCS system . Figure 1 shows the different components of a TD-DCS system.
The main advantages of TD-DCS concerning CW-DCS include the possibility of not just studying the blood flow or optical properties but also acquiring more information about the dynamical changes and the Depth sensitivity that allows for obtaining more precise and selective information of deeper layers .
Important Instrument Considerations for TD-DCS
Three parameters determine the sensitivity and the Signal-to-Noise ratio of the measurements: the wavelength of the light source, the coherence length of the laser and the distance between source and detector. In this scope, several studies have been made in the comparison of the most suitable light source for such a technique [1,3, 5].
The first parameter is strictly related to the absorption and scattering inside of the tissue, having that longer wavelengths induce less absorption throughout the sample and thus, deeper penetration. Some studies suggest the use of emission at wavelengths between 750 and 780 nm [1,3]. Other recent experiments used emissions above the 980 nm of the water absorption peak . Whereas others considered the use of tunable light sources emitting between 700 and 1030 nm .
The second parameter: coherence length, is limited by the pulsewidth of the laser, having that longer pulses induce longer coherence lengths. However, a compromise between coherence length and IRF (Instrument Response Function) needs to be considered. Shorter pulses are needed in order to improve the path length distribution of the photons at a certain time (path length distribution refers to photons that have travelled different paths throughout different layers of the sample). The physical limit of this compromise is given by the Time-Bandwidth product. It results in a balance between pulsewidth (and so, coherence length) and path length distribution (and consequently on the IRF).
Furthermore, the third parameter is the separation between the source and detector (also referred to as SDS). Traditional DCS or DOS requires an increase in the distance between the source and detector to obtain more information about the deeper layers of the sample and consequently reduce the number of detected photons. Time-domain techniques, on the other hand, allow for the discrimination between short and long path lengths. This results in SDS in the scale of tens of mm, compared to the standard 2-3 cm separation in DCS or DOS achieved with continuous wave (cw) lasers .
Some researchers have initially proposed the use of custom-built active mode-locked Ti:sapphire lasers emitting in the NIR obtaining interesting results . Although the size of such light sources and the maintenance requirements, limit the use of the TD-DCS systems. On the other hand, other commercial pulsed lasers provide short coherence lengths, not being suitable for TD-DCS.
Conclusions show that optimal lasers would consist of picosecond pulsed lasers with long coherence lengths and narrow Instrument Response Functions.
Iceblink Supercontinuum Laser Characteristics
In the search for the most convenient laser for TD-DCS, we propose the use of the Iceblink supercontinuum laser. The Iceblink supercontinuum laser has a broad spectrum, that covers the Visible and the NIR spectrum (450 to 2300 nm). With the appropriate filter set, one can select the desired wavelengths in the NIR, instead of having to use different monochromatic light sources for each experiment (ex: one laser for 750 nm, another laser for 780 nm, or another one for 1030 nm).
When it comes to the coherence length of the laser, not many studies have been provided regarding such parameters. Nevertheless, they are widely used in applications in which the coherence length is an essential parameter. The Iceblink supercontinuum laser has a total pulsewidth of 200 ps and a repetition rate of 80 MHz, which makes it a suitable tool in regard to the results obtained in the last publications [2, 3, 4, 6 ]. We estimate a theoretical coherence length of 40 mm.
The Iceblink supercontinuum laser does not require any maintenance and is a “plug-and-play” technology. It has an air-cooling system that would avoid the complex issues that arise when using Ti:sapphire lasers. In addition, its dimensions make it possible to optimize the size of your setup. | biology |
https://www.qkoasianmarket.com/product-page/dhc-collagen-tablet-30-days-supply | 2021-06-22T01:30:46 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623488504969.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20210622002655-20210622032655-00048.warc.gz | 0.879082 | 450 | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-25__0__33380744 | en | Collagen is a protein that, like all proteins, is based in amino acids. A third of the proteins in your body are made from collagen, and 70% of dermis, which is related to your skin’s suppleness, consists of collagen.
DHC's Collagen is formulated with fish-derived collagen peptides and vitamin B1, to support your beauty by giving youthfulness and smoothness to your skin.
[Name] Food including collagen
[Ingredients] Collagen peptide (contains gelatin) (made in Thailand), cellulose, calcium stearate, silicon dioxide microparticles, vitamin B1, vitamin B2
[Net Weight] 63.0 g [weight per tablet 350 mg x 180 tablets]
[Nutrition Facts] [per 2,100 mg (350-mg tablet x 6)] Calories 7.8 kcal, protein 1.88 g, total fat 0.02 g, total carbohydrate 0.02 g, sodium chloride equivalent 0.003 g, vitamin B1 14.0 mg, vitamin B2 2.0 mg, collagen peptide (fish-derived) 2,050 mg
Follow recommended daily intake (6 tablets).
Recommended to take all 6 tablets at once, after dinner.
*Take with water or lukewarm water without chewing.
Precautions for Health Supplements
- *Do not exceed indicated recommended daily intake.
- *Stop using in case of unexpected reaction or illness.
- *A list of 27 allergens/specified ingredients is printed on the package label. Confirm the ingredients before consuming to avoid unwanted reactions.
- *Consult a doctor before using if you are pregnant or undergoing medical treatment.
- *Supplements are foods and are appropriate for intake at any time. For optimal digestion and absorption, take after meals. Intake recommendations at other times are noted above if applicable.
- *Eat a balanced diet including grains, proteins and vegetables.
Precautions for Storage
*Store in a cool and dry place. Avoid direct sunlight, high temperatures and high humidity.
*Keep out of the reach of children.
*Keep the package tightly closed and consume promptly after opening. | biology |
https://visionpdf.com/regulation-of-synaptic-development-and-function.html | 2019-05-27T11:57:04 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232262369.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20190527105804-20190527131804-00120.warc.gz | 0.840208 | 15,227 | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-22__0__218149542 | en | Regulation of synaptic development and function by the Drosophila PDZ protein Dyschronic
ABSTRACT Synaptic scaffold proteins control the localization of ion channels and receptors, and facilitate molecular associations between signaling components that modulate synaptic transmission and plasticity. Here, we define novel roles for a recently described scaffold protein, Dsychronic (DYSC), at the Drosophila larval neuromuscular junction. DYSC is the Drosophila homolog of whirlin/DFNB31, a PDZ domain protein linked to Usher syndrome, the most common form of human deaf-blindness. We show that DYSC is expressed presynaptically and is often localized adjacent to the active zone, the site of neurotransmitter release. Loss of DYSC results in marked alterations in synaptic morphology and cytoskeletal organization. Moreover, active zones are frequently enlarged and misshapen in dysc mutants. Electrophysiological analyses further demonstrate that dysc mutants exhibit substantial increases in both evoked and spontaneous synaptic transmission. We have previously shown that DYSC binds to and regulates the expression of the Slowpoke (SLO) BK potassium channel. Consistent with this, slo mutant larvae exhibit similar alterations in synapse morphology, active zone size and neurotransmission, and simultaneous loss of dysc and slo does not enhance these phenotypes, suggesting that dysc and slo act in a common genetic pathway to modulate synaptic development and output. Our data expand our understanding of the neuronal functions of DYSC and uncover non-canonical roles for the SLO potassium channel at Drosophila synapses. KEY WORDS: PDZ domain, Scaffold protein, Active zone, BK channel, Drosophila, Neuromuscular junction
Elucidating the molecular mechanisms of synapse development and function is important for understanding biological processes such as learning and memory, as well as neurological diseases such as autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia (Caroni et al., 2012; Sudhof, 2008; Wondolowski and Dickman, 2013). Crucial to correct synaptic organization are scaffold proteins, which act as organizing hubs that link ion channels, neurotransmitter receptors and other membrane proteins to the cytoskeleton and to downstream intracellular signaling networks (Emes and Grant, 2012; Verpelli et al., 2012). In a screen for Drosophila with altered circadian
Department of Neuroscience, The Farber Institute for Neurosciences, Thomas 2 Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA. UCL Institute of Neurology, 3 London WC1N 3BG, UK. Department of Neurology, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA. *These authors contributed equally to this work ‡ These authors contributed equally to this work §
Received 26 February 2014; Accepted 16 September 2014
behavior, we recently identified a previously uncharacterized gene encoding a scaffold protein with multiple PDZ domains that we termed dyschronic (dysc). Loss of DYSC results in arrhythmic patterns of circadian locomotor activity, and dysc is the Drosophila homolog of the human locus whirlin/DFNB31, mutations in which lead to Usher syndrome (USH), a leading cause of deaf-blindness (Jepson et al., 2012; Mburu et al., 2003). We found that DYSC binds to and controls the expression of the Slowpoke (SLO) BK potassium channel in the adult Drosophila nervous system, thus identifying DYSC as a novel ion channel regulator that impacts complex behavior (Jepson et al., 2012). BK potassium channels are synergistically activated by membrane depolarization and elevated intracellular Ca2+ (Barrett et al., 1982; Lee and Cui, 2010; Prakriya and Lingle, 1999). In neurons, BK channels limit action potential duration by linking Ca2+ influx through voltage-gated Ca2+ channels (VGCCs) to potassium efflux (Bean, 2007). Interestingly, in addition to the axon, BK channels are also localized at the synapse near to the active zone (AZ) (Hu et al., 2001), a crucial structural determinant of the probability of vesicle fusion (Sigrist and Schmitz, 2011). In Drosophila, the AZ is an electron-dense macromolecular structure and functions in part to tether synaptic vesicles in close proximity to VGCCs (Atwood et al., 1993; Koenig and Ikeda, 1999); recent genetic studies have uncovered a number of core constituents of the Drosophila AZ as well as proteins involved in its assembly (Johnson et al., 2009; Kaufmann et al., 2002; Kittel et al., 2006; Liu et al., 2011; Nieratschker et al., 2009; Wagh et al., 2006). For example, Bruchpilot (BRP) is a key component of T-bars, dense bodies that project intracellularly from the AZ core and connect to a subpopulation of synaptic vesicles (Atwood et al., 1993; Koenig and Ikeda, 1999; Reist et al., 1998; Wagh et al., 2006). Using super-resolution microscopy, BRP complexes have been shown to form donut-like rings around a central core of VGCCs, and loss of BRP results in reduced VGCC localization in the AZ and a substantial decrease in evoked excitatory currents (Kittel et al., 2006). However, whereas much research has focused on molecules that promote AZ formation and neurotransmitter release, less is known regarding factors that negatively regulate the AZ and vesicle fusion. Here, we demonstrate that DYSC and SLO coordinately influence diverse aspects of synaptic development and function at the Drosophila larval neuromuscular junction (NMJ), and act as negative regulators of AZ size and evoked neurotransmission. Most surprisingly, spontaneous vesicle fusion is enhanced in dysc and slo mutants, even in zero-Ca2+ conditions, suggesting that SLO channels impact spontaneous neurotransmission independently of enhanced VGCC activity. Our results reveal intriguing noncanonical roles for the SLO BK channel and significantly expand the known functions of the USH homolog DYSC in the Drosophila nervous system. 1
James E. C. Jepson1,2, *, Mohammed Shahidullah1,*, Die Liu1,‡, Sylvain J. le Marchand1,‡, Sha Liu3, Mark N. Wu3, Irwin B. Levitan1, Matthew B. Dalva1 and Kyunghee Koh1,§
Development (2014) 141, 1-10 doi:10.1242/dev.109538
RESULTS DYSC regulates synaptic morphology and cytoskeletal organization
Fig. 1. DYSC regulates synaptic morphology and Futsch localization. (A) Schematic of the dysc transcription unit, locations of the dysc c03838 and dysc s168 P-element insertions and the MiMIC protein trap insertion used to generate the dysc::gfp allele. Genomic regions encoding the three PDZ domains are also shown. (B) Confocal projections showing representative NMJs at muscle 6/7, segment 3. Neuronal membranes are labeled with antiHRP. Arrowheads indicate enlarged synaptic boutons in dysc s168 and dysc c03838 homozygotes that are absent in controls or heterozygotes. Scale bar: 20 μm. (C,D) Average number of total synaptic boutons (C) and average bouton size (D) in wild-type controls, and in dysc s168 and dysc c03838 heterozygotes and homozygotes, and dysc c03838/dysc s168 transheterozygotes. (C) n=12-29 synapses. (D) n=167-211 boutons. (E) Confocal slices illustrating localization of Futsch in synaptic termini in wild-type controls and dysc s168 and dysc c03838 homozygotes. Arrowheads indicate synaptic boutons exhibiting unusual unbundled accumulation of Futsch. Scale bar: 5 μm. (F) Quantification of the mean proportion of boutons exhibiting unbundled Futsch. n=14-16 synapses, 265-381 boutons. Values represent mean±s.e.m. ***P<0.0005; ns, not significant (P>0.05), one-way ANOVA with Dunnett post-hoc test.
DYSC localizes to synaptic termini and is required presynaptically
We next sought to examine the localization of DYSC at the larval NMJ. Immunohistochemical experiments using our previously described anti-DYSC antibody failed to generate robust signals at larval synapses, possibly due to low efficacy and/or low DYSC expression. To make use of a higher affinity antibody, we used the MiMIC system (Venken et al., 2011) to insert a GFP/FlASH/ StrepII/3xFLAG protein trap upstream of the region encoding the
We have previously found that DYSC is broadly localized within the adult fly brain and exhibits strong expression in axonal tracts throughout the nervous system (Jepson et al., 2012). However, DYSC is also present in synaptic neuropil regions (Jepson et al., 2012). We were therefore intrigued by the possibility that DYSC might play important roles at Drosophila synapses. To test whether DYSC regulates synaptic development and/or function, we turned to the NMJ of third instar Drosophila larvae, a model glutamatergic synapse, the structural and functional properties of which have been extensively studied. We initially examined synaptic morphology of dysc mutants using two transposon insertion alleles (dysc c03838 and dysc s168) (Fig. 1A). The dysc transcription unit generates protein isoforms containing two or three PDZ domains (Jepson et al., 2012) (Fig. 1A; www. flybase.org). Both long and short DYSC isoforms are undetectable by western blotting of dysc c03838 head extracts (Jepson et al., 2012), and dysc cDNA expression was not detected in dysc c03838 head tissue (supplementary material Fig. S1A), indicating that dysc c03838 is a null allele. By contrast, the dysc s168 insertion selectively disrupts expression of long DYSC isoforms containing three PDZ domains, while leaving the short isoform intact (Jepson et al., 2012). Both dysc c03838 and dyscs168 homozygotes exhibited a ∼40% reduction in the total number of synaptic boutons at muscle 6/7 (Fig. 1B,C), resulting from a decrease in the number of both type 1b and type 1s boutons (supplementary material Fig. S1B,C). A similar phenotype was observed in dysc c03838/dysc s168 trans-heterozygotes, but there was no significant alteration in bouton number in dysc c03838/+ or dyscs168/+ heterozygotes (Fig. 1B,C; supplementary material Fig. S1B,C). dysc homozygous and trans-heterozygous mutants also exhibited a substantial increase in the average size of type 1b boutons (Fig. 1B,D). By contrast, mean synaptic area and branch number were not altered in dysc mutants (supplementary material Fig. S1D,E). Similar phenotypes in terms of bouton number and size were observed in larval synapses innervating muscle 4 (supplementary material Fig. S1F,G). Thus, DYSC regulates the number and size of larval synaptic boutons but not overall synaptic size. Because whirlin, the mammalian DYSC homolog, has recently been shown to affect the stability of the axonal cytoskeleton (Green et al., 2013), we wondered whether DYSC modulates synaptic morphology by controlling the localization of synaptic cytoskeletal proteins. We therefore visualized expression of the microtubule-binding protein Futsch in wild-type and dysc mutant synapses (Fig. 1E). Futsch-mediated regulation of microtubule organization is important for correct synaptic bouton budding (Roos et al., 2000), and mislocalization of synaptic Futsch in various Drosophila mutants has been associated with reduced synaptic bouton number and increased bouton size (Mosca et al., 2012; Pennetta et al., 2002). Consistent with previous data (Roos et al., 2000), filamentous ‘tendrils’ and structured ‘loops’ of Futsch-bound microtubules were generally observed in wild-type synapses (Fig. 1E). By contrast, ∼25% of dysc mutant synapses exhibited an abnormal mode of Futsch localization, characterized by a substantially increased level of unstructured Futsch within synaptic boutons (Fig. 1E,F; supplementary material Fig. S2). This pattern of Futsch expression was rarely observed in wild-type synaptic boutons (∼2.6%, Fig. 1F). Thus, loss of DYSC leads to an alteration in the synaptic localization of a key cytoskeletal regulator in a manner consistent with an inhibition of synaptic bouton budding in dysc mutants.
third PDZ domain (Fig. 1A). This strategy allowed labeling of DYSC isoforms containing three PDZ domains using anti-GFP and anti-FLAG antibodies. We term this new dysc allele dysc::gfp. The protein trap exon does not disrupt the PDZ domain-coding sequences within the dysc locus, and importantly, dysc::gfp larvae exhibited normal synaptic morphology (supplementary material Fig. S3A-C). Furthermore, dysc::gfp adult flies exhibited rhythmic patterns of circadian locomotion under constant-dark conditions (data not shown). Thus, the GFP insertion does not inhibit the normal function of DYSC. In both the adult and the larval Drosophila nervous systems, GFPtagged DYSC was localized to axonal regions and, importantly, to the synaptic neuropil, as evidenced by colocalization with the presynaptic marker Bruchpilot (BRP) (Kittel et al., 2006; Wagh et al., 2006) (supplementary material Fig. S3D,E). At the larval NMJ, full-length DYSC detected using an anti-GFP antibody exhibited a punctate pattern of localization in both motor neuron axon bundles and in synaptic bouton termini (Fig. 2A). A similar expression pattern was observed when using an anti-FLAG antibody to detect DYSC (supplementary material Fig. S4A), and this pattern was not observed in larvae lacking the dysc::gfp allele using either anti-GFP (Fig. 2A) or anti-FLAG antibodies (supplementary material Fig. S4A). Furthermore, neuronal overexpression of a long DYSC isoform in combination with an anti-DYSC antibody generated similar presynaptic punctate signals (supplementary material Fig. S4B,C). The localization of DYSC::GFP suggested a presynaptic function for DYSC. Consistent with this hypothesis, pre- but not postsynaptic expression of a full-length DYSC transgene (uas-dysc-long)
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significantly rescued both the reduced bouton number and increased bouton size of dysc mutants (Fig. 2B-D). Transgenic restoration of DYSC solely in neurons also rescued the mislocalization of synaptic Futsch (supplementary material Fig. S5). The similar phenotypes of dysc c03838 and dysc s168 homozygotes further suggested that full-length DYSC isoforms containing three PDZ domains are specifically required for normal synaptic bouton proliferation, as expression of the short DYSC isoform containing the two N-terminal PDZ domains is maintained at wild-type levels in dysc s168 homozygotes (Jepson et al., 2012). We therefore performed rescue experiments using a transgene encoding a short DYSC isoform (uas-dysc-short), and indeed found that neither neuronal nor muscle expression of the short DYSC isoform rescued any aspect of synaptic morphology (Fig. 2C,D). In addition, to test whether DYSC levels influence synaptic bouton size and number in a dose-dependent manner, we overexpressed DYSC in neurons in a wild-type background. Overexpression of either long or short DYSC transgenes did not alter bouton number or size relative to controls (supplementary material Fig. S6). These experiments indicate that DYSC is required in the presynaptic compartment to influence synaptic development, and suggest that the C-terminal region that includes the third PDZ domain of DYSC is required for this function. DYSC influences the architecture of active zones
We next sought to examine the subcellular localization of presynaptic DYSC puncta in more detail by immunostaining synapses in dysc::gfp larvae with anti-GFP and either antiBruchpilot (anti-BRP) or anti-Fasciclin II (FASII) antibodies.
Fig. 2. DYSC is required in neurons for correct synaptic development. (A) Confocal slices illustrating punctate expression of DYSC::GFP (GFP) in both axonal bundles descending from the larval ventral nerve cord and at synaptic bouton termini. This staining pattern was not observed in controls lacking the dysc::gfp insertion. Scale bars: 20 μm in axons; 5 μm in boutons. (B) Confocal projections showing representative NMJs at muscle 6/7, segment 3 of wild-type controls, dysc c03838 (dysc) homozygotes and dysc larvae with presynaptic expression of a uas-dysc-long transgene. Neuronal membranes are labeled with antiHRP. Arrowheads indicate enlarged synaptic boutons in dysc larvae that are absent following presynaptic restoration of full-length DYSC. Scale bar: 20 μm. (C,D) Pre- and postsynaptic rescue experiments examining bouton number (C; n=12-20) or bouton size (D; n=176-326) using either elav-Gal4 (neurons) or 24B-Gal4 (muscle) drivers to express short or long DYSC isoforms. For ease of viewing, the data for elav-Gal4/+ and 24B-Gal4/+ synapses are repeated on each side of the graph. Values represent mean±s.e.m. ***P<0.0005; ns, not significant (P>0.05), one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post-hoc test.
BRP is a key constituent of T-bars, electron-dense protrusions found at the AZ (Kittel et al., 2006; Wagh et al., 2006), whereas FASII is a marker for periactive zones linked to endocytosis (Sone et al., 2000). DYSC::GFP puncta were often (but not always) adjacent to or overlapping with BRP-labeled T-bars (Fig. 3A, upper panel). Transgenic full-length DYSC expressed presynaptically exhibited a similar localization near BRP puncta (supplementary material Fig. S4C). By contrast, DYSC::GFP exhibited little overlap with FASII (Fig. 3A, lower panel), indicating that synaptic DYSC is preferentially localized in close proximity to AZs. Given the close association of DYSC and BRP-labeled T-bars, we next investigated whether DYSC influences the expression or localization of BRP. Under confocal microscopy, we observed no clear alteration either in the localization of BRP or the apposition between BRP and the postsynaptic Glutamate Receptor IIC (GLURIIC) in dysc mutant synapses (supplementary material Fig. S7A,B), nor any significant change in GLURIIC levels (supplementary material Fig. S7B,C). However, at increased
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magnification, the size of BRP puncta appeared to be somewhat increased in dysc mutants (supplementary material Fig. S7B). These observations suggested that DYSC might impact the fine structure of T-bars. We therefore used a super-resolution imaging technique, stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy (Dyba et al., 2003), to obtain nanometer-scale images of BRP structures wild-type and dysc mutant synapses (Fig. 3B). As shown previously (Kittel et al., 2006; Liu et al., 2011; Owald et al., 2012), BRP forms donut-like structures in wild-type synapses when observed under STED imaging (Fig. 3B). Intriguingly, we found that both dysc c03838 homozygous and dysc c03838/dysc s168 transheterozygous mutants exhibited a significant increase in the mean area of individual BRP rings (Fig. 3B,C). Furthermore, we observed frequent merging of neighboring BRP rings in dysc mutants (Fig. 3B). These phenotypes were rescued by neuronal expression of a full-length DYSC transgene, confirming that this phenotype is caused by a loss of presynaptic DSYC (Fig. 3D,E). Thus, in addition to modulating synaptic morphology, DYSC also plays a significant role in regulating the macromolecular architecture of a key constituent of the AZ.
Fig. 3. DYSC modulates the structural composition of active zones. (A) Confocal slices illustrating subcellular localization of DYSC::GFP (GFP) in the presynaptic compartment. DYSC::GFP puncta are often closely associated with the AZ component Bruchpilot (BRP, upper panel). By contrast, there is little overlap between DYSC::GFP and the periactive zone marker FASII (lower panel). Scale bar: 5 μm. (B) Representative confocal (top) and STED (bottom) slices of BRP-marked AZs in control larvae and two dysc allelic backgrounds. Arrowheads indicate clustered AZs. Scale bar: 1 μm. (C) Average area for individual AZs in control and dysc mutant synapses. n=39-56 AZs. (D) Representative STED images of AZ organization in dysc c03838 (dysc) mutants harboring the pan-neuronal elav-Gal4 (elav) driver, a uas-dysc-long transgene (dysc-long) or both. Arrowheads indicate clustered AZs. Scale bar: 1 μm. (E) Average area of individual AZs in the above genotypes. Values represent mean±s.e.m. n=29-57 AZs. **P<0.005; ***P<0.0005, one-way ANOVA with Dunnett post-hoc test.
We have previously shown that DYSC binds to and promotes the expression of SLO channels in the adult Drosophila nervous system (Jepson et al., 2012). However, whether this is also the case at earlier developmental time points is unclear. Consistent with our previous data in the adult brain, loss of DYSC also resulted in a robust reduction in SLO expression in motor neuron axons of the larval ventral nerve cord (supplementary material Fig. S8A). Previous work has shown that mutations in slo lead to an increased frequency of rhythmic peristalsis of the body wall muscle (McKiernan, 2013), and, similarly, we found that larvae homozygous for both dysc s168 and dysc c03838 also exhibited a significant enhancement in the rate of peristalsis (supplementary material Fig. S8B). We next asked whether the alterations in synaptic bouton morphology found in dysc mutants were also observed in larvae lacking SLO channels. To this end, we obtained a slo mutant line carrying a Minos element insertion in the exon encoding transmembrane domain 2 of the SLO channel (slo 11481; www. flybase.org), resulting in an interruption in the coding sequence that is expected to inhibit production of full-length slo transcripts, and examined how this mutation affects synaptic development. We confirmed that, as predicted, slo 11481 is a null allele using RT-PCR (supplementary material Fig. S9A). In addition, to control for differences in genetic background, we outcrossed all dysc and slo alleles into an isogenic white 1118 (iso31) background for 5-10 generations. Like dysc mutants, slo 11481 larval synapses exhibited significantly increased bouton areas (Fig. 4A,C). This phenotype was also observed in genetic backgrounds containing trans-heterozygotic combinations of slo 11481, slo 4 (a canonical slo null allele resulting from a large chromosomal inversion), slo 1 (a null or strongly hypomorphic allele) and slo Df (a deficiency removing the slo locus) (supplementary material Fig. S9B,D,F), and was rescued by the introduction of a slo transgene (Fig. 4C) (Ghezzi et al., 2004). Interestingly, in contrast to dysc mutants, synaptic bouton number was not significantly altered in any of the slo mutants we examined (Fig. 4B and supplementary material Fig. S9C,E). This contrasts with previous work reporting that larvae homo- or transheterozygous for three slo alleles (slo 1, slo 98 and slo 4) exhibit a hyper-budding phenotype at larval synapses (Lee and Wu, 2010). Our experiments
SLO channels impact synaptic development at the larval NMJ
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Fig. 4. slo and dysc act in the same pathway to regulate synaptic bouton morphology. (A) Representative confocal projections of synapses from control larvae, slo 11481 heterozygotes and homozygotes, dysc s168 homozygotes, and dysc s168, slo 11481 double mutants labeled with anti-HRP. Arrowheads indicate enlarged boutons that are present in slo 11481 and dysc s168 homozygotes, as well as dysc s168, slo 11481 double mutants. Scale bar: 20 μm. (B,C) Average bouton number (B) and bouton area (C) in wild-type controls, slo 11481 heterozygotes, slo and dysc homozygotes, dysc, slo double mutants, and slo 11481 homozygotes harboring a slo rescue construct (B52H). n=10-40 synapses and 195-463 boutons. Values represent mean±s.e.m. *P<0.05; ***P<0.0005; ns, not significant (P>0.05), one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post-hoc test.
dysc and slo act in a common genetic pathway to regulate synaptic bouton morphology
To examine whether slo and dysc are components of the same genetic pathway, we generated slo, dysc double mutants using two independent alleles of dysc and the slo 11481 allele, and compared their synaptic phenotype relative to individual slo and dysc mutations. In relation to bouton size, slo, dysc double mutants exhibited significantly increased bouton size relative to controls (P<0.0001), but were not significantly different when compared with dysc mutations alone (P>0.99, one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post-hoc test) (Fig. 4B,D). Furthermore, we observed a significant increase in bouton size in slo 11481/dysc c03838 transheterozygotes relative to controls and heterozygotes for either allele (supplementary material Fig. S9G), demonstrating a synergistic interaction between the two genes. Unexpectedly, we found that loss of SLO suppressed the reduction in synaptic bouton number observed in dysc mutants (Fig. 4B,C). A number of mechanisms could account for this effect. For example, loss of DYSC may lead to an altered subcellular localization of SLO that results in reduced bouton number, which is rescued by complete loss of SLO. Alternatively, selective loss of SLO in neurons but not in muscle tissue in dysc mutants may affect bouton number, whereas complete loss of SLO does not. We were
unable to test these competing hypotheses because synaptic SLO could not be detected using our previously described antibody (Jepson et al., 2012) or a SLO::GFP fusion generated using the MiMIC system (Venken et al., 2011) (data not shown). Nonetheless, the genetic interactions between dysc and slo alleles detailed above strongly suggest that DYSC and SLO act in a common pathway to influence synaptic bouton size and number. SLO channels impact active zone structure and Futsch localization
As dysc mutants display alterations in the structure of a key AZ complex, we determined whether slo mutants also exhibit similar AZ defects. Under STED microscopy, larvae homozygous for the slo 11481 allele indeed exhibited an increase in BRP ring area and clustering that was almost identical to that seen in dysc larvae (Fig. 5). Larvae lacking a distinct potassium channel, Shaker, did not exhibit either an increase in BRP area or merging of BRP rings, suggesting that the alterations in AZ structure in slo mutants are not due to a general effect of neuronal hyperexcitability (supplementary material Fig. S11). To test whether SLO and DYSC act in the same pathway for the regulation of AZ morphology, we visualized BRP rings in dysc, slo double mutants. The phenotype of dysc, slo double mutants was statistically indistinguishable from each individual mutation (Fig. 5A,B; P>0.27, one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post-hoc test), suggesting that DYSC and SLO act in the same pathway to regulate AZ size. Furthermore, we also observed a mislocalization of synaptic Futsch in slo mutants similar to that observed following loss of DYSC (supplementary material Fig. S12). Collectively, the above data provide evidence that DYSC and SLO act in a common pathway to regulate synaptic morphology, cytoskeletal dynamics and presynaptic macromolecular organization. DYSC and SLO inhibit evoked neurotransmission
To test whether DYSC also impacts the physiology of larval synapses, we recorded evoked excitatory junctional currents (EJCs) in muscle 6/7 under voltage-clamp mode. We observed a significant increase in both the EJC amplitude and width in dysc c03838 larvae relative to controls (Fig. 6A-C). The enhancement of the EJC amplitude was rescued by presynaptic expression of a full-length DYSC transgene in dysc c03838 homozygotes (Fig. 6D,E), and there 5
were performed at 25°C in an iso31 genetic background, whereas the previous analysis was performed at room temperature in a Canton-S background (Lee and Wu, 2010). Phenotypic effects of mutations may be modified by both environmental conditions and genetic background (Chari and Dworkin, 2013; Dworkin et al., 2009; Wang et al., 2014). Indeed, of the three slo mutants we examined raised at a lower temperature of 18°C (slo 11481 and slo 4 homozygotes, and slo 1/slo 4 transheterozygotes), only slo 4 homozygotes exhibited a measurable increase in synaptic bouton budding (supplementary material Fig. S10). The slo 4 chromosome contains a large inversion that prevents recombination, and it is likely that despite being outcrossed to an iso31 background five times, slo 4 retains a substantial amount of the original background. Thus, slo 4 mutants may harbor additional mutations that impact synaptic development in a temperature-sensitive manner. We conclude that in an iso31 genetic background, SLO channels predominantly act to negatively regulate bouton size rather than suppressing synaptic bouton budding.
Fig. 5. DYSC and SLO act in concert to regulate AZ structure. (A) Representative STED slices of BRP-labeled AZs in wild-type control, individual slo 11481 and dysc c03838 homozygotes, and dysc c03838, slo 11481 double mutant larval synapses. Scale bar: 1 μm. Arrowheads indicate clustered AZs. (B) Average BRP ring area for the above genotypes. Values represent mean±s.e.m. n=40-52 AZs; ns, not significant (P>0.05), ***P<0.0005, one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post-hoc test.
was a trend towards a rescue of the increased EJC width in the same genetic background (Fig. 6F). Thus, presynaptic DYSC negatively regulates evoked synaptic transmission. The larger and broader action potentials in dysc mutants would be predicted to result in higher concentrations of intracellular Ca2+. As the levels of intracellular Ca2+ near the sites of neurotransmitter release influence the probability of vesicle fusion (Katz and Miledi, 1963), we examined whether dysc mutants also exhibited alterations in short-term synaptic plasticity using a paired-pulse protocol. Consistent with previous data (Kittel et al., 2006), paired EJCs from wild-type NMJs were approximately constant over an interval of 30-130 ms (supplementary material Fig. S13). By contrast, EJCs from dysc mutant NMJs exhibited significant paired-pulse facilitation over this interval (supplementary material Fig. S13). Thus, in addition to altering the basal properties of evoked currents, DYSC also regulates short-term plasticity.
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As DYSC promotes neuronal SLO channel expression (Jepson et al., 2012), we also tested whether DYSC and SLO act in the same genetic pathway to regulate evoked synaptic transmission by examining evoked currents in slo and dysc, slo double mutants (Fig. 6A-C). Similar, to dysc mutants, slo mutants exhibited a significant increase in EJC amplitude and width (Fig. 6A-C). This contrasts with previous studies that reported no significant alterations of EJC amplitudes in slo mutants (Lee et al., 2008, 2014), but these discrepancies may due to different genetic backgrounds as discussed above. Importantly, dysc, slo double mutants also exhibited increased EJC amplitude and width, and did not show enhanced phenotypes over single mutants (Fig. 6A-C), suggesting that DYSC and SLO act within the same pathway to negatively control evoked synaptic output. DYSC and SLO inhibit spontaneous neurotransmitter release via a Ca2+-independent mechanism
We next asked whether DYSC also modulates spontaneous vesicle fusion by examining miniature excitatory junctional currents (mEJCs) from control and dysc c03838 homozygotes (Fig. 7A). We observed a striking (∼250%) increase in the frequency of mEJCs in dysc mutants (Fig. 7A,B), indicating that loss of DYSC results in a substantial enhancement of the probability of spontaneous vesicle release. We also observed a similar increase in mEJC frequency in slo11481 homozygotes, and analysis of mEJCs in dysc, slo double mutants demonstrated that the effects of these mutations were non-additive, as there were no significant differences in mEJC frequency in any of the mutant backgrounds examined (P>0.9, Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunn’s post-hoc test) (Fig. 7B). In addition, we observed a trend towards reduced mEJC amplitudes in dysc and slo homozygotes, as well as dysc, slo double mutants, but this trend only achieved significance in slo mutants (Fig. 7C). Thus, with regard to spontaneous neurotransmission, DYSC and SLO primarily act in a common pathway to regulate the frequency of synaptic vesicle fusion. As both dysc and slo mutants exhibit structural alterations in AZ architecture, one simple hypothesis is that the larger (and merged)
Fig. 6. DYSC and SLO inhibit evoked synaptic transmission. (A) Representative evoked excitatory junctional current (EJC) traces in wild-type control larvae, dysc and slo homozygotes, and dysc, slo double mutants. EJCs were measured from muscle 6/7. (B,C) Quantification of mean EJC amplitude (B) and width at 50% rise (C) in the above genotypes. n=7-21. (D-F) Representative EJC traces (D) and quantification of mean EJC amplitude (E) and width (F) from dysc mutants carrying a full-length dysc transgene (uas-dysclong) alone or in combination with the pan-neuronal elav-Gal4 driver (elav). n=6-15. Data are presented as modified box plots showing the median, 25th and 75th percentiles. ns, not significant (P>0.05), *P<0.05, **P<0.005, ***P<0.0005, Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunn’s post-hoc test (B,C) or MannWhitney U-test (E,F).
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AZs in dysc and slo mutants facilitate enhanced spontaneous vesicle fusion. The BRP ring-like complex within the AZ surrounds a central core of VGCCs (Kittel et al., 2006). Interestingly, recent work in mammalian synapses has shown that stochastic opening of VGCCs in the AZ is responsible for a substantial proportion of spontaneous neurotransmitter release (Ermolyuk et al., 2013), and that AZ size positively correlates with the frequency of spontaneous neurotransmitter release (Holderith et al., 2012; Matz et al., 2010), presumably via altered VGCC occupancy. If enhanced spontaneous vesicle fusion in dysc and slo mutants was due to an increase in the number of VGCCs within the AZ, this effect should be suppressed by removing extracellular Ca2+. However, recording mEJCs in zero-Ca2+ saline did not alter mEJC frequency or amplitude in either control or mutant backgrounds (Fig. 7B,C). Thus, the effect of DYSC and SLO on spontaneous release is independent of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels and may instead be directly due to structural alterations at AZs that facilitate an increased probability of synaptic vesicle fusion. DISCUSSION
Our work has revealed novel functions for the PDZ domain protein DYSC and its binding partner SLO in modulating diverse aspects of synaptic development and physiology, including synaptic bouton size, cytoskeletal protein localization, AZ structure and synaptic transmission. With respect to synaptic physiology, we found that DYSC acts as a negative regulator of evoked neurotransmission as well as of short-term synaptic plasticity; the alteration in evoked currents in dysc mutants are consistent with the known function of DYSC as a positive regulator of SLO channels (Jepson et al., 2012). Surprisingly, in addition to inhibiting evoked current amplitude and duration, DYSC and SLO also negatively regulate spontaneous neurotransmitter release in a manner that is independent of VGCC channel activation, as increased rates of miniature events are still robustly detected under zero-Ca2+ conditions. This finding raises the intriguing possibility that SLO channels perform non-canonical structural roles that impact spontaneous neurotransmission, as well as synaptic morphology and AZ architecture.
One issue emerging from the above results is whether altered AZ structure and spontaneous neurotransmission in dysc and slo mutants arise via a homeostatic response to increased excitability. Loss of specific ion channels in Drosophila has been shown to activate homeostatic transcriptional networks that act to balance excitability (Parrish et al., 2014; Ping and Tsunoda, 2012). In addition, the AZ T-bar itself has been theorized to function as a ‘plasticity module’ that can undergo structural adjustments in response to changes in synaptic input that, in turn, modify the probability of vesicle release (Wichmann and Sigrist, 2010). For example, at the crayfish NMJ, electrophysiological stimulation results in an increased number of AZs containing multiple T-bars (Wojtowicz et al., 1994), similar to the merged BRP rings observed in dysc and slo mutants. However, although we cannot rule out such a mechanism, we argue for a more direct role of the DYSC/ SLO complex in regulating AZ formation and spontaneous neurotransmission. Numerous studies have shown that reducing postsynaptic excitability at the larval NMJ results in a compensatory increase in the probability of neurotransmitter release via a retrograde signaling mechanism (Frank et al., 2006; Muller and Davis, 2012). By contrast, in dysc and slo mutants both evoked and spontaneous neurotransmission are enhanced (Figs 6 and 7), a finding that is inconsistent with a homeostatic negativefeedback model. Given the close proximity of DYSC to synaptic T-bars, we suggest instead that the DYSC/SLO complex directly controls AZ structure in a manner that leads to increased spontaneous vesicle fusion. Such an effect has been demonstrated for Drosophila Neurexin 1 (NRX-1), a synaptic cell-adhesion molecule that is also localized close to T-bars (Li et al., 2007; Owald et al., 2012). Similar to DYSC and SLO, NRX-1 negatively regulates BRP ring size and inhibits merging of BRP rings (Owald et al., 2012); these structural alterations correlate with an increased mEJP frequency in nrx-1 mutants (Li et al., 2007). How the changes in AZ architecture observed in dysc, slo and nrx-1 mutants are linked to enhanced rates of vesicle fusion is unclear. One possibility is that enlarged and misshapen AZs are less efficient at clamping synaptic vesicles to prevent premature exocytosis in the absence of Ca2+ (Huntwork and Littleton, 2007). 7
Fig. 7. DYSC and SLO inhibit spontaneous synaptic transmission independently of extracellular Ca2+. (A) Representative mEJC traces illustrating spontaneous neurotransmitter release from larval presynaptic terminals in wildtype control larvae, dysc and slo homozygotes, and dysc, slo double mutants. (B,C) Mean mEJC frequency (B) and amplitude (C) in 1 mM (+) or 0 mM (−) extracellular Ca2+. n=5-8 per genotype, with each data point representing the average of an individual trace. Data are presented as modified box plots showing the median, 25th and 75th percentiles. ns, not significant (P>0.05), *P<0.05, **P<0.005, Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunn’s post-hoc test.
MATERIALS AND METHODS Drosophila genetics and molecular biology
Flies were reared on standard food containing cornmeal, yeast and molasses at 25°C under 12 h light:12 h dark cycles. The dysc c03838 and dysc s168 P-element insertions have been described previously (Jepson et al., 2012). The elav-Gal4 and 24B-Gal4 stocks, flies harboring the slo 11481 Minos element, a deficiency line that removes the slo locus [w 1118; +; Df(3R)BSC397] and the dysc Mi02729 MiMIC insertion used to generate the dysc::gfp allele were obtained from the Bloomington Stock Center. To control for potential differences in genetic background, all dysc and slo alleles were outcrossed into a white 1118 (iso31) background for 5-10 generations prior to experimentation. The dysc::gfp allele was generated by ΦC31-mediated recombination between a construct containing the GFP/FlASH/StrepII/3×FLAG protein trap and an artificial MiMIC exon in the dysc locus (dysc Mi02729), as described previously (Venken
et al., 2011). Transgenic fly lines containing GFP/FlASH/StrepII/3×FLAG insertions were generated by standard germline transformation (Rainbow Transgenics). Fly head mRNA was extracted using TRIzol (Life Technologies), and reverse transcribed using High Capacity cDNA Reverse Transcriptase Kit (Applied Biosystems). See methods in the supplementary material for primer sequences used in this study. Larval behavior
Third-instar wandering larvae were collected, gently rinsed in PBS and placed on 5% sucrose/2% agar plates. One larva was counted per plate, and the number of peristaltic body wall contractions was measured visually over a 1 min period under a dissecting microscope. Confocal microscopy, immunohistochemistry and quantification of synaptic parameters
Wandering third instar larvae were used for confocal and STED imaging of larval synapses and AZs at muscle 6/7 or muscle 4 of segment 3. For all larval experiments, both sexes were used. Adult brains were dissected and immunostained as described previously (Wu and Luo, 2006). All confocal microscopy was performed using an Olympus Fluoview confocal microscope. Images were contrast enhanced in Adobe Photoshop. Where images of multiple genotypes are presented, all images were subject to the same enhancements. See methods in the supplementary material for further information on quantification of synaptic parameters, antibodies and staining protocols. STED imaging
STED images were acquired on a Leica TCS SP5 STED CW microscope with a 100×1.4 NA oil objective. The Alexa 488 secondary antibody was excited with a 488 nm laser line and depleted by a 592 nm laser line. STED images were deconvolved using the built-in deconvolution algorithm of the Leica LAS-AF software (Signal Intensity filter, regulation parameter: 0.010.02). The point spread function was generated using a 2D Lorentz function with the full-width half-maximum set to 70 nm. AZ areas were measured blind with respect to the experimental genotype. Only individual AZs that could be clearly distinguished from other AZs were included in the area measurements. Electrophysiology
Larvae were dissected and recorded in hemolymph-like saline HL3.1 containing (in mM): 70 NaCl, 5 KCl, 1 CaCl2, 4 MgCl2, 10 NaHCO3, 5 trehalose, 115 sucrose and 5 HEPES ( pH 7.2) as described previously (Feng et al., 2004; Ueda and Wu, 2006). The segmental nerves were severed from the ventral ganglion and stimulated with a suction electrode. Recordings were performed on ventral longitudinal muscle 6/7 in abdominal segments A3-A5 of third instar larvae. All cells selected for recording had resting membrane potentials between −50 and −70 mV. Both spontaneous and evoked postsynaptic currents were recorded while the muscle cell was voltage clamped at −60 mV, using an AxoClamp 2A (Axon Instruments) amplifier in single-electrode voltage clamp mode (switching frequency 10 KHz) and sharp microelectrodes (WPI) filled with 3 M KCl (5-10 MΩ resistance). Acknowledgements We thank Dr Nigel Atkinson and Bloomington and Harvard Drosophila stock centers for fly stocks; Dr Hugo Bellen and Dr Thomas Lloyd for technical advice; and Huihui Pan and Katelyn Kallas for technical assistance.
Competing interests The authors declare no competing financial interests.
Author contributions J.E.C.J., M.S., D.L., S.J.leM. and S.L. performed experiments. K.K., I.B.L., M.B.D. and M.N.W. supervised the work. J.E.C.J. and K.K. conceived the project and wrote the manuscript, with contributions from all authors.
Funding This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health [GM088221 (to K.K.); DA022727, MH08642 and MH100093 (to M.B.D.); NS17910 (to I.B.L.), NS079584
By what mechanisms might the DYSC/SLO complex influence AZ architecture? SLO channels contain a large intracellular Cterminal domain (Lee and Cui, 2010). Interestingly, recent studies have demonstrated that the C-terminal domain of SLACK channels, BK channel homologs that are potentiated by sodium rather than Ca2+, are bound to by the Fragile-X mental retardation protein in a manner that induces channel activation (Brown et al., 2010; Zhang et al., 2012). The C-terminal domain of SLO channels may similarly act as a scaffold to bind synaptic proteins that regulate AZ structure. Alternatively, DYSC may act as the key interacting node via its PDZ domains in a SLO-dependent manner. Distinguishing between these (and other) possibilities will be a productive avenue of future research. The morphological and physiological phenotypes observed in dysc and slo mutants may be mechanistically linked. Recent evidence suggests a causal link between spontaneous neurotransmission and synaptic bouton budding (Choi et al., 2014). Under genetic conditions where spontaneous neurotransmission is inhibited but evoked neurotransmission is maintained, hyper-budding of synaptic boutons is observed at the larval NMJ (Choi et al., 2014). Importantly, mutations in complexin, which result in extremely high frequencies of miniature events due to a loss of pre-fusion clamping of synaptic vesicles, exhibit increased synaptic bouton size (Choi et al., 2014; Huntwork and Littleton, 2007). The enhancement of spontaneous neurotransmission in dysc and slo mutants may therefore contribute to the enlargement of synaptic boutons in both mutant backgrounds. In addition, alterations in the synaptic localization of cytoskeletal protein Futsch may also act to independently increase synaptic bouton size in dysc and slo mutants. Futsch is a microtubule-binding protein that is crucial for synaptic bouton budding (Roos et al., 2000); mutations resulting in loss of Futsch function or the mislocalization of Futsch inhibit correct synaptic bouton budding, resulting in synapses with a reduced number of aberrantly large boutons (Mosca et al., 2012; Pennetta et al., 2002; Roos et al., 2000). We therefore posit a causal role for Futsch in mediating the abnormal development of synaptic boutons that results from loss of DYSC and SLO. However, we cannot rule out the possibility that mislocalization Futsch merely correlates with increases in bouton size in dysc and slo mutants. Mutations in futsch do not affect AZ structure or increase spontaneous neurotransmission (Lepicard et al., 2014), suggesting the alterations in T-bar architecture and spontaneous vesicle release are not downstream of changes in synaptic Futsch localization, but represent parallel pathways by which DYSC and SLO influence synaptic development and physiology. In conclusion, our research sheds new light on the roles of DYSC and its binding partner SLO in the Drosophila nervous system. The mammalian DYSC and SLO homologs whirlin and KCNMA1 may play similar roles in synaptic development and function.
Development (2014) 141, 1-10 doi:10.1242/dev.109538
(to M.N.W.)], by a grant from the Farber Family Foundation (I.B.L.) and by a Burroughs-Wellcome Fund Career Award for Medical Scientists (M.N.W.). Deposited in PMC for release after 12 months.
Supplementary material Supplementary material available online at http://dev.biologists.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1242/dev.109538/-/DC1
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Development (2014) 141, 1-10 doi:10.1242/dev.109538 | biology |
https://www.heritage-harvest.ca/blank | 2019-11-18T21:11:11 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496669847.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20191118205402-20191118233402-00095.warc.gz | 0.961351 | 565 | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-47__0__44402282 | en | RED FIFE WHEAT
What's so special about Red Fife?
Red Fife is quickly gaining popularity. It is characterized by an exceptional robust flavour and baking properties. Artisan bakers, pasta makers, health food stores and discerning food-origin conscious cooks who want to work with and use non-GMO products are searching the countryside for this unique heritage grain.
HISTORY OF RED FIFE
Red Fife wheat fed Canada for 60 years in the 1800's. By 1860 it was distributed across the country, adapting to a wide range of diverse growing conditions. Red Fife is the parent to several offspring wheat varieties, with "Marquis" being the #1 wheat in the early 1900's. Marquis, along with other derivatives ripened a few days earlier and eventually became the farmers choice for planting. Many of the bread wheat in Canada owe part of their genetic lineage to Red Fife and Canadian wheat are some of the finest bread wheat in the world.
Red Fife is a 'landrace' which means the kernels have uniform shape but with the genetic diversity, common to old varieties, able to adapt to diverse growing conditions. Often referred to as 'folk seeds' or 'farmer varieties', landraces tend to provide farmers with some yield regardless of seasonal conditions.
One legend states that a load of bread wheat originating in the Ukraine was on a ship in the Glasgow harbour. A friend of Ontario farmer David A. Fife accidentally dropped his hat into the red coloured wheat, collecting a few seeds in the hatband, which he then shipped off to the farmer Fife. The family cow managed to eat all the wheat heads except for one, which was the beginning of 'Red Fife' wheat in Canada.
RED FIFE REBORN
From 1900 to 1988 Red Fife was grown in very small quantities by plant breeders' seed collections. Then the 'Heritage Wheat Project' which began in 1988 was an initiative to revisit the heritage wheat varieties.
It is challenging to grow and there are very limited quantities being produced for the surging demand of Red Fife.
Learn more at these resources:
"Canada’s oldest successfully grown variety of wheat,
known as Red Fife, has found a home at the Ukrainian
Cultural Heritage Village..."
"Red Fife is a variety of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) that David Fife and family began to grow in 1842 in Peterborough Ontario. Legend goes that a friend of Mr. Fife collected a sample..."
"Red Fife wheat is characterized by 3 little awns at the top of the wheat head but is otherwise awnless. The straws can be from 0.9 to 1.5 metres tall..." | biology |
https://pinc.ucsd.edu/faq/ | 2023-12-04T23:27:44 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100535.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204214708-20231205004708-00249.warc.gz | 0.935925 | 1,181 | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__143626290 | en | frequently asked questions
Rivers and estuaries play an important role in delivering freshwater and materials such as sediments and contaminants to the coastal ocean. The role of waves in mixing and transporting this material along the coastline is not yet well understood. The non-toxic dye released in this experiment acts as a tracer for these freshwater outflows (plumes), which will help scientists better understand the fate of freshwater and land-derived materials from small plumes as they enter the coastal ocean and the surfzone. The improved understanding of this mixing in the coastal ocean is crucial to quantifying the spreading of sediment, pollutants, larvae, harmful algal blooms, and other important material near the coast where many people live and recreate.
The experiment will use an environmentally safe passive tracer called Rhodamine WT. The WT stands for “water tracer” because it is a water-soluble dye. The bright pink fluorescent dye occupies a very different range of wavelengths on the visible light spectrum than the background ocean water, making it straightforward to detect both with our eyes, with underwater sensors, and from above with optical cameras. In the water, an instrument called a fluorometer shines a green light to detect the red light emitted from the dye. The amount of red light is directly proportional to the concentration of the dye in the water, which scientists have calibrated with lab samples.
This chemical is not considered hazardous by the 2012 OSHA Hazard Communication Standard (29 CFR 1910.1200). The product contains no substances which, at their given concentration, are considered to be hazardous to health. This product is approved for use by the U.S Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in water tracing studies.
Scientists will release 15 gallons of dye during each of these dye releases. It will be visible to the naked eye in the water for several hours after the deployment, with small traces detectable by instruments for approximately 24 hours.
The project site is the estuary and surrounding coastline at Los Peñasquitos Lagoon, located within Torrey Pines State Beach and Natural Reserve in San Diego, California. The dye will be released near the estuary mouth during an ebb tide, the tidal phase when the water level is falling, so that it is carried out of the estuary into the coastal ocean. This site was chosen as a prime example of a small river plume discharging into the surfzone along a relatively uniform stretch of shoreline.
Yes, permits have been secured and approved from all necessary agencies.
This site was chosen because Los Peñasquitos Lagoon/Torrey Pines State Beach provides a prime example of a small river plume discharging into the surfzone along a relatively uniform stretch of coastline. The geography, wave, tide, weather, and river flow conditions make this location ideal for an experiment and a great example of these types of systems, which are found worldwide. Moreover, the location has been the site of many studies by other scientists such that the estuary and beach dynamics are relatively well understood. This site also benefits from a suite of long-term monitoring stations collecting complementary data (from USGS, NOAA, CDIP, NERR). This location was chosen for these physical properties and proximity to other measurements only.
The dye dispersal will be tracked in a variety of ways. Since the dye is fluorescent, scientists are able to track it using fluorometers that can measure the fluorescence or light emitted from the dye. These fluorometers, along with Conductivity-Temperature-Depth (CTD) sensors, which measure salinity and temperature, will be affixed to poles in the sand in the river mouth and surfzone. A jet ski outfitted with fluorometers, GPS and CTDs will also perform transects, or specified survey routes, along the shoreline. Offshore, beyond the breaking waves, several moorings have been deployed on the seafloor with CTDs, fluorometers, and instruments to measure ocean currents. Additionally, unpiloted aircraft systems (drones) will capture the structure and spatial extent of the dye plume from above, using RGB, hyperspectral, and infrared cameras. Beyond tracking of the dye, oceanographic conditions (waves, currents, tides, salinity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, and pH) will be monitored using sensors affixed to moorings deployed for this project.
The dye is nontoxic, so there are no harmful effects from being in the water. There will, however, be a lot of activity from researchers on the day of the dye release. Given this it may be advisable to recreate in an area further south or north of the estuary.
Scripps Institution of Oceanography scientists have successfully conducted nearshore dye experiments (using this same dye) at Huntington State Beach, Calif. (2006), Imperial Beach, Calif., (2009, 2015) and New River, N.C. (2013), and numerous experiments with surfzone, estuary, and offshore instruments. The City of San Diego also did a similar experiment in Mission Bay in 2021, where the dye was released from Rose Creek.
This experiment is sponsored by the National Science Foundation (Award #1924005 ). Complementary data at the same site examining estuarine dynamics and estuary mouth sedimentation is funded by the California Department of Parks and Recreation Natural Resources Division, Oceanography Program.
This project is led by scientists at UC San Diego’s Scripps Institution of Oceanography and the University of Washington. Additional collaborators include scientists from Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María (Chile), UC Irvine, UC San Diego Mechanical Engineering, and the Naval Postgraduate School. The lead investigator is coastal physical oceanographer Sarah Giddings. | biology |
https://hackenglish.ru/anglijskij-b1-primery/ | 2024-02-23T01:20:29 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473871.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222225655-20240223015655-00691.warc.gz | 0.921193 | 881 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__155223646 | en | английский b1 примеры
Why deep-sea exploration remains a great mystery
Since the dawn of humanity, we have always been fascinated by the unknown. While we have made remarkable progress in exploring the vastness of space, much of our own planet still remains a mystery. One of the most enigmatic and captivating areas that continue to intrigue scientists and adventurers alike is the deep-sea. In this article, we will delve into the complexities and uncertainties surrounding deep-sea exploration, shedding light on why this realm holds such allure.
The Depths of the Abyss: Unraveling the Unknown
The deep-sea, also known as the abyssal zone, refers to the vast and virtually unexplored area of the ocean lying beyond the reach of sunlight. As we descend into the depths, the pressure rapidly intensifies, creating an environment that is hostile to most forms of life. The darkness is impenetrable, and the extreme conditions pose numerous challenges for researchers. Despite advances in technology, our understanding of this mysterious realm remains limited.
One of the main reasons for this lack of knowledge is the immense depth and vastness of the ocean. With over 70% of our planet covered by water, exploring the deep-sea poses logistical challenges that are not easily overcome. The pressure at the ocean floor is crushing, reaching up to 1000 times greater than at the surface, which makes it difficult to develop robust equipment that can withstand such extreme conditions.
Moreover, the deep-sea is teeming with life forms that have adapted to survive in this hostile environment. From bioluminescent creatures to organisms that thrive near hydrothermal vents, the deep-sea is a haven of species that have evolved unique adaptations. Unraveling the complexities of these ecosystems and understanding their interconnectivity is a daunting task, requiring extensive research and collaborative efforts.
Exploring the Abyss: New Technologies and Discoveries
With each passing year, advancements in technology bring us closer to unraveling the secrets of the deep-sea. Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROVs) equipped with high-definition cameras and sophisticated sampling tools allow scientists to explore depths that were once deemed inaccessible. The use of robotic exploration vehicles has revolutionized our ability to study the deep-sea, providing unprecedented insights into its wonders.
Recent discoveries have astonished scientists and challenged our understanding of life on Earth. From the strange and otherworldly creatures found in the Mariana Trench, the deepest part of the ocean, to the discovery of undersea mountains and hidden ecosystems, each exploration mission brings new revelations. With every dive, we uncover more questions than answers, pushing the boundaries of our knowledge.
Despite the remarkable progress made in deep-sea exploration, much of the abyss remains uncharted. The sheer vastness of the ocean, combined with the challenges posed by extreme conditions and limited resources, means that there is still much to discover. The deep-sea holds the potential for groundbreaking scientific discoveries and the unlocking of mysteries that have eluded us for centuries.
The Final Frontier: Deep-Sea Exploration for a Sustainable Future
Deep-sea exploration not only satisfies our innate curiosity but also holds significant value for our future. The resources found in the deep-sea, such as rare metals and hydrocarbons, have the potential to fuel technological advancements and serve as a vital source for economic growth. Additionally, understanding the complex oceanic ecosystems is crucial for conservation efforts and the sustainable management of resources.
However, it is essential to strike a balance between exploration and preservation. The deep-sea is an incredibly delicate and fragile ecosystem, and any disturbances caused by human activities can have long-lasting effects. Responsible and ethical exploration, guided by scientific knowledge and environmental considerations, is paramount to ensure the preservation of this unique realm and the species that call it home.
In conclusion, deep-sea exploration continues to captivate our imagination, offering a glimpse into the mysterious and unknown. The challenges posed by extreme conditions and limited resources make the exploration of the abyss an ongoing endeavor, filled with uncertainty and excitement. As we dive deeper into the depths of the ocean, our thirst for knowledge grows, and the potential for groundbreaking discoveries beckons us forward. The deep-sea remains a great mystery, yet to be fully unraveled. | biology |
https://windwardgoods.com/pages/hemp-cbd-benefits | 2022-09-25T11:16:22 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030334528.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220925101046-20220925131046-00652.warc.gz | 0.940342 | 743 | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-40__0__289484613 | en | HUMAN ENDOCANNABINOID SYSTEM
Research suggests that regular doses of naturally occurring CBD may help relieve pain, speed recovery, reduce stress and regulate sleep.
Having only been discovered in recent decades, the endocannabinoid system (ECS) is a biological system composed of endocannabinoids (endo meaning they occur naturally in the body), or neurotransmitters, that bind to cannabinoid receptors present throughout the body. The main function of the ECS is to maintain bodily homeostasis, a state of internal balance and physical wellbeing.
Research has shown that the ECS is involved in a wide variety of processes including pain, memory, mood, appetite, stress, sleep, metabolism, immune and reproductive functions. Science has proven that endocannabinoids support the body’s inflammatory response by targeting CB1 receptors in the central nervous system and CB2 receptors found in the peripheral nervous systems, especially immune cells.
It has also been found that natural cannabinoids from Hemp and other plants help support the ECS and enhance its signaling. CBD is believed to augment the action of endocannabinoids thus supporting their effect on the body. This suggests that regular doses of naturally occurring cannabinoids might act as a tonic to our most central healing system.
Common Hemp CBD Health Benefits
Muscle and Joint Support
CBD has been found to modulate the levels of cytokines and chemokines—key mediators of the inflammatory response. In addition, CBD and other phytocannabinoids interact with vanilloid type-1 receptors (TRPV1), also called the capsaicin receptor, which is responsible for sensations of pain, heat and inflammation.
It is well-known that high stress can lead to problems with relaxation, sleep induction and sleep maintenance which all impact how easy it is to fall and stay asleep. In recent clinical evaluations, a majority of individuals with self-reported anxiety and poor sleep were found to have improved sleep scores after consuming CBD.
Anxiety and Stress Relief
Emerging evidence continues to explain the anxiolytic (anxiety reducing) effects of CBD, even though all of the details are yet to be defined. Preliminary research demonstrates that elevated doses of CBD can impact cortisol levels—which, when properly moderated, can help you deal more calmly with stressful situations.
Better your health | Better your adventures
Hemp CBD for Athletic Performance
We push ourselves both physically and mentally in sport, training and strenuous activity, which can lead to exhaustion, soreness and even pain. As an inflammation modulator, Hemp CBD has the potential to hasten muscle recovery and can help provide relief from occasional aches and pains which limit athletic performance.
Another essential component to physical fitness is sleep—it aids in both muscle and energy recovery. Hemp CBD has the potential to support sleep regularity by modulating cortisol levels that can heighten stress when not properly balanced. In turn, more restful sleep further strengthens the body’s response to stress in a type of CBD virtuous cycle.
Hemp CBD + Botanicals
While Hemp CBD has many physical and mental benefits—and can provide immense amounts of support—it’s not a cure-all for all ailments. At Windward, we combine Hemp with other therapeutic botanicals and adaptogens, which are plants that help the mind and body cope with stress. Our proprietary formulations create a greater effect than CBD alone, and we believe the synergy between plants and their active compounds is what truly enhances the entourage effect when taken in combination.
Learn More in our Botanical Glossary | biology |
http://blog.tourismharrison.com/?m=200911 | 2013-05-19T20:35:59 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368698063918/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516095423-00004-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 0.930692 | 196 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2013-20__0__56822347 | en | Did you know that the Harrison River has one of the largest concentrations of bald eagles in North America in a one square mile radius? Yes they are right here in your backyard. With over 2000 eagles feeding on the spawning salmon in the area it truly is a sight to see. The best way to experience the eagles is by boat and two tour companies based in Harrison Hot Springs will take visitors to view the eagles and most likely you will also see heron, seals, bears and spawning salmon.
The Fraser Valley Bald Eagle Festival celebrates the bald eagle with their annual event Nov 21/22. Several sites have been established in and around the Eastern Fraser Valley with activities and viewing sites. Be sure to check them out at www.fraservalleybaldeaglefestival.ca. Conservationist and author David Hancock through the Hancock Wildlife Foundation have set several eagle cams in the area. Visit www.hancockwildlife.org to view them. | biology |
https://www.innovistasensors.com/innovistaed16_innovista-sensors-valence-discussing-about-bees/ | 2019-06-25T21:57:16 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999948.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20190625213113-20190625235113-00549.warc.gz | 0.934698 | 363 | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-26__0__139717125 | en | InnoVista Sensors™ selected biodiversity and bees as their first topic to launch the Environment Days in Valence. Wilfried Sanchez from the Rovaltain Foundation and Gabriel Faysse from Apiculture Urbaine presented the importance of bees, their role in food chain and their contribution on our world. We learnt that, each year, bees directly impact 153 milliards € in the agriculture market with 35% of our food tonnage strongly or totally dependant on animal pollination (from cultures to vegetables, fruit trees, oilseed crops,…). Meanwhile, the bee mortality rate in France is about 15% but reaches a frightening 80% in some parts of the world. Several factors are responsible for the disappearance of bees: pesticides are not the only ones to be blamed but also air pollution, multiplication of electromagnetic waves (high voltage powerlines for instance), as well as climatic changes, endocrine disruptors, etc. At the same time, apiculture has become global with swarms of bees being imported to Europe without paying attention to local seasonality nor to geographical specificity. This can directly impacts the way bees feed, their capacity to resist diseases, their fecundation and pollination rates. Gabriel Faysse, the beekeeper looking after our InnoVista Sensors™ beehives explains that they are hosted in the “Drôme des Collines” where Acacia trees, Lime trees, Chestnut trees and Lavender fields that are located within 3kms radius. Due to the very humid climatic conditions, our first honey jars will mostly be from chestnut and lavender flowers. We should receive our first delivery in September… Many thanks to Gabriel Fraysse and Wilfried Sanchez and to InnoVista employees who attended the conference. | biology |
https://www.globalweightmanagement.org/how-to-recover-effectively-after-workouts/ | 2023-12-06T13:32:03 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100599.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206130723-20231206160723-00885.warc.gz | 0.946575 | 1,683 | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__201256318 | en | You’ve just pushed through a hard workout. You are sweaty, sore, tired and (hopefully) feeling good about doing something beneficial for your mind and body. What should you do now to recover? Is there anything that you can do that will allow you to bounce back more effectively and capitalise on the work you have been doing in the gym? The short answer is yes, definitely.
What we eat and drink around our workouts and throughout our day can dramatically affect recovery rates. There are many nutrients and nutrient groups that help boost recovery, but there are four that are particularly important. These are water, electrolytes, protein and carbohydrates.
I think we all know by now how vital water is. Given how much of it we use during exercise, especially in things like sweat, it is important that we replace the amount we lose both during and after a workout. It is recommended to replace the water lost during a workout, plus 25 to 50% to help with recovery (weight lost on grams during workout x 1.25 to 1.5 = required millilitres of water). By having enough water in the body, toxins and byproducts left over from exercising can be removed more efficiently and nutrients can be delivered to the areas that need them the most.
Alongside water, we tend to use and secrete minerals such as potassium, sodium and calcium at an accelerated rate when exercising. Just like water, if levels of these minerals, or as they are more commonly known – electrolytes – fall too low, cognitive and physical function can be affected. This can lead to cramping, muscle soreness and in some rare cases, seizures. All of this will negatively impact recovery and health. So, after a long, sweaty session at the gym, or a run outside, it could be a good move to consume an electrolyte mix/ premade drink, or foods such as bananas, oranges and peanuts which are high in these much-needed minerals.
This is a big one for many people who work out. The focus should be on regularly consuming protein throughout the day to promote the building and repair of muscles, bones and other tissues. The amount needed per person per day depends on their sex, size and activity levels, but can range anywhere from 0.8g per kg of body weight through to as high as 2-2.4g per kg of body weight (even higher for some endurance athletes).
There is merit to consuming good quality protein shortly after a workout, as it helps replenish depleted levels and further encourages the building/repair process. Experts recommend anywhere from 20-40 grams of protein from sources such as poultry, Greek yoghurt, milk, nut butters, and plant and animal-based protein powders to name a few. Keep in mind we do absorb nutrients more effectively from whole foods compared to supplements, but protein powder can be more time-effective to consume, especially with a busy schedule.
For most moderate to high-intensity workouts, we predominantly use some form of carbohydrate to fuel our movements. Therefore, it is important to stock up before and after a workout to a. give us enough energy to perform the workout and b. recover and not feel so tired after the workout.
Simple carbohydrates can be great for a high, short release of energy, whereas complex carbohydrates are great for a longer-lasting, lower release of energy. Given how long it takes to digest complex carbohydrates, it is recommended to eat them two to three hours before a workout, mainly to avoid stomach cramps, whereas simple carbohydrates can be consumed 60 to 90 minutes before a workout as they are digested faster.
Good sources of both simple and complex carbohydrates include apples, bananas, blueberries, brown rice, potatoes, rolled oats and whole wheat pastas and breads.
Passive and active recovery
Of all the things spoken about in this article, sleep is probably the most important when it comes to recovery and repair after a workout. During sleep, our bodies clear out any leftover byproducts and toxins and dedicate more energy to supercharging the repair and building process. Without enough of it, or without the right type of it, our ability to bounce back after a hard workout and maximise our gains will be greatly diminished. As adults, we should aim for seven to nine hours of uninterrupted sleep every night, with children needing slightly more and older adults needing slightly less.
A great way to further improve recovery is to get a massage. Massage can help to alleviate sore and overworked muscles, increase range of motion and promote blood flow throughout the body, improving the delivery of nutrients. Plus, a massage promotes the release of endorphins, dopamine and serotonin, which help to reduce stress levels and promote feelings of well-being and relaxation.
Cold showers and ice baths
Some gymgoers and athletes regularly have cold showers and ice baths straight after a workout to promote recovery. It is thought that the constriction and dilation of blood vessels brought on by the different temperatures helps to remove waste products produced during a workout, which leads to less muscle soreness and a quicker recovery time. They have also been shown to stimulate the release of norepinephrine, which can provide a boost to mood and energy levels.
Cold showers and ice baths are not for everyone though and if you have any heart or cardiovascular condition/s, please speak to your healthcare provider before jumping into one.
Periodisation of training
Finally, as we become fitter and stronger, we should be able to lift more and handle more cardiovascular activity. But, if we are constantly pushing our bodies without adequate rest, our ability to recover and rebuild will diminish and the chances of injuring ourselves will increase. A good training program should include both periods of loading and de-loading to maximise recovery and gains.
As most muscle groups take 24 to 48 hours to recover after a workout, it is a good idea to rotate through targeting different muscle groups and training methods throughout the week, month and year. For most people, it is also good to have one to two days off from exercising every week to relax and recover. There is also nothing wrong with taking two to seven days off or working at a much lighter intensity every few months. This will further encourage recovery and often helps to break through training plateaus.
Hopefully, the information in this article helps you to maximise the results from your workout routine. Remember that what you eat and how you recover can be just as important for achieving your goals as what you are doing in the gym.
Bodybuilding.com. (n.d.) Protein Calculator: How Much Protein Do I Need? Retrieved September 10, 2023 from https://www.bodybuilding.com/fun/calpro.htm
Kummer, M. (2023, September 10). 11 Ice Bath Benefits (And Why Cold Plunging Works). Michael Kummer. https://michaelkummer.com/health/ice-bath-benefits/
Meyer, M., & Ball, J. (2023, January 7). The Best Carbs to Eat Before and After a Workout. Eating Well. https://www.eatingwell.com/article/8022615/best-carbs-to-eat-before-after-workout/#:~:text=Examples%20of%20complex%20carb-rich%20foods%20to%20load%20up,whole-wheat%20pasta%2C%20blueberries%2C%20raspberries%2C%20apples%2C%20potatoes%20and%20yams.
Quinn, E., Lau, M. (2023, May 9). 10 Tips to Speed Recovery After Exercise. A Guide To Recovering Post-Workout. Verywellfit. https://www.verywellfit.com/ways-to-speed-recovery-after-exercise-3120085
Sports Dieticians Australia. (n.d.). Fluids in Sport. Retrieved September 10, 2023, from https://www.sportsdietitians.com.au/factsheets/fuelling-recovery/fluids-in-sport/ | biology |
https://www.kayteestore.com.au/ | 2020-02-23T13:35:44 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145774.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20200223123852-20200223153852-00201.warc.gz | 0.981068 | 131 | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-10__0__141555629 | en | "In general, because of poor survivability of these coronaviruses on surfaces, there is likely very low risk of spread from products or packaging that are shipped over a period of days or weeks at ambient temperatures. Coronaviruses are generally thought to be spread most often by respiratory droplets. Currently there is no evidence to support transmission of Covid-19 associated with imported goods and there have not been any cases of Covid-19 in the United States associated with imported goods," the CDC wrote on its website. NSW Health agrees. "The risk of this virus being present on imported packages or products is negligible," its website said. | biology |
https://chaplinslab.wordpress.com/2016/07/13/nsf-project-awarded-to-chaplin-group/ | 2019-07-22T13:11:43 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195528013.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20190722113215-20190722135215-00042.warc.gz | 0.90654 | 473 | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-30__0__50517473 | en | ChE Assistant Professor Brian Chaplin was awarded a new NSF-grant entitled “Multifunctional Electro-reactive Membranes for Efficient Biomass Separation”. The grant is for $160,000 with an effective start date of 9/1/2016.
This collaborative research project will develop efficient, scalable, and multifunctional reactive electrochemical membranes (REMs) for sustainable biomass harvesting and production of value-added products derived from biomass (e.g., biofuels and specialty chemicals). Biomass separation using membrane filtration is characterized by high operational cost due to severe membrane fouling and the need for frequent backwashing. The proposed research will use the REMs to mitigate membrane fouling, pretreat biomass to facilitate economical harvesting, and remove the toxic inhibitors that will promote water reuse. The research outcomes will advance the fundamental science and engineering in biomass separation, and potentially lead to critical, transformative technologies for biomass and food processing, drinking water treatment, and biomolecule purification in the pharmaceutical industries.
This work will use algae as a model biomass organism, and will focus on characterizing membrane fouling, water reuse for algae regrowth, and electrochemical pre-treatment of algal cells. Specific research tasks include (1) synthesis and characterization of a suite of tailored monolithic or nanofibrous REMs for algal recovery; (2) evaluation of algae separation efficiency, permeate water treatment, and anti-fouling properties of REMs; (3) elucidation of algae cell disruption and underlying mechanisms of electrochemical oxidation using microfluidic experiments; and (4) experimental and modeling assessment of membrane fouling and regeneration.
The results of this project are anticipated to lead to transformative solutions that address the grand challenges at the energy-water nexus. First, the research will provide fundamental guidelines to the design of REMs with excellent filtration performance, flexible design, and durability of operation. Secondly, the research will promote water and nutrient reuse in waste streams or cultivation media, which reduces water or energy footprints of renewable energy production. Thirdly, the project will train and mentor at least three Ph.D. students and a large number of undergraduate and senior high school students that will be recruited from underrepresented groups in STEM at the three collaborating institutions. | biology |
https://davidtoddmiller.com/effects-of-sugar-on-the-body/ | 2023-11-29T09:28:24 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100057.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129073519-20231129103519-00049.warc.gz | 0.932274 | 2,089 | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__261516355 | en | The Effects of Sugar on the Body
Sugar, the sweet seductress that lingers on our palates and in our lives, is perhaps one of the most prevalent and yet misunderstood ingredients in our modern diets. Found in sugary snacks, decadent desserts, fizzy soft drinks, and hidden in the darkest corners of processed foods, sugar’s omnipresence is undeniable. But what if I told you that sugar’s effects on your body extend far beyond a fleeting indulgence of your sweet tooth? In this comprehensive exploration, we’re delving deep into the intricate world of sugar and its profound impacts on the human body. Brace yourselves, because this journey will take us through the sweet beginning, the tumultuous sugar rollercoaster, and the multi-faceted effects on the body that extend from the brain to your very cells.
The Sweet Beginning
Let’s start at the sweet beginning – the moment sugar touches your lips. As you savor that piece of cake or sip that sugary soda, your body embarks on a remarkable journey to break down the sweetness into something your cells can use for energy.
When you consume sugar, the body springs into action. Simple sugars like glucose and fructose are rapidly absorbed into the bloodstream, providing a quick surge of energy. This is why you might feel an almost instant pick-me-up after indulging in a sugary treat. However, the story doesn’t end here.
In response to rising blood sugar levels, your body activates a highly sophisticated system. The pancreas releases insulin, a hormone responsible for regulating blood sugar levels. Insulin acts as the key that unlocks your cells, allowing them to absorb glucose from the bloodstream. When everything works as intended, it’s a finely tuned process, and your blood sugar remains within a healthy range.
The Sugar Rollercoaster
But what happens when you consume excessive amounts of sugar? Here’s where the sugar rollercoaster comes into play.
Picture this: you enjoy a generous serving of your favorite sugary delight, and your blood sugar levels skyrocket. Suddenly, you’re full of energy and vitality. It’s the sugar rush. However, it’s short-lived. Soon enough, your blood sugar levels plummet, sending you on a sugar crash. You feel tired, sluggish, and often, you’re left craving even more sugar to replicate that initial high.
This cycle of spikes and crashes is what nutritionists and health experts refer to as the sugar rollercoaster, and it can wreak havoc on your body over time.
The Effects on the Body
Let’s delve into the brain’s response to sugar. Excessive sugar consumption can lead to addiction-like responses in this incredibly complex organ. When you consume sugar, it triggers the release of dopamine, often referred to as the “feel-good” neurotransmitter.
This surge of pleasure in response to sugar can be intense. It’s why sugary foods are so enticing. Over time, this pleasurable experience can lead to cravings and overconsumption, akin to the effects of certain addictive substances.
It’s not surprising that many people find it difficult to resist sugary treats when they stimulate the brain’s reward centers in such a powerful way. In fact, some researchers have even likened sugar addiction to drug addiction.
Your heart, the tirelessly pumping muscle that keeps you alive, is significantly affected by sugar consumption. High sugar intake is associated with an increased risk of heart disease. Here’s how it happens:
- Blood Pressure: Sugar, especially in the form of fructose, can contribute to high blood pressure. High blood pressure is a well-known risk factor for heart disease and stroke.
- Inflammation: Excessive sugar intake can lead to chronic inflammation in the body. Inflammation is a driving force behind many chronic diseases, including heart disease.
- Fatty Deposits: Over time, high sugar consumption can contribute to the buildup of fatty deposits in your arteries, a condition known as atherosclerosis. These fatty deposits can narrow and stiffen the arteries, making it harder for blood to flow and increasing the risk of heart attacks.
These factors combined make sugar a substantial contributor to heart disease, which remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide.
Your liver, a remarkable organ with a multitude of functions, plays a critical role in processing sugar. When you consume too much sugar, it can overload your liver and lead to a cascade of problems.
Fatty Liver Disease: One of the most common issues related to excessive sugar consumption is non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). As the name suggests, NAFLD causes the liver to accumulate excess fat, which can impair its function and even lead to more severe liver conditions.
Insulin Resistance: The constant demand placed on your liver to process sugar can also lead to insulin resistance. This is a condition where your cells become less responsive to insulin’s signals, causing your body to produce even more insulin to maintain blood sugar levels. Over time, this can lead to the development of type 2 diabetes.
Type 2 Diabetes: Long-term excessive sugar consumption can indeed lead to type 2 diabetes. In this condition, your body is unable to regulate blood sugar effectively, resulting in high and unstable blood sugar levels.
The battle against the bulge is one that many people face, and sugar can be a significant adversary. Sugar is calorie-dense, which means it’s packed with calories but devoid of essential nutrients. This makes it easy to consume more calories than you realize when indulging in sugary treats.
Moreover, sugary foods often lack the satiating power of whole, nutritious foods. They don’t fill you up as effectively, which can lead to overeating and, ultimately, weight gain. This is why you might find yourself reaching for that second or third cookie before feeling full.
The impact of sugar on weight gain goes beyond just its caloric content. The rollercoaster effect we discussed earlier, with its rapid spikes and crashes in blood sugar, can lead to increased hunger and cravings. This, in turn, makes it even more challenging to maintain a healthy weight.
The effects of sugar on dental health are a well-known fact, and you might have experienced it yourself. Sugar is like a feast for the harmful bacteria in your mouth. These bacteria thrive on sugar, producing acids that can erode your tooth enamel and lead to dental issues.
Over time, excessive sugar consumption can result in tooth decay, cavities, and gum disease. It’s not just about the quantity of sugar you consume; it’s also about the frequency of exposure. Constantly snacking on sugary foods or sipping on sugary drinks throughout the day exposes your teeth to repeated acid attacks, compounding the risk of dental problems.
Ways to Reduce Sugar Intake
Now that we’ve explored the extensive effects of sugar on the body, let’s talk about practical steps you can take to reduce your sugar consumption and make healthier choices. Remember, it’s not about complete deprivation, but rather finding a balanced approach that supports your health.
A great place to start is by becoming a savvy food label reader. Pay close attention to food labels and ingredient lists. Look for hidden sugars, which can go by various names such as high fructose corn syrup, sucrose, maltose, and any ingredient ending in “ose.”
Manufacturers often use different forms of sugar, making it challenging to spot added sugars. By scrutinizing food labels, you can make more informed choices and select products with less added sugar.
Choose Whole Foods
Opt for whole foods whenever possible. Fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins should form the foundation of your diet. These natural foods contain naturally occurring sugars, along with essential nutrients and fiber.
The difference between the sugar in whole foods and added sugars is significant. Whole foods provide a slower, more balanced release of sugar into the bloodstream due to their fiber content. This helps regulate blood sugar levels and prevents the dramatic spikes and crashes associated with sugary processed foods.
Limit Sugary Beverages
Sugary beverages, such as soda, fruit juices, sports drinks, and even some seemingly innocent “health drinks,” are some of the worst culprits when it comes to sugar consumption. They can be a major source of added sugars in your diet.
Swap out sugary drinks for water, herbal teas, or other unsweetened beverages. This small change can significantly reduce your daily sugar intake while also benefiting your overall health.
While we’ve discussed the detrimental effects of excessive sugar consumption, it’s important to recognize that you don’t have to eliminate sugary treats from your life entirely. Enjoying the occasional dessert or sugary indulgence is a normal part of life.
The key is moderation. Be mindful of portion sizes and the frequency of your indulgences. Treat sugary foods as an occasional and special treat rather than a daily habit.
In conclusion, the effects of sugar on the body extend far beyond the temporary pleasure it provides to our taste buds. Excessive sugar consumption can lead to a host of health issues, including weight gain, heart disease, and even addiction-like responses in the brain.
It is crucial to be aware of the hidden sugars in our diets and to make informed choices to prioritize our health and well-being. Remember, moderation and balance are the keys to a healthier relationship with sugar. By adopting these practices, you can not only enjoy the occasional sweet treat but also protect your body from the adverse effects of excessive sugar consumption.
In a world where sugar is abundant and often hard to resist, knowledge and mindful choices become our greatest allies in the quest for better health. Your body will thank you for it in the long run. So, let’s embark on a journey towards a healthier, happier, and more balanced relationship with sugar – one that benefits both your body and your overall well-being. | biology |
https://onelittleduck.wordpress.com/page/2/ | 2017-04-30T12:44:42 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917125532.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031205-00173-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 0.971222 | 408 | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-17__0__153136004 | en | Dec 19th 2007
The era of the hunter-gatherer was not the social and environmental Eden that some suggest
HUMAN beings have spent most of their time on the planet as hunter-gatherers. From at least 85,000 years ago to the birth of agriculture around 73,000 years later, they combined hunted meat with gathered veg. Some people, such as those on North Sentinel Island in the Andaman Sea, still do. The Sentinelese are the only hunter-gatherers who still resist contact with the outside world. Fine-looking specimens—strong, slim, fit, black and stark naked except for a small plant-fibre belt round the waist—they are the very model of the noble savage. Genetics suggests that indigenous Andaman islanders have been isolated since the very first expansion out of Africa more than 60,000 years ago.
About 12,000 years ago people embarked on an experiment called agriculture and some say that they, and their planet, have never recovered. Farming brought a population explosion, protein and vitamin deficiency, new diseases and deforestation. Human height actually shrank by nearly six inches after the first adoption of crops in the Near East. So was agriculture “the worst mistake in the history of the human race”, as Jared Diamond, evolutionary biologist and professor of geography at the University of California, Los Angeles, once called it?
Take a snapshot of the old world 15,000 years ago. Except for bits of Siberia, it was full of a new and clever kind of people who had originated in Africa and had colonised first their own continent, then Asia, Australia and Europe, and were on the brink of populating the Americas. They had spear throwers, boats, needles, adzes, nets. They painted pictures, decorated their bodies and believed in spirits. They traded foods, shells, raw materials and ideas. They sang songs, told stories and prepared herbal medicines.
They were “hunter-gatherers”. | biology |
http://www.thevortexnewspaper.com/2019/02/15/bees-can-understand-symbols-solve-maths/ | 2021-10-27T06:53:50 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323588102.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20211027053727-20211027083727-00711.warc.gz | 0.932611 | 464 | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-43__0__41725925 | en | Bees Can Understand Symbols, Solve Maths
Researchers have found bees can do basic mathematics, in a discovery that expands our understanding of the relationship between brain size and brain power.
Building on their finding that honeybees can understand the concept of zero, Australian and French researchers set out to test whether bees could perform arithmetic operations like addition and subtraction.
Solving maths problems requires a sophisticated level of cognition, involving the complex mental management of numbers, long-term rules and short term working memory.
The revelation that even the miniature brain of a honeybee can grasp basic mathematical operations has implications for the future development of Artificial Intelligence, particularly in improving rapid learning.
Led by researchers from RMIT University in Melbourne, Australia, the new study showed bees can be taught to recognise colours as symbolic representations for addition and subtraction, and that they can use this information to solve arithmetic problems.
RMIT’s Associate Professor Adrian Dyer said numerical operations like addition and subtraction are complex because they require two levels of processing.
“You need to be able to hold the rules around adding and subtracting in your long-term memory, while mentally manipulating a set of given numbers in your short-term memory,” Dyer said.
“On top of this, our bees also used their short-term memories to solve arithmetic problems, as they learned to recognise plus or minus as abstract concepts rather than being given visual aids.
“Our findings suggest that advanced numerical cognition may be found much more widely in nature among non-human animals than previously suspected.
“If maths doesn’t require a massive brain, there might also be new ways for us to incorporate interactions of both long-term rules and working memory into designs to improve rapid AI learning of new problems.”
There is considerable debate around whether animals know or can learn complex number skills.
Many species can understand the difference between quantities and use this to forage, make decisions and solve problems. But numerical cognition, such as exact number and arithmetic operations, requires a more sophisticated level of processing.
Previous studies have shown some primates, birds, babies and even spiders can add and/or subtract. The new research, published in Science Advances, adds bees to that list. | biology |
https://hplc2022.org/scientific-program/ | 2022-08-18T13:22:17 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573197.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818124424-20220818154424-00227.warc.gz | 0.861676 | 329 | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-33__0__168764708 | en | World-renowned Experts Presenting Discoveries, Best Practices, Techniques and Applications
We invite you to attend the longest running, most recognized international chromatographic conference in the world shaping the future of separations and analyses carried out in the liquid-phase. HPLC 2022 is the 50th International Symposium and Exposition on High Performance Liquid Phase Separations and Related Techniques and will take place on June 18-23, 2022 in San Diego, California USA.
The symposium will bring together scientists at all professional levels involved with all aspects of liquid-phase separations from fundamental research to practice, to provide a dynamic program with cutting-edge presentations and engaging scientific sessions covering a myriad of topics, and to offer wide opportunities for training, networking and informal discussion.
Topics broadly include medicine, biology, environment, manufacturing, agriculture, and the science underlying separation processes. Special emphasis will be on the life sciences where scientists and researchers from around the world will present the latest trends and issues in areas such as column technologies, 3D-printing, multidimensional LC, capillary LC, SFC, micro- and nanofluidics, omics, mass spectrometry, electrophoresis, sample preparation, theory of the chromatographic separation processes, machine learning and artificial intelligence, natural products, food, environment, sustainability, emerging markets, as well as a myriad of other topics related to liquid-phase separations and analyses.
I look forward to seeing you in San Diego at the HPLC 2022 symposium.
Professor Frantisek (Frank) Svec
HPLC 2022 Symposium Chair | biology |
http://www.sheratondallashotel.com/dallas-world-aquarium | 2018-08-15T19:23:26 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221210249.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20180815181003-20180815201003-00481.warc.gz | 0.913459 | 107 | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-34__0__216379443 | en | Dallas World Aquarium
Open 7 days a week from 9am - 5pm
The Dallas World Aquarium is located in downtown Dallas in the West End Historic District, and located just a 5 minute drive from Sheraton Dallas Hotel.
The aquarium houses threatened or endangered species that are unique to specific parts of the world. Enjoy the exotic birds, wildlife species, and more at this exciting aquarium.
Adult - $20.95
Child - $14.95
Senior - $16.95
Children under 2 - free | biology |
http://www.breastcancertreatment.in/chemotherapy1.htm | 2018-02-23T16:21:43 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891814801.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20180223154626-20180223174626-00510.warc.gz | 0.957439 | 400 | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-09__0__240505710 | en | Chemotherapy for Breast Cancer
Chemotherapy is the process in which cancer-killing drugs are either injected into the body or are given as oral pills. Chemotherapy usually follows surgery for breast cancer. Sometimes it may be given together with surgery as well as radiotherapy. Hormone therapy may be used as a follow-up treatment.
Drugs used in chemotherapy for breast cancer are similar to other cancers but the protocol for giving them may vary. The doctor decides the treatment plan for each individual. He/she will also determine how long and how often chemotherapy treatments must continue.
Chemotherapy, often shortened to just "chemo," is a systemic therapy which affects the whole body since the drugs pass through the blood. It affects both normal cells as well as cancer cells.
Generally, chemotherapy is given in cycles - which means that the drugs are given for 4-6 weeks and then a rest period of a few weeks is allowed. Then the treatment is repeated.
Specific treatment is based on:
- Overall health of the patient.
- The type and stage of the cancer.
- Whether the patient is still menstruating.
- Reactions to and tolerance of specific drugs.
Types of Chemotherapy: There are three types of chemotherapy:
- Neoadjuvent Chemotherapy: This is a type of chemotherapy which is given before surgery to shrink the tumors and make the operation easier for both the surgeon as well as the patient.
- Adjuvent Chemotherapy: In this case, chemotherapy is given after the surgery to treat any cancer cells which may still be present in the body in the chest wall of lymph nodes or which has spread elsewhere in the body.
- Palliative Chemotherapy: It is used to control (but not cure) the cancer in women in whom the cancer has spread beyond the breast and localized lymph nodes. It helps to control various symptoms like pain etc, and makes the remaining years of the life of the patient somewhat easier. | biology |
http://audubonadventures.org/Raptors.htm | 2018-12-13T05:20:44 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376824448.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20181213032335-20181213053835-00581.warc.gz | 0.964293 | 382 | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-51__0__158695473 | en | Owls, eagles, hawks, falcons, kites, and ospreys are raptors, or birds of prey. “Prey” is another word for an animal that is hunted for food. The word “raptor” is based on an old word that means “to seize and carry away.” And that’s exactly what raptors do! They use powerful, curved claws called talons to catch their prey and carry it away. Then they tear into the meal with their sharp, hooked beaks.
Bald eagles and ospreys feed mainly on fish. Peregrine falcons catch birds. Tiny American kestrels nab insects, lizards, small snakes, and mice. Big golden eagles carry off jackrabbits, prairie dogs, and other medium-sized mammal prey. These are raptors that hunt by day.
At night, owls take over. Their huge eyes gather every speck of light. Round, feathered areas on their faces work like radar dishes to channel sounds to their ears. Soft feathers on their wings’ edges muffle the sound as they fly. Owl prey ranges from insects, lizards, snakes, and frogs to mice, rats, and rabbits. Great horned owls even eat skunks!
Raptors that hunt by day often travel by hitching a ride on currents of air called thermals. A thermal forms when the sun heats up the ground in the morning. Air near the ground heats up, too, and rises. A raptor can spread its wings and float upwards on this air, soaring effortlessly in circles. It can travel for miles by riding one thermal after another, hardly ever flapping a wing!
Photos: (bottom right) Dave Menke/USFWS, (all others) Thinkstock | biology |
https://allisonschulmannutrition.com/featured/5-reasons-fiber-friend/ | 2020-01-19T16:53:29 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594662.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119151736-20200119175736-00306.warc.gz | 0.93086 | 456 | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-05__0__239249031 | en | When defining “healthy eating,” many people focus on what are considered basic concepts: counting calories, and getting the daily requirement of vitamins and minerals. Although a good starting point, there are many layers to this complex onion that need to be peeled away. One often-overlooked but critically important nutrient is fiber. Here are 5 reasons why fiber is our friend.
1. Fiber promotes heart health.
Studies show that dietary fiber lowers cholesterol, blood pressure, and inflammation by binding with fats and cholesterol and carrying them through the digestive tract and out of the body. Think of fiber as a tiny mop, absorbing unhealthy fats and expelling them from your body.
2. Fiber reduces the risk of Type 2 Diabetes.
For diabetics and those at risk for diabetes, dietary fiber helps slow the absorption of sugar. This keeps your blood sugar from rising too fast and reduces cravings for unhealthy foods. That means more energy to get you through the day.
3. Fiber facilitates weight loss and weight maintenance.
A high fiber diet is one of the easiest ways to help shed pounds. Foods that are rich in fiber are filling and satisfying which helps to stave off overeating.
4. Fiber promotes regularity.
Regularly consuming foods rich in fiber reduces risk of constipation and bloating and helps normalize bowel movements. It can also provide some relief for Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) and Gastroesophageal Reflux Disorder (GERD).
5. Fiber helps fight off cancer.
Dietary fiber moves through the intestinal track and helps eliminate harmful chemicals from your body that otherwise might linger and increase the risk of cancer. Additionally, bacteria in your intestinal track utilize dietary fiber to help fight cancer cells.
Fiber is a necessary component of our daily diet. With so many important functions and benefits, getting the daily recommended amount (women need 25 grams and men need 38 grams) of dietary fiber is essential. Try to eliminate processed foods, skip the fiber supplements, and choose whole-grain products, fruits, vegetables, legumes, oats, nuts, and seeds. Your heart, belly, and brain will thank you.
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https://myyco.com/product/blue-meanies-mushroom/ | 2023-09-26T16:51:11 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510214.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20230926143354-20230926173354-00816.warc.gz | 0.92623 | 625 | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__181383058 | en | *NOTE: The information below is for educational purposes only. We don’t condone the growth of this liquid culture. It is sold legally for mycological microscopy research only. We will not answer any questions regarding the growth of this culture. We will cancel all orders from anyone who contacts us and mentions growth and they will be placed on a blacklist that prevents them from ordering in the future. Not for sale in GA or ID.
The thunder from down under. The Blue Meanie mushroom is a potent cubensis strain believed to have been discovered in Australia. Not to be confused with Panaeolus Cyanescens (which is sometimes confusingly referred to as “Blue Meanies”), the Blue Meanie mushroom is aptly named for the blue bruising that appears on it’s caps and stems when it is touched—blue bruising is an indication of elevated levels of psilocybin and psilocin. This mushroom produces thick stems and large, golden caps with white speckles. Our Blue Meanie liquid culture is an excellent choice for beginner and seasoned researchers alike.
MYYCO was created to offer a superior alternative to mushroom spores. Unlike spores, making early-stage liquid cultures of mycelium allows us to isolate and replicate the fastest, strongest, and highest-yielding genetics. Our liquid culture does not require a germination phase, like spores do, meaning quicker and more reliable research.
We are a team of mycologists with over 30 years of combined experience isolating and researching mycelium to create high-performing liquid cultures. Our 3,000 square foot mycology research lab is equipped with state-of-the-art mycology and sterilization equipment to ensure that every MYYCO syringe that leaves our facility has the highest quality genetics and has been medically sterilized.
When we started MYYCO, we decided that making a beneficial impact was more important than profits and that the mushroom world was the wrong place for a profit-first mentality. We donate 100% of our profits to 501(c)(3) organizations researching psychedelic therapy. Visit our Donation section to learn more and view our donation records.
Shoot us an email at [email protected] at any time during your research and one of our mycologists will answer you within 24 hours. Please note, we cannot answer any questions regarding the growth of our psilocybe cubensis liquid cultures. Our cubensis liquid cultures are sold strictly for microscopy research.
100% of profits from every MYYCO sale are donated to leading 501(c)(3) non-profit organizations involved in therapeutic research of the psychoactive compound found in medicinal mushrooms to aid a variety of ailments… including treatment-resistant depression, PTSD, Alzheimer’s and end-of-life anxiety and depression. MYYCO is a registered California benefit corporation. If you have any questions regarding our philanthropic cause or want to help out in any other way, please reach out to us at [email protected]. | biology |
http://www.zanylaughs.com/short-course-on-getting-to-square-1/755 | 2019-09-18T18:00:39 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573323.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20190918172932-20190918194932-00501.warc.gz | 0.946906 | 539 | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-39__0__6999765 | en | How to Stimulate Hormones for Body Mass and Bodybuilding Needs
There are a number of hormones that do play such a central role when it comes to bodybuilding and strength training. You will find some of the hormones that increase strength training and stimulate the growth of muscle and these are such as the hormone testosterone, insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1), and the growth hormone, GH. Over and above these, there are as well some of the hormones that will particularly serve to increase the availability of glucose in the body, and glucose is the body’s primary source of fuel, and some of these hormones are such as cortisol, epinephrine, norepinephrine and glucagon. Still on these hormones, we have insulin which is known for its facilitation of the storage of glucose which can be used in the future.
Looking at all these hormones, they are all classified and form the body’s special system known as the endocrine system. Where you happen to be interested in increasing your muscle mass, then you need to appreciate the fact that there are alternative ways to achieve this without necessarily using the outlawed supplements. Here are some of the basics that should be known when it comes to the use of the all-natural body building supplements.
Actually, looking at all of the hormones mentioned above that affect the building of muscle, you can actually influence them with simple nutrition and workouts. In actual sense, there are some of these hormones amongst which we see testosterone, cortisol, IGF-1, and growth hormone all that will respond to the intensity there is the weight training you opt for. On the other side, insulin and glucagon are as well influenced by diet and exercise as opposed to the anabolic hormones. See this site for more on the crazymass reviews.
By and large, when it comes to the need for bodybuilding, the principle is often to keep the anabolic hormones high and keep as low as can be the catabolic hormones. Talking of anabolic and catabolic, the anabolic hormones are those that promote the growth of body tissue and the catabolic ones are those that break down body tissue. Looking at some of the examples, testosterone is one of the anabolic hormones with cortisol being a catabolic hormone.
Talking of muscle growth and bodybuilding naturally, there are a number of approaches to exercise and diets that will be so effective in helping make the most of the anabolic responses while taking as much care of the catabolic responses at the same time. Check out this page for more on the all-natural bodybuilding supplements from Crazymass. Check it out here for more on these. | biology |
https://www.my12voltstore.com/products/enzymedica-digest-gold-probiotics-90-vegcaps | 2023-11-30T01:41:34 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100164.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20231130000127-20231130030127-00461.warc.gz | 0.911914 | 750 | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__244390783 | en | Finally, you can eat without worrying about digestive issues!
The enzymes in Digest Gold, America's #1 selling enzyme formula, break down all the parts of a typical large meal, like fat, fiber, protein and carbohydrates.* Each capsule unlocks nutrients to fuel your day and gives relief for occasional gas, bloating and indigestion.*
Powered by Thera-blendâ„¢, the enzymes in Digest Gold are active throughout the entire digestive tract, maximizing your health benefits. ATProâ„¢ provides essential ingredients to boost your cellular powerplant and give you more energy with every meal.*
• Breaks down fat, fiber, protein & carbs*
• Speeds up digestion*
• Boosts energy*
• Reduces occasional gas, bloating & indigestion*
What are enzymes and how do they work?
Enzymes do digestion. They are naturally occurring proteins that speed up reactions. Enzymes act like tiny scissors, cutting up the food we’ve eaten into smaller components. This helps our body more easily and fully absorb nutrients.
Without enough enzymes, our body can struggle to break down troublesome foods, leading to occasional gas, bloating, indigestion and irregularity. With all-natural enzyme supplementation, your body gets an extra boost to the digestive process, helping maximize energy and contributing to whole-body health.*
If my body and food already produce enzymes, why do I need supplements?
Not only can an enzyme deficiency come from diet and lifestyle, but our bodies naturally produce fewer enzymes as we age. It can be hard to get what we need through diet alone because the process of cooking destroys the enzymes contained within food. Taking an enzyme supplement can help fill in the gap.
What is different about Digest Goldâ„¢ enzymes versus others?
Not all enzyme supplements are created equal, and Digest Gold has the most potent formula on the market. It contains powerful enzymes like amylase, lipase, cellulase and protease. These enzymes break down complex foods like carbohydrates, fats, fiber and protein.*
Enzymedica's proprietary Thera-blendâ„¢ technology means that the enzymes found in Digest Gold will work throughout the entire pH spectrum found along your digestive tract. When other brands' enzyme formulas may fall short, in almost all acidic or alkaline environments, Digest Gold will be effective.
What is ATPro®?
Blending ATPro with Digest Gold boosts energy by giving the body’s cells what they need for nutrient absorption.* ATP, which is found in every cell, allows nutrients to pass through the cell wall so that the all the processes that keep us alive and well can occur. However, through aging, lack of exercise or eating cooked and processed food, our bodies may begin to need more ATP than they can naturally produce.
To help the digestive process go full circle, the ATPro in Digest Gold™ is a special blend of ATP, Magnesium Citrate, Phytase and CoQ10. Not only does ATP help boost nutrient absorption, but it’s also a supercharger for enzymes, assisting your body break down food even better.* All of this leads to you having more energy to do what you love.
We work to ensure that product information is correct; however, brands may make changes to products from time to time, and actual product packaging and materials may contain more and/or different information than that shown on our website. Please consult all labels, warnings, and directions prior to using or consuming products for the most accurate product information. | biology |
https://course-view.org/the-3-wonders-of-bwindi-impenetrable-national-park/ | 2023-06-03T18:45:25 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224649302.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20230603165228-20230603195228-00570.warc.gz | 0.931912 | 1,214 | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-23__0__176780835 | en | The 3 Wonders of Bwindi Impenetrable National Park
In the remote South Western Uganda in East Africa lies the Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, a popular gem that is famous for hosting the mountain gorillas. This iconic ancient tropical rain forest is one of the fast-growing tourism destinations in Africa.
Perched close to the borders of Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Bwindi is highly gifted tropical rain forest that has emerged as a formidable tourism destination. This magnificent ancient rain forest lies on the edges of the Albertine Rift Valley. It is one of the few forests that flourished through the last ice age and scientists believe that it dates back to over 25,000 years. Its natural endowments including exciting wildlife spectacles and stunning landscapes have made it to be among the CNN’s best 25 destinations to visit this year.
Today Bwindi Impenetrable National Park is a popular hotspot and it continues to offer competitively priced and high-quality wildlife experiences that are worthy sharing. Here are the three wonders of Uganda’s UNESCO World Heritage sites;
Meet the Mountain Gorillas in Bwindi
Mountain gorillas are the major draw for most visitors to Bwindi Impenetrable Forest. There are about 1050 mountain gorillas left in the world and Bwindi hosts roughly half of this remnant population. The endangered mountain gorillas roam freely within the park’s dense tropical rainforest.
Today, gorilla tracking is the most popular adventure activity that is done in Bwindi Impenetrable Forest and it can be done any time of the year. Every year, thousands of travelers brave the rough roads and meet up the mountain gorillas in the wild jungle.
Looking into the expressive brown eyes of the mountain gorillas is surely a life changing experience that has been highly rated by tourists who have got the chance to go gorilla trekking in Africa. Though the experience comes at a high price of US$700 for a one-hour session, it is worthy taking in the dense tropical rain forests of Central Africa.
The walk to see the mountain gorillas is also for the brave hearted. A considerable degree of fitness is needed since it involves climbing up the slopes of mountain ranges that consist of narrow, deep valleys and impenetrable green forests cloaked with mist.
Gorilla tracking is done in four sectors that is Ruhija, Rushaga, Buhoma, and Nkuringo regions. The four regions feature a total of twenty habituated gorilla families that are visited in a highly regulated activity. Each gorilla family is visited by a maximum of up to eight guests every day and gorilla watching is strictly done for just one hour.
If you are looking to gorilla trekking in Bwindi, it is important to book your experience early enough. It is recommended to book your trip atleast 6 months before your actual travel dates if you are looking to visiting the mountain gorillas during the peak months of June to September and December to March.
Meet the Batwa
The primeval forest of Bwindi used to host the Batwa people, an indigenous pygmy tribe that lived in the forest for ages.
The Batwa are among the oldest surviving tribes of Africa. They used to live in the Bwindi Forest for millennia and all their life depended on the forest. They survived by hunting and fruit gathering with the tropical rain forest and they lived in harmony with the wildlife.
The Batwa lived along the gorillas in a sustainable manner. However, to safeguard the protection of the mountain gorillas, conservation organizations advised the resettlement of the Batwa to areas outside the park.
1n 1991 the government of Uganda evicted the Batwa out of the forest without any compensation and they were resettled on the edges of the forest. Today, an estimated population of over 6000 Batwa live close to the park.
For tourists visiting Bwindi, you can experience the culture of the Batwa people on two organized tourism programs run by the forest; the Batwa Experience and the Batwa Trail. During the tour, you will learn firsthand the life of the Batwa including hunting, fruit gathering, traditional ways of making fires, harvesting medicines from the forest and more.
Till today, the Batwa have spiritual and religious ties to the forest.
Meet the Chimpanzees
Bwindi is also a safe haven for chimpanzees, man’s closest cousins. Though these great apes are outshone by the mountain gorillas, hosts a significant population of chimpanzees, with a population that is estimated to be over 500 individuals. Bwindi National Park brags as the only forest in Africa in which the two apes occur together.
Though chimpanzee tracking has not yet been developed in the park, the existence of chimpanzees is a wonder that is jealously protected by the park authorities and conservation organizations.
Apart from chimpanzees, Bwindi Forest also is home to a number of other primate species, including black-and-white colobus (Colobus guereza), L’Hoest’s guenon (Cercopithecus l’hoesti), red-tailed guenon (C. ascanius schmidti), blue guenon (C. mitis mitis), vervet (C. aethiops), baboon (Papio anubis) plus several nocturnal primates.
Bwindi is the ultimate destination that should not miss on your bucket list. Its broader biodiversity is not limited to mountain gorillas and chimpanzees. The park brags of a checklist of 90 mammals including eleven primates. The park is also a birders haven with 23 localized bird species that are endemic to the Albertine Rift.
The post The 3 Wonders of Bwindi Impenetrable National Park appeared first on Ziddu. | biology |
https://herbs-hands-healing.co.uk/life-stages/menopause | 2021-04-12T22:56:42 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038069267.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20210412210312-20210413000312-00521.warc.gz | 0.936857 | 2,207 | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-17__0__183199022 | en | In This Section
Female babies are born with around two million immature eggs and they will produce no more after birth. Rather, these eggs are used throughout a woman's fertile years and she will experience approximately 400 menstrual cycles during that time. As a woman ages the supply of eggs is diminished. Gradually the cycle slows down in mid life and no more eggs are released, enabling the menopause to take place.
When the ovaries stop releasing eggs this causes a decrease in the production of oestrogen and progesterone, which in turn leads to the end of periods. This drop in hormone levels produces a range of symptoms, not least hot flushes, insomnia, aches, depression, poor memory and weight gain. It is common for women to experience a variety of symptoms for some years prior to the menopause and this is called the peri-menopause phase (sometimes referred to as the pre-menopause).
Women are said to have reached the menopause when a year has elapsed since their last period. As hormone levels stabilise, the symptoms disappear and many women feel better than they have in years as they enter the post-menopause phase. For others the loss of hormones can unduly de-stabilise their lives. The loss of oestrogen and progesterone can have an effect on the bladder, vaginal tissue, bone density, mental balance and more. These symptoms and others, if unsupported with herbs, can make post-menopausal life very miserable for some women.
In Germany 70 per cent of physicians successfully prescribe herbal remedies for the peri-menopause, menopause and post-menopause instead of using hormone replacement drugs. This trend for using herbs to support the menopause is an increasing one in Britain.
Common symptoms of peri-menopause & menopause
- Irregular periods: They may become shorter or longer, heavier or lighter and irregular.
- Hot flushes: This is a sudden feeling of heat in the upper body or all over the body causing the face and neck to appear flushed. This heat intensity can be followed by a cooling chill as the body's thermostat kicks in to cool the body down.
- Night sweats: These are severe hot flushes, which can leave a woman drenched in sweat.
- Insomnia: Research shows that 30-65 per cent of menopausal women experience insomnia. Causes may include night sweats or anxiety.
- Vaginal and bladder changes: When oestrogen diminishes, vaginal tissues may lose lubrication and elasticity, making intercourse uncomfortable or painful. Low oestrogen levels may also increase vulnerability to urinary infections.
- Stiffness and aching body: A once agile woman can become increasingly achy and stiff.
- Lack of libido: Loss of sexual desire or an erratic sex drive can also occur. However, the menopause should not mean the end of an active sex life and difficulties can be overcome.
- Poor memory: A woman may become absent minded or find it extremely difficult to retain information.
Don't forget to exercise
Regular exercise will help strengthen the bones and reduce the risk of osteoporosis. It may also have other benefits for symptoms: in one study, half of menopausal women who followed a resistance-training programme for eight weeks said they had fewer hot flushes and headaches, were less stressed and had a higher sex drive.
In her book Healthy Eating For The Menopause (Kyle Cathie), Dr Marilyn Glenville - top women's nutritionist and colleague of herbalist Jill Davies - recommends the following tips:
- Eat plenty of fruit and vegetables.
- Eat complex carbohydrates – whole grains like brown rice, oats and wholemeal bread.
- Buy organic where possible.
- Eat foods rich in phytoestrogens (naturally occurring plant nutrients that exert an oestrogen-like action on the body) including chickpeas, lentils, garlic and celery.
- Eat foods rich in omega-3 fatty acids such as oily fish, nuts, seeds and cold-pressed seed oils.
- Reduce your intake of saturated fat.
- Drink plenty of fluids.
- Reduce your intake of caffeine and alcohol.
- Avoid sugar, on its own and hidden in foods.
- Herbs: "Vitex & Black Cohosh Formula" has the effect of "topping-up" falling hormone levels. It can be used throughout all three stages of the menopause (see below) to help with the ever-altering list of symptoms associated with each menopause phase.
There are three stages of menopause:
These are peri-menopause (sometimes referred to as pre-menopause), menopause, and post-menopause. Medically speaking, menopause is defined as the last menstrual period, or the cessation of menstrual bleeding. The transition to menopause is known as peri-menopause and may last as long as 8 to 15 years. Post-menopause is considered to start approximately one year after menopause has occurred. Herbs such as agnus castus and black cohosh combined will greatly help all three stages.
Contrary to common belief, most women's oestrogen levels remain relatively stable during peri-menopause or may even increase slightly. On the other hand, progesterone levels begin to fall in peri-menopause. The result is a condition called oestrogen dominance and it is this that can cause a myriad of uncomfortable symptoms similar to PMS, only many times more severe. Progesterone has many important functions. For example, it builds up the uterine lining during menstruation, and is involved in balanced blood clotting, blood sugar regulation, healthy bone formation and fat metabolism. It is important that women try to ensure progesterone levels remain as stable as possible. If oestrogen dominance is established, phytoestrogenic herbs like red clover can be the worst thing to take as they will exacerbate symptoms (e.g. hot flushes).
During post-menopause there is a gradual decline in levels of sex hormones (oestrogen and progesterone) produced by the ovaries. However, the adrenal glands also produce some sex hormones throughout a woman’s lifetime, including after menopause. If, however, the adrenals are exhausted, they will not be able to secrete their normal quota of hormones, meaning that levels decline further than they should. Siberian ginseng herb and/or EnergiRevive Powder (which contains Siberian ginseng) can greatly support this situation.
Vaginal dryness and incontinence are two of the most distressing symptoms of the post-menopausal phase. But the drop in oestrogen can also have other, less immediate effects. Oestrogen has protective functions for the heart and the bones that are therefore diminished when levels drop after the menopause. In relation to the heart, oestrogen actually improves blood flow to the coronary arteries; when levels decline after menopause, women have a rapid increase in the risk for coronary heart disease that then equals that of men. Women need to manage this higher risk of heart disease, as well as blood sugar disturbances and osteoporosis if they are to remain strong and healthy into old age.
Anything that keeps sex hormones functioning for longer will also help to reduce the risk of other diseases and conditions. We have mentioned some areas that need special attention but there is much that can be done to stay healthy in other areas that start to decline with hormone loss and age. We emphasise a healthy diet, cleanses and herbs that when combined may reduce the risk of colorectal cancer, improve cognitive function and short-term memory, decrease the risk of tooth loss and low bone density, minimise cataract formation, and even macular degeneration (the most common cause of blindness over age 80). Remember also that oestrogen tends to lower LDL (bad) cholesterol and raise HDL (good) cholesterol in the blood. When levels drop it is prudent to make definitive changes to the diet and support the liver with herbs and cleanses.
Perhaps the most important factor for women seeking herbal hormone support during and after the menopause is the issue of their femininity. The menopause can cause a reduction in breast size and increased drooping, an increase in facial hair and a deeper voice, all of which can be upsetting. Thinning skin and mucous membranes alter visual appearance, and vaginal dryness can make sexual intercourse painful, thereby adding to the feeling of overall negative change and challenge. Add to this such psychological symptoms as mood swings, irritability and trouble concentrating and it's easy to see why women are less than thrilled by the prospect of falling hormone levels for the remainder of their lives. On many levels, women now expect to remain younger for longer compared to earlier generations. In the post-menopause phase, don’t forget to continue to take the very same herbs you did for the peri-menopause and menopause. You can continue to take them as long as you remember!
The most important way to reduce the post-menopausal risks of heart disease and osteoporosis is exercise. Walking, swimming and other activities can dramatically lower the risk of cardiovascular disease, while resistance training such as light weights helps build muscle and supports bone strength. Plants containing phytoestrogens and plants able to activate the pituitary gland to produce oestrogens are also useful to prevent bone loss.
Additional help is available by phoning the free product advice line at Herbs Hands Healing between the hours of 9.00am to 1.00pm. Tel: 01379 608201.
If you would like to learn more about herbs and receive updates about our products and services please take the time to subscribe to our newsletters.
Learn more about Dr. Richard Schulze’s Superfood Plus and why we believe this is such a wonderful food by following this link on our website, where extensive information is available. Also please visit our Superfood Plus facebook page for articles and current news.
To learn more about natural healing for this and other ailments, visit Dr Schulze's blog.
If you would like to see videos of Jill Davies showing you plants growing in their natural settings and discussing their medicinal attributes then visit us on facebook. You can also explore additional herbs and their traditional uses by linking to Herbs Info & Photo Gallery and Herb Profiles. Useful additional information can also be found at the Herbs Hands Healing information pages on Detox & Cleansing and Natural Healing. | biology |
https://clevelandpainspecialists.com/blog/sleep-apnea-increased-opiate-medications/ | 2023-12-09T01:36:12 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100781.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209004202-20231209034202-00756.warc.gz | 0.957863 | 390 | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__194023585 | en | According to a recent article in Pain Medicine, Dr. Lynn Webster found that sleep disordered breathing was common in chronic pain patients taking prescribed opiates. There was also a direct relationship between central sleep apnea and methadone when combined with benzodiazepines.
Opiates are used for severe and intractable pain in patients who have not responded to other therapy. There is an increasing number of patients with chronic pain who are being prescribed opiate medications. Opiate medications include morphine, Kadian, Avinza, oxycodone, oxymorphone, OxyContin, Opana, Exalgo, and methadone. Benzodiazepines are typically prescribed for anxiety and muscle spasm.
There was a much higher rate of obstructive and central sleep apnea syndromes in those prescribed pain medications-75%, than in the general population, estimated to be at 2-4%. Central sleep apnea is estimated to occur at a rate of 5% in people greater than 65 years of age and 1.5 to 5% in men less than 65 years old. Central sleep apnea causes people to stop breathing during sleep because of faulty brain control. This is compared to obstructive apnea, which is associated with obesity and in other health problems, and typified by loud snoring.
Central sleep apnea is commonly associated with the absence of crescendo-decrescendo breath size and that central sleep apnea mechanism is different for people taking opioids than for people not taking opiates. The researchers feel that the opiates could be directly affecting the part of the brain that controls respiration.
The authors of the study noted that if opiate medications can increase sleep apnea risk, then chronic pain patients who are prescribed opiates may be at higher risk of morbidity and mortality. Recent research has focused on the synergy of opiates and benzodiazepines in causing respiratory depression. | biology |
https://strollzone.com/blogs/news/nourishing-your-body-and-baby-a-guide-to-healthy-pregnancy-and-eating-well | 2024-02-24T13:37:15 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474533.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20240224112548-20240224142548-00379.warc.gz | 0.913332 | 664 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__204831168 | en | Pregnancy is a remarkable journey that requires special attention to your health and well-being. Eating a nutritious diet is crucial during this time, as it directly impacts the growth and development of your baby. By making healthy food choices, you can provide essential nutrients, maintain a healthy weight, and reduce the risk of pregnancy complications.
This article aims to provide you with a comprehensive guide to maintaining a healthy pregnancy through proper nutrition.
- Balanced and Nutrient-Rich Diet: During pregnancy, it's important to consume a balanced diet that includes a variety of nutrients. Focus on incorporating the following:
- Fruits and Vegetables: These provide essential vitamins, minerals, and fiber. Aim for a colorful assortment to maximize nutrient intake.
- Whole Grains: Opt for whole-grain bread, rice, pasta, and cereals to ensure a good source of fiber, B vitamins, and minerals.
- Lean Proteins: Include lean meats, poultry, fish, eggs, legumes, and tofu to meet your protein needs. These sources also provide iron, zinc, and other vital nutrients.
- Dairy or Dairy Alternatives: Consume milk, yogurt, and cheese for calcium, vitamin D, and protein. If you're lactose intolerant or follow a vegan diet, choose fortified plant-based alternatives.
- Healthy Fats: Incorporate foods like avocados, nuts, seeds, and olive oil, which provide omega-3 fatty acids, vital for the baby's brain development.
- Prenatal Supplements: Even with a healthy diet, it's recommended to take prenatal supplements as advised by your healthcare provider. These usually include folic acid, iron, calcium, vitamin D, and omega-3 fatty acids to support your baby's growth and prevent deficiencies.
- Hydration: Stay well-hydrated throughout your pregnancy. Water is the best choice, but you can also include herbal teas and fresh fruit juices. Aim for around 8-10 cups of fluids daily.
- Meal Planning and Portion Control: Consider dividing your daily calorie intake into five to six small meals and snacks to maintain consistent energy levels. Practice portion control to avoid overeating and ensure a well-rounded intake of nutrients.
- Foods to Avoid: Certain foods should be avoided or limited during pregnancy to minimize the risk of complications. These include raw or undercooked meats, seafood, unpasteurized dairy products, deli meats, and certain fish high in mercury content.
- Managing Pregnancy Discomforts: Certain foods and lifestyle changes can help alleviate common pregnancy discomforts like nausea, heartburn, and constipation. For example, ginger, small frequent meals, and high-fiber foods can be beneficial.
- Safe Food Handling: Practice proper food safety and hygiene to prevent foodborne illnesses. Wash fruits and vegetables thoroughly, cook meats thoroughly, and avoid cross-contamination.
Maintaining a healthy diet during pregnancy is vital for the well-being of both you and your baby. By following a balanced and nutrient-rich diet, taking prenatal supplements, and practicing food safety, you can support the healthy development of your baby and ensure a smooth pregnancy journey. Remember to consult your healthcare provider for personalized advice and guidance throughout this special time. | biology |
https://driedfruitsa.co.za/news/the-gut-microbiome/ | 2024-02-21T08:39:32 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473401.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20240221070402-20240221100402-00104.warc.gz | 0.923488 | 729 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__125038307 | en | There is an old saying that you cannot pour from an empty cup. Essentially it means that we must take care of ourselves in order to take care of others. Whatever your role is (a mother, wife, sister, daughter, friend, caregiver, or all of the above), you are constantly giving, taking care of your loved ones, constantly on the go. There is little time to think about yourself and look after your own health and needs. You must remember that your own health is one of the most valuable things you own. In every woman, there is a powerhouse- a force, and you need to look after yourself.
For me, health and gut health goes hand in hand. Our gut is incredibly complex and there has been an overwhelming increase in research to better understand our gut and its impact on our health.
When we think of gut health, the term microbiome comes to mind. This refers to the microorganisms living in your intestines (bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa). It is vital to know that there are beneficial and harmful microorganisms that reside in our gut. The beneficial bacteria play a role in enhancing your immune system, improves symptoms of depression and help with weight loss. Harmful microorganisms might lead to certain signs and symptoms that cannot be otherwise medically explained.
The way signs and symptoms may manifest:
- Upset stomach: Gas, bloating, constipation, diarrhea, and heartburn can all be signs of an unhealthy gut.
- Unintentional weight loss: An imbalance in microorganisms in your gut can impair your body’s ability to absorb nutrients, regulate blood sugar, and store fat, leading to weight loss. If you
- Sleep disturbances: An unhealthy gut may contribute to sleep disturbances such as insomnia or poor sleep, and lead to chronic fatigue.
- Food intolerances: Food intolerances are the result of difficulty digesting certain foods. This can lead to difficulty digesting the trigger foods and unpleasant symptoms such as bloating, gas, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and nausea.
Habits you need to prioritise to improve gut health.
- Eat slowly: Chewing your food thoroughly and eating your meals more slowly can help promote full digestion and absorption of nutrients.
- Change your diet: Reduce the amount of processed, high-sugar, and high-fat foods that you eat. A diet high in processed foods and added sugars can decrease the amount of good bacteria in your gut. A diet high in fibre has been shown to contribute tremendously to a healthy gut microbiome. Eat plenty of plant-based foods and lean protein.
- Stay hydrated: Drinking plenty of water.
- Get enough sleep: Try to prioritize getting at least 7–8 hours of uninterrupted sleep per night.
Food for gut health:
- High-fibre foods: High-fibre foods such as legumes, beans, peas, oats, bananas, berries, asparagus, and leeks.
- Prebiotics: Sources include wheat, onions, bananas, garlic, leeks, chicory, oatmeal, barley, wholegrains, flaxseeds, tomato, artichoke, spinach, and legumes.
- Probiotic foods: Fermented foods such as kimchi, sauerkraut, yogurt, tempeh, miso, and kefir are great dietary sources of probiotics.
Happy Women’s Month- we celebrate you and all you do for those around you.
Written by The Gutsy Dietitians | biology |
https://shop.fifthseasongardening.com/monterey-organic-complete-disease-control-30632060.html | 2020-10-01T22:34:18 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600402132335.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20201001210429-20201002000429-00471.warc.gz | 0.860884 | 156 | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-40__0__191601371 | en | Monterey's Organic Complete Disease control relies on a strain of beneficial bacteria known as bacillus amyloliquefaciens and acts as a biofungicide and bactericide. An OMRI listed fungicide/bactericide intended for organic gardening or use in your annual/perennial beds.
You can be apply this as a either a foliar spray or as a soil drench, or both! Also appropriate for for indoor gardening! Use on vegetables, ornamentals, fruit trees, shrubs, lawns, bedding plants and potted plants. Capable of controlling powdery mildew, botrytis, early/late blight, fire blight, fusarium, Pythium and other diseases. Colonizes roots to prevent diseases. | biology |
https://www.playbrydencanyon.com/golf/environment | 2024-04-17T18:43:06 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817171.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20240417173445-20240417203445-00099.warc.gz | 0.912528 | 335 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__41102660 | en | Welcome to Bryden Canyon Golf Course, a hidden gem in the heart of Idaho, where the thrill of golf is harmoniously entwined with the natural wonders of the region. Prepare for an unforgettable round surrounded by the rugged landscapes and the diverse wildlife that calls this area home.
As you navigate the challenging course at Bryden Canyon, be captivated by the lively presence of the Spotted Frog in our water features, a testament to the thriving ecosystem we've cultivated. Keep a watchful eye for the mischievous Racoon, known to make occasional appearances near the course, adding a touch of wild charm to your golfing adventure.
Above, the American Kestrel soars gracefully, its keen eyes observing the players below. Our commitment to preserving the natural habitat extends to these majestic birds and their fellow inhabitants. Mule Deer, with their graceful movements, occasionally grace the periphery, offering a glimpse into the untamed beauty of the Idaho wilderness.
Bryden Canyon Golf Course isn't just a destination for golf enthusiasts; it's a sanctuary for local wildlife. Our dedication to environmental responsibility is evident in the careful management of water resources, ensuring that the Clearwater River and other local sources contribute sustainably to our course while providing essential habitats for the creatures that share this space.
Join us at Bryden Canyon for a golfing experience that embraces the spirit of Idaho's natural diversity. Each swing is accompanied not only by the challenge of the game but also by the presence of the Spotted Frog, Racoon, American Kestrel, and Mule Deer, making your time on the course a harmonious blend of sport and wildlife appreciation. | biology |
https://pnwhike.com/2015/05/26/why-the-mclane-creek-nature-trail-offers-more-than-just-nice-hiking/ | 2023-03-21T13:40:20 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296943698.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20230321131205-20230321161205-00550.warc.gz | 0.956439 | 882 | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-14__0__213006944 | en | McLane Creek Nature Trail at Capitol State Forest is more than just a great hiking trail. In fact, it’s two hiking trails: McLane Creek NT and Centennial Demonstration Forest, both nicely tucked into the same property. While the .75-mile-long Centennial DF traverses some pretty country, including a working demonstration forest, most people visit to hike the nature trail and to watch for wildlife at the beaver pond encircled by the McLane Creek trail. If you have kids, McLane Creek NT’s many boardwalks, bridges, and viewing areas should keep them entertained, engaged, and (hopefully) excited about the outdoors.
What makes McLane Creek NT more than just a nice hike is the diversity of environments it traverses and the scenic viewpoints and interpretive signs along the way. McLane Creek NT makes one big loop, beginning at the very end of the McLane Creek NT entrance road off of Delphi Road in Olympia. A shorter trail, called the Old Railroad Grade Trail, splits the McLane Creek loop in half by following the path of a railroad bed. The large loop is 1.1 miles long; the shorter loop .6 miles in length.
Why I like this trail: McLane Creek isn’t a very long trail, but it is interesting. Several signs point out natural and historic features. It’s also interesting to see how much the forest has recovered since its days as a logging site 100 or more years ago. Lastly, wildlife is abundant along the trail, especially at the beaver pond where ducks and other birds are plentiful and you can often see fish and amphibians swimming in the water beneath the view platforms. Overall, it’s a great place to explore, regardless of age or interests.
= A third to half of the larger loop traverses boardwalks. At key points, these boardwalks become or lead to viewing platforms overlooking the beaver ponds or McLane Creek. Two viewing platforms extend into the beaver pond and parts of the trail near the parking area are handicapped accessible. The entire trail (and that in Centennial DF) is flat and easy to hike.
= McLane Creek is very well maintained. Restrooms are located near the McLane Creek trail parking area, as is a large shelter. The boardwalks and viewing platforms are kept in great shape and the trail sections are clear of debris and well marked. When I visited McLane Creek in late April, trail crews were busy rerouting part of the trail north of the beaver pond. When I visited in January, crews had just installed new boardwalks on some of the trails nearest McLane Creek. Plenty of parking exists at both McLane Creek and Centennial DF trailheads.
= McLane Creek’s close proximity to the Black Lake area and downtown Olympia make it the ideal place for an afternoon or evening stroll. While McLane Creek and Centennial DF are technically part of Capitol SF, this small hiking area is separated from the rest of the state forest and located closer to main roads.
Where: Two parking areas along the entrance road let you access both McLane Creek and Centennial DF trails. However, you can easily hike between the two via a spur path. Access the entrance road via Delphi Road. If you’re coming from Route 101, take the exit for Delphi Road SW or the exit for Black Lake Blvd SW. The latter skirts around Black Lake before ending at Delphi Road; take a right at the Delphi intersection.
When: McLane Creek and Centennial DF trails are occasionally closed one or two days of the week for maintenance and upkeep. This might only occur during the off-season though. I could find no listing of hours for the hiking area.
Trail Info: When I was at McLane Creek last, crews were busy rerouting parts of the trail above the beaver pond. These trails may still be under construction. Personally, I really like the interpretive signs at the nature trail. I enjoyed reading about local history and the signs cover everything from the regional logging industry to the former railroad of which visitors can still see evidence of. For more information check out this trail map, this Washington Trails Association review, and this map of Capitol State Forest. | biology |
http://howmanycaloriesshouldieat.blogspot.com/p/how-many-calories-in-banana.html | 2013-05-21T06:03:01 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368699730479/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516102210-00037-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 0.900943 | 313 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2013-20__0__146455614 | en | Bananas are rich in certain nutrients, and they are one of the best sources of Potassium in the diet. They are also rich in Manganese, Magnesium and Vitamin B6. They do contain many other nutrients but in smaller amounts.
They contain almost no fat or protein and the majority of calories in them come from carbohydrates The carbohydrates in bananas are mainly from starch and the simple sugars glucose and fructose. Bananas also contain a few grams of fiber.
Bananas are usually categorized based on their size, as extra-small (<6"), small (6-7"), medium (7-8"), large (8-9") and extra-large (9"+).
How many calories should I eat
How many calories in a banana, based on size?
- Extra-Small Banana (81g): 72 calories, 19g carbohydrates, 1g protein
- Small Banana (101g): 90 calories, 23g carbohydrates, 1g protein
- Medium Banana (118g): 105 calories, 27g carbohydrates, 1g protein
- Large Banana (136g): 121 calories, 31g carbohydrates, 1g protein
- Extra-Large Banana (152g): 135 calories, 35g carbohydrates, 2g protein
Bananas are low on the GlycemicIndex (less than 55), but this depends on the ripeness. Under-ripe bananas are very low, while ripe bananas can get into the medium range.
They have a low Glycemic Load but a higher Insulin Index than many other fruits. | biology |
http://caviar.pristinemedia.co.uk/smartblog/2_Beluga-sturgeon-and-the-secrets-of-your-Chris.html | 2020-07-02T19:01:00 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655879738.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20200702174127-20200702204127-00330.warc.gz | 0.95142 | 1,342 | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-29__0__127747490 | en | Losing my sense of taste for a time a while ago, I invited our metropolitan daughter to bring me Christmas goodies that might, in passing, shock a numbed palate to respond.
Exotic savouries, pastes and unguents assembled from Dublin delis (establishments smelling deliciously, I remembered, of salamis and pungent cheeses) had chilli as a constant ingredient, from merely piquant to head-blowing on the Scoville scale of heat.
My taste later restored (perhaps all on its own) and the chilli toned down, the Christmas deli hamper became a family tradition. Among its salty pleasures has been a regular jar of lumpfish caviar, the modest gourmet’s echo of oligarch party fare.
Lumpfish – more properly lumpsucker fish, Cyclopterus lumpus, common around the coasts of these islands – has pelvic fins that shape into a sucker and bony plates on its sides. Baby fish, somewhat toad-shaped, are now, it seems, widely regarded as “cute” and kept as pets in aquariums.
Lumpfish eggs are taken ashore in barrels to be desalted and salted again to market taste, pasteurised and dyed red or black, with EU-approved preservatives
They have found a new, better use as cleaner fish in salmon farms, plucking off the parasitic sea lice as perfectly palatable copepods. Millions of them are now employed globally, sometimes replacing the wrasse rockfish first selected for the job. A lumpsucker farm in Shetland, for example, supplies lumpsucker cleaner fish raised from eggs supplied from a caviar factory in Iceland.
An adult female lumpsucker can reach 60cm. Coming inshore to spawn, she sticks herself firmly to a rock, impervious to Atlantic swells and storms. She lays a large mass of eggs – up to 136,000 – and then retires to deeper water, leaving the male to look after them for weeks.
The more I learn about lumpfish caviar the more I’m now inclined to forgo this Christmas morsel (best washed down, I’m told, with vodka). Female fish caught with inshore gill nets, notably along coasts of Greenland and Iceland, are gutted for their roe, then discarded overboard. The eggs are taken ashore in barrels to be desalted and salted again to market taste, pasteurised and dyed red or black, with EU-approved preservatives.
How, after all, did I think ersatz “caviar” was produced at prices a fraction of the real stuff from wild sturgeon of the Caspian Sea? Beluga caviar retails at up to €10,000 a kilo; in a current Dublin comparison, 100g of lumpfish caviar costs €5.45 and 30g of beluga €289.80.
The latter’s glistening black pearls, popped between one’s teeth, are said to taste delicately of “walnuts and cream” rather than something exquisitely, differently fishy, which is what one might have hoped.
Sturgeon are an ancient family of 24 species, armoured with rows of bony plates. Barbels beneath a pike-like snout feel around for food on the bed of sea or river. Left alone to grow for a century or more they can become the largest freshwater fish in the world, nearing the bulk of the ocean’s basking shark.
But they have rarely been left alone. When the USSR broke up, its management networks collapsed and fishermen in the Caspian Sea’s coastal states (Russia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan) embraced free enterprise as fast as they could set their gill nets. By 1997 illegal trade and unsustainable harvesting had prompted a tangle of international controls.
Land-based caviar farming has grown intensively since the 1980s. The biggest caviar factory in the world opened last year in Abu Dhabi, part of the UAE’s diversification from oil
Fewer than 100 beluga a year are now taken legally from the Caspian and shared between Russia and Iran, on the sea’s southern shore. Other small wild stocks survive precariously in Europe, and species of Siberian sturgeon have been introduced in some big lakes and rivers.
But land-based farming for caviar has grown intensively since the 1980s, ranging from the United States to China. The biggest caviar factory in the world was opened last year in Abu Dhabi, as part of the UAE’s diversification from oil.
Setting up a caviar farm is costly, as captive female sturgeon can take years to start producing eggs. Traditionally, wild fish have been slaughtered for them, like the lumpfish, and their veal-like meat readily marketed. Aquaculture has brought more refined and repeated harvesting of eggs from the same living fish, by varying methods of delivery.
Ireland once had wild sturgeon, like the stuffed one on display in the Natural History Museum in Dublin, caught in 1890. As one of Ireland’s “lost species” it appears in Whittled Away, the recent book from the wildlife conservationist Pádraic Fogarty. As he relates, the European sturgeon, Acipenser sturio, was possibly “commonplace” up to the 18th century and breeding in Irish estuaries.
The most thorough historic research, by Dr Declan Quigley of Dingle, found confusion between the European sturgeon and migrant Atlantic sturgeon from North America. Tracing 243 Irish newspaper reports of sturgeon since 1738, he concludes that landing one (often from salmon nets) was a relatively rare and newsworthy event. The last sturgeon, weighing 105kg, and captured in 1987, off the Kish Bank Lighthouse, was sold wholesale at €112 a kilo.
Dr Quigley’s detailed research, originally published in Sherkin Comment, can be downloaded by googling “researchgate declan quigley sturgeon”.
Michael Viney’s Reflections on Another Life, a selection of columns from the past four decades, is available from irishtimes.com/irishtimesbooks; [email protected] | biology |
https://peyroniestreatment.co.uk/peyronies-disease-explained/ | 2021-11-27T20:42:53 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358233.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20211127193525-20211127223525-00116.warc.gz | 0.937793 | 702 | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-49__0__30909358 | en | Peyronie’s Disease Explained
The first sign a patient has Peyronie’s disease is during an erection when their penis bends in a different direction from normal. This is caused because plaque or scar tissue has formed in part of the penis, stopping it from expanding in that area. As a result, the penis bends in the direction of the plaque or scar tissues, whilst the other sides of the penis expands as normal.
The penis curvature can be upwards, downwards, to the side or occasionally around the circumference. A patient may also notice a physical lump or hardening of skin in the afflicted area of the penis. However, this is not always the case and a consultant can detect the plaque using diagnostic ultrasound.
Many men are too embarrassed to discuss their penis problems with a doctor, especially a female one, and allow their condition to progress further without treatment. Over time the condition can get worse leading to increased penis curvature as the plaque inside the penis increases.
Another problem then arises as blood flow through the blood vessels decreases leading to partial erectile dysfunction. Some, but not all patients will also experience different levels of penis pain. Sexual intercourse becomes much more difficult due to both the bend and a softening of the penis, reducing both the girth and the length.
A Check List of Peyronie’s Symptoms
If you suffer from any of the following symptoms you could be one of the 9% of men in the UK currently suffering from Peyronie’s disease (Induratio Penis Plastica) and should seek medical advice:
- Bump, lump or hard section on side of penis
- Bent or curved penis in any direction
- Pain within the penis upon erection
- Decrease in penile girth and length
- Erectile dysfunction
- Hard penis near the girth but much softer near the head
The severity of a bent penis depends on where the plaque is formed and its size and shape. Some patients may experience a slight or no bend but suffer a greater degree of erectile dysfunction.
Whereas Peyronie’s disease is indiscriminate, affecting men of all ages, certain patients are more prone to a build-up of plaque. This includes Type 1 diabetics; those with high blood pressure or high cholesterol; patients with high triglycerides; or a type of fat (lipid) in the blood.
Smoking or tobacco usage can also be a contributing factor. Peyronie’s disease can also be caused by trauma ranging from the bending of the penis during sexual intercourse, through to being hit in the most delicate of areas by a football.
Treating Peyronie’s Disease
Until the last few years men suffering from Peyronie’s disease were faced with a choice of dramatic invasive surgery. These included penile implants, where the patient ceases to have a natural erection and relies on a manual pump, and penile plication where the unaffected areas of the penis are reduced in length to straighten the penis. This could result in a loss of erect penis size of up to 2 inches.
Current treatments have had a tremendous success rate and some patients who have been unable to have satisfactory sex for up to a decade have rediscovered their sex life within the space of a few weeks.
To find out more or to book an appointment please complete the details below. | biology |
http://www.prapanca-fm.com/otona-nikibi/ | 2020-09-23T00:12:20 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400208095.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20200922224013-20200923014013-00211.warc.gz | 0.973893 | 434 | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-40__0__13061597 | en | Causes of Adult Acne and How To Cure Adult Acne
It is said that acne that develops during adolescence is caused by a disorder in hormone balance due to secondary sex characteristics. What is the cause of acne that develops as an adult?
Adolescent acne is difficult to prevent due to its characteristics, but adult acne can be prevented to some extent.
In addition, there are differences in the areas where acne can occur, and during adolescence mainly in the T zone and cheeks, adult acne can form not only on the face, but on the neck, back, buttocks, and the entire body.
It is said that not only excessive secretion of sebum but also various causes such as stress, disturbance of eating habits, lack of exercise, lack of sleep and makeup are involved in the causes of adult acne.
Adolescence is a disorder of hormone balance due to secondary sex characteristics, but it is said that the disorder of hormone balance in adulthood is often due to excessive stress.
The imbalance of hormones increases the secretion of sebum and makes it easier for acne.
In addition, eating habits will be disturbed due to an increase in business relationships and eating out.
It is said that acne has a vegetable-based diet, but it is difficult to have a diet centered on vegetables such as fast food, alcohol, and instant food.
Face washing is indispensable for acne that has been made and for its prevention.
It is important to wash your face gently and gently, and it is good to use a mild facial cleanser.
It is also very important to remove makeup.
It is important not only to wash your face, but also to wash your shampoo and conditioner from your body thoroughly, to make sure that there is no leftover wipe after bathing, and to perform proper skin care such as moisturizing.
It is recommended to use peeling and acne medicine for treatment, but there are various kinds of medicine, so choose according to your symptoms and skin.
Regular life and eating habits are the best preventative medicines.
Focus on foods that are good for the skin, and supplement the missing nutrients with supplements. | biology |
https://www.manukamgo.co.nz/ | 2024-04-20T03:51:38 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817474.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20240420025340-20240420055340-00882.warc.gz | 0.963657 | 1,943 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__182676726 | en | Founder MGO Manuka Honey
“The discovery of methylglyoxal (MGO) was the major factor responsible for establishing the credibility of manuka honey worldwide”
“The industry moved from marketing the honey on a holistic basis to one based on credible scientific evidence leading to an elevation in interest from the international scientific and medical community”
“ The discovery was a major disruptive factor on the industry creating a business case study on how disruption leads to competitive advantage”.
“Eventually the New Zealand manuka honey industry adopted the MGO rating system to value their honey”
The focus of my University Degrees and subsequent employment has always been on commercialising science and technology to deliver natural health products to benefit human well-being.
I worked in dairy, meat and biotechnology sectors where there was a common theme: working right across the value chain from farm, processing through to international markets. Many businesses were established employing technologies to produce value added natural health products.
By 2000 there was one frontier I had not entered, however my interest had been sparked from childhood. My Uncle Don was a bee-keeper in Te Awamutu, Waikato during the 1930’s. His focus was producing clover honey for his own retail brand in local shops. During this period large tracts of the manuka tree still existed in the Waikato. With further land development no large tracts exist today.
Uncle Don told me he used to produce manuka honey not through choice but because the bees would collect it at a specific time of year. For him it was waste material and he gave it to dairy farmers to feed to their cows. He would comment, the remarkable outcome was those cows never became ill whereas other cows had the normal run of diseases. Uncle Don queried why did manuka honey prevent cows from becoming ill?
I wanted to find out. This was the start to my journey in the manuka honey industry.
Why is manuka honey unique? We did not find out until 2006. Here is the story leading up to the discovery of methylglyoxal (MGO) in manuka honey.
In 1990 Professor Peter Molan, University of Waikato showed manuka honey had anti-bacterial activity even when hydrogen peroxide was not present. He could not explain why so he called it “non-peroxide activity”. Hydroxen peroxide activity was not stable however he showed non-peroxide activity was stable which made manuka honey unique. Professor Molan modified the agar diffusion assay to measure the zone of inhibition of one species of bacteria. The area of the zone was benchmarked to a numbering system: 10, 15 etc.
Professor Molan realized NPA (non-peroxide activity) was not a very sexy marketing term. He knew sunscreen had a rating system based on its protection level called SPF (sun protection factor). He adapted this for manuka honey by calling it UMF (unique manuka factor). The “factor” causing UMF was unknown.
The early years of raising awareness of the properties of manuka honey was led by Professor Molan and a group of bee-keepers. This informal group called Active Manuka Industry Group (AMHIG) was supported by New Zealand Trade and Enterprise (NZTE).
Over the next 16 years Professor Molan, scientists worldwide including those working for pharmaceutical companies tried to identify the compound(s) causing the stable antibacterial activity. In the early 2000’s I ran joint research programmes with Professor Molan to identify the “Factor” but to no avail.
In 2002 we replaced AMHIG with the Active Manuka Honey Association where I was the Foundation Chairperson. A high priority was registering the UMF trademark in key markets. This was achieved through a grant I secured from NZTE.
In 2006 the “Holy Grail” of the Manuka Honey industry was discovered by Professor Thomas Henle and his team at the Technical University of Dresden, Germany. Manuka honey produced in the processing plant where I was CEO was used in the research. 80 honey samples from around the world were tested including 5 manuka honey samples for a range of glycation compounds, including methylglyoxal. The result showed the manuka honey samples had elevated levels of methylglyoxal and the rest had virtually nothing.
Was methylglyoxal responsible for the non-peroxide activity? Professor Henle ran experiments using the agar diffusion assay protocols developed by Professor Molan to prove methylglyoxal was responsible for the non-peroxide activity. The Unique Manuka Factor was no longer a mystery. Methylglyoxal is a compound well known in the medical and scientific world. Professor Albert Szent-Gyorgyi, famous for isolating Vitamin C, demonstrated the role of methylgyoxal in the body over 60 years ago.
I kept the discovery secret and took advantage by registering the MGO trademark in major markets and establishing an exclusive research agreement for manuka honey research with the Technical University of Dresden.
This was only the start of the MGO story. Over next five years the discovery of MGO proved to be a major disruption factor in the manuka honey industry.
Myself with Professors Peter Molan and Thomas Henle
Professor Peter Molan
Professor Thomas Henle
Technical University of Dresden
In mid-2007 I decided to announce the discovery of methylglyoxal at the annual National Beekeepers Conference in Dunedin at the conference dinner. The announcement was followed by stunned silence. I made the offer to all manuka honey brands to join us in marketing the product based on its MGO content.
I followed this by extending the invitation to AMHA (later to change its name to UMFHA – Unique Manuka Factor Honey Association). My argument was now we know the compound responsible for the non-peroxide activity we should be open and transparent with consumers. It was easy for consumers to understand because the number related directly to the concentration of MGO in the honey. Furthermore, the concentration was measured on a precise, quantitative technology (HPLC) and the result was repeatable.
This contrasted with UMF where the agar diffusion assay was a qualitative technique where the results were not repeatable since around 12 subjective variables were involved in the testing method. As well, consumers could never understand how the number was derived. These were regular issues being dealt with at AMHA meetings.
The response to my invitation was increasing hostility by AMHA over ensuing months. However, “ a leopard cannot change its spots”. By early 2008 we abandoned any hope of convincing AMHA to adopt MGO. The decision was made to market our products using the MGO trademark.
A marketing campaign supported by packaging changes was quickly implemented. We set out to educate consumers of the world about methylglyoxal and why manuka honey was REALLY unique!
Sales growth across the domestic and international markets demonstrated MGO was the right decision. We grew the Company rapidly to become the No 1 brand in many markets, and became one of the largest two companies in the manuka honey industry by a distance.
Ironically, AMHA switched to adopting MGO in 2011 to determine the value of its honey. The non-peroxide measurement was replaced by methylglyoxal measurement and then converted back to the non-peroxide number. Why not be transparent with your consumers and give them the MGO content?
Requirements for a Rating System
I struggled, like my competitors for too many years with the measurement of UMF. The industry needed to find a rating system for manuka honey that would meet the following criteria:
Based on science (verifiable by independent studies);
Based on labelling the bioactive compound (if known);
Based on a concentration rather than “activity”;
Based on a published method, which can be used by any laboratory (external and independent validation);
Must not be a health claim;
Must be clear to the consumer.
The discovery of methylglyoxal by Professor Henle allowed the development of a rating system proven by science. This was due to:
Methylglyoxal is directly and exclusively responsible for the unique antibacterial activity of manuka honey;
There are no synergistic compounds – if no MGO no antibacterial activity
Rating of manuka honey based on MGO is scientifically sound since the value-adding compound is labelled
Ratings based on other parameters such as “activity” are scientifically not justified and are misleading
Methylglyoxal and Antibacterial Activity
The “proof of the pudding” showing the correlation between methylglyoxal content and non-peroxide antibacterial activity was published in 2008 by TUD:
Methylglyoxal Activity in Gastrointestinal Tract
When methylglyoxal is consumed in honey it remains stable in the mouth and stomach. When it enters the small intestine it is degraded and is not absorbed into the bloodstream. Thereafter, it is eliminated by the body.
Any health benefits through anti-bacterial activity are only possible in the mouth, oesophagus and stomach.
There are no clinical trials to demonstrate this happens in humans. | biology |
http://www.hospitalandagedcare.com.au/news/ms-breakthroughs-promise-hope | 2013-05-24T20:58:10 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368705043997/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516115043-00024-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 0.933899 | 610 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2013-20__0__15618307 | en | In one of the largest human genetic studies ever undertaken, scientists have identified the major common genetic variants contributing to the neurologic disease, Multiple Sclerosis (MS).
The research represents years of work by the International Multiple Sclerosis Genetics Consortium (IMSGC) involving more than 250 researchers in 15 countries. Australian scientists have played a significant role, with 16 contributing to the work, and more than 1,000 Australians with MS contributing DNA samples.
The study confirmed the presence of up to 57 MS gene variants with a remarkable pattern that shows that the reason some people get MS and others don’t is largely due to subtle, inherited differences in immune function. It points to a pivotal role for T cells – the ‘orchestra leaders’ of the immune system and makes it clear that MS is primarily an immunologic disease.
Professor Graeme Stewart, a Clinical Immunologist in the Westmead Millennium Institute at the University of Sydney, led the Australian and New Zealand contribution, called ANZgene.
“Discovering so many new leads is an enormous step towards understanding the cause of MS,” Professor Stewart says. “Most importantly, for people with MS, these genes also strengthen the case for immunologic treatments currently in clinical trials and point to new therapeutic approaches.”
The executive director of MS Research Australia, Jeremy Wright, says the research provides people with MS greater hope for improved treatments and ultimately a cure.
He says the breakthroughs provide much greater intelligence about MS.
“It confirms current treatments are on the right track. MS can cause debilitating problems by turning the body’s immune systems on itself and attacking nerves in the brain and the central nervous system.
“This research shows that it’s not just one, or a few dominate genes, that influence MS, but 57 gene variants with many associated with the functioning of the immune system.
“These substantial breakthroughs mean we suddenly have a lot more intelligence in which to battle the disease,” he says, adding that better intelligence means more strategic fighting of MS.
Wright says MS causes white blood cells to leak through the brain and attack the lining of the nerves, which disrupts the signals between the brain and the rest of the body. While MS is not usually fatal, it can be life-threatening if the symptoms affect vital bodily functions.
He says recent advances in immuno-modulators or immune suppressants have been successful in “dampening” down affected immune systems and slowing the disease’s progress.
“The breakthroughs will result in better, more targeted drugs. Next will be studying gene expression to better understand the mechanisms of the disease,” he says, adding it brings solving MS closer.
- David Hutchins
Health and aged care organisations and the government should combine to develop skills and pathways to attract, retain and retrain workers in the second stage of their lives, writes Get Healthcare Direct CEO David Norris. | biology |
https://www.livingbalanceclinic.ca/rolf-method-of-structural-integration/ | 2023-09-28T10:13:44 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510387.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20230928095004-20230928125004-00350.warc.gz | 0.943543 | 2,146 | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__118754782 | en | Some of the most recent breakthroughs in looking at the nervous system and connective tissues show how completely interconnected our body really is.
Nerves, fascia, skin and muscles span huge expanses of the body. Top to bottom, front to back, left to right and inside to outside, the human body is truly an interconnected giant spider web.
Dr. Rolf recognized that in order to help a person achieve their most optimal and highest level of function. We can’t just segment the body into small pieces and parts like Legos. What you do in one area of your body affects every region throughout the entire structure. As the body compensates to try and manage what you are doing with it and to it, the body’s resiliency and ability to adapt to the demands placed upon it become less effective and efficient.
Long time frames of sitting or doing repetitive tasks can cause the whole body to compensate by shifting, tilting, rotating, and contracting throughout the whole system.
The 10 series of Structural Integration offers the client an opportunity to explore and reconnect each region of the body in a focused way instead of just chasing after symptoms in an unorganized and random process. As the SI practitioner and client work together through each session they systematically work every area of the body helping the brain and connective tissue get reacquainted.
Each and every client is different, and while there is a general recipe that we are following, every session is unique to each client. With each session we are working with a client’s reported symptoms and problems as well as looking to see how other areas of the body can be contributing to a heightened or over-sensitized nervous system and locked-down, hypertonic tissues.
Here are how the sessions work with each other and build upon each other. We want to solve the problem and not just treat the symptom.
Session 1: The Hour of Vital Capacity
One of the main goals of the first session is to help the client achieve easier and more efficient breathing. By beginning to soften and free the shoulder girdle from the rib cage it allows for the rib cage to move with less stress and effort. Effortlessly breathing in and out can have a huge impact on every aspect of the rest of the body. Increased oxygenation is the key to a more efficient being in every capacity.
As the big bulky muscles of the shoulder girdle soften their grip on the rib cage, the neck and mid back to move with greater ease and resiliency.
Another goal of the first session is to begin establishing a more functional and level pelvis. As the pelvis losses its ability to function and move effortlessly this causes compensation and contraction through rest of the body.
We can look at session 1 as the preparation phase of a construction site, or the prep work in the kitchen.
Session 2: The Hour of the Feet and Legs.
Session 2 is where we begin to lay the foundation of the structure to build upon.
Helping the body re-establish more functional feet and arches allows for better movement of the knees and pelvis. As these regions are able to better move and support the pelvis, we will continue to see the pelvis and spine become more supple, functional and happy. Without a solid and functional foundation it is hard to build a structure that can deal with the demands and stresses a person goes through on a daily basis.
As the legs now can more efficiently carry the trunk, we will begin to see the muscles of the back lessen their hypercontraction from the low back all the way up to the head. As this tissue becomes softer we are able to help the client gain an even better connection to how much or how little the back muscles need to be engaging to support the body appropriately.
Session 3: The Hour of the Quadratus Lumborum (QL)
In the third hour of the 10 series we will be helping the client establish better connection of the side line of their body. Some muscles and fascia of the back can begin to migrate toward to side and front of the body causing the body to contract and work harder than it should.
As we work through the third hour we help the client recognize which connective tissues should be where and how to begin to soften and relax the lateral line of the body so it is not playing tug-of-war with itself.
This session is also a continuation of the work on the shoulder girdle that we began in the first hour. As the shoulder girdle continues to soften and become more organized, supple and functional; the client gains better control of their spine, and torso allowing for range of motion, balance and coordination they have not had since they were teenagers.
Session 4: The Hour of the Adductors
One of the major goals of every session is to allow the pelvis to be has healthy and functional as possible.
The fourth hour is the beginning of the core work. The strong muscles on the inside of the leg that attach onto the pelvis can cause a great deal of side to side imbalance of the pelvis and can contribute to the knee and foot not moving as well as they should. As this inside line begins to soften, we can see the knee begin to move in its more ideal plane of motion, which allows the pelvis to function better.
Session5: The Hour of the Psoas
The large abdominal muscles and large upper thigh muscles both connect to the pelvis. These muscles can cause a tremendous amount of stress and increased sensitization of the nervous system causing the body to contract at levels and in ways that make the spine and pelvis more rigid and less efficient.
As we work from the diaphragm to the knees, encouraging the body to soften and engage at the appropriate levels, we address the body’s front to back imbalances.
Many people find a great deal of improvement in knee pain, hip, pain, low, mid and upper back pain as well as neck pain lessening as we work through the fifth session.
Session 6: The Hour of the Sacrum
Session 4 addressed side to side motion of the pelvis, session 5 addressed front to back motion of the pelvis, and now in session 6 we are working towards how the spine connects with and fits into the pelvis.
The powerful muscles of the back pelvis (the glutes, hamstrings, deep hip rotators) can all cause a tremendous amount of stress and tension when they are engaging at excessive rates to try and fight what is happening on the front side of the body.
As we work from the foot through the calf, hamstring, pelvis, low back, mid back upper back and neck it helps the client realize that the back side of the body has been holding on for dear life to try and fight all that happens on the front side of the body.
As the inside thigh muscles from the fourth hour and the front thigh and hip flexor muscles from the fifth hour soften, it allows the hamstrings and back side of the body to soften and come back to its more appropriate level of tension and position.
Session 7: The hour of the Head and Neck
Now that we have everything below the head and neck much more stable, functional, balanced supple and mobile we can focus our attention on the head and neck doing our detailed neck, head, face and jaw work. Imagine the idea of putting the cherry on the cake, or a ball on a table. If the cake or table is crooked it would be more difficult to have the ball sit on the table without falling off, or for the cherry to sit in the center of the cake.
The intricate workings of the shoulder, neck and head require a person to really improve their ability to be aware of and how to encourage muscles and the nervous system to soften, so they can have this area be as functional as possible. Many people get neck work week after week, year after year, always having the same issues over and over. This can often be related to the fact that when everything below the head and neck are more contracted it makes it difficult for the head to be in a place of ease on top of the body.
Sessions 8 & 9: The Balancing Sessions
In sessions 1-7, we focused on working to help our clients begin the process of differentiating the glued together, rigid, and contracted parts from one another. The nervous system and connective tissues down-regulated and softened and now the body can move more easily, freely, with less restriction and tug-of-war compensation.
In sessions 8 and 9 we are looking to help the client balance, connect and relate the upper body and lower body together. In one of these sessions we will focus on balancing and relating the upper girdle to middle and in the other session we will do the same for the lower girdle. In our balancing sessions, we begin to dynamically change how we work with the client getting them into gravity by putting them in different positions on the table and in seated and standing positions to continue to encourage the nervous system to realize that it can move and function without so much hypertonicity and contracture.
Session 10: The Hour of the Joints
Session 10 is graduation day. Our aim is to help our clients be able to move effortlessly and freely within and through their joints. Over time, as a body and nervous system become rigid and hard, it can cause the connective tissues to lock out joints; decreasing a person’s ability to move easily and effortlessly.
As we bring greater awareness to how our clients are moving through the major joints, it dramatically brings them to a place of contentedness, balance, coordination, ease and gracefulness that we are all seeking to have. At this last stage of our 10 series, we have given our clients a tremendous amount of self-care tools and education to encourage them to address issues as they happen instead of only relying upon a healthcare provider to fix them.
Living Balance Clinic
Unit 2 - 551 Knights Hill Road
All the information you need to know for your first appointment will be sent with your first confirmation e-mail when you book online. If you have any other questions or concerns please contact us here or call. Our professional team will be happy to help you. | biology |
http://waterloo.mylaurier.ca/health/info/Pap.htm | 2013-05-20T14:24:47 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368699056351/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516101056-00001-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 0.93632 | 771 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2013-20__0__210498816 | en | The Pap Test
What is the Pap Test:
Pap: stands for Papanicolau stain. A routine test to screen for cancerous cells in the cervix as a prevention of cervical cancer. It can show unhealthy changes in these cells
What is the Cervix?
The cervix is found at the top of the vagina. It is the opening of the womb.
Who needs a Pap test?
Cervical cytology screening should be initiated at 21 years of age for women who are or have ever been sexually active. This includes intercourse, as well as digital or oral sexual activity involving the genital area with a partner of either gender.
If cytology is normal, screening should be done every 3 years.
When is the best time to have the Pap test done?
The best time for the Pap test is when you do not have your period, have not had sex for 1 day (24 hours) before the test and when you have not put any foams or medications in the vagina for two days (48 hours).
How is the Pap test done?
Your health care provider can do a Pap test during a pelvic exam. It is a quick test that takes only a few minutes. You will be asked to lie down on an exam table and put your feet in holders called stirrups, letting your knees fall to the side. A sheet will cover your legs and stomach. The health care provider will put an instrument called a speculum into your vagina, opening it to see the cervix and to do the Pap test. She or he will use a special stick, brush or swab to take a few cells from inside and around the cervix. The cells are placed in a small container, then checked by a lab to make sure they are healthy. While painless for most women, a Pap test can cause cramping for some women.
(Chlamydia and Gonorrhea swabs may also be taken at this time)
What does an abnormal result mean?
For most women, an abnormal Pap test result does not mean you have cancer. It may just mean that there are changes in the cells of your cervix.
“Not Normal” can mean:
-an inflammation in the vagina or cervix or an infection that may require treatment.
-(ASCUS) small changes in the cells on your cervix that may go away on their own without treatment.
-(LSIL) moderate changes in the cells that may stay or get worse if not treated.
-(HSIL) more serious changes that may lead to cancer if not treated.
-Cancer of the cervix
All these changes can be treated.
What are my treatment options?
Your treatment plan will depend on the kind of cells changes you have. Many cells revert back to normal in 6 months.
Sometimes, your doctor or nurse will ask you to have another Pap test in 3-6 months to see if your cells will change back to normal on their own. You may worry about waiting but remember that three out of four abnormal Pap test results return to normal by the next test.
It usually takes up to 10 years for abnormal cells to turn to cancer.
For more serious cell changes or repeated abnormal results, you will be referred to a specialist who will look more carefully at your cervix with a colposcope. It is a special set of binoculars that helps your doctor see your cervix more clearly.
The doctor may also take a biopsy (small piece of tissue) for a closer look under a microscope.
My Pap Test results say I have HPV-What does that mean?
click here: http://waterloo.mylaurier.ca/health/info/HPV.htm | biology |
https://message2u.asia/en/3d-printing-tumors-carcinotechs-journey-to-revolutionize-cancer-research/ | 2024-03-04T01:12:08 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476409.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20240304002142-20240304032142-00631.warc.gz | 0.900238 | 611 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__85390409 | en | Table of Contents
- 3D Tumor Printing: A Revolutionary Approach
- Bioprinted Tumors: Mimicking the Tumor Microenvironment
- Accelerating Drug Screening and Personalized Medicine
- Carcinotech’s Funding and Expansion Plans
- Partnerships and Collaborations for Innovation
- Carcinotech: A Beacon of Hope in Cancer Research
3D Tumor Printing: A Revolutionary Approach
Carcinotech, a trailblazing biotech company, has taken a major leap forward in cancer research by pioneering the 3D printing of micro-tumors. This innovative technology offers a highly accurate representation of the tumor microenvironment, enabling researchers to conduct more precise and effective drug screenings and develop personalized treatment plans for patients.
Bioprinted Tumors: Mimicking the Tumor Microenvironment
The remarkable achievement of Carcinotech lies in its ability to create 3D printed tumors that closely mimic the complex structure and cellular composition of actual tumors. These bioprinted tumors, generated from patient biopsies and blood samples, serve as a powerful tool for studying tumor growth, metastasis, and drug response in a controlled laboratory setting.
Accelerating Drug Screening and Personalized Medicine
The development of bioprinted tumors significantly accelerates the drug screening process, enabling researchers to test potential therapies on a more accurate model of the tumor. This approach enhances the efficiency and accuracy of drug discovery, leading to the development of more effective and targeted treatments for cancer patients. Moreover, it paves the way for personalized medicine, tailoring treatments to the specific characteristics of each patient’s tumor.
Carcinotech’s Funding and Expansion Plans
Carcinotech’s groundbreaking technology has garnered significant attention and support from investors, securing £4.2 million in funding. This funding will fuel the company’s expansion into the lucrative US market, enabling it to reach a broader audience and further develop its groundbreaking technologies. The company’s vision is to revolutionize cancer research and bring personalized medicine to every individual battling this devastating disease.
Partnerships and Collaborations for Innovation
Carcinotech recognizes the importance of collaboration in advancing scientific research. The company has forged strategic partnerships with leading organizations, including CELLINK, a renowned bioprinting company. These collaborations provide Carcinotech with access to cutting-edge technologies and expertise, accelerating the development of its bioprinted tumor models and expanding its research capabilities.
Carcinotech: A Beacon of Hope in Cancer Research
Carcinotech’s innovative approach to cancer research holds immense promise for the future of cancer treatment. By creating bioprinted tumors that accurately replicate the tumor microenvironment, the company is revolutionizing drug screening and paving the way for personalized medicine. Carcinotech stands as a beacon of hope in the fight against cancer, offering new avenues for developing more effective and targeted therapies that can improve the lives of patients worldwide. | biology |
http://quantumchiro.co.nz/sciatica-chiropractic/ | 2020-11-24T14:13:19 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141176864.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20201124140942-20201124170942-00700.warc.gz | 0.927327 | 706 | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-50__0__4671544 | en | What is Sciatica?
The sciatic nerve is the longest and largest of all the body’s nerves. It runs from the spinal column near the pelvis down each leg and can be as wide as your thumb. The sciatic nerve controls muscles in the back of your knee and lower leg and also provides feeling to the back of your thigh, sole of your foot and part of your lower leg. Each sciatic nerve is made up of five smaller nerves that branch into the thigh, knee, calf, ankle and foot. When this nerve becomes inflamed it creates a condition, which we call sciatica. Sciatica is characterized by pain, numbness and weakness in the lower extremities. Commonly pain and numbness are located at the calf, foot or back of the thigh and shooting pain down the leg all the way to the toes, which often causes sensations of burning, cramping, tingling, numbness and depending of the level of acuteness, degrees of pain ranging from an aching nuisance to throbbing to extreme and overt pain and is usually on only one side of the body. (Acute sciatica is said to be one the worst pain that a human has to endure).
What causes Sciatica?
Sciatica can be caused by many different things, but occurs when the sciatic nerve is compressed, irritated or inflamed. Which sometimes can be traced back to a certain event, such as a car accident. But also years of bad posture, poor muscle tone, excess weight and countless other causes can set the stage for Sciatica. Standing, sitting, walking, running, heavy lifting, bending, twisting, or even sneezing can then bring on symptoms.
Chiropractic and Sciatica
Whenever pain relief is discussed- whether for sciatica or any other injury, it is important to distinguish between just relieving the pain and actually treating the cause of the pain. Most short-term pain relief is just that… short-term. If the underlying cause of the sciatica is not corrected the pain will inevitably return.
Doctors of Chiropractic offer drug-free and non-invasive care to address sciatica. The Chiropractic approach to sciatica is to help restore the way your spine works, reducing nerve irritation therefore revitalizing your body’s own healing ability.
Chiropractic theory states that in order for the body to be optimized for health, the neurological pathways must remain open and unrestricted.
Quite often people with sciatica wait until the pain becomes unbearable before they contact their chiropractor. Waiting can cause long-term damage, it is important to contact your Chiropractic when the pain originally begins.
Cox, J. & Shreiner, S. (1984) Chiropractic manipulation in low back pain and sciatica: statistical data on the diagnosis, treatment and response of 576 consecutive cases. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, 7(1), 1-11.
Santilli, V., Beghi, E., & Finucci, S. (2006) Chiropractic manipulation in the treatment of acute back pain and sciatica with disc protrusion: a randomized double-blind clinical trial of active and simulated spinal manipulations. The spine journal: Official journal of the North American Spine society, 6(2). | biology |
https://ketamineonlinemeds.com/product-category/buy-benzos/ | 2022-07-06T11:13:43 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104669950.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20220706090857-20220706120857-00442.warc.gz | 0.928767 | 642 | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-27__0__117473530 | en | Benzodiazepines (BZD, BDZ, BZs), sometimes called “benzos“, are a class of psychoactive drugs whose core chemical structure is the fusion of a benzene ring and a diazepine ring. As depressants—drugs which lower brain activity—they are prescribed to treat conditions such as anxiety, insomnia, and seizures. The first benzodiazepine, chlordiazepoxide (Librium), was discovered accidentally by Leo Sternbach in 1955 and was made available in 1960 by Hoffmann–La Roche, which soon followed with diazepam (Valium) in 1963. By 1977, benzodiazepines were the most prescribed medications globally; the introduction of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), among other factors, decreased rates of prescription, but they remain frequently used worldwide.
Benzodiazepines are depressants that enhance the effect of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) at the GABAA receptor, resulting in sedative, hypnotic (sleep-inducing), anxiolytic (anti-anxiety), anticonvulsant, and muscle relaxant properties. High doses of many shorter-acting benzodiazepines may also cause anterograde amnesia and dissociation. These properties make benzodiazepines useful in treating anxiety, panic disorder, insomnia, agitation, seizures, muscle spasms, alcohol withdrawal and as a premedication for medical or dental procedures. Benzodiazepines are categorized as short, intermediate, or long-acting. Short- and intermediate-acting benzodiazepines are preferred for the treatment of insomnia; longer-acting benzodiazepines are recommended for the treatment of anxiety.
Benzodiazepines are generally viewed as safe and effective for short-term use—about two to four weeks—although cognitive impairment and paradoxical effects such as aggression or behavioral disinhibition can occur. A minority of people have reactions such as worsened agitation or panic when they stop taking benzodiazepines. Benzodiazepines are associated with an increased risk of suicide due to aggression, impulsivity, and negative withdrawal effects. Long-term use is controversial because of concerns about decreasing effectiveness, physical dependence, benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome, and an increased risk of dementia and cancer. In the long term, stopping benzodiazepines often leads to improved physical and mental health. The elderly are at an increased risk of both short- and long-term adverse effects, and as a result, all benzodiazepines are listed in the Beers List of inappropriate medications for older adults. There is controversy concerning the safety of benzodiazepines in pregnancy. While they are not major teratogens, uncertainty remains as to whether they cause cleft palate in a small number of babies and whether neurobehavioural effects occur as a result of prenatal exposure; they are known to cause withdrawal symptoms in the newborn. | biology |
https://www.moldinspectionprofessionals.com/copy-of-photos-videos-1 | 2023-12-02T08:36:48 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100381.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20231202073445-20231202103445-00501.warc.gz | 0.951714 | 1,763 | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__239819379 | en | Health Effects of Mold & Other Airborne Contaminants
Health Effects of Mold
Exposure to damp and moldy environments may cause a variety of health effects, or none at all. Some people are sensitive to molds. For these people, molds can cause nasal stuffiness, throat irritation, coughing or wheezing, eye irritation, or, in some cases, skin irritation. People with mold allergies may have more severe reactions. Immune-compromised people and people with chronic lung illnesses, such as obstructive lung disease, may get serious infections in their lungs when they are exposed to mold. These people should stay away from areas that are likely to have mold, such as compost piles, cut grass, and wooded areas.
In 2004 the Institute of Medicine (IOM) found there was sufficient evidence to link indoor exposure to mold with upper respiratory tract symptoms, cough, and wheeze in otherwise healthy people; with asthma symptoms in people with asthma; and with hypersensitivity pneumonitis in individuals susceptible to that immune-mediated condition. The IOM also found limited or suggestive evidence linking indoor mold exposure and respiratory illness in otherwise healthy children.
In addition, in 2004 the IOM found sufficient evidence to link exposure to damp indoor environments in general to upper respiratory tract symptoms, cough, and wheeze in otherwise healthy people and with asthma symptoms in people with asthma. The IOM also found limited or suggestive evidence linking exposure to damp indoor environments in general to shortness of breath, to respiratory illness in otherwise healthy children and to potential development of asthma in susceptible individuals. In 2009, the World Health Organization issued additional guidance, the WHO Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality: Dampness and Mould[PDF – 2.52 MB]. Other recent studies have suggested a potential link of early mold exposure to development of asthma in some children, particularly among children who may be genetically susceptible to asthma development, and that selected interventions that improve housing conditions can reduce morbidity from asthma and respiratory allergies, but more research is needed in this regard.
A link between other adverse health effects, such as acute idiopathic pulmonary hemorrhage among infants, memory loss, or lethargy, and molds, including the mold Stachybotrys chartarum (Stachybotrys atra), has not been proven. Further studies are needed to find out what causes acute idiopathic hemorrhage and other adverse health effects.
Health Effects of VOCs
Most people don’t give this topic much thought until VOC related symptoms seem to not go away and doctors give a diagnosis like “Most likely environmental” your environment is where you spend your time. Unless you live in a tepee or tree fort this primarily means your home. Some of the health effect of VOCs on humans is eye, nose, and throat irritation; headaches, loss of coordination, nausea; damage to liver, kidney, and central nervous system. Some VOCs from testing are known to cause cancer in animals and are suspected or known to cause cancer in humans.
Key signs or symptoms associated with exposure to VOCs include conjunctival irritation, nose and throat discomfort, headache, allergic skin reaction, dyspnea, declines in serum cholinesterase levels, nausea, emesis, epistaxis, fatigue, dizziness. Volatile organic compounds appear also to be significant risk factors for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
Varying Effects of VOC’s
The ability of organic chemicals to cause health effects varies greatly from those that are highly toxic, to those with no known health effect. Some have a strong smell and some no smell at all. The extent of health effects of VOCs on humans will depend on many factors including level of exposure and length of time exposed and where they are exposed i.e. floors, bed mattresses, play toys etc.
Eye and respiratory tract irritation, headaches, dizziness, visual disorders, and memory impairment, unconsciousness and death are among the immediate symptoms that some people have experienced soon after exposure to high levels of VOC’s. When I was young and stupid, I was doing some wood repairs using high VOC contact cement (no longer sold) working in a basement, the fumes were pretty strong, after about 15 minutes I felt light headed and started up the stairs for some fresh air, I staggered and almost collapsed, was close to loosing consciousness and barely made it up the stairs.
Strong Evidence Linking VOCs to Asthma and COPD
Asthma is the most common chronic disease of childhood in the developed world and its prevalence appears to have increased significantly over the past 30 years. Observations indicate that the rising prevalence has coincided with modifications to the home environment such as the introduction of soft furniture, fitted carpets, air conditioning, and central heating. The indoor environment should be of crucial importance since infants and elderly often spend more than 80% of their time indoors at home. The newer the home and the more insulated and air sealed the home is the greater the concern because the VOC’s are effectively trapped inside.
At present, not much is known about at what levels health effects of VOCs on humans occur. Many organic compounds are known to cause cancer in animals; some are suspected of causing, or are known to cause, cancer in humans. To better understand the links from VOCs to asthma and COPD, doctors are using a new type of testing in which they measure the VOCs exhaled from patients lungs. This tells them what VOCs are present and at what levels in their bodies to help diagnose or determine the cause of asthma and COPD.
Health Effects of Allergens
Allergens are substances that are foreign to the body and can cause an allergic reaction in certain people. Allergens are everywhere in the world around us. Examples of common allergens are pollen, foods, and mold.
Your living environment may contain a variety of animal and plant life, most of which can become a source for allergens, the triggers of allergic reactions. Pollens are the main cause of seasonal allergic rhinitis. However, if your nasal stuffiness, sneezing, watery eyes, and constant postnasal drip bother you year-round, then you most likely have nonseasonal hay fever, sometimes referred to as perennial allergic rhinitis. This condition is typically caused by indoor allergens such as dust mites, cockroach parts, mold, and animal dander.
Allergies are exaggerated immune responses to environmental triggers known as allergens. Allergies are very common, and about 50 million people in North America suffer from allergies. One of the most common forms of allergy is allergic rhinitis ("hay fever"), which produces symptoms like nasal congestion, itchy and watery eyes, sneezing, stuffy or runny nose, scratchy or sore throat, throat clearing, cough from postnasal drip.
The symptoms of hay fever can, in turn, lead to fatigue and lethargy. Other types of allergic reactions can involve the skin (hives and itching). Anaphylactic shock is a severe form of allergic reaction that can be life-threatening. In anaphylactic shock, there is swelling of the throat and difficulty breathing. Asthma is also related to allergies in many cases.
The symptoms of allergies can sometimes resemble those of other conditions. The common cold and the flu can cause respiratory symptoms similar to allergies. Typically, allergy symptoms are associated with a specific time of year or exposure to an allergen.
Health Effects of Bacteria
Certain types of bacteria can cause diseases, such as, typhoid fever, syphilis, cholera, tuberculosis and foodborne illnesses. Antibiotics are used to kill harmful bacteria and the diseases they cause.
Fecal coliform are bacteria that can cause hepatitis, dysentery, cholera, ear infection and typhoid fever, according to the North Dakota Department of Health. The bacteria are commonly found in natural bodies of water, but also in buildings where water intrusion has occured, such as toilet back ups, sewage back ups, floods, etc. Indoor mold and bacteria pose health risks. As they grow indoors, mold and bacteria produce spores and/or chemical compounds into the air. The health effects associated with these spores (see picture on the right) and chemicals may include runny nose, eye irritation, cough, congestion, aggravation of asthma and respiratory problems, headache, flu-like symptoms, fatigue, and skin rash and other allergic reactions. | biology |
https://www.powerlinegenetics.com/dna-asa | 2023-12-01T23:28:45 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100308.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201215122-20231202005122-00401.warc.gz | 0.952773 | 401 | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__159378142 | en | What makes a Powerline Bull?
We strive to source superior bulls with convenience traits and added performance that are structurally correct and masculine in their make-up. These sires have been genetically designed to produce feeder cattle that are fast growing and feed efficient with carcass merit.
The concept of heterosis, or cross breeding, has been around for decades, and that has always been one of the selling points of a PLG bull. Our selection criteria has led us to be predominantly Simmental and Angus. We feel this breed combination allows for the most ideal product both in a cow herd and in a feed yard. We are able to combine maternal characteristics, growth and performance with advantages in carcass traits.
Where are Powerline Genetics' EPDs generated from?
The multipliers with Powerline Genetics have enrolled their cow herds with the American Simmental Association (ASA) which allows for EPDs to be generated on PLG bulls. Once DNA has been collected and submitted, Genomically Enhanced (GE) EPDs become available on those animals which helps to improve the accuracy of the genotypes. This allows bull buyers to compare PLG bulls to any other Simmental bulls around the country.
Why does PLG market PAP tested bulls?
Pulmonary Arterial Pressure Measurement (PAP) tested bulls are a unique market for us. This group of potential sires is sent out to Laramie, WY for about 30 days where they are exposed to an elevation of more than 7,000 feet. A bull with an exceptional score has added value because in order to breed cows in this type of environment he has to be able to survive it. Not all genetics are able to do that. We have also found this is an incredibly heritable trait. Consequently, our PAP tested bulls that are used generate offspring that can handle higher altitudes whether they become replacement heifers, or go to the feed yards in Colorado. | biology |
https://bornfertilelady.com/collagen/ | 2024-04-21T01:37:23 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817699.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20240421005612-20240421035612-00662.warc.gz | 0.95074 | 599 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__52539907 | en | Collagen supplements have gained popularity for their potential benefits in promoting healthy skin, joints, and overall well-being.
However, when it comes to matters of conception and pregnancy, it's essential to be cautious about what you put into your body. In this article, we'll explore whether it's safe to take collagen supplements while trying to conceive.
What Is Collagen?
Collagen is the most abundant protein in the human body and plays a crucial role in various bodily functions. It is responsible for providing structure to the skin, hair, nails, joints, and connective tissues.
As we age, collagen production naturally decreases, leading to concerns such as wrinkles and joint discomfort. Collagen supplements are designed to help replenish collagen levels and support these areas.
Collagen Supplements and Trying to Conceive
When you're trying to conceive, you want to ensure that your body is in the best possible condition to support a healthy pregnancy. Here are some considerations regarding collagen supplements during this important phase:
1. Ingredients Matter
Not all collagen supplements are created equal. It's vital to choose a high-quality product from a reputable manufacturer. Ensure that the supplement contains pure collagen without unnecessary additives or fillers.
2. Collagen as a Protein Source
Collagen supplements are primarily a source of protein, and protein is a crucial nutrient during pregnancy and conception. Protein supports tissue growth and repair and plays a vital role in the development of the fetus. Collagen can contribute to your overall protein intake, but it should not be your sole source of protein.
3. Gelatin vs. Hydrolyzed Collagen
Collagen supplements come in various forms, including gelatin and hydrolyzed collagen. Hydrolyzed collagen is broken down into smaller, more digestible peptides, making it a preferable choice, especially for those with digestion concerns.
4. Consult Your Healthcare Provider
Before taking any dietary supplement, including collagen, it's essential to consult with your healthcare provider, especially when trying to conceive or during pregnancy. They can provide personalized guidance based on your health status, dietary needs, and specific circumstances.
5. A Balanced Diet is Key
While collagen supplements can be a part of your diet, it's crucial to prioritize a balanced and nutritious diet that includes a variety of foods rich in essential nutrients, such as fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, whole grains, and dairy or dairy alternatives. These nutrients are essential for reproductive health and overall well-being.
In general, taking collagen supplements in moderation as part of a balanced diet is unlikely to pose significant risks while trying to conceive. However, it's crucial to prioritize a well-rounded diet and consult with your healthcare provider before adding any supplements to your routine.
They can provide personalized recommendations and ensure that you are taking the best approach to support your fertility and overall health. Remember that a holistic approach to nutrition and lifestyle can have a positive impact on your journey to conception. | biology |
https://thefitmovement.co.uk/womens-health/supporting-thyroid-health/ | 2021-07-26T00:27:28 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046151972.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20210726000859-20210726030859-00314.warc.gz | 0.932772 | 1,087 | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-31__0__68053579 | en | In an earlier blog we considered thyroid function testing and results and what to consider.
The way in which food can affect thyroid health is a HUGE topic – too large to do justice to it in a single blog post. However, in this article, we’ll be looking at some of the key foods that can affect your thyroid system.
Foods To Keep an Eye On For Thyroid Health …
1. Goitrogenic vegetables
Ever been told to eat your greens?
Well, there’s some logic behind it.
Green veg contains a whole host of vitamins and minerals.
However, there’s (always) a but.
In particular, we’re considering the impact of food on goiters, a common form of hypothyroidism (i.e. low thyroid function) which is a noncancerous enlargement of the thyroid gland.
When it comes to food, goitrogens are chemical compounds that can interfere with the uptake of iodine for normal thyroid production. Goitrogens are found in cruciferous vegetables, such as kale, broccoli, spinach, cauliflower, Brussel sprouts, greens and cabbage.
For women with an underactive thyroid due to iodine deficiency, eating high volumes of these vegetables raw should be avoided since the goitrogens in them can interfere with the uptake of iodine for normal thyroid production – which can be an issue for anyone with a thyroid that is already compromised.
However, cruciferous vegetables do not need to be avoided altogether. Just consider cooking them until soft or fermenting first and consider whether your iodine levels are adequate when consuming them.
2. Soy products
Soy is also goitrogenic. Unfortunately, unlike raw cruciferous vegetables, cooking it does not render the goitrogenic compounds in soy inactive.
If you have both low thyroid function and low iodine levels, it is best to avoid.
… and 3 Foods To Consider Adding In
1. Brazil nuts
For anyone with selenium deficiency, increasing your selenium intake can help protect your thyroid from free radicals. A great source is a couple of Brazil nuts each day.
Low iodine levels have been found to impact thyroid function.
Foods such as seaweed, as well as spirulina, are a good source of iodine for those with low thyroid function. However, it requires a “goldilocks” approach – i.e. not too much, not too little.
While low iodine levels are linked to hypothyroidism, excess iodine levels can inhibit the release of thyroidal hormones and in some studies there has been a suggested linked between excess iodine and a higher incidence of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (i.e. an autoimmune disease where immune cells turn against and destroy the thyroid).1
3. Vitamin D
It is thought that vitamin D deficiency is closely connected with Hashimoto thyroiditis. It is found readily in many fortified foods, such as milk, and also naturally in foods such as liver. You can top up for free if you go out in the sun, but consider an appropriate vitamin D supplement if you do not have regular daily exposure or live in a northern climate.
Note: Before you go about making changes to your diet, please consider that each person’s requirements are specific to them and further appropriate advice should be sought.
Need some help?
These foods above represent just some of the ways in which you can influence thyroid function through nutrition. Of course, there are many other foods, as well as lifestyle strategies available, that may either support or impede thyroid and overall hormonal health.
If you would like to connect for a complimentary consultation, then contact Wendy at The FIT Movement directly through the contact page to arrange your appointment.
About: Wendy Goldthorp is the Founder and Director of The FIT Movement Limited and creator of the FIT Movement classes in Exeter. She is a woman’s wellness + exercise specialist who gets where you are right now. She goes the extra mile to ensure you keep on track and believes that YOU can undoubtedly improve YOUR health, wellness + happiness through exercise + nutrition. Plus, she keeps it fun and informative.
She is a certified 3rd Age Woman instructor through Burrell Education and a Level 1 Precision Nutrition Coach. She works with midlife women from perimenopause, menopause and beyond and supports them for a positive menopause experience. Wendy is available to work with clients in person and online via Skype.
Disclaimer: This blog is for informational purposes only. It is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent health problems – nor is it intended to replace the advice of a qualified medical practitioner or health practitioner. No action should be taken solely on the contents of this blog. Always consult your physician or qualified health professional on any matters regarding your health or on any opinions expressed here.
1. Abraham, G.E. MD, Facts about iodine and autoimmune thyroiditis, The Original Internist. June 2008; 15(2); 75:76 quoted in Wentz, Isabella with Nowosadzka, Marta, “Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis – Lifestyle Interventions for Finding and Treating the Root Cause”, pub Wentz LLC, 2015. | biology |
https://www.winslowhousecarecenter.com/activities-and-news/newsletter/winslow-house-harold/january-2020/nursing-news | 2024-04-13T16:22:41 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296816820.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20240413144933-20240413174933-00142.warc.gz | 0.937165 | 130 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__168011033 | en | Flu season is upon us, so please take a few extra minutes to prevent the spread of germs. Use antibacterial and antiviral hand sanitizer. You can even carry some in your pocket! Please use a face mask if you have a cold or suspected flu. Call your doctor of the first signs of suspected flu symptoms. Stay home from work, get plenty of fluids, and rest if you suspect you have the flu. With a few extra steps from YOU during flu season, you can be an infection preventionist. Thank you for your help in preventing the spread of germs! | biology |
http://glutenfreetransformation.com/celiac-disease-primer/ | 2020-04-03T16:44:45 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370515113.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20200403154746-20200403184746-00216.warc.gz | 0.926291 | 1,933 | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-16__0__83821448 | en | While many are choosing a gluten-free diet to lose weight, those with celiac disease have no choice. Celiac disease requires an individual to avoid substances that contain gluten, including wheat, barley, and rye. Celiac disease is defined as the disorder where there is an abnormality in the small intestine manifested by contact with gluten. The small intestine consisted of small finger-like projections called villi. In individuals with celiac disease, gluten damages these villi. The intestinal damage leads to poor absorption, which can cause nutrient deficiencies.
The symptoms of celiac disease vary widely, which can make diagnosis difficult. Gastrointestinal symptoms include constipation, diarrhea, abdominal distention, abdominal pain, bloating, decreased appetite, gas, indigestion, lactose intolerance, loose or floating stool, unexplained weight loss, and nausea and vomiting. Other symptoms include arthritis (bone/joint pain), breathlessness, chronic fatigue, dental enamel defects, depression, dermatitis herpetiformis, failure to thrive, fibromyalgia, headaches, hypoglycemia, inability to concentrate, infertility, anemia, irritability, liver disease, malnutrition, neurological problems, osteoporosis, and vitamin/mineral deficiency.
Three Types of Celiac Disease
There are three basic types of celiac disease: classical, nonclassical, and latent. In classical celiac disease, all of the associated symptoms involve the gastrointestinal tract. Nonclassical celiac disease involves symptoms that do not include the gastrointestinal tract. In latent celiac disease, there are no symptoms but damage of the intestine is still present. While the symptoms vary between them, all three will have intestinal damage. Many of the symptoms mimic those of irritable bowel syndrome, which can lead to misdiagnosis. Many doctors only know the symptoms of classical celiac disease and do not recognize the widely diverse symptoms of nonclassical celiac disease. Because of this, there is an average of 11 years between symptom onset and diagnosis. Celiac disease is thought to affect 1 in 100 people, but only 1 in 800 are ever diagnosed. There are efforts to increase the awareness of celiac disease among both the general public and medical industry.
Related Health Issues
There are many health issues associated with celiac disease. Many involve mal-absorption of essential nutrients, which lead to deficiencies, all of which come with their own list of symptoms. Cerebral calcifications are involved with ataxia, neuropathy, epilepsy, and headaches. While cerebral calcifications are related to celiac disease, the mechanism hasn’t been identified. Celiac disease is also connected with dementia and schizophrenia. Autism often improves with a gluten-free diet. The connection between the two has been studied but not yet identified. Other health issues related to celiac disease include ataxia, neuropathy, epilepsy, depression, Addison’s disease, type 1 diabetes, thyroiditis, and anemia. The connection between celiac disease and many of the related health issues is not known and currently being studied. However, evidence does show that eating a diet free of gluten will help relieve the symptoms of these related health issues.
The genetics of celiac disease are still not solidly known. While there is familial clustering of the disease, there are no discernable Mendelian inheritance patterns in families, meaning there is no predictable way to determine the dominate and recessive gene patterns like we can with eye color. However, evidence shows that the risk of celiac disease in first-degree relatives is 20-30 times greater than in the general population (3). If one identical twin has celiac, then there is a 75% chance that the other twin has it as well. In comparison, this percentage (typically referred to as the concordance rate) is only 33% for Chron’s disease, 36% for type 1 diabetes, and 25% for multiple sclerosis. From these numbers, it is clear that celiac disease is considered highly genetic.
One of the genes that has been implicated in causing celiac disease is the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) gene. The HLA complex contains around 200 genes, about half of which are known to have immunological function. Research shows that 95% of celiac patients have HLA DQ2, while the other 5% have the HLA DQ8 gene. However, it is important to remember that only 3% of those with these genes ever develop celiac disease. This makes an environmental element likely and prevents genetic testing to diagnose celiac disease.
Diagnosing Celiac Disease
There are several ways to test for celiac disease. Completing an anti-body test is usually the first step. It is important that the patient being tested is still on a gluten-containing diet. The antibody testing includes tTG IgA, EMA IgA, and total IgA. tTG IgA is the measurement of serum concentration of tissue transglutaminase IgA, which is unusually high in celiac patients. EMA IgA is the measurement of serum concentration of endomysial antibody and has a high specificity for celiac disease. It is also more prone to false negatives. Celiac patients have a higher than average rate of selective IgA deficiency, which is tested for by the total IgA test. While antibody tests are a good first step, they are not as reliable as other methods.
The small bowel biopsy is the only conclusive way to diagnose celiac disease. The biopsy is usually performed when the antibody testing is positive for celiac disease or the patient has severe symptoms. The biopsy includes multiple samples taken endoscopically from the intestine. While the biopsy is the gold standard for diagnosis, it can fail to detect it if the patient is on a gluten-free diet or in the early stages of the disease.
If the patient is already on a gluten-free diet, there are two options. They can take the gluten challenge, which requires them to eat gluten daily until their symptoms return so that they can have the antibody testing or biopsy performed. The second option is genetic testing for the presence of HLA DQ2 and DQ8. A negative result will rule out celiac disease, since the HLA DQ2 or DQ8 genes are required for the disease. A positive test will not conclusively diagnose celiac disease. Only 3% of those with the genes will develop celiac disease. A positive genetic test, along with the symptom list and relief of symptoms of the gluten-free diet, can lead to a diagnosis of celiac disease.
Treatment and Prognosis
The only treatment for celiac disease is a gluten-free diet. The diet is inconvenient and difficult to maintain. Those on the diet must be properly educated and ever vigilant, watching for hidden gluten and cross contamination issues. The relief of symptoms, and some related conditions such as diabetes, are an important motivator for the diet. Since the gluten-free diet is currently a trendy weight-loss diet, there are more and more options and choices available for those seeking gluten-free products.
Those who maintain a strict gluten-free diet have the average life expectancy. However, those who don’t maintain the diet have a greater risk for intestinal lymphomas, other cancers of the digestive tract, and related conditions. The mortality rate at every age is twofold greater in untreated celiac patients.
The Future with Celiac Disease
While still studying celiac disease, scientists are also looking for possible cures. Since celiac disease is brought on by the inability to digest gluten, scientists have identified enzymes that could further digest and properly break down gluten in the intestine. However, they are still working on how to get the enzyme into the patient’s intestine. Another option is breeding the toxic sequences out of grain, while leaving the taste and baking properties intact. However, the sequences are scattered throughout a complex genome and progress is slow.
Sources and References:
Howdle David Peter. 2011. Celiac disease. In: Banerjee Bhaskar, editor. Nutritional Management of Digestive Disorders. New York: CRC Press. p. 91-111.
Copelton Denise A, Valle Giuseppina. 2009. You don’t need a prescription to go gluten-free: The scientific self-diagnosis of celiac disease. Social Science & Medicine. New York: Elsevier. p. 625-630.
Dewar David, Pereira Stephen P, Ciclitira Paul J. 2003. The pathogenesis of coeliac disease. The international Journal of Biochemistry and Cell Biology. 36 p. 17-24.
Helms Steve. 2005. Celiac disease and gluten-associated diseases. A Journal of Clinical Therapeutic 10.3:172-192.
Pietzak Maria Michelle, Fasano Alessio. 2005. Celiac disease: A new paradigm of an immune-mediated disorder due to dietary gluten. Reviews in Food and Nutrition Toxicity 3:ch9.
Van Heel David A, Hunt Karen, Greco Luigi, Wijmenga Cisca. 2005. Genetics in coelicac disease. Best Practice & Research Clinical Gastroenterology 19.3:323-339.
[NCBI] National Center for Biotechnology Information. 2008 July 3. NCBI Celiac Disease. Accessed 2011 April 21. | biology |
http://ecohealthwellness.com/weight-loss-blog/ | 2013-05-23T15:17:06 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368703489876/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516112449-00093-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 0.920693 | 1,286 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2013-20__0__80909307 | en | Stinging nettle is an herb that is named for the fine hairs that line its leaves and stems. These hairs contain skin irritants that can cause painful stinging, tingling, or itching when touched. However, when taken internally in medicinal form, they stimulate an anti-inflammatory response in the body that may also hinder the way the body transmits pain signals. Research is showing that Stinging nettle is especially helpful to reduce the symptoms of hay fever. This wonderful herb inhibits the release of histamine and pro-inflammatory chemicals such as prostaglandin. This means it reduces the sneezing and itching commonly associated with seasonal allergies and hay fever. Stinging nettle can be taken daily as a tea by brewing the leaves in hot water, as a tincture, or in capsules.
Roizman, Tracey. Stinging Nettles Herbal Medicine. http://www.livestrong.com/article/367493-stinging-nettles-herbal-medicine/
Roschek, B Jr. et al. 2009. Nettle extract (Urtica dioica) affects key receptors and enzymes associated with allergic rhinitis.Phytotherapy Research 23 (7): 920-6.
ìStinging Nettlesî University of Maryland Medical Center. http://www.umm.edu/altmed/articles/stinging-nettle-000275.htm#ixzz2R9FSacr7
Looking to supplement your dietary intake of quercetin? Consider adding this supplement as part of your daily routine. Quercetin has been called king of the flavonoids because of its marked antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Those cultures, which consume more quercetin have lower rates of heart disease, according to the Zupthen Elderly Study. Quercetin is also known for its ability to stabilize mast cells and help control allergies. It also has applications in the management of gut inflammation, and it is now being researched for its neuroprotective properties and its ability to reduce inflammation in prostatitis. Containing both Vitamin C and Quercetin, take take 1 gram Quercetin Ascorbate (approx. 1/4 teaspoon) or more as needed per day with meals, or as directed by your health care practitioner.
Click HERE to order!
Quercetin is a particular kind of flavonoid compound in fruits and vegetables that gives them their beautiful colors. It is an antioxidant that, like other antioxidants, helps repair the damage done to cells by free radicals. One of its most unique qualities is its ability to stabilize and regulate cells that release histamine, making it a potent antihistamine and anti-inflammatory agent that significantly reduces the symptoms of allergies and hay fever. Quercetin supplementation can reduce symptoms such as runny nose, watery eyes, hives, and swelling. One of the best ways to increase Quercetin in your diet is to consume more apples, citrus fruits, onions, parsley, red wine, sage, and tea. Other sources of Quercetin are grapes, dark cherries, and dark berries — such as blueberries, blackberries, and bilberries — and olive oil. For additional supplementation, Quercetin can be taken as a pill or capsule. It is important to consult a Naturopathic Doctor before supplementing with Quercetin. Large doses have been linked to kidney damage. It has also been shown to interfere with some pharmaceutical medications.
Quercetin University of Maryland Medical Center. http://www.umm.edu/altmed/articles/quercetin-000322.htm#ixzz2R9Atb7en
Pizzorno, Joseph E., and Michael T. Murray. 1999.Textbook of natural medicine. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone.
Living Oak Massage Studio is nestled amid the Live Oaks of James Island, South Carolina. In this airy and spacious studio, you will feel as if you are among the tree limbs. Emily’s Personal Therapeutic Massage practice is specifically designed around you, your physical and mental well-being. Each session begins with a consultation about your expectations for that treatment and ends with an evaluation of your experience together. This process creates a positive massage experience that is individualized for each client.
The Neti pot is a ceramic container shaped like a small teapot. It is used for nasal irrigation to flush the sinus passages with a saline solution as a therapy for seasonal allergies. The saline solution goes in the bowl of the pot and is then poured into a nostril. The head is tilted completely to the side, horizontal to the ground, so that gravity can pull the solution through the sinus passageways and out the alternate nostril. It is the flow of solution through the sinus that thins out mucus and cleans the tiny hairs called cilia that line nasal and sinus tissue. It can help remove airborne allergens that have become trapped in the mucus and sinus cavities. Research is showing that using a Neti pot daily can help reduce sinus symptoms. It is important to clean your Neti pot after every use with boiling water, and to allow it to completely air dry. This will help prevent rare infections due to a contaminated pot. It is also important to use distilled water to avoid contaminants in tap water. The environment in the sinus cavity is not prepared to handle water pathogens the way the acid in our stomach is.
The recipe below can be modified for individual preference.
Neti Pot Recipe
16 oz distilled water
1 tsp. of salt into one cup of water
1/2 tsp. baking soda (this is optional. Some people find it creates a more gentle solution.
Mix all ingredients. Start slow and pour the solution into one nostril while your head is tilted to the side. Let gravity pull the water down through your sinuses and out your alternate nostril.
Neti Pots WebMD.com http://www.webmd.com/allergies/sinus-pain-pressure-11/neti-pots?page=2
Neti Pots Mayo Clinic Online | biology |
https://concord420doordash.com/products/blue-cream | 2021-09-18T20:13:05 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780056572.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20210918184640-20210918214640-00000.warc.gz | 0.952778 | 161 | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-39__0__92794036 | en | This comes under the indica-sativa combination range of medical marijuana strains and is a sativa-dominant hybrid. The parents of this strain are 'Blueberry', which is an indica strain and 'AK-47', which is a sativa. The buds of this plant are covered with enormous amounts of white and sparkling trichomes. The flowers of this plant will be bright and luminous. Overall, the plant appears light green colored with the autumn-colored pistils. The flavor produced by this particular plant is not so pungent or sweet. However, it could give an obvious berry flavor with earthy, flower and vegetation undertones. The Blueberry in the genetics of this strain is providing a fine body buzz that could help the users with pain and other ailments. | biology |
https://www.agreenerview.com.au/shop/gardening-products/troforte-fertilisers/troforte-general-purpose | 2022-08-18T14:04:11 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573197.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818124424-20220818154424-00067.warc.gz | 0.891678 | 113 | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-33__0__158737765 | en | Troforte M Garden All Purpose is a granular microbial controlled release fertiliser specifically designed for new or existing gardens. It will improve the quality of the soil through natural and organic processes by introducing beneficial microbes to the soil making nutrients more effectively available to plants thereby improving soil health and the health of the plant at the same time.
Low in phosphorus its great for Australian Natives and is 100% Environmentally Friendly.
6 month slow release.
N=14% - P=2% - K=4% + TE + Microbes + Minerals | biology |
https://exerciseonthemind.com/category/uncategorized/ | 2023-05-31T23:01:18 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224647459.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20230531214247-20230601004247-00526.warc.gz | 0.939857 | 667 | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-23__0__112750482 | en | Rather than escape the blistering heat of summer, there may be good reason to embrace it. For the first time, research has shown that heat acclimation can lead to performance gains similar to that achieved through hypoxic (low-oxygen) training.
The benefits of training at altitude have long been heralded by endurance athletes. Essentially a natural form of doping, the rise in erythropoietin (EPO) is swift in most individuals – helping to boost red blood cells and oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood within 24-48hrs of arriving at altitude.
In the real world, most athletes aren’t fortunate enough to live at or near altitude and don’t want to drop the money to snooze in an altitude tent. Luckily, sweltering summer heat is readily accessible.
UK researchers asked male cyclists to complete a self-paced hypoxic time trial before and after a series of 10 daily 60-minute training sessions in either hot (40oC), hypoxic, or control conditions. In the hypoxic condition, the percent oxygen approximated a target altitude of about 10,000ft.
Findings, published in Frontiers in Physiology, showed that hypoxic time trial performance and power output were comparably improved for the cyclists who trained in both the low-oxygen and hot environments. Those who trained in the control conditions saw no gains. Similarly, blood results indicated that the 10-day training protocol in both the hot and hypoxic conditions improved cellular tolerance to exercise. Heat shock protein (Hsp) 72 was of particular interest, as it has been linked to delayed tissue injury and cellular resilience to environmental stressors (such as… hypoxia).
Moreover, the authors note, “Heat acclimation induced a greater adaptive stimulus at lower levels of metabolic strain, and in a shorter time frame compared to hypoxic acclimation.” These conclusions were based on the finding that the heat-trained group showed a more efficient aerobic profile, with increased hemoglobin saturation, a higher oxygen pulse (more O2 uptake per heartbeat at rest), and a significantly lower exercise heart rate following acclimation. There was also a smaller increase in body temperature during exercise for the heat-trained cyclists.
The implications here are potentially huge for athletes, suggesting that heat-based training could offer a more proficient means of improving altitude tolerance than equivalent training at actual altitude. An important caveat here is that hypoxic conditions were normobaric. Because pressure wasn’t altered, it’s not yet known whether these findings would hold at natural (i.e., hypobaric) high-altitude environments.
In addition, these researchers went quite hot with their heat-trained group, subjecting them to 40oC (104oF) conditions. Hopefully, the minimum temperatures necessary to reap these physiological benefits are not quite so stifling!
So, if you’re preparing for a high-altitude trek, ultramarathon, adventure race, or any other aerobic event up high, you might want to simply tap into the cardiovascular and cellular benefits provided by the ever-accessible summer heat. You may be a hot sweaty mess, but you’ll be an endurance phenom! | biology |
https://www.heritagexperiential.org/category/khoj-updates/ | 2022-12-04T08:13:32 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710968.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20221204072040-20221204102040-00507.warc.gz | 0.959364 | 1,116 | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-49__0__235772379 | en | KHOJ UPDATES -2.12.22 | 4H & 4E
The students of 4H and 4E are enthusiastic about continuing their learning journey on
their third field visit to Sultanpur. They set off for Sultanpur National park at 7:00 am and
reached there around 8.00 am. On arrival, they relished the sumptuous breakfast
spread and bournvita milk. Then, they are given some solo time to settle in and enjoy
the serenity and tranquility of nature. The third visit began with a recap of the previous
experiences, which serves as a springboard for new learning.
Students got into groups with experts to review their first visit, followed by a game on
Migratory birds. Students enjoyed the game thoroughly and learnt the importance of
migration and the challenges faced by migratory birds.
During this visit, students will delve deeper into the Wetland Ecosystem and gather
information on various components of this ecosystem. They will be observing various
species found in the Wetland Ecosystem. In addition, students explored different biotic
components of the wetlands and how they help each other survive through food chains
With the help of the experts, students will conduct soil activity to understand this
ecosystem’s biotic and abiotic components. This activity will help students to understand
the importance of soil and why it is an abundant feature of wetlands.The student will be
given a beverage break around 11:30 am.
They will spend time with experts to review their field notes and share their wonder
questions and observations. This session helps students to clear any doubts or
misconceptions they have from their previous knowledge.
Lunch will be served at 1 pm. After enjoying lunch, students will relax and enjoy free
time. They will play a Bird bingo game to learn about different wetland birds. Afterwards,
the experts will hold a session on bird migration in the interpretation centre. To conclude
the day’s learning experience, experts will conduct circle time to consolidate their
learning and understanding.
They will be served evening snacks by 4:15 pm. Students leave for their journey back
around 4:45 pm.
KHOJ UPDATES -1.12.22 |4D & 4I
Grade 4 D and 4 I students took an hour-long journey and reached Sultanpur around 7:50 am . After some solo time and breakfast, they went over their learnings and wonder questions from the last visit, which was centered on the forest ecosystem.
The students began their learning of the wetland ecosystem with a game based on migratory birds. Afterward, they proceeded to the wetland ecosystem to observe the biotic and abiotic elements, such as birds, plants, and other animals, including insects, reptiles, and mammals. In the wetland ecosystem, they will also observe food chains and food webs. This will be followed by an exercise in which they will examine the biotic and abiotic components of the soil in the wetland. After a brief review of the wetland ecosystem, they will have lunch.
Thereafter, the class will discuss migratory birds and play a game involving bird spotting. A reflective discussion will bring their eventful day to a close in which they will also attempt to find the answers to some intriguing questions. They will then have snacks and depart around 4:45 pm.
KHOJ UPDATES: 30.11.22 | 4A, 4B and 4F
Despite the onset of winters our young naturalists of 4A, 4B and 4F were full of excitement and thrill for their 3rd Khoj visit to Sultanpur.
All the buses departed from school by 6:55 am and reached Sultanpur National Park by 7:55 am. After reaching the park, students relished a breakfast of stuffed parathas, veg sandwich, egg bhurji, bread jam and bournvita milk. They enjoyed solo time and then reviewed their second Khoj visit with facilitators. After this they played a game that focused on the threats/dangers that migratory birds are facing on their route as they travel from one place to another.
Students observed and studied the Wetland Ecosystem. They build their understanding of its biotic (producers- submerged,emerged, floating plants and trees, consumers-birds and animals, decomposers) and abiotic components. Students also studied the soil of the wetland to learn about its biotic and abiotic components and the importance of this composition. They then discussed how this soil composition is different from the Forest Ecosystem.
They were provided with a beverage break around 11:45 pm.This will be followed up by reviewing the information gathered on Wetland Ecosystem.
Students will be served lunch around 1:00 pm and post lunch they will have some free time with their friends. After lunch, students will learn about migration through a session with experts and visit the Interpretation Centre. Post this, a bird bingo game has been planned in which students will spot and identify different birds of the Wetland Ecosystem. Thereafter, a circle time is planned for students to share their learnings and high points of the day.
They will be served evening snacks by 4:15 pm and are expected to leave for their journey back around 4:45 pm. | biology |
https://www.wmphysicaltherapy.com/post/osteoarthritis-can-exercise-help | 2023-05-29T12:14:39 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224644855.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20230529105815-20230529135815-00252.warc.gz | 0.950335 | 612 | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-23__0__163035177 | en | Matt Kurz PT, DPT
Osteoarthritis: Can Exercise Help?
What is Osteoarthritis?
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a type of degenerative joint disease classified by swelling and inflammation of a joint that results from progressive loss of cartilage. Osteoarthritis affects more than 30 million people in the U.S. alone (women more than men) and is the most common articular disorder of the developed world. OA is also a leading cause of chronic disability.
Lifestyle factors are the leading cause of degenerative changes. Prolonged periods of sitting, general inactivity/weakness and a lack of variety in our movements can create bio-mechanical imbalances around a joint which may cause accelerated wear. Combine this with the common western diet, which may lead to greater systemic inflammation, and the increase in OA begins to make sense. Finally, genetics have also been linked to degenerative changes and those with a family history of degenerative changes have been shown to have a greater chance of developing OA.
While OA is so prevalent, it is unfortunately not always addressed. A recent study showed that as many as 55% of individuals with hip OA did not seek care. When degenerative changes begin to appear, it is best to address the issue early.
How exercise can help!
1. Strengthening: Muscular strength can help manage the forces on and around the joint. Muscles are responsible for movement, but they are also responsible for stability. Promoting strength within surrounding musculature helps reduce the need for stability to come from the joint surface itself.
2. Stretching and soft tissue work: Addressing tight tissues can help balance the forces and improve the biomechanics of a joint. Tightness in musculature surrounding a joint can increase compressive forces as well as cause an unequal distribution of forces on the joint which may accelerate wear.
3. Synovial Fluid: Exercise and general movement promote the circulation of synovial fluid. Synovial fluid is like oil in a motor: it functions as a lubricant that decreases the friction between the articular surfaces. This is why many with OA report movement actually decreases pain.
4. Blood flow: Exercise improves blood flow not only to the muscles surrounding the joint, but also to the joint itself. Blood is delivered to the synovial membrane and facilitates healing and maintenance of synovial health.
5. Genes: Skeletal loading that occurs during resistive exercise has been shown to turn on genes responsible for increasing bone density and repairing joint cartilage. It is important to work with a physical therapist to facilitate a gradual increase in loading, as initially tolerance to these type of activities may be low.
If you are suffering from OA, contact us at (603) 273-1570 to see if physical therapy is right for you! | biology |
https://www.sudccoalition.com/news-1 | 2022-01-16T22:58:49 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320300244.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20220116210734-20220117000734-00437.warc.gz | 0.931606 | 270 | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-05__0__29841340 | en | Any research that could potentially touch the SUDC community is of the utmost importance. Our losses don't exist in a vacuum. There is quality research being conducted in areas that may assist SUDC targeted research in the future. At the SUDC Coalition we feel it is important to share these findings when they become available.
BREATHING INHIBITED WHEN SEIZURES SPREAD TO THE AMYGDALA AND UPON AMYGDALA STIMULATION.
Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) is the most common cause of death in patients with chronic refractory epilepsy. Impaired breathing during and after seizures is common and suspected to play a role in SUDEP. Understanding the cause of this peri-ictal hypoventilation may lead to preventative strategies. In epilepsy patients, we found that seizure invasion of the amygdala co-occurred with apnea and oxygen desaturation, and electrical stimulation of the amygdala reproduced these respiratory findings. Strikingly, the subjects were unaware of the apnea. These findings indicate a functional connection between the amygdala and brainstem respiratory network in humans and suggest that amygdala seizures may cause loss of spontaneous breathing of which patients are unaware-a combination that could be deadly. | biology |
https://palestinetx.visitwidget.com/places/gus-engeling-wildlife-management-area | 2021-06-19T03:33:16 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487643380.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20210619020602-20210619050602-00455.warc.gz | 0.911396 | 243 | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-25__0__197862555 | en | Gus Engeling WMA (GEWMA) is located in northwest Anderson County, 21 miles northwest of Palestine. This 10,958-acre area was purchased from 1950 to 1960 under the Pittman-Robertson Act using Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Program funds. The GEWMA's primary purpose is to function as a wildlife research and demonstration area for the Post Oak Savannah Ecoregion. The area is comprised of 2,000 acres of hardwood bottomland floodplain and almost 500 acres of natural watercourses, 350 acres of wetlands: marshes and swamps and nearly 300 acres of sphagnum moss bogs.
The GEWMA is an island of Post Oak Savannah surrounded by coastal bermuda grass pastures, harvested timberlands, and fragmented wildlife habitat. It's rolling sandy hills dominated by post oak uplands, bottomland hardwood forests, natural springs, pitcher plant bogs, sloughs, marshes, and relict pine communities contain a rich variety of wildlife. Sound wildlife management tools like prescribed burning, grazing, brush control and hunting are used to demonstrate the results of proven practices to resource managers, landowners, and other interested groups or individuals. | biology |
https://www.febs-2013.org/tag/ligandrol/ | 2021-08-02T02:47:45 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154302.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20210802012641-20210802042641-00245.warc.gz | 0.94654 | 494 | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-31__0__161101984 | en | Ligandrol or LGD-4033 is also known as Anobolicum, is a new treatment for repairing worn-out muscles as a result of muscular diseases. It works by increasing muscle mass. The drug belongs to the family of SARMs or Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators. In this post, you will learn the effects of Ligandrol on bone health, muscle density, and cardiovascular health.
You should note that muscle wasting conditions can decrease muscle density and affect the cardio system. As you know, the bones and heart play a great role in osteoporosis and cardiac diseases. Ligandrol binds with androgen receptors that are found in your body. The use of LGD-4033 helps increase lean muscle mass. Remember that aging affects the integrity of the muscles as it makes them lean and weak. These are some of the uses of Ligandrol.
Uses of Ligandrol
Aging being a natural process can cause a drop in muscle mass and muscle density. That explains why Ligandrol is widely used in the management of muscular diseases. There is ongoing research on using Ligandrol for treating muscle loss because of cancer.
The cardiac cycle is quite a complex cycle of the human body. You should note that the heart is a muscular organ that has a musculoskeletal structure. Therefore, it is quite important for people who may be suffering from weight loss and muscle wasting conditions. The use of Ligandrol has been found to achieve improvement in cardiac readings as it causes a drop in cholesterol.
As you know, bone health is a framework with which muscles are built. When there is an issue with bones as the case with osteoporosis, muscles become weak, and they cannot build around bones. Studies show that Ligandrol helps improve bone health. That is because it increases the intake of minerals and results in increased bone density and strength. You should note that osteoporosis is a condition that results in reduced bone minerals.
The good thing about Ligandrol is that it provides a selective action. Using this drug will increase your muscle mass and boost your metabolism. Its use does not affect various organs such as the liver or kidney. Also, blood pressure will be normal. Although using Ligandrol is quite safe, it is a good idea to consult your doctor if you have underlying medical conditions.… | biology |
https://uatronica.com/en/novyny-elektronnyh-komponentiv/implantovanii-pristrii-znimaye-bil-za-potrebi/ | 2024-02-23T17:45:55 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474440.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223153350-20240223183350-00086.warc.gz | 0.936231 | 777 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__147462143 | en | Northwestern University has developed a small, flexible, implantable device that relieves pain on demand without the use of drugs. It works by providing targeted cooling to block pain signals to the brain. Dimensions are only 5 mm at the widest point the biocompatible device dissolves after it is no longer needed, similar to absorbable sutures.
The researchers said the "first-of-its-kind device could provide a much-needed alternative to opioids and other highly addictive drugs."
< p id="caption-attachment-232043" class="wp-caption-text">The implantable device consists of two separate microfluidic channels: one for liquid coolant and the other for gas. When mixing in the chamber, the liquid evaporates at a certain point on the nerve to ensure precise cooling. (Source: Northwestern University)
According to the researchers, the water-soluble device "gently" wraps around the nerves to provide precise cooling that numbs the nerves and blocks pain signals to the brain. The cooling effect is caused by two tiny microfluidic channels in the device. One channel contains a liquid coolant (perfluoropentane), and the other channel contains dry nitrogen. When a liquid and a gas combine in a chamber, the reaction causes the liquid to vaporize.
According to the researchers, the liquid coolant is clinically approved as an ultrasound contrast agent and for pressurized inhalers.
<p>"We're specifically targeting the peripheral nerves that connect your brain and spinal cord to the rest of your body," study co-author Dr. Matthew McEwan of Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis said in a statement. “These are the nerves that transmit sensory stimuli, including pain. By providing a cooling effect to only one or two target nerves, we can effectively modulate pain signals in one specific part of the body.”
The device also contains a built-in sensor that "monitors the temperature of the nerve." to make sure it doesn't get too cold, which could cause tissue damage," the researchers said.
"Excessive cooling can damage the nerve and the fragile tissues around it," Northwestern's John A. Rogers, who led the device's development, said in a statement. "Therefore, it is necessary to precisely control the duration and temperature of cooling. By monitoring the temperature on the nerve, the flow rate can be adjusted automatically to establish a point that blocks pain in a reversible and safe way."
Rogers is the Louis Simpson and Kimberly Querrey Professor of Materials Science and Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, and Neurological Surgery at Northwestern University's McCormick School of Engineering and Feinberg School of Medicine. He is also the founding director of the Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics.
An external pump is used by the patient to remotely activate the device, as well as to increase or decrease the intensity. When the device is no longer needed, it is naturally absorbed into the body within days or weeks.
The researchers said that “the device will be most valuable for patients undergoing routine surgeries or even amputations that typically require post-operative medication. Surgeons could implant the device during the procedure to ease the patient's post-operative pain."
The study was published in the July 1 issue of the journal Science. It describes the design and efficacy in an animal model. The research was supported by the Phil and Penny Knight Campus to Accelerate Scientific Impact, the Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, and the National Science Foundation.
This is the third example of bioresorbable electronic devices from Rogers' lab. The concept of transient electronics was introduced in 2012, followed by a demonstration of a bioresorbable electronic device in 2018 and a transient pacemaker in 2021. | biology |
https://www.fightingforyou.com/resource-center/articles/which-injuries-can-cause-cerebral-palsy/ | 2023-11-30T23:50:21 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100258.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20231130225634-20231201015634-00252.warc.gz | 0.967639 | 879 | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__136729976 | en | Cerebral palsy (CP) is a common disorder for infants in the United States. It is estimated to affect around 500,000 people. It is an intricate disorder that has a myriad of symptoms and causes. In some cases, cerebral palsy can occur due to injuries at birth. Therefore, it is important that parents are not only aware of their child’s specific risk factors, but also the general symptoms and causes.
What is Cerebral Palsy?
Cerebral palsy is a disorder that impacts a person’s brain and affects motor skills. It is a direct injury or dysfunction of the cerebral region of the brain, which leads to a particular area of the brain becoming paralyzed – hence, the palsy. Brain damage that leads to cerebral palsy will typically occur before, during, or after the child’s birth. It is often a lifetime disability that the child (and parents) must endure.
Congenital Cerebral Palsy
This refers to brain damage that happens before or during a child’s birth. The majority of cerebral palsy sufferers in the United States – or about 85 to 90 percent, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) – occurs in congenital form. Often the cause is unknown, but the CDC has identified several risk factors that may increase the likelihood that a child will develop congenital CP. These risk factors include:
- Low birthweight. Children who weigh under five and a half pounds at birth, especially those weighing less than three pounds and five ounces, have an increased risk for developing CP.
- Premature birth. Children who are born prematurely (which is any time prior to the 37th week of gestation) – and especially those born prior to the 32nd week – have a greater chance of being born with CP. The intensive care that a premature infant receives can reduce the risk for CP, but it is not infallible.
- Multiple births. While the CDC cannot explain it, children of multiple births (e.g., twins) are more likely to have CP than singleton births. This may be due to the fact that multiple births are at an increased risk for premature delivery and low birth weights, anyway.
- Assisted reproductive infertility treatments. Women who have pregnancies resulting from the use of infertility treatments may have children who are at higher risk for CP. This is because women with infertility pregnancies are often at-risk for premature delivery or multiple births.
- Infections during the pregnancy. Infections can lead to proteins known as cytokines, which circulate in the brain and blood of the developing fetus. Cytokines can lead to inflammation, which may lead to brain damage in the infant. Fever in a mother during pregnancy can also lead to this condition. Some infections, such as rubella or chickenpox during pregnancy, may also lead to CP in infants.
- Jaundice. Jaundice is a condition that leads to yellow coloration in the infant’s skin; it is not diagnosed until birth, or a few days afterward. Jaundice occurs when a chemical – known as bilirubin – builds up in the baby’s blood. When too much bilirubin is present, the baby may develop kernicterus, which can lead to CP, as well as other chronic, lifelong conditions.
- Complications during delivery. During delivery, a fetus may suffer from a disruption in oxygen – such as a uterine rupture, umbilical cord tangle, or placental detachment. All of these conditions can increase an infant’s risk of CP.
Was Your Child Injured During Birth?
If your child was injured during birth or during your pregnancy, due to a physician’s negligence, you may be entitled to compensation. Birth injuries are serious; physicians who oversee a child’s development, as well as delivery, are required to provide a higher standard of care. More specifically, they are required to ensure that a child is born as healthy as possible. If your child was diagnosed with CP, due to improper prenatal care or delivery errors, contact Schwartzapfel® Lawyers, P.C. for a free consultation at 1-516-342-2200 or fill out our online contact form with your questions. | biology |
https://franklinis.com/exercising-for-bone-health/ | 2023-09-22T07:27:54 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506339.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20230922070214-20230922100214-00615.warc.gz | 0.923493 | 1,222 | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__220968197 | en | Exercising for bone health
WHY IS EXERCISE IMPORTANT FOR BONE HEALTH?
Exercising is the stimulus that makes bones stronger. Your muscles grow and strengthen in response to exercise; bone behaves similarly. Stressing bone through activity and exercise encourages it to increase its calcium content and grow more dense. Bone health follows the adage, “Use it or lose it.” Inactivity leads to decreased bone mass. Exercise can help you maintain bone mass and reduce age-related bone loss. Exercise decreases the risk of osteoporosis. It also improves muscle strength, balance and coordination, which help to prevent falls and bone fractures.
WHO SHOULD EXERCISE?
It is important for people of all ages to exercise. During childhood and adolescence, the bone is rapidly building density and strength. Exercise helps to maximize one’s peak bone mass and may therefore prevent poor bone health in later years. Exercise has its greatest effects in adults who have been inactive. Since bone naturally becomes weaker with age, it is vital that men and women of all ages exercise.
WHAT EXERCISES ARE BEST FOR GOOD BONE HEALTH?
Any exercise is good because all exercise causes muscles to contract against bones, which stimulates bones to strengthen. A combination of weight-bearing and resistance exercises is the ideal regimen. Weight-bearing exercises are those that place weight on the bones, such as walking and jogging. These exercises are the best for bone, because both muscles and gravity stress the bones. Other examples of weight-bearing exercises include aerobics, hiking, stairs, dancing and even household chores and yard work. The higher the impact, the greater the benefit to bone. You may want to try holding light weights or water bottles while walking in order to increase the weight on your bones. Resistance exercises also strengthen bones. Examples include free weights, weight machines or elastic tubing. You should focus on the major muscle groups in the legs, arms and trunk. Any form of exercise is better than no exercise. Swimming and bicycling are not weight-bearing exercises, but they still exercise your muscles. Even yoga and Pilates, when done at a vigorous level, can improve bone health. The best activity for you is one that you will enjoy doing and will do regularly.
HOW MUCH EXERCISE IS NEEDED FOR GOOD BONE HEALTH?
Most doctors recommend weight-bearing exercise for at least 30 minutes a day, 3 or 4 times a week. It’s all right to split your exercise up throughout the day; it doesn’t need to be done all at once to benefit the bones. Resistance exercises should be done 2 or 3 times a week. Your muscles and bones need at least one day to rest between workouts in order to restore themselves.
IS TOO MUCH EXERCISE HARMFUL?
Yes! Extreme exercise regimens, sometimes seen in young competitive athletes, may lead to decreased bone density and stress fractures. Too much exercise wears down bones and does not allow time for the bones to rest and rebuild. Discuss your exercise schedule with your doctor to make sure you are not over-exercising.
WHAT ELSE IS NECESSARY TO MAINTAIN GOOD BONE HEALTH?
A proper diet is important to maintain bone strength. Specifically, bones need a supply of calcium in order to grow stronger. Children, adolescents and young adults should have 1,200 to 1,500 milligrams of calcium daily. Adults need 1,000 to 1,500 milligrams each day. Sources of calcium include dairy products, green, leafy vegetables, tofu, shellfish and almonds. Some foods like orange juice, bread and cereal are fortified with calcium. Many people do not meet the recommended daily dose of calcium from their diet alone. In that case, calcium supplements can help one to achieve the recommended amount of calcium.
TIPS FOR BEGINNING AN EXERCISE PROGRAM
• Consult your doctor or orthopaedist to ensure that there are no medical or musculoskeletal problems that may place restrictions on your exercise program.
• Select an activity that you like and that works with your lifestyle. Try to vary your exercise routine in order to keep it interesting.
For cardiovascular or aerobic activities (Such as walking, jogging or swimming)
• Begin at a low level and gradually build your intensity and duration.
• Warm up for 5 minutes before any activity, start slowly for the first 5 minutes of the activity, and finish with a 5 minute cool down (walking and stretching)
• Gradually increase your workout duration from 5 minutes to 30 minutes.
• Slowly increase your intensity so that your heart rate increase to 60% to 80% of your maximum heart rate (maximum heart rate equals 200 minus your age).
For resistance exercises (free weights, weight machines)
• Begin each exercise with very low weights and minimal repetitions.
• Slowly increase weight, no more than 10% per week.
• Gradually increase the number of repetitions to several sets of 10 to 12 repetitions, with a rest period of 30 to 60 seconds between sets.
• It is normal to feel mild soreness or stiffness after exercising. If you have pain or feel tired throughout the day after exercising, you did too much. You should decrease the intensity and/or the duration of your exercise.
• If you experience severe pain, swollen joints or limping, contact your doctor.
Drs. Jeff & Greg Cook
Franklin Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine
FOR YOUR BONE & JOINT HEALTH
This Sports Tip was obtained from the American Orthopaedic Society For Sports Medicine (www.sportsmed.org) and the National Athletic Trainers Association (www.nata.org) to promote the health and safety of athletes. | biology |
https://shopcbdoiltexas.com/?p=224 | 2021-05-14T06:18:45 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243991648.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20210514060536-20210514090536-00126.warc.gz | 0.927422 | 535 | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-21__0__45478831 | en | Sleep is invaluable, and we require it more than we may think. Living in a chronic sleep-deprived state affects overall health and cognitive function, and can cause fatigue, weakened immunity, decreased libido, weight gain and carry an increased risk for chronic illnesses such as heart disease and diabetes.
Signs of sleep deprivation include moodiness, irritability, depression, difficulty learning, forgetfulness and lack of concentration. While several people disregard their sleep nutrition needs, others obsess over how to get sufficient of it.
A commonly used remedy to insomnia is everyday cold, flu and antihistamine medicines such as Benadryl or Nyquil. But, the sedating antihistamines present in these medicines that swiftly cause drowsiness to set in are not meant to induce sleep.
“[Over-the-counter] cold medications typically contain several medications, including a pain reliever, a cough suppressant and an antihistamine,” Susheel Patil, clinical director at Johns Hopkins Sleep Medicine Center, told the Huffington Post.
“These medications have an elimination half-life of 10 to 12 hours, which means they are often circulating in your blood after you are waking up,” Patil added.
This can command headaches, grogginess and possibly heart palpitations. But, a sleepy Instance may be found in cannabidiol (CBD). If taken a half-hour before bed, it could do the trick.
“Cannabidiol (CBD) is commonly used to address anxiety, and for patients who suffer through the misery of insomnia, studies suggest that Cannabidiol (CBD) may help with both falling asleep and staying sleeping,” Peter Grinspoon, prof. at Harvard Medical School, post in a blog article.
Cannabidiol (CBD) has a calming effect on the central nervous system, reducing anxiety by regulating the production of the stress hormone cortisol. Cannabidiol (CBD) also serves as a pain reliever and muscle relaxant, helping patients with movement disorders such as Parkinson’s and Huntington’s disease to find better sleep. There is even some evidence that Cannabidiol (CBD) helps to eliminate nightmares in those suffering from REM sleep behavior disorder.
Each body is unique, so it is important to experiment with Cannabidiol (CBD) dosages and the time of day it is taken. Sublingual sprays and tinctures can allow effects fast, while oils and edibles have a slower release, leading to a longer duration of sleep. | biology |
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