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https://openalex.org/W2268454060 | Women’s Rights in the Triangle of State, Law, and Religion: A Comparison of Egypt and India | [
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] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2268454060 | The main premise of this Essay is that personal status laws, whether based on Muslim, Jewish, or Hindu tradition, are men-made (implying that no females were involved in this process), socio-political constructions that have come invariably to discriminate against women and deny them equal rights in familial relations. However, women do not silently acquiesce in violation of their rights and liberties by male-dominated religious norms and institutions. On the contrary, women-led hermeneutic communities all over the world are spearheading a silent but steady revolution that redefines women’s role as rights-bearing and equal individuals in familial and public space. In doing so, women’s groups contest the scriptural monopoly of state-sanctioned religious institutions, reinterpret religious laws, and reinvent the tradition by vernacularizing international human rights and womens’ discourses. Against this background, Part I of this Essay demonstrates the implications of personal status laws on the rights and freedoms of women by looking at the Egyptian and Indian personal status systems. Part II of this Essay traces women-led reform movements emerging in the last two decades in these two countries and demonstrates how Egyptian and Indian women have claimed the rights and freedoms that current systems have denied them by forming reinterpretive hermeneutic communities. | [
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https://openalex.org/W4387366621 | أھمية تصديق مصر علي بروتوكول المحكمة اإلفريقية لحقوق االنسان و الشعوب | [
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"Egypt"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4387366621 | ملخص: تعد المحكمة اإلفريقية لحقوق االنسان والشعوب الھيئة القضائية الوحيدة ذات الوالية لحماية حقوق اإلنسان في القارة ، ومن ثم فھي الذراع القضائي لالتحاد اإلفريقي، علي الرغم من أن الدول الموقعة علي بروتوكول شرم الشيخ المؤرخ في 1 يوليو 2008،ھي 30 دولة من أصل 54 ولم تصادق عليه إلي االن سوي 5 دول فقط ، األمر الذي يتطلب تضافر جھود كل الدول اإلفريقية في دعم و إنجاح المحكمة في رسالتھا. وتم دمج المحكمة االفريقية للعدل و المحكمة االفريقية لحقوق االنسان والشعوب في محكمة واحدة سميت بالمحكمة األفريقية للعدل وحقوق اإلنسان، اال ان البروتوكول المنشأ لم يدخل حيز النفاذ حتى االن. كما حاولت الدراسة تبين أوجه معالم النظام القانوني المصري من حقوق اإلنسان ، من خالل الموقف الدستوري الحالي ، والذي دل علي إعالء الدولة المصرية لقيم و مبادئ حقوق اإلنسان،وموقف مصر من التصديق علي بروتوكول المحكمة اإلفريقية. و خلصت الدراسة إلي تطبيق النظام القانوني المصري لألحكام القانونية التي وردت في صلب الميثاق االفريقي لحقوق االنسان والشعوب، بما يدلل و يقطع باحترام مصر لكافة مبادئ و قواعد القانون الدولي لحقوق اإلنسان، األمر الذي يتطلب تصديق مصر علي بروتوكول المحكمة اإلفريقية لحقوق اإلنسان والشعوب تتويجا لسياسيات و فلسفة الدولة المصرية في ھذا المجال ، كما انتھت الدراسة بمجموعة من أھم النتائج و التوصيات القانونية.
 
 TITLE AND ABSTRACT IN ENGLISH: The relevance of Egypt ratification of the Protocol creating the African Court of Justice and Human Rights
 ABSTRACT: The African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights is the only judicial body with a mandate to protect human rights on the continent, and therefore it is the judicial arm of the African Union, despite the fact that the countries that signed the Sharm el-Sheikh Protocol of 1 July 2008, are 30 out of 54 and have not ratified it. So far, only five countries have ratified it thus suggesting the ratification requires a concerted efforts of all African countries. The African Court of Justice and the African Court of Human and Peoples’ Rights were merged into one court called the African Court of Justice and Human Rights, but the established protocol has not yet entered into force. This article clarifies aspects of the human rights features of the Egyptian legal system, through the current constitutional position, which indicated that the Egyptian state upholds the values and principles of human rights, and Egypt’s position on ratification of the African Court Protocol. The study concluded that the Egyptian legal system applies the legal provisions contained within the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights, in a way that demonstrates and interrupts Egypt’s respect for all principles and rules of international human rights law, which requires Egypt's ratification of the protocol of the African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights as a culmination of policies and philosophy of the Egyptian state in this field, as the study concluded with a set of the most important findings and legal recommendations.
 
 TITRE ET RÉSUMÉ EN FRANCAIS: L’importance de la ratification par l’Egypte du Protocole créant la Cour africaine de justice et des droits de l’homme
 RÉSUMÉ: La Cour africaine des droits de l’homme et des peuples est le seul organe judiciaire ayant pour mandat de protéger les droits de l’homme sur le continent, et par conséquent, c’est le bras judiciaire de l’Union africaine, malgré le fait que 30 sur 54 pays ont signé le Protocole de Charm el-Cheikh du 1er juillet 2008, seuls cinq pays l’ont ratifié. Ce qui nécessite les efforts concertés de tous les pays africains pour soutenir et réussir la mission de la Cour. La Cour africaine de justice et la Cour africaine des droits de l’homme et des peuples ont été fusionnées en un seul tribunal appelé Cour africaine de justice et des droits de l’homme, mais le protocole établi n’est pas encore entré en vigueur. Cette étude clarifie certaines caractéristiques du système égyptien des droits de l’homme à travers la position constitutionnelle actuelle, qui indique que l’État égyptien défend les valeurs et les principes des droits de l’homme, et la position de l’Égypte à propos de la ratification du Protocole de la Cour africaine de justice. L’étude a conclu que le système juridique égyptien applique les dispositions juridiques contenues dans la Charte africaine des droits de l'homme et des peuples, d'une manière qui démontre et affirme le respect par l’Égypte de tous les principes et règles du droit international des droits de l’homme, ce qui exige la ratification par l’Égypte du protocole de la Cour africaine de justice comme point culminant des politiques et de la philosophie de l’État égyptien dans ce domaine. L’étude aboutit à l’ensemble des conclusions et recommandations juridiques les plus importantes. | [
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https://openalex.org/W3161162703 | Economic Human Rights and Foreign Direct Investment in Egypt | [
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"Egypt"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3161162703 | Vital importance to any society is the establishment and conduct of human rights, including economic and social rights. This paper comparatively examines the economic and social rights within the Egyptian Constitution and local law provisions, with the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights and the International Convenant on Economic Rights. Universal economic rights are summarized and outlined towards a total of 18 legal instruments for basic economic rights of a world citizen. Egypt’s relative provision for each instrument of economic rights is portrayed, leading to general recommendations regarding future law revisions and possible constitutional amendments. In the second part of the paper, the conduct of FDI is critically discussed within the context of basic economic rights. Related policies are subsequently examined in relation to property rights, regulation, poverty, unemployment, resource distribution, resource utilization, and intellectual production. | [
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"Egypt"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4288464118 | This article investigates the similarities between different critiques towards the international human rights system from academia and state-actors. On the one hand, there are the critiques from scholars of the Third World Approaches to International Law (TWAIL) movement. On the other hand, there are critical points raised towards the international human rights system by China, Cuba, and Egypt in the reports from the first three cycles of their respective Universal Periodic Review (UPR) within the United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC). Through a literature review, the TWAIL critiques were first categorized and then worked into a framework of three basic pillars: the culture critique, the rhetoric critique, and the model critique. This framework was subsequently applied to the reports by way of a simplified Qualitative Content Analysis in order to extrapolate the similarities of the critiques from these two unlikely groups of actors. | [
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https://openalex.org/W2978756336 | Multi-Country Analysis of Child Marriage Laws and Policy Instruments in Africa | [] | [
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"Egypt",
"Morocco"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2978756336 | This paper is informed by the findings and recommendations of the UN Women East and Southern Africa led Multi-Country Analytical Study of Legislation, Policies, Interventions and Cultural Practices on Child Marriage in Africa which undertaken in 2018. The study focused on Africa as a continent but synchronised into 10 study countries (Niger, Mali, Nigeria, Egypt, Ethiopia, Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania, DRC and Morocco). It is undoubtable that child marriage is not only a regional challenge but also a global nightmare that every treaty, convention, protocol or agreement condemn. Succinctly, the Convention on the Elimination on All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), the Beijing Declaration and Platform of Action, the Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa, and the International Conference on Population and Development of 1994 are among the leading policy instruments that advance the human rights of children and thus are critical for ending child marriage. In this analysis, the paper underscores the critical role that such legal and policy frameworks perform in transforming toxic norms across the continent and beyond to deliver the human rights of women and girls with a particular focus on country legal frameworks and policies. In a snapshot, the paper focuses on relevant laws and regulations reported in the study including those that set the minimum age for marriage at 18 years for both/either girls and boys; requirements for birth and marriage registration; sexual violence and domestic violence laws; anti-corruption laws; and family status laws regulating marriage, divorce, custody, and inheritance. Keywords: Child marriage, Child bride, age of marriage, prevalence, CEDAW, survivors, Bejing Platform for Action, UN Women, policy instruments, women and girls, constitution, customary laws, children, laws, religion, society, family code, criminal code, penal code, legal system, Africa, Niger, Mali, Nigeria, Egypt, Ethiopia, Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania, DRC and Morocco. DOI : 10.7176/JCSD/51-07 Publication date :September 30 th 2019 | [
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https://openalex.org/W4320521353 | Human Rights in Development, Volume 3 | [] | [
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] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4320521353 | This edition of the Yearbook on Human Rights in Developing Countries contains contributions on the role of the right to development in the development assistance policies of Norway and of the European Union. These thematic studies will help to provide a better perspective on the place of the right to development, a human right which was recognised by the General Assembly of the United Nations back in 1986. The Yearbook also contains seven country reports, which assess human rights trends in countries in the South, covering civil and political as well as economic, social and cultural rights during the period 1993-1995. The reports follow a common structure to allow for comparisons among countries. The present volume contains reports on Bhutan, Egypt, El Salvador, Ethiopia, India, Mexico and Uganda. The Yearbook on Human Rights in Developing Countries is a joint project of the Chr. Michelsen Institute, Bergen; the Danish Centre of Human Rights, Copenhagen; the Norwegian Institute of Human Rights, Oslo; the Raoul Wallenberg Institute of Human Rights and Humanitarian Law, Lund; the Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Human Rights (BIM), Vienna; and the Netherlands Institute of Human Rights (SIM), Utrecht. | [
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https://openalex.org/W2912400876 | Evaluation of moral rights protection in Egypt | [
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] | [
"Egypt"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2912400876 | ... Although Egypt belongs to the droit d’auteur tradition and moral rights were specifically recognised in its first Author’s Rights Law of 19541 (‘the 1954 Law’), there is a dearth of scholarly works and case law on the protection of moral rights.2 Neither the nature nor the function of moral rights was meaningfully discussed in the travaux préparatoires of the 1954 Law. This seems to have misguided Professor Sanhuri, who was one of the drafters of that law, to conclude that the legislature intentionally refrained from choosing between the monism and dualism theories of moral rights protection.3 It should be noted that the provisions of the 1954 Law and its successor, the IP Code of 2002,4 support the view that moral rights are a subset of personality rights.5 To that end, they are purposely characterized as inalienable and imprescriptible.6 In case of a conflict between moral rights and economic rights, the former prevail. Furthermore, a teleological interpretation of the moral rights provisions may render Professor Sanhuri’s view inaccurate. By granting moral rights perpetual protection, the legislature has undoubtedly followed the dualism theory of French law and rejected the monism theory of German law.7 | [] |
|
https://openalex.org/W1567039740 | Triangulating reform in family law: The state, religion, and women's rights in comparative perspective | [
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
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{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
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] | [
"Egypt",
"Israel"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1567039740 | In this chapter, Sezgin shows that although religion-based personal status laws discriminate against women, women do not just sit silently on the sidelines and acquiesce in violation of their fundamental rights at the hands of male-dominated religious institutions. On the contrary, women’s groups all over the world are spearheading a silent rights revolution that redefines women’s role as rights-bearing individuals in familial and public spaces. In doing so, these groups contest the scriptural monopoly of state-sanctioned religious institutions, reinterpret religious laws, and reinvent religious tradition by vernacularizing international women’s and human rights discourses. Against this background, the first part of the chapter demonstrates the implications of religion-based laws on rights and freedoms of women by looking at the Israeli, Egyptian, and Indian personal status systems. The second part of the chapter traces women-led reform movements that have emerged in the last two decades in these three countries and shows how women have responded to violations of their rights, and what tactics and strategies they have successfully employed to navigate the maze of religious law. | [
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"type": "repository"
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|
https://openalex.org/W2964363660 | PENGUATAN PENGATURAN HAK ANAK BERDASARKAN KONSTITUSI DAN PERBANDINGAN KONSTITUSI DIBERBAGAI NEGARA | [
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"display_name": "Ismail Aris",
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C86615163"
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{
"display_name": "Convention on the Rights of the Child",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781171240"
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"display_name": "Judicial review",
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{
"display_name": "Democracy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C555826173"
}
] | [
"Egypt"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2964363660 | This article shows that the constitution or the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia can not be regarded as children's constitution which adopts the principles of child protection under the Convention on the Rights of the Child. It also shows that Indonesia is not serious about the theme of child protection discourse such as Ecuador, Egypt, Finland and South Africa in protecting, fulfilling and respecting and explicitly specifying the rights of children in its constitution. Based on the argument above, it is very urgent for Indonesia to do constitutionalism the rights of the child. Based on the principles that adopted by the convention on the right of the child as a solution as an effort to save and protect the rights of the child from negligence and neglect of the State to protect and fulfill the human rights and constitutional rights of the child. The effort of constitutionalism is also considered as a strengthening effort in the formation of legislation in the future as well as the basis or test stone of the Constitutional Court in handling the future judicial review of the Law which violates the norm on the protection of children's rights under the Constitution. In addition, it is urgent for constitutionalism and incorporates the idea of constitutional complaints in the Constitutional Court through the Constitution. Thus, as a basis for constitutional protection of the child if the State has neglect to protect the human rights and constitutional rights of the child by conducting constitutional complaint in the Constitutional Court, in order for the State to fulfill its constitutional obligations which have been regulated under the constitution. | [
{
"display_name": "An Nisa'",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210195206",
"type": "journal"
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] |
|
https://openalex.org/W1933829800 | Does European Human Rights Law Capture War on Terror Activity? On whose evidence? | [
{
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"display_name": "E. Guild",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5052776374"
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"display_name": "Entitlement (fair division)",
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{
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{
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{
"display_name": "European union",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2910001868"
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"display_name": "Terrorism",
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
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{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560"
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{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
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{
"display_name": "Mathematical economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144237770"
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{
"display_name": "Economic policy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C105639569"
}
] | [
"Egypt"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1933829800 | On 12 September 2012, the European Court of Human Rights handed down judgment in a complicated case regarding the freezing of assets and travel ban on a dual Italian Egyptian national resident in an Italian enclave surrounded by Switzerland. The human right on which the case was decided was the man's claim to respect for his private and family life. The security claim was that he was engaged in terrorist activities (mainly unspecified) and that the freezing of his assets and ban on travel were necessary to protect international security as determined by the UN Security Council. Many issues arise in the case, not least that of the entitlement to a remedy which was central to the Kadi case in the Court of Justice of the European Union. In this contribution I examine the role of legal expertise what claims are made in the name of legal expertise and how does the Court of Human Rights understand those claims. In the examination of the claims regarding legal expertise, the meaning itself of legal expertise as a concept becomes contested and embedded in practices of security and confidentiality. To what extent does a claim to legal expertise require that expertise to be accessible to those outside of the specific group which created it? Can a claim to legal expertise be confidential and at the same time performative in the face of a human rights challenge? These are the core questions of this article which are answered through a close reading of the reasoning of the Human Rights Court. | [] |
|
https://openalex.org/W4234884917 | The Environment, Human Rights, and Investment Treaties in Africa: A Constitutional Perspective | [
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{
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C95691615"
},
{
"display_name": "Right to property",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C22299250"
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{
"display_name": "Arbitration",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C160151201"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778447849"
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{
"display_name": "State responsibility",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778042224"
}
] | [
"Egypt"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4234884917 | It is settled in legal scholarship and arbitral practice that investment treaty law and arbitration constrain environmental and human rights regulation. Measures adopted in furtherance of environmental rights and human rights have been challenged in investor-State arbitration. This chapter is concerned with this issue with particular focus on Africa. It is concerned primarily with whether the constitutionalization of environmental rights and human rights in Africa does place limitations on the competence of African States to agree to certain terms in investment treaties. The chapter establishes that environmental rights and human rights are constitutionally guaranteed. Moreover, national constitutions in Africa require States to uphold and respect international environmental treaties and international human rights treaties they have entered into. Therefore, environmental rights and human rights and corresponding duties of African States derive their legal source and legitimacy from both constitutions and general international law. Based on specific analysis of the constitutions of Cameroon, Egypt, Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, and South Africa, this chapter argues that the combined legal force of national constitutions, international environmental treaties, and international human rights treaties limit the competence of African States in investment treaty making. As the primary duties of these States are to protect their citizens’ fundamental environmental and human rights, the States have the legal obligation to put these rights and corresponding obligations first when they enter into investment treaties and other international commercial transactions. Agreeing to absolute standards of investment protection in investment treaties is inconsistent with the environmental and human rights obligations of African States. Constitutionally, these States do not have the competence to agree to investment treaty obligations that directly or indirectly shield certain persons, including foreign investors, from being brought to effective justice before local courts and institutions for violations of environmental rights and human rights. | [
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|
https://openalex.org/W3003842980 | The Environment, Human Rights, and Investment Treaties in Africa: A Constitutional Perspective | [
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C95691615"
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{
"display_name": "Right to property",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C22299250"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C160151201"
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{
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778042224"
},
{
"display_name": "Linguistic rights",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C543595228"
}
] | [
"Egypt"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3003842980 | It is settled in legal scholarship and arbitral practice that investment treaty law and arbitration constrain environmental and human rights regulation. Measures adopted in furtherance of environmental rights and human rights have been challenged in investor-state arbitration. This chapter is concerned with this issue with particular focus on Africa. It is concerned primarily with whether the constitutionalization of environmental rights and human rights in Africa does place limitations on the competence of African states to agree to certain terms in investment treaties. The chapter establishes that environmental rights and human rights are constitutionally guaranteed. Moreover, national constitutions in Africa require states to uphold and respect international environmental treaties and international human rights treaties they have entered into. Therefore, environmental rights and human rights and corresponding duties of African states derive their legal source and legitimacy from both constitutions and general international law. Based on specific analysis of the constitutions of Cameroon, Egypt, Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, and South Africa, this chapter argues that the combined legal force of national constitutions, international environmental treaties, and international human rights treaties limit the competence of African states in investment treaty making. As the primary duties of these states are to protect their citizens’ fundamental environmental and human rights, the states have the legal obligation to put these rights and corresponding obligations first when they enter into investment treaties and other international commercial transactions. Agreeing to absolute standards of investment protection in investment treaties is inconsistent with the environmental and human rights obligations of African states. Constitutionally, these states do not have the competence to agree to investment treaty obligations that directly or indirectly shield certain persons, including foreign investors, from being brought to effective justice before local courts and institutions for violations of environmental rights and human rights. | [
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"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306402523",
"type": "repository"
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] |
|
https://openalex.org/W1742333621 | Minority Rights and the Republic of Albania: Missing the Implementation | [
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Manjola Xhaxho",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5079847155"
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{
"display_name": "Minority rights",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776427498"
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
"display_name": "Democracy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C555826173"
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{
"display_name": "Minority group",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779105887"
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{
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C48103436"
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{
"display_name": "Fundamental rights",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95691615"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C3116431"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C22299250"
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{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
},
{
"display_name": "Linguistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202"
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{
"display_name": "Algorithm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C11413529"
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{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
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] | [
"Egypt"
] | [
"https://openalex.org/W598842313",
"https://openalex.org/W1760883419",
"https://openalex.org/W2000608476",
"https://openalex.org/W2058050728",
"https://openalex.org/W2144474174"
] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1742333621 | Albania has started its way to reform the newly established democratic system, since the early 90's. The legal system was one between others to be modified in compliance with the international standards set up in the international instruments. Among the reforms, the most important one was the establishment of the human rights standards, especially concerning minority rights, which is the focus of this thesis. The thesis firstly gives a descriptive survey of the minority groups living in Albania and aims at defining the minority groups. It will also point out the issue of no recognition of two minority groups namely, Egyptian and Bosnian, which are considered as communities by the Albanian government. The thesis emphasises that the existence of the minority group is a matter of fact and not depending on the state's recognition. In that perspective, it recommends that the government should reconsider its policy towards the two aforementioned groups and it should confer them in the future the minority rights. Furthermore, the issue of the lack of information about the accurate number of the members of the minority groups living in Albania will be examined. Bearing in mind the importance of such data with regard to the implementation and monitoring procedure of the minority rights, the thesis recommends that the Albanian government should undertake as soon as possible a general census including the ethnic data in it. Afterwards the thesis surveys the international minority rights instruments, for instance ICCPR, ICESC, ICERD, Declaration of the Minority Rights, FCNM, ECHR etc., aiming at indicating the international standard-settings and the international tendency towards the protection of the minority groups, which in turn Albania should respect as far as it ratified those instruments and committed itself to such international provisions. After describing the international standards, the thesis shifts to the domestic legal framework on minority rights. Hence, it analyzes the national legal rules and examines the deficiencies and gaps in it. Keeping in mind that the ensuring of the full enjoyment and realization of minority rights goes beyond the setting of the standards, the most important part of the thesis is the analysis of the actual implementation of those rights. The survey shows that Albania is missing the implementation of the minority rights in practice. It also indicates that the minority groups do not enjoy on the same footing, minority rights provided for them. Bearing in mind that the primary responsibility to ensure the respect, protection and fulfilment of minority rights lies with the state, the thesis at the end gives some recommendations aiming to improve the current situation. | [] |
|
https://openalex.org/W4387366594 | Social media and the prohibition of ‘false news’: can the free speech jurisprudence of the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights provide a litmus test? | [
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"display_name": "Aaron Olaniyi Salau",
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{
"display_name": "Pornography",
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"display_name": "Social media",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C518677369"
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{
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{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
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] | [
"Egypt"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4387366594 | ABSTRACT:
 Based on free speech theories, international human rights law, opinions of human rights mechanisms and scholars, this article argues that the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights (African Commission) should expand its ‘traditional’ free speech jurisprudence to meet the exigencies of adjudicating emergent cybercrime laws in Africa that criminalise ‘fake news’ on social media. While social media’s expansion of opportunities to exercise the right to free speech and power to challenge dominant discourses deepen Africa’s democratisation, its propensity for abuse must nonetheless be addressed. Consequently, many African governments have interfered with internet access either during public protests or election periods and resorted to ill-conceived cybercrime laws that criminalise the communication of so-called ‘fake news’ on social media. Around 23 African states have cybercrime laws in place that contain provisions criminalising ‘fake news’. These states include Botswana, Burkina Faso, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Egypt, Ethiopia, Gabon, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, Tanzania, Togo and Uganda. Despite being unduly protective of high-ranking government officials, these criminal libel laws present many conceptual and legal difficulties. Nonetheless, the African Commission can resolve these challenges and effectively tackle disinformation on social media through a creative interpretation of article 9 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights.
 
 TITRE ET RÉSUMÉ EN FRANCAIS:
 Interruption d’accès aux réseaux sociaux et interdiction des «fausses informations»: la jurisprudence de la Commission africaine des droits de l’homme et des peuples sur la liberté d’expression peut-elle fournir un test décisif?
 RÉSUMÉ:
 En se fondant sur les théories relatives à la liberté d’expression, sur le droit international des droits de l’homme ainsi que sur les opinions des mécanismes des droits de l'homme et la doctrine, le présent article soutient que la Commission africaine des droits de l’homme et des peuples (Commission africaine) devrait étendre sa jurisprudence «traditionnelle» sur la liberté d'expression pour répondre aux exigences du contentieux sur les lois émergentes relatives à la cybercriminalité en Afrique qui criminalisent la publication de «fausses informations» sur les réseaux sociaux. Si l’élargissement des possibilités offertes par les médias sociaux pour exercer le droit à la liberté d’expression et le pouvoir de contester les discours dominants est une valeur ajoutée à la démocratisation en Afrique, sa propension aux abus doit néanmoins être abordée. Par conséquent, de nombreux gouvernements africains ont interféré avec l’accès à internet pendant les manifestations publiques ou les périodes électorales et ont recouru à des lois mal conçues sur la cybercriminalité qui criminalisent la communication des fameuses «fake news» sur les réseaux sociaux. Cette question concerne plus de la moitié des 23 lois africaines sur la cybercriminalité, notamment celles du Kenya, de l'Éthiopie, du Malawi, du Nigéria, de la Tanzanie, de l'Ouganda, de l'Égypte, de la Rd Congo, du Gabon, du Togo, du Botswana et du Burkina Faso. Bien qu'elles protègent indûment les hauts fonctionnaires du gouvernement, ces lois sur la diffamation comme délit présentent de nombreuses difficultés conceptuelles et juridiques. Néanmoins, la Commission africaine peut résoudre ces défis et lutter efficacement contre la désinformation sur les réseaux sociaux grâce à une interprétation innovante de l’article 9 de la Charte africaine des droits de l’homme et des peuples. | [
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https://openalex.org/W2034194507 | Overview and implementation of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child | [
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] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2034194507 | The effects of the implementation of an international human-rights treaty are not readily measured. To attribute causality to a single convention, or even to a series of actions triggered by the application of that convention, is difficult. Despite the challenges inherent to this type of enquiry, the UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre has undertaken a 3-year study on the implementation of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) (panel). Our preliminary findings, to be published in full at the end of this year, show that a considerable process of social change has been set in motion. PanelOverview of the UN CRCThe UN CRC is an international convention, monitored by the Committee on the Rights of the Child, that sets out rights for the survival, development, protection, and participation of children. The UN General Assembly agreed to adopt the Convention into international law on Nov 20, 1989, and it came into force in September, 1990. The Convention was ratified quickly and by more governments (all except Somalia and the USA) than any other human rights instrument. The Convention generally defines a child as any person younger than age 18 years, unless an earlier age of majority is recognised by a country's law. It acknowledges that every child has certain basic rights, including the right: •to life •to his or her own name and identity •to be raised by his or her parents within a family or cultural grouping and have a relationship with both parents, even if they are separated •to express their opinions and to have those opinions heard and acted upon when appropriate •to be protected from abuse or exploitation •to have their privacy protected As such, the Convention obliges signatory states: •to allow parents to exercise their parental responsibilities •to provide separate legal representation for a child in any judicial dispute concerning their care (and asks that the child's viewpoint be heard in such cases) •to forbid capital punishment for children •to act in the best interests of the child (the Convention is child-centric and places the child's needs and rights first—ahead of parents or others) The UN CRC is an international convention, monitored by the Committee on the Rights of the Child, that sets out rights for the survival, development, protection, and participation of children. The UN General Assembly agreed to adopt the Convention into international law on Nov 20, 1989, and it came into force in September, 1990. The Convention was ratified quickly and by more governments (all except Somalia and the USA) than any other human rights instrument. The Convention generally defines a child as any person younger than age 18 years, unless an earlier age of majority is recognised by a country's law. It acknowledges that every child has certain basic rights, including the right: •to life •to his or her own name and identity •to be raised by his or her parents within a family or cultural grouping and have a relationship with both parents, even if they are separated •to express their opinions and to have those opinions heard and acted upon when appropriate •to be protected from abuse or exploitation •to have their privacy protected As such, the Convention obliges signatory states: •to allow parents to exercise their parental responsibilities •to provide separate legal representation for a child in any judicial dispute concerning their care (and asks that the child's viewpoint be heard in such cases) •to forbid capital punishment for children •to act in the best interests of the child (the Convention is child-centric and places the child's needs and rights first—ahead of parents or others) | [
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https://openalex.org/W2056134372 | Facilitating humanitarian assistance in international humanitarian and human rights law | [
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] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2056134372 | Abstract In 2008, 260 humanitarian aid workers were killed or injured in violent attacks. Such attacks and other restrictions substantially limit the ability of humanitarian aid agencies to provide assistance to those in need, meaning that millions of people around the world are denied the basic food, water, shelter and sanitation necessary for survival. Using the humanitarian crises in Darfur and Somalia as examples, this paper considers the legal obligation of state and non-state actors to consent to and facilitate humanitarian assistance. It is shown that the Geneva Conventions and their Additional Protocols, as well as customary international law, require that states consent to and facilitate humanitarian assistance which is impartial in character and conducted without adverse distinction, where failure to do so may lead to starvation or otherwise threaten the survival of a civilian population. This paper considers whether this obligation has been further expanded by the development of customary international law in recent years, as well as by international human rights law, to the point that states now have an obligation to accept and to facilitate humanitarian assistance in both international and non-international armed conflicts, even where the denial of such assistance does not necessarily threaten the survival of a civilian population. | [
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https://openalex.org/W2055182888 | Sovereignty vs. Human Rights or Sovereignty and Human Rights? | [
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] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2055182888 | What, post-cold war, are the implications of so-called humanitarian interventions for international law, the nation state and peoples’ rights? Is this a cover for imperialism or, in the era of globalisation, an essential widening of protection for human rights? The provisions of the UN Charter and related instruments are examined, together with the arguments in support of such interventions. That state sovereignty protects human rights by reducing the incidence of war and promoting self-determination and that military intervention can result in atrocities are often overlooked. Somalia, Haiti, Bosnia and the first Gulf war are among the examples discussed. | [
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https://openalex.org/W3123101998 | Neutral Law and Eurocentric Lawmaking : A Postcolonial Analysis of the U.N. Convention on the Rights of the Child | [
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https://openalex.org/W2023883679 | Humanitarian intervention and human rights: The contradictions in ECOMOG | [
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] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2023883679 | To the residents of the target community, humanitarian intervention connotes an act of benevolence, which will ease their suffering and ensure the protection of human rights. However, such interventions and the eventual conduct of troops, no matter how well meaning, rarely produce this outcome. Liberia and Somalia are just two examples. This article, through an analysis of the ECOMOG intervention in Liberia, examines the human rights issues brought about in ‘humanitarian missions’, particularly in instances of peacekeeping and peace enforcement. It argues that there are inherent contradictions in peace enforcement operations and efforts to protect human rights and that the institutional set‐up of the organisation authorising these operations will determine the extent to which human rights violations can be curbed. The article discusses the impact of the ECOMOG operations on human rights in Liberia and how the institutional values of the parent organisation, ECOWAS, affected the conduct of the troops. It concludes with a discussion on prospects for institutionalising human rights protocols under ECOWAS in national legislation of member states, to guide future military operations. | [
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https://openalex.org/W1952070854 | A Theory of Child Rights | [
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https://openalex.org/W1517184575 | Rethinking Humanitarian Intervention: A Fresh Legal Approach Based on Fundamental Ethical Principles in International Law and World Religions | [
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] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1517184575 | In this extensively researched work, Brian Lepard examines legality and morality of humanitarian intervention. The difficulty, Lepard quickly notes (4), lies in conflict between sworn obligation of international community to support human rights and recognized rights of state sovereignty, domestic jurisdiction, and self-determination. As Lepard reviews recent humanitarian catastrophes in Bosnia, Somalia, Rwanda, and other places, he makes a strong case for resolving difficulty between those two conflicting views. Lepard proposes a fresh approach to this debate. He seeks to present convergences between ethical principles that underlie universally endorsed international law and norms (such as U.N. Charter and Universal Declaration of Human Rights) and ethical truths articulated in Christianity, Bahd'i Faith, Islam, Judaism, Buddhism, Hinduism, and Confucianism and Chinese folk religions (42). Beginning with preeminent ethical principle of unity in diversity, Lepard proposes a taxonomy of (in order of their moral claim on us) first essential, then compelling, and then fundamental ethical principles. He then endeavors to identify and categorize certain human rights by citing religious texts from various traditions in support of those rights (chap. 2). Lepard next turns to international legal norms, seeking ius cogens, that is, customary legal norms, supported by morally essential human rights that have achieved a particularly high degree of consensus and from which no derogation is permitted (101), or general principles of national or international law supported by morally essential principles (105). An example of first would be prohibition of genocide, and of second, that noncombatants may not be deliberately targeted (107). Weighing ius cogens in light of previously described humanitarian crises, Lepard concludes that some form of limited U.N.-authorized military action may be morally justified, at least where it does not seek to overthrow an existing government but simply to put an end to human rights (139). Pursuing question of military humanitarian intervention, Lepard discusses article 39 of U.N. Charter, which allows United Nations to intervene militarily if there is a threat to international peace and security. This is important because the Security Council has just adopted another landmark resolution clearly establishing that gross and systematic violations of international humanitarian law constitute a threat to international peace and security, a position firmly | [] |
|
https://openalex.org/W3124588849 | From Nation State to Failed State: International Protection from Human Rights Abuses by Non-State Agents | [
{
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"display_name": "Jennifer Moore",
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
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] | [
"Somalia"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3124588849 | Both international human rights norms and international refugee law protect individuals whether they are victimized by the or by entities other that the state, including death squads, insurgent armies, family-based political cliques and individuals. To begin with, eight major international human rights treaties, including the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees, obligate signatory states to protect individuals from by non-state actors within their jurisdiction. Nevertheless, restrictive trends have surfaced in both European and U.S. asylum jurisprudence. In Europe, a minority of states deny asylum to refugees fleeing persecution by certain non-state actors, particularly those operating in so-called state situations, such as sub-clans in Somalia, or civil war factions in Afghanistan. Although in the United States victims of non-state persecution are not disqualified from persecution, highly technical judicial standards of causation tend to disfavor individuals fearing non-state abusers, whether insurgent groups or domestic batterers. In contrast to limited notions of accountability in the refugee case law of a minority of countries, countervailing progressive trends in regional human rights law fully recognize victims of unofficial abuses as worthy of international protection. Notably, in 1989, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights found Honduras liable for its failure to prevent a young man?s disappearance and presumed murder by a death squad. And in 1996, the European Court barred Austria from deporting a Somali asylum seeker who feared torture by a sub-clan leader in his native land. The worrisome gap in effective refugee protection for victims of non-state agents calls for the fuller realization of an international human rights regime capable of protecting individuals from stable, repressive, conflicted and failed states alike. | [
{
"display_name": "Columbia Human Rights Law Review",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S124874049",
"type": "journal"
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|
https://openalex.org/W576085038 | Human Rights and State Collapse in Africa | [
{
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"display_name": "Babafemi Akinrinade",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5038372368"
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C11413529"
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{
"display_name": "Quantum mechanics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C62520636"
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{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
}
] | [
"Somalia"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W576085038 | This book examines the various factors responsible for the phenomenon of State collapse in Africa. The author demonstrates that the role of human rights violations is critical to understanding the phenomenon of State collapse. Sierra Leone and Somalia are used as case studies to examine the impact human rights violations have in the processes that lead to collapse due to the absence of effective State authorities. The analysis shows that the difference in success of international action is due to the huge attention paid to accountability for human rights violations in Sierra Leone, but which has been absent in Somalia. The author concludes that given the role that human rights violations play in State collapse, human rights protection must have primacy in State rebuilding efforts. There is a need to build a human rights culture, which should include accountability efforts to address gross violations of human rights that have occurred in the past in order to lay a solid foundation for the future. Contemporary international law needs to come to terms with the phenomenon of State collapse, including an unambiguous outlining of the responsibility of non-State actors, who become the main actors in situations of total anarchy and chaos. | [] |
|
https://openalex.org/W130465738 | Prosecuting Pirates and Upholding Human Rights Law: Taking Perspective | [
{
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"display_name": "Saoirse de Bont",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5048599165"
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{
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{
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{
"display_name": "Ambiguity",
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{
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{
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{
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{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
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] | [
"Somalia"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W130465738 | Incidents of piracy off the coast of Somalia have increased in recent years, rising by 47% between 2005 and 2009. With a growing number of states involved in the determent and disruption of attacks, there is a need to outline their human rights obligations when engaging in counter-piracy operations, so that suspected pirates are treated in accordance with international law. In addition, providing clarity to states regarding their responsibilities enables them to make informed decisions about whether, and how, to prosecute suspected pirates. Focusing on Somalia, this paper examines the piracy as situated within international law, while addressing the application of human rights treaties, and issues such as detention, right to asylum, nonrefoulement, and the transfer of pirates to third parties. While ambiguity remains regarding the obligations of states dealing with suspected pirates, existing case law does provide some guidelines. However, other factors, such as political processes and expediency, have sometimes taken precedence over the protection and fulfilment of human rights. Prosecuting Pirates and Upholding Human Rights Law ii | [] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2065302486 | UNWANTED RESPONSIBILITY Humanitarian Military Intervention to Advance Human Rights | [
{
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"display_name": "Thomas R. Gillespie",
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] | [
"Somalia",
"Iraq"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2065302486 | The ethnic strife that persists in Somalia, the Balkans, Iraq, and elsewhere, highlights the need for a revised doctrine of international humanitarian intervention. The new precept would replace the present ad hoc approach with one more fully articulated, to include employment of military force in those situations that cannot be resolved by less drastic sanctions, and the recognition by the international community of a responsibility to use it. In the absence of such intervention, where massive human rights abuses occur the United Nations‐based international system fails in its purpose to advance human rights for the peoples of the world. The international community would be required to confront and resolve the collision that can occur between the doctrines of state sovereignty and human rights in international law. The former often permits a state to vitiate the latter. One approach would recast international legal principles so that the international community itself would become the guardian of human rights around the world. It is proposed that the international system develop a Commonwealth of Humanity doctrine, modeled after the traditional principle of the Common Heritage of Mankind The United Nations could be reorganized, with a Human Rights Council equal to that of the Security Council. The new organ would monitor human rights and report violations to the Security Council for the appropriate enforcement. | [
{
"display_name": "Peace & Change",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S32591859",
"type": "journal"
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] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2968682125 | Indigenous children their human rights, mortality, and the millennium development goals | [
{
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"display_name": "Jane Freemantle",
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{
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{
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240"
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] | [
"Somalia"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2968682125 | The first effective attempt to promote children’s rights was the Declaration of the Rights of the Child, drafted by Eglantyne Jebb in 1923 and adopted by the League of Nations in 1924. On 20 November 1959, the United Nations General Assembly adopted a much expanded version as its own Declaration of the Rights of the Child, with ten principles in place of the original five. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) was the first legally binding international instrument to incorporate the full range of human rights, describing child-specific needs and rights.3 These human rights included civil cultural, economic, political, and social rights, as well as aspects of humanitarian law.3 The UNCRC was signed in 1989, and entered into force in 1990. As of May 2010, it had 193 parties which had ratified, accepted, or acceded with stated reservations or interpretations, including every member of the United Nations except Somalia and the United States, which have only signed. | [
{
"display_name": "UN chronicle",
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|
https://openalex.org/W282694081 | Organizational responses to the Convention on the Rights of the Child: international lessons for child welfare organizations. | [
{
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C78519656"
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] | [
"Somalia"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W282694081 | This article describes ways several large, international, child-focused institutions have responded to the nearly universal ratification of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC). Although governments (with the exception of the United States and Somalia) are the actual signatories to the CRC, non-governmental organizations played an active role in drafting the CRC, and continue to monitor its implementation and integrate it into their own work. Many have expanded their own human rights/child rights program approaches in recognition of the CRC's principles. Children's participation in organizations, perhaps the most radical element of the CRC, is a challenge to all groups. | [
{
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|
https://openalex.org/W2467424259 | Child Abuse, the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child and the Criminal Law | [
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Claire Hamilton",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5004144663"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
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] | [
"Somalia"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2467424259 | The United Nations Convention on Rights of Child (UNCRC), adopted by UN General Assembly on November 20, 1989, is essentially a bill of rights for children incorporating welfare rights, protection rights and social justice rights. It has distinction of being world's most ratified Convention (the USA and Somalia are only countries not to have ratified it), indicating a high level of consensus among international community in relation to rights contained within it. Ireland signed UNCRC on September 30, 1990 and ratified it, without reservation, nearly two years later on September 21, 1992. While this did not incorporate Convention into Irish law,2 upon ratification State entered into a binding obligation in international law to ensure its terms are honoured. It may be seen as a minimum threshold standard with which domestic legislation must comply and the yardstick by which Government, voluntary agencies and individuals measure their actions and efforts in protecting welfare of children. | [] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2226218920 | NGOs and Human Rights in Africa | [
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] | [
"Somalia"
] | [
"https://openalex.org/W2047103546",
"https://openalex.org/W2050612135",
"https://openalex.org/W3208198364"
] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2226218920 | The dreary view of the deterioration of human rights in Africa presented by Robert Kaplan in the Atlantic Monthly (August 1994) and in his book The Ends of the Earthl is widely shared in political and intellectual circles. The debacle in Somalia, the genocide in Rwanda, and the more recent breakdown of peacekeeping attempts by the Economic Community of West African States Monitoring Group (ECOMOG) in Liberia have added to this cynicism that intervention on behalf of human rights only makes things worse. This is a superficial view, as demonstrated by Claude Welch in Protecting Human Rights in Africa. Welch helps us see that the incremental road to protecting and building the conditions for the existence of human rights is an important and helpful activity. He is correctly skeptical about the democratic ideological road that is so popular in U.S. post-Cold War policymaking circles and is echoed by several leading academics. He also does not fall into the Western ethnocentric trap that human rights are limited to the civil and political dimension of what can be enforced by the state. His analysis fully encompasses the importance of economic and social rights and the right to development. The latter he prefers to see in concrete localized terms rather than grand theory. He convincingly argues that the time has come to do more analysis of sustainable development change at the village level in addition to passing resolutions and declarations at the UN. If there is a weakness in this approach of looking at the national nongovernmental organization (NGO) and international nongovernmental organization (INGO) contribution, it is the lack of a clear distinction between what constitutes an NGO and the point at which a coalition of such organizations becomes a national movement or a political party | [
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"display_name": "Africa Today",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S67033765",
"type": "journal"
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|
https://openalex.org/W1591095586 | International Laws of War and the African Child: Norms, Compliance, and Sovereignty | [
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"Somalia"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1591095586 | The Convention on the Rights of the Child of 1989 is one of the most prominent international humanitarian treaty in world history. It entered into force quicker than any other treaty and currently only two countries (the United States and Somalia) have not ratified it. Carol Bellamy, Executive Director of UNICEF, says that the Convention has become the centerpiece of a global movement, a movement that reflects a growing awareness of the importance of safeguarding human rights and child rights in particular. Similarly, Lisbet Palme claimed, after traveling to some of the worst conflict zones in Africa, that, For many of the children I have met and talked with, the Convention takes on a very meaningful reality. Yet, during the 1990?s, more children in Africa became victims of, and combatants in, war than at any time in history. Partially as a result, a bitter Human Rights Watch Report assessing the state of children?s rights ten years after the Convention on the Rights of Children came into force was entitled Promises Broken. Indeed, to enhance further international humanitarian law protecting children during war, governments agreed in January 2000, after six years of negotiations, to an Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child that raises the minimum age of combatants to eighteen. | [
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https://openalex.org/W1595989627 | The Responsibility to Protect and the Decline of Sovereignty: Free Speech Protection Under International Law | [
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"Somalia"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1595989627 | State sovereignty has long held a revered post in international law, but it received a blow in the aftermath of World War II, when the world realized the full extent of atrocities perpetrated by the Nazis on their own citizens. In the postwar period, the idea that individuals possessed rights independent of their own states gained a foothold in world discussions, and a proliferation of human rights treaties guaranteeing fundamental rights followed. These rights were, for the most part, unenforceable, though, and in the 1990s, a number of humanitarian catastrophes (in Kosovo, Rwanda, and Somalia) galvanized the international community to develop a doctrine to protect the fundamental rights of all individuals. The resulting “responsibility to protect” individuals from genocide, ethnic cleansing, and crimes against humanity stood as a radical rejection of the prewar concept of state sovereignty and assured that states could no longer hide behind the shield of territorial integrity. But the doctrine created another disconnect in international law: it picked out only a few fundamental rights for protection, leaving citizens to rely on the whim of their states to protect their other rights. This Article argues that this state of the law is no longer sustainable, as it is still beholden in important ways to the now-eroded concept of state sovereignty. The responsibility to protect should be expanded to include protection of fundamental rights in general and the freedom of speech in particular. The inclusion of the freedom of expression in the pantheon of protected rights is broadly consistent with the moral, legal, and consequentialist arguments in favor of the international norm of responsibility to protect. Moreover, an expansive reading of the obligation to intervene, particularly in nontraditional ways, will increase the legitimacy of the international system. | [] |
|
https://openalex.org/W3121154823 | The Responsibility to Protect and the Decline of Sovereignty: Free Speech Protection under International Law | [
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"Somalia"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3121154823 | State sovereignty has long held a revered post in international law, but it received a blow in the aftermath of World War II, when the world realized the full extent of atrocities perpetrated by the Nazis on their own citizens. In the postwar period, the idea that individuals possessed rights independent of their own states gained a foothold in world discussions, and a proliferation of human rights treaties guaranteeing fundamental rights followed. These rights were, for the most part, unenforceable, though, and in the 1990s, a number of humanitarian catastrophes (in Kosovo, Rwanda, and Somalia) galvanized the international community to develop a doctrine to protect the fundamental rights of all individuals. The resulting “responsibility to protect” individuals from genocide, ethnic cleansing, and crimes against humanity stood as a radical rejection of the prewar concept of state sovereignty and assured that states could no longer hide behind the shield of territorial integrity. But the doctrine created another disconnect in international law: it picked out only a few fundamental rights for protection, leaving citizens to rely on the whim of their states to protect their other rights. This Article argues that this state of the law is no longer sustainable, as it is still beholden in important ways to the now-eroded concept of state sovereignty. The responsibility to protect should be expanded to include protection of fundamental rights in general and the freedom of speech in particular. The inclusion of the freedom of expression in the pantheon of protected rights is broadly consistent with the moral, legal, and consequentialist arguments in favor of the international norm of responsibility to protect. Moreover, an expansive reading of the obligation to intervene, particularly in nontraditional ways, will increase the legitimacy of the international system. | [
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https://openalex.org/W1981795949 | The Convention on the Rights of the Child | [
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"Somalia"
] | [
"https://openalex.org/W2067881991",
"https://openalex.org/W2070665609",
"https://openalex.org/W2078178533"
] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1981795949 | “All wars, just or unjust, disastrous or victorious, are waged against the child”Eglantyne Jebb Overview and implementation of the UN Convention on the Rights of the ChildThe effects of the implementation of an international human-rights treaty are not readily measured. To attribute causality to a single convention, or even to a series of actions triggered by the application of that convention, is difficult. Despite the challenges inherent to this type of enquiry, the UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre has undertaken a 3-year study on the implementation of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) (panel). Our preliminary findings, to be published in full at the end of this year, show that a considerable process of social change has been set in motion. Full-Text PDF Children's right to express views and have them taken seriouslyThe UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) introduced the principle that children are entitled to be listened to and taken seriously in all matters that concern them. The Committee on the Rights of the Child, the body set up under the terms of the Convention to monitor governments' progress in implementing its provisions, argues that this right should be understood as an underlying principle by which all other rights are ensured and respected. Full-Text PDF Implementing the right to child protection: a challenge for developing countriesThe UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) is ratified by all but two countries—Somalia and the USA. Those states that have ratified have made efforts to implement it with varied results. Full-Text PDF Statutory advocates and outcomes for children: viewpoint of the New Zealand Children's CommissionerThe New Zealand Children's Commissioner, Cindy Kiro, is an independent advocate for young people. Appointed for a 5-year term, her job is to hold the Government accountable for commitments made to their youngest citizens, including enactment of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC). Such accountability is important, since children are not entitled to vote and are therefore denied full participation in the democratic process. Full-Text PDF Children in custody in Brazil15 years after Brazil adopted one of Latin America's most progressive juvenile justice laws, substantially reflecting the guarantees contained in the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), the country's juvenile detention centres continue to be grossly deficient. Many facilities are decaying, filthy, and dangerously overcrowded, failing to meet basic standards of health and hygiene (see, for example, CRC Articles 37 and 40). Beatings are common, and most complaints of ill-treatment are never investigated by state detention authorities. Full-Text PDF Children's rights in emergencies and disasters “Profoundly concerned that the situation of children in many parts of the world remains critical as a result of inadequate social conditions, natural disasters, armed conflicts, exploitation, illiteracy, hunger and disability, and convinced that urgent and effective national and international action is called for” Full-Text PDF Children who live in communities affected by AIDSA quarter of a century has passed since the first deaths from AIDS were recorded. Though great progress has been made on many fronts, the effect of the epidemic on children has proven particularly hard to quantify, analyse, and confront—and even harder to place on the agendas of policymakers, aid agencies, and political and scientific leaders. The epidemic has worsened the situation for children who live in communities affected by AIDS, leading to unprecedented welfare problems for large numbers of children and at the same time undermining the ability of governments to meet obligations contained in the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC). Full-Text PDF | [
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https://openalex.org/W2617102394 | Children’s Human Rights and the Politics of Childhood | [
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"Somalia"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2617102394 | The issue of children and human rights would at first glance appear to be a noncontroversial area. Of all of the categories of person covered by international
human rights legislation, it is arguably children who need our greatest protection,
for it is they who suffer, or will suffer, the most as a result of those circumstances
that continue to plague the international community – deprivation, wars, climatic
degradation and disease. Figures suggest that around 26,500 children aged five
and under die every day for reasons that are related to poverty, hunger and easily
preventable illnesses, whilst more than 2 million children have died, and 6 million
children have been permanently disabled or seriously injured, over the last decade
as a direct result of armed conflict. Moreover, UNICEF figures suggest an estimated
20 million children have had to leave their homes as a result of war and the abuses
of war and are living either as refugees or as part of the internally displaced
within their own borders. Given such figures, it is no surprise that the most widely
accepted piece of international human rights legislation in history is the United
Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC), signed in 1989, and since
ratified by almost every country in the world – Somalia and the US being the only
two exceptions (a point to which this chapter will later return). However, scratch
beneath the surface of such initiatives and we see a different story – one in which
the protection of children may be more rhetoric than reality, and too where the very
nature of the meaning of rights themselves become contested. This chapter seeks to
examine the issues surrounding the exercise of children’s human rights, and how
these translate into practice. After a brief history of the development of the current
legal regime surrounding the child, this chapter will examine what I believe to
be the key issues facing the human rights of the child in an international context
– namely our own representation of the child and the notions of agency, rights and
participation that result from this – from both theoretical and practical standpoints,
and will demonstrate that their examination is important not only for children as
rights-holders, but ultimately for everyone. The chapter will conclude with some
suggestions for further research. | [] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2116011600 | Threat to the peace? Are gross violations of human rights a threat to the peace in the meaning of Article 39, Charter of the United Nations? | [
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"Somalia",
"Iraq"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2116011600 | Human rights are paving its way on the international arena. The international recognition that certain rights needs to be protected has grown. One of the ways this can be seen is that today, gross violations of human rights are considered to be a threat to international peace and security in the meaning of Article 39 of the Charter of the United Nations. A threat to the peace in the meaning of the Article was originally intended to be a military threat&semic that is one state posing a military threat against another state. Through the practice of the Security Council, which has the full discretion to determine a situation as a threat to the peace, a new era has started since the end of the Cold War. During the Cold War, the Council was in many situations deadlocked due to the tensions between the two superpowers of that time, the United States and the Soviet Union. Therefore, the Council only determined three cases with human rights violations as a threat to the peace. These three cases were the imposition of economic sanctions against Rhodesia and South Africa to protest against their racist regimes, and the civil war in the Congo in the early sixties, and its implications on the population. Since the fall of the Berlin wall, and the dramatic change in the political climate in the world and in the Security Council of the United Nations, a number of cases have been declared as a threat to the peace. The repression of civilians in northern Iraq in the early 1990's was determined a threat to the peace. This was also the case with the civil war in Yugoslavia, Somalia, Rwanda, Zaire, Burundi, Liberia and Angola In these cases, the situation in the country, the suffering of the civilian population, caused by civil war, was one of the reasons the Council gave when authorizing different enforcement measures under Chapter VII of the UN Charter. In Haiti and Albania, the situation for the population and the violations of human rights was mentioned when the situation was considered a threat to the peace. What is unique about these situations is that, in the traditional sense, there is no threat to international peace and security. The conflicts in question do not threaten the international community as a whole. It is the fact that the importance of human rights are becoming internationally recognized, and the mere violation of these rights might be considered enough to internationalize a conflict, and thus constitutes a threat to international peace and security. There needs to be a violation of a certain right in order for the situation to constitute a threat. There must be a 'massive 'or 'large scale' violation of a 'fundamental' right. It is very hard to narrow down this definition more. In sum, gross violations of human rights are considered a threat to the peace in the meaning of Article 39 of the UN Charter. This can be deduced from the practice of the Security Council in the recent years. | [] |
|
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] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4212976323 | During the past week, the Australian Government apologised for the mistreatment of UK children who were resettled in Australia between 1930 and 1970 as part of the child migrants programme; a similar apology from the UK Government is expected. This forced resettlement of 500 000 children is a reminder of their vulnerability. The 20th anniversary on Nov 20 of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) gives an opportunity to reflect on children's rights today—and the responsibility of health professionals to respect and defend those rights in all settings, including the clinic. The Convention grew out of the non-binding 1959 Declaration of the Rights of the Child, which concentrated on needs, such as protection from maltreatment and provision of nutrition. The CRC was a quantum leap forward. First, the 54 interconnected Articles are based on rights, so that the foundation is justice, rather than charity. Second, it incorporates participation, recognising that people under the age of 18 years are individuals rather than objects. Third, it has the force of international law, having been ratified by all member states of the UN except Somalia and USA. Despite the Convention's brevity, its availability in all six UN languages, and the obligation on ratifying states to conform to and publicise it, many health workers remain unaware of their responsibilities under the CRC. The implications of the Convention are profound and entail a fundamental change to the structure of consultations involving children. Put simply, anyone dealing with children or attending a person whose family includes children, has a duty to make the child's best interest paramount. In daily clinical practice this means access, irrespective of circumstances or disabilities, to the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health. The goal of best practice is not an academic nicety, but a non-negotiable right of the Convention. Other Articles call for participation by the child in decisions affecting him or her, and the guarantee of information in an age-appropriate manner to enable such decisions. Good paediatricians demonstrate just such behaviours, which, under the Convention, should be practised by all who care for children. Engaging with children at this level poses a challenge to systems-centred, or worse, doctor-centred care. To build the necessary relationship for mutual understanding and effective child-centred care takes time, respect for the autonomy of children, and a broad appreciation of external factors that influence health. The CRC recognises the central role of parents to nurture children. As a result, treatment decisions for family members, particularly mothers, have implications for children. Obstetricians, midwives, and public health authorities therefore have a responsibility to provide high standards of peripartum care for the safety of mothers, the continuity of the family, and to ensure the best start in life for neonates. In this context, widening the provision of antenatal care and skilled birth attendants where they are scarce is important, since improving maternal health is a critical driver for better child health. An example is tetanus vaccination at antenatal clinics in Ethiopia to prevent neonatal death from the disease. A child-rights approach empowers health-care professionals to become actors for change by giving them a mechanism to confront causes of poor health in children. Whether the cause is inadequate vaccination programmes in developing countries or inappropriate advertisements for calorie-dense food in developed countries, the CRC provides a template for a multidisciplinary approach to address threats to health. For instance, in the USA, agencies concerned with child welfare have been united by medical–legal child health partnerships. For researchers, the CRC is a lens to focus on questions that are in the child's best interest, rather than the competing interests of funders or scientists. For example, prioritising research in developing countries on neonatal deaths, pneumonia, diarrhoea, malaria, measles, and HIV/AIDS, which are major obstacles to achieving Millennium Development Goal 4. The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child is not an end in itself but an instrument of justice for the world's most vulnerable and least regarded population. The potential strength of the Convention to realise better clinical (and social) outcomes for children is enormous. But unless health workers have an intimate knowledge of the CRC and apply it in their clinical work, they will let children down and the potential of both the Convention and of children will remain unrealised. For The Lancet Series on child maltreatment see http://www.thelancet.com/series/child-maltreatment For The Lancet Series on child maltreatment see http://www.thelancet.com/series/child-maltreatment | [
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https://openalex.org/W3154681093 | Somalia: Making Human Rights Central to the State Rebuilding | [
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] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3154681093 | Somalia has been without any effective, central government for the last two decades. The UN Commission on Human Rights stated that “without a central administrative structure, it is not possible to lay down the foundations of a permanent program of human rights for Somalia”. On the other hand, there is a widespread consensus that, for a functioning central authority to be constituted, human rights protection should be made central to all attempts. Admittedly, it seems that the current effort to rebuild the collapsed state of Somalia is geared towards restoring a ‘minimalist’ state that can restore law and order without further thinking about the contextual circumstances and actual reasons, particularly human rights violations, which led to the collapse in the first place. This paper argues that it makes no sense rebuilding the same abusive state institutions. The argument proceeds in three stages. Firstly, it critically analyses the previous failed endeavours that tried to recreate the old order, without human rights components being implemented in the process. Secondly, it examines the role of human rights in creating a legitimate authority that can adequately protect human rights of the citizens. Finally, this paper suggests ways to embed human rights into all facets of state rebuilding. | [
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https://openalex.org/W107330994 | Connection between human rights and the state capacity in Somalia | [
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https://openalex.org/W19533142 | Applicability of Human Rights in Non-War Military Missions: The EU Operation Atalanta | [
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] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W19533142 | Operation Atalanta ¬ the European response to piracy at the horn of Africa ¬ is a military mission within international waters and the Somali coastline. Since the situation does not meet the criteria for the presence of an international armed conflict, humanitarian law is not applicable. This paper seeks to estimate in how far human rights instruments as the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the European Convention on Human Rights and the European Charter of Fundamental Rights as well as German constitutional law offer an effective system of human rights protection. It seeks to answer questions of extraterritorial application, interdependencies of human rights treaties and enforcement. From a German point of view the protective scope of the different human rights instruments is analyzed comparatively. These constitute an integrative system standard of protection, but reveal a lack of legal basis for international military operations within German national law. Generally comparable standards as in police force operations have to be applied to the present situation taking into account the special circumstances off the coast of Somalia. | [] |
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https://openalex.org/W97792999 | Collision on the High Seas: The Negative Impact of Asylum and Human Rights Restraints on the Suppression of Piracy, and How a Successful Resolution Creates an Informative Case Study for the Development of Counter-Terror Principles | [
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] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W97792999 | Current trends in asylum and human rights law present an obstacle to the exercise of a traditional international law duty to suppress piracy. An examination of the historical precedents of the duty to suppress piracy and recent problems encountered in the Somalia Case Study provide the opportunity to extend the principles of any successful solution to the oft-cited counter-terror corrolary. | [
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https://openalex.org/W64812189 | Needs, Rights, and the Human Family: Human Vulnerability and the Concept of Needs-Based Rights | [
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] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W64812189 | This paper contrasts the constitutional jurisprudence of the United States regarding positive or welfare rights with their broader acceptance in other peer nations and in international law. It focuses particularly on resistance within the U.S. to ratification of the 1989 United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, which has been ratified by every other nation except Somalia. The author concludes that shared human vulnerability, which is present throughout life but especially salient in childhood, is the essential reality that undergirds the concept of needs-based rights and is a more useful starting point for thinking about rights than the notion of autonomy or individualism. | [
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https://openalex.org/W2260615226 | From Nation State to Failed State: International Protection from Human Rights Abuses by Non-State Agents | [
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] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2260615226 | Both international human rights norms and international refugee law protect individuals whether they are victimized by the or by entities other that the state, including death squads, insurgent armies, family-based political cliques and individuals. To begin with, eight major international human rights treaties, including the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees, obligate signatory states to protect individuals from by non-state actors within their jurisdiction. Nevertheless, restrictive trends have surfaced in both European and U.S. asylum jurisprudence. In Europe, a minority of states deny asylum to refugees fleeing persecution by certain non-state actors, particularly those operating in so-called state situations, such as sub-clans in Somalia, or civil war factions in Afghanistan. Although in the United States victims of non-state persecution are not disqualified from persecution, highly technical judicial standards of causation tend to disfavor individuals fearing non-state abusers, whether insurgent groups or domestic batterers. In contrast to limited notions of accountability in the refugee case law of a minority of countries, countervailing progressive trends in regional human rights law fully recognize victims of unofficial abuses as worthy of international protection. Notably, in 1989, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights found Honduras liable for its failure to prevent a young man?s disappearance and presumed murder by a death squad. And in 1996, the European Court barred Austria from deporting a Somali asylum seeker who feared torture by a sub-clan leader in his native land. The worrisome gap in effective refugee protection for victims of non-state agents calls for the fuller realization of an international human rights regime capable of protecting individuals from stable, repressive, conflicted and failed states alike. | [
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https://openalex.org/W1984627538 | Civil rights of children in the family | [
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] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1984627538 | Abstract Children's rights have been the subject of much international interest in recent years, in large part as a result of the adoption in 1989 by the UN of the Community on the Rights of the Children (CRC), together with its subsequent almost universal ratification. 190 countries have now ratified the Convention - only Somalia and the USA have yet to do so. This process has focused debate on the need to recognise children themselves as holders of human rights and not merely as the recipients of adults protective care. and the recognition of children as holders of rights does have significant implications for law, policy and practice in the UK as well as for the nature of adult-child relationships. | [
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https://openalex.org/W3209408839 | International Human Rights | [
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"Somalia"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3209408839 | Human rights are increasingly playing a pivotal role in international relations. Ad hoc international tribunals have been established to prosecute war crimes in Yugoslavia, Rwanda, and Sierra Leone. Military interventions have been launched for the sake of human rights in Somalia, Kosovo, and elsewhere. International human rights law continues to expand through the jurisprudence of regional human rights courts and domestic courts. And, just last year, the International Criminal Court was established. At the same time though, advocates of human rights continue to face problems associated with sovereignty, the will of the most powerful nations, tyranny, and economic globalization. Indeed, human rights advocates must be cognizant of backlashes that will threaten the expanding human rights regimes. This course examines these trends in detail. | [
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https://openalex.org/W4234048450 | United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child | [
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] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4234048450 | The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) establishes international law that all children receive special protection and assistance. It mandates that children have access to vital resources, and that they are protected from physical and mental violence. Three Optional Protocols are in force aimed to prevent children from participating in armed conflict, to protect children from trafficking, and to provide children with a mechanism for submitting complaints regarding violation of their rights. The Committee on the Rights of the Child oversees enforcement and provides guidance for Member States. The United States and Somalia are currently the only nations that have not ratified the UNCRC. The UNCRC has had a strong impact on those nations which have chosen to ratify it, particularly in legal systems where children have gained more representation. Despite progress made, concerns including the failure to address the role of current technology have arisen in recent years. | [
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https://openalex.org/W780716828 | Christianity's Mixed Contributions to Children's Rights: Traditional Teachings, Modern Doubts | [
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] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W780716828 | The United States is the only nation, besides Somalia, not to ratify the 1989 United Nations Convention on Human Rights. This is ironic, given the leading role that American lawyers and diplomats played in creating the Convention. The leading opponents to ratification, it turns out, are conservative Christians who object to the idea of children’s rights altogether, or at least to international human rights protection of the child, and see these rights as a liberal threat to parental rights to nurture, educate, and discipline their own children. We argue, however, that many of these modern objections to children’s rights are misplaced, and fail to appreciate the classical and Christian roots of children’s rights and parental duties in the Western tradition. We call upon churches and states alike to embrace children’s rights more fully, and to offer at least qualified acceptance of the UN Convention. | [
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https://openalex.org/W2519131193 | YOUTH, CRIME AND HUMAN RIGHTS | [
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] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2519131193 | Within the United Nations system for the promotion and protection of human rights, the Committee on the Rights of the Child is especially responsible for the design and the follow up of human rights for children, children’s and youth rights, and for the social response to youth crime. This Committee is charged with the implementation and the observation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), which was adopted unanimously in 1989 by the United Nations General Assembly. It took 10 years of difficult debates to create the CRC as a separate tool to address the peculiarities in children with regard to human rights. But once accepted, the CRC enjoyed a huge international support. Currently, in fact, only the USA and Somalia are the two only countries that have not yet ratified the Convention. In this chapter, we will discuss some basic provisions of the Convention on the Rights of the Child as they relate to delinquency committed by young people, who are to be understood as persons under the age of 18, and to juvenile justice in general. At the same time, we will also formulate some critical comments in relation to these provisions and to children’s rights in general. | [] |
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https://openalex.org/W1448884077 | The UN Convention as a Basis for Elaborating Rights of Children In Sport | [
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] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1448884077 | More and more, our society is focussing attention on children and youth. Today, there is an increasing number of child related initiatives such as children's news bulletins on television, children's hairdressers, and child friendly holidays. During the 20th century, there has been an evolution from children and youth as an object of protection to a focus on child and youth culture. A central contribution to this evolution has been the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child. This legal instrument was the product of 10 years of negotiation among government delegations, intergovernmental organizations, and non-governmental organizations (NGO's) from every part of the world (Johnson, 1992). The Convention was adopted unanimously by the UN General Assembly on November 20th, 1989, exactly 30 years after the adoption of the Declaration of the Rights of the Child, and 10 years after the International Year of the Child (Verhellen, 1994). When the Convention entered into force on September 2nd, 1990, more than three quarters of UN member states ratified it. Today, 191 States have ratified this international human rights treaty, with the exception of the United States of America and Somalia (David, 1999a). | [
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] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1944603926 | Human rights is a universalist concept of legal rights and ethics, which developed out of the Liberal Enlightenment in Europe and the United States, though it has since spread around the world. The African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights is the region's principal human rights instrument and emerged under the aegis of the Organization of African Unity (OAU)(since replaced by the African Union). The intention to draw up the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights was announced in 1979 and the Charter was unanimously approved at the OAU's 1981 Assembly. Pursuant to its Article 63, the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights came into effect on 21 October 1986 in honour of which 21st of October was declared “African Human Rights Day”. But there are many countries in Africa accused of human rights violations by the international community and NGOs. There have been over 9 million refugees and internally displaced people from conflicts in Africa. Hundreds and thousands of people have been slaughtered from a number of conflicts and civil wars. In Somalia, for example, the human rights and humanitarian situation continues to deteriorate as a result of the armed conflict. Thousands more civilians have been killed and injured in 2009 as a result of indiscriminate warfare. Hundreds of thousands have fled further fighting. | [
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] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W375065812 | Over twenty years after the 1989 UN General Assembly vote to open the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) for signature and ratification by UN member states, the United States remains one of only two UN members not to have ratified it. The other is Somalia. Child Rights: The Movement, International Law, and Opposition explores the reasons for this resistance. It details the objections that have arisen to accepting this legally binding international instrument, which presupposes indivisible universal civil, political, economic, social, and cultural rights, and gives children special protection due to their vulnerability. The resistance ranges from isolationist attitudes toward international law and concerns over the fiscal impact of implementation, to the value attached to education in a faith tradition and fears about the academic deterioration of public education. The contributors to the book reveal the significant positive influence that the CRC has had, despite not being ratified, on subjects such as educational research, child psychology, development ethics, normative ethics, and anthropology. The book also explores the growing homeschooling trend, which is often evangelically led in the US, but which is at loggerheads with an equally growing social science-based movement of experts and ethicists pressing for greater autonomy and freedom of expression for children. Looking beyond the US, the book also addresses some of the practical obstacles that have emerged to implementing the CRC in both developed countries (for example, Canada and the United Kingdom) and in poorer nations. This book, polemical and yet balanced, helps the reader evaluate both positive and the negative implications of this influential piece of international legislation from a variety of ethical, legal, and social science perspectives. | [] |
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https://openalex.org/W938435931 | The 'best interests of the child', parents' rights and educational decision-making for children: A comparative analysis of interpretations in the United States of America, South Africa and Australia | [
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"Somalia"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W938435931 | The 'best interests of the child' is a principle that guides much decision-making about children's futures, albeit a principle without explicit conceptualisation for practice. In addressing competing rights of parents, children and school administrators, or even competing demands among those claiming parental interests, to make educational decisions and determine children's best interests, the three countries in this paper afford an overlapping kaleidoscope of legal perspectives. All three countries discussed in this paper have written constitutions, but only the Constitution of the United States of America has been interpreted to contain an implicit right of parents to make education decisions for their children. While the Constitution of South Africa, like that of the United States, contains a Bill of Rights, it protects the rights of children without mentioning parents. Australia, which has no Bill of Rights in its Constitution, protects children under statute and common law. Both South Africa and Australia are signatories of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) which influences their interpretation of best interest of the child. The United States, one of only two countries in the world (the other being Somalia) that is not a signatory, must balance the rights of children with parents' constitutional right to direct the education of their children. South Africa's Constitution, unlike that of Australia and the United States, expressly provides that the best interest of the child is the governing principle in addressing all matters involving the child. This paper explores the ways these three countries recognise the best interests of the child but differ in implementation of that concept, examining along the way the different legal issues and contestations that emerge, with particular emphasis on educational matters. The import of the United States and South African approaches for Australia are also examined. | [] |
|
https://openalex.org/W3126092304 | Twenty-One Years of the CRC: The Rights of the Child Come of Age? | [
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"display_name": "Alice Diver",
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"display_name": "Convention on the Rights of the Child",
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"display_name": "Linguistic rights",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C543595228"
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{
"display_name": "Right to property",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C22299250"
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{
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{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
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] | [
"Somalia"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3126092304 | In 2010, the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) reached the age of 21, and arguably, ‘came of age’. The Children’s Convention was not the first international instrument that attempted to protect the rights of the child however. 1924 saw the enactment of one of the first legal instruments to explicitly recognise that children, as human persons, ought to enjoy certain inalienable rights. It was recognised that children are often the first and hardest impacted upon in times of conflict or economic hardship. The 1924 Geneva Declaration of the Rights of the Child outlined the duty of all nations, and indeed individuals within states to protect weak, marginalised or impoverished children. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights further highlighted the need to protect the rights of the child to receive “special care and assistance”. In 1959, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Declaration of the Rights of the Child which contained ten principles, recognising inter alia the duty of non-discrimination in the enjoyment of such rights; the concept of best interests of the child as a ‘guiding principle’ (in respect of education and child development), the right to play, the right to social security, protection from trafficking and the need to adopt special measures to ensure that disabled children would also enjoy such protections. Some thirty years after this declaration, and a decade after the International Year of the Child, the UN General Assembly approved the text of the CRC and opened the Convention for signature and ratification by states. By 2010, the CRC had been ratified by every state in the world, with the exception of Somalia and the United States. The CRC ostensibly represented a fundamental commitment to the recognition of the civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights of children. The ‘best interests of the child’ principle is now deemed to be the primary, if not paramount, consideration in all public and private actions which relate to children. From the right of children to be heard (i.e. when decisions are made which will affect them) to protections for asylum seeking and refugee children, the right to life, freedom from torture and a right to a decent standard of living, the CRC seeks to provide a comprehensive declaration of the rights in respect of all children. | [] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2754466502 | The use of the “male network” as a form of protection under Swedish asylum adjudication - A gender-sensitive analysis of Article 1.A (2) of the 1951 Refugee Convention | [
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"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Jenni Tesfay",
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{
"display_name": "Persecution",
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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{
"display_name": "Jurisprudence",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71043370"
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{
"display_name": "International human rights law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86615163"
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{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
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{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
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{
"display_name": "Social science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C36289849"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
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{
"display_name": "Programming language",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199360897"
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] | [
"Somalia"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2754466502 | The availability of a “male network” of family members and/or friends may be decisive for the outcome of a woman’s asylum application. As it is recognised under the jurisprudence of ECtHR and Swedish asylum adjudicators that women, who originates from countries where societal structures maintain women’s reliance on men, are particularly vulnerable. The Migration Agency, the Swedish decision-making administrative authority in asylum cases, has in its published policy documents stipulated that the living conditions of women originating from Afghanistan and Somalia may amount to “persecution for reasons of gender” within the meaning of the refugee provision of the Swedish Alien Act.
This thesis examines to what extent the availability of “male network”, as decisive factor, has a legal basis under Article 1.A. (2) of the 1951 Convention and Swedish refugee law.
To achieve this aim, the ECtHR and Swedish Migration Courts adjudication on the “male network” concept is analysed and the refugee provision of the Convention will be interpreted in a gender-sensitive manner in accordance with the general customary rule of interpretation as stipulated under the VCLT. The interpretation explored will be objective and contextual, by employing a human rights based approach, which takes into account relevant human rights instruments such as the ICCPR, ICESCR and the CEDAW. Further, this paper not only intends to provide an interpretation that is legally valid but one that is rational and empirically sound, why the analysis is guided by a feminist theoretical framework.
In this study three main findings are reached. First, the availability of a “male network” does not impact the assessment of the protection grounds and the nexus clause of the refugee provision. Hence women, with or without the access to a male network, who risks gender-related persecution, do so for reasons of political or religious belief, or membership of a “particular social group”. Second, even if there is a “male network” available, the restricted life of women in patriarchal societies may be sufficiently severe to constitute persecution within the refugee definition. Further, a woman cannot be expected to conform to roles or behavioural codes prevailing in the country of origin in order to avoid persecution, as such living conditions per se constitutes persecution, and because a refugee cannot be expected to conceal her political opinion, religious belief and/or identity as member of a “particular social group”. Third, the “male protection network” cannot substitute “state protection” under the refugee definition and is not relevant in the assessment of “internal protection alternative”. Further, such network as a form of protection is inadequate, as it must be considered ineffective and lacks durability. | [] |
|
https://openalex.org/W221446205 | Human Rights-The Road Ahead | [
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"display_name": "C. N. Krishna Naik",
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"display_name": "G. V. Prabhakar",
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"display_name": "G. Swapna Bhargavi",
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C95691615"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248"
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{
"display_name": "Dumping",
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"display_name": "Business",
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{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
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{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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"display_name": "Law and economics",
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{
"display_name": "Economic growth",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688"
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{
"display_name": "Paleontology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C151730666"
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{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240"
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] | [
"Somalia",
"Iraq"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W221446205 | Introduction The issue of human rights has assumed great significance in the context of international trade off late. WTO principles seem to have interfered in numerous instances as in the case of right to health in the Thai Cigarettes case, the Hormone Beef case and the Asbestos case. The poor's right to affordable medicine has also been infringed by the TRIPS. It is to be assessed whether trade related measures are supportive of human rights in a target country. For instance, prohibition of the import of goods using child labor seemingly is justified. However, this clause usually affects the target country and does in no way improve human rights. The industrialized and the developing countries are then at loggerheads at the WTO. Industrialized countries feel it necessary to have a social clause to protect human rights, to discourage social dumping, and to safeguard social standards. This is however seen as an excuse from the industrialized world to protect its own job market. Presented in this paper are the existing trade related human rights measures, the legal framework of WTO, and the possibility of trade-related measures acting as catalysts in improving human rights situation. The UN framework of human rights approach is presented along with some measures to human rights. Human Rights--The Concern: Most member countries have in place certain measures concerning human rights that may contradict WTO agreements and influence international trade. These also impact countries internally and thereby affecting trans-national trade. Human rights are referred to all those rights enshrined in the International Bill of Rights that ensure social standards and are secured by the International Labour Organization (ILO). Measures may be initiated through restrictive economic relations and may be imposed as a good related measure to a specific human rights violation or those that address human rights situation as a whole in the specific country. (1) Trade restrictions are authorized as economic sanctions by the UN Security Council within the system of collective security under Chapter VII of the UN Charter, or they can be imposed unilaterally. Instances of such sanctions initiated by the UN Security Council are sanctions issued against Iraq, Sierra Leone, or Somalia. (2) Human Rights violations in a large scale were specifically targeted by the sanctions against Haiti, Rwanda, and Congo. (3) Under WTO law, such sanctions would qualify as discriminatory trade restrictions, which are prohibited according to Art. I and XI GATT. (4) They are however covered by Art. XXI (c) GATT, which allows deviating from GATT obligations, if in pursuance of a Member State's obligations under the UN Charter. (5) The other possibility is that trade-related human rights measures are imposed unilaterally. This can be a unilateral trade embargo against a country where severe human rights violations take place. (6) In such cases the overall human rights situation is assessed and addressed specific to the target country. The Burma Law is maybe the most appropriate example of such unilateral sanctions where the State of Massachusetts enacted the law in 1996 as a reaction to the long history of violence and severe human rights violations by the Burmese Government (now Myanmar). (7) The law restrained the acquisition of goods or services by Massachusetts public authorities from any person--whether US or foreign national--doing business with Myanmar. This restriction on government procurement violated various provisions of the WTO Government Procurement Agreement (GPA). (8) The EC and Japan brought the case before the WTO; (9) however, the US Supreme Court struck down the Massachusetts law in June 2000 as unconstitutional, in violation of the federal exclusive powers to regulate foreign affairs. These cases illustrate the use of trade-related measures to improve human rights situation. … | [
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|
https://openalex.org/W1512288931 | Human Rights in International Relations | [
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"display_name": "Environmental ethics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95124753"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
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] | [
"Iraq"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1512288931 | This new edition of David Forsythe's successful textbook provides an authoritative overview of the place of human rights in international politics in an age of terrorism. The book focuses on four central themes: the resilience of human rights norms, the importance of 'soft' law, the key role of non-governmental organizations, and the changing nature of state sovereignty. Human rights standards are examined according to global, regional, and national levels of analysis with a separate chapter dedicated to transnational corporations. This second edition has been updated to reflect recent events, notably the creation of the ICC and events in Iraq and Guantanamo Bay, and new sections have been added on subjects such as the correlation between world conditions and the fate of universal human rights. Containing chapter-by-chapter guides to further reading and discussion questions, this book will be of interest to undergraduate and graduate students of human rights, and their teachers. David Forsythe received the Distinguished Scholar Award for 2007 from the Human Rights Section of the American Political Science Association. | [] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2153597522 | Human Rights Limitations to Economic Enforcement Measures Under Article 41 of the United Nations Charter and the Iraqi Sanctions Regime | [
{
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"display_name": "Erika de Wet",
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{
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{
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{
"display_name": "Right to property",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C22299250"
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{
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{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
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] | [
"Iraq"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2153597522 | This article questions the legality of the extent of the Iraqi sanctions regime, due to its severe impact on human rights such as the right to life and the right to health. After examining whether the Security Council is bound by human rights, the article examines if and to what extent the Security Council may limit human rights norms when imposing economic sanctions. In the process it distinguishes between non-derogable and derogable human rights. With respect to the latter, it supports limitation in accordance with a proportionality principle that protects the core of the rights involved, while at the same time allows the Security Council the flexibility required by its unique role in the maintenance of international peace and security. | [
{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/S154337186",
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|
https://openalex.org/W2130282666 | I. EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS AL-SKEINI AND OTHERS V UNITED KINGDOM (APPLICATION NO 55721/07) JUDGMENT OF 7 JULY 2011 | [
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{
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240"
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] | [
"Iraq"
] | [
"https://openalex.org/W1973238042",
"https://openalex.org/W2002232851",
"https://openalex.org/W2158441914",
"https://openalex.org/W2168888815",
"https://openalex.org/W3121169259",
"https://openalex.org/W3122840609",
"https://openalex.org/W3125892266"
] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2130282666 | The long anticipated judgment of the Grand Chamber of the European Court of Human Rights in the case of Al-Skeini and Others v United Kingdom 1 provided a conclusion to years of academic debate regarding the application of the European Convention on Human Rights to United Kingdom military operations in Iraq. 2 In question was the extent to which, if any, United Kingdom forces owed Convention obligations to Iraqi citizens when conducting security operations. For the Grand Chamber the case provided an opportunity to re-address the jurisdiction of the treaty under article 1. | [
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306401884",
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https://openalex.org/W2040711062 | The European Court of Human Rights’ <i>Al-Jedda</i> judgment: the oversight of international humanitarian law | [
{
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C55447825"
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] | [
"Iraq"
] | [
"https://openalex.org/W1989816240"
] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2040711062 | Abstract The European Court of Human Rights' judgment in the Al-Jedda case dealt with the lawfulness of UK detention practice in Iraq under the European Convention on Human Rights. The Court's opinion could, however, be read as having broader implications for the ability of states parties to that treaty to conduct detention operations in situations of armed conflict. This article analyzes what the Court did – and did not say – about the application of international humanitarian law. | [] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2067089273 | The soldier, human rights and the military covenant: a permissible state of exception? | [
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"Iraq"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2067089273 | In the light of the coalition government's plans to enshrine the tenets of the military covenant in law this article addresses the issue of the human rights of soldiers in the British Armed Forces. Over the last decade an increasing number of active and ex-service personnel, alongside families of soldiers killed in Afghanistan and Iraq, have sought legal redress with recourse to human rights legislation. Drawing upon a qualitative study involving veterans of the Iraq conflict, we present experiential accounts of structural and institutional deficiencies which indicate that the British state has placed military personnel at unnecessary risk and violated the military covenant. In conclusion, we argue that continuing to cast soldiers as ‘exceptional actors’ under the auspices of the covenant serves to conceal institutional negligence and compromises their fundamental human rights. | [
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https://openalex.org/W2103308207 | Rights of the body and perversions of war: sexual rights and wrongs ten years past Beijing<sup>*</sup> | [
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] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2103308207 | The Beijing Platform for Action (1995) and its companion documents – those of the Vienna Conference on Human Rights (1993) and the International Conference on Population and Development (1994) – took important steps toward securing recognition for what we might call human rights of the body. These are affirmative rights relating to sexual expression, reproductive choice and access to health care and negative rights pertaining to freedom from violence, torture and abuse. But ten years later, the violated male bodies of Abu Ghraib, Guantánamo, and Gujarat seem to mock certain of Beijing's most basic premises: that women are primarily the victims rather than the perpetrators of bodily abuses; and that, as such, women are, or should be, the privileged beneficiaries of bodily integrity rights. This paper re‐examines these premises in the shadow of the “war on terrorism”, religious extremism, and practices of racialised, sexual, and often homophobic violence against men that emerge in wars and ethnic conflicts. In particular it looks at the war in Iraq and how that war configures such practices in both old and new ways. My purpose is not to repudiate feminist visions but rather to challenge the exclusive privileging of women as the bearers of sexual rights and to open up discussion of new, more inclusive coalitions of diverse social movements for rights of the body. | [
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https://openalex.org/W1490370147 | Bait and Switch: Human Rights and U.S. Foreign Policy | [
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] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1490370147 | It has become routine for the US government to invoke human rights to justify its foreign policy decisions and military ventures. But this human rights talk has not been supported by a human rights walk. Policy makers consistently apply a double standard for human rights norms: one the rest of the world must observe, but which the US can safely ignore.
Based on extensive interviews with leading foreign policy makers, military officials, and human rights advocates, Mertus tells the story of how America's attempts to promote human rights abroad have, paradoxically, undermined those rights in other countries. The second edition brings the story up-to-date, including new sections on the second half of the Bush administration and the Iraq War, and updates on Afghanistan.
The first edition of Bait and Switch won the American Political Science Association's 2005 Best Book on Human Rights. | [] |
|
https://openalex.org/W1969521287 | Human rights and cultural property protection in times of conflict | [
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] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1969521287 | This article considers the relationship between the protection of cultural property in the event of armed conflict, as defined in International Humanitarian Law, and human rights. It contextualises this by acknowledging the social role of archaeology as developed by the World Archaeological Congress. The article uses the author’s personal experience of working with the UK Ministry of Defence to attempt to protect cultural property in Iraq to illustrate the failure of the military, and its political masters, to understand the importance of cultural property and argues that there needs to be a closer relationship between the military and cultural heritage experts if the human rights of those caught up in conflict are to be ensured. | [
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https://openalex.org/W29576641 | Al-Skeini v. United Kingdom | [
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] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W29576641 | In Al-Skeini v. United Kingdom , decided on July 7, 2011, the Grand Chamber of the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg (the Court) found that the human rights obligations of the United Kingdom applied to its actions in Iraq and that the United Kingdom had violated Article 2 (right to life) of the European Convention on the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (Convention or ECHR) by failing to investigate the circumstances of the deaths of the relatives of five of the six applicants. The case deals with the extraterritorial application in Iraq of the Convention, which is part of UK domestic law by virtue of the Human Rights Act, 1998, and involves the concepts of jurisdiction, effective control, and the scope of the right to life. | [
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https://openalex.org/W2091138218 | The Conflict between Women's Rights and Cultural Practices in Iraq | [
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] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2091138218 | A significant number of Islamic states have acceded to the ‘Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women’ (CEDAW) with reservations. Many of the states, including the Republic of Iraq, have noted their reservations on CEDAW given the possible contradictions with Shari'ah. This article examines whether Shar'ah based reservations are a pretext for violating women's rights in Iraq or in fact they are due to social norms and traditions. In focusing on the following practice of the process of marriage, sanctioning of polygamy, right to inheritance, veiling, domestic violence and mutaa marriages in Iraq, this article argues that there are many challenges, mainly stemming from cultural practices, on lifting the reservation of CEDAW that impact the effectiveness of the implementation of CEDAW. | [
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https://openalex.org/W1564314615 | Unresolved Questions in the Bill of Rights of the New Iraqi Constitution: How Will the Clash Between "Human Rights" and "Islamic Law" Be Reconciled in Future Legislative Enactments and Judicial Interpretations? | [
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] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1564314615 | This Article endeavors to answer the question, are the provisions on “human rights” and “Islamic Law” in the new Iraqi constitution compatible? The new Iraqi Constitution recognizes the concept of “human rights” in accordance with Iraq’s international obligations, establishes an independent “Supreme Commission for Human Rights,” limits the work of governmental intelligence agencies in accordance with human rights, and prohibits tribal customs that contradict human rights. At the same time, the Constitution makes some references to Islamic Shari’ah: it establishes Islam as the official religion of the State, recognizes Islam as a source of legislation, recognizes Iraq as a part of the Muslim world, guarantees the Islamic identity of its majority, allows Iraqis to choose their personal status law according to Islamic Law, and requires that the Federal Supreme Court contain jurists of Islamic Law. This Article endeavours to answer the question by briefly examining the various provisions of the Iraqi Constitution that cover the rights of the Iraqi people. UNRESOLVED QUESTIONS IN THE BILL OF OF THE NEW IRAQI CONSTITUTION: HOW WILL THE CLASH BETWEEN HUMAN RIGHTS AND ISLAMIC LAW BE RECONCILED IN FUTURE LEGISLATIVE ENACTMENTS AND JUDICIAL INTERPRETATIONS? | [
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https://openalex.org/W3121633756 | Human Rights and Humanitarian Law in the UK Courts | [
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] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3121633756 | This article considers how arguments relating to the principle of joint applicability of international human rights law (IHR) and international humanitarian law (IHL) are playing out in the United Kingdom's courts. The core of the article is a case study of the decisions of the Divisional Court, the Court of Appeal and the House of Lords in Al-Skeini v. Secretary of State for Defence. The central issues of the case concerned the application of the UK's European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) obligations in the context of its activities in Iraq, and the extraterritorial application of the Human Rights Act, 1998. This case study of the domestic application of the principle is particularly useful for considering (i) its practical implications on the specific facts of particular cases; (ii) the argumentation used by the UK government and judges; (iii) the difficulties of national courts in analyzing the IHR and IHL rights jurisprudence; and (iv) the significant differences between IHR and IHL in terms of positive obligations and domestic remedies. | [
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https://openalex.org/W2477524188 | Regina (Al-skeini and Others) <i>v</i>. Secretary of State for Defence (The Redress Trust and Others Intervening) | [] | [
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] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2477524188 | 499 Human rights — Nature and scope of human rights treaties — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Article 1 — Duty of parties to secure the rights and freedoms under the Convention to persons within their jurisdiction — Extent of jurisdiction — Persons outside the territory of a Contracting State — Whether within its jurisdiction — Jurisdiction essentially territorial and extraterritorial applications requiring special justification — Effective control of an area outside the territory of a State Party — Whether extending to areas outside the territory of any of the Member States of the Council of Europe — Concept of effective control — Whether to be equated with criteria for belligerent occupation — Extraterritorial jurisdiction on the basis of the exercise of authority by State agents — Prisoner detained in military detention facility in occupied territory — Whether prisoner within the jurisdiction of detaining State Jurisdiction — Concept of jurisdiction in international law — Jurisdiction primarily territorial — Circumstances in which jurisdiction of State extends beyond its borders — Effective control of area in the territory of one State by the armed forces of another State — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Article 1 — Whether capable of extending to territory outside the Member States of the Council of Europe — Jurisdiction on the basis of exercisable authority over individual Relationship of international law and municipal law — Treaties — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Human Rights Act 1998 — Whether Human Rights Act intended to apply to acts of United Kingdom public authorities outside the territory of the United Kingdom — Purpose of Act to give effect in domestic law to the provisions of the Convention — Whether application of the Act co-extensive with application of the Convention War and armed conflict — Occupation — Occupation of Iraq in 2003 — Creation by the United States of America and United Kingdom of Coalition Provisional Administration — Position of United Kingdom forces in South East Iraq — United Kingdom forces accepted as being in belligerent occupation of part of Iraq — Whether that part of Iraq falling within the jurisdiction of the United Kingdom for the purposes of the European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Whether United Kingdom forces possessing effective control of that part of Iraq — The law of England | [
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https://openalex.org/W2333910781 | The Privatisation of Military and Security Functions and Human Rights: Comments on the UN Working Group's Draft Convention | [
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"Iraq"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2333910781 | The killing of 17 Iraqi civilians in Nisour Square, Baghdad on 16 September 2007 by armed employees of the United States-based Blackwater company shone a spotlight on the activities of private contractors in conflict and post-conflict zones around the world. The limited mechanisms and forms of accountability for human rights violations by private military and security contractors (PMSCs) at both the national and international levels were starkly revealed by this incident, and, in part, contributed to parallel efforts to bring some uniformity to very uneven national regulation (currently ranging from severe restrictions in South Africa,1 to forms of licensing in the United States (US),2 to self-regulation in the United Kingdom (UK)3) by means of international standards and regulation. The first international approach to be mentioned is the Swiss/International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)-initiated Montreux process, which is centred upon the Montreux Document endorsed on 17 September 2008 by 17 states (including the US, the UK, France, China, Iraq, Afghanistan, Sierra Leone and South Africa). This Document affirms the international obligations under international humanitarian law and international human rights law of states in which PMSCs are based (home states), as well as states who engage PMSCs (contracting states), and those where they carry out their functions (territorial or host states). In addition to identifying ‘hard’ laws binding under custom or treaty, the Montreux Document also lists ‘soft standards in the form of 73 “good practices”, which may lay the foundations for further practical regulation of PMSCs through contracts, codes of conduct, national legislation, regional instruments and international standards’.4 Though it invokes a mixture of hard and soft law, the Document itself is not in the form of a treaty and, as recognised in its Preface, is therefore ‘not a legally binding instrument and so does not affect existing obligations of States under customary international law or under international agreements to which they are parties’.5 As a piece of soft law, adopted outside any formal organisational structures, its claim to identify existing obligations while proposing good practice may seem be wholly constructive, but there are problems with the Montreux Document, not least in the fact that an ad hoc group of 17 states clearly cannot represent the wider international community. Having said that, the involvement of the ICRC does increase its legitimacy, as does the fact that it is open to other states to endorse (the total number of states supporting the Document is now 35).6 | [
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https://openalex.org/W2062651887 | Human Rights Situation in Iraq and Kurdistan Region: Constitutional and Political Prospects | [
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"Iraq"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2062651887 | This study, which deals with Human Rights situation in Iraq and Kurdistan Region during the last three decades, aims to discuss and analyze certain Human Rights issues, including civil, political and cultural rights as stipulated in the current Iraqi Constitution and reflected under the present political circumstances, making specific short references to Human Rights Education. As a descriptive analytical study, clear integrated legal and political materials are used to draw particular realistic conclusions about violations of Human Rights, as well as the contradictions between the content of the Constitution and what is happening within political developments’ process on the ground. In this regard, it seems that severe difficulties and serious challenges have reduced the capacity of Iraq and Kurdistan Region from building an efficient system for Human Rights which is able to enhance Human Rights issues and support Human Rights Education. | [
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https://openalex.org/W3125578905 | Complementing Occupation Law? Selective Judicial Treatment of the Suitability of Human Rights Norms | [
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] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3125578905 | This Article offers a critical evaluation of the treatment of the suitability of applying human rights law to occupation situations offered by the English House of Lords in the Al-Skeini judgment of 2007. Al-Skeini concerned the application of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) to the United Kingdom in Iraq. In the decision, the majority asserted that the application of human rights law would amount to a form of “imperialism” in requiring an occupying State to impose culturally inappropriate norms in occupied territory. They also found that its application would undermine the status quo norm contained in occupation law, by obliging an occupying State to transform the legal system in occupied territory in order to bring it in line with the human rights standards in play. This Article argues that these two assertions are based on a mistaken understanding of the substantive meaning of human rights obligations in occupation situations, and the effect on this meaning of the interface with other areas of international law. It is suggested that the fear of “human rights imperialism” is, as articulated here, misconceived; that applying human rights law to occupation situations may not actually involve breaching the law of occupation; and that in any case a more sophisticated approach to the question of clashes in normative regimes needs to be adopted. | [
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https://openalex.org/W4239927450 | What's Wrong with Rights? | [
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] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4239927450 | Are natural rights ‘nonsense on stilts’, as Jeremy Bentham memorably put it? Must the very notion of a right be individualistic, subverting the common good? Should the right against torture be absolute, even though the heavens fall? Are human rights universal or merely expressions of Western neo-imperial arrogance? Are rights ethically fundamental, proudly impervious to changing circumstances? Should judges strive to extend the reach of rights from civil Hamburg to anarchical Basra? Should judicial oligarchies, rather than legislatures, decide controversial ethical issues by inventing novel rights? Ought human rights advocates to learn greater sympathy for the dilemmas facing those burdened with government? These are the questions that <italic>What’s Wrong with Rights?</italic> addresses. In doing so, it draws upon resources in intellectual history, legal philosophy, moral philosophy, moral theology, human rights literature, and the judgements of courts. It ranges from debates about property in medieval Christendom, through Confucian rights-scepticism, to contemporary discussions about the remedy for global hunger and the justification of killing. And it straddles assisted dying in Canada, the military occupation of Iraq, and genocide in Rwanda. <italic>What’s Wrong with Rights?</italic> concludes that much contemporary rights-talk obscures the importance of fostering civic virtue, corrodes military effectiveness, subverts the democratic legitimacy of law, proliferates publicly onerous rights, and undermines its own authority and credibility. The solution to these problems lies in abandoning rights-fundamentalism and recovering a richer public discourse about ethics, one that includes talk about the duty and virtue of rights-holders. | [
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https://openalex.org/W591447400 | Human Rights: Social Justice in the Age of the Market | [
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"Iraq"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W591447400 | * Human Rights * Social Justice in the Age of the Market * Introduction * 1 Essentials * Dimensions of globalisation * States, markets etc. * States and market forces * States and international organisations * States and other States * Increasing the relevance of human rights * Adjust State obligations * Extend human rights obligations to other actors * Recognise the primacy of human rights * Establish credible accountability mechanisms * Focus on those marginalized by State and market * Think of rights in terms of social mobilisation * Pluralize human rights * Extend freedom of movement across borders * The market friendly approach to human rights * 2 Obstacles * Lack of compliance * The international level * The regional level * The domestic level * Selective use and interpretation * Tied by treaty * State oriented * Bound by borders * Customary law * Limited by law * 3 After 9/11 * The direct impact on human rights of the 11 September attacks and their aftermath * Human rights and democracy as a justification for the war against Iraq * Postponing global social justice? * 4 Geneva * The contribution of the UN human rights system * Treaty bodies * Charter based bodies * UN High Commissioner for human rights * Three initiatives of interest * The right to development * Addressing the international financial institutions * Norms on the responsibilities of transnational corporations and other business enterprises * Does Geneva matter? * The insider's view * Taking up human rights struggles: the Landless workers movement of Brazil * 5 Avenues of hope * Peoples' tribunals * Introducing the Social and Economic Rights Action Centre, Nigeria * Lagos slum dwellers, Doha residents and the World Bank Inspection Panel * Ogoni and Awas Tingni * Wiwa v. Shell * 6 The Added value of human rights * Intellectual property and pharmaceuticals * Microcredit * Privatisation and GATS * Agrarian reform * Conclusion * References * Index * ------------ | [] |
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https://openalex.org/W1920146364 | Hassan v United Kingdom: The Interaction of Human Rights Law and International Humanitarian Law with regard to the Deprivation of Liberty in Armed Conflicts | [
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] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1920146364 | In <em>Hassan</em> v <em>United Kingdom</em>, the Grand Chamber of the European Court of Human Rights reviewed the deprivation of liberty of a young male by British armed forces during the phase of active hostilities in Iraq, which had raised issues relating to extraterritoriality, the right to liberty and security in times of armed conflict and the relationship between international humanitarian law (IHL) and human rights law (HRL).1 In its judgment of 16 September 2014, the Court ruled that by reason of the co-existence of the safeguards provided by IHL and by the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) in time of armed conflict, the grounds of permitted deprivation of liberty found in both bodies of law should, as far as possible, be accommodated and applied concomitantly. The greatest merit of the judgment is that for the first time it explicitly offered its view on the interaction between IHL and HRL and did not rely on the lex specialis principle, the traditional but flawed method for explaining the relationship between these spheres of law. However, the judgment is also a missed opportunity as the Court limited its analysis to the case at hand and provided limited guidance for the future, leaving a number of questions unaddressed. | [
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https://openalex.org/W2477416128 | Al-Skeini and Others v. United Kingdom | [] | [
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] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2477416128 | 181 Human rights — Scope of application — Requirement that individual be within the jurisdiction of the respondent State — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950, Article 1 — Application outside the territory of a Contracting State — Actions of State agents — Effective control of an area of territory — Belligerent occupation — Military operations — Iraq — Security Council Resolutions 1483 (2003)and 1511 (2003) — Whether actions of United Kingdom contingent in Multi-National Force attributable to United Kingdom or United Nations Human rights — Right to life — European Convention on Human Rights, Article 2 — Procedural element — Duty to conduct investigation into death allegedly caused by armed forces of State — Requirement that investigation be independent and effective — Hostile conditions in area where death occurred — Requirement that investigation nevertheless take place — Relevance of conditions to form and conduct of investigation War and armed conflict — Belligerent occupation — Iraq — Hague Regulations, 1907, Article 42 — Duty of occupying power to maintain order — Relationship between law of armed conflict and human rights law | [
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|
https://openalex.org/W2476441499 | Regina (Smith) <i>v</i>. Oxfordshire Assistant Deputy Coroner (Equality and Human Rights Commission intervening) | [] | [
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] | [
"Iraq"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2476441499 | 424 Human rights — Nature and scope of human rights treaties — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Article 1 — Duty of parties to secure the rights and freedoms under the Convention to persons within their jurisdiction — Extent of jurisdiction — Persons outside the territory of a Contracting State — Whether within its jurisdiction — Jurisdiction essentially territorial and extraterritorial applications requiring special justification — Whether British soldiers on military service in Iraq within jurisdiction of United Kingdom — Whether Human Rights Act 1998 applicable — Whether British soldiers entitled to rely on Article 2 of European Convention — Whether inquest into death of British soldier having to satisfy procedural requirements of Article 2 of European Convention Jurisdiction — Concept of jurisdiction in international law — Jurisdiction primarily territorial — Circumstances in which jurisdiction of State extending beyond its borders — Effective control over area — Jurisdiction on basis of exercisable authority over individual — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Article 1 — British soldiers on military service in Iraq — Whether within jurisdiction of United Kingdom for purposes of Article 1 of European Convention — Domestic jurisprudence — Strasbourg jurisprudence Treaties — Interpretation — Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 1969 — Applicability to interpretation of European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Scope of European Convention — Meaning of phrase “within their jurisdiction” in Article 1 of European Convention — Travaux préparatoires — Whether Article 1 of European Convention to be interpreted as “living instrument” — Ratification of European Convention by United Kingdom — United Kingdom’s obligations towards armed forces abroad — Whether British soldiers operating in Iraq entitled to rely on Article 2 of European Convention Relationship of international law and municipal law — Treaties — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Human Rights Act 1998 giving domestic effect to European Convention — Section 6(1) of Act — Whether Act applicable — Article 2 of European Convention scheduled to Act — Whether British soldiers operating in Iraq entitled to rely on Article 2 of European Convention — Purpose of Act — Jurisdictional scope of Act — Jurisdictional scope of European Convention — Whether inquest having to satisfy procedural requirements of alleged breach of Article 2 of European Convention War and armed conflict — Invasion of Iraq — United Kingdom forces in Iraq — Legal position — Consent of territorial sovereign — Coalition Provisional Authority — Occupation — Belligerent occupation — Effective control of territory — Relationship between United Kingdom and its armed forces — Territorial jurisdiction — Personal jurisdiction — Whether British soldiers serving in Iraq within jurisdiction of United Kingdom at all times for purposes of Article 1 of European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Whether United Kingdom owing Article 2 obligations to its soldiers serving overseas Human rights — Right to life — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Article 2 — Whether inquest having to satisfy procedural requirements of Article 2 — Whether systemic failure on part of State — Scope of investigation — Whether State having responsibility to carry out effective investigation into death of British soldier — Whether death of every British soldier on active service requiring Article 2 investigation — The law of England | [
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https://openalex.org/W2922311046 | Towards international human rights law applied to armed groups | [
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"Iraq"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2922311046 | This lecture explores the place of justice, accountability and remedies in the global agenda against terror, illustrated by a case study on Iraq and the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIL.) The two international regimes traditionally applicable to the acts of armed groups, including “terrorist groups”, are international criminal law and international humanitarian law. The lecture argues that they carry each strong limitations, such as those related to the ‘‘armed conflict’’ nexus requirement. This lecture shows that a third regime, international counter-terrorism, has developed over the last two decades and become the de facto legal regime for armed non-State actors. This regime has displaced and weakened international humanitarian and criminal law while further eroding victims’ protection and accountability. The lecture further suggests that all three legal frameworks fail to capture the nature of control exercised by armed groups such as ISIL, and the extent of their functions, including those amounting to governance. The lecture argues that such functions can best be apprehended through international human rights law (IHRL). Tracing armed groups’ human rights obligations and legal personality to treaty and customary law, the lecture concludes with proposals to hold armed groups accountable under IHRL as well as possible approaches to strengthen accountability for crimes committed by ISIL. | [
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https://openalex.org/W2252342502 | Extraordinary Rendition, Torture and Other Nightmares from the War on Terror | [
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"Iraq"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2252342502 | This article examines the U.S. practice of extraordinary rendition, a method of transferring detainees abroad for detention and interrogation either from the United States, on behalf of the United States, or from occupied Iraq. It concludes that rendition does not comply with either international human rights norms or the laws of war. The article examines the Nuremberg consensus arrived at following the Second World War, which provided for individual criminal responsibility for the commission of crimes under international law, and suggests that following the Nuremberg principles would be more effective than extralegal government activity. The article disputes the propositions of conservative government lawyers and their academic surrogates that Geneva law is now either quaint or obsolete; instead, it argues that the government has made what is, at best, a tenuous case that Geneva law and international human rights norms are inconvenient. If the administration is sincere in its claim that new international legal paradigms must be adopted in order to successfully combat the scourge of international terrorism, the appropriate vehicle to do so would be the establishment of new multilateral regimes that attract broad international support, not creative are interpretations of the law that are patently inconsistent with prior U.S. and international understandings. | [] |
|
https://openalex.org/W1495021211 | THE EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS – UNIVERSALIST ASPIRATIONS OF PROTECTION IN THE MIDDLE OF THE EDGE OF OCCUPATION | [
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"Iraq"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1495021211 | This current commentary considers the case of Al-Saadoon and Mufdhi v the United Kingdom (a recent decision of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR)) and the issues upon which it turns. It raises the question of whether an occupying force has an obligation to protect the human rights of those under occupation. The inherent tensions, conflicts, contradictions, and limits posed in and by such a question are obvious. The occupying force – the UK – in this case constituted itself as part of the Multi-National Force (MNF) and invaded Iraq in 2003. The invasion and occupation was subsequently held to be illegitimate. The question of whether Iraqi citizens have a right to protection under any International Convention or treaty or any human rights instrument is a question of considerable importance and was the question so considered, in the case of Al-Saadoon and Mufdhi, in the case of Al-Skeini, and whether British forces were so protected was considered in R (Smith) v Secretary of State for Defence, to which I shall refer later. | [
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https://openalex.org/W3025800114 | Missing in Action | [
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"Iraq"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3025800114 | Abstract The slave trade prohibition is among the first recognized and least prosecuted international crimes. Deftly codified in, inter alia, the 1926 Slavery Convention, the 1956 Supplementary Convention, Additional Protocol II to the Geneva Conventions (AP II), the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the norm against the slave trade — the precursor to slavery — stands as a peremptory norm, a crime under customary international law, a humanitarian law prohibition and a non-derogable human right. Acts of the slave trade remain prevalent in armed conflicts, including those committed under the Islamic State of Iraq and al-Shām (ISIS) Caliphate. Despite the slave trade’s continued perpetration and the prohibition’s peremptory status, the crime of the slave trade has fallen into desuetude as an international crime. Precursory conduct to slavery crimes tends to elude legal characterization; therefore, the slave trade fails to be prosecuted and punished as such. Several other factors, including the omission from statutes of modern international judicial mechanisms, may contribute to the slave trade crime’s underutilization. Also, the denomination of human trafficking and sexual slavery as ‘modern slavery’ has lessened its visibility. This article examines potential factual evidence of slave trading and analyses the suggested legal framework that prohibits the slave trade as an international crime. The authors offer that the crime of the slave trade fills an impunity gap, especially in light of recent ISIS-perpetrated harms against the Yazidi in Iraq. Therefore, its revitalization might ensure greater enforcement of one of the oldest core international crimes. | [
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|
https://openalex.org/W2899902650 | Torture, terrorism and the rule of law in international security and cooperation | [
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] | [
"Iraq"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2899902650 | Title: Torture, terrorism and the rule of law in International security and cooperation Part I covers the vulnerability of the rule of law in the fight against international terrorism: demonstrated by the Al Masri / CIA case and equivocal US administration´s positions on the use of torture:International security and the rule of law in turmoil ? Part II discusses the World security situation , global World order after the Sept. 11 attacks and after the US-led wars against Afghanistan and the Iraq and the impact on the United Nations´, NATO´s and the European Union´s role in international security and cooperation: The torture issue in the fight against AL Qaeda generated terrorism does increase global risks and new risks to Europe´s security situation. Dilemma problems of collective international security policy if credibility of western values is at stake by violations of human rights in the fight against terrorism ; revival of the nation state in strategic doctrine and foreign policy and the impact on NATO and the European Union´s role in the Afghanistan and Iraqi war theatre. Part III, Conclusion : launching a new design of international security and cooperation in USA- EU transatlantic relationship under the rule of law and human rights : The transatlantic relationship , the USA, the European Union and NATO, are challenged to practice an unconditional commitment to the rule of law, to human rights thus contributing to strengthening cooperative multilateralism in international security and cooperation through restoring credibility of common universal values. | [] |
|
https://openalex.org/W1581910534 | Finding the Third State: International Human Rights Law and State Responsibility for Iraqi Refugees | [
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] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1581910534 | This paper explores the relative silence of international law scholarship on the question of state responsibility for Iraqis displaced since the invasion of 2003. I argue that that the scope of application provisions of international and regional human rights instruments makes it difficult to ascribe state responsibility to transnational acts that generate refugee flows. Specifically, the establishment by human rights bodies of an “effective control” threshold to determine the extraterritorial obligations of states has created a responsibility gap in relation to refugees produced by international uses of force. As a result, international human rights law effectively imposes liability on the domestic refugee-producing acts of states while immunizing similar refugee-producing acts perpetrated beyond state boundaries. | [
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https://openalex.org/W3123256718 | Lifting Our Veil of Ignorance: Culture, Constitutionalism, and Women's Human Rights in Post-September 11 America | [
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"Iraq"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3123256718 | This Article challenges the culture clash view of human rights law, which posits a clash between Western countries' presumed respect for women's human rights and non-Western countries' presumed rejection of these rights on cultural and religious grounds. Since the September 11 terrorist attacks, this view has taken on new significance, in light of the perceived civilizational divide between the Western and Muslim worlds. The Article calls into question this view, by examining cultural stereotypes of women used to oppose U.S. ratification of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women. My reading, therefore, is at odds with the conventional understanding that U.S. failure to ratify the Convention based on constitutionalism (rather than culture). A fresh look at the ways constitutionalism has masked cultural assumptions about women is particularly urgent given recent concerns over clashes between gender and culture in the evolving constitutional frameworks of Afghanistan and Iraq. Unlike these countries, the U.S. has largely been able to avoid international criticism of its women's human rights record by veiling traditional cultural assumptions about women behind the claim of constitutionalism. Drawing on John Rawls's veil of ignorance idea as a heuristic device, the Article uses the veil metaphor to call for a more transparent and participatory process of implementing human rights law in the U.S. (and abroad). Thus, this Article builds on my earlier work criticizing the current structure of international law for its traditional reliance on opaque notions of the nation-state, which operate to exclude women. | [
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https://openalex.org/W2503124651 | Human Rights and Peace | [
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"Iraq"
] | [
"https://openalex.org/W2133028713",
"https://openalex.org/W2801288511"
] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2503124651 | Whatever the founders of the United Nations may have thought in 1945, it is now widely understood that the perception that human rights are being denied is a frequent cause of armed conflict. The task of ‘promoting and encouraging respect for human rights’, as the Charter puts it, is primarily the responsibility of the Commission on Human Rights, its subsidiary organs, and the bodies set up by particular human rights treaties. The Security Council comes into the picture when violations of human rights are so gross, extensive and persistent as to endanger world peace. The members of the Security Council recognized this at the special high-level meeting held on 31 January 1992, when they agreed that ‘non-military sources of instability … have become threats to peace and security’.1 One scholar has noted that of 53 international instruments or declarations during the period 1945 to 1989, ‘a little more than ninety per cent dealt in some fashion with the rights of human beings’.2 The dividing lines between the various tasks which the UN is asked to perform are often blurred, so that sometimes (as in the cases of Haiti and Iraq, for example) more than one UN organ is involved. Coordination within the UN system is therefore of primary importance. | [
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https://openalex.org/W1491984113 | Women’s Rights and Shari’a Law: A Workable Reality? An Examination of Possible International Human Rights Approaches Through the Continuing Reform of the Pakistani Hudood Ordinance | [
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"Iraq"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1491984113 | Hudood laws are a tool in the hands of men--with these laws they can rape women and be totally unaccountable.... Many religious scholars are producing research which says that these laws are not in accordance with the Holy Koran. They are political tools to control women in our country. (1) The divides are not Islam and western society, the divide is between people who have different values. We must promote connections between people who want to contribute to human values. People who share that commitment can collaborate across cultural divides. (2) INTRODUCTION There is continued debate over the ability to reconcile Islamic Shari'a (3) law with universal human rights, specifically women's rights. (4) With the United States' war against terror and the war in Iraq, tensions are mounting and cultural divides between Islamic nations and the western world seem to be widening rather than moving toward consensus. Scholars have argued human rights work in these countries cannot be effective so long as there is a perception of exclusive Western authorship. (5) This association of the West with human rights has been tied particularly to women's rights, with Islamic traditionalists arguing female liberation would lead to a degeneration of the traditional Islamic family. (6) This Note challenges the concept of international human rights as separate from the possibility of human rights protection under Shari'a law, using Pakistan's Hudood Ordinance of 1979 (Ordinance) as a case study. The unreformed Ordinance, under Shari'a law, placed rape in the same category as adultery (zina). (7) The law has garnered international attention through attempted reforms and compromises that would make the law more equitable to female rape victims; these reforms have been adamantly opposed by Islamic fundamentalist groups in Pakistan but were partially passed in November 2006. (8) Part I examines Pakistan's emergence as an independent nation, along with its religious identity and the continuing tension between the secular and religious legal systems, including an analysis of the Hudood Ordinance and its evolution. Part II explores why international human rights mechanisms have been unsuccessful in achieving significant reforms and how they could be modified or used in tandem with Islamic conventions to bring about change for women. Part III hypothesizes on workable realities within Pakistan, using both international instruments and working within the current constructs of Shari'a and secular law. Part IV concludes that the international human rights movement must be flexible in its methods, partnerships, and approaches to Shari'a law, particularly within countries, such as Pakistan, which have formed much of their national identities through their religious beliefs. Shari'a law provides a framework for women's rights, but only through solidified bodies of law and through certain interpretations. Through flexibility and inclusiveness, these constructs can bridge the gap between Shari'a and universal international human rights doctrines. I. HISTORY OF PAKISTANI LAW AND RELIGIOUS IDENTITY A. Pakistan's Identity The nation-state of Pakistan was formed with the partition of British India in 1947. (9) The division was along religious lines, creating a Hindu majority in India and a Muslim majority in Pakistan. The formal separation was an attempt to end the violence that had broken out between the two groups. (10) Thus, religion has always been central to the identity of the Pakistani people and the formation of a cohesive nation: Continuing controversy over the role of Islam in Pakistan's political life and tension among the country's ethnic groups have dominated the process of state-building in Pakistan since independence. (11) Pakistan's founding father, Mohammed Ali Jinnah, advocated for a separate nation-state because he feared persecution of the Muslim minority in India; however, he did not intend to form a theocracy within the state of Pakistan. … | [
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https://openalex.org/W2261008781 | Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. as an International Human Rights Leader | [
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"Iraq"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2261008781 | We see Dr. King as a civil rights leader, but he was also an international human rights leader. Many people view these as two separate discourses: civil rights vs. human rights. Dr. King insisted that they comprise the same irreplaceable rights discourse. He did so against the enormous negative power of cold war thinking in America. His work is lodged firmly in the Black International Tradition, the origins of which predate the Constitution. His human rights leadership emerged in the movement against South African apartheid in the 1960's, was accelerated by his receiving the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964, grew more prominent when he began to oppose the Vietnam War in 1965, and reached its apex in doctrine in his great Beyond Vietnam speech at the Riverside Church in New York in 1967. It continued as he planned a national march against poverty, and moved in other ways to emphasize economic rights as human rights co-equal with political and civil rights, as he was doing when he was assassinated in Memphis in 1968. King borrowed from and was influenced in his work and non-violent principles by the international work of DuBois, Mohandas Ghandi in India, Paul Robeson and Philip Randolph. Dr. King not only fused the discourses of civil and human rights, and in turn linked them to the international peace movement, but in so doing projected an African American alternative approach to international relations and international law, based on non-violence and a profound clear-sighted love of humans and humanity. In doing so he borrowed from Grotius and natural law doctrine and repudiated international relations doctrines based on balance of power, raison d'etat, and innate sovereign hostility. His impact has extended to the present anti-war movement against the Iraq invasion, in several ways, particularly in that movement's global coordination in his name on his birthday in 2003. In his Riverside Church speech Dr. King answered the question of the role of the United States as the hyper-power in the international community, by projecting a framework for assessing its moral responsibility to the world's peoples, to first care for the least of those peoples, under its own best traditions. If Dr. King were alive today at age 76, he would challenge America and its actions in its war on terrorism, based on his Riverside Church principles. I interpret how King might have applied and spoken on his principles in response to present circumstances. He might have continued to demand the elimination of the unified Triplets of racism, materialism, and militarism, by America shifting from a thing-oriented to a person-oriented society, and seen this shift as the foundation of the best defense against terrorism. Further discussion develops this interpretation. The prominent historian of the civil rights movement, Taylor Branch, concluded that the ferocity of negative response which followed King's Riverside Church speech denied him the power to be heard at all, and relegated Blacks back to the back of the bus on these questions. It was made clear that Blacks had no standing to mediate between the powerful and the dispossessed. King upheld for the United States a supreme but imperfect commitment to democratic norms, which could be supported but not imposed in Vietnam, but he demanded America grant the Vietnamese the elemental respect of citizens in disagreement. I believe Dr. King would speak similarly today. | [
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https://openalex.org/W2183721132 | EXPLORING UNITED NATIONS HUMAN RIGHTS INSTRUMENTS FOR HUMAN RIGHTS PROTECTION IN IRAQ | [
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"Iraq"
] | [
"https://openalex.org/W2102639379",
"https://openalex.org/W2781322765",
"https://openalex.org/W3132106933"
] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2183721132 | There are cases of the failure of Iraqi government to monitor and implement measures that are needed for the protection of her citizen and freedom of expression of the fundamental human rights as spelt out by the United nation. The United Nation is actively involved in addressing human right challenges in different districts in Iraq under different Agencies like: The Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), The International Labour Organization (ILO), The United Nation Children’s Fund (UNICEF) etc. The United Nations nine Treaties on Human Rights are also operational in Iraq. This article explores United Nations’ instruments for Human Rights Protection in Iraq and safely concludes that the creation of the United Nation’s Rights mechanism has done a lot in addressing human right issues in Iraq. | [] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2297876898 | The truth of the legend of successful criminal procedure reform in post-Saddam Iraq : a critical analysis of pre-trial rights in the light of international human rights law | [
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C22299250"
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"Iraq"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2297876898 | The current thesis intends to assess whether the post-Saddam reform in the Iraq criminal justice system is in line with international human rights standards, and particularly the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), to which Iraq is a state party. The aspects of reform on which the present research focuses are the rights of the accused person during the pre-trial phase - the right to be freed from arbitrary arrest and detention, the right of access to a counsel and an interpreter, and the right to be free from self-incrimination. Doctrinal legal research was adopted in the conduct of this research, and both primary and secondary data sources were assessed. The assessed data were drawn from scholarly works and other publications, as well as regional and international standards and Iraqi legislation.
The key findings unearthed by the current study are that even with the many welcome reforms to the Iraqi justice system over the last ten years, certain weaknesses remain. The criminal justice system in post-Saddam Iraq has failed to attain full compliance with the obligations of due process required by international law. Basic rights of accused persons, as enshrined in international standards, are far from being fully available to accused persons in Iraq. The research found a considerable gap between the law and international due process. A culture of violence, torture and impunity still prevails, particularly in the prosecution process, which means that the rule of law in Iraq is not fully applied. There is a wide gulf between the legislative framework and everyday working practice.
The current research concludes that the threat to the freedoms and liberties of Iraqis involves both the theoretical weakness of law and the routine maltreatment of individuals. It thus urgently advocates further reform of the justice system. The thesis also contains proposals for further work which needs to be done in order to ensure that the new Iraqi criminal justice system accords with the standard rules of due process. Above all, the study demonstrates that recognition of the primacy of the rule of law is crucial if the challenges confronting the Iraqi justice system are to be met. Little research has been conducted to explore whether the post-2003 reforms to due process have succeeded or failed, and the present research aims to fill an important gap in our understanding. | [] |
|
https://openalex.org/W161289384 | Al-Skeini v United Kingdom (2011) 53 EHRR 18 | [
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"Iraq"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W161289384 | Al-Skeini v United Kingdom concerned the treatment of Iraqi civilians and detainees by UK soldiers during the occupation phase of the Iraq conflict. The case highlights the impact of human rights law, in particular the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms ('ECHR') and Human Rights Act 1998 (UK) ('Human Rights Act'), on the military. The shooting of Iraqi civilians in five of the six matters before the Court was held by three tiers of the UK civil courts to be outside the ECHR's jurisdiction and therefore did not fall under the obligations of the UK in Iraq in relation to actions by its soldiers. The UK courts adopted this approach after interpreting and following the Grand Chamber of the European Court of Human Rights decision in Bankovic v Belgium. | [
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https://openalex.org/W3012079097 | Paternity Rights of Authors under Iraqi and English Law: A Comparative Study in the Field of Copyright and Author Rights | [
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"Iraq"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3012079097 | Abstract Historically, Iraqi law has followed the Latin approach in the ambit of civil law, while English law is the creator of the ‘common law approach’. This has had an effect on the Iraqi doctrine for the protection of works in the field of intellectual property law. Therefore, Iraqi author rights have followed French law which grants authors many, in particular moral, rights on their works whilst English law restricts the rights of the author in kind of the moral rights. However, both laws grant authors important ‘paternity rights’ that prevent anyone from using a work without first receiving license from the author. Due to its importance in both laws, this article will try to explain paternity rights and its differences in Iraqi and English laws. This article will examine the scope paternity rights under both systems of law. | [
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https://openalex.org/W3182748999 | Third Cycle of the Universal Periodic Review: Concerning the Republic of Iraq | [
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"Iraq"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3182748999 | The Universal Periodic Review (UPR) is a regular review of the human rights record of all States in the world. Continuously conducted by the UN Human Rights Council, each State is reviewed every four and a half years on the basis of information submitted by NGOs, the United Nations and the State concerned. In March 2019, RASHID International submitted a report concerning the Republic of Iraq as part of the third cycle of the UPR, to be the basis for the 2019 review of Iraq. The report discusses the neglect of cultural rights in the UPR, the death penalty for antiquities trafficking, the Iraqi implementation of international law for the protection of cultural property in armed conflict, the illicit trade in antiquities, the right to cultural heritage in Iraq, the equal enjoyment of cultural rights by women and uncontrolled urban development. This report is a publication of the non-profit organization RASHID International e.V. We are a charitable organization registered in the Federal Republic of Germany and are in special consultative status with the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations since 2019. Learn more about our work at www.rashid-international.org | [] |
|
https://openalex.org/W172596433 | Norm Conflict, Fragmentation, and the European Court of Human Rights | [
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"Iraq"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W172596433 | IntroductionOn July 7, 2011, the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) Grand Chamber ruled on the landmark case of Al-Jedda v. United King- dom.1 This case dealt with the legality of the security internment of dual British-Iraqi citizen Hilal Abdul-Razzaq Ali Al-Jedda in Iraq by British forces pursuant to a United Nations (UN) Security Council resolution.2 In Al-Jedda, the ECtHR meaningfully confronted the conflict of human rights norms guaranteed by the Convention for the Protection of Hu- man Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (ECHR) with those of secu- rity.3 By holding that the rights to personal liberty and security en- shrined in Article 5 of the ECHR were not displaced in this instance, the Grand Chamber for the first time confronted the norm conflicts it had previously avoided,4 and embarked down a path of interpretation that is both definitive and uncertain.5 On one hand, the Grand Cham- ber's decision is definitive because it reaffirms the constitutional nature of the ECHR6 and establishes a firm rule for interpreting Security Council resolutions that errs on the side of human rights protection and Security Council accountability.7 On the other hand, the Grand Chamber's decision is also uncertain because such a move by the court will soon require the ECtHR to decide how much of a human rights restraint on the Security Council it intends to be, and what level of fragmentation in the international system it is willing to accept in order to assert such authority over its states parties.8Part I of this Note provides a background on the facts of Al-Jedda and the circumstances of Al-Jedda's detention, as well as the legal land- scape in which British forces in Iraq were operating. Part II presents a discussion of norm conflict, fragmentation of the international system, and the particular difficulties in assessing norm conflicts regarding human rights. Part II further recounts the U.K. House of Lords deci- sion in Al-Jedda as well as that of the ECtHR. Part II concludes with a discussion of the subsequent case Nada v. Switzerland, in which the ECtHR applied the Grand Chamber's Al-Jedda reasoning. Part III ar- gues that the ECtHR should value international legal cohesion and be reluctant to challenge the Security Council by asserting itself as an in- dependent legal order, a move that could compromise the universality of the treaty's protections by encouraging states parties to seek formal derogations.I. BackgroundA. Occupation of Iraq and the Internment RegimeOn November 8, 2002, the UN Security Council adopted Resolu- tion 1441 under its Chapter VII9 authority from the UN Charter.10 The Resolution asserted that, in failing to disarm and cooperate with the UN and the International Atomic Energy Agency weapons inspectors, Iraq continued to be in material breach of its obligations under previous Se- curity Council resolutions.11 Resolution 1441 gave Iraq a final opportu- nity to disarm and cooperate fully with the inspectors or face serious consequences as a result of its continued violations of its obligations.12On March 20, 2003, the United States led a unified coalition of armed forces including the United Kingdom, Poland, Australia, and Denmark in the invasion of Iraq.13 By April 9, 2003, British forces over- took the city of Baghdad, and by May 1, 2003, the coalition declared ma- jor combat operations in Iraq complete, turning its efforts toward re- construction.14 In early May 2003, the occupying states created the Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA) to serve as an interim quasi- governmental administrative body with legislative authority until the area became secure and it became possible to establish an Iraqi gov- ernment.15 Coalition States appointed representatives to the CPA and divided Iraq into regional areas, with CPA South to be controlled by the United Kingdom and responsibility for the area to be vested in a U.K. Regional Coordinator.16On May 22, 2003, the Security Council passed Resolution 1483. … | [
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https://openalex.org/W2512950763 | Iraqi Civilians <i>v.</i> Ministry of Defence | [
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"Iraq"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2512950763 | 660 Human rights — Right to liberty and security — Individuals detained by British troops in Iraq — British troops part of Multinational Force under United Nations Security Council Resolutions — Whether rights of individuals under European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 breached — Whether obligations under United Nations Security Council Resolutions overriding rights under European Convention — United Nations Charter, 1945, Article 103 — Human Rights Act 1998 Relationship of international law and municipal law — Treaties — United Nations Charter, 1945, Article 103 — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950, Article 5 — United Nations Security Council Resolution 1483 — United Nations Security Council Resolution 1511 — Coalition Provisional Authority — Coalition Provisional Authority Regulation 1 — Legal effect of Security Council Resolutions — Whether defendant having duty to detain individuals for security reasons — Whether any duty overriding defendant’s obligations under Article 5 of European Convention — Human Rights Act 1998, Schedule 1 War and armed conflict — Occupation — Iraq — Detention of Iraqi civilians during occupation — Whether unlawful — Whether contrary to Article 5 of European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Whether duty to detain Iraqi civilians under United Nations Security Council Resolutions — Whether duty overriding obligation under Article 5 of European Convention Claims — Jurisdiction — Law of the forum — Whether governing assessment of damages — Procedural and substantive law — State responsibility — Occupation of Iraq — Unlawful detention — Ill-treatment — Claims in tort — Human rights — Damages — Aggravated damages — Private International Law (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1995 — The law of England | [
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https://openalex.org/W2901605561 | For the Love of Humanity: The World Tribunal on Iraq | [
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"Iraq"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2901605561 | On February 15, 2003, millions of people around the world demonstrated against the war that the United States, the United Kingdom, and their allies were planning to wage in Iraq. Despite this being the largest protest in the history of humankind, the war on Iraq began the next month. That year, the World Tribunal on Iraq (WTI) emerged from the global antiwar movement that had mobilized against the invasion and subsequent occupation. Like the earlier tribunal on Vietnam convened by Bertrand Russell and Jean-Paul Sartre, the WTI sought to document—and provide grounds for adjudicating—war crimes committed by the United States, the United Kingdom, and their allied forces during the Iraq war. For the Love of Humanity builds on two years of transnational fieldwork within the decentralized network of antiwar activists who constituted the WTI in some twenty cities around the world. Ayca Cubukcu illuminates the tribunal up close, both as an ethnographer and a sympathetic participant. In the process, she situates debates among WTI activists—a group encompassing scholars, lawyers, students, translators, writers, teachers, and more—alongside key jurists, theorists, and critics of global democracy. WTI activists confronted many dilemmas as they conducted their political arguments and actions, often facing interpretations of human rights and international law that, unlike their own, were not grounded in anti-imperialism. Cubukcu approaches this conflict by broadening her lens, incorporating insights into how Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, and the Iraqi High Tribunal grappled with the realities of Iraq's occupation. Through critical analysis of the global debate surrounding one of the early twenty-first century's most significant world events, For the Love of Humanity addresses the challenges of forging global solidarity against imperialism and makes a case for reevaluating the relationships between law and violence, empire and human rights, and cosmopolitan authority and political autonomy. | [] |
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https://openalex.org/W4323661304 | A study on the human rights situation in kirkuk | [
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"Iraq"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4323661304 | Human rights are the principles that seek to protect all human beings around the world from serious political, legal, and social abuses. As a result of the atrocities committed in First and Second World Wars, the United Nations ensures the protection of human rights through several international conventions and instruments, such as the UN Charter and Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Iraq is a signatory to most of the international conventions concerning the protection of human rights. This paper aims to examine the protection of human rights in Kirkuk under the Iraqi Federal Government. The paper’s approach is focused entirely on desk research, with secondary sources being the main sources of information. The study concludes that the Iraqi Federal Government has failed to protect human rights in Kirkuk due to the fragmented security ability of the Federal Government and the dominance of militant groups in the region. | [
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https://openalex.org/W2195894412 | ECtHR extends application of Convention beyond Council of Europe borders | [
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"Iraq"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2195894412 | The extent of the application of the European Convention on Human Rights to states acting beyond their borders has long been debated, especially since the seminal Bankovic & Others case concerning the NATO bombing of Belgrade in 1999. This article discusses two recent landmark judgments on this issue - Al-Skeini & Others and Al-Jedda - both of which relate to the UK's military activities in Iraq.
On 7 July 2011, the Grand Chamber (GC) of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) published two judgments on the application of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) to the UK's activities in Iraq: Al-Skeini & Others v United Kingdom (No. 55721/07) GC 7.7.11 and Al-Jedda v United Kingdom (No. 27021/08) GC 7.7.11. In landmark judgments, the GC held that both cases fell within the jurisdiction of the UK under Art. 1 (obligation to respect human rights) in respect of civilians killed or detained during its military operations in southern Iraq. These cases represent a significant development in the recognition of the extraterritorial application of the Convention. | [] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2333432358 | Human rights imperialism: Extra-territorial jurisdiction and the Al Skeini case | [
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"Iraq"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2333432358 | In the 2007 case of R (Al-Skeini) v. Secretary of State for Defence (2007), the United Kingdom refused to extend rights under the European Convention on Human Rights to civilians shot by British troops who were at that time in occupation of the Iraqi city of Basra. It justified this refusal on the grounds that it would constitute 'human rights imperialism' to apply European human rights norms to Iraq. This article examines some of the historical resonances of this decision, analysing the reasoning of the House of Lords in the context of Britain's former relationship to its colonial possessions and its historical scepticism of European Human Rights Institutions. | [
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https://openalex.org/W2147387879 | The Human Rights Dimensions of War in Iraq: Framework for Peace Studies | [
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] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2147387879 | This article considers the advantage of the adoption of a human rights framework in analysis of issues of pressing concern to peace studies, such as the use of force, the imposition of sanctions, and general neglect of nonviolent alternative responses to state violence. Although the invocation of a human rights framework may not provide definitive answers on the appropriate responses, the framework can provide a vocabulary and space within which possible solutions may be considered. Using a case study of Iraq, this article demonstrates how the human rights framework may be applied to identify abuses and to inform policy options. Had a human rights framework been employed prior to the U.S. bombing of Iraq in 2000, the authors urge, alternatives to violence would have been exposed and the legality and legitimacy of the attacks called into question. Furthermore, the authors conclude, a human rights framework exposes the illegality of the treatment of Iraqi prisoners by U.S. military and intelligence officers. | [
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https://openalex.org/W2624916491 | The violation of human rights in Iraq during the United States’ occupation: revisited | [
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] | [
{
"display_name": "Torture",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C544040105"
},
{
"display_name": "Human rights",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C169437150"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Crimes against humanity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776429423"
},
{
"display_name": "Humanity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780422510"
},
{
"display_name": "Convention",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780608745"
},
{
"display_name": "Criminology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C73484699"
},
{
"display_name": "International human rights law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86615163"
},
{
"display_name": "International law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C55447825"
},
{
"display_name": "War crime",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195064531"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
}
] | [
"Iraq"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2624916491 | This study provides a panoramic overview on the violation of Human Rights (HR) in Iraq during the United States’ (US) occupation from 2003-2012. It argues that these infringements including occupation-induced illegal mass expulsions to armed forces and police, human abuse, torture, rape, atrocities and deliberate murder in prisons, constitute heinous crimes against humanity.It demonstrates the ineffectiveness of all international principles involving HR to protecting Iraqi nationals despite the occupier being affiliated to the so called United Nations Security Council (UNSC).Furthermore, it is affirmed that these superpowers, being a member of UNSC, either modify the laws in the convention or misinterpret them to legally protect the officials involved in those criminal actions against HR. | [] |
|
https://openalex.org/W3123807829 | Relational Rights Masquerading as Individual Rights | [
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Hallie Ludsin",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5001826589"
}
] | [
{
"display_name": "Afghan",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780587734"
},
{
"display_name": "Human rights",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C169437150"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "International human rights law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86615163"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Fundamental rights",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95691615"
},
{
"display_name": "Reservation of rights",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C27357055"
},
{
"display_name": "Harm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777363581"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
},
{
"display_name": "Right to property",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C22299250"
}
] | [
"Iraq"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3123807829 | ABSTRACT This article seeks to fill a void in rights theory that permitted Western policy-makers to support the Iraqi and Afghan constitutions despite the risk they posed to women's rights. Women's advocacy efforts focused on the danger of discrimination from constitutional protection of religious law, which policymakers stated would be countered by the constitutions' progressive human rights provisions. The concept of discrimination failed to capture the true depth of harm, which is that religious law may exclude women from the protection of some or all of those human rights provisions. This article proposes expanding the theory of relational rights to simply and clearly explain the process that could render constitutionally protected individual rights meaningless to women in these countries. While the impetus for this article was the drafting of the Iraq and Afghan constitutions, this concept applies beyond these examples to any situation in which a country cedes authority over law or law enforcement to unaccountable non-governmental actors and is not limited to the adoption of religious law. Many women's groups around the world watched the drafting and adoption of the constitutions of Afghanistan and Iraq with horror, futilely trying to explain to policy-makers the danger constitutional protection for religious law poses to women's rights. The focus of their advocacy efforts was on the obvious discrimination that results from conservative and at this time prevailing interpretations of Shari'a law. Western policy-makers all too easily countered these efforts by pointing to the progressive human rights protections in both constitutions, claiming that they will balance out any detrimental effect of religion in government. (1) What was missing from women's advocacy efforts was a coherent conceptual framework to describe the true depth of the injury to women, which far exceeds the threat of discrimination. A new concept is needed to explain how constitutional protection for religious or cultural law can remove the safeguards of many, if not most, of the human rights provisions by making them unenforceable by women. (2) To fill this void, I propose an expanded theory of relational rights to simply and clearly express not only the extent of the damage constitutional protection of religious or cultural law can cause to women, but also the process that transforms individual rights into relational rights. By arming women's groups with a new concept, this article seeks to prevent Western policy-makers from supporting constitutional protection of religious or cultural law without examining women's concerns more deeply. Part I of this article explains the theory of relational rights and its disparate impact on women. One important point described in this section is that the risk of harm expressed by the concept of relational rights is not limited to Iraq and Afghanistan, to the adoption of religious or cultural law or to women. Part II applies the expanded theory to the Iraqi and Afghan constitutions to illustrate more fully how constitutional entrenchment of religious or cultural law creates the possibility that women will be removed from under the protection of constitutional human rights provisions. It is intended to counter the assumption of Western policy-makers that progressive human rights provisions can neutralize the harm to women. While it is too late for this concept to influence the drafting processes in Iraq and Afghanistan, the understanding of how relational rights work may stop their development in other constitutions. TABLE OF CONTENTS I. RELATIONAL RIGHTS A. The Theory B. Women and Relational Rights C. The Special Case of Group Rights D. The Solution II. CONSTITUTIONALLY ENTRENCHED RELATIONAL RIGHTS: THE CASES OF IRAQ AND AFGHANISTAN A. The Premises B. The Transformation CONCLUSION I. RELATIONAL RIGHTS Part I introduces the expanded theory of relational rights to provide a framework for understanding the risk of harm women face from the constitutional protection of religious law in Iraq and Afghanistan. … | [
{
"display_name": "Duke Journal of Gender Law & Policy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S7182472",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W3195884380 | GIRL CHILD RIGHTS :A COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS AND IRAQI LAW | [
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Hiba Thamer Mahmood Al-Samak",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5089116228"
}
] | [
{
"display_name": "Girl",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778047097"
},
{
"display_name": "Convention on the Rights of the Child",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781171240"
},
{
"display_name": "Human rights",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C169437150"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "International human rights law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86615163"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "International law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C55447825"
},
{
"display_name": "Convention",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780608745"
},
{
"display_name": "Legislator",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781287902"
},
{
"display_name": "Legislation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777351106"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967"
},
{
"display_name": "Developmental psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138496976"
}
] | [
"Iraq"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3195884380 | Girls still suffer from violations for their rights, they are the first victims for violation of human right. pay attention to girls and terminate the matter of the discrimination against them, especially in the developing countries and build their personality to be themselves and their families able to face the future and to be pioneers influence the society, Therefore, the United Nations focused on the rights of girls and promised it one of the sustainable development goals that it seeks to achieve in 2030. However, we lack legislation and international conventions on the rights of the girl child, Convention on the Rights of the Child for 1989, and Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) 1979 violation against them are considered the keystone of the rights of girls internationally. I shall use the comparative approach in my research methodology between the Iraqi law and the international conventions and agreements, in order to compare the general provisions, as well as mentioning the most serious violations of the rights of the girl child in Iraqi society and the provisions of Islamic Sharia regarding these violations. The study aims to find special rules for the girl child that distinguish her and grant her adequate rights from childhood, as I did not find anyone who addressed the rights of the girl child in Iraqi Republic in the light of international law, despite the serious violations of her rights, and we did not find the Iraqi legislator has sought or seek to develop legislations that limiting these violations. Thus, I shall search the problem in two researches, the first about what are the rights of the girl child, The second research is about the main rights of girls. The most important results I found that the rights of the girl child encouraged and helped girls to develop mentally, physically and psychologically, that contribute to the development of societies, and the most underdeveloped states are those that do not consider or pay attention to the rights of girls under the age of eighteen, With the need to pay attention to the education and upbringing of girls to be a leading woman in society and to be able to live and provide for her family. | [
{
"display_name": "International Journal of Humanities and Educational Research",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210203023",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
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