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https://openalex.org/W4380354143 | Legal Protection for the Rights of the Disabled - A Study on the Right to Education and the Right to Work | [
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"Iraq"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4380354143 | Human rights are recognized for all individuals with disabilities through divine religions, international charters and national legislation for the category of persons with disabilities, which are the most vulnerable groups in society, so the research was limited to the extent of the interest of relevant international and national legislation in providing legal protection for this category based on the descriptive and analytical approach of legal texts related to their protection, which came in line to some extent with international conventions, including the convention on the rights of the child of 1989 and the convention on the rights of persons with disabilities of 2006, to which Iraq has joined by law No. (16) since 2012, it has become a fundamental commitment to the need to provide legal protection For this category, the Iraqi law on the care of persons with disabilities and special needs in force No. 38 of 2013 was issued | [
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"id": "https://openalex.org/S4387279251",
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https://openalex.org/W2499856088 | Regina (Al-Jedda) v. Secretary of State for Defence | [] | [
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"Iraq"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2499856088 | 202 Human rights — Right to liberty — Internment without trial — Iraq — Multi-National Force authorized to intern terrorist suspect without trial — Internment carried out by British contingent — Whether compatible with Article 5 of European Convention on Human Rights — Relationship between European Convention and international law in general — Whether subject to effect of United Nations Charter, Article 103 — Whether Security Council resolution authorizing detention International organizations — United Nations — Security Council — Decisions taken under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter — Whether creating legal obligations for States — Resolution authorizing use of all necessary means — Letters annexed to resolution referring to internment — Whether internment authorized by Security Council — Iraq — Resolution 1546 (2004) — Whether resolution engaging Article 103 of the United Nations Charter — Whether States taking up authorization under an obligation to use powers — Interpretation of Security Council resolutions Relationship of international law and municipal law — Treaties — United Nations Charter — Article 103 — Whether part of English law — Whether capable of overriding rights under English law — Whether decision of United Nations Security Council effective in English law — European Convention on Human Rights — Human Rights Act 1998 — Whether Act creating rights broader than those under the Convention Treaties — Conflicting obligations — Priority — United Nations Charter, Article 103 — Scope and effect — Whether applicable to obligations under human rights treaties — Whether applicable to jus cogens norms War and armed conflict — Occupation — Iraq — End of occupation — Powers of belligerent occupant — Internment — Whether extending to individuals who were not protected persons — Fourth Geneva Convention, 1949 — Concept of protected person — Powers to intern — Procedure — Hague Regulations respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land, 1907 — Whether declaratory of customary international law — Powers and duties of occupant — 203 Security Council resolution 1546 (2004) regarding the post-occupation regime in Iraq — Relationship to occupation law — The law of England | [
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"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210230597",
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https://openalex.org/W2484247953 | Al-Saadoon and Mufdhi v. United Kingdom | [] | [
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
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"Iraq"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2484247953 | 1 Human rights — Scope of application — Requirement that individual be within the jurisdiction of the respondent State — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950, Article 1 — Application to activities of State outside own territory — Circumstances relevant to determining whether person detained by forces of State outside its territory within jurisdiction of that State — Detention on authorization of territorial sovereign — Obligations of detaining State to territorial sovereign Human rights — Right to life — Capital punishment — Transfer of detainee to State where death penalty carried out by hanging — Protocol 13 to the European Convention on Human Rights — Effect on interpretation of Article 2 Human rights — Fair trial — European Convention on Human Rights, Article 6 — Transfer of detainee to face trial in other State — Whether real risk of flagrant breach of Article 6 standards War and armed conflict — Occupation — Presence of forces from former occupying power after end of occupation — Iraq — Multi-National Force — Powers — Relationship to Government of Iraq — United Nations mandate | [
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"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210207039",
"type": "journal"
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|
https://openalex.org/W1537666871 | Relational Rights Masquerading as Individual Rights | [
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"display_name": "Hallie Ludsin",
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"Iraq"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1537666871 | This article seeks to fill a void in rights theory that permitted Western policy-makers to support the Iraqi and Afghan constitutions despite the risk they posed to women’s rights. Women’s advocacy efforts focused on the danger of discrimination from constitutional protection of religious law, which policymakers stated would be countered by the constitutions’ progressive human rights provisions. The concept of discrimination failed to capture the true depth of harm, which is that religious law may exclude women from the protection of some or all of those human rights provisions. This article proposes expanding the theory of relational rights to simply and clearly explain the process that could render constitutionally protected individual rights meaningless to women in these countries. While the impetus for this article was the drafting of the Iraq and Afghan constitutions, this concept applies beyond these examples to any situation in which a country cedes authority over law or law enforcement to unaccountable non-governmental actors and is not limited to the adoption of religious law. | [
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"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210172589",
"type": "repository"
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https://openalex.org/W2494692731 | Regina (Al-Saadoon and Another) <i>v</i>. Secretary of State for Defence | [] | [
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
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"Iraq"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2494692731 | 538 Human rights — Scope of application — Requirement that individual be within the jurisdiction of the respondent State — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950, Article 1 — Application to activities of State outside own territory — Circumstances relevant to determining whether person detained by forces of State outside its territory within jurisdiction of that State — Detention on authorization of territorial sovereign — Obligations of detaining State to territorial sovereign Human rights — Right to life — Capital punishment — Transfer of detainee to State where death penalty carried out by hanging — Whether customary international law rule prohibiting hanging — Whether European regional customary rule prohibiting transfer where real risk of death penalty Human rights — Fair trial — European Convention on Human Rights, Article 6 — Transfer of detainee to face trial in other State — Whether real risk of flagrant breach of Article 6 standards War and armed conflict — Occupation — Presence of forces from former occupying power after end of occupation — Iraq — Multi-National Force — Powers — Relationship to Government of Iraq — United Nations mandate — The law of England | [
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https://openalex.org/W2234244517 | How Can the United States Army and the Interagency Community Better Define and Develop Rule of Law Doctrine and Initiatives to Include Projects Which Will Impact the Human Rights of Women in Afghanistan and Iraq | [
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"display_name": "Mary Elizabeth Card",
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] | [
"https://openalex.org/W621604844",
"https://openalex.org/W1563373617",
"https://openalex.org/W1575274417",
"https://openalex.org/W1582928296",
"https://openalex.org/W2034035714",
"https://openalex.org/W2546601473",
"https://openalex.org/W3195544964"
] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2234244517 | Abstract : Rule of law is in force when individuals are secure in their own person and property, the state is bound to law, and human rights and fundamental freedoms are protected by the state. Rule of law doctrine for the United States Army is in its infancy and as it develops it needs a strong framework. Professor John Kotter's model for change is a method that can assist in developing a rule of law framework. As rule of law doctrine is expounded upon in further editions of Stability Operations doctrine, women's rights also need to be addressed. There is an urgent need for women's rights to be accepted as fundamental human rights. Rule of law programs can be developed with an emphasis on women. These programs are not controversial and should not be treated as such. Instead, these programs should be viewed as fully supporting the constitutions and treaty obligations of nations such as Afghanistan and Iraq. As rule of law programs are created that address the needs of women, specifically in Afghanistan and Iraq, all women need to be included in program development. Islamic feminists, conservative fundamentalists, urbanites, women who live in rural areas, as well as the educated and uneducated need to be a part of the discussion. It is imperative that the Army create a guiding coalition to take the lead in rule of law programs in general and in programs that impact the human rights of women in particular. | [] |
|
https://openalex.org/W323836996 | Human Rights Violations in Iraq - A Study of the Extraterritorial Application of the European Convention on Human Rights | [
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"display_name": "Sara-Emelie Savert",
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776949292"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780608745"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C95691615"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778042224"
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] | [
"Iraq"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W323836996 | According to the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (ECHR) states have an obligation to secure, to everyone within their jurisdiction, the rights prescribed in the Convention. Already at the drafting of the ECHR, it was clear that the states mainly had this obligation within their own territories. However, the European Court of Human Rights (the Court) has found that the ECHR can be applied extraterritorially in exceptional cases. This paper investigates these exceptional cases based on three recent cases from the Court concerning human rights violations in Iraq.
In order for a state to be held responsible for an internationally wrongful act it is required that the act can be attributed to the state according to international law on state responsibility. Inquiries concerning when an act can be attributed to the state are initially dealt with just as questions concerning when an act can be attributed to an International Organisation, such as the United Nations, instead of the state. The prerequisite for attribution that becomes relevant for this paper has been developed by the International Law Commission and the International Court of Justice and requires that the state or the International Organisation have effective control over the perpetrators.
The state’s jurisdiction over the applicant is a prerequisite for the application of the ECHR. The Court has developed two different models for the extraterritorial application of the Convention – on of them is labelled the personal model and investigates if the state has authority and control over an individual and the other is called the spatial model and is applicable when the state has effective overall control over an area. Jurisdiction of the state must be separated from the jurisdiction of the Court, which concerns the compatibility between the application and the provisions in the ECHR, as well as the concept of jurisdiction in public international law, which concerns when the state lawfully can exercise its prescriptive, adjudicative and enforcement jurisdiction.
When dealing with the extraterritorial application of the ECHR, the paper initially concludes that the disputed opinion that a state never can be held responsible for acts committed outside the espace juridique - legal space - of the ECHR must be seen as overridden after the Grand Chamber judgment in Al-Skeini and Others v. the United Kingdom.
In the case Al-Saadoon and Mufdhi v. the United Kingdom, the Court applied the spatial model and found that detained Iraqis were within the jurisdiction of the United Kingdom since British forces had total and exclusive control over the detention facilities. The paper establishes that a certain straight of military presence is needed in order for the state to be able to have sufficient control in these cases and that the model only can be applied to areas or places over which the state can have such control.
In the case Al-Skeini and Others v. the United Kingdom, which concerned inter alia the shooting of several Iraqis by British soldiers, the Court reached the same conclusion, however by applying the personal model. The paper demonstrates how authority and control over an individual requires exercise of some form of public powers and that, if such powers are exercised, the killing of an individual may result in that he or she is within the state’s jurisdiction for the purposes of Article 1 of the ECHR.
The final Iraqi case, Al-Jedda v. the United Kingdom, is an instance of how the Court sometimes chooses to address the question of attribution before the issue of jurisdiction. When doing so, the Court has required ultimate authority and control in order to answer to whom the alleged violation can be attributed. The paper illustrates how this prerequisite is incompatible with the requirement in international law and what problems that might arise due to this incoherency.
The last part of the paper looks at the pending case Pritchard v. the United Kingdom (the case is pending at the time of writing, 9 March 2012), which concerns the death of a British soldier serving in Iraq. The case was communicated to the British Government in September 2011 and a judgment can therefore not be expected soon. The paper speculates on the outcome by discussing if and how the ECHR can be applicable extraterritorially in this particular case. My conclusion is that the Court will find the United Kingdom did not have jurisdiction over the deceased at the time of his death. However, the alleged violation could, by applying the requirement for ultimate authority and control, probably be attributed to the United Kingdom. | [] |
|
https://openalex.org/W4291722462 | حقوق المرآة العراقية بين النصوص القانونية والواقع الفعلي | [
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"Iraq"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4291722462 | إن القاعدة الأساسية لحقوق الإنسان وحرياته تقوم على أساس مبدأ المساواة، ومبدأ عدم التمييز. وتتجسد حرية الفرد في أنه يستطيع عمل كل ما لا يلحق الضرر بالآخرين، ولا يمكن تعيين حدود تلك الحرية إلاّ بالقانون.يعد موضوع حقوق المرأة العراقية، من المواضيع المهمة في الوقت الحالي، نظراً لكثرة التحديات والانتهاكات التي تواجهها.وعلى الرغم من التنظيم الدقيق لحقوق المرأة العراقية في القرآن الكريم وفي الوثائق الدولية وفي التشريعات الوطنية، إلاّ أن هنالك الكثير من المؤشرات الواضحة على انتهاكها المستمر، وخاصة مع مخالفة مبادئ الشريعة الإسلامية من قبل بعض الثقافات الفرعية والزعامات التقليدية في المجتمع، وسوء تطبيق القواعد الدستورية، ومنظومة القوانين الوطنية الخاصة بحقوق الإنسان عامة وحقوق المرأة العراقية خاصة من قبل الجهات المختصة.ومن أهم النتائج التي تم التوصل إليها هي عدم إتاحة المجال المناسب لإشراك المرأة العراقية بصورة فاعلة ومؤثرة في الحياة السياسية، والنقابية، وإدارة المؤسسات العامة. ولم تتمكن المرأة العراقية لحد الآن من تشكيل قوة نسائية ضاغطة داخل مؤسسات الدولة أو خارجها، قادرة على الدفاع عن خصوصية قضايا ومشاكل وحقوق المرأة في مختلف المجالات. The basic rule of Human Rights and Freedoms is based on the principle of Equality and the principle of Non-Discrimination.The Freedom of the Individual is embodied in the fact that he can do whatever does not harm others, and the limits of that Freedom can only be set by Law.The issue of the rights of Iraqi Women is an important issue at this time because of it faces many challenges and violations.Despite the strict organization of the rights of Iraqi Women in the Holy Quran, in International Documents and in National Legislation, there are many clear indications of their continued violation, especially in violation of the principles of Islamic Law by some subcultures and traditional leaders in society, And National Laws on Human Rights, especially by the competent authorities.One of the most important Results was the lack of adequate access to effective participation of Iraqi Women in political, Professional Syndicate and Public Institution Management.Iraqi women have not yet been able to form a Women's Pressure group inside or outside State Institutions capable of defending thespecificity of issues, problems and rights of women in various fields. | [
{
"display_name": "مجلة مركز دراسات الكوفة",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4220651841",
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] |
|
https://openalex.org/W4251659506 | Al-Saadoon and Others v. Secretary of State for Defence | [] | [
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"Iraq"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4251659506 | Treaties — Human rights treaties — Application — Scope — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Article 1 — Duty of parties to secure rights and freedoms under European Convention to persons within their jurisdiction — Extent of jurisdiction — Claimants alleging ill-treatment and unlawful detention during British military involvement in Iraq between 2003 and 2009 — Whether Article 1 of European Convention applicable in test cases — Strasbourg jurisprudence — Banković — Concept of jurisdiction primarily territorial — Extraterritorial jurisdiction in exceptional cases only — State agent authority and control — Effective control over an area — Convention legal space ( espace juridique ) — Al-Skeini — Widening of exceptional categories — Division and tailoring of Convention rights — Exceptional category of State agent authority and control applicable in present case — Exercise of public powers — Whether United Kingdom exercising authority and control by virtue of exercising public powers normally exercised by Iraqi Government — Whether conditions for occupation met — Case-by-case factual analysis — Exercise of physical power and control of individuals — Scope — Whether requiring greater degree of power and control than that represented by use of lethal or potentially lethal force alone — Whether those claimants transferred into custody of United States within jurisdiction of United Kingdom for purpose of Article 1 of European Convention — Whether and to what extent European Convention applying to British armed forces in Iraq — Whether United Kingdom having duty to investigate alleged human rights violations — Whether United Kingdom having jurisdiction for purpose of Article 1 of European Convention Relationship of international law and municipal law — Treaties — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Article 1 — Scope of application — United Kingdom courts to construe reach of Article 1 in accordance with Strasbourg jurisprudence — Identification of underlying principles of Strasbourg jurisprudence — Whether United Kingdom having duty to investigate alleged human rights violations — Whether United Kingdom having jurisdiction for purpose of Article 1 Human rights — Treaties — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Article 3 — Prohibition of torture and inhuman or degrading treatment — Investigative obligations — Whether and in what circumstances investigative obligation arising in Soering -type cases — Whether adjectival duty on Contracting State to 504 investigate allegations of breach of Soering duty after the event — Complaint that claimants suffering serious ill-treatment after having been handed over into United States custody — Whether requiring investigation under Article 3 — Whether factual basis for arguable claim that British forces complicit in ill-treatment — Extent to which investigative obligation arising under Article 3 in respect of handover cases Human rights — Treaties — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Article 5 — Right to liberty — Investigative obligations — Arbitrary detention — Whether investigative obligation arising in all cases of detention arguably in violation of Article 5 — Article 5 requiring Contracting States’ authorities to investigate an arguable claim of enforced disappearance — Whether duty extending to detention without judicial scrutiny or control, even if detention not secret or unacknowledged — Effect of international humanitarian law on Article 5 — Whether Article 5 modified or displaced by international humanitarian law during international armed conflict — Extent to which investigative obligation arising in respect of cases within Article 5 Treaties — Interpretation — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950, Article 5 — Extent of obligations under Article 5 — Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 1969, Article 31(3)(c) — Applicable rules of international law — 1992 UN Declaration on the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance — Council of Europe Resolution 1463 of 3 October 2005 — International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance, 2006 — Strasbourg jurisprudence — Requirement under Article 5 that Contracting States’ authorities investigate arguable claim of enforced disappearance — Whether duty to extend to detention without judicial scrutiny or control, even if detention not secret or unacknowledged Treaties — Application — United Nations Convention against Torture, 1984 (“UNCAT”) — Obligations of United Kingdom — Whether UNCAT provisions giving rise to domestically enforceable legal rights — As a treaty — On basis of customary international law — European Convention on Human Rights to be interpreted in harmony with rules of international law of which it forms part — Whether broader investigative duty imposed by Article 12 of UNCAT — Consideration of United Kingdom’s compliance with obligations under Articles 10 and 11 of UNCAT — Whether 505 appropriate in context of investigating circumstances where duty to investigate allegation of torture or serious mistreatment — Whether UNCAT having any impact on investigative duties under Articles 2 and 3 of European Convention Relationship of international law and municipal law — Treaties — Application — United Nations Convention against Torture, 1984 — Whether UNCAT provisions giving rise to domestically enforceable legal rights — Whether implemented into United Kingdom law — United Kingdom only implementing Article 4 of UNCAT in Section 134 of Criminal Justice Act — Whether principle of legality applicable — Whether rights in question part of domestic law — Human rights protections — Implementation of European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Human Rights Act 1998 War and armed conflict — British military involvement in Iraq between 2003 and 2009 — Invasion — Occupation — Post-occupation — Alleged human rights violations against Iraqi civilians by British soldiers in Iraq — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Application — International humanitarian law — Whether displacing or modifying European Convention — Whether both applying to detention issues — The law of England | [
{
"display_name": "International Law Reports",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210230597",
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|
https://openalex.org/W3125941976 | Missing in Action: The International Crime of the Slave Trade | [
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"display_name": "Jocelyn Getgen Kestenbaum",
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"display_name": "Impunity",
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"display_name": "International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights",
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779777834"
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{
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"Iraq"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3125941976 | The slave trade prohibition is among the first recognised and least prosecuted international crimes. Deftly codified in, inter alia, the 1926 Slavery Convention, the 1956 Supplementary Convention, Additional Protocol II to the Geneva Conventions (APII), the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), the norm against the slave trade — the precursor to slavery — stands as a peremptory norm, a crime under customary international law, a humanitarian law prohibition, and a nonderogable human right. Acts of the slave trade remain prevalent in armed conflicts, including those committed under the Islamic State of Iraq and al-Shām (ISIS) Caliphate. Despite the slave trade’s continued perpetration and the prohibition’s peremptory status, the crime of the slave trade has fallen into desuetude as an international crime. Precursory conduct to slavery crimes tends to elude legal characterisation; therefore, the slave trade fails to be prosecuted and punished as such. Several other factors, including the omission from statutes of modern international judicial mechanisms, may contribute to the slave trade crime’s underutilisation. Also, the denomination of human trafficking and sexual slavery as ‘modern slavery’ has lessened its visibility. This article examines potential factual evidence of slave trading and analyses the suggested legal framework that prohibits the slave trade as an international crime. The authors offer that the crime of the slave trade fills an impunity gap, especially in light of recent ISIS-perpetrated harms against the Yazidi in Iraq. Therefore, its revitalization might ensure greater enforcement of one of the oldest core international crimes. | [
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https://openalex.org/W3123245727 | Regulating Human Rights: International Organizations, Flexible Standards, and International Refugee Law | [
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779921323"
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"display_name": "Fundamental rights",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95691615"
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"display_name": "Law and economics",
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"Iraq"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3123245727 | AbstractTable of ContentsI. Introduction 455II. Literature Review 458III. The Case of International Law 461A. The Malleable Definition of Refugee in International Law 462B. The Administrative and Regulatory Roles of the U.N. Agency.. 464IV. Case Study: The Post-2003 Iraqi Crisis 467A. The Beginning of the Iraqi Crisis 467B. Flexible Interpretation of International Law Succeeds in Improving Rights Outcomes 470C. Silence on the Iraqi Plight: 2003-2006 472D. Policy Shifts in the U.S 474E. Change in UNHCR's Legal Strategy 475F. Change in U.S. Policy Enhances Agency Efforts 476G. UNHCR's Regulations Enable Alignment of State Interests 477H. The Effects of International Regulation 480V. Applications 483A. Positive Implications of Human Rights Regulation by International Agencies 483B. How Other International Agencies Can Regulate Human Rights 486VI. Limitations and Potential Drawbacks of Human Rights Regulation By International Agencies 488VII. Conclusion 491`I. IntroductionThe actor problem, or the puzzle of how to get known human rights violators to improve their practices, is central to human rights scholarship and policy-making.1 A great deal of international legal scholarship has focused on understanding why states commit to international human rights law, and the processes by which they may come to comply with it.2 Much of this literature implicitly assumes that promoting commitment to the rules expressed in multilateral human rights treaties is a good way to get countries to improve their human rights records. While essentially all empirical studies have concluded that the human rights records of repressive regimes have not improved as a result of their signing human rights treaties,3 human rights supporters continue to devote significant effort to pushing these countries to commit to, and eventually comply with, such multilateral instruments.This article suggests that, under certain conditions, an international organization can regulate, monitor, and implement human rights protections in a way that may induce even bad actors to improve their human rights practices. By serving as an intermediary to coordinate state interests and interpreting international human rights law flexibly, international organizations have the potential to improve human rights outcomes. My argument will focus on the case of the U.N. Agency's implementation of international refugee law during the post-2003 Iraqi refugee crisis. In this context, I explain how insistence on compliance with the strictures of international human rights law may sometimes have the effect of harming human rights, while flexible interpretation can improve them. I will also discuss how my analysis may apply to other international organizations that have assumed responsibility for protecting human rights, particularly in states known as actors.This article contributes to our understanding of the growing role of international administrative agencies, which has been under-studied in international legal scholarship.4 As Andrew Guzman notes, legal scholars have generally ignored the role of the soft law of international organizations.5 Some scholarship has discussed organizations that monitor the major instruments of international human rights law, such as the Committee Against Torture and the U.N. Commission on Human Rights, and has repeatedly dismissed them as ineffective.6 Literature on treaty flexibility mechanisms largely does not focus on the workings of multi-lateral international agencies that have far more extensive missions and functions.7 The U.N. Agency (also known as the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, or UNHCR) and other international agencies perform as regulators of human rights, not just as mere monitors. They do so by promulgating interpretive regulations, monitoring international human rights law on the ground through a network of hundreds of country field offices, and providing valuable humanitarian services. … | [
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|
https://openalex.org/W1825433623 | Respecting human rights abroad? On the extraterritorial application of the European Convention on Human Rights | [
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Sarah Hélaoui",
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776949292"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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{
"display_name": "International human rights law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86615163"
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{
"display_name": "International law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C55447825"
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{
"display_name": "Fundamental rights",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95691615"
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"display_name": "State (computer science)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48103436"
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"display_name": "Algorithm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C11413529"
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"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
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"Iraq"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1825433623 | Under which circumstances can the European Convention on Human Rights be applied to human rights violations perpetrated abroad by European military forces or other State agents? This question is highly relevant having in mind the European military presence in for example Iraq and Afghanistan. In contrast to the four Geneva Convention, applicable in armed conflict, the European Convention has a jurisdiction clause, which sets out limits on its applicability. Article 1 of the Convention provides that the Convention only applies to individuals within the State parties' jurisdiction. What does this mean? Is the Convention's applicability limited to human rights violations taking place on the territory of the acting State? The meaning of the term jurisdiction in international law is primarily territorial and, as also originally intended with human rights treaties, the Convention primarily applies to human rights violation committed on the territory of the acting State. However, it follows from the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights that the Convention exceptionally applies to extraterritorial human rights violations, i.e. violations committed outside the national territory. This is the case when the acting State exercises effective control over the territory of another State, or when it exercises authority over persons present outside the national territory. There is, however, a controversy on whether the Convention applies extraterritorially only within the boarders of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention, e.g. not in Iraq or Afghanistan, or also in the rest of the world. Drawing conclusions from the Court's case law it becomes clear that the criteria mentioned above create jurisdiction ipso facto. The determinant factor is the level of control exercised by the State agents in relation to the victim. Hence, the extraterritorial application of the Convention does not seem to have any geographical constraints. The conclusion from the analysis of the Court's jurisprudence taken together with the principles of interpretation set out in the Vienna Convention, in particular the 'object and purpose'-principle, shows that the Convention can apply also to human rights violations committed by European soldiers in e.g. Iraq. Drawing from the Court's decision in the renowned Bankovic case, dealing with the 1999 NATO air bombings of Belgrade, the Convention is not applicable to air bombings or so called collateral damage, but very well on arrests or e.g. incidents of torture in British-led prisons. | [] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2502344434 | Smith and Others <i>v.</i> Ministry of Defence; Ellis <i>v.</i> Ministry of Defence; Allbutt and Others <i>v.</i> Ministry of Defence | [] | [
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"Iraq"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2502344434 | 612 War and armed conflict — British soldiers killed and injured while on active service in Iraq — Claims against Ministry of Defence — Claims in negligence in common law — Whether Ministry of Defence having duty of care to soldiers to equip and train properly — Applicability of combat immunity doctrine — Whether fair, just or reasonable to impose duty of care on Ministry of Defence — Claims under Article 2 of European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Whether Ministry of Defence in breach of soldiers’ right to life — Whether, at time of their deaths, British soldiers on active service abroad within jurisdiction of the United Kingdom for purposes of Article 1 of European Convention — Whether Ministry of Defence in breach of duty of care under common law of negligence and under Article 2 of European Convention Relationship of international law and municipal law — Treaties — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Jurisdiction of United Kingdom under Article 1 of European Convention — Whether extended to securing protection of Article 2 to British soldiers serving outside United Kingdom territory — Strasbourg jurisprudence — Decision of Grand Chamber in Al-Skeini v. United Kingdom — Domestic jurisprudence — Catherine Smith case — Whether majority view in Catherine Smith case could be maintained — Council of Europe recommendations — Whether Ministry of Defence having duty of care to soldiers under Article 2 of European Convention Human rights — Nature and scope of human rights treaties — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Article 1 — Duty of parties to secure the rights and freedoms under the European Convention to persons within their jurisdiction — Extent of jurisdiction — Jurisdiction essentially territorial — Extra-territorial applications requiring special justification — Whether British soldiers on active military service in Iraq within jurisdiction of United Kingdom at time of their deaths — Whether Ministry of Defence having duty of care under Article 2 of European Convention Jurisdiction — Concept of jurisdiction in international law — Jurisdiction primarily territorial — Extra-territorial jurisdiction — Exceptional circumstances — State agent authority and control — Whether British soldiers on active service abroad within United Kingdom jurisdiction for purposes of Article 1 of European 613 Convention on Human Rights, 1950 at time of their deaths — Whether Ministry of Defence having duty to soldiers under Article 2 of European Convention Human rights — Right to life — Article 2 of European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Substantive obligations — Application of Convention rights — Whether possible or appropriate — Whether courts could question operational decisions made on ground — Whether more appropriate for procurement decisions to be resolved politically — Strasbourg jurisprudence — Policy issues — Allegations of systemic and operational failures on part of Ministry of Defence — Whether Ministry of Defence breaching implied positive obligation under Article 2 of European Convention — Wide margin of appreciation given to authorities — Factual context and evidence — Whether Ministry of Defence in breach of soldiers’ right to life War and armed conflict — British soldiers killed and injured while on active service in Iraq — Whether claims in negligence against Ministry of Defence could proceed to trial — Doctrine of combat immunity — Whether applicable — Whether just, fair and reasonable to impose duty of care on Ministry of Defence in circumstances of case — The law of England | [
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"type": "journal"
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https://openalex.org/W4388339556 | قضية حقوق الانسان في العراق بين النص الدستوري والواقع العلمي ودور منظمة الامم المتحدة فيها | [
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{
"display_name": "Constitution",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776154427"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C22299250"
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{
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{
"display_name": "Rights of Nature",
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{
"display_name": "Reservation of rights",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C27357055"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C86615163"
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"Iraq"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4388339556 | احتلت قضية حقوق الإنسـان وحرياته الأساسية أهميـة كبيرة في الدستور العراقي لعام 2005 النافذ، فقد أشـار إلى تلك الحقوق والحريات بشكل واضح ومركز , وأعطى أهميـة ومكانة خاصة لها، ومن ضمن هذه الحقوق والحريات حقه في الحياة وحقه في معاملة عادلة وحقه في الشخصية القانونية وفي العمل والتعليم والمشاركة في الشؤون العامة وفي الجنسية وفي حرية الرأي والتعبير وحقوق عديدة أخرى، وأشـار دستور 2005 إلى تلك الحقوق التي تمتزج فيها الجوانب الفردية بالجماعية التي يتمتع بها الإنسـان كفرد عضو في الجماعة ومن هذه الحقوق: الحقوق الثقافية في التربية والتعليم ومكافحة التمييز, إلّا إنَّ الأوضـاع السياسية والأمنيـة التي شهدها العراق بعد عام 2003 حالت دون تطبيقها بشكل كامل، وهـذا الأمـر أدى إلى تعرضها لِانتقادات من أجل تقويم هذه التجربة وتحقيقها على أرض الواقع وبشكل كامل وهذا ما نشهده وبشكل ملموس وتدريجي.
 Occupied the issue of human rights and fundamental freedoms of great importance in the Iraqi constitution of 2005 in force, he pointed out that the rights and freedoms clearly and center and gave the importance of its special status, and within these rights and freedoms is the right such as the right to life and the right to fair treatment and the right to legal personality in employment, education and participation in public affairs and in the sexual freedom of opinion and expression and many other rights, also noted the 2005 constitution to those rights which are mixed with individual collectivism aspects and enjoyed by man as an individual member of the group and these rights: cultural rights in education, anti-discrimination, but The political and security situation that has gripped Iraq after 2003 prevented the application of these rights in full which led to exposure to criticism in order to evaluate this experience and achieve on the ground and fully and this is what we are seeing and significantly .and gradually | [
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https://openalex.org/W115367359 | Protecting rights: how do we stop rights and freedoms being a political football? | [
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"Iraq"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W115367359 | This pamphlet is based on a speech delivered by Francesca Klug at the Convention on Modern Liberty on 28 February 2009 in a workshop of this title. Our lecture and pamphlet series are intended to provoke debate on and interest in issues relating to democracy and human rights. As an organisation promoting democratic reform and human rights, we may disagree with what our contributors say – but we are always stimulated by and grateful to them. Helen Wildbore’s extensive appendix lists 23 examples of how the Human Rights Act has been used to defend human rights, ranging from limiting the scope of libel laws to defend freedom of expression and defending the rights of Iraqis unlawfully killed by British armed forced through to defending the rights of disabled people and same-sex couples. | [] |
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https://openalex.org/W2905218357 | The Relationship of International Human Rights Law with International Humanitarian Law in Situations of International Armed Conflicts | [
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"Iraq"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2905218357 | The existence between International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights Law has a different feel from each other, though equally universal. As an example of mistreatment of prisoners of war committed by US Occupation Forces in Iraq, surely all countries say it is an international crimes (war crimes). This paper would discuss concerning how the relationship the International Human Rights with International Humanitarian Law in Situations of International Armed Conflicts. The paper argued that the relationship between human rights and humanitarian law can be distinguished but not separated. The principles of the UDHR can apply to the International Humanitarian Law, but some of the principles of the UDHR and limited humanitarian law apply in times of peace and times of armed conflict alone. Argued that the gap between International Humanitarian Law by the Human Rights bridged together through the enactment of the principles of human rights and humanitarian law principles that cannot be postponed. | [
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https://openalex.org/W90832358 | How Will the European Court of Human Rights Deal with the UK in Iraq? Extra-Territorial Jurisdiction, Tensions between International Humanitarian Law and International Human Rights Law, and Lessons from Turkey and Russia | [
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"Iraq"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W90832358 | The invasion and occupation of Iraq have placed international law as a whole and human rights law in particular under extraordinary stress. In the face of brute and lawless force all normativity may appear to have evaporated from the international scene. Nevertheless, it is highly likely that in due course the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) will be called upon to adjudicate on complaints arising from the conduct of the United Kingdom, and possible other European states of the ‘Coalition of the Willing’. My argument in this chapter is that significant normative and legal resources already exist in the jurisprudence of the ECtHR, and that through the cases decided over the years, especially the Chechen cases, a wholly positive clarification of the relationship between International Humanitarian Law (IHL) and International Human Rights Law (IHR) is already taking place. However, this process, on my account, can only be understood in the context of colonial and post-colonial armed struggles. | [
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https://openalex.org/W4281857296 | Women’s Right to Equal Employment Opportunities in Kurdistan Region of Iraq | [
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"Iraq"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4281857296 | Women have been struggling for their rights for centuries in the male-dominated societies. When females are involved in economic and social aspects of their lives, it helps improve their families, communities and countries’ health, welfare, prosperity and security. Kurdistan, as a part of Iraq, is one of the State Party to CEDAW and is under an obligation to take the measures required by the convention to eliminate discrimination against women and ensure the equal enjoyment of human rights by women. There are different agents and factors that can contribute to the enforcement of human rights, however, state power plays the foundational and major role in establishing and enforcing the legal rights of women. The study will identify the extent to which national legislation correspond to CEDAW conventions. Our instrument of analysis would be Article 11 which is focused on women’s employment. Our findings include that no substantial legal discriminations disadvantaging women exist. | [
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https://openalex.org/W3015774976 | Human rights in the fight against terrorism: Sanctions regimes of the United Nations Security Council | [
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"Iraq"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3015774976 | In the last decade, the growing number of acts of terrorism that threaten world peace and security, as well as the fundamental values in every democratic society, in particular respect for fundamental human rights, have called for more active action by the international community in the struggle with terrorism. In this regard, the United Nations Security Council adopted a number of resolutions establishing sanctions regimes against the Islamic State of Iraq and Levant (IDES), Al-Qaida and the Taliban, and other individuals, groups, and related entities and suspected terrorist suspects. Despite the social purpose of these regimes, they created serious preconditions for violations of the human rights of the affected subjects, in particular the right to a fair trial, the right to an effective remedy, the right to property, the right of the persons concerned to be informed of the charges against them, the right to be heard and other procedural rights. This circumstance calls for reforms to be made to the arrangements in place to ensure fundamental human rights in the fight against terrorism. | [
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https://openalex.org/W2254639672 | Human Rights and Humanitarian Law in the UK Courts | [
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"Iraq"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2254639672 | This article considers how arguments relating to the principle of joint applicability of international human rights law (IHR) and international humanitarian law (IHL) are playing out in the United Kingdom's courts. The core of the article is a case study of the decisions of the Divisional Court, the Court of Appeal and the House of Lords in Al Skeini v. Secretary of State for Defence. The central issues of the case concerned the application of the UK's European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) obligations in the context of its activities in Iraq, and the extraterritorial application of the Human Rights Act, 1998. This case study of the domestic application of the principle is particularly useful for considering (i) its practical implications on the specific facts of particular cases; (ii) the argumentation used by the UK government and judges; (iii) the difficulties of national courts in analyzing the IHR and IHL rights jurisprudence; and (iv) the significant differences between IHR and IHL in terms of positive obligations and domestic remedies. | [
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https://openalex.org/W1858712872 | The Dark Sides of Convergence: A Pro-Civilian Critique of the Extraterritorial Application of Human Rights Law in Armed Conflict | [
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"Iraq"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1858712872 | The idea of co-application of international humanitarian law and human rights law has drawn a tremendous amount of academic attention and a huge amount of innovation in international and domestic jurisprudence. Yet in the current headlong approach into convergence, rights and rights institutions may carry risks to the very goals many humanitarian-minded international lawyers seek to achieve. This article takes a bird’s-eye view of the debate and questions whether it is a good thing to insist on the extraterritorial applicability of human rights to armed conflict situations. In doing so, the article argues that parallel application is equally as bad for the Iraqi civilian as it is for the American soldier. As we pull back the layers of legalistic argumentation, the real role of rights discourse and the real function of human rights law on the battlefield seem much less thought-out than leading scholars suggest, and the implications for this new approach to international law seem much more problematic than the current debate on the issue presents. | [
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https://openalex.org/W2257204171 | United States Violation of International Law in Yugoslavia, Afghanistan and Iraq | [
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"Iraq"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2257204171 | NATO's 1999 bombing of Yugoslavia, and the United States' 2001 war on Afghanistan, and its war on Iraq beginning in 2003, all violated international and United States law. None was prosecuted in self-defense, or with the approval of the Security Council - the only two instances in which a United Nations member state is permitted to use force. All three conflicts constituted wars of aggression. Aggressive war is prohibited by the Nuremberg Tribunal, and will eventually be prosecuted by the International Criminal Court. The United States used cluster bombs and depleted uranium in all three countries, which violates Protocol I of the Geneva Conventions. Preemptive war and humanitarian intervention both violate the U.N. Charter. Forcible regime change is prohibited by the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. The targeting of civilian objects constitutes a grave breach of the Geneva Conventions, which is prosecutable as a war crime. | [
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https://openalex.org/W4380324429 | The Role of the High Commission of Human Rights in Iraq in Promoting Human Rights | [
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"Iraq"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4380324429 | The National Human Rights Institution in Iraq is embodied in the High Commission for Human Rights, which is one of the independent constitutional bodies, which aims to work to promote and protect human rights and freedoms at the national level, and there is no doubt that preserving human rights is the cornerstone of society’s stability, wherever I found a society that enjoys stability, I found a person who is comfortable with his rights, and there is no doubt that spreading a culture of human rights, inculcating their values, promoting them, teaching them and training them, to turn them into a practical reality in society, has a great impact on the understanding and familiarity of individuals with their rights, respect, preservation, and public With dignity and freedom from all forms of persecution and oppression, and inculcating a sense of responsibility towards the rights of individuals and public interests, which causes individuals to actively promote and participate in the development of their country, and people are charged with this task under its law, and to achieve this it undertakes many activities and uses many of the means stipulated in its law, It did not provide for it, based on the broad mandate it was entrusted with, namely, to promote and protect human rights. | [
{
"display_name": "Journal of Juridical and Political Science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4387279251",
"type": "journal"
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] |
|
https://openalex.org/W747439246 | New Rights - New Laws: Legal Information in a Changing World Wide Web | [
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"affiliations": [],
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C111919701"
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] | [
"Iraq"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W747439246 | When the organizers of the IALL Course on International Law Librarianship asked me to speak on resources on the World Wide Web related to the theme of the Course, “New Rights – New Laws: Legal Information in a Changing World,” I spent some time thinking about the theme. What do we mean by “new rights – new laws?” Do we really mean “changing rights, changing laws?” And what do we mean by a “changing world?” Are we talking about societies in the process of transition or that have undergone transition? Are we really talking about post-Communist Eastern Europe? Post-apartheid South Africa? The U.S. after September 11 – post-attack America? Post-conflict Iraq? The mega-changes in these societies can present threats to human dignity and rights. Times of upheaval, conflict, and political instability endanger basic human rights such as the rights to freedom of opinion, freedom of religion, freedom of movement, and freedom from arbitrary detention. | [
{
"display_name": "International Journal of Legal Information",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S2764881527",
"type": "journal"
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https://openalex.org/W2009252324 | Opening Pandora's Box: The Use of Drones as Preventive Self-Defense Through the Normative Framework | [
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"Iraq",
"Israel"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2009252324 | Since the United States began to use armed drones in its war on terror, the US has ignited a debate on the lawfulness of the use of force in preventive self-defense and about respect for international human rights. On the one hand, from a realist perspective, as rational actors in an anarchic international system, states seek to first bolster their security and, therefore, try to compile as many drones as they can in case their neighbors should attack them. On the other hand, from the normative framework, states justify their use of drones through international documents, as the US and Israel do when they argue that their use of armed drones on battlefields satisfies the law of war principles of distinction and proportionality. By applying Sandholtz’s cyclic theory of norm change, this article examines how the US invasion of Iraq and the US’s use of drone technology in the war’s aftermath have changed the doctrine of preventive self-defense. In doing so, the article argues that although states are now beginning to proliferate drones in preventive self-defense, states are also justifying their action through norms found in international conventions, mainly international humanitarian law and international human rights law. | [
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https://openalex.org/W239110916 | Washington's "War Against Terrorism" and Human Rights: The View from Abroad | [
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"Iraq"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W239110916 | “When it comes to human rights, there is no greater leader than the United States of America,” White House spokesman Scott McClellan has said. The view from abroad is less kind. A recent resolution of the European Parliament, for example, “condemns” our government’s treatment of prisoners at Guantanamo. It urges Washington to guarantee all prisoners “minimum human rights in accordance with international human rights law and fair trial procedures” and to “immediately clarify the situation of the prisoners.” European objections run so deep that a New York Times account finds a “high level of anger in Europe at reports that American interrogators have tortured prisoners in Iraq, Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, and other places.” Throughout 2005, anger mounted among Europeans as they came to realize that the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), clandestinely cooperating with their own intelligence services, may have made them complicit in torture. Reports revealed secret CIA prisons in Europe, CIA flights spiriting prisoners through Europe, and CIA kidnappings of terrorist suspects in Europe for delivery to other countries known to engage in torture. | [] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2370240345 | Try to Talk about International Huma n Rights and Legal Protection | [
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"display_name": "Zhang Xian",
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C190253527"
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{
"display_name": "Physics",
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C62520636"
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] | [
"Iraq"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2370240345 | This text described the origin and co ncept of human rights,the universality and the international protection of human rights.Through the scandal that American army based in Iraq maltreated their prisoners a nd zhao yan incident,it also announced the international protect situatio n on human rights,which still exist violence abusing and human rights trampling .At the same time,it states the develo pment situation of our country' s hu-man rights.Human rights have already become the generally accepted moral concept in the world.At the same time,it is a very complicated problem.Besid es cultural factor,it is also played up the color of political motive and ideology too much.With insisting th e state sovereignty and no interfere principle,we acknowledge and prote ct human rights,firmly object to any co untry' s violating international law crite rion publicly on the pretext of pro-tecting the internal affairs,and re fusing to fulfill the international obligation on the protection of huma n rights. | [] |
|
https://openalex.org/W4381057740 | THE SCOPE OF INTERNATIONAL PROTECTION FOR HUMAN RIGHTS DEFENDERS IN IRAQ | [
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "HUDA MALIK SABIR MUHAMMAD THAMER MUKHAT",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5092193055"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C95691615"
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] | [
"Iraq"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4381057740 | Human rights defenders seek to implement and protect human rights at the international and local levels, and given the absence of an international agreement that defines their legal status and the absence of an internal law text regulating the legal status of human rights defenders, the correct treatment lies in organizing defenders with an international agreement that establishes a way to protect them. It obliges states to enact a law that defines their status internally and prevents the application of any other law that is not competent to them, and that Iraq grants international bodies the power to consider the individual complaint submitted by defenders, since the contact of human rights defenders with international bodies does not constitute a crime, but rather a right established for them under international instruments, and Develop a standard that would diagnose the peaceful defender who preserves public funds based on the declaration related to human rights defenders. Here we can ask about the effectiveness of the protection provided by international human rights law to human rights defenders, or whether the defenders rely on the protection of domestic law. Does the protection of international law necessitate the protection of domestic law or is it supportive of domestic law? Discussing and answering these questions will be the subject of our research. | [
{
"display_name": "Russian Law Journal",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4387290380",
"type": "journal"
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] |
|
https://openalex.org/W1831554357 | Australia and International Counter-Terrorism Law and Practice | [
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{
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"display_name": "University of Sydney",
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"display_name": "Ben Saul",
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"Iraq"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1831554357 | This article assesses Australia’s approach to the development and implementation of international law addressing transnational and domestic terrorism. It first considers Australia’s engagement with treaties dealing with terrorism since the 1960s to the present, and earlier efforts by the League of Nations in the 1930s. It then tracks the various positions adopted by Australia in the UN General Assembly from the 1970s to the present. Australian practice in relation to UN Security Council measures is then examined, from implementing sanctions regimes in the 1990s to more radical law reforms to implement post-9/11 resolutions. The article then considers Australia’s involvement in regional and bilateral counter-terrorism norm development and law enforcement cooperation. It next turns to review Australia’s military action against terrorism, particularly in Afghanistan, Iraq and Africa, concluding with select human rights issues raised by Australian practice. While Australia has justified its counter-terrorism efforts in pursuit of protecting human rights to life and security, and claims that it acts consistently with its human rights obligations, a number of areas of domestic law and practice and its international activities raise serious questions about its human rights compliance. | [
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https://openalex.org/W3083938751 | United States attempts to deal with humanitarian right to intervention for disseminations | [
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C190253527"
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{
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{
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{
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C55493867"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680"
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{
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] | [
"Iraq"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3083938751 | Human rights and combating terrorism they became device, however, some major countries actors in the international system, use it when find that it serves its interests and its strategic objectives. This duplication also pulled on some international organizations and non-governmental organizations dealing with human rights have been politicized and biased to certain countries and the interests of the humanitarian principles of the service account , And with the end of the twentieth century and the beginning of the twenty first century was recorded serious declines in the field of human rights widely the name of combating terrorism, the occupation of Iraq and Afghanistan, and to achieve the strategic objectives of the United States dominance of the payment status of many international conventions on combating terrorism and protecting human rights the United States interests are served. The United States behavior put the development of the international law future in front of a big risk and caused its rules and procedures and structures serious damage needs to be repaired decades, So that the protection of human rights and combating terrorism they became a device of intervention and control in the path of international relations and that many international organizations have become politicized and influenced by American intervention, and this dilemma is worth looking at ., So the study reviews the development of the concept of human rights and combating terrorism and the role of international organizations in the protection of human rights and its effect on international pressures and who made some of them as a tool to serve the interests and political objectives. | [
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"id": "https://openalex.org/S4387279251",
"type": "journal"
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|
https://openalex.org/W2787428246 | Critical reflections on the war on terrorism from an international human rights perspective | [
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Antonio Antonino Fabbriciani",
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
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https://openalex.org/W2500562086 | International human rights law: the normative framework | [
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] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2500562086 | The multiple voices making up the field of international human rights are one of its defining characteristics. Diplomats, officials, politicians, social movements, NGOs, academics from various disciplines, commentators and the public at large contribute to debate and practice. They add to, and often complement, the work of (international) lawyers. The interaction of this multitude of actors has stimulated the development of international human rights law. However, it has also increased the scope for misunderstandings and misrepresentations of the law that may be misleading, if not damaging. International human rights law is a normative legal system that has its own rules and methods, which, even if contested, frame the consideration of arising questions. For example, claims that the death penalty is unlawful under international law, while welcome from an advocacy perspective, may be seen as turning what ought to be the law (de lege ferenda) into a statement about what the law is (de lege lata). If such a claim were to be framed as a legal argument, it would have to be developed very carefully with adequate references so as not to risk undermining the (legal) credibility of the person or organisation making it. Such a risk is particularly evident when assertions made – such as that a successor government may not be responsible for the violations committed by the government preceding it (in an NGO report on Iraq) – reveal fundamental misconceptions of international law, in this case the difference between the succession of governments and states. | [
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] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2910643373 | the office of the legal adviser publishes the annual digest of united states practice in international law to provide the public with a historical record of the views and practice of the government of the united states in public and private international law in his introduction to the 2005 volume legal adviser john b bellinger iii stated in part the year included for example extensive u s engagement in further developing the international framework for protecting against terrorist acts the united states signed the un international convention for the suppression of nuclear terrorism the day it was opened for signature and joined in adoption of the text of amendments to the convention on the physical protection of nuclear material and to the un convention for the suppression of unlawful acts against the safety of maritime navigation and the related fixed platforms protocol in this hemisphere the inter american convention against terrorism entered into force for the united states on another front the united states became party to the transnational organized crime convention and its important protocols on trafficking in persons and smuggling of migrants the united states submitted extensive periodic reports on its implementation of the international covenant on civil and political rights to the un human rights committee and of the convention against torture and other cruel inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment to the committee against torture u s state and federal courts were another focus of continued attention transnational issues played key roles in an increasingly broader spectrum encompassing challenges such as marine pollution and preservation communications law enforcement and trade disputes legal issues related to armed conflict in afghanistan and iraq remained prominent | [] |
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https://openalex.org/W2483314188 | The application of human rights in armed conflict and the international criminalisation process | [
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] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2483314188 | This chapter discusses the development and application of two bodies of international law; namely international humanitarian law (IHL) and international criminal law and their interrelationship with human rights law. The killing of a civilian by a soldier during an armed conflict, for example, may constitute an IHL violation and a violation of the (human) right to life. This chapter examines this relationship, which is of particular importance for the protection of civilians, especially where the applicability of IHL is contested or where IHL constitutes an exception to certain rights, such as the right to life, or fails to prevent and/or provide effective remedies for violations. It seeks to identify the scope of application of the two bodies of law and demonstrate the degree to which the two can be reconciled. Moreover, a special case is made for the law applicable in situations of military occupation whereby human rights are subordinate to IHL. Despite this subordination, in practice because international human rights tribunals are not mandated to apply humanitarian law they necessarily interpret and enforce the rights of the victims on the basis of those human rights norms found in their respective statutes. As a result, the jurisprudence of human rights tribunals is not always consistent with IHL. Yet, such tribunals are hard pressed to accept jurisdiction over situations which would otherwise be resolved on the basis of IHL. This chapter therefore goes on to discuss the exercise of extraterritorial jurisdiction by human rights tribunals. This is particularly significant because European states involved in the occupation of Iraq or other territories generally argue that the ECHR is inapplicable. The ECtHR has taken a different approach. The parameters and consequences of this approach will be highlighted. | [
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https://openalex.org/W2965207185 | THE UNITED NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL RESOLUTION ON SANCTIONS TOWARDS INDIVIDUAL FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW | [
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] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2965207185 | AbstractThe United Nations Security Council (SC) holds the primary responsibility to maintain international peace and security as stipulated in Article 24 of the United Nations Charter (UN Charter). The emergence of international terrorism as a threat to international peace and security encourages the SC to impose sanctions in the form of assets freeze, travel ban and arms embargo towards targeted individuals through the SC Resolutions on Taliban, Al-Qaida and the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL). However, the implementation of UN targeted sanctions towards individuals has been violating the targeted individual’s human rights to property, rights of movement, rights to privacy, honor and reputation, and also the rights to a fair trial. This article will explain about the legitimation of the SC Resolutions in imposing sanction towards an individual, and the obligation of UN member states towards the SC resolution that imposes sanctions against its citizen. The violations of human rights stemming from the implementation of SC Resolutions on sanction towards individuals indicate that the resolutions have been adopted beyond the limits of international law. Therefore this condition makes the resolutions lost its legitimacy under international law. In accordance with Article 25 and 103 of the UN Charter, all member states have an obligation to accept, carry on and give priority to the obligation originating from the SC Resolution including to implement the sanction measures towards individuals. Nevertheless, member states must accommodate and harmonize its obligations in respecting, protecting and fulfilling all the individuals’ rights who are targeted by the SC along with its obligation to the SC Resolutions.
 Keywords: Human Rights, Sanction towards Individuals, United Nations Security Council.AbstrakDewan Keamanan Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa (DK) memiliki tanggungjawab utama untuk menjaga perdamaian dan keamanan internasional berdasarkan Pasal 24 Piagam PBB. Munculnya terorisme internasional sebagai ancaman terhadap perdamaian dan keamanan internasional mendorong DK untuk menjatuhkan sanksi berupa pembekuan aset, pelarangan perjalanan serta embargo senjata kepada individu yang ditargetkan melalui rezim Resolusi Taliban, Al-Qaida dan Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL). Dalam penerapannya penjatuhan sanksi tersebut menimbulkan pelanggaran Hak Asasi Manusia (HAM) yaitu hak terhadap properti, hak kebebasan berpindah, hak atas privasi, kehormatan dan reputasi serta hak atas proses pengadilan yang adil. Pelanggaran HAM tersebut memunculkan tujuan dilakukannya penulisan artikel ini yaitu untuk menunjukan mengenai legitimasi resolusi DK yang menjatuhkan sanksi kepada individu, serta memaparkan mengenai kewajiban negara anggota PBB terhadap resolusi DK yang menjatuhkan sanksi kepada warga negaranya. Pelanggaran HAM yang disebabkan oleh penerapan penjatuhan sanksi terhadap individu mengindikasikan bahwa resolusi yang mendasari penjatuhan sanksi tersebut diadopsi dengan melampaui batasan-batasan penjatuhan sanksi DK dan telah kehilangan legitimasinya menurut hukum internasional. Sehingga meskipun negara memiliki kewajiban berdasarkan Pasal 25 dan 103 Piagam PBB untuk tetap menerima, melaksanakan dan mengutamakan kewajibannya berdasarkan Resolusi DK yang menjatuhkan sanksi terhadap individu, negara tetap harus mengakomodir dan mengharmonisasikan kewajibannya dalam menghormati, melindungi dan memenuhi HAM individu yang dijatuhkan sanksi saat melaksanakan kewajibannya yang berasal dari Resolusi DK.
 Kata Kunci: Dewan Keamanan Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa, Hak Asasi Manusia, Sanksi terhadap Individu | [
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https://openalex.org/W3200798803 | Revisiting the Pledge by the UK Regarding the 'Five Techniques' | [
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] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3200798803 | In 1977, the UK pledged to the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) that it would discontinue five different interrogation techniques being used in Northern Ireland that amounted to human rights violations. The ECtHR affirmed that the “Five Techniques” violated human rights. However, in the years since 1977, the UK has apparently continued the use of those Five Techniques. As recently as 2018, multiple investigations and public inquiries have uncovered use of the Five Techniques by UK forces in Iraq and Afghanistan. The Committee Against Torture expressed its concern in June 2019, in reaction to the sixth periodic report of the UK, that allegations of torture were well-founded. This article questions whether, in addition to violating human rights of the victims by performing those techniques on them, the UK is additionally responsible to the ECtHR for violating its pledge.Pledges made before international courts and tribunals, in the solemnity of proceedings, can be legally-binding, creating new legal obligations to comply with the content of the pledge. The UK Attorney-General gave the pledge before the ECtHR during the Ireland v UK case. The pledge was preceded by another statement by the Prime Minister before Parliament on the same topic, ending use of the Five Techniques. Jurisprudence before the ECtHR, but also other international courts and tribunals such as the International Court of Justice (ICJ), shows that making such a statement is usually treated as creating a new legal obligation. In addition, the International Law Commission (ILC) has developed guidelines on how to determine if a unilateral statement is merely a political remark, or whether it is legally binding. Following both the jurisprudence of the courts and the ILC guidelines, the pledge by the UK must be regarded as binding. | [
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https://openalex.org/W4320028790 | التطورات التاريخية لدور المجتمع الدولي في الدفاع عن حقوق الانسان والمرأة | [] | [
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"Iraq"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4320028790 | The Islam and the biography of the Prophet's locate the relationship between men and woman with the Precious verse " " and made them equal in rights and duties, and singled out women with care and hospitality describing her the other half of the man. Since the inception of the political and social history of the state of Iraq, women have struggled to prove the fulfillment of their political, civil and social rights as a citizen. The United Nation and most civilized countries and the international organizations have been concerned with human rights in general and with women’s rights in particular in order to protect and empower them, and preserve their position in society giants women and political. The issue of women’s rights is societal and cannot be separated from the progress of society and human rights and the law has guaranteed their inferiority in education and their legal, economic, social and political rights. As for her rights as a citizen, empowering women and liberating them from all forms of violence, developing their capacity, their participation with men in work and education, improving their standard of living and raising their position in assuming the highest positions. The research dealt with first concepts and terminology developed in the research on human rights and women’s, explanation discrimination against women with what included in international human law and international humanitarian law. And came in Second " Arab in the era of Islam and the Prophetic message, We touched on " Arab women contemporary and women's rights as human beings and as citizens", In (the conclusion), we concluded that " Women still suffer marginalization and the absence of equality with men i8n their Legitimate rights, So a qualitative change must be made in cultures to divide and eliminate discrimination against women and formulate policies to advance their reality. • Keywords: human rights, women’s rights, women empowerment. | [
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https://openalex.org/W2159982871 | Filartiga’s Legacy in an Era of Military Privatization | [
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"Iraq"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2159982871 | Filartiga v. Pena-Irala established the idea that domestic tort suits might be brought under the Alien Tort Claims Act (ATCA) against those accused of violating human rights norms. But what is the legacy of this case in an era of military privatization? Are there available legal responses to what we might call the privatization of torture? In the Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq, where detainees were tortured and abused, the individuals involved in the torture included not only members of the military, but contractors hired from the private sector. Because U.S. constitutional scrutiny traditionally applies only to state actors, privatization has been seen as potentially undermining constitutional oversight. Moreover, because many international human rights are framed as rights against state overreaching, the turn to private actors might appear to present a significant problem for legal accountability. Yet, military outsourcing may not, by itself, pose quite as serious an impediment to accountability. To the contrary, human rights abuses by private contractors may actually be more readily subject to legal action than abuses by official governmental actors, both through civil suits under the ATCA to redress violations of international human rights law, and through civil and criminal litigation to redress violations of domestic law. Using the Abu Ghraib prison abuse as a case study, this Essay will compare the possible forms of legal accountability for official governmental actors and private contractors, and suggest that the latter are at least as likely, and perhaps more likely, to be held accountable for abuses. | [
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https://openalex.org/W2978522403 | حقوق الانسان في النصوص الدولية و الاقليمية | [
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"Iraq"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2978522403 | The global interest in human rights in the last two decades of the twentieth century and the twenty-first century has taken a great deal of attention. Some thinkers of this century have launched the century of democracy and human rights. Many articles, studies and publications have emerged and international and regional conventions have been adopted to address various aspects and developments related to this subject. The issue of human rights is no longer an individual issue, which is dealt with within thescope of domestic laws and regulations. Today, it is a universal issue, which means that it is no longer the property of a particular people or the essence of a specific idea or the result of a specific experience of a State. The rights of peoples and nations wherever they exist and to any religion, race, nation or state Human rights in contemporary democratic systems are at the center of all rights, and these rights are of no value to them if they are not dedicated to serving them and preserving their dignity. Therefore, we have seen that attention has transcended the boundaries of states and the scope of local constitutions. This subject has become universal. International conventions and agreements, foremost of which are the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), the International Covenants of 1969 and the Rome Convention of 1998, and the United Nations has endeavored to internationalize it and make it part of international public law If the subject of human rights becomes the concern of the rulers, leaders and political systems, and everyone aspires to protect himself by legitimacy and to remove the charge of tyranny and dictatorship in all his practices and everyone is competing in the beautification and decoration of his constitutions and legislation in terms of respect for the human rights issue And care . The Kurdistan Region of Iraq has its own legislation in the field of human rights and has reached the ranks of the developed countries. The Government of the Territory has all the capabilities to implement international and domestic texts and to strictly prevent violations of human rights. | [
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https://openalex.org/W1533660011 | The European Convention on Human Rights and Jurisdictional Links during Military Operations | [
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"Iraq"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1533660011 | The European Convention on Human Rights
and Jurisdictional Links during Military Operations
Keywords: International law; International human rights law; European Convention on Human Rights; Jurisdiction
This paper intends to discuss the applicability of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) to alleged violations which arise during the course of military operations conducted by Contracting Parties to the Convention.
The scope and application of the ECHR is restricted by Article 1 to events occurring ‘within the jurisdiction’ of a Contracting Party to the treaty. Although it is generally accepted that the treaty will apply to any alleged violation which occurs within the territory of a Contracting Party, the issue becomes much more complex when concerned with events which occur beyond a state’s borders. In the 2011 Al-Skeini and Others v United Kingdom judgment the European Court of Human Rights attempted to clarify this by stating that although jurisdiction was primarily territorial it could arise extraterritorially in two situations – where a Contracting Party exercised effective control of an area beyond its own territorial borders, and where a state’s agents exercised authority or control over individuals abroad.
Using as a basis for discussion an incident wherein a French Military helicopter attack is alleged to have killed six civilians in the town of Konna, Mali, in January 2013, this paper will discuss the possible applicability of the Convention to military operations abroad. Through a detailed analysis of recent case law which has largely emanated the Iraq War and northern Cyprus, this paper will consider whether the exceptions outlined in Al-Skeini, particularly the second exception of a state agent’s exercise of authority and control, would apply in a range of military activities. The piece concludes by attempting to formulate guidelines for when an individual will fall within a Contracting Party’s ‘jurisdiction’ for the purposes of Article 1 of the Convention. | [] |
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https://openalex.org/W3133596976 | Tortured Relations: Human Rights Abuses and Counterterrorism Cooperation | [
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"Iraq"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3133596976 | Two big assumptions fuel current mobilization against and policy discussions about the U.S. war on terror and its implications for human rights and international cooperation. First, terrorism creates strong pressures on governments — especially democracies — to restrict human rights. Second, these restrictions are not only immoral and illegal, but also counterproductive to curbing terrorism. If these two assumptions are correct, then democracies face a vicious circle: terrorist attacks provoke a reaction that makes it harder to defeat terrorist organizations. The U.S. government adopted a wide range of actions to curtail civil liberties and political freedoms after September 11, 2001. At the time, the Bush administration explained that these actions would help protect the United States and its citizens from further attacks. The current understanding is that Bush administration policies — including the mistreatment of prisoners at Abu Ghraib, the use of torture in interrogations at Guantanamo Bay and other secret sites, and the rendition of captured terrorist suspects to states that torture — have backfired. The consequences of these deliberate policy choices, including the deaths of multiple detainees in Iraq and Afghanistan and the massive procedural challenges to prosecuting captured terrorist suspects in the United States, have degraded America’s standing as a world leader in the protection of human rights and deterred other governments from cooperation in the war on terror. All of this, according to Amnesty International, is “destroying the human rights of ordinary people” (Amnesty International 2004) and has “made the world a more dangerous place” (BBC 2004). Motivated by both moral and practical concerns, the Obama administration is now investigating allegations of torture by Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) operatives and making strong promises to shut Guantanamo Bay. Although few concrete public steps have been taken, policymakers see the renovation of America’s human rights policy as a big part of the counterterrorism effort (Szewczyk 2009). Obama’s director of national intelligence, retired Admiral Dennis Blair, told Congress in January 2009 that Guantanamo “is a rallying cry for terrorist recruitment and harmful to our national security, so closing it is important for our national security” (Boston.com 2009). Matthew Waxman, a former Bush administration official, argues that “the United States has a strategic interest, a national security interest in promoting certain rule-of-law principles and in demonstrating the durability and legal consistency — . . . legitimacy of its counterterrorism policies in order to garner greater international cooperation in continuing counterterrorism operations” (Council on Foreign)Relations 2009). To more effectively fight the global war on terror, the general belief is that the United States needs to modify its behavior and once again protect human rights. Our contribution to this symposium explores the evidence for this point of view. | [
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https://openalex.org/W3209426548 | Withholding Democracy: The Timeliness of Self-Governance in a Post-Conflict Occupation | [
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"Iraq"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3209426548 | In December 2017, the Human Rights and Election Standards initiative at the Carter Center, in collaboration with United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), issued a Plan of Action that was culmination of two years of analysis and debate regarding a human rights approach to elections. Part of their plan recognized the need for well-written and targeted recommendations for implementing a transition to democracy. This article is a first step towards drafting such recommendations.
The right to free and fair elections is a well-established norm in international law; some scholars even argue it is a fundamental human right. Research and scholarly works in this area focus heavily on elections in newly-formed democracies within the developing world following civil war or other internal strife; little-to-no attention is paid to the responsibility an occupying power has to implement free and fair elections after it is victorious in armed conflict. While it is generally recognized no single electoral method is suitable to all nations and peoples, significant international and regional treaties, including the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, The European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, and the Charter of the Organization of American States, protect the claim of citizens to universal and equal suffrage. What is not established are the obligations on a victor and occupier, post-conflict, to enact free and fair elections for the people they now govern, even when the purpose of the conflict was to promote a democratic way of life. The issue is particularly salient when a long-term occupation is established, effectively removing the defeated nation’s ability to govern itself. And if the occupier is a long-standing democratic nation, even less attention is given to whether their decisions regarding electoral methods meet internationally-established norms.
As a cornerstone of democracy, self-rule should be enacted as soon as possible, even if it results in new and less-experienced political leaders, but even the most basic question surrounding an alleged human right has yet to be answered: How soon post-conflict should the election process begin? Timeliness of elections for transitioning democratic nations is a new area of research. The importance of determining the appropriate time for implementing elections, with the proposition earlier is better, is illustrated in this article through three case studies wherein a victorious Western occupier (the United States) oversaw a transition to democracy. The first two case studies examine the post-World War II occupations of Japan and Germany, which contrast a short- and long-term timeline for implementation of a new national government, but also include early local and regional elections to promote self-governance and democratic roots. The third case is 2003 Iraq, which is an example of a long-term process—more than two years—leading up to the first democratic elections at the national level with no earlier votes at local or regional levels. Each of these separate approaches impacted party formation, demographic and social representation, and make-up of the respective nation’s long-term government. A model approach is then presented, advocating for early, albeit not perfect, elections for the purpose of promoting democracy (i.e., citizens learn by doing) and establishing national legitimacy on the global stage through sovereignty. | [
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https://openalex.org/W2078873470 | Human Rights Defenses in US Courts | [
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] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2078873470 | Human Rights Defenses in US Courts John Quigley (bio) I think domestic courts should faithfully recognize the obligations imposed by international law. The Supremacy Clause of the United States Constitution gives legal force to foreign treaties, and our status as a free nation demands faithful compliance with the law of free nations. —Sandra Day O’Connor 1 I. Introduction In the last decade of the twentieth century, human rights have assumed new prominence in diplomacy and in law. With the end of the Cold War, regimes in the developing world that violate rights can no longer survive by allying with a major power. Eastern Europe is being drawn into European human rights institutions. Economic integration in Europe is enhancing the role of institutions that enforce rights standards. In Africa, a continent-wide human rights commission is beginning to play a meaningful role, and political change in the Republic of South Africa has created a strong new voice calling for rights observance on the African continent. In the Western hemisphere, a regional human rights court is testing its strength and beginning to decide important cases. Rights violations have become an occasion for military intervention, as witnessed by the UN actions against Iraq for its treatment of Kurds and Shi’ites, and against Haiti for failing to allow an elected president to govern. [End Page 555] The trend towards acceptance of human rights norms has not bypassed the United States. Although, by virtue of its economic and political position, the United States is somewhat insulated from pressure on human rights issues, European states have begun to target the US human rights record. Western Europe no longer uses capital punishment, and a number of European states refuse to extradite persons to the United States if they face the death penalty. Before they will extradite, these states require the United States to agree not to impose the death penalty. 2 The European Union is pressing the United States on the question of the privacy of personal data held in data banks, finding the practices of US financial institutions deficient in protecting consumers’ privacy rights. Under a 1995 European Union directive, European financial institutions may, as a sanction, stop sending financial information to the United States if it does not improve the protection given to personal data by 1998. 3 Having long resisted ratifying major human rights treaties, the United States has recently become a party to four important treaties: the Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (Convention Against Torture), 4 the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Genocide Convention), 5 the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), 6 and the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (CERD). 7 Although the United States’ motivation for ratification was [End Page 556] more to enhance its own standing to criticize others than to accept new obligations, these new treaties contain important guarantees that may expand rights in the United States. US legislation and case law also have increased rights protection in certain respects. For example, the Torture Victim Protection Act 8 allows a victim of torture to sue the alleged torturer regardless of the nationality of either party, and regardless of the location of the alleged act of torture. 9 The Genocide Convention Implementation Act 10 provides for the prosecution of US nationals for genocide, even if the genocide is committed abroad. 11 Federal courts have utilized a statute dating back to the Judiciary Act of 1789 to allow a cause of action against rights violators who commit torts in “violation of the law of nations.” 12 One major recent trend in human rights law around the world is an increased application of human rights norms by domestic courts. By virtue of constitutional provisions or judicial initiative, courts apply human rights norms as if they were locally enacted. To date this trend has had little impact in the United States, where one finds some application of human rights norms in such situations, but more often an avoidance of these norms. When US governmental agencies take adverse action against an individual, and the individual asserts a treaty-based norm in... | [
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https://openalex.org/W586268442 | The Endtimes of Human Rights by Stephen Hopgood | [
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"Iraq"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W586268442 | Reviewed by: The Endtimes of Human Rights by Stephen Hopgood Jean H. Quataert (bio) Stephen Hopgood, The Endtimes of Human Rights ( Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 2013), ISBN 9780801452376, 255 pages. That human rights norms and claims are in crisis today is not in dispute. The climate for effective, let alone presumed, fair international human rights mobilizations and actions has deteriorated dramatically in the twenty-first century. As any newspaper headline shows, the institutional apparatus designed to safeguard people at risk is deployed only selectively and demands for justice and accountability are listened to sporadically. The 2003 United States invasion of Iraq showed just how seamlessly the post-Cold War project of “humanitarian intervention” morphed into unilateral war and occupation. The defense of sovereignty and national interests is loudly announced in international affairs. It is no wonder Stephen Hopgood writes that we are living today in the end times of human rights. With this book he joins an increasing number of interdisciplinary scholars who cast a critical eye on human rights histories and developments. Their operative language is more about entanglement, unintended consequences, the politics of life, and imperialist strategies of rule and bio-power. This marks a notable shift in scholarship away from the optimism and linear progressive interpretations of the 1990s, when human rights as a research topic first moved beyond its core amid political scientists and international law scholars. Hopgood’s book, indeed, is written for its times, with particularly trenchant insights into patterns and practices over the last several decades. But it is also problematical in its historical interpretations and sweeping arguments. [End Page 257] Hopgood states that his book is not a history: “It is an argument,”1 perhaps even a polemic. That is correct; it is not a history, but not in the way he believes. He has written a grand narrative of the historical development of humanitarian practices all the way through to today’s ethical and political conundrums, replete with most of the trappings of historical methodology. It has a bounded chronology: the problems of today started in the mid-nineteenth century, (notably in 1863 with the Geneva conference), employing periodization, and developing transitional moments as, for example, in the decade of the 1970s. Most notably, Hopgood identifies a historical agent of change responsible for the emergence, development, and ongoing expansion of humanitarian sentiments and actions: the new European middle class or as he puts it, the “humanist,” who otherwise is not fully identified or anchored in his or her time or place.2 His analysis is reminiscent of an older historical paradigm, which dominated the field of European history around the 1960s and 1970s, that saw European social and economic developments as the product of the “rise and rise” of its bourgeoisie. This Western figure now takes center stage in Hopgood’s analysis of global transformation. The book, then, is not history in terms of the best practices of this field of inquiry. It is not attuned to the nuances and uncertainties of historical developments, to the “openness” of history, to its indeterminate and contingent nature and unclear paths. The book works internally because definitions are already fixed and given (usually by today’s understandings and interpretations). Humanitarianism is, he implies, rather than demonstrating the ways humanitarianism developed through fits and starts, slowly and always as a matter of contestation, as with many of its practices today. His diagnosis is not necessarily wrong (there is a lot of exciting and stimulating challenges in his analysis) but his interpretation is linear, automatic, and inevitable. Indeed, he charts today’s world as the outcome of a determined “political strategy” of the humanist (he gives a story with motive and plot) to amass ever greater power by transforming humanist norms (a “secular replacement for the Christian God”) into institutional and legal authority and eventually, effective colonizing global rules.3 His thesis, then, is quite straightforward: human rights has been turned into Human Rights by the agency of the Western European middle class, reinforced, yet at the same time transformed, in the1970s by US power with its new and fateful linkage to neoliberal democracy and state building. But he ascribes too much power to... | [
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https://openalex.org/W2076853359 | <i>Religion, Human Rights and International Law: A Critical Examination of Islamic State Practices</i> (review) | [
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"Iraq"
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"https://openalex.org/W585271719"
] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2076853359 | Reviewed by: Religion, Human Rights and International Law: A Critical Examination of Islamic State Practices Ann Elizabeth Mayer (bio) Religion, Human Rights and International Law: A Critical Examination of Islamic State Practices (Javaid Rehman & Susan C. Breau eds., Martinus Nijhoff 2007) 569 pages, ISBN 9789004158269. Contained in this multi-authored collection are many valuable case studies; curiously, they are largely unrelated to the “Islamic State Practices” mentioned in the subtitle. Among other topics, the chapters touch on various dimensions of the predicaments of Muslim minorities in Western countries, controversies over requirements of freedom of religion, human rights problems in Pakistan, asylum policy, and India’s caste system. Often religion recedes into the background as sociological and political issues come to the fore. Not only do the subjects vary widely, but the quality also varies; the many chapters offering illuminating scholarship by experts are set off against some weaker chapters. The case studies on Muslim minorities in the West are generally excellent. A trenchant critique of Western systems of protecting religious freedom is offered by Alice Diver and John Thompson. They show how these systems accommodate subtle forms of discrimination, such as restrictions on locations and delays in permits for constructing places of worship for Muslims and others outside the Judeo-Christian tradition. They characterize these practices as indirect forms of persecution, ones that may be facially neutral but mask Western prejudices. Such restrictions tend to evade scrutiny because they are not covered in international human rights instruments, which do not unconditionally protect the right to worship in public. Showing empathy for the grievances of Muslim minorities, the chapter concludes that denial of sacred space to minorities amounts to a counterproductive denial of identity rights and equal citizenship. Victoria Montgomery’s chapter has the witty title “Are You a Protestant or a Catholic Muslim? The Path of Muslim Integration into Northern Ireland.” This reflects a sharply bifurcated community where one is expected to belong either to the Protestant majority or to the large Catholic minority, with only 1 percent of the population belonging to the “other” category. In a region that is dominated by tensions between Protestants and Catholics, Muslims are little more than a footnote. Local attitudes in this relatively remote region have been shaped by processes of global interconnectedness. Non-Muslims embrace negative stereotypes about Muslims being linked to terrorism while, at the same time, Muslims are concerned about the sufferings that Western military interventions have inflicted on their coreligionists in countries like Iraq. Montgomery presents a careful assessment of potential ways of dealing with minority issues, thoughtfully exploring the pros and cons offered by models of assimilationism, liberal integration, and multiculturalism, none of which guarantee ideal results. Meanwhile, she posits that the absence of an inclusive Northern Ireland identity will lead to perpetuating the perception that local Muslims are foreigners. Alexandra Xanthaki probes how the United Kingdom deals with its Muslim [End Page 521] minority, which feels stigmatized by Islamophobia. Her background concern is arriving at policies that minimize the alienation that feeds extremist currents in Muslim communities. Xanthaki carefully explores the hotly contested dimensions of pluralism and multiculturalism, proposing “a dialog process that includes different elements of the society, a process where groups are conceived as equal partners rather than mere negotiators or imitators of the dominant groups.”1 According to her, in the interests of progress, minorities must endorse dialogue and acknowledge that their own culture will evolve along with the national culture. Ben Chigara dissects issues that are raised as Western states seek to maximize their discretion in dealing with individuals suspected of involvement in terrorism. As Chigara sees it, in this context, Muslims have been effectively relegated to the status of sub-humans who are now precluded from claiming full human rights. Chigara argues passionately against the proposition that any category of human beings may be denied the full protections of international human rights law in the interests of protecting national security. According to Chigara, one of the ominous aspects of the “war on terror” is that it has categorized human rights as the terrorist’s refuge. He warns of dangerous constitutional and cultural trends in the West that could lead to states becoming... | [
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https://openalex.org/W2068897081 | <i>National Insecurity and Human Rights: Democracies Debate Counterterrorism</i>, and: <i>Security and Human Rights</i> (review) | [
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"display_name": "Mahmood Monshipouri",
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"Iraq",
"Israel"
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"https://openalex.org/W437652976",
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"https://openalex.org/W1745208575",
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] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2068897081 | Reviewed by: National Insecurity and Human Rights: Democracies Debate Counterterrorism, and: Security and Human Rights Mahmood Monshipouri (bio) National Insecurity and Human Rights: Democracies Debate Counterterrorism. (Alison Brysk & Gershon Shafir eds., Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007), pp. 236, plus Index. Security and Human Rights. (Benjamin J. Goold & Liora Lazarus eds.,Oxford and Portland, OR: Hart Publishing, 2007), pp. 383, plus Index. The possibility of allowing a culture of security rooted in fear to trump, or even [End Page 817] displace, a laboriously constructed—but still incomplete—culture of human rights presents a real dilemma for the West. After 9/11, the Bush administration took several steps in its announced "war against terror" that resulted in the torture or degrading treatment of many individuals and prisoners in Afghanistan, Iraq, and Guantanamo Bay. The Bush administration has used "the war on terror" to justify a massive expansion in the jurisdiction of the federal government. The USA PATRIOT Act has widened the use of wiretapping on telephone calls and emails and also authorized the Attorney General to detain foreign nationals on mere suspicion, without due process and normal legal protections under the US Constitution. The executive's fixation with security has diluted the importance of the rule of law in the struggle against terrorism, failing to protect due process rights within ordinary criminal justice systems. The question is: are counterterrorism campaigns bound to undercut civil liberties or can they be reconciled? As these timely and stimulating volumes make clear, the relationship between security and human rights is complex. A more nuanced analysis is required to capture the true complexity of reconciling the two. National Insecurity and Human Rights, edited by Brysk and Shafir, offers a historical and comparative analysis with a view toward exploring the ways in which democracies have coped and can cope with the threat of terror while protecting human rights. The book's central theme offers a pungent criticism: human rights violations erode national security and democracy. The contribution by Richard Falk calls into question the integration of counter-proliferation into the broader issue of counterterrorism, arguing that this wider set of global objectives further complicates comparisons of US counterterrorism operations with those undertaken by other countries. This approach, Falk points out, explains widening "implications of declaring 'war' rather than relying on enhanced law enforcement."1 Examining the Bush administration's policy under the rubric of "war on terror," David P. Forsythe argues that although coercive interrogation may from time to time yield actionable intelligence of considerable value, there are many negative consequences involved in the process. Those include, among others, the decline of US soft power, "damage to its sense of proper identity and honor, undermining its efforts to protect its own personnel when captured in the future, and above all the antagonism and hostility of foreign populations."2 The chapters by Colm Campbell (Northern Ireland) and Todd Landman (the United Kingdom) demonstrate the rising significance of international humanitarian law in the long run. Britain leaned toward peaceful solutions in Northern Ireland only after they stopped abusive tactics. In the case of Israel, Gershon Shafir, shows that according to the Landau Commission, "physical pressure" was used against 85 percent of Palestinian terror suspects after the first uprising (intifadah). That policy did not prevent the escalation of wider violence in the occupied territories. To make torture exceptional rather than systematic, Shafir asserts, requires ending the cumulative result of war, occupation, [End Page 818] colonialism, and colonization.3 The Spanish case, as explained by Salvador Marti, Pilar Domingo, and Pedro Ibarra, indicates the perils of the politicization of counterterrorism and benefits of leaving the matter in the hands of the police and the judiciary. The context within which the declaration of a "permanent ceasefire" by ETA in spring 2006 was issued underscored the importance of introducing measures of accountability and control over criminal justice procedures. The authors echo the words of Spain's prosecutor of ETA and Pinochet, Baltasar Garzon, who once said: "I come from the country of the Inquisition. . . . We had to learn from experience that torture, mistreatment, and degradation do not work."4 Howard Adelman looks into the case of Maher Arar, a Canadian telecommunications engineer born... | [
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https://openalex.org/W2092818122 | Morocco and Its Women’s Rights Struggle | [
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"Morocco"
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] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2092818122 | This article examines the rarely talked about subtleties of Moroccan reform in the realm of women’s rights and its inadequate fulfillment of obligations to international human rights standards. The Preamble to Morocco’s post-Arab Spring 2011 constitution follows the example of its 1996 version, in which the state declared its “determination to abide by the universally recognised human rights.” However, while the state is often hailed in the international forums and media as a true trendsetter in the realm of women’s rights in the Middle East and North Africa region, this analysis of the much celebrated Family Code and its two main goals-“doing justice to women” and “preserving men’s dignity”-and of the regime’s ambivalent discourse on gender equality as defined by the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) paints a more realistic picture. Both of these cases indicate that the state is failing to ameliorate the legal position of women and to consider women as autonomous and individual human beings with intrinsic rights not contingent upon first fulfilling their customary obligations. I contend, therefore, that the way the reformed Family Code has formulated its goals and the way that the law and the state continue to conceptualize a woman go against the main principle of individuality contained in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and CEDAW to which Morocco has continually committed itself, at least on paper. | [
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https://openalex.org/W1976743546 | Who Trusts Local Human Rights Organizations?: Evidence from Three World Regions | [
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] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1976743546 | Local human rights organizations (LHROs) are crucial allies in international efforts to promote human rights. Without support from organized civil society, efforts by transnational human rights reformers would have little effect. Despite their importance, we have little systematic information on the correlates of public trust in LHROs. To fill this gap, we conducted key informant interviews with 233 human rights workers from sixty countries, and then administered a new Human Rights Perceptions Poll to representative public samples in Mexico (n = 2,400), Morocco (n = 1,100), India (n = 1,680), and Colombia (n = 1,699). Our data reveal that popular trust in local rights groups is consistently associated with greater respondent familiarity with the rights discourse, actors, and organizations, along with greater skepticism toward state institutions and agents. The evidence fails to provide consistent, strong support for other commonly held expectations, however, including those about the effects of foreign funding, socioeconomic status, and transnational connections. | [
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https://openalex.org/W4250977426 | Taking Root | [
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"display_name": "Archana Pandya",
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"Morocco"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4250977426 | The number of rights organizations worldwide has grown exponentially, as the term “human rights” becomes increasingly common among politicians and civil society activists. As international donors pour money into global human rights promotion, many governments—as well as scores of scholars and activists—fear a subtle, Western-led campaign for political, economic, and cultural domination. This book asks: What do publics in the global South think? Drawing on surveys in India, Mexico, Morocco, and Nigeria, the book finds most people are in fact broadly supportive of human rights discourse, trust local, rights-promoting organizations, and do not view human rights as a tool of foreign powers. Pro-human rights constituencies, rather, tend to be highly skeptical of the U.S. government, of multinational corporations, and of their own governments. However, this generalized public support for the human rights “brand” is not grounded in strong commitments of public effort or money, or in dense social ties to the nongovernmental rights sector. Publics in the global South rarely give to their local rights groups, and few local rights organizations attempt to raise funds apart from foreign aid. This strategy is becoming increasingly untenable as governments crack down on foreign aid to civil society. The book also analyzes the complex relationships between religion and human rights, finding that public or social elements of religiosity are often associated with less support for human rights organizations. Personal religiosity, on the other hand, is often associated with more human rights support. | [
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https://openalex.org/W2912850721 | Indigenous peoples’ rights in Morocco: subaltern narratives by Amazigh women | [
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"Morocco"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2912850721 | Morocco’s 2011 Constitution affirmed the principle of equality between men and women (art. 19) and officialised the (indigenous) Amazigh language (art. 5) alongside Arabic. However, despite apparent progress in the areas of minority groups' and indigenous peoples’ rights and gender equality, Amazigh women’s rights continue to be violated both from within and from outside their own communities. While the Moroccan State fails to guarantee, inter alia, the Amazigh community’s access to language and education rights (as enumerated in arts. 13–14 of UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples [UNDRIP]), this article challenges dominant approaches to the study of Amazigh rights for failing to take into account the lived experiences and counter-narrative of Amazigh women. As such, this article departs from the international human rights-based vindications of Amazigh cultural groups to focus instead on the rights and identity articulation among Amazigh women themselves. This article considers whether local-based remedies might be more effective than trying to graft on larger international approaches when looking at the issue of minority and indigenous women. | [
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https://openalex.org/W3181475426 | BRIDGING THE INTERNATIONAL GAP: THE ROLE OF NATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS INSTITUTIONS IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS TREATIES IN AFRICA | [
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"Morocco"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3181475426 | While most of the United Nations (UN) treaties have committees to monitor the implementation of their provisions among their States parties, one of the major challenges they encounter is their inability to independently verify the information provided by the States parties, on the level of fulfilling their obligations to the treaties. However, the establishment of National Human Rights Institutions (NHRIs) by the majority of UN member states was meant to not only promote and protect human rights within the territories of States parties, but also to monitor the implementation of the provisions of treaties at the domestic level. This resulted in treaty bodies to encourage NHRIs, in monitoring and providing it with information on the level of implementation of the provisions of these treaties within the territories of respective States parties. This article examines whether these institutions in Africa have been able to discharge their mandates concerning the implementation of two treaties, namely, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) which is monitored by the Human Rights Committee (HRC) and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) which is overseen by the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR). The NHRIs of South Africa, Morocco and Nigeria have been selected to test the effectiveness of these institutions. The study ultimately shows that the majority of these institutions are still far off from achieving their potential. | [
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https://openalex.org/W2945086294 | Immigration in Italy: the medical community's role in human rights | [
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"Morocco"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2945086294 | Italy has been witnessing a rapid escalation towards racism and xenophobia since the new government came into power in June, 2018. On Nov 27, 2018, the lower house of the Italian Parliament approved the Decree-Law on Immigration and Security, which includes measures that would abolish humanitarian protection status for migrants, block asylum seekers from accessing reception centres focusing on social inclusion, and extend the duration of detention in return centres and hotspots. These measures fundamentally undermine international human rights principles. The day after approval, the Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of the Interior declared that Italy would not sign the UN Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration or take part in an intergovernmental conference in Marrakech, Morocco, on Dec 10, 2018. The UN has condemned these alarming hatred measures and published an appeal to the Italian Government to reconsider the legislative changes and prevent violation of international human rights law. UN human rights experts are also “concerned about the continuing smear campaigns against civil society organisations engaged in search and rescue operations in the Mediterranean Sea, as well as the criminalisation of the work of migrant rights defenders, which have become more widespread in Italy”.1UN Human RightsOffice of the high commissioner. Legal changes and climate of hatred threaten migrants' rights in Italy, say UN experts.https://www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=23908&LangID=EDate: Nov 21, 2018Date accessed: November 28, 2018Google Scholar The experts continued: “Saving lives is not a crime. Protecting human dignity is not a crime. Acts of solidarity and humanity should not be prosecuted.”1UN Human RightsOffice of the high commissioner. Legal changes and climate of hatred threaten migrants' rights in Italy, say UN experts.https://www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=23908&LangID=EDate: Nov 21, 2018Date accessed: November 28, 2018Google Scholar The Decree-Law on Immigration and Security has serious implications for the right to health, both regarding access to the national health-care system and the social conditions that contribute to the physical and mental health of immigrants. In a time of growing intolerance and racial discrimination worldwide, and of nationalistic attitudes towards integration, European physicians and health-care providers must join forces in counteracting these views. Authorities and practitioners must protect immigrant populations from undeserved human rights violations and promote the universal right to health—aspects fundamental to a dignified life. This action is not only an ethical and moral duty, but also a deontological obligation of medical doctors, who must defend these rights regardless of race, religious creed, gender, skin colour, socioeconomic status, or nationality. I declare no competing interests. European education corridors: opportunity for academic solidarityIn times of growing political tensions around migration, health-care providers can help to protect migrant populations from exclusion.1,2 The UCL–Lancet Commission on Migration and Health called for a strengthening, through regulatory and training bodies, of health professionals' and organisations' awareness of discrimination.2 We add that organisations engaged in health science and biomedical education can fulfil their moral and deontological duty to protect populations that are susceptible to discrimination by also promoting the right to education. Full-Text PDF | [
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https://openalex.org/W3161890863 | التجربة المغربية في ادماج المهاجرين واللاجئين | [
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"Morocco"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3161890863 | Immigration is an old human phenomenon that has become a concern for a large number of countries, including Morocco. Besides and by its geographical position, Morocco is considered as a transit point for African migrants to Europe and this requires undoubtedly great efforts to preserve the rights of these foreigners. The 2011 Moroccan Constitution instructs the obligation to protect human rights and take into account its universal character in addition of making international conventions prevail over national legislation. Morocco's ratification of several international human rights conventions has resulted therefore in the compatibility of the national legal system with these agreements. These modifications which include protecting the rights of all migrant workers and their family members, have been incorporated into Moroccan national law, in the context of Morocco's compliance with its laws and its international human rights obligations. Thus, many Moroccan laws include dispositions in this direction, such as the Criminal Code, the Law on the Entry and Stay of Foreigners in the Kingdom and Illegal Immigration. Despite the importance of the legal guarantees and privileges granted to migrants in Morocco under the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, there are shortcomings in their application on the ground, as noted, by the UN Committee on the Protection of the Rights of Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, on the report submitted by the Government of Morocco in June 2013. | [] |
|
https://openalex.org/W3082796374 | EU and US Border Policy: Externalisation of Migration Control and Violation of the Right to Asylum | [
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"Morocco"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3082796374 | This chapter provides a comparative perspective, drawing parallels between US-Mexico and EU-Morocco border policy. In recent years, the US has funneled significant resources to Mexico to stop the flow of women and children to the US border, making a difficult journey even more perilous for those seeking protection. The EU has similarly fortified its borders, externalising migration control to a number of countries, including Morocco. This chapter explores whether the aforementioned US and EU policies violate domestic and international legal obligations, including the principle of non-refoulement under the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and 1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees, the right to seek asylum set forth in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (udhr), as well as human rights obligations under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (iccpr) and under regional human rights instruments. The chapter also assesses the impact of externalising migration control on the development of the domestic asylum systems in Mexico and Morocco, given the obstacles to implementation and the barriers to formal recognition presented in both contexts. | [
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https://openalex.org/W3095833727 | Mernissi’s impact on Islamic feminism: a critique of the religious approach | [
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"Morocco"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3095833727 | This article shows the different themes but also change of perspectives and approaches that Mernissi dealt with or underwent over the years. It examines the trajectory and impact of her arguments, especially from a critical standpoint. It sheds light on her religious approach and its bearing on Islamic and Moroccan feminisms. The latter approach does not explain the complexity of the link between women’s status and the socio-political context in a Muslim-majority country like Morocco, nor does it provide an answer to women’s problems and aspirations. Using the intersectionality theory, I claim that, to challenge patriarchy and foster gender equality and women’s empowerment, the alternative approach is to think beyond Islam, by arguing that Moroccan women’s roles are shaped by a variety of intersecting factors, namely post-colonial thinking, demographic change, nationalism, poverty, and the progressive shift to a modern society. Adopting the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), first promulgated in 1979 by the UN General Assembly, and often described as an international bill of rights for women, is also part of this alternative human rights approach. | [
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|
https://openalex.org/W4248489893 | Introduction | [
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"Morocco"
] | [
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] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4248489893 | IN THIS STUDY, I EXAMINE THE VALIDITY of theses describing fundamental rights as products of colonialism and forms of cultural imperialism by analyzing the role played by Morocco in the drafting process of the Convention against Torture, and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (1977, 1984).1 I argue that the international norms and standards that emerged out of this process resulted from negotiations involving states and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) representing an equitable geographic distribution and various civilizations. The failure to find a form for these standards to take root and grow within Morocco’s cultural heritage, and the failure to protect Moroccan citizens against the direct and/or indirect participation of powerful states—France and the United States in particular—in internal torture practices and other forms of degrading treatment, resulted from the limited role played by the Moroccan state in the development and implementation of these international norms and standards. By opposing cultural relativism discourses communicated by certain states to their politics delegitimizing fundamental rights—and in which theses of cultural imperialism indirectly participate—I maintain that improved knowledge in the area of fundamental rights, beginning with a thorough examination of popular beliefs, would allow us to deconstruct resistance and articulate new perspectives for the purpose of making the system of rights protection of the Human Rights Law (HRL) more inclusive. | [
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https://openalex.org/W4318480648 | Criminal Procedure and Human Rights in Morocco: A Profound Dilemma | [
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"Morocco"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4318480648 | Abstract The meeting between the imperatives of criminal procedure, as legal instruments of the State, and human rights generates a confrontation at one time or another. Procedural formalities tend to protect society from the scourge of crime, while human rights imply respect for the fundamental rights and freedoms of the individual. However, implementing procedural formalities inevitably prevents the exercise of certain human rights. This article addresses this clash within the context of legal developments in Morocco since the promulgation of the 2011 Constitution. It highlights the extensive transformations in Morocco since 2011, the main objective of which was strengthening human rights and consolidating the rule of law. The most remarkable transformation undoubtedly remains the independence of the judiciary and the complete emancipation of the Public Prosecutor’s Office from the Minister of Justice’s power. | [
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https://openalex.org/W4311834236 | The Morocco-Nigeria BIT: An Important Contribution to Ensuring the Accountability of TNCs for their Human Rights Violations? | [
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"Morocco"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4311834236 | Corporate accountability for human rights violations has been at the forefront of the business and human rights debate. This debate has focused on the establishment of binding human rights obligations on corporate entities, particularly following the Human rights Council’s initiative to establish a treaty on business and human rights– a mandate given to the open-ended intergovernmental working group on transnational corporations and other business enterprises with respect to human rights. Joining this debate, this paper briefly comments on relevant provisions of the 2016 Morocco-Nigeria Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT) which appears to contain innovative provisions that seek to ensure that investors (who are often corporate entities) are held accountable for their investment activities that adversely impact human rights within their host States. Although the Morocco-Nigeria BIT remains exceptional within the investment treaty framework, it reflects an initiative to ensure that the next generation of BITs encourages greater corporate accountability for their human rights violations. | [
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https://openalex.org/W4318833614 | The Morocco-Nigeria BIT: An Important contribution to Ensuring the Accountability of TNCs for Their Human Rights Violations? | [
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"Morocco"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4318833614 | Corporate accountability for human rights violations has been at the forefront of the business and human rights debate. This debate has focused on the establishment of binding human rights obligations on corporate entities, particularly following the Human rights Council’s initiative to establish a treaty on business and human rights– a mandate given to the open-ended intergovernmental working group on transnational corporations and other business enterprises with respect to human rights. Joining this debate, this paper briefly comments on relevant provisions of the 2016 Morocco-Nigeria Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT) which appears to contain innovative provisions that seek to ensure that investors (who are often corporate entities) are held accountable for their investment activities that adversely impact human rights within their host States. Although the Morocco-Nigeria BIT remains exceptional within the investment treaty framework, it reflects an initiative to ensure that the next generation of BITs encourages greater corporate accountability for their human rights violations. | [
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https://openalex.org/W33032503 | MNA knowledge and learning fast brief ; no. 101 | [
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
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"Morocco"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W33032503 | Morocco saw significant progress in economic, social and human development outcomes during the past decade. Women as well as men benefitted from increased access to services: gender gaps in access to education narrowed significantly (girls/boys enrollment ratios for the primary level jumped from around 70 percent in the mid-1990s to 95 percent today) and health indicators improved steadily, including adolescent fertility - at 35 births per 1000 women ages 15 to 19 - much lower than the worlds and LMI countries averages of 49 and 59 respectively). Considerable reforms have been done to the legal framework, with the intent to improve women's economic, social and political development. Morocco today has one of MENA's most liberal and progressive legal frameworks on gender equality. The Constitution, revised in 2011, provides for equality of women and men and obligates public bodies to promote liberty and equality for all citizens and foster participation in political, economic, social and cultural life. The Moudawana (Family Code), strongly influenced by women's groups, was revised in 2004. It expanded the rights of women in the areas of guardianship, marriage, child custody, and access to divorce. Gender equality is enshrined in key laws, such as the Labor Code (2003) and the Law on Nationality (2008). The 2009 introduction of local election quotas raised the level of women's representation. Morocco formally withdrew reservations to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) in 2011, adopting its Optional Protocol in 2012. De jure, women enjoy more freedom to travel, more access to jobs and education, and greater empowerment in marriage and divorce. Institutions were also established to implement reforms, such as the Family Solidarity Fund and an enhanced family court system. | [] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2501292333 | Colonialism as a Policy of Resistance to Human Rights Law | [
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"https://openalex.org/W3177276581",
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] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2501292333 | IN THIS CHAPTER, I ARGUE THAT COLONIALISM and the Human Rights Law (HRL), the international jurisdiction that instigated the Convention against Torture project, are not comparable: one accompanies violations of fundamental rights, while the other seeks to protect these rights. When the Moroccan state evoked colonialism during interstate negotiations related to drafting the Convention against Torture, it sought to produce resistance to the HRL internally. | [
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https://openalex.org/W2967910796 | The Impact of CEDAW’s Global Norms on GBV Legislation in Morocco | [
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] | [
"Morocco"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2967910796 | Since 2011, at least 10 countries in the MENA region have either replaced, reformed or reconsidered their constitutional frameworks. In the years that ensued, a number of improvements were made throughout the MENA region which particularly enshrined reforms on gender equality, gender discrimination, violence against women, political participation, and labor (Tripp, 2019). This momentum for legal change has been largely affected by the adoption of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women in 1979. In Morocco, CEDAW was ratified in June 1993 and since then the state has taken initiatives to enshrine gender equality in its public and private spheres. These initiatives were further consolidated though the legal reform of the Constitution in 2011 and enactment of a law on VAW in 2018. Combining insights from a content gendered analysis of the constitution and the 103-13 Law and interviews with feminists and political activists, this article offers two major contributions. It develops a comprehensive analysis of the impact of CEDAW’s international norms, especially those related to gender-based violence, on Morocco’s legal framework. And it shows that the internalization of global norms in the Moroccan legal structure remains of evolutionary nature since it is determined principally by domestic dynamics and political compromises. Keywords : Gender equality, CEDAW, Global Norms, violence against women, national legislation | [] |
|
https://openalex.org/W3123419313 | Article 16 of the Women's Convention and the Status of Muslim Women at Divorce | [
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"Morocco"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3123419313 | In order to demonstrate the significance of Article 16 (1)(c) Women’s Convention on gender equality and divorce for Muslim women, this article first highlights the importance of the ‘persuasive power’ of the Convention strengthened by - although it is a soft law mechanism - its reporting procedure to CEDAW. As a result, the eagerness of states to create the image of being supportive of equality for women in the international community, as illustrated by Morocco and Pakistan, leads to corrosion of the legitimacy of their discriminating domestic divorce laws as it becomes more and more difficult for these states to justify their application. This process, as such, already indicates a transitional stage towards reform and thus compliance with the Convention. Moreover, these external pressure exerting powers are indispensable for and complementary to the domestic pressure for reforms by NGO’s. Furthermore, an approach from a culturally nuanced perspective in order to further the implementation of Article 16 (1)(c) in Islamic states is advocated in this chapter. It appears that the option of striving for substantive equality or equality of results is more feasible than to strive for the Convention’s requirement of full equality. The latter is at odds with the fundamental Islamic legal principle that either spouse has his/her own modalities of divorce. Morocco is exemplary in this respect as its government - under pressure of NGO’s and CEDAW - has accomplished a balanced system of divorce modalities by introducing an independent accessible, judicial divorce modality for either or both spouses and submitting the repudiation-based divorces to judicial monitoring. | [] |
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https://openalex.org/W3121293612 | Who Trusts Local Human Rights Organizations? Evidence from Three World Regions | [
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"Morocco"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3121293612 | Local human rights organizations (LHROs) are crucial allies in international efforts to promote human rights. Without support from organized civil society, efforts by transnational human rights reformers will have little effect. Despite their importance, we have little systematic information on the correlates of public trust in LHROs. To fill this gap, we conducted key informant interviews with 234 human rights workers from 60 countries, and then administered a new Human Rights Perceptions Poll to representative public samples in Mexico (n=2,400), Morocco (n=1,100), India (n=1,680) and Colombia (n=1,699). Our data reveal that popular trust in local rights groups is consistently associated with greater respondent familiarity with the rights discourse, actors, and organizations, along with greater skepticism towards state institutions and agents. The evidence fails to provide consistent, strong support for other commonly held expectations, however, including those about the effects of foreign funding, socioeconomic status, and transnational connections. | [] |
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https://openalex.org/W2362669051 | RESEARCH ON WATER RIGHT IN THE DIMENSION OF INTERNATIONAL LAW AND COMPARISON LAW | [
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"Morocco"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2362669051 | right is a basic human right.Some international treaties and regional human right treaties have began to affirm the water right.Water right is also affirmed as a human right in the constitutions of the several countries.For example,in the Europe country,such as Belgium,Spain,France,Luxembourg,Norway,Romania,Switzerland,and out of Europe,such as South Africa,Morocco,Niger,New Zealand,Uruguay etc.It becomes a trend that the human right law and the constitutions start recognizing the water right.Water right implies the limitation of the public power.Therefore,some countries are not actively supporting the right.That our country constitution does not admit water right is one basic human rights,but that the water right to use on the property law is clear with what be admitted that commonly water right as human rights evidently with international conventions,region treaties and every country constitution is completely different.In 2008 the newly amended Water Pollution Control Act is arranged by a command-style management system,and the content about civil rights is still tended to the compulsory.Our constitution should acknowledge the water right. | [
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https://openalex.org/W3032753894 | Minority Rights, Feminism and International Law: Voices of Amazigh Women in Morocco | [
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"Morocco"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3032753894 | Investigating minority and indigenous women’s rights in Muslim-majority states, this book critically examines the human rights regime within international law.Based on extensive and diverse ethnographic research on Amazigh women in Morocco, the book unpacks and challenges generally accepted notions of rights and equality. Significantly, and controversially, the book challenges the supposedly ‘emancipatory’ power vested in the human rights project; arguing that rights-based discourses are sites of contestation for different groups that use them to assert their agency in society. More specifically, it shows how the very conditions that make minority and indigenous women instrumental to the preservation of their culture may condemn them to a position of subalternity. In response, and engaging the notion and meaning of Islamic feminism, the book proposes that feminism should be interpreted and contextualised locally in order to be effective and inclusive, and so in order for the human rights project to fully realise its potential to empower the marginalised and make space for their voices to be heard.Providing a detailed, empirically based, analysis of rights in action, this book will be of relevance to scholars, students and practitioners in human rights policy and practice, in international law, minorities’ and indigenous peoples’ rights, gender studies, and Middle Eastern and North African Studies. | [] |
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https://openalex.org/W2416937258 | Cultural Heritage in Transit: Intangible Rights as Human Rights | [
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"Morocco"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2416937258 | Cultural Heritage in Transit: Intangible Rights as Human Rights. Edited by Deborah Kapchan. (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014. Pp. vi + 238, introduction, photographs, illustrations, notes, bibliography, index. $59.95 cloth.)Cultural Heritage in Transit constitutes a timely, valuable contribution to study of global circulation of cultural heritage values and practices, as well as myriad ways intangible heritage is conceived, practiced, and adopted as lynchpin for discourses of cultural rights. Its contributing authors comprise a small group of internationally distinguished, highly respected folklore scholars with a wide range of departmental homes. As an interdisciplinary volume, Cultural Heritage in Transit will undoubtedly be of broader interest to scholars in Folkloristics, Anthropology, Heritage Studies, and Performance Studies.The book primarily argues for fundamental interrelatedness of cultural, social, and human advocating for importance of aesthetics and performance in human rights discourse. While foregrounding ambiguities of concept of cultural property, it specifically aims to map effects of heritage industry across a variety of cultural and institutional contexts in order to unweave invisible threads between cultural rights and human rights writ large (12). Editor Deborah Kapchan provocatively asserts volume evidences that cultural expressions may be essential barometers of human rights, with aesthetic and political signs of human rights violations inexorably intertwined (17). Significantly, she defines intangible here synonymous with cultural as including right to sense and feel, right to imagine, and right to identify. As part of embodied realm of everyday aesthetic practice, intangible rights are formulated as belonging to a category of human rights often taken for granted or ignored.The volume's contributing authors cover a broad spectrum of conceptual approaches and geographic diversity, ranging from contemporary Pagan cultural rights claims upon British heritage sites to transformations in fabric of Moroccan public performance with UNESCO intangible cultural heritage recognition. Valdimar Hafstein examines relationships between communities and states, empowerment and subjection, and heritage and govemmentality, positing intangible cultural heritage as a tool of intervention and transformation he argues ultimately serves as a means of dispossession. Drawing on examples from Afghanistan, Northern Ireland, and Appalachia, Dorothy Noyes proposes three terms to account for cultural survivalist discourses have persisted into neoliberal present-heritage, what freeze cryogenically at point of death; legacy, what keep on life support because can't afford to kill it off'; and zombie, the thing try to kill but can't: it keeps coming back to life and attacking you (74). Philip Scher employs Foucault's notion of biopolitics in considering how idea of cultural rights as human rights plays out in Caribbean, where culture is increasingly formulated as part of state's global cultural brand and official economic development policies. Barbro Klein traces background of present concerns with human rights and heritage protection by exploring Sweden's contemporary heritage project within context of history of Swedish folklife research. … | [
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https://openalex.org/W3126489699 | International Law/European Court of Human Rights | [
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"Morocco"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3126489699 | International Law/European Court of Human Rights By Alice Diver Introduction The material selected for inclusion is drawn from academic journal articles, key texts, and relevant instruments of International Law (e.g. from the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child). Some of the selected works explore the issue of genetic identity as a human right (taking into account international adoption, the right to health, or gamete-donation); others seek to frame origin deprivation more as a violation of international law norms on the protection of cultural heritage or “birth-right.” The case law of the European Court of Human Rights was selected for inclusion on the basis that adoption (and, to a lesser extent, the right to access one’s ancestral identity) and issues closely related to adoption (contact, information release, sealed records) featured prominently. The key provisions of the European Convention, in terms of bringing proceedings against a member state, tend to be Article 8 (the right to be afforded respect for one’s home, family life, private life, and correspondence) and, increasingly, Article 6 (the right to “fair trial” or, more accurately in the civil law context, “fair hearing”) which has served to highlight how matters of process must not be overlooked in the processes associated with child adoption (e.g. legal representation at pre-hearing meetings to negotiate postadoption contact. University of Ulster Alston, Phillip. “Conjuring Up New Human Rights: A Proposal For Quality Control?” American Journal of International Law 78 (1984): 607–15. Print. Bargach, Jamila. Orphans of Islam: Family, Abandonment and Secret Adoption in Morocco. Oxford: Rowman and Littlefield, 2002. Print. Bartholet, Elizabeth. “International Adoption: A Way Forward.” NY Law Rev. 55 (2010-2011): 687–99. Print. Adoption & Culture Vol. 4 (2014) 92 ---. “Permanency is Not Enough: Children Need the Nurturing Parents Found in International Adoption.” NY Law Rev. 55 (2010-2011): 781–88. Print. ---. “Ratification by the United States of the Convention on the Rights of the Child: Pros and Cons from a Child Rights Perspective.” The Child as Citizen. Spec. issue of The Annals of Amer. Acad. Political and Social Science 633 (2011): 80–101. Print. Besson, Samantha. “Enforcing the Child’s Right to Know Their Own Origins: Contrasting Approaches Under the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the European Convention on Human Rights.” International Journal of Law, Policy and the Family 21 (2007): 137–59. Print. Blyth, Eric, and Abigail Farrand. “Anonymity in Donor-assisted Conception and the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child.” International Journal of Children’s Rights 12 (2004): 89-104. Print. Bojorge, Celica. “Intercountry Adoptions: In the Best Interests of the Child?” QUT Law and Justice Journal 2.2 (2002): 15–38. Print. Booth, Penny. “The Right to Know One’s Father.” Family Law Journal 34 (2004): 270–73. Print. Brower Blair, Marianne. “The Impact of Family Paradigms, Domestic Constitutions and International Conventions on Disclosure of an Adopted Person’s Identities and Heritage: A Comparative Perspective.” Michigan Journal of International Law 22 (2000–2001): 587–672. Print. Cahn, Naomi. “Children’s Interests and Information Disclosure: Who Provided The Egg and Sperm? Or, Mommy, Where (And Whom) Do I Come From?” The Georgetown Journal of Gender and Law 2.1 (2000–2001): 1–27. Print. Callus, Therese. “Tempered Hope? A Qualified Right To Know One’s Genetic Origin: Odièvre v. France.” Modern Law Review 67.4 (2004): 658–69. Print. Cardello, Andrea. “The Movement of the Mother of the Courthouse Square: Legal Child Trafficking, Adoption and Poverty in Brazil.” Journal of Latin American and Carribbean Anthropology 14.1 (2009): 140–61. Print. Cerda, Jamie Sergio. “The Draft Convention on the Rights of the Child: New Rights.” Human Rights Quarterly 12 (1990): 115–17. Print. Diver, “International” 93 Dennison, Michelle. “Revealing Your Sources: The Case for NonAnonymous Gamete Donation.” Journal of Law & Health 21 (2007– 2008): 1–28. Print. Detrick, Sharon, Jaap Doek, and Nigel Cantwell, eds. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child: A Guide to the “Travaux Preparatoires.” Dordrecht, NETH: Martinus Nijhoff, 1992. Print. Diver, Alice. A Law of Blood-ties: The ‘Right’ to Access Genetic Ancestry. New York: Springer International, 2013. Print. ---. “Conceptualizing the ‘Right’ to Avoid... | [
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240"
},
{
"display_name": "Genetics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C54355233"
}
] | [
"United Arab Emirates"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4299804765 | The purpose of this study is to provide an evaluation of the United Arab Emirates’ (UAE) reservations to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women’s (CEDAW) Article 16 through the frame of constructive harmonisation between Islamic family law and CEDAW. It has been divided into two sections: firstly, women’s rights in Islamic family law, and secondly, the UAE’s reservation to CEDAW Article 16 and equal rights to marriage and family relations. The study concluded that gender equality under CEDAW and the complementarity principle of Shari’ah are two different concepts, since complementarity includes gender differences, but equality does not. According to the study, both concepts can be helpful in identifying areas of harmonisation since most Arab countries, including UAE, have enacted or amended laws that interpret Shari’ah in a way that is compatible with Human rights treaties, including CEDAW. As a result, the UAE may not be able to maintain most of its CEDAW reservations, including Article 16. | [
{
"display_name": "Australian Journal of Human Rights",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210218169",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2768840822 | The impact of international human rights on women’s rights in the United Arab Emirates: progress towards gender equality | [
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Mohamed Khalifa Alhmoudi",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5023137152"
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] | [
{
"display_name": "Human rights",
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{
"display_name": "Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women",
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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{
"display_name": "Gender equality",
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{
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{
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{
"display_name": "Modernization theory",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C53844881"
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{
"display_name": "International human rights law",
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{
"display_name": "Order (exchange)",
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{
"display_name": "Fundamental rights",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95691615"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C107993555"
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{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560"
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{
"display_name": "Finance",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C10138342"
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] | [
"United Arab Emirates"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2768840822 | Despite substantial progress, gender inequality is still endemic in many regions around the world, particularly in Muslim countries. This constitutes a main obstacle to human development. At the international level, various instruments have been adopted in order to improve the situation of women, such as the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (CERD) and particularly the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW). These conventions are important tools to advance the rights of women across the world. Amongst other international instruments, the UAE has ratified these conventions in order to demonstrate its commitment to women rights. Nonetheless, the UAE has repeatedly been criticised by the Committees of the CERD and the CEDAW and other non-governmental bodies for failing to meet the requisite international standards. Whilst the UAE has embarked on a modernisation programme several decades ago and has adopted a national strategy on the advancement of women and has created various national mechanisms and has made considerable progress in empowering women, there still exist some issues which impede gender equality. It is against this background that the research ascertains what impact the ratified human rights conventions have had in the UAE and how the UAE meets its international gender equality obligations. The objective of the research is therefore to critically assess to what extent the UAE has enabled women to enjoy political rights, as well as other rights affirmed by international women rights instruments and to analyse the impact which major international conventions, which the UAE has ratified, have had, as well as relevant national laws, policies and initiatives. A doctrinal analysis was critically conducted and socio-legal research was also considered. Additionally, a mixed method approach was adopted. Interviews were conducted with 14 respondents from the Ministry of the State for National Council Affairs, the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Interior, the United Arab Emirates University, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of Justice, the United Arab Emirates National Committee to Combat Human Trafficking, the Emirates Human Rights Association, UAE non-profit bodies, the General Women’s Union, the Ewa'a Shelter for Women and Children, the Family Development Foundation Abu Dhabi and the Dubai Foundation for Women and Children. Furthermore, two surveys were conducted with 427 female Emiratis and non-Emiratis, who live in the UAE. The research generally confirmed the literature. The findings highlighted that ratification constituted the logical conclusion of a long standing started state policy to promote gender equality. However, whilst much progress has been made in the economic and educational realm and to some extent in the political sphere, issues still persist in the private and family realm. Yet over time, the existing issues are likely to disappear, particularly in light of the fact that women are now much more educated, which will inevitably change their economic role and result in more public participation over the next years. Nonetheless, it is important that further legal reform takes place in order to combat androcentric and patriarchal interpretations within the law. | [] |
|
https://openalex.org/W313873170 | Lawless World: The Cultures of International Law | [
{
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C203133693"
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{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
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{
"display_name": "Economic Justice",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C139621336"
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"United Arab Emirates"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W313873170 | I. INTRODUCTION I am delighted to join this colloquium on Representing Culture, Translating Human Rights, organized by the Bernard and Audre Rapoport Center for Human Rights and Justice and the Texas International Law Journal, at The University of Texas School of Law. As the title suggests, this multidisciplinary conference is concerned with questions as to the manner in which international human rights law and discourse migrate and how, in that process, issues of culture emerge. The topic is big and it is timely, and I am grateful to Karen Engle and her colleagues for providing me with an opportunity to introduce some of the issues. We address this topic at a challenging time for international law and for human rights law; new challenges and threats from terrorism to the environment cause us to revisit many of the basis assumptions of the established legal order. Our organizers have posed the question: Are human rights meant to protect individuals from their culture, or to facilitate a right to culture? I will try to address the question, although in a somewhat roundabout way. I will focus on some narrow aspects, hopefully as a way of shedding some light on the broader issues. I will focus on cultural differences between the United States and Britain, by reference to an issue that is much in the news today: torture and associated legal advices. As I have traveled around the United States for the past two weeks-on a discussion and debate tour focusing on my book Lawless World: America and the Making and Breaking of Global Rules1-I have been struck by the palpable unease caused by the book's efforts to raise issues concerning the Bush Administration's engagement with the global legal order. My thesis is a simple one: the United States that has done so much to put in place the modern system of global rules-from free trade to the environment, from the use of force to torture and the treatment of detainees-appears to increasingly rum its back on a great number of those same rules when they are perceived as imposing inappropriate constraints on the exercise of sovereignty. In short, with respect to the Administration of George W. Bush at least, international law is for others. Lawless World was first published in the United Kingdom in February 2005. It generated considerably more attention than I or the publishers expected. I have spoken across many parts of the United Kingdom, often to non-legal audiences. The continuing importance of global rules is evidently a theme that resonates widely in Britain. That is clear from the surprising amount of media attention generated by a book on such an esoteric subject as international law. It is plain that the subject resonates in many other parts of the world, including the United Arab Emirates, Singapore, Australia and New Zealand, all of which I have visited on speaking tours associated with the book. I am developing a comparative, firsthand experience of how the message is received, how the issues are viewed, and how the debates are undertaken, in the media and amongst the public. It is only in the United States that I have faced any serious hostility and antagonism-including today's event-and met the suggestion that somehow global rules setting minimum standards on the treatment of detainees and related issues are overly restrictive on the exercise of sovereignty. It has become clear to me that there are real differences in the culture as to the role and effect of rules of international law, even between countries like Britain and the United States that share so close a set of values. The nature of the debate-even on something that should be as clear cut as torture-is profoundly different. President Bush's refrain-if you are not with us you are against us2-has defined the debate within the United States in a way that has tended to marginalize those who seek to defend the idea of a rules-based system of international relations. I believe that is unfortunate, since it will tend to undermine America's essential interests and authority. … | [
{
"display_name": "Texas International Law Journal",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S99862825",
"type": "journal"
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|
https://openalex.org/W1977719834 | Application of Human Rights Treaties Extraterritorially in Times of Armed Conflict and Military Occupation | [
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"display_name": "Michael Dennis",
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{
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"Israel"
] | [
"https://openalex.org/W2063047774",
"https://openalex.org/W2076173726"
] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1977719834 | Are obligations assumed by states under international human rights treaties applicable extraterritorially during periods of armed conflict and military occupation? This was one of the issues addressed by the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in its advisory opinion Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory . The Court indicated that the obligations assumed by Israel under the International Covenants on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESC), and the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CROC) applied in the occupied territories and that the construction of the security barrier constituted “breaches” by Israel of various of its obligations under these instruments. | [
{
"display_name": "American Journal of International Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S160097506",
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] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2169540556 | Translating Human Rights of the “Enemy”: The Case of Israeli <scp>NGOs</scp> Defending Palestinian Rights | [
{
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"display_name": "Daphna Golan",
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{
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"display_name": "Zvika Orr",
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{
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{
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{
"display_name": "Reservation of rights",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C27357055"
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{
"display_name": "Rights of Nature",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C36566018"
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{
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{
"display_name": "State (computer science)",
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{
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{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
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] | [
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"https://openalex.org/W4256425186",
"https://openalex.org/W4256482777"
] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2169540556 | This article explores the practices, discourses and dilemmas of the Israeli human rights NGOs that are working to protect and promote the human rights of Palestinians in the Occupied Territories. This case can shed light on the complex process of “triangular translation” of human rights, which is distinct from other forms of human rights localization studied thus far. In this process, human rights NGOs translate international human rights norms on the one hand, and the suffering of the victims on the other, into the conceptions and legal language commonly employed by the state that violates these rights. We analyze the dialectics of change and reproduction embedded in the efforts of Israeli activists to defend Palestinian human rights while at the same time depoliticizing their work and adopting discriminatory premises and conceptions hegemonic in Israeli society. The recent and alarming legislative proposals in Israel aimed at curtailing the work of human rights NGOs reinforce the need to reconsider the role of human rights NGOs in society, including their depoliticized strategies, their use of legal language and their relations with the diminishing peace movement. | [
{
"display_name": "Law & Society Review",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S44706263",
"type": "journal"
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] |
|
https://openalex.org/W3121980698 | Lessons for human rights and humanitarian law in the war on terror: comparing <i>Hamdan</i> and the Israeli <i>Targeted Killings</i> case | [
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Marko Milanović",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5071050589"
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{
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C86615163"
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] | [
"Israel"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3121980698 | Abstract The article examines and compares two recent judgments which provide some of the most valuable examples of the difficulties surrounding the application of international humanitarian law to the phenomenon of terrorism: the Hamdan judgment of the Supreme Court of the United States, and the Targeted Killings judgment of the Supreme Court of Israel. Both judgments deal with the thresholds of applicability of the law of armed conflict, as well as with the concept of unlawful combatancy and the relationship between human rights law and humanitarian law. Both judgments are at times inconsistent and lacking in analysis, with the Hamdan judgment in particular misinterpreting the relevant international authorities, including the Commentaries on the Geneva Conventions. Despite these flaws, or because of them, both of these judgments remain instructive. The purpose of this article is to present the lessons for the future that these two decisions might bring to ongoing debates on the impact of global terrorism on the law of armed conflict. | [
{
"display_name": "International Review of the Red Cross",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210174417",
"type": "journal"
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] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2607215148 | The Applicability of Human Rights Conventions to Israel and to the Occupied Territories | [
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Eyāl Benveniśtî",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5014015181"
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] | [
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{
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
"display_name": "Linguistic rights",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C543595228"
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{
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
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] | [
"Israel"
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"https://openalex.org/W2316629494",
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] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2607215148 | The recent ratification of the Convention on the Rights of the Child by the Israeli Government is part of a welcome effort to ratify multilateral conventions dealing with human rights, some of which Israel had signed long ago. In addition to this Convention, the Israeli Government ratified, during the summer of 1991, the 1966 Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the 1966 Covenant on Economic and Social Rights, the 1979 Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, and the 1984 Convention Against Torture. On the occasion of the ratification of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, this article discusses the legal implications of the ratification of human rights conventions to the Israeli legal system and to the legal systems in the occupied territories. | [
{
"display_name": "Israel Law Review",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S181618396",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2152461999 | Human Rights as a Security Threat: Lawfare and the Campaign against Human Rights <scp>NGO</scp>s | [
{
"affiliations": [
{
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"display_name": "Ben-Gurion University of the Negev",
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"display_name": "Neve Gordon",
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C73283319"
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"https://openalex.org/W1601135641",
"https://openalex.org/W1977586640",
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"https://openalex.org/W2164071095",
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"https://openalex.org/W4244771893",
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] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2152461999 | In this article, I show how the term lawfare is being deployed as a speech act in order to encode the field of human rights as a national security threat. The objective, I claim, is to hinder the work of human rights organizations that produce and disseminate knowledge about social wrongs perpetrated by military personnel and government officials, particularly evidence of acts emanating from the global war on terrorism—such as torture and extrajudicial executions—that constitute war crimes and can be presented in courts that exercise universal jurisdiction. Using Israel as a case study, I investigate the local and global dimensions of the securitization processes, focusing on how different securitizing actors—academics, nongovernmental organizations, think tanks, policy makers, and legislators—mobilize the media, shape public opinion, lobby legislators and policy makers, introduce new laws, and pressure donors to pave the way for a form of exceptional intervention to limit the scope of human rights work. | [
{
"display_name": "Law & Society Review",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S44706263",
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] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2086092878 | Adolescents' approach toward children rights: Comparison between Jewish and Palestinian children from Israel and the Palestinian Authority | [
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Israel",
"display_name": "Hebrew University of Jerusalem",
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"display_name": "Mona Khoury‐Kassabri",
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{
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"display_name": "Muhammad M. Haj‐Yahia",
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{
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{
"country": "Israel",
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],
"display_name": "Asher Ben‐Arieh",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5090990619"
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] | [
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"display_name": "Ratification",
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{
"display_name": "Convention on the Rights of the Child",
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C150152722"
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{
"display_name": "Human rights",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C169437150"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779343474"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
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{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "International human rights law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86615163"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
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{
"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164"
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{
"display_name": "Archaeology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645"
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] | [
"Israel"
] | [
"https://openalex.org/W1515335471",
"https://openalex.org/W1975988209",
"https://openalex.org/W1991660171",
"https://openalex.org/W2013493887",
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"https://openalex.org/W2031741991",
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"https://openalex.org/W2147514455",
"https://openalex.org/W2156279802",
"https://openalex.org/W2601313519"
] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2086092878 | With the universal ratification of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child societies have recognized children as human beings entitled to their own rights. This recognition calls for a thorough investigation of children's understanding of the concept of children rights at large and their own rights in particular. It further calls for an examination of the role of context in the formation of the concept of children's rights. The study reported here, examined adolescents' approach to children rights among three ethnic and national groups: Jewish adolescents, Palestinian adolescents from Israel (PI) and Palestinian adolescents from the Palestinian Authority (PA). The results indicated that for most of the items Jewish adolescents have higher agreements with children rights than PI and PA adolescents that were similar to each other in their acceptance of most aspects of children rights. However, this trend was not consistent over all types of children rights examined in the study. For instance, PA adolescents were more similar to Jewish adolescents than to PI adolescents in supporting the idea of children rights. Also, the three groups were similar in their low agreement with the idea of giving children rights in governmental matters. The paper discusses several interpretations and assumptions to explain these findings, such as the statehood conditions of Israel and the Palestinian Authority and cultural values of each group. Recommendations for future research are discussed. | [
{
"display_name": "Children and Youth Services Review",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S10873304",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2004813260 | Human Rights at the United Nations 1955-85: The Question of Bias | [
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Jack Donnelly",
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{
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{
"display_name": "General assembly",
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{
"display_name": "Work (physics)",
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C37773902"
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{
"display_name": "Selection (genetic algorithm)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C81917197"
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{
"display_name": "Cultural rights",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780339416"
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{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
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{
"display_name": "International human rights law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86615163"
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{
"display_name": "Development economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531"
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{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
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{
"display_name": "Statistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C105795698"
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{
"display_name": "Mechanical engineering",
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{
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{
"display_name": "Artificial intelligence",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C154945302"
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{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
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{
"display_name": "Engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603"
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] | [
"Israel"
] | [
"https://openalex.org/W402072832",
"https://openalex.org/W1998406978",
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"https://openalex.org/W2047994439",
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"https://openalex.org/W2316424545",
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] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2004813260 | Charges of bias and “double standards” at the United Nations, arising from the organization's “capture” by the Third World and the Soviets, are commonplace. I seek to investigate the empirical validity of such changes as applied to the organization's human rights work over the last thirty years. Bias in the selection of priority rights is examined through a quantitative study of the use of meeting time in both ECOSOC's Commission on Human Rights and the Third (Social, Humanitarian, and Cultural) Committee of the General Assembly. Bias in the selection of regimes to be scrutinized and condemned is explored by comparing the treatment given to South Africa, Israel, and Chile with that accorded regimes guilty of comparable or worse human rights violations. I find that there is considerable bias, and argue that it is one of the most important impediments to increasing the effectiveness of the United Nation's human rights work. There is, however, another, more appealing, side to the picture, and evidence of a modest but significant decline in bias in the eighties. The problem, therefore, would seem to be real, but neither fatal nor incurable. | [
{
"display_name": "International Studies Quarterly",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S91639875",
"type": "journal"
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] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2061263445 | Speaking Law to Power: The War Against Terrorism and Human Rights | [
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Joan Fitzpatrick",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5090753422"
}
] | [
{
"display_name": "Human rights",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C169437150"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C86615163"
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{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
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{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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{
"display_name": "International law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C55447825"
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{
"display_name": "Legitimacy",
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{
"display_name": "Proportionality (law)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C183763965"
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{
"display_name": "Harm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777363581"
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{
"display_name": "Norm (philosophy)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C191795146"
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{
"display_name": "Fundamental rights",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95691615"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
}
] | [
"Israel"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2061263445 | The human rights regime adopts a legalist approach to limit the harm the powerful may inflict on the vulnerable The attacks of September 11, 2001 and the ensuing ‘war against terrorism’ test the limits of the legalist approach. Human rights constrain state responses to terrorism more directly than they govern the conduct of terrorists. As a result, the international human rights regime is disadvantaged rhetorically and politically. While substantive human rights standards have not changed since September 11, six possible norm developments may occur: (1) alterations in norms governing the use of force may increase the perceived legitimacy of pre‐emptive defensive action, for example with regard to targeted assassinations; (2) reconceptualization of counter‐terrorism as a new species of international armed conflict may displace human rights law and international criminal law, and substitute new rules that are less detailed than those that apply to conventional armed conflicts; (3) derogation principles may be refined, especially in relation to the temporal element and the non‐derogability of the prohibition on arbitrary detention and of fair trial rights; (4) an increase in the commission of extraterritorial human rights violations may spur the clarification of the scope of human rights treaties ratione loci; (5) the targeting of non‐citizens, Muslims and Arabs may clarify non‐discrimination norms; and (6) exclusion from refugee protection may expand. In institutional terms, the ‘war against terrorism’ has not yet had significant effects, but the following issues are notable: (1) integrating human rights into UN counter‐terrorism initiatives; (2) the aggressive campaign by the United States Government against the International Criminal Court; (3) the tendency toward American exceptionalism; (4) leadership by Europe to preserve human rights principles in counter‐terrorism; (5) increased polarization of UN human rights bodies around the Israeli–Palestinian crisis; (6) silencing of criticism of gross violators in exchange for counter‐terrorist cooperation; and (7) marginalization of human rights treaty bodies as effective monitors of counter‐terrorist policies. | [
{
"display_name": "European Journal of International Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S175405714",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2611937830 | Entryism, mimicry and victimhood work: the adoption of human rights discourse by right-wing groups in Israel | [
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Israel",
"display_name": "Hebrew University of Jerusalem",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I197251160",
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"display_name": "Ron Dudai",
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{
"display_name": "Human rights",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C169437150"
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{
"display_name": "Right to property",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C22299250"
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{
"display_name": "International human rights law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86615163"
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{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
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{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
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{
"display_name": "Disadvantaged",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780623907"
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{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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{
"display_name": "State (computer science)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48103436"
},
{
"display_name": "Ideology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C158071213"
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{
"display_name": "Linguistic rights",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C543595228"
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{
"display_name": "Enforcement",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779777834"
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{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
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{
"display_name": "Algorithm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C11413529"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
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] | [
"Israel"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2611937830 | While human rights have traditionally been seen mainly as a tool used by underprivileged or disadvantaged groups for progressive causes, they are increasingly being deployed, across the world, by conservative and illiberal civil society groups. Using the case study of the recent adoption of human rights discourse by some right-wing groups in Israel, and utilising social movements literature, this article seeks to analyse how and to what ends human rights are adopted by such actors. It develops an analytical classification of methods and aims of engagement with human rights by these groups, identifying three forms of engagement with the human rights field: entrysm: human rights as disguise for pro-state propaganda; mimicry: human rights as law-enforcement; and victimhood work: human rights as claiming underdog status. Using these tactics, actors from the Israeli right-wing camp have managed to add engagement with human rights to its ‘repertoire of contention’ in order to advance an array of interests, without, at least for now, modifying their ideological tenets. | [
{
"display_name": "The International Journal of Human Rights",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S139935717",
"type": "journal"
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] |
|
https://openalex.org/W3122867524 | The Israeli Unfinished Constitutional Revolution: Has the Time Come for Protecting Economic and Social Rights? | [
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Yoram Rabin",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5040077976"
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{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Yuval Shany",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5025931494"
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] | [
{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
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{
"display_name": "Supreme court",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778272461"
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{
"display_name": "Social rights",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777671340"
},
{
"display_name": "Dignity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778745096"
},
{
"display_name": "Cultural rights",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780339416"
},
{
"display_name": "Human rights",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C169437150"
},
{
"display_name": "Constitutional court",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778645526"
},
{
"display_name": "International human rights law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86615163"
},
{
"display_name": "Right to property",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C22299250"
},
{
"display_name": "Fundamental rights",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95691615"
},
{
"display_name": "Law and economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C190253527"
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{
"display_name": "Constitution",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776154427"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
}
] | [
"Israel"
] | [
"https://openalex.org/W29585558",
"https://openalex.org/W113991125",
"https://openalex.org/W1963945299",
"https://openalex.org/W1978742207",
"https://openalex.org/W1997992017",
"https://openalex.org/W2293931029",
"https://openalex.org/W2334291938",
"https://openalex.org/W2796688909",
"https://openalex.org/W3125575998",
"https://openalex.org/W4253856055"
] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3122867524 | Abstract This article addresses the constitutional discourse surrounding the status of economic and social rights in Israel. It examines the principal interpretive strategies adopted by the Supreme Court with regard to the 1992 basic laws (in particular, with respect to the right to human dignity) and criticizes the Court's reluctance to apply analogous strategies to incorporate economic and social rights into Israeli constitutional law. Potential explanations for this biased approach are also critically discussed. The ensuing outcome is a constitutional imbalance in Israeli law, which perpetuates the unjustified view that economic and social rights are inherently inferior to their civil and political counterparts, and puts in question Israel's compliance with its obligations under the International Covenant of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. At the same time, encouraging recent Supreme Court decisions, particularly the YATED and Marciano judgments, indicate growing acceptance on the part of the Court of the role of economic and social rights in Israeli constitutional law, and raise hopes for a belated judicial change of heart concerning the need to protect at least a ‘hard core’ of economic and social rights. Still, the article posits that the possibilities of promoting the constitutional status of economic and social rights through case-to-case litigation are limited and calls for the renewal of the legislation procedures of draft Basic Law: Social Rights in the Knesset. | [
{
"display_name": "Israel Law Review",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S181618396",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2921674340 | Severing a historical bond: the implications of divorcing human rights from Holocaust education | [
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Noga Wolff",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5057495985"
}
] | [
{
"display_name": "The Holocaust",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C110361221"
},
{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C169437150"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
},
{
"display_name": "Context (archaeology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779343474"
},
{
"display_name": "Genocide",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C204342414"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "International human rights law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86615163"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
},
{
"display_name": "Archaeology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645"
}
] | [
"Israel"
] | [
"https://openalex.org/W14325153",
"https://openalex.org/W894423126",
"https://openalex.org/W1985065714",
"https://openalex.org/W1992777582",
"https://openalex.org/W2000554049",
"https://openalex.org/W2011720578",
"https://openalex.org/W2016147924",
"https://openalex.org/W2030452632",
"https://openalex.org/W2037689639",
"https://openalex.org/W2067440604",
"https://openalex.org/W2129838368",
"https://openalex.org/W2142523979",
"https://openalex.org/W2172539106",
"https://openalex.org/W2173716821",
"https://openalex.org/W2198205835",
"https://openalex.org/W2484917683",
"https://openalex.org/W3140733404",
"https://openalex.org/W4247178796"
] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2921674340 | The Israeli discourse has always reflected a tendency to ground Holocaust memory in a particularistic perspective. This perspective involves a disproportionate focus on the suffering of the Jewish people and exclusion of any consideration of the suffering of other peoples, especially the Palestinians. The present article emphasizes that this approach leads to an artificial severance of the Holocaust from an issue that is integral to its historic development: the violation of human rights. The Holocaust could not have occurred without the license and justification for violating human rights; indeed, the Holocaust is, ultimately, an extreme manifestation of the violation of human rights. The present article highlights that in the last decade the Israeli tendency to detach the Holocaust from education about human rights has been justified in the academic literature produced elsewhere in the world. But whereas in Israel the divorce of the concept of human rights from Holocaust education has led to apathy about the violation of the Palestinians’ rights and consequently to the perpetuation of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, now, paradoxically, the conflict and the infringement of the Palestinians’ rights have made it more difficult for those outside Israel to write about the Holocaust in the context of human rights.The article assumes that the suppression of the historical link between the Holocaust and the violations of human rights that preceded the mass murder of the Jews deprives students of the ability to understand the repressive and destructive potential of modern political systems and of the human beings who live and operate within them. At the same time, this educational tendency also leaves them ignorant of the crystallization of the most significant emancipatory achievement of modern times: the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR).The article concludes that it is necessary to pursue qualitative research into how Holocaust education in Israel affects Israelis’ perception of the Other, and especially the Palestinian. It also recommends a study of the extent to which the overtones of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict in the literature influences the severance of Holocaust from education about human rights outside Israel as well. | [] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2194398399 | The Influence of International Human Rights Law on the Israeli Legal System: Present and Future | [
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Israel",
"display_name": "Hebrew University of Jerusalem",
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"display_name": "Eyāl Benveniśtî",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5014015181"
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] | [
{
"display_name": "Human rights",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C169437150"
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{
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] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2194398399 | Since Israel's independence, the Supreme Court has been very active in establishing and securing an impressive edifice of human rights. Lacking a written constitution, the Court has based its constitutional jurisprudence on the democratic character of the state. It has developed an “Israeli made” bill of rights, relying on comparative studies, yet with little reference to the standards set in international human rights instruments. Two legal events of the last three years may change the judicial attitude towards international human rights. The first major event was the Israeli government's ratification of important human rights conventions during 1991, first and foremost among them the 1966 Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, which has been named the “International Bill of Rights” (hereinafter: the 1966 Covenant). | [
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https://openalex.org/W2302700800 | The Politics and Strategies of Defending Human Rights: The Israeli Case | [
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] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2302700800 | This paper examines the politics of defending human rights, based on Public Choice Theory. Human rights organizations in Israel turn to the court to defend human rights. We argue that this strategy may prove ineffective in terms of defending human rights for the long run for various reasons. First, the politics of defending human rights is very complex where the power circle beside the court and human rights organizations includes also the relations between politicians, bureaucrats and the public. Second, the political culture that has been established in Israeli society since the 1980s is such that relations between citizens and politicians are based on a bottom-up orientation. Thus, norms and social changes can be hardly imposed from top down, but mainly evolve from bottom up. Directing all human rights strategies toward an elitist institution such as the Supreme Court may bear results in the short run but in the long run attitude change as well as policy decisions towards defending human rights are likely to emerge due to demands from society. Third, by empowering the court, human rights organizations disconnect these issues from the vast majority of Israeli citizens discouraging belief change. The paper concludes that defending human rights must include also attempts of mass mobilization which will create the grounds for human rights organizations to turn to the legislative authorities. | [
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https://openalex.org/W2097588551 | Human Rights and Politicized Human Rights: A Utilitarian Critique | [
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] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2097588551 | The article provides a utilitarian analysis to argue that the leading organizations of the International Human Rights Movement have lost sight of their own professed values. Instead of functioning to check and balance the power of nation-states which formulate policies based on political and economic interests, the leadership of Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, and the International Committee of the Red Cross follow the politicized United Nations. Their attention and resources have been diverted from where they are most needed and can do the most good. The problem is most evident in the disproportionate focus on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. There are serious problems of distributive justice, fairness, and equality of treatment, in that the obsessive, lopsided scrutiny placed on Israel is concomitant with the neglect of the far more horrific human rights violations in the Arab world and beyond. There is a tragic opportunity cost in how the major humanitarian and human rights organizations set their priorities and allocate their resources. The moral failure of politicization also damages the credibility of the human rights leadership, their organizations, and the cause of human rights. | [
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https://openalex.org/W2126968591 | Israel's Supreme Court and International Human Rights Law: The Judgement on ‘Moderate Physical Pressure’ | [
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"Israel"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2126968591 | Abstract On September 6, 1999, the Israeli Supreme Court, sitting as the High Court of Justice, handed down its latest judgement on the question of the use of ‘moderate physical pressure’. The lack of substantial references to international law in the Court's reasoning was notable. The present article examines the possible reasons for the reluctance to introduce international law and goes on to analyse the effects of this reluctance. The analysis finds that the reasons for leaving international human rights norms out are less than compelling and that keeping the necessity defence for interrogators using force against detainees leaves a substantial risk of abuse.The article goes on to place the judgement in the larger context of Israeli human rights practices. By applying the so-called ‘spiral model’, developed within international relations theory, it is possible to examine linkages between international norms and domestic change. The model allows for an evaluation of what progress has been achieved so far and for suggestions as to which measures are still needed. It is found that the judgement reasonably can be interpreted as a tactical concession and that further progress in efforts to eradicate the use of force against detainees is dependent upon a change in the attitude of the Israeli public. Future efforts should thus be aimed at influencing Israeli public opinion to ensure that torture is eliminated from Israeli interrogation practices. | [
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https://openalex.org/W1260130799 | Indigenous (in)justice : human rights law and Bedouin Arabs in the Naqab/Negev | [
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"Israel"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1260130799 | The indigenous Bedouin Arab population in the Naqab/Negev desert in Israel has experienced a history of displacement, intense political conflict, and cultural disruption, along with recent rapid modernization, forced urbanization, and migration. This volume of essays highlights international, national, and comparative law perspectives and explores the legal and human rights dimensions of land, planning, and housing issues, as well as the economic, social, and cultural rights of indigenous peoples. Within this context, the essays examine the various dimensions of the negotiations between the Bedouin Arab population and the State of Israel. Indigenous (In)Justice locates the discussion of the Naqab/Negev question within the broader Israeli-Palestinian conflict and within key international debates among legal scholars and human rights advocates, including the application of the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, the formalization of traditional property rights, and the utility of restorative and reparative justice approaches. Leading international scholars and professionals, including the current United Nations Special Rapporteur on Violence against Women and the former United Nations Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, are among the contributors to this volume. | [] |
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https://openalex.org/W4237986279 | The Anatomy of Human Rights in Israel | [
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"Israel"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4237986279 | Why is there such a large gap between the declarations that countries make about human rights and their imperfect implementation of them? Why do states that have enacted laws and signed treaties about human rights choose to not enforce these laws in daily life? Why have activists failed to achieve the goals of ensuring human rights domestically and internationally? This book examines the issue of human rights in the Israeli domestic arena by analyzing the politics and strategies of defending human rights. To do so, it integrates the tools of social choice theory with a unique institutionalist perspective that looks at both formal and informal, and local and international factors. The book offers an analysis explaining the processes through which Israel is struggling to promote human rights within a specific institutional environment, thus determining the future of Israeli democracy and its attitude toward human rights. | [] |
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https://openalex.org/W1791714557 | Human Rights in Global Perspective: Anthropological Studies of Rights, Claims and Entitlements | [
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"Israel"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1791714557 | List of contributors List of tables Acknowledgements Introduction: The Social Life of Rights, Richard Ashby Wilson and Jon P. Mitchell 1. Representing the Common Good: The Limits of Legal Language, Kirsten Hastrup 2. Two Approaches to Rights and Religion in Contemporary France, John Bowen 3. This Turbulent Priest: Contesting Religious Rights and the State in Tibetan Shugden Controversy, Martin Mills 4. Legal/Illegal Counterpoints: Subjecthood and Subjectivity in a Pirate State, Yael Navaro-Yashin 5. Anthropologists as Expert Witness: Political Asylum Cases Involving Sri Lankan Tamils, Anthony Good 6. Voices from the Margins: Knowledge and Interpellation in Israeli Human Rights Protests, Richard W. J. Clarke 7. The Uncertain Political Limits of Cultural Claims: Ambiguous Symbols and Multiple Audiences in Contemporary Minority Rights Politics in Southeast Europe, Jane K. Cowan 8. 'Using Rights to Measure Wrongs': A case study of method and moral in the work of South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission, Fiona C. Ross 9. Reproduction, Health, Rights: Connections and Disconnections, Maya Unnithan-Kumar 10. Rights and the Poor, John Gledhill 11. The Rights of Being Human, Lisette Josephides Index | [] |
|
https://openalex.org/W3127151099 | Self-Proclaimed Human Rights Heroes: The Professional Project of Israeli Military Judges | [
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] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3127151099 | This article explores the cooptation of human rights discourse by looking into how Israeli military judges in the Occupied Palestinian Territories use human rights as professional capital. Previous research into human rights arguments legitimizing the Israeli occupation remained confined to a unitary image of the state. Here, I dissect the separate professional project of military judges. Optimizing a self-congratulatory argument, judges portray themselves as human rights heroes of Palestinians. But while independent judicial activism would criticize human rights violations by the state, military judges use human rights as synonymous with legal professionalism, while avoiding criticism and sidestepping human rights’ challenge to state power. Using a multimethod approach including analysis of judicial decisions, academic articles by military judges, and in-depth interviews, I argue that between 2000 and 2010, Israeli military judges were responding to a professional legitimacy crisis by what I call mimetic convergence . Relying on new institutionalism and postcolonial theory, mimetic convergence produces belonging and mobility for a professional subgroup that experiences alienation in the “colony” through convergence with the specific characteristics of the legal community of the “metropole.” Mimicking the state instead of criticizing it permits the two projects— promoting military judges professionally and legitimizing the state’s colonial occupation—to coalesce. | [] |
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https://openalex.org/W3122246093 | Domestic Human Rights Adjudication in the Shadow of International Law: The Status of Human Rights Conventions in Israel | [
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] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3122246093 | The quarter-century anniversary of Israel's ratification of the major United Nations (UN) human rights treaties is an opportunity to revisit the formal and informal interaction between domestic and international Bills of Rights in Israel. This study reveals that the human rights conventions lack almost entirely a formal domestic legal status. The study identifies a minor shift in the scope of the Israeli Supreme Court's reference to international law, as the Court now cites international human rights law to justify decisions that a state action is unlawful, and not only to support findings that an action is valid. This shift may be the result of other reasons, for instance, a ‘radiation’ of the Court's relatively extensive use of international humanitarian law in reviewing state actions taken in the Occupied Territories. However, it may also reflect a perception of enhanced legitimacy of referring to international human rights law as a point of reference in human rights adjudication following ratification of the treaties. At the same time, the Court continues to avoid acknowledging incompatibility between domestic law and international law. It refers to the latter only to support its interpretation of Israeli constitutional law, as it did before the ratification. This article critically evaluates this practice. While international human rights law should not be binding at the domestic level, because of its lack of sufficient democratic legitimacy in Israel, it should serve as an essential benchmark. The Court may legitimise a human rights infringement that is unjustified according to international law, but such incompatibility requires an explicit justification. The Court, together with the legislature and the government, are required to engage critically with the non-binding norms set by the ratified UN human rights treaties. | [
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https://openalex.org/W1841468733 | Exploring Social Rights : Between Theory and Practice | [
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"Israel"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1841468733 | Exploring Social Rights looks into the theoretical and practical implications of social rights. The book is organised in five parts. Part I considers theoretical aspects of social rights, and looks into their place within political and legal theory and within the human rights tradition; Part II looks at the status of social rights in international law, with reference to the challenge of globalisation and to the significance of specific regional regulation (such as the European System); Part III includes discussions of various legal systems which are of special interest in this area (Canada, South Africa, India and Israel); Part IV looks at the content of a few central social rights (such as the right to education and the right to health); and Part V discusses the relevance of social rights to distinct social groups (women and people with disabilities). The articles in the book, while using the category of social rights, also challenge the separation of rights into distinct categories and question the division of rights to ‘civil’ vs ‘social’ rights, from a perspective which considers all rights as ‘social’. This book will be of interest to anyone concerned with human rights, the legal protection of social rights and social policy. | [] |
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https://openalex.org/W2795943901 | The Double Exclusion of Bedouin War Widows | [
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] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2795943901 | We critically examine the officially declared policy vis-a-vis the actual fulfilment of minorities’ equal rights in Israel. According to the theory of democratic exclusion, minority groups are tacitly disadvantaged despite formal policies and laws aimed at ensuring equality. We showcase this phenomenon in a hitherto unstudied minority sector in Israel, namely Bedouin Israel Defence Forces ( idf ) war widows. Analysis of in-depth interviews has led us to expose a failure to take the unique religious and cultural imperatives and restrictions into consideration, as well as a paradox of Bedouin war widows’ entitlement to equal rights while reporting suffering discrimination, exclusion, and marginalisation. In the name of these silenced Israeli citizens we call this severe violation of civil rights to public awareness and propose some practical suggestions as to how to adjust the provision of treatment and support to their cultural features, in order to truly adhere to the democratic vision. | [
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"Israel"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2799851489 | In 1992 the Israeli Knesset enacted the Basic Law: Freedom of Occupation and the Basic Law: Human Dignity and Freedom. These basic laws, as chapters in Israel's emerging formal Constitution, have opened the way for judicial review of parliamentary legislation that violates human rights. Opposition from some political quarters prevented inclusion in the basic laws of some rights protected under modern constitutions and human rights treaties. However, the rights protected include ‘human dignity’, a term that can be broadened by judicial interpretation so as to include violations of rights not specifically mentioned in the basic laws. The basic laws lay down a balancing test for deciding whether restrictions on protected rights are legitimate. All restrictions must be prescribed by a law that befits Israel as a Jewish and democratic State, that was enacted for a worthy purpose and that meets the proportionality test. | [
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https://openalex.org/W640238032 | Religious human rights in global perspective : religious perspectives | [
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"Israel"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W640238032 | Preface J. Carter. Introduction J. van der Vyver. Perspectives on Religious Liberty: A Comparative Framework W.C. Durham, Jr. Studying `Religious Human Rights': Methodological Foundations D. Little. Religious Human Rights Under the United Nations N. Lerner. The Role of Secular Non-Governmental Organizations in the Cultivation and Understanding of Religious Human Rights M. Roan. The Cultivation and Protection of Religious Human Rights: The Role of the Media J. Finn. The Impact of Religious Rules on Public Life in Germany M. Heckel. Religious Liberty in the United Kingdom P. Cumper. The Main Problems of Religious Freedom in Eastern Europe T. Foeldesi. Religious Human Rights in the Post-Communist Balkan Countries P. Mojzes. Religious Rights in Russia at a Time of Tumultuous Transition: A Historical Theory H.J. Berman. Adjudicating Rights of Conscience Under the European Convention on Human Rights T.J. Gunn. Religious Human Rights and the Principle of Legal Pluralism in the Middle East S.A. Arjomand. Religious Human Rights in the State of Israel A. Maoz. Africa's Search for Religious Human Rights Through Returning to Wells of Living Water J.S. Pobee. Limitations on Religious Rights: Problematizing Religious Freedom in the African Context M. wa Mutua. Religious Human Rights in South Africa L.M. du Plessis. Religious Human Rights in Latin America P.E. Sigmund. Religious Human Rights in Central America S.M. Ibarra. The American Experiment in Religious Human Rights: The Perennial Search for Principles J. Witte, Jr. A Draft Model Law on Freedom of Religion, With Commentary D. Shelton. The Tensions and the Ideals J.T. Noonan, Jr. Bibliography of Books and Articles Cited. Biographical Sketches of Contributors. Index. | [] |
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https://openalex.org/W618573417 | Human Rights, Self-Determination and Political Change in the Occupied Palestinian Territories | [
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"Israel"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W618573417 | How can international human rights standards - in the civil and political sphere and in respect of economic, social and cultural rights - provide clear guidance for political change? This collection offers the reader an exposition and critical analysis of the agreements between Israel and the Palestinian Liberation Organisation from the perspective of international human rights law. Covered topics include - the relevance and influence of international law on the peace-making process, - the strengths and weaknesses of the agreements and the extent to which they lay the foundation for the realization of Palestinian self-determination and the development of a democratic and civil society, - the status and obligations of both the State of Israel and the emerging Palestinian Authority in respect of the Occupied Territories, and - the continuing role of international actors and non-governmental organisations in promoting respect for human rights during a period of dramatic transition. The position of Palestinian women and the operation of international human rights standards as mechanisms for political change receive particular attention. Scholars concerned with the Middle East and anyone interested in the promotion and protection of human rights in post-conflict situations will appreciate this unique and challenging collection. | [
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https://openalex.org/W2009203848 | Israel’s Associated Regime: Exceptionalism, Human Rights and Alternative Legality | [
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] | [
"Israel"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2009203848 | In the context of Israel’s declared permanent state of exception, this article focuses on the legal protection awarded to the Palestinian populations under Israeli control. To broaden the discussion over Palestinian people’s rights, which generally focuses on the confiscation of land and the right to return, the author consciously focuses on anti-terrorism and security measures, which contribute to the creation of what the International Court of Justice has defined as an ‘associated regime’ of occupation. The article is divided into three parts. In the first part, the author discusses Israel’s domestic obligations towards Palestinians (arguing the case of both Palestinian citizens of Israel, and Palestinian residents) and their de jure and de facto discrimination. The second part discusses the applicability of humanitarian law, specifically the applicability of the Fourth Geneva Convention. This section discusses the applicability of the Convention to both territories and people under Israeli control. The third part discusses the applicability of international human rights law to all territories under Israeli control and delves into the issue of the mutual relationship between the two international legal regimes in the territories under occupation. The article posits that Israel’s rationale for the non-applicability of such legislation to the Palestinian territories and populations it controls constitutes a form of ‘alternative legality’. The article concludes that Israel’s disproportionate application of security practices and anti-terrorism measures to the Palestinian segment of its population violates Palestinian rights protected under Israel’s domestic and international legal obligations. | [
{
"display_name": "Utrecht journal of international and European law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210170465",
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306401280",
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|
https://openalex.org/W1527503266 | Israel and International Human Rights | [
{
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{
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"display_name": "University of Hull",
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"display_name": "Raphael Cohen-Almagor",
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{
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] | [
"Israel"
] | [
"https://openalex.org/W282500130",
"https://openalex.org/W284314684",
"https://openalex.org/W592707898",
"https://openalex.org/W1502443501",
"https://openalex.org/W1976474378",
"https://openalex.org/W2018138960",
"https://openalex.org/W2039359771",
"https://openalex.org/W2043540614",
"https://openalex.org/W2069867929",
"https://openalex.org/W2083856551",
"https://openalex.org/W2467979616",
"https://openalex.org/W2766827784",
"https://openalex.org/W3125894225",
"https://openalex.org/W3193303236"
] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1527503266 | Israel was established as a Jewish democracy. The relationship between state and religion, therefore, is critical when one analyzes the protection of human rights in the country. It is argued that human rights cannot be effectively secured unless a clear separation between state and religion is enacted. It is further argued that the safeguard of equal rights and liberties for all citizens notwithstanding nationality, religion, race or colour is a critical issue, in particular when it comes to the rights of the Israeli-Palestinians. This Entry consists of five sections: (1) The Jewish Democracy and (2) Human Rights Legislation lay the foundations for understanding human rights in Israel. Sections (3) about the Israeli-Palestinians (many Arabs in Israel prefer to be called Palestinians; in referring to this minority I use the terms “Palestinian” and “Arab” interchangeably), and (4) State and Religion probe the two major human rights concerns in Israel. Then section (5) will shed light on important human rights precedents aimed to secure fundamental rights and liberties of all Israeli citizens. | [] |
|
https://openalex.org/W4240496250 | Religion, Secular Beliefs and Human Rights | [
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Natan Lerner",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5063285119"
}
] | [
{
"display_name": "Human rights",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C169437150"
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{
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{
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{
"display_name": "Secular state",
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{
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{
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{
"display_name": "Pluralism (philosophy)",
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{
"display_name": "State religion",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778222446"
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{
"display_name": "International human rights law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86615163"
},
{
"display_name": "Religious law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780620541"
},
{
"display_name": "Declaration",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138147947"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
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{
"display_name": "Islam",
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},
{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
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{
"display_name": "Epistemology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C111472728"
},
{
"display_name": "Theology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C27206212"
}
] | [
"Israel"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4240496250 | Religion, and beliefs related to religion, are a central factor in international life and politics. International law, and human rights law in particular, have to take into consideration the religious dimension, and have done it to some extent. A body of positive law has already been developed for the protection of freedom of religion, and from religion, by the United Nations and regional and specialized organizations. The first edition of this book appeared six years ago, in coincidence with the 25th anniversary of the 1981 United Nations Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Intolerance and Discrimination Based on Religion of Belief. It discussed the legal meaning of religion and belief, the United Nations work in this respect, religious minorities, relevant regional and special arrangements, the issue of proselytism, religion and terrorism, religious symbols, international criminal law, and some particular cases such as the state and religious communities in Israel, and this country’s agreement with the Holy See. This second edition of the book updates the information on relevant developments that took place in the time elapsed. and incorporates several new chapters on important issues related to religious freedoms. Such are the chapters on freedom from religion, religion and freedom of association, religion and freedom of expression (including the controversy with respect of defamation of religions), and group rights and legal pluralism. The order of the chapters has been rearranged. It is hoped that law and political science schools, human rights associations and scholars, as well as governments and bodies active in the area of religious freedoms, will find interest in this second, revised and considerably enlarged, edition. | [
{
"display_name": "Library Union Catalog of Bavaria, Berlin and Brandenburg (B3Kat Repository)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4308707206",
"type": "repository"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2770626434 | Children, human rights organisations, and the law under occupation: the case of Palestinian children in East Jerusalem | [
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Israel",
"display_name": "Hebrew University of Jerusalem",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I197251160",
"lat": 31.76904,
"long": 35.21633,
"type": "education"
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],
"display_name": "Bella Kovner",
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},
{
"affiliations": [
{
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"display_name": "Hebrew University of Jerusalem",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I197251160",
"lat": 31.76904,
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"type": "education"
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],
"display_name": "Nadera Shalhoub‐Kevorkian",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5063114191"
}
] | [
{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C169437150"
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{
"display_name": "Mandate",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2775884135"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776743756"
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{
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},
{
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{
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},
{
"display_name": "Vetting",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777230681"
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{
"display_name": "Economic Justice",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C139621336"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
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{
"display_name": "International human rights law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86615163"
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{
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{
"display_name": "Medicine",
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{
"display_name": "Nursing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C159110408"
},
{
"display_name": "Algorithm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C11413529"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
}
] | [
"Israel"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2770626434 | This article discusses the (im)possibility of human rights organisations and state judicial actors’ success in safeguarding of children’s rights in Occupied East Jerusalem (OEJ). Considering Israel’s political reality, and consequently, the Israeli justice system’s mode of operation and treatment of Palestinian children, we argue that civil society actors, particularly those dealing with children, are unable to challenge violations of Palestinian children’s rights. Our analyses of media coverage, key informant interviews, and focus group and round table discussions reveals that formal and informal socio-legal systems are failing in their mandate to protect children’s rights, challenge the state’s biased juvenile justice system, and prevent the racialised state from breaching local laws and ethical and international standards. Instead of challenging the systems that are embedded within the settler-colonial setting, human rights organisations reinforce the state’s control by operating within its systems and according to its rules. In so doing, these entities help the state in keeping Palestinian children under conditions of suffering within their ‘otherised’ spaces. | [
{
"display_name": "The International Journal of Human Rights",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S139935717",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
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