Datasets:

mapping-mena
/

openalex-mena-v2

Dataset card Data Studio Files Files and versions Community

Split (1)

train · 415k rows

id stringlengths 27 32	title stringlengths 1 500 ⌀	authors listlengths 0 100	concept_ids listlengths 1 43	countries sequencelengths 1 26	referenced_works_ids sequencelengths 0 3.83k	cited_by_url stringlengths 50 55	abstract stringlengths 35 49.8k	sources listlengths 0 50
https://openalex.org/W1976694428	Global Development? Monitored Object(ive)s, Omitted Subject(ivitie)s	[ { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Turkey", "display_name": "Boğaziçi University", "id": "https://openalex.org/I4405392", "lat": 41.01384, "long": 28.94966, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Aydan Gülerce", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5007510616" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Status quo", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2776748549" }, { "display_name": "Sociology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400" }, { "display_name": "Politics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758" }, { "display_name": "Agency (philosophy)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C108170787" }, { "display_name": "Context (archaeology)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779343474" }, { "display_name": "Epistemology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C111472728" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Interdependence", "id": "https://openalex.org/C185874996" }, { "display_name": "Subject (documents)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2777855551" }, { "display_name": "Reductionism", "id": "https://openalex.org/C173366509" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Social science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C36289849" }, { "display_name": "Computer science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148" }, { "display_name": "Poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C189326681" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Philosophy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662" }, { "display_name": "Library science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C161191863" }, { "display_name": "Paleontology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C151730666" }, { "display_name": "Biology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240" } ]	[ "Turkey" ]	[ "https://openalex.org/W1965332903", "https://openalex.org/W2496364420" ]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1976694428	In this article I critically reflect on the hegemonic modernist framework of development by focusing on its reflection and application in the United Nations’ (UN) Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and practices. Not only do I find it falling short of explaining, understanding or bringing about global development, but quite the opposite, since it feeds into and reproduces the status quo. While I plead for serious (re)definitions, and genuine global commitment towards the (re)solution, of the current micro/macro social problems, which are interdependent and need to be treated in connection and at once, I pick four urgent areas of transformation as sub-topics for the present discussion. They include the (meta)theoretical framework and discourse of development, historical and contextual analyses of diverse human socio-cultural conditions, political will and agency and psychology's contributions within a transdisciplinary participation paradigm. I also briefly hint at various issues from the ‘developing’ context of Turkish society in order to illustrate some of the arguments. It is hoped that the complexity of these issues and widespread inequity problems will no longer be ignored in favour of conventional policies and programmes that are based on the reductionist framework and that truly trans(/post)disciplinary and trans(/post)cultural dialogues will enable new connections, meanings and actions towards desired global transformations.	[ { "display_name": "Journal of Health Management", "id": "https://openalex.org/S184789190", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W2611079854	Factores de éxito para reducir la mortalidad materna e infantil	[ { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Switzerland", "display_name": "World Health Organization", "id": "https://openalex.org/I4210105654", "lat": 46.20222, "long": 6.14569, "type": "government" } ], "display_name": "Shyama Kuruvilla", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5027598484" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "United States", "display_name": "Results for Development Institute", "id": "https://openalex.org/I1308008095", "lat": 38.89511, "long": -77.03637, "type": "nonprofit" } ], "display_name": "Julian Schweitzer", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5035477072" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "United States", "display_name": "Bloomberg (United States)", "id": "https://openalex.org/I1299907687", "lat": 40.761646, "long": -73.96806, "type": "company" } ], "display_name": "David Bishai", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5039061395" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Bangladesh", "display_name": "BRAC", "id": "https://openalex.org/I173536338", "lat": 23.780308, "long": 90.41014, "type": "other" } ], "display_name": "Sadia Chowdhury", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5076124121" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Switzerland", "display_name": "University of St. Gallen", "id": "https://openalex.org/I202963720", "lat": 47.42391, "long": 9.37477, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Daniele Caramani", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5038113120" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "United States", "display_name": "Clinical Insights", "id": "https://openalex.org/I4210100254", "lat": 39.171505, "long": -76.62066, "type": "facility" } ], "display_name": "Laura Frost", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5030098218" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "United States", "display_name": "World Bank", "id": "https://openalex.org/I1334329717", "lat": 38.89511, "long": -77.03637, "type": "other" } ], "display_name": "Rafael Cortez", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5036216839" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Switzerland", "display_name": "World Health Organization", "id": "https://openalex.org/I4210105654", "lat": 46.20222, "long": 6.14569, "type": "government" } ], "display_name": "Bernadette Daelmans", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5002596695" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Switzerland", "display_name": "World Health Organization", "id": "https://openalex.org/I4210105654", "lat": 46.20222, "long": 6.14569, "type": "government" } ], "display_name": "Felipe Andrés", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5062548273" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Switzerland", "display_name": "Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research", "id": "https://openalex.org/I4210112411", "lat": 46.23293, "long": 6.134303, "type": "healthcare" } ], "display_name": "Taghreed Adam", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5080254206" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "United States", "display_name": "Bloomberg (United States)", "id": "https://openalex.org/I1299907687", "lat": 40.761646, "long": -73.96806, "type": "company" } ], "display_name": "Robert Cohen", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5075690362" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "United States", "display_name": "Bloomberg (United States)", "id": "https://openalex.org/I1299907687", "lat": 40.761646, "long": -73.96806, "type": "company" } ], "display_name": "Y. Natalia Alfonso", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5071864030" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "United States", "display_name": "Independent Sector", "id": "https://openalex.org/I2802723755", "lat": 38.903427, "long": -77.03727, "type": "nonprofit" }, { "country": "United States", "display_name": "Seattle University", "id": "https://openalex.org/I58610484", "lat": 47.61039, "long": -122.31714, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Jennifer Franz-Vasdeki", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5013976682" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "United States", "display_name": "World Bank", "id": "https://openalex.org/I1334329717", "lat": 38.89511, "long": -77.03637, "type": "other" } ], "display_name": "Seemeen Saadat", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5010024103" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "United States", "display_name": "Clinical Insights", "id": "https://openalex.org/I4210100254", "lat": 39.171505, "long": -76.62066, "type": "facility" } ], "display_name": "Beth Anne Pratt", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5012912869" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Switzerland", "display_name": "University of St. Gallen", "id": "https://openalex.org/I202963720", "lat": 47.42391, "long": 9.37477, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Beatrice Eugster", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5081035072" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "United Kingdom", "display_name": "21c Consultancy (United Kingdom)", "id": "https://openalex.org/I4210166452", "lat": 51.52489, "long": -0.120861, "type": "company" } ], "display_name": "Sarah Bandali", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5066449223" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Pritha Venkatachalam", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5032255667" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Switzerland", "display_name": "World Health Organization", "id": "https://openalex.org/I4210105654", "lat": 46.20222, "long": 6.14569, "type": "government" } ], "display_name": "Rachael Hinton", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5016330652" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "United States", "display_name": "Iowa Policy Project", "id": "https://openalex.org/I4210152877", "lat": 41.65729, "long": -91.535934, "type": "nonprofit" } ], "display_name": "John Murray", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5006317950" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "United States", "display_name": "ICF International (United States)", "id": "https://openalex.org/I61822063", "lat": 38.872456, "long": -77.2657, "type": "company" } ], "display_name": "Sharon Arscott-Mills", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5039505715" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Henrik Axelson", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5036190628" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Switzerland", "display_name": "World Health Organization", "id": "https://openalex.org/I4210105654", "lat": 46.20222, "long": 6.14569, "type": "government" } ], "display_name": "Blerta Maliqi", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5043670855" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "United States", "display_name": "World Bank", "id": "https://openalex.org/I1334329717", "lat": 38.89511, "long": -77.03637, "type": "other" } ], "display_name": "Intissar Sarker", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5035074259" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Switzerland", "display_name": "World Health Organization", "id": "https://openalex.org/I4210105654", "lat": 46.20222, "long": 6.14569, "type": "government" } ], "display_name": "Rama Lakshminarayanan", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5051471645" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "United States", "display_name": "United States Agency for International Development", "id": "https://openalex.org/I2801582665", "lat": 38.89483, "long": -77.03014, "type": "government" } ], "display_name": "Troy Jacobs", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5030910673" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "New Zealand", "display_name": "University of Otago", "id": "https://openalex.org/I80281795", "lat": -45.87416, "long": 170.50362, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Susan Jacks", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5050481948" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Switzerland", "display_name": "World Health Organization", "id": "https://openalex.org/I4210105654", "lat": 46.20222, "long": 6.14569, "type": "government" } ], "display_name": "Elizabeth Mason", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5061225375" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Switzerland", "display_name": "Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research", "id": "https://openalex.org/I4210112411", "lat": 46.23293, "long": 6.134303, "type": "healthcare" } ], "display_name": "Abdul Ghaffar", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5016327709" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "United Kingdom", "display_name": "London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/I4210089966", "lat": 51.5209, "long": -0.1307, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Nicholas Mays", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5020260999" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Switzerland", "display_name": "World Health Organization", "id": "https://openalex.org/I4210105654", "lat": 46.20222, "long": 6.14569, "type": "government" } ], "display_name": "Carole Presern", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5088322725" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Switzerland", "display_name": "World Health Organization", "id": "https://openalex.org/I4210105654", "lat": 46.20222, "long": 6.14569, "type": "government" } ], "display_name": "Flavia Bustreo", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5023178739" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Child mortality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C46299933" }, { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "General partnership", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71750763" }, { "display_name": "Infant mortality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C112299071" }, { "display_name": "Psychological intervention", "id": "https://openalex.org/C27415008" }, { "display_name": "Global health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C46578552" }, { "display_name": "Environmental health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951" }, { "display_name": "Alliance", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778431023" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Child health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2992125907" }, { "display_name": "Population", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359" }, { "display_name": "Public health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C138816342" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Pediatrics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C187212893" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Nursing", "id": "https://openalex.org/C159110408" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" } ]	[ "Turkey", "Egypt" ]	[]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2611079854	Introduction Worldwide, accelerated progress is required to achieve Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 4 (reduce child mortality) and 5 (improve maternal health) as highlighted in the United Nations Secretary-General's Global Strategy for Women's and Children's Health. (1) There have been substantial achievements from 1990 (the baseline for the MDGs) to date. Child and maternal deaths decreased globally by around 50%, and contraceptive prevalence increased from 55% to 63%. (2-4) There is consensus on evidence-based, cost-effective investments and interventions (5,6) and on enabling and multisectoral policies. (7) Despite these advances, every year 6.6 million children die before five years of age (44% as newborns) and 289 000 maternal deaths occur, most from preventable causes. (2-4) Progress varies widely across countries, even where levels of income are similar. (8) There is a need for evidence on why some low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) do better than others in preventing maternal and child deaths and on the strategies they use to accelerate progress. (8,9) This knowledge gap prompted discussions at the Partnership for Maternal, Newborn & Child Health Partners' Forum in 2010, leading to a three-year multidisciplinary, multicountry series of studies on Success Factors for Women's and Children's Health (hereafter referred to as the Success Factors studies). (10) The Success Factors studies were supported by the Partnership for Maternal, Newborn & Child Health, the World Health Organization (WHO), the World Bank and the Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research, working closely with ministries of health, academic institutions and other partners. (10) The studies sought to understand what works to support countries' progress towards the MDGs and to inform the post-2015 goals and strategies under preparation. Methods Analytical framework The analytical framework for the Success Factors studies (Box 1) builds on the UN Millennium Project's clusters of public investments and policies (11) and WHO's health systems building blocks. (12) We used literature reviews and expert consultations to identify over 250 related variables to develop the database for these studies. (13) Countries included The statistical and econometric analyses included all 144 countries that the World Bank designated as LMICs in 1990. For the in-depth country reviews, we selected 10 of the 75 to 2015 high-mortality burden countries: (8) Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, Egypt, Ethiopia, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Nepal, Peru, Rwanda and Viet Nam. We refer to these countries as because they were on track in 2012 to achieve both MDGs 4 and 5 ahead of comparable countries. (Other Countdown countries such as Liberia and the Niger are achieving fast-track progress to reduce child mortality. If we consider all 144 LMICs, rather than only the 75 Countdown countries, additional fast-track countries for reducing both maternal and child mortality include the Maldives and Turkey). Research methods The Success Factors studies teams developed five primary technical papers based on: (i) quantitative mapping of trends; (14) (ii) econometric modelling; (15) (iii) Boolean, Qualitative Comparative Analysis; (16) (iv) literature review with narrative evidence synthesis; (17) and (v) country-specific literature and data reviews in 10 fast-track countries. (18) As a following step, ministries of will convene multistakeholder policy review meetings in the 10 selected fast-track countries to document milestones on each country's pathway to improving women's and children's health. Each country will subsequently publish a policy report. (19) Box 1. Analytical framework for the Success Factors for Women's and Children's Health study series Independent variables Health sector: investments in systems with universal access to services * Service delivery (e. …	[]
https://openalex.org/W2775462324	Early antenatal care visit as indicator for health equity monitoring	[ { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Germany", "display_name": "Bielefeld University", "id": "https://openalex.org/I20121455", "lat": 52.037777, "long": 8.493056, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Oliver Razum", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5052739492" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Germany", "display_name": "Bielefeld University", "id": "https://openalex.org/I20121455", "lat": 52.037777, "long": 8.493056, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Jürgen Breckenkamp", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5043154639" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Germany", "display_name": "Alice Salomon University of Applied Sciences Berlin", "id": "https://openalex.org/I3131365647", "lat": 52.52437, "long": 13.41053, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Theda Borde", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5037470656" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Germany", "display_name": "Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin", "id": "https://openalex.org/I7877124", "lat": 52.52437, "long": 13.41053, "type": "healthcare" } ], "display_name": "Matthias David", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5058287561" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Germany", "display_name": "University Hospital Heidelberg", "id": "https://openalex.org/I2802164966", "lat": 49.40768, "long": 8.69079, "type": "healthcare" }, { "country": "Germany", "display_name": "Heidelberg University", "id": "https://openalex.org/I223822909", "lat": 49.40768, "long": 8.69079, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Kayvan Bozorgmehr", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5004831415" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Scopus", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83867959" }, { "display_name": "Socioeconomic status", "id": "https://openalex.org/C147077947" }, { "display_name": "Attendance", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778173179" }, { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "Context (archaeology)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779343474" }, { "display_name": "Health care", "id": "https://openalex.org/C160735492" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Equity (law)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199728807" }, { "display_name": "Global health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C46578552" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "MEDLINE", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779473830" }, { "display_name": "Pediatrics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C187212893" }, { "display_name": "Environmental health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951" }, { "display_name": "Family medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C512399662" }, { "display_name": "Public health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C138816342" }, { "display_name": "Population", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Nursing", "id": "https://openalex.org/C159110408" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Archaeology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645" } ]	[ "Turkey", "Lebanon" ]	[ "https://openalex.org/W2079216374", "https://openalex.org/W2414828734", "https://openalex.org/W2725322002", "https://openalex.org/W2737187780", "https://openalex.org/W2755916764" ]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2775462324	Early antenatal care visits can be used as an indicator for health equity monitoring in the context of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). National-level surveys, health information system data, and perinatal studies demonstrate substantial differences between countries grouped by income in the proportion of women initiating the first antenatal care visit in the first trimester of pregnancy. In the analysis by Ann-Beth Moller and colleagues (October, 2017),1Moller AB Petzold M Chou D Say L Early antenatal care visit: a systematic analysis of regional and global levels and trends of coverage from 1990 to 2013.Lancet Glob Health. 2017; 5: e977-e983Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (141) Google Scholar early antenatal care coverage showed an inverse association with country-level income, ranging from more than 80% in high-income countries to 52% in lower-middle-income and 24% in low-income countries in 2013.1Moller AB Petzold M Chou D Say L Early antenatal care visit: a systematic analysis of regional and global levels and trends of coverage from 1990 to 2013.Lancet Glob Health. 2017; 5: e977-e983Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (141) Google Scholar Mothers' education, other individual socioeconomic factors such as income, and health system factors such as accessibility are also known determinants of early antenatal care attendance. The SDGs are often interpreted as relating mainly to low-income and middle-income countries, based on the argument that high-income countries such as Germany provide universal access to health care.2Busse R Blümel M Knieps F Bärnighausen T Statutory health insurance in Germany: a health system shaped by 135 years of solidarity, self-governance, and competition.Lancet. 2017; 390: 882-897Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (151) Google Scholar In an age of increasing migration and population heterogeneity, however, variance in health indicators might be high and underlying determinants more diverse than previously considered. We demonstrate this high variance and increased diversity using data from a perinatal study in Berlin, Germany,3David M Borde T Brenne S et al.Obstetric and perinatal outcomes among immigrant and non-immigrant women in Berlin, Germany.Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2017; 296: 745-762Crossref PubMed Scopus (19) Google Scholar covering 6466 births. 52% of these births are to first-generation immigrant or second-generation women of whom many originate from middle-income countries such as Turkey and Lebanon. Although early antenatal care coverage among non-immigrant, second-generation, and first-generation women who arrived in Germany 5 or more years before is more than 80%, it is only 51% among first-generation women who arrived less than 2 years before (table). Adjustment for age and parity leads to similar findings. The dimension of the differences between local population groups is comparable to that between high-income and lower-middle-income countries described by Moller and colleagues.1Moller AB Petzold M Chou D Say L Early antenatal care visit: a systematic analysis of regional and global levels and trends of coverage from 1990 to 2013.Lancet Glob Health. 2017; 5: e977-e983Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (141) Google ScholarTableEarly antenatal care (ANC) coverage and number of visits by migrant status, Berlin, Germany, 2011–12Number of womenMean age in years (SD)Proportion with first ANC visit <12 weeks of gestationAge-adjusted and parity-adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) for first antenatal care visit <12 weeks of gestationFirst-generation immigrant women, arrival in Germany <2 years before41427·0 (5·7)51·0%0·25 (0·20–0·31); p<0·0001First-generation immigrant women, arrival in Germany 2–<5 years before45428·6 (5·8)69·8%0·60 (0·48–0·75); p<0·0001First-generation immigrant women, arrival in Germany ≥5 years before161630·8 (5·5)80·5%1·05 (0·90–1·23); p=0·52Second-generation women87127·7 (5·8)80·9%1·10 (0·90–1·34); p=0·34Non-immigrant women (including third generation)311130·7 (5·8)81·6%1 (ref) Open table in a new tab The notion underlying the SDGs of leaving nobody behind requires increased attention to disadvantaged population subgroups, including those in high-income countries. Although established indicators such as education are important,3David M Borde T Brenne S et al.Obstetric and perinatal outcomes among immigrant and non-immigrant women in Berlin, Germany.Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2017; 296: 745-762Crossref PubMed Scopus (19) Google Scholar factors such as time since arrival need to be considered in high-income countries experiencing immigration from low-income and middle-income countries; however, these parameters are not yet routinely reported in Germany.1Moller AB Petzold M Chou D Say L Early antenatal care visit: a systematic analysis of regional and global levels and trends of coverage from 1990 to 2013.Lancet Glob Health. 2017; 5: e977-e983Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (141) Google Scholar Moreover, there are no dedicated data on antenatal care in asylum seekers who, due to their recent arrival, might be at particularly high risk of late initiation of antenatal care. Equity-oriented monitoring systems focusing on the magnitude of health inequalities between social groups, and respective changes over time, are essential to identify and amend the underlying structural mechanisms.4Hosseinpoor AR Bergen N Koller T et al.Equity-oriented monitoring in the context of universal health coverage.PLoS Med. 2014; 11: e1001727Crossref PubMed Scopus (75) Google Scholar However, such monitoring systems are not yet established even in many high-income countries.5Bozorgmehr K Razum O Social inequalities and health: monitoring in the era of non-communicable diseases.Public Health Forum. 2016; 24: 70-72Crossref Scopus (1) Google Scholar We declare no competing interests. The Berlin Perinatal Study was supported by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), grant number DA 1199/2-1. The Charité Ethics Committee, Berlin, approved the Berlin Perinatal Study on Feb 18, 2009, reference EA1/235/08. Data protection regulations were observed in the survey and in the linkage to hospital data. Early antenatal care visit: a systematic analysis of regional and global levels and trends of coverage from 1990 to 2013Progress in the coverage of early antenatal care visits has been achieved but coverage is still far from universal. Substantial inequity exists in coverage both within regions and between income groups. The absence of data in many countries is of concern and efforts should be made to collect and report coverage of early antenatal care visits to enable better monitoring and evaluation. Full-Text PDF Open Access	[ { "display_name": "The Lancet Global Health", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4210176958", "type": "journal" }, { "display_name": "PubMed", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036", "type": "repository" } ]
https://openalex.org/W3178746340	Women's health within the framework of sustainable development goals	[ { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Turkey", "display_name": "Gelişim Üniversitesi", "id": "https://openalex.org/I4210091267", "lat": 40.995052, "long": 28.695988, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Canan Örüklü", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5039017271" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Turkey", "display_name": "Gelişim Üniversitesi", "id": "https://openalex.org/I4210091267", "lat": 40.995052, "long": 28.695988, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Sultan Çakmak", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5012234856" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Sustainable development", "id": "https://openalex.org/C552854447" }, { "display_name": "Poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C189326681" }, { "display_name": "Prosperity", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2776554220" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Reproductive health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C121752807" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Health care", "id": "https://openalex.org/C160735492" }, { "display_name": "Quality of life (healthcare)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779951463" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Psychology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967" }, { "display_name": "Environmental health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951" }, { "display_name": "Business", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560" }, { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Nursing", "id": "https://openalex.org/C159110408" }, { "display_name": "Population", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" } ]	[ "Turkey" ]	[]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3178746340	The present study is aim to evaluate the health situation of girls and women within the framework of the main sustainable development goals affecting health status and to specify the factors affecting them. Goals of sustainable development aim to bring individuals to peace, tranquility and prosperity within a sustainable planet. There are three aspects of sustainable development such as economic, social and environmental. Achieving one of the sustainable development goals makes it easier to reach another. The biological characteristics and social roles of women make them an important player that will provide a sustainable world. Although the sustainable development goals have made significant improvements in the quality of life of girls and women from the beginning, the world is still far behind the targets. As women affect their environment, they are heavily influenced by social determinants such as human rights, gender equality, justice and culture. The goals of “ending poverty”, “healthy and quality life”, “qualified education” and “gender equality” are the main targets affecting women's health. Poverty causes consequences such as hunger, unhealthy environmental conditions, inability to access health services, delay in cancer diagnosis, diseases and death in women. High education level, receiving prenatal care, benefiting from sexual and reproductive health services reduce maternal and infant mortality rates. Participation of women in working life has a positive effect which is not only economically but also spiritually. Women are an indispensable factor of sustainable development. Health and Care needs of women who are neglected in every period of their lives should be determined with a lifelong approach, and it should be taken into consideration that they are more affected by biological and social factors in the responses to these needs. Healthy, educated and empowered women will appear as employees, mothers, caregivers, volunteers and leaders who influence the structure of society and advance sustainable development. Extended English summary is in the end of Full Text PDF (TURKISH) file. Özet Bu çalışmada, sağlık durumunu etkileyen başlıca sürdürülebilir kalkınma hedefleri çerçevesinde kız çocuklarının ve kadınların sağlığını değerlendirmek ve etkileyen faktörleri belirlemeyi amaçlamıştır. Sürdürülebilir kalkınma hedefleri, bireyleri barış, huzur ve refaha ulaştırmayı ve sürdürülebilir bir gezegeni amaçlar. Sürdürülebilir kalkınmanın ekonomik, sosyal ve çevresel olmak üzere üç boyutu vardır. Sürdürülebilir kalkınma hedeflerinden birine ulaşmak bir diğerine ulaşmayı kolaylaştırmaktadır. Kadınların sahip oldukları biyolojik özellikler ve sosyal roller, onları sürdürülebilir bir dünyayı sağlayacak önemli bir güç haline getirmektedir. Sürdürülebilir kalkınma hedefleri başlangıçtan bu yana kız çocuklarının ve kadınların yaşam kalitesinde önemli iyileşmeler sağlasa da dünya halen hedeflerin çok gerisindedir. Kadınlar çevrelerini etkiledikleri gibi insan hakları, cinsiyet eşitliği, adalet ve kültür gibi sosyal belirleyicilerden yoğun olarak etkilenirler. Yoksulluğa son, sağlık ve kaliteli yaşam, nitelikli eğitim ve toplumsal cinsiyet eşitliği hedefleri, kadın sağlığını etkileyen başlıca hedeflerdir. Yoksulluk kadınlarda açlık, sağlıksız çevre koşulları, sağlık hizmetlerine ulaşamama, kanser tanısında gecikme, hastalık ve ölüm gibi sonuçlara neden olmaktadır. Yüksek eğitim düzeyi, doğum öncesi bakım alma, cinsel sağlık ve üreme sağlığı hizmetlerinden faydalanma anne ve bebek mortalite oranlarını azaltmaktadır. Kadınların çalışma hayatına katılımı sadece ekonomik olarak değil ruhsal yönden de olumlu bir etkiye sahiptir. Kadınlar, sürdürülebilir kalkınmanın vazgeçilmez bir unsurudur. Yaşamlarının her döneminde ihmal edilen kadınların, yaşam boyu sürecek bir yaklaşımla sağlık ve bakım ihtiyaçları belirlenmeli ve bu ihtiyaçlara verilen yanıtlarda biyolojik ve sosyal faktörlerden daha fazla etkilendikleri göz önünde bulundurulmalıdır. Sağlıklı, eğitimli ve güçlendirilmiş kadınlar, toplum yapısını etkileyen ve sürdürülebilir kalkınmayı ilerletecek çalışanlar, anneler, bakım verenler, gönüllüler ve liderler olarak karşımıza çıkacaktır.	[ { "display_name": "Journal of human sciences", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4210240492", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W2142068032	Time to focus on the prevention of childhood pneumonia	[ { "affiliations": [ { "country": "New Zealand", "display_name": "University of Otago", "id": "https://openalex.org/I80281795", "lat": -45.87416, "long": 170.50362, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "David R. Murdoch", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5058492181" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "United States", "display_name": "Johns Hopkins University", "id": "https://openalex.org/I145311948", "lat": 39.29038, "long": -76.61219, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Orin S. Levine", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5080005270" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "Measles", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2776438120" }, { "display_name": "Pneumonia", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2777914695" }, { "display_name": "Poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C189326681" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Global health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C46578552" }, { "display_name": "Intensive care medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C177713679" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Malaria", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778048844" }, { "display_name": "Pediatrics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C187212893" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Public health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C138816342" }, { "display_name": "Immunology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C203014093" }, { "display_name": "Vaccination", "id": "https://openalex.org/C22070199" }, { "display_name": "Nursing", "id": "https://openalex.org/C159110408" }, { "display_name": "Internal medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C126322002" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" } ]	[ "Turkey", "Saudi Arabia", "Israel", "Oman" ]	[ "https://openalex.org/W2103637444" ]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2142068032	In July, the United Nations issued a clear warning: while significant progress has been made towards eradicating global poverty and hunger, there are signs that this progress is slowing due to the world economic crisis.1 With the 2015 deadline for the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals drawing near, it is a call to action for all of us to redouble our efforts in order to save the lives of millions and stabilize the health, the economies and the very future of the developing world. For those of us who have dedicated our lives to preventing and treating infectious diseases, achieving Millennium Development Goal 4, a two-thirds reduction in mortality among children under five, remains a clarion call. The number one killer of children in this age group is pneumonia. For every child that dies of pneumonia in a developed country, more than 2000 die in developing countries.2 In fact, more children die each year of pneumonia than of AIDS, malaria and measles combined.3 The reasons are simple. The children in these countries are more vulnerable due to under-nutrition, immunocompromising conditions or poor environmental conditions. Lack of medical care delays or prevents access to timely diagnosis and treatment, and without access to vaccines to prevent the primary causes of pneumonia, they lack preventive immunity. As doctors and scientists, we can start turning the tide against pneumonia by supporting global efforts to prioritize pneumonia prevention as part of the first annual World Pneumonia Day – 2 November 2009 (http://www.worldpneumoniaday.org). Safe, effective vaccines against the common bacterial causes of pneumonia – the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and the Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) conjugate vaccine – have been used with great success to reduce the burden of child pneumonia in industrialized countries like New Zealand, Australia, the United States, France, Italy and elsewhere. Since its introduction into the routine childhood immunization programme in the United States in 2000, the seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV-7) has virtually eliminated invasive pneumococcal disease among American-born infants,4 and has been associated with a significant reduction in invasive pneumococcal disease among individuals who were not vaccinated, particularly those aged ≥65 years.5 Hib meningitis is now so rare in industrialized countries that a case in our hospitals would bring a dedicated response by clinicians and public health officials to determine the source of that single infection. In recent years, great progress has been made in increasing access to these vaccines for children in developing countries as well. The GAVI Alliance has helped low-income countries introduce Hib and pneumococcal vaccines within their public vaccination programmes. With GAVI financing, nearly every low income country is using or planning to introduce soon the Hib conjugate vaccine.6 A new financing mechanism known as the Advance Market Commitment (AMC) is helping make pneumococcal vaccines available to developing countries more than a decade ahead of schedule and at prices their governments can afford.7 In 2009, nine new countries, including Costa Rica, the Gambia, Israel, Oman, Portugal, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Sweden and Turkey, introduced pneumococcal vaccines into their National Immunization Programmes, bringing the total number of countries that have universally implemented the vaccine to 39. But progress must continue in order to ensure universal access to these life-saving interventions. Ninety-nine per cent of pneumonia deaths occur in the developing world.8 Yet of the 71 countries eligible for AMC funding, as of this writing, fewer than 20 have applied. On 2 November 2009, a broad coalition of child health organizations, including the Sabin Vaccine Institute's Pneumococcal Awareness Council of Experts (PACE) (http://www.sabin.org/PACE), will hold events around the world designed to raise awareness and spur countries to act. Through increased investment in prevention, countries throughout the developing world can tackle pneumonia, chip away at the cycle of poverty and save millions of children's lives. In order to make the great strides necessary to meet the Millennium Development Goals, there must be global support and action. Working together, we can achieve results, and as leaders in our field it is incumbent upon us to continue the fight. We must use evidence-based advocacy to encourage our country and world leaders to recognize the severity of pneumonia and implement the measures necessary to save lives. The time is now for prevention. The economic and health challenges facing the world today will only escalate if not acted upon with urgency and full commitment of resources, and the world's problems will only be exacerbated by a continued cycle of poverty, caused in part by widespread but preventable diseases. We have the vaccines, the technology, the financing mechanisms and the demand to prevent pneumonia. It is time for governments to take advantage of these innovations and bring them to the people who need them most.	[ { "display_name": "Internal Medicine Journal", "id": "https://openalex.org/S60716783", "type": "journal" }, { "display_name": "PubMed", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036", "type": "repository" } ]
https://openalex.org/W2799493142	ANALYSIS OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT IN IRAN: EDUCATION, EMPLOYMENT AND GENDER IN A COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Parisa Vahdatian", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5072992295" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Human development (humanity)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2781089502" }, { "display_name": "Human Development Index", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779735493" }, { "display_name": "Capability approach", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2781118332" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Sustainable development", "id": "https://openalex.org/C552854447" }, { "display_name": "Per capita income", "id": "https://openalex.org/C160443848" }, { "display_name": "Context (archaeology)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779343474" }, { "display_name": "Human resources", "id": "https://openalex.org/C107645774" }, { "display_name": "Inequality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C45555294" }, { "display_name": "Development economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531" }, { "display_name": "Distribution (mathematics)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C110121322" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Per capita", "id": "https://openalex.org/C127598652" }, { "display_name": "Agency (philosophy)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C108170787" }, { "display_name": "Poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C189326681" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Sociology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "Social science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C36289849" }, { "display_name": "Population", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359" }, { "display_name": "Demography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C149923435" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Mathematical analysis", "id": "https://openalex.org/C134306372" }, { "display_name": "Mathematics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547" }, { "display_name": "Archaeology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645" } ]	[ "Turkey", "Iran" ]	[ "https://openalex.org/W2127588940" ]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2799493142	This paper addresses existing gender parities and gaps in Iran, Turkey and Azerbaijan in terms of human development. Human development by enlarging people’s freedoms and potentials draws the attention to “ends” and insists on intrinsic significance of development. The main components of human development are: capabilities, free agency and achievements. Health, education and economic resources are essential indicators of Human Development Index (HDI) which share the same ratio in HDI value estimation. Gender inequality as a global phenomenon, increasingly focuses on women’s deprivation of education, health, income and social developments. This paper discusses Iran's educational developments in gender equality and compares female-to-male progresses in HDI indicators of Iran with Turkey and Azerbaijan. The main goal of human development and capability approach is equal distribution of capabilities and functionings among people. The exceptional status of education in having both intrinsic and instrumental values multiplies the significances of equal education in a global context. In addition to direct impact of education on total health and income rates, parity in education has the capacity to empower women and make them qualified for well-paid vocations. Iran from 1990 to 2015 has had a sustainable progress in health, education and per capita income. Iran has almost succeeded to close the gender gap in education, while it remains in achievements so far. In comparison to Turkey and Azerbaijan, raising women’s capabilities has led to their more achievements in terms of economic resources, labour force and politics. According to human development reports, Turkey in capability distribution has experienced more gender disparity than Iran. By filtering the health indicator, Azerbaijan has the best status in gender parity rather than Turkey and Iran. Turkish women’s high life expectancy at birth is the best among the analyzed countries. Unlike Iran, educated women in Azerbaijan and Turkey have lower unemployment rates than Iranian women. That is probably why women in Iran recently have less interest to continue their education in tertiary level and this disappointment has reproduced the gender gap.	[ { "display_name": "IJASOS- International E-journal of Advances in Social Sciences", "id": "https://openalex.org/S2764730976", "type": "journal" }, { "display_name": "DergiPark (Istanbul University)", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306401840", "type": "repository" } ]
https://openalex.org/W3092663866	Η αναπτυξιακή και ανθρωπιστική βοήθεια της Τουρκίας από το 2000 έως σήμερα: Φιλοσοφία, προτεραιότητες και δυναμική	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Σιμάν Μουσταφά", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5007499947" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Humanitarian aid", "id": "https://openalex.org/C521897407" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Refugee", "id": "https://openalex.org/C173145845" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Development aid", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778449271" }, { "display_name": "Sustainable development", "id": "https://openalex.org/C552854447" }, { "display_name": "Turkish", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2781121862" }, { "display_name": "Work (physics)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C18762648" }, { "display_name": "European union", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2910001868" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Development economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531" }, { "display_name": "International trade", "id": "https://openalex.org/C155202549" }, { "display_name": "Engineering", "id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C189326681" }, { "display_name": "Business", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Mechanical engineering", "id": "https://openalex.org/C78519656" }, { "display_name": "Philosophy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662" }, { "display_name": "Linguistics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202" } ]	[ "Turkey" ]	[]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3092663866	The present work is dealt with the development and humanitarian assistance of Turkey since 2000 until today looking at the principles; philosophy and the properties that the country has set. In the first chapter are analyzed not only the concepts of the humanitarian and development assistance but also the differentiation between them. Then its historical overview of the Second World War and then how Turkey shapes up its development aid. Afterward; they are presented particularly the international bodies of Turkey’s development policy and the categories of the assistance that the country provides to developing countries. A little bit more after; is being described the cooperation of the country with the bodies of the European Union as well as the Ο.Ο.Σ.Α and the Turkish commitment to the implementation of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Finally, this paper also describes Turkey's role in the refugee issue and how it has been evolved over the years as it falls under the debate on humanitarian aid	[]
https://openalex.org/W2994940908	Poverty and The Millennium Development Goals Between 1990-2015: The Case of Turkey	[ { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Turkey", "display_name": "Cukurova University", "id": "https://openalex.org/I55931168", "lat": 36.98615, "long": 35.32531, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Hüseyin Çelik", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5024158164" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Turkey", "display_name": "Mustafa Kemal University", "id": "https://openalex.org/I46000314", "lat": 36.20655, "long": 36.15722, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Ahmet Duran Çelik", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5020875949" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Turkey", "display_name": "Cukurova University", "id": "https://openalex.org/I55931168", "lat": 36.98615, "long": 35.32531, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Mahir Fisunoğlu", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5079275815" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C189326681" }, { "display_name": "Extreme poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C553381038" }, { "display_name": "Famine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778589402" }, { "display_name": "Basic needs", "id": "https://openalex.org/C196777733" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Development economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Per capita", "id": "https://openalex.org/C127598652" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Demography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C149923435" }, { "display_name": "Sociology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400" }, { "display_name": "Population", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" } ]	[ "Turkey" ]	[]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2994940908	As a definition; poverty is a situation that people’s basic needs are not being met to sustain their life which is many countries facing today. In recent years, fighting against poverty has become one of the most important issues in the world. One of the steps taken by the United Nations to fight against poverty is Millennium Development Goals. In 2000, a millennium development meeting took place with many countries’ participation in New York. During the meeting, many goals were set such as eliminating poverty and famine, decreasing child death, providing primary education for all and dealing with epidemic diseases. In this study, progress level of The Millennium Development Goals, the steps which have taken and their effects were examined in Turkey. Data was collected from UNDP and TSI (Turkish Statistical Institute). The millennium development goals globally have been reached at a certain level between 1990 and 2015. Today, primary school accessibility level is around 90% in developing countries. Even though poverty was reduced by half, there are still 1,2 billion people who live in extreme poverty. In Turkey, there have been promising developments towards Millennium Development Goals. While level of people who live under extreme poverty line (1$ per day) was 0,2% in 2002, this rate was decreased to 0% by 2006. The poverty rate (below 4,3 $ per capita per day) in 2014 was 1,62%, and primary school enrollment rate was 99%. In addition to this, mother and children death rate was largely decreased.	[ { "display_name": "Uluslararası Avrasya ekonomileri konferansı", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4210216963", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W2303560067	BÖLGESEL KURULUŞLARIN LİDERLİĞİNDE BİNYIL KALKINMA HEDEFLERİNİN BAŞARISI: İZTO, İZKA PROJELERİ	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Mine Yılmazer", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5090012958" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Meltem Onay", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5053360304" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C189326681" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Inequality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C45555294" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Gender inequality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2994533747" }, { "display_name": "Development economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Mathematical analysis", "id": "https://openalex.org/C134306372" }, { "display_name": "Mathematics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547" } ]	[ "Turkey" ]	[]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2303560067	United Nations’ Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) indicate the set of eight goals such as poverty, child rights, schooling, gender inequality and competitiveness. The ultimate objective is to eliminate obstacles of development and disparities between countries and regions. Many projects are supported by the funds to ensure these goals in Turkey. The purpose of this paper is to realize an efficiency analysis for the projects of two regional organizations in Izmir	[ { "display_name": "Ekonomi Bilimleri Dergisi", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4387279661", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W1744307942	Staff-related access deficit and antenatal care coverage across the NUTS level 1 regions of Turkey.	[ { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Turkey", "display_name": "Hacettepe University", "id": "https://openalex.org/I66514158", "lat": 39.91987, "long": 32.85427, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Mahmut Saadi Yardım", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5017623935" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Workforce", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778139618" }, { "display_name": "Inequality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C45555294" }, { "display_name": "Health care", "id": "https://openalex.org/C160735492" }, { "display_name": "Psychological intervention", "id": "https://openalex.org/C27415008" }, { "display_name": "Population", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359" }, { "display_name": "Distribution (mathematics)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C110121322" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Health indicator", "id": "https://openalex.org/C121272143" }, { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "Business", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560" }, { "display_name": "Environmental health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "Demographic economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C4249254" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Nursing", "id": "https://openalex.org/C159110408" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Mathematical analysis", "id": "https://openalex.org/C134306372" }, { "display_name": "Mathematics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547" } ]	[ "Turkey" ]	[]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1744307942	At the heart of each health system, the workforce is central to advancing health. The World Health Organization has identified a threshold in workforce density below which high coverage of essential interventions, including those necessary to meet the health-related Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), is very unlikely. The International Labor Organization (ILO) has launched a similar indicator -staff related access deficit- using Thailand's health care professional density as a benchmark. The aim of this study is to assess the staff-related access deficit of the population across the 12 NUTS 1 level regions of Turkey. The main hypothesis is that staff-related access deficit has a correlation with and predicts the gap in antenatal care coverage (percentage of women unable to access to antenatal care) across different regions. Staff-related access deficit, as a threshold indicator, seems to have a linear relationship with the antenatal care coverage gap. The known inequalities in the distribution of the health care workforce among different regions of Turkey were put forward once more in this study using the SRA indicator. The staff-related access deficit indicator can be easily used to monitor the status of distributional inequalities of the health care workforce at different sub-national levels in the future.	[ { "display_name": "PubMed", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036", "type": "repository" } ]
https://openalex.org/W3140405221	Staff-related access deficit and antenatal care coverage across the NUTS level 1 regions of Turkey.	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Yardim", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5043666300" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Workforce", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778139618" }, { "display_name": "Inequality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C45555294" }, { "display_name": "Health care", "id": "https://openalex.org/C160735492" }, { "display_name": "Psychological intervention", "id": "https://openalex.org/C27415008" }, { "display_name": "Population", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Health indicator", "id": "https://openalex.org/C121272143" }, { "display_name": "Distribution (mathematics)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C110121322" }, { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "Business", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560" }, { "display_name": "Environmental health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Nursing", "id": "https://openalex.org/C159110408" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Mathematical analysis", "id": "https://openalex.org/C134306372" }, { "display_name": "Mathematics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547" } ]	[ "Turkey" ]	[]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3140405221	At the heart of each health system, the workforce is central to advancing health. The World Health Organization has identified a threshold in workforce density below which high coverage of essential interventions, including those necessary to meet the health-related Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), is very unlikely. The International Labor Organization (ILO) has launched a similar indicator -staff related access deficit- using Thailand's health care professional density as a benchmark. The aim of this study is to assess the staff-related access deficit of the population across the 12 NUTS 1 level regions of Turkey. The main hypothesis is that staff-related access deficit has a correlation with and predicts the gap in antenatal care coverage (percentage of women unable to access to antenatal care) across different regions. Staff-related access deficit, as a threshold indicator, seems to have a linear relationship with the antenatal care coverage gap. The known inequalities in the distribution of the health care workforce among different regions of Turkey were put forward once more in this study using the SRA indicator. The staff-related access deficit indicator can be easily used to monitor the status of distributional inequalities of the health care workforce at different sub-national levels in the future.	[ { "display_name": "Cahiers de sociologie et de demographie medicales", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306505491", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W2314485330	Since little time remained to 2015; how far Turkey has achieved to reach the tuberculosis targets?	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Mustafa Hamidullah Türkkanı", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5024667708" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Zeki Yıldırım", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5056850078" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Tuberculosis", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2781069245" }, { "display_name": "Summit", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778848561" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Tuberculosis control", "id": "https://openalex.org/C3018038924" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "Environmental health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951" }, { "display_name": "Development economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Pathology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C142724271" }, { "display_name": "Physical geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C100970517" } ]	[ "Turkey" ]	[]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2314485330	Tuberculosis still continues to be a globally major health problem. The one of the priorities of Millennium Development Goals, which was adopted by "United Nations Summit" in 2000 to overcome the obstacles in the development of countries is tuberculosis. The targets about the tuberculosis are the outcome indicators which are used to evaluate of effectiveness in tuberculosis's control. By the effective activities of the national tuberculosis control program; the "Millennium Development Goals" and "Stop TB Strategy Goals" have been completely achieved in Turkey before 2015.	[ { "display_name": "Tüberküloz ve toraks", "id": "https://openalex.org/S2754331038", "type": "journal" }, { "display_name": "PubMed", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036", "type": "repository" } ]
https://openalex.org/W4250401499	Millennium Development Goal Four; Child and Infant Mortality, Achievements in Economic Cooperation Organization Countries: An Ecological Study	[ { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Iran", "display_name": "Tehran University of Medical Sciences", "id": "https://openalex.org/I70640408", "lat": 35.69439, "long": 51.42151, "type": "education" }, { "country": "Iran", "display_name": "Iran Meteorological Organization", "id": "https://openalex.org/I4210145541", "lat": 35.695713, "long": 51.33022, "type": "facility" }, { "country": "United States", "display_name": "University of California, San Francisco", "id": "https://openalex.org/I180670191", "lat": 37.77493, "long": -122.41942, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Ali Mirzazadeh", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5067073508" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Iran", "display_name": "Tehran University of Medical Sciences", "id": "https://openalex.org/I70640408", "lat": 35.69439, "long": 51.42151, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Kourosh Holakouie Naieni", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5019786777" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Iran", "display_name": "Tehran University of Medical Sciences", "id": "https://openalex.org/I70640408", "lat": 35.69439, "long": 51.42151, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Arash Rashidian", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5087462039" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "P Vazirian", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5019120810" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Iran", "display_name": "Tehran University of Medical Sciences", "id": "https://openalex.org/I70640408", "lat": 35.69439, "long": 51.42151, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Ghobad Moradi", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5024490971" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Iran", "display_name": "Tehran University of Medical Sciences", "id": "https://openalex.org/I70640408", "lat": 35.69439, "long": 51.42151, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Hossein Malekafzali", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5005518909" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Child mortality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C46299933" }, { "display_name": "Infant mortality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C112299071" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Environmental health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951" }, { "display_name": "Socioeconomics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C45355965" }, { "display_name": "Mortality rate", "id": "https://openalex.org/C179755657" }, { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Population", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Sociology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400" }, { "display_name": "Internal medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C126322002" } ]	[ "Turkey", "Iran" ]	[ "https://openalex.org/W1607703408", "https://openalex.org/W1984343662", "https://openalex.org/W2015257605", "https://openalex.org/W2090512589", "https://openalex.org/W2128592628" ]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4250401499	Background: It has been shown that trend of achieving to Millennium Development Goal 4 (MDG 4), varies by region and between countries, indicating the possibility of existing different barriers and/or facilitators. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the trend of Under Five Mortality Rate (U5MR), and Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) and explore the main challenges to reach MDG 4 by 2015. Patients and Methods: In 2009, we have reviewed the latest countriesâ MDG reports. The key stakeholders, from both governmental and international organizations in the country have been visited, and interviewed by the research team as a part of the data triangulation process. The last data on U5MR and IMR has been explored, and the achievements were tracked. Results: The U5MR and IMR varied from 257 and 165 deaths per 1000 live births in Afghanistan, to 24 and 17 in Turkey, respectively. Turkey has already reached the U5MR and IMR goals. Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, and Pakistan were at risk of not reaching the goals, and Iran and Tajikistan were a little beyond the time schedule. Turkmenistan, Kirghizstan and Azerbaijan were on the track on MDG on U5MR. Regarding IMR, Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, Pakistan and Iran were at the risk of not reaching the MDGs in 2015, and Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan and Azerbaijan were on the track. Adult literacy, Expenditure on Health and Out-of-Pocket Expenditure on Heath had a strong association with both U5MR and IMR. Conclusions: it is optimistically expected that few of ECO countries would reach the target millennium goals. More focus on the basic needs of communities through a comprehensive primary health care system, and improving health financing are experiences worked in the region, and could help the ECO countries to improve more in MDGs health related achievements.	[ { "display_name": "Journal of Comprehensive Pediatrics", "id": "https://openalex.org/S2764557585", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W2062462682	Millennium Development Goal Four; Child and Infant Mortality, Achievements in Economic Cooperation Organization Countries: An Ecological Study	[ { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Iran", "display_name": "Tehran University of Medical Sciences", "id": "https://openalex.org/I70640408", "lat": 35.69439, "long": 51.42151, "type": "education" }, { "country": "Iran", "display_name": "Iran Meteorological Organization", "id": "https://openalex.org/I4210145541", "lat": 35.695713, "long": 51.33022, "type": "facility" }, { "country": "United States", "display_name": "University of California, San Francisco", "id": "https://openalex.org/I180670191", "lat": 37.77493, "long": -122.41942, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Ali Mirzazadeh", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5067073508" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Iran", "display_name": "Tehran University of Medical Sciences", "id": "https://openalex.org/I70640408", "lat": 35.69439, "long": 51.42151, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Kourosh Holakouie Naieni", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5019786777" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Iran", "display_name": "Tehran University of Medical Sciences", "id": "https://openalex.org/I70640408", "lat": 35.69439, "long": 51.42151, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Arash Rashidian", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5087462039" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "P Vazirian", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5019120810" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Iran", "display_name": "Tehran University of Medical Sciences", "id": "https://openalex.org/I70640408", "lat": 35.69439, "long": 51.42151, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Ghobad Moradi", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5024490971" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Iran", "display_name": "Tehran University of Medical Sciences", "id": "https://openalex.org/I70640408", "lat": 35.69439, "long": 51.42151, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Hossein Malekafzali", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5005518909" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Child mortality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C46299933" }, { "display_name": "Infant mortality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C112299071" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Environmental health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951" }, { "display_name": "Socioeconomics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C45355965" }, { "display_name": "Mortality rate", "id": "https://openalex.org/C179755657" }, { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Population", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359" }, { "display_name": "Sociology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400" }, { "display_name": "Internal medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C126322002" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" } ]	[ "Turkey", "Iran" ]	[ "https://openalex.org/W1607703408", "https://openalex.org/W1984343662", "https://openalex.org/W2015257605", "https://openalex.org/W2090512589", "https://openalex.org/W2128592628" ]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2062462682	Background: It has been shown that trend of achieving to Millennium Development Goal 4 (MDG 4), varies by region and between countries, indicating the possibility of existing different barriers and/or facilitators. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the trend of Under Five Mortality Rate (U5MR), and Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) and explore the main challenges to reach MDG 4 by 2015. Patients and Methods: In 2009, we have reviewed the latest countriesâ MDG reports. The key stakeholders, from both governmental and international organizations in the country have been visited, and interviewed by the research team as a part of the data triangulation process. The last data on U5MR and IMR has been explored, and the achievements were tracked. Results: The U5MR and IMR varied from 257 and 165 deaths per 1000 live births in Afghanistan, to 24 and 17 in Turkey, respectively. Turkey has already reached the U5MR and IMR goals. Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, and Pakistan were at risk of not reaching the goals, and Iran and Tajikistan were a little beyond the time schedule. Turkmenistan, Kirghizstan and Azerbaijan were on the track on MDG on U5MR. Regarding IMR, Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, Pakistan and Iran were at the risk of not reaching the MDGs in 2015, and Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan and Azerbaijan were on the track. Adult literacy, Expenditure on Health and Out-of-Pocket Expenditure on Heath had a strong association with both U5MR and IMR. Conclusions: it is optimistically expected that few of ECO countries would reach the target millennium goals. More focus on the basic needs of communities through a comprehensive primary health care system, and improving health financing are experiences worked in the region, and could help the ECO countries to improve more in MDGs health related achievements.	[ { "display_name": "Journal of Comprehensive Pediatrics", "id": "https://openalex.org/S2764557585", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W4311033453	Poverty Problem in the Framework of Sustainable Development Goals	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Tibet Erdogan", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5060261338" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C189326681" }, { "display_name": "Sustainable development", "id": "https://openalex.org/C552854447" }, { "display_name": "Natural resource", "id": "https://openalex.org/C29985473" }, { "display_name": "Context (archaeology)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779343474" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Sustainability", "id": "https://openalex.org/C66204764" }, { "display_name": "Development economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531" }, { "display_name": "Humanity", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2780422510" }, { "display_name": "Basic needs", "id": "https://openalex.org/C196777733" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "Ecology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C18903297" }, { "display_name": "Archaeology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Biology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240" } ]	[ "Turkey" ]	[]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4311033453	The limited resources that sustainable development treats as the core problem also constitute the main theme it aims to solve. It is the responsibility of the present generation to ensure sustainable development and systematically preserve the natural resources in a deserving manner for the future generation. Eradicating poverty, the first of 17 goals in sustainable development goals, is one of the main economic challenges of many nations. Because sustainable development goals are commitments to the well-being of humanity, it is important that the problem of poverty comes to the top of the agenda. Indeed, poverty is a growing global problem that has existed since time immemorial and has now become a problem not only in developing countries but in developed countries as well. In this study, therefore, the definitions, types, and extent of poverty are discussed in light of the sustainable development goals within the context of Turkey and the world based on numerical data from international organizations.	[ { "display_name": "Economics literature", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4210194452", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W2910455502	Relationship between Sustainable Development and Health: The Case of Turkey	[ { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Turkey", "display_name": "Van Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi", "id": "https://openalex.org/I118567650", "lat": 38.49457, "long": 43.38323, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Zafer Kanberoğlu", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5069502331" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Nida Günsan", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5026917238" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Sustainable development", "id": "https://openalex.org/C552854447" }, { "display_name": "Poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C189326681" }, { "display_name": "Business", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560" }, { "display_name": "Basic needs", "id": "https://openalex.org/C196777733" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Work (physics)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C18762648" }, { "display_name": "Environmental planning", "id": "https://openalex.org/C91375879" }, { "display_name": "Environmental resource management", "id": "https://openalex.org/C107826830" }, { "display_name": "Environmental health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951" }, { "display_name": "Natural resource economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C175605778" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Engineering", "id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603" }, { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "Mechanical engineering", "id": "https://openalex.org/C78519656" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" } ]	[ "Turkey" ]	[]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2910455502	Sustainable development is the fulfillment of the needs of the present generation without destroying the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.Among the main elements of sustainable development,there are economic elements, socio-cultural elements and environmental elements.Reducing world hunger, gender equality, clean water and sanitary conditions, appropriate work and economic growth, industry-innovation and infrastructure, reduction of inequalities, responsible consumption and production, aquatic life, terrestrial life, peace and justice, poverty reduction, accessible clean energy, sustainable cities and habitats and healthy individuals are some of the key objectives of sustainable development.Health is considered one of the important indicators in achieving these goals. Health is one of the basic needs of mankind.According to the definition made by the World Health Organization health; is expressed as the state of full well-being of the individuals in physical, spiritual and social aspects. It is natural that this state of full well-being is closely related to the economic development and the environment it affects.In evaluating the goals of sustainable development; health indicators which is used include variables such as nutrition status, mortality, hygiene conditions, drinking water, and health services. Relationship between sustainable development and health will be examined within Turkey example study.	[ { "display_name": "International Journal of Contemporary Economics and Administrative Sciences", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306513928", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W2599118986	1. Regional Seas	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Claudia Cinelli", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5002590364" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Gemma Andreone", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5016849718" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Sustainable development", "id": "https://openalex.org/C552854447" }, { "display_name": "Earth Summit", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2780568229" }, { "display_name": "United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea", "id": "https://openalex.org/C183988256" }, { "display_name": "Summit", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778848561" }, { "display_name": "Jurisdiction", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2776949292" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Environmental planning", "id": "https://openalex.org/C91375879" }, { "display_name": "Corporate governance", "id": "https://openalex.org/C39389867" }, { "display_name": "Marine conservation", "id": "https://openalex.org/C113416529" }, { "display_name": "General assembly", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778698365" }, { "display_name": "Poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C189326681" }, { "display_name": "Milestone", "id": "https://openalex.org/C120060458" }, { "display_name": "Convention", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2780608745" }, { "display_name": "Environmental protection", "id": "https://openalex.org/C526734887" }, { "display_name": "Environmental resource management", "id": "https://openalex.org/C107826830" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "Business", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Environmental science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304" }, { "display_name": "Archaeology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645" }, { "display_name": "Finance", "id": "https://openalex.org/C10138342" }, { "display_name": "Physical geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C100970517" } ]	[ "Turkey" ]	[]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2599118986	At the seventeenth Global Meeting of the Regional Seas Conventions and Action Plans, held in Istanbul, Turkey on 20–2 October, it was stressed that the development of regional governance for the protection of the environment is a cornerstone of international environmental policies. Indeed, while applying the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) obligations to co-operating actions in enclosed and semi-enclosed seas, the regional approach to marine environmental protection provides an appropriate scale for the implementation of an ecosystem approach to conservation. The meeting also provided an opportunity to discuss the key issues currently engaging the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) regional programs: the achievement of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the governance of areas beyond national jurisdiction, and the UNEP Regional Seas Programmes in the regions. In particular, the UNEP’s regional strategies should take into account the outcomes of the post-2015 development agenda of the UN Sustainable Development Summit, which was held on 25 September, which contains seventeen SDGs to end poverty, fight inequality and injustice, and tackle climate change by 2030. The post-2015 development agenda goes much further than the Millennium Development Goals, even in the specific field of marine environment protection and resources conservation.	[ { "display_name": "Yearbook of International Environmental Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/S2736107020", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W4205636764	Review of the progress made in implementing the Istanbul Programme of Action in the Asia-Pacific least developed countriess	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "NULL AUTHOR_ID", "id": "https://openalex.org/A9999999999" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Landlocked country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C176507212" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Development economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531" }, { "display_name": "Poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C189326681" }, { "display_name": "China", "id": "https://openalex.org/C191935318" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Extreme poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C553381038" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Sustainable development", "id": "https://openalex.org/C552854447" }, { "display_name": "Socioeconomics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C45355965" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Archaeology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" } ]	[ "Turkey" ]	[]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4205636764	The Programme of Action for the Least Developed Countries for the Decade 2011–2020 is a decade-long development agenda, which was adopted at the Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries (LDCs), held in Istanbul, Turkey, in 2011. Also referred to as the Istanbul Programme of Action, the Programme articulates a vision and strategy for sustainable development of LDCs, including through developing their productive capacities. It sets an overarching goal of overcoming the structural challenges faced by these countries. The twelve Asia-Pacific LDCs are among the most vulnerable and structurally disadvantaged countries in the region. Four of them (Afghanistan, Bhutan, the Lao People’s Democratic Republic and Nepal) are landlocked and five of them (Kiribati, Solomon Islands, Timor-Leste, Tuvalu and Vanuatu2) are remote small island developing States. These two geographical characteristics are known to be the source of adverse implications for development.3 Furthermore, susceptibility to natural disasters, such as earthquakes, tropical cyclones and climate change-related consequences, remains a major challenge for most of these countries. During the implementation of the Programme until the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, a development pattern was evident among Asia- Pacific LDCs in which their long-term economic growth was accompanied by rapid poverty reduction. Many of them also attained most of the Millennium Development Goals during the first half of the implementation period and made solid progress towards graduation from the group of LDCs during the second half of the implementation period.	[ { "display_name": "Asia-Pacific countries with special needs development report ...", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4210213745", "type": "book series" } ]
https://openalex.org/W2995568991	The Relationship of Development and Education: An Evaluation of Turkey’s Education Level by Human Development Index	[ { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Turkey", "display_name": "Aksaray University", "id": "https://openalex.org/I121596126", "lat": 38.37255, "long": 34.02537, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Emine Fırat", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5030872086" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Turkey", "display_name": "Aksaray University", "id": "https://openalex.org/I121596126", "lat": 38.37255, "long": 34.02537, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Emre Ürün", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5075699582" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Turkey", "display_name": "Aksaray University", "id": "https://openalex.org/I121596126", "lat": 38.37255, "long": 34.02537, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Aytaç Aydın", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5082664089" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Human Development Index", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779735493" }, { "display_name": "Human development (humanity)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2781089502" }, { "display_name": "Poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C189326681" }, { "display_name": "Human capital", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2776943663" }, { "display_name": "Context (archaeology)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779343474" }, { "display_name": "Index (typography)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2777382242" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Human rights", "id": "https://openalex.org/C169437150" }, { "display_name": "Development economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "Computer science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148" }, { "display_name": "World Wide Web", "id": "https://openalex.org/C136764020" }, { "display_name": "Archaeology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" } ]	[ "Turkey" ]	[]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2995568991	The unfair distribution of income in underdeveloped countries causes the capital to be gathered in the hands of a certain party and thus preventing it from spreading to the society and although national income in these countries is high, the level of development being low creates problems. Education directly relates to issues related to the concept of development such as developing individuals’ social points of view, obtaining the individual’s skills and abilities, shaping the socio-cultural structure, environment, healthy life and guaranteeing rights and freedom. The fact that frontiers disappeared together with the globalizing world and sharing the incomes in international markets have brought about some problems. The emergence of human-centered approach in development in 1970 and after has been an important opportunity for all societies. Human development has led the way to investigate concepts such as poverty, income equality, health and education and to take action to remove the deficiencies in the aforementioned area. Education is inevitable for development. In this context, Turkey’s education level will be evaluated in terms of the relationship of human development and education for development. In this study the indicators of Human Development Index (HDI) prepared by UDP annually and Education Index (EI), the sub-index of HDI, for Turkey have been taken into consideration and it has been aimed to determine Turkey’s level of development in education. It was determined in the study that Turkey’s level of human development is not satisfactory and that indicators for education were low.	[ { "display_name": "Uluslararası Avrasya ekonomileri konferansı", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4210216963", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W4248440746	From the Editors	[ { "affiliations": [ { "country": "United States", "display_name": "Brigham Young University", "id": "https://openalex.org/I100005738", "lat": 40.23384, "long": -111.65853, "type": "education" }, { "country": "United States", "display_name": "Northeastern University", "id": "https://openalex.org/I12912129", "lat": 42.35843, "long": -71.05977, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Lynn Clark Callister", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5034512986" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "United States", "display_name": "Brigham Young University", "id": "https://openalex.org/I100005738", "lat": 40.23384, "long": -111.65853, "type": "education" }, { "country": "United States", "display_name": "Northeastern University", "id": "https://openalex.org/I12912129", "lat": 42.35843, "long": -71.05977, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Carole Kenner", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5086350964" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Outreach", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2781400479" }, { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "Nursing", "id": "https://openalex.org/C159110408" }, { "display_name": "Global health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C46578552" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Health care", "id": "https://openalex.org/C160735492" }, { "display_name": "Globe", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2775899829" }, { "display_name": "First World", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778355732" }, { "display_name": "Psychology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967" }, { "display_name": "Family medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C512399662" }, { "display_name": "Poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C189326681" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Public health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C138816342" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Third world", "id": "https://openalex.org/C3020591692" }, { "display_name": "Development economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Ophthalmology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C118487528" } ]	[ "Turkey" ]	[ "https://openalex.org/W2061771459" ]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4248440746	We Are the World This issue of The Journal of Perinatal & Neonatal Nursing focuses on global perinatal and neonatal health. International issues and clinical experiences in perinatal and neonatal nursing encompass the globe, and are becoming more relevant as the world becomes smaller and smaller and nurses care for culturally diverse women and newborns from around the world. This issue describes strategies for meeting the United Nations Millennium Development Goals 4 (neonatal health) and 5 (maternal health) by 2015. In the perinatal section, under the guidance of Guest Editor Dr Lynn Clark Callister, Brucker provides an overview of how global maternal health can be improved as we seek to “Mother the world.” This insightful work provides an overview of where the provision of healthcare is in terms of meeting Millennium Development Goal 5. Our nursing colleagues in Turkey describe postpartum depressive symptoms in women who had been treated for primary infertility, contributing to cross-cultural research on factors contributing to perinatal mood disorders. Dickerson and associates report on a community- and home-based maternal-newborn outreach program in rural Tibet. This initiative began with a nurse in maternal/fetal medicine at the University of Utah who had a dream to make a difference. She expanded her efforts to include a multidisciplinary team to provide culturally competent care on the basis of the best evidence. You will find this report interesting and inspiring! In the perinatal section of this global health issue, the “we are the world” theme also includes 2 qualitative descriptive studies focusing on the perceptions of women giving birth in 2 very different sociocultural contexts: Australia and Ecuador. These articles highlight the importance of listening to the voices of women to guide the provision of healthcare. These reports demonstrate how qualitative inquiry can be utilized to generate clinical guidelines in order to enhance the care of childbearing women and their families. These contributing authors provide insights into global perinatal and neonatal health that are relevant to neonatal and perinatal nurses caring for women across the globe. The neonatal section of this issue of The Journal of Perinatal & Neonatal Nursing focuses on global issues. This year, 2010, is the International Year of the Nurse in commemoration of the centennial death of Florence Nightingale.1 Suzanne Gordon in “Nursing Against the Odds”2 called nurses the backbone of healthcare. At the International Council of Nurses 2009 meeting, this position was reaffirmed. The United Nations Development Program established Millennium Development Goals3 in the 1990s, which have been updated for 2015. They represent aims that worldwide organizations such as UNICEF, Save the Babies, governments, nongovernmental organizations, and professional associations such as the Council of International Neonatal Nurses, have partnered on to improve the health and welfare of global society. Millennium Development Goal 4 is to reduce child mortality, especially for children younger than 5 years. Prior to 2006, this mortality rate was greater than 10 million children per year.3 Four years later, some progress has been made. Yet, children in poor, developing countries still have high child mortality rates and most of this is attributable to the neonatal period. In 2005, the Lancet published the Neonatal Survival series. As part of that series, Lawn and colleagues4 reported that annually there were an estimated 4 million neonatal deaths, accounting for 38% of the world's child deaths. The causes were not surprising—infection, low birth weight, prematurity, and asphyxia, all of which were preventable and impacted directly by nursing. To date, only 16 countries or 24% have effectively reduced the child mortality rate.5 Progress on Millennium Development Goal 4 relies on good nursing care globally. The topics in this issue reflect nursing practice and education and the challenges that neonatal nurses face and range from Japanese nursing practice, to transporting infants in Finland, to use of infant massage in Chile to improve weight gain, and finally to Russia and use of professional associations and networking to increase knowledge, change practice, and influence health outcomes. Eklund's article titled “Japan and Its Healthcare Challenges and Potential Contribution of Neonatal Nurse Practitioners” addresses the need for changes in the scope of practice of neonatal nurses. This article describes how neonates need both nurses and doctors to have advanced skills in order to meet their increasingly complex needs. This situation in which nurses cannot do health assessments or start intravenous lines is not unique to Japan. It represents the need for policy changes and interdisciplinary discussions about how practices need to change to match the complexity of care in the neonatal population. Leppälä's article from Finland represents a nice opinion piece on neonatal transport. The author holistically addresses challenges faced in moving a fragile infant from one center to another in order to provide the best care. Serrano and colleagues describe the relationship of massage to weight gain at ages 2 and 4 months. This Chilean study examined breast-feeding and weight gain using a teaching intervention, “Baby's First Massage Program,” to enable mothers to massage their full-term infants. At 2 months of age, there were no significant differences between the 2 groups of infants. At 4 months, however, the weight was appropriate for age and greater in the massage group than in the usual care group. While the research indicates a need for further study, it is exciting to think that an easily taught intervention like massage holds possibilities for fostering positive weight gain in infants. Boykova presents a synthesis of a personal journey as a neonatal nurse from Russia to professional networking to improve her own nursing education and, ultimately, improved health outcomes of neonates and their families. The backdrop for this article is the Council of International Neonatal Nurses, which, according to the author, helps link neonatal nurses together to address common global problems. Lynn Clark Callister, PhD, RN, FAAN Perinatal Guest Editor Professor, College of Nursing Brigham Young University Provo, UT Carole Kenner, DNS, RNC-NIC, FAAN Neonatal Guest Editor Dean/Professor, School of Nursing Associate Dean, Bouvé College of Health Sciences Northeastern University Boston, MA	[ { "display_name": "The Journal of Perinatal & Neonatal Nursing", "id": "https://openalex.org/S172982486", "type": "journal" }, { "display_name": "PubMed", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036", "type": "repository" } ]
https://openalex.org/W1978091650	Qatar achieves its target of neonatal survival required by United Nations Millennium Development Goal 4: A PEARL study analysis	[ { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Qatar", "display_name": "Hamad Medical Corporation", "id": "https://openalex.org/I49828101", "lat": 25.294807, "long": 51.541237, "type": "nonprofit" }, { "country": "United Kingdom", "display_name": "University of Gloucestershire", "id": "https://openalex.org/I114203471", "lat": 51.90006, "long": -2.07972, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Sajjad Ur Rahman", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5024268018" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Qatar", "display_name": "Hamad Medical Corporation", "id": "https://openalex.org/I49828101", "lat": 25.294807, "long": 51.541237, "type": "nonprofit" }, { "country": "United Kingdom", "display_name": "University of Gloucestershire", "id": "https://openalex.org/I114203471", "lat": 51.90006, "long": -2.07972, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Hilal Al Rifai", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5038794846" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Qatar", "display_name": "Hamad Medical Corporation", "id": "https://openalex.org/I49828101", "lat": 25.294807, "long": 51.541237, "type": "nonprofit" }, { "country": "United Kingdom", "display_name": "University of Gloucestershire", "id": "https://openalex.org/I114203471", "lat": 51.90006, "long": -2.07972, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Walid El Ansari", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5054742610" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Qatar", "display_name": "Hamad Medical Corporation", "id": "https://openalex.org/I49828101", "lat": 25.294807, "long": 51.541237, "type": "nonprofit" }, { "country": "United Kingdom", "display_name": "University of Gloucestershire", "id": "https://openalex.org/I114203471", "lat": 51.90006, "long": -2.07972, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Nuha Nimeri", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5025111996" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Qatar", "display_name": "Hamad Medical Corporation", "id": "https://openalex.org/I49828101", "lat": 25.294807, "long": 51.541237, "type": "nonprofit" }, { "country": "United Kingdom", "display_name": "University of Gloucestershire", "id": "https://openalex.org/I114203471", "lat": 51.90006, "long": -2.07972, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Sarrah El Tinay", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5055560278" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Qatar", "display_name": "Hamad Medical Corporation", "id": "https://openalex.org/I49828101", "lat": 25.294807, "long": 51.541237, "type": "nonprofit" }, { "country": "United Kingdom", "display_name": "University of Gloucestershire", "id": "https://openalex.org/I114203471", "lat": 51.90006, "long": -2.07972, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Khalil Salameh", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5003828200" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Qatar", "display_name": "Hamad Medical Corporation", "id": "https://openalex.org/I49828101", "lat": 25.294807, "long": 51.541237, "type": "nonprofit" }, { "country": "United Kingdom", "display_name": "University of Gloucestershire", "id": "https://openalex.org/I114203471", "lat": 51.90006, "long": -2.07972, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Hiba Tohid", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5034823788" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Qatar", "display_name": "Hamad Medical Corporation", "id": "https://openalex.org/I49828101", "lat": 25.294807, "long": 51.541237, "type": "nonprofit" }, { "country": "United Kingdom", "display_name": "University of Gloucestershire", "id": "https://openalex.org/I114203471", "lat": 51.90006, "long": -2.07972, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Mohammad Tahir", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5065370654" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Qatar", "display_name": "Hamad Medical Corporation", "id": "https://openalex.org/I49828101", "lat": 25.294807, "long": 51.541237, "type": "nonprofit" }, { "country": "United Kingdom", "display_name": "University of Gloucestershire", "id": "https://openalex.org/I114203471", "lat": 51.90006, "long": -2.07972, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Abdulbari Bener", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5029400831" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "Neonatal mortality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C3019760594" }, { "display_name": "Infant mortality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C112299071" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Mortality rate", "id": "https://openalex.org/C179755657" }, { "display_name": "Public health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C138816342" }, { "display_name": "Demography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C149923435" }, { "display_name": "Environmental health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951" }, { "display_name": "Pediatrics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C187212893" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Population", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Nursing", "id": "https://openalex.org/C159110408" }, { "display_name": "Sociology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400" }, { "display_name": "Internal medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C126322002" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" } ]	[ "Qatar" ]	[]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1978091650	Background and Objectives: Neonatal mortality, a component of United Nations Millennium Development Goal 4 (MDG-4) (two thirds reduction in childhood mortality by 2015), has been a focus of all global health improvement strategies and plans of action since 1990. Our study aims to prospectively ascertain Qatar's neonatal mortality rate (NMR) during 2011, analyze trends between 1975 and 2011, and compare with recent data from high income countries. Methods: A PEARL study (perinatal neonatal outcomes research study in the Arabian Gulf), a joint collaborative research project between Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), Qatar and University of Gloucestershire, United Kingdom, is Qatar's prospective national perinatal epidemiologic study funded by Qatar National Research Fund. The study quantifies maternal, neonatal and perinatal mortality, morbidities and their correlates by establishing a national neonatal perinatal registry for Qatar called Q-Peri-Reg. Data on live births and neonatal mortality was collected from all public and private maternity facilities in Qatar during 2011 and compared with historical neonatal mortality data (1975-2011) ascertained from the database of maternity and neonatal units of the Women's Hospital and annual reports of HMC. Inter-country comparisons were made using World Health statistics 2011 and the European perinatal health report 2008. Results: Total live births during the study period were 20,583 and neonatal deaths 102. NMR was 4.9, early neonatal mortality rate (ENMR) 2.7, late neonatal mortality rate (LNMR) 2.2 and corrected neonatal mortality rate (cNMR) 3.26. Between 1975 and 2011, relative risk of NMR decreased by 87% (RR 0.13, 95% CI 0.10-0.18, p <0.001), ENMR by 91% (RR 0.09, 95% CI 0.06-0.12, p <0.001) and LNMR by 58% (RR 0.42, 95% CI 0.23-0.74, p= 0.002) though the population increased by 10 fold and number of deliveries by 7.2 folds. The comparable NMR from selected high income countries are between 3 and 5. Conclusion: Qatar has achieved its target MDG-4 by 2011. The improvement has been more marked in ENMR than LNMR. The current NMR, ENMR, LNMR and cNMR are comparable with selected high income counties. Further in-depth analysis of correlates and determinants of neonatal survival in Qatar may form the basis of a strategic global neonatal mortality improvement plan.	[ { "display_name": "Qatar Foundation Annual Research Forum Volume 2012 Issue 1", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525077", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W3098542788	Sustainable development goals, extractives industries and the energy nexus – insights in the Mena Region	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "John Kilani", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5029881889" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Sustainable development", "id": "https://openalex.org/C552854447" }, { "display_name": "Natural resource", "id": "https://openalex.org/C29985473" }, { "display_name": "Poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C189326681" }, { "display_name": "Framing (construction)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C169087156" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Population", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359" }, { "display_name": "Sustainability", "id": "https://openalex.org/C66204764" }, { "display_name": "Nexus (standard)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C148609458" }, { "display_name": "Development economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531" }, { "display_name": "Business", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Sociology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400" }, { "display_name": "Engineering", "id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603" }, { "display_name": "Ecology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C18903297" }, { "display_name": "Demography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C149923435" }, { "display_name": "Archaeology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Biology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240" }, { "display_name": "Embedded system", "id": "https://openalex.org/C149635348" } ]	[ "Qatar", "Saudi Arabia", "Egypt", "Iraq" ]	[]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3098542788	Sustainable development is undoubtedly one of the biggest challenges the world continues to face today. We live in a world where more than 800 million people still live in extreme poverty; one out of nine people are starving; 2.5 billion lack access to clean water; and 1.3 billion people have no access to modern electricity. It is against this backdrop that the world leaders in September 2015 adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, enshrining the 17 UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) – a new, universal set of goals, targets and indicators that all UN Member States are expected to use for framing their sustainable development agendas and policies until 2030. This article seizes the opportunity to engage in the ongoing discourse on the contributions from major sectors to the realization of the SDGs, particularly in the face of growing world population. The purpose of the article is to explore the role of the energy sector in the implementation of sustainable development agendas, particularly in the MENA region. The article finds that the region’s diverse circumstances and substantial petroleum and natural gas reserves make it an ideal region for typifying the central role of energy in today’s world. The article explores, under five themes, some pertinent issues relating to the UNSDGs and their connectivity to energy, drawing illustrative examples from four countries – one small resourcerich country (Qatar), one relatively large resource-rich country (Saudi Arabia), the largest country from North Africa (Egypt), and a country grappling with the challenges of reconstruction after years of strive andinstability (Iraq). The article highlights that some of the countries are successfully unlocking the benefits of economic growth, through the development of their natural resources. It concludes that, through concerted efforts to address some challenges, extractive sector operations can play significant roles in advancing the SDGs in the entire region. Keywords: Sustainable Development; UNSDGs; Energy; MENA Region.	[ { "display_name": "Journal of Sustainable Development Law and Policy", "id": "https://openalex.org/S2738795853", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W2550612059	No health without peace: why SDG 16 is essential for health	[ { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Jordan", "display_name": "United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East", "id": "https://openalex.org/I4210146208", "lat": 31.95522, "long": 35.94503, "type": "nonprofit" } ], "display_name": "Wesley Hannah", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5070090983" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Jordan", "display_name": "United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East", "id": "https://openalex.org/I4210146208", "lat": 31.95522, "long": 35.94503, "type": "nonprofit" } ], "display_name": "Victoria Tittle", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5007240701" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Jordan", "display_name": "United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East", "id": "https://openalex.org/I4210146208", "lat": 31.95522, "long": 35.94503, "type": "nonprofit" } ], "display_name": "Akihiro Seita", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5075168815" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Refugee", "id": "https://openalex.org/C173145845" }, { "display_name": "Prosperity", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2776554220" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Internally displaced person", "id": "https://openalex.org/C13934251" }, { "display_name": "Sustainable development", "id": "https://openalex.org/C552854447" }, { "display_name": "Palestinian refugees", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2780446542" }, { "display_name": "Poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C189326681" }, { "display_name": "Population", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359" }, { "display_name": "Forced migration", "id": "https://openalex.org/C541189924" }, { "display_name": "Displaced person", "id": "https://openalex.org/C104513104" }, { "display_name": "Persecution", "id": "https://openalex.org/C537575062" }, { "display_name": "Public health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C138816342" }, { "display_name": "Development economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "Environmental health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951" }, { "display_name": "Politics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758" }, { "display_name": "Nursing", "id": "https://openalex.org/C159110408" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" } ]	[ "Palestine", "West Bank", "Lebanon", "Gaza", "Syria", "Jordan" ]	[ "https://openalex.org/W2765890829" ]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2550612059	We live in an increasingly globalised world in which almost 34 000 people a day are forced to flee their homes because of conflict and persecution.1UN Refugee AgencyFigures at a glance.http://www.unhcr.org/figures-at-a-glance.htmlGoogle Scholar Refugees are increasingly moving into more traditionally stable countries, often risking their lives in the process, catalysing public health crises anew. As of 2015, more than 65 million people have been forcibly displaced worldwide; more than 20 million of them since 2011.2UN Refugee AgencyGlobal trends: forced displacement in 2015.http://www.unhcr.org/statistics/unhcrstats/576408cd7/unhcr-global-trends-2015.htmlDate: 2016Google Scholar The United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA), established in 1949, provides humanitarian assistance through education, health-care, and relief and social services, to some 5 million Palestine refugees alone in Lebanon, Jordan, Gaza, the West Bank, and Syria. In 2015, the eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) were updated and replaced with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The 2015 SDGs take a more comprehensive, holistic approach to “end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure prosperity for all”3United NationsSustainable development goals.http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals/Google Scholar than their predecessors. Arguably the most important SDG is number 16: peace, justice, and strong institutions. Peace is essential—and in fact, non-negotiable—to ensure a healthy, productive global population. In the absence of peace, it will be impossible to fully achieve the other 16 SDGs, particularly SDG 3: good health and wellbeing. For example, as a result of the ongoing crisis in Syria, now well into its fifth year, life expectancy has been reduced by 20 years, 80% of the country's population is now living in poverty, and economic losses are estimated at more than US$200 billion.4Associated PressSyria's war: 80% in poverty, life expectancy cut by 20 years, $200bn lost.The Guardian. March 12, 2015; (accessed Aug 20, 2016).https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/12/syrias-war-80-in-poverty-life-expectancy-cut-by-20-years-200bn-lostGoogle Scholar Public health professionals have a moral and humanitarian obligation to highlight this unmistakable link between peace and public health. It is largely accepted, for example, that a woman living in a rural area who has trouble accessing health care during and immediately after her pregnancy, might end up having more serious complications than her urban counterpart. These complications can lead to maternal and child disability, and even death. Similarly, chronic and acute conflict, blockade, and occupation can foster conditions that challenge health systems, infrastructure, and availability of life saving medicines and supplies. Although the specific challenges themselves may differ, the health of pregnant women living in these situations could be as fragile as their counterparts living in hard-to-reach areas in peaceful countries. As we enter, united, into these next 15 years, we would be well served to remain aware of the crucial role that SDG 16 (peace, justice, and strong institutions) has in the achievement of SDG 3. Politics and health are inextricably linked, and we cannot expect to eliminate health inequities for the most vulnerable populations if we sit back and let the injustices of war reign supreme. We declare no competing interests.	[ { "display_name": "The Lancet", "id": "https://openalex.org/S49861241", "type": "journal" }, { "display_name": "PubMed", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036", "type": "repository" } ]
https://openalex.org/W4387142931	Mortalité infanto-juvénile en Palestine	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Robynn Hera", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5092962412" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Nancy Stiegler", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5016908282" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Jean‐Pierre Bouchard", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5037812457" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Palestine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C114362828" }, { "display_name": "Poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C189326681" }, { "display_name": "Environmental health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951" }, { "display_name": "Infant mortality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C112299071" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Population", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359" }, { "display_name": "Mortality rate", "id": "https://openalex.org/C179755657" }, { "display_name": "Demography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C149923435" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "Socioeconomics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C45355965" }, { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Ancient history", "id": "https://openalex.org/C195244886" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "History", "id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728" }, { "display_name": "Sociology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400" } ]	[ "Palestine" ]	[ "https://openalex.org/W1970616839", "https://openalex.org/W2054839823", "https://openalex.org/W2770262454", "https://openalex.org/W3080579868", "https://openalex.org/W4293218836" ]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4387142931	The infant mortality rate (children under five) in Palestine is 21 deaths per 1,000 live births. Palestine has thus successfully reached the threshold set by the Millennium Development Goals for child mortality. However, this rate is higher than in neighboring countries. This indicator is extremely important as it is a highly sensitive indirect measure of population health, poverty and socio-economic development status, as well as the availability and quality of health services in a country. These are all factors that still present challenges in Palestine.	[ { "display_name": "Revue de l'infirmière", "id": "https://openalex.org/S2751888549", "type": "journal" }, { "display_name": "PubMed", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036", "type": "repository" } ]
https://openalex.org/W4251599713	Editorial introduction	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Jo Howard", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5076768751" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Joanna Wheeler", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5023122407" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C189326681" }, { "display_name": "Sustainable development", "id": "https://openalex.org/C552854447" }, { "display_name": "Extreme poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C553381038" }, { "display_name": "Sustainability", "id": "https://openalex.org/C66204764" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "International development", "id": "https://openalex.org/C87616379" }, { "display_name": "Development economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Ecology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C18903297" }, { "display_name": "Biology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240" } ]	[ "Palestine" ]	[ "https://openalex.org/W2086164355", "https://openalex.org/W2326014267" ]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4251599713	The themed section in this fourth issue of Volume 50 of the Community Development Journal, published in its 50th year, asks what role community development could play in making the new global development framework, the sustainable development goals (SDGs), relevant and effective. It comprises five articles, which approach this question from a range of perspectives, but with a common concern: how can the SDGs – in their formulation and implementation – be made to reflect the perspectives of those who are currently most affected by poverty and marginalization? The articles in this themed section argue, from the contexts of India, Bolivia, the Philippines, Kenya and Palestine, that lessons from community development theory and practice offer important considerations for the implementation and monitoring of the SDGs. The SDGs replace the millennium development goals (MDGs) from September 2015 until 2030. The MDGs were formulated in the run up to 2000 by UN policymakers and senior advisors. While they have had some success in reducing absolute poverty, the extent to which the MDGs made a difference to those living in extreme poverty is questioned (Howard and Wheeler, 2015). The ‘post-2015’ process of formulating new global development goals attempted to address the shortcomings of the MDGs: their top-down formulation by policy elites, their failure to take into account environmental sustainability, amongst others. The language of ‘sustainable development’ was adopted, reflecting a commitment to addressing the needs of the present without compromising future generations (United Nations, 1987), and a recognition of the interconnected nature of the domains of the economy, society and the environment (Cook and Dugarova, 2014). The post-2015 process took shape as a commitment at the Rio +20 Sustainable Development Conference in 2012, culminating in the ratification in September 2015 of 17 goals and 169 targets.	[ { "display_name": "Community Development Journal", "id": "https://openalex.org/S19534303", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W1961201546	Unraveling the Impact of Investments in ICT, Education and Health on Development: An Analysis of Archival Data of Five West African Countries Using Regression Splines	[ { "affiliations": [ { "country": "United Kingdom", "display_name": "University of Edinburgh", "id": "https://openalex.org/I98677209", "lat": 55.95206, "long": -3.19648, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Olga Morawczynski", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5057718913" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Ojelanki Ngwenyama", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5068801389" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Information and Communications Technology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C67363961" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Health care", "id": "https://openalex.org/C160735492" }, { "display_name": "Business", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Human resources", "id": "https://openalex.org/C107645774" }, { "display_name": "Interdependence", "id": "https://openalex.org/C185874996" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Management", "id": "https://openalex.org/C187736073" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" } ]	[ "West Bank" ]	[ "https://openalex.org/W155327113", "https://openalex.org/W1586268840", "https://openalex.org/W1600770546", "https://openalex.org/W1607085141", "https://openalex.org/W1987198708", "https://openalex.org/W2001275941", "https://openalex.org/W2023727334", "https://openalex.org/W2043425503", "https://openalex.org/W2052403654", "https://openalex.org/W2056392803", "https://openalex.org/W2089246717", "https://openalex.org/W2093769255", "https://openalex.org/W2105838054", "https://openalex.org/W2105995668", "https://openalex.org/W2136211845", "https://openalex.org/W2154327594", "https://openalex.org/W2155625757", "https://openalex.org/W2162180338", "https://openalex.org/W2168288947", "https://openalex.org/W3122053305", "https://openalex.org/W3122733733", "https://openalex.org/W4244273401", "https://openalex.org/W4248485230" ]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1961201546	Abstract For more than a decade African nations have been investing in Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) as a strategy for fostering development. Under the auspices of international development agencies such as the United Nations (UN), and World Bank these nations have been constituting and implementing technology strategies that aim to bring ‘digital opportunities’ to all constituents—especially those who are impoverished and living in remote communities. These strategies have put new demands on national governments to invest both human and financial resources into the expansion of telecommunications infrastructure and the training of new users. Such investments, however, have received some scrutiny as some claim that developing nations should focus their limited financial resources on the improvement of education or healthcare. Others argue that these ICT investments are vital for development, but should be synergized with others such as education and healthcare. In this study we will employ Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines (MARS) to explore the interaction amongst investments in ICT, education and healthcare. We further analyze how each class of investments impacts human development measures in five West African nations: Benin, Cameroon, Senegal, Ivory Coast and Niger. With such an analysis we illustrate the interdependencies amongst the three classes of investments and conclude that investments in ICTs alone are not enough to significantly impact human development. Complementary investments in education and healthcare must be given equal consideration.	[]
https://openalex.org/W1792729494	The public health effects of water and sanitation in selected West African countries	[ { "affiliations": [ { "country": "South Africa", "display_name": "University of the Witwatersrand", "id": "https://openalex.org/I192619145", "lat": -26.20227, "long": 28.04363, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Paul Alagidede", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5005101979" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Ann Nhawinei Alagidede", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5037917620" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Sanitation", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2780151969" }, { "display_name": "Sierra leone", "id": "https://openalex.org/C3018567284" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Improved sanitation", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2777910687" }, { "display_name": "Public health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C138816342" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "World Development Indicators", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779845407" }, { "display_name": "Business", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560" }, { "display_name": "Development economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531" }, { "display_name": "Socioeconomics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C45355965" }, { "display_name": "Environmental protection", "id": "https://openalex.org/C526734887" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "Nursing", "id": "https://openalex.org/C159110408" }, { "display_name": "Pathology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C142724271" } ]	[ "West Bank" ]	[ "https://openalex.org/W2277053992" ]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1792729494	This paper examines access to water and improved sanitation target under the Millennium Development Goal 7c (MDG 7c) for six West African countries: Chad, Niger, Nigeria, Mauritania, Sierra Leone and Togo. The article outlines some possible causes for the slow progress in achieving the MDG 7c, examines the public health effects of missing the targets, and charts paths for policy makers to consider in bringing these targets to acceptable levels.The study is based on secondary data analysis of trends in water and sanitation indicators for the six countries from 2000 to 2014. The data are drawn from the World Development Indicators (WDI) of the World Bank, and the World Health Organisation Joint Monitoring Programme (WHO JMP) and WaterAid Africa Wash Map. The performance of each country in the two indicators is presented and judged against the target set under MDG 7c. Forecasts based on the expiry of the MDG's in 2015 and the time required to achieve the targets are carried out.The study showes that while some progress has been made in improved water, sanitation showed slow progress for all the countries between 2000 and 2014. The goal of attaining acceptable sanitation shows that the six West African countries have lagged behind the MDG 7c target and the progress is equally slow.At the current rate of progress if strong public and private sector intervention mechanisms are not instituted across the board, the six West African countries under study would continue to lag behind the rest of the world in terms of access to improved water and sanitation. This has consequences for poverty alleviation and the risk of the re-emergence of neglected tropical diseases.	[ { "display_name": "Public Health", "id": "https://openalex.org/S11097115", "type": "journal" }, { "display_name": "PubMed", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036", "type": "repository" } ]
https://openalex.org/W2128518837	Girls’ and women’s education within Unesco and the World Bank, 1945–2000	[ { "affiliations": [ { "country": "United Kingdom", "display_name": "University of Cambridge", "id": "https://openalex.org/I241749", "lat": 52.2, "long": 0.11667, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Rosie Peppin Vaughan", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5087442582" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Acknowledgement", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2777880217" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Politics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758" }, { "display_name": "Charter", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2777596936" }, { "display_name": "Poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C189326681" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Human rights", "id": "https://openalex.org/C169437150" }, { "display_name": "Sociology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400" }, { "display_name": "Gender studies", "id": "https://openalex.org/C107993555" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Computer security", "id": "https://openalex.org/C38652104" }, { "display_name": "Computer science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148" } ]	[ "West Bank" ]	[ "https://openalex.org/W44855845", "https://openalex.org/W634938035", "https://openalex.org/W1982280965", "https://openalex.org/W2025770696", "https://openalex.org/W2045125014", "https://openalex.org/W2047378683", "https://openalex.org/W2062190694", "https://openalex.org/W2062530602", "https://openalex.org/W2065647468", "https://openalex.org/W2080059993", "https://openalex.org/W2166497650", "https://openalex.org/W4252010524", "https://openalex.org/W4253370040" ]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2128518837	Abstract By 2000, girls’ and women’s education was a priority for international development organisations. While studies have examined the impact of recent campaigns and programmes, there has been less exploration of ideas about girls’ and women’s education within development thought in the immediate post‐colonial period, and the political mechanisms through which this came to be a global concern. Through a study of policy documents, this paper investigates how the education of girls and women came to be prioritised within the two principle UN agencies involved with education since 1945, the World Bank and Unesco. A shift in priorities is evident, from ensuring formal rights and improving the status of women, to expanding the productive capacities of women, fertility control and poverty reduction. While the ascendance of human capital theory provided a space for a new perception of the role of women’s education in development, in other policy arenas women’s education was central to exploring more substantive, rights‐based notions of gender equality. Ultimately, the goal of improving girls’ and women’s education fitted into diverse development agendas, paving the way for it to become a global development priority. Keywords: gendereducationUnescoWorld Bank Acknowledgement The research in this article, was funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC). Notes 1. Prior to the establishment of the UN, nations had periodically sought to establish treaties and agreements, e.g. the charter of the League of Nations contained several references to women (Berkovitch Citation1999, 72–4). For a discussion of such activities, see Iriye (Citation2002, 9–36). 2. In the same year, the UN General Assembly adopted the Convention on the Political Rights of Women, ‘to implement the principle of equality of rights for men and women contained in the Charter of the United Nations’ (Jain Citation2005, 23–4). 3. A number of publications over the period addressed this topic, such as Education in Citizenship for Girls Today (Unesco 1959), The Political Education of Women (UN Department of Social Affairs Citation1951), and Civic and Political Education of Women (United Nations Citation1964). 4. Participants were drawn from various UN bodies including CSW and Unesco, international non‐governmental organisations, and women’s organisations (Unesco Citation1949a). 5. This examined the part played by women in politics in Norway, France, Yugoslavia and the German Federal Republic, and came to be recognised as one of Unesco’s main accomplishments in the social sciences at the time (Sewell Citation1975, 184). Stressing the absence of women from political life, he focused on the problem of representation and the lack of women officeholders, and the barriers to women holding public office, as opposed to only considering voting levels. 6. Recommendations are norms, agreed by member states, which are not subject to ratification, but which member states are invited to apply. They are intended to influence the development of national laws and practices. A Resolution is a decision of a UN body as a statement of intent, generally regarded to be non‐binding on member‐states. 7. The Karachi and Addis Ababa Plans aimed to provide universal compulsory primary education by 1980. Each state was required to prepare a detailed national plan for the achievement of these goals. These regional conferences were the first instance of a UN institution formulating, adopting and promoting common goals through international conferences, setting a template for over 50 more such goals in the following decades (Jolly, Emmerij, and Weiss Citation2005, 18). 8. In programming, due to pressure from elsewhere in the UN, Unesco’s goal of the eradication of illiteracy was sidelined for a focus on secondary, technical and vocational education, favoured by the UNDP and the World Bank who at that stage were providing much of the funds for Unesco’s field operations (Jones Citation2005, 62). 9. By the start of the decade, there had been a rapid increase in membership from newly independent countries, jumping from under 30 countries in 1946, to over 100 by 1962 (Sewell Citation1975, 269). 10. Human capital theory, developed by Schultz and Becker in the mid‐1960s, proposed that the relatively high and sustained levels of economic growth in the West were not only due to the application of appropriate technologies, but also a country’s possession of knowledge and skills. Modernisation theory centred on the role of rational, scientific actors in the transformation of economies, and therefore highlighted the role of formal schooling in this process (Jones Citation2005: 30–2). Unesco thus began to orient research towards issues such as The Social Prerequisites to Economic Growth (Citation1964). 11. Opponents in the World Bank pointed to the risk of losing the Bank’s ‘AAA’ credit rating through projects that did not produce economic returns. Supporters argued that foreign investment would not be fully utilised without the development of human resources (Jones Citation2006, 101–2). 12. This was also published in French and Spanish, in order to reach a wider audience. 13. National reports included China, France, Norway, Peru, Ukrainian SSR and Zambia. 14. For example, through the shift to Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs). 15. UNESCO has always suffered from a considerably limited budgetary capacity for education (Jones Citation2005, 54).	[ { "display_name": "Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education", "id": "https://openalex.org/S129145296", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W2490073655	Observations on the Current Status of Poison Control Centers in the United States	[ { "affiliations": [ { "country": "United States", "display_name": "University of California San Diego Medical Center", "id": "https://openalex.org/I4210132395", "lat": 32.7543, "long": -117.16544, "type": "healthcare" } ], "display_name": "Anthony S. Manoguerra", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5037893241" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "United States", "display_name": "University of California San Diego Medical Center", "id": "https://openalex.org/I4210132395", "lat": 32.7543, "long": -117.16544, "type": "healthcare" } ], "display_name": "Anthony R. Temple", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5006674737" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Sanitation", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2780151969" }, { "display_name": "Sierra leone", "id": "https://openalex.org/C3018567284" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Public health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C138816342" }, { "display_name": "Improved sanitation", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2777910687" }, { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Private sector", "id": "https://openalex.org/C121426985" }, { "display_name": "World Development Indicators", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779845407" }, { "display_name": "Development economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "Environmental health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951" }, { "display_name": "Business", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Pathology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C142724271" }, { "display_name": "Nursing", "id": "https://openalex.org/C159110408" } ]	[ "West Bank" ]	[ "https://openalex.org/W1980128199", "https://openalex.org/W1991488637", "https://openalex.org/W2026075716", "https://openalex.org/W2036553811", "https://openalex.org/W2083858208", "https://openalex.org/W2163264821", "https://openalex.org/W2166861571", "https://openalex.org/W2341813086", "https://openalex.org/W2407512965", "https://openalex.org/W2605391559" ]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2490073655	This paper examines access to water and improved sanitation target under the Millennium Development Goal 7c (MDG 7c) for six West African countries: Chad, Niger, Nigeria, Mauritania, Sierra Leone and Togo. The article outlines some possible causes for the slow progress in achieving the MDG 7c, examines the public health effects of missing the targets, and charts paths for policy makers to consider in bringing these targets to acceptable levels.The study is based on secondary data analysis of trends in water and sanitation indicators for the six countries from 2000 to 2014. The data are drawn from the World Development Indicators (WDI) of the World Bank, and the World Health Organisation Joint Monitoring Programme (WHO JMP) and WaterAid Africa Wash Map. The performance of each country in the two indicators is presented and judged against the target set under MDG 7c. Forecasts based on the expiry of the MDG's in 2015 and the time required to achieve the targets are carried out.The study showes that while some progress has been made in improved water, sanitation showed slow progress for all the countries between 2000 and 2014. The goal of attaining acceptable sanitation shows that the six West African countries have lagged behind the MDG 7c target and the progress is equally slow.At the current rate of progress if strong public and private sector intervention mechanisms are not instituted across the board, the six West African countries under study would continue to lag behind the rest of the world in terms of access to improved water and sanitation. This has consequences for poverty alleviation and the risk of the re-emergence of neglected tropical diseases.	[ { "display_name": "Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America", "id": "https://openalex.org/S157616481", "type": "journal" }, { "display_name": "PubMed", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036", "type": "repository" } ]
https://openalex.org/W2496951526	Space and place for WHO health development dialogues in the African Region	[ { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Republic of the Congo", "display_name": "World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa", "id": "https://openalex.org/I4210139943", "lat": -4.30305, "long": 15.207661, "type": "government" } ], "display_name": "Joses Muthuri Kirigia", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5012633127" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Republic of the Congo", "display_name": "World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa", "id": "https://openalex.org/I4210139943", "lat": -4.30305, "long": 15.207661, "type": "government" } ], "display_name": "Juliet Nabyonga‐Orem", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5048390666" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Republic of the Congo", "display_name": "World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa", "id": "https://openalex.org/I4210139943", "lat": -4.30305, "long": 15.207661, "type": "government" } ], "display_name": "Delanyo Dovlo", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5074862972" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Public health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C138816342" }, { "display_name": "Leverage (statistics)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C153083717" }, { "display_name": "Health informatics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C145642194" }, { "display_name": "Sustainable development", "id": "https://openalex.org/C552854447" }, { "display_name": "Health policy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C47344431" }, { "display_name": "Health administration", "id": "https://openalex.org/C137992405" }, { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "Public relations", "id": "https://openalex.org/C39549134" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Nursing", "id": "https://openalex.org/C159110408" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Machine learning", "id": "https://openalex.org/C119857082" }, { "display_name": "Computer science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" } ]	[ "West Bank" ]	[ "https://openalex.org/W1554794700", "https://openalex.org/W1896687900", "https://openalex.org/W1917233526", "https://openalex.org/W1978430606", "https://openalex.org/W1979261553", "https://openalex.org/W1993994355", "https://openalex.org/W2007040758", "https://openalex.org/W2012080410", "https://openalex.org/W2032928261", "https://openalex.org/W2045260449", "https://openalex.org/W2065548563", "https://openalex.org/W2069213946", "https://openalex.org/W2069247420", "https://openalex.org/W2071279317", "https://openalex.org/W2071875068", "https://openalex.org/W2082321608", "https://openalex.org/W2082481117", "https://openalex.org/W2085981963", "https://openalex.org/W2086615582", "https://openalex.org/W2109902607", "https://openalex.org/W2111264782", "https://openalex.org/W2125993123", "https://openalex.org/W2129544952", "https://openalex.org/W2165461383", "https://openalex.org/W2171779552", "https://openalex.org/W2186471853", "https://openalex.org/W2317003563", "https://openalex.org/W2497979061", "https://openalex.org/W2559578040", "https://openalex.org/W4210619490" ]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2496951526	Majority of the countries in the World Health Organization (WHO) African Region are not on track to achieve the health-related Millennium Development Goals, yet even more ambitious Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), including SDG 3 on heath, have been adopted. This paper highlights the challenges - amplified by the recent Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreak in West Africa - that require WHO and other partners' dialogue in support of the countries, and debate on how WHO can leverage the existing space and place to foster health development dialogues in the Region.To realise SDG 3 on ensuring healthy lives and promoting well-being for all at all ages, the African Region needs to tackle the persistent weaknesses in its health systems, systems that address the social determinants of health and national health research systems. The performance of the third item is crucial for the development and innovation of systems, products and tools for promoting, maintaining and restoring health in an equitable manner. Under its new leadership, the WHO Regional Office for Africa is transforming itself to galvanise existing partnerships, as well as forging new ones, with a view to accelerating the provision of timely and quality support to the countries in pursuit of SDG 3. WHO in the African Region engages in dialogues with various stakeholders in the process of health development. The EVD outbreak in West Africa accentuated the necessity for optimally exploiting currently available space and place for health development discourse. There is urgent need for the WHO Regional Office for Africa to fully leverage the space and place arenas of the World Health Assembly, WHO Regional Committee for Africa, African Union, Regional economic communities, Harmonization for Health in Africa, United Nations Economic Commission for Africa, African Development Bank, professional associations, and WHO African Health Forum, when it is created, for dialogues to mobilise the required resources to give the African Region the thrust it needs to attain SDG 3.The pursuit of SDG 3 amidst multiple challenges related to political leadership and governance, weak health systems, sub-optimal systems for addressing the socioeconomic determinants of health, and weak national health research systems calls for optimum use of all the space and place available for regional health development dialogues to supplement Member States' efforts.	[ { "display_name": "BMC Health Services Research", "id": "https://openalex.org/S12898181", "type": "journal" }, { "display_name": "Europe PMC (PubMed Central)", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306400806", "type": "repository" }, { "display_name": "PubMed Central", "id": "https://openalex.org/S2764455111", "type": "repository" }, { "display_name": "PubMed", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036", "type": "repository" } ]
https://openalex.org/W2791334761	Public private partnership in in-service training of physicians: the millennium development goal 6-partnership for African clinical training (M-PACT) approach	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Obinna Ositadimma Oleribe", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5019792341" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Babatunde Lawal Salako", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5077699808" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Albert Akpalu", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5068714429" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Emmanuel Anteyi", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5052431451" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Mamadou Mourtalla Ka", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5039845526" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Gibrilla F. Deen", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5076361131" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "T. O. Akande", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5058930426" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Mei Ran Abellona U", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5071861833" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Maud Lemoine", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5019539147" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Mairi McConnochie", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5055459210" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Matthew E. Foster", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5082953532" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Richard Walker", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5065840308" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Simon D Taylor-Robinson", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5067169017" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Ali S M Jawad", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5077940811" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Sierra leone", "id": "https://openalex.org/C3018567284" }, { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "General partnership", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71750763" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Curriculum", "id": "https://openalex.org/C47177190" }, { "display_name": "Family medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C512399662" }, { "display_name": "Health care", "id": "https://openalex.org/C160735492" }, { "display_name": "Capacity building", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779622097" }, { "display_name": "Medical education", "id": "https://openalex.org/C509550671" }, { "display_name": "Nursing", "id": "https://openalex.org/C159110408" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Socioeconomics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C45355965" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Sociology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" } ]	[ "West Bank" ]	[ "https://openalex.org/W1986614607", "https://openalex.org/W2156485758", "https://openalex.org/W2324204966", "https://openalex.org/W2411269765", "https://openalex.org/W2767737371" ]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2791334761	in-service training of healthcare workers is essential for improving healthcare services and outcome.The Millennium Development Goal (MDG) 6 Partnership for African Clinical Training (M-PACT) program was an innovative in-service training approach designed and implemented by the Royal College of Physicians (RCP) and West African College of Physicians (WACP) with funding from Eco Bank Foundation. The goal was to develop sustainable capacity to tackle MDG 6 targets in West Africa through better postgraduate medical education. Five training centres were establised: Nigeria (Abuja, Ibadan), Ghana (Accra), Senegal (Dakar) and Sierra Leone (Freetown) for training 681 physicians from across West Africa. A curriculum jointly designed by the RCP-WACP team was used to deliver biannual 5-day training courses over a 3-year period.Of 602 trained in clinical medicine, 358 (59.5%) were males and 535 (88.9%) were from hosting countries. 472 (78.4%) of participants received travel bursaries to participate, while 318 (52.8%) were residents in Internal Medicine in the respective institutions. Accra had the highest number of participants (29.7%) followed by Ibadan, (28.7%), Dakar, (24.9%), Abuja, (11.0%) and Freetown, (5.6%). Pre-course clinical knowledge scores ranged from 35.1% in the Freetown Course to 63.8% in Accra Course 1; whereas post-course scores ranged from 50.5% in the Freetown course to 73.8% in Accra course 1.M-PACT made a positive impact to quality and outcome of healthcare services in the region and is a model for continued improvement for healthcare outcomes, e.g malaria, HIV and TB incidence and mortality in West Africa.	[ { "display_name": "DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306401280", "type": "repository" }, { "display_name": "Europe PMC (PubMed Central)", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306400806", "type": "repository" }, { "display_name": "Newcastle University ePrints (Newcastle Univesity)", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306402485", "type": "repository" }, { "display_name": "Spiral (Imperial College London)", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306401396", "type": "repository" }, { "display_name": "PubMed Central", "id": "https://openalex.org/S2764455111", "type": "repository" }, { "display_name": "PubMed", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036", "type": "repository" } ]
https://openalex.org/W2146565742	The Millennium Development Goals and Development after 2015	[ { "affiliations": [ { "country": "United Kingdom", "display_name": "University of Bradford", "id": "https://openalex.org/I139894009", "lat": 53.791805, "long": -1.767268, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Nana K. Poku", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5023312459" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "United Kingdom", "display_name": "University of Bradford", "id": "https://openalex.org/I139894009", "lat": 53.791805, "long": -1.767268, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Jim Whitman", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5014418675" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Development (topology)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2776542497" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Development economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531" }, { "display_name": "Third world", "id": "https://openalex.org/C3020591692" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C189326681" }, { "display_name": "Mathematics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547" }, { "display_name": "Mathematical analysis", "id": "https://openalex.org/C134306372" } ]	[ "West Bank" ]	[]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2146565742	Abstract Five years from the end of the 15-year span of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) it is already plain that progress has been patchy and that the larger goals will not be met. The scale and profile of the MDGs will make them subject to eventual success or failure judgments and ‘lessons learned’ analyses, but the evidence of the past decade and current trajectories are sufficient to reveal our conceptual and operational shortcomings and the kinds of reorientation needed to ensure that the last five years of the MDGs will exhibit positive momentum rather than winding-down inertia. Such reorientations would include prioritising actors over systems; disaggregated targets over global benchmarks; qualitative aspects of complex forms of human relatedness over technical ‘solutions’; and the painstaking work of developing country enablement over quick outcome indicators, not least for the purpose of sustainability. Thinking and planning beyond 2015 must be made integral to the last five years of the MDGs, for normative as well as practical reasons. Notes 1 In January 2008 a further four targets were added to the original 18 established in July 2002. 2 See the MDG Monitor, at http://www.mdgmonitor.org/aboutMDG.cfm; and the Millennium Development Goals Indicators, at http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Default.aspx. Both provide access to databases including regional and country-level breakdowns. 3 These include the yearly UN Millennium Development Goals Report; the yearly Global Monitoring Reports (produced by the World Bank) and individual updates by the UN's agencies, funds and programmes, available through the main UN MDG website, at http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/. See also Millennium Project, Report to the UN Secretary-General, Investing in Development: A Practical Plan to Achieve the Millennium Development Goals, London: Earthscan, 2005. 4 The MDG Gap Task Force Report 2009, at http://www.un.org/esa/policy/mdggap/mdg8report_engw.pdf. 5 This is the title of the Global Monitoring Report 2005, at http://siteresources.worldbank.org/GLOBALMONITORINGEXT/Resources/complete.pdf. 6 D Hulme & S Fukudu-Parr, International Norm Dynamics and the ‘End of Poverty’: Understanding the Millennium Development Goals, Working Paper 96, Brooks World Poverty Institute, University of Manchester, July 2009. 7 DA Craig & D Porter, Beyond Neoliberalism? Governance, Poverty Reduction and Political Economy, Abingdon: Routledge, 2006. 8 RW Cox, ‘Gramsci, hegemony and International Relations: an essay in method’, Millennium, 12(2), 1983, p 172. 9 B Stokes, ‘Here's food for thought: fears of famine have faded, but we're never more than one or two bad harvests away from crisis’, The National Journal, 31(37), 11 September 1999, p 2570. 10 ‘According to estimates by the UN Food and Agriculture Organisation, the number of chronically hungry people increased by nearly 60 million in 26 countries in the last decade’. World Food Program (WFP),‘WFP Chief in Brazil for talks with President Lula on rising global hunger’, press release, 20 May 2004. 11 UN, Millennium Development Goals Report 2006, New York: United Nations, 2006. 12 J Vandemoortele, ‘Making sense of the MDGs’, Development, 51, 2008, p 228. 13 A Saith, ‘From universal values to Millennium Development Goals: lost in translation’, Development and Change, 37(6), 2006, p 1170. For the DAC report, see OECD Development Assistance Committee, Shaping the 21st Century: The Contribution of Development Cooperation, May 1996, at http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/23/35/2508761.pdf. 14 United Nations Development Group, Indicators for Monitoring the Millennium Development Goals: Definitions, Rationale, Concepts and Sources, New York: United Nations, 2003, p 1, at http://devdata.worldbank.org/gmis/mdg/UNDG%20document_final.pdf. 15 DS Maligalig, ‘Measuring the Millennium Development Goals indicators’, paper presented at the Concluding Workshop ‘RETA 6007: Enhancing Social and Gender Statistics’, 24–27 June 2003, Bangkok, at http://www.adb.org/statistics/reta_files/6007/Maligalig.pdf, p 3. 16 United Nations, ‘Monterey Consensus of the International Conference on Financing for Development’, 18–22 March 2002, at http://www.un.org/esa/ffd/monterrey/MonterreyConsensus.pdf. This framework was subsequently confirmed by the follow-up conference in Doha in 2008. United Nations, ‘Doha Declaration on Financing for Development: Outcome Document of the Follow-up International Conference on Financing for Development to Review the Implementation of the Monterey Consensus’, 29 November–2 December 2008, at http://www.un.org/esa/ffd/doha/documents/Doha_Declaration_FFD.pdf. 17 For a discussion of ‘inclusive neoliberalism’, see D Porter & D Craig, ‘The third way and the third world: poverty reduction and social inclusion in the rise of “inclusive” liberalism’, Review of International Political Economy, 11(2), 2004, pp 387–423. 18 Bretton Woods Project, ‘Development finance summit a fiasco, say campaigners’, 25 March 2002, at http://www.brettonwoodsproject.org/art-16172. For a sustained analysis of the Monterey Declaration, see S Soederberg, ‘Recasting neoliberal dominance in the global South? A critique of the Monterey Consensus’, Alternatives, 30, 2005, pp 325–364. 19 W Easterly, How the Millennium Development Goals are Unfair to Africa, Brookings Global Economy and Development Working Paper, Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 14 November 2007. 20 UNICEF, ‘Narrowing the gaps to meet the goals’, 2010, at http://www.unicef.org/media/files/Narrowing_the_Gaps_to_Meet_the_Goals_090310_2a.pdf. 21 See, for example, A Attaran, ‘An immeasurable crisis? A criticism of the Millennium Development Goals and why they cannot be measured’, PLoS Medicine, 2(10), 2005, pp 955–961. 22 United Nations, The Millennium Development Goals Report 2010, at http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/pdf/MDG%20Report%202010%20En%20r15%20-low%20res%2020100615%20-.pdf. 23 D Curtis & Y Poon, ‘Why a managerialist pursuit will not necessarily lead to achievement of MDGs’, Development in Practice, 19(7), 2009, p 839. 24 United Nations Development Group, Making the MDGs Matter: A Country Perspective—Report of a UNDG Survey, 28 June 2005. 25 See, for example, J Jowit, ‘Water pollution expert derides UN sanitation claims’, Guardian, 25 April 2010. 26 J Friedman & N Schady, How Many More Infants are Likely to Die in Africa as a Result of the Global Financial Crisis?, World Bank Development Research Group, Poverty and Inequality Team and Human Development and Public Services Team Policy Research Working Paper 5023, August 2009. 27 D Butler, ‘Crisis looms for vaccine drive’, Nature, 16 March 2010, p 338. 28 European Commission, Commission Staff Working Document, ‘Financing for Development—Annual Progress Report 2010: Getting back on track to reach the EU 2015 target on ODA spending?’, SEC(2010) 420 final, 21 April 2010. 29 J Vandemoortele & R Roy, ‘Making sense of MDG costing’, in F Cheru & C Bradford (eds), The Millennium Development Goals: Raising the Resources to Tackle World Poverty, London: Zed Books, 2005, pp 44–55. 30 W Easterly, ‘Utopian nightmare’, Foreign Policy, September–October 2005, pp 58–64. 31 AWB Sampson, Human Rights and the End of Empire: Britain and the Genesis of the European Convention, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001. 32 UNDP, ‘Human rights and the Millennium Development Goals: making the link’, at http://hurilink.org/Primer-HR-MDGs.pdf; and UNMC, ‘The MDGs through socio-economic rights: constitution making and implementation handbook’, at http://www.endpoverty2015.org/files/710_MDGs_Full%20book%20layout_140809.pdf. 33 S Fukuda-Parr, ‘Millennium Development Goal 8: indicators for international human rights obligations?’, Human Rights Quarterly, 28, 2006, pp 966–997. 34 P Uvin, ‘On moral high ground: the incorporation of human rights by the development enterprise’, 2002, at http://fletcher.tufts.edu/praxis/archives/xvii/uvin.pdf. 35 PJ Nelson, ‘Human rights, the Millennium Development Goals, and the future of development cooperation’, World Development, 35(12), 2007, p 2051. 36 M Foresti, KHiggins & B Sharma, ‘Human rights and pro-poor growth’, Overseas Development Institute, Project Briefing No 34, January 2010, p 3. 37 A Summer, Global Poverty and the New Bottom Billion: What if Three Quarters of the World's Poor Live in Middle-Income Countries?, Brighton: Institute of Development Studies, 12 September 2010, p 2. at http://www.ids.ac.uk/index.cfm?objectid=D840B908-E38D-82BD-A66A89123C11311F. 38 M Finnemore & K Sikkink, ‘International norms and political change’, International Organization, Autumn 1998, pp 887–917. See also W Korey, NGOs and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights: A Curious Grapevine, Basingstoke: Palgrave, 1998. 39 JE Oestreich, Power and Principle: Human Rights Programming in International Organizations, Washington: Georgetown University Press, 2007. 40 Sampson, Human Rights and the End of Empire, p 11. 41 J Harrigan, ‘The doubling of aid to sub-Saharan Africa: promises and problems’, Journal of Contemporary African Studies, 25(3), 2007, p 372. See also P De Renzio, ‘Increased aid vs absorptive capacity: challenges and opportunities towards 2015’, IDS Bulletin, 36(3), 2005, pp 20–27. 42 A Stockmayer, ‘The states and governance: the main bottlenecks for absorbing massively increased aid?’, IDS Bulletin, 36(3), 2005, p 68. 43 HW Jaffe, ‘Universal access to HIV/AIDS treatment: promise and problems’, Journal of the American Medical Association, 300(5), 2008, p 573; and World Bank, Healthy Development: The World Bank Strategy for HNP Results, Washington, DC: World Bank, 2007, Annex N. 44 OECD, Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness, 2005, at http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/11/41/34428351.pdf; and OECD, Survey on Monitoring the Paris Declaration: Overview of the Results, 2006, at http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/58/28/39112140.pdf. 45 M Lo, ‘Public–private partnerships for maternal health in Africa: challenges and prospects’, Marriage and Family Review, 44 (2–3), 2008, pp 214–237. 46 J Lomøy, ‘The Norway–Tanzania Partnership Initiative’, UN Chronicle, 45(1), March 2008, pp 7–9. 47 Asia Indigenous Peoples Caucus Statement, ‘Millennium goals and indigenous peoples: redefining the goals’, Asia–Pacific Journal on Human Rights & the Law, 8(1), 2007, pp 64–100. 48 R Eyben, ‘Donors’ learning difficulties: results, relationships and responsibilities’, IDS Bulletin, 36 (3), 2005, pp 98–107. 49 P Bond, ‘Global governance campaigning and the MDGs: from top-down to bottom-up anti-poverty work’, Third World Quarterly, 27(2), March 2006, pp 339–354. 50 L Elliott, ‘World Bank admits most health aid fails’, Guardian, 1 May 2009; and CA Zahr, L Gollogly & G Stevens, ‘Better data needed: everyone agrees, but no one wants to pay’, Lancet, 375, 2010, pp 619–620. 51 UN, Millennium Development Goals Report 2010, p 7. 52 P Piva & R Dodd, ‘Where did all the health aid go? An in-depth analysis of increased health aid flows over the last ten years’, Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 87(12), December 2009, pp 930–939. 53 C Lu et al, ‘Public financing of health in developing countries: a cross-sectional analysis’, Lancet, published online, 9 April 2010, at http://www.rbm.who.int/worldmalariaday/docs/TheLancetpubfinancing2010.pdf; and ODI, ‘Scaling up versus absorptive capacity: challenges and opportunities for reaching the MDGs in Africa’, Briefing paper, May 2005, at http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/download/1369.pdf. 54 Ibid, p 74. 55 MR.Reich & K Takemi, ‘G8 strengthening of health systems: follow-up to the Tokyo summit’, Lancet, 373, pp 508–515. 56 D Satterthwaite, ‘The Millennium Development Goals and urban poverty reduction: great expectations and nonsense statistics’, Environment and Urbanization, 15(2), 2003, p 182. On the matter of making resources available, see H De Soto, The Myth of Capital: Why Capitalism Triumphs in the West and Fails Everywhere Else, London: Black Swan, 2001. 57 R Gaiha, ‘Are Millennium goals of poverty reduction useful?’, Oxford Development Studies, 31(1), 2003, p 76. 58 United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), Trade and Development Report 2010, Geneva: UNCTAD, 2010, Overview, p II. 59 J Vandemoortele, ‘The MDG conundrum: meeting the targets without missing the point’, Development Policy Review, 27(9), 2009, p 364. 60 Jim Whitman, The Fundamentals of Global Governance, Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2009. 61 United Nations General Assembly, ‘Keeping the promise: united to achieve the Millennium Development Goals’, 17 September 2010, at http://www.un.org/en/mdg/summit2010/pdf/mdg%20outcome%20document.pdf. 62 For example, see Jan Vandemoortele, ‘Taking the MDGs beyond 2015: hasten slowly’, at http://www.eadi.org/fileadmin/MDG_2015_Publications/Vandemoortele_PAPER.pdf; and M Tribe & A Lafon, ‘After 2015: promoting pro-poor policy after the MDGs—the plenary presentations and discussion’, Report on the EADI–DSA–IDS–ActionAid–DFID High Level Policy Forum, June 2009, at http://www.eadi.org/fileadmin/MDG_2015_Publications/After_2015_Policy_Forum_Report.pdf. See also a range of policy briefings and research papers from the same conference on the related website of Euforic, at http://www.euforic.org/detail_page.phtml?page=mdgpolicyforum09.	[ { "display_name": "Third World Quarterly", "id": "https://openalex.org/S64122990", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W2187421765	Self Help Group and Poverty Eradication in India: A Case Study	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Piyal Basu Roy", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5081327380" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C189326681" }, { "display_name": "West bengal", "id": "https://openalex.org/C3020376007" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Development economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531" }, { "display_name": "Poverty reduction", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2992104146" }, { "display_name": "Poor people", "id": "https://openalex.org/C3020110719" }, { "display_name": "Extreme poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C553381038" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Order (exchange)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C182306322" }, { "display_name": "Socioeconomics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C45355965" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Finance", "id": "https://openalex.org/C10138342" } ]	[ "West Bank" ]	[ "https://openalex.org/W611720447", "https://openalex.org/W1484219003", "https://openalex.org/W1721205675", "https://openalex.org/W2194512120" ]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2187421765	Poverty and hunger are the two foremost concerns of all the developing and underdeveloped nations and in order to eradicate the menace of those, Govt. of India planned to develop and implement strategies to tackle issues resulting from extremity of poverty and its consequent hunger based on UNâ€™s Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Self Help Group (SHG), being one of those strategies brought about a reduction in poverty and hunger after linking rural banks. This endeavor has positively mobilized the rural economy by decreasing poverty hurdles of socio-economically deprived section of the society. This paper highlights here the importance of such groups in the district of Birbhum in the state of West Bengal, India and seeks to spread this innovative programme at each and every corner of the underdeveloped and developing countries with utmost care considering it as exclusive strategy of poverty eradication.	[ { "display_name": "Journal of Social and Development Sciences", "id": "https://openalex.org/S2737376015", "type": "journal" }, { "display_name": "RePEc: Research Papers in Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306401271", "type": "repository" } ]
https://openalex.org/W322018458	The new partnership for Africa's development (NEPAD) and food security : reviewing the activities of the Comprehensive Africa Agrigulture Development Programme (CAADP)	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "R. T. Olufunsho", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5019745482" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Food security", "id": "https://openalex.org/C549605437" }, { "display_name": "Agriculture", "id": "https://openalex.org/C118518473" }, { "display_name": "General partnership", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71750763" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C189326681" }, { "display_name": "International development", "id": "https://openalex.org/C87616379" }, { "display_name": "Business", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560" }, { "display_name": "Development economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Finance", "id": "https://openalex.org/C10138342" }, { "display_name": "Archaeology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645" } ]	[ "West Bank" ]	[ "https://openalex.org/W2055056256", "https://openalex.org/W2133605902" ]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W322018458	The Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP) represents the New Partnership for Africa’s Developments’ (NEPAD) framework for revitalising Africa’s agriculture. Improving agricultural performance is at the heart of improved economic development and growth. NEPAD believes that agriculture will provide the engine for growth in Africa. The CAADP framework was developed by the NEPAD Steering Committee in collaboration with the Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO) of the United Nations. It also includes the contributions of other institutions such as the International Fund for Agricultural Development (FAD), the World Food Programme (WFP), the World Bank, and the Forum for Agricultural Research in Africa (FARA). The CAADP focused on investments in four pillars that can make the earliest difference to Africa’s agricultural crisis. These mutually reinforcing pillars were expected to bring about improvements in terms of Africa’s agriculture, food security, and trade balance. This will ultimately enable Africa to reach its Millennium Development Goal of reducing hunger and poverty by half by 2015 (WDR). 2 For the purpose of this particular study, the first investment pillar, which is water and land management, will be scrutinised extensively, as this is critical to achieving the so much talked about food security. The study will utilise both secondary and primary documents of NEPAD. More specifically the implemented water and irrigation projects in the East and West Africa countries will be reviewed to determine success in African agricultural development under NEPAD. It will identify specifically water management projects already implemented and those already initiated, and find out whether the CAADP is set to deliver the Millennium Development Goal.	[]
https://openalex.org/W2810568342	Reversing the Trend of Educational Disparity in West Africa	[ { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Australia", "display_name": "Charles Darwin University", "id": "https://openalex.org/I29894533", "lat": -12.46113, "long": 130.84184, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Stephen D. Bolaji", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5025613637" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "S. Balimo Jalloh", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5089969111" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Bisi Imonitie", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5033912530" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Abdulai Walon-Jalloh", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5080661644" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Sierra leone", "id": "https://openalex.org/C3018567284" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Functional illiteracy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C165205368" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Socioeconomics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C45355965" }, { "display_name": "Development economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531" }, { "display_name": "Sociology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" } ]	[ "West Bank" ]	[]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2810568342	This study was an outcome of research report on closing the gap of educational disparities in two West Africa countries (Nigeria and Sierra Leone). Both countries were among the 155 countries that agreed at the World Conference on ‘Education for All’ in Jomtien (1990), to make primary education accessible to all children and to massively reduce illiteracy before the end of the decade. There has been little demonstrated success since the implementation of the UBE program over a decade ago. Findings from the analysed data collected through document analysis and interview with thirty bureaucrats in the capital Territories of the two countries revealed that more than eight million children of school age (six to 15 years) are still not in school in Nigeria (Bolaji, Campbell-Evans and Gray, 2016; NUT, 2008; UENSCO, 2006; World Bank, 2007, UBEC, 2004), and over 28% of school-aged children are out of school and those children that have dropped out of school are engaged in domestic and economic slavery in Sierra Leone(World Bank Report, 2014; UNICEF Report, 2009; 2015). Meeting the United Nations (UN) Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), which aim to achieve compulsory universal basic education for all children 2050, is in serious doubt in both countries because of the issue of implementation. This study advocates regional managerialism of education as alternative approach to achieving education for all in 2050.	[ { "display_name": "International Journal of Learning and Development", "id": "https://openalex.org/S2764929870", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W281776932	The Impossible Dream: Education and the MDGs	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Phillip W. Jones", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5089026473" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Universal Primary Education", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2781022233" }, { "display_name": "Poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C189326681" }, { "display_name": "Equity (law)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199728807" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Development economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Sociology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" } ]	[ "West Bank" ]	[]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W281776932	For international aid and development agencies working in the social sectors, the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) shape their flagship programs and budgets, notably in education and health. Adopted by the UN General Assembly in 2000, the goals constitute an ambitious, dynamic, and integrated strategy for poverty reduction by the year 2015. Major global organizations, not least the World Bank and other specialized UN agencies, now routinely frame their policies and interventions in terms of the MDGs, an approach also highly visible in the aid programs provided by major Western donor countries, and, perhaps more predictably, by prominent non-governmental organizations committed to poverty reduction. [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] For education, much work has been done to quantify progress over the 2000-2008 period and to assess prospects for the years leading to 2015. But at this midpoint, it is timely to reconsider the ongoing policy priorities implied in the MDGs themselves. At their heart is the notion of education for all (EFA). The language surrounding EFA is the language of idealism, not simply because the MDG education targets are ambitious but because the impossibility of reaching the MDG education targets right across the developing world is now a certainty. The 2005 deadline for gender equity in education has come and gone, and in 2015 as many as 70 countries will still be short of providing a basic education to each of its young people, some seriously so. Idealism in Educational History The history of education is deeply embedded in attempts to achieves an ideal society through educational provision. Utopian visions are numerous; even more numerous are attempts at social reform by promoting widespread religious commitment. Political revolutions also frequently saw in education a pathway to their sustainability, and we are well used to attempts to achieve social cohesiveness, equity, and stability by educational means. Given its potentially transcendent nature, it is understandable that education is so often clothed in the talk of idealists. More than this, universal education has become an ideal in itself, and not merely a means to idealized ends. In the West, the rise of mass schooling that followed the Industrial Revolution saw a tempering of much historical idealism. As soon as the idea of mass education took hold, idealism had to yield some ground to more realistic concerns of ways and means--not least how many young people society could place in school, as well as what form and duration their schooling should take. Whether or not it was government that was looked to as the guarantor of universal access to education, it was clear from the very beginnings of mass expansion that the rate of growth would be tempered by resource and capacity constraints. Such concerns impinged directly on the very purposes of mass schooling, these now being subjected to the discipline of economic scrutiny. So there opened up that great divide in modern education--tension between the moral and material. We know from recent history that material concerns seem to count most in the construction of educational priorities and budgets. Economic rationales for education have shaped enrollment patterns, the content of curriculum, and the very way the purposes of education are understood. This has proven to be universally the case--in the developed world, in the transition economies of the old Soviet bloc, and across the developing world of the South. Yet the idealism of education as a potentially transcendent enterprise refuses to go away, and individual learners, their families, and their communities seem unshakeable in belief that education can be an endeavour that transcends the confines of material existence. One prominent expression of this belief is the idea of education as a fundamental human right, famously included in the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The chief obstacle to putting the ideal into effect is less a matter of moral acceptance than the obstacle of capacity. …	[ { "display_name": "Harvard international review", "id": "https://openalex.org/S2764386380", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W2012599372	The Millennium Project: the positive health implications of improved environmental sustainability	[ { "affiliations": [ { "country": "United States", "display_name": "Columbia University", "id": "https://openalex.org/I78577930", "lat": 40.71427, "long": -74.00597, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Don J. Melnick", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5011202544" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Yolanda Kakabadse Navarro", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5042786581" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Switzerland", "display_name": "International Union for Conservation of Nature", "id": "https://openalex.org/I4210161504", "lat": 46.42082, "long": 6.2701, "type": "nonprofit" } ], "display_name": "Jeffrey A. McNeely", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5010176515" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "United States", "display_name": "Millennium Engineering and Integration (United States)", "id": "https://openalex.org/I4210147799", "lat": 38.8538, "long": -77.04878, "type": "company" } ], "display_name": "Guido Schmidt-Traub", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5005457289" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "United States", "display_name": "Columbia University", "id": "https://openalex.org/I78577930", "lat": 40.71427, "long": -74.00597, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Robin R. Sears", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5025750121" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Sustainability", "id": "https://openalex.org/C66204764" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Environmental health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951" }, { "display_name": "Environmental planning", "id": "https://openalex.org/C91375879" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "Environmental resource management", "id": "https://openalex.org/C107826830" }, { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "Environmental science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Ecology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C18903297" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Biology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240" } ]	[ "West Bank" ]	[ "https://openalex.org/W1980984787", "https://openalex.org/W1986833421", "https://openalex.org/W1991282904", "https://openalex.org/W2007263482", "https://openalex.org/W2071061522", "https://openalex.org/W2103685216", "https://openalex.org/W2118465757", "https://openalex.org/W2142624133", "https://openalex.org/W2149529243", "https://openalex.org/W2154506284", "https://openalex.org/W2163084903" ]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2012599372	Ensuring environmental sustainability is essential to achieving all the Millennium Development Goals. Long-term solutions to problems of drinking-water shortages, hunger, poverty, gender inequality, emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases, maternal and childhood health, extreme local weather and global climate changes, and conflicts over natural resources need systematic strategies to achieve environmental sustainability. For this reason, the UN Millennium Project Task Force on Environmental Sustainability has concluded that protection of the environment is an essential prerequisite and component of human health and wellbeing.1UN Millennium Project Environment and human well-being: a practical strategy.Report of the Task Force on Environmental Sustainability. Earthscan, London2005Google Scholar Economic development and good health are not at odds with environmental sustainability: they depend on it. One important dimension of environmental sustainability is the need to maintain ecosystem services critical to the human population. These services include providing food, shelter, and construction materials; regulating the quantity and quality of fresh water; limiting soil erosion and regenerating nutrients; controlling pests and alien invasive species; providing pollination; buffering human, wild plant, and animal populations from interspecific transfer and spread of diseases; and stabilising local weather conditions and sequestering greenhouse gases to contain climate change. A second and equally important dimension of environmental sustainability is the need to control water pollution and air pollution, including the emission of greenhouse gases that drive climate change. These so-called brown issues can have a severe effect on human health and ecosystem function. Natural systems worldwide are being degraded at unprecedented rates. Standing forests, particularly in the tropics and subtropics, are disappearing at a rate of over 10–15 million hectares per year. If current trends persist, southeast Asia, for example, will probably lose up to 75% of its original forest and 42% of its original wildlife species by 2100.2Sodhi NS Koh LP Brook BW Ng PKL Southeast Asian biodiversity: an impending disaster.Trends Ecology Evolution. 2004; 19: 654-660Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (1108) Google Scholar The highly fragmented forests that remain will be greatly diminished in their ability to provide the goods and services outlined above. Deforestation can further increase the risk of natural disasters, as evidenced by the deadly landslides in the Philippines in November, 2004, after steep slopes above several towns were denuded. Degradation of the marine environment is also extreme. Coral reefs are severely damaged by dynamite and cyanide fishing, together with soil and untreated chemical runoff from agriculture, industry, and domestic households. Moreover, rising ocean temperatures resulting from climate change are projected to further increase coral bleaching.3IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) Climate change 2001: impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability, contribution of Working Group II to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK2001Google Scholar More than 58% of the world's coral reefs are now damaged or destroyed.4Roberts CM McClean CJ Veron JE et al.Marine biodiversity hotspots and conservation priorities for tropical reefs.Science. 2002; 295: 1280-1284Crossref PubMed Scopus (1206) Google Scholar Deep-sea ecosystems are raked daily by drag nets that cause great damage to the sea floor. As human beings derive ever more food from the sea yet persist in destroying the nurseries that supply that harvest, local and global fisheries have begun to collapse.5Pauly D Christensen VV Dalsgaard J Froese R Torres Jr, F Fishing down marine food webs.Science. 1998; 279: 860-863Crossref PubMed Scopus (3451) Google Scholar Since two-thirds of the world's population depends on fish as their main source of protein,6Burke L Kura Y Kassem K Revenga C Spalding M McAllister D Pilot analysis of global ecosystems: coastal ecosystems. World Resources Institute, Washington, DC2000Google Scholar continued destruction of marine ecosystems will probably have a severe effect on human health worldwide. One focus of the task force was the health consequences of environmental degradation, which is a contributing factor to the emergence, re-emergence, and accelerated dispersal of zoonotic and vector-borne diseases. In particular, the zoonotic transfer of a disease from another avian or mammalian species to human beings has become increasingly common, accounting for 75% of the emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases recorded in the past decade.7Taylor LH Latham SM Woolhouse ME Risk factors for human disease emergence.Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2001; 356: 983-989Crossref PubMed Scopus (1791) Google Scholar Prominent examples of zoonotic diseases are severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Lyme disease, which have affected thousands of people and resulted in economic losses of tens of billions of US dollars.8Daszak P Cunningham A Emerging infectious diseases: a key role for conservation medicine.in: Aguirre A Ostfeld R Tabor G House D Pearl M Conservation medicine: ecological health in practice. Oxford University Press, Oxford2002Google Scholar, 9Fedson DS Vaccination for pandemic influenza and severe acute respiratory syndrome: common issues and concerns.Clin Infect Dis. 2003; 36: 1562-1563Crossref PubMed Scopus (6) Google Scholar Other pathogens, such as West Nile, Ebola, and Nipah viruses, may have a growing, harmful effect on human health. Notwithstanding their impact and the attention they garner, the ecology of many zoonotic diseases remains understudied and poorly understood. For example, whereas civet cats found in markets in China have been identified as harbouring SARS, the species that serves as the reservoir for the SARS virus has not yet been determined. However, scientists have linked the reduction of mammalian biodiversity with increased likelihood of human cases of Lyme disease,10LoGiudice K Ostfeld RS Schmidt KA Keesing F The ecology of infectious disease: effects of host diversity and community composition on Lyme disease risk.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2003; 100: 567-571Crossref PubMed Scopus (811) Google Scholar but responses to the disease are still focused on individual treatment rather than better land use and wildlife-management policies that might stem the spread of Lyme and possibly other new pathogens. Land-use change, along with global warming, has further led to rises in insect-borne diseases, such as malaria, dengue, and filariasis in many parts of the world.11Walsh JF Molyneux DH Birley MH Deforestation: effects on vector-borne disease.Parasitology. 1993; 106: S55-S75Crossref PubMed Scopus (291) Google Scholar, 12Manga L Toto JC Carnevale P Malaria vectors and transmission in an area deforested for a new international airport in southern Cameroon.Ann Soc Belg Med Trop. 1995; 75: 129-132Google Scholar, 13Vasconcelos PF Travassos da Rosa AP Rodrigues SG Travassos da Rosa ES Degallier N Travassos da Rosa JF Inadequate management of natural ecosystem in the Brazilian Amazon region results in the emergence and reemergence of arboviruses.Cad Saude Publica. 2001; 17: 155-164Crossref PubMed Google Scholar When trees are cut down and rutted logging roads are left behind, puddles and sunshine create new habitats for malaria-transmitting mosquitoes. Indeed, the increase in malarial mosquitoes in Peru is closely correlated with forest clearance.14Patz JA Daszak P Tabor GM et al.Unhealthy landscapes: policy recommendations on land use change and disease emergence.Environ Health Perspect. 2004; 112: 1092-1098Crossref PubMed Scopus (683) Google Scholar The rise in global temperatures has in many places affected the life histories of mosquitoes and other disease vectors, resulting in more outbreaks occurring in more places at more times during the year.15Patz JA Wolfe ND Global ecological change and human health.in: Aguirre A Ostfeld R Tabor G House D Pearl M Conservation medicine: ecological health in practice. Oxford University Press, Oxford2002Google Scholar, 16Norris D Mosquito-borne dieseases as a consequence of land use change.Ecohealth. 2004; 1: 19-24Crossref Google Scholar Apart from deforestation and rising temperatures, other human actions affecting disease emergence include poorly managed urbanisation, conflict-related events, inappropriate use of antimicrobials and insecticides, and many water-related issues, including dam construction, irrigation, and waste–water mismanagement.17Molyneux D Patterns of change in vector-borne diseases.Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 1997; 91: 827-839Crossref PubMed Scopus (55) Google Scholar If these difficulties were not enough, lack of infrastructure to control chemical and organic pollutants of air and water have rendered indoor and outdoor environments extremely dangerous to long-term human health. Polluted sources of drinking and bathing water cause widespread and severe health problems, and are especially lethal to children. Acute respiratory infections linked to indoor air pollution kill 1·6 million people per year, mostly children and women.18Bruce N Perez-Padilla R Albalak R Indoor air pollution in developing countries: a major environmental and public health challenge.Bull World Health Organ. 2000; 78: 1078-1092PubMed Google Scholar This figure represents an enormous loss of human and economic potential in developing countries. Furthermore, urban air pollution causes the premature death of an additional estimated 0·5–1·0 million people in developing countries per year.19Kojima M Lovei M Urban air quality management. Coordinating transport, environment, and energy policies in developing countries.World Bank technical paper No 508. World Bank, Washington, DC2001Google Scholar How then can the degradation of the environment be contained and environmental sustainability be achieved? A first challenge to overcome is the fact that, although scientifically sound, the concept of environmental sustainability does not translate immediately into operational objectives. To this end, the task force recommends that as part of their national-level processes for the Millennium Development Goals, countries should set their own long-term objectives, such as maintaining a specific share of natural forests, lowering acid deposition below a certain threshold, or achieving a target level of nutrient load in critical freshwater ecosystems. Since virtually all human activities have an effect on the environment, strategies to achieve these objectives and reverse the loss of environmental resources need to be broad-based and include every sector of society. Doing so requires major structural changes nationally, regionally, and globally that must be coupled with specific investments in improved environmental management. The task force has identified practical interventions to improve the management of environmental resources in at least six key areas: soils and land-based production systems, forests, marine ecosystems and global fisheries, freshwater ecosystems, climate change, and pollution. These tested interventions can be delivered at scale provided that countries have access to substantially strengthened human resources and increased financial resources. Least-developed countries and many other poor countries will be likely to require additional external finance to improve environmental management However, technical interventions, no matter how good, will not be sufficient unless they are accompanied by structural changes to effectively integrate the environment into all development plans and sector policies. First, among these changes is the need to strengthen public institutions responsible for environmental policymaking and to build up environmental expertise in other government groups, such as ministries for health or infrastructure, to better appraise environmental consequences of all sector strategies. Second, countries need to correct market failures and remove distortions that exacerbate environmental degradation. Thus, wherever possible, countries should phase out damaging subsidies that overcapitalise industries such as farming, fishing, and forestry, and that promote inefficiencies, overextraction, and environmental damage. Third, we underscore the importance of improving our knowledge about the environment—including the crucially under-researched environment–health links—and to make this information effectively available to senior decision-makers through science-advice mechanisms. Moreover, environmental education and training must be integrated into the curricula of primary and secondary schools worldwide to improve the public's understanding of the environment.20Pearl M Buchori D Padua S Human and institutional capacity building through education and training.Background paper commissioned for the UN Millennium Project Task Force on Environmental Sustainability. UN Development Programme, New York2004Google Scholar Finally, efficiency gains through advanced science and technologies directed at environmental challenges can slow the rise in demand for certain ecosystem services. Several proven approaches exist to promote science and technology that can be harnessed for the environment. The knowledge and tools exist to guide us toward an environmentally sustainable future. However, the lack of success in stemming environmental degradation over the past decades has shown that the challenge lies in applying them. Successful implementation is key and will hinge on the active participation of the private and public sectors, as well as an informed and engaged citizenry. The Millennium Development Goals provide an important operational framework for addressing environmental sustainability in concert with other development priorities. During 2005, the international community should honour its commitment to support all countries in scaling-up direct investments in environmental management and implementing the structural changes that underpin them. This represents the only rational way forward. Conflict of interest statement We declare that we have no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments The authors would like to acknowledge the invaluable input of Mary Pearl, Wildlife Trust, NY, USA, in the preparation of this paper. We would also like to acknowledge the members of the UN Millennium Project Task Force on Environmental Sustainability for their work on this issue. Sections of this article are drawn from the report of the UN Millennium Project Task Force on Environmental Sustainability (UN Millennium Project 2005).	[ { "display_name": "The Lancet", "id": "https://openalex.org/S49861241", "type": "journal" }, { "display_name": "Europe PMC (PubMed Central)", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306400806", "type": "repository" }, { "display_name": "PubMed Central", "id": "https://openalex.org/S2764455111", "type": "repository" } ]
https://openalex.org/W4210485651	Undernutrition holds back progress on child development	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "The Lancet", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5085953656" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Malnutrition", "id": "https://openalex.org/C551997983" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Child mortality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C46299933" }, { "display_name": "Tanzania", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779357621" }, { "display_name": "Welfare", "id": "https://openalex.org/C100243477" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C189326681" }, { "display_name": "Infant mortality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C112299071" }, { "display_name": "Human Development Index", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779735493" }, { "display_name": "Wasting", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779764123" }, { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "Index (typography)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2777382242" }, { "display_name": "Development economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531" }, { "display_name": "Socioeconomics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C45355965" }, { "display_name": "Environmental health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951" }, { "display_name": "Human development (humanity)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2781089502" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "World Wide Web", "id": "https://openalex.org/C136764020" }, { "display_name": "Computer science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C134018914" } ]	[ "West Bank", "Gaza" ]	[]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4210485651	The child development index 2012 was published by Save the Children on July 19. The index, modelled on the UN's human development index, is a global, country-specific composite of mortality before the age of 5 years, enrolment in primary education, and nutrition. Widespread gains have been made during the previous decade, particularly in developing countries, where progress has accelerated in recent years. However, behind each improvement lie inequalities and unresolved problems of infrastructure that threaten child welfare. The ten countries with the lowest development index were in sub-Saharan Africa, as were five countries in which wellbeing declined. Yet, it is also here that some of the greatest progress has been made: Tanzania registered the most improvement anywhere and many sub-Saharan countries increased investment in child welfare. The least progress was in the West Bank and Gaza, where school enrolment dropped from 97% in 2005 to 80% in 2010. Falling child mortality rates as livebirths increase is a superb achievement. However, 40% of deaths are now in the neonatal period, so further progress will require improved and accessible reproductive and maternal health services. School enrolment rose in all regions, but has not correlated with a proportional increase in learning. Inadequate education for girls will also impede progress in child survival. Alarmingly, stunting decreased by just 10% and wasting increased, even in some developed countries, probably exacerbated by the financial crisis and changing climate. This is the first rise in undernutrition recorded this millennium and should cause alarm as insufficient nutrition impairs learning and contributes to a third of deaths in childhood. The G8 summit at L'Aquila, Italy, in 2009, failed to act with the promised scale and urgency to address food security. A follow-up Hunger Summit of world leaders is planned in London during the Olympic Games. Decisive action at this summit to assure sustainable food security and safeguard progress in child development could be the greatest legacy of London 2012.	[ { "display_name": "The Lancet", "id": "https://openalex.org/S49861241", "type": "journal" }, { "display_name": "PubMed", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036", "type": "repository" } ]
https://openalex.org/W4234667014	The Millennium Project: the positive health implications of improved environmental sustainability	[ { "affiliations": [ { "country": "United States", "display_name": "Columbia University", "id": "https://openalex.org/I78577930", "lat": 40.71427, "long": -74.00597, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Don J. Melnick", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5011202544" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Y NAVARRO", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5029783727" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Switzerland", "display_name": "International Union for Conservation of Nature", "id": "https://openalex.org/I4210161504", "lat": 46.42082, "long": 6.2701, "type": "nonprofit" } ], "display_name": "Jeff McNeely", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5056396021" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "United States", "display_name": "Millennium Engineering and Integration (United States)", "id": "https://openalex.org/I4210147799", "lat": 38.8538, "long": -77.04878, "type": "company" } ], "display_name": "Guido Schmidt-Traub", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5005457289" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "United States", "display_name": "Columbia University", "id": "https://openalex.org/I78577930", "lat": 40.71427, "long": -74.00597, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Robin R. Sears", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5025750121" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Sustainability", "id": "https://openalex.org/C66204764" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Environmental health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951" }, { "display_name": "Environmental planning", "id": "https://openalex.org/C91375879" }, { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Ecology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C18903297" }, { "display_name": "Biology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" } ]	[ "West Bank" ]	[]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4234667014	Ensuring environmental sustainability is essential to achieving all the Millennium Development Goals. Long-term solutions to problems of drinking-water shortages, hunger, poverty, gender inequality, emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases, maternal and childhood health, extreme local weather and global climate changes, and conflicts over natural resources need systematic strategies to achieve environmental sustainability. For this reason, the UN Millennium Project Task Force on Environmental Sustainability has concluded that protection of the environment is an essential prerequisite and component of human health and wellbeing.1UN Millennium Project Environment and human well-being: a practical strategy.Report of the Task Force on Environmental Sustainability. Earthscan, London2005Google Scholar Economic development and good health are not at odds with environmental sustainability: they depend on it. One important dimension of environmental sustainability is the need to maintain ecosystem services critical to the human population. These services include providing food, shelter, and construction materials; regulating the quantity and quality of fresh water; limiting soil erosion and regenerating nutrients; controlling pests and alien invasive species; providing pollination; buffering human, wild plant, and animal populations from interspecific transfer and spread of diseases; and stabilising local weather conditions and sequestering greenhouse gases to contain climate change. A second and equally important dimension of environmental sustainability is the need to control water pollution and air pollution, including the emission of greenhouse gases that drive climate change. These so-called brown issues can have a severe effect on human health and ecosystem function. Natural systems worldwide are being degraded at unprecedented rates. Standing forests, particularly in the tropics and subtropics, are disappearing at a rate of over 10–15 million hectares per year. If current trends persist, southeast Asia, for example, will probably lose up to 75% of its original forest and 42% of its original wildlife species by 2100.2Sodhi NS Koh LP Brook BW Ng PKL Southeast Asian biodiversity: an impending disaster.Trends Ecology Evolution. 2004; 19: 654-660Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (984) Google Scholar The highly fragmented forests that remain will be greatly diminished in their ability to provide the goods and services outlined above. Deforestation can further increase the risk of natural disasters, as evidenced by the deadly landslides in the Philippines in November, 2004, after steep slopes above several towns were denuded. Degradation of the marine environment is also extreme. Coral reefs are severely damaged by dynamite and cyanide fishing, together with soil and untreated chemical runoff from agriculture, industry, and domestic households. Moreover, rising ocean temperatures resulting from climate change are projected to further increase coral bleaching.3IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) Climate change 2001: impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability, contribution of Working Group II to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK2001Google Scholar More than 58% of the world's coral reefs are now damaged or destroyed.4Roberts CM McClean CJ Veron JE et al.Marine biodiversity hotspots and conservation priorities for tropical reefs.Science. 2002; 295: 1280-1284Crossref PubMed Scopus (1058) Google Scholar Deep-sea ecosystems are raked daily by drag nets that cause great damage to the sea floor. As human beings derive ever more food from the sea yet persist in destroying the nurseries that supply that harvest, local and global fisheries have begun to collapse.5Pauly D Christensen VV Dalsgaard J Froese R Torres Jr, F Fishing down marine food webs.Science. 1998; 279: 860-863Crossref PubMed Scopus (3125) Google Scholar Since two-thirds of the world's population depends on fish as their main source of protein,6Burke L Kura Y Kassem K Revenga C Spalding M McAllister D Pilot analysis of global ecosystems: coastal ecosystems. World Resources Institute, Washington, DC2000Google Scholar continued destruction of marine ecosystems will probably have a severe effect on human health worldwide. One focus of the task force was the health consequences of environmental degradation, which is a contributing factor to the emergence, re-emergence, and accelerated dispersal of zoonotic and vector-borne diseases. In particular, the zoonotic transfer of a disease from another avian or mammalian species to human beings has become increasingly common, accounting for 75% of the emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases recorded in the past decade.7Taylor LH Latham SM Woolhouse ME Risk factors for human disease emergence.Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2001; 356: 983-989Crossref PubMed Scopus (1462) Google Scholar Prominent examples of zoonotic diseases are severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Lyme disease, which have affected thousands of people and resulted in economic losses of tens of billions of US dollars.8Daszak P Cunningham A Emerging infectious diseases: a key role for conservation medicine.in: Aguirre A Ostfeld R Tabor G House D Pearl M Conservation medicine: ecological health in practice. Oxford University Press, Oxford2002Google Scholar, 9Fedson DS Vaccination for pandemic influenza and severe acute respiratory syndrome: common issues and concerns.Clin Infect Dis. 2003; 36: 1562-1563Crossref PubMed Scopus (6) Google Scholar Other pathogens, such as West Nile, Ebola, and Nipah viruses, may have a growing, harmful effect on human health. Notwithstanding their impact and the attention they garner, the ecology of many zoonotic diseases remains understudied and poorly understood. For example, whereas civet cats found in markets in China have been identified as harbouring SARS, the species that serves as the reservoir for the SARS virus has not yet been determined. However, scientists have linked the reduction of mammalian biodiversity with increased likelihood of human cases of Lyme disease,10LoGiudice K Ostfeld RS Schmidt KA Keesing F The ecology of infectious disease: effects of host diversity and community composition on Lyme disease risk.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2003; 100: 567-571Crossref PubMed Scopus (723) Google Scholar but responses to the disease are still focused on individual treatment rather than better land use and wildlife-management policies that might stem the spread of Lyme and possibly other new pathogens. Land-use change, along with global warming, has further led to rises in insect-borne diseases, such as malaria, dengue, and filariasis in many parts of the world.11Walsh JF Molyneux DH Birley MH Deforestation: effects on vector-borne disease.Parasitology. 1993; 106: S55-S75Crossref PubMed Scopus (267) Google Scholar, 12Manga L Toto JC Carnevale P Malaria vectors and transmission in an area deforested for a new international airport in southern Cameroon.Ann Soc Belg Med Trop. 1995; 75: 129-132Google Scholar, 13Vasconcelos PF Travassos da Rosa AP Rodrigues SG Travassos da Rosa ES Degallier N Travassos da Rosa JF Inadequate management of natural ecosystem in the Brazilian Amazon region results in the emergence and reemergence of arboviruses.Cad Saude Publica. 2001; 17: 155-164Crossref PubMed Google Scholar When trees are cut down and rutted logging roads are left behind, puddles and sunshine create new habitats for malaria-transmitting mosquitoes. Indeed, the increase in malarial mosquitoes in Peru is closely correlated with forest clearance.14Patz JA Daszak P Tabor GM et al.Unhealthy landscapes: policy recommendations on land use change and disease emergence.Environ Health Perspect. 2004; 112: 1092-1098Crossref PubMed Scopus (591) Google Scholar The rise in global temperatures has in many places affected the life histories of mosquitoes and other disease vectors, resulting in more outbreaks occurring in more places at more times during the year.15Patz JA Wolfe ND Global ecological change and human health.in: Aguirre A Ostfeld R Tabor G House D Pearl M Conservation medicine: ecological health in practice. Oxford University Press, Oxford2002Google Scholar, 16Norris D Mosquito-borne dieseases as a consequence of land use change.Ecohealth. 2004; 1: 19-24Crossref Google Scholar Apart from deforestation and rising temperatures, other human actions affecting disease emergence include poorly managed urbanisation, conflict-related events, inappropriate use of antimicrobials and insecticides, and many water-related issues, including dam construction, irrigation, and waste–water mismanagement.17Molyneux D Patterns of change in vector-borne diseases.Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 1997; 91: 827-839Crossref PubMed Scopus (48) Google Scholar If these difficulties were not enough, lack of infrastructure to control chemical and organic pollutants of air and water have rendered indoor and outdoor environments extremely dangerous to long-term human health. Polluted sources of drinking and bathing water cause widespread and severe health problems, and are especially lethal to children. Acute respiratory infections linked to indoor air pollution kill 1·6 million people per year, mostly children and women.18Bruce N Perez-Padilla R Albalak R Indoor air pollution in developing countries: a major environmental and public health challenge.Bull World Health Organ. 2000; 78: 1078-1092PubMed Google Scholar This figure represents an enormous loss of human and economic potential in developing countries. Furthermore, urban air pollution causes the premature death of an additional estimated 0·5–1·0 million people in developing countries per year.19Kojima M Lovei M Urban air quality management. Coordinating transport, environment, and energy policies in developing countries.World Bank technical paper No 508. World Bank, Washington, DC2001Google Scholar How then can the degradation of the environment be contained and environmental sustainability be achieved? A first challenge to overcome is the fact that, although scientifically sound, the concept of environmental sustainability does not translate immediately into operational objectives. To this end, the task force recommends that as part of their national-level processes for the Millennium Development Goals, countries should set their own long-term objectives, such as maintaining a specific share of natural forests, lowering acid deposition below a certain threshold, or achieving a target level of nutrient load in critical freshwater ecosystems. Since virtually all human activities have an effect on the environment, strategies to achieve these objectives and reverse the loss of environmental resources need to be broad-based and include every sector of society. Doing so requires major structural changes nationally, regionally, and globally that must be coupled with specific investments in improved environmental management. The task force has identified practical interventions to improve the management of environmental resources in at least six key areas: soils and land-based production systems, forests, marine ecosystems and global fisheries, freshwater ecosystems, climate change, and pollution. These tested interventions can be delivered at scale provided that countries have access to substantially strengthened human resources and increased financial resources. Least-developed countries and many other poor countries will be likely to require additional external finance to improve environmental management However, technical interventions, no matter how good, will not be sufficient unless they are accompanied by structural changes to effectively integrate the environment into all development plans and sector policies. First, among these changes is the need to strengthen public institutions responsible for environmental policymaking and to build up environmental expertise in other government groups, such as ministries for health or infrastructure, to better appraise environmental consequences of all sector strategies. Second, countries need to correct market failures and remove distortions that exacerbate environmental degradation. Thus, wherever possible, countries should phase out damaging subsidies that overcapitalise industries such as farming, fishing, and forestry, and that promote inefficiencies, overextraction, and environmental damage. Third, we underscore the importance of improving our knowledge about the environment—including the crucially under-researched environment–health links—and to make this information effectively available to senior decision-makers through science-advice mechanisms. Moreover, environmental education and training must be integrated into the curricula of primary and secondary schools worldwide to improve the public's understanding of the environment.20Pearl M Buchori D Padua S Human and institutional capacity building through education and training.Background paper commissioned for the UN Millennium Project Task Force on Environmental Sustainability. UN Development Programme, New York2004Google Scholar Finally, efficiency gains through advanced science and technologies directed at environmental challenges can slow the rise in demand for certain ecosystem services. Several proven approaches exist to promote science and technology that can be harnessed for the environment. The knowledge and tools exist to guide us toward an environmentally sustainable future. However, the lack of success in stemming environmental degradation over the past decades has shown that the challenge lies in applying them. Successful implementation is key and will hinge on the active participation of the private and public sectors, as well as an informed and engaged citizenry. The Millennium Development Goals provide an important operational framework for addressing environmental sustainability in concert with other development priorities. During 2005, the international community should honour its commitment to support all countries in scaling-up direct investments in environmental management and implementing the structural changes that underpin them. This represents the only rational way forward. Conflict of interest statement We declare that we have no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments The authors would like to acknowledge the invaluable input of Mary Pearl, Wildlife Trust, NY, USA, in the preparation of this paper. We would also like to acknowledge the members of the UN Millennium Project Task Force on Environmental Sustainability for their work on this issue. Sections of this article are drawn from the report of the UN Millennium Project Task Force on Environmental Sustainability (UN Millennium Project 2005).	[ { "display_name": "The Lancet", "id": "https://openalex.org/S49861241", "type": "journal" }, { "display_name": "Europe PMC (PubMed Central)", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306400806", "type": "repository" } ]
https://openalex.org/W2467720263	THE WORLD BANK AND HEALTH SYSTEMS STRENGTHENING: EXPERIENCES FROM FOUR INDIAN STATES	[ { "affiliations": [ { "country": "India", "display_name": "Jawaharlal Nehru University", "id": "https://openalex.org/I152429107", "lat": 28.63576, "long": 77.22445, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Amitabha Sarkar", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5044939987" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Tamil", "id": "https://openalex.org/C140688305" }, { "display_name": "Psychological intervention", "id": "https://openalex.org/C27415008" }, { "display_name": "Poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C189326681" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Socioeconomics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C45355965" }, { "display_name": "Business", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560" }, { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "Sociology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Nursing", "id": "https://openalex.org/C159110408" }, { "display_name": "Philosophy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662" }, { "display_name": "Linguistics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202" } ]	[ "West Bank" ]	[]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2467720263	<h3>Background</h3> Year after year, sixty million Indians slip below the poverty line because of health expenses. Main reason for this is attributed to the fragile Indian health system, which is not equitable both theoretically and functionally. Several efforts in form of policy and project interventions have been instrumental in addressing this crisis. In this paper, we analyse the interaction between the World Bank led Health System Development Project (HSDP) and several Indian states. Our aim is to understand the processes of reform with a particular focus on changing state governance mechanisms. <h3>Methods</h3> We conducted our health policy and systems research in four Indian states that have implemented HSDP: Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, West Bengal and Uttar Pradesh. We purposively selected these states for the sample to include good (Tamil Nadu), moderate (Karnataka and West Bengal) and poor (Uttar Pradesh) performing states over the entire intervention period (1989 till date). Narrative systematic review of literature involving project documents, policy/working papers, budget reports, reviewed journals/books and publicly available information sources were consulted. National Sample Survey Organisation rounds 52, 60 and 71 were considered to reflect on private health expenditure. Primary data, collected through semi-structured interviews, elicited the views of key informants. <h3>Findings</h3> The HSDP has been implemented in three phases: HSDP-I (1989 till 1996–1997), HSDP-II (1997–1998 till 2004) and HSD&RP/HSAF/HSS (2004 till date). The first phase was characterised by selective interventions with a vertical approach, while the entire project was designed on the basis of population control activity. In the second phase, HSDP entered into the public system management for policy reform. This shift was reflected by the budget reallocation (fiscal space management) and by the strategy of engaging private sector in the initiatives. The third phase is remarkable for introducing insurance and public-private partnership models. The HSDP-I and HSDP-II projects were more about infrastructural upgradation, whereas the recent project strategies are more focused on elaborating policy guidelines within the service sector, such as the Public Private Partnership cell, the Empowered Procurement Wing, and the Governance and Accountability Plan. Remarkably, the Bank has not been in favour of introducing all mechanisms to all states. For instance, Uttar Pradesh was not recommended for the insurance component until the 2008 implementation period. West Bengal and Karnataka have been studied thoroughly to see policy outcomes in relation to the policy inputs offered over the project tenure. Preliminary analysis shows that indicator-wise performance is similar in Karnataka and West Bengal, rating ‘average’ in terms of key health yardsticks, but both doing comparatively better than the national standard. Strikingly, West Bengal, despite being non-recipient of the Bank fund through HSDP (after 2004), is doing reasonably well compared to Karnataka. It is also evident that people access more public facilities in West Bengal than in Karnataka to avail hospitalisation. <h3>Discussion</h3> Achievements of various HSDPs reported so far are not exactly exemplary replicable references, but definitely remarkable in restructuring the health sector in the country. The most important characteristic change that HSDP has brought is the remodelling of the health sector. Examples abound, including sector-wide approach, decentralisation, privatisation of certain services, insurance, private investment, and engaging contractual labour. As these reform measures imply changes in the organisational structure, they have lasting consequences. State governments are adaptive to these changes and even level up their skills to advance the reform process. West Bengal provides a prime example, by advancing the reform on its own after the completion of HSDP-II in 2004. Nevertheless, the induced reforms were not always conversant with the contextual requirements. Hence, in several states the impact of strategic changes brought less than expected or at time even adverse outcomes (Punjab being an example). Project designs have introduced or modified the mechanisms to build and/or strengthen the existing service system using controllable variables (only under the broad themes of financing and provisioning). But they failed to tackle the linkages between larger environment and the health system, which are indeed socially contextualized, politically factored and economically determined. HSDP provides an opportunity to study and identify the existing challenges for strengthening the Indian health systems. The triggering question is whether these HSDP projects are truly system strengthening initiatives by nature. Initial findings have failed to infer a comprehensive definition of the project system and its delimitation (or boundaries). Critical analysis of system conceptualisation for HSDP remains wanting in project/policy documents. <i>No competing interest</i>.	[]
https://openalex.org/W2105144867	Can domestic debt contribute to the financing of the "Millennium Development Goals" ? The case of the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU)	[ { "affiliations": [ { "country": "France", "display_name": "University of Clermont Auvergne", "id": "https://openalex.org/I198244214", "lat": 45.77969, "long": 3.08682, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Samuel Guérineau", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5055566119" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "France", "display_name": "University of Clermont Auvergne", "id": "https://openalex.org/I198244214", "lat": 45.77969, "long": 3.08682, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Sylviane Guillaumont Jeanneney", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5008364808" } ]	[ { "display_name": "External debt", "id": "https://openalex.org/C44171179" }, { "display_name": "Debt", "id": "https://openalex.org/C120527767" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Internal debt", "id": "https://openalex.org/C202189257" }, { "display_name": "Debt-to-GDP ratio", "id": "https://openalex.org/C106210156" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Economic and monetary union", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2776109892" }, { "display_name": "Exchange rate", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2776988154" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Investment (military)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C27548731" }, { "display_name": "International economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C18547055" }, { "display_name": "Crowding out", "id": "https://openalex.org/C8031360" }, { "display_name": "Debt levels and flows", "id": "https://openalex.org/C22270272" }, { "display_name": "Market liquidity", "id": "https://openalex.org/C183582576" }, { "display_name": "Monetary economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C556758197" }, { "display_name": "Finance", "id": "https://openalex.org/C10138342" }, { "display_name": "Business", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560" }, { "display_name": "Economic policy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C105639569" }, { "display_name": "European union", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2910001868" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Politics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" } ]	[ "West Bank" ]	[ "https://openalex.org/W24131300", "https://openalex.org/W195253386", "https://openalex.org/W1571091577", "https://openalex.org/W1858157445", "https://openalex.org/W1979731885", "https://openalex.org/W2042226252", "https://openalex.org/W2042742279", "https://openalex.org/W2045619661", "https://openalex.org/W2061551026", "https://openalex.org/W2065255476", "https://openalex.org/W2082512797", "https://openalex.org/W2135932819", "https://openalex.org/W2144679423", "https://openalex.org/W2171227005", "https://openalex.org/W2172298394", "https://openalex.org/W2802747202", "https://openalex.org/W3122915810", "https://openalex.org/W3125321923", "https://openalex.org/W3125765596", "https://openalex.org/W3126058703" ]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2105144867	Developing countries are being urged to extent public spending to reach The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Following a series of debt cancellations, the public debt of many developing countries has reached low levels, so that external borrowing is a plausible option. However, developing countries can not exclusively rely on external financing. Consequently, is an increase in the domestic debt possible and desirable? This paper investigates this issue in the case of the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU), of which several countries have benefited from important debt cancellations. We show that an increase in the domestic debt is feasible for some of the WAEMU countries since 1) there exist excess bank liquidity and foreign reserves which involve a low cost for public finance, 2) the main macroeconomic risks (debt distress, crowding out of private investment and real exchange rate appreciation) can be averted and 3) absorptive capacity may be enlarged by giving larger role to regional institutions or local communities.	[ { "display_name": "RePEc: Research Papers in Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306401271", "type": "repository" } ]
https://openalex.org/W2344932371	Good Governance, Rural Development and Poverty Alleviation in Nigeria: Issues and Challenges	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Otega Okinono", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5028208803" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Mohammed Muneerdeen O. A", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5059143633" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C189326681" }, { "display_name": "Good governance", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2780526558" }, { "display_name": "Language change", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2780027415" }, { "display_name": "Corporate governance", "id": "https://openalex.org/C39389867" }, { "display_name": "Development economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Management", "id": "https://openalex.org/C187736073" }, { "display_name": "Art", "id": "https://openalex.org/C142362112" }, { "display_name": "Literature", "id": "https://openalex.org/C124952713" } ]	[ "West Bank" ]	[ "https://openalex.org/W177757546", "https://openalex.org/W1102781848", "https://openalex.org/W1487544913", "https://openalex.org/W1496247047", "https://openalex.org/W1497765559", "https://openalex.org/W1504639565", "https://openalex.org/W1575631324", "https://openalex.org/W1585121757", "https://openalex.org/W1937806926", "https://openalex.org/W1988431959", "https://openalex.org/W1994846024", "https://openalex.org/W2004016117", "https://openalex.org/W2046753609", "https://openalex.org/W2059962101", "https://openalex.org/W2098445214", "https://openalex.org/W2103102396", "https://openalex.org/W2115189699", "https://openalex.org/W2122154071", "https://openalex.org/W2145727987", "https://openalex.org/W2147209317", "https://openalex.org/W2149929227", "https://openalex.org/W2161705280", "https://openalex.org/W2162571500", "https://openalex.org/W2166166582", "https://openalex.org/W2169681976", "https://openalex.org/W2992543340", "https://openalex.org/W3088646045" ]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2344932371	Good governance has always been an important issue in global development. Most third world countries have been identified by the World Bank as chronically groaning under the spell of under-development, rooted in corruption and bad leadership. Many ad-hoc solutions embarked upon by various International Organisations have proved insignificant in most African countries. The pseudo-development approaches based on the replication of western mode of development to the developing world have aroused suspicion that the mode of development in the West cannot be used as a basis for engineering growth in other parts of the world, particularly Nigeria. Many studies are conducted in Nigeria to explain how good governance leads to development and poverty alleviation, yet sufficient breakthrough is not achieved. There is need to explore why it is difficult for Nigeria to translate its economic development to enrich its people. This article examines the loopholes in the development priorities of various governments in Nigeria. It is timely based on the recent IMF statistics that Nigeria is now the largest economy in Africa. It examines the impact of development and good governance on poverty alleviation in Nigeria; seeking to explore the potency and place of good governance in poverty alleviation in the largest country in Africa. Relevant literatures were reviewed to closely examine the gap, which ultimately provides rationale for conducting the research. The study, based on the established rapport between good governance, development and poverty, examines the relevance to the Nigeria case. It is therefore premised on the conviction that the three concepts are inevitably intertwined and thus if properly integrated can be employed in studying Nigerian situation and used in the alleviation of poverty.	[]
https://openalex.org/W4387906880	Priority regions for eliminating open defecation in Africa: implications for antimicrobial resistance	[ { "affiliations": [ { "country": "United Kingdom", "display_name": "Queen's University Belfast", "id": "https://openalex.org/I126231945", "lat": 54.59682, "long": -5.92541, "type": "education" }, { "country": "Nigeria", "display_name": "Federal Ministry of Health", "id": "https://openalex.org/I233171062", "lat": 9.081944, "long": 7.472104, "type": "government" } ], "display_name": "Omololu Fagunwa", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5059015989" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Thobile Mthiyane", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5053142972" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Nigeria", "display_name": "Federal Institute of Industrial Research Oshodi", "id": "https://openalex.org/I4210159071", "lat": 6.59651, "long": 3.34205, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Ayokunle Oluwasanmi Fagunwa", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5053975923" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Kassim Idowu Olayemi", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5093119092" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "United Kingdom", "display_name": "Science Oxford", "id": "https://openalex.org/I4210146410", "lat": 51.751076, "long": -1.23866, "type": "nonprofit" } ], "display_name": "Anthony Alozie", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5086435595" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "United Kingdom", "display_name": "University of Birmingham", "id": "https://openalex.org/I79619799", "lat": 52.450558, "long": -1.930556, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Helen Onyeaka", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5058807619" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "United Kingdom", "display_name": "University of Birmingham", "id": "https://openalex.org/I79619799", "lat": 52.450558, "long": -1.930556, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Adenike Akinsemolu", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5069682176" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "United Kingdom", "display_name": "University of Leeds", "id": "https://openalex.org/I130828816", "lat": 53.79648, "long": -1.54785, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Adegbola Ojo", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5034040558" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Open defecation", "id": "https://openalex.org/C97156103" }, { "display_name": "Sanitation", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2780151969" }, { "display_name": "Poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C189326681" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Psychological intervention", "id": "https://openalex.org/C27415008" }, { "display_name": "Environmental health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951" }, { "display_name": "Socioeconomics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C45355965" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Business", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560" }, { "display_name": "Urbanization", "id": "https://openalex.org/C39853841" }, { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Nursing", "id": "https://openalex.org/C159110408" }, { "display_name": "Pathology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C142724271" } ]	[ "West Bank" ]	[ "https://openalex.org/W2003873068", "https://openalex.org/W2016803368", "https://openalex.org/W2030155337", "https://openalex.org/W2110878250", "https://openalex.org/W2137776689", "https://openalex.org/W2138696311", "https://openalex.org/W2145249379", "https://openalex.org/W2161495628", "https://openalex.org/W2529305140", "https://openalex.org/W2584317378", "https://openalex.org/W2593764520", "https://openalex.org/W2750887964", "https://openalex.org/W2754857998", "https://openalex.org/W2761249355", "https://openalex.org/W2789256028", "https://openalex.org/W2803421831", "https://openalex.org/W2912360951", "https://openalex.org/W2916901216", "https://openalex.org/W2921342657", "https://openalex.org/W2922380182", "https://openalex.org/W2932347394", "https://openalex.org/W2944592180", "https://openalex.org/W2953455628", "https://openalex.org/W2969698995", "https://openalex.org/W2976584002", "https://openalex.org/W2996601407", "https://openalex.org/W2997595966", "https://openalex.org/W3012082939", "https://openalex.org/W3027268374", "https://openalex.org/W3096843994", "https://openalex.org/W3199567359", "https://openalex.org/W3202860585", "https://openalex.org/W4206677002", "https://openalex.org/W4220801482", "https://openalex.org/W4221029014", "https://openalex.org/W4285020898", "https://openalex.org/W4292834787", "https://openalex.org/W4313556425", "https://openalex.org/W4315929324", "https://openalex.org/W4316193752", "https://openalex.org/W4324357489", "https://openalex.org/W4328142846", "https://openalex.org/W4366728427" ]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4387906880	Abstract Sanitation, which offers safe and effective methods for waste disposal, is important for development. However, in Africa and other developing regions, the prevalent practice of open defecation (OD) impedes attaining the sustainable development goals (SDGs). This research delves into the analysis of OD in Africa and proposes a three-tier priority system, comprising critical, high, and medium areas, through which developmental endeavours can be targeted. To achieve this, the study utilizes data from demographic and health surveys (DHS) and the World Bank. The rates of OD at country and sub-country/region levels were calculated to define the priority system, and regression analyses were used to determine predictors of OD practice. The findings are that Nigeria, Ethiopia, Niger, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Burkina Faso, and Chad have a high number of people struggling with open defecation. In addition, disparities in access to proper sanitation facilities were identified among impoverished individuals and those residing in rural areas. After adjusting for education and residence, the poorest are 43 times (95% confidence interval 42.443–45.290) more likely to practice open defecation in comparison with the wealthiest. Consequently, wealth index is a pivotal factor in eradicating open toileting. To address this pressing issue in Africa, it is imperative to prioritize evidence-based targeted interventions that concentrate on regions and communities urgently needing improved sanitation infrastructure and programmes. Special attention should be paid to West Africa since many of its communities are in the critical category. Poverty and inequality must be addressed and investments in sanitation infrastructure, behavioural change promotion, and support multistakeholder collaborations should be encouraged. To evaluate OD interventions and monitor health impact, variables such as antimicrobial resistance (AMR) should be included in important health surveys (e.g. DHS). This study is the largest meta-data analyses of OD in Africa detailing drivers and communities that should be prioritised on sanitation interventions.	[ { "display_name": "Environment, Development and Sustainability", "id": "https://openalex.org/S155209994", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W4385191507	Analyses of health surveys indicates regions of priority to eliminate open defecation in Africa and implication for antimicrobial resistance burden	[ { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Bangladesh", "display_name": "Queens University", "id": "https://openalex.org/I4210096394", "lat": 23.772913, "long": 90.3602, "type": "education" }, { "country": "United Kingdom", "display_name": "Queen's University Belfast", "id": "https://openalex.org/I126231945", "lat": 54.59682, "long": -5.92541, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Omololu Fagunwa", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5059015989" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Thobile Mthiyane", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5053142972" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Nigeria", "display_name": "Federal Institute of Industrial Research Oshodi", "id": "https://openalex.org/I4210159071", "lat": 6.59651, "long": 3.34205, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Ayokunle Oluwasanmi Fagunwa", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5053975923" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Nigeria", "display_name": "Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research", "id": "https://openalex.org/I4210103087", "lat": 6.421909, "long": 3.410429, "type": "facility" } ], "display_name": "Kazeem Olayemi", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5092528665" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Akozie Alaoma", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5092528666" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "United Kingdom", "display_name": "University of Birmingham", "id": "https://openalex.org/I79619799", "lat": 52.450558, "long": -1.930556, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Adegbola Ojo", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5034040558" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "United Kingdom", "display_name": "University of Birmingham", "id": "https://openalex.org/I79619799", "lat": 52.450558, "long": -1.930556, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Adenike Akinsemolu", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5069682176" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "United Kingdom", "display_name": "University of Leeds", "id": "https://openalex.org/I130828816", "lat": 53.79648, "long": -1.54785, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Helen Onyeaka", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5058807619" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Open defecation", "id": "https://openalex.org/C97156103" }, { "display_name": "Sanitation", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2780151969" }, { "display_name": "Environmental health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951" }, { "display_name": "Psychological intervention", "id": "https://openalex.org/C27415008" }, { "display_name": "Poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C189326681" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Socioeconomics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C45355965" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Business", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Environmental protection", "id": "https://openalex.org/C526734887" }, { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Nursing", "id": "https://openalex.org/C159110408" }, { "display_name": "Pathology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C142724271" } ]	[ "West Bank" ]	[ "https://openalex.org/W1602480920", "https://openalex.org/W2003873068", "https://openalex.org/W2010242607", "https://openalex.org/W2016803368", "https://openalex.org/W2030155337", "https://openalex.org/W2064193119", "https://openalex.org/W2110878250", "https://openalex.org/W2137068815", "https://openalex.org/W2137776689", "https://openalex.org/W2161495628", "https://openalex.org/W2164315180", "https://openalex.org/W2529305140", "https://openalex.org/W2584317378", "https://openalex.org/W2593764520", "https://openalex.org/W2750887964", "https://openalex.org/W2754857998", "https://openalex.org/W2789256028", "https://openalex.org/W2916901216", "https://openalex.org/W2921342657", "https://openalex.org/W2922380182", "https://openalex.org/W2944592180", "https://openalex.org/W2953455628", "https://openalex.org/W2969698995", "https://openalex.org/W2976584002", "https://openalex.org/W2996601407", "https://openalex.org/W3012082939", "https://openalex.org/W3027268374", "https://openalex.org/W3096843994", "https://openalex.org/W3199567359", "https://openalex.org/W3202860585", "https://openalex.org/W4206677002", "https://openalex.org/W4212893393", "https://openalex.org/W4220801482", "https://openalex.org/W4220835779", "https://openalex.org/W4221029014", "https://openalex.org/W4285020898", "https://openalex.org/W4292834787", "https://openalex.org/W4313556425", "https://openalex.org/W4315929324", "https://openalex.org/W4316193752", "https://openalex.org/W4324357489", "https://openalex.org/W4328142846" ]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4385191507	Abstract Sanitation, which offer safe and effective methods for waste disposal is important for development. However, in Africa and other developing regions, the prevalent practice of open defecation (OD) impedes attaining the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This research delves into the analysis of OD in Africa and proposes a three-tier priority system, comprising critical, high, and medium areas, through which developmental endeavours can be targeted. To achieve this, the study utilizes data from Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) and World Bank. The rates of OD at country and sub-country/region levels were calculated to define the priority system and regression analyses were used to determine predictors of OD practice. The findings are that Nigeria, Ethiopia, Niger, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Burkina Faso, and Chad have a high number of people struggling with open defecation. In addition, disparities in access to proper sanitation facilities were identified among impoverished individuals and those residing in rural areas. After adjusting for education and residence, the poorest are 43 times (95% confidence interval 42.443 – 45.290 ) more likely to practice open defecation in comparison to the wealthiest. Consequently, wealth index is a pivotal factor in eradicating open toileting. To address this pressing issue in Africa, it is imperative to prioritize evidence-based targeted interventions that concentrate on regions and communities urgently needing improved sanitation infrastructure and programmes. Special attention should be paid to West Africa since many of its communities are in the critical category. Poverty and inequality must be addressed and investments in sanitation infrastructure, behavioural change promotion, and support for multistakeholder collaborations should be encouraged. To evaluate OD intervention and monitor health impact, variables such as antimicrobial resistance (AMR) should be included in important health surveys (e.g., DHS). This study is the largest meta-data analyses of OD in Africa detailing drivers and communities that should be prioritised on sanitation interventions.	[ { "display_name": "medRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306400573", "type": "repository" } ]
https://openalex.org/W4244902857	Book Reviews	[]	[ { "display_name": "Poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C189326681" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Globalization", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2119116" }, { "display_name": "Context (archaeology)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779343474" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Inequality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C45555294" }, { "display_name": "Library science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C161191863" }, { "display_name": "Development economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Mathematical analysis", "id": "https://openalex.org/C134306372" }, { "display_name": "Mathematics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547" }, { "display_name": "Archaeology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645" }, { "display_name": "Computer science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148" } ]	[ "West Bank" ]	[]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4244902857	Development Policy ReviewVolume 24, Issue 1 p. 107-126 Book Reviews First published: 05 January 2006 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7679.2006.00317.xAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Abstract Book reviewed in this article: Perspectives on European Development Co-operation: Policy and Performance of Individual Donor Countries and the EU. Edited by Paul Hoebink and Olav Stokke Economic Development and UN Reform: Towards a Common Agenda for Action – A Proposal in the Context of the Millennium Development Goals. By Carlos A. Magarinos Inclusive Citizenship: Meanings and Expressions. By Nalia Kabeer Chronic Poverty Report 2004–05 Economic Security for a Better World. By the ILO Socio-Economic Security Programme European Migration: What Do We Know? Edited by Klaus F. Zimmerman The Millennium Development Goals and Migration. By Erica Usher Global Monitoring Report 2004: Policies and Actions for Achieving the Millennium Development Goals and Related Outcomes. By World Bank and IMF Staff Globalisation, Poverty and Inequality: Between a Rock and a Hard Place. By Raphael Kaplinsky Globalisation, ICT and Developing Nations: Challenges in the Information Age. By Sumit Roy Development Economics: From the Poverty to the Wealth of Nations. By Youjiro Hayami and Yoshihisa Godo Healing Wounds: How the International Research Centers of the CGIAR Help Rebuild Agriculture in Countries Affected by Conflicts and Natural Disasters. By Surendra Varma and Mark Winslow Agriculture, Environment and Human Welfare in West Asia and North Africa: The Search for Sustainability Volume24, Issue1January 2006Pages 107-126 RelatedInformation	[ { "display_name": "Development Policy Review", "id": "https://openalex.org/S132415769", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W2168191453	Can clean drinking water and sanitation reduce child mortality in Senegal	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Catherine Bampoky", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5014556196" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Sanitation", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2780151969" }, { "display_name": "Child mortality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C46299933" }, { "display_name": "Environmental health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Open defecation", "id": "https://openalex.org/C97156103" }, { "display_name": "Public health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C138816342" }, { "display_name": "Context (archaeology)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779343474" }, { "display_name": "Hygiene", "id": "https://openalex.org/C547646559" }, { "display_name": "Improved sanitation", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2777910687" }, { "display_name": "Infant mortality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C112299071" }, { "display_name": "Psychological intervention", "id": "https://openalex.org/C27415008" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "Socioeconomics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C45355965" }, { "display_name": "Population", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Nursing", "id": "https://openalex.org/C159110408" }, { "display_name": "Archaeology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645" }, { "display_name": "Pathology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C142724271" }, { "display_name": "Psychiatry", "id": "https://openalex.org/C118552586" } ]	[ "West Bank", "Egypt" ]	[ "https://openalex.org/W1581758031", "https://openalex.org/W1584949232", "https://openalex.org/W1625026849", "https://openalex.org/W2021207924", "https://openalex.org/W2050060957", "https://openalex.org/W2100588803", "https://openalex.org/W2118027939", "https://openalex.org/W2137068815", "https://openalex.org/W2147653631", "https://openalex.org/W2181897866", "https://openalex.org/W2620687050" ]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2168191453	(ProQuest: ... denotes formulae omitted.)1 IntroductionChild mortality is an indicator commonly used when assessing child health and overall level of development in a country. It is a public health priority for West African nation of Senegal. In 2011, infant mortality rate for Senegal was 64.8 deaths per 1,000 children under age of five (WBI, 2011). Although lower than average rate of 108.6 deaths per 1,000 children for Sub-Saharan Africa, it is almost nine times higher than North American average of 7.34 deaths per 1,000 children (WBI, 2011). Water and sanitation are also priority intervention areas for Senegalese government. The Millennium Water and Sanitation Program (PEP AM) targeted specific objectives in past for rural and urban areas to be reached by 2015.1 According to UNICEF, poor hygiene, lack of access to safe drinking water, and sanitation causing cholera and diarrheal diseases are responsible for death of 1.5 billion children each year (UNICEF, 2007). In Senegal, child mortality related to unimproved water and sanitation is estimated at 15.13 % in rural areas only (African Development Bank Group, 2008). Water and sanitation, as a result, have been described as the most effective public health intervention international community has at its disposal to reduce child mortality (Lancet editorial, 2007). Because of great potential to improve child health through targeted interventions in environment in a context where countries have limited resources to invest in better water and sanitation infrastructures, it is important to provide an evidence-based estimate on benefits of these two factors.This paper will attempt to measure effect of water and sanitation on child mortality in Senegal. A specific focus will be given to three policy variables, which are hand washing with soap, drinking water source, and sanitation facilities. The hypothesis is that having good hygiene practices, access to better source of drinking water, and improved sanitation systems reduce child mortality rates. The result of this study will have different implications depending on which variable has highest impact on health. The benefit of improved sanitation and running water are well established and go beyond children's health. For example, water connections in households were found to improve well-being and social cohesion is communities where water is a source of conflict. (Devoto, Duflo, Dupas, Pariente, and Pons, 2012). Nevertheless, investment and running cost associated with new water connections or sanitation systems can be high. Consequently, any policy recommendation should be supported by strong evidence as to health impact of water and sanitation.2 Literature ReviewThe effect of water and sanitation is studied in many developing nations across globe, yet research in this area does not lead to robust conclusions as to which variable is associated with most health benefits and under which circumstances. In Egypt, having access to municipal water has been associated with a decrease in neonatal and infant mortality. However, this study also found that impact of modern sanitation was considerably larger, decreasing child mortality risk by 68% (Abou-Ali, 2003). Trussell and Hammerslough (1983) found that improved latrines decreased child mortality in Sri Lanka, but that source of water supply was insignificant. In Malaysia, Ridder and Tunali (1999) did not find any impact of access to piped water and toilet facilities on child mortality.Fink, GA¼nther and Hill (2011) conducted one of most comprehensive analyses on child health, water, and sanitation. They merged all DHS dataseis available for seventy countries over period 1986 to 2007. Even though estimated effect of improved water and sanitation is smaller than estimations done by other studies, they still found a positive impact in reduction of mortality, as well as a lower risk of diarrhea, and stunting. …	[ { "display_name": "Pepperdine Policy Review", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306522275", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W2019154728	All about the money	[ { "affiliations": [ { "country": "South Africa", "display_name": "Lancet Laboratories", "id": "https://openalex.org/I4210107347", "lat": -26.131432, "long": 28.117899, "type": "facility" } ], "display_name": "Zoë Mullan", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5068336582" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Summit", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778848561" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C189326681" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Sustainable development", "id": "https://openalex.org/C552854447" }, { "display_name": "Earth Summit", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2780568229" }, { "display_name": "General assembly", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778698365" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "International development", "id": "https://openalex.org/C87616379" }, { "display_name": "Private sector", "id": "https://openalex.org/C121426985" }, { "display_name": "Conference of the parties", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2777429066" }, { "display_name": "International community", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779872411" }, { "display_name": "Public administration", "id": "https://openalex.org/C3116431" }, { "display_name": "Convention", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2780608745" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Politics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758" }, { "display_name": "Physical geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C100970517" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" } ]	[ "West Bank" ]	[]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2019154728	It's finally 2015: a year by the end of which extreme poverty and hunger are to be eradicated, maternal and child mortality are to be drastically reduced, and the trajectory of the global incidence of HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria are to be reversed. Much has been written about where the Millennium Development Goals succeeded and failed as global targets, and what has changed in the world since 2000. Much work has also been done to establish what happens next. In his synthesis report on the post-2015 agenda released last month, UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-Moon summarised and annotated this work, ultimately backing the 17 goals proposed by the Open Working Group on Sustainable Development Goals as the basis for a truly transformative agenda. He also devoted a hefty chunk of the report to the somewhat less exciting subject of how to pay for it. The International Conference on Financing for Development in July marks the first of three key meetings on the post-2015 agenda taking place this year (the others being the special UN summit in September and the 21st Conference of the Parties of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change [COP21] in December). The conference will take as its starting point the report of the Intergovernmental Committee of Experts on Sustainable Development Financing, which lays out policy options for the four main sources of development finance—national public sources (eg, tax income), national private sources (eg, bank credit), international public sources (eg, official development assistance [ODA]), and international private sources (eg, trade and foreign investment). Some of the need for financing reform is explored in this month's issue. In a Comment, Bernadette O'Hare highlights the iniquitous tax exemptions granted to foreign mining and agribusiness companies in Sierra Leone—a country whose disastrously underfunded health system has been cast into the spotlight by the Ebola crisis. Designed to attract investment in the country, often in competition with neighbouring countries, such policies can result in “a race to the bottom”, O'Hare states, “with multinational companies being the beneficiaries and the population being the losers”. The importance of a joined-up and fair approach to national and international tax policy cannot be overstated. In a further Comment, Alexander Kentikelenis and colleagues point to problems with the lending policies of international financial institutions such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF). The IMF influences national financing policies by issuing conditional loans. Kentikelenis and colleagues contend that IMF conditions constrained domestic spending in the years leading up to the Ebola crisis in Sierra Leone, Guinea, and Liberia, including on health, and contributed to the health workforce crisis by capping the public-sector wage bill. The IMF's Sanjeev Gupta responds robustly against these claims, but the fact remains that financing strategies need to factor in conditional lending by the IMF and other bodies, and involve such bodies in ongoing policy discussion. ODA will continue to be an essential component of any future financing strategy, yet although it has steadily increased over the past decade, only five developed countries are currently achieving the target of 0·7% of gross national income, and in the country that most recently met the target—the UK—the political appetite for continued commitment to it is uncertain to say the least. A paper published in The Lancet Global Health last month explored the issue of “shared responsibility” as it pertains to the funding of HIV/AIDS programmes in 12 sub-Saharan African countries that collectively absorb 56% of total development assistance for AIDS. Robert Hecht and colleagues used a range of benchmarks such as AIDS's share of government health expenditure being 0·5 times AIDS's share of total disease burden, and showed that several countries could be spending more domestic funds on HIV than they do currently. In the case of upper-middle-income countries such as South Africa, Namibia, and Botswana, such increases could potentially cover all national spending needs on AIDS. Other countries, however, would not nearly cover their needs, even with the most ambitious spending, emphasising the crucial role of ODA and other international and national financing channels going forward. With the exception of research grants and fundraising in its most general sense, financial matters have not drawn much appeal from the global health community. But it is time to engage. We can't all be economists, thankfully, but this year we might resolve to be a bit more economically savvy in our advocacy and research. The International Monetary Fund and the Ebola outbreakIn recent months, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) has announced US$430 million of funding to fight Ebola in Sierra Leone, Guinea, and Liberia.1 By making these funds available, the IMF aims to become part of the solution to the crisis, even if this involves a departure from its usual approach. As IMF Director Christine Lagarde said at a meeting on the outbreak, “It is good to increase the fiscal deficit when it's a matter of curing the people, of taking the precautions to actually try to contain the disease. Full-Text PDF Open AccessWeak health systems and EbolaThe response to the Ebola crisis in west Africa is shining light on the weak health systems in these countries, which have been crippled by years of underinvestment.1 Full-Text PDF Open AccessResponse to “The International Monetary Fund and the Ebola outbreak”There are several factual inaccuracies in the Comment by Alexander Kentikelenis and colleagues.1 Full-Text PDF Open AccessFunding AIDS programmes in the era of shared responsibility: an analysis of domestic spending in 12 low-income and middle-income countriesThe proposed metrics could be useful to stimulate further analysis and discussion around domestic spending on AIDS and corresponding donor contributions, and to structure financial agreements between recipient country governments and donors. Coupled with improved resource tracking, such metrics could enhance transparency and accountability for efficient use of money and maximise the effect of available funding to prevent HIV infections and save lives. Full-Text PDF Open Access	[ { "display_name": "The Lancet Global Health", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4210176958", "type": "journal" }, { "display_name": "PubMed", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036", "type": "repository" } ]
https://openalex.org/W2979408201	A review of maternal mortality trends in Lebanon, 2010–2018	[ { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Lebanon", "display_name": "American University of Beirut", "id": "https://openalex.org/I98635879", "lat": 33.901093, "long": 35.48153, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Faysal El-Kak", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5063402943" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Lebanon", "display_name": "American University of Beirut", "id": "https://openalex.org/I98635879", "lat": 33.901093, "long": 35.48153, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Tamar Kabakian‐Khasholian", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5021517178" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Lebanon", "display_name": "Ministry of Public Health", "id": "https://openalex.org/I4210097567", "lat": 33.86422, "long": 35.493645, "type": "government" } ], "display_name": "Walid Ammar", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5032289226" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Lebanon", "display_name": "American University of Beirut", "id": "https://openalex.org/I98635879", "lat": 33.901093, "long": 35.48153, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Anwar H. Nassar", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5030973078" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Refugee", "id": "https://openalex.org/C173145845" }, { "display_name": "Christian ministry", "id": "https://openalex.org/C521751864" }, { "display_name": "Environmental health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951" }, { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "Public health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C138816342" }, { "display_name": "Maternal mortality rate", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2992596102" }, { "display_name": "Healthcare system", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2988170871" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Health care", "id": "https://openalex.org/C160735492" }, { "display_name": "Standardized mortality ratio", "id": "https://openalex.org/C102803821" }, { "display_name": "Demography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C149923435" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Population", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359" }, { "display_name": "Nursing", "id": "https://openalex.org/C159110408" }, { "display_name": "Health services", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2986740045" }, { "display_name": "Sociology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" } ]	[ "Lebanon", "Syria" ]	[ "https://openalex.org/W1964332779", "https://openalex.org/W1988205467", "https://openalex.org/W1994716141", "https://openalex.org/W2011158556", "https://openalex.org/W2043449557", "https://openalex.org/W2044021456", "https://openalex.org/W2044883241", "https://openalex.org/W2055327050", "https://openalex.org/W2078920380", "https://openalex.org/W2094546559", "https://openalex.org/W2170210923", "https://openalex.org/W2175954218", "https://openalex.org/W2321455700" ]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2979408201	Lebanon invested in the prevention of maternal mortality after the civil war, which left a deficient vital registration system leading to unreliable estimates of maternal mortality ratio (MMR). Starting in 2004, the Ministry of Public Health integrated reproductive health into primary health care and established a national notification system of maternal and neonatal deaths. From 1990 to 2013, Lebanon achieved an annual change in MMR of -7.5%, which was the highest rate of reduction in the region and met the requirements of Millennium Development Goal 5. For the period 2010-2018, data collected through the national notification system indicate an MMR of 14.9, which is below the officially reported MMR of 23. Since the influx of Syrian refugees, Lebanon has experienced a rise in the number of live births with a slightly increasing trend in MMR, especially in regions with the highest concentration of refugees. Causes of maternal mortality in Lebanon align with the three-delays model, pointing to deficiencies in the quality of maternity care. More efforts are needed toward strengthening the national notification system to include cases that occur outside hospitals, identifying near-miss cases, reinforcing the emergency response system, and engaging with all stakeholders to improve quality of care.	[ { "display_name": "PubMed", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036", "type": "repository" } ]
https://openalex.org/W3044011666	Assessment of capital expenditure in achieving sanitation-related MDG targets and the uncertainties of the SDG targets in Algeria	[ { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Algeria", "display_name": "University of Béjaïa", "id": "https://openalex.org/I187560010", "lat": 36.75587, "long": 5.08433, "type": "education" }, { "country": "France", "display_name": "Institut de Recherche pour le Développement", "id": "https://openalex.org/I4210166444", "lat": 43.29695, "long": 5.38107, "type": "government" } ], "display_name": "Nabil Kherbache", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5086714842" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Algeria", "display_name": "University of Béjaïa", "id": "https://openalex.org/I187560010", "lat": 36.75587, "long": 5.08433, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Kamal Oukaci", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5013958303" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Sanitation", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2780151969" }, { "display_name": "Subsidy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C84265765" }, { "display_name": "Business", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Capital expenditure", "id": "https://openalex.org/C172497479" }, { "display_name": "Natural resource economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C175605778" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Environmental planning", "id": "https://openalex.org/C91375879" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "Finance", "id": "https://openalex.org/C10138342" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Environmental science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304" }, { "display_name": "Environmental engineering", "id": "https://openalex.org/C87717796" }, { "display_name": "Market economy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C34447519" } ]	[ "Algeria" ]	[ "https://openalex.org/W234157823", "https://openalex.org/W2039336610", "https://openalex.org/W2098322274", "https://openalex.org/W2108795964", "https://openalex.org/W2114484185", "https://openalex.org/W2444603166", "https://openalex.org/W2479708887", "https://openalex.org/W2531703846", "https://openalex.org/W2785496756", "https://openalex.org/W2799490082", "https://openalex.org/W2920827260", "https://openalex.org/W2920966794", "https://openalex.org/W3013439153" ]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3044011666	This paper studies sanitation policy in Algeria by conducting an assessment of the capital expenditure on sanitation improvements between 2000 and 2018. It focuses on the period of implementation of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) between 2000 and 2015 and the first years of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) from 2016 to 2018. The paper aims also to assess the level of subsidies for sanitation services in Algeria and the lack of full cost recovery. We then emphasise the idle capacity for wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and the risks of wastewater discharge on public health and ecological integrity. Our methodological approach is multidimensional and based on a critical reading of reports by institutions responsible for the implementation of sanitation policy. We used water and sanitation data from the water authorities to evaluate the funding of the sanitation subsector and to analyse the strengths and weaknesses of this sub-sector. This study was also facilitated by semi-structured interviews with executive staff in water institutions responsible for the implementation of sanitation policy in Algeria. In the period studied (2000–2018) we find that the sanitation subsector benefited from a significant investment budget (or budgetary allocations) of nearly US$7.58 billion (in constant 1999 US$), representing 20.53% of the total budget allocated to the water sector. However, the low absorption capacity, estimated at 62.7% between 2000 and 2015, meant that the capital expenditure of achieving MDG target 7.C related to sanitation was US$4.38 billion (in constant 1999 US$) out of US$6.98 billion allocated for the same period. The study shows that the decline in real investment since 2009, with a funding gap that increased from 201.49% in 2015 to 385.56% in 2018, casts uncertainty on the fulfillment of SDG targets 6.2 and 6.3 related to sanitation. It is thus very difficult to meet the level of investment planned for 2030. It seems, therefore, that the SDGs will only be comfortably achieved if reforms towards the sustainable recovery of sanitation service costs are undertaken.	[ { "display_name": "World Development Perspectives", "id": "https://openalex.org/S2898425895", "type": "journal" }, { "display_name": "HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306402512", "type": "repository" }, { "display_name": "PubMed Central", "id": "https://openalex.org/S2764455111", "type": "repository" } ]
https://openalex.org/W3174060522	A SCIENTOMETRIC ANALYSIS AND VISUALIZATION OF GREEN BUILDING RESEARCH IN AFRICA	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Olusegun Aanuoluwapo Oguntona", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5011074628" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Clinton Aigbavboa", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5032707440" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Wellington Didibhuku Thwala", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5080872083" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Scopus", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83867959" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "Sustainable development", "id": "https://openalex.org/C552854447" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Regional science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C148383697" }, { "display_name": "Architecture", "id": "https://openalex.org/C123657996" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Environmental resource management", "id": "https://openalex.org/C107826830" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "MEDLINE", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779473830" }, { "display_name": "Archaeology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" } ]	[ "Algeria", "Egypt", "Morocco" ]	[ "https://openalex.org/W45980211", "https://openalex.org/W1649766298", "https://openalex.org/W1987249741", "https://openalex.org/W2033271228", "https://openalex.org/W2038415482", "https://openalex.org/W2057744365", "https://openalex.org/W2072930621", "https://openalex.org/W2076618889", "https://openalex.org/W2087592237", "https://openalex.org/W2098018331", "https://openalex.org/W2211839249", "https://openalex.org/W2278093536", "https://openalex.org/W2527013194", "https://openalex.org/W2538833000", "https://openalex.org/W2553600892", "https://openalex.org/W2599784308", "https://openalex.org/W2788685862", "https://openalex.org/W2809239921", "https://openalex.org/W2810005106", "https://openalex.org/W2907161871", "https://openalex.org/W2916861292", "https://openalex.org/W2920249214", "https://openalex.org/W2999075180", "https://openalex.org/W2999588933", "https://openalex.org/W3005046178", "https://openalex.org/W3007895089", "https://openalex.org/W3010144803", "https://openalex.org/W3016879711", "https://openalex.org/W4239336326", "https://openalex.org/W4243763775" ]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3174060522	ABSTRACT Owing to the adverse impact of the architecture, engineering and construction industry on the human and natural environment, the adoption of green building (GB) has been on the rise globally. The significant rise in the number of global research output on GB is a pointer to its proliferation. In this paper, a novel scientometric analysis of GB research in Africa is presented. This study aims to analyze and visualize GB research output in Africa from the millennium development goals (MDGs) era up to the present sustainable development goals (SDGs) era. A quantitative method (science mapping) was employed to analyze the 156 bibliometric records gathered from the Scopus database. An analysis of the dataset reveals that significant contributions to GB research in Africa originate from Egypt, South Africa, Nigeria, Algeria, Ghana, Morocco, Kenya, Mauritius, Ethiopia and Cameroon. This research provides stakeholders in the built environment with the requisite knowledge and understanding of the trend and state of GB research in Africa, which will help in guiding policymaking, research directions and intervention areas in every sector of the economy.	[ { "display_name": "Journal of Green Building", "id": "https://openalex.org/S129229188", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W120061349	Working Paper 92 - Education Expenditures and School Enrolment in Africa: Illustrations from Nigeria and Other SANE Countries	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "John C. Anyanwu", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5017919214" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Andrew E. O. Erhijakpor", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5008797212" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Government (linguistics)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778137410" }, { "display_name": "Universal Primary Education", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2781022233" }, { "display_name": "Psychological intervention", "id": "https://openalex.org/C27415008" }, { "display_name": "Primary education", "id": "https://openalex.org/C10050518" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Human capital", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2776943663" }, { "display_name": "Democracy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C555826173" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Development economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531" }, { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "Socioeconomics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C45355965" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Politics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758" }, { "display_name": "Linguistics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202" }, { "display_name": "Philosophy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662" }, { "display_name": "Psychiatry", "id": "https://openalex.org/C118552586" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" } ]	[ "Algeria", "Egypt" ]	[]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W120061349	Using panel data of African countries from 1990 to 2002, this paper studies the relationship between government expenditure on education enrolments, with illustration from Nigeria and other SANE (South Africa, Algeria, Nigeria, and Egypt) countries at the primary and secondary school levels. The results show that government expenditure on education has a positive and significant direct impact on primary and secondary education enrolment rates. Among the SANE, Nigeria has the greatest positive influence on increasing both primary and secondary education enrolment rates. The paper also finds that other policy interventions, such as consolidating and sustaining democracy, accelerating national income, and international community fulfilling its aid promises to Africa, can also be helpful in moving African countries (including the SANE) toward the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). As such, higher expenditure alone is not sufficient to achieve the MDGs or to attain higher quantum and quality of human capital.	[ { "display_name": "RePEc: Research Papers in Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306401271", "type": "repository" } ]
https://openalex.org/W2943489105	A gap analysis of SDG 3 and MDG 4/5mortality health targets in the six Arabic countries of North Africa: Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, and Mauritania	[ { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Serbia", "display_name": "University of Belgrade", "id": "https://openalex.org/I4068193", "lat": 44.80401, "long": 20.46513, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Vesna Bjegović-Mikanović", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5042812635" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Serbia", "display_name": "University of Belgrade", "id": "https://openalex.org/I4068193", "lat": 44.80401, "long": 20.46513, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Zeyad Ali Salem Abousbie", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5064339832" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Germany", "display_name": "Bielefeld University", "id": "https://openalex.org/I20121455", "lat": 52.037777, "long": 8.493056, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Juergen Breckenkamp", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5000223834" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Germany", "display_name": "University of Konstanz", "id": "https://openalex.org/I189712700", "lat": 47.66033, "long": 9.17582, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Helmut Wenzel", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5057164039" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Raphaël Broniatowski", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5050452167" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Chase W. Nelson", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5003926582" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Serbia", "display_name": "University of Belgrade", "id": "https://openalex.org/I4068193", "lat": 44.80401, "long": 20.46513, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Dejana Vuković", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5086013752" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Germany", "display_name": "Bielefeld University", "id": "https://openalex.org/I20121455", "lat": 52.037777, "long": 8.493056, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Ulrich Laaser", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5074574075" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Child mortality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C46299933" }, { "display_name": "Sustainable development", "id": "https://openalex.org/C552854447" }, { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "Mortality rate", "id": "https://openalex.org/C179755657" }, { "display_name": "Health indicator", "id": "https://openalex.org/C121272143" }, { "display_name": "Lagging", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2776962539" }, { "display_name": "Poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C189326681" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "Socioeconomics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C45355965" }, { "display_name": "Environmental health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951" }, { "display_name": "Population", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Pathology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C142724271" }, { "display_name": "Sociology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400" }, { "display_name": "Internal medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C126322002" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" } ]	[ "Algeria", "Tunisia", "Libya", "Egypt", "Morocco" ]	[ "https://openalex.org/W2083463", "https://openalex.org/W20273650", "https://openalex.org/W173433433", "https://openalex.org/W879392406", "https://openalex.org/W1846487589", "https://openalex.org/W1850004417", "https://openalex.org/W1852782201", "https://openalex.org/W1979116745", "https://openalex.org/W1980541769", "https://openalex.org/W1990524691", "https://openalex.org/W2027975429", "https://openalex.org/W2052335716", "https://openalex.org/W2061378504", "https://openalex.org/W2112594050", "https://openalex.org/W2149446222", "https://openalex.org/W2167932227", "https://openalex.org/W2232087403", "https://openalex.org/W2538546312", "https://openalex.org/W2552957295", "https://openalex.org/W2754857230", "https://openalex.org/W2794085352", "https://openalex.org/W2795529945", "https://openalex.org/W4210414975" ]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2943489105	The United Nations Assembly adopted the Sustainable Development Goals to succeed the Millennium Development Goals in September 2015. From a European perspective, the development of health in the countries of North Africa are of special interest as a critical factor of overall social development in Europe's Mediterranean partners. In this paper, we address the mortality related SDG-3 targets, the likelihood to achieve them until 2030 and analyze how they are defined.We projected mortality trends from 2000-2015 to 2030, based on mortality estimates by inter-agency groups and the WHO in mother and child health, non-communicable diseases, and road traffic mortality. The gap analysis compares the time remaining until 2030 to the time needed to complete the target assuming a linear trend of the respective indicator. A delay of not more than 3.75 years is considered likely to achieve the target.The SDG-3 targets of a Maternal Mortality Ratio below 70 per 100 000 live births and an U5MR below 25 per 1 000 live births have been achieved by Egypt, Libya, and Tunisia. Libya and Tunisia have also achieved the target for Newborn Mortality with Egypt close to achieving it as well. Algeria and Morocco are generally on track for most of the indicators, including deaths from non-communicable diseases and suicide rates; however, all of the countries are lagging when it comes to deadly Road Traffic Injuries for 2030. Mauritania is the only North African country which is not likely to reach the 2030 targets for any of the mortality indicators.Although mortality statistics may be incomplete there is an impressive gradient from East to West showing Mauritania and deadly road traffic injuries as the most problematic areas. Given the large differences between countries baselines, we consider it preferable to set realistic targets to be achieved until 2030.	[ { "display_name": "Libyan Journal of Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/S198684006", "type": "journal" }, { "display_name": "Europe PMC (PubMed Central)", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306400806", "type": "repository" }, { "display_name": "Publikationen an der Universität Bielefeld (Universität Bielefeld)", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306401624", "type": "repository" }, { "display_name": "PUB – Publications at Bielefeld University (Bielefeld University)", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306401670", "type": "repository" }, { "display_name": "PubMed Central", "id": "https://openalex.org/S2764455111", "type": "repository" }, { "display_name": "PubMed", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036", "type": "repository" } ]
https://openalex.org/W1959346320	THE IMPACT OF ACTUAL WATER PRICING IN ALGERIA ON THE ENVIRONMENTAL DIMENSION OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Sofiane Boukhari", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5049968461" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Yassine Djebbar", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5087981981" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Guedri Abdelmoumene", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5051135762" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Guebail abdelkrim", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5091389326" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Sanitation", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2780151969" }, { "display_name": "Sustainability", "id": "https://openalex.org/C66204764" }, { "display_name": "Environmental planning", "id": "https://openalex.org/C91375879" }, { "display_name": "Sustainable development", "id": "https://openalex.org/C552854447" }, { "display_name": "Declaration", "id": "https://openalex.org/C138147947" }, { "display_name": "Business", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560" }, { "display_name": "Water industry", "id": "https://openalex.org/C533363959" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Population", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359" }, { "display_name": "Water sector", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2991925429" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Water supply", "id": "https://openalex.org/C97053079" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "Environmental resource management", "id": "https://openalex.org/C107826830" }, { "display_name": "Natural resource economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C175605778" }, { "display_name": "Environmental protection", "id": "https://openalex.org/C526734887" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Environmental engineering", "id": "https://openalex.org/C87717796" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Engineering", "id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603" }, { "display_name": "Environmental health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951" }, { "display_name": "Ecology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C18903297" }, { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Biology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240" } ]	[ "Algeria" ]	[ "https://openalex.org/W2160824920" ]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1959346320	The development of water sector in Algeria became more uneven as it has benefitted the drinking water sector than sanitation and urban areas than rural ones. But the questions, whether these effects have benefited equitably all segments of the population? and is management of water services and sanitation in Algeria sustainable? remain open. Algeria, like other countries that signed the Millennium Declaration, is committed to achieving eight goals before 2015. One of these objectives is to ensure environmental sustainability. Environmental concerns were not really in the menu of policy development undertaken by Algeria since the 60s. But today our country is experiencing a major ecological crisis that threatens environmental sustainability and public health. Therefore, water services and sanitation in Algeria, must meet these challenges. In this article we will discuss only the environmental objective of water development by taking the town of Souk-Ahras as an example.	[]
https://openalex.org/W2047827166	Africa faces an uphill struggle to reach the MDGs	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Wairagala Wakabi", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5022509605" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Development economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "Socioeconomics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C45355965" }, { "display_name": "Sociology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" } ]	[ "Algeria", "Sudan", "Djibouti", "Somalia" ]	[]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2047827166	Despite scoring some notable successes, funding shortfalls and a sapping of political will are stymying progress towards attaining the health MDGs in Africa. Wairagala Wakabi reports. Concerns are growing that several African countries might not be able to attain the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) for child and maternal health, with poor funding for health said to be a key issue. Each year, 4·5 million child deaths and 265 000 maternal deaths are reported in Africa, and in some countries there are few signs that the situation could improve any time soon. This worrying state of affairs prompted African heads of state to dedicate their summit held in the Ugandan capital Kampala, July 25–27, 2010, to discussing what needs to be done to enable the continent to achieve MDGs for the reduction of maternal and child deaths. In a declaration issued after the summit, the leaders vowed to honour a pledge they made in 2001 to devote 15% of their national budgets to health. The leaders also promised to strengthen health systems to provide comprehensive maternal, newborn, and child care services. Moreover, the leaders promised to work to address the huge shortage of health workers in Africa, currently estimated at a 800 000 shortfall. But health activists and UN agencies find fault with many African countries for not providing adequate funding for health, noting that only three countries met the target of spending 15% of their budgets on health last year, down from six countries in the previous year. On the sidelines of the summit, several health activists criticised governments for not delivering on commitments to expand investment in maternal and child health, and other life-saving health services such as treatment and prevention of HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria. According to statistics compiled by the Africa Public Health Information Service, based in Nigeria, budget allocations to health in Europe and America are 14·8% and 16·8% respectively, compared with Africa's average of 8·7%. Most African countries spend less than half the WHO recommended minimum package of $40 per person on health. “It would seem that heads of state prefer talking of building roads to addressing maternal and child health challenges when we know that the equivalent of a mini bus full of pregnant women die every hour, not because of bad roads but as a result of HIV and pregnancy-related complications and other preventable causes”, commented Bactrin Killingo of South Africa's International Treatment Preparedness Coalition. “It doesn't take a vast amount of resources to make a major difference”, said Chikezie Anyanwu, an advocacy adviser with Save The Children, who added that access to basic health interventions could prevent many of the child and maternal deaths on the continent. “Consider how the very poor country of Malawi has been able to dramatically reduce child deaths in recent years. It is not a matter of resources; it is a matter of political will.” According to UNICEF, the mortality rate for children younger than 5 years in Malawi fell to 100 per 1000 births in 2008 from 225 in 1990. Infant mortality fell from 133 per 1000 to 65 during the same period. The country is implementing innovative and cost-effective ways of getting treatments and prevention methods to women and children, even in remote rural areas. There are several thousand high-school-educated village health workers who receive training for about 3 months and are then given bicycles to move around remote communities providing vaccinations, distributing mosquito nets, diagnosing childhood illnesses, and dispensing medicines. Anyanwu argues that the solutions to cutting maternal and child deaths in Africa are the provision of prenatal and postnatal care, skilled attendance at birth, and very low-cost, proven preventive measures and treatments for other major child killers such as pneumonia, diarrhoea, and malaria. Many other countries are scoring some notable, and in some instances innovative, successes in improving maternal health and reducing child deaths. Over the past 5 years in Rwanda, use of modern contraceptives has nearly tripled, and skilled birth attendance has increased from less than 40% to more than 50%. In Djibouti, women have organised a community health fund to support health-care visits during pregnancy, and life-saving care during childbirth. Asha-Rose Migiro, the UN deputy secretary-general, told the summit that other success stories include Senegal, which has scaled up community programmes for the management of pneumonia in children; and Tanzania, which has dramatically reduced child deaths through vaccinations, vitamin supplements, and the use of insecticide-treated bed nets and other preventive measures. In fact, some of the continent's poorer countries, such as Niger, Mozambique, and Ethiopia, have slashed the number of deaths per 1000 births by more than 100 since 1990, according to UNICEF. According to the UN Foundation, with only 11% of the world's population, Africa accounts for more than half of all maternal and child deaths. In a statement made to the summit, the foundation noted that despite advances in global health outcomes worldwide, progress towards achieving the health MDGs in Africa has been slow, hindered by a lack of resources for health and, at times, inefficient use of available resources. It added that with one in five maternal deaths linked to HIV, progress in maternal health was closely linked to the fight against HIV/AIDS. Similarly, Migiro said that achieving the health MDGs by 2015 was going to be difficult particularly for those countries that also faced malnutrition and the HIV pandemic. “If mothers, infants and children are to be healthy, they need to be adequately nourished. A third of the 9 million deaths of children under the age of 5 years every year are linked to under-nutrition of the children themselves and of their mothers”, Migiro said. The 2010 State of the Union Report just published by a consortium including Oxfam International, the Open Society Institute, and several other agencies, indicates that an investment of US$32 billion over the next 5 years in the 42 sub-Saharan countries would be needed to allow 95% population coverage of the key interventions required to bring most of these countries in line with MDGs 4 and 5. According to the report, only six countries (Algeria, Cape Verde, Eritrea, Malawi, Mali, and Seychelles) have met the target on child mortality. “The collapse of public health systems manifests in the absence of accessible referral facilities, inadequate supply of doctors, nurses and midwives and medical supplies”, says the report. “In 2010, countries like Tanzania are even electing to spend less. In a country where a woman has a 1 in 24 chance of dying from pregnancy or childbirth related causes in her lifetime, this is unconscionable”. Unsafe abortion accounts for 14% of all maternal deaths in Africa, and it is estimated that nearly 60% of deaths from unsafe abortion in Africa occur among women and girls younger than 25 years. “In most countries, laws criminalise abortion and prevent the provision of safe abortion services as a last resort. Changing attitudes across the continent towards reproductive health and legal reform are a pre-condition for progress”, added the report. According to the UN Population Fund (UNFPA), for every woman who dies, at least 20 others suffer injuries and disabilities, like obstetric fistula. It adds that in Africa, complications during pregnancy and childbirth are the leading cause of death for women of childbearing age. Armed conflicts have played their part too. “Unending wars in parts of Africa have led to the destruction of social services like health centres, making it hard for pregnant mothers and their newborn babies to get proper medical care, and many die as a result”, Miriam Jato, the UNFPA gender adviser in South Africa told The Lancet. In countries affected by wars such as Somalia, Sudan, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Chad, Liberia, and Sierra Leone, many children were not immunised, and there was no maternity services for mothers, she added. She said that in eastern Congo, where conflict has raged for more than a decade, the poor road infrastructure means that even in some areas where there is no fighting, drugs can only be delivered by air. Besides, as Jeanne Nzuzi, president of Network for Women and Development in the Congolese capital Kinshasa, said there were rising cases of rape in eastern Congo, which was accelerating the spread of HIV/AIDS. In Congo, the infant mortality rate is 81·21 per 1000 livebirths, up 2% since 2008. Global health organisations said that increased national health spending and the replenishment of the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, and the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunisation were key to progress. They said that even with 5 years to the 2015 key date for the MDGs, there was only a 2 year or 3 year window to scale up commitments, as time was also needed for implementation and for results to be seen. Indeed, UNAIDS executive director Michel Sidibe, who attended the summit, pointed out that globally, AIDS is the leading cause of death among women of reproductive age. He said that in several African countries, AIDS was the leading cause of death among infants and young children, and that each year nearly 400 000 children in Africa are born with HIV. “Mother-to-child transmission of HIV has been virtually eliminated in the global North. It is unacceptable that so many babies continue to be born with HIV in Africa”, Sidibe said. Bisi Adeleye Fayemi, executive director of the African Women Development Fund, said African governments should reprioritise family planning and reproductive health through increased resource allocations and more sensitivity to women's health needs. “They should ensure comprehensive reproductive health programmes and services for young people and provision of services that meet women's sexual and reproductive health needs”, she said.	[ { "display_name": "The Lancet", "id": "https://openalex.org/S49861241", "type": "journal" }, { "display_name": "PubMed", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036", "type": "repository" } ]
https://openalex.org/W3121629783	Assessment of capital expenditure in achieving sanitation-related MDG targets and the uncertainties of the SDG targets in Algeria	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Nabil Kherbache", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5086714842" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "K. Oukaci", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5030139429" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Sanitation", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2780151969" }, { "display_name": "Subsidy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C84265765" }, { "display_name": "Business", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Capital expenditure", "id": "https://openalex.org/C172497479" }, { "display_name": "Improved sanitation", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2777910687" }, { "display_name": "Natural resource economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C175605778" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Finance", "id": "https://openalex.org/C10138342" }, { "display_name": "Environmental science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Environmental engineering", "id": "https://openalex.org/C87717796" }, { "display_name": "Market economy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C34447519" } ]	[ "Algeria" ]	[]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3121629783	This paper studies sanitation policy in Algeria by conducting an assessment of the capital expenditure on sanitation improvements between 2000 and 2018. It focuses on the period of implementation of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) between 2000 and 2015 and the first years of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) from 2016 to 2018. The paper aims also to assess the level of subsidies for sanitation services in Algeria and the lack of full cost recovery. We then emphasise the idle capacity for wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs)and the risks of wastewater discharge on public health and ecological integrity. Our methodological approach ismultidimensional and based on a critical reading of reports by institutions responsible for the implementation of sanitation policy. We used water and sanitation data from the water authorities to evaluate the funding of the sanitation subsector and to analyse the strengths and weaknesses of this sub-sector. This study was also facilitated by semi-structured interviews with executive staffin water institutions responsible for the implementation of sanitation policy in Algeria. In the period studied (2000–2018) we find that the sanitation subsector benefited from a significant investment budget (or budgetary allocations) of nearly US$7.58 billion (inconstant 1999 US$), representing 20.53% of the total budget allocated to the water sector. However, the low absorption capacity, estimated at 62.7% between 2000 and 2015, meant that the capital expenditure ofachieving MDG target 7.C related to sanitation was US$4.38 billion (in constant 1999 US$) out of US$6.98 billion allocated for the same period. The study shows that the decline in real investment since 2009, with a funding gap that increased from 201.49% in 2015 to 385.56% in 2018, casts uncertainty on the fulfillment of SDG targets 6.2 and 6.3 related to sanitation. It is thus very difficult to meet the level of investment planned for 2030. It seems, therefore, that the SDGs will only be comfortably achieved if reforms towards the sustainable recovery of sanitation service costs are undertaken.	[ { "display_name": "RePEc: Research Papers in Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306401271", "type": "repository" } ]
https://openalex.org/W2600163910	Les progrès du 5e objectif du millénaire pour le développement, globalement et les exemples d’application au Maghreb : quoi de neuf ?	[ { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Morocco", "display_name": "Ministère de la Santé", "id": "https://openalex.org/I4210107929", "lat": 34.01108, "long": -6.828338, "type": "government" } ], "display_name": "Saloua Abouchadi", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5062738079" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Belgium", "display_name": "Instituut voor Tropische Geneeskunde", "id": "https://openalex.org/I78281549", "lat": 51.22047, "long": 4.40026, "type": "nonprofit" } ], "display_name": "Vincent De Brouwere", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5074635267" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "India", "display_name": "United Nations Children's Fund India", "id": "https://openalex.org/I4210159699", "lat": 28.592167, "long": 77.2231, "type": "other" } ], "display_name": "L. Oubraham", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5090027217" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Belgium", "display_name": "Université Libre de Bruxelles", "id": "https://openalex.org/I132053463", "lat": 50.85045, "long": 4.34878, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Sophie Alexander", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5065016883" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Documentation", "id": "https://openalex.org/C56666940" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Demography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C149923435" }, { "display_name": "Poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C189326681" }, { "display_name": "Sociology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400" }, { "display_name": "Computer science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Programming language", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199360897" } ]	[ "Algeria", "Tunisia", "Morocco" ]	[ "https://openalex.org/W1529236247", "https://openalex.org/W1846487589", "https://openalex.org/W2035290434", "https://openalex.org/W2040642424", "https://openalex.org/W2054348971", "https://openalex.org/W2073444256", "https://openalex.org/W2084862932", "https://openalex.org/W2088160670", "https://openalex.org/W2113726274" ]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2600163910	The first part of this article examines the global progress towards target A of the fifth Millennium Development Goal (MDG5). The target is to reduce by three quarters the maternal mortality ratio between 1990 and 2015. This implies that most maternal deaths could be avoided. Recent sources are examined and the MMEIG data set is used for the comparison as being the one in use by the United Nations. Giving birth remains a risk process, particularly in Souhern Asia and sub-Saharan. In the second part data from Algeria, Lybia, Mauritania, Morocco and Tunisia, the five countries composing the Maghreb are examined. Four of these countries are in good progress and possibly on track. In Morocco a full process has been developed including emproved governance, accessibility and quality. This has included a full procedure of confidential enquiry into maternal health, including the five recommended steps of the process: enhanced identification, documentation, determination of causes, assessment of substandard care and recommendations based on the results of the four first steps. Maternal haemorrhage is the leading cause of death in that region.	[ { "display_name": "Revue de médecine périnatale", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4210206869", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W1789541489	Régionalisation des Objectifs du millénaire pour le développement: quelques repères d'évaluation de la santé infantile en Algérie	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Mohammed Bedrouni", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5010223708" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "Declaration", "id": "https://openalex.org/C138147947" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Welfare economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C549774020" }, { "display_name": "Child mortality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C46299933" }, { "display_name": "Inequality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C45555294" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "Environmental health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951" }, { "display_name": "Population", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Mathematical analysis", "id": "https://openalex.org/C134306372" }, { "display_name": "Mathematics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" } ]	[ "Algeria" ]	[]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1789541489	The Millennium Development Goals (MDG) include measurable, quantifiable objectives that facilitate the monitoring of their progress and help focus the work of local authorities intended to improve the living conditions of their populations. Since the adoption of the Declaration of the Millennium in September 2000, Algeria has made considerable progress, with excellent scores for some objectives but substantial delays for others. We also note that even when national averages provide a satisfactory impression, they often hide striking inequalities. This work is thus an attempt to evaluate progress for one of the eight objectives on a less aggregate scale that should permit a more realistic assessment. We thus restrict this article to a single aspect child health. Successive surveys have all confirmed substantial achievements on a national scale. These improvements nonetheless remain insufficient in light of the available resources. For example, the infant mortality rate, one of the most valuable child health indicators, decreased from 46.8 per thousand in 1990 to 25.5 per thousand in 2008. Nonetheless, the same studies showed the persistence of inequalities between geographic areas, urban and rural areas, and between sexes. Additional efforts are thus necessary if we are to reach the objective of reducing the mortality rate of children under 5 years by two-thirds. Results will also be more effective if healthy policy is regionalized, especially through the promotion of the implementation of this goal at the local level.	[ { "display_name": "Santé", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4210217823", "type": "journal" }, { "display_name": "PubMed", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036", "type": "repository" } ]
https://openalex.org/W4390052637	Spotlight on… global women's health	[ { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Austria", "display_name": "Hospital of the Brothers of St. John of God", "id": "https://openalex.org/I4210125481", "lat": 48.20849, "long": 16.37208, "type": "healthcare" } ], "display_name": "Rasiah Bharathan", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5083106619" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Global health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C46578552" }, { "display_name": "Poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C189326681" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "Health care", "id": "https://openalex.org/C160735492" }, { "display_name": "Sustainable development", "id": "https://openalex.org/C552854447" }, { "display_name": "Reproductive health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C121752807" }, { "display_name": "Environmental health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951" }, { "display_name": "Population", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" } ]	[ "Gaza" ]	[]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4390052637	The term ‘global women's health’ in a sense encompasses the entire spectrum of women's health issues. In 2015, the United Nations set out 17 sustainable development goals (SDGs), which were designed to consolidate the progress brought about by the millennium development goals (MDGs), which were expounded at the beginning of the millennium. A number of the SDGs either directly (e.g. SDG 5: gender equality) or indirectly (e.g. SDG 1: no poverty, SDG 3: good health and wellbeing) relate to women's health and wellbeing. It is also recognised that achieving gender equality for women is critical, not only as a goal in itself, but in facilitating the attainment of other SDGs. In this summary, I highlight a selection of articles that have been published in The Obstetrician & Gynaecologist (TOG) and BJOG since the previous ‘Spotlight on… global health’ in 2017 by Alison Fiander (TOG 2017;19:99–100). Several elements of global women's health disproportionately impact the inhabitants of low- and middle-income countries. In a recent special collection issue of BJOG (November 2023, Vol 130, S3), a range of topics addressing preventive obstetrics to neonatal health have been presented. In 2018, a review of gynaecological diseases in developing countries was provided by Wijeratne and Fiander (TOG 2018;20:237–44) which covers infections, cancers and chronic non-cancerous conditions as well as an appraisal of workforce dynamics and the ability to deliver safe care in low-resource settings. Iron deficiency (ID) remains the most common micronutrient deficiency in the world. Poor access to reproductive care and poor nutrition are two of the risk factors for women. Percy and Mansour (TOG 2017;19:155–61) provide an overview on the subject of ID and ID-anemia. In the special edition of BJOG, Georgieff (BJOG 2023;130(Suppl. 3):92–98) details the problems of gestation ID and subsequent impact on fetal and neonatal neurodevelopment. Population studies have evidenced how the early impact of ID on neuroplasticity can impact on later behavioral outcomes. Indeed, ID can have a pernicious effect at a societal level. Elimination of tuberculosis (TB) by 2030 is one of the stated SDGs (SDG 3.3) of the World Health Organization (WHO). We are currently in the midst of a resurgence of a global TB epidemic. This poses an additional risk to pregnant women, particularly if they have undiagnosed TB. In their article, Raveendran and colleagues (TOG 2023;25:175–85) discuss the challenges in diagnosing TB in pregnancy as well as ensuring treatment compliance and addressing the associated risk factors for TB, such as co-infection with HIV. The United Nations Refugee Agency UNHCR defines gender-based violence as that encompassing ‘sexual, physical, mental and economic harm inflicted in public or in private’. During the global SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, this issue has come under sharper focus, owing to a notable increase in the incidence of reported domestic violence. Pregnancy per se is a risk factor for domestic violence, and a consequence of abuse is the related adverse obstetric and neonatal outcomes. In their commentary, Dey and Thakar (TOG 2022;24:90–2) outline the scale and dynamics of domestic violence. Indeed, it is also widely recognised that one in three women are the victims of sexual violence; this figure does not include the incidence of sexual harassment. Long and Butler (TOG 2018;20:87–93) provide a structured overview of the initial clinical management of a sexual assault victim. Although this account reflects UK practice, the structure is nonetheless useful for wider application. Conflicts around the world receive a variable amount of media attention. Two arenas which remain in the headlines are those in Ukraine and Gaza. Pregnant women are among the most vulnerable group in any scenario to suffer the ‘collateral’ damages of conflict. Abraha and colleagues (BJOG 2023 Jul;130(8):987–9) share the impact of war on obstetric care in Ethiopia. The frequency, intensity and duration of heatwaves have been globally increasing. The mechanisms for the adverse impact of heatwaves on pregnancy outcomes are not yet fully understood. In an expert review on the subject, Bonell and colleagues (BJOG 2023 Jul 28. doi: 10.1111/1471-0528.17622) collate the current evidence and recommend research priorities. ‘Green medicine’ as a concept is well recognised with major efforts underway to mitigate the environmental impact of the healthcare sector. The opportunities for sustainable clinical practice are identified in a systematic review by Cohen et al. (BJOG 2023 Aug 21. doi: 10.1111/1471-0528.17637). One aspect of improving global women's health is to enable capacity building and enhance team resilience among care providers. Team communication and dynamics within the team with respect to authority gradient can certainly have a bearing on patient safety. Sekar et al. (TOG 2022;24:272–80) discuss how communication and power structures can influence team performance. Although there are numerous factors, including cultural ones, that will influence team communication, an understanding of authority gradient and its relationship to patient safety is important for all participants. Continuing professional development (CPD) is at the core of professional practice, and of TOG. The RCOG has a plethora of options to support medical professionals from around the world. A recent commentary illustrates how the RCOG CPD program could benefit those in South-East Asia (TOG 2021;23:168–9). In the era of artificial intelligence (AI), data science is more important than ever before. The nature of data ecosystems will vary a great deal around the world. Particularly since the global SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, there has been a rapid growth in multinational collaborative efforts. In their article, Bach and colleagues (TOG 2022;24:281–9) discuss the importance of data structure and management as well as ethics and data. Although written from a UK perspective using the British Society of Urogynaecology database as an example, the learning points are transferable to any setting. Local development of data infrastructure and participation in research will be an important thread in influencing health policy formulation. This will undoubtedly have an impact on women's health everywhere.	[]
https://openalex.org/W2377615378	The Millennium Development Goals; A Global Assignment	[ { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Iran", "display_name": "Shiraz University of Medical Sciences", "id": "https://openalex.org/I194604659", "lat": 29.61031, "long": 52.53113, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Hassan Joulaei", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5086970105" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Iran", "display_name": "Shiraz University of Medical Sciences", "id": "https://openalex.org/I194604659", "lat": 29.61031, "long": 52.53113, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Najmeh Maharlouei", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5007189452" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Iran", "display_name": "Shiraz University of Medical Sciences", "id": "https://openalex.org/I194604659", "lat": 29.61031, "long": 52.53113, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Reza Tabrizi", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5072557528" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Iran", "display_name": "Shiraz University of Medical Sciences", "id": "https://openalex.org/I194604659", "lat": 29.61031, "long": 52.53113, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Kamran Bagheri Lankarani", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5036993448" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C189326681" }, { "display_name": "Context (archaeology)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779343474" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Development economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531" }, { "display_name": "Sustainable development", "id": "https://openalex.org/C552854447" }, { "display_name": "Capacity building", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779622097" }, { "display_name": "Sustainability", "id": "https://openalex.org/C66204764" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Ecology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C18903297" }, { "display_name": "Archaeology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Biology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240" } ]	[ "Islamic Republic of Iran", "Iran" ]	[ "https://openalex.org/W1969377154", "https://openalex.org/W2004462823", "https://openalex.org/W2058993674", "https://openalex.org/W2074713292", "https://openalex.org/W2079481993", "https://openalex.org/W2096308014", "https://openalex.org/W2110510460", "https://openalex.org/W2116858216", "https://openalex.org/W2135946845", "https://openalex.org/W2173340219" ]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2377615378	Context: The millennium development goals (MDG) are global committed efforts to provide anti-poverty and disparity document. During the past 15 years and based on MDGs, nearly all countries have made efforts to achieve its related goals. Therefore, the current narrative review aimed to analyze the MDGsâ challenge and achievements with the focus on Islamic Republic of Iran. Evidence Acquisition: This study was a non-systematic narrative review conducted through studies and reports published from 2000 to 2015, about MDGsâ progress worldwide, compared to the Islamic Republic of Iran. Results: According to the review, almost all countries have had remarkable improvement in all MDGs. Among them Iranâs achievements are significant in five goals out of eight, but to reach the goals number 6 and 7 related to HIV/AIDS control and environmental sustainability, Iran has a rough way to go. The challenges that countries are facing to reach MDGs are slow growth outlook, limited resources, institutional reforms deficiency, insufficient development capacity, unequal income distribution, global economic situation especially during the past five years, absence of political commitment to the MDGs, lack of supportive environment to attract private sector for investment and development and the last but not least un-inclusive growth. Conclusions: All countries reported improvements in MDG indicators, while SDGs has opened new doors of opportunity for countries to promote their socio-economic status.	[ { "display_name": "shiraz e medical journal", "id": "https://openalex.org/S2764457604", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W2969304092	From MDGs to SDGs: New Impetus to Advance Health in Iran	[ { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Iran", "display_name": "Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences", "id": "https://openalex.org/I58048189", "lat": 35.69439, "long": 51.42151, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Nastaran Keshavarz Mohammadi", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5033901210" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Iran", "display_name": "Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences", "id": "https://openalex.org/I58048189", "lat": 35.69439, "long": 51.42151, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Aliakbar Sayyari", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5046043609" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Iran", "display_name": "Ministry of Health and Medical Education", "id": "https://openalex.org/I4210110574", "lat": 35.75605, "long": 51.35651, "type": "government" } ], "display_name": "Ali Asghar Farshad", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5034704211" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Iran", "display_name": "Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences", "id": "https://openalex.org/I58048189", "lat": 35.69439, "long": 51.42151, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Nader Jahanmehr", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5039885257" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Pakistan", "display_name": "Aga Khan University", "id": "https://openalex.org/I118185606", "lat": 24.8608, "long": 67.0104, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Sameen Siddiqi", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5043587359" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Iran", "display_name": "Iran Meteorological Organization", "id": "https://openalex.org/I4210145541", "lat": 35.695713, "long": 51.33022, "type": "facility" } ], "display_name": "Rahim Taghizadeh", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5015999033" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "United Kingdom", "display_name": "University of Oxford", "id": "https://openalex.org/I40120149", "lat": 51.75222, "long": -1.25596, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Christopher Dye", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5044583393" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Sustainable development", "id": "https://openalex.org/C552854447" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Social determinants of health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C78491826" }, { "display_name": "Poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C189326681" }, { "display_name": "Government (linguistics)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778137410" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Public health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C138816342" }, { "display_name": "Population", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359" }, { "display_name": "Context (archaeology)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779343474" }, { "display_name": "Health policy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C47344431" }, { "display_name": "Civil society", "id": "https://openalex.org/C513891491" }, { "display_name": "Health care", "id": "https://openalex.org/C160735492" }, { "display_name": "Environmental health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951" }, { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Politics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758" }, { "display_name": "Linguistics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202" }, { "display_name": "Philosophy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662" }, { "display_name": "Nursing", "id": "https://openalex.org/C159110408" }, { "display_name": "Archaeology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" } ]	[ "Islamic Republic of Iran", "Iran" ]	[ "https://openalex.org/W2044481183" ]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2969304092	Problem: The sustainable development goals (SDGs) and their associated targets and indicators provide a global framework for advancing health in development, which must be adapted to the needs of each country. Approach: Building on previous experience with millennium development goals (MDGs), the Islamic Republic of Iran is advancing health under the SDGs by targeting non-communicable diseases, which accounted for 70% of deaths in Iran in 2016, giving particular emphasis to the social, economic and environmental determinants of health. Local Setting: The national population and sub-populations of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Relevant Changes: The interlink ages between the principal health goal (SDG 3) and all other goals are a stimulus to seek benefits for health from multisectoral action, working across the whole of government and within civil society. Iranâs sustainable development agenda embraces health in 12 of 17 SDGs, and aims to track progress using 56 of 230 defined indicators. These take account of the health benefits of reducing poverty, hunger and low literacy, and from healthier strategies for agriculture, education, transport, housing and employment. We present baseline statistics for these indicators, covering the period of 1990 - 2015. Lessons Learnt: Placing health in the context of sustainable development facilitates Iranâs goal of improving prevention alongside treatment, tackling the underlying social, economic and environmental determinants of health by working across the whole of government. The way forward is advocating for shared responsibility for health and evidence-informed participatory decision making mechanisms, strengthening and sharing information databases.	[ { "display_name": "Health Scope", "id": "https://openalex.org/S2764590011", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W4390510092	Evaluation of Health Sector in the 5-year Socioeconomic and Cultural Cevelopment Plans of Iran	[ { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Iran", "display_name": "Tehran University of Medical Sciences", "id": "https://openalex.org/I70640408", "lat": 35.69439, "long": 51.42151, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Hadi Abbasian", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5066796470" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Iran", "display_name": "Tehran University of Medical Sciences", "id": "https://openalex.org/I70640408", "lat": 35.69439, "long": 51.42151, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "A Kebriaeizadeh", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5053273926" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Iran", "display_name": "Tehran University of Medical Sciences", "id": "https://openalex.org/I70640408", "lat": 35.69439, "long": 51.42151, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Mahdi Toroski", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5042843901" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Iran", "display_name": "Tehran University of Medical Sciences", "id": "https://openalex.org/I70640408", "lat": 35.69439, "long": 51.42151, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Saman Zartab", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5010587552" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Social determinants of health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C78491826" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Health care", "id": "https://openalex.org/C160735492" }, { "display_name": "Mainstream", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2777617010" }, { "display_name": "Health promotion", "id": "https://openalex.org/C185618831" }, { "display_name": "Development plan", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2776774022" }, { "display_name": "Empowerment", "id": "https://openalex.org/C20555606" }, { "display_name": "Socioeconomic development", "id": "https://openalex.org/C42298096" }, { "display_name": "Business", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C189326681" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Engineering", "id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603" }, { "display_name": "Civil engineering", "id": "https://openalex.org/C147176958" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" } ]	[ "Islamic Republic of Iran", "Iran" ]	[]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4390510092	Background: Development is a mainstream that enhances the improvement and promotion of the socio-economic structure and system of a country. Maintaining and improving the level of community health is considered necessary for any action in the economic and social planning. Health has been one of the most basic human needs since its social life. Accordingly, the constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, as the main upstream document, regards health as a "universal right" and obliges the governments of the Islamic Republic of Iran to plan for the realization of this right. Method: In this qualitative study, using the adaptive method and content analysis technique, each of Iranian six development plans approved after Islamic Revolution has investigated. Results: Health played very limited roles in the first and second development plans. The mainstream health policy in the first and second plans was the development of public health through the development of healthcare centers. Sections related to the health sector were enhanced in the third development plan. The main orientation of this plan was to increase the efficiency and reform of health system structure. In the fourth and fifth development plans, health sector policies aimed at promoting justice in access to health services and improving fairness of financial contribution. The quantitative and qualitative development of health insurance and the implementation of stratification & referral system are the major goals of the sixth plan. Conclusion: In the first three development plans, there is no comprehensive overview of the plan, and most of the articles have service aspects and have not promoted to the policy level. In the later development plans, the approach of the plan has changed, and it is aimed at achieving equity in access to health services and improving the fairness of financial contribution.	[ { "display_name": "Journal of Pharmacoeconomics and Pharmaceutical Management", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4387290184", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W2231210113	Saudi medical education: challenges in the new millennium.	[ { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Saudi Arabia", "display_name": "King Fahd Hospital of the University", "id": "https://openalex.org/I2801255774", "lat": 26.29996, "long": 50.190006, "type": "healthcare" } ], "display_name": "Abdulsalam A. Al-Sulaiman", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5041093143" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "Curriculum", "id": "https://openalex.org/C47177190" }, { "display_name": "Medical education", "id": "https://openalex.org/C509550671" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Medical school", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2993838110" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" } ]	[ "Saudi Arabia" ]	[ "https://openalex.org/W1544224946", "https://openalex.org/W1990225553", "https://openalex.org/W2028202423", "https://openalex.org/W2045016085", "https://openalex.org/W2165959373", "https://openalex.org/W2437442724", "https://openalex.org/W2512198626" ]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2231210113	Medical education has been and continues to be a priority in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia since the establishment of the first medical school more than 30 years ago. As the kingdom moves into the new millennium through its 100(th) birthday, several issues pertaining to medical education are noted. These include selection and admission criteria to medical schools, suitability concerns, and the need for reform of the current undergraduate curriculum as well as allocation and utilization of available resources. The postgraduate medical training programs, particularly the university-based, need re-evaluation, and definition of their future role in graduate medical education. Medical educators must make sure that research in medical education should not only survive but also thrive. In this article, some suggestions for Saudi medical education in n the new millennium are put forth.	[ { "display_name": "PubMed", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036", "type": "repository" } ]
https://openalex.org/W2263290523	Challenges to saudi medical education in the third millennium.	[ { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Saudi Arabia", "display_name": "King Faisal University", "id": "https://openalex.org/I4626487", "lat": 25.36467, "long": 49.58764, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Fahad Al-Muhanna", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5079793682" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "Globalization", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2119116" }, { "display_name": "Medical education", "id": "https://openalex.org/C509550671" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Market economy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C34447519" } ]	[ "Saudi Arabia" ]	[]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2263290523	Medical education began in Saudi Arabia in 1969 when King Saud University, the first medical school was established. Since then globalization has brought numerous challenges. In this paper, we review the status of medical education and its expected future projects.	[ { "display_name": "PubMed", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036", "type": "repository" } ]
https://openalex.org/W2602023661	Education and Women Empowerment in Saudi Arabia 1	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Faisal Mohammad Rather", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5077372637" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Empowerment", "id": "https://openalex.org/C20555606" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Oppression", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2776526686" }, { "display_name": "Poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C189326681" }, { "display_name": "Injustice", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2777266375" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Gender studies", "id": "https://openalex.org/C107993555" }, { "display_name": "Sociology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400" }, { "display_name": "Politics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" } ]	[ "Saudi Arabia" ]	[]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2602023661	Since the last quarter of the twentieth century women empowerment had become a burning issue around the globe. Empowerment has been regarded by social scientists as the only effective answer to oppression, exploitation, injustice and other maladies with which our society is beset (Beteille, 1999). empowerment as a concept emerged from several important critics and debates generated by women ' s movement throughout the during the 1980' s, when feminists, particularly in the Third World, were increasingly discontent with the largely apolitical and economistic ' WID ' [women in development], ' WAD ' [women and development] and ' GAD ' [gender and development] models in prevailing development interventions ( Batliwala, 2007 ). In the Millennium Declaration, at the Millennium Summit in New York in the year 2000, leaders promised to promote gender equality and the empowerment of women as effective ways to combat poverty, hunger and disease and to stimulate development that is truly (United Nations, 2013).Of the many ways suggested by renowned activists, intelligentsia, Nobel Laureates, politically influential people etc. that leads to empowerment, had been both identified and advocated as the most important factor that can accomplish the empowerment objective. Nelson Mandela, had famously said; Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world (Duncan, 2013). Education had also been called as the base of empowerment and may begin an ? empowerment process ' if it expands women's knowledge and understanding, self- confidence and awareness of gender equity (Katie McCracken, 2015). In Fourth World Conference on Women held in Beijing in 1995, women ' s literacy was recognized pivotal to empowering women ' s participation in decision making in society and to improve their families' well - being. The report mentioned that;Investing in formal and non- formal and training for girls and women, with its exceptionally high social and economic return, has proved to be one of the best means of achieving sustainable development and economic growth that is both sustained and sustainable (United Natios, September 1995).In the Middle East, a lot of social change had occurred as access to ha[d] improved dramatically over the past few decades, and there ha[d] been a number of encouraging trends in girls' and women' s education (Farzaneh Roudi- Fahimi, 2003). As a part of the Middle East Saudi Arabia had also witnessed a major transition over the last century by empowering its women subjects which led to a dramatic social change that not many decades back would have been unthinkable of. In 2014, Saudi Arabia surprised the with its surprising social transition when its ? Ministry of Education ' released statistics which showed that more than half of the students graduating from the universities inside the Kingdom were the countries ' women subjects and a significant number of female students were enrolled outside the country, most of them preferring to study in the United States.University for Saudi women in recent years has witnessed a tremendous development at the quantitative and qualitative levels, both in terms of development programs, specific initiatives or strategic plans for women since the foundation of the Kingdom by late King Abdulaziz bin Abdulrahman Al Saud--- The Ministry of Education has worked hard to overcome the difficulties [confronting] Saudi women ' s excellence in various stages of education, to promote their scientific and intellectual standards and emphasize their presence on the national development roadmap- and * scientific leadership locally and abroad. have accounted for a percentage of (51.8%) of the number of registered students in Saudi universities, and achieved a remarkable increase in the Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques Program for Foreign Scholarships (Saudi Press Agency, 2015). …	[ { "display_name": "Quarterly Journal of Chinese Studies", "id": "https://openalex.org/S2764899857", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W1522338245	A comparison of Women’s Rights in the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia referenced against the United Nations human rights legislation and selected United Nations’ millennium development goals	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Cecilia Fyfe", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5066107893" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Legislation", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2777351106" }, { "display_name": "Human rights", "id": "https://openalex.org/C169437150" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Islam", "id": "https://openalex.org/C4445939" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "Poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C189326681" }, { "display_name": "Archaeology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" } ]	[ "Saudi Arabia" ]	[ "https://openalex.org/W51521977", "https://openalex.org/W97667272", "https://openalex.org/W182102907", "https://openalex.org/W263009211", "https://openalex.org/W575556410", "https://openalex.org/W576792970", "https://openalex.org/W615079870", "https://openalex.org/W643314280", "https://openalex.org/W655788873", "https://openalex.org/W1483561069", "https://openalex.org/W1504340350", "https://openalex.org/W1522359258", "https://openalex.org/W1527898933", "https://openalex.org/W1546349539", "https://openalex.org/W1568620445", "https://openalex.org/W1628722454", "https://openalex.org/W1671522945", "https://openalex.org/W1761052593", "https://openalex.org/W1964252455", "https://openalex.org/W2047289995", "https://openalex.org/W2049620743", "https://openalex.org/W2054385096", "https://openalex.org/W2072114209", "https://openalex.org/W2126546526", "https://openalex.org/W2140734840", "https://openalex.org/W2182820680", "https://openalex.org/W2198847224", "https://openalex.org/W2415023025", "https://openalex.org/W2461161127", "https://openalex.org/W2500000678", "https://openalex.org/W2625487396", "https://openalex.org/W2796738521", "https://openalex.org/W3126740783" ]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1522338245	This research is a comparison of women‟s rights in the UAE and Saudi Arabia referenced against the United Nations Human Rights Legislation and certain United Nations Millennium Development Goals. The qualitative methodology employed was based on a review of secondary sources. This method, called Documentary Research or Secondary Analysis, is frequently used with other research methods in the Social Sciences. It is derived from the primary documents of formal studies, public documents, autobiographies and diaries, producing themes. This is quick low-cost research from frequently the Internet, and often the only method of accessing information from restricted societies (Sarantakos 1998). A brief over-view of women‟s rights world-wide is discussed, with a focus on New Zealand. A brief summary and recent history is provided of the UAE and Saudi Arabia. Cultural and social traditions including Islamic traditions in many aspects of daily life, religious tolerance, religious intolerance and punishments that might impact on women‟s rights are discussed. The impact of feminist movements in these two countries is also reviewed. Finally, there is a discussion on the way in which the UN	[]
https://openalex.org/W4386720707	The Politics of Human Rights: Slavery and the Sustainable Development Goals	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Aidan McQuade", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5073465305" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Human rights", "id": "https://openalex.org/C169437150" }, { "display_name": "Honour", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2780110125" }, { "display_name": "Politics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C189326681" }, { "display_name": "Sustainable development", "id": "https://openalex.org/C552854447" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Refugee", "id": "https://openalex.org/C173145845" }, { "display_name": "Pleasure", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2777113389" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Development economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531" }, { "display_name": "Psychology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967" }, { "display_name": "Neuroscience", "id": "https://openalex.org/C169760540" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" } ]	[ "Saudi Arabia" ]	[]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4386720707	First of all many thanks for having me. It is a great honour and pleasure to be here. Though it is regrettable that we meet here at the end of a year which I fear must be judged one of Europe's most disgraceful in recent memory. 2015 has been marked first by carnage off our Southern shores brought about in no small part by the failure of European leaders to establish safe migration routes for refugees, and by the slaughter on the streets of Paris, by fellow Europeans inspired by the slave states of Islamic State and Saudi Arabia, from whose atrocities so many refugees are fleeing. More hopefully, this is also the year that the United Nations adopted the Sustainable Development Goals, which may be regarded as an effort of will to express the best of our human ideals in a year when much of the most craven of human behaviour has been on display. The Sustainable Development Goals represent a considerable progression on the Millennium Development Goals that preceded them in that they are both more comprehensive and more rooted in a rights based approach. The absence of fundamental rights related issues, such as slavery eradication, ending of caste based apartheid or advancement of the rule of law, meant that the Millennium Development Goals conveyed the impression that the ending of poverty was merely a technical challenge that required, in the main, the transfer of things to people who did not have things. But the ending of poverty is also a political issue. Because often the reason that people don't have things is that they are excluded from the processes of development by more powerful actors. This is most clearly seen when considering the issue of slavery. Those who are enslaved are drawn from communities which are systematically excluded from power to enable their control by those who are more privileged. They include Dalits and Adivasi in South Asia, migrants in Europe, the Middle East, the Americas, South East Asia and West Africa, and women and children everywhere. Prejudice and discrimination against certain groups on arbitrary bases such as caste, ethnicity, gender and religion is still frequently used as a basis upon which the more powerful exclude the more vulnerable from the processes of development. By doing so those same mechanisms of social exclusion also render those discriminated against more vulnerable to slavery.	[ { "display_name": "Intersentia eBooks", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306463467", "type": "ebook platform" } ]
https://openalex.org/W4390679469	Business Incubators' Sustainability in Bahrain	[ { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Bahrain", "display_name": "University of Bahrain", "id": "https://openalex.org/I106663880", "lat": 26.049656, "long": 50.508213, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Manal Moosa AlMatrook", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5093669650" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Bahrain", "display_name": "University College of Bahrain", "id": "https://openalex.org/I8541234", "lat": 26.193172, "long": 50.48016, "type": "education" }, { "country": "Bahrain", "display_name": "University of Bahrain", "id": "https://openalex.org/I106663880", "lat": 26.049656, "long": 50.508213, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Qaiser Munir", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5046938350" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Sustainability", "id": "https://openalex.org/C66204764" }, { "display_name": "Population", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359" }, { "display_name": "Population growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C77352025" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Sustainable development", "id": "https://openalex.org/C552854447" }, { "display_name": "Poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C189326681" }, { "display_name": "World population", "id": "https://openalex.org/C543383583" }, { "display_name": "Business", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560" }, { "display_name": "Economy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C136264566" }, { "display_name": "Development economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531" }, { "display_name": "Natural resource economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C175605778" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Ecology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C18903297" }, { "display_name": "Demography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C149923435" }, { "display_name": "Sociology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Biology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240" } ]	[ "Bahrain" ]	[]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4390679469	This article addresses the UN Millennium Declaration, which seeks to reduce poverty and promote human dignity, equality, peace, democracy, and sustainability. Global development began with the Millennium Development Goals. The Millennium Development targets (MDGs) fulfilled these promises by identifying eight interrelated targets that the world could attain by 2015.The 2030 Agenda's global objectives link sustainability's three most fundamental elements-natural, social, and economic. Bahrain struggles to keep up with its fast-growing population due to its tiny area and limited resources. The Kingdom's GDP was BD 12,245 million (USD 32.5 billion) in 2017, impacted by Arab and Gulf turmoil since 2011. This uncertainty has affected the Kingdom's oil-and-gas-based economy, which has a 65% export-to-import ratio. The research finds that Bahrain must address population growth, urbanization, and land shortages. Population expansion, infrastructural development, and climate change threaten Bahrain's rich and varied maritime environments. These risks affect the economy, society, and environment greatly. Incubators speak about four success phases. Lower-range incubators don't consider environmental management. Second-category incubators sell environmental management heavily. According to their data, incubators that apply environmental management practices are in the third quartile and those with excellent standards are in the fourth.	[]
https://openalex.org/W2549584250	in child health in the post-2015 development agenda	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "John Jungpa Park", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5073094551" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Luciana Brondi", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5059738794" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Demography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C149923435" }, { "display_name": "Child mortality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C46299933" }, { "display_name": "Measles", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2776438120" }, { "display_name": "Population", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359" }, { "display_name": "Sex ratio", "id": "https://openalex.org/C57520943" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Infant mortality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C112299071" }, { "display_name": "China", "id": "https://openalex.org/C191935318" }, { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Standardized mortality ratio", "id": "https://openalex.org/C102803821" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "Socioeconomics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C45355965" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Sociology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400" }, { "display_name": "Archaeology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645" }, { "display_name": "Immunology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C203014093" }, { "display_name": "Vaccination", "id": "https://openalex.org/C22070199" } ]	[ "Bahrain", "Iran", "Jordan", "Egypt" ]	[ "https://openalex.org/W86399318", "https://openalex.org/W1607388525", "https://openalex.org/W1986067311", "https://openalex.org/W1995416178", "https://openalex.org/W2019097126", "https://openalex.org/W2023373624", "https://openalex.org/W2033360261", "https://openalex.org/W2052836242", "https://openalex.org/W2075694354", "https://openalex.org/W2077967954", "https://openalex.org/W2123292394", "https://openalex.org/W2130568251", "https://openalex.org/W2139821597", "https://openalex.org/W2140127488" ]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2549584250	Summary of Millennium Development Goals 3 and 4Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower womenEliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary educa-tion, preferably by 2005, and in all levels of education no later than 20153.1 Ratios of girls to boys in primary, secondary and ter-tiary education3.2 Share of women in wage employment in the non–ag-ricultural sector3.3 Proportion of seats held by women in national parlia-mentGoal 4: Reduce child mortality ratesReduce by two–thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the under–five mortality rate4.1 Under–five mortality rate4.2 Infant mortality rate4.3 Proportion of 1 year–old children immunised against measles Figure 1. Ten countries with higher than expected excess under-five (U5) female mortality and outlying U5 sex ratios in 2012. Legend: 1 – India, 2 – Pakistan, 3 – China, 4 – Bangladesh, 5 – Afghanistan, 6 – Egypt, 7 – Iran, 8 – Nepal, 9 – Jordan, 10 – Bahrain. The bubble chart was created using UNICEF statistics and data from Alkema et al. [3] to demonstrate the 10 countries with outlying U5 sex ratios and higher than expected excess female U5 mortality. Countries are ranked in order of highest ratio of excess female U5 mortality to total number of U5 mortality. The size of the bubble corresponds to the total U5 population in each country, emphasiz-ing the importance of addressing gender issues in child health in countries with large child populations. Source: UNICEF statistics, available at http://data.unicef.org/resources.	[]
https://openalex.org/W2564652778	Malnutrition in Yemen: an invisible crisis	[ { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Saudi Arabia", "display_name": "Alfaisal University", "id": "https://openalex.org/I134359838", "lat": 24.68773, "long": 46.72185, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Abdulaziz M Eshaq", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5016744514" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Saudi Arabia", "display_name": "Alfaisal University", "id": "https://openalex.org/I134359838", "lat": 24.68773, "long": 46.72185, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Ahmed M Fothan", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5024838862" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "United States", "display_name": "University of Mississippi Medical Center", "id": "https://openalex.org/I29606459", "lat": 32.32963, "long": -90.196075, "type": "healthcare" } ], "display_name": "Elyse C Jensen", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5035195273" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Saudi Arabia", "display_name": "Alfaisal University", "id": "https://openalex.org/I134359838", "lat": 24.68773, "long": 46.72185, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Tehreem A. Khan", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5022527739" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Saudi Arabia", "display_name": "Alfaisal University", "id": "https://openalex.org/I134359838", "lat": 24.68773, "long": 46.72185, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Abdulhadi A. AlAmodi", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5070311463" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Malnutrition", "id": "https://openalex.org/C551997983" }, { "display_name": "Famine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778589402" }, { "display_name": "Humanitarian crisis", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2777742874" }, { "display_name": "Poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C189326681" }, { "display_name": "Population", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359" }, { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "Economic shortage", "id": "https://openalex.org/C194051981" }, { "display_name": "Food security", "id": "https://openalex.org/C549605437" }, { "display_name": "Socioeconomics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C45355965" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Environmental health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951" }, { "display_name": "Refugee", "id": "https://openalex.org/C173145845" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Government (linguistics)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778137410" }, { "display_name": "Agriculture", "id": "https://openalex.org/C118518473" }, { "display_name": "Linguistics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202" }, { "display_name": "Philosophy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662" }, { "display_name": "Archaeology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645" }, { "display_name": "Pathology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C142724271" }, { "display_name": "Sociology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" } ]	[ "Yemen" ]	[ "https://openalex.org/W2219849186" ]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2564652778	The current war in Yemen has exacerbated the country's pre-existing challenges including poverty, poor health, and shortage of basic necessities such as water, fuel, and medications.1Alamodi AA Eshaq AM Fothan AM Bakather AM Obad AS Tackling preventable diseases in Yemen.Lancet. 2015; 386: 2251-2252Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (6) Google Scholar Severe malnutrition has emerged as a progressively spreading issue in Yemen. According to the World Food Program, even before the war started, Yemen had one of the highest rates of malnutrition in the Arabian Peninsula.2World Food ProgrammeYemen Emergency.https://www.wfp.org/emergencies/yemen/Google Scholar With the ongoing war, malnutrition is rising and hunger now affects almost half of the population. An estimated 14·4 million people, almost half of whom are severely affected, are unable to secure their food needs.3Action against Hunger OrganizationYemen Crisis.https://www.actionagainsthunger.org.uk/europe-middle-east/yemen-crisisGoogle Scholar According to UNICEF, a striking ten of Yemen's 22 governorates are on the edge of famine, as defined by the five point Integrated Food Security Phase Classification (IPC) scale.4UNICEFYemen Humanitarian Situation Report.http://www.unicef.org/mena/UNICEF_Yemen_Crisis_SitRep_-_8_July_to_21_July_2015.pdfGoogle Scholar Malnutrition in children is particularly serious and its effects intensified, putting children at greater risk of death than adults, if left untreated. About half of children in Yemen are affected by chronic malnutrition. According to organisations working to end hunger, about 370 000 of Yemen's children are suffering from severe malnutrition. Additionally, 1 million children younger than 5 years old are at risk of acute malnutrition—in Hodeida alone, more than 100 000 children under the age of five years are at risk of severe malnutrition.5Zeyad A Yemen's coast struggles with severe malnutrition as conflict drags.http://www.cbsnews.com/news/yemens-coast-struggles-with-severe-malnutrition-as-conflict-drags-on/Date: Sep 16, 2016Google Scholar According to UNICEF, 9·9 million children are in need of some form of nutrition assistance. The price of food has increased by 55% and the GDP has contracted by almost 33%. Moving safely and freely is impaired and access to clean water is a complicating barrier. An outbreak of watery diarrhoea that has caused much morbidity and mortality in Yemen was attributed to cholera. 31 cases of cholera and 32 deaths related to acute watery diarrhoea have been confirmed, according to UNICEF. Around 142 centres for the treatment of malnutrition are not operating.6UNICEFYemen Cholera Report #2.http://www.unicef.org/appeals/files/UNICEF_Yemen_Cholera_Outbreak_Situation_Report_24_Oct_2016.pdfGoogle Scholar A number of measures could be taken to enhance the productivity of current efforts to yield better outcomes (panel). The hunger crisis in Yemen is a growing problem that is often overlooked and forgotten. With the apparent outlined measures to be taken to prevent malnutrition, it cannot remain an invisible problem.PanelSuggested measures to enhance malnutrition programmes1)Expand the presence of humanitarian organisations to areas in most need, such as Hodeida2)The government should take responsibility to secure and ensure safe movement of such organisations to reach a greater number of those at increased risk of malnutrition3)Funding of these organisations is crucial to continue the pronounced reduction of morbidity and mortality associated with malnutrition4)The media should promote organisational efforts and activities5)Closed malnutrition treatment centres should be reopened6)Awareness should be increased about hygiene and sanitation to reduce outbreaks of diseases such as Cholera 1)Expand the presence of humanitarian organisations to areas in most need, such as Hodeida2)The government should take responsibility to secure and ensure safe movement of such organisations to reach a greater number of those at increased risk of malnutrition3)Funding of these organisations is crucial to continue the pronounced reduction of morbidity and mortality associated with malnutrition4)The media should promote organisational efforts and activities5)Closed malnutrition treatment centres should be reopened6)Awareness should be increased about hygiene and sanitation to reduce outbreaks of diseases such as Cholera	[ { "display_name": "The Lancet", "id": "https://openalex.org/S49861241", "type": "journal" }, { "display_name": "PubMed", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036", "type": "repository" } ]
https://openalex.org/W336200526	Yemen and the Millennium Development Goals	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Qaiser M. Khan", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5020527787" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Susan K. Chase", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5035102082" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Government (linguistics)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778137410" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Poverty reduction", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2992104146" }, { "display_name": "Poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C189326681" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Politics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758" }, { "display_name": "Development economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531" }, { "display_name": "Political stability", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2992441151" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Linguistics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202" }, { "display_name": "Philosophy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" } ]	[ "Yemen" ]	[ "https://openalex.org/W118920574", "https://openalex.org/W208386591", "https://openalex.org/W250884315", "https://openalex.org/W269339865", "https://openalex.org/W311718752", "https://openalex.org/W347239570", "https://openalex.org/W368721344", "https://openalex.org/W638269068", "https://openalex.org/W844005505", "https://openalex.org/W1213587985", "https://openalex.org/W1523782687", "https://openalex.org/W1527632942", "https://openalex.org/W1554576412", "https://openalex.org/W2189279441" ]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W336200526	The paper examines the situation of Yemen vis-e-is the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) indicators. The analysis by indicator looks at trends and prospects for reaching the MDG indicator targets. The paper provides a look at the policy and institutional changes required to increase the likelihood of meeting these targets. The conclusions suggest that Yemen has made significant progress on the MDG targets, especially when one considers that Yemen started relatively late, largely due to historical reasons. It seems likely that by 2015, Yemen may achieve the primary education target, the elimination of gender gap within primary education target, and the absolute poverty reduction target, provided that the policy and institutional reforms recommended are implemented and donor support is forthcoming. As for maternal and child health targets, at present they are unlikely to be met, as are targets for access to safe drinking water in rural areas. Even for the most promising indicators, any progress towards achieving the MDGs will require significant institutional and policy reforms by Government and continued, coordinated support from donors. Another necessity for achieving the targets is political stability and relative peace.	[]
https://openalex.org/W4212841366	The World Health Organization 2030 goals for onchocerciasis: Insights and perspectives from mathematical modelling	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "NULL AUTHOR_ID", "id": "https://openalex.org/A9999999999" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Onchocerciasis", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2780727990" }, { "display_name": "Mass drug administration", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2780133432" }, { "display_name": "Psychological intervention", "id": "https://openalex.org/C27415008" }, { "display_name": "Latin Americans", "id": "https://openalex.org/C158886217" }, { "display_name": "Transmission (telecommunications)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C761482" }, { "display_name": "Environmental health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951" }, { "display_name": "Population", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359" }, { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "Distribution (mathematics)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C110121322" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Computer science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148" }, { "display_name": "Immunology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C203014093" }, { "display_name": "Telecommunications", "id": "https://openalex.org/C76155785" }, { "display_name": "Mathematics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Nursing", "id": "https://openalex.org/C159110408" }, { "display_name": "Mathematical analysis", "id": "https://openalex.org/C134306372" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" } ]	[ "Yemen" ]	[ "https://openalex.org/W10965173", "https://openalex.org/W100234371", "https://openalex.org/W127142759", "https://openalex.org/W160988549", "https://openalex.org/W1967807549", "https://openalex.org/W1974520027", "https://openalex.org/W1985203019", "https://openalex.org/W2004422663", "https://openalex.org/W2007468463", "https://openalex.org/W2010541669", "https://openalex.org/W2012502558", "https://openalex.org/W2025854585", "https://openalex.org/W2036622626", "https://openalex.org/W2040836919", "https://openalex.org/W2046993421", "https://openalex.org/W2056469888", "https://openalex.org/W2063347451", "https://openalex.org/W2066302688", "https://openalex.org/W2084881364", "https://openalex.org/W2087458512", "https://openalex.org/W2096418515", "https://openalex.org/W2102596258", "https://openalex.org/W2105272113", "https://openalex.org/W2112720640", "https://openalex.org/W2112817270", "https://openalex.org/W2114225347", "https://openalex.org/W2136195730", "https://openalex.org/W2148756990", "https://openalex.org/W2153086068", "https://openalex.org/W2162582397", "https://openalex.org/W2162957902", "https://openalex.org/W2163832479", "https://openalex.org/W2166034413", "https://openalex.org/W2169196260", "https://openalex.org/W2199621489", "https://openalex.org/W2238130454", "https://openalex.org/W2262087256", "https://openalex.org/W2304118135", "https://openalex.org/W2317325168", "https://openalex.org/W2528385426", "https://openalex.org/W2551101600", "https://openalex.org/W2583014273", "https://openalex.org/W2594112973", "https://openalex.org/W2594457027", "https://openalex.org/W2602141409", "https://openalex.org/W2737321623", "https://openalex.org/W2743034332", "https://openalex.org/W2767594581", "https://openalex.org/W2785701441", "https://openalex.org/W2792829840", "https://openalex.org/W2794644679", "https://openalex.org/W2805203957", "https://openalex.org/W2806005185", "https://openalex.org/W2889363386", "https://openalex.org/W2893298662", "https://openalex.org/W2894408216", "https://openalex.org/W2944545924", "https://openalex.org/W2951131794", "https://openalex.org/W2957224831", "https://openalex.org/W2963699136", "https://openalex.org/W2992609767" ]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4212841366	<ns4:p>The World Health Organization (WHO) has embarked on a consultation process to refine the 2030 goals for priority neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), onchocerciasis among them. Current goals include elimination of transmission (EOT) by 2020 in Latin America, Yemen and selected African countries. The new goals propose that, by 2030, EOT be verified in 10 countries; mass drug administration (MDA) with ivermectin be stopped in at least one focus in 34 countries; and that the proportion of the population no longer in need of MDA be equal or greater than 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% in at least 16, 14, 12, and 10 countries, respectively. The NTD Modelling Consortium onchocerciasis teams have used EPIONCHO and ONCHOSIM to provide modelling insights into these goals. EOT appears feasible in low-moderate endemic areas with long-term MDA at high coverage (≥75%), but uncertain in areas of higher endemicity, poor coverage and adherence, and where MDA has not yet, or only recently, started. Countries will have different proportions of their endemic areas classified according to these categories, and this distribution of pre-intervention prevalence and MDA duration and programmatic success will determine the feasibility of achieving the proposed MDA cessation goals. Highly endemic areas would benefit from switching to biannual or quarterly MDA and implementing vector control where possible (determining optimal frequency and duration of anti-vectorial interventions requires more research). Areas without loiasis that have not yet initiated MDA should implement biannual (preferably with moxidectin) or quarterly MDA from the start. Areas with loiasis not previously treated would benefit from implementing test-and(not)-treat-based interventions, vector control, and anti-<ns4:italic>Wolbachia</ns4:italic> therapies, but their success will depend on the levels of screening and coverage achieved and sustained. The diagnostic performance of IgG4 Ov16 serology for assessing EOT is currently uncertain. Verification of EOT requires novel diagnostics at the individual- and population-levels.</ns4:p>	[ { "display_name": "Gates open research", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4210224510", "type": "journal" }, { "display_name": "DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306401280", "type": "repository" }, { "display_name": "Europe PMC (PubMed Central)", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306400806", "type": "repository" }, { "display_name": "Spiral (Imperial College London)", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306401396", "type": "repository" }, { "display_name": "EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam)", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306401266", "type": "repository" }, { "display_name": "PubMed Central", "id": "https://openalex.org/S2764455111", "type": "repository" }, { "display_name": "PubMed", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036", "type": "repository" } ]
https://openalex.org/W2735009168	Health status and health systems financing in the MENA region: roadmap to universal health coverage	[ { "affiliations": [ { "country": "United Arab Emirates", "display_name": "Abu Dhabi Health Services", "id": "https://openalex.org/I4210099383", "lat": 24.469177, "long": 54.33745, "type": "company" } ], "display_name": "Eyob Zere Asbu", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5062943851" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "United Arab Emirates", "display_name": "Abu Dhabi Health Services", "id": "https://openalex.org/I4210099383", "lat": 24.469177, "long": 54.33745, "type": "company" } ], "display_name": "Maysoun Dimachkie Masri", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5067458005" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "United States", "display_name": "Trinity University", "id": "https://openalex.org/I60060512", "lat": 29.463795, "long": -98.48204, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Amer Kaissi", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5020750914" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Per capita", "id": "https://openalex.org/C127598652" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Public health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C138816342" }, { "display_name": "Global health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C46578552" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "World Development Indicators", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779845407" }, { "display_name": "Descriptive statistics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C39896193" }, { "display_name": "Environmental health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "Business", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560" }, { "display_name": "Health care", "id": "https://openalex.org/C160735492" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Population", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359" }, { "display_name": "Statistics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C105795698" }, { "display_name": "Nursing", "id": "https://openalex.org/C159110408" }, { "display_name": "Mathematics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547" } ]	[ "Yemen", "Sudan" ]	[ "https://openalex.org/W1142621754", "https://openalex.org/W1855683224", "https://openalex.org/W1977515750", "https://openalex.org/W2104182832", "https://openalex.org/W2113971173", "https://openalex.org/W2123256658", "https://openalex.org/W2125849337", "https://openalex.org/W2126583499", "https://openalex.org/W2129029755", "https://openalex.org/W2131407469", "https://openalex.org/W2132201061", "https://openalex.org/W2134978128", "https://openalex.org/W2136991753", "https://openalex.org/W2142126032", "https://openalex.org/W2143819396", "https://openalex.org/W2147456678", "https://openalex.org/W2165798395", "https://openalex.org/W2170964814", "https://openalex.org/W2522462850", "https://openalex.org/W2591687895", "https://openalex.org/W4230792549", "https://openalex.org/W4230986462", "https://openalex.org/W4252648999", "https://openalex.org/W4255706522" ]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2735009168	Since the declaration of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in 1990, many countries of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region made some improvements in maternal and child health and in tackling communicable diseases. The transition to the global agenda of Sustainable Development Goals brings new opportunities for countries to move forward toward achieving progress for better health, well-being, and universal health coverage. This study provides a profile of health status and health financing approaches in the MENA region and their implications on universal health coverage.Time-series data on socioeconomics, health expenditures, and health outcomes were extracted from databases and reports of the World Health Organization, the World Bank and the United Nations Development Program and analyzed using Stata 12 statistical software. Countries were grouped according to the World Bank income categories. Descriptive statistics, tables and charts were used to analyze temporal changes and compare the key variables with global averages.Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and injuries account for more than three quarters of the disability-adjusted life years in all but two lower middle-income countries (Sudan and Yemen). Prevalence of risk factors (raised blood glucose, raised blood pressure, obesity and smoking) is higher than global averages and counterparts by income group. Total health expenditure (THE) per capita in most of the countries falls short of global averages for countries under similar income category. Furthermore, growth rate of THE per capita has not kept pace with the growth rate of GDP per capita. Out-of-pocket spending (OOPS) in all but the high-income countries in the group exceeds the threshold for catastrophic spending implying that there is a high risk of households getting poorer as a result of paying for health care.The alarmingly high prevalence of NCDs and injuries and associated risk factors, health spending falling short of the GDP and GDP growth rate, and high OOPS pose serious challenges for universal health coverage. Using multi-sector interventions, countries should develop and implement evidence-informed health system financing roadmaps to address these obstacles and move forward toward universal health coverage.	[ { "display_name": "Global Health Research and Policy", "id": "https://openalex.org/S3012771251", "type": "journal" }, { "display_name": "DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306401280", "type": "repository" }, { "display_name": "Europe PMC (PubMed Central)", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306400806", "type": "repository" }, { "display_name": "PubMed Central", "id": "https://openalex.org/S2764455111", "type": "repository" }, { "display_name": "PubMed", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036", "type": "repository" } ]
https://openalex.org/W2274910509	Who's been left behind? Why sustainable development goals fail the Arab world	[ { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Australia", "display_name": "University of Sydney", "id": "https://openalex.org/I129604602", "lat": -33.86785, "long": 151.20732, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Abbas El-Zein", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5007705781" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Lebanon", "display_name": "American University of Beirut", "id": "https://openalex.org/I98635879", "lat": 33.901093, "long": 35.48153, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Jocelyn DeJong", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5004416174" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Italy", "display_name": "European University Institute", "id": "https://openalex.org/I874792244", "lat": 43.802776, "long": 11.282778, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Philippe Fargues", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5068259046" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Lebanon", "display_name": "American University of Beirut", "id": "https://openalex.org/I98635879", "lat": 33.901093, "long": 35.48153, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Nisreen Salti", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5036090800" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "United Kingdom", "display_name": "SOAS University of London", "id": "https://openalex.org/I31575130", "lat": 51.50853, "long": -0.12574, "type": "education" }, { "country": "United Kingdom", "display_name": "University of London", "id": "https://openalex.org/I124357947", "lat": 51.50853, "long": -0.12574, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Adam Hanieh", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5057031538" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Helen Lackner", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5065228819" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Sustainable development", "id": "https://openalex.org/C552854447" }, { "display_name": "Poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C189326681" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Scopus", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83867959" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Human development (humanity)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2781089502" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Human Development Report", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2776369677" }, { "display_name": "Human rights", "id": "https://openalex.org/C169437150" }, { "display_name": "Human Development Index", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779735493" }, { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "MEDLINE", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779473830" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" } ]	[ "Yemen", "Tunisia", "Libya", "Egypt" ]	[ "https://openalex.org/W1979116745", "https://openalex.org/W2003767156", "https://openalex.org/W2043391065", "https://openalex.org/W2104182832", "https://openalex.org/W2120074191", "https://openalex.org/W2126400671" ]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2274910509	A set of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) was adopted by the UN General Assembly in September, 2015. The Arab world, alongside other regions, has problems of poverty, poor health, and substantial environmental degradation—ie, the kind of problems that the SDGs aim to address. 1 United Nations Development ProgrammeRegional Bureau for Arab StatesArab human development report. United Nations Publications, New York, NY2002 Google Scholar , 2 United Nations Development ProgrammeRegional Bureau for Arab StatesArab human development report. United Nations Publications, New York, NY2003 Google Scholar , 3 United Nations Development ProgrammeRegional Bureau for Arab StatesArab human development report. United Nations Publications, New York, NY2004 Google Scholar , 4 United Nations Development ProgrammeRegional Bureau for Arab StatesArab human development report. United Nations Publications, New York, NY2005 Google Scholar , 5 United Nations Development ProgrammeRegional Bureau for Arab StatesArab human development report. United Nations Publications, New York, NY2009 Google Scholar Evidence of persistent infectious disease in low-income and middle-income Arab countries exists, alongside increased prevalence of non-communicable diseases in all Arab countries, 6 Mokdad AH Jaber S Aziz MI et al. The state of health in the Arab world, 1990–2010: an analysis of the burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors. Lancet. 2014; 383: 309-320 Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (225) Google Scholar , 7 Rahim HF Sibai A Khader Y et al. Non-communicable diseases in the Arab world. Lancet. 2014; 383: 356-367 Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (224) Google Scholar high out-of-pocket health expenditure, 8 Saleh SS Alameddine MS Natafgi NM et al. The path towards universal health coverage in the Arab uprising countries Tunisia, Egypt, Libya, and Yemen. Lancet. 2014; 383: 368-381 Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (40) Google Scholar poor access to safe water, as well as violent conflict, persistent foreign interventions, and high levels of social and political fragmentation that result in weak health systems and diminished rights to health. 9 El-Zein A Jabbour S Tekce B et al. Health and ecological sustainability in the Arab world: a matter of survival. Lancet. 2014; 383: 458-476 Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (32) Google Scholar	[ { "display_name": "The Lancet", "id": "https://openalex.org/S49861241", "type": "journal" }, { "display_name": "PubMed", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036", "type": "repository" } ]
https://openalex.org/W2140715846	Epidemiology and aetiology of maternal parasitic infections in low- and middle-income countries.	[ { "affiliations": [ { "country": "United Kingdom", "display_name": "Glasgow Centre for Population Health", "id": "https://openalex.org/I4210155983", "lat": 55.86515, "long": -4.25763, "type": "healthcare" }, { "country": "United Kingdom", "display_name": "University of Edinburgh", "id": "https://openalex.org/I98677209", "lat": 55.95206, "long": -3.19648, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Tom Roberts", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5078289617" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Spain", "display_name": "Joint Research Center", "id": "https://openalex.org/I4210166174", "lat": 37.39506, "long": -6.010572, "type": "government" } ], "display_name": "Courtney Gravett", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5088286748" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Prasad Palani Velu", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5089521601" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Evropi Τheodoratou", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5051387435" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Thor A. Wagner", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5033119708" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Jian Shayne F Zhang", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5018108965" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Harry Campbell", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5070568170" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Craig E. Rubens", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5015083374" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Michael G. Gravett", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5055303165" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Igor Rudan", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5038431304" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Tanzania", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779357621" }, { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "Neglected tropical diseases", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2776246342" }, { "display_name": "Global health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C46578552" }, { "display_name": "Epidemiology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C107130276" }, { "display_name": "Standardized mortality ratio", "id": "https://openalex.org/C102803821" }, { "display_name": "Environmental health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Population", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "Public health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C138816342" }, { "display_name": "Nursing", "id": "https://openalex.org/C159110408" }, { "display_name": "Environmental planning", "id": "https://openalex.org/C91375879" }, { "display_name": "Internal medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C126322002" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" } ]	[ "Yemen" ]	[ "https://openalex.org/W1149218", "https://openalex.org/W12432221", "https://openalex.org/W26599390", "https://openalex.org/W33389564", "https://openalex.org/W79418355", "https://openalex.org/W126067384", "https://openalex.org/W156144806", "https://openalex.org/W192633524", "https://openalex.org/W202048739", "https://openalex.org/W285083534", "https://openalex.org/W942668721", "https://openalex.org/W1509578356", "https://openalex.org/W1515877984", "https://openalex.org/W1536866218", "https://openalex.org/W1586724181", "https://openalex.org/W1589011629", "https://openalex.org/W1722262331", "https://openalex.org/W1839568913", "https://openalex.org/W1879866405", "https://openalex.org/W1966163251", "https://openalex.org/W1968116695", "https://openalex.org/W1971014642", "https://openalex.org/W1983817310", "https://openalex.org/W1986629659", "https://openalex.org/W1987177269", "https://openalex.org/W1990644299", "https://openalex.org/W1993019508", "https://openalex.org/W2000516207", "https://openalex.org/W2000775460", "https://openalex.org/W2000936869", "https://openalex.org/W2002352113", "https://openalex.org/W2003647234", "https://openalex.org/W2007878186", "https://openalex.org/W2022416391", "https://openalex.org/W2036467266", "https://openalex.org/W2036993371", "https://openalex.org/W2039844530", "https://openalex.org/W2040310123", "https://openalex.org/W2042196616", "https://openalex.org/W2047957772", "https://openalex.org/W2066147417", "https://openalex.org/W2075028789", "https://openalex.org/W2076571710", "https://openalex.org/W2077419717", "https://openalex.org/W2087744036", "https://openalex.org/W2088690547", "https://openalex.org/W2094534624", "https://openalex.org/W2094661403", "https://openalex.org/W2095335291", "https://openalex.org/W2096029824", "https://openalex.org/W2097953574", "https://openalex.org/W2098113929", "https://openalex.org/W2100332617", "https://openalex.org/W2102772370", "https://openalex.org/W2109695132", "https://openalex.org/W2111330846", "https://openalex.org/W2112039568", "https://openalex.org/W2112650547", "https://openalex.org/W2114552445", "https://openalex.org/W2114740785", "https://openalex.org/W2119330550", "https://openalex.org/W2121245956", "https://openalex.org/W2124426146", "https://openalex.org/W2126706501", "https://openalex.org/W2128625081", "https://openalex.org/W2131590164", "https://openalex.org/W2131686916", "https://openalex.org/W2136578619", "https://openalex.org/W2138897499", "https://openalex.org/W2140032559", "https://openalex.org/W2140677623", "https://openalex.org/W2141605095", "https://openalex.org/W2143227204", "https://openalex.org/W2143525046", "https://openalex.org/W2143989122", "https://openalex.org/W2145328606", "https://openalex.org/W2146925882", "https://openalex.org/W2150361348", "https://openalex.org/W2150791966", "https://openalex.org/W2150856207", "https://openalex.org/W2151363173", "https://openalex.org/W2152613982", "https://openalex.org/W2153646030", "https://openalex.org/W2156791325", "https://openalex.org/W2161650912", "https://openalex.org/W2163563848", "https://openalex.org/W2165016647", "https://openalex.org/W2165510621", "https://openalex.org/W2169913483", "https://openalex.org/W2181556122", "https://openalex.org/W2277211555", "https://openalex.org/W2287323937", "https://openalex.org/W2291884398", "https://openalex.org/W2304552655", "https://openalex.org/W2399001860", "https://openalex.org/W2400123912", "https://openalex.org/W2400222947", "https://openalex.org/W2400298473", "https://openalex.org/W2402262827", "https://openalex.org/W2402342364", "https://openalex.org/W2406844985", "https://openalex.org/W2407017760", "https://openalex.org/W2412104590", "https://openalex.org/W2413153920", "https://openalex.org/W2415476756", "https://openalex.org/W2416162246", "https://openalex.org/W2417665043", "https://openalex.org/W2418180974", "https://openalex.org/W2418767814", "https://openalex.org/W2421560095", "https://openalex.org/W2427490243", "https://openalex.org/W2463035402", "https://openalex.org/W2474952587", "https://openalex.org/W2513488170" ]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2140715846	There have been very few systematic reviews looking at maternal infections in the developing world, even though cutting maternal mortality by three quarters is United Nation's Millennium Development Goal number five. This systematic review has two aims. The first is to present the prevalence of parasitic infections in the developing world over the last 30 years and the second is to evaluate the quality and distribution of research in this field.A systematic review of Medline, EMBASE and Global Health databases was undertaken using pre-determined search criteria. Three levels of quality criteria for exclusion of inadequate studies identified 115 out of initial 8580 titles. The data were extracted for 5 domains: worldwide pathogen prevalence, year of study, study setting, sample size and diagnostic test for each pathogen.The initial search retrieved 8580 results. From these titles, 43 studies on malaria, 12 studies on helminths, 49 studies on Toxoplasma gondii, 7 studies on Chagas disease, 5 studies on Trichomonas, 1 leishmaniasis study and 1 study on trichinellosis were extracted for analysis. High prevalence of malaria was found in Gabon (up to 57%) India (55%), Cameroon (50%), Yemen (55%), Nigeria (up to 64%) and Ghana (54%). High prevalence of hookworm infections was found in Nepal at 78.8% and high values of Ascaris lumbricoides were found in Nepal, (56.2%), Kenya (52.3%) and Gabon (45.5%). High levels of Schistosoma mansoni were found in Zimbabwe (50%) and Tanzania (63.5%). The prevalence of active Toxoplasma gondii infection was found to be highest in India (27.7%).This study highlights the large burden of maternal parasitic infections globally. It may serve as a useful starting point for health policy development and research prioritization in this area.	[ { "display_name": "PubMed", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036", "type": "repository" } ]
https://openalex.org/W2803710020	United Nations Millennium Development Goals (UN MDGs) and the Arab Spring: shedding light on the preludes?	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "M. Evren Tok", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5070254908" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Nancy Elbassiouny", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5008105653" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Sofía Samper", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5055017648" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Mohammed Sayeed Showkath", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5034863441" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Spring (device)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778712887" }, { "display_name": "Development economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531" }, { "display_name": "Ancient history", "id": "https://openalex.org/C195244886" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "History", "id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C189326681" }, { "display_name": "Physics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Thermodynamics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C97355855" } ]	[ "Yemen", "Tunisia", "Syria", "Egypt" ]	[]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2803710020	This chapter examines whether the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) provided a concrete background to illuminate the preludes to the Arab Spring by focusing on the experiences of Egypt, Syria, Tunisia and Yemen. It first considers the common features of the Arab Spring in Egypt, Syria, Tunisia and Yemen before discussing the implementation of the MDGs in those countries. It also assesses the effects of the Arab Spring on the MDG progress in each country with respect to indicators such as eradicating extreme poverty and hunger, achieving universal primary education, promoting general equality and empowering women, reducing child mortality, improving maternal health and ensuring environmental sustainability. The chapter proceeds by analysing the impact of the Arab Spring on Arab civil society and concludes with an overview of prospects for the Arab world in the post-2015 era.	[]
https://openalex.org/W2372639689	Offline: The future for women's and children's health	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Richard Horton", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5027942275" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Psychological intervention", "id": "https://openalex.org/C27415008" }, { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "Childbirth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779703513" }, { "display_name": "Reproductive health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C121752807" }, { "display_name": "Health care", "id": "https://openalex.org/C160735492" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Pregnancy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779234561" }, { "display_name": "Family medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C512399662" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Environmental health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951" }, { "display_name": "Nursing", "id": "https://openalex.org/C159110408" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Population", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359" }, { "display_name": "Genetics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C54355233" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Biology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240" } ]	[ "Yemen", "Sudan", "Syria", "Somalia", "Iraq" ]	[]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2372639689	The opportunity is extraordinary. In 2013, Dean Jamison launched our Commission on Investing in Health. He concluded that the present state of knowledge enabled us to claim that it was now possible to end preventable mortality among women and children within a generation. It was an immensely motivating statement. It added energy and optimism to the end of the Millennium Development Goal era and gave a clear direction to the emerging vision for sustainable development. During the past 2 years, that opportunity has been refined and developed. First, Ole Norheim and colleagues calculated in 2014 that extending access to cost-effective and affordable interventions meant one could look forward to eliminating two-thirds of child and maternal deaths by 2030. Second, the recent Disease Control Priorities project, also led by Dean Jamison, published its strategy for women's and children's health. A team led by Bob Black showed that with existing preventive and treatment measures about half of current deaths among women and children could be avoided by 2030. In 2015, the total number of stillbirths and deaths among children under 5 and women during pregnancy and childbirth was around 8·8 million. But with packages of interventions directed towards reproductive health (mainly access to modern contraception), maternal and newborn health, and child health, one could look forward to avoiding over 4 million of those deaths annually. Bob Black and colleagues went further. They were able to attribute lives saved to community, primary care, and hospital services. As they rightly concluded, “With continued priority and expansion of essential reproductive, maternal, newborn, and child health interventions to high coverage, equity, and quality, as well as interventions to address underlying problems such as women's low status in society and violence against women, these deaths and substantial morbidity can be largely eliminated in another generation.” There is a big “but” here. An uncomfortable truth is that the much vaunted Global Strategy for Women's, Children's, and Adolescents' Health is failing (and will continue to fail) unless the humanitarian predicament faced by women and children is made an over-riding priority. Women and children are dying needlessly because the institutions of global health refuse to speak out about, let alone address, weak governance, political instability, and violence. Most programmes that address women's and children's health barely even touch countries in the grip of conflict. This failure does not rest with the women's and children's health community alone. The failure affects all development efforts. Part of the problem is risk aversion by international organisations and lack of financing to grapple with these challenges. But now is the moment for all those in health leadership positions to give their political and material support to women, children, and adolescents in settings of humanitarian crisis. The biggest (and growing) inequality today is between those living in stable political settings and those enduring conflict and violence. So far, our international health institutions have failed to confront these realities. It's time they did so. But the approach taken by the global community'WHO, UNICEF, the World Bank, and even the specific initiatives dedicated to women's and children's (and now adolescent) health'has utterly failed to address this one critical weakness in their work. It is a fact largely ignored that 60% of preventable maternal deaths and 53% of newborn and under-5 deaths now take place in zones of conflict and displacement. The erasure of humanitarian disasters for women and children from global efforts to save lives is easy to understand. For multilateral agencies anxious to appease their member states and avoid uncomfortable political tensions with those who fund their work, it is far easier to emphasise abstract technical solutions than to hold violent, corrupt, or failed governments to account for the suffering they bring on their most vulnerable communities. The political violence one is now seeing in countries such as Iraq, Nigeria, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Syria, Somalia, Yemen, Central African Republic, South Sudan, and Cameroon (to name only some of the nations that endure high levels of maternal and child mortality and also escalating terrorism) is destroying any hope of delivering the opportunities so clearly set out by Dean Jamison, Bob Black, and others. Confronting inequality in newborn survival in South SudanIt has been 5 years since South Sudan, the world's youngest nation, achieved independence. However, ongoing violence and economic instability have muted this celebration. The country is experiencing health service delivery challenges due to attacks against aid organisations, deteriorating access to health facilities, broken supply chains for medical supplies and drugs, and health-worker shortages. Emergency responses for measles vaccination, cholera, and malnutrition struggle to reach children; and as noted in The Lancet, mental health support is minimal despite the heavy burden of trauma. Full-Text PDF	[ { "display_name": "The Lancet", "id": "https://openalex.org/S49861241", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W1671231287	A Discussion of Sustainable Development of Yemeni Fisheries in the Context of Millennium Development Goals and Stakeholder Aspiration	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Iain C. Pollard", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5063553703" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Sustainable development", "id": "https://openalex.org/C552854447" }, { "display_name": "Stakeholder", "id": "https://openalex.org/C201305675" }, { "display_name": "Food security", "id": "https://openalex.org/C549605437" }, { "display_name": "Business", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560" }, { "display_name": "Context (archaeology)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779343474" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Fishery", "id": "https://openalex.org/C505870484" }, { "display_name": "Ranking (information retrieval)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C189430467" }, { "display_name": "Human Development Index", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779735493" }, { "display_name": "Sustainability", "id": "https://openalex.org/C66204764" }, { "display_name": "Human development (humanity)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2781089502" }, { "display_name": "Natural resource economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C175605778" }, { "display_name": "Environmental resource management", "id": "https://openalex.org/C107826830" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Environmental planning", "id": "https://openalex.org/C91375879" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Agriculture", "id": "https://openalex.org/C118518473" }, { "display_name": "Ecology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C18903297" }, { "display_name": "Management", "id": "https://openalex.org/C187736073" }, { "display_name": "Archaeology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645" }, { "display_name": "Machine learning", "id": "https://openalex.org/C119857082" }, { "display_name": "Computer science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Biology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240" } ]	[ "Yemen" ]	[ "https://openalex.org/W2053151967", "https://openalex.org/W2126282479" ]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1671231287	This paper discusses sustainable development of Yemeni fisheries towards achievement of Millennium Development Goals (MDG) and stakeholder aspiration. Yemen is considered a Least Developed Country ranking 148 among 174 countries in terms of the Human Development Index. In terms of food security, Yemen is classified as a Low-Income and Food Deficit Country and imports over 75% of its main staple, wheat. Out of Yemen’s twelve MDG targets, none were identified as probably achievable, two as potentially achievable and seven as unlikely to be achieved. The fisheries sector has been identified as a means of achieving development and effort is rapidly increasing. Under these open access conditions there is a potential threat to the fisheries resources and lack of catch / effort data or status of stocks increases this uncertainty.	[]
https://openalex.org/W3214906528	Recalibration of the Sustainable Development Agenda: Insights from the Conflict in Yemen	[ { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Canada", "display_name": "McGill University", "id": "https://openalex.org/I5023651", "lat": 45.50884, "long": -73.58781, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Alexander Agnello", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5050403469" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Canada", "display_name": "McGill University", "id": "https://openalex.org/I5023651", "lat": 45.50884, "long": -73.58781, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Nandini Ramanujam", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5053987880" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Universality (dynamical systems)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C183992945" }, { "display_name": "Sustainable development", "id": "https://openalex.org/C552854447" }, { "display_name": "Corporate governance", "id": "https://openalex.org/C39389867" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Fragility", "id": "https://openalex.org/C80191262" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Development economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531" }, { "display_name": "Economic system", "id": "https://openalex.org/C74363100" }, { "display_name": "Law and economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C190253527" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Management", "id": "https://openalex.org/C187736073" }, { "display_name": "Chemistry", "id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680" }, { "display_name": "Physics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964" }, { "display_name": "Physical chemistry", "id": "https://openalex.org/C147789679" }, { "display_name": "Quantum mechanics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C62520636" } ]	[ "Yemen" ]	[]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3214906528	Fragility and conflict are responsible for eighty percent of humanitarian need assistance. Many countries amidst conflict and violence have seen erosion to development gains made before and during the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Against this distressing reality, we propose a working framework for the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) – in fragile and conflict-affected states (FCAS) – by illustrating the case of Yemen. United Nations agencies continue to make the inflexible claim that the implementation of the SDG Agenda should be guided by the principles of indivisibility and universality. The principle of indivisibility demands that the Goals be implemented in a holistic, non-selective manner, while the principle of universality demands that they be implemented in full. This article demonstrates why the demands of indivisibility and universality fall short as a guide for SDG implementation in Yemen and in other FCAS. It then proposes a working framework that steps away from the principle of indivisibility to prioritize Goals that directly address the causes of, or conditions contributing to, fragility and conflict. This working framework also parts ways with the principle of universality by acknowledging that resource constraints and a lack of institutional capacity can deter a country from implementing the Goals in full. Violent conflict in Yemen has eroded all development gains that the country made over the last two decades, and has severely weakened its capacity to implement the SDG Agenda. We argue that achieving peace, justice and good governance through SDG 16 is a cross-cutting requirement and first-order priority for overall SDG success in Yemen, because it is crucial to making lasting progress towards the realization of the other Goals.	[ { "display_name": "Social Science Research Network", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4210172589", "type": "repository" } ]
https://openalex.org/W2998745996	Millennium Development Goals (Mdgs) The Achievement and Failure: A Comparative Presentation Between Yemen and India in the Light of The Development Sectors’ Indicators	[ { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Yemen", "display_name": "Sana'a University", "id": "https://openalex.org/I170535673", "lat": 15.35472, "long": 44.20667, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Mohammed A. H. Al-Sharafi", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5052772027" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "India", "display_name": "Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University", "id": "https://openalex.org/I196652580", "lat": 19.100079, "long": 77.28756, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Nishikant C. Dhande", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5004217583" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Sanitation", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2780151969" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Government (linguistics)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778137410" }, { "display_name": "Sustainable development", "id": "https://openalex.org/C552854447" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Agriculture", "id": "https://openalex.org/C118518473" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Development economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531" }, { "display_name": "Business", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560" }, { "display_name": "Engineering", "id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Linguistics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202" }, { "display_name": "Philosophy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662" }, { "display_name": "Archaeology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645" }, { "display_name": "Environmental engineering", "id": "https://openalex.org/C87717796" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" } ]	[ "Yemen" ]	[ "https://openalex.org/W1486065781", "https://openalex.org/W2023425365", "https://openalex.org/W2058993674", "https://openalex.org/W2120949863", "https://openalex.org/W2621693993", "https://openalex.org/W2766005112", "https://openalex.org/W2905110629", "https://openalex.org/W2911544198", "https://openalex.org/W2954005845" ]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2998745996	To contribute the achievement of sustainable development (SD) goals the Government’s real commitment on SD thoughts in both central and local levels is one of the most important factors. MDGs express widespread public concern about development’s related issues. The Republic of Yemen and the Republic of India, both are eastern countries in the continent of Asia, sharing its cultural and historical heritage. Regarding the development indicators, in 2011 Yemen was among the least developed countries whereas India among the medium developed countries. This paper mainly depended on the secondary data. It depends on the national reports in Yemen and India additional to the international organizations’ reports. It exposes first the main indicators (i.e. Economic, Social, and Environmental) which are the constituents of SD dimensions. The purpose is to get representative access towards comprehending the existing situations while conducting the study. Then, the study outlines detailed schedules and tables about the indicators of the development sectors in the two countries such as the sectors of education, higher education, health, agriculture, water, sanitation, roads, energy and communications with some analyzes and discussions about the extent of achieving MDGs in each sector.	[]
https://openalex.org/W1555050570	Strengthening the Employment Impact of an MDG-Based Development Strategy for Yemen	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Terry McKinley", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5086429671" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Underemployment", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2776698172" }, { "display_name": "Unemployment", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778126366" }, { "display_name": "Productivity", "id": "https://openalex.org/C204983608" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C189326681" }, { "display_name": "Labour economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C145236788" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Development economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531" }, { "display_name": "Revenue", "id": "https://openalex.org/C195487862" }, { "display_name": "Inclusive growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2776615708" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Accounting", "id": "https://openalex.org/C121955636" } ]	[ "Yemen" ]	[]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1555050570	This Country Study seeks to identify employment policies for Yemen that would support an ambitious Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) based Development Strategy. Based principally on Labour Force and Labour Demand Surveys, it analyses Yemen’s labour force, structure of employment and unemployment, demand for labour, and hours and wages. The study shows that the country is caught in a scissors between slow economic growth and rapid growth of the labour force. The result is widespread underemployment and poverty. While Yemen currently enjoys a boon in oil revenues, its economy remains undiversified and suffers from low productivity and incomes. As a result, the Country Study proposes a four-pronged MDGoriented Growth, Employment and Poverty Reduction Strategy that would help the country reach the MDGs. This strategy is designed to accelerate economic growth, improve the employment intensity of growth, focus more resources on the poor and stimulate private-sector expansion, particularly in sectors with strong potential for growth and employment.	[ { "display_name": "Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306463716", "type": "ebook platform" }, { "display_name": "RePEc: Research Papers in Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306401271", "type": "repository" }, { "display_name": "Center for International and Regional Studies (Georgetown University)", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306400728", "type": "repository" } ]
https://openalex.org/W2626459825	Proposed USAID/Yemen population strategy statement.	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Baron Ar", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5076979019" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Emad M Bennour", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5051206748" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Harris Np", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5005733203" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Family planning", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779076696" }, { "display_name": "Population", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Child mortality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C46299933" }, { "display_name": "Life expectancy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C133925201" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Psychological intervention", "id": "https://openalex.org/C27415008" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Business", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560" }, { "display_name": "Environmental health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951" }, { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Nursing", "id": "https://openalex.org/C159110408" }, { "display_name": "Research methodology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2986817661" } ]	[ "Yemen" ]	[]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2626459825	At the request of the Government of the Yemen Arab Republic (YARG) the US Agency for International Development (AID) is preparing a bilateral assistance program in the area of population for the 1990-95 period. This report reviews the current situation outlines obstacles to population and family health (the term in Yemen for family planning) program efforts sets forth YARG-USAID objectives and strategies and defines specific areas of intervention. Yemen is at an early stage of the demographic transition and interventions are required to lower birth rates in response to declining mortality. Given a 1% maternal mortality rate a 20% child mortality rate and a life expectancy under 45 years the YARG is especially interested in the improvement and extension of maternal-child health/family planning services. However there are serious financial cultural manpower and institutional barriers which combine with womens illiteracy and lack of knowledge of sound health practices (e.g. breastfeeding for child spacing) to impede desired improvements. The key points of the YARG-USAID population strategy are: 1) systematic consideration of population factors in all development planning; 2) orientation of development investments toward the need to address the problems of rapid population growth and urbanization; 3) prioritization of policies and investments that directly or indirectly impact fertility; 4) very high prioritization in both the public and private sectors of maternal-child health/family care activities; 5) sectoral programs to raise womens status; and 6) improved institutional capabilities for population studies and planning. It is expected that the overall impact of these interventions will be achievement of a contraceptive prevalence rate of 30-35% by the year 2000.	[]
https://openalex.org/W2792034432	Yemen, Republic of - Inequalities in health, nutrition, and population	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Nandini Oomman", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5088289319" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Elizabeth Lule", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5077487872" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Deborah C. D'Souza-Vazirani", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5004617325" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Ritujit K. Chhabra", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5061218587" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Socioeconomic status", "id": "https://openalex.org/C147077947" }, { "display_name": "Disadvantaged", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2780623907" }, { "display_name": "Population", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Inequality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C45555294" }, { "display_name": "Health indicator", "id": "https://openalex.org/C121272143" }, { "display_name": "Reproductive health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C121752807" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Asset (computer security)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C76178495" }, { "display_name": "Environmental health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Computer science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148" }, { "display_name": "Mathematics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547" }, { "display_name": "Mathematical analysis", "id": "https://openalex.org/C134306372" }, { "display_name": "Computer security", "id": "https://openalex.org/C38652104" } ]	[ "Yemen" ]	[]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2792034432	This paper focuses on the inequalities in health, nutrition, and population in Yemen. It presents data on disaggregated health status and health services utilization that is organized by asset or wealth quintiles, a form that enables readers to better understand the distribution of these indicators from the poorest sections to the richest sections of society. That is, the profile takes data on population as well as on reproductive and child health and nutrition from tables presented in the Yemen version of Socio- Economic Differences in Health, Nutrition and Population (Gwatkin, Rustein, Johnson, Pande, and Wagstaff, 2000) and presents them in a more easily accessible format designed to call attention to the inequalities that exist among socioeconomic groups. These kinds of disaggregated data have great potential value for the design and implementation of efforts to achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) for health in a manner that can bring about the greatest possible gains for the poor. By focusing attention on the problems suffered by the disadvantaged groups that are of greatest concern, these data can increase the likelihood that MDG initiatives will effectively deal with those problems and reach those groups. The profile also provides evidence of successful interventions that have reached those who are poor. The hope is that this attention will stimulate thought about how best to reach the neediest groups with health services and other programs.	[]
https://openalex.org/W2322057568	Financing for development to reach the MDGs	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Abdlatif Y. Al-Hamad", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5088733257" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C189326681" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Per capita income", "id": "https://openalex.org/C160443848" }, { "display_name": "Development economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531" }, { "display_name": "Per capita", "id": "https://openalex.org/C127598652" }, { "display_name": "Malaria", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778048844" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "Child mortality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C46299933" }, { "display_name": "Literacy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C547764534" }, { "display_name": "Literacy rate", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2994273942" }, { "display_name": "Socioeconomics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C45355965" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Population", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359" }, { "display_name": "Environmental health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951" }, { "display_name": "Demography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C149923435" }, { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "Sociology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400" }, { "display_name": "Immunology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C203014093" } ]	[ "Yemen", "Sudan", "Djibouti", "Somalia" ]	[]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2322057568	Across the Arab region, progress in achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) has been uneven. Arab countries with higher income per capita stand with better prospects for achieving the Goals than their low-income counterparts. Overall, progress has been achieved in youth literacy, gender equality and child mortality. However, poverty is still widespread, especially in the rural areas of Djibouti, Mauritania and Yemen. Hunger is a continuous threat in countries such as Somalia, where malaria and tuberculosis are still prevalent, as well as in Comoros, Djibouti, Mauritania and Sudan.	[ { "display_name": "UN chronicle", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4210206952", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W3125839492	Findings from a Needs Assessment of Public Sector Emergency Obstetric and Neonatal Care in Four Governorates in Yemen: A Human Resources Crisis	[ { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Yemen", "display_name": "Sana'a University", "id": "https://openalex.org/I170535673", "lat": 15.35472, "long": 44.20667, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Abdul Wahed Al Serouri", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5061691866" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Yemen", "display_name": "Sana'a University", "id": "https://openalex.org/I170535673", "lat": 15.35472, "long": 44.20667, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Abdulla Al Rukeimi", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5020205796" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Lebanon", "display_name": "Ministry of Public Health", "id": "https://openalex.org/I4210097567", "lat": 33.86422, "long": 35.493645, "type": "government" } ], "display_name": "Mohammed Bi Afif", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5080856359" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Lebanon", "display_name": "Ministry of Public Health", "id": "https://openalex.org/I4210097567", "lat": 33.86422, "long": 35.493645, "type": "government" } ], "display_name": "Abdulrahman Al Zoberi", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5063697538" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Lebanon", "display_name": "Ministry of Public Health", "id": "https://openalex.org/I4210097567", "lat": 33.86422, "long": 35.493645, "type": "government" } ], "display_name": "Jamela Al Raeby", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5002726231" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "United States", "display_name": "Pathfinder International", "id": "https://openalex.org/I1287762061", "lat": 42.365726, "long": -71.18582, "type": "nonprofit" } ], "display_name": "Catherine Briggs", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5021830534" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "United States", "display_name": "Pathfinder International", "id": "https://openalex.org/I1287762061", "lat": 42.365726, "long": -71.18582, "type": "nonprofit" } ], "display_name": "Hamouda Hanafi", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5056687383" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Caesarean section", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2776279924" }, { "display_name": "Population", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359" }, { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "Workload", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778476105" }, { "display_name": "Human resources", "id": "https://openalex.org/C107645774" }, { "display_name": "Scarcity", "id": "https://openalex.org/C109747225" }, { "display_name": "Promotion (chess)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C98147612" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Rural area", "id": "https://openalex.org/C129047720" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Environmental health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951" }, { "display_name": "Socioeconomics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C45355965" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Pregnancy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779234561" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Genetics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C54355233" }, { "display_name": "Pathology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C142724271" }, { "display_name": "Sociology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400" }, { "display_name": "Politics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758" }, { "display_name": "Computer science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Biology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240" }, { "display_name": "Microeconomics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C175444787" }, { "display_name": "Operating system", "id": "https://openalex.org/C111919701" } ]	[ "Yemen" ]	[]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3125839492	Recent reviews suggest that it is unlikely Yemen will reach Millennium Development Goal 5 on maternal health by 2015. We conducted a needs assessment in 2010 to identify the human resources constraints in delivery of emergency obstetric and neonatal care (EmONC), in one urban and three under-served rural governorates. The assessment tools were adapted from the UN Guidelines for Monitoring Availability and Use of EmONC. Findings showed that while the urban governorate (total population 666,210 with 26,648 expectant mothers yearly) had 54 obstetricians, 10 anaesthetists and 72 paediatricians, the three rural governorates (total population 1,885,371 with 75,414 expectant mothers yearly) together had only three obstetricians, three anaesthetists, and eight paediatricians. Furthermore, in the rural governorates, with an 0.5% caesarean section rate, which is far below the 5% minimum for this UN indicator, no district hospital had an operating surgeon or an anaesthetist. There was also a marked scarcity of female general physicians and a large disparity in the proportion of births with a skilled attendant between the rural (12%) and urban (34%) governorates. Findings emphasize the need for increasing the coverage of EmONC nationally, but especially in rural areas, through more equitable staff distribution and promotion of task shifting. Developing a national human resources plan and ensuring an enabling policy are prerequisites.	[ { "display_name": "Social Science Research Network", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4210172589", "type": "repository" } ]
https://openalex.org/W1599174689	Achieving the Mdgs in Yemen: An Assessment	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Abdulmajeed Al-Batuly", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5066211795" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Mohamed Al-Hawri", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5021367606" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Argentina", "display_name": "Universidad Nacional de La Plata", "id": "https://openalex.org/I874386039", "lat": -34.92145, "long": -57.95453, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Martín Cicowiez", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5062485779" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "United States", "display_name": "World Bank", "id": "https://openalex.org/I1334329717", "lat": 38.89511, "long": -77.03637, "type": "other" } ], "display_name": "Hans Löfgren", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5049500627" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "United States", "display_name": "United Nations Development Programme", "id": "https://openalex.org/I107145371", "lat": 40.71427, "long": -74.00597, "type": "other" } ], "display_name": "Mohammad Pournik", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5023567436" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Government (linguistics)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778137410" }, { "display_name": "Allocative efficiency", "id": "https://openalex.org/C196345963" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Fiscal space", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779459618" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Government spending", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2781356325" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Business", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Macroeconomics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C139719470" }, { "display_name": "Fiscal policy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C524878704" }, { "display_name": "Market economy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C34447519" }, { "display_name": "Philosophy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662" }, { "display_name": "Linguistics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202" }, { "display_name": "Neoclassical economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C133425853" }, { "display_name": "Welfare", "id": "https://openalex.org/C100243477" } ]	[ "Yemen" ]	[ "https://openalex.org/W2014748467", "https://openalex.org/W2062024010", "https://openalex.org/W3123019787" ]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1599174689	Once the current political crisis in Yemen has been resolved, it will be ever more urgent to speed up progress, including Millennium Development Goal (MDG) achievements. Drawing on simulations with the Maquette for MDG Simulations (MAMS), a model for strategy analysis, and a linked microsimulation model, this paper addresses Yemen's MDG challenges. A first simulation set considers scaled-up government actions with the aim of fully achieving the 2015 international MDG targets with required additional financing from foreign or domestic sources. The main finding is sobering but not surprising: given the required expansion of MDG -- related services, on-time achievement of key MDG targets does not appear to have been a realistic objective even if the government, hypothetically, would have expanded services with grant aid financing starting from 2005; macroeconomic stability, government efficiency, and the production of tradables would all have suffered due to the size of spending and aid increases as well as the resulting real exchange rate appreciation. The results suggest that countries, instead of relying on international targets, should set MDG targets grounded in their own reality. In light of these results, the authors designed a second simulation set that is focused on the remaining period up to 2015, and on what may be feasible once the current conflict has been settled. The simulations introduce moderate increases in foreign aid or government allocative efficiency. The government uses the resulting fiscal space for spending and service expansion in infrastructure and human development without losses in productive efficiency. The results suggest that, under these conditions, substantial improvements could still be achieved.	[ { "display_name": "Social Science Research Network", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4210172589", "type": "repository" } ]
https://openalex.org/W3122433027	Achieving the MDGs in Yemen: An Assessment	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Abdulmajeed Al-Batuly", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5066211795" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Mohamed Al-Hawri", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5021367606" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Martín Cicowiez", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5062485779" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Hans Löfgren", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5049500627" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Mohammad Pournik", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5023567436" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C189326681" } ]	[ "Yemen" ]	[ "https://openalex.org/W205396662", "https://openalex.org/W1501714257", "https://openalex.org/W1521886720", "https://openalex.org/W1534941814", "https://openalex.org/W1630502426", "https://openalex.org/W3122756704", "https://openalex.org/W3123019787", "https://openalex.org/W3123179519", "https://openalex.org/W3124312163" ]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3122433027	Once the current political crisis in Yemen has been resolved, it will be ever more urgent to speed up progress, including Millennium Development Goal (MDG) achievements. Drawing on simulations with the Maquette for MDG Simulations (MAMS), a model for strategy analysis, and a linked microsimulation model, this paper addresses Yemen's MDG challenges. A first simulation set considers scaled-up government actions with the aim of fully achieving the 2015 international MDG targets with required additional financing from foreign or domestic sources. The main finding is sobering but not surprising: given the required expansion of MDG -- related services, on-time achievement of key MDG targets does not appear to have been a realistic objective even if the government, hypothetically, would have expanded services with grant aid financing starting from 2005; macroeconomic stability, government efficiency, and the production of tradables would all have suffered due to the size of spending and aid increases as well as the resulting real exchange rate appreciation. The results suggest that countries, instead of relying on international targets, should set MDG targets grounded in their own reality. In light of these results, the authors designed a second simulation set that is focused on the remaining period up to 2015, and on what may be feasible once the current conflict has been settled. The simulations introduce moderate increases in foreign aid or government allocative efficiency. The government uses the resulting fiscal space for spending and service expansion in infrastructure and human development without losses in productive efficiency. The results suggest that, under these conditions, substantial improvements could still be achieved.	[ { "display_name": "World Bank policy research working paper", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4210231086", "type": "ebook platform" }, { "display_name": "The World Bank Open Knowledge Repository (World Bank)", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4377196270", "type": "repository" }, { "display_name": "El Servicio de Difusión de la Creación Intelectual (National University of La Plata)", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306400803", "type": "repository" }, { "display_name": "RePEc: Research Papers in Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306401271", "type": "repository" }, { "display_name": "Econstor (Econstor)", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306401696", "type": "repository" } ]
https://openalex.org/W3125461574	Achieving the MDGs in Yemen : an assessment	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Abdulmajeed Al-Batuly", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5066211795" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Mohamed Al-Hawri", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5021367606" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Martín Cicowiez", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5062485779" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "United States", "display_name": "World Bank", "id": "https://openalex.org/I1334329717", "lat": 38.89511, "long": -77.03637, "type": "other" } ], "display_name": "Hans Löfgren", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5049500627" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Mohammad Pournik", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5023567436" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Allocative efficiency", "id": "https://openalex.org/C196345963" }, { "display_name": "Government (linguistics)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778137410" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Fiscal space", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779459618" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Government spending", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2781356325" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Business", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Macroeconomics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C139719470" }, { "display_name": "Fiscal policy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C524878704" }, { "display_name": "Market economy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C34447519" }, { "display_name": "Linguistics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202" }, { "display_name": "Philosophy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662" }, { "display_name": "Neoclassical economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C133425853" }, { "display_name": "Welfare", "id": "https://openalex.org/C100243477" } ]	[ "Yemen" ]	[]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3125461574	Once the current political crisis in Yemen has been resolved, it will be ever more urgent to speed up progress, including Millennium Development Goal (MDG) achievements. Drawing on simulations with the Maquette for MDG Simulations (MAMS), a model for strategy analysis, and a linked microsimulation model, this paper addresses Yemen's MDG challenges. A first simulation set considers scaled-up government actions with the aim of fully achieving the 2015 international MDG targets with required additional financing from foreign or domestic sources. The main finding is sobering but not surprising: given the required expansion of MDG -- related services, on-time achievement of key MDG targets does not appear to have been a realistic objective even if the government, hypothetically, would have expanded services with grant aid financing starting from 2005; macroeconomic stability, government efficiency, and the production of tradables would all have suffered due to the size of spending and aid increases as well as the resulting real exchange rate appreciation. The results suggest that countries, instead of relying on international targets, should set MDG targets grounded in their own reality. In light of these results, the authors designed a second simulation set that is focused on the remaining period up to 2015, and on what may be feasible once the current conflict has been settled. The simulations introduce moderate increases in foreign aid or government allocative efficiency. The government uses the resulting fiscal space for spending and service expansion in infrastructure and human development without losses in productive efficiency. The results suggest that, under these conditions, substantial improvements could still be achieved.	[ { "display_name": "RePEc: Research Papers in Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306401271", "type": "repository" } ]
https://openalex.org/W1851047064	Good Practices in Health Financing: Lessons from Reforms in Low and Middle-Income Countries	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Pablo Gottret", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5030610039" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "George Schieber", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5029982922" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Hugh Waters", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5083145429" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Health care", "id": "https://openalex.org/C160735492" }, { "display_name": "Business", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560" }, { "display_name": "Development economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531" }, { "display_name": "Finance", "id": "https://openalex.org/C10138342" }, { "display_name": "Economic policy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C105639569" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" } ]	[ "Tunisia" ]	[]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1851047064	This volume focuses on nine countries that have completed, or are well along in the process of carrying out, major health financing reforms. These countries have significantly expanded their people's health care coverage or maintained such coverage after prolonged political or economic shocks. In doing so, this report seeks to expand the evidence base on good performance in health financing reforms in low- and middle-income countries. The countries chosen for the study were Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Estonia, the Kyrgyz Republic, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Tunisia, and Vietnam. With health at the center of global development policy on humanitarian as well as economic and health security grounds, the international community and developing countries are closely focused on scaling up health systems to meet the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), improving financial protection, and ensuring long-term financing to sustain these gains. With the scaling up of aid, both donors and countries have come to realize that money alone cannot buy health gains or prevent impoverishment due to catastrophic medical bills. This realization has sent policy makers looking for reliable evidence about what works and what does not, but they have found little to guide their search.	[]
https://openalex.org/W1844462256	Water utilities in Africa : case studies of transformation and market access	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Meera Mehta", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5072638585" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Thomas Fugelsnes", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5008866333" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Johan Kruger", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5041254747" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Finance", "id": "https://openalex.org/C10138342" }, { "display_name": "Access to finance", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2780082420" }, { "display_name": "Investment (military)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C27548731" }, { "display_name": "Business", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560" }, { "display_name": "Corporate governance", "id": "https://openalex.org/C39389867" }, { "display_name": "Incentive", "id": "https://openalex.org/C29122968" }, { "display_name": "Service delivery framework", "id": "https://openalex.org/C68595000" }, { "display_name": "Sanitation", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2780151969" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Market access", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2777481183" }, { "display_name": "Service (business)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2780378061" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Marketing", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162853370" }, { "display_name": "Market economy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C34447519" }, { "display_name": "Ecology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C18903297" }, { "display_name": "Engineering", "id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603" }, { "display_name": "Environmental engineering", "id": "https://openalex.org/C87717796" }, { "display_name": "Politics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Biology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240" }, { "display_name": "Agriculture", "id": "https://openalex.org/C118518473" } ]	[ "Tunisia" ]	[ "https://openalex.org/W289036226", "https://openalex.org/W1525166787", "https://openalex.org/W1595732447", "https://openalex.org/W2528822773" ]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1844462256	It is widely acknowledged that achievement of the urban Water Supply and Sanitation (WSS) millennium development targets will require better access by utilities in Africa to finance, in particular from domestic financial markets. In many African countries, utility reform has focused on creating autonomous governance structures to improve service delivery to an expanding customer base. However, implementation of reforms has, to date, been uneven, constrained by the absence of appropriate incentives to reform, and hampered by limited access to capital investment funding. In some countries, for example, South Africa, Senegal, and Namibia, utilities have successfully sourced capital investment from domestic financial markets. Others, including utilities in Kenya, Uganda, and Tunisia, regularly access commercial finance for working capital or minor investments. The workshop focused on two financing challenges: to mobilize additional funding resources for development of the water sector; and to ensure that investment results in sustainable service delivery. Case studies of six water utilities were presented at the workshop as well as a survey assessing the readiness of fourteen utilities (including the six case study utilities) to tap into domestic financial markets. This report will set out a summary of the case studies, then go on to discuss the qualities and attributes that signal readiness to access commercial finance. The report is accompanied by a summary and an overview of the workshop summarizing all of the key outputs.	[]
https://openalex.org/W4244835923	Contribution of UNDP programmes to development results	[]	[ { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Politics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758" }, { "display_name": "Corporate governance", "id": "https://openalex.org/C39389867" }, { "display_name": "Psychological intervention", "id": "https://openalex.org/C27415008" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Action (physics)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2780791683" }, { "display_name": "Political action", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2994188298" }, { "display_name": "Public administration", "id": "https://openalex.org/C3116431" }, { "display_name": "Management", "id": "https://openalex.org/C187736073" }, { "display_name": "Poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C189326681" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "Physics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964" }, { "display_name": "Quantum mechanics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C62520636" }, { "display_name": "Psychiatry", "id": "https://openalex.org/C118552586" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" } ]	[ "Tunisia" ]	[]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4244835923	In this chapter the interventions of UNDP in Tunisia are analysed against the ADR evaluation criteria. It is undeniable that in terms of support for the national processes for creating strategic vision, sectorial strategies, advocacy on significant topics (MDGs, climate change and the environment), and the launching of pilot projects, UNDP has played a fundamental or pivotal role and has acted as a catalyst. In other areas, it has initiated significant and relevant action, which has not come to fruition, as in the cases of the MDGs, employment, and local, administrative and economic governance due to a less favourable environment and the country’s socio-political troubles.	[ { "display_name": "Assessment of development results", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4210182663", "type": "book series" } ]
https://openalex.org/W4206347396	Helminthic Diseases: Schistosomiasis	[ { "affiliations": [ { "country": "United Kingdom", "display_name": "Imperial College London", "id": "https://openalex.org/I47508984", "lat": 51.50853, "long": -0.12574, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Alan Fenwick", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5040336793" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Switzerland", "display_name": "Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute", "id": "https://openalex.org/I158937107", "lat": 47.55074, "long": 7.53599, "type": "facility" } ], "display_name": "Jürg Utzinger", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5015991419" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Sanitation", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2780151969" }, { "display_name": "Schistosomiasis", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2776225656" }, { "display_name": "Environmental health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951" }, { "display_name": "Poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C189326681" }, { "display_name": "Improved sanitation", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2777910687" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Water supply", "id": "https://openalex.org/C97053079" }, { "display_name": "Population", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359" }, { "display_name": "Neglected tropical diseases", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2776246342" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Tropical disease", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2777474118" }, { "display_name": "Socioeconomic status", "id": "https://openalex.org/C147077947" }, { "display_name": "Environmental protection", "id": "https://openalex.org/C526734887" }, { "display_name": "Development economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531" }, { "display_name": "Business", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560" }, { "display_name": "Socioeconomics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C45355965" }, { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "Public health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C138816342" }, { "display_name": "Disease", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779134260" }, { "display_name": "Immunology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C203014093" }, { "display_name": "Helminths", "id": "https://openalex.org/C165901193" }, { "display_name": "Environmental engineering", "id": "https://openalex.org/C87717796" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Engineering", "id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603" }, { "display_name": "Nursing", "id": "https://openalex.org/C159110408" }, { "display_name": "Pathology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C142724271" } ]	[ "Tunisia" ]	[ "https://openalex.org/W1513489828", "https://openalex.org/W1565513363", "https://openalex.org/W1969388639", "https://openalex.org/W1983035199", "https://openalex.org/W1987646859", "https://openalex.org/W1988963904", "https://openalex.org/W1990861050", "https://openalex.org/W1993154684", "https://openalex.org/W2002776062", "https://openalex.org/W2004150837", "https://openalex.org/W2009407723", "https://openalex.org/W2011589223", "https://openalex.org/W2016330738", "https://openalex.org/W2018849687", "https://openalex.org/W2023374722", "https://openalex.org/W2029903395", "https://openalex.org/W2044002424", "https://openalex.org/W2047392062", "https://openalex.org/W2065417894", "https://openalex.org/W2076756633", "https://openalex.org/W2119158145", "https://openalex.org/W2123300495", "https://openalex.org/W2126906819", "https://openalex.org/W2129877365", "https://openalex.org/W2132753699", "https://openalex.org/W2157697543", "https://openalex.org/W2158723210", "https://openalex.org/W2279265926", "https://openalex.org/W2461023609", "https://openalex.org/W4211120517", "https://openalex.org/W4239459962", "https://openalex.org/W4376999341" ]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4206347396	Schistosomiasis is a chronic and poverty-promoting disease that affects over 200 million people and inflicts a considerable public health burden across large parts of the developing world. Yet, schistosomiasis remains one of the so-called ‘neglected tropical diseases’ because it affects poor populations mostly in rural areas. The distribution of schistosomiasis is focal, since transmission is governed by human water contact activities in freshwater bodies supporting intermediate host snails, and lack of access to clean water and adequate sanitation. Schistosomiasis should not be a major cause of morbidity because there is an effective treatment, and transmission could be broken by improved water supply and sanitation facilities. Indeed, schistosomiasis has been eliminated as a result of socioeconomic development and integrated control approaches from several countries, including Japan and Tunisia. However, in many parts of Africa, schistosomiasis has increased during the 20th century as a result of water resource development projects combined with population immigration without adequate provision of sanitation. In the new millennium there is renewed hope of schistosomiasis control as awareness and political will have increased, and large-scale morbidity control programs are underway, facilitated by praziquantel, a safe, efficacious, and inexpensive drug, and advocacy from the World Health Organization.	[ { "display_name": "Elsevier eBooks", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306463230", "type": "ebook platform" } ]
https://openalex.org/W2583674888	Africa’s Health System(s) Performance on the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)	[ { "affiliations": [ { "country": "United States", "display_name": "Jackson State University", "id": "https://openalex.org/I61937129", "lat": 32.295982, "long": -90.20466, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Mário Renato Azevedo", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5003328322" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "Development economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" } ]	[ "Tunisia", "Egypt", "Morocco" ]	[ "https://openalex.org/W2098256210", "https://openalex.org/W2157182507", "https://openalex.org/W4253145162" ]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2583674888	This chapter assesses the achievement of the eight MDS goals and their subsections by the countries that subscribed to them. The reader is reminded that this issue is still in progress and the following assessment relies mainly on the WHO annual reports, the series of comprehensive global articles written by a cadre of hundreds of experts and published in The Lancet over the past five years, and a few other sources. On Africa, the World Health Organization notes that, notwithstanding the problems, the African continent has made progress in its effort to achieve some of the MDGs. As many experts have said, the MDGs are a good way of moving and integrating Africa’s health systems into the advance developments of the twenty-first century. However, if one assesses carefully the efforts to achieve them, only three African countries—Burkina Faso, Mozambique, and Namibia—lead the way in accelerated progress in 16 of the 22 indicators assessed so far. Several countries in North, Southern, East, Central and West Africa, have also improved their rate of progress and are listed among the top 20 countries that have shown some progress in most health indicators. In North Africa, Egypt has progressed in 11 indicators, followed by Morocco in nine, and Tunisia in eight.	[ { "display_name": "African histories and modernities", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4210224107", "type": "book series" } ]
https://openalex.org/W372960256	SUSTAINABLE MILLENNIUM FRAMEWORK FOR MANAGING ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN AFRICA (ZIMBABWE CASE STUDY)	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Tawanda Mudamburi", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5052423125" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Entrepreneurship", "id": "https://openalex.org/C84309077" }, { "display_name": "Natural resource", "id": "https://openalex.org/C29985473" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Foreign direct investment", "id": "https://openalex.org/C33842695" }, { "display_name": "Sustainable growth rate", "id": "https://openalex.org/C134632028" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Sustainable development", "id": "https://openalex.org/C552854447" }, { "display_name": "Resource (disambiguation)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C206345919" }, { "display_name": "Per capita", "id": "https://openalex.org/C127598652" }, { "display_name": "Value (mathematics)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2776291640" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "China", "id": "https://openalex.org/C191935318" }, { "display_name": "Development economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531" }, { "display_name": "Business", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Population", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359" }, { "display_name": "Sociology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400" }, { "display_name": "Computer network", "id": "https://openalex.org/C31258907" }, { "display_name": "Demography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C149923435" }, { "display_name": "Finance", "id": "https://openalex.org/C10138342" }, { "display_name": "Machine learning", "id": "https://openalex.org/C119857082" }, { "display_name": "Computer science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Macroeconomics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C139719470" } ]	[ "Tunisia", "Egypt", "Morocco" ]	[ "https://openalex.org/W561560627", "https://openalex.org/W1524551917", "https://openalex.org/W1586055036", "https://openalex.org/W2048271092", "https://openalex.org/W3142912102", "https://openalex.org/W3158790508" ]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W372960256	This research sets out sustainable millennium framework for managing entrepreneurship in developing countries. Research and conceptualizations which suggest that small businesses are key for economic growth and development may not be sufficient in fully explaining the construct. The research expounds a variety of concepts that attempt to put the millennium framework for managing entrepreneurship in perspective. Research has shown that Africa has more than 40% of the world’s natural resources yet ranks the poorest on economic and social indicators. Developing economies like China, India and Malaysia have grown rapidly, while Latin America has also experienced moderate growth due to their entrepreneurship thrust. By contrast much of developing economies in Africa have stagnated and even regressed in terms of foreign trade, investment, per capita income and other economic growth measures. According to Peter Drucker (1997) there is no such thing as resource until man finds a use and thus endows it with economic value. Until then, every plant is a weed and every mineral just another rock. According to African Development Bank (2002), Africa is the least industrialized continent; only South Africa, Egypt, Morocco and Tunisia have significant manufacturing sectors. This therefore means that all of the continent’s natural resources are exported for secondary refining and manufacturing. There is no such thing as a resource until the entrepreneur finds a use for something in nature and thus endows it with economic value. The report represented here sets out a sustainable millennium framework for managing entrepreneurship in developing countries and work as catalysts towards attaining macroeconomic objectives particularly as they relate to balance of payments, economic growth and employment creation	[]
https://openalex.org/W3039253144	E-Government Readiness in the Civil Service: A Case of Zambian Ministries	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Shadrick Sikaonga", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5024601101" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Simon Tembo", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5025300951" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Government (linguistics)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778137410" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Index (typography)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2777382242" }, { "display_name": "Social capital", "id": "https://openalex.org/C68062652" }, { "display_name": "Human Development Index", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779735493" }, { "display_name": "Civil society", "id": "https://openalex.org/C513891491" }, { "display_name": "Service delivery framework", "id": "https://openalex.org/C68595000" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "Business", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560" }, { "display_name": "Service (business)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2780378061" }, { "display_name": "Public administration", "id": "https://openalex.org/C3116431" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Politics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758" }, { "display_name": "Human development (humanity)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2781089502" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Marketing", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162853370" }, { "display_name": "Philosophy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662" }, { "display_name": "Linguistics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202" }, { "display_name": "World Wide Web", "id": "https://openalex.org/C136764020" }, { "display_name": "Computer science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" } ]	[ "Tunisia", "Morocco" ]	[ "https://openalex.org/W1174296935", "https://openalex.org/W1526003506", "https://openalex.org/W1563377539", "https://openalex.org/W1619348361", "https://openalex.org/W1872306018", "https://openalex.org/W2012016639", "https://openalex.org/W2037353893", "https://openalex.org/W2058531007", "https://openalex.org/W2071943694", "https://openalex.org/W2080010191", "https://openalex.org/W2095462528", "https://openalex.org/W2095919750", "https://openalex.org/W2123024197", "https://openalex.org/W2149527441", "https://openalex.org/W2160196038", "https://openalex.org/W2188075347", "https://openalex.org/W2248477184", "https://openalex.org/W2280156968", "https://openalex.org/W2311709915", "https://openalex.org/W2431806659", "https://openalex.org/W2614557142", "https://openalex.org/W2997965463", "https://openalex.org/W3133866042" ]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3039253144	E-Government is identified as one of the key pillars for economic and social development in Zambia’s National ICT Policy of 2006. Coupled with Zambia’s vision 2030 agenda of transforming the nation into a middle-income country, the goal of the SMART Zambia Agenda is to achieve social and economic transformation by adopting a paradigm shift from traditional paper and file format approaches to that of electronic service delivery. Though Zambia’s e-Government implementation is still in its infancy, various e-Government initiatives have been introduced in the civil service especially in the last decade. However, there is a mismatch between Zambia’s e-Government implementation performance at local and regional levels. For example, Zambia ranks lowly on the United Nations E-Government Survey Development Index (EGDI) compared to other UN Member States. Out of 193 Member States of the United Nations (UN), Zambia trails at 132 on the E-Government Development Index (EGDI) with a score of 0.3507 compared to other regional countries such as Mauritius, Tunisia, South Africa and Morocco with over 0.5000. Literature review shows that the Telecommunication Infrastructure Index (TII) is the lowest performing component on EGDI marginally rising from 0.0141 in 2010 to 0.1182 in 2016 compared to the World marginal rise of 0.4406 to 0.4922 during the same period. This however is compensated by the Online Service Index (OSI) that rose from 0.0356 in 2010 to 0.3696 in 2016 and the Human Capital Index (HCI) rising from 0.2313 in 2010 to 0.5643 to 2016 respectively though lower than the regional average scores. Similarly, the World Internet Statistics reports of 2016 indicated 40.2% internet penetration an implication that the majority Zambian had no access to e-Services that are provided over the Internet. Therefore, a case study of all Zambian government Ministries was examined to understand e-Government readiness in the Civil Services as regards e-Government implementation. From the study, results indicated that the civil services in endowed with a vibrant workforce of less than 50 years with the majority being university graduates and eager to embrace electronic government while some Ministries where already in full gear delivering e-Government services. However, it was also discovered that there are a number of challenges that ought to be addressed for e-Government to attain its maturity and these included lack of publicity of e-Government services, none existence of dedicated e-Government funding at Ministerial level, mismatch between policy pronouncements especially on ICT training with what was obtaining on the ground, cost of Internet and perceived inertial by a clique of civil servants to switch to electronic service delivery. Therefore, understanding the status core of e-Government readiness in the civil service provided an opportunity to cypher salient unaddressed challenges that could shape the road map for both policy makers and implementers in their decisions making.	[]
https://openalex.org/W4287470355	Forty years of Basic Health Care in Tunisia: From "Health for All" to "Universal Health Coverage".	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Ahmed Ben Abdelaziz", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5033601760" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Health care", "id": "https://openalex.org/C160735492" }, { "display_name": "Equity (law)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199728807" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Public health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C138816342" }, { "display_name": "Scarcity", "id": "https://openalex.org/C109747225" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Health policy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C47344431" }, { "display_name": "Summit", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778848561" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Health equity", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2250968" }, { "display_name": "Population", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359" }, { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "Business", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560" }, { "display_name": "Environmental health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951" }, { "display_name": "Nursing", "id": "https://openalex.org/C159110408" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "Poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C189326681" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Physical geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C100970517" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Microeconomics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C175444787" } ]	[ "Tunisia" ]	[]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4287470355	The descriptor "Basic Health Care" (SSB), is the Tunisian name of "Primary Health Care" (SSP), implemented in Tunisia at the beginning of 1980. The objective of this reflection was to compare the practices of SSBs in Tunisia with the principles of the SSP vision.Based on key conferences in the history of SSP, from the Alma Ata conference (1978), to the Astana conference (2018), including the Millennium Development Summit (2000), the Sustainable Development Goals (2015) and Universal Health Coverage (2017), the SSB policy has been reviewed, through its conformity with the vision of PHC and the relevance of its programs to current health needs.The PHC policy has been based on two fundamental statements. The first was that of Alma Ata, having clarified a vision of public health, based on social justice, the right to health, solidarity, the felt needs of the population, community participation and the intersectoral approach, as well as basic health programs including maternal and child protection, immunization, treatment of common diseases and provision of essential drugs. The second was that of Astana, who affirmed a commitment to PHC through four pillars: 1. Strengthening cumulative expertise. 2. Support for human resources, 3. Facilitation of access to healthcare and information technologies; 4. Funding reform, tackling financial difficulties. However, during the last four decades, the national SSB policy in Tunisia has been limited to a package of health programs, static, disconnected from the public health paradigm (equity, community participation, multisectoral approach) and facing an important problem of under-financing (scarcity of resources, access barriers, waste of expenditure).The Tunisian SSB policy today needs a new range of programs, adapted to the global burden of morbidity, and inserted in a vision of social justice and in a socialized system of financing (health for all, leaving no one behind).	[ { "display_name": "PubMed", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036", "type": "repository" } ]
https://openalex.org/W3157826858	Forty years of Basic Health Care in Tunisia: From "Health for All" to "Universal Health Coverage".	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Ahmed Ben Abdelaziz", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5033601760" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Health care", "id": "https://openalex.org/C160735492" }, { "display_name": "Equity (law)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199728807" }, { "display_name": "Public health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C138816342" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Health policy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C47344431" }, { "display_name": "Summit", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778848561" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Scarcity", "id": "https://openalex.org/C109747225" }, { "display_name": "Health equity", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2250968" }, { "display_name": "Solidarity", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2780641677" }, { "display_name": "Population", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359" }, { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "Public relations", "id": "https://openalex.org/C39549134" }, { "display_name": "Environmental health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951" }, { "display_name": "Nursing", "id": "https://openalex.org/C159110408" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "Poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C189326681" }, { "display_name": "Politics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Physical geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C100970517" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Microeconomics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C175444787" } ]	[ "Tunisia" ]	[]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3157826858	INTRODUCTION The descriptor Basic Health Care (SSB), is the Tunisian name of Primary Health Care (SSP), implemented in Tunisia at the beginning of 1980. The objective of this reflection was to compare the practices of SSBs in Tunisia with the principles of the SSP vision. METHODS Based on key conferences in the history of SSP, from the Alma Ata conference (1978), to the Astana conference (2018), including the Millennium Development Summit (2000), the Sustainable Development Goals (2015) and Universal Health Coverage (2017), the SSB policy has been reviewed, through its conformity with the vision of PHC and the relevance of its programs to current health needs. RESULTS The PHC policy has been based on two fundamental statements. The first was that of Alma Ata, having clarified a vision of public health, based on social justice, the right to health, solidarity, the felt needs of the population, community participation and the intersectoral approach, as well as basic health programs including maternal and child protection, immunization, treatment of common diseases and provision of essential drugs. The second was that of Astana, who affirmed a commitment to PHC through four pillars: 1. Strengthening cumulative expertise. 2. Support for human resources, 3. Facilitation of access to healthcare and information technologies; 4. Funding reform, tackling financial difficulties. However, during the last four decades, the national SSB policy in Tunisia has been limited to a package of health programs, static, disconnected from the public health paradigm (equity, community participation, multisectoral approach) and facing an important problem of under-financing (scarcity of resources, access barriers, waste of expenditure). CONCLUSION The Tunisian SSB policy today needs a new range of programs, adapted to the global burden of morbidity, and inserted in a vision of social justice and in a socialized system of financing (health for all, leaving no one behind).	[ { "display_name": "La Tunisie médicale", "id": "https://openalex.org/S2755967852", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W3137431978	Disparités régionales et développement local au Sud tunisien	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Riadh Béchir", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5081008070" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Nadia Ounalli", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5055985344" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Mhemed Jaouad", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5000212641" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Mongi Sghaïer", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5003708985" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C189326681" }, { "display_name": "Human development (humanity)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2781089502" }, { "display_name": "Sustainable development", "id": "https://openalex.org/C552854447" }, { "display_name": "Work (physics)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C18762648" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "Development economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Welfare economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C549774020" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Mechanical engineering", "id": "https://openalex.org/C78519656" }, { "display_name": "Engineering", "id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" } ]	[ "Tunisia" ]	[]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3137431978	Sustainable development is regarded today as a goal which has to be reached by all countries. Therefore cooperation for development is more than ever necessary to face the global challenges such as poverty, human health, food crisis etc. This work aims to study the regional disparity that may exist between provinces in the south of tunisia. To this end, a data analysis applied to a set of regional development indicators using the principal components analysis method (ACP) was conducted.	[ { "display_name": "New Medit", "id": "https://openalex.org/S62123633", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W3124273866	Good Practices in Health Financing: Lessons from Reforms in Low and Middle-Income Countries	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Pablo Gottret", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5030610039" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "George Schieber", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5029982922" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Hugh Waters", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5083145429" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Health care", "id": "https://openalex.org/C160735492" }, { "display_name": "Business", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560" }, { "display_name": "Development economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531" }, { "display_name": "Finance", "id": "https://openalex.org/C10138342" }, { "display_name": "Economic policy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C105639569" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" } ]	[ "Tunisia" ]	[]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3124273866	This volume focuses on nine countries that have completed, or are well along in the process of carrying out, major health financing reforms. These countries have significantly expanded their people's health care coverage or maintained such coverage after prolonged political or economic shocks. In doing so, this report seeks to expand the evidence base on good performance in health financing reforms in low- and middle-income countries. The countries chosen for the study were Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Estonia, the Kyrgyz Republic, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Tunisia, and Vietnam. With health at the center of global development policy on humanitarian as well as economic and health security grounds, the international community and developing countries are closely focused on scaling up health systems to meet the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), improving financial protection, and ensuring long-term financing to sustain these gains. With the scaling up of aid, both donors and countries have come to realize that money alone cannot buy health gains or prevent impoverishment due to catastrophic medical bills. This realization has sent policy makers looking for reliable evidence about what works and what does not, but they have found little to guide their search.	[ { "display_name": "RePEc: Research Papers in Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306401271", "type": "repository" } ]
https://openalex.org/W2963211647	Assessing the Role of Women Empowerment for Food Security and Nutrition: Empirical Evidence from Tunisia and India	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Marco Kruse", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5057678427" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Empowerment", "id": "https://openalex.org/C20555606" }, { "display_name": "Malnutrition", "id": "https://openalex.org/C551997983" }, { "display_name": "Position (finance)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C198082294" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Food security", "id": "https://openalex.org/C549605437" }, { "display_name": "Population", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359" }, { "display_name": "Human development (humanity)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2781089502" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Agriculture", "id": "https://openalex.org/C118518473" }, { "display_name": "Development economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "Environmental health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951" }, { "display_name": "Business", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Archaeology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645" }, { "display_name": "Finance", "id": "https://openalex.org/C10138342" } ]	[ "Tunisia" ]	[]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2963211647	Equality for women in all areas of life is not only a fundamental human right, but is also a crucial prerequisite for achieving human development goals. Women constitute half of the world population and about 43 percent of the agricultural labor force, which makes the importance of research into the role of women for human developmentseemingly self-explanatory. But as of today, the global community is far from reaching its objective of universal gender equality. In many parts of the world, women are facingdiscrimination and low levels of participation in many areas, which has critical implications for all members of society.Moreover, the position of a woman is critical for the well-being of the individuals living in her close environment, especially children. Women, mainly as mothers, play an important, if not the most important, role in the livelihoodsof their own children, as they are usually their primary caregivers. Analyzing the determinants of under-and malnutrition is one of the central objectives in development research. In 2017, about821million people were undernourished worldwide,with most of thoseliving in Africa and Asia alone. Twenty-twopercentof all children in the world are stunted, while almost eight percentare wasted and more than five percentare overweight. Every country in the world is atleast affected by one of these so called burdens of malnutrition. Although it is almost consensual that a strong position of women has a positive influence on diets andnutritional outcomes, little is known about the specific pathways of this relationship. In this dissertation, the primary focus is on studying and understanding the role of women empowerment for food security, nutrition and health of householdsand individualsin developing countries. Analyzing the relationship between women empowerment and nutritionis particularly sensitive to the definition and measurement of the used indicators. As there is no universal definition, indicators of women empowerment can be defined in relative or absolute terms, and they can differ from each other regarding their construction, scope, and interpretation. Analogically, a wide range of possible assessment tools for food security and nutrition exists, ranging from measures of dietary quality and caloric intake, over anthropometric measures, to clinical measures using blood samples, all of which measuring nutrition from different angles and perspectives. The first essay of this dissertation focuses on analyzing the role of women empowerment for food security and nutrition of Tunisian farm households. Although there are already a few studies analyzing the relationship between women empowerment and nutrition, untilnow iithere is no empirical evidence in the Arab context. Gender roles in Arab societies are significantlydifferent from other societies;the traditional role of a woman is that of a devoted mother and wife, while the man is considered as the main caretaker and ultimate decision-maker of the family. Furthermore, North African countries are increasingly confronted with a double burden of malnutrition, with increasing rates of obesity and persistently high levels of micronutrient deficiencies. In this essay, women empowerment is assessed by applying the recently developed methodology of the Women Empowerment in Agriculture Index (WEAI). Women empowerment is measured byten indicators within five domainsof empowerment, which helpsto identify areas in which women are particularly disempowered. Food security and nutrition areassessed both atthe householdand the individual level, using 7-day and 24-hour food recall data to construct indicators of dietary diversity.We ultimately use the aggregated empowerment index and five additional indicators of empowerment to empirically analyze the relationship between those indicators and dietary diversity. We find that women empowerment has a statistically significant and positive effect on both household dietary diversity and dietary diversity of female respondents. Apart from the aggregated empowerment indicator, especially the economic dimension of women empowerment, measured asthe level ofinput into decisions on income and input into credit decisions of the female respondent,significantlyincrease dietary diversity. We conclude that women empowerment substantially contributes toshaping and improving patterns of food consumption in Tunisian farm households. The second essay examines the role of women empowerment for the nutritional status of children and nutritional inequality withinIndianhouseholds.In the Indian society, many social norms and practices reinforce patterns of discrimination against women. While most parts of India can be characterized as patriarchal, Indian families tend to have a preference for sons,and daughters are often perceived as liabilities.With about 38 percent India has one of the highest ratesof stunted children under the age of five years, ranking the country114thout of 132 countries in the Global Nutrition Report. Previous studies analyzing the relationship between women empowerment and nutritiontypically use cross-sectional data and establish causality by using instrumental variables. Here we are able to exploit a large representative panel data set from India, allowing the use of estimation techniques that account for heterogeneous effects and causality inferences. Furthermore, differences in nutritional outcomes within households are usually assessed by introducing dummy variables capturing specific attributes of children like gender or birth order. In contrast, we develop a measure of iiinutritional differences between children within the same household to investigate whether women empowerment canstraighten nutritional inequality within households. To measure women empowerment, we construct an index including 16 different indicators within four dimensions of empowerment. As a measure of child nutritional status, we use anthropometric measures to calculate the height-for-age Z-score (HAZ) of children, and to measure nutritional inequality between siblings, we calculate the difference between the HAZ of a child and the average HAZ of her siblings. We are able to show that nutritional differences between siblings within the same household exist in terms of birth order and gender of the child. Wealso demonstrate that women empowerment has a significantly positive and causal effect on children’s HAZ. Furthermore, women empowerment significantly decreases nutritional inequality between siblings within the same household, indicating that the position of women has crucial implications for the well-being of the worst-off children within households.	[]
https://openalex.org/W3199182442	Geopolitical threat to United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 2030	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Rajiv Ranjan", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5072670483" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Geopolitics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C201960208" }, { "display_name": "Positivism", "id": "https://openalex.org/C128706718" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Sustainable development", "id": "https://openalex.org/C552854447" }, { "display_name": "Poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C189326681" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Normative", "id": "https://openalex.org/C44725695" }, { "display_name": "Sustainability", "id": "https://openalex.org/C66204764" }, { "display_name": "Peacekeeping", "id": "https://openalex.org/C183761623" }, { "display_name": "Sociology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Development economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531" }, { "display_name": "Environmental ethics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C95124753" }, { "display_name": "Political economy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C138921699" }, { "display_name": "Public administration", "id": "https://openalex.org/C3116431" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Politics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Ecology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C18903297" }, { "display_name": "Philosophy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662" }, { "display_name": "Biology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240" } ]	[ "Tunisia" ]	[ "https://openalex.org/W423360053", "https://openalex.org/W1508296537", "https://openalex.org/W1788313271", "https://openalex.org/W1857874348", "https://openalex.org/W1985712453", "https://openalex.org/W2035430936", "https://openalex.org/W3096522448", "https://openalex.org/W3123179519", "https://openalex.org/W3124890775", "https://openalex.org/W3127078254", "https://openalex.org/W3196777590" ]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3199182442	United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 2030 [1] provides the larger umbrella within which sustainability work is conducted throughout the world. The failure of Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 2015 [2] and its unfairness to the most underdeveloped parts of the world [3] shows the deeper geopolitical agendas behind these seemingly noble endeavours. As SDGs 2030 complete 6 years of its implementation and as it is remaining short of the targets [4], it shows that the motivations have not still got right. The modern origins of poverty with some nations acquiring wealth in gargantuan amounts through colonialization leaving other nations in destitution in the industrial age [5] and the race for supremacy still continues [6]. This research found its motivation from the biggest problem of the 21st century, i.e., inequality [7] and having known the fact that there are “artificial droughts” [8] as well. “Description is not only a choice” [9] but also a moral responsibility [10], in that vein this research blended both the positivist and the normative epistemes and ontologies to answer the question of how geopolitical agendas were acting as a roadblock in the achievement of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 2030? And what national and global management models can be helpful in reducing the race for global supremacy, which stifles achievement of sustainability agendas? This research used a mixed-method approach and as discussed earlier the epistemological and ontological positions adopted were also blended i.e., both normative and positivist lenses were used to understand the phenomenon. This was done by analysing the documents released including resolutions, press statements, presidential releases etc. during the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) Presidency by various countries in each month from the period from January 2021 to August 2021. It is to be noted that within these eight months, four months the presidency was held by the permanent members of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC), United Kingdom, United States, China, and France (out of the big five, only Russia did not hold the Presidency during the period), which is half the total period. The other half period was held by the non-permanent members of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC), Tunisia, Vietnam, Estonia, and India (a very strong and rising soft power [11] in the 21st century and leader of the Non-Aligned movement [12]). This gives an equal comparison point to compare not only world affairs related to peace and security but also what is the commitment of the various countries to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 2030 and the larger sustainability agenda of people, planet, peace, prosperity, and partnership [1]. In the agenda 2030, all the 17 goals are deeply intertwined and hence if peace and security is breached or not maintained, it points to hidden agenda at work in the geopolitical arena [13-14]. The analysis points that the permanent members of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) especially United States, China, and Russia, still are in their own bubbles and a false race for supremacy amongst themselves and they tend to downplay India, an emerging soft power on issues of sustainability. But, with the most recent update [15] of “limits to growth” study [16] pointing towards perils of humanity with a variety of ecological imbalances, humanity needs to take a backward step. A “New Earth Sastra” for global governance is required based on the principles of ‘harmonic globalization’ and ‘spirituality’ [17] and the oriental tradition [18] is ready to reiterate to the world and teach them the lost models of sociality in the socio-political realms [19]. The management principle itself at all levels from global to individual needs to move from “accumulation” towards “co-habitation” [20].	[ { "display_name": "SPAST Abstracts", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306530590", "type": "journal" } ]

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.