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id stringlengths 27 32	title stringlengths 1 500 ⌀	authors listlengths 0 100	concept_ids listlengths 1 43	countries sequencelengths 1 26	referenced_works_ids sequencelengths 0 3.83k	cited_by_url stringlengths 50 55	abstract stringlengths 35 49.8k	sources listlengths 0 50
https://openalex.org/W2892601100	Assessing the performance of the least developed countries in terms of the Millennium Development Goals	[ { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Spain", "display_name": "University of Granada", "id": "https://openalex.org/I173304897", "lat": 37.18817, "long": -3.60667, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Eduardo Cuenca García", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5082463408" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Spain", "display_name": "University of Granada", "id": "https://openalex.org/I173304897", "lat": 37.18817, "long": -3.60667, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Ángeles Sánchez", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5055566006" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Spain", "display_name": "University of Granada", "id": "https://openalex.org/I173304897", "lat": 37.18817, "long": -3.60667, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Margarita Navarro Pabsdorf", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5076174841" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Benchmarking", "id": "https://openalex.org/C86251818" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Ranking (information retrieval)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C189430467" }, { "display_name": "Position (finance)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C198082294" }, { "display_name": "Sustainable development", "id": "https://openalex.org/C552854447" }, { "display_name": "Rank (graph theory)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C164226766" }, { "display_name": "Work (physics)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C18762648" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Development economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Regional science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C148383697" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Engineering", "id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603" }, { "display_name": "Computer science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148" }, { "display_name": "Mathematics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547" }, { "display_name": "Mechanical engineering", "id": "https://openalex.org/C78519656" }, { "display_name": "Finance", "id": "https://openalex.org/C10138342" }, { "display_name": "Combinatorics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C114614502" }, { "display_name": "Machine learning", "id": "https://openalex.org/C119857082" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Management", "id": "https://openalex.org/C187736073" } ]	[ "Sudan", "Somalia" ]	[ "https://openalex.org/W291127726", "https://openalex.org/W1605812160", "https://openalex.org/W1836597251", "https://openalex.org/W1865417087", "https://openalex.org/W1972146768", "https://openalex.org/W1985876870", "https://openalex.org/W1985887487", "https://openalex.org/W1988431959", "https://openalex.org/W1992624398", "https://openalex.org/W1996886690", "https://openalex.org/W2014379782", "https://openalex.org/W2023350458", "https://openalex.org/W2050256879", "https://openalex.org/W2050555618", "https://openalex.org/W2058892240", "https://openalex.org/W2093581342", "https://openalex.org/W2095359936", "https://openalex.org/W2117139323", "https://openalex.org/W2121001065", "https://openalex.org/W2134612231", "https://openalex.org/W2165124553", "https://openalex.org/W2288834558", "https://openalex.org/W2316136833", "https://openalex.org/W2347186028", "https://openalex.org/W2505443648", "https://openalex.org/W2507184400", "https://openalex.org/W2552565359", "https://openalex.org/W2555091696", "https://openalex.org/W2555875943", "https://openalex.org/W3124890775", "https://openalex.org/W3125804922", "https://openalex.org/W3125911196" ]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2892601100	This article presents a proposal for assessing the progress of least developed countries towards the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals over the period 2000–2015. Composite indices are built to perform spatial and temporal benchmarking relying on the P2 Distance method. The results are contrasted with other indices developed under a multi-criterion approach with a double reference point. The main findings are that all the countries have improved their situation and country disparities have been reduced. Cambodia and Ethiopia have registered the best trends and South Sudan and Timor-Leste show the worse performance. Considering the position in the 2015 ranking, Rwanda and Bhutan performed the best, while Somalia and Chad rank in the last position. Having now reached the end of the Millennium Development Goals period, the gap with respect to the world average indicates that much work remains to be done in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.	[ { "display_name": "Evaluation and Program Planning", "id": "https://openalex.org/S1842953", "type": "journal" }, { "display_name": "PubMed", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036", "type": "repository" } ]
https://openalex.org/W1482813078	Can the Sudan Achieve the MDGs Given Its Past and Present Expenditure Allocation Patterns?	[ { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Sudan", "display_name": "University of Khartoum", "id": "https://openalex.org/I150406212", "lat": 15.55177, "long": 32.53241, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Mohamed Ahmed", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5058144853" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Development economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C189326681" } ]	[ "Sudan" ]	[ "https://openalex.org/W220131316", "https://openalex.org/W2146616118", "https://openalex.org/W2412468045", "https://openalex.org/W3122350510", "https://openalex.org/W3124095586" ]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1482813078	This paper is organized in six small sections. The first section discusses briefly the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and section two addresses the Human Development Index (HDI) for the Sudan and investigates the country’s efforts and attempts to achieve the MDGs by 2015. It analyzes the existing situation and reviews some of the Sudan’s attempts to achieve these goals. The purpose is to shed light upon the current situation of social and economic development in the Sudan and to briefly outline what is expected of the country in order to achieve the MDGs. The third section is a continuation of the analysis from the previous subsection and gives more data and updates on the Sudan’s efforts in achieving the MDGs and the major handicaps and impediments facing it. The fourth and fifth sections discuss the issues of government expenditure allocation to social services sectors generally and to health, education and water in particular. They examine the magnitudes of spending and their distribution among different services and their trends and direction. The main idea is to show how past and current government spending patterns have been affecting and will continue to affect the achievements of the MDGs Section six examines the issue of MDGs cost, especially for the education, health and water sectors. The discussion on the cost of achieving MDGs was originally done by the Joint Assessment Mission (JAM) to the Sudan in the format of matrixes of objectives and cost tables for these objectives for two phases; 2005-2007 and 2008-2011. The section examines these costing estimates for various sectors and then attempts to evaluate the potential of achieving MDGs given the historical fiscal experiences in the Sudan and the availability of budget finances to meet these objectives in the Sudan. The main point to be stressed is that little resources have been allocated to sectors influencing the achievement of the MDGs and we are arguing that if this pattern of spending continues in same manner and magnitude, there is a slim chance that the MDGs targets will be met. It is important also to mention that the analysis in this MDGs section, like other ones, is severely handicapped by a shortage of detailed and reliable data. We start with an introduction to the MDGs.	[ { "display_name": "Social Science Research Network", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4210172589", "type": "repository" } ]
https://openalex.org/W2770445589	The status of the education sector in Sudan	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Elizabeth Ninan Dulvy", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5057321553" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Yasser Aabdel-Aleem Awny El-Gammal", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5079248697" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Ramahatra Rakotomalala", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5055154511" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Kirsten Majgaard", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5080771849" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Moctar Ould Djay", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5014941654" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Gunilla Pettersson", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5044605815" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Prema Clarke", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5002973497" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Koffi Segniagbeto", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5060300034" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Deepa Sankar", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5062224707" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Aymen Ali", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5019839450" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Musmar. Michel Welmond", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5006331086" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C189326681" }, { "display_name": "Investment (military)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C27548731" }, { "display_name": "Equity (law)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199728807" }, { "display_name": "Christian ministry", "id": "https://openalex.org/C521751864" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Prosperity", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2776554220" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Politics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" } ]	[ "Sudan" ]	[]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2770445589	This publication is the first comprehensive overview of the education sector in Sudan. The challenge that remains is to design policy responses to the issues identified within the forthcoming education sector strategic plan. More important, these policies-already being discussed with the Ministry of General Education (MoGE) must be effectively implemented so that Sudan can make faster progress toward achieving the Education for All (EFA) targets and Millennium Development Goal's (MDGs). It is my hope that this report will serve as the basis for an evidence-based and equity oriented approach to education planning and investment. This approach will have positive repercussions for overall economic growth, poverty alleviation, and human development in 21st-century Sudan. This report was prepared in collaboration with a national team from the MoGE and partners active in the education sector in Sudan. Over a period of 18 months, this collaboration facilitated considerable capacity building in data collection and analysis, as well as regular dissemination of the analysis to a wider audience.	[]
https://openalex.org/W2738151452	Pattern of heart disease at AlShab Teaching Hospital; a decade into the new millennium.	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Ahmed Suliman", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5019653201" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C189326681" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" } ]	[ "Sudan" ]	[ "https://openalex.org/W1607091144", "https://openalex.org/W2025782661", "https://openalex.org/W2027727030", "https://openalex.org/W2099946852", "https://openalex.org/W2128078527", "https://openalex.org/W2149064638", "https://openalex.org/W2167259218", "https://openalex.org/W2169337659", "https://openalex.org/W2883899202" ]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2738151452	Background Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in Sudan and worldwide with the prevalence increasing	[]
https://openalex.org/W995695201	Overview of maternal and perinatal mortality in Sudan	[ { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Sudan", "display_name": "National Ribat University", "id": "https://openalex.org/I3130760591", "lat": 15.614023, "long": 32.55999, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Abdel Lateef Ashmaig Khalifa", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5050822554" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Sudan", "display_name": "National Ribat University", "id": "https://openalex.org/I3130760591", "lat": 15.614023, "long": 32.55999, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Eisa O. El-Amin", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5065481460" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Sudan", "display_name": "National Ribat University", "id": "https://openalex.org/I3130760591", "lat": 15.614023, "long": 32.55999, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Sami Mahmoud Abdelkhair", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5050087623" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Sudan", "display_name": "Sudan Childhood Diabetes Association", "id": "https://openalex.org/I4210090762", "lat": 15.586161, "long": 32.534966, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Mohammed Abdelmoneim El-Sheikh", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5049053953" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Summit", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778848561" }, { "display_name": "Perinatal mortality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2992437641" }, { "display_name": "Maternal health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2983493262" }, { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "Infant mortality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C112299071" }, { "display_name": "Child mortality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C46299933" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Obstetrics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C131872663" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "Environmental health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951" }, { "display_name": "Pregnancy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779234561" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Population", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359" }, { "display_name": "Health services", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2986740045" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Fetus", "id": "https://openalex.org/C172680121" }, { "display_name": "Physical geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C100970517" }, { "display_name": "Biology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240" }, { "display_name": "Genetics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C54355233" } ]	[ "Sudan" ]	[ "https://openalex.org/W1522698123", "https://openalex.org/W2162334426" ]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W995695201	The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), agreed on by world leaders at a UN summit in 2000, set targets to achieve by 2015. MDGs 4 and 5 specifically focus on the health of women and children. Sudan is classified as having insufficient progress in achieving MDGs 4 and 5. Both local and international efforts are needed to improve maternal and perinatal mortality rates. Ultrasound is expected to have a positive impact on improving maternal and perinatal mortality.	[ { "display_name": "Seminars in Fetal and Neonatal Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4210205002", "type": "journal" }, { "display_name": "PubMed", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036", "type": "repository" } ]
https://openalex.org/W2402632892	World maternal mortality rates.	[ { "affiliations": [ { "country": "South Africa", "display_name": "University of Cape Town", "id": "https://openalex.org/I157614274", "lat": -33.96333, "long": 18.47639, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Athol Kent", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5047083782" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Child mortality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C46299933" }, { "display_name": "Tanzania", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779357621" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Infant mortality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C112299071" }, { "display_name": "Population", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359" }, { "display_name": "Malaria", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778048844" }, { "display_name": "Mortality rate", "id": "https://openalex.org/C179755657" }, { "display_name": "Demography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C149923435" }, { "display_name": "Socioeconomics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C45355965" }, { "display_name": "Environmental health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Sociology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400" }, { "display_name": "Internal medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C126322002" }, { "display_name": "Immunology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C203014093" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" } ]	[ "Sudan" ]	[]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2402632892	Maternal mortality is measured by the number of mothers that die for every 100,000 live births. Each maternal death is a tragedy and reducing the number of deaths lies at the heart of the millennium development goals (MDG 5) that were set at the turn of the century with a target date of 2015. With 5 years to go, the United Nations and World Health Organization are reflecting on the chances of achieving these goals. The following statistics reflect progress so far: Over the past 20 years maternal mortality rates have fallen by one-third; actual numbers per year have dropped from 550,000 to 350,000. MDG 5 is not on track and vast discrepancies remain between and within countries. 99% of maternal deaths occur in developing countries; the vast majority of these countries are in Africa and South Asia. The countries with the largest number of deaths are India, Nigeria, Democratic Republic of Congo, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Indonesia, Kenya, Pakistan, Sudan, and Tanzania, where a combined 65% of all deaths occur. With 10% of the world’s population, Africa has half the maternal deaths, two-thirds of the AIDS burden, and 90% of all malaria deaths. Child mortality (MDG 4) is concerned with deaths of children under age 5 years, divided into neonatal/newborn and child deaths. Progress is being made in reducing childhood deaths, but 9 million children still die each year; 40% are neonates. The fact that 60 million deliveries take place at home is a critical determinant of both maternal and neonatal mortality rates and this goes to resource allocation, education, and political will. Various commentators proclaim on the way forward1,2 (and point to sustained funding and concentration on the pockets of intransigence), but this reviewer believes differently. This reviewer believes that contraceptive technology has developed far ahead of maternal and fetal services to the poorest poor. Women cannot die in childbirth without conception. Concentrating on family planning should take priority in the areas where it is needed most. The rest will follow.	[ { "display_name": "PubMed", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036", "type": "repository" } ]
https://openalex.org/W1532248107	The Weight of Health Expenditures on Household Income in Cameroon	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Joseph Parfait Owoundi", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5047374427" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Population", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Health care", "id": "https://openalex.org/C160735492" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Consumption (sociology)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C30772137" }, { "display_name": "Private sector", "id": "https://openalex.org/C121426985" }, { "display_name": "Public health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C138816342" }, { "display_name": "Socioeconomics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C45355965" }, { "display_name": "Business", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560" }, { "display_name": "Development economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Environmental health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951" }, { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "Social science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C36289849" }, { "display_name": "Nursing", "id": "https://openalex.org/C159110408" }, { "display_name": "Sociology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400" } ]	[ "Sudan" ]	[ "https://openalex.org/W1965140379" ]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1532248107	African leaders pledged at the Abuja conference in 2001, to mobilize more financial resources to allocate at least 15% of their national budgets to the health sector to achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), seem to have difficulty meeting this commitment because of weakness and fragmentation of health systems. These commitments were renewed in Gaborone, Botswana in 2005 and in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso in 2006. Indeed, donor funding is still a large part of public health spending on the continent. In some countries, 50% or more of their budgets come from foreign or private assistance. In about half the countries, the private health financing is equal to or exceeds largely public funding, up to 70% in some states like Sudan, Côte d'Ivoire, Cameroon, Chad, Liberia and Uganda. Only five countries (Rwanda, Malawi, Zambia, Burkina Faso, and Togo) have so far respected the promise made to the Abuja conference. In Cameroon, where 51% of the population lives on less than two dollars per day, the average propensity of the total medical consumption is very high. Indeed, 32% of households spend less than half of income on health, while 16% of households spend more than half of the income and 52% spend more than the total income. This corresponds to a weight of 68% in health care spending.	[ { "display_name": "Statistics, Optimization and Information Computing", "id": "https://openalex.org/S2764412775", "type": "journal" }, { "display_name": "Statistics, Optimization & Information Computing (University of Cambridge)", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306402441", "type": "repository" } ]
https://openalex.org/W2963852003	Offline: Global health's indifference to poverty must end	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Richard Horton", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5082599575" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C189326681" }, { "display_name": "Culture of poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C178377140" }, { "display_name": "Extreme poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C553381038" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Development economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531" }, { "display_name": "Commission", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2776034101" }, { "display_name": "Global health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C46578552" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Basic needs", "id": "https://openalex.org/C196777733" }, { "display_name": "Sustainable development", "id": "https://openalex.org/C552854447" }, { "display_name": "Health care", "id": "https://openalex.org/C160735492" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" } ]	[ "Sudan" ]	[]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2963852003	Global health thrives on fashion. During the era of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 2000–15), that fashion was poverty. The manifesto for the MDGs was the Commission on Macroeconomics and Health, chaired by Jeff Sachs and published in 2001. The Commission concluded that “The linkages of health to poverty reduction and to long-term economic growth are powerful, much stronger than is generally understood.” Sachs argued that the poor were more susceptible to disease and less likely to seek medical care, even when that care was urgently needed. Poverty lay at the root of all evils. Attacking poverty was the path to development progress. The Commission proposed that defeating disease was central to eradicating extreme poverty. But although Sustainable Development Goal 1 reiterates the importance of ending poverty in all its forms everywhere, in health we no longer make poverty foundational to our concerns. Fashions have changed. Now we are mobilised by universal health coverage, global health security, and a climate emergency. These issues are rightly important. Perhaps the fact that since 1990 over 1 billion people have been taken out of extreme poverty means that global health activists see poverty as old news. Yet beating poverty remains a prerequisite for flourishing and sustainable lives. Disappointingly, global health and its leaders have judged poverty to be yesterday's idea. This attitude of indifference, for that is what it is, is indefensible. Earlier this month, UNDP and the Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative published new research showing that 1·3 billion people in 101 countries are “multidimensionally poor”. Poverty in their Multidimensional Poverty Index means deprivations in standard of living (assets, housing, electricity, drinking water, sanitation, and cooking fuel), health (nutrition and child mortality), and education (years of schooling and school attendance). Their findings should shock us all. Poverty is everywhere. Two-thirds of the poor live in middle-income countries. Children are more likely than adults to be poor and deprived across all indicators. Half of those multidimensionally poor are under 18 years of age and a third are under 10 years. Within countries, there are great variations in poverty, ranging (in the case of Uganda's provinces, for example) between 6% and 96%. Within regions too—the incidence of poverty is 92% in South Sudan and 15% in Gabon. These findings have been given almost no serious attention by global health leaders. In 2018, the World Bank published its view on trends in global poverty (Piecing Together the Poverty Puzzle). The Bank concluded that “the fight against extreme poverty is far from over”. Extreme poverty is increasingly becoming the defining challenge of one region and one region alone—sub-Saharan Africa, where the total numbers of poor people are rising, from 278 million in 1990 to 413 million in 2015. Of the world's 28 poorest nations, 27 are in sub-Saharan Africa. The Bank describes a “bifurcated world”, where one in four people in Africa live in extreme poverty. India is currently the nation with the highest number of poor people—176 million. But Nigeria will soon overtake India. By 2030, the Bank predicts that as many as 87% of those living in extreme poverty will be living in sub-Saharan Africa, where there are especially troubling risks to confront—fragile and conflict-afflicted settings, droughts, and epidemics. The Bank calls for “transformational change”. But the difficult truth is that no-one is listening. Poverty is not only a curse for the poorest nations in the world. There is endemic poverty in supposedly rich countries too. Persistent poverty affects one in five children up to age 14 years in the UK, poverty that is linked to worse physical and mental health. And one must not forget that poverty in rich and poor nations alike is gendered. Women lose more life-years to poverty than men. Ending poverty must return as a political objective for global health. Health professionals are uniquely placed to draw attention to the acute personal consequences of poverty. We can be powerful advocates for action. Poverty is not an economic state. It is an insidious disease of the human soul. Poverty consumes lives, eroding mental resources, diminishing cognitive capacities, and destroying life possibilities. Universal health will never be achieved unless and until poverty is eradicated. How tragic that our global health leaders have forgotten this lesson. The slowdown in eradicating hungerIn 2015, the UN set the goal to eradicate hunger and malnutrition and to ensure nutritious food for all (Sustainable Development Goal 2) by 2030. On July 18, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and UN partners published their annual report The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World. Following the trend from the two previous reports, the results point to the unlikelihood of achieving this goal. Full-Text PDF	[ { "display_name": "The Lancet", "id": "https://openalex.org/S49861241", "type": "journal" }, { "display_name": "PubMed", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036", "type": "repository" } ]
https://openalex.org/W2297269530	The human costs of cutting aid	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Tom Bamforth", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5028596780" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Human rights", "id": "https://openalex.org/C169437150" }, { "display_name": "Context (archaeology)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779343474" }, { "display_name": "Politics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758" }, { "display_name": "Independence (probability theory)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C35651441" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Development economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C189326681" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Statistics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C105795698" }, { "display_name": "Mathematics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547" }, { "display_name": "Archaeology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645" } ]	[ "Sudan" ]	[]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2297269530	In South Sudan a fifteen-year-old girl has more chance of dying in childbirth than finishing school. Nowhere could the United Nations Millennium Development Goals, established to promote peace and development in the world's poorest countries and now being renegotiated, be more important. South Sudan is emerging from three decades of civil war, in which an estimated two million people died. It gained independence in 2010 from a northern Sudanese regime whose leadership has been indicted by the International Criminal Court. In this context, the promotion of the political and economic rights and opportunities of women through the Millennium Goals is vital for peace, stability and development. Given the abolition of AusAID - one of Tony Abbott's first acts as prime minister - Australia now has little ability to invest in or influence the future international development agenda. If this is a loss at the policy level in New York and Geneva, the world's poorest and most vulnerable people have substantially more to lose.	[ { "display_name": "Arena Magazine (Fitzroy, Vic)", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306503008", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W812053100	Identifying and responding to the challenge of staffing remote rural areas with health workers in middle and low income countries: the case of Sudan	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Tarig Ali Suliman Ali", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5067223406" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Staffing", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2777512617" }, { "display_name": "Context (archaeology)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779343474" }, { "display_name": "Government (linguistics)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778137410" }, { "display_name": "Rural area", "id": "https://openalex.org/C129047720" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Health care", "id": "https://openalex.org/C160735492" }, { "display_name": "Rural health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779958979" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Business", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560" }, { "display_name": "Health facility", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2775949068" }, { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "Nursing", "id": "https://openalex.org/C159110408" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "Environmental health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951" }, { "display_name": "Health services", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2986740045" }, { "display_name": "Population", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Linguistics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202" }, { "display_name": "Philosophy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662" }, { "display_name": "Archaeology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645" }, { "display_name": "Pathology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C142724271" } ]	[ "Sudan" ]	[]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W812053100	Staffing remote rural areas with health workers is one of the main challenges facing middle and low income countries looking to achieve the Millennium Development Goals including reducing the maternal death rate. Sudan is an African low income country faced with a shortage of health workers. This shortage is coupled with a misdistribution of health workers. Most of the doctors and specialists prefer to work in the capital Khartoum. However, in the last few years, Sudan has succeeded in reducing maternal death. This research aimed to undertake a realistic evaluation of the key strategies adopted by the Sudanese government to staff remote underserved areas by health workers. A literature review followed by documentary analysis aided the construction of two separate but interconnected attraction and retention frameworks and the development of the context- mechanism- outcome-configurations (CMOCs) related to staffing remote rural areas with maternal health workers. Next, qualitative semi-structured interviews were conducted in order to test these CMOCs. The interviewees included policy makers, executive health managers and health workers, both those currently working in rural areas and those who had done so in the past.The findings are presented with respect to identified CMOCs and the proposed attraction and retention frameworks. The findings have been presented in the form of what works, what does not, how, for whom and under what circumstances. The findings were analysed and discussed with respect to the relevant literature to facilitate development of recommendations which need to be considered to achieve better staffing of rural health facilities. This research has explained the past and current initiatives adopted by the Sudanese government to staff underserved areas with maternal health workers. It also showed how the ?context? affected the success or failure of these strategies. This research is useful for other low income countries that suffer from inequitable distribution of its health workforce. The research has contributed to new understanding by developing separate attraction and retention frameworks for doctors and midwives. In addition to that effective interventions which are found in Sudan but not previously found in the literature have been identified and summarised.	[ { "display_name": "[Thesis]. Manchester, UK: The University of Manchester; 2014.", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306532719", "type": "repository" } ]
https://openalex.org/W2260483422	Forecasting maternal mortality ratio in Juba teaching hospital	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Kaku Daniel L Madalina", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5019256671" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Standardized mortality ratio", "id": "https://openalex.org/C102803821" }, { "display_name": "Autoregressive integrated moving average", "id": "https://openalex.org/C24338571" }, { "display_name": "Maternal mortality rate", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2992596102" }, { "display_name": "Demography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C149923435" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Summit", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778848561" }, { "display_name": "Mortality rate", "id": "https://openalex.org/C179755657" }, { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Environmental health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951" }, { "display_name": "Time series", "id": "https://openalex.org/C151406439" }, { "display_name": "Population", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Statistics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C105795698" }, { "display_name": "Health services", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2986740045" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Mathematics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547" }, { "display_name": "Physical geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C100970517" }, { "display_name": "Sociology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400" } ]	[ "Sudan" ]	[ "https://openalex.org/W1522735768", "https://openalex.org/W1525569717", "https://openalex.org/W1544274373", "https://openalex.org/W1604806538", "https://openalex.org/W1966893571", "https://openalex.org/W1969135427", "https://openalex.org/W1975994995", "https://openalex.org/W1983112964", "https://openalex.org/W2016210396", "https://openalex.org/W2027157799", "https://openalex.org/W2040063799", "https://openalex.org/W2051256163", "https://openalex.org/W2073444256", "https://openalex.org/W2105119576", "https://openalex.org/W2108066405", "https://openalex.org/W2113726274", "https://openalex.org/W2114001875", "https://openalex.org/W2116068102", "https://openalex.org/W2122966123", "https://openalex.org/W2126231666", "https://openalex.org/W2126455177", "https://openalex.org/W2184753189", "https://openalex.org/W2188490071", "https://openalex.org/W2235521812", "https://openalex.org/W2321421868", "https://openalex.org/W2374208296", "https://openalex.org/W2734052717" ]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2260483422	In an effort to reduce global maternal mortality, all countries that gathered at the United Nation Millennium Summit in 2000 agreed to incorporate maternal mortality as MDG-5. This was intended to improve maternal health by reducing maternal mortality ratio by three quarters by 2015. South Sudan is one of the United Nation countries with the highest mortality rate compared to other Countries worldwide. This study was conducted to model and forecast maternal mortality ratio (MMR) at the Juba Teaching Hospital (JTH) using the ARIMA time series model for the period of January 2008 to December 2014. Within the study period, there were 135 maternal deaths and about 29,711 deliveries, which accounts to MMR of 454 per 100,000 live births. The ARIMA (3, 0, 1) model adequately fitted Maternal Mortality Ratio data and was able to forecast monthly Maternal Mortality ratios at the facility for the period of January 2015 to December 2015.	[]
https://openalex.org/W4247322213	The Weight of Health Expenditures on Household Income in Cameroon	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Joseph Parfait OWOUNDI", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5000190086" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Population", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Health care", "id": "https://openalex.org/C160735492" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Consumption (sociology)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C30772137" }, { "display_name": "Private sector", "id": "https://openalex.org/C121426985" }, { "display_name": "Public health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C138816342" }, { "display_name": "Socioeconomics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C45355965" }, { "display_name": "Business", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560" }, { "display_name": "Development economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Environmental health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951" }, { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "Social science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C36289849" }, { "display_name": "Nursing", "id": "https://openalex.org/C159110408" }, { "display_name": "Sociology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400" } ]	[ "Sudan" ]	[]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4247322213	African leaders pledged at the Abuja conference in 2001, to mobilize more financial resources to allocate at least 15% of their national budgets to the health sector to achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), seem to have difficulty meeting this commitment because of weakness and fragmentation of health systems. These commitments were renewed in Gaborone, Botswana in 2005 and in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso in 2006. Indeed, donor funding is still a large part of public health spending on the continent. In some countries, 50% or more of their budgets come from foreign or private assistance. In about half the countries, the private health financing is equal to or exceeds largely public funding, up to 70% in some states like Sudan, Côte d'Ivoire, Cameroon, Chad, Liberia and Uganda. Only five countries (Rwanda, Malawi, Zambia, Burkina Faso, and Togo) have so far respected the promise made to the Abuja conference. In Cameroon, where 51% of the population lives on less than two dollars per day, the average propensity of the total medical consumption is very high. Indeed, 32% of households spend less than half of income on health, while 16% of households spend more than half of the income and 52% spend more than the total income. This corresponds to a weight of 68% in health care spending.	[ { "display_name": "Statistics, Optimization and Information Computing", "id": "https://openalex.org/S2764412775", "type": "journal" }, { "display_name": "Statistics, Optimization & Information Computing (University of Cambridge)", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306402441", "type": "repository" } ]
https://openalex.org/W2574318220	The right to health of non-nationals and displaced persons in the sustainable development goals era: challenges for equity in universal health care	[ { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Canada", "display_name": "Public Health Ontario", "id": "https://openalex.org/I4210125326", "lat": 43.66013, "long": -79.389915, "type": "healthcare" }, { "country": "Canada", "display_name": "University of Toronto", "id": "https://openalex.org/I185261750", "lat": 43.70643, "long": -79.39864, "type": "education" }, { "country": "Australia", "display_name": "University of Queensland", "id": "https://openalex.org/I165143802", "lat": -27.46794, "long": 153.02809, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Claire E Brolan", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5033842115" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Canada", "display_name": "Public Health Ontario", "id": "https://openalex.org/I4210125326", "lat": 43.66013, "long": -79.389915, "type": "healthcare" }, { "country": "Canada", "display_name": "University of Toronto", "id": "https://openalex.org/I185261750", "lat": 43.70643, "long": -79.39864, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Lisa Forman", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5055239319" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Switzerland", "display_name": "University of Geneva", "id": "https://openalex.org/I114457229", "lat": 46.20222, "long": 6.14569, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Stéphanie Dagron", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5079557247" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Belgium", "display_name": "University of Antwerp", "id": "https://openalex.org/I149213910", "lat": 51.22273, "long": 4.40843, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Rachel Hammonds", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5046162854" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Kenya", "display_name": "University of Nairobi", "id": "https://openalex.org/I12859529", "lat": -1.279722, "long": 36.816666, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Attiya Waris", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5045267835" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Kenya", "display_name": "University of Nairobi", "id": "https://openalex.org/I12859529", "lat": -1.279722, "long": 36.816666, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Lyla Latif", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5010213928" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Norway", "display_name": "University of Bergen", "id": "https://openalex.org/I4432739", "lat": 60.39299, "long": 5.32415, "type": "education" }, { "country": "Guatemala", "display_name": "Center for the Study of Equity and Governance in Health Systems", "id": "https://openalex.org/I4210156749", "lat": 14.588944, "long": -90.50363, "type": "nonprofit" } ], "display_name": "Ana Lorena Ruano", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5039008357" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Refugee", "id": "https://openalex.org/C173145845" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Health equity", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2250968" }, { "display_name": "Human rights", "id": "https://openalex.org/C169437150" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Right to health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2780893092" }, { "display_name": "Equity (law)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199728807" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Civil society", "id": "https://openalex.org/C513891491" }, { "display_name": "Health care", "id": "https://openalex.org/C160735492" }, { "display_name": "Global health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C46578552" }, { "display_name": "Sustainable development", "id": "https://openalex.org/C552854447" }, { "display_name": "Health policy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C47344431" }, { "display_name": "Development economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531" }, { "display_name": "Poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C189326681" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Politics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" } ]	[ "Syria" ]	[ "https://openalex.org/W1838136474", "https://openalex.org/W2015016210", "https://openalex.org/W2069688331", "https://openalex.org/W2098590453", "https://openalex.org/W2159887348", "https://openalex.org/W2173340219", "https://openalex.org/W4212980347", "https://openalex.org/W4212988151" ]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2574318220	Under the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), United Nations (UN) Member States reported progress on the targets toward their general citizenry. This focus repeatedly excluded marginalized ethnic and linguistic minorities, including people of refugee backgrounds and other vulnerable non-nationals that resided within a States’ borders. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) aim to be truly transformative by being made operational in all countries, and applied to all, nationals and non-nationals alike. Global migration and its diffuse impact has intensified due to escalating conflicts and the growing violence in war-torn Syria, as well as in many countries in Africa and in Central America. This massive migration and the thousands of refugees crossing borders in search for safety led to the creation of two-tiered, ad hoc, refugee health care systems that have added to the sidelining of non-nationals in MDG-reporting frameworks. We have identified four ways to promote the protection of vulnerable non-nationals’ health and well being in States’ application of the post-2015 SDG framework: In setting their own post-2015 indicators the UN Member States should explicitly identify vulnerable migrants, refugees, displaced persons and other marginalized groups in the content of such indicators. Our second recommendation is that statisticians from different agencies, including the World Health Organization’s Gender, Equity and Human Rights programme should be actively involved in the formulation of SDG indicators at both the global and country level. In addition, communities, civil society and health justice advocates should also vigorously engage in country’s formulation of post-2015 indicators. Finally, we advocate that the inclusion of non-nationals be anchored in the international human right to health, which in turn requires appropriate financing allocations as well as robust monitoring and evaluation processes that can hold technocratic decision-makers accountable for progress.	[ { "display_name": "International Journal for Equity in Health", "id": "https://openalex.org/S167257428", "type": "journal" }, { "display_name": "Europe PMC (PubMed Central)", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306400806", "type": "repository" }, { "display_name": "Institutional Repository University of Antwerp (University of Antwerp)", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306401849", "type": "repository" }, { "display_name": "TSpace (University of Toronto)", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306400261", "type": "repository" }, { "display_name": "PubMed Central", "id": "https://openalex.org/S2764455111", "type": "repository" }, { "display_name": "ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University)", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306401195", "type": "repository" }, { "display_name": "Bergen Open Research Archive (BORA) (University of Bergen)", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306400085", "type": "repository" }, { "display_name": "PubMed", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036", "type": "repository" } ]
https://openalex.org/W2505220646	Reducing health inequalities in developing countries	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Hoosen Coovadia", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5088400921" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Irwin Friedman", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5088157273" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Health equity", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2250968" }, { "display_name": "Equity (law)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199728807" }, { "display_name": "Commission", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2776034101" }, { "display_name": "Inequality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C45555294" }, { "display_name": "Social determinants of health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C78491826" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Socioeconomic status", "id": "https://openalex.org/C147077947" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Global health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C46578552" }, { "display_name": "Health policy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C47344431" }, { "display_name": "Development economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531" }, { "display_name": "Environmental health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951" }, { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "Health care", "id": "https://openalex.org/C160735492" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Population", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359" }, { "display_name": "Mathematical analysis", "id": "https://openalex.org/C134306372" }, { "display_name": "Mathematics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" } ]	[ "Syria" ]	[]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2505220646	Abstract This chapter builds on the three major themes of the conclusions and recommendations of the World Health Organization Commission for Social Determinants of Health in 2008, which aims to reduce the gaps between rich and poor and develop equity in health outcomes: (1) improving daily living conditions, (2) tackling the inequitable distribution of resources, and (3) measuring and understanding the problem and assessing the impact of action. The scientific evidence and actions to be taken to reduce inequities for key issues within each of these themes are presented. The link and graded association between socioeconomic status and health, and the connections between disparities in diseases and health inequities, are emphasized. The chapter alludes to indices to measure health inequities, and briefly describes progress towards the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). National Health Insurance and Universal Coverage schemes are being introduced in developing countries, and increasingly advancing progress towards equity in health. These changes are illustrated by describing conditions in South Africa, Syria, Thailand, India, Mexico and Brazil. Global initiatives to promote health equity in developing countries conclude this chapter.	[ { "display_name": "Oxford University Press eBooks", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306463708", "type": "ebook platform" } ]
https://openalex.org/W2611490068	Syria today: Where are we now?	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Escwa", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5071556226" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C189326681" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Per capita", "id": "https://openalex.org/C127598652" }, { "display_name": "Development economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531" }, { "display_name": "Per capita income", "id": "https://openalex.org/C160443848" }, { "display_name": "Food security", "id": "https://openalex.org/C549605437" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Population", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359" }, { "display_name": "Agriculture", "id": "https://openalex.org/C118518473" }, { "display_name": "Demography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C149923435" }, { "display_name": "Sociology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400" }, { "display_name": "Archaeology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645" } ]	[ "Syria", "Egypt" ]	[]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2611490068	By 2011, Syria had arguably made great strides, at least quantitatively, in terms of social development. With the same level of income per capita as in Egypt, Syria had nearly half the rate of poverty. It had made greater progress on the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) than most other Arab countries, with notable success in critical areas such as food security, infant mortality and access to education, particularly for girls.	[]
https://openalex.org/W4390814240	Exploring Women’s Education and Employment Opportunities in India, Syria, and the Philippines	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Emma R. Sarcol", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5093680878" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Ines Coutinho", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5052263030" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Elizabeth M. Maguire", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5047287680" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Helen Collins", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5080628717" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Tricia Jolliffe", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5062746946" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C189326681" }, { "display_name": "Psychological intervention", "id": "https://openalex.org/C27415008" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Sustainable development", "id": "https://openalex.org/C552854447" }, { "display_name": "Sociology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400" }, { "display_name": "Public relations", "id": "https://openalex.org/C39549134" }, { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "Nursing", "id": "https://openalex.org/C159110408" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" } ]	[ "Syria" ]	[]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4390814240	The implementation of the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals in 2015 marked a new chapter in global development and laid the foundations for addressing inequalities that hinder holistic progress. However, gender gaps pose a significant threat to achieving these goals. Project DREAM (Developing Resilience, Education, Aspiration, and Motivation) sought to explore women’s sense of aspiration, achievement, and lived experience in India, Syria, and the Philippines, as well as develop pilot interventions to address gender disparities. Semi-structured interviews with 69 young women from India, Syria, and the Philippines informed the development of three interventions, namely an aspiration and job skills workshop series in the Philippines, Motivational Interviewing training in Syria and the Philippines, and a social media presence and launch event worldwide. This paper presents the findings of this international project, identifying four key parallels underpinning women’s lived experience: poverty, incomplete education, tradition, and patriarchy. Pre-existing gender inequalities, aggravated by the widespread health, economic, and social disruption caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, must be urgently addressed to ensure that no one is left behind on the road to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals by 2030.	[ { "display_name": "The Qualitative Report", "id": "https://openalex.org/S2764408520", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W2918677961	Dialogue as a Foundation for Development: Syrian Collective Trauma and Memory, Actor Mapping, and Perspectives on Syria	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Anne Kroeger", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5026078335" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Technocracy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C185656870" }, { "display_name": "Poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C189326681" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Modernization theory", "id": "https://openalex.org/C53844881" }, { "display_name": "Blueprint", "id": "https://openalex.org/C155911762" }, { "display_name": "Westernization", "id": "https://openalex.org/C130838757" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Democracy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C555826173" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Elite", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2775987171" }, { "display_name": "Colonialism", "id": "https://openalex.org/C531593650" }, { "display_name": "Development economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Political economy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C138921699" }, { "display_name": "Sociology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Politics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758" }, { "display_name": "Mechanical engineering", "id": "https://openalex.org/C78519656" }, { "display_name": "Engineering", "id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603" } ]	[ "Syria" ]	[]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2918677961	In 1949, President Harry S. Truman called upon the global North to aid the “underdeveloped” global South. With Truman’s “Point Four” declaration, the United States sought to combat the rising threat of communism with democracy and free markets. However, the concept of modernization through Westernization is deeply rooted in colonial-imperial relations, and “development” has been the mechanism for transmission in the post-colonial world. Further, development discourse acts to create and control “underdeveloped” countries as incapable and “backwards.” Anthropologists have been at the forefront of criticizing “development,” and in particular the development discourse as it constructs “underdeveloped” countries. The development discourse is powerful, and has shaped development actions and methods, such as the pervasive “expert” model. The “expert” model and the technocratic elite frame poverty – and potential solutions – as technical that can be assuaged by “advanced” Western “experts.” The “expert” model serves to reinforce “developed” countries as capable, while simultaneously constructing “underdeveloped” countries as the opposite. Worse still, those “underdeveloped” countries are not reaping benefits of “being developed,” and in many cases, “being developed” has created more poverty, conflict, and strife. Yet, human development is essential, and it not without its successes, particularly in access to medical care and the global decrease of infectious diseases. However, “developed” countries became wealthy and “advanced” by exploiting countries now described as “underdeveloped.” The wealth accumulated by “developed” countries serves to insulate them and results in differential disease patterns. One of the main points of this research is to provide an alternative model for development dialogue, which will hopefully lead to better development projects. This research applied an old method – the Delphi method – to a new field, in order to generate better development dialogue with a more diverse set of actors. With the inclusion of more diverse voices, the Delphi method levels the power imbalances at play by keeping the facilitated dialogue anonymous and weighing all participant equally. In addition, the generated dialogue provides insight into three components currently missing in development by examining Syrian collective trauma and memory, peer-assessment political actor mapping, and the political, economic, social, and cultural state of Syria. With many societies experiencing dislocations, dialogue centered on collective trauma and memory is an essential component to understanding group identity and narratives. Collective (cultural) traumas are traumatic events that are experienced and internalized by a group. Social life is interrupted, and in some way, social bonds and norms are damaged to make social life more unpredictable and chaotic. Collective traumas can act as cohesive agents for the in-group, while disrupt bonds and trust with the constructed out-group. Memories of cultural traumas are internalized collective…	[]
https://openalex.org/W230611623	Adult Education in Afghanistan: The Key to Political and Economic Transformation	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Chad M. Pillai", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5011171344" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Functional illiteracy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C165205368" }, { "display_name": "Afghan", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2780587734" }, { "display_name": "Population", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359" }, { "display_name": "Politics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C189326681" }, { "display_name": "Democracy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C555826173" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Development economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531" }, { "display_name": "Public administration", "id": "https://openalex.org/C3116431" }, { "display_name": "Sociology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Demography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C149923435" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" } ]	[ "Syria", "Iraq" ]	[]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W230611623	The Key to Political and Economic Transformation RECENT ANNOUNCEMENTS from the White House by President Obama's administration spoke of a that would deploy hundreds of U.S. officials to Afghanistan, in addition to sending thousands more U.S. troops there as well. This is an auspicious opportunity for the U.S. Army to apply both the knowledge and experience learned from Iraq at the local Afghan community level.1 As in Iraq, the new civilian teams will focus on establishing security for the local populace and developing local governance and economic growth. However, these initiatives will not succeed in Afghanistan until the high rate of illiteracy is reversed. According to the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the literacy rate in Afghanistan for men aged 15-24 is 51 percent and even worse for women at 18 percent. UNESCO states: Literacy is at the heart of basic education for all, and essential for eradicating poverty, reducing child mortality, curbing population growth, achieving gender equality and ensuring sustainable development, peace and democracy.2 By addressing the high rate of illiteracy in Afghanistan, the U.S. and its allies will be able to combat the ignorance and fear that has gripped the people, and help dilute the influence of the extremist Wahabi schools that proliferated under the Taliban regime. From 2006 to 2007, the United States established adult education programs first in Tal Afar, and then in Ar Ramadi during the period leading up to the surge. These same models could prove useful in Afghanistan. Tal Afar's Education Gap In late 2005, the 3d Armored Cavalry Regiment, commanded by then Colonel H.R. McMaster, conducted Operation Restoring Rights in the city of Tal Afar, a strategic city located near the Syrian border. McMaster 's operation successfully cleared out the bulk of the insurgent forces from the city and established the blueprints for the successful follow-on strategy employed by the Ready First Combat Team, commanded by Brigadier General Sean MacFarland, in Ar Ramadi in 2006 and 2007, and later for the surge in Baghdad. McMaster's strategy consisted of flooding the city with U.S. troops in several outposts in order to establish security and help rebuild the Iraqi Police Force. MacFarland's brigade assumed control of Tal Afar from the 3d Armored Cavalry Regiment. He picked up and continued this strategy by expanding it where McMaster had left off.3 MacFarland's vision for Tal Afar and the western portion of Nineveh Province was to * Defeat remaining insurgency. * Reestablish the Iraqi Security Forces to assume responsibility for their own jurisdiction. * Provide for regional economic development of the community. During the implementation of this strategy, it became clear that one factor could undercut the mission's success - the high rate of illiteracy in the local population. The Ready First Combat Team held major police officer recruitment drives to expand the Iraqi Police force from several hundred to over 2,000 men. After examining the application pool, one detrimental and eliminating factor became painfully obvious - the vast majority of applicants could not pass the standard reading and writing test. This lack of literacy denied many otherwise highly qualified Iraqi men the opportunity to join the police force. Even those possessing basic literacy skills struggle to read and write police and evidence reports, which makes prosecuting perpetrators difficult. The reconstruction sector further demonstrated the lack of literacy among Iraq's population. Many of the applicants were denied the opportunity to earn contracts for construction project bids, simply because they could neither read the project requirements nor write a comprehensible bid document for the contract. Colonel John K. Tien, commander of Task Force 2-37 Armor in Tal Afar, recognized that to successfully apply his soft power tools to establish longterm security and stability among the Iraqi people, he and his staff had to devise a plan of action to address the high illiteracy rate of the population. …	[ { "display_name": "Military review", "id": "https://openalex.org/S2764787750", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W3013428959	Financial inclusion and extreme poverty in the MENA region: a gap analysis approach	[ { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Egypt", "display_name": "Helwan University", "id": "https://openalex.org/I84058292", "lat": 29.866667, "long": 31.316668, "type": "education" }, { "country": "United States", "display_name": "Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey", "id": "https://openalex.org/I102322142", "lat": 40.48622, "long": -74.45182, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Noha Emara", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5030875520" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "United States", "display_name": "United Nations", "id": "https://openalex.org/I1286959531", "lat": 40.71427, "long": -74.00597, "type": "government" } ], "display_name": "Mahmoud Moheildin", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5077125981" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C189326681" }, { "display_name": "Extreme poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C553381038" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Development economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531" }, { "display_name": "Financial inclusion", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779251847" }, { "display_name": "Sample (material)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C198531522" }, { "display_name": "Sustainable development", "id": "https://openalex.org/C552854447" }, { "display_name": "Middle East", "id": "https://openalex.org/C3651065" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Financial services", "id": "https://openalex.org/C139043278" }, { "display_name": "Finance", "id": "https://openalex.org/C10138342" }, { "display_name": "Chemistry", "id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680" }, { "display_name": "Archaeology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645" }, { "display_name": "Chromatography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C43617362" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" } ]	[ "Djibouti" ]	[ "https://openalex.org/W169567974", "https://openalex.org/W1511835128", "https://openalex.org/W1520534012", "https://openalex.org/W1907729438", "https://openalex.org/W2025610165", "https://openalex.org/W2034928611", "https://openalex.org/W2035554302", "https://openalex.org/W2092532477", "https://openalex.org/W2118769226", "https://openalex.org/W2134209994", "https://openalex.org/W2213574772", "https://openalex.org/W2230480216", "https://openalex.org/W2340316707", "https://openalex.org/W2417588036", "https://openalex.org/W2493920165", "https://openalex.org/W2559928430", "https://openalex.org/W2753958155", "https://openalex.org/W2789152355", "https://openalex.org/W2796031215", "https://openalex.org/W2899029446", "https://openalex.org/W3121403162", "https://openalex.org/W3121558963", "https://openalex.org/W3121563930", "https://openalex.org/W3122644877", "https://openalex.org/W4242587829", "https://openalex.org/W4323345597" ]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3013428959	Purpose Eradicating extreme poverty remains one of the most significant and challenging sustainable development goals (SDGs) in the Middle East and North African (MENA) region. The latest World Bank statistics from 2018 show that extreme poverty in MENA increased from 2.6% to 5% between 2013 and 2015. MENA ranks third among developing regions for extreme poverty and fell short of halving extreme poverty by 2015 – the target established by the United Nations’ (UN) millennium development goals, the precursor to the SDGs. The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of financial inclusion on extreme poverty for a sample of 34 countries over the period 1990–2017. Design/methodology/approach Using system general method of moments dynamic panel estimation methodology on annual data for 11 MENA countries and 23 emerging markets (EMs) over the period 1990 – 2017, this study begins by estimating the impact of financial inclusion – using measures of access and usage – on the eradication of extreme poverty by 2030, the first goal of the SDGs. Findings The results of the study indicate that, on one hand, financial access measures have a positive, statistically significant impact on reducing extreme poverty for the full sample and the MENA region. The second part of the study uses a gap analysis against four poverty targets – 0%, 1.5%, 3% and 5% – and shows that no MENA country and few EM countries will be able to close the extreme poverty gap and reach the target of 0% by 2030 by depending solely on improvements in financial access. These targets are based on the two benchmarks set by the World Bank and the UN, with intermediaries to capture error and give a fuller picture of what is possible. However, if improvements in financial inclusion alone can bring every EM and MENA country except Djibouti and Romania to bring the most accessible target of reducing global extreme poverty to no more than 5% by 2030. Originality/value While research on poverty reduction in the region tends to focus on financial development and governance, less attention has been paid to the role of financial inclusion. SDG 1 – eliminating poverty in all its forms – explicitly highlights the importance of access to financial services. Indeed, evidence from Argentina, India, Kenya, Malawi, Niger and other countries demonstrates the ways in which financial inclusion can impact poverty (Klapper, El-Zoghbi and Hess, 2016). When people are included in the financial system, they are better able to improve their health, invest in education and business and make choices that benefit their entire families. Financial inclusion advances governments, too: introducing vast segments of the population into the financial system by digitizing social transfers, for example, can cut government costs and reduce leakage, with benefits that ripple across society. Yet, the links between financial inclusion and poverty reduction in MENA are less established. This study aims to analyze the importance of financial inclusion in addressing extreme poverty by 2030, the year UN member states set as a target for achieving the SDGs.	[ { "display_name": "Review of Economic and Political Science", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4210197317", "type": "journal" }, { "display_name": "Munich Personal RePEc Archive (Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich)", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306400553", "type": "repository" } ]
https://openalex.org/W3152112294	Financial Inclusion and Extreme Poverty in the MENA Region: A Gap Analysis Approach	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Noha Emara", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5030875520" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Mahmoud Moheildin", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5077125981" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C189326681" }, { "display_name": "Extreme poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C553381038" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Development economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531" }, { "display_name": "Middle East", "id": "https://openalex.org/C3651065" }, { "display_name": "Financial inclusion", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779251847" }, { "display_name": "Sustainable development", "id": "https://openalex.org/C552854447" }, { "display_name": "Sample (material)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C198531522" }, { "display_name": "Panel data", "id": "https://openalex.org/C6422946" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Financial services", "id": "https://openalex.org/C139043278" }, { "display_name": "Finance", "id": "https://openalex.org/C10138342" }, { "display_name": "Econometrics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C149782125" }, { "display_name": "Chemistry", "id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680" }, { "display_name": "Archaeology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645" }, { "display_name": "Chromatography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C43617362" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" } ]	[ "Djibouti" ]	[]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3152112294	Eradicating extreme poverty remains one of the most significant and challenging Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in the Middle East and North African (MENA) region. The latest World Bank statistics from 2018 show that extreme poverty in MENA increased from 2.6% to 5% between 2013 and 2015. MENA ranks third among developing regions for extreme poverty, and fell short of halving extreme poverty by 2015 – the target established by the United Nations’ Millennium Development Goals, the precursor to the SDGs. Using system General Method of Moments dynamic panel estimation methodology on annual data for 11 MENA countries and 23 emerging markets (EMs) over the period 1990 – 2017, this study begins by estimating the impact of financial inclusion – using measures of access and usage – on the eradication of extreme poverty by 2030, the first goal of the SDGs. The results of the study indicate that, on one hand, financial access measures have a positive, statistically significant impact on reducing extreme poverty for the full sample as well as the MENA region. On the other hand, financial usage measures are only statistically significant in reducing extreme poverty for the full sample, but not for the MENA region. The second part of the study employs a gap analysis against four poverty targets—0%, 1.5%, 3%, and 5%—and shows that no MENA country and few EM countries will be able to close the extreme poverty gap and reach the target of 0% by 2030 by depending solely on improvements in financial access. These targets are based on the two benchmarks set by the World Bank and the UN, with intermediaries to capture error and give a fuller picture of what is possible. However, if improvements in financial inclusion alone can bring every EM and MENA country except Djibouti and Romania to bring the most accessible target of reducing global extreme poverty to no more than 5% by 2030. Policy considerations can be directed towards developing and promoting the infrastructure needed for the widespread delivery and usage of financial services, especially for the MENA and EM countries lagging behind the extreme poverty target. Special attention should be paid to the support of digital financial inclusion for its ability to help individuals cope with shocks without reducing consumption. Delivery and usage of financial technology is predicted to magnify the impact of financial inclusion on poverty reduction both directly – as shown in this paper – and indirectly – through channels related to other SDGs. Additionally, governments in the MENA region must take data quality and availability more seriously if they expect to reverse the acceleration of extreme poverty in the digital age.	[ { "display_name": "MPRA Paper", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306520297", "type": "repository" } ]
https://openalex.org/W3043437443	Financial Inclusion and Extreme Poverty in the MENA Region: A Gap Analysis Approach	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Noha Emara", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5030875520" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Mahmoud Moheildin", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5077125981" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C189326681" }, { "display_name": "Extreme poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C553381038" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Development economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531" }, { "display_name": "Middle East", "id": "https://openalex.org/C3651065" }, { "display_name": "Financial inclusion", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779251847" }, { "display_name": "Sample (material)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C198531522" }, { "display_name": "Sustainable development", "id": "https://openalex.org/C552854447" }, { "display_name": "Panel data", "id": "https://openalex.org/C6422946" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Financial services", "id": "https://openalex.org/C139043278" }, { "display_name": "Finance", "id": "https://openalex.org/C10138342" }, { "display_name": "Econometrics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C149782125" }, { "display_name": "Chemistry", "id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680" }, { "display_name": "Archaeology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645" }, { "display_name": "Chromatography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C43617362" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" } ]	[ "Djibouti" ]	[]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3043437443	Eradicating extreme poverty remains one of the most significant and challenging Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in the Middle East and North African (MENA) region. The latest World Bank statistics from 2018 show that extreme poverty in MENA increased from 2.6% to 5% between 2013 and 2015. MENA ranks third among developing regions for extreme poverty, and fell short of halving extreme poverty by 2015 – the target established by the United Nations’ Millennium Development Goals, the precursor to the SDGs. Using system General Method of Moments dynamic panel estimation methodology on annual data for 11 MENA countries and 23 emerging markets (EMs) over the period 1990 – 2017, this study begins by estimating the impact of financial inclusion – using measures of access and usage – on the eradication of extreme poverty by 2030, the first goal of the SDGs. The results of the study indicate that, on one hand, financial access measures have a positive, statistically significant impact on reducing extreme poverty for the full sample as well as the MENA region. On the other hand, financial usage measures are only statistically significant in reducing extreme poverty for the full sample, but not for the MENA region. The second part of the study employs a gap analysis against four poverty targets—0%, 1.5%, 3%, and 5%—and shows that no MENA country and few EM countries will be able to close the extreme poverty gap and reach the target of 0% by 2030 by depending solely on improvements in financial access. These targets are based on the two benchmarks set by the World Bank and the UN, with intermediaries to capture error and give a fuller picture of what is possible. However, if improvements in financial inclusion alone can bring every EM and MENA country except Djibouti and Romania to bring the most accessible target of reducing global extreme poverty to no more than 5% by 2030. Policy considerations can be directed towards developing and promoting the infrastructure needed for the widespread delivery and usage of financial services, especially for the MENA and EM countries lagging behind the extreme poverty target. Special attention should be paid to the support of digital financial inclusion for its ability to help individuals cope with shocks without reducing consumption. Delivery and usage of financial technology is predicted to magnify the impact of financial inclusion on poverty reduction both directly – as shown in this paper – and indirectly – through channels related to other SDGs. Additionally, governments in the MENA region must take data quality and availability more seriously if they expect to reverse the acceleration of extreme poverty in the digital age.	[ { "display_name": "RePEc: Research Papers in Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306401271", "type": "repository" } ]
https://openalex.org/W2599090392	Measuring Iran's success in achieving Millennium Development Goal 4: a systematic analysis of under-5 mortality at national and subnational levels from 1990 to 2015	[ { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Iran", "display_name": "Hamedan University of Medical Sciences", "id": "https://openalex.org/I112312016", "lat": 34.79922, "long": 48.51456, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Younes Mohammadi", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5086747321" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Iran", "display_name": "Tehran University of Medical Sciences", "id": "https://openalex.org/I70640408", "lat": 35.69439, "long": 51.42151, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Mahboubeh Parsaeian", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5088464143" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Iran", "display_name": "Tehran University of Medical Sciences", "id": "https://openalex.org/I70640408", "lat": 35.69439, "long": 51.42151, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Parinaz Mehdipour", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5041600198" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Iran", "display_name": "Ministry of Health and Medical Education", "id": "https://openalex.org/I4210110574", "lat": 35.75605, "long": 51.35651, "type": "government" } ], "display_name": "Ardeshir Khosravi", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5033215677" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Iran", "display_name": "Tehran University of Medical Sciences", "id": "https://openalex.org/I70640408", "lat": 35.69439, "long": 51.42151, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Bagher Larijani", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5090048295" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Iran", "display_name": "Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences", "id": "https://openalex.org/I58048189", "lat": 35.69439, "long": 51.42151, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Ali Sheidaei", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5052742983" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Iran", "display_name": "Tehran University of Medical Sciences", "id": "https://openalex.org/I70640408", "lat": 35.69439, "long": 51.42151, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Anita Mansouri", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5028016782" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Iran", "display_name": "Tehran University of Medical Sciences", "id": "https://openalex.org/I70640408", "lat": 35.69439, "long": 51.42151, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Amir Kasaeian", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5084511527" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Iran", "display_name": "Tehran University of Medical Sciences", "id": "https://openalex.org/I70640408", "lat": 35.69439, "long": 51.42151, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Kamran Yazdani", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5048778618" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Iran", "display_name": "Iran University of Medical Sciences", "id": "https://openalex.org/I161106909", "lat": 35.69439, "long": 51.42151, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Maziar Moradi‐Lakeh", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5003551048" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Iran", "display_name": "Ministry of Health and Medical Education", "id": "https://openalex.org/I4210110574", "lat": 35.75605, "long": 51.35651, "type": "government" } ], "display_name": "Elahe Kazemi", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5029086672" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Iran", "display_name": "Ministry of Health and Medical Education", "id": "https://openalex.org/I4210110574", "lat": 35.75605, "long": 51.35651, "type": "government" } ], "display_name": "Saeide Aghamohamadi", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5044445262" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Iran", "display_name": "Tehran University of Medical Sciences", "id": "https://openalex.org/I70640408", "lat": 35.69439, "long": 51.42151, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Nazila Rezaei", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5073415593" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Iran", "display_name": "Tehran University of Medical Sciences", "id": "https://openalex.org/I70640408", "lat": 35.69439, "long": 51.42151, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Maryam Chegini", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5025865967" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Iran", "display_name": "Tehran University of Medical Sciences", "id": "https://openalex.org/I70640408", "lat": 35.69439, "long": 51.42151, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Rosa Haghshenas", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5037811532" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Iran", "display_name": "Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences", "id": "https://openalex.org/I58048189", "lat": 35.69439, "long": 51.42151, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Hamidreza Jamshidi", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5046423803" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Iran", "display_name": "Tehran University of Medical Sciences", "id": "https://openalex.org/I70640408", "lat": 35.69439, "long": 51.42151, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Farnaz Delavari", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5050759754" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Iran", "display_name": "Iran University of Medical Sciences", "id": "https://openalex.org/I161106909", "lat": 35.69439, "long": 51.42151, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Mohsen Asadi‐Lari", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5017198042" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Iran", "display_name": "Tehran University of Medical Sciences", "id": "https://openalex.org/I70640408", "lat": 35.69439, "long": 51.42151, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Farshad Farzadfar", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5035870050" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Child mortality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C46299933" }, { "display_name": "Demography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C149923435" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Infant mortality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C112299071" }, { "display_name": "Mortality rate", "id": "https://openalex.org/C179755657" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Population", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359" }, { "display_name": "Environmental health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Sociology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" } ]	[ "Iran" ]	[ "https://openalex.org/W1485543344", "https://openalex.org/W1650441088", "https://openalex.org/W1833168476", "https://openalex.org/W1975723622", "https://openalex.org/W2017614923", "https://openalex.org/W2028680915", "https://openalex.org/W2067875437", "https://openalex.org/W2074184525", "https://openalex.org/W2098554292", "https://openalex.org/W2112954167", "https://openalex.org/W2115743615", "https://openalex.org/W2126861008", "https://openalex.org/W2127841934", "https://openalex.org/W2147666473", "https://openalex.org/W2150069228", "https://openalex.org/W2155274113", "https://openalex.org/W2157244548", "https://openalex.org/W2157866400", "https://openalex.org/W2160546342", "https://openalex.org/W2161138912", "https://openalex.org/W2161245837", "https://openalex.org/W2261686748", "https://openalex.org/W2283424085", "https://openalex.org/W2508300253", "https://openalex.org/W2513901369", "https://openalex.org/W2549697535" ]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2599090392	BackgroundChild mortality as one of the key Millennium Development Goals (MDG 4—to reduce child mortality by two-thirds from 1990 to 2015), is included in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG 3, target 2—to reduce child mortality to fewer than 25 deaths per 1000 livebirths for all countries by 2030), and is a key indicator of the health system in every country. In this study, we aimed to estimate the level and trend of child mortality from 1990 to 2015 in Iran, to assess the progress of the country and its provinces toward these goals.MethodsWe used three different data sources: three censuses, a Demographic and Health Survey (DHS), and 5-year data from the death registration system. We used the summary birth history data from four data sources (the three censuses and DHS) and used maternal age cohort and maternal age period methods to estimate the trends in child mortality rates, combining the estimates of these two indirect methods using Loess regression. We also used the complete birth history method to estimate child mortality rate directly from DHS data. Finally, to synthesise different trends into a single trend and calculate uncertainty intervals (UI), we used Gaussian process regression.FindingsUnder-5 mortality rates (deaths per 1000 livebirths) at the national level in Iran in 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2015 were 63·6 (95% UI 63·1–64·0), 38·8 (38·5–39·2), 24·9 (24·3–25·4), and 19·4 (18·6–20·2), respectively. Between 1990 and 2015, the median annual reduction and total overall reduction in these rates were 4·9% and 70%, respectively. At the provincial level, the difference between the highest and lowest child mortality rates in 1990, 2000, and 2015 were 65·6, 40·4, and 38·1 per 1000 livebirths, respectively. Based on the MDG 4 goal, five provinces had not decreased child mortality by two-thirds by 2015. Furthermore, six provinces had not reached SDG 3 (target 2).InterpretationIran and most of its provinces achieved MDG 4 and SDG 3 (target 2) goals by 2015. However, at the subnational level in some provinces, there is substantial inequity. Local policy makers should use effective strategies to accelerate the reduction of child mortality for these provinces by 2030. Possible recommendations for such strategies include enhancing the level of education and health literacy among women, tackling sex discrimination, and improving incomes for families.FundingIran Ministry of Health and Education.	[ { "display_name": "The Lancet Global Health", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4210176958", "type": "journal" }, { "display_name": "Bushehr University of Medical Sciences Repository (Bushehr University of Medical Sciences)", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306401318", "type": "repository" }, { "display_name": "PubMed", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036", "type": "repository" } ]
https://openalex.org/W2024347740	Reflections on the Maternal Mortality Millennium Goal	[ { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Australia", "display_name": "John Hunter Hospital", "id": "https://openalex.org/I2800479947", "lat": -32.92821, "long": 151.69452, "type": "healthcare" } ], "display_name": "G Lawson", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5008907950" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Australia", "display_name": "Flinders University", "id": "https://openalex.org/I169541294", "lat": -34.92866, "long": 138.59863, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "M.J.N.C. Keirse", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5023427100" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Childbirth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779703513" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Population", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359" }, { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "Obstructed labour", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2781144099" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Environmental health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951" }, { "display_name": "Development economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531" }, { "display_name": "Pregnancy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779234561" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "Socioeconomics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C45355965" }, { "display_name": "Caesarean section", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2776279924" }, { "display_name": "Sociology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400" }, { "display_name": "Biology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Genetics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C54355233" } ]	[ "Iran", "Egypt", "Somalia" ]	[ "https://openalex.org/W1504086833", "https://openalex.org/W1525752613", "https://openalex.org/W1571055778", "https://openalex.org/W1695812874", "https://openalex.org/W1943143834", "https://openalex.org/W1973668448", "https://openalex.org/W1983647512", "https://openalex.org/W1986360329", "https://openalex.org/W2000254581", "https://openalex.org/W2015379124", "https://openalex.org/W2030781054", "https://openalex.org/W2034334521", "https://openalex.org/W2046859247", "https://openalex.org/W2052556162", "https://openalex.org/W2058927033", "https://openalex.org/W2064291179", "https://openalex.org/W2074192817", "https://openalex.org/W2075459938", "https://openalex.org/W2076643002", "https://openalex.org/W2084383987", "https://openalex.org/W2084862932", "https://openalex.org/W2086780049", "https://openalex.org/W2111429729", "https://openalex.org/W2113549046", "https://openalex.org/W2113726274", "https://openalex.org/W2120980029", "https://openalex.org/W2149316927", "https://openalex.org/W2150047799", "https://openalex.org/W2159837126", "https://openalex.org/W2160715505", "https://openalex.org/W2166926807", "https://openalex.org/W2413765296", "https://openalex.org/W2415692017" ]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2024347740	Abstract Background Nearly every 2 minutes, somewhere in the world, a woman dies because of complications of pregnancy and childbirth. Every such death is an overwhelming catastrophe for everyone confronted with it. Most deaths occur in developing countries, especially in Africa and southern Asia, but a significant number also occur in the developed world. Methods We examined the available data on the progress and the challenges to the United Nations' fifth Millennium Development Goal of achieving a 75 percent worldwide reduction in the maternal mortality by 2015 from what it was in 1990. Results Some countries, such as Belarus, Egypt, Estonia, Honduras, Iran, Lithuania, Malaysia, Romania, Sri Lanka and Thailand, are likely to meet the target by 2015. Many poor countries with weak health infrastructures and high fertility rates are unlikely to meet the goal. Some, such as Botswana, Cameroon, Chad, Congo, Guyana, Lesotho, Namibia, Somalia, South Africa, Swaziland and Zimbabwe, had worse maternal mortality ratios in 2010 than in 1990, partially because of wars and civil strife. Worldwide, the leading causes of maternal death are still hemorrhage, hypertension, sepsis, obstructed labor, and unsafe abortions, while indirect causes are gaining in importance in developed countries. Conclusions Maternal death is especially distressing if it was potentially preventable. However, as there is no single cause, there is no silver bullet to correct the problem. Many countries also face new challenges as their childbearing population is growing in age and in weight. Much remains to be done to make safe motherhood a reality. ( BIRTH 40:2 June 2013)	[ { "display_name": "Birth: Issues in Perinatal Care", "id": "https://openalex.org/S179726395", "type": "journal" }, { "display_name": "PubMed", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036", "type": "repository" } ]
https://openalex.org/W3022014485	Investigating the effects of human health resource changes on the basic health indicators in Iran: An econometric study.	[ { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Iran", "display_name": "Iran University of Medical Sciences", "id": "https://openalex.org/I161106909", "lat": 35.69439, "long": 51.42151, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Mohammad Hadian", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5069733469" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Iran", "display_name": "Iran University of Medical Sciences", "id": "https://openalex.org/I161106909", "lat": 35.69439, "long": 51.42151, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Pouran Raeissi", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5043265443" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Iran", "display_name": "Tehran University of Medical Sciences", "id": "https://openalex.org/I70640408", "lat": 35.69439, "long": 51.42151, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Mahboobeh Shali", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5080350501" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Iran", "display_name": "Iran University of Medical Sciences", "id": "https://openalex.org/I161106909", "lat": 35.69439, "long": 51.42151, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Touraj Harati Khalilabad", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5027939285" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Iran", "display_name": "Iran University of Medical Sciences", "id": "https://openalex.org/I161106909", "lat": 35.69439, "long": 51.42151, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Noureddin Niknam", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5087171334" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Human resources", "id": "https://openalex.org/C107645774" }, { "display_name": "Health indicator", "id": "https://openalex.org/C121272143" }, { "display_name": "Per capita", "id": "https://openalex.org/C127598652" }, { "display_name": "Infant mortality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C112299071" }, { "display_name": "Health sector", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2988643123" }, { "display_name": "Child mortality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C46299933" }, { "display_name": "Environmental health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951" }, { "display_name": "Mortality rate", "id": "https://openalex.org/C179755657" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "Panel data", "id": "https://openalex.org/C6422946" }, { "display_name": "Per capita income", "id": "https://openalex.org/C160443848" }, { "display_name": "Socioeconomics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C45355965" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Business", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Population", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359" }, { "display_name": "Health services", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2986740045" }, { "display_name": "Econometrics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C149782125" }, { "display_name": "Management", "id": "https://openalex.org/C187736073" }, { "display_name": "Pathology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C142724271" }, { "display_name": "Internal medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C126322002" } ]	[ "Iran" ]	[ "https://openalex.org/W1548648904", "https://openalex.org/W1674329452", "https://openalex.org/W1987988138", "https://openalex.org/W2042030257", "https://openalex.org/W2145582068", "https://openalex.org/W2160575487", "https://openalex.org/W2549997331", "https://openalex.org/W2900728534", "https://openalex.org/W2945981096" ]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3022014485	In the development perspective of each country, it is important to pay attention to the health sector and improve health indicators; therefore, planning in training and distribution of human resources in the health sector is an important factor to achieve the health system goals. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of changes in health sector human resources on infant mortality rate (IMR), maternal mortality rate (MMR), and under-five mortality rate (U5MR) in Iran.This was an econometric study (data panel) that conducted retrospectively and used data from the period 2006 to 2017 among Iranian provinces. Three regression models were used to determine the effect of health sector human resources (physicians, nurses, and paramedical staff) on the IMR, MMR, and U5MR. The random-effects model was selected over the fixed-effects model to assess the effect of health sector human resources on health outcomes.Results showed that the number of physicians in different models has a stronger impact on these mortality rates than those of nurses and paramedics, so that a 1% increase in the number of physicians leads to 2.1%, 3.8%, and 2.2% decrease in IMR, MMR, and U5MR, respectively. Furthermore, per capita income has a bigger impact on these mortality rates than human health resources.Increasing the number of human resources in the health sector, especially the number of physicians, by investing in these resources by providing educational facilities, plays an important role in improving the mothers' and infants' health indicators.	[ { "display_name": "PubMed", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036", "type": "repository" } ]
https://openalex.org/W2015188533	Journey of a Thousand Miles: Harnessing mobile communications technology to solve problems in maternal health and child mortality in Balochistan, Pakistan	[ { "affiliations": [ { "country": "United States", "display_name": "SA Technologies (United States)", "id": "https://openalex.org/I4210142445", "lat": 34.040817, "long": -84.47668, "type": "company" } ], "display_name": "Zaineb Suleman", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5085534218" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C189326681" }, { "display_name": "Lagging", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2776962539" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Child mortality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C46299933" }, { "display_name": "Socioeconomics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C45355965" }, { "display_name": "Population", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359" }, { "display_name": "Sustainability", "id": "https://openalex.org/C66204764" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Sustainable development", "id": "https://openalex.org/C552854447" }, { "display_name": "Demography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C149923435" }, { "display_name": "Environmental health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "Sociology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400" }, { "display_name": "Ecology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C18903297" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Pathology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C142724271" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Biology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240" } ]	[ "Iran" ]	[ "https://openalex.org/W2417030650" ]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2015188533	The arid desert and mountainous region of Balochistan is the largest province of Pakistan, representing 44% of the land mass but with only 5% of the total population. Poverty remains widespread with the poorest households surviving on US$35 per month or fewer [1]. Located in the southwestern half of the country bordering Iran, it is the worst performing of Pakistan's four provinces in most, if not all, of the targets set out in the United Nation?s Millennium Development Goals first defined in 2000. And while Balochistan?s progress is off track and below the national average in areas such as hunger and poverty, universal primary education, gender equality, and environmental sustainability, it is especially lagging in maternal health and child mortality [2].	[ { "display_name": "IEEE Pulse", "id": "https://openalex.org/S39385048", "type": "journal" }, { "display_name": "PubMed", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036", "type": "repository" } ]
https://openalex.org/W583168918	Emerging issues of health and mortality in the Asian and Pacific region	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Thailand Bankgkok", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5015368588" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Sri lanka", "id": "https://openalex.org/C3017649214" }, { "display_name": "Asia pacific", "id": "https://openalex.org/C3018858268" }, { "display_name": "Child mortality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C46299933" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Health care", "id": "https://openalex.org/C160735492" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "South asia", "id": "https://openalex.org/C3019281177" }, { "display_name": "Infant mortality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C112299071" }, { "display_name": "Development economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531" }, { "display_name": "Socioeconomics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C45355965" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Economy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C136264566" }, { "display_name": "History", "id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Ethnology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2549261" } ]	[ "Iran" ]	[]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W583168918	This publications contains a selection of papers, which discuss key trends and emerging health and mortality issues within the Asia and Pacific region, including country-specific profiles, in light of the Millennium Development Goals. Issues considered include developments in infant, child and maternal mortality in Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Indonesia; shifts in age and disease patterns in Malaysia and Iran; and health care systems and care of the elderly.	[]
https://openalex.org/W1905062967	Analysis of Pakistan and Iran Health Care Delivery System	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Laila Aslam", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5061842542" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Abdul Manaf Abdullah", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5010422819" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Rehana Ayub", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5086170531" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Health care", "id": "https://openalex.org/C160735492" }, { "display_name": "Business", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560" }, { "display_name": "HRHIS", "id": "https://openalex.org/C147268084" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Health policy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C47344431" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "International health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C193395930" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Health promotion", "id": "https://openalex.org/C185618831" }, { "display_name": "Human resources", "id": "https://openalex.org/C107645774" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Management", "id": "https://openalex.org/C187736073" } ]	[ "Iran" ]	[ "https://openalex.org/W1485543344", "https://openalex.org/W1507647658", "https://openalex.org/W1547362857", "https://openalex.org/W2084868063", "https://openalex.org/W2402952555" ]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1905062967	Health plays a key role to maintain human welfare, improves economic conditions, helps in social development, and sustains life. Therefore, the WHO member countries have planned to target their health sectors financing to ensure that all people have the accessibility to free or economical health services at their region. Many countries in the world (developed, developing) are introducing health sectors reform in varying steps and system. Recently, the developing countries in Asia (Philippines, South Korea, Malaysia, and Thailand) and Africa (Nigeria, Tanzania, and Uganda) have initiated the health sectors reform. The main goal of health sector reform system is to improve the effectiveness of the health care system. Furthermore, the health care system effectiveness is possible by improving the quality of service (technical), and to generate new resources (human, financial, material) for the health care system (Islam, 2002). The Devolution Plan (2001) guide and provides an opportunity to the health care system to justify the health requirements of the population. Pakistan is a developing country and needs reform in the health care system. For this purpose, Pakistan has shown little basic improvement in the health care system. Unfortunately, Pakistan is facing the worse economic situation which leads to poor health care reform, and is far away from the Millennium Develop Goal (MDGs) of 2015. This report will focus on brief summary of the Pakistan and Iran health care delivery system and its organization environment (goal, expectation, resources, technology), authority, power, and status structure, decision making process, primary problems, challenges, and strategies to improve our health sector.	[ { "display_name": "International journal of innovative research and development", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4210197762", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W2274955024	Iran Millennium Development Goal's in a Glance	[ { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Iran", "display_name": "Ministry of Health and Medical Education", "id": "https://openalex.org/I4210110574", "lat": 35.75605, "long": 51.35651, "type": "government" } ], "display_name": "Gholamreza Heidari", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5012863855" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Iran", "display_name": "Ministry of Health and Medical Education", "id": "https://openalex.org/I4210110574", "lat": 35.75605, "long": 51.35651, "type": "government" } ], "display_name": "R. N. Heidari", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5069118989" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Malaria", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778048844" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C189326681" }, { "display_name": "General partnership", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71750763" }, { "display_name": "Global health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C46578552" }, { "display_name": "Child mortality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C46299933" }, { "display_name": "Sustainable development", "id": "https://openalex.org/C552854447" }, { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Health care", "id": "https://openalex.org/C160735492" }, { "display_name": "Development economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531" }, { "display_name": "Environmental health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Immunology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C203014093" } ]	[ "Iran" ]	[]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2274955024	The Millennium Development Goal's (MDG's) represent a global partnership that has grown from the comments and targets established at the world summits of the 1990's. Responding to the world's main development challenges and to the calls of civil society, the MDG's promote poverty reduction, education, maternal health, gender equality , and aims at combating child mortality, AIDs and other diseases, environmental sustainability and global partnership. Set for the year 2015, the MDG's are an agreed set of goals that can be achieved if all actors work together and do their part. Poor countries have pledged to govern better, and to invest in their people through health care and education. Rich countries have pledged to support poor countries through aid, debt relief and fairer trade. MDG's at the Ministry of Health and Medical Education in Iran aims to, reduce the underfive mortality rate to two thirds between 1990 and 2015, improve maternal health by reducing to three quarters the mortality ratio and achieve universal access to reproductive health, to combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria, and TB, and to have them halted by 2015, to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS and to achieve by 2010 a universal access to treatment to all those who need it and by 2015 begin to reverse the incidence of malaria and TB.	[ { "display_name": "Iranian Journal of Public Health", "id": "https://openalex.org/S2503669615", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W2474644999	A Comparison Study on Rate and Causes of under 5 Years Old Deaths in Iran, Eastern Mediterranean Region and the World	[ { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Iran", "display_name": "Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences", "id": "https://openalex.org/I58048189", "lat": 35.69439, "long": 51.42151, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Hamid Soori", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5053239394" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Iran", "display_name": "Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences", "id": "https://openalex.org/I58048189", "lat": 35.69439, "long": 51.42151, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Elaheh Rafiei", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5034722309" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Iran", "display_name": "Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences", "id": "https://openalex.org/I58048189", "lat": 35.69439, "long": 51.42151, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Narges Entezami", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5053830347" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Iran", "display_name": "Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences", "id": "https://openalex.org/I58048189", "lat": 35.69439, "long": 51.42151, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Jalil Hasani", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5089113285" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Iran", "display_name": "Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences", "id": "https://openalex.org/I58048189", "lat": 35.69439, "long": 51.42151, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Seyede Masomeh Hossaini", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5032584717" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Mortality rate", "id": "https://openalex.org/C179755657" }, { "display_name": "Mediterranean climate", "id": "https://openalex.org/C4646841" }, { "display_name": "Demography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C149923435" }, { "display_name": "Population", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Infant mortality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C112299071" }, { "display_name": "Child mortality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C46299933" }, { "display_name": "Cause of death", "id": "https://openalex.org/C29374701" }, { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "Environmental health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Disease", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779134260" }, { "display_name": "Biology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240" }, { "display_name": "Ecology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C18903297" }, { "display_name": "Archaeology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645" }, { "display_name": "Pathology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C142724271" }, { "display_name": "Sociology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400" } ]	[ "Iran" ]	[]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2474644999	Background and Objectives: Children’s mortality has been recognized as a health indicator as well the human millennium growth development. This study aimed to compare the rate and causes of under 5 children deaths in Iran, Eastern Mediterranean Region and the world using the World Health Organization in 2012 and The Millennium Development Goals Report in 2014. Materials and Methods: It was a Descriptive - secondary data analysis. Different health and population data sources from national and international reports particularly from World Health Organization and The Millennium Development Goals were assessed. Then the cause specific mortality rates for under-five children in Iran as well as 20 Eastern Mediterranean countries were analyzed and compared with their corresponding worldwide statistics. Results: Under 5 children mortality rate in Eastern Mediterranean Region was 57 per 1000 births which are in second rank of the world after the African region. This figure is 18 in Iran that is in the 11th rank in Eastern Mediterranean Region In 2012, in the world and Eastern Mediterranean Region more than one-third of the children’s deaths related to prematurity and respiratory infections, but in Iran, prematurity (23%) was the most cause of death following genetic disorders. Conclusion: Death rates in under five children have a decreasing trend in the world, Eastern Mediterranean Region and Iran during 1990 to 2012. This figure is on average of Eastern Mediterranean Region in Iran. Under 5 children mortality rate in Iran is higher than the world average most related to injuries, genetic disorders and prematurity, therefor these causes must be considered as a priority by decision makers and health planners in Iran. How to cite this article: Soori H, Rafiei E, Entezami N, Hasani J, Hossaini M. A Comparison Study on Rate and Causes of Under 5 Years Old Deaths in Iran, Eastern Mediterranean Region and the World. J Saf Promot Inj Prev. 2016; 4(1):1-8.	[ { "display_name": "Irtiqā-yi īminī va pīshgīrī az maṣdūmiyat/ha (i.e.,Safety Promotion and Injury Prevention)", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306514438", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W2604675407	Child mortality in Iran's provinces: successes and future needs	[ { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Iran", "display_name": "Isfahan University of Medical Sciences", "id": "https://openalex.org/I114982161", "lat": 32.65246, "long": 51.67462, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Roya Kelishadi", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5050469978" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Scopus", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83867959" }, { "display_name": "Middle East", "id": "https://openalex.org/C3651065" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Child mortality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C46299933" }, { "display_name": "Demography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C149923435" }, { "display_name": "Mortality rate", "id": "https://openalex.org/C179755657" }, { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "Socioeconomics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C45355965" }, { "display_name": "Environmental health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "MEDLINE", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779473830" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Population", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359" }, { "display_name": "Sociology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Archaeology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" } ]	[ "Iran" ]	[ "https://openalex.org/W2513901369", "https://openalex.org/W2599090392" ]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2604675407	In The Lancet Global Health, Younes Mohammadi and colleagues1Mohammadi Y Parsaeian M Mehdipour P et al.Measuring Iran's success in achieving Millennium Development Goal 4: a systematic analysis of under-5 mortality at national and subnational levels from 1990 to 2015.Lancet Glob Health. 2017; 5: e537-e544Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (41) Google Scholar present an estimate of the change in under-5 child mortality rate (CMR) from 1990 to 2015 in Iran. The dramatic 70% reduction means that Iran as a whole achieved Millennium Development Goal 4 (MDG4) and was one of the best performers in the Middle East and North Africa region in absolute reduction of CMR during the past four decades.2Iqbal F The decline of child mortality rates: a Middle East North Africa success story.http://blogs.worldbank.org/arabvoices/decline-child-mortality-rates-middle-east-north-africa-success-storyGoogle Scholar The figure is also higher than the worldwide estimate of a 52·0% decrease in CMR as provided by the Global Burden of Disease Study (2015).3GBD 2015 Child Mortality CollaboratorsGlobal, regional, national, and selected subnational levels of stillbirths, neonatal, infant, and under-5 mortality, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.Lancet. 2016; 388: 1725-1774Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (471) Google Scholar Mohammadi and colleagues used five empirical data sources and strict eligibility criteria for their report, and also conducted sophisticated analyses to overcome the crucial problem of the low quality of some databases and the high percentages of missing data in some surveys. Although, in the absence of a comprehensive vital registration system in Iran, this study could not directly calculate CMR, its estimates do present an overview of national trends. Moreover, this paper compares the CMR trends across different provinces, which vary considerably in their sociodemographic characteristics. By this measure, the reduction in CMR was not so remarkable: five provinces did not achieve MDG4. Mohammadi and colleagues attribute this to the low human development index at the beginning of the millennium in these provinces, as well as a lower density of health-care providers in comparison with the other 25 provinces. The health-care reforms that have been implemented recently in Iran might be effective, at least in part, in reducing these disparities in the near future. However, because in Iran CMR is inversely associated with low education of mothers and low community socioeconomic status,4Motlagh ME Kelishadi R Barakati SH Lornejad HR Amiri M Poursafa P Distribution of mortality among 1–59 month-old children across Iranian provinces in 2009: the national mortality surveillance system.Arch Iran Med. 2013; 16: 29-33PubMed Google Scholar as it is for many other countries, different aspects of social improvement will be necessary for further reduction of CMR in disadvantaged regions. Given the increasing concern about equity in child survival, it is also necessary to improve the registry and monitoring systems for CMR at the subnational level. Mohammadi and colleagues' study suggests that the impressive reduction in CMR at the national level and in most provinces is mainly attributed to improvements in access to health-care services and improved hygiene. However, better hospital care, notably rapid improvements in treatment modalities for neonates who need intensive medical attention and the expansion of paediatric emergency departments, should also be taken into account. Health policy makers need detailed and updated information about CMR; therefore future research should provide age-specific estimates in under-5 mortality in the neonatal and post-neonatal periods, as well as at ages 1–4 years. Moreover, cause-specific mortality, congenital anomalies, and stillbirths should be registered over time. I declare no competing interests. Measuring Iran's success in achieving Millennium Development Goal 4: a systematic analysis of under-5 mortality at national and subnational levels from 1990 to 2015Iran and most of its provinces achieved MDG 4 and SDG 3 (target 2) goals by 2015. However, at the subnational level in some provinces, there is substantial inequity. Local policy makers should use effective strategies to accelerate the reduction of child mortality for these provinces by 2030. Possible recommendations for such strategies include enhancing the level of education and health literacy among women, tackling sex discrimination, and improving incomes for families. Full-Text PDF Open Access	[ { "display_name": "The Lancet Global Health", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4210176958", "type": "journal" }, { "display_name": "PubMed", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036", "type": "repository" } ]
https://openalex.org/W2277468263	MICROFINANCE AN APPROACH FOR INCREASING OUTPUT IN THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR AND POVERTY REDUCTION IN RURAL AREAS	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Sasan Bakhtiari", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5068753199" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Microfinance", "id": "https://openalex.org/C28129649" }, { "display_name": "Poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C189326681" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Agriculture", "id": "https://openalex.org/C118518473" }, { "display_name": "Development economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531" }, { "display_name": "Poverty reduction", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2992104146" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Welfare", "id": "https://openalex.org/C100243477" }, { "display_name": "Order (exchange)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C182306322" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Business", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560" }, { "display_name": "Finance", "id": "https://openalex.org/C10138342" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "Market economy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C34447519" }, { "display_name": "Archaeology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645" } ]	[ "Iran" ]	[ "https://openalex.org/W1543685054", "https://openalex.org/W2049253863", "https://openalex.org/W2884119238" ]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2277468263	Considering the expansion of global poverty and its resulting concerns, the objectives of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) may not be achieved unless a solution is found for this widespread phenomenon. Therefore finding a solution for poverty reduction and improving the welfare of the vulnerable group has become a universal objective. This paper discusses the poor performance of formal financial markets and financial institutions in order to help the poor in developing countries. The paper argues that microfinance and microcredit are suitable substitutions for helping the poor. Some international experiences suggest that microfinance can empower the vulnerable group, lifting them out of poverty and helping them select a desired path. Applying econometrics and statistical techniques to Iranian data, it has been seen that microcredit and microfinance can play a key role in economic growth and added-value in the agricultural sector. This in turn will result in an overall poverty reduction.	[]
https://openalex.org/W2518972559	مالیه خرد راهکاری برای افزایش تولید بخش کشاورزی و کاهش فقر روستایی	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "صادق بختیاری", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5061133432" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Microfinance", "id": "https://openalex.org/C28129649" }, { "display_name": "Poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C189326681" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Development economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531" }, { "display_name": "Poverty reduction", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2992104146" }, { "display_name": "Order (exchange)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C182306322" }, { "display_name": "Welfare", "id": "https://openalex.org/C100243477" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Business", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560" }, { "display_name": "Finance", "id": "https://openalex.org/C10138342" }, { "display_name": "Market economy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C34447519" } ]	[ "Iran" ]	[]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2518972559	Considering the expansion of global poverty and its resulting concerns, the objectives of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) may not be achieved unless a solution is found for this widespread phenomenon. Therefore finding a solution for poverty reduction and improving the welfare of the vulnerable group has become a universal objective. This paper discusses the poor performance of formal financial markets and financial institutions in order to help the poor in developing countries. The paper argues that microfinance and microcredit are suitable substitutions for helping the poor. Some international experiences suggest that microfinance can empower the vulnerable group, lifting them out of poverty and helping them select a desired path. Applying econometrics and statistical techniques to Iranian data, it has been seen that microcredit and microfinance can play a key role in economic growth and added-value in the agricultural sector. This in turn will result in an overall poverty reduction.	[ { "display_name": "پژوهش های اقتصاد پولی، مالی", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306536601", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W2582699909	Maternal mortality: A challenge in achieving Millennium Development Goals	[ { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Iran", "display_name": "Mashhad University of Medical Sciences", "id": "https://openalex.org/I165560825", "lat": 36.29807, "long": 59.60567, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Hamed Ghazavi", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5067497064" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Iran", "display_name": "Mashhad University of Medical Sciences", "id": "https://openalex.org/I165560825", "lat": 36.29807, "long": 59.60567, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Mina Ahadi", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5050677501" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Iran", "display_name": "Mashhad University of Medical Sciences", "id": "https://openalex.org/I165560825", "lat": 36.29807, "long": 59.60567, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Reza Saeedi", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5015240202" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Promotion (chess)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C98147612" }, { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "Maternal health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2983493262" }, { "display_name": "Nursing", "id": "https://openalex.org/C159110408" }, { "display_name": "Family medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C512399662" }, { "display_name": "Environmental health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Health services", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2986740045" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Population", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359" }, { "display_name": "Politics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" } ]	[ "Iran" ]	[]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2582699909	Introduction: Reducing the labour by an unskilful person is an important strategy in promotion of mother's health and reducing the maternal mortality as the fifth millennium development goals. Methods: This retrospective and descriptive study was accomplishd in 2010.The samples were 189 Iranian mothers with labour by unskilful person in urban and rural area affiliated to Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. The data was gathered through a researchers made questionnaire and filled by interview or using medical records and analyzed by SPSS 11.5. Results: The results showed that the average age of mothers was 29.6±7.6 .The lowest and highest age was 16 and 49 respectively. The majority were illiterate or had primary education level (91.2%).About 68.1% of deliveries were in rurul area.The most cause of labour at home was due to fast delivery(26.9%). Conclusion: According to results ,recommending to mothers to have safe delivery in equipped centers and recruiting skillful midwives for home delivery are key strategies in reducing labour by unskillful person which can be efficient in reducing maternal mortality for achieving the MDG5.	[ { "display_name": "Iranian Journal of Neonatology IJN", "id": "https://openalex.org/S2764922669", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W2567340021	Discussing the millennium development declaration approach in public health	[ { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Iran", "display_name": "Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences", "id": "https://openalex.org/I58048189", "lat": 35.69439, "long": 51.42151, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Mahmoud Abbasi", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5004078165" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Iran", "display_name": "Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences", "id": "https://openalex.org/I58048189", "lat": 35.69439, "long": 51.42151, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Ghazaleh Dehghani", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5012725332" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Declaration", "id": "https://openalex.org/C138147947" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Public health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C138816342" }, { "display_name": "Health promotion", "id": "https://openalex.org/C185618831" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Global health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C46578552" }, { "display_name": "Health policy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C47344431" }, { "display_name": "Bioethics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C188084074" }, { "display_name": "Public relations", "id": "https://openalex.org/C39549134" }, { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C189326681" }, { "display_name": "Nursing", "id": "https://openalex.org/C159110408" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" } ]	[ "Iran" ]	[ "https://openalex.org/W2240623610", "https://openalex.org/W2297263913" ]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2567340021	Today, health as an essential component and people worries. Regardless of age, sex, social or ethnic background, health is the most important and most vital social capital of communities. The importance of health in development is to the extent that the health become in axis of development in the millennium meeting. Among international document that the public health was investigated, the millennium development declaration has special important and four of the eight goals of the declaration concern to health directly while other related to it indirectly. According to the importance of public health and the lack of detailed resources, this review is going to illustrate the concept and dimension of the right to health in the millennium declaration because this declaration has a special position and its development guideline of the third millennium. So we can take advantages from its approaches to help the public health level promotion in society and therefore become more closely to development criteria. Please cite this article as: Abbasi M, Dehghani G. Discussing the millennium development declaration approach in public health. Iran J Bioethics 2016; 6(20): 67-98.	[ { "display_name": "Bioethics", "id": "https://openalex.org/S31551615", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W4388636113	Sector Specific Aid Flow, Official Development Assistance and Income Disparity: An Analysis from Selected Asian Countries	[ { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Pakistan", "display_name": "Preston University", "id": "https://openalex.org/I4210160842", "lat": 24.868048, "long": 67.085236, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Durdana Qaiser Gillani", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5091355887" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Afghanistan", "display_name": "Hara University", "id": "https://openalex.org/I4210163367", "lat": 33.33951, "long": 69.92041, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Zakir Ullah Niazi", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5016471441" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Pakistan", "display_name": "University of Sargodha", "id": "https://openalex.org/I160968435", "lat": 32.07437, "long": 72.6838, "type": "education" }, { "country": "Pakistan", "display_name": "University of Lahore", "id": "https://openalex.org/I142204992", "lat": 31.460749, "long": 74.24363, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Sobia Majeed", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5068198667" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Pakistan", "display_name": "University of Lahore", "id": "https://openalex.org/I142204992", "lat": 31.460749, "long": 74.24363, "type": "education" }, { "country": "Pakistan", "display_name": "University of Sargodha", "id": "https://openalex.org/I160968435", "lat": 32.07437, "long": 72.6838, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Javed Iqbal", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5007826781" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Pakistan", "display_name": "University of Sargodha", "id": "https://openalex.org/I160968435", "lat": 32.07437, "long": 72.6838, "type": "education" }, { "country": "Pakistan", "display_name": "University of Lahore", "id": "https://openalex.org/I142204992", "lat": 31.460749, "long": 74.24363, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Parveen Akhter", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5078351018" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Pakistan", "display_name": "University of Sargodha", "id": "https://openalex.org/I160968435", "lat": 32.07437, "long": 72.6838, "type": "education" }, { "country": "Pakistan", "display_name": "University of Lahore", "id": "https://openalex.org/I142204992", "lat": 31.460749, "long": 74.24363, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Muhammad Zahid Naeem", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5080297310" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C189326681" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Gini coefficient", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779206190" }, { "display_name": "Development economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Panel data", "id": "https://openalex.org/C6422946" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Economic inequality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C513380476" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "World Development Indicators", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779845407" }, { "display_name": "Population", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359" }, { "display_name": "Disbursement", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778101114" }, { "display_name": "Development aid", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778449271" }, { "display_name": "Inequality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C45555294" }, { "display_name": "Business", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560" }, { "display_name": "Environmental health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951" }, { "display_name": "Finance", "id": "https://openalex.org/C10138342" }, { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "Mathematical analysis", "id": "https://openalex.org/C134306372" }, { "display_name": "Mathematics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547" }, { "display_name": "Econometrics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C149782125" } ]	[ "Iran", "Jordan" ]	[]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4388636113	Over the decades, there has been much-observed income disparity in poor and developing countries. For this, donor countries provide aid for disbursement in some specific sectors to alleviate poverty and disparity. Considering the severe issue of income disparity in Asian economies, this research has focused on the role of sector-specific and foreign aid in lessening income disparity in these economies. We have used panel data from 10 selected Asian countries and found that aid for the education and health sectors. This research has utilized the data drawn from 10 selected Asian economies such as Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Philippines, Iran, Jordan and China. The data has been considered from 2003 to 2018 due to data deficiency of important variables. The data has been taken from World Bank Development Indicators. The Gini coefficient income inequality) was considered a dependent variable. Education aid commitments (total number of commitments for education from donor countries), health aid commitments (total number of commitments for aid for the health sector from donor countries), official development assistance ($US million) and total population have been used as independent variables. The study used the fixed effect method to indicate an association of dependent and independent variables. Results of the study revealed that official development assistance has played a key role in lessening income disparity in these economies. Findings suggest its transparent allocation to both sectors for high growth, attracting more aid from the donor countries. There is a serious need for a stable political environment. Finally, measures should be taken to control the population in these countries.	[ { "display_name": "Journal of education and social studies", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4210226310", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W2093306432	Measuring Progress toward Environmental Sustainability Using a Quantitative Model	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Shaho karami", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5075030875" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Mohammad Reza Rezvani", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5071525997" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Farzam Pourasghar Sanghachin", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5029602487" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Hatef Marefat", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5036873009" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C189326681" }, { "display_name": "Sustainable development", "id": "https://openalex.org/C552854447" }, { "display_name": "Sustainability", "id": "https://openalex.org/C66204764" }, { "display_name": "Underdevelopment", "id": "https://openalex.org/C32561294" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Development economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531" }, { "display_name": "World population", "id": "https://openalex.org/C543383583" }, { "display_name": "Population", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359" }, { "display_name": "Business", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Environmental health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951" }, { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "Ecology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C18903297" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Biology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240" } ]	[ "Iran" ]	[ "https://openalex.org/W176830495", "https://openalex.org/W263177032", "https://openalex.org/W1964732076", "https://openalex.org/W2038471477", "https://openalex.org/W2078395892", "https://openalex.org/W2126354670", "https://openalex.org/W2212707908", "https://openalex.org/W2288997674", "https://openalex.org/W2325635205", "https://openalex.org/W2495665593" ]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2093306432	During last tow century and after industrial revolution, especially in last fifty years, the world underwent considerable changes in its economical, social, technological and environmental areas. Crisis of underdevelopment, increasing effect of population on environment, uncontrolled exploitation and destruction of environment, poverty, malnutrition in developing countries, the growth of terrorism and social abnormalities, emerging diseases, a variety of social disorders, the income gap between rich and poor countries, and finally increasing destruction of environment are problems that affect human society, both developed and developing ones. Sure, continuity of this situation can face international community with a serious crisis which its miss effects will affect both developed and developing countries. Therefore, confronting these challenges require collaboration of all world countries. Thus, U.N. Millennium manifesto, in terms of millennium development goals in 2000, provided by U.N and approved by majority of world countries, Seventh goal of millennium, “Ensure environmental sustainability” was the main cornerstone of millennium development goals and reaching other goals and objectives of millennium development goals needs protecting environment and assuring its sustainability. By approving these goals, designed models and methods for determining actions and activities in terms of quantitative models. In this survey first, eight indicators of seventh MDG goals, some with positive relationship with sustainable development and some with negative relationship were chosen and information related to performances of 6 indices of 65 countries of world in years 1990, 1995, 2000 and 2005 extracted. After extracting indices and processing them, indices were standardized. In the next step and after standardizing, using McGranahan method, correlation matrix of indices was calculated by SPSS software and weight of each index was determined. After this step, weight of each index was multiplied on each standardized index and at the end composite index for each country was calculated for 1990, 1995, 2000 and 2005. Then, these composite indexes were sorted by descending. Stability numbers obtained using this method for Iran for these years are 141, 114, 131 and 139 respectively, which was always lower than the average of 65 countries. Iran’s rank was always between 40 and 45 showing undesirable performance which requires suitable actions.	[ { "display_name": "International Journal of Environmental Protection and Policy", "id": "https://openalex.org/S2764897100", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W3211711961	Positive Strategies in Achieving Health for All Children: An Equity Framework and Its Effect on Research Design and Education	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Renee Sharma", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5072014901" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Jai K Das", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5027627297" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Zulfiqar A Bhutta", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5069940679" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Child mortality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C46299933" }, { "display_name": "Cape verde", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2910841116" }, { "display_name": "Poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C189326681" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Standardized mortality ratio", "id": "https://openalex.org/C102803821" }, { "display_name": "Equity (law)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199728807" }, { "display_name": "Global health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C46578552" }, { "display_name": "Development economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "Latin Americans", "id": "https://openalex.org/C158886217" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "Demography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C149923435" }, { "display_name": "Environmental health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951" }, { "display_name": "Population", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359" }, { "display_name": "Health care", "id": "https://openalex.org/C160735492" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Ethnology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2549261" }, { "display_name": "Sociology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "History", "id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728" } ]	[ "Iran" ]	[]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3211711961	The United Nations Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) adopted by world leaders in 2000 aimed to address some of the most pressing global issues of our times: extreme poverty, unequal health, and inequities in development. The MDGs, a set of interrelated targets to be met by 2015, catalyzed political commitment toward improving child survival and maternal health. Millennium Development Goals 4 and 5 called for a two-thirds reduction in the younger-than-5 child mortality rate and a three-quarters reduction in the maternal mortality ratio, respectively, from 1990 base figures.1 Although concerted global efforts have led to substantial reductions in maternal and child mortality over the past 25 years, MDG 4 and 5 targets have not been fully realized. Only 62 of the 195 countries with available estimates achieved the MDG 4 target, of which 24 were low-income and lower-middle–income countries.2 Only 2 regions, East Asia and the Pacific (69% reduction) and Latin America and the Caribbean (67% reduction), met the target at a regional level.2 For MDG 5, of the 95 countries that had a maternal mortality ratio of more than 100 in 1990, only 9 achieved the target for reduction in maternal mortality: Bhutan, Cambodia, Cape Verde, Iran, Laos, Maldives, Mongolia, Rwanda, and Timor-Leste.3 As we celebrate the fact that the global younger-than-5 mortality rate and maternal mortality ratio have fallen by 53% and 43.9%, respectively, since 1990, we also face the sobering reality that high numbers of women and children are still dying every year, largely due to conditions that could have been prevented or treated if existing cost-effective interventions were universally available.2–4 The burden of mortality also remains unevenly distributed, with the largest numbers and highest rates of maternal and younger-than-5 deaths concentrated in countries of sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, especially in lower-income countries and among fragile states, especially those with ongoing conflict.2,3,5 2015 marked the end of the MDG era and the beginning of a new global framework, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This new framework presents an opportunity to leverage the momentum built over recent decades to tackle global inequities in maternal and child health. Of these SDGs, goal 3 also calls for an end to preventable deaths of newborns and children younger than 5 years, as well as a reduction in maternal mortality to less than 70 per 100,000 live births, by 2030.6 Achieving this target would require overcoming barriers and inequities in access to quality health services and, thus, implementing strategies to reach all mothers and children, including those who are most vulnerable, remote, and at risk. In this chapter, we discuss the current burden of younger-than-5 and maternal mortality, barriers contributing to health inequities, and, finally, evidence-based strategies to bridge these gaps.	[ { "display_name": "American Academy of Pediatrics eBooks", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306462793", "type": "ebook platform" } ]
https://openalex.org/W3092943800	The Dream of the Millennium	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "H. W. LAWTON", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5080565543" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Dream", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2781095916" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Psychology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967" }, { "display_name": "Poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C189326681" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Neuroscience", "id": "https://openalex.org/C169760540" } ]	[ "Iran", "Egypt", "Israel" ]	[]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3092943800	As I write this it is late 1999, we are on the eve of the millennium, people are excited, anxious, scared, even paranoid, more so than usual. There is a sense of anticipation. Will there be a New Age or return to a past Golden Age? Will Christ come again to save the righteous and punish evil? Is the rise of antichrist just around the corner? Will the world fall into chaos and disorder because of the Y2K problem? Will the world be destroyed in some great apocalyptic cataclysm? Will life go on as usual? What will happen to us as we move ever closer to the great Millennium? What is it that we both long for and fear at the same time? The hope for the Millennium -- the establishment of God's Kingdom on earth ushered in by the Second Coming of the Messiah -- is perhaps the most powerful historical group fantasy in human history. It is a fantasy that has inspired and helped shape the history and self definition of many cultures, as well as political, religious, and social movements, large and small. The fantasy that a perfect world on earth, where all wants are satisfied, where there is peace and happiness for all, is possible and obtainable may be found in the traditions of many cultures. But it may have seen ultimate expression in the Judeo-Christian tradition, which in turn has merged with indigenous beliefs of non Judeo-Christian cultures in a variety of ways. The fantasy inspires not only individuals but also groups of every size imaginable. It has been the honest hope for a better world, nightmare and everything in-between; it has, at various times, been a force for violence and evil as well as peace and love. Millennial fantasy began as an essentially religious phenomenon and still endures as such, but over the centuries it has also become totally secularised. Thus it serves a tremendously varied and complex array of emotional needs for individuals, groups, and cultures. I have been interested in the millennium for the last 30 years, ever since I read Norman Cohn's The Pursuit of the Millennium in my undergraduate days. It was my first experience with the history of what I later learned was shared group fantasy. I had never thought of feeling manifesting itself on the stage of history, thus it was a great revelation for me. This is one of a very small list of books that helped change my life. Thus my motives for offering this document for your consideration are both scholarly and emotional, perhaps it will help some of you who read this feel the same fascination and excitement of discovery that I have continued to feel with this material over the years. It should be no surprise that since we are talking about a rich, profoundly complex subject, the literature, serious and popular, on the millennium is huge. In Western culture, even though the inspiration for the millennium comes essentially from the bible, much of the relevant scholarly literature is relatively new. We shall need to look not only at religious material, but sources from anthropology, history, sociology, political science, psychoanalysis, and psychohistory. My hope here is not to provide a comprehensive guide (I doubt that would even be possible). I want to try and focus on useful material and point out interesting areas that psychohistorians might want to pursue further. If any of you wish to suggest sources that I have missed, I would be pleased to hear from you. If I get enough response I will put out an addendum. Hopefully this document will acquaint you with a subject of profound importance, that because of its complexity is still not as clearly known as it deserves and needs to be. Let me then begin with what for me was the beginning. Norman Cohn. The Pursuit of the Millennium: Revolutionary Messianism in Medieval and Reformation Europe and Its Bearing on Modern Totalitarian Movements. 2nd ed. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1961. xvi, 481 pages. This book almost singlehandedly inaugurated the field of millennial studies. It has gone through four editions, but I like the second edition because it most explicitly makes the link with modern totalitarianism. In the later editions, Cohn shied away, wrongly in my opinion, from what was essentially a psychohistorical interpretation. Norman Cohn is one of my intellectual heroes and has produced what is for me one of the great scholarly books of our age. He is, perhaps without quite realising it or wanting to be, a true historian of group fantasy. To provide a concept of his argument I am going to give some extended quotes. The book describes a process by which traditional beliefs about a future golden age or messianic kingdom became, in certain situations of mass disorientation and anxiety, the ideologies of popular movements of a particularly anarchic kind (v). In each case it occurred under similar circumstances -- when population was increasing, industrialisation was getting under way, traditional social bonds were being weakened or shattered and the gap between rich and poor was becoming a chasm . . . a collective sense of impotence and anxiety and envy suddenly discharged itself in a frantic urge to smite the ungodly -- and by doing so to bring into being, out of suffering inflicted and suffering endured, that final Kingdom where the Saints, clustered around the great sheltering figure of the Messiah, were to enjoy ease and riches, security and power for all eternity. (32). The figure of the messianic leader combines characteristics of both the good father and the good son. He has all the attributes of an ideal father: he is perfectly wise, he perfectly just, he protects the weak. But on the other hand, he is also the son whose task it is to transform the world, the Messiah who is to establish a new heaven and a new earth and who can say of himself: 'Behold, I make all things new!' And both as father and as son this figure is colossal, superhuman, omnipotent. This image bore no relation to the real nature and capacity of any human being who ever existed or could exist. It was nevertheless an image that could be projected onto a living man. ... Accounts of these messiahs of the poor commonly stress their eloquence, their commanding bearing and their personal magnetism. ... Even if some of these men may perhaps have been conscious impostors, most of them really saw themselves as incarnate gods or at least as vessels of divinity, they really believed that through their coming all things would be made new. ... They set themselves up as divinely appointed leaders in the Last Days ... even reincarnated Christs. No doubt some of these people were megalomaniacs and others were impostors and many were both at once -- but to all of them one thing is common: each claimed to be charged with the unique mission of bringing history to its preordained consummation. (69-70, 318) What of those who followed such individuals? They saw themselves as a holy people -- and holy just because of their unqualified submission to the saviour and their unqualified devotion to the eschatological mission as defined by him. They were his good children and as a reward they shared in his supernatural power. It was not only that the leader deployed his power for their benefit -- they themselves so long as they clung to him, partook in that power and thereby became more than human, Saints who could neither fail nor fall. They were the bright armies, 'clothed in white linen, white and clean.' Their final triumph was decreed from all eternity; and meanwhile their every deed, though it were robbery or rape or massacre, not only was guiltless but a holy act. (71) Opposite the forces of good, led by the messianic savior, there appears a host of demonic fathers and sons. The two opposing hosts, each the negative of the other, are held together in a strange asymmetrical pattern. As in the eschatological Messiah, so in the eschatological Enemy, Antichrist, the images of the son and the father are fused -- only here of course the images are those of the bad son and the bad father. Antichrist is in every way a demonic counterpart to the Son of God. It was his birth that was to usher in the Last Days. In his relation to human beings Antichrist is a father scarcely to be distinguished from Satan himself: a protecting father to his devilish brood, but to the Saints an atrocious father, deceitful, masking evil intentions with fair words, a cunning tyrant who when crossed becomes a cruel and murderous persecutor. Like the messianic leader, Antichrist is filled with supernatural power which enables him to work miracles; but this power comes from Satan. Like Satan he is a creature of darkness, he is the Beast who ascends out of the bottomless pit. Everything which was projected on to the imaginary figure of the Antichrist was also projected on to those 'outgroups' which were regarded as serving him. (71-2) Such movements promised followers a sense of salvation that was at once terrestrial and collective. The Heavenly City is to appear on this earth; and its joys are to crown not the peregrinations of individual souls but the epic exploits of a 'chosen people.' And such a revolutionary movement is of a peculiar kind in that its aims and promises are boundless. A social struggle is imagined as uniquely important, different in kind from all struggles known to history, a cataclysm from which the world is to emerge totally transformed and redeemed. (308) The New World is nothing less than the millennial Kingdom of God on earth. It will be ushered in by the triumph of the righteous against the forces of Antichrist in a great apocalyptic battle that will destroy most human beings, signal the end of history and the beginnings of Paradise on earth. Cohn shows how what was initially a religious/social group fantasy gradually became secularised in the English Revolution and went on to become a major animating fantasy in all modern totalitarian movements. Psychohistorians wishing to comprehend this complex area of study would do well to start with this book and branch out as interest dictates. We might now ask about where such fantasies come from. Cohn shows that they arose in the Middle Ages often among those on the margins of society, most vulnerable to any sort of social upheaval or disaster. Certainly a good portion of the inspiration for such fantasies, at least in Western cultures, comes from the Bible, especially the Book of Revelation in the New Testament, but it also stems from traditions of considerable antiquity. And here, we must turn to another work by Norman Cohn. Norman Cohn. Cosmos: Chaos and the World to Come: The Ancient Roots of Apocalyptic Faith. New Haven: Yale UP, 1993. x, 271 pages. Cohn wrote this book because he increasingly wondered where the powerful beliefs/fantasies that he describes in The Pursuit of the Millennium came from. He goes back to look at the worldview of ancient Egyptians, Mesopotamians, and Indians and how they believed that once their Gods had created the world, the order of things was essentially immutable. But the natural order always seemed in danger, from disasters, plagues, defeats in war, deaths of leaders, etc., inflicted by demonic forces who revelled in the perpetuation of chaos. Various combat myths, evolving in many cultures, would tell how a divine warrior or group of warriors would emerge when needed to keep the world safe and preserve the order of things. They would keep the forces of chaos at bay so that the world as we know it could continue to survive. Around 1500 BC the Iranian prophet Zoroaster added a new innovation with his idea that the world was evolving toward an ultimately conflict-free (paradisiacal) state. There would be an ultimate battle sometime in the future where the forces of the supreme god would crush the forces of chaos, creating a perfect world. Cohn convincingly shows how these myths evolved into the shared fantasies he described in his first book. Thus the dream of the millennium is very ancient and has taken centuries to evolve into its present form. This is undoubtedly one on many reasons for the power it still enjoys in today's world. In the years since Cohn wrote, scholars have increasingly realised the incredible diversity of millennial thinking throughout world history and in many very diverse cultures. One of the first books to call attention to this issue was published as the proceedings of a conference held at the University of Chicago in 1960, three years after the first edition of The Pursuit of the Millennium. Millennial Dreams in Action: Studies in Revolutionary Religious Movements. Ed. Sylvia L. Thrupp. New York: Schocken, 1970. 228 pages. The editor notes in her introduction that 'the idea of the millennium has been one of humanity's great inventions. In a sense every prophet and leader of a movement has reinvented it ... he has leaned ... on a tradition that takes us back into ... antiquity' (25). The book lays out some of the varying schools of thought about why such movements occur and shows that they have emerged in a wide variety of cultures over the centuries. This book remains an excellent introductory text for this complex subject. Another book that covers many aspects of the topic has recently been published and merits mention here. The Year 2000: Essays on the End. Eds. Charles B. Strozier and Michael Flynn. New York: New York UP, 1997. ix, 342 pages. An excellent and very diverse collection of articles. The focus is more contemporary and more on America than Thrupp's book (listed above). There are a number of strong articles on radical right-wing thinking, and how millennial hopes have permeated into many aspects of American life. Catherine Keller. Apocalypse Now and Then: A Feminist Guide to the End of the World. Boston: Beacon, 1996. xiv, 370 pages. Just what it says, offering some new ways to look at the subject. Certainly this is worth a look. There are a number of areas that we need to consider in attempting to study millennial movements (1). How has the idea of the millennium evolved over time? The ideas that Cohn describes seem relatively straightforward, but in the ensuing centuries they have become more elaborate and complex (2). If we accept the notion that modern totalitarianism is essentially a secularised millennial movement, we need to have some understanding of how this process might have occurred. Thus we have to have some comprehension of the historical evolution of these fantasies (3). Also it would help to have some comprehension of the various schools of thought about why these movements occur (4). I want to consider the emergence of millennial movements in diverse cultures (e.g., South Africa, China, Brazil, the south Pacific, etc) (5). Lastly, I want to offer material on the millennial dream in American culture, where it has become quite diverse and almost all pervasive. America is perhaps the great millennial experiment of world history. Historical Evolution of Millennialism into a Secularised Doctrine One can make a case for the idea that in Western culture the fantasy of the millennium started out as a religious idea that often animated movements of social protest and/or revolution. Between the period of the Puritan Revolution and the French Revolution, we see the rise of secular religion (i.e. religion without the trappings of religion). This has a lot to do with what allows for men like Hitler, and Mao to be perceived as messiahs who will, via revolution, usher in a new world, what amounts to God's Kingdom on earth known by other names. I should be clear that this is my interpretation, the sources I offer for your consideration do not particularly advance this view but might offer support for it. In addition, we also need to remember that while a secularising process was going on that the religious hope also remained alive and well, so that in today's world both exist side by side in a complex, often confusing, relationship. David S. Katz and Richard H. Popkin. Messianic Revolution: Radical Religious Politics to the End of the Second Millennium. New York: Hill and Wang, 1998. xxv, 303 pages. Eva Shaw. Eve of Destruction: Prophecies, Theories and Preparing for the End of the World. Chicago: Contemporary Books, 1995. xvi, 238 pages. Here we have two general histories that unite a lot of diverse trends together, showing the evolution of these fantasies over the centuries. Katz & Popkin are definitely worth a look. Melvin J. Lasky. Utopia and Revolution: On the Origins of a Metaphor or Some Illustrations of the Problem of Political Temperament and Intellectual Climate and How Ideas, Ideals, and Ideologies Have Been Historically Related. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1976. xiii, 726 pages. This is a vast tome on a vast subject, which offers extensive discussion, throughout the text, on the millennial underpinning of many revolutionary movements. Of the Puritans (discussed below), Lasky notes that 'the English revolutionaries who were to usher in the New Jerusalem would be worthy: their souls would have to be free of self-love and warring lusts, of pride, envy, wrath, and bitterness. The future state of better times required guardians of sterling, if not saintly, character (422). Lasky is definitely worthy of study. Bernard McGinn. Visions of the End: Apocalyptic Tradition in the Middle Ages. New York: Columbia UP, 1998. xxvii, 390 pages. This book presents excerpts of varying lengths from a large number of medieval texts strung together with authoritative discussion/commentary by the McGinn. This is a useful source, especially for its material on Joachim of Fiore (1135-1202), who was certainly the major apocalyptic thinker of his time and who has inspired countless others ever since (126-141, 158-167). Michael Walzer. The Revolution of the Saints: A Study in the Origins of Radical Politics. New York: Athenum, 1968. xi, 334 pages. Charles Webster. The Great Instauration: Science, Medicine and Reform, 1626-1660. New York: Holmes and Meier, 1975. xvi, 630 pages. These books clearly show that the Puritan revolution and its goals of creating not only a new world, but new men, were importantly inspired by belief in the coming millennium. An underlying goal of the Puritan effort was clearly the creation of God's Kingdom on earth. Despite their intense religiosity Puritans were men of the world, they were not in some ivory tower but very much into changing the real world in accordance with their religious principles. It is in this period that we begin to see religion becoming secularised, thus allowing religious ideas to guide or influence all aspects of the secular, e.g. politics, science, education, etc. These sources are important for understanding the beginnings of this secularisation process of religion, hence they merit close study. Theories of Explanation Aside from the ideas of Norman Cohn, discussed above, there are a number of other theories about how millennial movements evolve. I want to offer material by some of the key thinkers on the subject for your consideration. Also, I am going to include some material on biblical prophecy beliefs to provide an idea of how the whole idea is put together in the minds of believers. Anthropological Weston La Barre. The Ghost Dance: The Origins of Religion. Garden City, New York: Doubleday, 1970. xvi, 677 pages. Weston La Barre was certainly one of the great psychoanalytic anthropologists. This book is his grand synthesis on the origin of religion. It appears to me truly encyclopedic in scope. Much of it is truly brilliant, but parts of it are, in my opinion, totally incomprehensible. Though he is not writing about millennialism, I include this source because he gives extensive information about legions of messianic figures from many cultures throughout history Weston La Barre. "Materials for a History of Studies of Crisis Cults: A Bibliographic Essay." Current Anthropology 12.1 (Feb. 1971): 3-44. La Barre offers concise discussions on millennial movements in many cultures as well as a nicely written section on the various theories of causation. There are seven pages of bibliographic references plus discussions of La Barre's by a wide array of anthropologists. Despite its age this remains a very useful article. Anthony F.C. Wallace. "Revitalization Movements." American Anthropologist 58 (Apr. 1956): 264-81. ---. "Mazeway Resynthesis: A Biocultural Theory of Religious Inspiration." Transactions: The New York Academy of Sciences Series 2, 18.7 (May 1956): 626-38. ---. "Mazeway Disintegration: The Individual's Perception of Socio-Cultural Disorganization." Human Organization 16.2 (Summer 1957): 23-7. Wallace presents a schema that, while perhaps unduly broad in focus for our purposes, is still useful for comprehending the dynamics and purposes of millennial movements. These ideas inform his important study of the Senaca Indians cited below. This material deserves close study. Psychological/Psychoanalytic George E. Atwood. "On the Origins and Dynamics of Messianic Salvation Fantasies." International Review of Psycho-Analysis 5, Part 1 (1978): 85-96. This is an important article. Read this one. Michael Barkun. Disaster and the Millennium. Syracuse, New York: Syracuse UP, 1986. x, 246 pages. Barkun suggests that millennial movements can be one of many psychological effects inherent in group responses to local disasters. In my view this is too narrow a view of causation, but Barkun is a first rate scholar and should not be ignored. Millennarian Change: Movements of Total Transformation. Ed. Michael Barkun. American Behavioural Scientist 16.2 (Nov./Dec. 1972). This is a special issue of this journal devoted to this subject edited by Barkun. Seven articles, mostly by sociologists and social psychologists, examine the many complexities of this important subject (perhaps the most powerful group fantasy in human history). Millennial thinking deserves much more attention from psychohistorians than it has so far received; it is my hope that bringing some of the relevant literature to greater attention might help to stimulate increased study of this fascinating topic. One article in the issue of special interest for psychohistorians would be George Rosen, "Social Change and Psychopathology in the Emotional Climate of Millennial Movements", 153-67. Robert S. Robins and Jerrold M. Post. Political Paranoia: The Psychopolitics of Hatred. New Haven, Conn.: Yale UP, 1997. x, 366 pages. This looks at millennial movements in terms of Bion's basic assumption model, a useful idea that merits closer examination than the authors appear to provide. Biblical Prophecy Belief Here are some sources that shed light on the nature of beliefs about the millennium. I have chosen some written from the point of view of true believers in Christian biblical prophecy as well as by reputable scholars on aspects of the subject that I think might be of interest to psychohistorians. There is a huge literature in this area, but not much can be said in favor of the in-depth scholarship of true believers (this is understandable since we are dealing here with issues of faith). However the materials presented here seem to me lucid and clear presentations. As such, they can be useful in aiding our understanding of the meaning of complex beliefs and ideas over long periods of time. Grant R. Jeffrey, Armageddon: Appointment with Destiny. Revised and enlarged editon. Toronto: Frontier Research Publications, 1997. 313 pages. This is a clearly written overview, from a leading teacher of biblical prophecy. David Haggith. End-Time Prophecies of the Bible. New York: Putnam's, 1999. 546 pages. For anyone wishing a guide to all the texts in the Bible dealing with this subject this book seems a most helpful source, despite the author's religious orientation. Rapture Watch. Archives on the World Wide Web at <http://home.inreach.com/dov/rapturea.htm>. Here is a publication that purports to give indication of when the rapture and tribulation is coming. The items selected tend to be quite amazing and must be seen to be believed. The archive lists issues from June 1997 to April 1999. It is striking that the people who put this publication out do not identify themselves in any of the issues that I looked at. Check it out. R.H. Charles. Eschatology -- The Doctrine of a Future Life in Israel: Judaism and Christianity: A Critical History. New York: Schocken, 1963. xxx, 482 pages. Originally published in 1899, this remains on of the standard scholarly works on the subject. If we are to understand the underlying psychohistorical issues inherent in such beliefs, we need to understand their nature -- this book is most helpful in that sense. E.R. Chamberlin. Antichrist and the Millennium. New York: Saturday Review Press/Dutton, 1975. xii, 244 pages. Robert Fuller. Naming the Antichrist: The History of an American Obsession. New York: Oxford UP, 1995. vii, 232 pages. The antichrist (in essence the evil double of Jesus, the son of Satan) is barely mentioned in the Bible, but has received an increasingly major role in contemporary thinking about the millennium and how it will occur. These books seem to be useful guides to understanding an important aspect of our subject. They are more scholarly in tone than we would expect from purveyors of prophetic beliefs/fantasy (but, of course, the focus is different). Millennial Movements Across Cultures We see such movements in a wide variety of cultures, and not just among tribal and Third World peoples. Before considering a number of specific cultures, I want to mention a general synthesis that was attempted a number of years ago. Bryan R. Wilson. Magic and the Millennium: A Sociological Study of Religious Movements of Protest among Tribal and Third World Peoples. New York: Harper and Row, 1973. xi, 547 pages. This is quite extensive in scope despite its age. American Indians The Indian population of America was, over a period of several centuries, driven by the whites from its ancestral lands, decimated and increasingly dispossessed. Thus it might be logical to assume that these cultures would be fertile ground for messianic movements aiming to magically restore what they believed themselves to have lost at the hands of the whites. Indeed this is the case... James Mooney. The Ghost-Dance Religion and Wounded Knee. New York: Dover, 1973. 591 pages. This book is an unabridged reprint of the Bureau of Ethnology Report XIV, part 2, originally entitled The Ghost-Dance Religion and the Sioux Outbreak of 1890, published in 1896 by the US Government Printing Office. Pagination in the book (645-1136) is from the original edition. Since the 1896 edition is not readily available to scholars, Dover has done a real service by publishing this reprint. Wishing to discover the reasons behind the tragic massacre at Wounded Knee in 1890, Mooney investigated and found that it had been inspired by the Ghost Dance religion. In essence, this was a messianic movement that believed the Indian dead would be resurrected and the Whites would be driven from the land. The Indians in their desperation hoped for the establishment of an earthly paradise. Mooney found that the Ghost Dance was the culmination of a number of similar movements among Indians in response to overwhelming oppression and hopelessness. He finds parallels to the Ghost Dance in the Shakers, and various radical sects of Puritans among others. This is an important source worth close study. Anthony F.C. Wallace. The Death and Rebirth of the Senaca. New York: Vantage, 1972. xii, 384 pages. Wallace is an anthropologist and views messianic movements in terms of cultural revitalisation as opposed to explicit revolution being a main goal of what they try to achieve. Handsome Lake was a great prophet among the Senaca in the late 18th century, and created a religion still practiced today that helped revitalise a culture beset by defeat and disaster. Wallace is able to present an interdisciplinary thesis in favor of his argument, bolstered by history, psychoanalysis, anthropology, etc., that is very strong. This book is a model of what interdisciplinary scholarship should be, can be, and rarely is. All psychohistorians, irrespective of their interest in the subject, can learn much from Wallace's methods. H.G. Barnett. Indian Shakers: A Messianic Cult in the Pacific Northwest. Carbondale, Ill.: Southern Illinois UP, 1972. 378 pages. This cult was founded in 1881 and still persists among Indians of the Pacific Northwest. A useful study, worth consulting. Jews The longing for the true messiah is a well-known aspect of Jewish belief and culture, and has a long history. Certainly the Jews have, over the centuries, been subjected to more than their share of persecution. Thus it should not be surprising that various self-styled messiahs would come forward, especially in times of cultural chaos, pain and persecution. Gershom S. Scholem. Sabbatai Sevi: The Mystical Messiah, 1626-1676. Trans. R.J. Zwi Werblowsky. Princeton, NJ: Princeton UP, 1973. xxvii, 1000 pages. Bollingen Series XCIII. The Sabbatian movement was 'the most important movement in Judaism since the destruction of the Second Temple' (ix). This book is apparently the first major study of Sabbatai, what he was about, and why he was important. The movement he inspired swept through the entire Jewish Diaspora. When it had reached a fever pitch, Sabbatai suddenly recanted an	[ { "display_name": "M/C Journal", "id": "https://openalex.org/S2736490681", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W4241535055	National development context	[]	[ { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C189326681" }, { "display_name": "Extreme poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C553381038" }, { "display_name": "Restructuring", "id": "https://openalex.org/C45237549" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Human development (humanity)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2781089502" }, { "display_name": "Context (archaeology)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779343474" }, { "display_name": "Development economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531" }, { "display_name": "National development", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2993534713" }, { "display_name": "Standard of living", "id": "https://openalex.org/C142077812" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "Safeguard", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2780771206" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Archaeology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" } ]	[ "Libya" ]	[]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4241535055	Libya is a high human development country, and the national Millennium Development Goal (MDG) report prepared in 2009 concluded that Libya is well-placed to attain the MDGs by 2015. While extreme poverty is not found in Libya, there are significant economic disparities among geographic regions. There is also a need to safeguard the living standards of the vulnerable by balancing ongoing national economic restructuring with social policies.	[ { "display_name": "Assessment of development results", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4210182663", "type": "book series" } ]
https://openalex.org/W4237497720	Enlisting business support for Africa’s millennium goals	[]	[ { "display_name": "Summit", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778848561" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "General partnership", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71750763" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Private sector", "id": "https://openalex.org/C121426985" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Physical geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C100970517" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" } ]	[ "Libya" ]	[]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4237497720	Africa will not be able to achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) unless it is able to mobilize all stakeholders, including the private sector, concluded more than 200 participants at a conference in London on 4 July. Coming on the eve of the Group of Eight summit in Scotland and on the same day as the opening of the African Union summit in Libya, the event formally launched a project of the New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD), “Bending the Arc,” which aims to encourage businesses in Africa to advance the MDGs. The meeting was organized by the NEPAD Secretariat, the African Business Roundtable (ABR) and the United Nations. It also received sponsorship from Coca-Cola, Visa International, Nestlé and other corporations.	[ { "display_name": "Africa Renewal", "id": "https://openalex.org/S2764401155", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W4248818517	Translate words into action, Africans demand	[]	[ { "display_name": "Summit", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778848561" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Commission", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2776034101" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Prime minister", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2993486354" }, { "display_name": "Action (physics)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2780791683" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Development economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "Politics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Physics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964" }, { "display_name": "Quantum mechanics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C62520636" }, { "display_name": "Physical geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C100970517" } ]	[ "Libya" ]	[]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4248818517	More than any other recent year, 2005 has seen Africa emerge as a prominent topic on the international agenda. From the UN Millennium Task Force’s January report on the steps needed to achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), to the March report of the UK’s Commission on Africa, to the July summits of the African Union (AU) in Libya and the Group of Eight (G-8) industrialized countries in Gleneagles, Scotland, to the 2005 World Summit in New York in September, the continent’s challenges, needs and aspirations have received unprecedented attention. Yet the particular views and expectations of Africans have received less exposure than the numerous promises of the presidents and prime ministers of the developed world. Here we present selected excerpts from some of the African perspectives.	[ { "display_name": "Africa Renewal", "id": "https://openalex.org/S2764401155", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W2130327259	Accounting for water quality in monitoring access to safe drinking-water as part of the Millennium Development Goals: lessons from five countries	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Robert Bain", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5046515658" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Stephen Gundry", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5066003122" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Jim A. Wright", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5060124599" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Hong Yang", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5007009156" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Steve Pedley", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5009997285" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Jamie Bartram", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5024899132" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Sanitation", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2780151969" }, { "display_name": "Water quality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2780797713" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Water supply", "id": "https://openalex.org/C97053079" }, { "display_name": "Population", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359" }, { "display_name": "Environmental health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951" }, { "display_name": "Environmental science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304" }, { "display_name": "Water resource management", "id": "https://openalex.org/C524765639" }, { "display_name": "Environmental protection", "id": "https://openalex.org/C526734887" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Environmental engineering", "id": "https://openalex.org/C87717796" }, { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Ecology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C18903297" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Biology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240" } ]	[ "Jordan" ]	[ "https://openalex.org/W1506824295", "https://openalex.org/W1977037959", "https://openalex.org/W1978287677", "https://openalex.org/W1978747004", "https://openalex.org/W2002925493", "https://openalex.org/W2049838589", "https://openalex.org/W2164791979", "https://openalex.org/W2224888751", "https://openalex.org/W2268414324", "https://openalex.org/W2734052717", "https://openalex.org/W3123179519", "https://openalex.org/W3204218454" ]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2130327259	To determine how data on water source quality affect assessments of progress towards the 2015 Millennium Development Goal (MDG) target on access to safe drinking-water.Data from five countries on whether drinking-water sources complied with World Health Organization water quality guidelines on contamination with thermotolerant coliform bacteria, arsenic, fluoride and nitrates in 2004 and 2005 were obtained from the Rapid Assessment of Drinking-Water Quality project. These data were used to adjust estimates of the proportion of the population with access to safe drinking-water at the MDG baseline in 1990 and in 2008 made by the Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation, which classified all improved sources as safe.Taking account of data on water source quality resulted in substantially lower estimates of the percentage of the population with access to safe drinking-water in 2008 in four of the five study countries: the absolute reduction was 11% in Ethiopia, 16% in Nicaragua, 15% in Nigeria and 7% in Tajikistan. There was only a slight reduction in Jordan. Microbial contamination was more common than chemical contamination.The criterion used by the MDG indicator to determine whether a water source is safe can lead to substantial overestimates of the population with access to safe drinking-water and, consequently, also overestimates the progress made towards the 2015 MDG target. Monitoring drinking-water supplies by recording both access to water sources and their safety would be a substantial improvement.	[ { "display_name": "Bulletin of The World Health Organization", "id": "https://openalex.org/S22004576", "type": "journal" }, { "display_name": "Europe PMC (PubMed Central)", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306400806", "type": "repository" }, { "display_name": "PubMed Central", "id": "https://openalex.org/S2764455111", "type": "repository" }, { "display_name": "Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill)", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306401075", "type": "repository" }, { "display_name": "Surrey Open Research repository (University of Surrey)", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306402651", "type": "repository" }, { "display_name": "PubMed", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036", "type": "repository" } ]
https://openalex.org/W1508569772	Jordan: Supporting Stable Development in a Challenging Region--A Joint World Bank-Islamic Development Bank Evaluation	[ { "affiliations": [ { "country": "United States", "display_name": "World Bank", "id": "https://openalex.org/I1334329717", "lat": 38.89511, "long": -77.03637, "type": "other" } ], "display_name": "Fareed M. A. Hassan", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5016145563" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Djelloul Al-Saci", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5070615525" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Restructuring", "id": "https://openalex.org/C45237549" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Business", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560" }, { "display_name": "Chinese financial system", "id": "https://openalex.org/C84505015" }, { "display_name": "Public sector", "id": "https://openalex.org/C147859227" }, { "display_name": "Government (linguistics)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778137410" }, { "display_name": "Economic policy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C105639569" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C189326681" }, { "display_name": "Finance", "id": "https://openalex.org/C10138342" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Economy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C136264566" }, { "display_name": "Linguistics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202" }, { "display_name": "Philosophy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "China", "id": "https://openalex.org/C191935318" } ]	[ "Jordan" ]	[ "https://openalex.org/W113124877", "https://openalex.org/W573763869", "https://openalex.org/W1564040198", "https://openalex.org/W1819595233", "https://openalex.org/W2264022047" ]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1508569772	This evaluation, prepared in collaboration with the Islamic Development Bank, looks at the effectiveness of Bank assistance to Jordan during the 1990s, from three perspectives: an analysis of the Bank's services and products, development impact, and the contribution of the Bank and its development partners, to development outcomes. The Bank's strategy since 1990, based on wide-ranging and influential analytic and advisory activities, was to support macroeconomic stabilization and pro-market structural reforms to foster growth. The increased focus on the social sectors was aligned with the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The strategy was relevant to the government's priorities outlined in a series of five-year economic and social development plans. The Bank's programs, in particular, were successful in promoting policy reforms. Substantial tariff, trade and financial sector reforms, together with the removal of disincentives for investment and the privatization of government enterprises, were achieved. Bank assistance also contributed to significant progress in the agriculture, water and social sectors. With Bank support, Jordan made excellent progress in almost all areas covered by the MDGs, and is likely to meet the target levels by 2015. However, these gains have been achieved in an inefficient manner and the cost in terms of public expenditures has been relatively high. Recommendations outline much needed public sector reform, for despite some public expenditures being curtailed, the country's vulnerability to external shocks, remains high, and the potential for regional instability is also considerable. Future Bank assistance should focus on public expenditure restructuring, enhanced water management and conservation, and poverty reduction.	[]
https://openalex.org/W1497941688	Accounting for water quality in monitoring the Millennium Development Goal on access to safe drinking-water: lessons from five countries.	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Res Bain", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5026952332" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "United Kingdom", "display_name": "University of Bristol", "id": "https://openalex.org/I36234482", "lat": 51.45523, "long": -2.59665, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Stephen Gundry", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5066003122" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "J.F. Wright", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5083845318" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Hong Yang", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5007009156" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Steve Pedley", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5009997285" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "JK Bartram", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5003495769" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Sanitation", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2780151969" }, { "display_name": "Water quality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2780797713" }, { "display_name": "Water supply", "id": "https://openalex.org/C97053079" }, { "display_name": "Population", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Environmental health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951" }, { "display_name": "Environmental science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304" }, { "display_name": "Water source", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2991804310" }, { "display_name": "Water resource management", "id": "https://openalex.org/C524765639" }, { "display_name": "Environmental protection", "id": "https://openalex.org/C526734887" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Environmental engineering", "id": "https://openalex.org/C87717796" }, { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Ecology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C18903297" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Biology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240" } ]	[ "Jordan" ]	[ "https://openalex.org/W1506824295", "https://openalex.org/W1977037959", "https://openalex.org/W1978287677", "https://openalex.org/W1978747004", "https://openalex.org/W2049838589", "https://openalex.org/W2164791979", "https://openalex.org/W3123179519" ]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1497941688	Objective To determine how data on water source quality affect assessments of progress towards the 2015 Millennium Development Goal (MDG) target on access to safe drinking-water. Methods Data from five countries on whether drinking-water sources complied with World Health Organization water quality guidelines on contamination with thermotolerant coliform bacteria, arsenic, fluoride and nitrates in 2004 and 2005 were obtained from the Rapid Assessment of Drinking-Water Quality project. These data were used to adjust estimates of the proportion of the population with access to safe drinking-water at the MDG baseline in 1990 and in 2008 made by the Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation, which classified all improved sources as safe. Findings Taking account of data on water source quality resulted in substantially lower estimates of the percentage of the population with access to safe drinking-water in 2008 in four of the five study countries: the absolute reduction was 11% in Ethiopia, 16% in Nicaragua, 15% in Nigeria and 7% in Tajikistan. There was only a slight reduction in Jordan. Microbial contamination was more common than chemical contamination. Conclusion The criterion used by the Joint Monitoring Programme to determine whether a water source is safe can lead to substantial overestimates of the population with access to safe drinking-water and, consequently, also overestimates the progress made towards the 2015 MDG target. Monitoring drinking-water supplies by recording both access to water sources and their safety would be a substantial improvement.	[]
https://openalex.org/W2472932554	The need to focus on primary health care for chronic diseases	[ { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Switzerland", "display_name": "University of Geneva", "id": "https://openalex.org/I114457229", "lat": 46.20222, "long": 6.14569, "type": "education" }, { "country": "Switzerland", "display_name": "University Hospital of Geneva", "id": "https://openalex.org/I4210106256", "lat": 46.193817, "long": 6.148998, "type": "healthcare" } ], "display_name": "David Beran", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5029338265" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Switzerland", "display_name": "University of Geneva", "id": "https://openalex.org/I114457229", "lat": 46.20222, "long": 6.14569, "type": "education" }, { "country": "Switzerland", "display_name": "University Hospital of Geneva", "id": "https://openalex.org/I4210106256", "lat": 46.193817, "long": 6.148998, "type": "healthcare" } ], "display_name": "François Chappuis", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5080804875" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Switzerland", "display_name": "University of Geneva", "id": "https://openalex.org/I114457229", "lat": 46.20222, "long": 6.14569, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Sandro Cattacin", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5017974326" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Mozambique", "display_name": "Eduardo Mondlane University", "id": "https://openalex.org/I16904388", "lat": -25.9667, "long": 32.5833, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Albertino Damasceno", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5091066335" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Nepal", "display_name": "B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences", "id": "https://openalex.org/I67702648", "lat": 26.809406, "long": 87.2643, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Nilambar Jha", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5022898521" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Switzerland", "display_name": "Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies", "id": "https://openalex.org/I951315", "lat": 46.22081, "long": 6.143778, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Claire Somerville", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5012929161" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Switzerland", "display_name": "Università della Svizzera italiana", "id": "https://openalex.org/I57201433", "lat": 46.01008, "long": 8.96004, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "L. Suzanne Suggs", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5055143201" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Peru", "display_name": "Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia", "id": "https://openalex.org/I197097402", "lat": -12.04318, "long": -77.02824, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "J. Jaime Miranda", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5021064198" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "Scopus", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83867959" }, { "display_name": "Neglected tropical diseases", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2776246342" }, { "display_name": "Double burden", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778415360" }, { "display_name": "Disease", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779134260" }, { "display_name": "Global health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C46578552" }, { "display_name": "Health care", "id": "https://openalex.org/C160735492" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "MEDLINE", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779473830" }, { "display_name": "Family medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C512399662" }, { "display_name": "Type 2 diabetes", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2777180221" }, { "display_name": "Diabetes mellitus", "id": "https://openalex.org/C555293320" }, { "display_name": "Gerontology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C74909509" }, { "display_name": "Public health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C138816342" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Nursing", "id": "https://openalex.org/C159110408" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Pathology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C142724271" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Obesity", "id": "https://openalex.org/C511355011" }, { "display_name": "Overweight", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2780586474" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C134018914" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" } ]	[ "Jordan" ]	[ "https://openalex.org/W2111982156", "https://openalex.org/W2151768324", "https://openalex.org/W2255326772", "https://openalex.org/W4255826509" ]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2472932554	In The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology, a recent Editorial1The Lancet Diabetes & EndocrinologyHIV and NCDs: the need to build stronger health systems.Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2016; 4: 549-550Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (10) Google Scholar and a Review by Eric Nou and colleagues2Nou E Lo J Hadigan C Grinspoon SK Pathophysiology and management of cardiovascular disease in patients with HIV.Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2016; 4: 598-610Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (57) Google Scholar about the link between HIV/AIDS and cardiovascular disease address the double burden of communicable diseases and non-communicable diseases (NCDs), a problem often overlooked in the scientific literature and by donors. As researchers active in the areas of NCDs and neglected tropical diseases, we believe that several additional points warrant consideration. The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) included clear targets for HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria, but not for NCDs and neglected tropical diseases, which have now been included in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).3Beaglehole R Bonita R Horton R et al.Priority actions for the non-communicable disease crisis.Lancet. 2011; 377: 1438-1447Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (1192) Google Scholar Not mentioned in the Editorial, the SDGs also include universal health coverage, a key tool to address health inequities as a way to build stronger health systems and ensure accessibility to care. Universal health coverage alone is not enough to deliver health services and its implementation requires quality and accessible primary health care. Primary health care provides the first point of entry for health-care delivery, with links to higher levels of the health system and other services. Primary care focuses on the individual by including not only health-related services, but also community resources to tackle health and social issues. However, mention of primary health care and its role within the health system is missing from the SDGs, as well as from the Editorial1The Lancet Diabetes & EndocrinologyHIV and NCDs: the need to build stronger health systems.Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2016; 4: 549-550Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (10) Google Scholar and Review.2Nou E Lo J Hadigan C Grinspoon SK Pathophysiology and management of cardiovascular disease in patients with HIV.Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2016; 4: 598-610Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (57) Google Scholar We recognise the dearth of information on the management of HIV/AIDS and cardiovascular diseases in low-resource settings, but in view of the burden in these contexts, the concepts presented should be discussed with a view of delivering services at the level of primary care. HIV/AIDS, neglected tropical diseases, and NCDs are all chronic diseases and their management poses problems for health systems organised to provide acute care.4WHOInnovative care for chronic conditions: building blocks for action. World Health Organization, Geneva2002Google Scholar Chronic diseases, whether communicable or non-communicable, require similar approaches centring care on the individual. Chronic disease is a burden on the household and individual in terms of lost productivity, cost of care, disability, and death, as well as social aspects, such as stigma and the role that family members, especially women and children, have as caregivers. Focusing on primary health care allows for people-centred care rather than disease-oriented care.5Epping-Jordan J Pruitt S Bengoa R Wagner E Improving the quality of health care for chronic conditions.Qual Saf Health Care. 2004; 13: 299-305Crossref PubMed Scopus (510) Google Scholar The SDGs offer the promise of a more horizontal approach to improving health, moving beyond the siloed approach of the MDGs and responses to HIV/AIDS. HIV/AIDS, NCDs, and neglected tropical diseases are diseases of poverty and causes of poverty (SDG 1). Universal health coverage (SDG 3) needs to be addressed, as well as determining which services will be provided. Because exposure to risk factors and access to care is different for women and men, gender-sensitive approaches are needed in the design, development, and implementation of interventions (SDG 5). And because diseases have their determinants in the environments where people live, interventions at policy, health system, and community levels should address elements included in SDG 11, which focuses on making cities inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable. Focusing on the quality of services at the primary health care level, irrespective of the diseases people have, can help to achieve the health-related SDG to “ensure healthy lives and promote wellbeing for all at all ages”. The COHESION (COmmunity HEalth System InnovatiON) Project is funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation and the Swiss Development Cooperation under the Swiss Program for Research on Global Issues for Development. We declare no competing interests. HIV and NCDs: the need to build stronger health systemsOne of the greatest health achievements of recent decades is turning HIV infection from a death sentence to a chronic disease. Widespread access to combination antiretroviral therapy means that people with HIV are now living near normal life spans—and thereby facing different health challenges. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is now one of the leading causes of non-AIDS-related morbidity and mortality in people with HIV. Full-Text PDF	[ { "display_name": "The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology", "id": "https://openalex.org/S2529869117", "type": "journal" }, { "display_name": "PubMed", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036", "type": "repository" } ]
https://openalex.org/W3158618375	The Centennial of the establishment of the Kingdom of Jordan-One hundred years of development in the health sector in Jordan	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Abdullah Ii Bin Al-Hussein", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5034720599" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Infant mortality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C112299071" }, { "display_name": "Health care", "id": "https://openalex.org/C160735492" }, { "display_name": "Private sector", "id": "https://openalex.org/C121426985" }, { "display_name": "Population", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359" }, { "display_name": "Public sector", "id": "https://openalex.org/C147859227" }, { "display_name": "Per capita", "id": "https://openalex.org/C127598652" }, { "display_name": "Centennial", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778086194" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Health indicator", "id": "https://openalex.org/C121272143" }, { "display_name": "Public health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C138816342" }, { "display_name": "Maternal death", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2908892503" }, { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Environmental health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Nursing", "id": "https://openalex.org/C159110408" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Pathology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C142724271" } ]	[ "Jordan" ]	[]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3158618375	The Emirate of East Jordan was established in 1921 and included most of the lands east of the Jordan River, from which it took this name. Since then, the health sector in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan has witnessed a significant and tangible development, although it faced many challenges. The Kingdom paid attention to providing comprehensive health care to all individuals in society, as the health sector is considered one of the most vital sectors in the Kingdom. This article highlights different milestones the health sector passed through during the last 100 years including Population growth, historical events, the healthcare system components in Jordan which consists of several sectors that provide the service, namely the public sector, the private sector, international organizations, non-governmental organizations, and charities. This article presents some health demographic indicators such as Infant Mortality Rate (defined as the number of infant deaths for every 1,000 live births) which in addition to giving us key information about maternal and infant health, it is an important marker of the overall health of a society. Another indicator is Maternal Mortality Rate (defined as the number of maternal deaths during a given time 100,000 live births during the same time). It depicts the risk of maternal death relative to the number of live births and essentially captures the risk of death in a single pregnancy or a single live birth. Moreover, this article provides information on a range of health statistics such as hospital beds, available resources, the numbers of healthcare professionals per capita, the availability of healthcare resources (e.g., medical professionals, technologies, and other infrastructure) which may have an impact on proper functioning of a health system in different ways, including an easier access to care, affordability of services, and preparedness to crisis. In addition, it explores the percentage of vaccination coverage which reduces major health risks to infants and children and discusses civil health insurance coverage. Moreover, it explores the epidemiological transition in Jordan, where the number of infectious disease cases decreases while the number of chronic disease cases increases. An overview of medical tourism including medical investments and therapeutic resorts where consumers elect to travel across international borders with the intention of receiving some form of medical treatment. Furthermore, it discusses main challenges facing the healthcare system which are viewed in different converging topics: demographics, human resources, behavioral factors, financial challenges and more.	[ { "display_name": "Journal of Critical Reviews", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306515461", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W3159411314	The Centennial of the establishment of the Kingdom of Jordan-One hundred years of development in the health sector in Jordan	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Sarah Ahmad Majed Al-Aitan", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5090109441" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Osama Suleiman Samawi", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5084829560" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Ibrahim Said Aqel", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5070085637" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Infant mortality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C112299071" }, { "display_name": "Health care", "id": "https://openalex.org/C160735492" }, { "display_name": "Private sector", "id": "https://openalex.org/C121426985" }, { "display_name": "Population", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359" }, { "display_name": "Public sector", "id": "https://openalex.org/C147859227" }, { "display_name": "Per capita", "id": "https://openalex.org/C127598652" }, { "display_name": "Centennial", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778086194" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Health indicator", "id": "https://openalex.org/C121272143" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Maternal death", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2908892503" }, { "display_name": "Public health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C138816342" }, { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "Environmental health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Nursing", "id": "https://openalex.org/C159110408" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Pathology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C142724271" } ]	[ "Jordan" ]	[]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3159411314	The Emirate of East Jordan was established in 1921 and included most of the lands east of the Jordan River, from which it took this name. Since then, the health sector in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan has witnessed a significant and tangible development, although it faced many challenges. The Kingdom paid attention to providing comprehensive health care to all individuals in society, as the health sector is considered one of the most vital sectors in the Kingdom. This article highlights different milestones the health sector passed through during the last 100 years including Population growth, historical events, the healthcare system components in Jordan which consists of several sectors that provide the service, namely the public sector, the private sector, international organizations, non-governmental organizations, and charities. This article presents some health demographic indicators such as Infant Mortality Rate (defined as the number of infant deaths for every 1,000 live births) which in addition to giving us key information about maternal and infant health, it is an important marker of the overall health of a society. Another indicator is Maternal Mortality Rate (defined as the number of maternal deaths during a given time 100,000 live births during the same time). It depicts the risk of maternal death relative to the number of live births and essentially captures the risk of death in a single pregnancy or a single live birth. Moreover, this article provides information on a range of health statistics such as hospital beds, available resources, the numbers of healthcare professionals per capita, the availability of healthcare resources (e.g., medical professionals, technologies, and other infrastructure) which may have an impact on proper functioning of a health system in different ways, including an easier access to care, affordability of services, and preparedness to crisis. In addition, it explores the percentage of vaccination coverage which reduces major health risks to infants and children and discusses civil health insurance coverage. Moreover, it explores the epidemiological transition in Jordan, where the number of infectious disease cases decreases while the number of chronic disease cases increases. An overview of medical tourism including medical investments and therapeutic resorts where consumers elect to travel across international borders with the intention of receiving some form of medical treatment. Furthermore, it discusses main challenges facing the healthcare system which are viewed in different converging topics: demographics, human resources, behavioral factors, financial challenges and more.	[ { "display_name": "Journal of Critical Reviews", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306515461", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W2727764943	الأردن : دعم التنمية المستقرة في منطقة صعبة-مشترك للبنك-الإسلامي تقييم بنك التنمية	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Fareed M. A. Hassan", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5016145563" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Djelloul Al-Saci", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5070615525" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Restructuring", "id": "https://openalex.org/C45237549" }, { "display_name": "Business", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560" }, { "display_name": "Public sector", "id": "https://openalex.org/C147859227" }, { "display_name": "Government (linguistics)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778137410" }, { "display_name": "Economic policy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C105639569" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Chinese financial system", "id": "https://openalex.org/C84505015" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Finance", "id": "https://openalex.org/C10138342" }, { "display_name": "Poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C189326681" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Economy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C136264566" }, { "display_name": "Linguistics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202" }, { "display_name": "Philosophy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "China", "id": "https://openalex.org/C191935318" } ]	[ "Jordan" ]	[]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2727764943	This evaluation, prepared in collaboration with the Islamic Development Bank, looks at the effectiveness of Bank assistance to Jordan during the 1990s, from three perspectives: an analysis of the Bank's services and products, development impact, and the contribution of the Bank and its development partners, to development outcomes. The Bank's strategy since 1990, based on wide-ranging and influential analytic and advisory activities, was to support macroeconomic stabilization and pro-market structural reforms to foster growth. The increased focus on the social sectors was aligned with the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The strategy was relevant to the government's priorities outlined in a series of five-year economic and social development plans. The Bank's programs, in particular, were successful in promoting policy reforms. Substantial tariff, trade and financial sector reforms, together with the removal of disincentives for investment and the privatization of government enterprises, were achieved. Bank assistance also contributed to significant progress in the agriculture, water and social sectors. With Bank support, Jordan made excellent progress in almost all areas covered by the MDGs, and is likely to meet the target levels by 2015. However, these gains have been achieved in an inefficient manner and the cost in terms of public expenditures has been relatively high. Recommendations outline much needed public sector reform, for despite some public expenditures being curtailed, the country's vulnerability to external shocks, remains high, and the potential for regional instability is also considerable. Future Bank assistance should focus on public expenditure restructuring, enhanced water management and conservation, and poverty reduction.	[]
https://openalex.org/W3140330148	Jordan : Supporting Stable Development in a Challenging Region, A Joint World Bank-Islamic Development Bank Evaluation	[ { "affiliations": [ { "country": "United States", "display_name": "World Bank", "id": "https://openalex.org/I1334329717", "lat": 38.89511, "long": -77.03637, "type": "other" } ], "display_name": "Fareed M. A. Hassan", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5016145563" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Djelloul Al-Saci", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5070615525" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Restructuring", "id": "https://openalex.org/C45237549" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Business", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560" }, { "display_name": "Public sector", "id": "https://openalex.org/C147859227" }, { "display_name": "Government (linguistics)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778137410" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Chinese financial system", "id": "https://openalex.org/C84505015" }, { "display_name": "Economic policy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C105639569" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C189326681" }, { "display_name": "Finance", "id": "https://openalex.org/C10138342" }, { "display_name": "Economy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C136264566" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Linguistics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202" }, { "display_name": "Philosophy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "China", "id": "https://openalex.org/C191935318" } ]	[ "Jordan" ]	[]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3140330148	This evaluation, prepared in collaboration with the Islamic Development Bank, looks at the effectiveness of Bank assistance to Jordan during the 1990s, from three perspectives: an analysis of the Bank's services and products, development impact, and the contribution of the Bank and its development partners, to development outcomes. The Bank's strategy since 1990, based on wide-ranging and influential analytic and advisory activities, was to support macroeconomic stabilization and pro-market structural reforms to foster growth. The increased focus on the social sectors was aligned with the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The strategy was relevant to the government's priorities outlined in a series of five-year economic and social development plans. The Bank's programs, in particular, were successful in promoting policy reforms. Substantial tariff, trade and financial sector reforms, together with the removal of disincentives for investment and the privatization of government enterprises, were achieved. Bank assistance also contributed to significant progress in the agriculture, water and social sectors. With Bank support, Jordan made excellent progress in almost all areas covered by the MDGs, and is likely to meet the target levels by 2015. However, these gains have been achieved in an inefficient manner and the cost in terms of public expenditures has been relatively high. Recommendations outline much needed public sector reform, for despite some public expenditures being curtailed, the country's vulnerability to external shocks, remains high, and the potential for regional instability is also considerable. Future Bank assistance should focus on public expenditure restructuring, enhanced water management and conservation, and poverty reduction.	[ { "display_name": "World Bank Publications", "id": "https://openalex.org/S2765048991", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W3112980603	Impact of Inclusive Remedial Teaching on Performance of Pupils with Mathematics Difficulties in Lower Primary Schools in Butere District, Kenya	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Wafula Robert Wekesa", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5006469797" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Rachel Kamau Kang'ethe", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5073858129" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Nyakwara Begi", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5075184511" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Kenya", "id": "https://openalex.org/C187651312" }, { "display_name": "Inclusion (mineral)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C109359841" }, { "display_name": "Remedial education", "id": "https://openalex.org/C100207952" }, { "display_name": "Government (linguistics)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778137410" }, { "display_name": "Special education", "id": "https://openalex.org/C28858896" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Primary education", "id": "https://openalex.org/C10050518" }, { "display_name": "Mathematics education", "id": "https://openalex.org/C145420912" }, { "display_name": "Curriculum", "id": "https://openalex.org/C47177190" }, { "display_name": "Intervention (counseling)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2780665704" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Psychology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967" }, { "display_name": "Medical education", "id": "https://openalex.org/C509550671" }, { "display_name": "Pedagogy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C19417346" }, { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "Poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C189326681" }, { "display_name": "Sociology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400" }, { "display_name": "Social science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C36289849" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Linguistics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202" }, { "display_name": "Philosophy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662" }, { "display_name": "Psychiatry", "id": "https://openalex.org/C118552586" } ]	[ "Jordan" ]	[]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3112980603	Our world now regards being educated so highly making education a human right. Consequently, it is now expected that every child, regardless of their social status, physical or any other disability should access to quality education. Education for All (EFA) and the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in education are major international commitments to the achievement of universal primary education for all children and the inclusion of children with SNE in education at all levels. Globally: Recent statistics from UNESCO’s EFA Global Monitoring Report indicate that approximately 27 million children in the Common wealth do not attend school due to special needs education such as those with Mathematical Difficulties. While there are no hard figures to illustrate how many children with Mathematics Disabilities are not in school, studies indicate that 10 -20% of children in a regular class in India have MD and 6-10% in the US (Jordan, 2010). In Kenya 20 – 24% children in regular primary schools have MD These children struggle a lot in their education, become stigmatized and may drop from schooling if early intervention is not given. Since most of them are in the regular primary schools, effective intervention can be done in the same schools. The UN Secretariat’s Education Section adopted the UN Convention on the Rights of People with Disabilities inn March 2007 and started the process of compiling lessons from promising practices in the provision of inclusive education, especially for children with disabilities such as MD. In Kenya: The Kenyan Government conducted a National Survey for Persons with Disabilities in 2008 and found that 4.6% of Kenyans experience some form of disability, comparing favorably to the WHO’s estimate of 10% globally. From studies reviewed, children with MD form a population of about 20% of the entire population in the regular primary schools and hence the need to practice inclusive remedial teaching to avoid them becoming stigmatized and excluded from education due to a mixture of fear, shame, and ignorance. Purpose: this study sought to examine the effectiveness of inclusive remediation of children with MD in primary schools in Butere Sub County, Kakamega County by; assessing the status of early identification of MD and the Impact of Remedial Teaching in a regular primary school (inclusive set up) on the mathematics performance for pupils with MD. Selective factors influencing effectiveness of the inclusive education in the study area were also examined. Research Design: quasi experimental with a pretest and posttest exams to assess the impact of the inclusive remedial teaching on the mathematics performance for pupils with MD and descriptive survey design to gather demographic data from class three mathematics teachers and pupils with MD. Sampling: Stratified sampling was used to sample public and private primary schools for the study plus pupils based on their gender. Purposive sampling was used to sample four private schools (experimental and control), eight class three mathematics teachers and eighty pupils identified with MD respectively for the study. Four public primary schools were sampled systematically (nth=13) and proportionally to the sample size of private schools. A sample frame of 8 teachers and 80 pupils was used in the study. Process: Pupils were screened for MD. Administration of a pre and post Remedial Teaching Test followed. (Samveda Remedial Teaching Model). Questionnaires gathered background data from the teachers. The data was prepared and analyzed by SPSS. Findings: both public and private regular primary schools conducted Early Identification for MD plus Remedial Teaching. Pupils with MD. Remedial Teaching improved performance. Recommendations: To address the marginalization of children with disabilities, and its limiting outcomes, the Kenyan government should commit to make policies that enhance early identification and inclusive remedial teaching for pupils with MD. Furthermore, it should emphasizes inclusive education with particular focus to marginalized groups, especially children with special needs and those with disabilities. However, the extent to which this program (of inclusivity) has made an impact on the ground is still a bone of contention.	[ { "display_name": "The International Journal of Business and Management", "id": "https://openalex.org/S2764510197", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W2113726274	Maternal mortality for 181 countries, 1980–2008: a systematic analysis of progress towards Millennium Development Goal 5	[ { "affiliations": [ { "country": "United States", "display_name": "Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation", "id": "https://openalex.org/I3143470655", "lat": 47.60621, "long": -122.33207, "type": "facility" }, { "country": "United States", "display_name": "University of Washington", "id": "https://openalex.org/I201448701", "lat": 47.60621, "long": -122.33207, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Margaret C. Hogan", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5039092496" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "United States", "display_name": "Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation", "id": "https://openalex.org/I3143470655", "lat": 47.60621, "long": -122.33207, "type": "facility" }, { "country": "United States", "display_name": "University of Washington", "id": "https://openalex.org/I201448701", "lat": 47.60621, "long": -122.33207, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Kyle J Foreman", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5063950788" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "United States", "display_name": "Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation", "id": "https://openalex.org/I3143470655", "lat": 47.60621, "long": -122.33207, "type": "facility" }, { "country": "United States", "display_name": "University of Washington", "id": "https://openalex.org/I201448701", "lat": 47.60621, "long": -122.33207, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Mohsen Naghavi", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5010918268" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "United States", "display_name": "Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation", "id": "https://openalex.org/I3143470655", "lat": 47.60621, "long": -122.33207, "type": "facility" }, { "country": "United States", "display_name": "University of Washington", "id": "https://openalex.org/I201448701", "lat": 47.60621, "long": -122.33207, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Stephanie Y. Ahn", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5029131023" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "United States", "display_name": "Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation", "id": "https://openalex.org/I3143470655", "lat": 47.60621, "long": -122.33207, "type": "facility" }, { "country": "United States", "display_name": "University of Washington", "id": "https://openalex.org/I201448701", "lat": 47.60621, "long": -122.33207, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Mengru Wang", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5077614139" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "United States", "display_name": "Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation", "id": "https://openalex.org/I3143470655", "lat": 47.60621, "long": -122.33207, "type": "facility" }, { "country": "United States", "display_name": "University of Washington", "id": "https://openalex.org/I201448701", "lat": 47.60621, "long": -122.33207, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Susanna Makela", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5001072898" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Australia", "display_name": "University of Queensland", "id": "https://openalex.org/I165143802", "lat": -27.46794, "long": 153.02809, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Alan D Lopez", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5042384828" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "United States", "display_name": "Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation", "id": "https://openalex.org/I3143470655", "lat": 47.60621, "long": -122.33207, "type": "facility" }, { "country": "United States", "display_name": "University of Washington", "id": "https://openalex.org/I201448701", "lat": 47.60621, "long": -122.33207, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Rafael Lozano", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5033705370" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "United States", "display_name": "Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation", "id": "https://openalex.org/I3143470655", "lat": 47.60621, "long": -122.33207, "type": "facility" }, { "country": "United States", "display_name": "University of Washington", "id": "https://openalex.org/I201448701", "lat": 47.60621, "long": -122.33207, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Christopher J L Murray", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5004515522" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Verbal autopsy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2781410689" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Standardized mortality ratio", "id": "https://openalex.org/C102803821" }, { "display_name": "Demography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C149923435" }, { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "Global health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C46578552" }, { "display_name": "Mortality rate", "id": "https://openalex.org/C179755657" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Environmental health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951" }, { "display_name": "Cause of death", "id": "https://openalex.org/C29374701" }, { "display_name": "Population", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359" }, { "display_name": "Public health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C138816342" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Disease", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779134260" }, { "display_name": "Nursing", "id": "https://openalex.org/C159110408" }, { "display_name": "Pathology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C142724271" }, { "display_name": "Sociology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" } ]	[ "Egypt" ]	[ "https://openalex.org/W1582300560", "https://openalex.org/W1844917530", "https://openalex.org/W1972373427", "https://openalex.org/W1973668448", "https://openalex.org/W1979674917", "https://openalex.org/W1982143537", "https://openalex.org/W1982756123", "https://openalex.org/W1982831967", "https://openalex.org/W1983830150", "https://openalex.org/W1985582245", "https://openalex.org/W1986990646", "https://openalex.org/W1991133114", "https://openalex.org/W2002118376", "https://openalex.org/W2002608357", "https://openalex.org/W2006622407", "https://openalex.org/W2015379124", "https://openalex.org/W2016244991", "https://openalex.org/W2017977879", "https://openalex.org/W2022213780", "https://openalex.org/W2029988963", "https://openalex.org/W2030045206", "https://openalex.org/W2030781054", "https://openalex.org/W2042902440", "https://openalex.org/W2047032528", "https://openalex.org/W2069307833", "https://openalex.org/W2074227285", "https://openalex.org/W2078420661", "https://openalex.org/W2081015766", "https://openalex.org/W2083649092", "https://openalex.org/W2106170733", "https://openalex.org/W2114263115", "https://openalex.org/W2114668845", "https://openalex.org/W2114965021", "https://openalex.org/W2126574966", "https://openalex.org/W2126758701", "https://openalex.org/W2131381620", "https://openalex.org/W2133719450", "https://openalex.org/W2134472542", "https://openalex.org/W2134620396", "https://openalex.org/W2139749714", "https://openalex.org/W2140986327", "https://openalex.org/W2149316927", "https://openalex.org/W2151796435", "https://openalex.org/W2168714193", "https://openalex.org/W2272679164", "https://openalex.org/W2314123620", "https://openalex.org/W4243836691", "https://openalex.org/W4298064410" ]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2113726274	Background Maternal mortality remains a major challenge to health systems worldwide. Reliable information about the rates and trends in maternal mortality is essential for resource mobilisation, and for planning and assessment of progress towards Millennium Development Goal 5 (MDG 5), the target for which is a 75% reduction in the maternal mortality ratio (MMR) from 1990 to 2015. We assessed levels and trends in maternal mortality for 181 countries. Methods We constructed a database of 2651 observations of maternal mortality for 181 countries for 1980–2008, from vital registration data, censuses, surveys, and verbal autopsy studies. We used robust analytical methods to generate estimates of maternal deaths and the MMR for each year between 1980 and 2008. We explored the sensitivity of our data to model specification and show the out-of-sample predictive validity of our methods. Findings We estimated that there were 342 900 (uncertainty interval 302 100–394 300) maternal deaths worldwide in 2008, down from 526 300 (446 400–629 600) in 1980. The global MMR decreased from 422 (358–505) in 1980 to 320 (272–388) in 1990, and was 251 (221–289) per 100 000 livebirths in 2008. The yearly rate of decline of the global MMR since 1990 was 1·3% (1·0–1·5). During 1990–2008, rates of yearly decline in the MMR varied between countries, from 8·8% (8·7–14·1) in the Maldives to an increase of 5·5% (5·2–5·6) in Zimbabwe. More than 50% of all maternal deaths were in only six countries in 2008 (India, Nigeria, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Ethiopia, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo). In the absence of HIV, there would have been 281 500 (243 900–327 900) maternal deaths worldwide in 2008. Interpretation Substantial, albeit varied, progress has been made towards MDG 5. Although only 23 countries are on track to achieve a 75% decrease in MMR by 2015, countries such as Egypt, China, Ecuador, and Bolivia have been achieving accelerated progress. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.	[ { "display_name": "The Lancet", "id": "https://openalex.org/S49861241", "type": "journal" }, { "display_name": "PubMed", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036", "type": "repository" } ]
https://openalex.org/W2061874489	Actualizing the Right to Water: An Egyptian Perspective for an Action Plan	[ { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Egypt", "display_name": "Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation", "id": "https://openalex.org/I180606324", "lat": 30.09178, "long": 31.225954, "type": "government" }, { "country": "Egypt", "display_name": "National Water Research Center", "id": "https://openalex.org/I4210143517", "lat": 30.106394, "long": 31.242735, "type": "facility" } ], "display_name": "S. T. Abdel-Gawad", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5028456100" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Sanitation", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2780151969" }, { "display_name": "Business", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Summit", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778848561" }, { "display_name": "Government (linguistics)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778137410" }, { "display_name": "Environmental planning", "id": "https://openalex.org/C91375879" }, { "display_name": "Sustainable development", "id": "https://openalex.org/C552854447" }, { "display_name": "Water resources", "id": "https://openalex.org/C153823671" }, { "display_name": "Action plan", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2780210234" }, { "display_name": "Open defecation", "id": "https://openalex.org/C97156103" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Population", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359" }, { "display_name": "Integrated water resources management", "id": "https://openalex.org/C96306036" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Water supply", "id": "https://openalex.org/C97053079" }, { "display_name": "Natural resource economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C175605778" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Engineering", "id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603" }, { "display_name": "Environmental health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951" }, { "display_name": "Environmental engineering", "id": "https://openalex.org/C87717796" }, { "display_name": "Management", "id": "https://openalex.org/C187736073" }, { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "Ecology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C18903297" }, { "display_name": "Linguistics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202" }, { "display_name": "Philosophy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662" }, { "display_name": "Physical geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C100970517" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Biology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240" } ]	[ "Egypt" ]	[ "https://openalex.org/W40915097" ]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2061874489	Increasing access to safe drinking water, adequate sanitation services and improving water resources management are central to the basic right of every human being. Egypt has set an ambitious water agenda in response to the many challenges facing the country and the people. It has successfully met the World Summit for Sustainable Development (WSSD) water targets by developing and implementing a national integrated water resources management plan during the post 2017-period. Egypt has also taken several measures to meet the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) targets for drinking water and sanitation. It has successfully proceeded in supplying nearly the whole population with access to drinking water, whereas sanitation coverage heavily favours urban areas and only a small fraction of rural areas. This paper aims to shed some light on the efforts exerted by the government of Egypt for equitable and sustainable management of its water resources that benefit both individuals and the society at large.	[ { "display_name": "International Journal of Water Resources Development", "id": "https://openalex.org/S164882405", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W1964332779	Maternal mortality: surprise, hope, and urgent action	[ { "affiliations": [ { "country": "South Africa", "display_name": "Lancet Laboratories", "id": "https://openalex.org/I4210107347", "lat": -26.131432, "long": 28.117899, "type": "facility" } ], "display_name": "Richard Horton", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5082599575" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Surprise", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2780343955" }, { "display_name": "Context (archaeology)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779343474" }, { "display_name": "Embarrassment", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2776716606" }, { "display_name": "Scopus", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83867959" }, { "display_name": "Politics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "China", "id": "https://openalex.org/C191935318" }, { "display_name": "Call to action", "id": "https://openalex.org/C105152847" }, { "display_name": "Global health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C46578552" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Development economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531" }, { "display_name": "History", "id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728" }, { "display_name": "Psychology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967" }, { "display_name": "MEDLINE", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779473830" }, { "display_name": "Health care", "id": "https://openalex.org/C160735492" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Business", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560" }, { "display_name": "Poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C189326681" }, { "display_name": "Advertising", "id": "https://openalex.org/C112698675" }, { "display_name": "Archaeology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Social psychology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C77805123" } ]	[ "Egypt" ]	[ "https://openalex.org/W2037662964", "https://openalex.org/W2076694972", "https://openalex.org/W2105925569", "https://openalex.org/W2113726274", "https://openalex.org/W2126574966", "https://openalex.org/W2131518106", "https://openalex.org/W3124152787", "https://openalex.org/W4241227812" ]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1964332779	The apparent failure to reduce maternal mortality during 20 years of the Safe Motherhood movement has been one of the most deforming scars on the body of global health. Despite strong advocacy efforts, 1 Filippi V Ronsmans C Campbell OMR et al. Maternal health in poor countries: the broader context and a call for action. Lancet. 2006; 368: 1535-1541 Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (302) Google Scholar political leaders have either ignored the call or failed to make the health of women in pregnancy their priority. This striking lack of progress, despite maternal mortality reduction being awarded its own Millennium Development Goal (MDG-5) in 2000, has been a source of puzzlement and embarrassment to global health leaders. A sense of failure has triggered deeply reflective analyses to isolate its causes. 2 Shiffman J Smith S Generation of political priority for global health initiatives: a framework and case study of maternal mortality. Lancet. 2007; 370: 1370-1379 Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (428) Google Scholar Maternal mortality for 181 countries, 1980–2008: a systematic analysis of progress towards Millennium Development Goal 5Substantial, albeit varied, progress has been made towards MDG 5. Although only 23 countries are on track to achieve a 75% decrease in MMR by 2015, countries such as Egypt, China, Ecuador, and Bolivia have been achieving accelerated progress. Full-Text PDF	[ { "display_name": "The Lancet", "id": "https://openalex.org/S49861241", "type": "journal" }, { "display_name": "PubMed", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036", "type": "repository" } ]
https://openalex.org/W2164005198	Egypt and the millennium development goals : challenges and opportunities	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Sameh El-Saharty", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5075822738" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Gail Ryder Richardson", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5073185369" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Susan K. Chase", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5035102082" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Government (linguistics)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778137410" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Stewardship (theology)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2777950569" }, { "display_name": "Civil society", "id": "https://openalex.org/C513891491" }, { "display_name": "Business", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560" }, { "display_name": "Process (computing)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C98045186" }, { "display_name": "Capacity building", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779622097" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Computer science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148" }, { "display_name": "Linguistics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202" }, { "display_name": "Philosophy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662" }, { "display_name": "Politics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Operating system", "id": "https://openalex.org/C111919701" } ]	[ "Egypt" ]	[]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2164005198	There are challenges that hinder progress toward the Millennium Development Goals(MDGs), targets in Egypt. These challenges include the pervasive differentials and gaps in the delivery, availability, and quality of publicly financed services and programs, the gender gaps; the fragmented legal system; and the lack of opportunity for civil society to participate in the development process. The report outlines a number of strategies to accelerate achievement of the MDGs in Egypt, including: 1) strengthening government stewardship and regulation, 2) encouraging community participation, 3) improving targeting of publicly financed services, 4) enhancing knowledge and awareness and promoting healthy behaviors, and 5) adopting a multisectoral framework. As 2015 approaches, there will be even greater attention given to the MDGs. The extent to which they are achieved will provide a benchmark for assessing how effective governments and the development community are at supporting human development. The momentum for achieving the MDGs in Egypt needs to be sustained to demonstrate that it has the systems, resources, and structures in place to improve the lives of its people. It is equally important that the focus on achieving the MDGs is not at the expense of programs and priority areas not directly linked to the MDGs.	[]
https://openalex.org/W1976612529	Lessons from the MDGs in Africa*	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Heba Handoussa", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5024881937" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C189326681" }, { "display_name": "Citation", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778805511" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Poverty reduction", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2992104146" }, { "display_name": "Investment (military)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C27548731" }, { "display_name": "Library science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C161191863" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Politics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Computer science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148" } ]	[ "Egypt" ]	[]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1976612529	African Development ReviewVolume 21, Issue 2 p. 213-223 Lessons from the MDGs in Africa* Heba Handoussa, Heba Handoussa Egypt National Human Development Report, Cairo, Egypt; e-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this author Heba Handoussa, Heba Handoussa Egypt National Human Development Report, Cairo, Egypt; e-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this author First published: 23 July 2009 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8268.2009.00208.xCitations: 2 * Keynote speech to the 2007 African Economic Conference, Addis Ababa, 15–17 November 2007 Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat References Fan, S., J. Brzeska and G. Shields (2007), Investment Priorities for Economic Growth and Poverty Reduction: 2020 Focus Brief on the World's Poor and Hungry People. Washington , DC : IFPRI. Google Scholar World Bank (2007), Doing Business 2008, How to Reform, Comparing Regulation in 175 Economies. Washington , DC : World Bank. Google Scholar Citing Literature Volume21, Issue2September/Septembre 2009Pages 213-223 ReferencesRelatedInformation	[ { "display_name": "African Development Review", "id": "https://openalex.org/S33443600", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W2144552148	Targeting the poorest in developing countries: components of multidimensional deprivation in Luxor, Egypt	[ { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Egypt", "display_name": "Assiut University", "id": "https://openalex.org/I91041137", "lat": 27.18096, "long": 31.18368, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Arwa Ali", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5078886680" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Social deprivation", "id": "https://openalex.org/C13543017" }, { "display_name": "Context (archaeology)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779343474" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Human Development Index", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779735493" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Human development (humanity)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2781089502" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "Socioeconomics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C45355965" }, { "display_name": "Development economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Sociology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Archaeology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645" } ]	[ "Egypt" ]	[ "https://openalex.org/W1984686542", "https://openalex.org/W1996731776", "https://openalex.org/W1997709958", "https://openalex.org/W1998506766", "https://openalex.org/W2050497363", "https://openalex.org/W2053746742", "https://openalex.org/W2054623088", "https://openalex.org/W2070805263", "https://openalex.org/W2122531570", "https://openalex.org/W2136882933", "https://openalex.org/W2151210840", "https://openalex.org/W2152826254", "https://openalex.org/W4237458204", "https://openalex.org/W4290960590" ]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2144552148	Whereas human deprivation has become a major policy issue in both developing and developed nations, the operational concept of ‘deprivation’ that is usually deployed within the literature of social studies is still problematic. The present study scrutinizes the appropriate insight to conceptualize deprivation operationally in the context of Egypt. It employs a multiple deprivation index (MDI) composed of five-dimensional constituent with eight indicators that (in combination) arguably represent acute deprivation. Suggested dimensions have special importance to the Egyptian society and are an appropriate focus for public policy. In addition, all indicators that are used here can be updated regularly, and so re-formed as the basis for a dynamic index. Moreover, such indicators are related to three of Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The justification for these indicators is adequately presented in the MDGs literature.The study does also shed light on the relationship between MDI headcount and average intensity of deprivation. This is very important because it suggests that localities can follow different pathways to reduce multidimensional deprivation. However, MDIs were decomposed by villages to capture the deprivation differences between geographic settings in Luxor. The average MDI of Luxor governorate is 0.026, which is approximately equal to MDI of Egypt 2006. Nevertheless, deprivation in knowledge is the biggest contributor to overall deprivation (33.7%). While moderate level is the dominant feature of the MDI picture, the most multidimensionally deprived areas are all in the northern part of Luxor. Therefore, the greatest intensity of MDI in those regions may be attributed to knowledge deprivation.	[ { "display_name": "International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology", "id": "https://openalex.org/S139505848", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W1506689295	The Millennium Development Goals: Prospects for Gender Equality in the Arab World	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Nadine Sika", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5065240902" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C189326681" }, { "display_name": "Empowerment", "id": "https://openalex.org/C20555606" }, { "display_name": "Declaration", "id": "https://openalex.org/C138147947" }, { "display_name": "Extreme poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C553381038" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Human rights", "id": "https://openalex.org/C169437150" }, { "display_name": "Development economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531" }, { "display_name": "Sustainable development", "id": "https://openalex.org/C552854447" }, { "display_name": "Right to development", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2775870751" }, { "display_name": "Universal Primary Education", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2781022233" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" } ]	[ "Egypt" ]	[ "https://openalex.org/W134335726", "https://openalex.org/W1532572451", "https://openalex.org/W2020867896", "https://openalex.org/W2069593076", "https://openalex.org/W2107386851", "https://openalex.org/W2304361434", "https://openalex.org/W2495751453", "https://openalex.org/W2915406453", "https://openalex.org/W3121745548" ]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1506689295	Abstract This study is an assessment of the Millennium Development Goals in the Arab world with Egypt as a case study. The analysis focuses on access to primary education, gender equality, and women empowerment in the Arab world with special emphasis on Egypt. The study found that most Arab countries are on the right track toward achieving most of the MDGs by 2015. However, discriminatory social norms, laws, and practices are still at the heart of gender inequality in the Arab world, and therefore need to be further incorporated in the MDGs to advance a more egalitarian developmental approach. Keywords: Arab World, Egypt, Gender Equality, Women Empowerment, Education, Equality, MDGs. Introduction The Declaration of the Right to Development in 1986 formally defined this fundamental human right. States have both the right and the duty to develop public policies to enhance the well being of their citizens. Nevertheless, by the beginning of the new millennium developing nations still faced serious impediments to development, and poverty was widespread. As a result, the United Nations enacted new measures to help alleviate world poverty and to ensure equality of opportunity to development of all individuals. The Millennium Declaration in the year 2000 was an evolutionary extension of the Right to Development, which was endorsed by the UN member states as Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) to be achieved by the year 2015. To ensure sustainable development the MDGs set out eight measurable developmental goals, each with different targets. Goal 1: to eradicate extreme hunger and poverty; Goal 2: to achieve universal primary education; Goal 3: to promote gender equality and women's empowerment; Goal 4: to reduce child mortality rates; Goal 5: to improve maternal health; Goal 6: to combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases; Goal 7: to ensure environmental sustainability; and Goal 8: to implement a global partnership for development (Alston, 2005). In spite of these precise targets, so far the MDGs have concentrated on certain measurable aspects of development but overlooked the elimination of discriminatory laws and practices against women. Gender equality is central to the MDGs; yet, neither the goals nor the targets hold any direct references to the elimination of discriminatory laws and practices against women (Aliston, 2005: 766). One might ask why discrimination in general and discrimination against women in particular limit development? What is the extent to which discrimination against women affects development? Does discrimination impede women's right to development and hinder the achievement of the MDGs? Does discrimination against women in the Arab world affect their development and empowerment potential? According to the World Bank (2004), discrimination directly obstructs good governance and works against the efficiency of social and legal institutions. It limits both the effectiveness of government and state by limiting competition, economic performance, and welfare (World Bank, 2004). Thus, this study will shed light on Arab countries' amendments to the Convention on the Elimination of Ali Forms of Discrimination against women; will analyze the personal status laws and the right to a nationality as precipitated in different Arab countries. This research argues that the MDGs cannot be fully achieved in the developing world, especially in the Arab world, without addressing and eliminating all types of discriminatory laws and practices against women. By concentrating on these two goals, this study argues that the failure to address discriminatory laws and practices against women in the Arab world limits and undermines the ultimate effectiveness of the MDGs. Arab governments have been developing MDG monitoring reports for the past decade. Most reports have concentrated on the goals attained thus far and the challenges posed to achieve the MDGs. However, they largely ignore the extent to which the MDGs have helped Arab citizens, mainly women, to attain their full development potential in light of discriminatory policies and practices. …	[ { "display_name": "Journal of international women's studies", "id": "https://openalex.org/S2764422806", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W2787047896	Status and drivers of maternal, newborn, child and adolescent health in the Islamic world: a comparative analysis	[ { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Canada", "display_name": "Hospital for Sick Children", "id": "https://openalex.org/I2801317318", "lat": 43.65773, "long": -79.386986, "type": "healthcare" }, { "country": "Canada", "display_name": "SickKids Foundation", "id": "https://openalex.org/I4210141030", "lat": 43.70643, "long": -79.39864, "type": "nonprofit" }, { "country": "Canada", "display_name": "Public Health Ontario", "id": "https://openalex.org/I4210125326", "lat": 43.66013, "long": -79.389915, "type": "healthcare" }, { "country": "Canada", "display_name": "University of Toronto", "id": "https://openalex.org/I185261750", "lat": 43.70643, "long": -79.39864, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Nadia Akseer", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5056099223" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Canada", "display_name": "Hospital for Sick Children", "id": "https://openalex.org/I2801317318", "lat": 43.65773, "long": -79.386986, "type": "healthcare" }, { "country": "Canada", "display_name": "SickKids Foundation", "id": "https://openalex.org/I4210141030", "lat": 43.70643, "long": -79.39864, "type": "nonprofit" } ], "display_name": "Mahdis Kamali", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5009933737" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Canada", "display_name": "Hospital for Sick Children", "id": "https://openalex.org/I2801317318", "lat": 43.65773, "long": -79.386986, "type": "healthcare" }, { "country": "Canada", "display_name": "SickKids Foundation", "id": "https://openalex.org/I4210141030", "lat": 43.70643, "long": -79.39864, "type": "nonprofit" } ], "display_name": "Nour Bakhache", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5055072827" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Canada", "display_name": "Hospital for Sick Children", "id": "https://openalex.org/I2801317318", "lat": 43.65773, "long": -79.386986, "type": "healthcare" }, { "country": "Canada", "display_name": "SickKids Foundation", "id": "https://openalex.org/I4210141030", "lat": 43.70643, "long": -79.39864, "type": "nonprofit" } ], "display_name": "Maaz Mirza", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5057118421" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Canada", "display_name": "Hospital for Sick Children", "id": "https://openalex.org/I2801317318", "lat": 43.65773, "long": -79.386986, "type": "healthcare" }, { "country": "Canada", "display_name": "SickKids Foundation", "id": "https://openalex.org/I4210141030", "lat": 43.70643, "long": -79.39864, "type": "nonprofit" } ], "display_name": "Seema Mehta", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5061423055" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Canada", "display_name": "Hospital for Sick Children", "id": "https://openalex.org/I2801317318", "lat": 43.65773, "long": -79.386986, "type": "healthcare" }, { "country": "Canada", "display_name": "SickKids Foundation", "id": "https://openalex.org/I4210141030", "lat": 43.70643, "long": -79.39864, "type": "nonprofit" } ], "display_name": "Sara Al-Gashm", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5069812903" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Canada", "display_name": "Hospital for Sick Children", "id": "https://openalex.org/I2801317318", "lat": 43.65773, "long": -79.386986, "type": "healthcare" }, { "country": "Canada", "display_name": "SickKids Foundation", "id": "https://openalex.org/I4210141030", "lat": 43.70643, "long": -79.39864, "type": "nonprofit" }, { "country": "Canada", "display_name": "Public Health Ontario", "id": "https://openalex.org/I4210125326", "lat": 43.66013, "long": -79.389915, "type": "healthcare" }, { "country": "Canada", "display_name": "University of Toronto", "id": "https://openalex.org/I185261750", "lat": 43.70643, "long": -79.39864, "type": "education" }, { "country": "Pakistan", "display_name": "Aga Khan University", "id": "https://openalex.org/I118185606", "lat": 24.8608, "long": 67.0104, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Zulfiqar A Bhutta", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5043938728" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Countdown", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779700847" }, { "display_name": "Child mortality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C46299933" }, { "display_name": "Psychological intervention", "id": "https://openalex.org/C27415008" }, { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Environmental health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951" }, { "display_name": "Demography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C149923435" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Infant mortality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C112299071" }, { "display_name": "Population", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Nursing", "id": "https://openalex.org/C159110408" }, { "display_name": "Physics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964" }, { "display_name": "Astronomy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C1276947" }, { "display_name": "Sociology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" } ]	[ "Egypt", "Morocco" ]	[ "https://openalex.org/W1501835916", "https://openalex.org/W1502998434", "https://openalex.org/W1518653807", "https://openalex.org/W1562800465", "https://openalex.org/W1789328099", "https://openalex.org/W1945348217", "https://openalex.org/W1965263982", "https://openalex.org/W1969121919", "https://openalex.org/W1973314935", "https://openalex.org/W1989423676", "https://openalex.org/W1990113030", "https://openalex.org/W2003777470", "https://openalex.org/W2007140079", "https://openalex.org/W2010530279", "https://openalex.org/W2017098966", "https://openalex.org/W2018819622", "https://openalex.org/W2023418007", "https://openalex.org/W2026569930", "https://openalex.org/W2041683319", "https://openalex.org/W2042873220", "https://openalex.org/W2043335884", "https://openalex.org/W2043449557", "https://openalex.org/W2046464121", "https://openalex.org/W2062925663", "https://openalex.org/W2064214262", "https://openalex.org/W2075944312", "https://openalex.org/W2081097283", "https://openalex.org/W2086518653", "https://openalex.org/W2092861364", "https://openalex.org/W2098440224", "https://openalex.org/W2108181636", "https://openalex.org/W2111700774", "https://openalex.org/W2115324825", "https://openalex.org/W2126400671", "https://openalex.org/W2127625194", "https://openalex.org/W2140692629", "https://openalex.org/W2140734840", "https://openalex.org/W2143931324", "https://openalex.org/W2150069228", "https://openalex.org/W2152914993", "https://openalex.org/W2161643046", "https://openalex.org/W2164629226", "https://openalex.org/W2165298620", "https://openalex.org/W2165798395", "https://openalex.org/W2168257305", "https://openalex.org/W2168943027", "https://openalex.org/W2171154925", "https://openalex.org/W2266050978", "https://openalex.org/W2346765773", "https://openalex.org/W2431437563", "https://openalex.org/W2508424442", "https://openalex.org/W2513901369", "https://openalex.org/W2529846601", "https://openalex.org/W2549697535", "https://openalex.org/W2613150879", "https://openalex.org/W2614986146", "https://openalex.org/W2734373255", "https://openalex.org/W2736546550", "https://openalex.org/W3021841074" ]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2787047896	Background The Millennium Development Goal (MDG) period saw dramatic gains in health goals MDG 4 and MDG 5 for improving child and maternal health. However, many Muslim countries in the south Asian, Middle Eastern, and African regions lagged behind. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the status of, progress in, and key determinants of reproductive, maternal, newborn, child, and adolescent health in Muslim majority countries (MMCs). The specific objectives were to understand the current status and progress in reproductive, maternal, newborn, child, and adolescent health in MMCs, and the determinants of child survival among the least developed countries among the MMCs; to explore differences in outcomes and the key contextual determinants of health between MMCs and non-MMCs; and to understand the health service coverage and contextual determinants that differ between best and poor or moderate performing MMCs. Methods In this country-level ecological study, we examined data from between 1990 and 2015 from multiple publicly available data repositories. We examined 47 MMCs, of which 26 were among the 75 high-burden Countdown to 2015 countries. These 26 MMCs were compared with 48 non-Muslim Countdown countries. We also examined characteristics of the eight best performing MMCs that had accelerated improvement in child survival (ie, that reached their MDG 4 targets). We estimated adolescent, maternal, under-5, and newborn mortality, and stillbirths, and the causes of death, essential interventions coverage, and contextual determinants for all MMCs and comparative groups using standardised methods. We also did a hierarchical multivariable analysis of determinants of under-5 mortality and newborn mortality in low-income and middle-income MMCs. Findings Despite notable reductions between 1990 and 2015, MMCs compared with a global esimate of all countries including MMCs had higher mortality rates, and MMCs relative to non-MMCs within Countdown countries also performed worse. Coverage of essential interventions across the continuum of care was on average lower among MMCs, especially for indicators of reproductive health, prenatal care, delivery, and labour, and childhood vaccines. Outcomes within MMCs for mortality and many reproductive, maternal, newborn, child, and adolescent health indicators varied considerably. Structural and contextual factors, especially state governance, conflict, and women and girl's empowerment indicators, were significantly worse in MMCs compared with non-MMCs within the high-burden Countdown countries, and were shown to be strongly associated with child and newborn mortality within low-income and middle-income MMCs. In adjusted hierarchical models, among other factors, under-5 mortality in MMCs increased with more refugees originating from a country (β=23·67, p=0·0116), and decreased with better political stability or absence of terrorism (β=–0·99, p=0·0285), greater political rights or government effectiveness (β=–1·17, p<0·0001), improvements in log gross national income per capita (β=–4·44, p<0·0001), higher total adult literacy (β=–1·69, p<0·0001), higher female adult literacy (β=–0·97, p<0·0001), and greater female to male enrolment in secondary school (β=–16·1, p<0·0001). The best performing MMCs were Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Egypt, Indonesia, Kyrgyzstan, Morocco, Niger, and Senegal, which had higher coverage of family planning interventions and newborn or child vaccinations, and excelled in many of the above contextual determinants when compared with moderate or poorly performing MMCs. Interpretation The status and progress in reproductive, maternal, newborn, child, and adolescent health is heterogeneous among MMCs, with little indication that religion and its practice affects outcomes systemically. Some Islamic countries such as Niger and Bangladesh have made great progress, despite poverty. Key findings from this study have policy and programmatic implications that could be prioritised by national heads of state and policy makers, development partners, funders, and the Organization of the Islamic Cooperation to scale up and improve these health outcomes in Muslim countries in the post-2015 era. Funding US Fund for UNICEF under the Countdown to 2015 for Maternal, Newborn, and Child Survival, the Centre for Global Child Health, Hospital for Sick Children, and the Aga Khan University.	[ { "display_name": "The Lancet", "id": "https://openalex.org/S49861241", "type": "journal" }, { "display_name": "PubMed", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036", "type": "repository" } ]
https://openalex.org/W2181347101	Maternal and Perinatal Mortality: A snapshot on the Egyptian situation.	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Tarek Tawfik Amin", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5047615658" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Pregnancy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779234561" }, { "display_name": "Standardized mortality ratio", "id": "https://openalex.org/C102803821" }, { "display_name": "Maternal health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2983493262" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Maternal death", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2908892503" }, { "display_name": "Environmental health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951" }, { "display_name": "Infant mortality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C112299071" }, { "display_name": "Maternal morbidity", "id": "https://openalex.org/C3018031340" }, { "display_name": "Population", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359" }, { "display_name": "Demography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C149923435" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Health services", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2986740045" }, { "display_name": "Genetics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C54355233" }, { "display_name": "Sociology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Biology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240" } ]	[ "Egypt" ]	[ "https://openalex.org/W1498481242", "https://openalex.org/W1967774304", "https://openalex.org/W1969135427", "https://openalex.org/W2008094349", "https://openalex.org/W2010363415", "https://openalex.org/W2015477155", "https://openalex.org/W2032165335", "https://openalex.org/W2032239069", "https://openalex.org/W2040847941", "https://openalex.org/W2097952029", "https://openalex.org/W2147308217", "https://openalex.org/W2148745521", "https://openalex.org/W2166072436", "https://openalex.org/W2604543884", "https://openalex.org/W2626795377", "https://openalex.org/W2916456497" ]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2181347101	Improving maternal health as one of the Millennium Development Goal (MDG 5) is the least likely to be achieved in the developing low source African and some Asian countries. This review aimed at highlighting the situation of maternal and perinatal mortality in Egypt, with special emphasis on one of the common cause of maternal mortality namely postpartum hemorrhage. In Egypt, according to the available data, maternal mortality ratio (MMR) showed a significant decline although it took 25 years to reach the 66/100,000 live births, many agencies linked that decline to the wide coverage and utilization of the antenatal care services. A sizable portion of MMR in Egypt is attributed to avoidable causes in particular the substandard care and lack of supplies necessary for management of life threatening pregnancy-related	[]
https://openalex.org/W2327429118	CHANGING PATTERN OF FASCIOLIASIS PREVALENCE EARLY IN THE 3RD MILLENNIUM IN DAKAHLIA GOVERNORATE, EGYPT: AN UPDATE	[ { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Egypt", "display_name": "Mansoura University", "id": "https://openalex.org/I159247623", "lat": 31.03637, "long": 31.38069, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "H. A. Adarosy", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5022125959" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Egypt", "display_name": "Mansoura University", "id": "https://openalex.org/I159247623", "lat": 31.03637, "long": 31.38069, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Yahia Z. Gad", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5035550634" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Egypt", "display_name": "Mansoura University", "id": "https://openalex.org/I159247623", "lat": 31.03637, "long": 31.38069, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Samy Abbas Elbaz", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5036582637" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Egypt", "display_name": "Mansoura University", "id": "https://openalex.org/I159247623", "lat": 31.03637, "long": 31.38069, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Atef M El-Shazly", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5052094503" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Prevalence", "id": "https://openalex.org/C186079640" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "Biology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240" }, { "display_name": "Epidemiology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C107130276" }, { "display_name": "Internal medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C126322002" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Ecology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C18903297" } ]	[ "Egypt" ]	[ "https://openalex.org/W127663376", "https://openalex.org/W1537067641", "https://openalex.org/W1761079128", "https://openalex.org/W1992562700", "https://openalex.org/W2114673068", "https://openalex.org/W2165723864", "https://openalex.org/W2401266933", "https://openalex.org/W2404142340", "https://openalex.org/W2412640125", "https://openalex.org/W2412677007", "https://openalex.org/W2415953442", "https://openalex.org/W2471823517" ]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2327429118	Fascioliasis is an important food- and water-borne parasitic zoonosis caused by liver flukes of genus Fasciola (Digenea: Fasciolidae) of worldwide distribution. In Egypt, fascioliasis was encountered in nearly all Egyptian Governorates, partiularly in the Nile Delta and specifically in Dakahlia. All enrolled cases were subjected to complete history taking, clinical examination, routine investigations and abdominal ultrasonography. Stool analysis IHA and ELISA were used for fascioliasis diagnosis. Rural areas showed highest prevalence of fascioliasis than urban areas, however, but without significance (x2= 0.042 & P= 0.837). Regarding human fascioliasis in examined the centers, no statistically significant difference (x2 =2.824 & P=0.243) was detected. Regarding gender variation, the difference was statistically insignificant (x2= 0.166 & P= 0.683). The difference between the age groups was statistically insignificant (x2= 3.882 & P=0.274).Clinically, 7 cases (35%) were asymptomatic and another 13 cases (65%) had different clinical pictures. Abdominal pain, anemia, eosinophilia, and tender hepatomegaly were seen in 70%, 80%, 70%, and 10%; respectively. Of them, 11casesshowed positive abdominal ultrasonographic findings suggestive of fascioliasis.	[ { "display_name": "Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology", "id": "https://openalex.org/S2755338415", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W1532449905	A Multi-level Analysis of Public Spending, Growth and Poverty Reduction in Egypt	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Shenggen Fan", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5069990247" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Perrihan Al-Riffai", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5028880073" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Moataz El-Said", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5036016972" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Bingxin Yu", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5038815994" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Ahmed Kamaly", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5086216085" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Purchasing power parity", "id": "https://openalex.org/C109888216" }, { "display_name": "Gross domestic product", "id": "https://openalex.org/C114350782" }, { "display_name": "Poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C189326681" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Per capita", "id": "https://openalex.org/C127598652" }, { "display_name": "Development economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531" }, { "display_name": "Per capita income", "id": "https://openalex.org/C160443848" }, { "display_name": "Government (linguistics)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778137410" }, { "display_name": "Income distribution", "id": "https://openalex.org/C519300510" }, { "display_name": "Government spending", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2781356325" }, { "display_name": "Poverty reduction", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2992104146" }, { "display_name": "Distribution (mathematics)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C110121322" }, { "display_name": "Extreme poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C553381038" }, { "display_name": "Purchasing power", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2776542561" }, { "display_name": "Order (exchange)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C182306322" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Inequality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C45555294" }, { "display_name": "Welfare", "id": "https://openalex.org/C100243477" }, { "display_name": "Macroeconomics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C139719470" }, { "display_name": "Population", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359" }, { "display_name": "Market economy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C34447519" }, { "display_name": "Mathematical analysis", "id": "https://openalex.org/C134306372" }, { "display_name": "Linguistics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202" }, { "display_name": "Philosophy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662" }, { "display_name": "Demography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C149923435" }, { "display_name": "Mathematics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547" }, { "display_name": "Finance", "id": "https://openalex.org/C10138342" }, { "display_name": "Sociology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400" }, { "display_name": "Exchange rate", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2776988154" } ]	[ "Egypt" ]	[ "https://openalex.org/W279585164", "https://openalex.org/W1491100220", "https://openalex.org/W1505087296", "https://openalex.org/W1512418806", "https://openalex.org/W1526833672", "https://openalex.org/W1551852427", "https://openalex.org/W1558618990", "https://openalex.org/W1595570164", "https://openalex.org/W1596133226", "https://openalex.org/W1755078111", "https://openalex.org/W1903244327", "https://openalex.org/W1979298322", "https://openalex.org/W1983399441", "https://openalex.org/W2011246460", "https://openalex.org/W2027369057", "https://openalex.org/W2037842535", "https://openalex.org/W2039053169", "https://openalex.org/W2075178944", "https://openalex.org/W2085751165", "https://openalex.org/W2089256894", "https://openalex.org/W2153790449", "https://openalex.org/W2164005198", "https://openalex.org/W2317314091", "https://openalex.org/W2744275598", "https://openalex.org/W2968891031", "https://openalex.org/W3031389563", "https://openalex.org/W3122825679", "https://openalex.org/W3123141011" ]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1532449905	is a lower middle-income country with a per capita gross domestic product (GDP) in 2003 of US$3,949 measured in international dollars, or purchasing power parity (World Bank 2005a). In the decade from 1975 to 1985, Egypt enjoyed rapid economic growth... however... Egypt still lags behind many middle-income countries in key social indicators. Further reforms are necessary to reduce poverty, especially if Egypt is to achieve the United Nations' Millennium Development Goal (MDG) of halving the number of poor between 1990 and 2015. Government expenditures are an important means of promoting economic growth, reducing poverty, and improving income distribution... The overarching objective of this report is to use a multi-level analysis approach to assess both the effects of various government expenditures on growth and poverty reduction and the trade-offs between these two goals in order to determine policy options toward the achievement of the MDGs. The study involves analyses and simulations at household, sectoral, and regional levels, and at macro-levels using alternative analytical tools. While the analyses at each level were carried out independently, the report provides a synergy of the findings... The report concludes with a synthesis of the different levels of analysis. Authors' Abstract	[ { "display_name": "RePEc: Research Papers in Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306401271", "type": "repository" } ]
https://openalex.org/W2738182092	Untapped connections. Gender water and poverty: key issues government commitments and actions for sustainable development.	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Prabha Khosla", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5014557142" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "R Pearl", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5080202812" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C189326681" }, { "display_name": "Sanitation", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2780151969" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Government (linguistics)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778137410" }, { "display_name": "Sustainable development", "id": "https://openalex.org/C552854447" }, { "display_name": "Population", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Human rights", "id": "https://openalex.org/C169437150" }, { "display_name": "Water supply", "id": "https://openalex.org/C97053079" }, { "display_name": "Summit", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778848561" }, { "display_name": "Basic needs", "id": "https://openalex.org/C196777733" }, { "display_name": "Development economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Engineering", "id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603" }, { "display_name": "Environmental health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951" }, { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Linguistics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202" }, { "display_name": "Philosophy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662" }, { "display_name": "Physical geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C100970517" }, { "display_name": "Environmental engineering", "id": "https://openalex.org/C87717796" } ]	[ "Egypt" ]	[]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2738182092	This paper presents an overview of the relationship between gender poverty and water. The first section explores how in every corner of the globe women play a central role in managing water supply and distribution. It also examines how access to water and sanitation has implications for women’s health and economic activities. Case studies highlight water projects and initiatives that have succeeded in elevating women’s status. Section two presents strategies for translating government commitments on gender poverty eradication and water and sanitation into action by advocating for a gender perspective in all water and sanitation related policies. As a fundamental component of sustainable development water is a strong entry point for global advocacy on connected issues such as human rights economic justice poverty reproductive rights land health HIV/AIDS and energy. Also in this section women experts put forth their own guidelines for integrating gender in water use and management for poverty eradication. Section three in the form of an insert is a compilation of existing government commitments on gender poverty and water—including the World Summit on Sustainable Development (2002 Johannesburg South Africa); the UN Millennium Summit (2000 New York U.S.); the Fourth World Conference on Women (1995 Beijing China); the International Conference on Population and Development (1994 Cairo Egypt); and global water conferences. Advocates can use this matrix as a tool for monitoring government action. At the end of the paper is a list of websites contacts and other resources that can be used to get involved. (excerpt)	[]
https://openalex.org/W1648930382	Impact of reproductive health on socio-economic development: a case study of Nigeria.	[ { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Nigeria", "display_name": "Nnamdi Azikiwe University", "id": "https://openalex.org/I207227095", "lat": 6.21269, "long": 7.07199, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "J. I. B. Adinma", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5049545697" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Nigeria", "display_name": "Nnamdi Azikiwe University", "id": "https://openalex.org/I207227095", "lat": 6.21269, "long": 7.07199, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "ED Adinma", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5006362004" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Reproductive health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C121752807" }, { "display_name": "Life expectancy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C133925201" }, { "display_name": "Panacea (medicine)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C26993612" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Socioeconomic development", "id": "https://openalex.org/C42298096" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Human development (humanity)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2781089502" }, { "display_name": "Socioeconomic status", "id": "https://openalex.org/C147077947" }, { "display_name": "Population", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359" }, { "display_name": "Literacy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C547764534" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Socioeconomics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C45355965" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Environmental health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951" }, { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "Sociology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Alternative medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C204787440" }, { "display_name": "Pathology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C142724271" } ]	[ "Egypt" ]	[ "https://openalex.org/W1966406145", "https://openalex.org/W1988990284", "https://openalex.org/W1997222788", "https://openalex.org/W2132854843", "https://openalex.org/W2343559692", "https://openalex.org/W2476634143", "https://openalex.org/W2495665593", "https://openalex.org/W2938962154", "https://openalex.org/W2989377525" ]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1648930382	The link between reproductive health, sexual and reproductive right, and development was highlighted at the International Conference on Population and Development held in Egypt. Developmental disparities are related to socio-economic differences which have led to the identification of distinct socio-economic classifications of nations. Human development represents the socioeconomic standing of any nation, in addition to literacy status and life expectancy. Africa accounts for 25% of the world's landmass but remains the world's poorest continent. Nigeria, the most populous country in Africa, has policies and programmes geared towards the improvement of its socio-economic standing and overal development, with little positive result. Reproductive health is a panacea towards reversing the stalled socio-economic growth of Nigeria as evident from the linkage between reproductive health and development, highlighted in Millennium Development Goals 3, 4, 5 and 6. Fast tracking Nigeria's development requires implementation of reproductive health policies and programmes targeted on women and children.	[ { "display_name": "PubMed", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036", "type": "repository" } ]
https://openalex.org/W1976317101	Nigeria’s industrial development: issues and challenges in the new millennium	[ { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Nigeria", "display_name": "University of Ibadan", "id": "https://openalex.org/I181631907", "lat": 7.37756, "long": 3.90591, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "DD Ajayi", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5089256899" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Computer science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" } ]	[ "Egypt" ]	[ "https://openalex.org/W590878408", "https://openalex.org/W1527740460", "https://openalex.org/W1548691981", "https://openalex.org/W1556030770", "https://openalex.org/W1676678174", "https://openalex.org/W1968892064", "https://openalex.org/W1998232819", "https://openalex.org/W2003658812", "https://openalex.org/W2144223349", "https://openalex.org/W2245236560", "https://openalex.org/W2323975246", "https://openalex.org/W2334306322" ]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1976317101	Perhaps one major problem facing Nigeria today that has received little or no attention remains her low industrial base. Indeed, apart from South Africa and Egypt, both of which are outside tropical Africa, the contribution of manufacturing to the economy of Nigeria, places Nigeria far behind the Newly Industrializing Countries (NICs) of the South East Asia. Manufacturing in Nigeria has largely been dominated by a valorization of raw materials and import-substitution type that are capital intensive rather than labour intensive. In addition, the absence of heavy industries and car manufacturing has militated against effective transfer of technology hence the heavy investment in manufacturing. There is the general low level of inter-industry linkages-failure on the part of industries to utilize the products/by-products of other industries especially in the production process. Studies on manufacturing in Nigeria have focused on small-scale industries and some behavioral aspects of manufacturing at the regional level. In some cases, explanations have been offered in terms of factor endowments. The last three or four decades have largely witnessed a reorientation in industrial geography and especially in a globalizing economy whereby a lot of emphasis is placed on inter-industry linkages, and especially networks of production subcontracting in the development of industrial activities and the economy as a whole. This paper thus seeks to examine the extent to which Nigeria’s manufacturing has been affected by inter-industry linkages, and especially production subcontracting, and the challenges for Nigeria’s manufacturing/industrial development in the new millennium.	[ { "display_name": "Ecology and the Environment", "id": "https://openalex.org/S2764867093", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W623202432	Poverty Reduction that Works: Experience of Scaling Up Development Success	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Paul Steele", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5033082510" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Neil Fernando", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5017033022" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Maneka Weddikkara", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5031984703" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C189326681" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Extreme poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C553381038" }, { "display_name": "Basic needs", "id": "https://openalex.org/C196777733" }, { "display_name": "Community development", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71343576" }, { "display_name": "Participatory development", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2776748916" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "Development economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531" }, { "display_name": "Socioeconomics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C45355965" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Citizen journalism", "id": "https://openalex.org/C203663800" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" } ]	[ "Egypt" ]	[]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W623202432	Overview * Part I: Employment Generation and Participatory Area Development * Good Practice in the Chambok Community-Based Ecotourism Project in Cambodia * Promoting Social Mobilization and Appropriate Housing Technologies for Disaster Mitigation and Poverty Reduction in Orissa, India * Upgrading Housing as a Strategy for Poverty Reduction: The Case of Old Lhasa, Tibet, China * Part II: Local Economic Development * Poverty Reduction through Local Economic Development: Pathway out of Poverty in Indonesia * Poverty Reduction through Rural-Urban Linkages: The Case of the Rural-Urban Partnership Programme in Nepal * One Tambon One Product, Thailand * Part III: Agriculture and Rural Development for Poverty Reduction * Dairy Projects in Afghanistan * Information and Communications Technology for Poverty Reduction: Bringing Technology to Rural and Disadvantaged Communities in Western China * How Joint Action Can Increase Production While Contributing to Poverty Reduction: The Case of Frutika in Paraguay * Poverty Reduction and Millennium Development Goal Localization: A Case Study of Ha Tinh Rural Development Project in Vietnam * Good Practice for Poverty Reduction in Coconut Growing Communities in the Philippines * Part IV: Localization of Millennium Development Goals and Monitoring * Community Driven Development to Improve Livelihoods: The Gemidiriya Project in Sri Lanka * Recent Experience with the Community Voice Card: An Innovative Tool for Assessing Service Delivery for the Millennium Development Goals * The P135 Programme for Socio-economic Development of Communes Facing Extreme Difficulties in Ethnic Minority and Mountainous Areas in Vietnam * Empowering Women through Home-based Income-Earning Opportunities in Malaysia * Part V: Social Safety Nets and Microfinance * Poverty Reduction and Millennium Development Goal Localization: A Case Study of the Income Generation for Vulnerable Group Development Programme in Bangladesh * Beating the Odds: How Progresa/Oportunidades Became Mexico s Major Poverty Alleviation Programme * The Phil-Health Indigent Program: A Locality-Based Health Insurance Programme for the Poor in the Philippines * The VimoSEWA Self Employed Women s Association Microinsurance Programme, India * Part VI: Community Mobilization and Advocacy for the Millennium Development Goals * Sailing the Nile for the Millennium Development Goals: A Yearly Festival of Development, Human Rights and Volunteerism in Egypt * Index	[]
https://openalex.org/W3154244527	Barriers and facilitators to implementation of oral rehydration therapy in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review	[ { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Canada", "display_name": "The Scarborough Hospital", "id": "https://openalex.org/I2799376586", "lat": 43.756187, "long": -79.24678, "type": "healthcare" }, { "country": "Canada", "display_name": "University of Toronto", "id": "https://openalex.org/I185261750", "lat": 43.70643, "long": -79.39864, "type": "education" }, { "country": "Canada", "display_name": "Public Health Ontario", "id": "https://openalex.org/I4210125326", "lat": 43.66013, "long": -79.389915, "type": "healthcare" }, { "country": "Canada", "display_name": "University of Ontario Institute of Technology", "id": "https://openalex.org/I39470171", "lat": 43.944847, "long": -78.8917, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Obidimma Ezezika", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5038619527" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Canada", "display_name": "The Scarborough Hospital", "id": "https://openalex.org/I2799376586", "lat": 43.756187, "long": -79.24678, "type": "healthcare" }, { "country": "Canada", "display_name": "University of Toronto", "id": "https://openalex.org/I185261750", "lat": 43.70643, "long": -79.39864, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Apira Ragunathan", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5083640048" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Canada", "display_name": "The Scarborough Hospital", "id": "https://openalex.org/I2799376586", "lat": 43.756187, "long": -79.24678, "type": "healthcare" }, { "country": "Canada", "display_name": "University of Toronto", "id": "https://openalex.org/I185261750", "lat": 43.70643, "long": -79.39864, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Yasmine El-Bakri", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5051925171" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Canada", "display_name": "University of Toronto", "id": "https://openalex.org/I185261750", "lat": 43.70643, "long": -79.39864, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Kathryn Barrett", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5062153330" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Inclusion (mineral)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C109359841" }, { "display_name": "Low and middle income countries", "id": "https://openalex.org/C3018472363" }, { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "Scopus", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83867959" }, { "display_name": "MEDLINE", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779473830" }, { "display_name": "General partnership", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71750763" }, { "display_name": "Global health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C46578552" }, { "display_name": "Implementation research", "id": "https://openalex.org/C72497813" }, { "display_name": "Systematic review", "id": "https://openalex.org/C189708586" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Family medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C512399662" }, { "display_name": "Public health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C138816342" }, { "display_name": "Medical education", "id": "https://openalex.org/C509550671" }, { "display_name": "Nursing", "id": "https://openalex.org/C159110408" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Psychological intervention", "id": "https://openalex.org/C27415008" }, { "display_name": "Psychology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967" }, { "display_name": "Social psychology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C77805123" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" } ]	[ "Egypt" ]	[ "https://openalex.org/W1975791927", "https://openalex.org/W1977722413", "https://openalex.org/W1981555425", "https://openalex.org/W1983531107", "https://openalex.org/W1990251535", "https://openalex.org/W1996189872", "https://openalex.org/W1996623960", "https://openalex.org/W2006081292", "https://openalex.org/W2010746709", "https://openalex.org/W2020155291", "https://openalex.org/W2021907576", "https://openalex.org/W2026569930", "https://openalex.org/W2031609934", "https://openalex.org/W2031762781", "https://openalex.org/W2038021175", "https://openalex.org/W2045736014", "https://openalex.org/W2058115726", "https://openalex.org/W2060217887", "https://openalex.org/W2062868275", "https://openalex.org/W2079135751", "https://openalex.org/W2089417041", "https://openalex.org/W2101270539", "https://openalex.org/W2105526755", "https://openalex.org/W2107302692", "https://openalex.org/W2108099071", "https://openalex.org/W2110389659", "https://openalex.org/W2110642512", "https://openalex.org/W2112689951", "https://openalex.org/W2116220197", "https://openalex.org/W2120978341", "https://openalex.org/W2126130217", "https://openalex.org/W2140338459", "https://openalex.org/W2156340983", "https://openalex.org/W2166200073", "https://openalex.org/W2167786531", "https://openalex.org/W2171269875", "https://openalex.org/W2398003476", "https://openalex.org/W2414999202", "https://openalex.org/W2416706656", "https://openalex.org/W2461467522", "https://openalex.org/W2590364579", "https://openalex.org/W2603270512", "https://openalex.org/W2785331872", "https://openalex.org/W2905306895", "https://openalex.org/W2912112941", "https://openalex.org/W2913057453", "https://openalex.org/W2944399549", "https://openalex.org/W2944969719", "https://openalex.org/W2952074427", "https://openalex.org/W2982417626", "https://openalex.org/W2993783130", "https://openalex.org/W3009909375", "https://openalex.org/W3011338064", "https://openalex.org/W3043862034", "https://openalex.org/W4256743292", "https://openalex.org/W4294215472" ]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3154244527	Background Oral rehydration therapy (ORT) is an effective and cheap treatment for diarrheal disease; globally, one of the leading causes of death in children under five. The World Health Organization launched a global campaign to improve ORT coverage in 1978, with activities such as educational campaigns, training health workers and the creation of designate programming. Despite these efforts, ORT coverage remains relatively low. The objective of this systematic review is to identify the barriers and facilitators to the implementation of oral rehydration therapy in low and middle-income countries. Methods A comprehensive search strategy comprised of relevant subject headings and keywords was executed in 5 databases including OVID Medline, OVID Embase, OVID HealthStar, Web of Science and Scopus. Eligible studies underwent quality assessment, and a directed content analysis approach to data extraction was conducted and aligned to the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) to facilitate narrative synthesis. Results The search identified 1570 citations and following removal of duplicates as well as screening according to our inclusion/exclusion criteria, 55 articles were eligible for inclusion in the review. Twenty-three countries were represented in this review, with India, Bangladesh, Egypt, Nigeria, and South Africa having the most representation of available studies. Study dates ranged from 1981 to 2020. Overarching thematic areas spanning the barriers and facilitators that were identified included: availability and accessibility, knowledge, partnership engagement, and design and acceptability. Conclusion A systematic review of studies on implementation of ORT in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) highlights key activities that facilitate the development of successful implementation that include: (1) availability and accessibility of ORT, (2) awareness and education among communities, (3) strong partnership engagement strategies, and (4) adaptable design to enhance acceptability. The barriers and facilitators identified under the CIFR domains can be used to build knowledge on how to adapt ORT to national and local settings and contribute to a better understanding on the implementation and use of ORT in LMICs. The prospects for scaling and sustaining ORT (after years of low use) will increase if implementation research informs local applications, and implementers engage appropriate stakeholders and test assumptions around localized theories of change from interventions to expected outcomes. Registration A protocol for this systematic review was developed and uploaded onto the PROSPERO international prospective register of systematic reviews database (Registration number: CRD420201695 ).	[ { "display_name": "PLOS ONE", "id": "https://openalex.org/S202381698", "type": "journal" }, { "display_name": "DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306401280", "type": "repository" }, { "display_name": "Scholarship@Western (Western University)", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306400648", "type": "repository" }, { "display_name": "Scholarship - Western (Western University)", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4377196306", "type": "repository" }, { "display_name": "PubMed Central", "id": "https://openalex.org/S2764455111", "type": "repository" } ]
https://openalex.org/W2281719447	Tackling maternal mortality in Africa after 2015: what should the priorities be?	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Annette Bazuaye", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5048078786" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Friday Okonofua", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5031970192" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Population", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359" }, { "display_name": "Cape verde", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2910841116" }, { "display_name": "Child mortality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C46299933" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Global health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C46578552" }, { "display_name": "Demography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C149923435" }, { "display_name": "Standardized mortality ratio", "id": "https://openalex.org/C102803821" }, { "display_name": "Declaration", "id": "https://openalex.org/C138147947" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "Socioeconomics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C45355965" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Environmental health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951" }, { "display_name": "Public health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C138816342" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Ethnology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2549261" }, { "display_name": "Nursing", "id": "https://openalex.org/C159110408" }, { "display_name": "Sociology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "History", "id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728" } ]	[ "Egypt" ]	[ "https://openalex.org/W953065832", "https://openalex.org/W2113726274" ]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2281719447	At the dawn of the new millennium, 189 member states of the United Nations signed the millennium declaration and committed themselves to eight goals (MDGs) for achieving global development parity in the first 15 years of the millennium. Maternal mortality was on the agenda as the fifth goal (MDG5) to reduce by threequarters, between 1990 and 2015, the Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) and to achieve universal access to reproductive health. To date, Africa accounts for the highest proportion of global maternal mortality estimates, with up to 56 per cent of recorded global maternal deaths occurring in the continent. While a woman’s chance of dying during pregnancy is currently placed at 1 in 42 in Africa, it is only 1 in 25,500 in a developed country such as Greece. Sub-Saharan Africa also has the lowest proportion of women attended by skilled birth attendants at the time of delivery. While some African countries have made progress in achieving MDG5, several others are still struggling to make significant impact. Of the 10 countries that were reported to have achieved MDG5 in 2010, at least five were in sub-Saharan Africa. These include Equatorial Guinea that achieved an impressive 81% reduction, Egypt, Eritrea, Cape Verde, and Rwanda. By contrast, although a country such as Nigeria achieved a 41 per cent reduction in maternal mortality during the period, due to its large population, its over 40,000 estimated maternal deaths still accounted for 14 percent of global mortality estimates. Indeed, Nigeria, India and four other countries (Pakistan, Afghanistan, Ethiopia and Democratic Republic of Congo) currently account for 50 per cent of the total global estimates of maternal mortality. These results call for deeper reflections on the nature of the challenges that lie ahead. It points to the fact that maternal mortality will remain a daunting and unmet problem in development in sub-Saharan Africa after 2015. The countries which have recorded successes in reducing maternal mortality provide a glimmer of hope indicating that this goal can be achieved if greater enthusiasm is devoted to addressing the problem in the continent. Maternal mortality is currently one of the most important indicators for measuring human development. As such, going forward its prevention should be firmly rooted in the development aspirations of African nations. A post-2015 agenda is being proposed that will guide African countries in thinking about ways to improve the health of women and prevent maternal deaths.	[ { "display_name": "PubMed", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036", "type": "repository" } ]
https://openalex.org/W1536851361	MATERNAL AND CHILD SURVIVAL: Findings from five countries' experience in addressing maternal and child health challenges	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Rafael Cortez", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5036216839" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Seemeen Saadat", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5010024103" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Sadia Chowdhury", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5076124121" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Intissar Sarker", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5035074259" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C189326681" }, { "display_name": "Child mortality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C46299933" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Development economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531" }, { "display_name": "Politics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758" }, { "display_name": "Context (archaeology)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779343474" }, { "display_name": "China", "id": "https://openalex.org/C191935318" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "Archaeology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" } ]	[ "Egypt" ]	[ "https://openalex.org/W1973398347", "https://openalex.org/W1979826185", "https://openalex.org/W2008411203", "https://openalex.org/W2050875884", "https://openalex.org/W2114443748", "https://openalex.org/W2125473845", "https://openalex.org/W2167305265", "https://openalex.org/W2283392739" ]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1536851361	Considerable progress has been made towards the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) since 1990. Although advances in improving MDG 4 and MDG 5a (reducing child and maternal mortality, respectively) have been made, progress is some countries have been insufficient. While some countries have made substantial gains, others have not. This paper is part of a larger study that aims to address this gap in knowledge. The paper discusses the findings from qualitative case studies of five countries that are either on track to meet MDGs 4 and 5a by 2015 or have made significant progress to this end (Bolivia, China, Egypt, Malawi and Nepal). Although they have different socio-economic characteristics, all have made significant advancements due to a strong commitment to improving maternal and child health. To do this, strong political commitment, through policies backed by financial and programmatic support, was critical. In addition, focusing on the most vulnerable populations helped increase access to and use of services. Empowering women and families through education, employment, and poverty reduction programs have led to better health outcomes. These countries still face challenges, however, in terms of the evolving health system, and changes at the economic, social and political levels. Future qualitative and quantitative analyses on the returns of health investments, the political context and institutional arrangements at the country level could help deepen the understanding of the ways in which various countries, with their unique conditions, can improve MCH.	[ { "display_name": "RePEc: Research Papers in Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306401271", "type": "repository" } ]
https://openalex.org/W4285821426	Localizing the SDGs Through the Formal-Informal Interface: The Case of Ard al-Liwa, Cairo	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Omar Nagati", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5012508919" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Hanaa Gad", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5057400288" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Amin El-Didi", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5070510017" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Formality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2777159308" }, { "display_name": "Vision", "id": "https://openalex.org/C133979268" }, { "display_name": "Mainstream", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2777617010" }, { "display_name": "Sustainable development", "id": "https://openalex.org/C552854447" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Government (linguistics)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778137410" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Inclusion (mineral)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C109359841" }, { "display_name": "Urban planning", "id": "https://openalex.org/C49545453" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Environmental planning", "id": "https://openalex.org/C91375879" }, { "display_name": "Public administration", "id": "https://openalex.org/C3116431" }, { "display_name": "Sociology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "Social science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C36289849" }, { "display_name": "Engineering", "id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Civil engineering", "id": "https://openalex.org/C147176958" }, { "display_name": "Linguistics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202" }, { "display_name": "Philosophy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662" }, { "display_name": "Anthropology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C19165224" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" } ]	[ "Egypt" ]	[ "https://openalex.org/W2278448163", "https://openalex.org/W2286823355", "https://openalex.org/W2290697761", "https://openalex.org/W2324750683", "https://openalex.org/W2498336475", "https://openalex.org/W2570898909", "https://openalex.org/W2762281346", "https://openalex.org/W2890924016", "https://openalex.org/W2952572325", "https://openalex.org/W3036742737", "https://openalex.org/W3107327758", "https://openalex.org/W4285621065" ]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4285821426	The inclusion of a standalone urban Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) reflects a recognition of the importance of cities for achieving the United Nations Agenda 2030. While the goal and its targets represent a more comprehensive view of the urban, compared with the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), taking into account issues such as mobility, heritage, waste management, and public spaces, the universal nature of the SDGs limits their applicability to urban contexts in the Global South. They fall particularly short when it comes to engaging with the workings of urban informality, which is central to cities in the Global South and especially Africa, thereby reinforcing existing policies that tend to stigmatize informal practices. This chapter draws on research conducted at the neighborhood level in Cairo, Egypt, to illustrate the limitations of the SDG framework and current government approaches to informality by showing that informality exists on a spectrum that ranges from the formal to the informal. The actors, practices, and processes that exist along this spectrum discredit the mainstream dualistic understanding of formality and informality. They also offer alternative visions of sustainable development, as well as productive suggestions for more localized understandings of, and approaches to, the urban that are needed if Africa is to achieve the SDGs by 2030.	[ { "display_name": "Sustainable development goals series", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4210181953", "type": "book series" } ]
https://openalex.org/W2136308486	Sustaining educational development projects in developing countries : changing the form of evaluation	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Kazuaki Hashimoto", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5083774212" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Peter B. Hudson", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5031937865" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Transparency (behavior)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2780233690" }, { "display_name": "Accountability", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2776007630" }, { "display_name": "International community", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779872411" }, { "display_name": "Sustainability", "id": "https://openalex.org/C66204764" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C189326681" }, { "display_name": "International development", "id": "https://openalex.org/C87616379" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Scrutiny", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2776050585" }, { "display_name": "Monitoring and evaluation", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2780815959" }, { "display_name": "Sustainable development", "id": "https://openalex.org/C552854447" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Process (computing)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C98045186" }, { "display_name": "Program evaluation", "id": "https://openalex.org/C5395021" }, { "display_name": "Business", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560" }, { "display_name": "Public administration", "id": "https://openalex.org/C3116431" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Computer science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148" }, { "display_name": "Ecology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C18903297" }, { "display_name": "Politics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Biology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240" }, { "display_name": "Operating system", "id": "https://openalex.org/C111919701" } ]	[ "Egypt" ]	[ "https://openalex.org/W84746508", "https://openalex.org/W314109411", "https://openalex.org/W1499143915", "https://openalex.org/W1509869135", "https://openalex.org/W1539265701", "https://openalex.org/W1579692813", "https://openalex.org/W1951311112", "https://openalex.org/W2039898345", "https://openalex.org/W2054226355", "https://openalex.org/W2066937413", "https://openalex.org/W2068934136", "https://openalex.org/W2076268218", "https://openalex.org/W2100841101", "https://openalex.org/W2105148316", "https://openalex.org/W2157465318", "https://openalex.org/W2505570337" ]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2136308486	Achieving sustainable development is not an easy task. The international community has been attempting to address global issues such as climate change and poverty, while advancing opportunities for primary education. Setting up the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), the internationally-agreed set of time binding goals in 2000, reaffirmed commitment by the international community to the issues in developing countries. Hence, the role of evaluation for Official Development Assistance (ODA) enterprises has become more important than ever particularly with limited funds, which in turn has put pressure on effective and efficient implementation of projects including their transparency and accountability. To date, however, monitoring and evaluating outcomes of aid projects during the project duration only have been the main endeavours of international aid agencies. Evaluations gave little attention to aspects of sustainability and educational impact of these projects. Indeed, sustainability of a project after the termination of such interventions was under scrutiny and as a result, there has been consideration of changing from outcome-focused evaluation led by international aid agencies to process evaluation conducted largely by local stakeholders. The study reviewed theoretical and practical issues surrounding the evaluation for educational reform projects, and explored, as a case study, the evaluation process employed by an Egyptian education reform project implemented by United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). This study found that process evaluation is a potential alternative evaluation method for educational development projects since it is likely to be locally embedded, which may produce long-term sustainability. Further investigations into the appropriateness and potential of process evaluation need to be conducted to provide more guidance for evaluating educational development projects.	[]
https://openalex.org/W222752118	The Poverty of Economic Policy: Is Debt Sustainability Really Sustainable?	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Olivier Vallée", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5059994089" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Shahin Vallée", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5022242539" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C189326681" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Culture of poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C178377140" }, { "display_name": "Rhetoric", "id": "https://openalex.org/C1370556" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Development economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531" }, { "display_name": "Politics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758" }, { "display_name": "Sustainability", "id": "https://openalex.org/C66204764" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Political economy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C138921699" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Sociology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400" }, { "display_name": "Basic needs", "id": "https://openalex.org/C196777733" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Ecology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C18903297" }, { "display_name": "Linguistics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202" }, { "display_name": "Philosophy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662" }, { "display_name": "Biology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240" } ]	[ "Egypt" ]	[]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W222752118	For those concerned about poverty in general and highly indebted countries in particular, the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), and the apparent new commitment to making poverty history, are creating a of hope and optimism. (1) Naturally, many are skeptically waiting to see if rhetoric will be followed by action, since a key ingredient in the MDG consensus is the accepted need for a significant increase--some estimates suggest a doubling--in official development assistance (ODA) to poor countries. The recent history of poverty- and debt-relief initiatives, however, suggests that attention should be given not only to the level but also to the form in which aid is provided. In particular, care should be taken to ensure that this additional financing is available in ways that support long-term in low-income countries. Financing the MDGs on inappropriate terms could lead to the re-emergence of problems in these countries, and would undermine the very development goals that donor countries are seeking to achieve. This article challenges some of the preconceived notions about development, and and their complex relationships. It investigates the use of the term through a paradigm that Michel Foucault calls a political anatomy of detail. (2) The discourse associated with economic development, and particularly with alleviation, constitutes an arena in which ideas, actors and practices often conflict. Despite its many definitions and interpretations, remains synonymous with authority It is a term that, like pragmatism, common sense or rationality, hinders debate and dissent because one simply cannot disagree with it. Sustainability becomes a new ideology and a new religion. The authoritative nature of the term becomes problematic when it is inappropriately defined and applied, as has been the case in relation to alleviation. Following is a brief description of some of the key initiatives launched since the 1980s to address the crisis that was set in motion by the 1982 Mexican default. It demonstrates how the emerging use of the term debt sustainability has masked an inappropriately narrow, single-criterion evaluation methodology with the appearance of a holistic, multifold approach. In fact, by weakening institutions and constraining sovereignty and economic policy, the current conception of undermines the very process of development that it is meant to advance. Despite the rhetoric, the application of the term in practice ignores the fact that a strong administration and a government relying on a stable state are the fundamental bases upon which one can hope to build the wealth of a nation and the welfare of its population. As an alternative, the article argues for the use of the more appropriate term fiscal sustainability. Unlike sustainability, takes into consideration factors such as domestic and external shocks, insisting on a stable, predictable and sufficient cash flow to ensure adequate investment in development infrastructure and initiatives. The current relief modus operandi echoes historical events such as Great Britain's 1882 seizure of Egypt in order to assure the repayment of debt, ultimately leading to the departure of the Ottoman Empire in 1914, or Venezuela's 1902 default, which resulted in German, British and Italian gunboats blocking the country's ports until the government paid up. What we are witnessing in the 21st century is a similar hijacking of sovereignty in the name of sound economic policy Superpowers exercise a great deal of control over other nations through alleviation and poverty-reduction strategies and programs. (3) Examples are numerous, from Latin American countries that are forced to strip down their public companies to African nations that are heavily constrained by structural adjustment programs. …	[ { "display_name": "Journal of International Affairs", "id": "https://openalex.org/S14378380", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W2121222144	The global roadmap to universal access to family planning: from Cairo to Kampala.	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Willard Cates", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5054350455" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Hannah Burris", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5030927154" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Family planning", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779076696" }, { "display_name": "Empowerment", "id": "https://openalex.org/C20555606" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Reproductive health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C121752807" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Population", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359" }, { "display_name": "Globe", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2775899829" }, { "display_name": "Government (linguistics)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778137410" }, { "display_name": "General assembly", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778698365" }, { "display_name": "Human rights", "id": "https://openalex.org/C169437150" }, { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "Global health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C46578552" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Health care", "id": "https://openalex.org/C160735492" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Environmental health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Linguistics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202" }, { "display_name": "Philosophy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662" }, { "display_name": "Research methodology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2986817661" }, { "display_name": "Ophthalmology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C118487528" } ]	[ "Egypt" ]	[ "https://openalex.org/W1516875794", "https://openalex.org/W2019526434", "https://openalex.org/W2073763849", "https://openalex.org/W2077532695", "https://openalex.org/W2159113870" ]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2121222144	In 1994, the International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) was held in Cairo, Egypt. 1 It brought forward faith leaders, clinicians, researchers, program managers, and government officials to unite around a common vision: universal access to reproductive health and education. The ICPD focused on girls and women, their economic empowerment, their reproductive rights, and the role of family planning in reducing maternal and child mortality. On January 8, 2010, more than 15 years after this landmark event, Secretary of State Hillary Clinton reaffirmed the United States’ dedication to the “Cairo commitments,” while recognizing that we have not yet reached them. 2 Universal access to family planning is not only one of the Cairo commitments but also key to achieving each of the eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). 3, 4 In November 2009 in Kampala, Uganda, the first International Conference on Family Planning addressed years of pent-up demand for evidence on the topic. 5 More than 1,300 participants from across the globe convened to share the latest advancements in contraceptive technology and the best practices in family planning program implementation. Conference participants left Kampala with a shared sense of responsibility for reinvigorating the global commitment to family planning. As Khama Rogo of the World Bank put it, “We wouldn’t consider a child health program without immunization; how can we think about women’s health without family planning?” 6 Secretary Clinton’s reaffirmation of the Cairo commitments reminds us that we must act upon lessons learned since Cairo to be able to carry forward the momentum begun in Kampala. What did we learn in Kampala and, most importantly, what do we do in the second decade of the new millennium? Let’s start with what we learned. Three themes framed much of the dialogue: Family Planning and the MDGs: Rightsbased family planning choices, where individuals are empowered with knowledge and supported to determine their own reproductive intentions, free from coercion, are important to achieving all eight of the Millennium Development Goals. 3, 4 Evidence-Based Policies: A comprehensive body of evidence has demonstrated the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of family planning in advancing women’s education, child and maternal health, HIV prevention, and environmental sustainability. African Ownership : African leaders must provide the leadership to promote family planning in their countries, because without such ownership, we cannot achieve universal access. How did these key themes emerge? The Kampala conference attracted a unique mix of researchers, program managers, care providers, government officials, and funder representatives. We have synthesized the evidence and experience presented there into eight categories to help us answer the question, What do we do now ?	[ { "display_name": "PubMed", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036", "type": "repository" } ]
https://openalex.org/W3122440672	Achieving MDGs 4&5: Egypt's Progress on Maternal and Child Health	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Intissar Sarker", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5035074259" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Seemeen Saadat", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5010024103" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Rafael Cortez", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5036216839" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Abdel-Hamid Ahm", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5043711625" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Child mortality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C46299933" }, { "display_name": "Poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C189326681" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Infant mortality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C112299071" }, { "display_name": "Population", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359" }, { "display_name": "Socioeconomics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C45355965" }, { "display_name": "Per capita", "id": "https://openalex.org/C127598652" }, { "display_name": "Demography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C149923435" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "Environmental health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Sociology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400" } ]	[ "Egypt" ]	[ "https://openalex.org/W2004104386", "https://openalex.org/W2005936307", "https://openalex.org/W2024440306", "https://openalex.org/W2129801194", "https://openalex.org/W2161523928", "https://openalex.org/W3124052700" ]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3122440672	Egypt is a lower-middle-income country with a GNI per capita (PPP) of US$ 5654 in 2012. Since the Arab Spring Egypt s economic growth has slowed to 0.6 percent in 2012. Half of Egypt s 82.54 million people live in rural areas. Poverty is concentrated in Upper Egypt (the southern region). As of 2009 43.7 percent of Upper Egypt s rural population was living in poverty. Egypt has made considerable progress in improving maternal and child health. According to interagency estimates child mortality declined from 86 to 21 deaths per 1000 live births between 1990 and 2012 a 75.4 percent drop that exceeds Egypt s target for MDG 4. Egypt also successfully reduced neonatal mortality by 65 percent during the same period. Egypt s maternal mortality ratio (MMR) declined from 120 to 45 deaths per 100000 live births between 1990 and 2013 a 62 percent decrease also exceeding its MDG 5 target. However recent political events in the country bring into question the long-term sustainability of gains if conditions do not improve. This note explores the actions Egypt has taken to reduce child and maternal mortality with a focus on policies and programs.	[]
https://openalex.org/W3123683246	Medium Term Strategies for Achieving the Millennium Development Goals In Egypt	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Motaz Khorshid", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5011805314" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Hans Löfgren", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5049500627" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Ahmed Kamaly", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5086216085" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Sohair Abou El-Eenein", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5034075628" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Term (time)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C61797465" }, { "display_name": "Medium term", "id": "https://openalex.org/C3017866295" }, { "display_name": "Business", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560" }, { "display_name": "Process management", "id": "https://openalex.org/C195094911" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C189326681" }, { "display_name": "Physics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964" }, { "display_name": "Macroeconomics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C139719470" }, { "display_name": "Quantum mechanics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C62520636" } ]	[ "Egypt" ]	[]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3123683246	This paper aims primarily at assessing development strategies to achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in Egypt. It is based on the outcome of a regional research project directed to evaluate development strategies to achieve the MDGs in the Arab Countries. Reports on the progress of Egypt toward the achievement of MDGs show that the government of Egypt continued to give attention to critical areas of development, such as health, education, access to water and sanitation as well as improving the livelihoods of the most deprived segments of the population. However, the pace of progress varies among the goals: it is fast and sustained in some areas (child and maternal mortality and water), acceptable in others (sanitation, education and poverty reduction), and somewhat slow in some others (women empowerment and environmental protection). In addition, Egypt will have to increase its efforts and investments in order to keep the current rate of progress with respect to some specific indicators (in the area of poverty, mortality rates, and combating major diseases). Egypt's population growth is one of the main challenges to achieve the MDGs. Egypt ranks as the 16th most populous country in the world and the annual population growth rate is around 2 percent. If this population growth rate persists, Egypt's population is expected to reach 83 million by 2015, thus putting a considerable strain on the country's ability to sustain progress towards achieving the MDGs. Because of the relatively advanced stance of Egypt in most of the MDGs, Egypt is unlikely to face major problems toward the achievement of its MDGs targets nationally. However, on a regional level and across genders given the stark disparities between different governorates and gender, a number of MDGs are very difficult to achieve on a regional level and across gender. In order to evaluate alternative policy measures and strategies for achieving the MDGs in 2015, the following methodological steps have been accomplished. First, an issue-specific social accounting matrix (SAM) was constructed to form a consistent and comprehensive analytical framework for modeling and policy analysis. The SAM was designed to capture the particular structural features of the Egyptian economy with special reference to the socioeconomic data relevant to the millennium development goals. Second, an extended dynamic computable general equilibrium (CGE) model - with a satellite sub-model to analyze the millennium development goals – has been constructed and tailored to the Egyptian socioeconomic data. Third, the constructed accounting framework, collected information and similar studies on Egypt were used to determine the structural parameters and technical coefficients needed to calibrate and run the extended CGE model and generate output results. Fourth, recent economic performance of the Egyptian economy was used to validate the results of the extended dynamic CGE model. Finally, a number of scenarios were simulated to generate a reference path (or baseline) for the Egyptian economy and, based upon changes on this path, the model is used to assess the impact of alternative strategies for achieving the MDGs. The reference path run is mainly directed to project the medium-term economy-wide indicators of Egypt up to 2015, assuming that the government is continuing to rely on the policy measures and strategic trends applied in the 1990s and the beginning of the twenty one century. Based on the results of this reference path scenario with respect to the achievement of the MDGs, alternative policy measures were formulated and tested. In light of the current performance and structural features of the Egyptian economy as well as the adopted development policies and directions, two policy measures to finance the MDG objectives were experimented. The first policy assumes that the Egyptian government would further rely on domestic borrowing – in the form of treasury bills and other government domestic financial instruments –to ensure the financing of the cost related to the achievement of MDGs. The second policy assumes that the Egyptian government would have access to foreign grants (or transfers) directed to reach the aspired MDG indicators. In addition to the specific MDG achieving policy, MAMS was used to test alternative economic growth scenarios and their impact on MDG indicators. In this respect, two economic growth scenarios were tested, for which the two aforementioned policy scenarios were generated. Firstly, an optimistic scenario based on the government indicators reflected in the follow-up reports of the five year plan as well as other official government documents. Secondly, a moderate economic growth scenario which assumes that the Egyptian economy will take more time to overcome the effects of the financial crises is tested. The main finding of the reference path scenario with respect to the MDG indicators is that in both the optimistic and moderate economic growth scenarios most MDGs would be achieved on the macro level, or even overachieved in some instances. This is excluding the poverty goal (MDG1) and, to some extent, the goals of access to improved sanitation (MDG7b) and the attainment of universal primary education (MDG2) as defined by the on-time primary completion rate. The paper concluded that the analysis of the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) in Egypt based on the extended CGE model has generally confirmed that it is possible to achieve most of the MDGs on the aggregate socioeconomic level in 2015. The business as usual (BAU) or the reference path scenario has succeeded to generate satisfactory results on the macro-level via achieving the MDGs 4, 5 and 7a. The economy-wide analysis using the extended CGE model suggested also that the MDG indicators are not too sensitive to changes in alternative strategies to finance the achievement of the MDGs. The general conclusion in this respect is that the policy maker in Egypt is advised to target all the unrealized MDGs (which are MDG2 and MDG7b in the Egyptian case) and avoid concentrating on achieving - or delaying the targeting of one of them - with the objective of reducing the associated financing cost. Based on the results of MAMS, a considerable increase in government expenditure on water and sanitation sector is required - in most of the adopted strategies to achieve both MDG 2 and 7b – in order to reach a yearly increase in the real GDP of this sector from 5.1 percent in the base run (BAU) to 6.9 percent annually during the period 2008-2015. Real GDP of health and other government services need to witness also a slight increase in order to cope with the MDG achievement process. Finally, the government of Egypt should direct additional investments to the labor intensive industries to timely achieve MDG2 and MDG7b objectives in 2015. The analytical results stress also the need to augment real government spending on infrastructure from 4.5 percent per year in the base run to around 4.7 percent in the MDG policy scenarios. When measured by the additional government borrowings, the amount of domestic interest payment to the private institutions has to increase – as a percent of GDP – from 6.1 percent in the base run to about 6.6 percent in case of the optimistic growth scenario and to nearly 7 percent in case of the moderate growth scenario. The above changes in the expenditure items and economic aggregates can be easily converted into a set of current and capital government spending measures. It should be noted nevertheless that the same indicators on the regional or governorate level reflected a clear duality between urban and rural areas with respect to the achievement of the MDGs. Unfortunately, analytical model is not disaggregated enough to zoom on certain regions and groups which are likely need policy interventions. In this respect, MAMS does not support any disaggregation between rural and urban, male and female nor between governorates. This limitation makes the model misses an important dimension in the MDG analysis for the Egyptian case. Another limitation is that the model does not represent an appropriate tool for targeting the poverty issues. See above See above	[]
https://openalex.org/W2252890081	Medium Term Strategies for Achieving the Millennium Development Goals In Egypt	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Motaz Khorshid", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5011805314" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Hans Löfgren", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5049500627" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Ahmed Kamaly", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5086216085" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Sohair Abou El-Eenein", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5034075628" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Term (time)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C61797465" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Business", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560" }, { "display_name": "Medium term", "id": "https://openalex.org/C3017866295" }, { "display_name": "Process management", "id": "https://openalex.org/C195094911" }, { "display_name": "Environmental planning", "id": "https://openalex.org/C91375879" }, { "display_name": "Natural resource economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C175605778" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Environmental science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304" }, { "display_name": "Poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C189326681" }, { "display_name": "Macroeconomics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C139719470" }, { "display_name": "Physics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964" }, { "display_name": "Quantum mechanics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C62520636" } ]	[ "Egypt" ]	[]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2252890081	This paper aims primarily at assessing development strategies to achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in Egypt. It is based on the outcome of a regional research project directed to evaluate development strategies to achieve the MDGs in the Arab Countries. Reports on the progress of Egypt toward the achievement of MDGs show that the government of Egypt continued to give attention to critical areas of development, such as health, education, access to water and sanitation as well as improving the livelihoods of the most deprived segments of the population. However, the pace of progress varies among the goals: it is fast and sustained in some areas (child and maternal mortality and water), acceptable in others (sanitation, education and poverty reduction), and somewhat slow in some others (women empowerment and environmental protection). In addition, Egypt will have to increase its efforts and investments in order to keep the current rate of progress with respect to some specific indicators (in the area of poverty, mortality rates, and combating major diseases). Egypt's population growth is one of the main challenges to achieve the MDGs. Egypt ranks as the 16th most populous country in the world and the annual population growth rate is around 2 percent. If this population growth rate persists, Egypt's population is expected to reach 83 million by 2015, thus putting a considerable strain on the country's ability to sustain progress towards achieving the MDGs. Because of the relatively advanced stance of Egypt in most of the MDGs, Egypt is unlikely to face major problems toward the achievement of its MDGs targets nationally. However, on a regional level and across genders given the stark disparities between different governorates and gender, a number of MDGs are very difficult to achieve on a regional level and across gender. In order to evaluate alternative policy measures and strategies for achieving the MDGs in 2015, the following methodological steps have been accomplished. First, an issue-specific social accounting matrix (SAM) was constructed to form a consistent and comprehensive analytical framework for modeling and policy analysis. The SAM was designed to capture the particular structural features of the Egyptian economy with special reference to the socioeconomic data relevant to the millennium development goals. Second, an extended dynamic computable general equilibrium (CGE) model - with a satellite sub-model to analyze the millennium development goals – has been constructed and tailored to the Egyptian socioeconomic data. Third, the constructed accounting framework, collected information and similar studies on Egypt were used to determine the structural parameters and technical coefficients needed to calibrate and run the extended CGE model and generate output results. Fourth, recent economic performance of the Egyptian economy was used to validate the results of the extended dynamic CGE model. Finally, a number of scenarios were simulated to generate a reference path (or baseline) for the Egyptian economy and, based upon changes on this path, the model is used to assess the impact of alternative strategies for achieving the MDGs. The reference path run is mainly directed to project the medium-term economy-wide indicators of Egypt up to 2015, assuming that the government is continuing to rely on the policy measures and strategic trends applied in the 1990s and the beginning of the twenty one century. Based on the results of this reference path scenario with respect to the achievement of the MDGs, alternative policy measures were formulated and tested. In light of the current performance and structural features of the Egyptian economy as well as the adopted development policies and directions, two policy measures to finance the MDG objectives were experimented. The first policy assumes that the Egyptian government would further rely on domestic borrowing – in the form of treasury bills and other government domestic financial instruments –to ensure the financing of the cost related to the achievement of MDGs. The second policy assumes that the Egyptian government would have access to foreign grants (or transfers) directed to reach the aspired MDG indicators. In addition to the specific MDG achieving policy, MAMS was used to test alternative economic growth scenarios and their impact on MDG indicators. In this respect, two economic growth scenarios were tested, for which the two aforementioned policy scenarios were generated. Firstly, an optimistic scenario based on the government indicators reflected in the follow-up reports of the five year plan as well as other official government documents. Secondly, a moderate economic growth scenario which assumes that the Egyptian economy will take more time to overcome the effects of the financial crises is tested. The main finding of the reference path scenario with respect to the MDG indicators is that in both the optimistic and moderate economic growth scenarios most MDGs would be achieved on the macro level, or even overachieved in some instances. This is excluding the poverty goal (MDG1) and, to some extent, the goals of access to improved sanitation (MDG7b) and the attainment of universal primary education (MDG2) as defined by the on-time primary completion rate. The paper concluded that the analysis of the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) in Egypt based on the extended CGE model has generally confirmed that it is possible to achieve most of the MDGs on the aggregate socioeconomic level in 2015. The business as usual (BAU) or the reference path scenario has succeeded to generate satisfactory results on the macro-level via achieving the MDGs 4, 5 and 7a. The economy-wide analysis using the extended CGE model suggested also that the MDG indicators are not too sensitive to changes in alternative strategies to finance the achievement of the MDGs. The general conclusion in this respect is that the policy maker in Egypt is advised to target all the unrealized MDGs (which are MDG2 and MDG7b in the Egyptian case) and avoid concentrating on achieving - or delaying the targeting of one of them - with the objective of reducing the associated financing cost. Based on the results of MAMS, a considerable increase in government expenditure on water and sanitation sector is required - in most of the adopted strategies to achieve both MDG 2 and 7b – in order to reach a yearly increase in the real GDP of this sector from 5.1 percent in the base run (BAU) to 6.9 percent annually during the period 2008-2015. Real GDP of health and other government services need to witness also a slight increase in order to cope with the MDG achievement process. Finally, the government of Egypt should direct additional investments to the labor intensive industries to timely achieve MDG2 and MDG7b objectives in 2015. The analytical results stress also the need to augment real government spending on infrastructure from 4.5 percent per year in the base run to around 4.7 percent in the MDG policy scenarios. When measured by the additional government borrowings, the amount of domestic interest payment to the private institutions has to increase – as a percent of GDP – from 6.1 percent in the base run to about 6.6 percent in case of the optimistic growth scenario and to nearly 7 percent in case of the moderate growth scenario. The above changes in the expenditure items and economic aggregates can be easily converted into a set of current and capital government spending measures. It should be noted nevertheless that the same indicators on the regional or governorate level reflected a clear duality between urban and rural areas with respect to the achievement of the MDGs. Unfortunately, analytical model is not disaggregated enough to zoom on certain regions and groups which are likely need policy interventions. In this respect, MAMS does not support any disaggregation between rural and urban, male and female nor between governorates. This limitation makes the model misses an important dimension in the MDG analysis for the Egyptian case. Another limitation is that the model does not represent an appropriate tool for targeting the poverty issues. See above See above	[ { "display_name": "RePEc: Research Papers in Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306401271", "type": "repository" } ]
https://openalex.org/W3088845945	Revolution, Global Development and Disability Politics in Egypt	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Mostafa Attia", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5031615746" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Ratification", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2776713681" }, { "display_name": "Sustainable development", "id": "https://openalex.org/C552854447" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Constitution", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2776154427" }, { "display_name": "Mainstreaming", "id": "https://openalex.org/C154482161" }, { "display_name": "Politics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Gender mainstreaming", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2780765865" }, { "display_name": "Government (linguistics)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778137410" }, { "display_name": "Development economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531" }, { "display_name": "Public administration", "id": "https://openalex.org/C3116431" }, { "display_name": "Poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C189326681" }, { "display_name": "Sociology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400" }, { "display_name": "Gender studies", "id": "https://openalex.org/C107993555" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Gender equality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2992299759" }, { "display_name": "Special education", "id": "https://openalex.org/C28858896" }, { "display_name": "Linguistics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202" }, { "display_name": "Philosophy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" } ]	[ "Egypt" ]	[]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3088845945	The Egyptian Revolution and its consequences mainstreamed disabled people’s demands into national policies. It opened further opportunities for self-organisations, as well as impacting upon tactics and activism. Egypt’s ratification of the UNCRPD three years earlier had been a driving force towards the advocacy for inclusive rights. The global move from the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) towards the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), five years after the Revolution, was a further factor exploited by the disabled people’s movement to increase the recognition of disability within Egyptian policies. This thesis examines the influence of global and national events on the disabled people’s movement’s participation in government policy consultations and considers how this situation differed from the pre-revolutionary period. It also analyses the unique unity established by disabled activists’, determining whether this shift was temporary, only lasting the 18 days of the Revolution, or more permanent. Finally, it examines Disabled People’s Organisations’ (DPOs) satisfaction with the mainstreaming of their demands within post-revolutionary policies, such as the 2014 Constitution. This research ties together literature on the Egyptian Revolution and global disability discourses, to underpin recommendations for Egypt to benefit from the application of an inclusive approach to its Sustainable Development Strategy. It is the first research to utilise the ongoing discussions about SDGs within the post-revolutionary era, with disability in mind. In answering the research question – how, and to what extent, has the Egyptian Revolution affected national conditions for the implementation of international agreements on disability rights (UNCRPD) and sustainable development (SDGs) – this qualitative research relies on document analysis, semi-structured interviews, and focus groups as data generation methods. Research participants include: Egyptian politicians, including disabled MPs, DPOs, and UN representatives. The same methods were applied to analyse Egyptian government and civil society development projects. A major finding of this thesis is the positive influence of the UNCRPD on increasing the number of DPOs, who then had more ability to advocate for their rights. Both the Egyptian Revolution and SDGs contributed to their collective participation within national policies.	[]
https://openalex.org/W3113085028	Cooperative housing and sustainable development goals from the economic perspective: case study of Egypt	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Saber Adly Shaker", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5065942985" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Sustainable development", "id": "https://openalex.org/C552854447" }, { "display_name": "Business", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560" }, { "display_name": "Perspective (graphical)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C12713177" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Bond", "id": "https://openalex.org/C69738904" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Environmental planning", "id": "https://openalex.org/C91375879" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Finance", "id": "https://openalex.org/C10138342" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "Artificial intelligence", "id": "https://openalex.org/C154945302" }, { "display_name": "Computer science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" } ]	[ "Egypt" ]	[]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3113085028	The housing sector is linked to 13 out of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals by 2030. Thus, all countries of the world are pursuing the sustainable development agenda as a second phase, after the completion of the MDGs. In 2019, Egypt has achieved about 66.2% of the total SDGs, and soon, Egypt is expected to achieve five goals as green goals. Cooperative housing has created nearly 4.7 million direct and indirect jobs and it consider the second provider of residential units by 19% in Egypt. Finally, there are several types of sustainable financing instruments, such as green bonds and social impact bonds, which contribute to enhancing the role of cooperative housing in achieving sustainable development goals.	[ { "display_name": "MPRA Paper", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306520297", "type": "repository" } ]
https://openalex.org/W4254489234	Egypt	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Motaz Khorshid", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5011805314" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Soheir Abou El-Enein", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5056567684" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Ahmed Kamaly", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5086216085" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Heba El-Laithy", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5079263108" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "Ancient history", "id": "https://openalex.org/C195244886" }, { "display_name": "Development economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531" }, { "display_name": "History", "id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728" }, { "display_name": "Poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C189326681" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" } ]	[ "Egypt" ]	[]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4254489234	Prior to the Lotus Revolution in 2011, Egypt was one of the few countries in the Arab region that seemed to be on track to achieve most of the millennium development goals (MDGs). Progress made in the 1990s reflected Egypt’s relatively stable socio-economic situation despite significant structural problems beneath the surface. Indeed, human development goals have been central to the aspirations expressed by the Egyptian people during and in the aftermath of the Revolution.	[ { "display_name": "The United Nations series on development", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4210206118", "type": "book series" } ]
https://openalex.org/W3149283247	Human development and capabilities in MENA economies with special emphasis on Egypt	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Haider A. Khan", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5036260714" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Externality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C16118543" }, { "display_name": "Human development (humanity)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2781089502" }, { "display_name": "Poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C189326681" }, { "display_name": "Investment (military)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C27548731" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Social protection", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2777433830" }, { "display_name": "Politics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758" }, { "display_name": "Human capital", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2776943663" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Economic system", "id": "https://openalex.org/C74363100" }, { "display_name": "Public economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C100001284" }, { "display_name": "Business", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Microeconomics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C175444787" } ]	[ "Egypt" ]	[]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3149283247	The critical assessment of human development and capabilities exercise in MENA includes the following areas for achieving capabilities enhancement (i) Macroeconomic framework component: Analysis of the evolution and nature of macroeconomic policies and their inter-relationships with trade policy and their effects on MDGs and human development; (ii) Fiscal component, the effects of trade reform and policies on the fiscal position of the countries and its relation with MDGs’ expenditures needs and potential constraining effect on the application of flanking policies; (iii) Institutional component: assessing institutional capacity and performance of trade- and finance-related institutions in particular and their effect on economic, social and political outcomes: (iv) Dynamic effects component, undertaking specific studies to assess spillovers and externalities brought about by various policies, particularly trade, financial and investment policies; and; (v) Intellectual property rights component assessing the effects of more stringent protection of IPRs on MDGs and human development indicators. I evaluate critically the neoliberal approach to these aspects of development and capabilities in the MENA region generally and with a special case study of Egypt. A socially and politically oriented capabilities approach integrates poverty and social impact analysis (PSIA) techniques, economic and technical tools of ex-ante and ex-post assessment, and monitoring and evaluation methodologies in a comprehensive manner. Accordingly, it begins by identifying interested stakeholders and asking questions regarding facilitating and coordinating their participation as well as building institutional arrangements that will assure sustainability of the human development process. A related aspect is the need for documenting and analyzing local historical settings including social and political movements such as those in Egypt. Finally, progress towards collecting data and building a database of relevant indicators, and developing tools of monitoring and evaluation along with the development of the institutional and technical capability of stakeholders are examined within a dynamic historical context of democratization. Building on other experiences of participatory assessment of different policies, the approach I advocate--- besides producing empirical analysis--- is intended to engage all actors involved (government, business, labour, and civil society institutions representing different segments of the population, in particular women) in active participation within a deeply democratic social and political context. Therefore, such efforts require continuous democratic institution building. The revolution in Egypt is evaluated from this socially and politically oriented capabilities perspective.	[ { "display_name": "RePEc: Research Papers in Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306401271", "type": "repository" } ]
https://openalex.org/W659152965	How Egypt has overcome the challenges	[ { "affiliations": [ { "country": "United Kingdom", "display_name": "London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/I4210089966", "lat": 51.5209, "long": -0.1307, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Oona M. R. Campbell", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5071445474" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "United Kingdom", "display_name": "London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/I4210089966", "lat": 51.5209, "long": -0.1307, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "L Foster Mustarde", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5051914681" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "N Hassanein", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5067638795" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "K Khalil", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5088531607" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Pessimism", "id": "https://openalex.org/C9992130" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Maternal health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2983493262" }, { "display_name": "Low and middle income countries", "id": "https://openalex.org/C3018472363" }, { "display_name": "Demography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C149923435" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Development economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "Environmental health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Population", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359" }, { "display_name": "Health services", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2986740045" }, { "display_name": "Sociology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400" }, { "display_name": "Philosophy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662" }, { "display_name": "Epistemology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C111472728" } ]	[ "Egypt" ]	[]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W659152965	Discussion of the Millennium Development Goal to improve maternal health (MDG5) is often pessimistic, yet some low-income countries are well under way to achieving this goal and have lowered maternal mortality. Egypt is one such case. Since 1992, maternal mortality has been reduced by 68%, and the absolute level of 55 per 100000 live births reported in 2008 is low by many standards, although it remains 5—10 times higher than those countries with the lowest mortality. This chapter addresses three questions:	[ { "display_name": "Cambridge University Press eBooks", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306462995", "type": "ebook platform" } ]
https://openalex.org/W2770423630	Contraceptive Use: Knowledge, Perceptions and Attitudes of RefugeeYouths in Oru Refugee Camp, NigeriaImpact of Reproductive Health onSocio-economic Development: A Case Study of Nigeria	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "J. I. B. Adinma", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5049545697" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "ED Adinma", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5006362004" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Reproductive health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C121752807" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Panacea (medicine)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C26993612" }, { "display_name": "Life expectancy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C133925201" }, { "display_name": "Population", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359" }, { "display_name": "Socioeconomic development", "id": "https://openalex.org/C42298096" }, { "display_name": "Human development (humanity)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2781089502" }, { "display_name": "Socioeconomic status", "id": "https://openalex.org/C147077947" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Literacy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C547764534" }, { "display_name": "Refugee", "id": "https://openalex.org/C173145845" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Functional illiteracy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C165205368" }, { "display_name": "Socioeconomics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C45355965" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "Environmental health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951" }, { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "Sociology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Alternative medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C204787440" }, { "display_name": "Pathology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C142724271" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" } ]	[ "Egypt" ]	[]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2770423630	The link between reproductive health, sexual and reproductive right, and development was highlighted at the International Conference on Population and Development held in Egypt. Developmental disparities are related to socio-economic differences which have led to the identification of distinct socio-economic classifications of nations. Human development represents the socioeconomic standing of any nation, in addition to literacy status and life expectancy. Africa accounts for 25% of the world’s landmass but remains the world’s poorest continent. Nigeria, the most populous country in Africa, has policies and programmes geared towards the improvement of its socio-economic standing and overal development, with little positive result. Reproductive health is a panacea towards reversing the stalled socio-economic growth of Nigeria as evident from the linkage between reproductive health and development, highlighted in Millennium Development Goals 3, 4, 5 and 6. Fast tracking Nigeria’s development requires implementation of reproductive health policies and programmes targeted on women and children	[]
https://openalex.org/W3023300085	Community interventions to reduce maternal and child mortality in low-income countries	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Audrey Prost", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5031845516" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Christina Pagel", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5090535919" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "A Costello", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5021331901" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Psychological intervention", "id": "https://openalex.org/C27415008" }, { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Politics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758" }, { "display_name": "Global health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C46578552" }, { "display_name": "Civil society", "id": "https://openalex.org/C513891491" }, { "display_name": "Health care", "id": "https://openalex.org/C160735492" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Public relations", "id": "https://openalex.org/C39549134" }, { "display_name": "Medical education", "id": "https://openalex.org/C509550671" }, { "display_name": "Nursing", "id": "https://openalex.org/C159110408" }, { "display_name": "Poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C189326681" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" } ]	[ "Egypt" ]	[]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3023300085	The Millennium Development Goals, created under the auspices of the United Nations, presented an opportunity for political, financial, medical and civil society leaders to focus on the huge disparities in global health provision. Goals 4 and 5, which focus on child and maternal outcomes, have proved more challenging than others to deliver. There are only 4 years left for these challenges to be realised. Chapters cover all the four disciplines (midwifery, obstetrics and gynaecology, anaesthesia and paediatrics) and the authors are all outstanding contributors in this area of global health. Midwives, obstetricians, paediatricians and anaesthetists have provided an up-to-date review that will be an immensely useful reference for all healthcare workers involved in advocacy on behalf of women and children. The RCOG’s global network has enabled it to draw examples from countries as diverse as Afghanistan and Egypt to produce an overview of the challenges still remaining. This book will prove an essential tool for all those trying to tackle the issues of delivering Millennium Development Goals 4 and 5 within the next 4 years.	[]
https://openalex.org/W2766988817	Egypt's respiratory health in focus	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Jules Morgan", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5022095625" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Sustainable development", "id": "https://openalex.org/C552854447" }, { "display_name": "Poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C189326681" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" } ]	[ "Egypt" ]	[]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2766988817	An aerial viewpoint is the best way to appreciate the rich blue hue of the Nile weaving northwards from Burundi, through the Egyptian deserts to the Mediterranean Sea. The contrast between the fertile land flanking the river and the arid sands beyond symbolises the character that embodies Egypt, a country best known for historical monuments including temples, tombs, and pyramids. However, the reality is that in Egypt—the most densely populated of the Arab countries with the second largest economy in the Arab world—the old and new are living side by side. Perhaps Egypt's ancient historical culture and barren deserts create a perception of the country being less developed, or modern, than it actually is? Measuring progress and projecting attainment on the basis of past trends of the health-related Sustainable Development Goals in 188 countries: an analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016GBD 2016 provides an updated and expanded evidence base on where the world currently stands in terms of the health-related SDGs. Our improved measure of UHC offers a basis to monitor the expansion of health services necessary to meet the SDGs. Based on past rates of progress, many places are facing challenges in meeting defined health-related SDG targets, particularly among countries that are the worst off. In view of the early stages of SDG implementation, however, opportunity remains to take actions to accelerate progress, as shown by the catalytic effects of adopting the Millennium Development Goals after 2000. Full-Text PDF Open AccessGlobal, regional, and national age-sex specific mortality for 264 causes of death, 1980–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016The past 37 years have featured declining rates of communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases across all quintiles of SDI, with faster than expected gains for many locations relative to their SDI. A global shift towards deaths at older ages suggests success in reducing many causes of early death. YLLs have increased globally for causes such as diabetes mellitus or some neoplasms, and in some locations for causes such as drug use disorders, and conflict and terrorism. Increasing levels of YLLs might reflect outcomes from conditions that required high levels of care but for which effective treatments remain elusive, potentially increasing costs to health systems. Full-Text PDF Open AccessGlobal, regional, and national under-5 mortality, adult mortality, age-specific mortality, and life expectancy, 1970–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016Globally, mortality rates have decreased across all age groups over the past five decades, with the largest improvements occurring among children younger than 5 years. However, at the national level, considerable heterogeneity remains in terms of both level and rate of changes in age-specific mortality; increases in mortality for certain age groups occurred in some locations. We found evidence that the absolute gap between countries in age-specific death rates has declined, although the relative gap for some age-sex groups increased. Full-Text PDF Open AccessGlobal, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 333 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016At a global level, DALYs and HALE continue to show improvements. At the same time, we observe that many populations are facing growing functional health loss. Rising SDI was associated with increases in cumulative years of life lived with disability and decreases in CMNN DALYs offset by increased NCD DALYs. Relative compression of morbidity highlights the importance of continued health interventions, which has changed in most locations in pace with the gross domestic product per person, education, and family planning. Full-Text PDF Open AccessGlobal, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016Increasingly detailed understanding of the trends in risk exposure and the RRs for each risk-outcome pair provide insights into both the magnitude of health loss attributable to risks and how modification of risk exposure has contributed to health trends. Metabolic risks warrant particular policy attention, due to their large contribution to global disease burden, increasing trends, and variable patterns across countries at the same level of development. GBD 2016 findings show that, while it has huge potential to improve health, risk modification has played a relatively small part in the past decade. Full-Text PDF Open AccessGlobal, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016The decrease in death rates since 1990 for most causes has not been matched by a similar decline in age-standardised YLD rates. For many large causes, YLD rates have either been stagnant or have increased for some causes, such as diabetes. As populations are ageing, and the prevalence of disabling disease generally increases steeply with age, health systems will face increasing demand for services that are generally costlier than the interventions that have led to declines in mortality in childhood or for the major causes of mortality in adults. Full-Text PDF Open Access	[ { "display_name": "The Lancet Respiratory Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4210192742", "type": "journal" }, { "display_name": "PubMed", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036", "type": "repository" } ]
https://openalex.org/W4386803973	The Effect of Local Governance in Achieving Sustainable Development in Light of the Contemporary Economic and Political Transformations, (Case Study: Egypt)	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Khaled Fayez Bazeed", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5055072272" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Sustainable development", "id": "https://openalex.org/C552854447" }, { "display_name": "Local government", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778719706" }, { "display_name": "Corporate governance", "id": "https://openalex.org/C39389867" }, { "display_name": "Politics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Business", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560" }, { "display_name": "Local governance", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2983405972" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Public administration", "id": "https://openalex.org/C3116431" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Finance", "id": "https://openalex.org/C10138342" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" } ]	[ "Egypt" ]	[]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4386803973	Purpose: The objective of this study was to identify the profile of academic research on blended learning in the world and propose a research agenda for the topic. Theoretical framework: Local governance is important to advancing the SDGs, but how realistic it is that public and private actors at local levels of governance will take on the challenge of spurring local action to achieve the SDGs rather than relying on international organizations and national governances. Reddy, P. S. (2016). Design/Methodology/Approach: The research investigate the impact of local government on sustainable development in Egypt as a case study using an econometric model of annual time series from 2000 to 2020 for several variables that reflect sustainable development as independent variables and using the volume of spending on local governance as a dependent variable, using ARDL model. The role that local action plays in achieving the goals of sustainable development, by moving from the Millennium Development Goals to the Sustainable Development Goals, the importance of local responses to the global problems and challenges targeted by sustainable Findings: The study recommended setting a general framework for local governance that defines a clear role for local units in achieving sustainable local development, and developing methods for selecting local leaders, provided that they have experience and academic qualifications, and work to establish information centers in local councils, and the need. Strategic planning, implementation and follow-up to achieve sustainable local development. Research, Practical & Social implications: The findings of this study development and discussing the motivations of local governance to contribute to the changes that achieve inclusive prosperity, identifying the main barriers to local governances, and how to expand Scope and improve conditions for local people and organizations. Originality/Value: A significant contribution to the body of knowledg is achieved through testing the effects of local Governance in achieving sustainable development in economic and political transformations era.	[ { "display_name": "International Journal of Professional Business Review", "id": "https://openalex.org/S2736802132", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W2899329658	REVITALISASI PROGRAM KETERPADUAN KB-KESEHATAN (POSYANDU) DI ERA DESENTRALISASI SUATU KENISCAYAAN	[ { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Indonesia", "display_name": "Sebelas Maret University", "id": "https://openalex.org/I119896790", "lat": -7.561408, "long": 110.85578, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Endang Sutisna Sulaeman", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5039804057" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Decentralization", "id": "https://openalex.org/C136810230" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Population", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359" }, { "display_name": "Human development (humanity)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2781089502" }, { "display_name": "Welfare", "id": "https://openalex.org/C100243477" }, { "display_name": "Government (linguistics)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778137410" }, { "display_name": "Reproductive health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C121752807" }, { "display_name": "Human resources", "id": "https://openalex.org/C107645774" }, { "display_name": "Health care", "id": "https://openalex.org/C160735492" }, { "display_name": "Family planning", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779076696" }, { "display_name": "Business", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "Environmental health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Linguistics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202" }, { "display_name": "Philosophy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Research methodology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2986817661" } ]	[ "Egypt" ]	[]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2899329658	Public welfare according to United Nations Development Program (UNDP) is measured by Human Development Index (HDI) constituting a composite indicator of three indicators in development sector: education, health, and economy. The goals of HDI by UN were accomplished into Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) . Two of the eight goals MGDs associated with Family Planning-Health Program, namely : (1) Reduce child mortality under five years of age, and (2) Improve maternal health. Based on the International Conference on Population and Development, ( ICPD ) in Cairo, Egypt (1994), agreed to change the paradigm in the management of population and development, the approach population control and fertility decline to be an approach that focused on reproductive health and effort to fulfill reproductive rights. There are five points in the era of decentralization of Revitalization Posyandu namely: (1) Posyandu is an effort to meet basic health needs and improving nutritional status of communities, (2) Posyandu able to act as a forum for community-based primary health care, (3) The implementation of integrated health community need to be gathered all the strength to participate actively in accordance with its capabilities, (4) Posyandu should be continued as an effort of human resources development investments are carried out uniformly, (5) Regions governments to promote and coordinate their implementation by involving the role of the community. In the era of decentralization, the implementation of the Family Planning-Health Integrity Program ( Posyandu ) is highly dependent on the willingness, commitment, and political decisions Regions Government. For the activities of Family Planning-Health Integrity Program ( Posyandu ) should be supported by advocacy activities to stakeholders and decision-makers regions, so as to obtain political support and adequate program resources. Formation and implementation Posyandu should be done through approach Village Community Health Development (PKMD), namely a systematic series of activities, planned and directed to explore, enhance, and direct community participation in order to exploit the existing potential, in order to solve the health problems they face. Keywords : Family Planning-Health Integrity Program (Posyandu), ecentralization, Village Community Health Development (PKMD)	[ { "display_name": "Journal of Rural and Development", "id": "https://openalex.org/S2765017806", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W4234389006	Stepping up child survival efforts	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "The Lancet", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5085953656" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Child mortality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C46299933" }, { "display_name": "Child survival", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2776176627" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Tanzania", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779357621" }, { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Development economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531" }, { "display_name": "Socioeconomics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C45355965" }, { "display_name": "Environmental health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" } ]	[ "Egypt", "Iraq" ]	[]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4234389006	Last week, Save the Children published its annual State of the World's Mothers report, which this year focuses on the survival of children under 5 years of age. The report assesses the progress made towards reducing child mortality rates in 60 countries, which together account for 94% of all child deaths. There are some reasons to be hopeful. Egypt, Indonesia, Bangladesh, Nepal, and the Philippines have all cut child death rates substantially during the past 15 years. These countries have invested in better health care for mothers and better nutrition and care for children. Despite limited financial resources, Malawi, Tanzania, Madagascar, Nepal, and Bangladesh have also made impressive gains in child survival, showing that governmental commitment matters more than national wealth when it comes to child survival. But not all the news is promising. None of these 60 countries are doing well across all child health indicators, and 20 countries have either made no progress in reducing deaths in children under 5 years, or their rates have increased since 1990. These reversals are linked to armed conflict or HIV/AIDS epidemics in countries such as Iraq and Botswana, respectively. In other countries, child health is clearly not receiving the attention it deserves, despite nations signing up to the fourth Millennium Development Goal (MDG-4)—to reduce under-5 mortality by two-thirds by 2015. Aside from the moral imperative, governments need to realise the importance of child survival for the future of their countries. Healthy children do better in school and grow up to be more productive adults, who contribute to the economic growth and development of their countries. Governments can reassert their commitment to MDG-4 by developing a national plan for maternal, newborn, and child health. To produce and implement such plans, technical and financial support will be needed from international organisations and major donors. Currently, funding for child survival programmes is far below what is needed to achieve the child and maternal MDGs. Ministers of rich and poor countries must now raise the bar considerably, in terms of commitment and action, to ensure mothers, newborns, and children thrive worldwide.	[ { "display_name": "The Lancet", "id": "https://openalex.org/S49861241", "type": "journal" }, { "display_name": "PubMed", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036", "type": "repository" } ]
https://openalex.org/W2016787671	Violence and the Millennium Development Goals	[ { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Oman", "display_name": "Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries", "id": "https://openalex.org/I4210135417", "lat": 23.599512, "long": 58.4275, "type": "government" } ], "display_name": "Mustafa Afifi", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5054410881" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Domestic violence", "id": "https://openalex.org/C542059537" }, { "display_name": "Empowerment", "id": "https://openalex.org/C20555606" }, { "display_name": "Poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C189326681" }, { "display_name": "Child marriage", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2780673001" }, { "display_name": "Human rights", "id": "https://openalex.org/C169437150" }, { "display_name": "Scopus", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83867959" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "Sexual violence", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2777996642" }, { "display_name": "Criminology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C73484699" }, { "display_name": "Poison control", "id": "https://openalex.org/C3017944768" }, { "display_name": "Psychology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967" }, { "display_name": "Suicide prevention", "id": "https://openalex.org/C526869908" }, { "display_name": "Environmental health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951" }, { "display_name": "Population", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "MEDLINE", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779473830" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" } ]	[ "Egypt" ]	[ "https://openalex.org/W1996505466", "https://openalex.org/W2089437866", "https://openalex.org/W2128060860", "https://openalex.org/W4253003477" ]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2016787671	The association between domestic violence and the first five Millennium Development Goals (MDGs; July 28, p 292)1The LancetProgress in preventing violence.Lancet. 2007; 370: 292Scopus (1) Google Scholar is bidirectional. Violence has a negative effect on efforts to alleviate poverty (MDG 1), and poverty has been shown to increase the likelihood of violence.2Yount K Resources, family organization and domestic violence against married women in Minya, Egypt.J Marriage Fam. 2005; 67: 579-596Crossref Scopus (90) Google Scholar Similarly, education, women's empowerment, child mortality, and maternal health are all linked to domestic violence. Simwaka and colleagues3Simwaka BN Theobald S Amekudzi YP Tolhurst R Meeting millennium development goals 3 and 5.BMJ. 2005; 331: 708-709Crossref PubMed Scopus (24) Google Scholar discussed the association between women's empowerment and violence against women and poor access and control over resources, and recommended putting gender issues in the African agenda to achieve MDG 5. Hence, monitoring the progress in preventing violence should not be separated from monitoring the development process in developing countries. Other challenges such as discrimination, inequity, extremism, religious fanaticism, human rights violations, and the faded democracy process have hampered efforts to combat violence in these countries. Ammar4Ammar NH Beyond the shadows: domestic spousal violence in a “democratizing” Egypt.Trauma Violence Abuse. 2006; 7: 244-259Crossref PubMed Scopus (34) Google Scholar stated that “Egypt would be able to combat public violence (eg, terrorism) better if it addresses co-occurrence of spousal and child abuse than by changing its school curriculum”. Moreover, we will not be able to estimate properly the magnitude of domestic violence if its economic costs are not investigated. Therefore, the growing political will to take action against violence is not enough in itself, especially when women feel that spousal abuse is justified and when judges and lawyers are part of a culture that tolerates violence against women.4Ammar NH Beyond the shadows: domestic spousal violence in a “democratizing” Egypt.Trauma Violence Abuse. 2006; 7: 244-259Crossref PubMed Scopus (34) Google Scholar I declare that I have no conflict of interest.	[ { "display_name": "The Lancet", "id": "https://openalex.org/S49861241", "type": "journal" }, { "display_name": "PubMed", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036", "type": "repository" } ]
https://openalex.org/W4379805598	The Center for Interfaith Action and the MDGs: Leveraging Congregational Infrastructures for Maximum Impact on Disease and Poverty	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Andreas Hipple", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5031606987" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Jean Duff", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5021690362" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C189326681" }, { "display_name": "Faith", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778692574" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Child mortality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C46299933" }, { "display_name": "Grassroots", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2781188222" }, { "display_name": "Development economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531" }, { "display_name": "Civil society", "id": "https://openalex.org/C513891491" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Politics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Philosophy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662" }, { "display_name": "Theology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C27206212" } ]	[ "Egypt" ]	[]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4379805598	The Center for Interfaith Action and the MDGs: Leveraging Congregational Infrastructures for Maximum Impact on Disease and Poverty Andreas Hipple and Jean Duff As the 2015 deadline for the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) approaches, and as the likelihood of success appears to be fading, it is useful to recall that the urgency to achieve the goals is not a mere statistical exercise; it is a moral call to save lives and end poverty. With some 29,000 preventable child deaths each day (UNICEF Child Mortality), 77 million children denied access to education (UNICEF News Note: “On Global Action Week on Education, millions of children still not in school”), and 536,000 women dying from the complications of childbirth every year (Women Deliver 2010), the challenge is real and profound. Progress has been made—Egypt, Honduras, Malaysia, and Thailand halved their maternal mortality rates over the past several decades—but this progress is tempered by poor trends in numerous other countries. To achieve the MDGs requires the creative use of both new and existing resources. National governments and multilateral institutions must seek new public–private partnerships, the full mobilization of civil society, and new ways of working with groups and institutions that can effect sustainable change on a large scale and across the full range of development challenges. When both fully mobilized and resourced, faith institutions—congregations and faith‐based organizations—are uniquely placed to help deliver progress on many of the toughest problems. While we recognize that religious leaders are persuasive and influential in communities worldwide, this article focuses on faith leaders’ power to have a positive impact on achieving the MDGs in sub‐Saharan Africa. The MDGs will not be achieved without including the religious leaders and FBOs in the effort. Religious leaders can potentially have an extraordinary impact upon key behaviors through their reach, scale, influence, and sustainability. This article reviews various trends and challenges associated with the inclusion of faith leaders in development—paying special attention to an innovative approach with which the authors are involved—and arguing for the benefits of incorporating religious leaders on an interfaith basis in poverty reduction programs. While interfaith action on the MDGs can and—we believe—should include traditional FBOs and related activities, this article is especially concerned with the mobilization of religious leaders themselves, as there is a particular need to increase their direct engagement on MDG‐related issues. Value added by faith leaders Attitude and behavior changes on a massive scale are important elements of the successful pursuit of each MDG. For instance, attaining Goals 2 (universal primary education) and 3 (promoting gender equality and empowering women) requires men and women to become more supportive of girls’ education, while Goal 5 (improving maternal health) requires families to accept that malaria is preventable and treatable, and to take specific actions such as using insecticide‐treated bednets and seeking intermittent preventive treatment during pregnancy. Similar examples can be cited for each of the other goals. The problem is that producing lasting behavior change is among the most difficult challenges that development and public health professionals face. When, why, and how do people change entrenched behavior? The trillions of private‐sector dollars spent on marketing each year tell us that inducing targeted behavior change is neither easy nor cheap. Much of that money, of course, is spent on trying to get a particular message to a potential customer. The most effective marketing campaigns come from sources with credibility, regular access to the target audience to reinforce the messages, and sufficient reach to deliver messages to large numbers of potential customers. In public health messaging, many of the same communications principles apply. In the development arena, there is often no group better‐placed to deliver key messages than local religious leaders. Imams, pastors, priests, and other faith leaders arguably have unparalleled reach, scale, and influence in developing countries, with the relative permanence of their institutions at the local level also potentially adding a significant degree of sustainability if the leaders can be prompted to repeat messaging over time. Weak state institutions in many developing countries mean that the capacity of state agents to reach populations from the most distant villages to the...	[ { "display_name": "CrossCurrents", "id": "https://openalex.org/S168738896", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W1965889986	Equity in maternal, newborn, and child health interventions in Countdown to 2015: a retrospective review of survey data from 54 countries	[ { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Brazil", "display_name": "Universidade Federal de Pelotas", "id": "https://openalex.org/I169248161", "lat": -31.76997, "long": -52.34101, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Aluísio J D Barros", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5013517895" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "United Kingdom", "display_name": "London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/I4210089966", "lat": 51.5209, "long": -0.1307, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Carine Ronsmans", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5030966622" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Sweden", "display_name": "Lund University", "id": "https://openalex.org/I187531555", "lat": 55.70584, "long": 13.19321, "type": "education" }, { "country": "Switzerland", "display_name": "World Health Organization", "id": "https://openalex.org/I4210105654", "lat": 46.20222, "long": 6.14569, "type": "government" } ], "display_name": "Henrik Axelson", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5036190628" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "United States", "display_name": "United Nations Population Fund", "id": "https://openalex.org/I78934096", "lat": 40.74966, "long": -73.97537, "type": "government" } ], "display_name": "Edilberto Loaiza", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5036255409" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Brazil", "display_name": "Universidade Federal de Pelotas", "id": "https://openalex.org/I169248161", "lat": -31.76997, "long": -52.34101, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Andréa Dâmaso Bertoldi", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5018779958" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Brazil", "display_name": "Universidade Federal de Pelotas", "id": "https://openalex.org/I169248161", "lat": -31.76997, "long": -52.34101, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Giovanny Vinícius Araújo de França", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5035789881" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "United States", "display_name": "Johns Hopkins University", "id": "https://openalex.org/I145311948", "lat": 39.29038, "long": -76.61219, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Jennifer Bryce", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5026647974" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Switzerland", "display_name": "World Health Organization", "id": "https://openalex.org/I4210105654", "lat": 46.20222, "long": 6.14569, "type": "government" } ], "display_name": "J. Ties Boerma", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5027395939" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Brazil", "display_name": "Universidade Federal de Pelotas", "id": "https://openalex.org/I169248161", "lat": -31.76997, "long": -52.34101, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Cesar G Victora", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5019077392" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Psychological intervention", "id": "https://openalex.org/C27415008" }, { "display_name": "Countdown", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779700847" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Inequality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C45555294" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Environmental health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Nursing", "id": "https://openalex.org/C159110408" }, { "display_name": "Physics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964" }, { "display_name": "Mathematics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547" }, { "display_name": "Astronomy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C1276947" }, { "display_name": "Mathematical analysis", "id": "https://openalex.org/C134306372" } ]	[ "Somalia" ]	[ "https://openalex.org/W162093207", "https://openalex.org/W1816031899", "https://openalex.org/W1984343662", "https://openalex.org/W1990517531", "https://openalex.org/W2016597830", "https://openalex.org/W2024257280", "https://openalex.org/W2029125235", "https://openalex.org/W2032620982", "https://openalex.org/W2032725286", "https://openalex.org/W2039565967", "https://openalex.org/W2052654293", "https://openalex.org/W2053582786", "https://openalex.org/W2060551664", "https://openalex.org/W2068641851", "https://openalex.org/W2092743159", "https://openalex.org/W2096554827", "https://openalex.org/W2097422804", "https://openalex.org/W2104590203", "https://openalex.org/W2137774228", "https://openalex.org/W2148203664", "https://openalex.org/W2150644597", "https://openalex.org/W2166139193", "https://openalex.org/W2168736985" ]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1965889986	Countdown to 2015 tracks progress towards achievement of Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 4 and 5, with particular emphasis on within-country inequalities. We assessed how inequalities in maternal, newborn, and child health interventions vary by intervention and country.We reanalysed data for 12 maternal, newborn, and child health interventions from national surveys done in 54 Countdown countries between Jan 1, 2000, and Dec 31, 2008. We calculated coverage indicators for interventions according to standard definitions, and stratified them by wealth quintiles on the basis of asset indices. We assessed inequalities with two summary indices for absolute inequality and two for relative inequality.Skilled birth attendant coverage was the least equitable intervention, according to all four summary indices, followed by four or more antenatal care visits. The most equitable intervention was early initation of breastfeeding. Chad, Nigeria, Somalia, Ethiopia, Laos, and Niger were the most inequitable countries for the interventions examined, followed by Madagascar, Pakistan, and India. The most equitable countries were Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan. Community-based interventions were more equally distributed than those delivered in health facilities. For all interventions, variability in coverage between countries was larger for the poorest than for the richest individuals.We noted substantial variations in coverage levels between interventions and countries. The most inequitable interventions should receive attention to ensure that all social groups are reached. Interventions delivered in health facilities need specific strategies to enable the countries' poorest individuals to be reached. The most inequitable countries need additional efforts to reduce the gap between the poorest individuals and those who are more affluent.Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Norad, The World Bank.	[ { "display_name": "The Lancet", "id": "https://openalex.org/S49861241", "type": "journal" }, { "display_name": "PubMed", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036", "type": "repository" } ]
https://openalex.org/W4315490957	Population health trends and disease profile in Somalia 1990–2019, and projection to 2030: will the country achieve sustainable development goals 2 and 3?	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "J. Morrison", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5063464016" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Sk Md Mamunur Rahman Malik", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5008824411" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Life expectancy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C133925201" }, { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "Malnutrition", "id": "https://openalex.org/C551997983" }, { "display_name": "Population", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359" }, { "display_name": "Public health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C138816342" }, { "display_name": "Demography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C149923435" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Infant mortality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C112299071" }, { "display_name": "Child mortality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C46299933" }, { "display_name": "Environmental health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951" }, { "display_name": "Mortality rate", "id": "https://openalex.org/C179755657" }, { "display_name": "Disease burden", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2780664029" }, { "display_name": "Global health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C46578552" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Nursing", "id": "https://openalex.org/C159110408" }, { "display_name": "Pathology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C142724271" }, { "display_name": "Sociology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Internal medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C126322002" } ]	[ "Somalia" ]	[ "https://openalex.org/W1855204656", "https://openalex.org/W2169477290", "https://openalex.org/W2616994669", "https://openalex.org/W2754857230", "https://openalex.org/W2979311959", "https://openalex.org/W3030596967", "https://openalex.org/W3195802189", "https://openalex.org/W4223577322" ]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4315490957	This study aims to evaluate whether Somalia will reach Sustainable Development Goals 2 and 3 by 2030 and what the country requires to advance closer to these objectives.Somalia.We carried out analyses of secondary data obtained from the following open-access databases: Global Burden of Disease 2019 study; United Nations (UN) Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division; World Bank World Development Indicators; United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF); UNICEF/World Health Organisation (WHO)/World Bank Joint Child Malnutrition Estimates; and UN Interagency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (UN IGME), disaggregated by sex.stillbirth, neonatal, infant, under-five, maternal and child mortality; under-five malnutrition; life expectancy; health-adjusted life expectancy; age-standardised all-cause mortality; age-standardised cause-specific mortality for the leading causes of death; disability-adjusted life years.vitamin A coverage; stunting, overweight in children under 5; top risk factors contributing to cause-specific mortality.life expectancy in Somalia will increase to 65.42 years (95% UI 62.30-68.54) for females and 58.54 years (95% UI 54.89-62.19) for males in 2030. Stunting will continue to decline to 25.2% (90% UI 13.9-39.5%), and the under-five mortality rate will drop to 85.9 per 1000 live births (90% UI 22.0-228.1 per 1000 live births) for females and 96.4 per 1000 live births (90% UI 24.8-255.3 per 1000 live births) for males in 2030. This study's analyses predict that the maternal mortality ratio in Somalia will decline to 696.42 deaths per 100,000 live births in 2030.there has been progress towards SDG targets in Somalia since 1990. To achieve these, Somalia requires greater health improvements than observed between 1990 and 2019.	[ { "display_name": "BMC Public Health", "id": "https://openalex.org/S200437886", "type": "journal" }, { "display_name": "PubMed Central", "id": "https://openalex.org/S2764455111", "type": "repository" }, { "display_name": "PubMed", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036", "type": "repository" } ]
https://openalex.org/W1977566973	The Internet and Healthcare in Somalia: Knowledge is Power	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Owen Marriott", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5061429100" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Globe", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2775899829" }, { "display_name": "Health care", "id": "https://openalex.org/C160735492" }, { "display_name": "The Internet", "id": "https://openalex.org/C110875604" }, { "display_name": "Modernization theory", "id": "https://openalex.org/C53844881" }, { "display_name": "Health professionals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C3019806175" }, { "display_name": "Citizen journalism", "id": "https://openalex.org/C203663800" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Public relations", "id": "https://openalex.org/C39549134" }, { "display_name": "Business", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560" }, { "display_name": "Power (physics)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C163258240" }, { "display_name": "Healthcare delivery", "id": "https://openalex.org/C3018457447" }, { "display_name": "Healthcare system", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2988170871" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Internet privacy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C108827166" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "Computer science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "World Wide Web", "id": "https://openalex.org/C136764020" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Physics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964" }, { "display_name": "Quantum mechanics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C62520636" }, { "display_name": "Ophthalmology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C118487528" } ]	[ "Somalia" ]	[ "https://openalex.org/W362916533", "https://openalex.org/W1976850291", "https://openalex.org/W2003995330", "https://openalex.org/W2110873030" ]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1977566973	The introduction of the eight Millennium Development Goals (MDG’s) by the UN has highlighted the need to improve healthcare conditions across the globe. These goals are particularly pertinent in Somalia, one of the least developed countries in the world. This paper intends to look at the way the burgeoning telecommunications network in Somalia can benefit healthcare professionals by providing access to the internet which in turn provides access to information that can improve healthcare. The paper will argue that although the development of healthcare is commonly associated with the modernization paradigm, the internet can offer a more participatory approach to benefit healthcare professionals in Somalia.	[ { "display_name": "Global Media Journal: African Edition", "id": "https://openalex.org/S2764971501", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W3135754654	Antenatal Care: Utilization Rate and Barriers in Bosaso-Somalia, 2019	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Elmi Omar Haji Elmi", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5086432826" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Nur Ahmed Hussein", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5045380470" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Abdiwahab Hassan", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5002323859" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Abdiwahid Mohamed Ismail", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5081331058" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Abdullah Abdulrizak Abdulrahman", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5026006287" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Abdulkadir Mohamed Muse", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5066492932" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Population", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359" }, { "display_name": "Maternal mortality rate", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2992596102" }, { "display_name": "Environmental health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951" }, { "display_name": "Child mortality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C46299933" }, { "display_name": "Health care", "id": "https://openalex.org/C160735492" }, { "display_name": "Pregnancy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779234561" }, { "display_name": "Maternal health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2983493262" }, { "display_name": "Demography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C149923435" }, { "display_name": "Pediatrics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C187212893" }, { "display_name": "Family medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C512399662" }, { "display_name": "Health services", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2986740045" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Sociology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400" }, { "display_name": "Biology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Genetics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C54355233" } ]	[ "Somalia" ]	[]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3135754654	Mothers and children are among the most vulnerable population groups requiring special attention and care. The fourth and fifth Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) address child mortality and maternal health, respectively. Although maternal mortality rate (MMR) has declined globally between 1990 and 2015 by 44%, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 99% of global maternal mortality takes place in the developing countries. Somalia has one of the highest maternal and child mortality rates in the world, with 732 mothers dying in every 100,000 live births. Mainly, such high MMR is the outcome of the devastating civil wars that disrupted the country’s health infrastructure with limited antenatal care (ANC) coverage (26% only). We conducted a community-based cross-sectional study using a quantitative approach to identify ANC utilization rate and barriers among mothers having a child less than one year of age in Bosaso from October – November 2019. A sample size of 384 mothers was interviewed by using a structured questionnaire, and SPSS was used to analyze the collected data. This study found that (84.1%) of the respondents utilized ANC services during their last pregnancy, but only 28% of them completed the recommended number of ANC visits for pregnant women. The main barriers hindering the utilization of ANC services were identified to be distance of the health centers, financial constraints, inadequate knowledge and attitude of the respondents and their husbands, poor attitude of the healthcare providers, and time and family-related issues. Based on the findings of the study, we recommend uplifting the awareness of the family/mothers for the utilization of antenatal care services in health facilities.	[ { "display_name": "European Journal of Preventive Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/S2765065537", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W3091992251	Challenges Facing the Health System in Somalia and Implications for Achieving the SDGs	[ { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Norway", "display_name": "Norwegian Institute of Public Health", "id": "https://openalex.org/I1333353642", "lat": 59.91273, "long": 10.74609, "type": "government" } ], "display_name": "Abdi Gele", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5089882870" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Health care", "id": "https://openalex.org/C160735492" }, { "display_name": "Health policy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C47344431" }, { "display_name": "Business", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560" }, { "display_name": "Somali", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2776831955" }, { "display_name": "Population", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359" }, { "display_name": "Psychological intervention", "id": "https://openalex.org/C27415008" }, { "display_name": "Child mortality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C46299933" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Corporate governance", "id": "https://openalex.org/C39389867" }, { "display_name": "Environmental health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Nursing", "id": "https://openalex.org/C159110408" }, { "display_name": "Finance", "id": "https://openalex.org/C10138342" }, { "display_name": "Linguistics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202" }, { "display_name": "Philosophy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662" } ]	[ "Somalia" ]	[]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3091992251	Abstract While Somalia's health system has been slightly progressing over the last 6 years, there has been significant challenges in both the provision of health services and enabling access to the services. The existing health system is essentially privatized, and it is confined to major towns, leaving the poor majority, in the rural areas, out of affordable health care. Moreover, the national health system is fragmented, and the absence of unified health system governance has affected the capacity of national authorities to regulate the private sector and to partner NGO's to deliver services to remote areas. Consequently, less than 30% of the Somali population have access to health services. The neonatal mortality rate is 40 deaths per 1000 live births and the under-5 mortality rate is 137 deaths per 1000 live births. The maternal mortality rate is estimated at 732 per 100 000 live births. The use of family planning remains low, resulting in high fertility rates. The progress, and also the setbacks, of the health sector has been obscured by lack of reliable data at regional and national level. The absence of research institutions and human resources in research are among the obstacles to implementing evidence-based health interventions and the subsequent quality of health policy and practices. Investing health research is prerequisite for evidence-based health interventions that not only save lives, but also are crucial investment in the wider economy and development of the country. Therefore, to achieve the health-related SDGs, Somalia should invest in research by revitalizing essential public health research institutions.	[ { "display_name": "European journal of public health", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4210220588", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W2128531845	Internationalism, infectious diseases and international development: there is an elephant in the living room	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "D. William Cameron", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5050155313" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Public health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C138816342" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Health care", "id": "https://openalex.org/C160735492" }, { "display_name": "Global health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C46578552" }, { "display_name": "Poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C189326681" }, { "display_name": "Internationalism (politics)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C122972321" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Pandemic", "id": "https://openalex.org/C89623803" }, { "display_name": "International health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C193395930" }, { "display_name": "Human rights", "id": "https://openalex.org/C169437150" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Health promotion", "id": "https://openalex.org/C185618831" }, { "display_name": "Development economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531" }, { "display_name": "Infectious disease (medical specialty)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C524204448" }, { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "Politics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758" }, { "display_name": "Disease", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779134260" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C3008058167" }, { "display_name": "Nursing", "id": "https://openalex.org/C159110408" }, { "display_name": "Pathology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C142724271" } ]	[ "Somalia" ]	[]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2128531845	Infectious diseases and human health are international by nature. While the distances of the world shorten by travel and trade, the transport and introduction of infectious diseases increases globally. Every year in season influenza crosses the globe, and surveillance in some countries will be used in selective vaccine development for the public health in many countries. But influenza is not the only traveler, and the combination of surveillance and vaccination is not the only international public health response. Every pandemic is the sum of local epidemics, and every city and village has its own story. Mega-cities will have ‘mega-demics’ through crowding, poverty, mobility and mixing of so many people as the natural world has never seen before. The differences in public health, and in healthcare vary as widely within countries as they do between countries – the gap between the have's and the have-not's is as great between rich and poor people anywhere, as it is between developed and developing nations. Within nations, access to healthcare and promotion of the public health are an issue of distributive justice and civil rights. However, the public health is more responsive to economic development than healthcare provision. Internationally, there are more issues than development. The business of nations influences infectious diseases greatly – in economics, in freedom of travel and trade, but also in militarism and warfare. The pandemic Spanish ‘flu of 1918 was named from where it was first openly reported, but had its origins in the crowded army camps and trenches in England and France. In history, the outcome of conventional wars has been dictated as much by infectious diseases such as cholera and typhoid in the military as by battle tactics. ‘Collateral damage’ takes on new meaning in the public health of infectious diseases – when European syphilis outbreaks followed in the wake of European armies of the 1500's, every country named the disease for its least-favoured neighbour of the time. And not just the familiar post-war domestic infectious syphilis, but in retrospect also hepatitis C was increased in the United States by the end of the Vietnam war, spread through a relatively newer transmission mode of needle-sharing for illicit injection drug use. TB and drug-resistant TB has emerged as an important issue in North America with immigration and refugees from unrest in Haiti, Ethiopia and Somalia. And in the future, our fears are that already weaponised infectious diseases including anthrax, smallpox and maybe worse may be used in unconventional war. If so, these will not likely be targeted with precision. We know a lot about the effectiveness of economic development in reducing the burden of infectious diseases. However, war within and between nations mass produces infectious diseases through crowding, migration, social and family disruption and impoverishment, malnutrition, distress and debility in both military and civilian populations. And because infectious disease travels, war anywhere is against every nation's interest, and becomes every nation's business. The health of nations does have a lot to do with the wealth of nations. Prevention of war, and keeping the peace may be the business of the United Nations, but making peace is also an intervention in the international public health of infectious disease control and prevention. Twice blessed are the peacemakers.	[ { "display_name": "International Journal of Infectious Diseases", "id": "https://openalex.org/S35071406", "type": "journal" }, { "display_name": "PubMed", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036", "type": "repository" } ]
https://openalex.org/W4234725975	A global famine	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "The Lancet", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5085953656" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Famine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778589402" }, { "display_name": "Malnutrition", "id": "https://openalex.org/C551997983" }, { "display_name": "Livelihood", "id": "https://openalex.org/C3987366" }, { "display_name": "Starvation", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2780606744" }, { "display_name": "Population", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359" }, { "display_name": "Development economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Socioeconomics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C45355965" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Agriculture", "id": "https://openalex.org/C118518473" }, { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "Environmental health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Archaeology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645" }, { "display_name": "Internal medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C126322002" } ]	[ "Somalia" ]	[]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4234725975	Starvation is the biggest killer in the world and contributes significantly to the 10·9 million deaths annually among children aged younger than 5 years. The first Millennium Development Goal aims to halve the prevalence of hunger by 2015. Although the overall proportion of malnutrition has decreased since 1990, progress has been uneven, favouring more developed regions. The proportional reduction of malnutrition from 38% to 36% in least-developed nations has been more than offset by growth in population. Furthermore, the rate of proportional reduction has slowed in recent years to little more than 1% annually. The recurrent nature of famines in Africa reflects the fact that over the past 20 years, this continent has received disproportionately less aid in terms of need than eastern Europe and Asia. It is not just a lack of rain, but season upon season of inadequate external investment in infrastructure that has left so many so vulnerable. According to the principles of good humanitarian donorship, agreed in Stockholm in 2003, aid should “strengthen local capacity to prevent, prepare for and mitigate crises”. Just as important as feeding the starving today is helping them to rebuild their livelihoods tomorrow. Achieving this aim will not be easy in countries where hydroelectric power generation has been halved by drought, and administrative and social structures are crumbling. HIV in sub-Saharan Africa and war in Somalia and Afghanistan combine to complicate regeneration and create a potentially apocalyptic situation. The expanding geography of famine should also cause alarm. The World Food Programme highlights a band of malnutrition between the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn, which is now extending north to the Commonwealth of Independent States and China. Such extensions in the pattern of hunger demonstrate the global scale of malnutrition—over 800 million people worldwide—and emphasise the need for a radical reappraisal of aid. Although emergency food aid is essential to avoid starvation in the short-term, it resembles only the interest payments on an accumulating debt. Longer-term strategies are required urgently to address local factors that tip the balance from drought to famine. “Worst drought in a decade” leaves Kenya crippledThe drought plaguing Kenya since the failure of last year's rains has killed 40% of the country's cattle and has claimed at least 40 human lives. Fending off accusations of “sloppy” government, Kenya's president has declared the resulting famine a national disaster. Wairagala Wakabi reports. Full-Text PDF	[ { "display_name": "The Lancet", "id": "https://openalex.org/S49861241", "type": "journal" }, { "display_name": "PubMed", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036", "type": "repository" } ]
https://openalex.org/W895249483	Experiment Gone Wrong	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Mpumelelo Nxumalo", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5067199113" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C189326681" }, { "display_name": "Tanzania", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779357621" }, { "display_name": "Somali", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2776831955" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "History", "id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Development economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531" }, { "display_name": "Economic history", "id": "https://openalex.org/C6303427" }, { "display_name": "Ethnology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2549261" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Linguistics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202" }, { "display_name": "Philosophy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662" } ]	[ "Somalia" ]	[]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W895249483	Experiment Gone Wrong? A Review of The Idealist: Jeffrey Sachs and the Quest to End Poverty By Nina Munk (Signal, September 2013) REVIEWED BY MPUMELELO NXUMALOJeffrey Sachs had a goal: to end in Africa by 2025, and according to journalist Nina Munk, he was convinced that this could easily be done. Yet Munks account of what has come of the Millennium Villages Projects, Sachs's brainchild, tells of yet another foreign intervention in Africa that has left a lot to be desired, at least to date. The Millennium Villages were constructed by Sachs to be incubators of success in often failing contexts. Munk writes of a man fired up with infectious energy and a strong conviction that five short years from inception, each Millennium Village was to become a harbinger of hope and a model to be scaled up countrywide.Munk writes that she had initially been assigned to spend six months following Sachs and reporting on the progress made by Millennium Villages, but ended up spending six years. She was eager to hear what Sachs had to say about how per capita incomes in Africa could be improved. Her objective was to trace the flow of aid money, a journey during which she recorded hours of notes and traveled to Mali, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Malawi, and other places. She writes extensively about Dertu, a semi-nomadic region in the Somali part of Kenya, and Ruhiira in Uganda, both of which were also sites of Sachs's Millennium Village Projects.Sachs, a gifted macroeconomist turned celebrity, gained fame after prescribing radical fiscal and monetary discipline, socalled shock therapy to countries emerging from Communism. He is credited with bringing the problems of global to the mainstream. But Munk offers a scathing account of the shortcomings of the solutions Sachs has prescribed, falling just short of calling them misguided. Although Munk does not explicitly espouse an opinion, one cannot help but sense a veneer of skepticism from the way she ends each chapter. The stories she has chosen to highlight in the book all tell of a project that is racing against time and that, once donor funding dries up, will leave many holding dust. Indeed, Munk casts doubt on the viability of the Millennium Villages as evinced by Sachs's own shift toward sourcing venture capital-type funding and embracing a market-based approach to developing the villages.In one Millennium Village in Ruhiira, Sachs was prompted to act by what he saw as a poverty trap, which manifested in high rates of deforestation and a decline in arable land, which when combined with high rates of fertility could only mean lower per capita incomes for future generations (a Malthusian conceptualization if I may say so). With bumper harvests in Ruhiira, Sachs believed that would become a thing of the past in just five years. He promised the village members that he would meet with Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni to gather support to scale up what he saw as cause for optimism in Ruhiira. Munk recounts the impassioned manner in which Sachs delivered his address in front of the president, like he had done in front of the people of Ruhiira. But Museveni had other, more pressing problems. His government was entangled in stalled peace talks with the deluded leader of the Lord's Resistance Army, Joseph Kony. Disinterested in Sachs's plan, the president told him, This is not India or China. …	[]
https://openalex.org/W1555460330	Promises not kept : poverty and the betrayal of Third World development	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "John Isbister", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5033220302" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C189326681" }, { "display_name": "Betrayal", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2781384979" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "CLARITY", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2777146004" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Politics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758" }, { "display_name": "Development economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531" }, { "display_name": "Hegemony", "id": "https://openalex.org/C135121143" }, { "display_name": "World order", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2993494253" }, { "display_name": "Third world", "id": "https://openalex.org/C3020591692" }, { "display_name": "Political economy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C138921699" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Environmental ethics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C95124753" }, { "display_name": "History", "id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728" }, { "display_name": "Sociology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400" }, { "display_name": "Economic history", "id": "https://openalex.org/C6303427" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Biochemistry", "id": "https://openalex.org/C55493867" }, { "display_name": "Chemistry", "id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680" }, { "display_name": "Philosophy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662" } ]	[ "Iraq" ]	[]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1555460330	The seventh edition of this perennial stalwart of the Kumarian Press list continues the discussion of the new American hegemony and the war on terror that began with the previous edition. In particular, Isbister addresses changes in international politics and the impact on the global order of the US-led military operations in Afghanistan and Iraq. The author also focuses on major initiatives, such as the UN's Millennium Development Goals, to confront the issue of world poverty. As with all editions of this vibrant text, Isbister writes with clarity and passion, not only about failed promises, but about hope, human potential, and the belief that a just and equitable world system is attainable.	[]
https://openalex.org/W4230669917	Investing in children for a better future	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "The Lancet", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5085953656" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C189326681" }, { "display_name": "Extreme poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C553381038" }, { "display_name": "International community", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779872411" }, { "display_name": "Development economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Basic needs", "id": "https://openalex.org/C196777733" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Politics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Culture of poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C178377140" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" } ]	[ "Iraq" ]	[]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4230669917	“We will spare no effort to free our fellow men, women, and children from the abject and dehumanizing conditions of extreme poverty, to which more than a billion of them are currently subjected”, so the UN Millennium declaration stated more than 3 years ago. One of the eight Millennium Development Goals, to halve the proportion of people living in poverty by 2015, would undoubtedly improve health and wellbeing of millions of children, the most vulnerable and dependent members of society. Since then, the aftermath of two wars—in Afghanistan and Iraq—and an unstable political situation in the Middle East have distracted politicians from the global war on poverty and have made even the more optimistic among the international community realise that these goals have become increasingly utopian. Some hope was put into efforts to devise fairer global trade rules that could help to diminish poverty in developing countries. But after the dismal failure of negotiations at the fifth World Trade Organisation Ministerial Conference in Cancun in September, previous small steps towards agreement have faltered with no immediate prospect of further progress. And yet, the most effective measure to create a more stable and safe world would be to lift people out of extreme poverty. Pro-poor and pro-children approaches would be the strongest policy responses. In a new report, commissioned by UNICEF and released on Oct 21, Child poverty in the developing world, David Gordon and colleagues from the Townsend Centre for International Poverty Research in Bristol, UK, present detailed survey results on essential human needs, such as food, safe drinking water, sanitation facilities, health, shelter, education, and information. They report summary data from about 1·2 billion children in 46 developing countries. A forthcoming book will contain full details of their research. The results make depressing reading. 674 million or 37% of children in developing countries are living in absolute poverty, as defined by severe deprivation in two or more basic human needs. The highest proportion lives in sub-Saharan Africa, where, for example, 167 million children are classified as living with severe water deprivation— that is, having access only to unsafe water sources or living more than a 15-minute walk from a water source. Worldwide, 134 million children between 7 and 18 years old have never been to school. Most of these children are girls. More than 500 million have no toilet facilities whatsoever, not even a bucket or an open latrine. 265 million children either have not been immunised against any vaccine-preventable disease or have had a recent illness causing diarrhoea with no medical treatment or advice. These are shocking data, unprecedented in their depth and scope. It does not take much imagination to understand the impact of such living conditions on the health, wellbeing, and future prospects for these children—conditions that are compounded by the effect of HIV/AIDS on family structures. Children's rights have long been neglected even in developed countries, where concerns centre not only on poverty and equity but also on safety. The UK's Chancellor of the Exchequer, Gordon Brown, is on target to reduce child poverty by a quarter by early 2004 in the UK, albeit from a higher level than seen in many western European countries. But it took the disastrous failings of many professionals and the miserable and lonely death of Victoria Climbié to trigger plans for a Children's Commissioner for England to act as an independent champion on behalf of children. Scandinavian countries have had a commissioner since the 1980s. Enough evidence has been provided. What is urgently needed are firm plans and commitments aimed specifically at children in national and international settings. The most important investment into a stable and humane future a society can make is to care for and nurture its children. Children are all too often overlooked and forgotten. As one of the child delegates at the 2002 UN Special Session for Children said: “You call us the future, but we are also the present.”	[ { "display_name": "The Lancet", "id": "https://openalex.org/S49861241", "type": "journal" }, { "display_name": "PubMed", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036", "type": "repository" } ]
https://openalex.org/W3185755438	Research the first retriever The pro-poor growth model in the Iraqi rentier economy For the period from (2005-2018)	[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Muayad Zaidan Khalaf", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5065389956" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Mohammed Salah Salman", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5069617807" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Poverty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C189326681" }, { "display_name": "Income distribution", "id": "https://openalex.org/C519300510" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Development economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531" }, { "display_name": "Economic inequality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C513380476" }, { "display_name": "Inequality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C45555294" }, { "display_name": "Population", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359" }, { "display_name": "Distribution (mathematics)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C110121322" }, { "display_name": "Sustainability", "id": "https://openalex.org/C66204764" }, { "display_name": "Welfare", "id": "https://openalex.org/C100243477" }, { "display_name": "Standard of living", "id": "https://openalex.org/C142077812" }, { "display_name": "Index (typography)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2777382242" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Human Development Index", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779735493" }, { "display_name": "Economy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C136264566" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Human development (humanity)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2781089502" }, { "display_name": "Market economy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C34447519" }, { "display_name": "Demography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C149923435" }, { "display_name": "Sociology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400" }, { "display_name": "Mathematical analysis", "id": "https://openalex.org/C134306372" }, { "display_name": "Ecology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C18903297" }, { "display_name": "Mathematics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547" }, { "display_name": "World Wide Web", "id": "https://openalex.org/C136764020" }, { "display_name": "Computer science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148" }, { "display_name": "Biology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240" } ]	[ "Iraq" ]	[]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3185755438	The term economic growth has always occupied a large part of the writings and discussions of economists around the world in different countries, whether developed or developing, for its great role in raising output and income and improving the standard of living and then the welfare of the general population, and with the return of international attention to issues of poverty and inequality in the distribution of income for the last two decades. From the twentieth century and the beginning of the third millennium, economic growth became famous for various names and terms that focus mostly on the possibility of economic growth for sustainability and impact on the lives of individuals. The term pro-poor growth was the term that received great attention from international bodies and institutions, especially the World Bank and United Nations development programs Since this term adds the social dimension to growth in addition to the economic dimension, it searches for that type of economic growth that works to make the fruits and benefits of economic growth in favor of the poor relatively more than the non-poor, while at the same time focusing on achieving appropriate rates of inequality in the distribution of income. The current study is an attempt to measure and analyze the pro-poor growth in the Iraqi economy, in which the pro-poverty growth index was calculated in Iraq for the period (2005-2018) divided into three periods by using the (SON-KAKAWANI/2006) model, and the study concluded with a set of conclusions The recommendations were among the most important, that the economic growth achieved in Iraq was favorable to the poor throughout the study period, but to different degrees, and the main reason for this was the bad conditions that the economy suffered and their negative effects on the fluctuation of rentier oil revenues, the only resource for Iraq, while the study recommended the need to work on training the poor. And rehabilitating them in line with the needs of the market, especially the class of the unemployed with diplomas, with the aim of ensuring the participation of these poor people in the production process in order to avoid wasting and losing their potential effort due to their exposure to unemployment and the failure to find job opportunities that guarantee them a decent standard of living.	[ { "display_name": "Turkish Online Journal of Qualitative Inquiry", "id": "https://openalex.org/S2736657409", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W2774269634	SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL BACKGROUND	[ { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Hungary", "display_name": "University of Public Service", "id": "https://openalex.org/I1331168281", "lat": 47.49835, "long": 19.04045, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Gusztáv Báger", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5090190402" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Hungary", "display_name": "University of Public Service", "id": "https://openalex.org/I1331168281", "lat": 47.49835, "long": 19.04045, "type": "education" }, { "country": "Iraq", "display_name": "University of Raparin", "id": "https://openalex.org/I3132703562", "lat": 36.233665, "long": 44.865543, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "R. A. Paiman", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5000699681" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Hungary", "display_name": "University of Public Service", "id": "https://openalex.org/I1331168281", "lat": 47.49835, "long": 19.04045, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "C. E. Odorige", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5091342423" } ]	[ { "display_name": "Sustainable development", "id": "https://openalex.org/C552854447" }, { "display_name": "Sustainability", "id": "https://openalex.org/C66204764" }, { "display_name": "Millennium Development Goals", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779503283" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Politics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758" }, { "display_name": "Development economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Ecology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C18903297" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Biology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240" } ]	[ "Iraq" ]	[ "https://openalex.org/W102771113", "https://openalex.org/W1590632185", "https://openalex.org/W2007215387", "https://openalex.org/W2054274424", "https://openalex.org/W2121460698", "https://openalex.org/W2488884430", "https://openalex.org/W2795463097", "https://openalex.org/W3147837304", "https://openalex.org/W4229697445" ]	https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2774269634	This is a comparative study of three countries, “Hungary, Nigeria and Iraq”. These countries belong to three different continents, Hungary-Central Europe, Nigeria-Africa, Iraq-the Middle East. Sustainable Development means different concerns to each of these countries. The paradigm of SD includes Economic, Social and Environmental responsibilities. Economic growth is the primary policy objective for most countries where environment and social paradox of the equation is relatively low. In this study, the researchers analyse the three country’s situation in relation to Global Sustainable Development Goals. The approach of each country in realising these goals will be highlighted and a comparative link designed to find out differences and similarities in their approaches. Overall objectives of the Sustainable Development is to focus on the three dimensions equally, “economics, social and Environmental (Figure 1). Unfortunately many developing countries are incapable or lack the political will to tackle all three at the same time. The second part of this study will focus on the role of the three governments in meeting the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), and the challenges to growth and sustainability will be highlighted. The overall objective of this comparative study is to find out the role of governments and their efforts at reaching sustainable development goals.	[ { "display_name": "Актуальні проблеми міжнародних відносин", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4210219048", "type": "journal" } ]

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